Modeling Report: Montana Regional Haze Federal 

Implementation Plan (FIP) Support

Contract No: EP-D-07-102

Assignment No: 5-13

Version: 1

Prepared for: Scott Jackson

Work Assignment Manager

U.S. EPA Region 8

Denver, CO 80202

Prepared by: Dennis McNally

Gregory Stella

Alpine Geophysics, LLC 

Saravanan Arunachalam

Institute for the Environment

University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

Date due: March 16, 2012
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Table of Contents

1 INTRODUCTION AND REPORT OBJECTIVES.......................................................................... 4

1.1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................................4

2. MODELING APPROACH ............................................................................................................. 5

2.1 Summary of Approach .........................................................................................................................5

2.2 Changes in Approach............................................................................................................................8

3 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................................24

Appendix A CALMET Parameter Values ......................................................................................25

Appendix B CALPUFF Parameter Values.....................................................................................30

Appendix C CALPOST Parameter Values.....................................................................................39

Appendix D Facility Emissions and Source Parameters........................................................49
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List of Figures

Figure 1. 4km Montana FIP CALMET/CALPUFF Modeling Domain ......................................... 6

Figure 2. Facility Locations in Proximity to Class I Areas............................................................. 7
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List of Tables

Table 1. CALPUFF Modeling System............................................................................................ 5

Table 2. Montana FIP Sources....................................................................................................... 6

Table 3. Federal Mandatory Class I Areas in the Modeling Domain. ........................................... 7

Table 4: Maximum of 98th percentile of daily maximum dv for 2006, 2007 and 2008 for Ash 

Grove. ...................................................................................................................................... 8

Table 5: Maximum number of days over 0.5 dv for 2006, 2007 and 2008 for Ashgrove.......... 11

Table 6: Maximum of 98th percentile of daily maximum dv for 2006, 2007 and 2008 for 

Colstrip Unit 1........................................................................................................................ 12

Table 7: Maximum number of days over 0.5 dv for 2006, 2007 and 2008 for Colstrip Unit 1. 13

Table 8: Maximum of 98th percentile of daily maximum dv for 2006, 2007 and 2008 for 

Colstrip Unit 2........................................................................................................................ 14

Table 9: Maximum number of days over 0.5 dv for 2006, 2007 and 2008 for Colstrip Unit 2. 15

Table 10: Maximum of 98th percentile of daily maximum dv for 2006, 2007 and 2008 for 

Colstrip Unit 3........................................................................................................................ 16

Table 11: Maximum number of days over 0.5 dv for 2006, 2007 and 2008 for Colstrip Unit 3.

................................................................................................................................................ 17

Table 12: Maximum of 98th percentile of daily maximum dv for 2006, 2007 and 2008 for 

Colstrip Unit 4........................................................................................................................ 18

Table 13: Maximum number of days over 0.5 dv for 2006, 2007 and 2008 for Colstrip Unit 4.

................................................................................................................................................ 19

Table 14: Maximum of 98th percentile of daily maximum dv for 2006, 2007 and 2008 for 

Corette. ................................................................................................................................... 20

Table 15: Maximum number of days over 0.5 dv for 2006, 2007 and 2008 for Corette. .......... 21

Table 16 Maximum of 98th percentile of daily maximum dv for 2006, 2007 and 2008 for 

Holcim.................................................................................................................................... 22

Table 17: Maximum number of days over 0.5 dv for 2006, 2007 and 2008 for Holcim. .......... 23
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PURPOSE

This report is prepared for the U.S. EPA Region 8, and presents results from the application of 

the CALPUFF Model for the Montana regional haze Federal Implementation Plan (FIP). 

This work was performed by the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and Alpine 

Geophysics, LLC under U.S. EPA Contract EP-D-07-102 Work Assignment 5-13.

1 INTRODUCTION AND REPORT OBJECTIVES

1.1 INTRODUCTION

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Region 8 requires environmental consulting 

support services for development of a Regional Haze FIP for the state of Montana. The contract 

shall develop information to be used in the Technical Support Document and/or docket to 

support the FIP. This work assignment shall include air quality dispersion modeling results and 

related documentation.

Work Assignment (WA) 5-13 under EPA Contract Number EP-D-07-102 has three main 

objectives: (1) apply the CALMET meteorological model to provide inputs to the CALPUFF 

modeling; (2) apply the CALPUFF modeling system to estimate the baseline impacts from up to 

eight sources on Class I areas within 300km of the source; and (3) to apply the CALPUFF 

modeling system for up to 80 emissions control cases to assess the air quality impacts of 

potential control measures.

This Modeling Report presents updates to the Modeling Protocol previously delivered to the

EPA (on November 21, 2011), and provides details on the source emission rates and pollutant 

specific emission reduction percentages for each control technology associated with the 

modeling options used in the modeling and the modeling results. The remainder of this

document is structured as follows:

 Section 2: Modeling Approach.

 Section 3: Modeling Results.

Appendix A, B and C present the settings used in setting up CALMET, CALPUFF and 

CALPOST respectively, and finally Appendix D includes details of the emissions and source 

parameters for the facilities that were modeled.
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2. MODELING APPROACH

The modeling approach for this analysis was presented in detail in the previously prepared 

modeling protocol dated November 21, 2011. This section briefly describes the modeling 

approach and presents changes to the modeling approach that were made subsequent to the 

development of the modeling protocol.

2.1 Summary of Approach

The overall modeling approach was to apply the CALMET meteorological model to provide 

inputs to the CALPUFF modeling; apply the CALPUFF modeling system to estimate the 

baseline impacts from up to eight sources on Class I areas within 300km of the source; and to 

apply the CALPUFF modeling system for up to 80 emissions control cases to assess the air 

quality impacts of potential control measures.

Table 1. CALPUFF Modeling System

Program Version Level

CALMET 5.8 060911

CALPUFF 5.8 060911

CALPOST 6.221 080724

POSTUTIL 1.56 070627

The dispersion modeling used CALMET wind fields for the calendar year 2006-2008. The 

CALMET wind fields covered the analyzed sources and sufficiently encompassed Class I areas 

within 300km of any facility included in this analysis. The 4km CALMET meteorological 

domain covers all of Montana and significant portions of Idaho, Wyoming, North and South 

Dakota and is shown in Figure 1. The domain has a Lambert Conformal Projection (LCP) with a 

pole of projection of 93 degrees west, 40 degrees north and true parallels of 33 and 40 degrees 

north. The grid has 380 column, 240 rows and an origin 1608 km west and 336 km north of the 

pole of projection.
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Figure 1. 4km Montana FIP CALMET/CALPUFF Modeling Domain

As part of this WA, EPA identified eight facilities to examine as shown in Table 2. However, 

note that the Columbia Falls Aluminum Corporation (CFAC) was not modeled since we did not 

get the necessary emissions inputs from the EPA. The mandatory Class I federal areas that are

located within 300 km of the Montana FIP Sources are presented in Table 3. Refer to Figure 2

below showing the location of the Class I areas in relation to Montana FIP facilities/sources. 

Tables of the applied unit level control technologies, associated pollutant specific emission 

reduction percentages, and resulting emission estimates for each facility are presented in 

Appendix D.

Table 2. Montana FIP Sources.

County Facilities

Rosebud Colstrip Units 1 and 2

Rosebud Colstrip Units 3 and 4

Yellowstone Corette 

Jefferson Ash Grove Cement

Gallatin Holcim Cement

Flathead Columbia Falls Aluminum Corp (CFAC)
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Table 3. Federal Mandatory Class I Areas in the Modeling Domain.

Class I Area Abbreviation

Federal Land 

Manager Facilities within 300 km.

Anaconda Pintler Wilderness Area ANAC2 USFS Ash Grove 

Bob Marshall Wilderness Area BOMA3 USFS Ash Grove, CFAC

Cabinet Mountains Wilderness CAMO2 USFS CFAC

Gates of the Mountains Wilderness Area GAMO USFS Corette, Ash Grove, Holcim

Glacier National Park GLAC3 NPS Ash Grove, CFAC

Mission Mountains Wilderness Area MIMO2 USFS Ash Grove, CFAC

North Absaroka Wilderness Area NOAB2 USFS Colstrip, Corette, Ash Grove

Red Rock Lakes Wilderness Area REDRWILD FWS Corette, Ash Grove

Scapegoat Wilderness Area SCAP2 USFS Ash Grove

Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness SELW4 USFS Ash Grove

Teton Wilderness Area TETO2 USFS Corette, Ash Grove

Theodore Roosevelt National Park THRO NPS Colstrip

UL Bend National Wildlife Refuge ULBEWILD FWS Colstrip, Corette

Waskakie Wilderness Area WASH3 USFS Colstrip, Corette, Ash Grove

Yellowstone National Park YELL4 NPS Colstrip, Corette, Ash Grove, Holcim

Figure 2. Facility Locations in Proximity to Class I Areas.
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2.2 Changes in Approach

Several inconsistencies were identified in the model options originally presented in the 

appendices of the modeling protocol. The parameters used in the final modeling are presented in 

Appendix A through C of this document. Values that differ from the protocol are highlighted in 

bold italic text.
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3 MODELING RESULTS

This section presents the visibility modeling results from CALPUFF for the seven facilities listed 

earlier. The change in visibility impairment for the visibility modeling was based on the increase 

in the haze index from a source relative to natural background and defined as the 20% best 

natural visibility days for each Class I area. This definition of natural background is consistent 

with the intent of the BART Guideline (Federal Register Vol. 70, No. 128, pg 39125). 

Tables of impacts were calculated separately for each year for each sources impact on the Class I 

areas within 300km. The following metrics were used:

 Days with impacts greater than 0.5 dv

 Days with impacts greater than 1.0 dv

 The 98th percentile dv value

Additionally, for control simulations, the additional metric of the 98th percentile dv

improvement (defined as the difference in 98th percentile dv of the base case minus the 98th

percentile dv of the control case) was also computed and tabulated.

For brevity in presentation, this report focuses on just the days with impacts greater than 0.5 dv

and the 98th percentile dv value. Instead of reporting each year individually, just the highest 

year in the modeling period (2006-2008) is reported.

Modeling results for each facility are presented in Tables 4 through 17. For each table, the most 

impacted Class I area in the base simulation is highlighted in bold italics. Pollutant specific 

emission reduction percentages for each control technology associated with the modeling options 

are presented in Appendix D.
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Table 4: Maximum of 98th percentile of daily maximum dv for 2006, 2007 and 2008 for Ash Grove.

Class I Area Baseline

SO2 Controls NOx Controls

Fuel Switching

DAA Semi-Dry 

Scrubbing

Wet 

Scrubbing LNB SNCR LNB+SNCR

Option 1 Option 2

Visibility Impact

Anaconda Pintler Wilderness 0.426 0.412 0.406 0.376 0.352 0.348 0.376 0.310 0.260

Bob Marshall Wilderness 0.604 0.588 0.581 0.548 0.521 0.516 0.530 0.431 0.357

Gates of the Mountains Wilderness 4.446 4.413 4.397 4.327 4.266 4.256 4.118 3.622 3.198

Glacier National Park 0.193 0.184 0.180 0.158 0.145 0.143 0.172 0.143 0.124

Mission Mountains Wilderness 0.242 0.231 0.226 0.203 0.183 0.180 0.218 0.199 0.170

North Absaroka Wilderness 0.215 0.211 0.209 0.199 0.185 0.183 0.187 0.150 0.123

Red Rock Lakes Wilderness 0.130 0.126 0.124 0.116 0.109 0.107 0.114 0.092 0.076

Scapegoat Wilderness 1.022 1.005 0.997 0.962 0.932 0.927 0.891 0.714 0.581

Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness 0.412 0.398 0.392 0.363 0.338 0.334 0.365 0.302 0.254

Teton Wilderness 0.163 0.155 0.151 0.143 0.139 0.138 0.147 0.127 0.111

Washakie Wilderness Area 0.174 0.169 0.168 0.164 0.161 0.160 0.154 0.129 0.106

Yellowstone National Park 0.252 0.240 0.234 0.210 0.190 0.186 0.224 0.188 0.161

Visibility Improvement Over Base

Anaconda Pintler Wilderness 0.014 0.020 0.050 0.074 0.078 0.050 0.116 0.166

Bob Marshall Wilderness 0.016 0.023 0.056 0.083 0.088 0.074 0.173 0.247

Gates of the Mountains Wilderness 0.033 0.049 0.119 0.180 0.190 0.328 0.824 1.248

Glacier National Park 0.009 0.013 0.035 0.048 0.050 0.021 0.050 0.069

Mission Mountains Wilderness 0.011 0.016 0.039 0.059 0.062 0.024 0.043 0.072

North Absaroka Wilderness 0.004 0.006 0.016 0.030 0.032 0.028 0.065 0.092

Red Rock Lakes Wilderness 0.004 0.006 0.014 0.021 0.023 0.016 0.038 0.054

Scapegoat Wilderness 0.017 0.025 0.060 0.090 0.095 0.131 0.308 0.441

Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness 0.014 0.020 0.049 0.074 0.078 0.047 0.110 0.158

Teton Wilderness 0.008 0.012 0.020 0.024 0.025 0.016 0.036 0.052

Washakie Wilderness Area 0.005 0.006 0.010 0.013 0.014 0.020 0.045 0.068

Yellowstone National Park 0.012 0.018 0.042 0.062 0.066 0.028 0.064 0.091
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Table 5: Maximum number of days over 0.5 dv for 2006, 2007 and 2008 for Ash Grove.

Class I Area Baseline

SO2 Controls NOx Controls

Fuel Switching

DAA Semi-Dry 

Scrubbing

Wet 

Scrubbing LNB SNCR LNB+SNCR

Option 1 Option 2

Visibility Impact

Anaconda Pintler Wilderness 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

Bob Marshall Wilderness 9 9 9 8 8 8 8 6 5

Gates of the Mountains Wilderness 137 135 134 132 130 130 130 121 109

Glacier National Park 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0

Mission Mountains Wilderness 4 4 4 4 3 3 4 3 3

North Absaroka Wilderness 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0

Red Rock Lakes Wilderness 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Scapegoat Wilderness 15 15 15 14 14 14 14 10 9

Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4

Teton Wilderness 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Washakie Wilderness Area 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

Yellowstone National Park 3 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1

Visibility Improvement Over Base

Anaconda Pintler Wilderness 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Bob Marshall Wilderness 0 0 1 1 1 1 3 4

Gates of the Mountains Wilderness 2 3 5 7 7 7 16 28

Glacier National Park 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2

Mission Mountains Wilderness 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1

North Absaroka Wilderness 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

Red Rock Lakes Wilderness 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Scapegoat Wilderness 0 0 1 1 1 1 5 6

Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

Teton Wilderness 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Washakie Wilderness Area 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1

Yellowstone National Park 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2
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Table 6: Maximum of 98th percentile of daily maximum dv for 2006, 2007 and 2008 for Colstrip Unit 1.

Class I Area Baseline

SO2 Controls NOx Controls

Lime 

Injection

Lime + 

Scrubber 

Vessel

SOFA SNCR + 

SOFA

SCR + 

SOFA

Visibility Impact

North Absaroka Wilderness 0.414 0.268 0.250 0.368 0.325 0.233

Theodore Roosevelt National Park 0.922 0.639 0.572 0.749 0.658 0.518

UL Bend National Wildlife 0.895 0.689 0.655 0.755 0.646 0.542

Washakie Wilderness Area 0.410 0.265 0.256 0.358 0.333 0.313

Yellowstone National Park 0.275 0.241 0.221 0.250 0.234 0.224

Visibility Improvement Over Base

North Absaroka Wilderness 0.146 0.164 0.046 0.089 0.181

Theodore Roosevelt National Park 0.283 0.350 0.173 0.264 0.404

UL Bend National Wildlife 0.206 0.240 0.140 0.249 0.353

Washakie Wilderness Area 0.145 0.154 0.052 0.077 0.097

Yellowstone National Park 0.034 0.054 0.025 0.041 0.051
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Table 7: Maximum number of days over 0.5 dv for 2006, 2007 and 2008 for Colstrip Unit 1.

Class I Area Baseline

SO2 Controls NOx Controls

Lime 

Injection

Lime + 

Scrubber 

Vessel

SOFA SNCR + 

SOFA

SCR + 

SOFA

Visibility Impact

North Absaroka Wilderness 3 3 3 3 2 2

Theodore Roosevelt National Park 20 12 11 12 10 8

UL Bend National Wildlife 26 16 13 20 18 11

Washakie Wilderness Area 6 4 4 5 5 3

Yellowstone National Park 2 1 1 1 1 1

Visibility Improvement Over Base

North Absaroka Wilderness 0 0 0 1 1

Theodore Roosevelt National Park 8 9 8 10 12

UL Bend National Wildlife 10 13 6 8 15

Washakie Wilderness Area 2 2 1 1 3

Yellowstone National Park 1 1 1 1 1
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Table 8: Maximum of 98th percentile of daily maximum dv for 2006, 2007 and 2008 for Colstrip Unit 2.

Class I Area Baseline

SO2 Controls NOx Controls

Lime 

Injection

Lime + 

Scrubber 

Vessel

SOFA SNCR + 

SOFA

SCR + 

SOFA

Visibility Impact

North Absaroka Wilderness 0.402 0.291 0.262 0.356 0.319 0.217

Theodore Roosevelt National Park 0.895 0.671 0.621 0.705 0.626 0.472

UL Bend National Wildlife 0.889 0.748 0.710 0.737 0.621 0.483

Washakie Wilderness Area 0.392 0.283 0.275 0.330 0.303 0.274

Yellowstone National Park 0.289 0.261 0.232 0.226 0.218 0.198

Visibility Improvement Over Base

North Absaroka Wilderness 0.111 0.140 0.046 0.083 0.185

Theodore Roosevelt National Park 0.224 0.274 0.190 0.269 0.423

UL Bend National Wildlife 0.141 0.179 0.152 0.268 0.406

Washakie Wilderness Area 0.109 0.117 0.062 0.089 0.118

Yellowstone National Park 0.028 0.057 0.063 0.071 0.091
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Table 9: Maximum number of days over 0.5 dv for 2006, 2007 and 2008 for Colstrip Unit 2.

Class I Area Baseline

SO2 Controls NOx Controls

Lime 

Injection

Lime + 

Scrubber 

Vessel

SOFA SNCR + 

SOFA

SCR + 

SOFA

Visibility Impact

North Absaroka Wilderness 4 3 3 3 2 2

Theodore Roosevelt National Park 21 13 12 14 9 6

UL Bend National Wildlife 25 17 15 17 15 7

Washakie Wilderness Area 6 5 4 5 5 3

Yellowstone National Park 2 2 1 1 1 1

Visibility Improvement Over Base

North Absaroka Wilderness 1 1 1 2 2

Theodore Roosevelt National Park 8 9 7 12 15

UL Bend National Wildlife 8 10 8 10 18

Washakie Wilderness Area 1 2 1 1 3

Yellowstone National Park 0 1 1 1 1
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Table 10: Maximum of 98th percentile of daily maximum dv for 2006, 2007 and 2008 for Colstrip Unit 3.

Class I Area Baseline

NOx Control

SNCR SCR

Visibility Impact

North Absaroka Wilderness 0.200 0.164 0.091

Theodore Roosevelt National Park 0.498 0.399 0.225

UL Bend National Wildlife 0.471 0.387 0.224

Washakie Wilderness Area 0.223 0.179 0.118

Yellowstone National Park 0.151 0.119 0.088

Visibility Improvement over Base

North Absaroka Wilderness 0.036 0.109

Theodore Roosevelt National Park 0.099 0.273

UL Bend National Wildlife 0.084 0.247

Washakie Wilderness Area 0.044 0.105

Yellowstone National Park 0.032 0.063
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Table 11: Maximum number of days over 0.5 dv for 2006, 2007 and 2008 for Colstrip Unit 3.

Class I Area Baseline

NOx Control

SNCR SCR

Visibility Impact

North Absaroka Wilderness 1 1 0

Theodore Roosevelt National Park 7 5 1

UL Bend National Wildlife 6 5 0

Washakie Wilderness Area 2 2 0

Yellowstone National Park 1 1 0

Visibility Improvement over Base

North Absaroka Wilderness 0 1

Theodore Roosevelt National Park 2 6

UL Bend National Wildlife 1 6

Washakie Wilderness Area 0 2

Yellowstone National Park 0 1
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Table 12: Maximum of 98th percentile of daily maximum dv for 2006, 2007 and 2008 for Colstrip Unit 4.

Class I Area Baseline

NOx Control

SNCR SCR

Visibility Impact

North Absaroka Wilderness 0.168 0.138 0.091

Theodore Roosevelt National Park 0.485 0.394 0.225

UL Bend National Wildlife 0.468 0.387 0.221

Washakie Wilderness Area 0.223 0.180 0.122

Yellowstone National Park 0.148 0.122 0.091

Visibility Improvement over Base

North Absaroka Wilderness 0.030 0.077

Theodore Roosevelt National Park 0.091 0.260

UL Bend National Wildlife 0.081 0.247

Washakie Wilderness Area 0.043 0.101

Yellowstone National Park 0.026 0.057
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Table 13: Maximum number of days over 0.5 dv for 2006, 2007 and 2008 for Colstrip Unit 4.

Class I Area Baseline

NOx Control

SNCR SCR

Visibility Impact

North Absaroka Wilderness 1 1 0

Theodore Roosevelt National Park 7 5 1

UL Bend National Wildlife 6 5 0

Washakie Wilderness Area 2 1 0

Yellowstone National Park 1 1 0

Visibility Improvement over Base

North Absaroka Wilderness 0 1

Theodore Roosevelt National Park 2 6

UL Bend National Wildlife 1 6

Washakie Wilderness Area 1 2

Yellowstone National Park 0 1
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Table 14: Maximum of 98th percentile of daily maximum dv for 2006, 2007 and 2008 for Corette.

Class I Area Baseline

SO2 Controls NOx Controls

Dry 

Sorbent 

Injection

SDA FGD Wet FGD SOFA SNCR + 

SOFA

SCR + 

SOFA

Visibility Impact

Gates of the Mountains Wilderness 0.295 0.213 0.150 0.148 0.267 0.246 0.202

North Absaroka Wilderness 0.497 0.404 0.350 0.349 0.435 0.394 0.313

Red Rock Lakes Wilderness 0.090 0.065 0.047 0.046 0.080 0.074 0.061

Teton Wilderness 0.298 0.235 0.195 0.194 0.256 0.238 0.198

UL Bend National Wildlife 0.462 0.369 0.298 0.297 0.412 0.381 0.319

Washakie Wilderness Area 0.667 0.491 0.414 0.411 0.580 0.521 0.403

Yellowstone National Park 0.325 0.228 0.191 0.190 0.293 0.272 0.232

Visibility Improvement Over Base

Gates of the Mountains Wilderness 0.082 0.145 0.147 0.028 0.049 0.093

North Absaroka Wilderness 0.093 0.147 0.148 0.062 0.103 0.184

Red Rock Lakes Wilderness 0.025 0.043 0.044 0.010 0.016 0.029

Teton Wilderness 0.063 0.103 0.104 0.042 0.060 0.100

UL Bend National Wildlife 0.093 0.164 0.165 0.050 0.081 0.143

Washakie Wilderness Area 0.176 0.253 0.256 0.087 0.146 0.264

Yellowstone National Park 0.097 0.134 0.135 0.032 0.053 0.093
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Table 15: Maximum number of days over 0.5 dv for 2006, 2007 and 2008 for Corette.

Class I Area Baseline

SO2 Controls NOx Controls

Dry 

Sorbent 

Injection

SDA FGD Wet FGD SOFA SNCR + 

SOFA

SCR + 

SOFA

Visibility Impact

Gates of the Mountains Wilderness 3 3 2 2 3 3 2

North Absaroka Wilderness 7 6 5 5 7 6 4

Red Rock Lakes Wilderness 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Teton Wilderness 5 3 3 3 5 4 1

UL Bend National Wildlife 7 3 2 2 5 3 2

Washakie Wilderness Area 11 7 4 4 8 8 5

Yellowstone National Park 4 2 2 2 2 2 1

Visibility Improvement Over Base

Gates of the Mountains Wilderness 0 1 1 0 0 1

North Absaroka Wilderness 1 2 2 0 1 3

Red Rock Lakes Wilderness 0 0 0 0 0 0

Teton Wilderness 2 2 2 0 1 4

UL Bend National Wildlife 4 5 5 2 4 5

Washakie Wilderness Area 4 7 7 3 3 6

Yellowstone National Park 2 2 2 2 2 3
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Table 16 Maximum of 98th percentile of daily maximum dv for 2006, 2007 and 2008 for Holcim.

Class I Area Baseline

SO2 Controls NOx Controls

DSI

Fuel Switching

SDA Wet 

Scrubber

Low 

NOx 

Burner

SNCR

Low 

NOx 

Burners 

+ SNCR Option 1 Option 2 Option 3

Visibility Impact

Gates of the Mountains Wilderness 0.980 0.968 0.965 0.958 0.956 0.936 0.934 0.855 0.685 0.556

Yellowstone National Park 0.411 0.405 0.404 0.401 0.400 0.391 0.390 0.360 0.291 0.240

Visibility Improvement Over Base

Gates of the Mountains Wilderness 0.012 0.015 0.022 0.024 0.044 0.046 0.125 0.295 0.424

Yellowstone National Park 0.006 0.007 0.010 0.011 0.020 0.021 0.051 0.120 0.171
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Table 17: Maximum number of days over 0.5 dv for 2006, 2007 and 2008 for Holcim.

Class I Area Baseline

SO2 Controls NOx Controls

DSI

Fuel Switching

SDA Wet 

Scrubber

Low 

NOx 

Burner

SNCR

Low 

NOx 

Burners 

+ SNCR Option 1 Option 2 Option 3

Visibility Impact

Gates of the Mountains Wilderness 21 21 21 20 20 20 20 19 13 9

Yellowstone National Park 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 3 2 1

Visibility Improvement Over Base

Gates of the Mountains Wilderness 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 8 12

Yellowstone National Park 0 1 1 1 1 1 3 4 5
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3 REFERENCES

40 CFR Part 51, Appendix W. Guidelines on Air Quality Models

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) 1998. Interagency Workgroup on Air Quality 

Modeling (IWAQM) Phase 2 Summary Report and Recommendations for Modeling Long Range 

Transport Impacts, EPA-454/R-98-019, December 1998.

EPA 2003. Guidance for Estimating Natural Visibility Conditions under the Regional Haze 

Rule, EPA-454/B-03-005, September, 2003.

EPA, 2009. EPA-FLM CALMET Configuration, August 28, 2009.

http://www.epa.gov/scram001/CALMET%20CLARIFICATION.pdf

EPA, 2011. Modeling Protocol: Montana Regional Haze Federal Implementation Plan (FIP) 

Support, Prepared for EPA by Alpine Geophysics, LLC, UNC-EMAQ (5-13)-003.v2, November 

21, 2011.

Federal Register, Vol. 70, No. 128. Regional Haze Regulations and Guidelines for Best 

Available Retrofit Technology (BART) Determinations. pp. 39104 – 30172, July 6, 2005.

FLAG 2010. Federal Land Managers’ Air Quality Related Values Workgroup (FLAG) 2008. 

Phase I Report—Revised (2010).

Montana Department of Environmental Quality, 2006. Draft CALPUFF BART Modeling 

Protocol for Federal Mandatory Class I Areas. September, 2006.

http://www.epa.gov/region8/air/pdf/MontanaBARTProtocol0906.pdf
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Appendix A CALMET Parameter Values
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Table A-1. CALMET Parameter Values 

The CALMET model was run using the August 20, 2009, “EPA-FLM Recommended CALMET 

Input File Values.”

Input 

Group Variable Description Default Value Value Used1

0 DIADAT Input file: preprocessed surface temperature data (DIAG.DAT) User Defined

0 GEODAT Input file: Geophysical data (GEO.DAT) User Defined User Define

0 LCFILES Convert file name to lower case User Defined

0 METDAT Output file (CALMET.DAT) User Defined

0 METLST Output file (CALMET.LST) User Defined

0 MM4DAT Input file: MM4 data (MM4.DAT) User Defined

0 NOWSTA Input files: Names of NOWSTA overwater stations User Defined

0 NUSTA Number of upper air data sites User Defined 7

0 PACDAT Output file: in Mesopuff II format (PACOUT.DAT) User Defined

0 PRCDAT Input file: Precipitation data (PRECIP.DAT) User Defined

0 PRGDAT Input file: CSUMM prognostic wind data (PROG.DAT) User Defined

0 SEADAT Input files: Names of NOWSTA overwater stations (SEAn.DAT) User Defined

0 SRFDAT Input file: Surface data (SURF.DAT) User Defined

0 TSTFRD Output file (TEST.FRD) User Defined

0 TSTKIN Output file (TEST.KIN) User Defined

0 TSTOUT Output file (TEST.OUT) User Defined

0 TSTPRT Output file (TEST.PRT) User Defined

0 TSTSLP Output file (TEST.SLP) User Defined

0 UPDAT Input files: Names of NUSTA upper air data files (UPn.DAT) UPn.DAT

0 WTDAT Input file: Terrain weighting factors (WT.DAT) User Defined

1 CLDDAT Input file: Cloud data (CLOUD.DAT) User Defined Not used

1 IBDY Beginning day User Defined

1 IBHR Beginning hour User Defined

1 IBMO Beginning month User Defined

1 IBTZ Base time zone User Defined 0

1 IBYR Beginning year User Defined

1 IRLG Number of hours to simulate User Defined User Define

1 IRTYPE Output file type to create (must be 1 for CALPUFF) 1 1

1 ITEST Flag to stop run after Setup Phase 2 2

1 LCALGRD Are w-components and temperature needed? T T

1 MREG Text to options to confirm they conform to regulatory options User Defined 1

2 PMAP Map Projection UTM LCC

2 FEAST False easting at the projection origin 0.0 0.0

2 FNORTH False northing at the projection origin 0.0 0.0

2 DATUM WGS-G, NWS-27, NWS-84, ESR-S,... WGS-G

2 DGRIDKM Grid spacing User Defined 4

2 UTMHEM Hemisphere for UTM projection N N

2 IUTMZN UTM Zone User Defined User Define

2 LLCONF

When using Lambert Conformal map coordinates - rotate winds 

from true north to map north? F F

2 NX Number of east-west grid cells User Defined 380

2 NY Number of north-south grid cells User Defined 240

2 NZ Number of vertical layers User Defined 10

2 RLAT0 Latitude used if LLCONF = T User Defined 40.0N

2 RLON0 Longitude used if LLCONF = T User Defined 97.0W

 

1 Values that differ from the protocol are highlighted in bold italic text.
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Input 

Group Variable Description Default Value Value Used1

2 XLAT1 Latitude of 1st standard parallel User Defined 33

2 XLAT2 Latitude of 2nd standard parallel User Defined 45

2 XORIGKM Southwest grid cell X coordinate User Defined -1608.

2 YORIGKM Southwest grid cell Y coordinate User Defined 336

2 ZFACE Vertical cell face heights (NZ+1 values) User Defined

0,20,40,80,160,320,640,

1200,2000,3000,4000

3 IFORMO Format of unformatted file (1 for CALPUFF) 1 1

3 LSAVE Save met. data fields in an unformatted file? T T

4 ICLOUD Is cloud data to be input as gridded fields? (0 = No) 0 0

4 IFORMC Format of cloud data (2 = formatted) 2 2

4 IFORMP Format of precipitation data (2 = formatted) 2 2

4 IFORMS Format of surface data (2 = formatted) 2 2

4 NOOBS Use or non-use of surface, overwater, upper observations User Defined 0

4 NPSTA Number of stations in PRECIP.DAT User Defined 219

4 NSSTA Number of stations in SURF.DAT file User Defined 219

5 ALPHA Empirical factor triggering kinematic effects 0.1 0.1

5 BIAS Surface/upper-air weighting factors (NZ values) NZ*0 NZ*0

5 CRITFN Critical Froude number 1 1

5 DIVLIM Maximum acceptable divergence 5.00E-06 5.00E-06

5 FEXTR2 Multiplicative scaling factor for extrap surface obs to uppr layrs NZ*0.0 NZ*0.0

5 ICALM Extrapolate surface calms to upper layers? (0 = No) 0 0

5 IDIOPT1 Compute temperatures from observations (0 = True) 0 0

5 IDIOPT2 Compute domain-average lapse rates? (0 = True) 0 0

5 IDIOPT3 Compute internally inital guess winds? (0 = True) 0 0

5 IDIOPT4 Read surface winds from SURF.DAT? ( 0 = True) 0 0

5 IDIOPT5 Read aloft winds from UPn.DAT? (0 = True) 0 0

5 IEXTRP

Extrapolate surface winds to upper layers? (-4 = use similarity 

theory and ignore layer 1 of upper air station data) -4 -4

5 IFRADJ Adjust winds using Froude number effects? (1 = Yes) 1 1

5 IKINE Adjust winds using kinematic effects? (1 = Yes) 0 0

5 IOBR Use O’Brien procedure for vertical winds? (0 = No) 0 0

5 IPROG Using prognostic or MM-FDDA data? (0 = No) 0 14

5 ISLOPE Compute slope flows? (1 = Yes) 1 1

5 ISTEPPG Timestep (hours) of the prognostic model input data 1 1

5 ISURFT

Surface station to use for surface temperature (between 1 and 

NSSTA) User Defined 9

5 IUPT Station for lapse rates (between 1 and NUSTA) User Defined 1

5 IUPWND

Upper air station for domain winds (-1 = 1/r**2 interpolation of all 

stations) -1 -1

5 IWFCOD Generate winds by diagnostic wind module? (1 = Yes) 1 1

5 KBAR Level (1 to NZ) up to which barriers apply NZ 10

5 LLBREZE Use Lake Breeze module F F

5 LVARY Use varying radius to develop surface winds? F F

5 METBXID Station IDs in the region User Defined

5 NBAR Number of Barriers to interpolation User Defined 0

5 NBOX Number of Lake Breeze regions User Defined 0

5 NINTR2 Max number of stations for interpolations (NA values) 99 99

5 NITER Max number of passes in divergence minimization 50 50

5 NLB Number of stations in region User Defined 0

5 NSMTH Number of passes in smoothing (NZ values) 2, 4*(NZ-1) 2,4*(NZ-1)

5 R1 Relative weight at surface of Step 1 field and obs User Defined 50

5 R2 Relative weight aloft of Step 1 field and obs User Defined 100

5 RMAX1 Max surface over-land extrapolation radius (km) User Defined 100
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Input 

Group Variable Description Default Value Value Used1

5 RMAX2 Max aloft over-land extrapolation radius (km) User Defined 200

5 RMAX3 Maximum over-water extrapolation radius (km) User Defined 200

5 RMIN Minimum extrapolation radius (km) 0.1 0.1

5 RMIN2

Distance (km) around an upper air site where vertical extrapolation 

is excluded (Set to -1 if IEXTRP = ±4) 4 -1

5 RPROG Weighting factor for CSUMM prognostic wind data User Defined 0

5 TERRAD Radius of influence of terrain features (km) User Defined 15

5 XBBAR X coordinate of Beginning of each barrier User Defined 0

5 XBCST X Point defining the coastline (straight line) User Defined 0

5 XEBAR X coordinate of Ending of each barrier User Defined 0

5 XECST X Point User Defined 0

5 XG1 X Grid line 1 defining region of interest User Defined 0

5 XG2 X Grid line 2 User Defined 0

5 YBBAR Y coordinate of Beginning of each barrier User Defined 0

5 YBCST Y Point User Defined 0

5 YEBAR Y coordinate of Ending of each barrier User Defined 0

5 YECST Y Point User Defined 0

5 YG1 Y Grid line 1 User Defined 0

5 YG2 Y Grid Line 2 User Defined 0

5 ZUPT Depth of domain-average lapse rate (m) 200 200

5 ZUPWND Bottom and top of layer for 1st guess winds (m) 1, 1000 1.,1000.

6 CONSTB Neutral mixing height B constant 1.41 1.41

6 CONSTE Convective mixing height E constant 0.15 0.15

6 CONSTN Stable mixing height N constant 2400 2400

6 CONSTW Over-water mixing height W constant 0.16 0.16

6 CUTP Minimum cut off precip rate (mm/hr) 0.01 0.01

6 DPTMIN Minimum capping potential temperature lapse rate 0.001 0.001

6 DSHELF Coastal/shallow water length scale 0 0

6 DZZI Depth for computing capping lapse rate (m) 200 200

6 FCORIOL Absolute value of Coriolis parameter 1.00E-04 1.00E-04

6 HAFANG Half-angle for looking upwind (degrees) 30 30

6 IAVET Conduct spatial averaging of temperature? (1 = True) 1 1

6 IAVEZI Spatial averaging of mixing heights? (1 = True) 1 1

6 ICOARE Overwater surface fluxes method and parameters 10 0

6 ICOOL COARE cool skin layer computation 0 0

6 ILEVZI Layer to use in upwind averaging (between 1 and NZ) 1 1

6 ILUOC3D Land use category ocean in 3D.DAT datasets 16 16

6 IMIXH Method to compute the convective mixing height -1 -1

6 IRAD Form of temperature interpolation (1 = 1/r) 1 1

6 IRHPROG 3D relative humidity from observations or from prognostic data 0 1

6 ITPROG 3D temps from obs or from prognostic data? 0 0

6 ITWPROG

Option for overwater lapse rates used in convective mixing height 

growth 0 0

6 IWARM COARE warm layer computation 0 0

6 JWAT1 Beginning landuse type defining water 999 55

6 JWAT2 Ending landuse type defining water 999 55

6 MNMDAV Max averaging radius (number of grid cells) 1 1

6 NFLAGP Method for precipitation interpolation (2 = 1/r**2) 2 2

6 NUMTS Max number of stations in temperature interpolations 5 5

6 SIGMAP Precip radius for interpolations (km) 100 100

6 TGDEFA Default over-water capping lapse rate (K/m) -0.0045 -0.0045

6 TGDEFB Default over-water mixed layer lapse rate (K/m) -0.0098 -0.0098

6 THRESHL

Threshold buoyancy flux required to sustain convective mixing 

height growth overland 0.05 0.0
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Input 

Group Variable Description Default Value Value Used1

6 THRESHW

Threshold buoyancy flux required to sustain convective mixing 

height growth overwater 0.05 0.05

6 TRADKM Radius of temperature interpolation (km) 500 500

6 ZIMAX Maximum over-land mixing height (m) 3000 3000

6 ZIMAXW Maximum over-water mixing heigh (m) 3000 3000

6 ZIMIN Minimum over-land mixing height (m) 50 50

6 ZIMINW Minimum over-water mixing height (m) 50 50
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Appendix B CALPUFF Parameter Values
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Table B-1. CALPUFF Parameter Values

Input 

Group

Group 

Description Variable Description Default Valuea Value Used2

1 Run Control METRUN Do we run all periods (1) or a subset (0)? 0 0

1 IBYR Beginning year User Defined 2006, 2007, or 2008

1 IBMO Beginning month User Defined 1

1 IBDY Beginning day User Defined 1

1 IBHR Beginning hour User Defined 0

1 IRLG Length of run (hours) User Defined 8760 or 8784

1 XBTZ Base Time Zone User Defined 0

1 NSECDT Length of modeling time step (seconds) 3600 3600

1 NSPEC

Number of species modeled (for MESOPUFF II 

chemistry) 5 10

1 NSE Number of species emitted 3 10

1 ITEST Flag to stop run after Setup Phase 2 2

1 MRESTART 

Restart options (0 = no restart) allows splitting runs 

into smaller segments 0 0

1 NRESPD Number of periods in Restart 0 0

1 METFM 

Format of input meteorology (1 = CALMET, 2 = 

ISC) 1 1

1 AVET

Averaging time lateral dispersion parameters 

(minutes) 60 60

1 PGTIME PG Averaging time 60 60

2 Tech Options MGAUSS Near-field vertical distribution (1 = Gaussian) 1 1

2 MCTADJ Terrain adjustments to plume path (3 = Plume path) 3 3

2 MCTSG 

Do we have subgrid hills? (0 = No) allows CTDMlike treatment for subgrid scale hills 0 0

2 MSLUG Near-field puff treatment (0 = No slugs) 0 0

2 MTRANS Model transitional plume rise? (1 = Yes) 1 1

2 MTIP Treat stack tip downwash? (1 = Yes) 1 1

2 MBDW Method to simulate downwash (1=ISC,2=PRIME) Not used

 

2 Values that differ from the protocol are highlighted in bold italic text.
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Input 

Group

Group 

Description Variable Description Default Valuea Value Used2

2 MSHEAR Treat vertical wind shear? (0 = No) 0 0

2 MSPLIT Allow puffs to split? (0 = No) 0 0

2 MCHEM MESOPUFF-II Chemistry? (1 = Yes) 1 1

2 MAQCHEM Aqueous phase transformation 0 0

2 MWET Model wet deposition? (1 = Yes) 1 1

2 MDRY Model dry deposition? (1 = Yes) 1 1

2 MTILT Plume Tilt (gravitational settling) 0 0

2 MDISP

Method for dispersion coefficients (2=micromet,3 = 

PG) 3 3

2 MTURBVW

Turbulence characterization? (Only if MDISP = 1 or 

5) 3 3

2 MDISP2 Backup coefficients (Only if MDISP = 1 or 5) 3 3

2 MTAULY Method for Sigma y Lagrangian timescale 0 0

2 MTAUADV

Method for Advective-Decay timescale for 

Turbulence 0 0

2 MCTURB

Method to compute sigma v,w using micromet 

variables 1 1

2 MROUGH Adjust PG for surface roughness? (0 = No) 0 0

2 MPARTL Model partial plume penetration? (0 = No) 1 1

2 MTINV Elevated inversion strength (0 = compute from data) 0 0

2 MPDF Use PDF for convective dispersion? (0 = No) 0 0

2 MSGTIBL

Use TIBL module? (0 = No) allows treatment of 

subgrid scale coastal areas 0 0

2 MBCON Boundary conditions modeled 0 0

2 MFOG Configure for FOG model output 0 0

2 MREG Regulatory default checks? (1 = Yes) 1 1

3 Species List CSPECn

Names of species modeled (for MESOPUFF II must 

be SO2-SO4-NOX-HNO3-NO3) User Defined

SO2,SO4,NOX,HNO3,NO3,

NH3,PMF.PMC,,EC,SOA

3

Specie Names

Manner species will be modeled 

Species,Modeled,Emitted,Dry Deposited,Group

User Defined

SO2,1,1,1,0

SO4,1,1,2,0

NOX,1,1,1,0

HNO3,1,1,1,0

NO3,1,1,2,0

NH3,1,1,1,0

PMF,1,1,2,0

PMC,1,1,2,0

EC,1,1,2,0

SOA,1,1,2,0
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Input 

Group

Group 

Description Variable Description Default Valuea Value Used2

3 Specie Groups Grouping of species if any User Defined N/A

3 CGRUP

3 CGRUP

4 MapProjection XLAT1 Latitude of 1st standard parallel 33N

4 XLAT2 Latitude of 2nd standard parallel 45N

4 PMAP Map Projection UTM LCC

FEAST False Easting 0.0 0.0

FNORTH False Northing 0.0 0.0

4 DATUM Datum-region WGS-G WGS-G

4 NX Number of east-west grids of input meteorology User Defined 380

4 NY Number of north-south grids of input meteorology User Defined 240

4 NZ Number of vertical layers of input meteorology User Defined 10

4 DGRIDKM Meteorology grid spacing (km) User Defined 4.

4 ZFACE Vertical cell face heights of input meteorology User Defined

0.,20.,40.,80.,160.,320.,640.,

1200.,2000.,3000.,4000.

4 XORIGKM Southwest corner (east-west) of input User Defined meteorology -1608.

4 YORIGIM Southwest corner (north-south) of input User Defined meteorology 336.

4 IUTMZN UTM zone User Defined N/A (17)

4 UTMHEM Hemisphere for UTM Projection N N

4 RLAT0 Latitude of Projection Origin User Defined 40.0N

4 RLON0 Longitude of Projection Origin User Defined 97.0W

4 IBCOMP Southwest X-index of computational domain User Defined 1

4 JBCOMP Southwest Y-index of computational domain User Defined 1

4 IECOMP Northeast X-index of computational domain User Defined 380

4 JECOMP Northeast Y-index of computational domain User Defined 240

4 LSAMP Use gridded receptors? (T = Yes) F F

4 IBSAMP Southwest X-index of receptor grid User Defined

4 JBSAMP Southwest Y-index of receptor grid User Defined

4 IESAMP Northeast X-index of receptor grid User Defined

4 JESAMP Northeast Y-index of receptor grid User Defined

4 MESHDN Gridded recpetor spacing = DGRIDKM/MESHDN 1 1
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Input 

Group

Group 

Description Variable Description Default Valuea Value Used2

5 Output Options ICON Output concentrations? (1 = Yes) 1 1

5 IDRY Output dry deposition flux? (1 = Yes) 1 1

5 IWET Output west deposition flux? (1 = Yes) 1 1

5 IT2D 2D Temperature 0 0

5 IRHO 2D Density 0 0

5 IVIS Output RH for visibility calculations (1 = Yes) 1 0

5 LCOMPRS Use compression option in output? (T = Yes) T T

5 ICPRT Print concentrations? (0 = No) 0 0

5 IDPRT Print dry deposition fluxes (0 = No) 0 0

5 IWPRT Print wet deposition fluxes (0 = No) 0 0

5 ICFRQ Concentration print interval (1 = hourly) 1 1

5 IDFRQ Dry deposition flux print interval (1 = hourly) 1 1

5 IWFRQ West deposition flux print interval (1 = hourly) 1 1

5 IPRTU

Print output units (1 = g/m**3; g/m**2/s; 3 = 

ug/m3, ug/m2/s) 1 3

5 IMESG Status messages to screen? (1 = Yes) 1 2

5 LDEBUG Turn on debug tracking? (F = No) F F

5 IPFDEB First puff to track 1 1

5 NPFDEB (Number of puffs to track) (1) 1

5 NN1 (Met. Period to start output) (1) 1

5 NN2 (Met. Period to end output) (10) 10

7

Dry Dep Chem Dry Gas Dep Chemical parameters of gaseous deposition

Species,Diffusivity,Alpha 

Star,Reactivity,Mesophyll,Henry’s User Defined

SO2,0.1509,1000.,8.,0.,0.04

NOX,0.1656,1.,8,.5.,3.5

HNO3,0.1628,1.,18.,0.,8E-8

NH3,0.234,0.2,4.,0.,3.59E-4

8

Dry Dep Size Dry Part. Dep

Chemical parameters of particulate deposition 

Species,Mass Mean Diameter,Geometric Std D User Defined

SO4,0.48.,2.,

NO3,0.48,2.,

PMF,0.48,2.,

PMC,0.48,2.,

EC,0.48,2.0

SOA,0.48,2.0

9

Dry Dep Misc RCUTR Reference cuticle resistance (s/cm) 

30 30

9 RGR Reference ground resistance (s/cm) 10 10

9 REACTR Reference reactivity 8 8
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Input 

Group

Group 

Description Variable Description Default Valuea Value Used2

9 NINT Number of particle-size intervals 9 9

9 IVEG

Vegetative state (1 = active and unstressed; 2=active 

and stressed) 1 1

10

Wet Dep Wet Dep Wet deposition parameters 

Species, Liquid Precip, Frozen Precip

User Defined

SO2,3.0E-05,0.

SO4,1.0E-04,3.0E-05

NOX,0.,0.

HNO3,6.0E-05,0.0

NO3,1.0E-04,3.0E-05

NH3,8.0E-05,0.0

PMF,1.0E-04,3.0E-05

PMC,1.0E-04,3.0E-05

EC,1.0E-04,3.0E-05

SOA,1.0E-04,3.0E-05

11

Chemistry MOZ Ozone background? (0 = constant background 

value; 1 = read from ozone.dat) 1 0

11 BCKO3 Ozone default (ppb) (Use only for missing data) 80. 12*40.

11 BCKNH3 Ammonia background (ppb) 10

Vary by Month

January – 1.22

February – 1.23

March – 1.60

April – 1.94

May – 2.29

June – 1.63

July – 1.65

August – 1.69

September – 0.98

October – 1.04

November – 1.37

December – 1.06

11 RNITE1 Nighttime SO2 loss rate (%/hr) 0.2 0.2

11 RNITE2 Nighttime NOx loss rate (%/hr) 2 2

11 RNITE3 Nighttime HNO3 loss rate (%/hr) 2 2

11 MH2O2 H2O2 data input option 1 1

11 BCKH2O2 Monthly H2O2 concentrations 1 not used

BKPMF Fine particulate concentration 12 * 1.00 not used
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Input 

Group

Group 

Description Variable Description Default Valuea Value Used2

OFRAC Organic fraction of Fine Particulate 2*0.15, 9*0.20, 1*0.15 not used

VCNX VOC / NOX ratio 12 * 50.00 not used

12 Dispersion SYTDEP Horizontal size (m) to switch to time dependence 550 550

12 MHFTSZ Use Heffter for vertical dispersion? (0 = No) 0 0

12 JSUP PG Stability class above mixed layer 5 5

12 CONK1 Stable dispersion constant (Eq 2.7-3) 0.01 0.01

12 CONK2 Neutral dispersion constant (Eq 2.7-4) 0.1 0.1

12 TBD Transition for downwash algorithms (0.5 = ISC) 0.5 0.5

12 IURB1 Beginning urban landuse type 10 10

12 IURB2 Ending urban landuse type 19 19

12 ILANDUIN Land use type (20 = Unirrigated agricultural land) 20 20

12 ZOIN Roughness length (m) 0.25 0.25

12 XLAIIN Leaf area index 3.0 3.0

12 ELEVIN Met. Station elevation (m above MSL) 0.0 0.0

12 XLATIN Met. Station North latitude (degrees) -999.0 -999.0

12 XLONIN Met. Station West longitude (degrees) -999.0 -999.0

12 ANEMHT Anemometer height of ISC meteorological data (m) 10.0 10.0

12 ISIGMAV Lateral turbulence (Not used with ISC meteorology) 1 1

12 IMIXCTDM Mixing heights (Not used with ISC meteorology) 0 0

12 XMXLEN Maximum slug length in units of DGRIDKM 1.0 1.0

12 XSAMLEN

Maximum puff travel distance per sampling step 

(units of DGRIDKM) 1.0 1.0

12 MXNEW Maximum number of puffs per hour 99 99

12 MXSAM Maximum sampling steps per hour 99 99

12 NCOUNT

Iterations when computing Transport Wind (Calmet 

& Profile Winds) 2 2

12 SYMIN Minimum lateral dispersion of new puff (m) 1.0 1.0

12 SZMIN Minimum vertical dispersion of new puff (m) 1.0 1.0

12 SVMIN Array of minimum lateral turbulence (m/s) 6 * 0.50,6*0.37 6 * 0.50, 6*0.50

12 SWMIN Array of minimum vertical turbulence (m/s) 

2*(0.20,0.12,0.08,0.06,0.03,

0.016)

2*(0.20,0.12,0.08,0.06,0.03,

0.016)

12 CDIV (1), (2) Divergence criterion for dw/dz (1/s) 0.0,0.0 0.0,0.0

12 WSCALM Minimum non-calm wind speed (m/s) 0.5 0.5
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Input 

Group

Group 

Description Variable Description Default Valuea Value Used2

12 XMAXZI Maximum mixing height (m) 3000 3000

12 XMINZI Minimum mixing height (m) 50 50

12 WSCAT Upper bounds 1st 5 wind speed classes (m/s) 1.54,3.09,5.14,8. 23,10.8 1.54,3.09,5.14,8. 23,10.8

12 PLX0 Wind speed power-law exponents 0.07,0.07,0.10,0.15,0.35,0.55 0.07,0.07,0.10,0.15,0.35,0.55

12 PTGO

Potential temperature gradients PG E and F 

(deg/km) 0.020,0.035 0.020,0.035 

12 PPC Plume path coefficients (only if MCTADJ = 3) 0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,0.35,0.35 0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,0.35,0.35

12 SL2PF Maximum Sy/puff length 10.0 10.0

12 NSPLIT Number of puffs when puffs split 3 3

12 IRESPLIT Hours when puff are eligible to split Hour 17=1 Hour17=1

12 ZISPLIT Previous hour’s mixing height(minimum)(m) 100.0 100.0

12 ROLDMAX

Previous Max mix ht/current mix ht ratio must be 

less then this value for puff to split 0.25 0.25

12 NSPLITH Number of puffs when puffs split horizontally 5 5

12 SYSPLITH

Min sigma-y (grid cell units) of puff before horiz 

split 1.0 1.0

12 12 SHSPLITH

Min puff elongation rate per hr from wind shear 

before horiz split 2.0 2.0

12 CNSPLITH Min conc g/m3 before puff may split horizontally 1.0E-07 1.0E-07

12 EPSSLUG Convergence criterion for slug sampling integration 1.00E-04 1.00E-04

12 EPSAREA Convergence criterion for area source integration 1.00E-06 1.00E-06

12 DSRISE Step length for rise integration 1.0 1.0

12 HTMINBC 500.0 500.0

12 RSAMPBC 10.0 10.0

12 MDEPBC 1 1

13 Point Source NPT1 Number of point sources User Defined

13 IPTU Units of emission rates (1 = g/s) 1 3

13 NSPT1 Number of point source-species combinations 0 0

13 NPT2

Number of point sources with fully variable 

emission rates 0 0
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Input 

Group

Group 

Description Variable Description Default Valuea Value Used2

13 Point Sources Point sources characteristics User Defined

14 Area Source Area Sources Area sources characteristics User Defined

15 Volume Source Volume Volume sources characteristics User Defined Sources

16 Line Source Line Sources Buoyant lines source characteristics User Defined

17 Receptors NREC Number of user defined receptors User Defined

17 Receptor Data Location and elevation (MSL) of receptors User Defined
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Appendix C CALPOST Parameter Values
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Table C-1. CALPOST Parameter Values

The CALPOST utility was used for computing visibility metrics using the parameters in this table.

Input 

Group Variable Description Default Value Recommended Value3

1 ASPEC Species to process VISIB VISIB

1 METRUN Option to run subset of met file 0 1

1 BTZONE Base time zone User Defined 0

1 ILAYER

Layer/deposition code (1 = CALPUFF concentrations; -3 = wet+dry 

deposition fluxes) 1 1

1 A Scaling factor scalar 0.0 0.0

1 B Additive factor 0.0 0.0

1 LBACK Add Hourly Background Concentrations/Fluxes? F F

1 NO2CALC Specify a single NO2/Nox ratio 1 1

1 RNO2NOX Ratio of NO2 to NOx 1.0 1.0

1 MSOURCE Process only total reported contribution 0 0

2 MVISCHECK Confirm conformity to FLAG 2008 Configuration 1 1

2 MFRH Particle growth curve for hygroscopic species 4 4

2 RHMAX Maximum relative humidity (%) used in particle growth curve 98 98

2 LDRING

Report results by Discrete receptor Ring, if Discrete Receptors used. (T = 

true) T T

Modeled species to be included in computing the light extinction

2 LVSO4 Include SO4? T T

2 LVNO3 Include NO3? T T

2 LVOC Include Organic Carbon? T T

2 LVPMC Include Coarse Particles? T T

2 LVPMF Include Fine Particles? T T

2 LVEC Include Elemental Carbon? T T

2 LVNO2 Include NO2 T T

2 LVBK

When ranking for TOP-N, TOP-50, and Exceedance tables Include 

BACKGROUND? T T

2 SPECPMC Species name used for particulates in MODEL.DAT file: COARSE = PMC PMC

 

3 Values that differ from the protocol are highlighted in bold italic text.
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Input 

Group Variable Description Default Value Recommended Value3

2 SPECPMF Species name used for particulates in MODEL.DAT file: FINE = PMF PMF

Extinction Efficiencies (1/Mm per ug/m**3)

2 EEPMC PM COARSE = 0.6 0.6

2 EEPMF PM FINE = 1.0 1.0

2 EEPMCBK Background PM COARSE 0.6 0.6

2 EESO4 SO4 = 3.0 3.0

2 EENO3 NO3 = 3.0 3.0

2 EEOC Organic Carbon = 4.0 4.0

2 EESOIL Soil = 1.0 1.0

2 EEEC Elemental Carbon = 10.0 10.0

2 EENO2 NO2 Gas = 0.1755 0.1755

2 LAVER Method used for 24-hr avg % change light extinction F F

2 MVISBK

Method used for background light extinction (2 = Hourly RH adjustment; 6 

= FLAG seasonal f(RH)) 8 8

2 RHFAC Monthly RH adjustment factors from FLAG (unique for each Class I area) Yes if 6 N/A

Background monthly extinction coefficients (FLAG) unique for each Class I 

area

2 BKSO4 Sulfate See Table C-3 (NH3)2SO4

2 BKNO3 Nitrate See Table C-3 NH4NO3

2 BKPMC Coarse particulate See Table C-3 CM

2 BKOC Particulate organic carbon See Table C-3 OM

2 BKSOIL Soil See Table C-3 Soil

2 BKEC Particulate elemental carbon See Table C-3 EC

2 M8_MODE Method 8 Mode 5 5

2 BKSALT Background salt concentration See Table C-3 Sea Salt

2 RHFSML Small ammonium sulfate and nitrate particle f(RH) See Table C-5

2 RHFLRG Large ammonium sulfate and nitrate particle f(RH) See Table C-4

2 RHFSEA Sea salt f(RH) See Table C-6

2 BEXTRAY Extinction due to Rayleigh scattering 10.0 10.0

3 LDOC Print documentation image F F

Averaging time(s) reported

3 L1PD Averaging period of model output F F

3 L1HR 1-hr averages F F

3 L3HR 3-hr averages F F
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Input 

Group Variable Description Default Value Recommended Value3

3 L24HR 24-hr averages T T

3 LRUNL Run length (annual) F F

3 LT50 Top 50 table for each averaging time selected T F

3 LTOPN F T

3 NTOP 4 1

3 ITOP 1 1

3 LEXCD Threshold exceedance count F T

3 THRESH1 1-hour threshold -1.0 -1.0

3 THRESH3 3-hour threshold -1.0 -1.0

3 THRESH24 24-hour threshold -1.0 0.5

3 THRESHN N-hour threshold -1.0 -1.0

3 NDAY Accumulated Period (days) 0 0

3 NCOUNT Number of exceedances allowed 1 1
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Table C-2: POSTUTIL (Repartition) Parameter Values

The POSTUTIL was used to perform HNO3/NO3 repartitioning using the parameters in this table.

Input 

Group Variable Description Default Value Recommended Value4

1 IBYR Beginning year User Defined Varies

1 IBMO Beginning month User Defined 1

1 IBDY Beginning day User Defined 1

1 IBHR Beginning hour User Defined 1

1 NPER Length of run (hours) User Defined 8760

1 NSPECINP Number of species to process User Defined 9

1 NSPECOUT Number of species to write User Defined 9

1 NDUPLCT Stop if duplicate species names 0 0

1 NSCALED Number of CALPUFF data files to be scales 0 0

1 MNITRATE Recompute HNO3/NO3 concentration partition 0 1

1 NH3TYP Source of NH3 Data User Defined 3

1 BKNH3 Background ammonia concentrations 10.

Vary by Month

January – 1.22

February – 1.23

March – 1.60

April – 1.94

May – 2.29

June – 1.63

July – 1.65

August – 1.69

September – 0.98

October – 1.04

November – 1.37

December – 1.06

2 ASPECI Species to input User Defined

SO2,SO4,NOX,HNO3,

NO3,PMF,PMC,EC,SOA

 

4 Values that differ from the protocol are highlighted in bold italic text.
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Input 

Group Variable Description Default Value Recommended Value4

2 ASPECO Species to output User Defined

SO2,SO4,NOX,HNO3,

NO3,PMF,PMC,EC,SOA
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Table C-3. Background Extinction Coefficients (20% Best Days).

(NH4)2SO4 NH4NO3 OM EC Soil CM

Sea 

Salt Rayleigh

Class I Area Abbrev. μg/m3 μg/m3 μg/m3 μg/m3 μg/m3 μg/m3 μg/m3 Mm-1

Anaconda Pintler Wilderness ANAC2 0.04 0.03 0.12 0.01 0.07 0.31 0.00 10

Bob Marshall Wilderness BOMA3 0.05 0.04 0.19 0.01 0.08 0.37 0.00 10

Cabinet Mountains Wilderness CAMO2 0.05 0.05 0.13 0.01 0.09 0.42 0.01 10

Gates of the Mountains 

Wilderness GAMO 0.04 0.04 0.13 0.01 0.07 0.49 0.00 9

Glacier NP GLAC3 0.05 0.03 0.17 0.01 0.11 0.57 0.00 11

Mission Mountains Wilderness MIMO2 0.05 0.04 0.19 0.01 0.08 0.37 0.00 10

North Absaroka Wilderness NOAB2 0.05 0.04 0.16 0.00 0.11 0.82 0.00 9

Red Rock Lakes Wilderness REDRWILD 0.06 0.05 0.17 0.01 0.08 0.33 0.00 9

Scapegoat Wilderness SCAP2 0.05 0.04 0.19 0.01 0.08 0.37 0.00 10

Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness SELW4 0.04 0.03 0.12 0.01 0.07 0.31 0.00 10

Teton Wilderness TETO2 0.06 0.05 0.17 0.01 0.08 0.33 0.00 9

Theodore Roosevelt NP THRO 0.07 0.04 0.26 0.01 0.21 1.20 0.01 11

UL Bend Wilderness ULBEWILD 0.05 0.03 0.18 0.01 0.15 0.93 0.01 11

Washakie Wilderness WASH3 0.05 0.04 0.16 0.00 0.11 0.82 0.00 9

Yellowstone NP YELL4 0.06 0.05 0.17 0.01 0.08 0.33 0.00 9

Source: FLAGG, 2010 Table 5
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Table C-4. Monthly fL(RH) – Large (NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3 Relative Humidity Adjustment Factor.

Class I Area Abbrev. Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Anaconda Pintler Wilderness ANAC2 2.75 2.46 2.24 2.08 2.06 2.01 1.76 1.72 1.88 2.22 2.66 2.74

Bob Marshall Wilderness BOMA3 2.82 2.54 2.35 2.22 2.21 2.19 1.98 1.92 2.15 2.43 2.78 2.81

Cabinet Mountains Wilderness CAMO2 3.07 2.73 2.45 2.26 2.24 2.21 1.98 1.92 2.19 2.53 3.03 3.11

Gates of the Mountains 

Wilderness GAMO 2.46 2.25 2.15 2.05 2.02 2.00 1.81 1.77 1.91 2.15 2.37 2.41

Glacier NP GLAC3 3.21 2.84 2.69 2.55 2.58 2.56 2.24 2.22 2.57 2.81 3.08 3.13

Mission Mountains Wilderness MIMO2 2.93 2.62 2.37 2.20 2.21 2.19 1.98 1.92 2.15 2.46 2.91 2.96

North Absaroka Wilderness NOAB2 2.16 2.05 2.01 1.95 1.94 1.77 1.58 1.50 1.67 1.87 2.12 2.14

Red Rock Lakes Wilderness REDRWILD 2.39 2.20 2.06 1.95 1.92 1.80 1.60 1.54 1.69 1.93 2.30 2.37

Scapegoat Wilderness SCAP2 2.74 2.47 2.30 2.18 2.16 2.14 1.93 1.87 2.07 2.35 2.70 2.72

Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness SELW4 2.90 2.57 2.26 2.05 2.03 1.95 1.67 1.63 1.81 2.19 2.76 2.91

Teton Wilderness TETO2 2.22 2.09 2.01 1.92 1.91 1.72 1.52 1.47 1.65 1.86 2.15 2.19

Theodore Roosevelt NP THRO 2.47 2.42 2.45 2.12 2.14 2.21 2.14 1.99 1.99 2.10 2.58 2.57

UL Bend Wilderness ULBEWILD 2.33 2.20 2.19 2.03 1.96 1.95 1.80 1.66 1.76 2.00 2.31 2.32

Washakie Wilderness WASH3 2.16 2.05 2.01 1.94 1.93 1.74 1.54 1.48 1.66 1.86 2.12 2.14

Yellowstone NP YELL4 2.24 2.11 2.03 1.95 1.94 1.78 1.59 1.53 1.69 1.91 2.19 2.22

Source: FLAGG, 2010 Table 7
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Table C-5. Monthly fS(RH) – Small (NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3 Relative Humidity Adjustment Factor.

Class I Area Abbrev. Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Anaconda Pintler Wilderness ANAC2 3.72 3.23 2.87 2.62 2.60 2.52 2.14 2.07 2.33 2.87 3.60 3.71

Bob Marshall Wilderness BOMA3 3.84 3.35 3.06 2.86 2.86 2.84 2.49 2.39 2.77 3.22 3.81 3.83

Cabinet Mountains Wilderness CAMO2 4.30 3.69 3.23 2.91 2.91 2.87 2.50 2.40 2.84 3.40 4.26 4.37

Gates of the Mountains 

Wilderness GAMO 3.20 2.85 2.71 2.57 2.53 2.50 2.21 2.14 2.37 2.74 3.09 3.12

Glacier NP GLAC3 4.53 3.87 3.63 3.39 3.51 3.48 2.91 2.87 3.47 3.86 4.29 4.37

Mission Mountains Wilderness MIMO2 4.03 3.51 3.08 2.82 2.84 2.83 2.49 2.40 2.78 3.28 4.04 4.08

North Absaroka Wilderness NOAB2 2.68 2.51 2.50 2.42 2.40 2.13 1.83 1.72 1.98 2.31 2.65 2.65

Red Rock Lakes Wilderness REDRWILD 3.09 2.76 2.57 2.41 2.38 2.17 1.86 1.77 2.01 2.39 2.96 3.05

Scapegoat Wilderness SCAP2 3.70 3.24 2.97 2.79 2.78 2.75 2.41 2.31 2.65 3.09 3.67 3.68

Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness SELW4 3.99 3.41 2.90 2.56 2.54 2.43 2.00 1.93 2.21 2.82 3.78 4.01

Teton Wilderness TETO2 2.78 2.59 2.49 2.37 2.36 2.06 1.75 1.67 1.96 2.28 2.70 2.73

Theodore Roosevelt NP THRO 3.17 3.11 3.22 2.71 2.74 2.85 2.73 2.49 2.48 2.66 3.42 3.37

UL Bend Wilderness ULBEWILD 2.94 2.75 2.77 2.55 2.44 2.41 2.19 1.97 2.12 2.50 2.96 2.95

Washakie Wilderness WASH3 2.68 2.52 2.49 2.40 2.40 2.09 1.77 1.68 1.98 2.29 2.66 2.65

Yellowstone NP YELL4 2.82 2.61 2.53 2.42 2.41 2.16 1.86 1.76 2.02 2.36 2.78 2.80

Source: FLAGG, 2010 Table 8
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Table C-6. Monthly fSS(RH) – Sea Salt Relative Humidity Adjustment Factor.

Class I Area Abbrev. Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Anaconda Pintler Wilderness ANAC2 4.00 3.56 3.18 2.90 2.85 2.75 2.33 2.25 2.52 3.10 3.81 3.97

Bob Marshall Wilderness BOMA3 4.08 3.66 3.35 3.11 3.08 3.04 2.68 2.59 2.94 3.42 3.98 4.05

Cabinet Mountains Wilderness CAMO2 4.42 3.93 3.50 3.18 3.13 3.06 2.67 2.59 3.01 3.58 4.33 4.46

Gates of the Mountains 

Wilderness GAMO 3.62 3.27 3.05 2.85 2.80 2.74 2.43 2.35 2.58 2.99 3.41 3.52

Glacier NP GLAC3 4.61 4.12 3.87 3.64 3.63 3.59 3.11 3.11 3.63 4.03 4.43 4.51

Mission Mountains Wilderness MIMO2 4.24 3.79 3.38 3.10 3.08 3.04 2.68 2.59 2.96 3.48 4.17 4.26

North Absaroka Wilderness NOAB2 3.18 2.97 2.83 2.66 2.64 2.35 2.02 1.89 2.16 2.53 3.03 3.00

Red Rock Lakes Wilderness REDRWILD 3.51 3.18 2.91 2.67 2.63 2.41 2.06 1.94 2.20 2.63 3.29 3.46

Scapegoat Wilderness SCAP2 3.97 3.57 3.27 3.04 3.01 2.96 2.60 2.51 2.83 3.30 3.86 3.93

Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness SELW4 4.20 3.71 3.21 2.86 2.80 2.66 2.18 2.09 2.39 3.06 3.96 4.20

Teton Wilderness TETO2 3.26 3.04 2.83 2.61 2.59 2.27 1.93 1.83 2.14 2.50 3.07 3.21

Theodore Roosevelt NP THRO 3.67 3.56 3.51 2.93 2.97 3.09 2.96 2.72 2.72 2.93 3.75 3.78

UL Bend Wilderness ULBEWILD 3.44 3.22 3.12 2.79 2.70 2.67 2.42 2.18 2.35 2.77 3.34 3.40

Washakie Wilderness WASH3 3.18 2.98 2.83 2.64 2.62 2.31 1.96 1.85 2.15 2.50 3.04 3.14

Yellowstone NP YELL4 3.29 3.05 2.87 2.66 2.65 2.39 2.05 1.93 2.21 2.59 3.14 3.25

Source: FLAGG, 2010 Table 9
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Appendix D Facility Emissions and Source Parameters
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Table D-1: Ash Grove Modeling Parameters.

Unit SO2

Control

Percent

Reduction

NOx

Control

Percent

Reduction PM

Control

Emission Rates (lb/hr)

SO2 SO4 NOx HNO3 NO3 PMC PMF EC SOA

Kiln Baseline 0.0% Baseline 0.0% Baseline 395.00 6.80 848.74 0.00 0.00 7.28 21.35 0.82 0.93

Kiln Fuel Switching

(62% coal/38% coke) 17.0% Baseline 0.0% Baseline 327.85 6.80 848.74 0.00 0.00 7.28 21.35 0.82 0.93

Kiln

Fuel Switching

(lower sulfur, higher BTU 

coal)

60.0% Baseline 0.0% Baseline 158.00 6.80 848.74 0.00 0.00 7.28 21.35 0.82 0.93

Kiln DSI 25.0% Baseline 0.0% Baseline 296.25 6.80 848.74 0.00 0.00 7.28 21.35 0.82 0.93

Kiln SDA 90.0% Baseline 0.0% Baseline 39.50 6.80 848.74 0.00 0.00 7.28 21.35 0.82 0.93

Kiln Wet Scrubber 95.0% Baseline 0.0% Baseline 19.75 6.80 848.74 0.00 0.00 7.28 21.35 0.82 0.93

Kiln Baseline 0.0% Low-NOx Burners 15.0% Baseline 395.00 6.80 721.43 0.00 0.00 7.28 21.35 0.82 0.93

Kiln Baseline 0.0% SNCR 35.0% Baseline 395.00 6.80 551.68 0.00 0.00 7.28 21.35 0.82 0.93

Baseline 0.0% Low-NOx Burners+SNCR 50.0% Baseline 395.00 6.80 424.37 0.00 0.00 7.28 21.35 0.82 0.93

Clinker 

Cooler Baseline 0.0% Baseline 0.0% Baseline 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.94 0.06 0.00
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Table D-2: Colstrip Unit 1 Modeling Parameters

Unit

SO2

Control

(a)

Percent

Reduction

(b)

NOx

Control

(c)

Percent

Reduction

(d)

PM

Control

Emission Rates (lb/hr) (e)

SO2 SO4 NOx HNO3 NO3 PMC PMF EC SOA

Unit 1 Baseline @ 0.40 lb/Mmbtu 0.0% Baseline @0.308 lb/MMBtu 0.0% Baseline 2645.17 58.50 1528.75 0.00 0.00 35.08 86.15 3.31 14.93

Unit 1 Lime Injection @0.15 

lb/MMbtu 62.5% Baseline @0.308 lb/MMBtu 0.0% Baseline 991.94 58.50 1528.75 0.00 0.00 35.08 86.15 3.31 14.93

Unit 1

Lime Injection and Additional 

Scrubber Vessel @0.08 

lb/Mmbtu

80.0% Baseline @0.308 lb/MMBtu 0.0% Baseline 529.03 58.50 1528.75 0.00 0.00 35.08 86.15 3.31 14.93

Unit 1 Baseline @ 0.40 lb/Mmbtu 0.0% SOFA @ 0.20 lb/MMbtu 35.1% Baseline 2645.17 58.50 992.69 0.00 0.00 35.08 86.15 3.31 14.93

Unit 1 Baseline @ 0.40 lb/Mmbtu 0.0% SNCR+SOFA @ 0.15 

lb/MMBtu 51.3% Baseline 2645.17 58.50 744.52 0.00 0.00 35.08 86.15 3.31 14.93

Unit 1 Baseline @ 0.40 lb/Mmbtu 0.0% SCR+SOFA @ 0.05 lb/MMBtu 83.8% Baseline 2645.17 58.50 248.17 0.00 0.00 35.08 86.15 3.31 14.93

(a) The average annual SO2 rate is shown. The baseline rate represents the average annual emissions 2000-2010.

(b) The annual percentage reduction from baseline is shown.

(c) Annual lb/MMBtu NOx rates are shown. The baseline rate represents the average annual emissions 2008-2010. 

(d) The annual percentage reduction from baseline is shown.

(e) Post-control SO2 and Nox emission rates are calculated as a percentage of pre-control emission rates based on 

the percent reduction being evaluated.
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Table D-3: Colstrip Unit 2 Modeling Parameters

Unit

SO2

Control

(a)

Percent

Reduction

(b)

NOx

Control

(c)

Percent

Reduction

(d)

PM

Control

Emission Rates (lb/hr) (e)

SO2 SO4 NOx HNO3 NO3 PMC PMF EC SOA

Unit 2 Baseline @ 0.40 lb/Mmbtu 0.0% Baseline @0.309 lb/MMBtu 0.0% Baseline 2249.75 58.12 1709.83 0.00 0.00 43.02 105.64 4.06 14.83

Unit 2 Lime Injection @0.15 

lb/MMbtu 62.5% Baseline @0.309 lb/MMBtu 0.0% Baseline 843.66 58.12 1709.83 0.00 0.00 43.02 105.64 4.06 14.83

Unit 2

Lime Injection and Additional 

Scrubber Vessel @0.08 

lb/Mmbtu

80.0% Baseline @0.309 lb/MMBtu 0.0% Baseline 449.95 58.12 1709.83 0.00 0.00 43.02 105.64 4.06 14.83

Unit 2 Baseline @ 0.40 lb/Mmbtu 0.0% SOFA @ 0.20 lb/MMbtu 35.3% Baseline 2249.75 58.12 1106.69 0.00 0.00 43.02 105.64 4.06 14.83

Unit 2 Baseline @ 0.40 lb/Mmbtu 0.0% SNCR+SOFA @ 0.15 

lb/MMBtu 51.5% Baseline 2249.75 58.12 830.02 0.00 0.00 43.02 105.64 4.06 14.83

Unit 2 Baseline @ 0.40 lb/Mmbtu 0.0% SCR+SOFA @ 0.05 lb/MMBtu 83.8% Baseline 2249.75 58.12 276.67 0.00 0.00 43.02 105.64 4.06 14.83

(a) The average annual SO2 rate is shown. The baseline rate represents the average annual emissions 2000-2010.

(b) The annual percentage reduction from baseline is shown.

(c) Annual lb/MMBtu NOx rates are shown. The baseline rate represents the average annual emissions 2008-2010. 

(d) The annual percentage reduction from baseline is shown.

(e) Post-control SO2 and Nox emission rates are calculated as a percentage of pre-control emission rates based on 

the percent reduction being evaluated.
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Table D-4: Colstrip Unit 3 Modeling Parameters

Unit

SO2

Control

(a)

Percent

Reduction

(b)

NOx

Control

(c)

Percent

Reduction

(d)

PM

Control

Emission Rates (lb/hr) (e)

SO2 SO4 NOx HNO3 NO3 PMC PMF EC SOA

Unit 3 Baseline @ 0.091 

lb/Mmbtu 0.0% Baseline @ 0.168 lb/MMBtu 0.0% Baseline 784.92 17.30 1478.92 0.00 0.00 43.25 106.21 4.08 7.19

Unit 3 Baseline @ 0.091 

lb/Mmbtu 0.0% SNCR @ 0.126 lb/MMBtu 25.0% Baseline 784.92 17.30 1109.19 0.00 0.00 43.25 106.21 4.08 7.19

Unit 3 Baseline @ 0.091 

lb/Mmbtu 0.0% SCR @ 0.05 lb/MMBtu 70.2% Baseline 784.92 17.30 440.15 0.00 0.00 43.25 106.21 4.08 7.19

(a) The average annual SO2 rate is shown. The baseline rate represents the average annual emissions 2000-2010.

(b) The annual percentage reduction from baseline is shown.

(c) Annual lb/MMBtu NOx rates are shown. The baseline rate represents the annual emissions for 2008-2010. 

(d) The annual percentage reduction from baseline is shown.

(e) Post-control NOx emission rates are calculated as a percentage of pre-control emission rates based on the 

percent reduction being evaluated.
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Table D-5: Colstrip Unit 4 Modeling Parameters

Unit

SO2

Control

(a)

Percent

Reduction

(b)

NOx

Control

(c)

Percent

Reduction

(d)

PM

Control

Emission Rates (lb/hr) (e)

SO2 SO4 NOx HNO3 NO3 PMC PMF EC SOA

Unit 4 Baseline @ 0.090 

lb/Mmbtu 0.0% Baseline @ 0.171 lb/MMBtu 0.0% Baseline 829.75 17.30 1443.33 0.00 0.00 45.08 110.70 4.25 7.50

Unit 4 Baseline @ 0.090 

lb/Mmbtu 0.0% SNCR @ 0.128 lb/MMBtu 25.0% Baseline 829.75 17.30 1082.92 0.00 0.00 45.08 110.70 4.25 7.50

Unit 4 Baseline @ 0.090 

lb/Mmbtu 0.0% SCR @ 0.05 lb/MMBtu 70.8% Baseline 829.75 17.30 422.03 0.00 0.00 45.08 110.70 4.25 7.50

(a) The average annual SO2 rate is shown. The baseline rate represents the average annual emissions 2000-2010.

(b) The annual percentage reduction from baseline is shown.

(c) Annual lb/MMBtu NOx rates are shown. The baseline rate represents the annual emissions for 2010. 

(d) The annual percentage reduction from baseline is shown.

(e) Post-control NOx emission rates are calculated as a percentage of pre-control emission rates based on the 

percent reduction being evaluated.
UNC-CH: Modeling Report for WA 5-13 Contract EP-D-07-102

UNC-EMAQ (5-13)-008.v1 55 March 16, 2012

Table D-6: Corette Modeling Parameters

Unit

SO2

Control

Percent

Reduction

NOx

Control

Percent

Reduction PM

Control

Emission Rates (lb/hr)

SO2 SO4 NOx HNO3 NO3 PMC PMF EC SOA

Corette Baseline @ 0.461 lb/MMBtu 0.0% Baseline @ 0.274 lb/MMBtu 0.0% Baseline 1135.00 21.30 604.00 0.00 0.00 60.48 44.45 1.71 3.88

Corette Dry Sorbent Injection @ 

0.231 lb/MMBtu 50.0% Baseline @ 0.274 lb/MMBtu 0.0% Baseline 567.50 21.30 604.00 0.00 0.00 60.48 44.45 1.71 3.88

Corette SDA FGD @ 0.065 lb/MMBtu 85.9% Baseline @ 0.274 lb/MMBtu 0.0% Baseline 160.03 21.30 604.00 0.00 0.00 60.48 44.45 1.71 3.88

Corette Wet FGD @ 0.060 lb/MMBtu 87.0% Baseline @ 0.274 lb/MMBtu 0.0% Baseline 147.72 21.30 604.00 0.00 0.00 60.48 44.45 1.71 3.88

Corette Baseline @ 0.461 lb/MMBtu 0.0% SOFA @ 0.20 lb/MMbtu 27.0% Baseline 1135.00 21.30 440.88 0.00 0.00 60.48 44.45 1.71 3.88

Corette Baseline @ 0.461 lb/MMBtu 0.0% SNCR+SOFA @ 0.15 

lb/MMBtu 45.3% Baseline 1135.00 21.30 330.66 0.00 0.00 60.48 44.45 1.71 3.88

Corette Baseline @ 0.461 lb/MMBtu 0.0% SCR+SOFA @ 0.05 lb/MMBtu 81.8% Baseline 1135.00 21.30 110.22 0.00 0.00 60.48 44.45 1.71 3.88
UNC-CH: Modeling Report for WA 5-13 Contract EP-D-07-102

UNC-EMAQ (5-13)-008.v1 56 March 16, 2012

Table D-7: Holcim Modeling Parameters

Unit

SO2

Control

Percent

Reduction

NOx

Control

Percent

Reduction PM

Control

Emission Rates (lb/hr)

SO2 SO4 NOx HNO3 NO3 PMC PMF EC SOA

Kiln Baseline 0.0% Baseline 0.0% Baseline 134.70 8.60 664.80 0.00 0.00 9.20 27.10 1.00 1.20

Kiln Fuel Switching (25% coke

with a 5.3% sulfur content) 32.0% Baseline 0.0% Baseline 91.60 8.60 664.80 0.00 0.00 9.20 27.10 1.00 1.20

Kiln Fuel Switching (25% coke 

with a 3.5% sulfur content) 45.0% Baseline 0.0% Baseline 74.09 8.60 664.80 0.00 0.00 9.20 27.10 1.00 1.20

Kiln Fuel Switching (25% coke 

with a 2.9% sulfur content) 50.0% Baseline 0.0% Baseline 67.35 8.60 664.80 0.00 0.00 9.20 27.10 1.00 1.20

Kiln DSI 25.0% Baseline 0.0% Baseline 101.03 8.60 664.80 0.00 0.00 9.20 27.10 1.00 1.20

Kiln SDA 90.0% Baseline 0.0% Baseline 13.47 8.60 664.80 0.00 0.00 9.20 27.10 1.00 1.20

Kiln Wet Scrubber 95.0% Baseline 0.0% Baseline 6.74 8.60 664.80 0.00 0.00 9.20 27.10 1.00 1.20

Kiln Baseline 0.0% Low-NOx Burners 15.0% Baseline 134.70 8.60 565.08 0.00 0.00 9.20 27.10 1.00 1.20

Kiln Baseline 0.0% SNCR 35.0% Baseline 134.70 8.60 432.12 0.00 0.00 9.20 27.10 1.00 1.20

Baseline 0.0% Low-NOx Burners+SNCR 50.0% Baseline 134.70 8.60 332.40 0.00 0.00 9.20 27.10 1.00 1.20

Clinker 

Cooler Baseline 0.0% Baseline 0.0% Baseline 0.00 7.90 0.00 0.00 0.00 21.70 23.20 0.90 1.10