[Cite as Fluellen v. Miller, 2024-Ohio-265.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

TENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

Zanteea Fluellen, :

Plaintiff-Appellant, :

 No. 23AP-472

v. : (C.P.C. No. 23CV-4026)

Mark S. Miller, et al., : (ACCELERATED CALENDAR)

Defendants-Appellees. :

D E C I S I O N

Rendered on January 25, 2024

On brief: Zanteea Fluellen, pro se. 

APPEAL from the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas

EDELSTEIN, J.

{¶ 1} Plaintiff-appellant, Zanteea Fluellen, appeals, pro se, from the July 11, 2023

judgment of the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas dismissing her complaint against 

defendants-appellees, Mark S. Miller, Bethel Barker, Ken Barker, and K&B Investments of 

Grove City, LLC pursuant to Civ.R. 12(B)(6). The controversy arose out of the parties’

landlord-tenant relationship. For the foregoing reasons, we reverse, in part, and remand 

this matter to the trial court for further proceedings consistent with this decision.

I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

{¶ 2} On June 6, 2023, Ms. Fluellen initiated a civil action in the lower court 

seeking damages and declaratory relief from appellees—identified as the owners, 

managers, and/or operators of the townhouse in which Ms. Fluellen resided. (See June 6, 

2023 Compl. at ¶ 1-2.) In her complaint, Ms. Fluellen alleged that after she made numerous 

complaints about the condition of her premises—namely “frequent plumbing issues”—to 

appellees, her monthly rent amount increased multiple times (from $685 to $780, then to 

$955) over an unspecified timeframe. (Compl. at ¶ 4-6.) And after receiving notice that 
No. 23AP-472 2

appellees would be increasing her monthly rent amount to $1,350, Ms. Fluellen alleged she 

had no choice but to move out. (See Compl. at ¶ 6.) Ms. Fluellen also claimed that after she 

moved out, appellees retained her deposit “even though [she] left the premises in the 

similar form as when she first occupied the premises.” (Compl. at ¶ 7.) 

{¶ 3} In addition to claiming the rent increases were retaliatory (Compl. at ¶ 6), 

Ms. Fluellen alleged in her complaint that Bethel Barker promised that her initial monthly 

rent amount ($685) “would be consistent with no drastic increases” (Compl. at ¶ 3). Thus, 

she also asserted breach of contract and promissory estoppel claims against appellees 

individually and/or under a vicarious liability theory. (See Compl. at ¶ 1, 9.) 

{¶ 4} On June 12, 2023, appellees moved to dismiss Ms. Fluellen’s complaint under 

Civ.R. 12(B)(6) for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. Ms. Fluellen 

did not file any written response to that motion. 

{¶ 5} The trial court issued an entry granting appellees’ motion to dismiss on 

July 11, 2023. Ms. Fluellen timely appealed from that judgment and asserts the following 

two assignments of error for our review:

[I.] THE TRIAL COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETION AND 

COMMITTED PREJUDICIAL ERROR BY NOT ENSURING 

THAT [MS. FLUELLEN] HAD RECEIVED APPELLEE[]S[’] 

MOTION TO DISMISS, AND BY NOT GIVING [HER] AN 

OPPORTUNITY TO DEVELOP HER ARGUMENT VIA 

DISCOVERY. 

[II.] THE TRIAL COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETION AND 

COMMITTED PREJUDICIAL ERROR BY NOT USING THE 

PROPER STANDARDS FOR RETALIATION, BREACH OF 

CONTRACT, AND PROMISSORY ESTOPPEL AS IT APPLIES 

TO LANDLORD/TENANT LAWS.

II. ANALYSIS

A. Applicable Law and Standard of Review for Civ.R. 12(B)(6) Dismissal

{¶ 6} A motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be 

granted under Civ.R. 12(B)(6) is a procedural test of a civil complaint’s sufficiency. Cool v. 

Frenchko, 10th Dist. No. 21AP-4, 2022-Ohio-3747, ¶ 13, quoting Morrow v. Reminger & 

Reminger Co. LPA, 183 Ohio App.3d 40, 2009-Ohio-2665, ¶ 7 (10th Dist.). Dismissal of a 

complaint pursuant to Civ.R. 12(B)(6) is appropriate “only if it appears beyond a doubt that 
No. 23AP-472 3

the plaintiff can prove no set of facts entitling the plaintiff to recovery.” Bullard v. 

McDonald’s, 10th Dist. No. 20AP-374, 2021-Ohio-1505, ¶ 11. In determining whether 

dismissal is appropriate, the trial court “must presume all factual allegations contained in 

the complaint to be true and must make all reasonable inferences in favor of the plaintiff.” 

Id. “The court need not, however, accept as true any unsupported and conclusory legal 

propositions advanced in the complaint.” Id. 

{¶ 7} We review a trial court’s dismissal pursuant to Civ.R. 12(B)(6) de novo. State 

ex rel. Ohio Civ. Serv. Emps. Assn. v. State, 146 Ohio St.3d 315, 2016-Ohio-478, ¶ 12, citing 

Perrysburg Twp. v. Rossford, 103 Ohio St.3d 79, 2004-Ohio-4362, ¶ 5. When reviewing 

the sufficiency of a complaint under Civ.R. 12(B)(6), we are mindful that Civ.R. 8(A) 

provides for notice pleading, which requires only a “short and plain statement of the claim 

showing that the party is entitled to relief, and * * * a demand for judgment for the relief to 

which the party claims to be entitled.” Accordingly, “[a] judgment granting a 

Civ.R. 12(B)(6) motion to dismiss may be affirmed only when there is no set of facts under 

which the nonmoving party could recover.” Dunlop v. Ohio Dept. of Job & Family Servs., 

10th Dist. No. 16AP-550, 2017-Ohio-5531, ¶ 10, citing O’Brien v. Univ. Community Tenants 

Union, Inc., 42 Ohio St.2d 242 (1975), syllabus.

B. First Assignment of Error

{¶ 8} In her first assignment of error, Ms. Fluellen claims the trial court 

prematurely ruled on appellees’ motion to dismiss. Specifically, she contends she should 

have been given a “valid opportunity” to respond to appellees’ motion and a chance to prove 

her claims through discovery before the trial court issued its judgment. We disagree. 

{¶ 9} Civ.R. 6(C)(1) establishes a 14-day period for a nonmoving party to respond 

to all motions except those brought under Civ.R. 56. And, it is well-established that “trial 

courts have inherent authority to manage their own dockets and the cases before them.” 

(Citations omitted.) Lupo v. Columbus, 10th Dist. No. 13AP-1063, 2014-Ohio-2792, ¶ 20. 

As such, the trial court was permitted to rule on appellees’ motion to dismiss at any point 

after Ms. Fluellen’s 14-day response period expired on June 26, 2023. After that date 

passed, the trial court had no obligation to wait for her response. The trial court issued its 

decision on July 11, 2023, in clear accordance with that rule.
No. 23AP-472 4

{¶ 10} Ms. Fluellen also maintains that she did not receive a copy of appellees’

motion because the clerk’s office failed to record the change of address notice she 

purportedly mailed to the clerk. (Brief of Appellant at 5.) While not explicitly argued in her 

brief, we infer that she intends to contend that such failure deprived her of due process 

because she did not receive appellees’ motion to dismiss and thus was prevented from 

responding to it. This argument is not well-taken.

{¶ 11} Although Ms. Fluellen insists she mailed the clerk’s office written notice of 

her new address, the record before us does not contain the written notice she allegedly sent.

Our review is limited to the record of the proceedings at trial; thus, we cannot rely on factual 

assertions outside the record to review the trial court’s ruling on appellees’ motion to 

dismiss. See Freeh v. Hill, 10th Dist. No. 13AP-377, 2014-Ohio-3929, ¶ 19, quoting Colley 

v. Colley, 10th Dist. No. 09AP-333, 2009-Ohio-6776, ¶ 12, quoting Morgan v. Eads, 104 

Ohio St.3d 142, 2004-Ohio-6110, ¶ 13, citing App.R. 9 and 12(A)(1)(b). 

{¶ 12} In any event, appellees’ counsel—not the clerk’s office—was responsible for 

sending a copy of the motion to Ms. Fluellen. See Civ.R. 5(A). The certificate of service 

states that a copy of appellees’ motion to dismiss was sent to Ms. Fluellen via regular U.S. 

mail at her Sawbury address on June 12, 2023. (See June 12, 2023 Mot. to Dismiss at 5.) 

And, we note the address in that certificate of service is identical to the address Ms. Fluellen

provided in the complaint she filed on June 6, 2023. Under Civ.R. 5(B)(2)(c), a document 

is properly served when it is “mail[ed] to the person’s last known address by United States 

mail, in which event service is complete upon mailing.” Ms. Fluellen does not claim she 

notified appellees’ counsel of her new address at any point during the six-day period 

between the filing of her complaint and the mailing of appellees’ motion. Thus, we do not 

find Ms. Fluellen’s due process argument compelling. 

{¶ 13} Finally, Ms. Fluellen argues it was error for the trial court to rule on appellees’

motion to dismiss before the parties had engaged in discovery. (Brief of Appellant at 5.) 

But, she misunderstands the precise function of Civ.R. 12(B)(6). A motion to dismiss under 

Civ.R. 12(B)(6), as explained above, is directed solely at the pleadings. See, e.g., Assn. for 

Defense of Washington Local School Dist. v. Kiger, 42 Ohio St.3d 116, 117 (1989); Hughes 

v. Nationwide Mut. Fire Ins. Co., 10th Dist. No. 15AP-94, 2015-Ohio-5119, ¶ 10-12. “It is 

axiomatic that discovery under the Civil Rules is generally outside the scope of the 
No. 23AP-472 5

pleadings.” Winkle v. Southdown, Inc., 2d Dist. No. 92-CA-107, 1993 Ohio App. LEXIS 

4295, *13 (Sept. 3, 1993), citing Poulos v. Parker Sweeper Co., 44 Ohio St.3d 124 (1989). 

Thus, when ruling on a motion to dismiss pursuant to Civ.R. 12(B)(6), discovery documents 

and evidence not contained in the pleadings are generally irrelevant to the trial court’s 

determination of whether the allegations contained in the complaint are sufficient to state 

a claim upon which relief can be granted.1 We reject Ms. Fluellen’s contention otherwise.

{¶ 14} Based on the foregoing, we do not find any reason to conclude the trial court 

prematurely ruled on appellees’ motion to dismiss. Accordingly, Ms. Fluellen’s first 

assignment of error is overruled. 

C. Second Assignment of Error

{¶ 15} In her second assignment of error, Ms. Fluellen contends the trial court erred 

in granting appellees’ Civ.R. 12(B)(6) motion and dismissing all claims alleged in her 

complaint. Specifically, Ms. Fluellen posits that the trial court failed to use “the proper 

standards for retaliation, breach of contract, and promissory estoppel as it applies to 

landlord/tenant laws.” (Brief of Appellant at 5.) Her contention is not well-taken as it 

relates to the promissory estoppel and breach of contract causes of action. However, we do 

find merit in her argument regarding the trial court’s analysis of the retaliation claim. 

1. Breach of Contract Claim

{¶ 16} To establish a claim for breach of contract, a plaintiff must show the existence 

of a contract, performance by the plaintiff, breach by the defendant, and damage or loss to 

the plaintiff resulting from the breach. Lucarell v. Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co., 152 Ohio St.3d 

453, 2018-Ohio-15, ¶ 41. In support of her breach-of-contract claim, however, Ms. Fluellen 

did not allege the existence of a contract; rather, she merely stated that her complaint 

“involves breach of contract and/or promissory estoppel.” (Compl. at ¶ 1.) Nor did she 

1 The purpose of discovery is not to permit one party to conduct a “fishing expedition” for evidence to support 

their claim. See Winkle at *14-15. One exception is the limited discovery allowable under the “action for 

discovery” created by R.C. 2317.48. See Poulos at 127. In Poulos, the Supreme Court of Ohio held that 

discovery sought under R.C. 2317.48 is limited “solely to interrogatories specifically concerning the facts 

necessary to the complaint or answer.” Id. The court characterized the action for prefiling discovery as 

occupying a “small niche between an unacceptable ‘fishing expedition’ and a short and plain statement of a 

complaint or defense filed pursuant to the Civil Rules.” Id. But, in this case, Ms. Fluellen did not seek discovery 

under R.C. 2317.48 and fails to show any legal authority to support her contention that she was entitled to full 

discovery under the Civil Rules before the trial court could rule on appellees’ Civ.R. 12(B)(6) motion to 

dismiss. 
No. 23AP-472 6

particularly allege what conduct she claims by appellees constituted a breach. As such, we 

find that Ms. Fluellen did not allege the necessary elements to sustain a breach of contract 

claim in her complaint.

{¶ 17} Furthermore, Ms. Fluellen did not comply with the procedural requirements 

for asserting such claim. Civ.R. 10(D)(1) requires the party asserting a breach of contract 

claim to attach a copy of the written instrument(s) at issue to the complaint. True, the rule 

also permits a claimant to assert a breach of contract claim without attaching the 

controlling agreement if “the reason for the omission” is stated in the pleading. 

Civ.R. 10(D)(1). But, Ms. Fluellen failed to do either in this case. 

{¶ 18} Significantly, too, Ms. Fluellen does not support her contention on appeal 

that the trial court erred in dismissing her breach of contract claim with a legal argument 

supported by citations to legal authority. It remains unclear from both her complaint and 

merit brief precisely how she believes appellees’ actions form the basis of a viable breach of 

contract claim. Ms. Fluellen asserts she was “lawfully entitled” to the return of her deposit, 

but she does not cite to the legal authority on which that assertion is based. (See Brief of 

Appellant at 8.) Although she cites to one case for support—“Ruble v. M&L Properties, 

Ltd.[,] 2010-Ohio-6353”—that case name does not match the citation she provides. (Brief 

of Appellant at 8.) In the absence of any indication of the deciding court, holding, or pin 

cite on which Ms. Fluellen intends to rely, we are unable to guess about the case she 

intended to cite. See App.R. 16(A)(7) (requiring an appellant to support all assignments of 

error with “[a]n argument containing the contentions of the appellant with respect to each 

assignment of error presented for review and the reasons in support of the contentions, 

with citations to the authorities, statutes, and parts of the record on which appellant 

relies”).

{¶ 19} For all of these reasons, we must affirm the trial court’s dismissal of Ms. 

Fluellen’s breach of contract claim under Civ.R. 12(B)(6). 

2. Promissory Estoppel Claim

{¶ 20} At the outset, we note that Ms. Fluellen does not make any legal arguments 

or cite to any legal authority to support her contention on appeal that the trial court erred 

in dismissing her promissory estoppel claim under Civ.R. 12(B)(6), as is required by App.R. 
No. 23AP-472 7

16(A)(7) and 12(A)(2). In any event, we find no error in the trial court’s decision to dismiss 

that claim.

{¶ 21} In the absence of a signed written agreement, a party may recover under the 

doctrine of promissory estoppel for harm incurred by a fraudulent oral promise or breach 

of an oral agreement. See, e.g., Olympic Holding Co., L.L.C. v. ACE Ltd., 122 Ohio St.3d 

89, 2009-Ohio-2057, ¶ 39-40. The elements of a claim for promissory estoppel are: (1) a 

clear and unambiguous promise; (2) reliance by the party to whom the promise is made; 

(3) the reliance must be reasonable and foreseeable; and (4) the party relying on the 

promise must have been injured by the reliance. See Malempati v. Indep. Inpatient 

Physicians, Inc., 10th Dist. No. 12AP-565, 2013-Ohio-3543, ¶ 25, quoting Holt Co. v. Ohio 

Mach. Co., 10th Dist. No. 06AP-911, 2007-Ohio-5557, ¶ 30.

{¶ 22} In her complaint, Ms. Fluellen alleges Bethel Barker promised that her initial 

monthly rent amount of $685 “would be consistent with no drastic increases.” (Compl. at 

¶ 3.) Arguably, this promise is ambiguous, as the meaning of “drastic increase” is unclear. 

But even if this were clear and unambiguous, Ms. Fluellen does not explicitly state in her 

complaint that she relied on that promise, that her reliance was reasonable and foreseeable, 

or how she was injured by the reliance. And, while Ms. Fluellen’s reliance could be inferred 

based on her decision to continue renting from appellees, we do not find sufficient facts in 

her complaint from which Ms. Fluellen’s reasonable and foreseeable reliance or injury by 

the reliance can be deduced. 

{¶ 23} For instance, although Ms. Fluellen generally alleged that appellees, Mark S. 

Miller, Bethel Barker, Ken Barker, and K&B Investments of Grove City, LLC 

“owned/operated/managed” the townhouse she rented (Compl. at ¶ 2), her complaint does 

not explain who Bethel Barker is, what authority (if any) he had to make any such promise, 

to whom she remitted her monthly rent payments, or who had the authority to increase her 

rent amount. Nor does her complaint contain any allegations as to when she began renting 

from appellees, when Bethel Barker’s promise was made, when any of the rent increases at 

issue occurred, when she moved out, or how she was injured by her reliance on Bethel 

Barker’s promise. In the absence of a written contract or any allegation in her complaint as 

to the terms of her rental agreement(s)—oral or written—there are simply no facts from 

which we could extrapolate all necessary elements of a promissory estoppel claim. 
No. 23AP-472 8

{¶ 24} For all of the above reasons, we affirm the trial court’s dismissal of that claim. 

3. Claim for Retaliatory Action by Landlord

{¶ 25} Ms. Fluellen’s primary argument in support of her second assignment of 

error is that the trial court erred when it evaluated the retaliation claim brought pursuant 

to R.C. 5321.02. For the following reasons, we agree.

{¶ 26} R.C. 5321.02(A) prohibits a landlord from, among other things, increasing a 

tenant’s rent because:

(1) The tenant has complained to an appropriate governmental 

agency of a violation of a building, housing, health, or safety 

code that is applicable to the premises, and the violation 

materially affects health and safety;

(2) The tenant has complained to the landlord of any violation 

of section 5321.04 of the Revised Code;

(3) The tenant joined with other tenants for the purpose of 

negotiating or dealing collectively with the landlord on any 

of the terms and conditions of a rental agreement.

{¶ 27} Although the trial court acknowledged all three categories of conduct 

protected by the statute, it only found that Ms. Fluellen’s complaint failed to allege any facts 

that would support a claim for retaliation under R.C. 5321.02(A)(1) (complaint to 

government entity) and R.C. 5321.02(A)(3) (collective action with other tenants). 

(Compare July 11, 2023 Entry at 3, with Entry at 5.) The trial court made no determination, 

however, about whether the allegations set forth in Ms. Fluellen’s complaint would support 

a claim for retaliation under R.C. 5321.02(A)(2). (See Entry at 5.) For this reason, we 

conclude the trial court erred. And, on review of the complaint, we cannot say this error 

was harmless. 

{¶ 28} R.C. 5321.04 sets forth the obligations Ohio law imposes upon landlords. 

That statute requires landlords to do all of the following:

(1) Comply with the requirements of all applicable building, 

housing, health, and safety codes that materially affect health 

and safety;

(2) Make all repairs and do whatever is reasonably necessary to 

put and keep the premises in a fit and habitable condition;
No. 23AP-472 9

(3) Keep all common areas of the premises in a safe and 

sanitary condition;

(4) Maintain in good and safe working order and condition all 

electrical, plumbing, sanitary, heating, ventilating, and air 

conditioning fixtures and appliances, and elevators, supplied 

or required to be supplied by the landlord;

(5) When the landlord is a party to any rental agreements that 

cover four or more dwelling units in the same structure, 

provide and maintain appropriate receptacles for the removal 

of ashes, garbage, rubbish, and other waste incidental to the 

occupancy of a dwelling unit, and arrange for their removal;

(6) Supply running water, reasonable amounts of hot water, 

and reasonable heat at all times, except where the building that 

includes the dwelling unit is not required by law to be equipped 

for that purpose, or the dwelling unit is so constructed that heat 

or hot water is generated by an installation within the exclusive 

control of the tenant and supplied by a direct public utility 

connection;

(7) Not abuse the right of access conferred by division (B) of 

section 5321.05 of the Revised Code;

(8) Except in the case of emergency or if it is impracticable to 

do so, give the tenant reasonable notice of the landlord’s intent 

to enter and enter only at reasonable times. Twenty-four hours 

is presumed to be a reasonable notice in the absence of 

evidence to the contrary.

(9) Promptly commence an action under Chapter 1923. of the 

Revised Code, after complying with division (C) of section 

5321.17 of the Revised Code, to remove a tenant from particular 

residential premises, if the tenant fails to vacate the premises 

within three days after the giving of the notice required by that 

division and if the landlord has actual knowledge of or has 

reasonable cause to believe that the tenant, any person in the 

tenant’s household, or any person on the premises with the 

consent of the tenant previously has or presently is engaged in 

a violation as described in division (A)(6)(a)(i) of section 

1923.02 of the Revised Code, whether or not the tenant or other 

person has been charged with, has pleaded guilty to or been 

convicted of, or has been determined to be a delinquent child 

for an act that, if committed by an adult, would be a violation 

as described in that division. Such actual knowledge or 
No. 23AP-472 10

reasonable cause to believe shall be determined in accordance 

with that division.

(10) Comply with the rights of tenants under the 

Servicemembers Civil Relief Act, 117 Stat. 2835, 50 U.S.C. App. 

501.

R.C. 5321.04(A). 

{¶ 29} In her complaint, Ms. Fluellen alleged that her rent was increased because 

she complained to her landlord “about problems at the premises, especially frequent 

plumbing issues.” (Compl. at ¶ 2, 4-6.) Her plumbing-related complaints undoubtedly 

implicate at least one—if not more—“violation(s) of section 5321.04 of the Revised Code.” 

See R.C. 5321.04(A)(2) (requiring a landlord “[m]ake all repairs and do whatever is 

reasonably necessary to put and keep the premises in a fit and habitable condition”); 

R.C. 5321.04(A)(4)(requiring a landlord to “[m]aintain in good and safe working order and 

condition all * * * plumbing * * * fixtures and appliances, * * * supplied or required to be 

supplied by the landlord”); R.C. 5321.04(A)(6) (requiring a landlord to “[s]upply running

water [and] reasonable amounts of hot water * * * at all times,” unless not required by law). 

{¶ 30} Based on the foregoing, we find that Ms. Fluellen’s complaint quite plainly 

contained factual allegations which, if true and not subject to any viable defenses, would 

support a claim for retaliation under R.C. 5321.02(A)(2). Because the trial court did not 

consider the sufficiency of Ms. Fluellen’s retaliation claim under R.C. 5321.02(A)(2), we 

thus conclude the trial court erred in finding that Ms. Fluellen’s complaint failed to state a 

claim for retaliation under Civ.R. 12(B)(6) and dismissing the entire action.

{¶ 31} We note that Ms. Fluellen does not challenge on appeal the propriety of the 

trial court’s rulings on her request for declaratory relief and punitive damages. (See Entry 

at 5.) Because the trial court did not address the viability of these remedies in the context 

of analyzing the sufficiency of Ms. Fluellen’s claim for retaliation under R.C. 5321.02(A)(2), 

we decline to do so in the first instance. Accordingly, we must remand this matter to the 

trial court for further review and proceedings consistent with this decision. Should the trial 

court determine on remand that Ms. Fluellen’s complaint contains sufficient allegations to 

support her retaliation claim, then the availability of such remedies must be reconsidered 

and resolved. 
No. 23AP-472 11

{¶ 32} For these reasons, we sustain, in part, and overrule, in part, Ms. Fluellen’s 

second assignment of error. 

III. CONCLUSION

{¶ 33} Having overruled Ms. Fluellen’s first assignment of error but sustained, in 

part, her second assignment of error, we reverse the July 11, 2023 judgment of the Franklin 

County Court of Common Pleas and remand this matter for further proceedings consistent 

with this decision. 

Judgment reversed;

cause remanded with instructions.

BEATTY BLUNT and JAMISON, JJ., concur.