[Cite as 12312 Mayfield Rd., L.L.C. v. High & Low Little Italy, L.L.C., 2024-Ohio-2717.]

COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA

12312 MAYFIELD ROAD, LLC, :

Plaintiff-Appellant, :

No. 113549

v. :

HIGH & LOW LITTLE ITALY, :

LLC,

Defendant-Appellee. :

JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION

JUDGMENT: REVERSED AND REMANDED

RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: July 18, 2024 

Civil Appeal from the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas

Case No. CV-22-972549

Appearances:

Walter | Haverfield LLP, Mark S. Fusco, Alexandra V. 

Dattilo, and Anthony R. Santiago, for appellant.

Contract Esquire LLC and Matthew L. Snyder, for 

appellee.

MARY EILEEN KILBANE, P.J.:

Plaintiff-appellant 12312 Mayfield Road, LLC (“Mayfield”) appeals 

the trial court’s December 28, 2023 judgment entry that granted defendant-appellee 
High & Low Little Italy, LLC’s (“High & Low”) motion to compel documents that 

Mayfield claims are protected by the attorney-client privilege. For the reasons that 

follow, we reverse the trial court’s order and remand for proceedings consistent with 

this opinion.

Factual and Procedural History

On January 11, 2019, Mayfield and High & Low executed a lease 

agreement whereby High & Low was to occupy leased spaced at a commercial 

property owned by Mayfield and operate a wine bar and bistro.

1 On November 30, 

2022, High & Low notified Mayfield that it was terminating the lease agreement and 

vacating the building prior to the end of the lease term. On December 14, 2022, 

Mayfield filed a complaint against High & Low that alleged breach of contract. On 

January 9, 2023, High & Low filed an answer and counterclaim that alleged breach 

of contract, fraud, promissory estoppel, and unjust enrichment. Mayfield filed an 

amended complaint on January 11, 2023.

During the pendency of the lawsuit, the parties conducted discovery, 

and High & Low filed several motions to compel discovery by Mayfield. On 

November 16, 2023, High & Low filed its third motion to compel; the portion of that 

motion that sought documents allegedly protected by the attorney-client privilege is 

the subject of this appeal. 

1 The lease agreement was executed by Mayfield and High & Low LLC. High & Low 

LLC subsequently assigned its rights in the lease agreement to High & Low Little Italy, 

LLC, the appellee in this matter.
Specifically, High & Low sought unredacted copies of email 

communications between Mayfield, its attorneys, and its real estate agents/brokers

(“brokers”). In opposition to the motion to compel, Mayfield asserted the 

communications were protected by the attorney-client privilege because the 

documents related to negotiating, drafting, and providing legal advice on the sale or 

lease of Mayfield’s commercial property. Mayfield argued that its agents, the 

brokers, “assist[ed] counsel with business transactions” and the intertwining of 

business dealings and legal advice fell under the purview of the attorney-client 

privilege. Mayfield’s brief in opposition to third motion to compel, p. 8. In defense 

of the documents request, Mayfield initially provided a redaction log that identified 

24 documents — 20 documents classified as nonresponsive and four documents

classified as subject to the attorney-client privilege — and subsequently provided a 

privilege log that listed 42 documents purportedly exempt from discovery due to the 

attorney-client privilege.

High & Low argued the documents were not protected by the 

attorney-client privilege because the brokers were not agents of Mayfield pursuant 

to agency law. 

On December 7, 2023, Mayfield requested that the trial court hold an 

evidentiary hearing to resolve the outstanding discovery issues. On December 15, 

2023, the trial court conducted a telephone conference and obtained a status update 

on the case including the outstanding motion to compel. In a journal entry issued 

on that same date, the trial court denied Mayfield’s request for an evidentiary 
hearing and stated it would rule on the motion to compel based upon the parties’ 

briefings.

On December 28, 2023, the trial court issued a detailed journal entry 

that found the attorney-client privilege did not apply and ordered Mayfield to 

provide the requested documents. The judgment entry reads, in pertinent part:

The court finds that Mayfield Road has not sufficiently complied with 

this request. Namely, the court finds that Mayfield’s assertion of 

attorney-client privilege as to the requested documents is not welltaken.

The addition or inclusion of any of Mayfield Road’s real estate agents 

(including but not limited to Michael Occhionero, Tony Visconsi, Isabel 

DeRoberts, and Conor Coakley) vitiates any claim to attorney-client 

privilege as it relates to the requested e-mails. This is because the real 

estate agents were not “agents” of Mayfield Road for the purposes of 

the laws of agency. The attorney-client privilege does not attach to any 

communications involving them. Indeed, paragraph 8 of the 

agreement between Mayfield Road and the real estate agents states as 

follows: 

“while we may assist you in gathering reasonably available information, 

we cannot represent or warrant the creditworthiness of any prospect 

and/or their ability to satisfy their obligations under a lease. All final 

business and legal decisions shall be made solely by you. 

Notwithstanding any designation of us as “agent” in this agreement, we 

will have no right, power, or authority to enter into any agreement with 

any prospective tenant, real estate broker, or any other person in the 

name of, on behalf of[,] [o]r otherwise binding upon you.” See High & 

Low’s exhibit I.

Further, the “dominant purpose” of the requested e-mails does not 

appear to be the procurement of legal advice. See Assn. Of Cleveland

Fire Fighters IAFF Local 93 v. City of Cleveland, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga 

No. 110329, 2021-Ohio-3602. Accordingly, the privilege does not 

attach. 

Accordingly, the motion to compel is granted as it pertains to High & 

Low’s request for production No. 5. Mayfield Road is ordered to 
produce the requested discovery to High & Low within fourteen (14) 

days from journalization of this order. . . .

Dec. 28, 2023 judgment entry.2 The trial court did not complete an in camera review 

of the documents in question and, therefore, they are not part of the record.

On January 10, 2024, Mayfield filed a motion to stay proceedings that 

the trial court granted. On the same date, appellant filed a timely appeal, presenting 

two assignments of error:

Assignment of Error I: The [t]rial [c]ourt erred by granting [a]ppellee’s 

motion to compel production of documents that are subject to the 

attorney client privilege.

Assignment of Error II: The [t]rial [c]ourt erred by failing to hold an 

evidentiary hearing or review in camera, the documents [appellant]

identified as subject to the attorney-client privilege before ordering 

[appellant] to produce documents.

Legal Analysis

For ease of discussion, we will address the assignments of error 

collectively.

The scope of discovery allows parties to “obtain discovery regarding 

any nonprivileged matter that is relevant to any party’s claim or defense and 

proportional to the needs of the case . . . .” Civ.R. 26. Trial courts have discretion to 

render decisions on discovery issues. Dandrew v. Silver, 2005-Ohio-6355, ¶ 36 (8th 

Dist.), citing Mauzy v. Kelly Servs., Inc., 75 Ohio St.3d 578, 592 (1996).

2 The December 28, 2023 judgment entry also denied the portion of the motion to 

compel that sought discovery on interrogatory request No. 33 and request for production 

No. 2 because Mayfield had already complied with those requests. 
Discovery matters are typically reviewed on appeal for an abuse of 

discretion. Wall v. Ohio Permanente Med. Group Inc., 119 Ohio App.3d 654, 661

(8th Dist. 1997), citing Henneman v. Toledo, 35 Ohio St.3d 241, 243-246 (1988). 

However, if the discovery issue involves privilege, the appropriate standard of 

review is determined by whether the asserted privilege raises a question of law or 

fact. Randall v. Cantwell Mach. Co., 2013-Ohio-2744, ¶ 9 (10th Dist.), citing MA 

Equip. Leasing I, L.L.C. v. Tilton, 2012-Ohio-4668, ¶ 13 (10th Dist.). A matter that 

requires an interpretation of statutory language to determine if requested 

information is privileged requires a de novo review. State v. Kelley, 2024-Ohio-157, 

¶ 31 (8th Dist.), citing Randall. Conversely, an issue on privilege that seeks the 

review of factual questions is subject to an abuse-of-discretion standard. Randall, 

citing MA Equip. Leasing I, L.L.C. at ¶ 13 (“When a claim of privilege requires review 

of factual questions, such as whether an attorney-client relationship existed, an 

abuse-of-discretion standard applies.”). 

The issue presented in the instant case demands a factual review and, 

thus, an abuse-of-discretion standard applies. A court abuses its discretion when it 

exercises its judgment in an unwarranted way with respect to a matter over which it 

has discretionary authority. Johnson v. Abdullah, 2021-Ohio-3304, ¶ 35. An abuse 

of discretion implies that the court’s attitude is unreasonable, arbitrary, or 

unconscionable. Blakemore v. Blakemore, 5 Ohio St.3d 217, 219 (1983).

In Ohio, the attorney-client privilege is governed either by R.C. 

2317.02(A) or, for those instances not addressed by the statute, by common law. 
State ex rel. Leslie v. Ohio Hous. Fin. Agency, 2005-Ohio-1508, ¶ 18. R.C. 

2317.02(A) applies to communications sought during discovery or trial and prevents 

an attorney from testifying about communications made to the attorney by his client 

or about the attorney’s advice to his client. Squire, Sanders & Dempsey, L.L.P. v. 

Givaudan Flavors Corp., 2010-Ohio-4469, ¶ 18, quoting Jackson v. Greger, 2006-

Ohio-4968, ¶ 7, fn. 1. “The common law attorney-client privilege reaches beyond 

the proscription against testimonial speech and protects against any dissemination 

of the information obtained from the confidential relationship.” State v. Hendon, 

2017-Ohio-352, ¶ 23 (9th Dist.), citing State ex rel. Toledo Blade Co. v. Toledo-Lucas 

Cty. Port Auth., 2009-Ohio-1767, ¶ 24. Here, the common law application of the 

attorney-client privilege applies.

A party invoking protection under the common law attorney-client 

privilege must establish the following: “(1) where legal advice of any kind is sought 

(2) from a professional legal adviser in his capacity as such, (3) the communications 

relating to that purpose, (4) made in confidence (5) by the client, (6) are at his 

instance permanently protected (7) from disclosure by himself or by the legal 

adviser, (8) unless the protection is waived.” Perfection Corp. v. Travelers Cas. & 

Sur., 2003-Ohio-3358, ¶ 12 (8th Dist.), quoting Fausek v. White, 965 F.2d 126, 129 

(6th Cir. 1992), quoting Humphreys, Hutcheson & Moseley v. Donovan, 755 F.2d 

1211, 1219 (6th Cir. 1985).

3

3 There is no material difference between Ohio’s attorney-client privilege and the 

federal attorney-client privilege. Am. Mun. Power, Inc. v. Voith Hydro, Inc., 2020 U.S. 
The attorney-client privilege, where not waived, protects 

communications relating to a fact of which the attorney was informed 

by his client, without the presence of strangers, for the purpose of 

securing primarily either an opinion of law or legal services, or 

assistance in some legal proceeding, and not for the purpose of 

committing a crime or tort. United States v. United Shoe Machine 

Corp. (D. Mass. 1950), 89 F. Supp. 357, 358. The purpose of the 

privilege is to promote “full and frank communications between 

attorneys and their clients[,] * * * thereby encouraging observance of 

the law and aiding in the administration of justice.” Commodity 

Futures Trading Corp. v. Weintraub (1985), 471 U.S. 343, 348, 105 S. 

Ct. 1986, 85 L. Ed. 2d 372.

Perfection Corp. at ¶ 12. We note that the party seeking protection under the 

attorney-client privilege carries the burden of establishing the privilege applies. 

Pales v. Fedor, 2018-Ohio-2056, ¶ 22 (8th Dist.), citing Lemley v. Kaiser, 6 Ohio 

St.3d 258, 263-264 (1983).

Communications between an attorney and his client in the presence 

of a third person — where the third party is not an agent of either the client or 

attorney — are not privileged. Ohio v. Verbanac, 2022-Ohio-3743, ¶ 7 (8th Dist.); 

see Foley v. Poschke, 137 Ohio St. 593, 595 (1941); see State v. Post, 32 Ohio St.3d 

380, 385 (1987) (“[T]he attorney-client privilege is destroyed by voluntary 

disclosure to others of the content of the statement.”). “Because a client’s voluntary 

disclosure of confidential communications is inconsistent with an assertion of 

privilege, voluntary disclosure of privileged communications to a third party waives 

a claim of privilege with regard to communications on the same subject matter.” See 

Dist. LEXIS 153670, *16 (S.D. Ohio Aug. 25, 2020), citing Guy v. United Healthcare 

Corp., 154 F.R.D. 172, 177 (S.D. Ohio June 16, 1993), fn. 3.
v. Haugh, 2014-Ohio-5290, ¶ 24 (8th Dist.), citing MA Equip. Leasing I, L.L.C., 

2012-Ohio-4668 (10th Dist.), citing Hollingsworth v. Time Warner Cable, 2004-

Ohio-3130 (1st Dist.); see State v. Post, 32 Ohio St.3d 380, 385 (1987) (“[T]he 

attorney-client privilege is destroyed by voluntary disclosure to others of the content 

of the statement.”).

However, in limited circumstances, communications between an 

attorney and an agent of the client are protected by the attorney-client privilege. 

Foley at 595; In re Heile, 65 Ohio App. 45, 49 (1st Dist. 1939). The protection 

extends where the communication was made in confidence for the purpose of 

obtaining legal advice from the attorney. United States v. Kovel, 296 F.2d 918, 922 

(2d Cir. 1961). The communication purported to be privileged need not contain 

exclusively legal advice but must “facilitate the rendition of legal services or advice.” 

State ex rel. Toledo Blade Co., 2009-Ohio-1767, at ¶ 27, quoting Dunn v. State Farm 

Fire & Cas. Co., 927 F.2d 869, 875 (5th Cir. 1991). And “simply copying an attorney 

on an email does not make it an attorney-client-privileged communication.” Assn. 

of Cleveland Fire Fighters IAFF Local 93 v. Cleveland, 2021-Ohio-3602, ¶ 39 (8th 

Dist.).

In a legal and business context, when the dominant purpose of a 

communication is a business decision and not legal advice, then “the 

communication cannot be insulated from discovery just by sending a 

copy of it to a lawyer.”

Id. at ¶ 39, quoting Waters v. Drake, 2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 164179, *4 (S.D. Ohio 

Dec. 8, 2015); Flexider United States Corp. v. Richmond, 2021 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 
250829, *16 (M.D. Tenn. Mar. 8, 2021) (The attorney-client privilege does not 

extend to parties simply seeking business advice.).

The initial inquiry here is whether the brokers acted as Mayfield’s 

agents when they participated in the email communications with Mayfield and 

Mayfield’s attorneys so that the communications were protected under the attorneyclient privilege, or did the brokers’ participation waive the privilege.

Mayfield argues its brokers helped to conduct its business 

transactions and dealings and “[were] vital in providing [Mayfield’s] counsel with 

the ability to advocate for [Mayfield.]” Mayfield’s brief in opposition to motion to 

compel, p. 7. Mayfield presented its privilege log as evidence that the email 

communications were subject to the attorney-client privilege. The privilege log 

identified the following information about each email that allegedly fell under the 

purview of the attorney-client privilege: date, subject, author, recipients, file name, 

and basis for claiming privilege. The listed email communications allegedly 

discussed one of two lease agreements or were marked “not applicable.” The 

itemized emails were sent between Mayfield’s brokers, Mayfield’s attorneys, and 

Mayfield. 

High & Low relies on general agency law to argue that Mayfield’s 

brokers are not agents for purposes of the attorney-client privilege. Specifically, 

High & Low contends that the brokers’ Listing Agreement did not grant the brokers 

authority to bind Mayfield and, therefore, they are not agents and their participation 

in the emails waived the attorney-client privilege. 
The unique facts before us required a review of the disputed 

documents to establish the relationship of the brokers to Mayfield and to determine 

whether they were acting as agents of Mayfield in the email communications. The 

privilege log supported Mayfield’s position that the brokers acted as its agents when 

they engaged in communications seeking legal advice. The trial court acted 

unreasonably when it found (1) the brokers “were not ‘agents’ of Mayfield Road for 

the purposes of the laws of agency” and (2) “the ‘dominant purpose’ of the requested 

e-mails does not appear to be the procurement of legal advice” without first 

completing an in camera review of the disputed email communications to validate 

those findings. Dec. 28, 2023 judgment entry; see Arkwright Mut. Ins. Co. v. Natl. 

Union Fire Ins. Co., 1994 U.S. App. LEXIS 3828, *19-20 (6th Cir. Feb. 25, 1994)

(Where there was a substantial question whether documents between an attorney 

and a third-party were protected by the attorney-client privilege, the district court 

properly ordered an in camera inspection to determine if (1) the documents were 

confidential communications with an agent with the intent to receive legal advice 

and (2) that the third-party was acting as an agent of the client or attorney.).

The parties do not cite, nor has this court found, Ohio case law that 

directly addresses the facts raised in the instant matter. Our decision is not 

dispositive of whether real estate agents and/or brokers are agents for the purposes 

of attorney-client privilege. Such a determination must be based upon the 

individual facts of each case. This decision reflects the importance of privileged 

information; any harm caused by the production of privilege-related discovery 
cannot be meaningfully or effectively remedied after the fact. Thus, the trial court 

must, when necessary, conduct an in camera review or evidentiary hearing to 

determine whether the attorney-client privilege applies.

For the foregoing reasons, the trial court abused its discretion when 

it granted High & Low’s motion to compel documents and declined to conduct an 

evidentiary hearing or in camera review of the disputed documents. Mayfield’s 

assignments of error are both sustained. Judgment reversed and remanded for 

proceedings consistent with this opinion.

It is ordered that appellant recover from appellee costs herein taxed.

The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the 

common pleas court to carry this judgment into execution. 

A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 

of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.

MARY EILEEN KILBANE, PRESIDING JUDGE

MARY J. BOYLE, J., and

ANITA LASTER MAYS, J., CONCUR