NOT PRECEDENTIAL

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

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No. 17-2751

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MUSTAFA ABUOMAR,

Appellant

v.

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS;

VINCE MOONEY; EDWARD BAUMBACH; DENNIS BRUMFIELD;

THEODORE BENZA; KIPPLE, (first name unknown)

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On Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Middle District of Pennsylvania

(D. C. Civil Action No. No. 4-14-cv-01036)

District Judge: Honorable Matthew W. Brann

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Submitted under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)

on March 20, 2018 

Before: SMITH, Chief Judge, HARDIMAN and ROTH, Circuit Judges

(Opinion filed: November 2, 2018)

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OPINION

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 This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not 

constitute binding precedent.
2

ROTH, Circuit Judge

For nearly twenty years, Mustafa Abuomar served as the imam at State 

Correctional Institution Coal Township (SCI Coal Township), a correctional facility in 

Northumberland County, Pennsylvania. He brought suit against the Commonwealth of 

Pennsylvania Department of Corrections, the Superintendent of SCI Coal Township, and 

various Corrections Officers and employees at the facility, alleging that, while 

investigating allegations of impropriety at SCI Coal Township—allegations propounded 

by Abuomar himself—defendants violated his constitutional rights and inflicted other 

wrongs on him. In total, Abuomar asserted ten claims against defendants, including 

conspiracy to interfere with his civil rights under 42 U.S.C. § 1985 (Count I); a Fourth 

Amendment claim (Count II); a Fourteenth Amendment substantive due process claim

(Count III); hostile work environment claims under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 

19641and the Pennsylvania Human Relations Act (PHRA) (Counts IV and VI);

2

retaliation claims under the same statutes (Counts V and VII); and state law tort claims 

for battery, intentional infliction of emotional distress, and false imprisonment (Counts 

VIII, IX, and X).

The District Court granted summary judgment to defendants on all ten claims. On 

appeal, Abuomar abandons his conspiracy claim, but he appeals the grant of summary 

judgment as to every other claim. For a number of the reasons underlying the District 

Court’s decision, we will affirm. 

 

1 42 U.S.C. 2000e et seq.

2 43 P.S. §§ 951–963. 
3

 I.

In January 2014, Abuomar filed a complaint with the Equal Employment 

Opportunity Commission (EEOC) alleging that Corrections Officer Theodore Benza had

directed ethnic and religious slurs at him. 

Subsequently, Abuomar brought the present suit with claims premised primarily 

on the events of March 5, 2014. According to the undisputed facts, in the weeks leading 

up to March 5, Superintendent Vince Mooney had learned of allegations—advanced by 

Abuomar—of hostile and violent conduct by Deputy Superintendent Michael Miller.3 

Mooney instructed Abuomar’s immediate supervisors, Chaplaincy Director Aaron 

Duncan and Inmate Correction and Classification Manager Linda Chismar, to obtain a 

written statement from Abuomar that detailed his allegations against Miller.4 Duncan 

and Chismar approached Abuomar on March 5, 2014, and Abuomar declined to give 

Chismar and Duncan such a statement. In response, Chismar contacted Mooney who

pressed Abuomar for a written statement. Abuomar continued to demur.5 Moments later, 

Major Edward Baumbach and Major Dennis Brumfield confronted Abuomar and asked 

that he see Mooney in his office.6 

In his office, Mooney continued to demand a written statement.7 Abuomar 

eventually proceeded to a training room where he dictated a statement.

8

 Though 

 

3 App. 60-61, 112.

4 App. 61, 112.

5 App. 62, 113. 

6 App. 63, 113. 

7 App. 66, 114.

8 App. 67. 
4

dissatisfied with the lack of specificity in the statement, Mooney then permitted Abuomar 

to leave the facility for a previously scheduled medical appointment.9 

Abuomar alleges that, during this episode, his constitutional rights were violated

and he was subjected to intentional torts. 

II.

Summary judgment is proper when “the movant shows that there is no genuine 

dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of 

law.”

10 Summary judgment is warranted “against a party who fails to make a showing 

sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to that party’s case, and on 

which that party will bear the burden of proof at trial.”

11

 

We review the District Court’s grant of summary judgment de novo, applying the 

same decisional principle.

12

III.13

Count II: Fourth Amendment Claim

Qualified immunity shields government officials from constitutional claims and 

money damages, unless a plaintiff can establish that the official violated a statutory or 

constitutional right, and that the right was “clearly established at the time of the 

 

9 App. 68, 114. 

10 FED. R. CIV. P. 56(a). 

11 Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986). 

12 See, e.g., J.F. Feeser, Inc. v. Serv-A-Portion, Inc., 909 F.2d 1524, 1530 (3d Cir. 1990). 

13 The District Court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331 and 1343, and this Court 

has jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. 
5

challenged conduct.”14 As the Supreme Court recently reiterated, “clearly established 

law should not be defined at a high level of generality,” but must instead “be 

particularized to the facts of the case.”15 The doctrine is designed to “give[] government 

officials breathing room to make reasonable but mistaken judgments by protect[ing] all 

but the plainly incompetent or those who knowingly violate the law.”16

The relevant inquiry in this appeal, framed with particularity, is whether an 

employee’s supervisor violates a clearly established Fourth Amendment right by 

directing the employee to cooperate with an internal investigation into allegations the 

employee has raised, where the employee was permitted to leave for a previously

scheduled appointment despite cooperating only partially. Abuomar offers no authority 

for the proposition that such a Fourth Amendment right was clearly established. To the 

contrary, Supreme Court precedent, specifically, I.N.S. v. Delgado,

17 undercuts the 

existence of such a right. 

In Delgado, the Supreme Court held that factory employees were not detained or 

seized under the Fourth Amendment when they were questioned about their citizenship 

by Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) agents, while other agents manned the 

factory’s exits.18 To buttress its holding, the Court observed that employees typically 

assume certain restrictions at work voluntarily; those restrictions on an employee’s 

 

14 Ashcroft v. al-Kidd, 563 U.S. 731, 735 (2011) (citing Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 

800, 818 (1982)). 

15 White v. Pauly, 137 S. Ct. 548, 552 (2017) (per curiam); see also L.R. v. Sch. Dist. of 

Phila., 836 F.3d 235, 241 (3d Cir. 2016).

16 City & Cty. of S.F. v. Sheehan, 135 S. Ct. 1765, 1774 (2015). 

17 466 U.S. 210 (1984). 

18 Id. at 218. 
6

freedoms, without more, are not detentions or seizures.19 Further, the Court held that an 

employee has not been seized under the Fourth Amendment “[u]nless the circumstances 

of the encounter are so intimidating as to demonstrate that a reasonable person would 

have believed he was not free to leave if he had not responded [to questioning],” and that 

such circumstances were not present in Delgado even though INS agents were stationed 

at the factory’s exits.20

In light of the high bar set by Delgado and Abuomar’s freedom to leave for a 

previously scheduled appointment, defendants’ challenged conduct did not violate a 

clearly established Fourth Amendment right. They are entitled to qualified immunity and 

summary judgment on Abuomar’s Fourth Amendment claim. 

Count III: Fourteenth Amendment Substantive Due Process Claim

“[R]eluctant to expand the concept of substantive due process,” the Supreme Court 

has embraced what has been termed the “more-specific-provision” rule.21 Under the rule, 

“where a particular Amendment provides an explicit textual source of constitutional 

protection against a particular sort of government behavior, that Amendment, not the 

more generalized notion of substantive due process, must be the guide for analyzing these 

claims.”

22

 Because Abuomar challenges the same conduct under both the Fourth and 

Fourteenth Amendments, the “more-specific-provision” rule applies, and they are entitled 

to summary judgment on Abuomar’s Fourteenth Amendment claim. 

 

19 Id. 

20 Id. at 216–18. 

21 County of Sacramento v. Lewis, 523 U.S. 833, 842 (1998). 

22 Id. (quoting Albright v. Oliver, 510 U.S. 266, 273 (1994)). 
7

Counts IV and VI: Hostile Work Environment Claims under Title VII and the 

PHRA

To be actionable, a hostile work environment claim requires a plaintiff to adduce 

evidence of a “workplace . . . permeated with discriminatory intimidation, ridicule, and 

insult that is sufficiently severe or pervasive to alter the conditions of the victim’s 

employment and create an abusive working environment.”23 The Supreme Court has 

been clear that a plaintiff must point to “extreme” conduct to support an actionable 

hostile work environment claim; “offhand comments,” “isolated incidents,” and “mere 

utterance[s] of an ethnic or racial epithet which engenders offensive feelings in an 

employee” do not suffice.24

To support his hostile work environment claims under Title VII and the PHRA,25

Abuomar identified certain episodes in his deposition testimony, including derogatory 

and Islamophobic remarks by Officer Benza, abrasive behavior by Officer Kipple, and 

another officer’s decision to throw Abuomar’s jacket on the floor.26 Although deserving 

of condemnation, those workplace occurrences were not “sufficiently severe or 

pervasive,”27 as a matter of law, to meet the high threshold for a hostile work 

 

23 Nat’l R.R. Passenger Corp. v. Morgan, 536 U.S. 101, 116 (2002). 

24 Faragher v. City of Boca Raton, 524 U.S. 775, 787-88 (1998) (quoting Rogers v. 

E.E.O.C., 454 F.2d 234, 238 (5th Cir. 1971)). 

25 Hostile work environment claims under Title VII and the PHRA are evaluated under 

the same standard. See Fogleman v. Mercy Hosp., Inc., 283 F.3d 561, 567 (3d Cir. 2002). 

26 App. 60, 73, 75. 

27 Nat’l R.R., 536 U.S. at 116. 
8

environment claim. Accordingly, defendants28 are entitled to summary judgment on 

Abuomar’s hostile work environment claims. 

Counts V and VII: Retaliation Claims under Title VII and the PHRA

To establish a prima facie case of illegal retaliation under Title VII and the PHRA, 

a plaintiff must show: “(1) protected employee activity; (2) adverse action by the 

employer either after or contemporaneous with the employee’s protected activity; and (3) 

a causal connection between the employee’s protected activity and the employer’s 

adverse action.”

29

The parties do not dispute that Abuomar engaged in a “protected employee 

activity” when, on January 8, 2014, he filed an EEOC complaint, containing allegations 

against Officer Benza. Abuomar alleges that defendants took adverse actions against him 

by compelling him on March 5, 2014, to write a statement contrary to the allegations in 

his EEOC complaint and by depriving him of his authority to select Islamic religious 

texts and organize observances, instead conferring that authority on a person who was not 

of the Islamic faith. 

Assuming the events alleged qualify as “adverse actions” under Title VII and the 

PHRA, Abuomar has not adduced any evidence of a causal connection between his 

decision to file an EEOC complaint and the adverse actions alleged. Indeed, several 

aspects of the record undermine the existence of such a nexus. Notably, Abuomar’s 

EEOC complaint from January of 2014 asserted allegations against Officer Benza only. 

 

28 Abuomar is not pursuing Title VII claims against the individual defendants-appellees. 

29 Fogelman, 283 F.3d at 567–68 (quoting Krouse v. American Sterilizer Co., 126 F.3d 

494, 500 (3d Cir. 1997)). 
9

The events of March 5, 2014 concerned his subsequent allegations against Deputy Miller, 

not Officer Benza. Additionally, Reverend Duncan, Abuomar’s immediate supervisor, 

purchased books for the library during a months-long period when Abuomar was absent

from work, a decision squarely within the bounds of Duncan’s authority as the Facility 

Chaplaincy Programming Director.30 The lack of any evidence linking Abuomar’s 

decision to file an EEOC complaint with the alleged adverse actions supports the grant of 

summary judgment on Abuomar’s retaliation claims. 

Counts VIII, IX and X, State Law Tort Claims

Abuomar contends that the District Court erred in holding that his state law tort 

claims for battery, intentional infliction of emotional distress, and false imprisonment 

were barred by sovereign immunity. However, he neglects the other independent reasons 

supporting the grant of summary judgment as to those claims,31 chiefly his failure to 

adduce evidence to support the elements of each of those intentional torts. 

The tort of battery requires “a harmful or offensive contact with a person” without 

that person’s consent.32 The record supplies no evidence of such contact, and Abuomar’s 

self-serving averments alone are insufficient to withstand summary judgment.33 

 

30 App. 95, 106. 

31 “It is an accepted tenet of appellate jurisdiction that we may affirm a judgment on any 

ground apparent from the record . . ..” Oss Nokalva, Inc. v. European Space Agency, 617 

F.3d 756, 761 (3d Cir. 2010).

32 Levenson v. Souser, 557 A.2d 1081, 1088 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1989).

33 See, e.g., Paladino v. Newsome, 885 F.3d 203, 208 (3d Cir. 2018) (reiterating that 

“conclusory, self-serving affidavits are insufficient to withstand a motion for summary 

judgment”) (internal citation omitted). 
10

Similarly, a claim of intentional infliction of emotional distress “must be 

supported by competent medical evidence,” such as “reliable testimony as to the nature 

and extent of [a plaintiff’s] injuries.” Abuomar has offered no such evidence.34

Finally, in order to establish the elements of false imprisonment, a plaintiff must 

show that he was detained and that his detention was unlawful.35 A person is seized or

detained “only when, by means of physical force or a show of authority, his freedom of 

movement is restrained.”36 Abuomar has failed to create a genuine question of material 

fact as to whether his freedom of movement was curtailed on March 5, 2014; he has

failed to show that he was prevented from leaving the prison training room or prison by 

“physical force or a show of authority.”37 Indeed, he does not dispute that he was 

allowed to leave for a previously scheduled appointment despite Mooney’s dissatisfaction 

with the lack of specificity in the statement Abuomar had drafted. 

Because of these clear evidentiary gaps in the record and the absence of genuine 

questions of material fact, defendants are entitled to summary judgment on Abuomar’s 

state law tort claims. 

IV.

For the reasons set out above, we will affirm the judgment of the District Court. 

 

34 Kazatsky v. King David Memorial Park, Inc., 527 A.2d 988, 995 (Pa. 1987). 

35 See, e.g., Renk v. City of Pittsburgh, 641 A.2d 289, 293 (Pa. 1994). 

36 United States v. Mendenhall, 446 U.S. 544, 553 (1980). 

37 Id.