TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN

NO. 03-03-00620-CV

Nolan Byron Warren, Appellant

v.

Nora Zamarron, Appellee

FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF TRAVIS COUNTY, 126TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT

NO. GN-300531, HONORABLE DARLENE BYRNE, JUDGE PRESIDING

M E M O R A N D U M O P I N I O N

A no-answer default judgment was entered against appellant Nolan Byron Warren

in a suit brought by appellee Nora Zamarron for damages arising out of an automobile accident. In

this restricted appeal, Warren complains that service was not effected in strict compliance with the

rules and that the trial court’s award of damages is not supported by the evidence. We affirm in part

and reverse and remand in part.

Service of Process

Warren first asserts that service was not effected in strict compliance with the rules

and therefore the default judgment cannot stand. He asserts that error is evident on the face of the

record because the return receipt was signed by “Byron Warren,” whereas the court documents name

“Nolan Byron Warren” as defendant.
2

A default judgment may be attacked through a restricted appeal brought (1) within

six months of the date of the judgment, (2) by a party to the suit (3) who did not participate in the

actual trial, (4) if the asserted error is apparent on the face of the record. Norman Communications

v. Texas Eastman Co., 955 S.W.2d 269, 270 (Tex. 1997);see Tex. R. App. P. 26.1(c), 30. A plaintiff

defending a default judgment must show strict compliance with the procedural rules governing

citation and return of service. Primate Constr., Inc. v. Silver, 884 S.W.2d 151, 152 (Tex. 1994);see

Tex. R. Civ. P. 99, 103, 105, 106, 107. In reviewing a default judgment, we make no presumptions

of compliance with the rules. Primate Constr., 884 S.W.2d at 152.

After an original petition is filed, the clerk issues a citation and delivers it “as directed

by the requesting party”; the party requesting citation is responsible for obtaining service of the

citation and a copy of the petition. Tex. R. Civ. P. 99(a). The citation provides information about

the case, such as the court in which it was filed, the parties’ names, the date by which the defendant

must answer, and that failure to answer may result in default judgment being entered against the

defendant. Tex. R. Civ. P. 99(b). An authorized person serves the citation by delivering it and a

copy of the petition to the defendant in person or by registered or certified mail, return receipt

requested. Tex. R. Civ. P. 103, 106(a). When the serving officer receives the citation, he or she

must note the time and date of receipt. Tex. R. Civ. P. 105. Once service is made, the serving

officer must sign a “return of service” and note when and how citation was served. Tex. R. Civ. P.

107. If service is made by registered or certified mail, the return receipt signed by the addressee

must be attached to the return of service. Id.
3

Zamarron named “Nolan Byron Warren” as defendant and provided a post office box

as the appropriate address for service of process. Citation was issued to “Nolan Byron Warren” and

the return of service was filed by an authorized private process server and verified by a notary public.

The return recites that the citation, petition, and several discovery documents were executed at the

given address on February 24, 2003 to “Nolan Byron Warren” by restricted certified mail, return

receipt requested. The return receipt attached to the return of service lists “Nolan Byron Warren”

as the addressee, states it is “RESTRICTED DELIVERY ONLY!” and that the restricted fee was

paid, and has the word “ONLY” handwritten next to a checked box requiring that the receipt be

signed by the addressee. “Nolan Byron Warren” is hand-printed in the “Received by” block, and

“Byron Warren” is the name signed in the signature block next to the “Addressee ONLY” box.

Warren’s argument is that because the return receipt was not signed “Nolan Byron

Warren,” the receipt does not show strict compliance with the rules. We disagree. It is true that the

courts examine service of citation in default judgment cases very strictly. See, e.g., Uvalde Country

Club v. Martin Linen Supply Co., 690 S.W.2d 884, 885 (Tex. 1985) (holding that citation to and

service on “Henry Bunting,” not “Henry Bunting, Jr.,” were defective); TAC Ams., Inc. v. Boothe,

94 S.W.3d 315, 320-21 (Tex. App.—Austin 2002, no pet.) (holding that return of service showing

citation obtained after it was purportedly served was defective). However, the return of service and

return receipt brought forth in this cause comply with the rules of procedure.

The return receipt notes in several places that it was restricted and could only be given

to and signed by the addressee himself. Warren’s full name, Nolan Byron Warren, is handwritten

below the signature line as the person by whom the citation was received. It is only Warren’s
 We do not know what name Warren uses in his daily life, but it is certainly not 1

inconceivable that he, like many others, uses his middle name instead of his first or full name.

Warren cites Uvalde Country Club v. Martin Linen Supply Co. for support of his argument. 690

S.W.2d 884 (Tex. 1985). In Uvalde Country Club, the petition stated that service should be made

on Henry Bunting, Jr., but citation was directed to Henry Bunting. Id. at 884. The court held that

there was no showing that Henry Bunting was authorized to receive service or otherwise connected

to the defendant. Id. at 885. Here, the petition, the citation, and the return receipt were all addressed

to Nolan Byron Warren. It was Warren himself who signed his name without “Nolan.” There was

no error committed by Zamarron or the process server that would render this service invalid.

4

handwritten signature that does not include “Nolan,” and we will not hold Zamarron responsible for

the manner in which Warren chose to sign his name. Process servers cannot be expected to require

a citation recipient to sign his or her name in a particular manner, and it would be virtually

impossible to effect proper service if a recipient could defeat service by failing to sign his or her full,

formal name. The fact that Warren did not sign his first name does not render this service invalid

or defective. We hold there is no error in service of citation on the face of this record. We overrule 1

Warren’s first point of error.

Evidence Supporting the Damages Award

Warren next argues that the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to support

the trial court’s damages awards, attacking the evidence supporting the court’s findings of various

types of damages and the authentication of some of Zamarron’s evidence.

Standard of Review

Review by restricted appeal involves a review of the entire case, and legal and factual

sufficiency claims may be raised. Norman Communications, 955 S.W.2d at 270. However, error

must appear on the face of the record, which consists of all the papers on file, including the statement
5

of facts. Id. When a default judgment on an unliquidated claim is entered, all factual allegations set

forth in the petition are deemed admitted except for the amount of damages. Holt Atherton Indus.,

Inc. v. Heine, 835 S.W.2d 80, 83 (Tex. 1992). Before awarding unliquidated damages in a default

judgment, a trial court must hear evidence of those damages. Tex. R. Civ. P. 243; Heine, 835

S.W.2d at 83. If no findings of fact or conclusions of law are filed or requested in a bench trial, we

will assume that the trial court made all findings necessary to support its judgment, but when a

reporter’s record is made part of the record, these implied findings may be challenged for factual or

legal sufficiency. Heine, 835 S.W.2d at 83-84. In reviewing legal sufficiency, we will consider only

the evidence and inferences that tend to support the finding, disregarding all contrary evidence and

inferences and will overrule the challenge if more than a scintilla of evidence supports the finding.

Id. at 84. In reviewing factual sufficiency, we will not substitute our judgment for the fact-finder’s,

but will consider all of the evidence and reverse only if the challenged finding is so against the great

weight and preponderance of the evidence as to be manifestly unjust or shock the conscience. Pool

v. Ford Motor Co., 715 S.W.2d 629, 635 (Tex. 1986).

Evidence of Damages

Because Warren attacks the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the trial court’s

damages awards, a recitation of the evidence produced at the default judgment hearing is necessary.

Zamarron testified that she was rear-ended by Warren in February 2001 and that the accident was

Warren’s fault. Zamarron testified that as a result of the accident she suffered head, neck, and back

injuries, which caused her physical and mental pain and suffering and required medical treatment.

Zamarron received cortisone injections, went to therapy with a chiropractor, and was seeing an
6

orthopedic surgeon. Zamarron testified that the surgeon determined Zamarron had “a 10 percent

disability as a result of this collision” and prescribed a “TENS unit” for therapy. Zamarron was still

having neck problems and noticed that the pain changed with the weather. She testified that her past

treatments caused her pain and she anticipated similar pain for future therapy and treatments.

Zamarron introduced her medical records and bills into evidence. The records show

that Zamarron was involved in an earlier automobile accident in September 2000, and state that her

doctors tried to differentiate between the two accidents. One doctor noted that Zamarron’s injuries

were caused by the February 2001 accident with Warren and that several months later she still had

persistent pain in her neck and shoulder. The bulk of Zamarron’s records refer to the February 2001

accident as the date of injury and focus on that accident as the cause of her injuries. 

Past and Future Medical Expenses

Warren first attacks the trial court’s awards for past and future medical expenses,

arguing that (i) Zamarron’s medical records were not properly authenticated and thus improperly

admitted, (ii) there was no proof that the bills were for reasonable and necessary services, and (iii)

the bills submitted do not total the amount awarded for past expenses.

We agree with Warren that Zamarron did not prove the reasonable necessity of her

medical expenses, an essential element to recovery of medical expenses. See Jackson v. Gutierrez,

77 S.W.3d 898, 902 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2002, no pet.). Proof of the amounts

Zamarron actually paid in medical expenses, presented through the admission of her medical records

and bills, does not establish that the expenses were necessary. See id. Indeed, even if Zamarron had

proved that the expenses were reasonable and customary, there is still insufficient evidence that they
 Although Warren argues that Zamarron’s medical records were improperly admitted, even 2

if we were to consider the records, they do not show reasonable necessity.

7

were necessary. See id. A plaintiff may prove that her medical expenses were reasonably necessary 2

through expert testimony or through an affidavit complying with section 18.001 of the civil practice

and remedies code. Id.; see Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 18.001 (West 1997). Zamarron

produced neither expert testimony nor an affidavit and did not make the required showing of

necessity. The evidence is factually insufficient to support the trial court’s awards of past and future

medical expenses. We therefore reverse the awards for past and future medical expenses. We need

not address whetherZamarron’s medical records were properly authenticated or admitted or whether

any error in the admission of the records was waived.

Past and Future Pain and Suffering

We now turn to Warren’s complaints related to the trial court’s awards for past and

future pain and suffering. Zamarron testified that as a result of the accident she suffered head, back,

neck, and shoulder injuries and suffered pain in those areas. She stated that her past medical

treatments were very painful; that she underwent treatment with a chiropractor for nine months; that

she was currently being treated by an orthopedic surgeon, who believed she had a ten-percent

disability as a result of the accident; and that she still suffered neck pain. Zamarron believed that,

based on her past and on-going pain, she would continue to suffer pain in the future.

Awards for damages such as pain and suffering should not be disturbed unless they

are excessive. See Rosenboom Mach. & Tool, Inc. v. Machala, 995 S.W.2d 817, 829 (Tex.

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1999, pet. denied); Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Sholl, 990 S.W.2d 412, 420
 Case law treats “mental pain and suffering” interchangeably with “mental anguish.” See 3

Parkway Co. v. Woodruff, 901 S.W.2d 434, 442 (Tex. 1995) (“mental anguish” damages permitted

when “mental suffering” accompanied by physical injury or produced by particularly disturbing

event); Carrell v. Richie, 697 S.W.2d 43, 44-45 (Tex. App.—Austin 1985, writ ref’d n.r.e.)

(upholding award for “mental pain and suffering” when evidence described terror, “fear, trepidation,

humiliation and embarrassment”); see also Carr v. Weiss, 984 S.W.2d 753, 768, 770 (Tex.

App.—Amarillo 1999, pet. denied) (using both phrases in discussion of mental anguish damages).

8

(Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1999, pet. denied); Owens-Corning Fiberglass Corp. v. Martin, 942

S.W.2d 712, 719 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1997, no writ). Based on this record, we hold that the evidence

is legally and factually sufficient to support the trial court’s awards of $9,793 for past pain and

suffering and $9,793 for future pain and suffering. We overrule Warren’s complaints related to the

pain and suffering awards.

Past and Future Mental Pain and Suffering

The trial court’s awards for mental pain and suffering, however, cannot be sustained.

The only evidence as to mental anguish came when Zamarron was asked, “Did you experience any

mental pain and suffering,” and responded, “Yes.” Recovery for mental anguish requires evidence

of the nature, duration, or severity of mental anguish leading to a substantial disruption in her daily

routine or other evidence of a high degree of mental distress amounting to more than mere worry or

anxiety. Saenz v. Fidelity & Guar. Ins. Underwriters, 925 S.W.2d 607, 614 (Tex. 1996) (quoting 3

Parkway Co. v. Woodruff, 901 S.W.2d 434, 444 (Tex. 1995)). Zamarron’s agreement that she had

endured mental pain and suffering does not amount to the required showing. See Jackson, 77

S.W.3d at 903. The evidence is factually insufficient to support the trial court’s awards for mental

pain and suffering. We therefore reverse those awards.
 In his brief, appellant states, “Although it is not entirely clear, the certified bill of costs 4

appears to show taxable court costs of $274.” The bill of costs lists the following charges: various

filing fees totaling $185, $8 for issuance of citation, $73 in service fees, two $8 fees titled “fee

account payable other,” one marked with a “P” and the other with a “U.” 

9

Costs

Finally, we consider the trial court’s $300.84 award for litigation costs. Zamarron

correctly notes that a prevailing party may recover “all costs incurred therein.” Tex. R. Civ. P. 131.

Zamarron stated during the default hearing that she had incurred “$300.84 for the cost of litigation,

being post judgment at the legal rate allowed by law, and all costs of court incurred in the cause of

action and in defense of this judgment.” However, the certified bill of costs included in the record

is not entirely clear as to the costs incurred by Zamarron, and on appeal, she states that her $300.84 4

request “was merely a specification of the total costs of court as of the time of default, said costs

being for costs of filing fee, citation fee, and service fee,” but provides no further explanation that

would result in a $300.84 total. Because we are remanding portions of this cause for further

proceedings, further costs might be incurred. Therefore, we need not attempt to interpret the bill of

costs to determine whether the trial court’s award was correct. Instead, we reverse the award of costs

and remand it to the trial court for a new calculation of costs after further proceedings have been

conducted.

Evidence Showing a Causal Nexus

Last, Warren argues that the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to show a

causal nexus between the accident and Zamarron’s damages. We disagree.
10

A plaintiff in a default judgment must prove a “causal nexus” between the event made

the basis of the suit and the plaintiff’s injuries. Morgan v. Compugraphic Corp., 675 S.W.2d 729,

732 (Tex. 1984). “Proving that the event sued upon caused the plaintiff’s alleged injuries is part and

parcel of proving the amount of damages to which the plaintiff is entitled.” Id. Zamarron testified

that as a result of the accident caused by Warren, her head, neck, back, and shoulders were injured,

causing her pain and suffering and requiring medical care. We hold that Zamarron’s testimony

established a causal nexus between the accident and her injuries and damages. See Jackson, 77

S.W.3d at 902.

Conclusion

We affirm the trial court’s finding that service was properly made and its entry of

default judgment against Warren. We hold that Zamarron sufficiently established a causal nexus

between the accident cause by Warren and her injuries and damages and affirm the trial court’s

awards of past and future pain and suffering. However, the damages awards for past and future

medical expenses and mental pain and suffering are not supported by sufficient evidence and are

reversed. We remand the cause for a new hearing on those measures of damages and for court costs.

__________________________________________

David Puryear, Justice

Before Chief Justice Law, Justices Patterson and Puryear

Affirmed in Part; Reversed and Remanded in Part

Filed: February 3, 2005