RECORD IMPOUNDED 

 SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY 

 APPELLATE DIVISION 

 DOCKET NO. A-0088-23 

D.A.V., 

 

 Plaintiff-Respondent, 

v.

M.N., 

 Defendant-Appellant. 

_______________________

Argued June 3, 2024 – Decided July 1, 2024 

Before Judges Gilson and Berdote Byrne. 

On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, 

Chancery Division, Family Part, Union County, Docket 

No. FV-20-1938-23. 

Timothy J. Dey argued the cause for appellant. 

Samuel J. Berse argued the cause for respondent 

(Bearse Law, LLC, attorneys; Samuel J. Berse, on the 

brief). 

PER CURIAM 

NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE 

APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION 

This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the 

internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
2 A-0088-23

Defendant M.N.1 appeals from an August 8, 2023 final restraining order 

(FRO) entered against him in favor of his former girlfriend, plaintiff, pursuant 

to the Prevention of Domestic Violence Act, N.J.S.A. 2C:25-17 to -35 (PDVA), 

based on a predicate act of criminal mischief, N.J.S.A. 2C:17-3(a)(1). M.N. also 

appeals from an amended FRO granting plaintiff attorney's fees. For the reasons 

that follow, we affirm the entry of the FRO and the amended FRO awarding 

fees. 

I.

We glean the following facts from the record. The parties were in a dating 

relationship that ended in April 2023. In June 2023, plaintiff obtained a 

temporary restraining order (TRO) against defendant, alleging criminal 

mischief, N.J.S.A. 2C:17-3(a)(1), harassment, N.J.S.A. 2C:33-4, and contempt, 

N.J.S.A. 2C:29-9(b). Defendant also obtained a TRO against plaintiff, which 

was later dismissed following the FRO hearing.2

 

During the two-day FRO hearing, the court heard testimony from both 

parties. Plaintiff testified that on June 3, 2023, she agreed to go to defendant's 

1

 We use the parties' initials pursuant to R. 1:38-3(d)(10).

2

 Defendant does not appeal from the dismissal order, and we confine our 

discussion to the facts surrounding plaintiff's FRO. 
3 A-0088-23

home to retrieve an item, but later decided against going. That evening, 

defendant sent her a text message and called seven times, to which plaintiff did 

not respond. 

Later that evening, plaintiff found her car's tires had been slashed outside 

of her current boyfriend's apartment. Plaintiff viewed the security footage from 

the apartment complex and saw defendant's car circling the parking lot at 

approximately 10:30 p.m. She also identified the man who exited the vehicle as 

defendant because of his tattoos and his beard. Plaintiff further described what 

she saw in the video: defendant circled the parking several times and on the last 

pass, he parked his vehicle on the street. After exiting the vehicle, defendant 

covered his face, walked towards plaintiff's car, slashed her tires, and ran off. 

The following day, she confronted defendant by text message and asked 

why he slashed her tires. In response, defendant did not admit or deny his 

actions; instead, that same day he sent $375 to plaintiff through a digital 

platform used for money transfers. Plaintiff testified she needed an FRO 

because she was "very afraid" defendant may harm her, and feared what he was 

capable of, given his reaction after she did not respond to his calls and his ability 

to find her. 
4 A-0088-23

Although the court advised defendant, as well as his counsel, that 

defendant could present a rebuttal defense to plaintiff's testimony and evidence, 

defendant testified only as to his cross-complaint for an FRO. 

After reviewing the parties' testimony and evidence, and making 

credibility determinations, the trial court entered an FRO, finding defendant 

committed criminal mischief by slashing plaintiff's tires. It also found an FRO 

was necessary to protect plaintiff from immediate danger, including protecting 

her property, and to prevent further abuse. The court found the predicate act of 

contempt was not satisfied because it found "driving by [plaintiff] and looking 

at [her]" was not proof of or "the type of contempt the law" intended to prevent. 

Similarly, it found the predicate act of harassment was not satisfied because 

there was no evidence to support the allegation. 

In reaching its findings, the court relied on the text messages between the 

parties, plaintiff's call logs, and a screenshot of the money transfer. Over 

defense counsel's objection, the court admitted into evidence a photograph taken 

by plaintiff from the security footage of the incident, allegedly depicting

defendant. The court found the photograph did not show the person was 

defendant and did not rely upon it. However, it did credit plaintiff's testimony 

that she viewed the video and "recognized him" by his distinct features. Further, 
5 A-0088-23

the court found defendant never refuted the allegation, and "did not deny 

slashing her tires. And, after plaintiff asked defendant why he slashed her tires, 

he sent her $375, with no explanation during his testimony."

The trial court evaluated the factors set forth in N.J.S.A. 2C:25-29(a)(1)-

(6), pursuant to the second prong of Silver v. Silver, 387 N.J. Super. 112 (App. 

Div. 2006) and considered whether an FRO was necessary to protect plaintiff 

from the threat of future violence or prevent further harm. It found an FRO was 

necessary to protect plaintiff from immediate danger to her person or property 

and to prevent further abuse "since [defendant] saw fit to go" and "f[i]nd her car 

or discovered where her car was and slashed her tires." 

The court also found plaintiff "to be a competent witness" as "[s]he [w]as 

clear in her testimony as to what happened," and was "easily the more credible 

witness." Conversely, the court found defendant was not credible in his 

testimony. 

After entry of the initial FRO on August 8, 2023, plaintiff's counsel 

submitted a letter brief and certification of services for attorney's fees on 

September 5, 2023, to which defendant did not respond. The court entered an 

amended order assessing $11,095 in attorney's fees against defendant on 

September 18. The order clarified "the FRO/[amended]FRO was issued by 
6 A-0088-23

default" because "defendant was not present at the time the [amended FRO] was 

issued on [September 18, 2023]" and "counsel for the defendant did not respond" 

to plaintiff's application. 

This appeal followed. 

II. 

 Our review of an FRO is generally limited. C.C. v. J.A.H., 463 N.J. Super. 

419, 428 (App. Div. 2020). We are "bound by the trial court's findings 'when 

supported by adequate, substantial, credible evidence.'" Peterson v. Peterson, 

374 N.J. Super. 116, 121 (App. Div. 2005) (quoting Cesare v. Cesare, 154 N.J. 

394, 411-12 (1998)). "This deferential standard is even more appropriate 'when 

the evidence is largely testimonial and involves questions of credibility.'" 

L.M.F. v. J.A.F., Jr., 421 N.J. Super. 523, 533 (App. Div. 2011) (quoting In re 

Return of Weapons to J.W.D., 149 N.J. 108, 117 (1997)). "We accord 

substantial deference to Family Part judges, who routinely hear domestic 

violence cases and are 'specially trained to detect the difference between 

domestic violence and more ordinary differences that arise between couples.'" 

C.C., 463 N.J. Super. at 428 (App. Div. 2020) (quoting J.D. v. M.D.F., 207 N.J. 

458, 482 (2011)); see also S.K. v. J.H., 426 N.J. Super. 230, 238 (App. Div. 

2012). However, we review conclusions of law de novo. Ibid. 
7 A-0088-23

III. 

When determining whether to issue an FRO pursuant to the PDVA, a trial 

court must make two distinct determinations. Silver, 387 N.J. Super. at 125-27. 

First, the court "must determine whether the plaintiff has proven, by a 

preponderance of the credible evidence, that one or more of the predicate acts 

set forth in N.J.S.A. 2C:25-19(a) has occurred." Id. at 125. If a predicate act is 

established, "the judge must determine whether a restraining order is necessary 

to protect the plaintiff from future danger or threats of violence." D.M.R. v. 

M.K.G., 467 N.J. Super. 308, 322 (App. Div. 2021); Silver, 387 N.J. Super. at 

126-27. "Although this second determination––whether a domestic violence 

restraining order should be issued––is most often perfunctory and self-evident, 

the guiding standard is whether a restraining order is necessary . . . to protect 

the victim from an immediate danger or to prevent further abuse." Silver, 387 

N.J. Super. at 127. 

On appeal, defendant asserts the trial court's factual findings were against 

the weight of the evidence, it improperly admitted plaintiff's photograph and, 

because the surveillance video was never admitted, plaintiff's testimony was 

impermissible hearsay. We disagree. 
8 A-0088-23

The trial court found defendant committed criminal mischief by slashing 

plaintiff's car tires. A person commits the offense of criminal mischief if he 

"[p]urposely or knowingly damages [the] tangible property of another." N.J.S.A. 

2C:17-3(a)(1). Despite defendant's assertions, the trial court did not rely on the 

photograph; rather it found payment of the $375 and the lack of defendant's 

denial in the text messages dispositive. Further, it found compelling that 

defendant never denied the allegations or explained what occurred during his 

testimony. Lastly, the court credited plaintiff's testimony that she viewed the 

video and "recognized" defendant by his distinct features. We discern no error 

in the trial's court finding of the predicate act of criminal mischief. 

Reviewing the totality of the circumstances, the probability for further 

abuse to plaintiff is supported by credible evidence in the record. The court 

found an FRO was necessary to protect plaintiff and her property from 

immediate and future harm as directed by the PDVA, because defendant "saw 

fit to go to her" boyfriend's home, find "her car or discovered where her car 

was[,] slash[] her tires." See N.J.S.A. 2C:25-29(a)(2). Plaintiff testified she 

was afraid of defendant because of what he was capable of doing because he 

was able to find her when he slashed her tires, and once before that incident, 

without her having informed him of her whereabouts. 
9 A-0088-23

Defendant also contends the court awarded counsel fees "without serving 

defendant’s counsel or affording [him] any type of response." An appellate 

court "will disturb a trial court's determination on counsel fees only on the 'rarest 

occasion,' and then only because of clear abuse of discretion." Barr v. Barr, 418 

N.J. Super. 18, 46 (App. Div. 2011) (quoting Strahan v. Strahan, 402 N.J. Super. 

298, 317 (App. Div. 2008)). N.J.S.A. 2C:25-29(b)(4) expressly provides a court 

is permitted to award "monetary compensation for losses suffered as a direct 

result of the act of domestic violence," including reasonable attorney's fees. 

Because fees and costs in a domestic violence action are awarded as 

compensatory damages, an award is "not subject to the traditional analysis" for 

an award of fees in family-type claims pursuant to N.J.S.A. 2A:34-23 and the 

court is not obliged to consider the parties' financial circumstances. McGowan 

v. O'Rourke, 391 N.J. Super. 502, 507 (App. Div. 2007) (quoting Schmidt v. 

Schmidt, 262 N.J. Super. 451, 453 (Ch. Div. 1992)). "[T]o be entitled to fees, 

'[t]he fees must be a direct result of the domestic violence; they must be 

reasonable; and pursuant to R. 4:42-9(b), they must be presented by affidavit.'" 

Id. at 507 (second alteration in original) (quoting Schmidt, 262 N.J. Super. at 

454); see Grandovic v. Labrie, 348 N.J. Super. 193, 197 (App. Div. 2002). 
10 A-0088-23

Defendant's assertion that he was not properly served or provided an 

opportunity to reply to plaintiff's application is not supported by the record. 

"The minimum requirements of due process of law are notice and an opportunity 

to be heard." Klier v. Sordoni Skanska Const. Co., 337 N.J. Super. 76, 84 (App. 

Div. 2001) (citing Doe v. Poritz, 142 N.J. 1, 106 (1995)). There is no hearing 

required for a counsel fee award either pursuant to the rules of court, "which 

merely require submission of an affidavit of service, R. 4:42-9(b), or in the case 

law." Elizabeth Bd. of Educ. v. N.J. Transit Corp., 342 N.J. Super. 262, 271 

(App. Div. 2001). 

On September 5, 2023, plaintiff's counsel sent a certification of attorney’s 

services to the court and defendant’s counsel. Based on the record, defendant 

simply did not respond, despite the time and opportunity to do so. Moreover, 

defendant does not claim plaintiffs' counsel fees were (1) not the direct result of 

his domestic violence; (2) unreasonable; or (3) unsupported by affidavit. 

To the extent we have not specifically addressed defendant's remaining 

arguments, we conclude they lack sufficient merit to warrant discussion in a 

written opinion. R. 2:11-3(e)(1)(E). 

Affirmed.