[Until this opinion appears in the Ohio Official Reports advance sheets, it may be cited as 

Thomasson v. Thomasson, Slip Opinion No. 2018-Ohio-2417.] 

NOTICE 

This slip opinion is subject to formal revision before it is published in an 

advance sheet of the Ohio Official Reports. Readers are requested to 

promptly notify the Reporter of Decisions, Supreme Court of Ohio, 65 

South Front Street, Columbus, Ohio 43215, of any typographical or other 

formal errors in the opinion, in order that corrections may be made before 

the opinion is published. 

SLIP OPINION NO. 2018-OHIO-2417

THOMASSON, APPELLANT, v. THOMASSON, APPELLEE. 

[Until this opinion appears in the Ohio Official Reports advance sheets, it 

may be cited as Thomasson v. Thomasson, Slip Opinion No. 2018-Ohio-2417.] 

Divorce—A trial court’s order appointing a guardian ad litem to represent an adult 

in a divorce case is a final, appealable order under R.C. 2505.02(B)(2) 

when adult has not been adjudicated incompetent subsequent to providing 

parties with notice and opportunity to be heard on issue of adult’s 

competency—Court of appeals’ judgment reversed, trial court’s order 

appointing guardian ad litem vacated, and cause remanded to trial court. 

(No. 2016-1629—Submitted November 21, 2017—Decided June 27, 2018.) 

APPEAL from the Court of Appeals for Cuyahoga County, No. 104579. 

_________________ 

FISCHER, J. 

{¶ 1} Appellant, Carol J. Thomasson (“Carol”), has asked us to reverse a 

judgment of the Eighth District Court of Appeals and hold that the trial court’s order 

appointing a guardian ad litem (“GAL”) to act on her behalf in her divorce case is 
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2

a final, appealable order under R.C. 2505.02(B)(2). Carol has also asked us to 

conclude that the order violates her due-process rights and that it should be vacated 

as a result. 

{¶ 2} In the case at bar, the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas, 

Domestic Relations Division, issued an order appointing a GAL to represent Carol 

without providing her with prior notice or an opportunity to be heard on the issue. 

The order was issued during a special proceeding and affects a substantial right, 

and Carol will not be provided adequate relief if she is not permitted to immediately 

appeal the order. Therefore, the order is a final, appealable order under R.C. 

2505.02(B)(2), and we reverse the judgment of the court of appeals. Further, the 

lack of proper process violated Carol’s due-process rights, and we therefore vacate 

the trial court’s order and remand the case to the trial court for further proceedings. 

I. BACKGROUND 

{¶ 3} Carol and appellee, Charles W. Thomasson (“Charles”), were married 

in 1985. On January 15, 2015, Charles filed for divorce in the Cuyahoga County 

domestic-relations court. On June 7, 2016, the court issued an order sua sponte 

appointing a GAL on behalf of Carol pursuant to Civ.R. 75(B)(2) and requiring 

Charles and Carol to deposit $1,000 each with the clerk of courts as security for the 

payment of the GAL’s fee. 

{¶ 4} Carol appealed and argued that Civ.R. 75(B)(2) does not provide 

authority to a trial court to appoint a GAL for an adult and that the appointment of 

a GAL to act on behalf of an adult is proper only after a hearing and a finding that 

the adult is incompetent. Charles filed a single-page brief in which he “join[ed] in” 

Carol’s brief. 

{¶ 5} The court of appeals sua sponte dismissed the appeal, concluding that 

an order appointing a GAL for an adult is not a final, appealable order under R.C. 

2505.02(B). 
January Term, 2018 

3

{¶ 6} Carol filed a jurisdictional appeal in this court presenting three 

propositions of law.1 We accepted jurisdiction over the appeal. 149 Ohio St.3d 

1417, 2017-Ohio-4038, 75 N.E.3d 236. 

II. ANALYSIS 

{¶ 7} In her third proposition of law, Carol presents arguments related to 

the threshold question whether the trial court’s order appointing a GAL to represent 

her is a final, appealable order. In her first and second propositions of law, Carol 

presents arguments challenging the order on its merits. Accordingly, we address 

the third proposition of law first. 

A. Civ.R. 75(B)(2) and 17(B) 

{¶ 8} The trial court’s order cites Civ.R. 75(B)(2) as authority for 

appointing a GAL to represent Carol. Courts of appeals have found that an order 

issued pursuant to Civ.R. 75(B)(2) is not a final, appealable order. See, e.g., Davis 

v. Lewis, 10th Dist. Franklin Nos. 98AP-661 and 98AP-1284, 1999 WL 77221, *2 

(Feb. 18, 1999). But Civ.R. 75(B)(2) does not apply to adults; instead, the rule 

permits the trial judge presiding over a divorce proceeding to join a “child” of the 

divorcing parties as a party defendant and permits the trial court to appoint a GAL 

“for the child.” Therefore, Civ.R. 75(B)(2) does not apply to this case, and caselaw 

on the appealability of orders properly relying on that rule is not relevant to this 

appeal. 

{¶ 9} Neither the lower courts nor the parties have cited any rule that 

permits a trial court to appoint a GAL for a competent adult. However, under 

Civ.R. 17(B), “[w]hen a minor or incompetent person is not otherwise represented 

in an action the court shall appoint a guardian ad litem or shall make such other 

 

1

 Notably, in her brief, Carol renumbered the three propositions of law accepted by this court and 

added a fourth proposition. The additional proposition of law is stricken, and no arguments raised 

in support of it will be considered. (For ease of analysis, our numbering of the propositions of law 

reflects Carol’s jurisdictional memorandum, not her brief.) 
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4

order as it deems proper for the protection of such minor or incompetent person.” 

Carol is not a minor child; thus, the only reasonable interpretation of the trial court’s 

order is that the court found it necessary to appoint a GAL for Carol because the 

court determined that she is an incompetent person who does not otherwise have an 

appropriate representative. 

B. Final, Appealable Order 

{¶ 10} Ohio’s courts of appeals have jurisdiction “to review and affirm, 

modify, or reverse judgments or final orders.” Article IV, Section 3(B)(2), Ohio 

Constitution. R.C. 2505.02(B) sets forth several types of final, appealable orders. 

The present appeal involves the category defined in R.C. 2505.02(B)(2), which 

provides that an “order that affects a substantial right made in a special proceeding” 

is a final, appealable order. This court has held that an order affects a substantial 

right for purposes of R.C. 2505.02(B)(2) only if “in the absence of immediate 

review of the order [the appellant] will be denied effective relief in the future.” Bell 

v. Mt. Sinai Med. Ctr., 67 Ohio St.3d 60, 63, 616 N.E.2d 181 (1993). 

{¶ 11} Thus, to demonstrate that the trial court’s order appointing a GAL 

for her is a final, appealable order, Carol must show (1) that the order was made in 

a special proceeding, (2) that the order affects a substantial right, and (3) that she 

would not be able to effectively protect her substantial right without immediate 

review. 

1. Special Proceeding 

{¶ 12} R.C. 2505.02(A)(2) defines “special proceeding” as “an action or 

proceeding that is specially created by statute and that prior to 1853 was not denoted 

as an action at law or a suit in equity.” As we have previously stated, divorce, a 

statutory matter that did not exist at common law, qualifies as a special proceeding. 

Wilhelm-Kissinger v. Kissinger, 129 Ohio St.3d 90, 2011-Ohio-2317, 950 N.E.2d 

516, ¶ 6. Carol was provided a GAL for her divorce proceeding; the order 

appointing the GAL was, therefore, made during a special proceeding. 
January Term, 2018 

5

2. Substantial Right 

{¶ 13} In 1998, the legislature amended R.C. 2505.02 and provided a 

definition of “substantial right.” Sub.H.B. No. 394, 147 Ohio Laws, Part II, 3277. 

R.C. 2505.02(A)(1) defines “substantial right” as “a right that the United States 

Constitution, the Ohio Constitution, a statute, the common law, or a rule of 

procedure entitles a person to enforce or protect.” Carol argues that the trial court’s 

order violates her “right to procedural due process” and that “due process is a 

substantial right that the United States Constitution entitles a person to enforce 

and/or protect.” 

{¶ 14} In support of this argument, Carol asserts that before appointing the 

GAL, the trial court did not provide the parties with notice or the chance to be heard 

regarding the appointment. These assertions are supported by the record. The 

record does not reflect that the parties were notified that the court was considering 

appointing a GAL for Carol, and the record includes no evidence from which we 

could conclude that Carol was provided any opportunity to be heard prior to the 

appointment of the GAL. 

{¶ 15} Ohio courts have not previously addressed whether an order 

appointing a GAL to represent an adult without an adjudication that the adult is 

incompetent—that is, without a hearing on the matter and prior to any notice to the 

adult—violates the adult’s right to due process. Several other state courts have 

addressed similar situations. Those courts have concluded that such an 

appointment is improper, many specifically holding that the improper appointment 

violates due-process protections. 

{¶ 16} In In re Joann E., 104 Cal.App.4th 347, 128 Cal.Rptr.2d 189 (2002), 

the California Court of Appeal reviewed a lower court’s order appointing a GAL to 

act on behalf of a grandmother who was attempting to retain custody of her minor 

grandchild. The reviewing court found that the lower court’s order violated the 
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6

grandmother’s right to due process because the court had failed to provide prior 

notice and hold a competency hearing. Id. at 349. 

{¶ 17} In State v. Ladd, 139 Vt. 642, 644, 433 A.2d 294 (1981), the 

Supreme Court of Vermont held that a lower court’s decision not to remove a GAL 

for an adult defendant who was determined to be competent “seriously impinge[d] 

upon the defendant’s rights to due process guaranteed by the United States 

Constitution.” 

{¶ 18} In J.H. v. Ada S. McKinley Community Servs., Inc., 369 Ill.App.3d 

803, 861 N.E.2d 320 (2006), an Illinois Court of Appeals cited the federal Due 

Process Clause when determining that two former foster children should not have 

been appointed a GAL after they had become adults because they had not been 

adjudicated incompetent. Id. at 816, citing Ladd at 644. 

{¶ 19} And in Graham v. Graham, 40 Wash.2d 64, 240 P.2d 564 (1952), 

the Supreme Court of Washington issued a writ of prohibition to prevent a lower 

court from appointing a GAL for an adult without providing the adult a hearing and 

the opportunity to be heard. The supreme court did not cite the Due Process Clause, 

but the court’s reasoning clearly expresses due-process concerns: 

The interposition of a guardian ad litem could very well substitute 

his judgment, inclinations and intelligence for an alleged 

incompetent’s; furthermore, the retention of legal counsel or the 

employment of a different attorney could be determined solely by 

the guardian ad litem, subject, of course, to some direction and 

control by the court, and the latter might be open to some question. 

In any event the changes which might result from the appointment 

of a guardian ad litem are of such significance as to be permitted 

only after a full, fair hearing and an opportunity to be heard is 

accorded to an alleged incompetent. 
January Term, 2018 

7

Id. at 68. 

{¶ 20} We agree with the determinations and reasoning of these several 

courts. When a GAL is appointed by a court to represent an adult, that adult loses 

some autonomy in directing the litigation. It violates an adult’s right to due process 

to treat the adult as an incompetent and to deprive that adult of his or her autonomy 

without an adjudication that the adult is incompetent and without prior notice and 

an opportunity to be heard on the issue of his or her competency. 

{¶ 21} The trial court’s order treated Carol as though she had been 

adjudicated incompetent and appointed a GAL to represent her interests, but the 

order was not preceded by an adjudication of incompetency, prior notice, and any 

opportunity to be heard on the issue. This lack of process violates Carol’s right to 

due process and, therefore, implicates a “substantial right” as defined in R.C. 

2505.02(A)(1). 

3. Effective Protection Requires Immediate Review 

{¶ 22} In Bell, 67 Ohio St.3d 60, 616 N.E.2d 181, which preceded the 1998 

amendments to R.C. 2505.02 that provided a statutory definition of “substantial 

right,” this court decided that an “order which affects a substantial right has been 

perceived to be one which, if not immediately appealable, would foreclose 

appropriate relief in the future.” Id. at 63, citing Union Camp Corp., Harchem Div. 

v. Whitman, 54 Ohio St.2d 159, 162, 375 N.E.2d 417 (1978); State v. Collins, 24 

Ohio St.2d 107, 110, 265 N.E.2d 261 (1970); Morris v. Invest. Life Ins. Co. of Am., 

6 Ohio St.2d 185, 189, 217 N.E.2d 202 (1966); and In re Estate of Wyckoff, 166 

Ohio St. 354, 359, 142 N.E.2d 660 (1957). In Bell, the court held that an order 

directing a party to submit materials requested in discovery for in camera inspection 

was not a final, appealable order. Bell at 65. The court noted, however, that if the 

trial court ordered, after in camera inspection, that some documents that were 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

8

alleged to have been privileged should be disclosed, that order would be appealable. 

Id. at 64. 

{¶ 23} Subsequent to the 1998 amendments to R.C. 2505.02, this court has 

continued to cite Bell for the proposition that an order affects a substantial right 

only if an immediate appeal is necessary to protect the interests of the appealing 

party. See, e.g., Wilhelm-Kissinger, 129 Ohio St.3d 90, 2011-Ohio-2317, 950 

N.E.2d 516, at ¶ 7. 

{¶ 24} In Wilhelm-Kissinger, this court determined that an order denying a 

motion to disqualify opposing counsel in a divorce proceeding was not a final, 

appealable order under R.C. 2505.02(B)(2). Id. at ¶ 12. The court distinguished an 

order denying a motion to disqualify counsel from an order granting such a motion. 

The court noted that “an order granting disqualification immediately and definitely 

affects the party it deprives of chosen counsel; the purpose of appealing such an 

order is to prevent the removal itself.” Id. at ¶ 9. The court also noted that the 

granting of a motion to disqualify counsel has a permanent effect because it is 

unlikely to be revisited by the trial court. Id. at ¶ 10. Similarly, in State ex rel. 

McGinty v. Eighth Dist. Court of Appeals, 142 Ohio St.3d 100, 2015-Ohio-937, 28 

N.E.3d 88, ¶ 27, this court held that an order denying a criminal defendant’s motion 

to disqualify the prosecuting attorney was not a final, appealable order. The court 

noted that allowing an interlocutory appeal in such circumstances would enable a 

criminal defendant to get “an automatic, months-long delay in his or her 

prosecution by moving to disqualify the prosecutor and then appealing the resulting 

denial.” Id. at ¶ 25. 

{¶ 25} In Cleveland Clinic Found. v. Levin, 120 Ohio St.3d 1210, 2008-

Ohio-6197, 898 N.E.2d 589, ¶ 13, this court held that the Board of Tax Appeals’ 

decision to deny a motion for a protective order, creating the possibility that 

confidential information could be provided to an opposing party and introduced as 

evidence, was a final, appealable order because an appeal in the ordinary course 
January Term, 2018 

9

would not adequately remedy the irretrievable loss of confidentiality. Similarly, in 

State v. Sahady, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 83247, 2004-Ohio-3481, ¶ 18-19, the 

Eighth District Court of Appeals determined that the granting of a criminal 

defendant’s motion for interrogatories was a final, appealable order because the 

information revealed from those interrogatories could be privileged and could not 

be clawed back once revealed. The court noted that a successful appeal after final 

judgment would not provide an effective remedy to the state. 

{¶ 26} Finally, in Blackburn v. Ward, 4th Dist. Scioto No. 05CA3014, 

2006-Ohio-406, ¶ 13, the Fourth District held that a probate court’s determination 

that certain assets belonged to one party and not another was a final, appealable 

order, despite other issues in the case remaining before the court. The Fourth 

District reasoned that the assets, which included a farm and personal property, 

could be liquidated easily and that the appellants, even if successful in a future 

appeal, would not be able to recover assets that were previously liquidated.

{¶ 27} These cases are instructive. In the case at bar, similar to the situation 

described by this court in Wilhelm-Kissinger regarding disqualification of chosen 

counsel, the trial court’s order appointing a GAL to represent Carol, if left 

undisturbed, would have an immediate effect; Carol’s autonomy would be 

immediately diminished because she would be treated as though she had been 

adjudicated incompetent and as a result, her judgment, inclinations, and intelligence 

would be replaced, at least to some extent, by those of the GAL. Additionally, and 

again analogous to this court’s reasoning in Wilhelm-Kissinger, since Carol was not 

actually adjudicated to be incompetent, it is hard to understand how the trial court 

could revisit a nonexistent adjudication. 

{¶ 28} The concerns this court expressed in McGinty are not raised here 

because there is no reason to believe that Carol is intentionally delaying the 

progress of the litigation. A criminal defendant’s motion to disqualify the 

prosecutor and subsequent appeal of a denial of that motion are entirely within the 
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10 

control of the defendant. Here, the court’s order sua sponte appointing a GAL to 

represent Carol without prior notice and an adjudication of incompetency was 

entirely beyond Carol’s control. In such circumstances, any delay caused by an 

immediate appeal should not be attributed to Carol. 

{¶ 29} Divorce settlements often involve negotiation and agreement 

regarding the distribution of marital assets. If left undisturbed, the trial court’s 

order treating Carol as though she had been adjudicated incompetent would deprive 

her of autonomy during negotiations. Indeed, a settlement could be negotiated 

without Carol’s independent agreement. Moreover, settlements can include a 

waiver of the right to appeal. See, e.g., Shareholders of Paul-Ann Corp. v. 

Dissolution of Paul-Ann, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 99AP-828, 2000 WL 726790, *3 

(June 6, 2000). 

{¶ 30} In addition, negotiation often involves tactics and a careful and 

selective exchange of information. The tactics used and information revealed by 

Carol’s GAL could not be clawed back—much in the same way that the revelation 

of confidential information cannot be undone. Thus, as in Cleveland Clinic Found.

and Sahady, confidential information could be exchanged during negotiations and 

Carol would not have full control over the dissemination of that information. An 

appeal after final judgment could not undo the damage that she would suffer in such 

a situation. 

{¶ 31} Finally, during divorce proceedings, there are ongoing financial 

concerns; the level of spousal support may change and some marital assets may be 

liquidated by agreement. As the Fourth District noted in Blackburn, liquidated 

assets generally cannot be recovered. The preferences of former spouses dividing 

the assets accumulated during a 30-year marriage could be extremely peculiar to 

those parties, and there will almost certainly be marital property that has particular 

value to one or both parties for sentimental or personal reasons. Should Carol’s 

GAL focus on monetary value alone, ignoring other considerations that might form 
January Term, 2018 

11 

part of Carol’s decision-making process, a future appeal would not protect Carol’s 

interests because previously liquidated assets could never be “un-liquidated.” 

{¶ 32} While some of the consequences that Carol could suffer as a result 

of the unavailability of immediate review are potential rather than certain injuries, 

the immediate effect of, or lack of remedy for, these injuries dictates the need for 

immediate review. Further, this court has previously held that potential injuries 

that cannot be remedied are sufficient to meet even the Bell standard. Cleveland 

Clinic Found., 120 Ohio St.3d 1210, 2008-Ohio-6197, 898 N.E.2d 589, at ¶ 13 

(interim order immediately appealable in light of “possibility that confidentiality 

may be irretrievably lost”); see also Blackburn, 2006-Ohio-406, at ¶ 13 (order 

immediately appealable because administrator “could easily liquidate” assets). 

{¶ 33} Moreover, as this court stated in Russell v. Mercy Hosp., 15 Ohio 

St.3d 37, 42, 472 N.E.2d 695 (1984), there are occasions on which judicial economy 

tips the balance in favor of immediate review. Requiring Carol to wait to appeal 

until after the divorce proceedings have concluded would require the appellate court 

to construct a hypothetical proceeding to determine prejudice based on speculation 

as to how Carol’s decisions might have differed from the decisions made by the 

GAL. In this case, however, the lack of process is readily apparent on the face of 

the record. Under these unique facts, immediate review requires minimal 

expenditure of resources by the appellate court. 

{¶ 34} For these reasons, we set forth the narrow and limited holding that 

under R.C. 2505.02(B)(2), a trial court’s order appointing a GAL to represent an 

adult in a divorce case is a final, appealable order when that adult has not been 

adjudicated incompetent subsequent to providing the parties with notice and an 

opportunity to be heard on the issue of the adult’s competency. In this unique case, 

the order appointing a GAL to represent Carol is a final, appealable order. 

 
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12 

C. Merits of the Order

{¶ 35} Our determination that the trial court’s order appointing a GAL to 

represent Carol is immediately appealable necessarily required the determination 

that the lack of process violated Carol’s right to due process. Because we have 

made this determination, it is unnecessary to remand the case to the court of appeals 

for that court to re-examine this same issue. 

{¶ 36} As noted above, Civ.R. 75(B)(2) does not provide the trial court with 

the authority to appoint a GAL to represent Carol. And Civ.R. 17(B) permits the 

trial court to appoint a GAL to represent an adult only when the court has 

adjudicated the adult to be incompetent. As Carol argues in her first and second 

propositions of law, it violates her right to due process for a court to appoint a GAL 

to represent an adult without an incompetency adjudication made subsequent to 

providing that adult proper notice and the opportunity to be heard on the issue. 

III. CONCLUSION 

{¶ 37} For the foregoing reasons, the trial court’s order is a final, appealable 

order and the order is vacated. We reverse the judgment of the court of appeals and 

remand the case to the trial court for further proceedings. 

Judgment reversed 

and cause remanded. 

O’DONNELL, FRENCH, and PIETRYKOWSKI, JJ., concur. 

O’CONNOR, C.J., concurs, with an opinion. 

KENNEDY, J., concurs in judgment only, with an opinion. 

DEWINE, J., dissents, with an opinion. 

MARK L. PIETRYKOWSKI, J., of the Sixth District Court of Appeals, sitting 

for O’NEILL, J. 

_________________ 

 

 
January Term, 2018 

13 

O’CONNOR, C.J., concurring. 

{¶ 38} I concur in the court’s decision to reverse the judgment of the court 

of appeals and in the majority’s holding that the trial court’s order appointing a 

guardian ad litem (“GAL”) to represent appellant, Carol Thomasson, is a final, 

appealable order. I write separately to respond to the dissenting opinion. 

{¶ 39} The dissent suggests that the majority has stepped outside the 

constitutional limits on our authority. I disagree. The appointment of a GAL for a 

competent adult in this divorce proceeding—when neither party requested it—is 

clearly without basis in the law. The trial court’s order immediately deprived 

Thomasson of her autonomy and presumes that she cannot represent her own best 

interests. Delaying her right to appeal until after final judgment would deny her 

effective relief. Because the order affects Thomasson’s substantial right to due 

process in this divorce proceeding, it is a final order pursuant to the definition 

codified by the General Assembly in R.C. 2505.02(B)(2)2 and is subject to 

immediate appellate review. 

{¶ 40} This is not a routine case in which the trial court properly held a 

competency hearing, determined that a party was incompetent, and appointed a 

GAL. Here, two days before the scheduled trial, the court sua sponte appointed a 

GAL on behalf of Thomasson without a demonstrated basis for doing so. The 

dissent ignores the practical reality of this strange scenario. This case does not 

present a law-school hypothetical devoid of consequence. The decision to appoint 

a GAL when one has not been shown to be necessary has both personal and social 

 

2

 The General Assembly has classified seven types of orders as final orders. R.C. 2505.02(B). Much 

of the dissent’s focus is on a different standard for a final order—that set forth in R.C. 

2505.02(B)(4)—rather than the standard that is at issue here. R.C. 2505.02(B)(4) states that an order 

is a final order if it grants or denies a provisional remedy and (a) in effect determines the action and 

prevents judgment in favor of the appealing party with respect to the provisional remedy and (b) 

precludes a meaningful or effective remedy for the appealing party by an appeal following final 

judgment. The only question before us is whether the order here meets the standard set forth in R.C. 

2505.02(B)(2) in that the order affects a substantial right and was made in a special proceeding. 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

14 

consequences, not to mention the legal ramifications. The task before us requires 

that we understand the impact on Thomasson should she be unable to immediately 

appeal. 

{¶ 41} In this proceeding, the mere appointment of the GAL fundamentally 

affects Thomasson’s due-process rights, and having to bear this burden through the 

divorce proceeding to final judgment and then on appeal would preclude effective 

relief. The GAL would not necessarily represent Thomasson’s interests as she 

perceives them. For example, when a court appoints a GAL for a child, the GAL 

must represent the child’s best interest even when the representation is inconsistent 

with the child’s wishes. Sup.R. 48(D)(1). If the trial court’s order were left 

undisturbed, then throughout the proceeding, Thomasson would have a burden that 

no competent adult in a divorce proceeding has—she would have to advocate for 

her interests in opposition to not just her spouse but also her GAL whenever the 

GAL’s perceptions of her best interests diverged from her own. 

{¶ 42} Not important, says the dissent, because “[t]he appointment of the 

GAL could be revisited if he acted inimically to Thomasson’s interests,” dissenting 

opinion at ¶ 78. But Thomasson’s interests in whose eyes? Thomasson’s autonomy 

to represent her interests as she defines them should be respected because she has 

not been determined to be incompetent. The inquiry on appeal would be whether 

the GAL acted adversely to her best interests as the GAL perceived them, not 

whether Thomasson could prove that the GAL acted inimically to her interests as 

she perceives them. 

{¶ 43} Even if her own perception of her best interests aligned with the 

GAL’s perception of her best interests, Thomasson would be denied effective relief 

by having to wait to appeal until after final judgment. Through the divorce 

proceeding and through appeal, Thomasson would bear partial responsibility for 

compensating the GAL for his services in addition to total responsibility for 

compensating her lawyer for his services, including the lawyer’s efforts ensuring 
January Term, 2018 

15 

that the GAL does not take a position that Thomasson believed was adverse to her 

interests. There is no guarantee that if successful on appeal after final judgment, 

Thomasson would be refunded, or would be permitted to withhold, her portion of 

the GAL’s expenses even though there was no basis for the GAL’s appointment. 

{¶ 44} And what a remarkable waste of judicial resources that would be. 

After final judgment, should an appellate court conclude that the GAL’s 

appointment was not proper as we do here, the entire proceeding would have to 

start anew. As the dissent recognizes, the case would commence again at the point 

when the GAL was appointed. 

{¶ 45} If the law were as rigid as the dissent suggests, the role of the courts 

would be extraneous. Judicial restraint is a constant guiding principle in the 

exercise of our duty as jurists. But using judicial restraint as an excuse for refusing 

to act when it is necessary is just as dangerous to the role of the judiciary as is 

judicial activism. Here, quite frankly, we should do our jobs. The majority has 

recognized the unique facts of this case and applied the law fairly, and narrowly, to 

those facts. Given the responsibility of this court to interpret and apply the law, the 

majority today correctly determines that the trial court’s order appointing a GAL 

for Thomasson is a final, appealable order that should be vacated. 

_________________ 

KENNEDY, J., concurring in judgment only.

{¶ 46} I agree with the majority that the trial court’s order appointing a 

guardian ad litem to represent appellant, Carol Thomasson, is a final, appealable 

order pursuant to R.C. 2505.02(B)(2). I write separately, however, because we 

need not determine whether the trial court’s order affects Carol’s constitutional 

right to due process in order to resolve this case. See State v. Talty, 103 Ohio St.3d 

177, 2004-Ohio-4888, 814 N.E.2d 1201, ¶ 9 (this court considers constitutional 

issues only when absolutely necessary). Instead, R.C. 3109.01 provides Carol a 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

16 

substantial right that is affected by the trial court’s order appointing a guardian ad 

litem in the divorce action. Therefore, I concur in judgment only. 

{¶ 47} The primary goal of statutory construction is to give effect to the 

legislature’s intent. Antoon v. Cleveland Clinic Found., 148 Ohio St.3d 483, 2016-

Ohio-7432, 71 N.E.3d 974, ¶ 20. To determine the intent of the legislature, we first 

look to the plain language of the statute. State ex rel. Burrows v. Indus. Comm., 78 

Ohio St.3d 78, 81, 676 N.E.2d 519 (1997). “When the statutory language is plain 

and unambiguous, and conveys a clear and definite meaning, we must rely on what 

the General Assembly has said.” Jones v. Action Coupling & Equip., Inc., 98 Ohio 

St.3d 330, 2003-Ohio-1099, 784 N.E.2d 1172, ¶ 12, citing Symmes Twp. Bd. of 

Trustees v. Smyth, 87 Ohio St.3d 549, 553, 721 N.E.2d 1057 (2000). “Where a 

statute defines terms used therein, such definition controls in the application of the 

statute * * *.” Good Samaritan Hosp. of Dayton v. Porterfield, 29 Ohio St.2d 25, 

30, 278 N.E.2d 26 (1972), citing Terteling Bros. v. Glander, 151 Ohio St. 236, 85 

N.E.2d 379 (1949), and Woman’s Internatl. Bowling Congress, Inc. v. Porterfield, 

25 Ohio St.2d 271, 267 N.E.2d 781 (1971). When the statute does not define the 

words used in the statute, we give them their usual and ordinary meaning. 

Brecksville v. Cook, 75 Ohio St.3d 53, 56, 661 N.E.2d 706 (1996). 

{¶ 48} To determine whether the trial court’s order appointing a guardian 

ad litem to represent Carol is a final, appealable order, we must begin with R.C. 

2505.02(B)(2), which provides that a final order is “[a]n order that affects a 

substantial right made in a special proceeding.” The definition of “substantial 

right” originated at common law. See Armstrong v. Herancourt Brewing Co., 53 

Ohio St. 467, 42 N.E. 425 (1895), paragraphs one and two of the syllabus (a 

“substantial right” is a legal right protected and enforced by law); State v. Collins,

24 Ohio St.2d 107, 110, 265 N.E.2d 261 (1970) (a pretrial order suppressing 

evidence affects the “substantial right to the diligent prosecution of those accused 

of crime”). However, the General Assembly displaced this body of common law 
January Term, 2018 

17 

by enacting a statutory definition of “substantial right” in 1998. See Am.Sub.H.B. 

No. 394, 147 Ohio Laws, Part II, 3277; Morris v. Morris, 148 Ohio St.3d 138, 2016-

Ohio-5002, 69 N.E.3d 664, ¶ 51. “Substantial right” is defined as “a right that the 

United States Constitution, the Ohio Constitution, a statute, the common law, or a 

rule of procedure entitles a person to enforce or protect.” R.C. 2505.02(A)(1). 

{¶ 49} We have stated previously that an “order which affects a substantial 

right has been perceived to be one which, if not immediately appealable, would 

foreclose appropriate relief in the future.” Bell v. Mt. Sinai Med. Ctr., 67 Ohio 

St.3d 60, 63, 616 N.E.2d 181 (1993), citing Union Camp Corp., Harchem Div. v. 

Whitman, 54 Ohio St.2d 159, 162, 375 N.E.2d 417 (1978), State v. Collins, 24 Ohio 

St.2d 107, 110, 265 N.E.2d 261 (1970), Morris v. Invest. Life Ins. Co. of Am., 6 

Ohio St.2d 185, 189, 217 N.E.2d 202 (1966), and In re Estate of Wyckoff, 166 Ohio 

St. 354, 359, 142 N.E.2d 660 (1957). However, neither Bell nor the decisions cited 

in it discuss the plain and ordinary meaning of “affect,” which should be the starting 

point of our construction of the statute. See Cook, 75 Ohio St.3d at 56, 661 N.E.2d 

706. In the absence of a statutory definition, we rely on the dictionary definition to 

accord a term its common, everyday meaning. Stewart v. Vivian, 151 Ohio St.3d 

574, 2017-Ohio-7526, 91 N.E.3d 716, ¶ 25-26. 

{¶ 50} Collins highlights the problem that results from failing to begin 

statutory interpretation with the plain and ordinary meaning of statutory terms. In 

Collins, the issue presented was whether the state, in a criminal case, may appeal a 

trial court’s pretrial order sustaining the defendant’s motion to suppress evidence. 

Collins at 107. To resolve the issue, the Collins court had to consider whether the 

order was “ ‘an order affecting a substantial right.’ ” Id. at 109, quoting R.C. 

2505.02. In determining that it was, the court noted: 

The [state] represented in oral argument that the deprivation of the 

use of the evidence suppressed below rendered it virtually 
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impossible for the state to obtain a conviction, and that without that 

evidence the prosecution would be terminated. Society has a most 

substantial right to the diligent prosecution of those accused of 

crime, and where prosecution is irretrievably foreclosed through the 

suppression of evidence, that right is clearly and adversely affected. 

(Emphasis added.) Id. at 109-110. 

{¶ 51} The Bell court latched onto the “foreclosed” language in Collins

without consideration of its context and imposed as a requirement of R.C. 

2505.02(B) that “if not immediately appealable, [the order] would foreclose 

appropriate relief in the future.” Bell at 63. In other words, the Collins court’s 

reference to the decisive effect of a suppression order in a criminal case—the 

potential denial of societal justice—has been allowed in Bell and Bell’s progeny to 

expand beyond its original context in Collins. 

{¶ 52} Therefore, I believe that we should reexamine our holding in Bell

and I diverge from applying it here. Applying our traditional rules of statutory 

construction, the word “affect” is not defined in the statute. Webster’s Third New 

International Dictionary defines “affect” as “to produce a material influence upon 

or alteration in” or “to have a detrimental influence on.” Webster’s Third New 

International Dictionary 35 (2002). Similarly, Black’s Law Dictionary defines 

“affect” as “[t]o act upon; influence; change; enlarge or abridge; often used in the 

sense of acting injuriously upon persons and things.” Black’s Law Dictionary 57 

(6th Ed.1990). Therefore, an order that is issued in a special proceeding and that 

materially or detrimentally influences a substantial right is a final, appealable order 

pursuant to R.C. 2505.02(B)(2). 

{¶ 53} Relevant here is R.C. 3109.01, which provides that “[a]ll persons of 

the age of eighteen years or more, who are under no legal disability, are capable of 

contracting and are of full age for all purposes.” Therefore, absent a legal disability, 
January Term, 2018 

19 

a person 18 years old or older is to be treated as a responsible adult in all respects. 

See Klever v. Canton Sachsenheim, Inc., 86 Ohio St.3d 419, 423, 715 N.E.2d 536 

(1999), citing Winters v. Silver Fox Bar, 71 Haw. 524, 531-532, 797 P.2d 51 (1990). 

{¶ 54} The legislature has not defined “legal disability” for purposes of 

R.C. Chapter 3109, but it has provided a definition in R.C. 2131.02; while that 

definition is not controlling here, it does provide guidance. R.C. 2313.02(B) states 

that “[l]egal disability” includes “[p]ersons of unsound mind.” “ ‘Of unsound 

mind’ includes all forms of derangement or intellectual disability.” R.C. 1.02(C). 

While the legislature has not defined the phrase “all purposes” used in R.C. 

3109.01, “all” is defined as “every” or “any whatever,” Webster’s at 54, and we 

have stated that the term “any” in a phrase envelopes “every” example of the subject 

described, State v. Gardner, 118 Ohio St.3d 420, 2008-Ohio-2787, 889 N.E.2d 995, 

¶ 33; accord Wachendorf v. Shaver, 149 Ohio St. 231, 240, 78 N.E.2d 370 (1948). 

Therefore, as used in R.C. 3109.01, the word “all” is expansive, not limiting. 

“Purpose” is defined as “something that one sets before himself as an object to be 

attained.” Webster’s at 1847. Consequently, the General Assembly’s use of the 

phrase “for all purposes” in R.C. 3109.01 is broad and encompasses the right of a 

person to direct her personal affairs, including being the decision-maker during the 

course of her divorce proceedings. 

{¶ 55} A guardian ad litem has the duty to represent the best interest of the 

ward, which may be inconsistent with the wishes of the ward. Sup.R. 48(D)(1). 

However, the legal right to adult status provided by R.C. 3109.01 is enforced and 

protected by law. See, e.g., Castle v. Castle, 15 Ohio St.3d 279, 282, 473 N.E.2d 

803 (1984) (termination of parental support); Mominee v. Scherbarth, 28 Ohio 

St.3d 270, 275, 503 N.E.2d 717 (1986) (ability to sue); Muller v. CES Credit Union,

161 Ohio App.3d 771, 2005-Ohio-3251, 832 N.E.2d 80, ¶ 22 (5th Dist.) (ability to 

void contracts upon reaching majority). Therefore, R.C. 3109.01 creates a 

substantial right. In appointing the guardian ad litem for Carol without a finding of 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

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legal disability, the trial court stripped Carol of her ability to direct her legal affairs 

according to her wishes, a right guaranteed by R.C. 3109.01. 

{¶ 56} Further, the trial court’s order detrimentally influenced this 

substantial right. Carol’s legal right to be the decision-maker in her own divorce 

proceedings—extremely personal litigation, see Scott v. Scott, 45 So.2d 878, 879 

(Fla.1950) (recognizing “strictly personal and volitional nature” of right to maintain 

divorce action)—has been denied her, see In re Irvine’s Guardianship, 72 Ohio 

App. 329, 331, 51 N.E.2d 907 (5th Dist.1943) (order refusing to remove guardian 

is final, appealable order because otherwise, ward would be denied ability to 

exercise substantial right). This is especially true given that the General Assembly 

has allowed the parties in a divorce proceeding the ability to jointly direct the 

division of assets and decide parenting matters, see R.C. 3015.171(F)(8) and 

3105.10(B)(1); see also R.C. 3105.10(B)(2) (providing for judicial enforcement of 

parties’ separation agreement); Greiner v. Greiner, 61 Ohio App.2d 88, 95, 399 

N.E.2d 571 (8th Dist.1979) (separation agreement entered into by parties in divorce 

proceeding is valid and enforceable), and has provided that the parties may convert 

a divorce action into an action for dissolution of marriage, see R.C. 3105.08. 

{¶ 57} The dissent contends that for an immediate appeal to be available to 

Carol, she “needs to show that any damage done by the [guardian ad litem]’s acts 

could not be rectified”—that is, that she would “be foreclosed from remedying 

potential harm after final judgment.” Dissenting opinion at ¶ 82. However, this 

analysis focuses on whether there are prejudicial effects of the order. The focus of 

the statutory language is on the prejudice to the substantial right resulting from the 

trial court’s order—whether the right is affected by the order—not the effect of the 

order on the outcome of the divorce action. It is beyond question that Carol’s legal 

autonomy is prejudiced by the order, and being able to relitigate the action after 

final judgment and the decree of divorce is entered would never rectify this 

prejudice. See Morris v. Invest. Life Ins. Co. of Am., 6 Ohio St.2d 185, 188-89, 217 
January Term, 2018 

21 

N.E.2d 202 (1966) (trial court’s order according litigant whose property rights were 

being litigated a status less than that of a party was an order affecting a substantial 

right). 

{¶ 58} The dissent also contends that this interpretation of R.C. 

2505.02(B)(2) would eviscerate the constitutional “final order” requirement and 

postulates as to various orders in a divorce proceeding that may fall within this 

interpretation: “an interim custody order, a temporary support order, an order 

requiring the production of documents, or an order requiring that a child be 

interviewed by the judge in chambers.” Dissenting opinion at ¶ 84. This 

postulating, however, is unwarranted. 

{¶ 59} To begin with, as explained above, the plain-language definition of 

“affect” requires that an order materially or detrimentally influence a substantial 

right of the appellant, not that the order merely influence a right. The dissent fails 

to identify any substantial right that may be affected by an order to produce 

documents (different from what has already been recognized, see Burnham v. 

Cleveland Clinic, 151 Ohio St.3d 356, 2016-Ohio-8000, 89 N.E.3d 536, ¶ 30 (lead 

opinion)). It is difficult to conceive of a substantial right that may be affected by 

an order requiring a child to be interviewed in camera given that the legislature has 

statutorily provided domestic-relations courts with the discretionary power to 

interview a child in camera to assist in “determining the child’s best interest for 

purposes of making its allocation of the parental rights and responsibilities,” R.C. 

3109.04(B)(1). 

{¶ 60} And while a substantial right may be at issue with respect to childcustody and child- and spousal-support orders, the dissent fails to demonstrate how 

temporary orders—orders that by their very nature remain subject to a final ruling 

by the court—affect a substantial right. Temporary orders merely preserve the 

status quo in order to facilitate the needs of the family. Alteno v. Alteno, 11th Dist. 

Trumbull No. 2000-T-0078, 2002 WL 99538, *6 (Jan. 25, 2002); Ward v. Ward, 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

22 

10th Dist. Franklin No. 99AP-66, 2000 WL 552186, *5 (May 4, 2000). The 

General Assembly has crafted a statutory framework to actualize the specialized 

work of domestic-relations courts and has prescribed or authorized that temporary 

orders be issued and that those orders remain in effect only until final orders are 

issued. See R.C. 3125.59 (temporary support orders); R.C. 3105.18(B) (temporary 

spousal support); R.C. 3109.043 and 3109.04(A) (temporary allocation of parental 

rights and responsibilities until final award). The Rules of Civil Procedure were 

enacted in accord with these statutes and aid in the administration of justice in 

domestic-relations courts. To that end, the rules authorize the issuance of 

temporary orders, see Civ.R. 75(N), and prohibit domestic-relations courts from 

entering a final judgment until all custody and support issues are “finally 

determined,” Civ.R. 75(F)(2). Therefore, the General Assembly has mandated, and 

this court has recognized, that temporary orders issued during the pendency of a 

domestic-relations action are, by their very nature, not final. The order to appoint 

a guardian ad litem for Carol in this case stands in stark contrast as the order is 

neither authorized by the Revised Code or the Rules of Civil Procedure, nor is it of 

a temporary nature. 

{¶ 61} R.C. 3109.01 guarantees all persons 18 years old or older who are 

under no legal disability the right to direct all their personal affairs, including their 

own divorce litigation. It is a statutory right that a person is entitled to enforce or 

protect. A trial court’s order appointing a guardian ad litem to represent a spouse 

in a divorce proceeding without a finding of legal disability prejudices the spouse’s 

legal autonomy guaranteed by R.C. 3109.01 and is a final, appealable order 

pursuant to R.C. 2505.02(B)(2). 

{¶ 62} Therefore, I concur in judgment only. 

_________________ 

 
January Term, 2018 

23 

DEWINE, J., dissenting. 

{¶ 63} The majority is eager to decide this case now. I understand that. If 

we had jurisdiction to do so, I would like to decide it today as well. But under our 

Constitution and precedent, we lack jurisdiction. Though it may be temporarily 

inconvenient, I would adhere to the bounds placed on our authority rather than 

succumb to the temptation to expand those boundaries for the expediency of 

immediately deciding this one case. 

Our Constitution Allows Review of Only Final Orders 

{¶ 64} Our Constitution provides that courts of appeals “shall have such 

jurisdiction as may be provided by law” to review “final orders” issued by inferior 

courts. Ohio Constitution, Article IV, Section 3(B)(2). 

{¶ 65} The “provided by law” part of the constitutional grant is 

accomplished primarily through R.C. 2505.02(B), which defines “final order” by 

identifying seven categories of orders as final. Relevant here is R.C. 2505.02(B)(2), 

which includes as a “final order” “[a]n order that affects a substantial right made in 

a special proceeding.” 

{¶ 66} The majority is correct that a divorce action is a special proceeding. 

The question is whether the trial court’s order appointing a guardian ad litem 

(“GAL”) for Carol Thomasson “affects a substantial right.” 

An Order Affects a Substantial Right Only If an Immediate Appeal Is 

Necessary to Protect that Right 

{¶ 67} In Bell v. Mt. Sinai Med. Ctr., 67 Ohio St.3d 60, 63, 616 N.E.2d 181 

(1993), we held that “[a]n order which affects a substantial right has been perceived 

to be one which, if not immediately appealable, would foreclose appropriate relief 

in the future.” In other words, as we later explained in Wilhelm-Kissinger v. 

Kissinger, 129 Ohio St.3d 90, 2011-Ohio-2317, 950 N.E.2d 516, ¶ 10, the effect of 

the order is “irreversible.” The critical question in determining whether an order 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

24 

affects a “substantial right” is whether “an immediate appeal is necessary to protect 

the right effectively.” Id. at ¶ 7. 

{¶ 68} The definition we adopted in Bell is consistent with longstanding 

principles that generally limit appellate review to final decisions in order to avoid 

“the debilitating effect on judicial administration caused by piecemeal appellate 

disposition of what is, in practical consequence, but a single controversy,” Eisen v. 

Carlisle & Jacquelin, 417 U.S. 156, 170, 94 S.Ct. 2140, 40 L.E.2d 732 (1974). We 

have found such considerations central to determining whether the specialproceeding prong of the Constitution’s final-order requirement has been met. Prior 

to Bell, we furthered these interests through a test that defined “special proceeding” 

by balancing “the harm to the ‘prompt and orderly disposition of litigation,’ and the 

consequent waste of judicial resources, resulting from the allowance of an appeal, 

with the need for immediate review because appeal after final judgment is not 

practicable.” Amato v. Gen. Motors Corp., 67 Ohio St.2d 253, 258, 423 N.E.2d 

452 (1981), quoting State v. Thomas, 61 Ohio St.2d 254, 258, 400 N.E.2d 897 

(1980). We overruled Amato and adopted a bright-line definition of “special 

proceeding” in Polikoff v. Adam, 67 Ohio St.3d 100, 616 N.E.2d 213 (1993), 

syllabus (now embodied in R.C. 2505.02(A)(2)). While we scuttled Amato’s test 

in Polikoff, in Bell—decided the same day as Polikoff—we made clear that an order 

affects a substantial right only if the unavailability of immediate appeal would 

preclude effective relief in the future. 

The Limited Need for Immediate Appeal 

{¶ 69} Only in the most limited circumstances have we found an immediate 

interlocutory appeal to be necessary to protect a substantial right. Thus, in WilhelmKissinger at ¶ 11, we determined that the denial of a husband’s motion to disqualify 

his wife’s counsel in divorce proceedings was not a final order. We explained that 

there was no substantial right to disqualify opposing counsel and, germane to our 

discussion here, that the trial court’s order “lacks a * * * permanent effect,” id. at 
January Term, 2018 

25 

¶ 10. In other words, the effect of the court’s order was not irreversible. Nor is the 

denial of an agency’s motion to modify temporary custody of a child to permanent 

custody irreversible: “While the agency must wait longer for the final outcome of 

the neglect and dependency action, the continuation of temporary custody does not 

foreclose appropriate relief in the future.” In re Adams, 115 Ohio St.3d 86, 2007-

Ohio-4840, 873 N.E.2d 886, ¶ 44. Such an order, therefore, is not a final order 

under R.C. 2505.02(B)(2). 

{¶ 70} On the other hand, we have concluded that the denial of a protective 

order in a tax-appeal case was a final order because, we reasoned, the release of 

confidential information would have “no remedy.” Cleveland Clinic Found. v. 

Levin, 120 Ohio St.3d 1210, 2008-Ohio-6197, 898 N.E.2d 589, ¶ 12. Once 

disclosed, the confidentiality of the information would be “irretrievably lost.” Id.

at ¶ 13. 

{¶ 71} Further guidance is provided by cases decided under R.C. 

2505.02(B)(4), which includes as final orders certain provisional remedies. As with 

an order in a special proceeding, an order granting or denying a provisional remedy 

is not a final order unless “[t]he appealing party would not be afforded a meaningful 

or effective remedy by an appeal following final judgment.” R.C. 

2505.02(B)(4)(b). 

{¶ 72} We recently explained that when “determining whether appeal after 

final judgment would afford a meaningful or effective remedy, we consider whether 

there is a harm such that appeal after final judgment would not ‘ “rectify the 

damage.” ’ ” In re D.H., 152 Ohio St.3d 310, 2018-Ohio-17, 95 N.E.3d 389, ¶ 18, 

quoting State v. Muncie, 91 Ohio St.3d 440, 451, 746 N.E.2d 1092 (2001), quoting 

Gibson-Myers & Assocs., Inc. v. Pearce, 9th Dist. Summit No. 19358, 1999 WL 

980562, *2 (Oct. 27, 1999). 

{¶ 73} In In re D.H., we applied the rule to determine that a juvenile court’s 

order transferring jurisdiction of a case to adult court was not final. The effect of 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

26 

the order, if wrong, could be rectified or reversed following final judgment. Id. at 

¶ 19. Our decision in In re D.H. can be contrasted with that in Muncie, in which 

we concluded that an order compelling the medication of a defendant to restore 

competency was a final order, Muncie at 452. The effects of the medication, once 

administered, could not be reversed. “ ‘[T]he proverbial bell cannot be unrung.’ ” 

Id. at 451, quoting Gibson-Myers & Assocs. at *2. 

{¶ 74} Other decisions under R.C. 2505.02(B)(4) accentuate the limited 

circumstances in which a party would be foreclosed from effective relief by having 

to wait to appeal until final judgment. The passage of time will not render a future 

appeal ineffective. In re D.H. at ¶ 19. Nor will the potential for high litigation 

costs. Gardner v. Ford, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-150018, 2015-Ohio-4242, ¶ 8. 

But “an order enforcing a grand-jury subpoena and ordering production of allegedly 

privileged information is a final order pursuant to R.C. 2505.02(B)(4).” In re 

Grand Jury Proceeding of John Doe, 150 Ohio St.3d 398, 2016-Ohio-8001, 82 

N.E.3d 1115, ¶ 23. 

The Unavailability of Immediate Appeal Here Would Not Foreclose 

Appropriate Relief 

{¶ 75} Thomasson does not suggest why she would be foreclosed from 

relief from any harm visited upon her by the court’s appointment of a GAL if she 

must wait until final judgment before she may appeal. Her analysis stops with the 

identification of the substantial right involved—her right to due process. But there 

is no reason that any harm could not be remedied on appeal in the ordinary course. 

The general rule is that upon reversal and remand to the trial court, proceedings 

commence at the point when the error occurred. Armstrong v. Marathon Oil Co., 

32 Ohio St.3d 397, 418, 513 N.E.2d 776 (1987); accord Montgomery Cty. Commrs. 

v. Carey, 1 Ohio St. 463 (1853), paragraph one of the syllabus. Thus, if Thomasson 

were ultimately successful on appeal from final judgment in challenging the 
January Term, 2018 

27 

appointment of the GAL, the matter would be returned to the trial court for 

proceedings that would commence at the point when the GAL was appointed. 

{¶ 76} Nor does the majority present a compelling explanation of why any 

harm could not be corrected on appeal after final judgment. Indeed, the majority 

cites four cases to support its conclusion that a procedurally improper appointment 

of a guardian violates constitutional due-process guarantees. But in each of these 

cases, the harm was remedied without resort to an interlocutory appeal—in three, 

by way of an appeal after final judgment, see In re Joann E., 104 Cal.App.4th 347, 

128 Cal.Rptr.2d 189 (2002); State v. Ladd, 139 Vt. 642, 644, 433 A.2d 294 (1981); 

J.H. v. Ada S. McKinley Community Servs., Inc., 369 Ill.App.3d 803, 861 N.E.2d 

320 (2006). 

{¶ 77} Instead of explaining why any harm could not be corrected on appeal 

after final judgment, the majority offers only conjecture and a few out-of-context 

lines cherry-picked from our caselaw. For instance, the majority cites WilhelmKissinger, 129 Ohio St.3d 90, 2011-Ohio-2317, 950 N.E.2d 516, in support of its 

position that the order appointing a GAL for Thomasson is final because it “would 

have an immediate effect.” Majority opinion at ¶ 27. Of course it would. But the 

question here isn’t whether the order has an immediate effect. Rather, we must 

determine whether that immediate effect would be irreversible. Moreover, our 

discussion in Wilhelm-Kissinger about the immediacy of the order’s effect was not 

in regard to whether the order affected a substantial right but whether there was a 

substantial right involved at all: 

[A]n order granting disqualification immediately and definitely 

affects the party it deprives of chosen counsel; the purpose of 

appealing such an order is to prevent the removal itself. By contrast, 

an order denying disqualification, standing alone, affects no right 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

28 

held by the unsuccessful movant because there is no substantial right 

to disqualify opposing counsel. 

Wilhelm-Kissinger at ¶ 9. 

{¶ 78} The majority also cites Wilhelm-Kissinger to suggest that the trial 

court’s order appointing a GAL must be immediately appealable because the order 

could not be revisited in the midst of proceedings. But a closer reading of the 

decision results in the opposite conclusion. In Wilhelm-Kissinger, we distinguished 

between an order granting a motion to disqualify counsel (a final order) and one 

denying such a motion (not a final order). In the former case, we reasoned, the 

decision would not likely be revisited, presumably because counsel, once 

disqualified, would no longer be participating. In contrast, the denial of a motion 

to disqualify could be reconsidered during the proceedings and counsel could be 

removed. Contrary to the majority’s suggestion, the court’s order appointing a 

GAL in this case is closer in kind to the denial of a motion to disqualify counsel. 

The appointment of the GAL could be revisited if he acted inimically to 

Thomasson’s interests. 

{¶ 79} The majority speculates about other problems that could arise due to 

the appointment of a GAL for Thomasson. It frets, “[A] settlement could be 

negotiated without Carol’s independent agreement. Moreover, settlements can 

include a waiver of the right to appeal.” Majority opinion at ¶ 29. Left unexplained 

by the majority is why, if Thomasson successfully challenged the appointment of 

the GAL following final judgment, any actions taken by the GAL against her 

interest would not also be subject to reversal. 

{¶ 80} Continuing its litany of potential problems brought on by the 

appointment of a GAL, the majority suggests that “[t]he tactics used and 

information revealed by Carol’s GAL could not be clawed back—much in the same 

way that the revelation of confidential information cannot be undone.” Id. at ¶ 30. 
January Term, 2018 

29 

Exactly what tactics used and information revealed is not explained. Presumably, 

any “tactics used” by the GAL could be replaced by different tactics upon remand 

following a successful appeal upon final judgment. And any confidential 

information would be subject to the same rules that apply to confidential 

information in other cases. 

{¶ 81} Anticipating criticism about the speculative nature of its concerns, 

the majority points to language in Cleveland Clinic, 120 Ohio St.3d 1210, 2008-

Ohio-6197, 898 N.E.2d 589, at ¶ 13, in which we discussed “the possibility that 

confidentiality may be irretrievably lost” and concluded that the possibility made 

future appeal ineffective. But there we were confronted with actual confidential 

information that was the subject of a protective order. Here, we are left with little 

more than concerns imagined by the majority. 

{¶ 82} In short, the majority fails to consider the real question—if 

Thomasson were made to wait to appeal, would she be foreclosed from an 

appropriate remedy? In the context of the provisional-remedy exception found in 

R.C. 2505.02(B)(4), we have distinguished between the order itself and the harm 

caused by the order: “[T]he irreversible nature of the order alone does not satisfy 

R.C. 2505.02(B)(4)(b), which requires consideration of whether an appeal after 

judgment can rectify the damage of an erroneous trial court ruling.” Burnham v. 

Cleveland Clinic, 151 Ohio St.3d 356, 2016-Ohio-8000, 89 N.E.3d 536, ¶ 21 (lead 

opinion). Likewise, Thomasson needs to show that any damage done by the GAL’s 

acts could not be rectified. In none of the scenarios suggested by the majority would 

Thomasson be foreclosed from remedying potential harm after final judgment. 

{¶ 83} The two concurring opinions fare no better in their attempt to justify 

the court’s action today. While the majority opinion at least makes an effort to 

distinguish Bell, the first concurring opinion chooses to pretend that line of 

precedent doesn’t exist. Instead, that opinion offers a full-throated policy argument 

for why this case MUST be decided now. The opinion says that if the decision 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

30 

were reversed on appeal after final judgment, there would be a “waste of judicial 

resources,” concurring opinion of O’Connor, C.J., at ¶ 44; never mind that that 

argument can be made in every case in which an immediate appeal is sought. (One 

must question whether judicial resources are being conserved here: presumably on 

remand, the domestic-relations court could simply hold a hearing and again appoint 

a GAL, likely starting another round of appeals.) The opinion implores that this is 

not a “routine case” or a “law-school hypothetical devoid of consequence,” id. at 

¶ 40, criticizes this dissent for ignoring the “practical reality,” id., and demands that 

we “do our jobs,” id. at ¶ 45. I agree with that last part. We should do our jobs. 

And fundamental to doing our jobs is following the law. Even in hard cases. 

{¶ 84} The opinion concurring in judgment only is similarly unpersuasive. 

Tacitly acknowledging that the majority’s result cannot be reconciled with our 

holdings in Bell and its progeny, the opinion would have us “reexamine” and 

“diverge” from our holding in Bell. Concurring opinion of Kennedy, J., at ¶ 52. 

The opinion maintains that R.C. 2505.02(B)(2) does not require determining 

whether an adequate remedy would exist after final judgment. Instead, any “order 

that is issued in a special proceeding and that materially or detrimentally influences 

a substantial right is a final, appealable order.” Concurring opinion of Kennedy, J., 

at ¶ 52. But if such a view were to carry the day, the constitutional “final order” 

requirement would be eviscerated in any action that constituted a “special 

proceeding.” Think about the various orders that might be issued in a divorce 

proceeding: an interim custody order, a temporary support order, an order requiring 

the production of documents, or an order requiring that a child be interviewed by 

the judge in chambers—to name just a few. Under the opinion, it does not matter 

whether the harm done could be rectified upon appeal at the end of the case; all of 

these orders would be immediately appealable. Talk about a recipe for a neverending divorce. What would be most special about special proceedings is that they 

could drag on forever. 
January Term, 2018 

31 

{¶ 85} The opinion downplays the impact its new rule would have on our 

final-order requirement by attempting to distinguish an order appointing a GAL 

from other domestic-relations orders. But its effort falls short. Any number of 

domestic-relations orders made contrary to a party’s interest could be said to 

“detrimentally influence” a right that falls within the broad definition of 

“substantial right”—that is, “a right that the United States Constitution, the Ohio 

Constitution, a statute, the common law, or a rule of procedure entitles a person to 

enforce or protect,” R.C. 2505.02(A)(1). For example, our civil rules provide the 

procedure for the production of a party’s documents. See Civ.R. 26. An order to 

produce financial statements in a divorce proceeding could be detrimental—that is, 

harmful—to the rights protected by the civil rules. Likewise, an order involving a 

child could detrimentally affect a parent’s right to raise her child—a right we have 

recognized as “ ‘essential’ ” and as a “ ‘basic civil right,’ ” In re Murray, 52 Ohio 

St.3d 155, 157, 556 N.E.2d 1169 (1990), quoting Stanley v. Illinois, 405 U.S. 645, 

651, 92 S.Ct. 1208, 31 L.E.2d 551 (1972). 

{¶ 86} That our civil rules and statutes provide that some domestic-relations 

orders are temporary does not change the analysis. Our rules also provide for the 

appointment of a GAL in domestic-relations cases, see Civ.R. 17(B). And like 

temporary custody, see R.C. 3109.043, or temporary spousal support, see R.C. 

3105.18(B), a GAL’s appointment is only for the duration of the case, see State ex 

rel. Robinson v. Cuyahoga Cty. Court of Common Pleas, 75 Ohio St.3d 431, 662 

N.E.2d 798 (1996). Just because we may conclude that the trial court did not follow 

the proper procedures in appointing the GAL does not render the order immediately 

appealable. 

{¶ 87} Rather than meaningfully distinguishing other domestic-relations 

orders from the one here, the opinion concurring in judgment only lays bare the 

problem common to the paths suggested by the majority and concurring opinions: 

the desired result drives the analysis at the expense of our final-order jurisprudence. 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

32 

The paths are tempting: gloss over the Constitution’s final-order requirement so we 

can immediately fix what happened below. But to bite that apple does more damage 

than good. As Judge Adams explained in a passage quoted by the United States 

Supreme Court: 

 “[I]t would seem to us to be a disservice to the Court, to litigants in 

general and to the idea of speedy justice if we were to succumb to 

enticing suggestions to abandon the deeply-held distaste for 

piecemeal litigation in every instance of temptation. Moreover, to 

find appealability in those close cases where the merits of the dispute 

may attract the deep interest of the court would lead, eventually, to 

a lack of principled adjudication or perhaps the ultimate 

devitalization of the finality rule * * *.” 

Richardson-Merrell, Inc. v. Koller, 472 U.S. 424, 440, 105 S.Ct. 2757, 86 L.Ed.2d 

340 (1985), quoting Bachowski v. Usery, 545 F.2d 363, 373-374 (3d Cir.1976). 

That this may be a hard case does not make it one in which we should abandon the 

constitutional limits on our authority.

Conclusion 

{¶ 88} Because Thomasson can demonstrate no irreversible harm 

occasioned by the appointment of a GAL, we should require that her appeal await 

final judgment. I respectfully dissent. 

_________________ 

Stafford Law Co., L.P.A., Joseph G. Stafford, and Nicole A. Cruz, for 

appellant. 

_________________