United States Court of Appeals

For the Eighth Circuit 

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No. 22-3623

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Laney Marie Griner

 Plaintiff - Appellee

Sam Griner

 Plaintiff

v.

Steven Arnold King

 Defendant

King for Congress

 Defendant - Appellant

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No. 23-2117

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Laney Marie Griner; Sam Griner

 Plaintiffs - Appellees

v.

Steven Arnold King; King for Congress

 Defendants - Appellants

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Appeal from United States District Court 

for the Northern District of Iowa - Western

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Submitted: March 12, 2024

Filed: June 7, 2024

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Before BENTON, ERICKSON, and KOBES, Circuit Judges. 

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BENTON, Circuit Judge.

The King for Congress Committee posted a meme—a humorous online 

image—asking supporters of the Congressman to “FUND OUR MEMES!!!” Laney 

M. Griner, the owner of the copyright to the meme’s template photo, sued the 

Congressman and the Committee for copyright infringement. A jury found the 

Committee, but not the Congressman, liable for copyright infringement, awarding

Griner $750, the statutory minimum. Both parties moved for costs and attorney’s 

fees. The district court1 granted-in-part and denied-in-part costs to both parties, but

denied all attorney’s fees. The Congressman and the Committee (collectively, the 

Defendants) appeal. Having jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, this court affirms.

I. 

In 2007, Laney Griner took a photo of her then 11-month-old son (Sam) on 

the beach. That photo went viral, becoming one of the first (and most popular) 

internet memes, known as “Success Kid,” with billions of uses. A meme is “an 

amusing or interesting item (such as a captioned picture or video) or genre of items 

that is spread widely online especially through social media.” Meme, Merriam–

1

The Honorable C.J. Williams, Chief United States District Judge for the 

Northern District of Iowa.
-3- 

Webster Online Dictionary, available at http://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/meme (last accessed May 19, 2024). 

2

In 2012, Griner registered the copyright in the Success Kid template with the 

United States Copyright Office. Using this copyright, she licensed the template to 

many companies—including Virgin Mobile, Vitamin Water, Microsoft, and CocaCola—that used versions of it in advertisements. 

In 2020, the Committee posted a version of the meme on its website, Facebook 

page, and Twitter account (among other places). This version of the meme placed 

the Success Kid in front of the United States Capitol, declaring “FUND OUR 

MEMES!!!” The post asked viewers to “please click the link below and throw us a 

few dollars to make sure the memes keep flowing and the Lefties stay triggered.” 

2

The original photo by Laney Griner of her son, commonly known as “Success 

Kid.” See Rebecca Macatee, Boy From "Success Kid" Meme Is Now 8, Fundraising 

for His Dad's Kidney Transplant, E! News (Apr. 15, 2015) 

https://www.eonline.com/news/646577/boy-from-success-kid-meme-is-now-8-

fundraising-for-his-dad-s-kidney-transplant (last accessed May 31, 2024) 

(containing this image).
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The link connected users to a donation page. The Defendants never sought or 

received permission to use the Success Kid template. 

3

Griner, through her attorney, notified the Defendants that they infringed her 

copyright. She requested removal of the posts, suggesting a settlement for past 

unauthorized uses. No settlement was reached. Griner sued for copyright 

infringement and a violation of Sam’s privacy. 

At trial, the jury found that neither the Congressman nor the Committee were 

liable for an invasion of Sam’s privacy, that the Congressman had not infringed 

Griner’s copyright, but that the Committee had innocently infringed the copyright—

awarding $750 in damages, the statutory minimum. Both parties sought costs and 

attorney’s fees. The district court denied all attorney’s fees but granted-in-part and 

denied-in-part the motions for costs.

3

A screenshot of the meme on the campaign Facebook page. See Alan Yuhas, 

Mother of ‘Success Kid’ Demands Steve King Stop Using His Meme, N.Y. Times 

(Jan. 28, 2020) https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/28/us/politics/steve-kingsuccess-kid-meme.html (last accessed May 31, 2024) (containing the image).
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The Committee appeals the damages, asserting it had an implied license to 

use, and made fair use of, the Success Kid template and thus did not infringe the 

copyright. The Committee also argues the district court abused its discretion in two

evidentiary rulings, and that the jury should have been instructed it could give less 

than the statutory minimum for damages. The Defendants appeal the denial of 

attorney’s fees and some costs. 4

II. 

The Committee raises two copyright infringement defenses: that the 

Committee had an “implied license” to use the Success Kid template in a meme; 

and, that the meme is a fair use of the Success Kid template. 

A.

 

The Committee argues it had an implied license to use the Success Kid 

template. “Courts may find a nonexclusive implied license where: ‘(1) a person 

requests the creation of a work; (2) the creator makes the particular work and delivers 

it to the person who requested it; and (3) the licensor intends that the licenseerequestor copy and distribute the work.’” Beaulieu v. Stockwell, 46 F.4th 871, 878 

(8th Cir. 2022). 

The district court ruled that the “defendants withdrew their implied licenses 

defense.” Griner v. King, 2023 WL 2163994, at *8 (N.D. Iowa Feb. 22, 2023). At 

trial, Griner’s counsel said: “I don’t see any way that a colorable argument could be 

4

The Defendants assert that the district court erred in ruling that Sam’s 

invasion of privacy claim was not preempted. Because the jury found the 

Defendants did not invade his privacy, this claim is moot. See Doe v. Pulaski Cnty. 

Special Sch. Dist., 306 F.3d 616, 621 (8th Cir. 2002) (“An appeal must be dismissed 

as moot when our decision will have no ‘effectual relief whatever to a prevailing 

party.’”).
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made for implied license.” The Defendants’ counsel agreed: “I don’t disagree with 

opposing counsel. I think that’s probably right. I think we’ll concede that.” 

Issues conceded at trial are waived on appeal. See Dahlgren v. First Nat. 

Bank of Holdrege, 533 F.3d 681, 693 n.7 (8th Cir. 2008), citing United States v. 

Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 733 (1993). The Committee waived the issue of implied 

license. 

B. 

The Committee argues it “can defend against a claim of copyright 

infringement because it made ‘fair use’” of the Success Kid template. See Andy 

Warhol Found. for the Visual Arts, Inc. v. Goldsmith, 598 U.S. 508, 525 (2023). 

“The fair use of a copyrighted work . . . is not an infringement on copyright.” 17 

U.S.C. § 107. 

The jury found that the Defendants did not make fair use of the Success Kid 

template. This court reviews mixed questions of law and fact de novo, while giving 

deference to the jury’s findings of underlying facts. See Google LLC v. Oracle Am., 

Inc., 593 U.S. 1, 23-24 (2021). “[R]eviewing courts should appropriately defer to 

the jury’s findings of underlying facts; but that the ultimate question whether those 

facts showed a ‘fair use’ is a legal question for judges to decide de novo.” Id. 

Four factors, in the Copyright Act, define fair use: 

(1)the purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of a 

commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes;

(2)the nature of the copyrighted work;

(3)the amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the 

copyrighted work as a whole; and
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(4)the effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the 

copyrighted work.

17 U.S.C. § 107. “[T]he four statutory fair use factors may not ‘be treated in 

isolation, one from another. All are to be explored, and the results weighed together, 

in light of the purposes of copyright.’” Andy Warhol, 598 U.S. at 550-51, quoting

Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc., 510 U.S. 569, 578 (1994). The Committee 

argues that the first, third, and fourth factors favor a determination that it made fair 

use of the Success Kid template (and concedes the second factor). 

As for the first factor, the Committee argues its use is like the billions of other 

uses of the Success Kid template, the creation and dissemination of a meme. In the 

first factor, the “‘central’ question” is “whether the use ‘merely supersedes the 

objects of the original creation . . . (supplanting the original), or instead adds 

something new, with a further purpose or different character.’” Id. at 528, quoting 

Campbell, 510 U.S. at 579. 

When an infringing use “is commercial as opposed to nonprofit,” the

“commercial nature of the use”—while “not dispositive”—“is to be weighed against 

the degree to which the use has a further purpose or different character.” Id. at 531. 

“[T]he more transformative the new work, the less will be the significance of other 

factors, like commercialism, that may weigh against a finding of fair use.” Id., 

quoting Campbell, 510 U.S. at 579. See United Telephone Co. of Missouri v. 

Johnson Pub. Co., Inc., 855 F.2d 604, 609 (8th Cir. 1988) (“Fair use is not favored 

‘when the user stands to profit from the exploitation of the copyrighted material 

without paying the customary price.’”), quoting Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc. v. 

Nation Enters., 471 U.S. 539, 562 (1985). A use that “shrink[s] the protected market 

opportunities of the copyrighted work” is less justified because it “undermines the 

goal of copyright.” Andy Warhol, 598 U.S. at 531-32, quoting Authors Guild v. 

Google, Inc., 804 F.3d 202, 207 (2d Cir. 2015). Memes used commercially in 

advertising or fundraising are subject to stricter copyright standards than memes 

used noncommercially, which are often fair use. See Campbell, 510 U.S. at 585 
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(“The use, for example, of a copyrighted work to advertise a product . . . will be 

entitled to less indulgence under the first factor of the fair use enquiry”). 

“The fair use provision, and the first factor in particular, requires an analysis 

of the specific ‘use’ of a copyrighted work that is alleged to be ‘an infringement.’” 

Andy Warhol, 598 U.S. at 533. This court weighs commerciality against its

transformativeness. See id. at 531. 

As for commerciality, it is undisputed that the Committee’s use was purely 

commercial—the meme solicited campaign donations with its call to “FUND OUR 

MEMES!!!” The Committee sought to exploit the copyrighted material, for 

financial gain, without paying the customary price. 

As for transformativeness—adding a purpose or character to the original 

work—there is a dispute. Creating a meme was not the original purpose when Griner 

photographed Sam. However, controlling the commercial use of the meme was the 

original purpose to copyright the image of Sam, the meme’s template. The 

Committee, by creating and disseminating a meme, did not add a further purpose or 

different character to Success Kid template. See Andy Warhol, 598 U.S. at 532-33 

(“If an original work and a secondary use share the same or highly similar purposes, 

and the secondary use is of a commercial nature, the first factor is likely to weigh 

against fair use, absent some other justification for copying.”).

Transformativeness “relates to the justification for the use.” See id. at 531. 

Memes are transformative to differing degrees, requiring a case-by-case 

determination. See id. at 532 n.7 (“the question of justification will depend on the 

individual use or uses”). The Committee asserts that memes, including its own, 

combine a compelling image with a pithy phrase to invoke a response, usually 

humor. 

Because the Committee’s meme was a “commercial use” of the Success Kid 

template, a “particularly compelling justification is needed.” Id. at 547. The 
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Committee’s stated justification is that they were creating and disseminating a meme 

on social media, as happens millions (if not billions) of times each day. “[T]he fact 

that everyone else is doing it” is not a particularly compelling justification, 

especially considering the vast majority of these uses are non-commercial. Cf. 

Firexo, Inc. v. Firexo Grp. Ltd., 99 F.4th 304, 321 (6th Cir. 2024) (finding the 

“everyone else is doing it” justification unpersuasive in a jurisdictional context). 

Beyond this, the Committee “offers no independent justification, let alone a 

compelling one, for copying the photograph, other than to convey a new meaning or 

message. As explained, that alone is not enough for the first factor to favor fair use.” 

Andy Warhol, 598 U.S. at 547. “[A]lthough a use’s transformativeness may 

outweigh its commercial character, here, both elements point in the same direction.” 

Id. at 538. 

 

Due to the lack of a further purpose, a different character, or a compelling 

justification and the undisputed commercial use, the first factor weighs in favor of 

Griner. 

As for the third factor, the “heart” (the most substantial part of the work) of 

the Success Kid template—the Success Kid himself—is used in the Committee’s 

meme. See Harper & Row, Publishers, 471 U.S. at 544. The third factor weighs in 

favor of Griner. 

As for the fourth factor, it is difficult to determine what impact the 

Committee’s use of the Success Kid template had on its commerciality. True, Griner 

licensed the use of the template to many well-known brands. Licensing requests, 

however, had decreased before the Committee’s use, although a reasonable jury 

could conclude that association with King would drive away some potential 

licensees. There is no evidence that the Committee’s meme revitalized the market 

for licensing the Success Kid template. The fourth factor weighs in neither party’s 

favor. 
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Because the fair use test weighs heavily for Griner, the jury properly 

concluded that the Committee did not make fair use of the Success Kid template. 

III. 

Defendants raise three other issues: two evidentiary disputes, a challenge to 

damages instruction, and the issue of costs and attorney’s fees. 

A.

The Committee asserts that the district court abused its discretion by (1)

excluding, for a lack of relevance, evidence connecting Success Kid with Pepe the 

Frog and (2) allowing the testimony of Ben Clark, Sam’s entertainment agent. 

This court reviews evidentiary rulings “for clear abuse of discretion, 

‘reversing only when an improper evidentiary ruling affected the defendant’s 

substantial rights or had more than a slight influence on the verdict.’” United States 

v. Anderson, 783 F.3d 727, 745 (8th Cir. 2015), citing United States v. Henley, 766 

F.3d 893, 914 (8th Cir. 2014). This court “will not reverse a harmless error.” United 

States v. Johnson, 860 F.3d 1133, 1139 (8th Cir. 2017). “An evidentiary error is 

harmless when, after reviewing the entire record, we determine that the substantial 

rights of the defendant were unaffected, and that the error did not influence or had 

only a slight influence on the verdict.” United States v. Farish, 535 F.3d 815, 820 

(8th Cir. 2008). 

At trial, the Defendants sought to introduce evidence that Griner was 

politically motivated, had accepted past associations with inflammatory political 

groups, and promoted distasteful uses of the meme. The Defendants particularly 

highlight their offer of evidence linking Success Kid to Pepe the Frog (which the 

defendants call an emblem of the alt-right). The district court excluded all this 

“political” evidence. On appeal, the Committee does not contend that the exclusion 

was an abuse of discretion, only that it should have considered the evidence in the 
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“award of attorneys’ fees.” The Committee asserts the connection of Success Kid 

to Pepe the Frog lessens Griner’s “moral indignation” towards King. Any moral 

indignation Griner may have has no bearing on copyright infringement. Thus, the

evidence could not influence the verdict, and any error was harmless. The district 

court did not abuse its discretion. 

At trial, Ben Clark testified about the actual damages the Defendants’ meme 

caused. On appeal, the Committee does not explain how Clark’s testimony had any 

influence, let alone more than a slight influence on the verdict—even pondering 

whether admission of Clark’s testimony was harmless error. Clark testified to actual 

damages, not to violations of the Copyright Act. After finding the Committee 

infringed Griner’s copyright, the jury awarded the statutory minimum under the Act. 

Thus, the exclusion of Clark’s testimony could not have influenced the jury to the 

Committee’s detriment. The district court did not abuse its discretion.5

 

B. 

The Committee challenges the jury instruction of the $750 statutory 

minimum. It did not object to the jury instruction when given. “If a party does not 

properly object to preserve the issue for appeal, objections to jury instructions are 

waived, absent a showing of plain error.” Riggs v. Gibbs, 66 F.4th 716, 719 (8th 

Cir. 2023). “Plain error is a stringently limited standard of review, especially in the 

civil context, and must result in a miscarriage of justice in order to compel reversal.” 

Id., quoting Bady v. Murphy-Kjos, 628 F.3d 1000, 1003 (8th Cir. 2011). Even if the 

Committee were correct, it does not assert a miscarriage of justice. The jury 

instruction challenge is waived.

5

The Committee asserts a discovery violation preceding the Clark testimony 

and in obtaining a privilege log. The district court did not abuse its discretion. See 

8th Cir. R. 47B; Vanderberg v. Petco Animal Supplies Stores, Inc., 906 F.3d 698, 

704 (8th Cir. 2018).
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C. 

The Defendants assert the district court abused its discretion in not awarding

attorney’s fees and additional costs to the Defendants. The Committee seeks

attorney’s fees because Griner rejected a pre-trial settlement offer that was greater 

than the jury award and because it made novel legal arguments. See generally Fed. 

R. Civ. P. 68; Marek v. Chesny, 473 U.S. 1, 9 (1985) (“the term ‘costs’ in Rule 68 

was intended to refer to all costs properly awardable under the relevant substantive 

statute”). 

The Committee cannot recover attorney’s fees because it is not a prevailing 

party. Under the Copyright Act, only prevailing parties may be awarded a 

reasonable attorney’s fee. 17 U.S.C. § 505 (“the court may also award a reasonable 

attorney’s fee to the prevailing party as part of the costs.”). See Harbor Motor Co. 

v. Arnell Chevrolet-Geo, Inc., 265 F.3d 638, 645-46 (7th Cir. 2001) (holding that 

attorney’s fees are available only for prevailing parties under the Copyright Act); 

UMG Recs., Inc. v. Shelter Cap. Partners LLC, 718 F.3d 1006, 1035 (9th Cir. 2013) 

(same). 

As for the Congressman: By the Copyright Act, the district court, “in its 

discretion,” “may” award “recovery of full costs” and award a prevailing party “a 

reasonable attorney’s fee” as “part of the costs.” 17 U.S.C. § 505. The district court

here, in its discretion, denied attorney’s fees to both parties. The Congressman does 

not allege an abuse of discretion, acknowledging that the district court had no 

obligation to award him costs or fees. This court affirms the decision not to award 

attorney’s fees. Killer Joe Nevada, LLC v. Does 1-20, 807 F.3d 908, 911 (8th Cir. 

2015) (“A district court abuses its discretion” when it “‘commits a clear error of 

judgment.’”), quoting Fair Isaac Corp. v. Experian Info. Sols., Inc., 650 F.3d 1139, 

1152 (8th Cir. 2011).
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As to additional costs, the Defendants seek costs for multiple printer 

cartridges used before trial. The district court did not abuse its discretion by denying 

these costs. See 8th Cir. R. 47B. 

* * * * * * *

The judgment is affirmed. 

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