OPM.gov / Policy / Training & Development / Leadership Development

Skip to main content

### In this section

- Assessment & Selection Toggle submenu   - Job Analysis
  - Occupational Questionnaires
  - Structured Interviews
  - Competencies
  - Other Assessment Methods
  - Designing an Assessment Strategy
  - Assessment Glossary
  - Reference Materials
  - Contact Us
- Classification & Qualifications Toggle submenu   - Classifying General Schedule Positions
  - Classifying Federal Wage System Positions
  - General Schedule Qualification Policies
  - General Schedule Qualification Standards
  - Federal Wage System Qualifications
  - Appeal Decisions Toggle submenu     - General Schedule
    - Federal Wage System
  - Reference Materials
- Data, Analysis & Documentation Toggle submenu   - Personnel Documentation
  - Data, Policy & Guidance
  - Enterprise Human Resources Integration
  - FedScope
  - Federal Employment Reports
  - Employee Surveys
  - Health Insurance Analysis
  - Other Insurance Analysis
  - Evaluation Standards
- Disability Employment Toggle submenu   - Getting a Job
  - Reasonable Accommodations
  - Selective Placement Program Coordinator
  - Recruiting
  - Hiring
  - Retention
  - Providing Accommodations
  - Disability FAQs
  - Reference Materials
- Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, and Accessibility Toggle submenu   - About Us
  - People
  - Reports
  - Diversity & Inclusion FAQs
  - Reference Materials
- CDOE Council Toggle submenu   - CDOE Council Charter
  - Contact Us
- CHCO Council
- Coronavirus Disease 2019
- Employee Relations Toggle submenu   - Training
  - Employee Rights & Appeals
  - Reasonable Accommodation
  - Employee Relations FAQs
  - Reference Materials
- Re-Entry Guidance
- Re-Entry Toolkit
- Human Resources Solutions
- Frequently Asked Questions for Hybrid Work Environment
- Hiring Information Toggle submenu   - Types of Hires
  - Assessment & Evaluation 
  - Hiring Authorities 
  - Laws & Regulations
  - Competitive Hiring
  - Variations
  - Part-Time & Job Sharing
  - Intergovernment Personnel Act
  - Dual Compensation Waivers
  - Students & Recent Graduates
  - Direct Hire Authority
  - Details & Transfers
  - Talent Surge Playbook
  - Reports
  - Practical Tips for Supervisors of Probationers
- Human Capital Management Toggle submenu   - Closing Skills Gaps
  - Cybersecurity
  - Federal Workforce Priorities Report (FWPR)
  - Strategic Foresight
  - Successful Workforce Practices
  - Hiring Reform
  - HRStat
  - Human Capital Reviews (HCR)
- Human Capital Framework Toggle submenu   - Strategic Planning & Alignment
  - Talent Management
  - Performance Culture
  - Evaluation
  - Reference Materials
- Labor Management Relations Toggle submenu   - Federal Labor-Management Information System
  - CBA Database
  - Law & Policy Resources
- Oversight Activities Toggle submenu   - Accountability
  - Compliance
  - Political Conversions Toggle submenu     - Reports to Congress
  - Voting Rights
  - Oversight FAQs
- Pandemic Information Toggle submenu   - Benefits
  - Work & Hiring Arrangements
  - Pay & Leave
  - Agency Preparations
- Pay & Leave Toggle submenu   - OPM ARPA Services
  - Pay Systems Toggle submenu     - General Schedule
    - Federal Wage System
    - Special Rates Requests
    - Nonforeign Areas
  - Salaries & Wages Toggle submenu     - Special Rate
    - Fact Sheets
  - Pay Administration
  - Back Pay Calculator Toggle submenu     - Help Guide
  - Recruitment, Relocation & Retention Incentives
  - Student Loan Repayment
  - Leave Administration
  - Work Schedules
  - Federal Holidays
  - Claim Decisions Toggle submenu     - Compensation & Leave
    - Decisions
    - Fair Labor Standards Act
    - Declination of Reasonable Offer
    - Settlement of Accounts
  - Furlough Guidance
  - Reference Materials Toggle submenu     - Compensation Policy Memoranda
    - Reports
    - Handbooks
- Performance Management Toggle submenu   - Overview & History
  - Performance Management Cycle
  - Teams
  - Measuring
  - Awards List
  - Legal Citations
  - Performance Management Portal
  - Policy Memoranda
  - Performance Management FAQs
  - Reference Materials
- Senior Executive Service Toggle submenu   - Overview & History
  - Executive Core Qualifications
  - Selection Process
  - Adverse Actions
  - Reduction in Force
  - Presidential Rank Awards Toggle submenu     - 2023 Toggle submenu
    - 2022
    - 2021
    - 2019
    - 2018
    - 2017
    - 2016
    - 2015
  - Compensation
  - Performance
  - Basic Appraisal System
  - Executive Development
  - Candidate Development Programs
  - Senior-Level & Scientific and Professional Positions Toggle submenu     - Salary & Benefits
    - Job Opportunities, Qualifications, & Recruitment
    - History
    - Allocations & Appointments
  - Facts & Figures
  - SES Desk Guide Toggle submenu     - Introduction
    - Statutes, Regulations, and Desk Guide Citations
    - Ch. 1 - Executive Resources Management
    - Ch. 2 - General Staffing and Career Appointments
    - Ch. 3 - Other Staffing Actions
    - Ch. 4 - Performance Management
    - Ch. 5 - Pay and Other Compensation
    - Ch. 6 - Awards
    - Ch. 7 - Executive Development
    - Ch. 8 - Removals and Suspensions
    - Ch. 9 - Reduction in Force (RIF), RIF Placement, and Furlough
    - Ch. 10 - Guaranteed Placement
    - Ch. 11 - Other Provisions Affecting SES Members
    - Ch. 12 - Senior Positions Outside the SES
  - Senior Executive Service FAQs
  - Reference Materials
  - Contact Us
- Settlement Guidelines
- Snow & Dismissal Procedures Toggle submenu   - Current Status
  - Status Archives
  - Notices
  - Hurricane Guidance
- Training & Development Toggle submenu   - Planning & Evaluating
  - Career Development
  - Training Program Management Toggle submenu     - Training Options
  - Leadership Development
  - Reporting Training Data
  - Training & Development FAQs
  - Mentoring Toggle submenu     - Executive Women in Motion (EWIM)
    - Mentoring Resources
  - Federal Academic Alliance
  - Reference Materials
  - Training & Development Wiki
- Tribal Consultation Toggle submenu   - Indian Preference
- Veterans Services Toggle submenu   - Council on Veterans Employment
  - Feds Hire Vets
  - Vet Guide for HR Professionals
  - Veterans Services FAQs
- Work-Life Toggle submenu   - Find Your Agency POC
  - Featured Topics
  - Awareness & Communication Materials
  - Telework
  - Health & Wellness
  - Employee Wellness Programs Toggle submenu     - Employee Assistance Programs
    - Legislation
    - Guidance for Agency Leaders & Coordinators
    - Services
    - Resources
    - Mental Health
  - Dependent Care
  - Training Opportunities
  - Work-Life FAQs
  - Reference Materials Toggle submenu     - Alcoholism In The Workplace
    - Responding to Domestic Violence
  - Federal Work-Life Survey
  - Contact Us
- Workforce Restructuring Toggle submenu   - Reductions in Force
  - Voluntary Early Retirement Authority
  - Voluntary Separation Incentive Payments
  - Career Transition
  - Reshaping
  - Summary of Reassignment
- Policy FAQs
- Contact Policymakers
- FY 2023 Human Capital Reviews Toggle submenu   - Message from the Director
  - Introduction
  - Workforce Planning and Analysis Toggle submenu     - Early Career Talent
  - Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, and Accessibility
  - Evaluation System Development
  - Innovation
  - Leading Practices
  - Resources

### Resources For

          - New / Prospective Employees
          - Federal Employees
          - HR Professionals
          - Managers

# Leadership Development

# Leadership & Executive Development

The path to becoming a top-notch leader is one that requires constant attention and fine-tuning, whether we are preparing to lead small groups, large teams, or simply preparing for the next steps in a leadership role. Useful tools and tips are available in a plethora of subjects important to employees interested in becoming a supervisor. By sharing our knowledge, ideas,  and best practices agencies can collaborate to not only reach but exceed their training goals by developing top notch talent for the aspiring supervisor.
                - supervisory, mngr. & exec. training  
U.S. Office of Personnel Management (OPM) has trained Federal managers and executives to be effective Government leaders. We recognize the need for leadership at all levels, encompassing the many roles that influence, create and implement good governance.

View More
 
                - succession management  
The Federal Workforce Flexibility Act of 2004 (P.L. 108-411) requires agencies to provide specific training to develop supervisors and managers as part of a comprehensive succession management strategy.

View More
 
                - ses candidate development programs  
An SES Candidate Development Program (SESCDP) provides aspiring senior executive leaders with Governmentwide leadership challenges, interactions with senior employees outside their department and/or agency, interagency training experience, executive level development assignments, and mentoring.

View More
 
                - pmc interagency rotation program  
The PMC Interagency Rotation Program enables emerging Federal leaders to expand their leadership competencies, broaden their organizational experiences, and foster networks they can leverage in the future.

View More
 
                - federal coaching  
Coaching is a practical, goal-focused form of one-on-one learning where the participant works with an internal or external coach who helps establish and monitor progress toward goals.

View More
 
                - ldr. & exec. development guidance  
For information on Leadership and Executive Development guidance and resources click here.
 

The U.S. Office of Personnel Management (OPM) has trained Federal managers and executives to be effective Government leaders. We recognize the need for leadership at all levels, encompassing the many roles that influence, create and implement good governance. We seek to empower Federal leaders by providing career-long training that enlightens and fortifies them on their Leadership Journey.

To assist in the targeted training and development of current and future leaders, OPM has created the "Effective Learning Interventions for Developing Executive Core Qualifications (ECQs)" report. The report provides information on the most effective ways to develop each of the twenty-two (22) core leadership competencies and six (6) fundamental competencies within the ECQs. The report includes a Leadership Development Matrix, which serves as a quick reference guide and summary of the report.

**Follow the link below to find out more about Training Program Evaluation:**

If you have any questions regarding training policy or executive development, you can contact the Training and Executive Development Group by sending an email to HRDLeadership@opm.gov.

# Federal Supervisory, Managerial & Executive Training 

U.S. Office of Personnel Management (OPM) has trained Federal managers and executives to be effective Government leaders. We recognize the need for leadership at all levels, encompassing the many roles that influence, create and implement good governance. We seek to empower Federal leaders by providing career-long training that enlightens and fortifies them on their Leadership Journey.

Agencies should prepare, implement, and continually update Executive Development Plans (EDPs) for all senior executives. EDPs should outline a senior executive's short-term and long-term developmental activities which will enhance the executive's performance. These developmental activities included in an executive's EDP should allow the executive to develop a broader perspective in the agency as well as Government-wide. These activities should meet organizational needs for leadership, managerial improvement, and results. EDPs should be reviewed annually and revised as appropriate by an Executive Resources Board or similar body designated by the agency to oversee executive development.

Here is an EDP template your agency can use.

The Senior Executive Service is committed to developing leaders in the 21st century. One way to become an SES is to participate in a SES Candidate Development Program (SESCDP). These programs are designed to create pools of qualified candidates for SES positions. All SESCDPs address the five ECQs that embody the leadership skills needed to succeed in the SES. Many of the leader development activities on this website are also incorporated into SESCDPs.

Please visit the OPM Training and Development Wiki for more information and sample EDP templates

## Executive Onboarding

Executive onboarding is acquiring, accommodating, assimilating and accelerating new leaders into the organizational culture and business. The best onboarding strategies will provide a fast track to meaningful, productive work and strong employee relationships and be tailored specifically to the needs of the individual. Executive onboarding should be strategic, so that it not only prevents executive derailment, but expedites the executive's contribution to optimize strategic achievement.

While the terms onboarding and orientation are sometimes used interchangeably they are notably different. Nevertheless, they are both critical processes in the successful assimilation of new hires. Here are some important distinctions between the two:

The sooner a new executive experiences the benefits of a comprehensive and well-implemented orientation and onboarding program, the sooner the executive will become a contributing member of that organization.

To assist agencies in creating or modifying their own executive onboarding programs OPM created an Executive Onboarding Framework. The framework designed to provide a consistent model in which to introduce new executives into the SES and to maximize executive effectiveness. It is a flexible framework allowing adjustments that adhere to specific agency rules, policies, procedures and needs.

Agencies can access the framework on OPM's Wiki page on Executive Onboarding.

## Related Information

                      - Senior Executive Service - Executive Development

# Succession Management

The Federal Workforce Flexibility Act of 2004 (P.L. 108-411) requires agencies to provide specific training to develop supervisors and managers as part of a comprehensive succession management strategy. To implement the requirements of this Act, OPM published final regulations on December 10, 2009.

The Act requires agencies to provide training to supervisors and managers on actions, options and strategies in:
                - Relating to employees with unacceptable performance;
                - Mentoring employees;
                - Improving employee performance and productivity; and
                - Conducting employee performance appraisals

The revised 5 CFR 412 on Supervisory, Managerial, and Executive Development requires new supervisors to receive:
                - Initial supervisory training within one year of the new supervisor's appointment;
                - Retraining in all areas at least once every three years;
                - Training on mentoring employees;
                - Training on improving employee performance and productivity; and
                - Training on how to conduct performance appraisals

Agencies must also provide training when employees make critical career transitions, for instance, from a non-supervisory position to a supervisory position or from manager to executive. This training should be consistent with assessment of the agency's and the employee's needs.

Those individuals new to the Federal Government who were previously supervisors in another organization must also receive training within their first year of appointment. Agencies may decide if these individuals should complete their entire new supervisory training program or only parts of the program that are Federal Government specific, such as recruitment and hiring. However, these individuals must still receive training in mentoring employees, performance management, and conducting performance appraisals.

Political appointees who are supervisors must also receive training within their first year of appointment. They must also receive refresher training.

The regulations mention specific topics including mentoring employees and performance management, but it is recommended to go beyond the requirements outlined in 5 CFR 412 when developing supervisory and managerial programs. Here are some additional topics agencies typically include in supervisory and managerial programs:
                - Recruitment and hiring
                - Time and attendance
                - Prohibited personnel practices
                - Diversity and inclusion
                - Reasonable accommodation
                - Labor and employee relations
                - Union participation rights
                - Collective bargaining agreements
                - Career development
                - Telework
                - Financial management
                - Employee assistance programs
                - Investigations and audits (Inspector General, GAO, etc.)
                - Upper management expectations

Please contact us by email at HRDLeadership@opm.gov. You may also check the OPM Training and Development Wiki for agency best practices and additional information.

## Related Information

**Chief Human Capital Officers Memorandums for Supervisory Training**
                      - Final Regulations on Training and Supervisory, Management and Executive Development
                      - Guidelines for Managerial Development
                      - Guidelines for Broadening the Senior Executive Service (SES)

**References**
                      - 5 CFR 412.202
                      - 5 CFR 315.905
                      - 5 CFR 315.904(a)
                      - 5 CFR 315.907(a)

# SES Candidate Development Programs

A Senior Executive Service Candidate Development Program (SESCDP) is one succession management tool agencies may use to identify and prepare aspiring senior executive leaders.    An SESCDP is designed to further develop SES candidates’ competencies in each of the Executive Core Qualifications (ECQs). Graduates of SESCDPs who are certified by OPM’s Qualifications Review Board (QRB) may receive an initial career SES appointment without further competition.  QRB-certified graduates typically start their SESCDP with experiences normally obtained at the GS-15 level, or equivalent.  However, some agencies open their SESCDPs to individuals at the GS-14 level, or equivalent.  Note that QRB certification does not guarantee placement in the SES, and SESCDP participation is not required for selection into the Senior Executive Service.

## About the Program

Agencies tailor their SESCDPs to meet their particular succession planning needs and organizational missions. An SESCDP must last a minimum of 12 months and include the following requirements (mandated by 5 CFR 412.302(c)):
                - an Individual Development Plan (IDP), based on individual needs and competencies;
                - at least 80 hours of formal training that addresses the ECQs and includes individuals from outside the candidate's agency;
                - at least 4 months of developmental assignments outside the candidate's position of record; and
                - an SES mentor.

SESCDPs provide SES candidates with Government-wide leadership challenges, interactions with senior employees outside their department and/or agency, interagency training experiences, executive level development assignments, and mentoring.

The combination of these experiences should enhance participants’ executive competencies and increase their understanding of Government-wide programs and issues beyond their individual agency and profession.  SESCDPs address the five Executive Core Qualifications (ECQs) that embody the leadership skills needed to succeed in the SES. *OPM's Guide to Senior Executive Service Qualifications* describes these leadership skills (competencies) and the behaviors associated with the ECQs.

In addition, SESCDPs advance the goal of a "corporate SES," a diverse corps of career executives who share a Government-wide perspective. They are well positioned to lead change both within their agencies and throughout Government.

Agencies must obtain OPM approval of their SESCDP before they conduct their next SESCDP and whenever there are substantial changes to the program. Agencies must seek re-approval every five years thereafter.

## SESCDP Notification

All SESCDPs are announced via USAJOBS.  To be notified of future programs, you can set a search on USAJOBS.gov.To create a saved search: 
                -  Login to USAJOBS.gov
                - Go to My Account/Saved Searches/Create New Search
                - Enter  Candidate Development Program  in the Title Search field
                - Select the appropriate Yes or No response under the Applicant Eligibility field
                - Enter a name for your saved search in the Name Your Saved Search field
                - Select how often you want to receive email notifications (i.e., daily or weekly)

## Note:

Please note that SESCDPs are required to be open a minimum of 14 days

# President's Management Council Interagency Rotation Program

To maximize effectiveness, broaden perspectives and potential, and prepare for challenges on the horizon, Federal agencies should invest in and emphasize career development.  In 2011, the President’s Management Council (PMC) and the Chief Human Capital Officers (CHCO) Council launched the PMC Interagency Rotation Program to bolster cross-agency exposure for high-potential GS 13-15s.  This cost-efficient program provides each participant an interagency rotation assignment to help develop or enhance specific leadership competencies identified by both the participant and his/her home supervisor.  These competencies align with the Executive Core Qualifications (ECQs), and are outlined in the participant’s Individual Development Plan (IDP).

## Program Objectives

The PMC Interagency Rotation Program enables emerging Federal leaders to expand their leadership competencies, broaden their organizational experiences, and foster networks they can leverage in the future. Specifically, the program aims to:
                - Deliver a collaborative, cross-agency program to reduce barriers to interagency mobility.
                - Enhance PMC participants’ leadership competencies through a meaningful rotational assignment and through other developmental opportunities outside of their current agencies.
                - Expand PMC participants’ interagency experience either within or outside their current area of expertise. 
                - Offer engaging and insightful interagency cohort events that allow each participant to network and interact with other program participants, Federal employees, and Senior Executives.

## Program Components

                - Program provides six-month developmental experience.
                - Agencies identify rotational assignments and participants.
                - The Project Team matches participants to rotational assignments with input from the participant and host supervisor.
                - The Project Team arranges monthly cohort meetings that provide learning and networking opportunities.

## Contact Information

Current Federal employees should contact their Learning and Development office to learn more about participating in the program.  Learning and Development offices with questions regarding program participation can contact the PMC Interagency Rotation Program by sending an email to PMCRotations@opm.gov (DC metro area employees) and PMCFieldRotations@opm.gov (Field employees).

# Federal Coaching 

Coaching is a critical tool as the Federal Government strives to develop a workforce that supports the effective and efficient mission achievement and improved services to the American people. The benefits of coaching individuals and teams include higher engagement, retention, organizational performance and productivity; increased focus on mission and organizational objectives; improved creativity, learning, and knowledge; and better relationships between people and departments1. The field and practice of coaching is broad, and contains many facets which will require more specific guidance. This memorandum and attached Frequently Asked Questions provides guidance to Federal agencies as they plan, design, and implement coaching activities and programs.

It is important to acknowledge two aspects of coaching:
                - Coaching is a sanctioned learning and development activity as described in 5 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 410.203. Coaching is one of the most effective learning and development activities for supervisors, managers, and executives. Equipping leaders with coaching skills is a proven and effective way to enhance employee development and performance 2 .
                - Coaching within the Federal Government is appropriate for learning and development purposes only, and requires the voluntary participation of the individual or team being coached. Coaching is not appropriate as a mandatory requirement for poor performance or in lieu of supervisory performance management responsibilities. Participation in coaching activities, in any capacity, should be included in an employee’s Individual Development Plan (IDP).

As agencies develop and implement a coaching program, please consider that creating a coaching culture requires a multi-pronged approach, which includes:
                - Embed coaching in your leadership programs for targeted populations (e.g., Senior Executive Service (SES) Onboarding programs, new supervisors training programs);
                - Developing internal coach capacity to support coaching for all employees, including individual contributors;
                - Leveraging external coaches;
                - Developing coaching skills in supervisors, managers, and executives; and
                - Implementing peer coaching.

1 MacKie, D. (2014). The effectiveness of strength based coaching in enhancing full range leadership development: a controlled study. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice & Research, 66(2), 118-137. doi:10.1037/cpb0000005

2 Ali, M., Lodhi, S. A., Orangzab, Raza, B., & Ali, W. (2018). Examining the impact of managerial coaching on employee job performance: Mediating role of work engagement, leader-member-exchange quality, job satisfaction, and turnover intentions. Pakistan Journal of Commerce & Social Sciences, 12(1), 253-282.

# Leadership and Executive Development Guidance 

All leadership development should begin well before an individual transitions into a supervisory or managerial position. To ensure these individuals are well prepared to fill supervisory and managerial positions, agencies may provide training for those who are interested in becoming supervisors or managers. The head of each agency is responsible for establishing a succession management program which includes training to develop employees to become managers (5 U.S.C. 4121 and 5 CFR 412.201). Employee development programs are a fundamental tool for a robust leadership succession management plan. As a result of effective succession planning, an agency's employee development program can ensure an adequate number of educated/qualified individuals to fill supervisory and managerial positions for critical functions within the organization.

For more information and examples of agency pre-supervisory development programs please go to OPM's Training and Development Wiki.

## Pre-Supervisory Training

**Statute:** 5 U.S.C. 4121

**Regulation:**5 CFR 412.201

Leadership development should begin well before an individual transitions into a supervisory or managerial position. To ensure these individuals are well prepared to fill supervisory and managerial positions, agencies may provide training for those who are interested in becoming a supervisor or manager. Critical to the supervisory development process is the Individual Development Plan (IDP) crafted by the employee and their supervisor. Through the IDP, the employee should be able to clarify professional aspirations and the supervisor can provide insights on career tracks essential to the organization.

The head of each agency is responsible for establishing a succession management program which includes training to develop employees to become managers (5 U.S.C. 4121 and 5 CFR 412.201). Employee development programs are a fundamental tool for a robust leadership succession management plan. As a result of effective succession planning, an agency's employee development program can ensure an adequate number of educated/qualified individuals to fill supervisory and managerial positions for critical functions within the organization.

Agencies should consider the competencies listed in the OPM Supervisory Guide when developing their pre-supervisory developmental programs. In addition, pre-supervisory developmental programs should be based on the Executive Core Qualifications (ECQs). Agencies may identify specific competencies from the ECQs and OPM Supervisory Guide and apply them to all leadership development programs starting with pre-supervisory training extending through executive development. Agencies should develop their pre-supervisory training programs to meet the needs of the organization and the aspirations of individual employees.

Many agencies have already established pre-supervisory training programs. A catalogue of Federal leadership development programs can be found on OPM's website under FedLDP. It is a searchable catalogue of leadership development programs throughout the Federal Government. Programs are listed in this catalogue by agency.