Appendix 6. Key Deltamethrin Studies

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Neurotoxicity

Brodie, M. E. (1985). "Deltamethrin infusion into different sites in the neuraxis of freely-moving 

rats." Neurobehav Toxicol Teratol 7(1): 51-55.

Eells, J. T., P. A. Bandettini, et al. (1992). "Pyrethroid insecticide-induced alterations in 

mammalian synaptic membrane potential." J Pharmacol Exp Ther 262(3): 1173-1181.

Gray, A. J. and J. Rickard (1982). "Toxicity of pyrethroids to rats after direct injection into the 

central nervous system." Neurotoxicology 3(1): 25-35.

Motomura, H. and T. Narahashi (2001). "Interaction of tetramethrin and deltamethrin at the 

single sodium channel in rat hippocampal neurons." Neurotoxicology 22(3): 329-339.

Narahashi, T. (1982). "Cellular and molecular mechanisms of action of insecticides: 

neurophysiological approach." Neurobehav Toxicol Teratol 4(6): 753-758.

Narahashi, T., J. M. Frey, et al. (1992). "Sodium and GABA-activated channels as the targets of 

pyrethroids and cyclodienes." Toxicol Lett 64-65 Spec No: 429-436.

Shafer, T. J. and M. F. Hughes (2010). "Accumulation of pyrethroid compounds in primary 

cultures from rat cortex." Toxicol In Vitro 24(7): 2053-2057.

Shafer, T. J., S. O. Rijal, et al. (2008). "Complete inhibition of spontaneous activity in neuronal

networks in vitro by deltamethrin and permethrin." Neurotoxicology 29(2): 203-212.

FOB

Crofton, K. M. and L. W. Reiter (1984). "Effects of two pyrethroid insecticides on motor activity 

and the acoustic startle response in the rat." Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 75(2): 318-328.

Crofton, K. M. and L. W. Reiter (1987). "Pyrethroid insecticides and the gamma-aminobutyric 

acidA receptor complex: motor activity and the acoustic startle response in the rat." J 

Pharmacol Exp Ther 243(3): 946-954.

Crofton, K. M. and L. W. Reiter (1988). "The effects of type I and II pyrethroids on motor 

activity and the acoustic startle response in the rat." Fundam Appl Toxicol 10(4): 624-634.

Crofton, K. M. and L. W. Reiter (1984). "Effects of two pyrethroid insecticides on motor activity 

and the acoustic startle response in the rat." Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 75(2): 318-328.

Dayal, M., D. Parmar, et al. (2003). "Effect of pretreatment of cytochrome P450 (P450) 

modifiers on neurobehavioral toxicity induced by deltamethrin." Food Chem Toxicol 41(3): 431-

437.

Husain, R., V. M. Adhami, et al. (1996). "Behavioral, neurochemical, and neuromorphological 

effects of deltamethrin in adult rats." J Toxicol Environ Health 48(5): 515-526.

Lazarini, C. A., J. C. Florio, et al. (2001). "Effects of prenatal exposure to deltamethrin on forced 

swimming behavior, motor activity, and striatal dopamine levels in male and female rats." 

Neurotoxicol Teratol 23(6): 665-673.

Ray, D. E. (1980). "An EEG investigation of decamethrin-induced choreoathetosis in the rat." 

Exp Brain Res 38(2): 221-227.

Sheets, L. P. (2000). "A consideration of age-dependent differences in susceptibility to 

organophosphorus and pyrethroid insecticides." Neurotoxicology 21(1-2): 57-63.

Sheets, L. P., J. D. Doherty, et al. (1994). "Age-dependent differences in the susceptibility of 

rats to deltamethrin." Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 126(1): 186-190.

Wolansky, M. J., C. Gennings, et al. (2006). "Relative potencies for acute effects of pyrethroids 

on motor function in rats." Toxicol Sci 89(1): 271-277.
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Wolansky, M. J. and J. A. Harrill (2008). "Neurobehavioral toxicology of pyrethroid insecticides 

in adult animals: a critical review." Neurotoxicol Teratol 30(2): 55-78.

MOA

Breckenridge, C. B., L. Holden, et al. (2009). "Evidence for a separate mechanism of toxicity for 

the Type I and the Type II pyrethroid insecticides." Neurotoxicology 30 Suppl 1: S17-31.

Weiner, M. L., M. Nemec, et al. (2009). "Comparative functional observational battery study of 

twelve commercial pyrethroid insecticides in male rats following acute oral exposure." 

Neurotoxicology 30 Suppl 1: S1-16.

Sodium Channel

Cao, Z., T. J. Shafer, et al. (2011). "Additivity of Pyrethroid Actions on Sodium Influx in 

Cerebrocortical Neurons in Primary Culture." Environ Health Perspect.

Choi, J. S. and D. M. Soderlund (2004). "Cyclosporin A and deltamethrin block the 

downregulation of Nav1.8 sodium channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes." Neurosci Lett 

367(3): 389-393.

Choi, J. S. and D. M. Soderlund (2006). "Structure-activity relationships for the action of 11 

pyrethroid insecticides on rat Na v 1.8 sodium channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes." Toxicol 

Appl Pharmacol 211(3): 233-244.

Du, Y., Y. Nomura, et al. (2009). "Molecular determinants on the insect sodium channel for the 

specific action of type II pyrethroid insecticides." Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 234(2): 266-272.

Hu, Z., Y. Du, et al. (2011). "A sodium channel mutation identified in Aedes aegypti selectively 

reduces cockroach sodium channel sensitivity to type I, but not type II pyrethroids." Insect 

Biochem Mol Biol 41(1): 9-13.

Meacham, C. A., P. D. Brodfuehrer, et al. (2008). "Developmentally-regulated sodium channel 

subunits are differentially sensitive to alpha-cyano containing pyrethroids." Toxicol Appl 

Pharmacol 231(3): 273-281.

Peng, F., I. R. Mellor, et al. (2009). "Single channel study of deltamethrin interactions with wildtype and mutated rat Na(V)1.2 sodium channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes." 

Neurotoxicology 30(3): 358-367.

Tabarean, I. V. and T. Narahashi (2001). "Kinetics of modulation of tetrodotoxin-sensitive and 

tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium channels by tetramethrin and deltamethrin." J Pharmacol Exp 

Ther 299(3): 988-997.

Tan, J., Z. Liu, et al. (2002). "Alternative splicing of an insect sodium channel gene generates 

pharmacologically distinct sodium channels." J Neurosci 22(13): 5300-5309.

Tan, J., Z. Liu, et al. (2002). "Novel sodium channel gene mutations in Blattella germanica 

reduce the sensitivity of expressed channels to deltamethrin." Insect Biochem Mol Biol 32(4): 

445-454.

Tan, J. and D. M. Soderlund (2010). "Divergent actions of the pyrethroid insecticides Sbioallethrin, tefluthrin, and deltamethrin on rat Na(v)1.6 sodium channels." Toxicol Appl 

Pharmacol 247(3): 229-237.

Vais, H., M. S. Williamson, et al. (2001). "The molecular interactions of pyrethroid insecticides 

with insect and mammalian sodium channels." Pest Manag Sci 57(10): 877-888.

Vickery, R. G., S. M. Amagasu, et al. (2004). "Comparison of the pharmacological properties of 
Appendix 6. Key Deltamethrin Studies

A6-3

rat Na(V)1.8 with rat Na(V)1.2a and human Na(V)1.5 voltage-gated sodium channel subtypes 

using a membrane potential sensitive dye and FLIPR." Receptors Channels 10(1): 11-23.

Wang, S. Y., M. Barile, et al. (2001). "A phenylalanine residue at segment D3-S6 in Nav1.4 

voltage-gated Na(+) channels is critical for pyrethroid action." Mol Pharmacol 60(3): 620-628.