File Name: 11a0705n.06

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION

No. 10-1050

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

ROBERT BOZUNG,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

OFFICER TRAVIS RAWSON, OFFICER 

JOHN WILSON, and THE CHARTER

TOWNSHIP OF DEWITT 

Defendant-Appellees.

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ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED

STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE

WESTERN DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN

Before: BOGGS and KETHLEDGE, Circuit Judges; and COLLIER, Chief District Judge.*

CURTIS L. COLLIER, Chief District Judge. Plaintiff-Appellant Robert Bozung

(“Bozung”) appeals an order of the district court granting a motion for summary judgment in favor

of Defendant-Appellees Travis Rawson (“Officer Rawson”), John Wilson (“Officer Wilson”) and

the Charter Township of DeWitt (or the “Township”) in regards to Bozung’s federal 42 U.S.C. §

1983 claims. As previously stipulated by the parties, all claims against Officer Wilson on appeal

have been dismissed.

For the reasons set forth below, we AFFIRM the district court’s judgment. 

The Honorable Curtis L. Collier, Chief United States District Judge for the Eastern District *

of Tennessee, sitting by designation.
No. 10-1050

Bozung v. Rawson, Wilson, and The Charter Township of DeWitt

I. Relevant Facts/Procedural History

A. Factual Background

On June 6, 2007, Bozung was returning from a trip to a local grocery store in Lansing,

Michigan. Bozung was fifty-four (54) years old and had health issues arising from a stroke he

suffered at age twenty-eight (28). He had also suffered from a fractured ankle and had a hip

replacement due to a bone deficiency.

One of Bozung’s neighbors had asked him to give her a ride to buy groceries; however,

Bozung explained to her that he could not drive because his license was suspended. As a result, the

neighbor suggested that Bozung allow a friend of hers to drive his truck. Subsequently, the three of

them - Bozung, his neighbor, and his neighbor’s friend - drove to the grocery store.

As the three approached Bozung’s apartment complex upon their return, Officer Rawson of

the DeWitt Township Police Department stopped Bozung’s vehicle because Officer Rawson

considered the rosary hanging from Bozung’s rear-view mirror to be a vision obstruction. The

unknown driver of Bozung’s vehicle stopped the vehicle in the middle of the street and fled the

scene. Officer Rawson pursued the individual in his patrol car and called for back up, but he was

unable to apprehend the individual. When he returned to the truck, he observed Bozung, who had

moved over into the driver’s seat, slowly driving the vehicle into the parking lot of the apartment

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complex. According to Officer Rawson, he ordered Bozung to stop the vehicle; Bozung, however,

claims Officer Rawson did not say anything to him nor did he motion for Bozung to stop the vehicle.

Once Officer Rawson approached the truck, he made contact with Bozung and his neighbor. 

He asked them to identify the fleeing driver, but both claimed they did not know him. In Officer

Rawson’s opinion, Bozungwas obviouslyintoxicated. He smelled of alcohol, later registered a .18%

blood alcohol level, and had urinated himself. Officer Rawson confirmed with dispatch that Bozung

was the owner of the truck. He also ran a LEIN check for outstanding warrants. Bozung did have

a misdemeanor warrant for failure to appear in a local court. Once Officer Rawson advised Bozung

there was a warrant for his arrest, he ordered Bozung to get out of the truck and informed him that

he was under arrest. It is at this point that Bozung’s and Defendant-Appellees’s versions of events

differ greatly.

1. Bozung’s Version of Events

According to Bozung, he exited the truck and complied with Officer Rawson’s instructions

to face the truck. He then placed his hands on the bed of his truck. At that time, Officer Rawson

asked Bozung to spread his legs. Although Bozung states he told Officer Rawson that he was

disabled and could not physically comply with the orders quickly, Bozung states Officer Rawson

began kicking the inside of Bozung’s legs. Bozung also asserts he told Officer Rawson his age, and

he told him that he had a total right hip-replacement and had plate and screws in his right ankle. In

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Bozung v. Rawson, Wilson, and The Charter Township of DeWitt

Bozung’s view, because he was not moving quickly enough, Officer Rawson told him they could

handle the situation “the easy way or the hard way.” Then, despite Bozung’s protests, Officer

Rawson grabbed one of Bozung’s arms and brought Bozung down on to the pavement or asphalt. 

Bozung contends “he was thrown to the ground almost immediately after advising the officer of his

handicap.” In addition, he states Officer Rawson failed to advise him as to why he was being

arrested, and Officer Rawson did not ask him to place his hands or arms behind his back before he

was thrown to the ground. According to Bozung, his interaction with Officer Rawson, prior to being

taken down to the ground, lasted approximately two to three minutes.

Once Bozung was on the ground, Officer Rawson pulled Bozung’s arms behind his back to

handcuff him. Bozung claims he asked Officer Rawson to loosen the handcuffs because they were

too tight. However, Officer Rawson refused to do so.

At some point, Officer John Wilson, a public safety officer at the Capitol Region Airport

Authority, arrived at the scene. Bozung suggests Officer Wilson was involved in throwing Bozung

to the ground, and he specifically alleges Officer Wilson put his foot on Bozung’s neck while he was

lying, face-down, on the pavement. Still, Bozung admits he could not see Officer Wilson while he

was lying face-down on the ground. Bozung also alleges Officer Rawson had his knee in the center

of Bozung’s back. As a result of these interactions, Bozung suffered from lacerations to his face,

a broken thumb, and permanent spinal cord injuries.

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Bozung v. Rawson, Wilson, and The Charter Township of DeWitt

In response to the Defendant-Appellees’ motions for summary judgment, Bozung presented

the deposition testimonies of two witnesses to corroborate parts of his story. James Leggions

(“Leggions”), one of Bozung’s neighbors, testified he saw the events unfold as the driver fled from

Bozung’s truck. He later saw Bozung get out of his vehicle. To him, Bozung appeared to be holding

onto the back of his truck to keep his balance. However, he did not hear Bozung say anything to the

officers, and he could not generally understand what the officers said to Bozung, except he thought

Officer Rawson ordered Bozung to stay inside the truck. Nonetheless, he testified it was clear

Bozung was having trouble walking, and in his opinion, Officer Rawson “slammed” Bozung to the

ground because Bozung would not give the identity of the driver. According to Leggions, it was

Officer Rawson who placed his foot somewhere on Bozung’s neck.

Melanie Harris (“Harris”), who was supposedly Bozung’s girlfriend at the time of the

incident, testified that she saw Officer Rawson kicking Bozung’s legs apart when Bozung first got

out of his truck. She also states she heard Bozung asking the officer to stop because he was disabled. 

In addition, Harris contends other individuals in the forming crowd, including herself, shouted at

Officer Rawson to tell him that Bozung was “handicapped.” Despite their protests, Officer Rawson

told Bozung he must “want this done the hard way,” and he twisted Bozung’s arm and slammed him

to the ground. According to her testimony, it was the second officer, Officer Wilson, who placed

his foot on the upper part of Bozung’s back. Like Leggions, she believed Officer Rawson threw

Bozung to the ground immediately after Bozung informed him of his disabilities.

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As a result of these events, Bozung claims he “suffered lacerations to the face which required

stitches[,] . . . [h]is thumb was broken[,] . . . [and] [t]he handcuffs cut his hand, leaving permanent

marks.” Bozung also contends he suffered more serious injuries. In the three weeks following his

arrest, “he began to lose the use of his arms and had trouble walking. He experienced numbness

from the back of his neck, between the shoulders, working down both arms, then down his legs. An

MRI revealed cervical cord contusion.”

2. Officer Rawson’s Version of Events

According to Officer Rawson, when he ordered Bozung to get out of his vehicle, Bozung

“walked on his own volition along the side of it.” Although he asked Bozung to spread his legs,

Officer Rawson contends he did not use his foot to kick Bozung’s legs apart, and he contends

Bozung never informed him of any disabilities. Indeed, Officer Rawson asserts there was no

indication that Bozung was physically unable to comply with the orders or that he was disabled. At

the time, Bozung did not have a disability sticker on his license plate or a disability tag hanging from

his rearview mirror. He also did not park in a parking spot designated for disabled drivers. 

Officer Rawson then ordered Bozung to place his hands behind his back to be handcuffed,

and he gave him multiple opportunities to comply with the order over the course of thirty seconds. 

Bozung allegedly refused and gripped the bed of the truck. Nonetheless, Officer Rawson concedes

Bozung stated, “wait, wait,” or “I am, I am” in response to Officer Rawson’s commands. Still,

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Officer Rawson asserts Bozung did not provide any explanation as to why he could not put his hands

behind his back to be handcuffed. After unsuccessfully trying a “muscling technique” to release

Bozung’s grip on the truck, Officer Rawson believed “further action was warranted,” even though

he would not characterize Bozung’s non-compliance as active resistence. 

At this point, Officer Rawson decided to employ a technique called a “straight arm bar

takedown.” This is a “soft empty hand control technique.” However, when Officer Rawson grabbed

Bozung’s right hand, it appeared to him that Bozung was pulling away from him. OnceBozung was

on the ground, Officer Wilson, who Officer Rawson noticed for the first time, assisted Officer

Rawson in handcuffing Bozung.

At this time, Officer Rawson admits he may have had his knee on Bozung’s shoulder blade,

but this was done to help secure the handcuffs. After Bozung was handcuffed, he was assisted to

his feet by the officers and placed in Officer Rawson’s patrol car. Because Officer Rawson noticed

Bozung had a small cut above his eye and an injury to his thumb, Bozung was transported to the

hospital for treatment. Bozung was released from the hospital after a few hours.

3. Officer Wilson’s Version of Events

Officer Wilson was on duty at the Capitol Region Airport on June 6, 2007. He heard the

transmission from Officer Rawson stating he was in pursuit of a fleeing suspect and needed

assistance.

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When he arrived at the scene, Officer Wilson observed a crowd forming outside of the

apartment complex. He then saw Bozung standing outside of his truck, and he heard Officer Rawson

inform Bozung of the outstanding warrant for his arrest. Although Officer Wilson did not hear

Bozung respond to this information, he saw Bozung walking, on his own volition, to the rear end of

Bozung’s truck. There, Bozung grabbed onto and held the bed of the truck. 

When Officer Rawson ordered Bozung to place his hands behind his back, Bozung

responded, “I am, I am.” At no point did Officer Wilson hear Bozung explain to Officer Rawson

that he was disabled, nor did Bozung ever make such statement to Officer Wilson. Instead, it

appeared to Officer Wilson that Bozung was being noncompliant by continuing to hold onto the bed

of the truck. Finally, after giving Bozung multiple opportunities to place his hands behind his back,

Officer Rawson grabbed Bozung’s arm to pry him away from the truck.

It appeared to Officer Wilson that once Officer Rawson freed Bozung’s arm, Bozung tried

to pull away from Officer Rawson. Unsure as to whether Bozung was attempting to flee, Officer

Wilson grabbed Bozung’s other arm in an effort to assist. As a result of Officer Rawson’s straightarm bar takedown, all three of the men went to the ground.

While Bozung was on the ground, Officer Wilson claims he crouched alongside Bozung in

order to guide one of Bozung’s arms behind his back so Officer Rawson could handcuff Bozung. 

At no point did he place his foot on Bozung’s neck.

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Bozung v. Rawson, Wilson, and The Charter Township of DeWitt

B. Procedural History

Bozung filed a complaint in the Western District of Michigan on April 11, 2008. The

complaint alleged Officer Rawson, Officer Wilson, and the Charter Township of DeWitt violated

Bozung’s civil rights pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Specifically, Bozung alleged Officer Rawson

and Officer Wilson used unreasonable and excessive force in effectuating his arrest. Plaintiff then

contended the Township failed to train its officers in the proper use of force and failed to train its

officers to properly accommodate individuals with disabilities. Bozung’s three remaining counts

were brought under state law. He alleged the officers’s conduct constituted gross negligence. He

also asserted claims for assault and battery against the officers. Finally, Bozung brought a claim

against all three of the defendants for violating the Michigan Persons with Disabilities Civil Rights

Act.

In response to Bozung’s complaint, Officer Wilson, Officer Rawson, and the Township filed

motions for summary judgment. The district court granted in part and denied without prejudice in

part Officer Wilson’s motion, dismissing the federal law claims against Officer Wilson. The district

court also granted in part and denied in part Officer Rawson and the Township’s motion for

summary judgment. All federal claims were dismissed against them as well. Finally, because the

Court had dismissed all federal claims against all of the defendants, it declined to exercise

supplemental jurisdiction over Bozung’s state law claims.

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On Bozung’s § 1983 claims, the district court found Bozung had not “established the actions

of the officers were unreasonable under the totality of the circumstances.” Bozung v. Rawson, No.

1:08-cv-339, 2009 WL 2413624, at *6 (W.D. Mich. Aug. 4, 2009). Although the court considered

the facts in a light most favorable to Bozung, it found summary judgment was warranted. As to

Officer Rawson, the court found he acted reasonably when he forced Bozung to comply through his

straight-arm bar takedown. To support this finding, the court cited the following facts: “(1) when

[Officer Rawson] attempted to stop [Bozung’s] vehicle, the driver of the vehicle had fled the scene;

(2) [Bozung], the owner of the vehicle, [had] a warrant for his arrest; and (3) neither the vehicle nor

[Bozung] had been searched.” Id.(internal citations omitted). The court also credited Officer

Rawson’s and Officer Wilson’s testimony that Bozung had been given a number of opportunities

to place his hands behind his back, and he failed to comply. In addition, Bozung failed to explain

why he was unable to do so. Id.

As to Officer Wilson, the district court found Bozung’s allegations were totally contradicted

by the record. Id. at *7. Indeed, Bozung did not see who placed a foot on his neck, and none of the

witnesses saw Officer Wilson do so.

Next, the district court found that even if the officers made a mistake, they were entitled to

qualified immunity. Id. According to that court, any mistake made was reasonable, and Bozung

failed to demonstrate that the officers had violated a clearly established right. Id. at *8, 9. Because

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the district court found no individual defendant violated Bozung’s constitutional rights, it also

dismissed the federal claims against the Township. Id. at *9. 

As a result of the district court’s rulings, Bozung filed a motion for reconsideration. Bozung

v. Rawson, No. 1:09-cv-339, 2009 WL 5149917 (W.D. Mich. Dec. 16, 2009). That motion was

denied. Bozung now appeals the district court’s decision, and he moves this Court to reverse the

district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of Officer Rawson and the Township.

II. Standard of Review

Because Bozung appeals the district court’s grant of summary judgment, this Court must

review de novo the district court’s ruling. Alspaugh v. McConnell, 643 F.3d 162, 168 (6th Cir.

2011). Summary judgment is proper “if the movant shows that there is no genuine issue as to any

material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). The

moving party bears the burden of demonstrating no genuine issue of material fact exists. Celotex

Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986); Leary v. Daeschner, 349 F.3d 888, 897 (6th Cir. 2003). 

The Court should view the evidence, including all reasonable inferences, in the light most favorable

to the nonmoving party. Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co., Ltd. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587

(1986); Nat’l Satellite Sports, Inc. v. Eliadis, Inc., 253 F.3d 900, 907 (6th Cir. 2001). Here, Bozung

alleges the district court disregarded or discredited his version of events. However, “[c]onstruing

the facts on summary judgment in the light most favorable to the non-moving party usually means

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adopting the plaintiff’s version of the facts.” Coble v. City of White House, Tenn., 634 F.3d 865, 868

(6th Cir. 2011). On the other hand, if plaintiff’s version of events “is blatantly contradicted by the

record, so that no reasonable jury could believe it, a court should not adopt that version of the facts

for purposes of ruling on a motion for summary judgment.” Scott v. Harris, 550 U.S. 372, 380

(2007).

In addition, to survive a motion for summary judgment, “the nonmoving party must go

beyond the pleadings and come forward with specific facts to demonstrate that there is a genuine

issue for trial.” Chao v. Hall Holding Co., Inc., 285 F.3d 415, 424 (6th Cir. 2002). Indeed, a

“[plaintiff] is not entitled to a trial on the basis of mere allegations.” Smith v. City of Chattanooga,

No. 1:08-cv-63, 2009 WL 3762961, at *2, 3 (E.D. Tenn. Nov. 4, 2009) (explaining the Court must

determine whether “the record contains sufficient facts and admissible evidence from which a

rational jury could reasonably find in favor of [the] plaintiff”). In addition, should the non-moving

party fail to provide evidence to support an essential element of the case, the movant can meet its

burden by pointing out such failure to the Court. Street v. J.C. Bradford &Co., 886 F.2d 1472, 1479

(6th Cir. 1989).

At summary judgment, the Court’s role is limited to determining whether the case contains

sufficient evidence from which a jurycould reasonable find for the non-movant. Anderson v. Liberty

Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248-49 (1986). If the Court concludes a fair-minded jury could not return

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a verdict in favor of the non-movant based on the record, the Court should entersummary judgment. 

Id. at 251-52; Lansing Dairy, Inc. v. Espy, 39 F.3d 1339, 1347 (6th Cir. 1994). 

III. Analysis

A. Officer Rawson

To prevail on his 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claim against Officer Rawson, Bozung must show that

“a person acting under color of state law deprived [him] of a right secured by the Constitution or

laws of the United States.” Smoak v. Hall, 460 F.3d 768, 777 (6th Cir. 2006). Here, Bozung alleges

two distinct instances of excessive force, which is prohibited under the Fourth Amendment. Slusher

v. Carson, 540 F.3d 449, 454 (6th Cir. 2008). First, he alleges either Officer Rawson or Officer

Wilson, or both, threw him to the ground as he was standing by the truck. Second, he alleges once

he was on the ground, one or both of the officers placed their knee or foot on his spinal cord.

“A claim of excessive force under the Fourth Amendment requires that a plaintiff

demonstrate that a seizure occurred, and that the force used in effecting the seizure was objectively

unreasonable.” Rodriguez v. Passinault, 637 F.3d 675, 680 (6th Cir. 2011). Whether a

constitutional violation based on excessive force occurred “depends on the facts and circumstances

of each case viewed from the perspective of a reasonable officer on the scene and not with 20/20

hindsight.” Fox v. DeSoto, 489 F.3d 227, 236 (6th Cir. 2007) (citing Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S.

386, 395-96 (1989)). In making its determination, the Court should “pay particular attention to ‘the

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severity of the crime at issue, whether the suspect poses an immediate threat to the safety of the

officers or others, and whether he is actively resisting arrest or attempting to evade arrest by flight.’” 

Schreiber v. Moe, 596 F.3d 323, 332 (6th Cir. 2010) (citing Kostrzewa v. City of Troy, 247 F.3d 633,

639 (6th Cir. 2001)). This is not an “exhaustive list,” and the inquiry ultimately turns on whether

the seizure was reasonable under the “totality of the circumstances.” Slusher, 540 F.3d at 455.

In addition, “[e]ach defendant’s liability must be assessed individually based on his own

actions.” Binay v. Bettendorf, 601 F.3d 640, 650 (6th Cir. 2010). Here, Bozung must show Officer

Rawson “(1) actively participated in the use of excessive force, (2) supervised the officer who used

excessive force, or (3) owed the victim a duty of protection against the use of excessive force.” Id.

(citing Turner v. Scott, 119 F.3d 425, 429 (6th Cir. 1997)). 

According to Bozung, his version of events leading to his arrest support a finding that Officer

Rawson used excessive force and acted unreasonably under the totality of circumstances. 

Specifically, Bozung alleges Officer Rawson slammed him to the ground without first giving him

any instructions to place his hands behind his back. Bozung contends that although he was

attempting to obey Officer Rawson and explain his limitations, Officer Rawson acted without

provocation anyway. In addition, Bozung states Officer Rawson placed his knee or foot on Bozung’s

back, contributing to Bozung’s spinal cord injuries. Although Bozung’s version of events differ

from that of Officer Rawson, the Court finds Bozung has not established a genuine issue of material

fact regarding whether Officer Rawson used excessive force.

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Indeed, considering the facts in a light most favorable to Bozung, it is clear it was reasonable

for Officer Rawson to employ the straight-arm bar takedown technique to neutralize Bozung and to

handcuff Bozung. See Slusher, 540 F.3d at 455 (explaining that although the Court should evaluate

the decision to use force “from the perspective of an objective officer,” the facts must still be viewed

in a light most favorable to the plaintiff). When Officer Rawson asked Bozung to step out of his

vehicle, he had very limited knowledge about Bozung. He knew Bozung had been drinking, he 

knew the driver of Bozung’s vehicle had fled the scene, and he knew there was a warrant for

Bozung’s arrest. Here, the record unequivocally shows Bozung was being arrested on a

misdemeanor offense. Indeed, he was not being arrested for a “violent or serious crime, and this fact

weighs in favor of using less force in arresting someone for such conduct.” Carpenter v. Bowling,

276 F. App’x 423, 426 (6th Cir. 2008) (citing Thacker v. Lawrence County, 182 F. App’x 464, 472

(6th Cir. 2006)) (internal brackets and citations omitted). However, neither Bozung nor Officer

Rawson has offered evidence to show at what point Officer Rawson became aware of the fact

Bozung’s arrest warrant was for a misdemeanor offense (see Appellant Brief at 50, n.13). 

Next, it was not clear to Officer Rawson, at the time of the incident, whether Bozung posed

an immediate threat to him. Although there is no evidence to suggest Bozung possessed a weapon

or made verbal or physical threats to the officers, see, e.g., Meirthew v. Amore, 417 F. App’x 494,

497 (6th Cir. 2011), the record indicates the officers did not have an opportunity to search Bozung

or his vehicle prior to employing the straight-arm bar takedown technique. In addition, it may have

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been “difficult for the officers to judge [Bozung’s] intentions” given the facts mentioned above. See,

e.g., Wysong v. City of Heath, 260 F. App’x 848, 855 (6th Cir. 2008). Although the evidence

indicates “Bozung was cooperative and was not boisterous, combative, or disrespectful,” there was

a growing crowd forming at the scene, and Officer Rawson needed to be concerned about his safety

and the safety of others.

Finally, in the context of this case, the most important Graham factor is whetherBozung was

resisting arrest by not complying with Officer Rawson’s orders to place his hands behind his back

prior to the takedown. Although Bozung argues on appeal he does not recall Officer Rawson asking

him to place his hands behind his back, he conceded before the district court in his response in

opposition to the motions to dismiss that he had been told to place his hands behind his back. 

(District Court Record No. 65) (“Both defendant officers admit that Bozung responded to Rawson’s

command to place his hands behind his back as saying “wait, wait,” and “I am, I am,” which is

consistent with [Bozung’s] claim that he never refused to place his hands behind his back, but rather

simply needed more time to comply”). In addition, during his deposition testimony, Bozung states

two to three minutes passed between the time he walked around from the back of his truck until the

time Officer Rawson employed the straight-arm bar technique. The Court finds, in light of Bozung’s

concession before the district court and the amount of time Bozung gripped the bed of his truck,

there was a sufficient amount of time for Bozung to comply with the officer’s request to put his

hands behind his back.

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Finally, regarding whether Officer Rawson used excessive force while Bozung was on the

ground, it is clear Bozung has not demonstrated that there is a genuine issue of material fact. See,

e.g., Goodrich v. Everett, 193 F. App’x 551, 556 (6th Cir. 2006). Bozung alleges Officer Rawson

put his knee on Bozung’s back. “Taking the evidence in light most favorable to [Bozung], the

kneeing . . . occurred not when [Bozung] was neutralized, but while the officers were handcuffing

him.” Id.; cf. Harris v. City of Circleville, 583 F.3d 356, 367 (6th Cir. 2009) (explaining that

excessive force on a suspect who has been restrained and placed in handcuffs is unconstitutional).

Therefore, such action was objectively reasonable.

B. The Township

The district court properly found the Township was also entitled to summary judgment

because “no individual defendant violated [Bozung’s] rights.” Bozung, 2009 WL 2413624, at *9. 

“To succeed on a municipal liability claim, a plaintiff must establish that his or her constitutional

rights were violated and that a policy or custom of the municipality was the ‘moving force’ behind

the deprivation of the plaintiff’s rights.” Miller v. Sanilac Cnty, 606 F.3d 240, 254- 55 (6th Cir.

2010). Because this Court finds Officer Rawson did not use excessive force in violation of Bozung’s

Fourth Amendment rights, the Township cannot be held liable.

IV. Conclusion

For these reasons, we AFFIRM the decision of the district court.

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BOGGS, Circuit Judge, dissenting. Because I believe there are factual disputes that go to

the heart of whether the force employed by Officer Rawson in handcuffing Bozung was reasonable,

I cannot join the majority opinion. Viewing the facts in the light most favorable to Bozung, Officer

Rawson’s conduct was objectively unreasonable and violated a clearly established constitutional

right. I would therefore reverse the grant of summary judgment for Rawson and remand for further

proceedings.

Rawson is entitled to summary judgment if he did not violate Bozung’s constitutional right

to be free from excessive force. As the majority correctly explains, the reasonableness of arresting

officers’ use of force depends on the severity of the crime at issue, whether the suspect poses an

immediate threat to the safety of the officers, and whether he is actively resisting arrest or attempting

to evade arrest by flight. Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 394 (1989). “Authorities must be

allowed ‘to graduate their response to the demands of any particular situation.’” United States v.

Montoya de Hernandez, 473 U.S. 531, 542 (1985) (quoting United States v. Place, 462 U.S. 696,

709 n.10 (1983)). Law enforcement surely has an interest in securing a suspect. If an individual

suspected of a minor crime puts up even a low level of resistance to arrest, he may be subjected to

some force. Wysong v. City of Heath, 260 F. App’x 848, 854–55 (6th Cir. 2008). 

Our case law makes it clear, however, that there is no government interest in tackling

someone who is compliant and not attempting to flee. See Pershell v. Cook, 2011 WL 2728137, at

*5 (6th Cir. July 13, 2011) (knocking suspect to the ground was unreasonable when suspect “did

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not resist arrest or pose an immediate danger to officers”); Kijowski v. City of Niles, 372 F. App’x

595, 600 (6th Cir. 2010) (use of Taser against suspect presenting no risk of harm unreasonable);

Lawler v. City of Taylor, 268 F. App’x 384, 386–87 (6th Cir. 2008) (officer’s “use of force in

throwing [suspect] to the floor was disproportionate to any threat he faced,” given that suspect had

merely insulted officer and “raised his left arm slightly”); Smoak v. Hall, 460 F.3d 768, 784 (6th Cir.

2006) (unreasonable to tackle cuffed and compliant suspect); Solomon v. Auburn Hills Police Dep’t,

389 F.3d 167, 174 (6th Cir. 2004) (attempting leg sweep and shoving plaintiff against wall

unreasonable when plaintiff was complying with the officers’ demands); McDowell v. Rogers, 863

F.2d 1302, 1307 (6th Cir. 1988) (unreasonable to strike unresisting suspect).

Although the true version of what happened between Bozung and the officers is certainly

disputed, on summary judgment the facts must be viewed in the light most favorable to Bozung. In

my view, Bozung has alleged facts and provided evidence sufficient to justify the conclusion that

there is a genuine issue of material fact as to whetherRawson violated his Fourth-Amendment rights

by using the straight-arm bar takedown technique when Bozung was not resisting arrest, and when

Rawson could not reasonably have concluded that he was doing so.

Rawson stopped Bozung’s vehicle for a trivial infraction. Although the driver fled, and

Bozung had an outstanding warrant, Rawson had no reason to believe that Bozung had committed

a serious crime. Bozung did not attempt to flee. Instead, after parking, he exited the truck and

moved to the back of the vehicle as directed. Bozung did not threaten Rawson, and there was no

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evidence that he had a weapon. According to Rawson’s deposition testimony, Bozung was “calm

and collected” and was not “boisterous or combative in anyway.” Bozung exited the vehicle slowly,

holding onto the truck bed for balance. Neighbor James Leggions testified in his deposition that

Bozung was “off balance” and “walked like he had a problem with his legs.” Bozung advised

Rawson that he had had a total hip replacement and had a plate and screws in his right ankle. 

Onlookers also shouted that Bozung was handicapped.

I agree with the majority that we must assume that Rawson told Bozung to place his hands

behind his back, even though Bozung argues on appeal that he neverreceived such an order. Bozung

stated in his deposition that he did not recall receiving an orderfrom Rawson to put his hands behind

his back. Bystanders Leggions and Melonie Harris did not report hearing such an order. Bozung’s

lawyer, however, argued to the district court that Bozung was ordered to place his hands behind his

back but, given his disability, needed more time to comply with the order. Bozung’s response to the

defendants’ motions for summary judgment states that Rawson ordered him “to walk to the rear of

the vehicle and to place his hands behind his back to be cuffed.” Bozung cannot present a new

argument on appeal. See Harvey v. Great Seneca Fin. Corp., 453 F.3d 324, 329 (6th Cir. 2006)

(“Allowing [plaintiff] to present a new theoryof her case on appeal that was not alleged below would

permit her two bites at the apple, a practice that would be very disruptive of orderly trial

procedure.”).

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The majority’s reliance on Scott v. Harris is misplaced. The record shows that“ opposing

parties [have told] two different stories,” and a “genuine” dispute as to the sequence of events exists. 

Scott v. Harris, 550 U.S. 372, 380 (2007) (citing Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)). Even if we assume Bozung

received an order to place his hands behind his back, whether Rawson’s actions were reasonable

turns on disputed issues of fact. We do not know how clear and forceful the order was, nor how long

Rawson gave Bozung to comply with the order before taking him to the ground. The majority

emphasizes Bozung’s “concession” in his deposition that he stood outside the truck for “maybe . .

. two to three minutes” before he was taken to the ground, construing this delay as evidence that

Bozung resisted Rawson’s order. But we must view the facts as a whole in the light most favorable

to Bozung, not simply pounce on any detail that could weaken his case. Officer Wilson’s testimony

suggests that the delay was shorter: he estimated that “at least 30 seconds passed” between the time

that Rawson gave Bozung the instruction and when he performed the takedown maneuver. Leggions

testified that “after [Bozung] got almost around his truck, [Rawson] ran over and thr[ew] him to the

ground.” Even if Bozung was out of the truck for two minutes, moreover, we do not know how long

after he exited the truck the order to place his hands behind his back was given. There is also a

factual dispute as to whether Bozung struggled when Rawson attempted to handcuff him. The

plaintiff’s version of events is not “blatantly contradicted by the record,” and a “reasonable jury

could believe it.” Ibid. With so much uncertainty as to what actually happened, the “facts must be

viewed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party.” Ibid.

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More importantly, there are disputed facts regarding whether Bozung’s handicap and his

inability to comply at once with Rawson’s order should have been apparent to Rawson. Bozung,

Officer Wilson, and Ms. Harris all testified that Bozung indicated to Rawson that he was attempting

to comply with the order. Bozung stated in his deposition that he told Rawson he was disabled and

said, “it’s going to take me a few minutes.” Harris stated that Bozung yelled, “wait and minute, wait

a minute,” but that Rawson responded, “well, I guess you want this done the hard way” and grabbed

him. Officer Wilson testified that Bozung responded to Rawson’s command to place his hands

behind his back by saying “I am, I am.” According to Bozung, Rawson ignored these protests and

slammed him to ground with sufficient force to lacerate his forehead and fracture his hand. 

Construing the facts in the light most favorable to Bozung, a jury could find, in light of Bozung’s

handicap and lack of resistance, that it was unreasonable for Rawson to perform the takedown

maneuver to handcuff Bozung, and that Rawson’s conduct thus violated Bozung’s FourthAmendment rights.

Furthermore, Rawson is not entitled to qualified immunity. A “defendant enjoys qualified

immunity on summary judgment unless the facts alleged and the evidence produced, when viewed

in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, would permit a reasonable juror to find that (1) the

defendant violated a constitutional right; and (2) the right was clearly established.” Morrison v. Bd.

of Trs. of Green Twp., 583 F.3d 394, 400 (6th Cir. 2009). A right is clearly established if “the

contours of the right [are] sufficiently clear that a reasonable official would understand that what he

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is doing violates that right.” Binay v. Bettendorf, 601 F.3d 640, 646–47 (6th Cir. 2010). The facts,

taken in the light most favorable to Bozung, would permit a finding that the force Rawson used was

not only unnecessary, but would have been recognized as such “by a reasonable officer in his

position.” Phelps v. Coy, 286 F.3d 295, 302 (6th Cir. 2002). The right to be free from excessive

force is clearly established, see Graham, 490 U.S. at 394–95, as is “the right to be free from physical

force when one is not resisting the police,” Wysong, 260 F. App’x at 856. Here, there is a genuine

issue of material fact as to whether Bozung resisted arrest. If he did not resist, a reasonable officer

would have known that it was unnecessary to force him to the ground to handcuff him. The grant

of summary judgment for Rawson was therefore improper.

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