COURT OF APPEALS

DECISION

DATED AND FILED

July 16, 2024

Samuel A. Christensen

Clerk of Court of Appeals

NOTICE

This opinion is subject to further editing. If 

published, the official version will appear in 

the bound volume of the Official Reports. 

A party may file with the Supreme Court a 

petition to review an adverse decision by the 

Court of Appeals. See WIS. STAT. § 808.10 

and RULE 809.62. 

Appeal No. 2022AP1738-CR Cir. Ct. No. 2016CF1357

STATE OF WISCONSIN IN COURT OF APPEALS

DISTRICT III

STATE OF WISCONSIN,

 PLAINTIFF-RESPONDENT,

 V.

CHARLES R. STEADMAN II,

 DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.

APPEAL from a judgment and an order of the circuit court for 

Marathon County: MICHAEL K. MORAN, Judge. Affirmed. 

Before Stark, P.J., Hruz and Gill, JJ. 

Per curiam opinions may not be cited in any court of this state as precedent 

or authority, except for the limited purposes specified in WIS. STAT. RULE 809.23(3). 

¶1 PER CURIAM. Charles R. Steadman II, appeals from a judgment, 

entered following a jury trial, convicting him of first-degree sexual assault of a 
No. 2022AP1738-CR

2

child under age thirteen and from an order denying his motion for postconviction 

relief. Steadman argues that his defense counsel1 was constitutionally ineffective, 

the State’s improper comments during its closing argument amounted to plain 

error, and the circuit court erred by excluding evidence of a witness’s bias. We 

reject Steadman’s arguments and affirm.

BACKGROUND

¶2 The State charged Steadman with first-degree sexual assault of a 

child under age thirteen based on Lucy’s2allegation that Steadman had digitally 

penetrated her sometime between January 30, 2011, and May 31, 2012, when she 

was between ten and eleven years old.

3

 Lucy did not report the sexual assault until 

2016, when she told the Marathon County Sheriff’s Department that Steadman had 

touched her when she was at Zoa Osimitz’s home.

4

¶3 Prior to trial, both the State and Steadman moved to admit expert 

testimony. The State intended to call Lee Shipway, a licensed clinical social 

 

1

 We refer to the attorney who represented Steadman at his trial in this case as “defense 

counsel.”

2

 Pursuant to the policy underlying WIS. STAT. RULE 809.86(4) (2021-22), we use a 

pseudonym instead of the victim’s name. The State refers to the victim as “Lucy,” so we will as 

well.

All references to the Wisconsin Statutes are to the 2021-22 version unless otherwise 

noted.

3

 We note that Steadman was originally charged with first-degree sexual assault of a 

child under age twelve, but the State later entered an amended Information updating the charge.

4

 It is unnecessary for us to discuss Lucy’s connection to the other individuals named in 

this case. All we need to recount is that Steadman was previously married to Osimitz’s daughter, 

Noelle Steadman, and, at the time of the incident, Steadman and Noelle were both living at 

Osimitz’s home. Because Noelle and Steadman share the same surname, we will refer to Noelle 

by her first name.
No. 2022AP1738-CR

3

worker, to testify about “myths regarding child sexual assault victims, including 

reasons for delayed reporting.” Steadman planned to call Dr. David Thompson, a 

psychologist. The State objected to Thompson’s proffered testimony, arguing that 

Thompson’s “purported testimony will not assist the trier of fact” because “[h]is 

report consists of generalized statements that are unrelated to the facts of the case 

and assumptions not borne out by the evidence.”

¶4 The circuit court held an evidentiary hearing on the motions and 

ultimately decided to limit Thompson’s trial testimony. The court determined that 

it would allow Thompson “to testify generally” but not “as to specifics of this case 

or any findings regarding this case in particular.” The court also held Shipway to 

the “same standard.” Thompson ultimately did not testify at trial.

¶5 Steadman’s first jury trial began on September 10, 2018. Several 

witnesses, including Shipway, testified before the circuit court declared a mistrial 

due to the State’s failure to “disclose [potentially] exculpatory statements of one of 

the witnesses or potential witnesses.” After the mistrial, the State moved to 

expand the scope of Shipway’s proposed testimony. The State explained that 

Shipway would also testify regarding “the effect of trauma on memory and how 

that affects [a victim’s] recitation of the assault.”

¶6 Steadman’s second jury trial began on October 17, 2018. At trial, 

Lucy testified that she was in Noelle’s bedroom playing video games when she 

fell asleep in bed with Steadman and Noelle. Lucy stated that she awoke to 

Steadman touching her stomach, and then he placed his finger into her vagina. 

According to Lucy, Steadman asked repeatedly “if he could do the same with his 

penis instead of his hand,” and Lucy “continued to say no.” Lucy said the assault 

stopped when she “kept refusing, [and] he got frustrated and just kind of rolled 
No. 2022AP1738-CR

4

over and told me to go to sleep.” She also reported that the next day, Steadman 

picked her up from school, which was “unusual”; took her to his workplace; and 

told her “not to tell anyone” about what had happened the night before.5 On 

cross-examination, Steadman questioned Lucy about inconsistencies between her 

testimony and her prior statements about the assault, including her testimony at the 

first trial and what she reported to her family and law enforcement.

¶7 The State then called Osimitz to testify. She recalled a night when 

Lucy slept in the same bed as Steadman and Noelle at her home. According to 

Osimitz, Steadman suggested that Lucy could sleep in the bed with him and 

Noelle. Osimitz also asserted that on the morning after Lucy slept over, Steadman 

picked Lucy up from school. During cross-examination, Steadman questioned 

Osimitz regarding Steadman and Noelle’s pending divorce as well as 

inconsistencies between Osimitz’s testimony and prior statements to law 

enforcement.

¶8 Shipway testified generally about why children delay reporting

sexual assaults or may not report them at all. She also briefly discussed the effects 

of trauma on a person’s ability to remember events. During cross-examination, 

Shipway conceded that she did not know or treat Lucy and that the State was

paying her for her testimony.

¶9 The State also called a deputy and a detective with the Marathon 

County Sheriff’s Department, who testified, respectively, about taking Lucy’s 

 

5

 The State also called one of Steadman’s former coworkers, who testified that 

“Steadman brought a [female] child with him to work” on one occasion during the time period at 

issue.
No. 2022AP1738-CR

5

initial statement and investigating her sexual assault allegations. On 

cross-examination, defense counsel questioned the officers about the differences 

between Lucy’s statements to them, including her age and grade when the assault 

happened and whether Steadman digitally penetrated her. Defense counsel also 

questioned the detective regarding the adequacy of his investigation.

¶10 After the State rested, Steadman called the school liaison officer for 

Lucy’s school district. He explained that Lucy approached him in the hallway at 

school and told him “that she wanted to discuss an assault that she was involved 

in” that she had already reported to law enforcement. The officer invited Lucy to 

speak to him in his office, but “she never came in.” Steadman did not testify.

¶11 During closing arguments, the State argued to the jury that the 

evidence corroborated Lucy’s testimony, that Lucy was credible partially because 

she did not have a motive to lie, and that she was telling the truth. Steadman 

focused on Lucy’s inconsistent statements, argued that Lucy’s account was 

implausible and that she lied, and accused law enforcement of conducting an 

inadequate investigation.

¶12 The jury found Steadman guilty of the charged offense, and the 

circuit court sentenced Steadman to eighteen years in the Wisconsin prison 

system, comprised of ten years’ initial confinement followed by eight years’ 

extended supervision.

¶13 Postconviction, Steadman filed a motion alleging that his defense 

counsel had provided constitutionally ineffective assistance by failing to consult 

with Thompson regarding Shipway’s opinions, failing to retain an investigator to 
No. 2022AP1738-CR

6

interview Noelle and to subpoena her as a witness,

6

and failing to object to the 

State’s closing argument. Over the span of three days, the circuit court held a 

Machner7 hearing on Steadman’s motion, during which defense counsel and 

Thompson testified. After the hearing, the court denied Steadman’s motion for 

postconviction relief by oral ruling and later by written order.

¶14 The circuit court determined that Steadman “waive[d]”8 his 

objection to the State’s closing argument and that the State’s comments did not 

constitute plain error because the comments did not “so infect[] the trial with 

unfairness as to make [Steadman’s] conviction a denial of due process.” In 

reaching its conclusion, the court relied on the jury instructions, which advised 

that counsels’ arguments are not evidence. The court also observed, pursuant to 

our supreme court’s decision in State v. Bell, 2018 WI 28, 380 Wis. 2d 616, 909 

N.W.2d 750, that both Steadman and the State made it clear to the jury that the 

case turned on Lucy’s credibility.9 The court further determined that defense 

counsel’s “strategy in this case ... to proceed without calling” Thompson was not 

deficient performance and that, in the alternative, counsel’s decision did not 

prejudice Steadman. Steadman appeals.

 

6

 On appeal, Steadman has abandoned this claim.

7

 State v. Machner, 92 Wis. 2d 797, 285 N.W.2d 905 (Ct. App. 1979).

8

 We note that “forfeiture,” rather than “waiver,” would be the more appropriate term 

under the circumstances of this case, see State v. Ndina, 2009 WI 21, ¶¶28-32, 315 Wis. 2d 653, 

761 N.W.2d 612 (distinguishing waiver from forfeiture), but, ultimately, the term used is of no 

consequence to our decision.

9

 The circuit court did not address Steadman’s ineffective assistance of counsel claim 

related to the State’s comments during its closing argument.
No. 2022AP1738-CR

7

DISCUSSION

¶15 On appeal, Steadman makes three arguments that he claims entitle 

him to a new trial: (1) defense counsel provided constitutionally ineffective 

assistance by failing to consult with Thompson to evaluate a potential response to 

the State’s expert witness; (2) certain comments the State made during its closing 

argument constituted plain error, or, in the alternative, counsel provided 

ineffective assistance by failing to object to the State’s closing argument; and 

(3) the circuit court erred by denying Steadman the right to cross-examine Osimitz

about her alleged bias against Steadman. For the reasons that follow, we reject 

Steadman’s claims.

I. Failure to Consult

¶16 Steadman argues that his defense counsel was constitutionally 

ineffective because he failed to consult with Thompson “to evaluate a potential 

response to [Shipway’s] proffered bolstering testimony concerning [Lucy’s] 

memory.” According to Steadman, “[n]ot making any effort to consult a known 

and competent expert witness to evaluate the reliability of the State’s expert 

witness[’s] opinion constitutes deficient performance and fails to satisfy the 

objective standard of reasonableness.” We conclude that this argument fails 

because defense counsel did consult with Thompson regarding the case, and to the 

extent Steadman argues that counsel should have done so again after the mistrial, 

the record establishes that counsel’s decision not to do so at that time was based 

on a reasonable trial strategy. Therefore, Steadman has not shown that counsel 

performed deficiently.

¶17 To prevail on an ineffective assistance of counsel claim, a defendant 

must show both that counsel’s performance was deficient and that the deficient 
No. 2022AP1738-CR

8

performance prejudiced the defense. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 

687 (1984). If a defendant fails to make a sufficient showing on one prong of this 

analysis, we need not address the other. State v. Breitzman, 2017 WI 100, ¶37, 

378 Wis. 2d 431, 904 N.W.2d 93. 

¶18 To establish deficient performance, “the defendant must show that 

counsel’s representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness.” 

Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688. “This requires showing that counsel made errors so 

serious that counsel was not functioning as the ‘counsel’ guaranteed the defendant 

by the Sixth Amendment.” Id. at 687. We strongly presume that counsel’s 

conduct fell “within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance,” and we 

give counsel’s strategic decisions great deference. Breitzman, 378 Wis. 2d 431,

¶38 (citation omitted). Prejudice, on the other hand, requires the defendant to 

demonstrate that “but for his [or her] lawyer’s error, there is a reasonable 

probability the jury would have had a reasonable doubt as to guilt.” State v. 

Sholar, 2018 WI 53, ¶45, 381 Wis. 2d 560, 912 N.W.2d 89. A reasonable 

probability means “a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the 

outcome.” Id., ¶33 (citation omitted).

¶19 Whether the defendant was denied the effective assistance of counsel 

presents a mixed question of law and fact. Breitzman, 378 Wis. 2d 431, ¶37. We 

will not overturn the circuit court’s findings regarding the factual circumstances of 

the case, defense counsel’s conduct, or defense counsel’s trial strategy unless 

those findings are clearly erroneous. Id. “[W]hether counsel’s conduct constitutes 

ineffective assistance is a question of law, which we review de novo.” Id. 

¶20 At the Machner hearing, defense counsel explained that his decision 

not to call Thompson to testify was to avoid presenting inconsistent defenses. 
No. 2022AP1738-CR

9

According to defense counsel, Thompson would have testified about “improper 

interviewing techniques and essentially things that could have caused false 

memories or false beliefs to occur in [Lucy’s] memory,” but counsel felt that “a 

stronger theory of defense” was “that [Lucy] was troubled and had been running 

away from home and had police contact and that this was something that she made 

up, that she fabricated it.”

¶21 Before the second trial, when the State filed its amended notice 

regarding Shipway’s testimony, defense counsel “briefly” reconsidered calling 

Thompson to testify, but he decided against doing so. According to defense 

counsel, he “was under the impression that the new subject matter that the State 

had put out there”—“essentially about the effects of trauma on a child’s 

memory”—“was more or less accurate from a scientific point of view and thus 

[he] didn’t think that there would be disagreement about that general idea.” 

Defense counsel explained, however, that “in hindsight,” his belief that Shipway’s 

testimony “was generally true” was “incorrect,” and he admitted that he “probably 

should have” asked the State to clarify “what exact opinion [Shipway] was going 

to have with respect to trauma and how it affects memory.”

¶22 Additionally, “after seeing Ms. Shipway testify in the first 

trial ... and actually talking to some jury members after the first trial, [counsel] did 

not think that Ms. Shipway was an effective witness for the State at all.” Thus, 

rather than call Thompson to testify, defense counsel determined that he only 

needed to “cross-examine [Shipway] effectively to deal with her testimony.” 

Defense counsel also noted that he would have called Thompson to testify if 

Steadman had insisted, but counsel’s recollection was that “Steadman deferred to 

[his] judgment on that or agreed with [him].”
No. 2022AP1738-CR

10

¶23 Thompson’s testimony at the Machner hearing addressed his 

disagreement with Shipway’s trial testimony. In particular, Thompson agreed 

with Shipway’s statement that trauma can change or affect the chemicals in a 

child’s brain. But Thompson disagreed with Shipway’s claims that “memory 

often comes back in bits and pieces and there will usually be no clarity to a child’s 

memory after a traumatic event when it comes back in bits and pieces” and that 

“it’s usual for a child’s memory of events to change over time.” According to 

Thompson, Shipway’s assertions were “contrary to information and research in the 

professional literature.”

¶24 As an initial matter, we agree with the circuit court’s ruling that the 

record supports a conclusion that defense counsel made a reasonable strategic 

choice not to call Thompson to testify at trial and to rely on cross-examination to 

attack Shipway’s testimony. According to the court, defense counsel consulted 

with Thompson and provided “an adequate, if not compelling, explanation for his 

choice to proceed without calling Dr. Thompson, and that his decision not to [call 

Thompson was] based upon trial strategy” as well as counsel’s “calculation and 

professionalism” in deciding not to “present[] inconsistent defenses” and in 

counsel’s “assessment of [Shipway’s] performance on the witness stand.” Based 

on these findings, Steadman cannot show deficient performance on this issue. 

See Sholar, 381 Wis. 2d 560, ¶54 (“If trial counsel testifies at the Machner

hearing that the choice under attack was based on a trial strategy, which the circuit 

court finds reasonable, it is ‘virtually unassailable’ and the ineffective assistance 

claim fails.” (citation omitted)); State v. Snider, 2003 WI App 172, ¶22, 266 

Wis. 2d 830, 668 N.W.2d 784 (“Defense counsel may select a particular defense 

from available alternative defenses and is not required to present the jury with 

alternatives inconsistent with the chosen defense.”).
No. 2022AP1738-CR

11

¶25 Steadman, however, faults the circuit court for failing to address his 

argument that defense counsel’s purported strategy was not actually his strategy 

because counsel argued during his closing argument that the jury “could find 

Mr. Steadman not guilty because either [Lucy] lied or because [Lucy] did not 

accurately remember what happened.” Our review of the record reveals that 

defense counsel appropriately explained that this alleged inconsistency was also 

part of his trial strategy. According to counsel, there is a “difference” between 

bringing in an expert at trial and what counsel addresses during closing argument. 

Defense counsel observed that during closing, his strategy was to give jurors who 

were not “fully converted” to Steadman’s theory of defense a way to find 

reasonable doubt, which is different than presenting expert testimony that “is 

contradictory to [Steadman’s] main narrative.” Counsel made a reasonably 

strategic choice entitled to deference, which does not undermine our conclusion 

that Steadman has not shown deficient performance. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 

681. 

¶26 As to Steadman’s argument that defense counsel should have 

consulted Thompson on the question of “whether he agreed or disagreed with 

Ms. Shipway’s proffered expert opinions concerning the effects of trauma on 

memory,” we conclude that defense counsel had a reasonable strategic reason for 

not doing so. First, as the State argues, defense counsel did consult with 

Thompson. Thus, we are not presented with a situation where counsel entirely 

failed to consult an expert to aid a defendant’s case. Cf. State v. Zimmerman, 

2003 WI App 196, ¶¶41-42, 266 Wis. 2d 1003, 669 N.W.2d 762. Instead, 

Steadman asserts that defense counsel was deficient for failing to consult with 

Thompson a second time, following the State’s notice of Shipway’s expanded 

testimony.
No. 2022AP1738-CR

12

¶27 We conclude that defense counsel’s decision not to consult with 

Thompson again was also based on a reasonable trial strategy, which is supported 

by the record. With the benefit of hindsight, defense counsel acknowledged at the 

Machner hearing that he incorrectly assumed that there was general agreement

among experts about the effect of trauma on a child’s memory. Regardless, 

counsel considered that the circuit court had limited Thompson’s testimony to 

general educational and background information, that Shipway’s testimony at the 

first trial was unremarkable, and that Thompson’s testimony may have been 

inconsistent with Steadman’s theory of defense. In other words, even if defense 

counsel misunderstood Shipway’s proposed expanded testimony or its accuracy, 

counsel’s strategy was to rebut Shipway’s testimony by arguing that Lucy lied. 

Steadman has not shown how consulting Thompson under these circumstances 

would have been necessary.

¶28 In essence, Steadman’s argument amounts to a claim that, in 

hindsight, a better choice would have been for defense counsel to investigate the 

State’s additional offer of proof as to Shipway’s testimony and to consult with 

Thompson again, but that is not the standard by which we review ineffective 

assistance of counsel claims. See, e.g., State v. Mull, 2023 WI 26, ¶49, 406 

Wis. 2d 491, 987 N.W.2d 707 (“That a different trial strategy may look better in 

hindsight does not render a reasonable strategy deficient performance.”); see also

State v. Thiel, 2003 WI 111, ¶19, 264 Wis. 2d 571, 665 N.W.2d 305 (“Counsel 

need not be perfect, indeed not even very good, to be constitutionally adequate.” 

(citation omitted)). Steadman has not shown that defense counsel performed 

deficiently by failing to consult with Thompson a second time.
No. 2022AP1738-CR

13

II. State’s Closing Argument

¶29 According to Steadman, during the State’s closing argument, it 

repeatedly attempted to shift the burden of proof and vouched for Lucy’s 

credibility. He identifies several statements the State made during its initial 

closing argument: “[T]he only way” to determine whether Steadman “had sexual 

contact with [Lucy]” is to assess her credibility; “[d]id her appearance appear to 

you as though she was lying to you? Because that’s what you have to find in order 

to find the defendant not guilty”; and the jury would “have to find” that Osimitz

“is conspiring with [Lucy] to bring this case against [Steadman].” Then, during 

the State’s rebuttal, it argued that “[t]he only way you can find [Steadman] not 

guilty is if you believe [Lucy] flat out lied to you. If she was telling the truth, then 

he’s guilty ....”

¶30 Steadman also identifies instances where the State allegedly vouched 

for Lucy’s credibility. During its initial closing argument, the State said: when 

Lucy was cross-examined “by a trained attorney who knew very well how to twist 

her words and her statements,” Lucy “was adamant” that “Steadman had sexual 

contact with her and touched her, that that is the truth and that is what happened”; 

“[w]hat [Lucy] told you happened is what happened. She was telling you the 

truth”; and “[w]e wanted to be sure [Lucy] was telling the truth,” so law 

enforcement interviewed her and she “persisted” with her account and also 

“testified ... under oath” that Steadman “touched [her] vagina.” During its 

rebuttal, the State also asserted that Lucy “told [the jury] the truth” and that,

therefore, the jury should find Steadman guilty.

¶31 It is undisputed that defense counsel did not object to any of the 

State’s alleged burden-shifting or vouching comments; thus, Steadman forfeited 
No. 2022AP1738-CR

14

his claim that the State provided an improper closing argument. See State v. 

Mercado, 2021 WI 2, ¶¶35-36, 395 Wis. 2d 296, 953 N.W.2d 337. As a result, 

Steadman argues that the State’s improper closing argument constitutes plain error 

entitling him to a new trial, or, in the alternative, that defense counsel provided 

constitutionally ineffective assistance by failing to contemporaneously object to 

the State’s comments. Id., ¶37. For the reasons that follow, we deny both of those 

claims.

a. Plain Error

¶32 Pursuant to the plain error doctrine, we may “review errors that were 

otherwise [forfeited] by a party’s failure to object.” State v. Jorgensen, 2008 WI 

60, ¶21, 310 Wis. 2d 138, 754 N.W.2d 77. “Plain error is ‘error so fundamental 

that a new trial or other relief must be granted even though the action was not 

objected to at the time.’” Id. (citation omitted). We review this question de novo. 

Bell, 380 Wis. 2d 616, ¶8. The error must also be “obvious and substantial.” 

Jorgensen, 310 Wis. 2d 138, ¶21 (citation omitted). If the defendant sufficiently 

demonstrates that an error was fundamental, obvious and substantial, then the 

burden shifts to the State to show the error was harmless. State v. Mayo, 2007 WI 

78, ¶29, 301 Wis. 2d 642, 734 N.W.2d 115. “[T]he error is harmless if the 

beneficiary of the error proves ‘beyond a reasonable doubt that the error 

complained of did not contribute to the verdict obtained.’” Id., ¶47 (citation 

omitted). We “employ [the plain error] doctrine sparingly.” See Bell, 380 Wis. 2d

616, ¶12.

¶33 As noted above, see supra ¶¶29-30, Steadman argues on appeal that 

several of the State’s comments during its closing argument were “improper on 

multiple levels.” Steadman claims that the errors in this “very close case” were 
No. 2022AP1738-CR

15

fundamental because he “has a due process right to be adjudicated based on 

appropriate considerations applied to the governing legal standard.” He also 

asserts that the errors were “so obvious that [defense] counsel’s only rationale for 

not objecting to repeated improper closing arguments [was] that he ‘missed it.’” 

In addition, Steadman contends that the errors were “substantial in light of 

[Lucy’s] contradictory accounts and absence of physical evidence and/or direct 

corroboration witnesses.”

10

¶34 As a general matter, “[c]ounsel is allowed considerable latitude in 

closing arguments, with discretion given to the [circuit] court in determining the 

propriety of the argument.” State v. Burns, 2011 WI 22, ¶48, 332 Wis. 2d 730, 

798 N.W.2d 166. A “prosecutor may ‘comment on the evidence, detail the 

evidence, argue from it to a conclusion and state that the evidence convinces him 

[or her] and should convince the jurors.’” State v. Draize, 88 Wis. 2d 445, 454, 

276 N.W.2d 784 (1979) (citation omitted). “When a defendant alleges that a 

prosecutor’s statements constituted misconduct, the test we apply is whether the 

statements so infected the trial with unfairness as to make the resulting conviction 

a denial of due process.” State v. Hurley, 2015 WI 35, ¶96, 361 Wis. 2d 529, 861 

N.W.2d 174. “Even if there are improper statements by a prosecutor, the 

statements alone will not be cause to overturn a conviction. Rather, the statements 

must be looked at in context of the entire trial.” Mayo, 301 Wis. 2d 642, ¶43.

 

10

 We note that Steadman frames his plain error argument from the perspective of 

defense counsel’s error—i.e., that “counsel’s repeated failure to object to the State’s improper 

closing arguments” satisfied the standards under the plain error doctrine. The proper analysis, 

however, is whether the State’s error in making the improper comments during its closing 

argument amounted to plain error.
No. 2022AP1738-CR

16

¶35 Steadman claims that the State attempted to shift its burden to prove 

all the elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt when it stated, “The only 

way you can find [Steadman] not guilty is if you believe [Lucy] flat out lied to 

you. If she was telling the truth, then he’s guilty ....” We agree with the circuit 

court and the State that our supreme court’s decision in Bell is instructive on this 

issue. There, the defendant asserted that the State made two types of improper 

comments during its closing argument: (1) “that the jurors had to believe [the 

victims] were lying before they could find [the defendant] not guilty”; and 

(2) “that people generally do not lie without reason, and that if the victims had no 

motive to lie, they should be believed.” Bell, 380 Wis. 2d 616, ¶41.

¶36 Our supreme court determined that neither of the State’s comments 

were improper and that, therefore, the plain error doctrine was not applicable. Id.

¶59. According to the court, “the prosecution and defense theories of the case 

were mirror-images”—the State said the victims were telling the truth and the 

defendant said they were not—and “resolution of that contest would decide the 

case.” Id., ¶42. Further, the defendant “pursued a reasonable, but narrowly 

focused strategy” by arguing that the victims “could not be believed.” Id., ¶43. 

“[T]he only way [the defendant] could have won an acquittal would have been 

to ... convince the jury that the victims lied”; therefore, the court determined that 

neither of the State’s allegedly objectionable comments were improper because 

they did not shift the burden of proof in the case. Id., ¶¶47, 52-53, 59. 

¶37 We agree with the circuit court that the facts in this case and Bell are 

“strikingly similar,” and we rely on Bell’s reasoning to conclude that the State’s 

closing argument here did not improperly shift the burden of proof. As addressed 

above, defense counsel testified that Steadman’s narrow theory of defense, like in 

Bell, was that Lucy was lying; and, also as in Bell, the State’s and Steadman’s 
No. 2022AP1738-CR

17

case theories were mirror images. As a result, because Steadman’s case “is in the 

category of cases in which the verdict will necessarily follow the jury’s 

determination of [Lucy’s] credibility, the State’s argument that the jurors should 

not find [Steadman] not guilty unless they conclude [Lucy] lied is equivalent to 

asking the jurors to carefully weigh [Lucy’s] credibility.” See id., ¶51. Further, 

we note that rather than affirmatively attempting to shift the burden in this case, 

the State actually reminded the jury during its closing argument that it had the 

burden to prove the elements of Lucy’s sexual assault “beyond a reasonable 

doubt.” The State’s comments were not improper, and, therefore, the plain error 

doctrine does not apply.

¶38 Steadman argues, however, that Bell is distinguishable because his 

defense counsel argued both that Lucy lied and that she may have been mistaken. 

We disagree. As noted above, defense counsel explained that he suggested that 

Lucy might be mistaken during closing argument to “soft pedal” Steadman’s 

defense and possibly appeal to jury members who were skeptical of the defense 

but willing to find reasonable doubt. As the State argues, “[t]he suggestion that 

Lucy may have been mistaken was but a brief part of Steadman’s closing 

argument that, at its core, was not a reasonable doubt defense but one that accused 

Lucy of lying.”

¶39 We turn now to Steadman’s claim that the State impermissibly 

vouched for Lucy’s credibility in its closing argument. “Improper vouching 

occurs when a prosecutor expresses [his or] her personal opinion about the 

truthfulness of a witness or when [he or] she implies that facts not before the jury 

lend a witness credibility.” United States v. Cornett, 232 F.3d 570, 575 (7th Cir. 

2000). However, “a prosecutor is permitted to comment on the credibility of 
No. 2022AP1738-CR

18

witnesses as long as that comment is based on evidence presented.” State v. 

Adams, 221 Wis. 2d 1, 17, 584 N.W.2d 695 (Ct. App. 1998).

¶40 The State argues that its comments “that Lucy told the jurors ‘the 

truth’ [do] not, standing alone, constitute vouching” and that “[w]hen read in 

proper context, the prosecutor was explaining why the evidence should convince 

the jury that Lucy’s testimony was believable.” We need not address each of the 

State’s comments, see supra ¶30, to determine whether they were appropriate 

within the context of the trial, however, because even if we assume, without 

deciding, that the State’s comments were improper, we conclude that the State’s 

comments did not “so infect[] the trial with unfairness as to make the resulting 

conviction a denial of due process.” See Hurley, 361 Wis. 2d 529, ¶96 (citation 

omitted).

¶41 Steadman’s defense was built on his claim that Lucy lied; therefore, 

the jury understood that the case turned on its assessment of Lucy’s credibility. 

Under these circumstances, whether or not the State improperly vouched for Lucy 

was of no moment within the context of this trial because the entire goal of the 

State’s case was to convince the jury that Lucy was telling the truth and the jury

should believe her, and Steadman’s argument was the opposite—or the mirror 

image—of that goal. See Mayo, 301 Wis. 2d 642, ¶¶43-44; Bell, 380 Wis. 2d 616, 

¶18. The jury understood that was the ultimate issue—whether the State said that 

Lucy was telling the jury the truth or not. 

¶42 Further, the circuit court instructed the jury both that “[r]emarks of 

the attorneys” and closing arguments are not evidence and that the jury must 

“[d]raw [its] own conclusions from the evidence and decide upon [its] verdict 

according to the evidence under the instructions given to [it] by the [c]ourt.” 
No. 2022AP1738-CR

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See Mayo, 301 Wis. 2d 642, ¶44; see also State v. LaCount, 2008 WI 59, ¶23, 310 

Wis. 2d 85, 750 N.W.2d 780 (“Jurors are presumed to have followed jury 

instructions.”).11 Thus, under the circumstances, we are satisfied that even if the 

State improperly vouched for Lucy in its closing argument, when viewed in the 

context of the trial, the State’s comments did not constitute plain error.12 

b. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

¶43 At the Machner hearing, defense counsel testified regarding his 

failure to object to the State’s closing argument. Again, in hindsight, defense 

counsel acknowledged that he “should have objected” to the State’s comments, but 

he admitted that he “missed” them or did not notice them and had no strategic 

reason for not objecting.

¶44 On appeal, Steadman argues that defense counsel’s “[c]umulative[]” 

errors—that is, counsel’s failure to consult with Thompson a second time and 

failure to object to the State’s improper closing argument—prejudiced Steadman. 

Steadman asserts that “the State’s case featured a number of ‘evidentiary 

deficiencies and inconsistencies’ with no direct witnesses corroborating the 

 

11

 Steadman argues that the jury instructions “are not legally sufficient to cure the 

prejudicial impact of improper argument.” Steadman cites Jordan v. Hepp, 831 F.3d 837, 849 

(7th Cir. 2016), for this proposition, but he fails to develop an argument regarding the application 

of that federal case to the circumstances here. We need not address undeveloped arguments. 

See State v. Pettit, 171 Wis. 2d 627, 646-47, 492 N.W.2d 633 (Ct. App. 1992).

12

 Because we conclude that the State’s comments did not rise to the level of plain error, 

we need not address the State’s argument on appeal that the alleged error was harmless. 

See Patrick Fur Farm, Inc. v. United Vaccines, Inc., 2005 WI App 190, ¶8 n.1, 286 Wis. 2d

774, 703 N.W.2d 707 (court of appeals decides cases on the narrowest possible grounds).
No. 2022AP1738-CR

20

specific alleged events at the time [Lucy] testified those events occurred.”

13

 

Therefore, he concludes that defense counsel’s failure to object to the comments 

during the State’s closing argument “objectively demonstrates a reasonable 

probability” of “a different outcome in light of the evidentiary deficiencies and 

inconsistencies in the State’s case.”

¶45 Defense counsel’s failure to object to the State’s purported 

burden-shifting and vouching comments does not undermine our confidence in the 

outcome of the trial. See Sholar, 381 Wis. 2d 560, ¶33. As previously addressed 

in detail above, this case hinged on Lucy’s credibility, and the jury understood 

that.

14

 Lucy testified in detail regarding her memory of the sexual assault and the 

circumstances surrounding it, and the State also presented witnesses in support of 

certain aspects of her testimony. In contrast, defense counsel highlighted 

inconsistencies in Lucy’s statements and cross-examined the State’s witnesses on 

these inconsistencies. Defense counsel also cross-examined the detective about 

his failure to adequately investigate aspects of Lucy’s claims relating to her 

credibility. Further, defense counsel argued to the jury that Lucy’s story was 

“implausible” and that Lucy made up this story because “[s]he was confused, 

 

13

 Steadman cites State v. Smith, 2003 WI App 234, ¶¶19, 22, 268 Wis. 2d 138, 671 

N.W.2d 854, for this proposition. Steadman then generally compares this case to Smith—where 

the State suggested during its closing argument “that testifying police officers may have lied”—

based on, according to him, “how close the credibility call was” in both cases. See id., ¶¶22, 25. 

Steadman’s arguments are entirely conclusory. He fails to develop an argument as to how the 

factual circumstances in Smith are similar to those here, which is particularly important given the 

Smith court’s statement that “[t]he line between permissible and impermissible final argument is 

not easy to follow and is charted by the peculiar circumstances of each trial.” Id., ¶23 (emphasis 

added). Accordingly, we will not further address this argument. See Pettit, 171 Wis. 2d at 

646-47.

14

 We incorporate our plain error analysis above, see supra ¶41, as support for our 

conclusion that Steadman suffered no prejudice.
No. 2022AP1738-CR

21

depressed and anxious”; “[s]he had run away from home at some point”; “[s]he 

was grounded at some point”; “[t]here was police contact”; and the “further [her 

accusation got], the harder it [was] to walk back.” In other words, Steadman 

squarely placed Lucy’s credibility before the jury, and the jury had ample 

opportunity to weigh Lucy’s credibility and conclude that she was telling the truth,

regardless of the State’s comments made during closing arguments.

¶46 Finally, we conclude that Steadman’s allegation that the cumulative 

effect of defense counsel’s errors amounts to prejudice also fails. See Thiel, 264 

Wis. 2d 571, ¶60. We determined above that defense counsel did not perform 

deficiently by failing to consult with Thompson a second time. See supra

¶¶26-28. Accordingly, there is no prejudice to accumulate. “Zero plus zero equals 

zero.” State v. Brown, 85 Wis. 2d 341, 353, 270 N.W.2d 87 (Ct. App. 1978) 

(citation omitted). Steadman has not met his burden to prove that “but for his 

lawyer’s error, there is a reasonable probability the jury would have had a 

reasonable doubt as to guilt.” See Sholar, 381 Wis. 2d 560, ¶45.

III. Evidence of Bias

¶47 Steadman’s final argument is that the circuit court erred by denying 

him the right to cross-examine Osimitz about her alleged bias resulting from 

Noelle’s “custody battle” with Steadman. Evidence that a witness is biased is 

admissible to attack that witness’s credibility. See WIS. STAT. § 906.16 (“For the 

purpose of attacking the credibility of a witness, evidence of bias, prejudice, or 

interest of the witness for or against any party to the case is admissible.”); Rogers 

v. State, 93 Wis. 2d 682, 689, 287 N.W.2d 774 (1980). “The bias or prejudice of a 

witness is not a collateral issue and extrinsic evidence may be used to prove that a 

witness has a motive to testify falsely. The extent of the inquiry with respect to 
No. 2022AP1738-CR

22

bias is a matter within the discretion of the [circuit] court.” State v. Williamson, 

84 Wis. 2d 370, 383, 267 N.W.2d 337 (1978), abrogated on other grounds by

Manson v. State, 101 Wis. 2d 413, 304 N.W.2d 729 (1981).

¶48 We review the circuit court’s decision to limit testimony on 

cross-examination for an erroneous exercise of discretion. State v. Rhodes, 2011 

WI 73, ¶¶22-23, 336 Wis. 2d 64, 799 N.W.2d 850. The court’s “exercise of 

discretion will be sustained if [it] reviewed the relevant facts; applied a proper 

standard of law; and using a rational process, reached a reasonable conclusion.” 

State v. Davidson, 2000 WI 91, ¶53, 236 Wis. 2d 537, 613 N.W.2d 606. We 

review de novo the question of whether the court relied on the appropriate and 

applicable law—in this context, the constitutional right accorded under the 

Confrontation Clause. See Rhodes, 336 Wis. 2d 64, ¶25.

¶49 During Osimitz’s cross-examination, defense counsel asked her 

about Steadman and Noelle’s custody dispute, and the State objected on the 

ground of relevancy. The circuit court sustained the objection, causing defense 

counsel to request a sidebar. Defense counsel argued that

[Osimitz] is aware that there are disputes regarding child 

custody between her daughter and [Steadman]. I think that 

goes to her credibility. She has a reason to be biased or to 

have a grudge against Mr. Steadman because her daughter 

is fighting him in court on a different matter.

The court agreed that general questions about Noelle and Steadman’s divorce 

disputes were “probably appropriate,” but the court observed that “the fact that 

there is a child custody issue is not the relevant portion.” After continued 

discussion about what questions would be appropriate, the court declared: “I don’t 

want to get into child custody stuff. I don’t think that’s relevant, because I didn’t 

know where you were going with that.” The court upheld its ruling sustaining the 
No. 2022AP1738-CR

23

State’s objection on relevancy grounds. Defense counsel then agreed to leave 

questions on the issue “vague.”

¶50 When Osimitz’s testimony resumed, defense counsel questioned 

Osimitz as to whether “there are some things that are being fought” in Steadman 

and Noelle’s divorce case. Osimitz first repeatedly answered, “No,” and when 

defense counsel rephrased his questions and continued to press, Osimitz testified 

that she “d[idn]’t know” whether her daughter and Steadman “agree on everything 

in the divorce.” She conceded, however, that the divorce was “still pending.”

¶51 On appeal, Steadman argues that Osimitz’s alleged “bias arising 

from [Noelle’s] custody battle with” Steadman was relevant to Osimitz’s 

credibility, and the circuit court erroneously exercised its discretion by sustaining 

the State’s objection to Steadman’s question on cross-examination. According to 

Steadman, Noelle’s placement time and custody with her and Steadman’s son 

would “directly impact[] how much time [Osimitz] would be able to spend with 

her grandson.” Steadman asserts that “[w]ithout [him] being able to ‘make a 

record’ of why [Osimitz] had motive to testify falsely, the jury[] lacked essential 

facts necessary to evaluate the scope of [Osimitz’s] bias and assess her 

credibility.” See Davis v. Alaska, 415 U.S. 308, 318 (1974). Steadman further 

asserts that the court erred by sustaining the State’s objection on the ground of 

“relevancy” because the court “did not explain how the proffered evidence lacked 

materiality to a ‘consequential’ fact such as [Osimitz’s] credibility.”

¶52 The law in this state is clear that “[t]he right to cross-examination, 

and thereby confrontation, is not ... absolute” and does not “prevent[] a trial judge 

from imposing any limits on defense counsel’s inquiry into the potential bias of a 

prosecution witness.” Rhodes, 336 Wis. 2d 64, ¶¶32, 39 (citation omitted). “On 
No. 2022AP1738-CR

24

the contrary, trial judges retain wide latitude insofar as the Confrontation Clause is 

concerned to impose reasonable limits on such cross-examination based on 

concerns about” the danger of unfair prejudice and confusion of the issues. 

Rhodes, 336 Wis. 2d 64, ¶¶39-40, 46 (citation omitted).

¶53 We conclude that the circuit court did not erroneously exercise its 

discretion when it sustained the State’s objection to Steadman’s question. We first

note that the court did not disallow all questions regarding disputes between 

Noelle and Steadman in the divorce; instead, it permitted cross-examination on 

Osimitz’s knowledge of general disputes in the divorce action, likely, as the State 

argued, because “the court recognized that such questions were probative of 

Osimitz’s credibility.” Thus, unlike in Davis—where the prosecution’s key 

witness (who connected the defendant to a stolen safe) was on probation after 

being adjudicated delinquent for burglary and the lower court prevented any

reference to the witness’s juvenile record, Davis, 415 U.S. at 310-11, 318—the 

court in this case did not exclude all evidence of the source of Osimitz’s alleged 

bias. 

¶54 Further, the circuit court’s decision to limit the scope of the 

questions on cross-examination demonstrates, to this court, the balancing required 

to exclude the evidence. See State v. Gary M.B., 2004 WI 33, ¶26, 270 Wis. 2d

62, 676 N.W.2d 475 (“[A]n appellate court can ... affirm[] if the record indicates 

that balancing is implicit from the circuit court’s determination.”). By disallowing 

specific questions about the child custody dispute, but allowing general questions 

about Osimitz’s knowledge of disputes between Noelle and Steadman, the court 

implicitly determined that the custody dispute evidence, while relevant, suffered 

from its “probative value” being “substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair 
No. 2022AP1738-CR

25

prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury.” See WIS. STAT.

§ 904.03.

¶55 We agree with the State that the circuit court’s “comment that it 

‘didn’t know where [defense counsel] was going’ with his custody question 

suggests that the court was concerned that, without more information, it wanted to 

avoid the risk that the jury would hear evidence excludable under 

[WIS. STAT. §] 904.03.” Rather than expand on “where” defense counsel was 

“going” with the cross-examination—i.e., by providing the court with additional 

details about the custody dispute and how it was relevant and more probative than 

prejudicial, see WIS. STAT. § 901.03(1)(b)—counsel said, “Fair. I understand.” 

Without more information, the court reasonably exercised its discretion by 

allowing Steadman to ask Osimitz about Noelle and Steadman’s pending divorce 

while prohibiting questions about the child custody dispute, and we affirm on this 

issue.

By the Court.—Judgment and order affirmed.

This opinion will not be published. See WIS. STAT.

RULE 809.23(1)(b)5.