IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF MISSISSIPPI

NO. 2013-KA-01629-COA

ROBERT BUFFORD A/K/A ROBERT K.

BUFFORD A/K/A “LIL ROB” A/K/A “ROD”

APPELLANT

v.

STATE OF MISSISSIPPI APPELLEE

DATE OF JUDGMENT: 09/17/2013

TRIAL JUDGE: HON. JEFF WEILL SR.

COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: HINDS COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT: OFFICE OF STATE PUBLIC DEFENDER

BY: W. DANIEL HINCHCLIFF 

 GEORGE T. HOLMES

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE: OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL

BY: SCOTT STUART

DISTRICT ATTORNEY: ROBERT SHULER SMITH

NATURE OF THE CASE: CRIMINAL - FELONY

TRIAL COURT DISPOSITION: CONVICTED OF COUNT I, MURDER, AND

COUNT II, POSSESSION OF A FIREARM

BY A CONVICTED FELON, AND

SENTENCED AS A HABITUAL OFFENDER

TO LIFE FOR COUNT I AND TEN YEARS

FOR COUNT II, WITH THE SENTENCES

TO RUN CONSECUTIVELY IN THE

CUSTODY OF MISSISSIPPI DEPARTMENT

OF CORRECTIONS WITHOUT

ELIGIBILITY FOR PAROLE OR

PROBATION

DISPOSITION: AFFIRMED: 11/03/2015

MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:

MANDATE ISSUED:

BEFORE LEE, C.J., CARLTON AND FAIR, JJ.

LEE, C.J., FOR THE COURT:

¶1. Robert Bufford was convicted in Hinds CountyCircuit Court of Count I, murder, and
Count II, possession of a firearm by a convicted felon. Bufford was sentenced, as a habitual

offender, to life for Count I and ten years for Count II, with the sentences to run

consecutively, without eligibility for parole, in the custody of the Mississippi Department of

Corrections (MDOC). In his appeal, Bufford argues the trial court erred by: (1) admitting

testimonial statements in violation of the Confrontation Clause, (2) excluding res gestae

evidence in support of his theory of the case, and (3) admitting evidence of the autopsy report

in violation of the Confrontation Clause. We affirm.

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

¶2. On July 5, 2011, at approximately 4:40 a.m., Bufford, also known as “Little Rob” and

“Rod,” and Davie Miller were seen leaving Northside Legends, a club in Jackson,

Mississippi. Miller was driving, and Bufford was in the passenger seat. 

¶3. Officer Ahvegail White of the Jackson Police Department (JPD) was conducting a

traffic stop when she heard shots fired a couple of blocks away from her location. At

approximately 5:37 a.m., Officer White responded to the shooting. Upon arrival, Officer

White found Miller lying on the ground, covered in blood. Officer White asked Miller for

his name, where he was coming from, and why his car was facing the opposite direction. In

between questions Miller was moaning and groaning. Miller stated that he and his friend

were coming from Northside Legends, and they were engaged in an argument inside the car

when his friend started shooting. Miller identified the friend as “Rod.”

¶4. At 5:47 a.m., paramedics arrived at the scene. Miller stated to one of the paramedics,

Larry Smith, that he was “assaulted by a friend” while “coming from a nightclub.” Having

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sustained multiple gunshot wounds, Miller was then transported to the emergency room at

University Medical Center. 

¶5. At approximately 6 a.m., Detective Carlotta Bacon1of the JPD began an investigation

at the scene. Immediately after, Detective Bacon went to the emergency room and spoke

with Miller as he was being prepped for surgery. Detective Bacon’s first question to Miller

was: “Do you want to press charges against the person who did this to you?” Miller

responded: “Yes.” Subsequently, Miller gave a description of the person, identified the

person as “Rod,” and gave a detailed account of what happened. 

¶6. Miller underwent surgery and then remained unconscious in the intensive care unit

until July 10, 2011. 

¶7. When Miller regained consciousness on July 10, 2011, Miller’s wife, Lee Ann, was

able to speak to Miller for the first time. Lee Ann asked Miller: “Do you know what

happened to you?” Miller responded: “Rod.” 

¶8. On August 3, 2011, Miller died as a result of his gunshot wounds. 

¶9. Bufford filed a motion to suppress evidence of Miller’s statements to the JPD. In his

motion, Bufford claimed that Miller’s statements were (1) inadmissible hearsay, and (2) in

violation of the Confrontation Clause. At a pretrial hearing on the motion, Bufford

additionally sought to suppress evidence of Miller’s statement to Lee Ann. The trial court

ruled that the statements made to Officer White and Detective Bacon were admissible as

exceptions to the hearsay rule under Mississippi Rules of Evidence 803(1) and (2), and the

1

 Now Carlotta Bacon Jordan. 

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statement made to Lee Ann was admissible as an exception under Mississippi Rule of

Evidence 803(2). However, the trial court did not address whether the statements violated

the Confrontation Clause. 

¶10. Bufford also filed a motion to suppress evidence of Dr. Erin Barnhart’s autopsy

report. Bufford claimed that it would violate the Confrontation Clause if evidence of Dr.

Barnhart’s autopsyreport was admitted since Dr. Barnhart was notthemedical examiner who

performed Miller’s autopsy. At a pretrial hearing, the trial court denied Bufford’s motion

under Mississippi Rule of Evidence 703. 

¶11. The State filed a motion in limine to exclude evidence of marijuana2found in the car

that Miller was driving on July 5, 2011.3 At trial, Bufford proffered the evidence was

relevant as part of his defense theory that the shooting had possibly been related to a bad drug

deal. The trial court granted the State’s motion, finding the evidence was irrelevant. The

trial court noted the evidence had not been tested, the evidence was found in a car registered

to someone else, and there was no toxicology report. Further, the trial court found that even

if the evidence were relevant, under Mississippi Rule of Evidence 403, any probative value

would be substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issue,

or misleading the jury. 

DISCUSSION

I. Confrontation Clause 

2

 We note that the substance had not been tested. 

3

 The car was registered to Lee Ann Miller. 

4
¶12. In his first issue, Bufford claims that Miller’s statements to the police officer, the

paramedic, the detective, and his wife were testimonial hearsay and that the statements’

admission violated the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment to the United States

Constitution. 

¶13. The Confrontation Clause guarantees a criminal defendant the right “to be confronted

with the witnesses against him.” U.S. Const. amend. VI. “In [Crawford v. Washington, 541

U.S. 36 (2004)], the United States Supreme Court held that ‘testimonial’ evidence could not

be admitted against a criminal defendant unless the declarant was unavailable at trial, and the

defendant had a prior opportunity to cross-examine him.” Sanders v. State, 77 So. 3d 484,

488 (¶12) (Miss. 2012) (citing Crawford, 541 U.S. at 68).

¶14. The Crawford Court indicated that “[a] statement is likely to be determined

testimonial if it was made ‘with an eye toward’ using the statement at trial.” Batiste v. State,

121 So. 3d 808, 854 (¶107) (Miss. 2013) (citing Crawford, 541 U.S. at 56). 

¶15. In Michigan v. Bryant, 562 U.S. 344 (2011), the Supreme Court clarified the

distinction between testimonial and nontestimonial statements. The Supreme Court

articulated the following rule: “[W]hen a court must determine whether the Confrontation

Clause bars the admission of a statement at trial, it should determine the ‘primary purpose

of the interrogation’ by objectively evaluating the statements and actions of the parties to the

encounter, in light of the circumstances in which the interrogation occurs.” Id. If the court

determines that the primary purpose of the interrogation was “to enable police assistance to

meet an ongoing emergency,” then the statements are nontestimonial and may be admitted

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pursuant to the rules of evidence. Id. at 356. But if the primary purpose was “to establish

or prove past events potentially relevant to later criminal prosecution,” then the statements

are testimonial. Id. 

A. Officer White

¶16. In his motion to suppress evidence of Miller’s statements and at the pretrial hearing,

Bufford claimed Miller’s statements to Officer White were testimonial hearsay and violated

the Confrontation Clause. At the pretrial hearing, the trial court ruled the statements were

admissible as exceptions to the hearsay rule under Mississippi Rules of Evidence 803(1) and

(2) but failed to address Bufford’s Confrontation Clause claim. 

¶17. It was Bufford’s responsibility to obtain a ruling from the trial court on his motion. 

See Craft v. State, 832 So. 2d 467, 471 (¶10) (Miss. 2002). Because Bufford did not take any

additional steps to preserve this issue for trial,4 he effectively waived this issue. See id. 

¶18. However, “‘[u]nder the plain-error doctrine, [this Court] can recognize obvious error

which was not properly raised by the defendant on appeal, and which affects a defendant’s

fundamental, substantive right.’” Ezell v. State, 132 So. 3d 611, 612 (¶3) (Miss. Ct. App.

2013) (quoting Smith v. State, 986 So. 2d 290, 294 (¶10) (Miss. 2008)). “A Confrontation

Clause violation is a violation of a ‘fundamental, substantive right.’” Id. Therefore, we will

address whether the admission of Miller’s statements to Officer White violated the

Confrontation Clause, and if so, whether such an error requires reversal. See id. 

4 At trial, Bufford objected to hearsay; however, “a general hearsay objection is

insufficient to preserve an alleged Confrontation Clause violation for appellate review.” 

Anthony v. State, 23 So. 3d 611, 620 (¶41) (Miss. Ct. App. 2009) (citing Briggs v. State, 16

So. 3d 696, 698-99 (¶11) (Miss. Ct. App. 2008)). 

6
¶19. In Bryant, the Supreme Court held that a victim’s statements to police soon after being

shot were not testimonial, because the “circumstances of the encounter as well as the

statements and actions of the victim and the police objectively indicated that the primary

purpose of the interrogation was to enable police assistance to meet an ongoing emergency.”

Sanders, 77 So. 3d at 488 (¶14) (quoting Bryant, 562 U.S. 377-78). 

¶20. We find the facts in Bryant similar to the instant case. Miller was suffering from

multiple gunshot wounds when he made his statements to Officer White and was obviously

in considerable pain. See id. at 489 (¶17) (citing Bryant, 562 U.S. at 375). We cannot say

that a person in Miller’s situation would have had a primary purpose to establish or prove

past events potentially relevant to later criminal prosecution. See id. 

¶21. Furthermore, the questions Officer White asked were the “type of questions necessary

to allow the police ‘to assess the situation, the threat to their own safety, and possible danger

to the potential victim’ and to the public[.]” Id. at (¶18) (quoting Bryant 562 U.S. at 376). 

“In other words, they solicited the information necessary to enable them ‘to meet an ongoing

emergency.’” Id. This issue is without merit. 

B. Paramedic

¶22. Bufford raises the Confrontation Clause claim with respect to Miller’s statements to

Smith for the first time on appeal.5 This Court has held that “the trial court cannot be put in

error, unless it has had an opportunity of committing error.” Banks v. State, 36 So. 3d 492,

5 At trial, Bufford objected to hearsay; however, “a general hearsay objection is

insufficient to preserve an alleged Confrontation Clause violation for appellate review.” 

Anthony, 23 So. 3d at 620 (¶41) (citing Briggs, 16 So. 3d 698-99 (¶11)). 

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493 (¶5) (Miss. Ct. App. 2010) (quoting Stringer v. State, 279 So. 2d 156, 158 (Miss. 1973)). 

However, we will review for plain error. 

¶23. Miller’s statements to the paramedic were made for the purpose of diagnosis or

treatment. See Bullcoming v. New Mexico, 131 S. Ct. 2705, 2722 (2011). At this point, we

cannot say that a person in Miller’s situation would have had a primary purpose to establish

or prove past events potentially relevant to later criminal prosecution. This issue is without

merit. 

C. Detective Bacon

¶24. Again, in his motion to suppress and at the pretrial hearing, Bufford claimed Miller’s

statements to Detective Bacon were testimonial hearsay and violated the Confrontation

Clause. At the pretrial hearing, the trial court ruled the statements were admissible as

exceptions to the hearsay rule under Mississippi Rules of Evidence 803(1) and (2) but failed

to address Bufford’s Confrontation Clause claim. Although Bufford did not take any

additional steps to preserve this issue for trial, we will review for plain error. 

¶25. The Supreme Court has stated: “[I]n many instances, the primary[-]purpose

[determination] . . . will be most accurately ascertained by looking to the contents of both the

questions and answers.” Bryant, 562 U.S. at 367. Because Detective Bacon’s initial

question to Miller was, “Do you want to press charges against the person who did this to

you?” to which Miller responded, “Yes,” Miller’s primary purpose was likely to establish or

prove past events potentially relevant to later criminal prosecution. As such, we find the trial

court erred by not suppressing Miller’s statements to Detective Bacon. 

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¶26. “Confrontation-Clause violations are subject to harmless-error analysis.” Conners v.

State, 92 So. 3d 676, 684 (¶20) (Miss. 2012). To affirm despite a Confrontation Clause

violation, a reviewing court must find from a consideration of all the evidence that the error

was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. 

¶27. Even if Miller’s statement to Detective Bacon had been suppressed, the evidence of

Bufford’s guilt is abundant. Such evidence includes Miller’s earlier statements to Officer

White and the paramedic as well as his later statement to his wife. Additionally, Miller and

Bufford were seen leaving Northside Legends together prior to the shooting. Although the

trial court admitted Miller’s statements to Detective Bacon in violation of the Confrontation

Clause, the error was at most harmless.6 

D. Wife 

¶28. Bufford did not raise the Confrontation Clause claim with respect to Miller’s

statement to Lee Ann in his motion to suppress. However, Bufford did raise the argument

at the pretrial hearing. The trial court ruled the statement was admissible as an exception to

the hearsay rule pursuant to Rule 803(2) but did not address Bufford’s Confrontation Clause

claim. Although Bufford did not take any additional steps to preserve this issue for trial, we

will review for plain error. 

¶29. “[A] statement is testimonial when it is given to the police or individuals working in

connection with the police for the purpose of prosecuting the accused.” Hobgood v. State,

6 Officer White also testified as to what she overheard from Detective Bacon and

Miller’s conversation, which was also error. However, for the same reasons, we find the

error was also harmless. 

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926 So. 2d 847, 852 (¶12) (Miss. 2006). Lee Ann was not working in connection with the

police. Furthermore, we cannot say that a person in Miller’s situation would have had a

primary purpose to establish or prove past events potentially relevant to later criminal

prosecution. This issue is without merit.

II. Res Gestae Evidence 

¶30. In his second issue, Bufford claims the trial court erred in excluding evidence of

marijuana found at the scene of the shooting. Specifically, Bufford claims the marijuana was

res gestae evidence in support of his defense theory suggesting that the shooting had possibly

been related to a bad drug deal. 

A. Relevance

¶31. “It is well-settled law that we will not overturn a trial judge’s admission of evidence

unless the admission amounts to an abuse of discretion.” Townsend v. State, 933 So. 2d 986,

991 (¶13) (Miss. Ct. App. 2005). “The admission of res gestae evidence is largely left to the

sound discretion of the trial judge.” Collins v. State, 513 So. 2d 877, 879 (Miss. 1987).

¶32. Mississippi Rule of Evidence 401 provides: “‘Relevant Evidence’ means evidence

having any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the

determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without the

evidence.” However, relevant “evidence may be excluded if its probative value is

substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or

misleading the jury[.]” M.R.E. 403. “Rule 403 is the ‘ultimate filter through which all

otherwise admissible evidence must pass.’” Flowers v. State, 773 So. 2d 309, 318 (¶25)

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(Miss. 2000). “Evidence which is not relevant is not admissible.” M.R.E. 402. 

¶33. Because the substance that Bufford claims was marijuana had not been tested and was

found in someone else’s car, the evidence did not have a tendency to make the existence of

any fact more or less probable. This Court agrees with the trial court’s determination that the

evidence is irrelevant. Even if the evidence was relevant, the trial court properly excluded

the evidence under Rule 403 so as to avoid misleading the jury. This issue is without merit. 

B. Theory of the Case 

¶34. “[A] party has the right to have his theory of the case presented to the jury by

instructions, provided there is credible evidence that supports that theory.” Splain v. Hines,

609 So. 2d 1234, 1239 (Miss. 1992) (citation omitted). 

¶35. The only evidence to support Bufford’s theory suggesting that the shooting had

possibly been related to a bad drug deal was not credible. This issue is without merit. 

III. Autopsy Report 

¶36. In his final issue, Bufford claims it was a violation of his right to confrontation under

the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution when evidence of Dr. Barnhart’s

autopsyreport was admitted since Dr. Barnhart was not the medical examiner who performed

Miller’s autopsy. 

¶37. “The standard of review for admission of evidence is abuse of discretion.” Brown v.

State, 999 So. 2d 853, 860 (¶14) (Miss. Ct. App. 2008) (quoting Debrow v. State, 972 So. 2d

550, 552 (¶6) (Miss. 2007)). “Constitutional issues are reviewed de novo.” Jenkins v. State,

102 So. 3d 1063, 1065 (¶7) (Miss. 2012) (citing Smith v. State, 25 So. 3d 264, 269 (¶11)

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(Miss. 2009)). 

¶38. “When the testifying witness is a court-accepted expert in the relevant field who

participated in the analysis in some capacity, . . . then the testifying witness’s testimony does

not violate [the Confrontation Clause].” Brown, 999 So. 2d at 860 (¶14) (quoting Debrow,

972 So. 2d at 554 (¶14)). Further, “[the Mississippi Supreme Court has held] that a

supervisor, reviewer, or other analyst involved may testify in place of the primary analyst

where that person was ‘actively involved in the production of the report and had intimate

knowledge of analyses even though he or she did not perform the tests firsthand.’” Grim v.

State, 102 So. 3d 1073, 1081 (¶22) (Miss. 2012) (quoting McGowen v. State, 859 So. 2d 320,

340 (¶68) (Miss. 2003)). 

¶39. In Brown, “the analyst called to testify [at trial] was the laboratory manager, rather

than the primary analyst who had performed the DNA tests at issue.” Jenkins, 102 So. 3d at

1068 (¶16) (citing Brown, 999 So. 2d at 860). “The analyst who had performed the DNA

tests was not called to testify.” Id. “The testifying analyst had reviewed the work of the

analyst who had performed the DNA tests, had conducted her own analysis of the testing, and

had reached her own conclusions.” Id. This Court “held that the laboratory manager was

‘sufficiently involved with the analysis and overall process so as to avoid violating Brown’s

Sixth Amendment right of confrontation.’” Id. at 1068-69 (¶16) (quoting Brown, 999 So. 2d

at 861). 

¶40. In the instant case, Dr. Shaker was the medical examiner who performed Miller’s

autopsy. After Dr. Shaker resigned from the medical examiner’s office in November 2011,

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Dr. Barnhart reviewed and completed over 100 of Dr. Shaker’s remaining cases, including

Miller’s case. This involved reviewing Dr. Shaker’s case notes and photographs. From this,

Dr. Barnhart compiled an autopsy report from which she testified at trial. 

¶41. Bufford claims his right to confrontationwas violated since the medical examiner who

actually performed the autopsy did not testify at trial. However, Dr. Barnhart, the medical

examiner who did testify at trial, actively participated in the analysis, forming her own report

based on Dr. Shaker’s case notes and photographs as well as her own education and

experience. This Court agrees with the trial court’s determination that Dr. Barnhart was

sufficiently involved with the analysis and overall process so as to avoid violating Bufford’s

right to confrontation. This issue is without merit. 

¶42. THE JUDGMENT OF THE HINDS COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT OF

CONVICTION OF COUNT I, MURDER, AND COUNT II, POSSESSION OF A

FIREARM BY A CONVICTED FELON, AND SENTENCE AS A HABITUAL

OFFENDER OF LIFE FOR COUNT I AND TEN YEARS FOR COUNT II, WITH

THE SENTENCES TO RUN CONSECUTIVELY IN THE CUSTODY OF THE

MISSISSIPPI DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS WITHOUT ELIGIBILITYFOR

PAROLE OR PROBATION, IS AFFIRMED. ALL COSTS OF THIS APPEAL ARE

ASSESSED TO HINDS COUNTY.

IRVING AND GRIFFIS, P.JJ., BARNES, ISHEE, CARLTON, FAIR, JAMES

AND WILSON, JJ., CONCUR. MAXWELL, J., CONCURS IN PART AND IN THE

RESULT.

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