### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 1 UNITED STATES of AMERICA

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

Transcript of the Public Hearing on the Proposal to Revise the National Ambient Air Quality

Standards for Ozone

40 CFR Parts 50 and 58 Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2005-0172

Thursday, February 4, 2010

Four Points by Sheraton 4900 Duckhorn Drive, Natomas Ballroom Sacramento, California 95834

From the EPA: Lydia Wegman Susan Stone Elizabeth Adams Rory Mays

Spanish-English Language Interpreter: Anabel Granados Accuracy International

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 2 1 P-R-O-C-E-E-D-I-N-G-S 2 (9:39 a.m.) 3 MS. WEGMAN: I think we'll get 4 started. Good morning, everyone, and thank 5 you for coming to this somewhat far-away 6 location. I appreciate everybody who is here 7 taking the time to come and talk with us this 8 morning about our proposal. 9 What we're talking about today is 10 our proposal to set revised National Ambient 11 Air Quality Standards for ground-level ozone. 12 This is a reconsideration of a standard that 13 was set in March of 2008. And our 14 Administrator Lisa Jackson decided that she 15 wanted to take another look at that standard, 16 and so we did make a proposal to change it, 17 which was published on January 19th of this 18 year. 19 My name is Lydia Wegman. I am the 20 Director of the Health and Environmental 21 Impacts Division in our Office of Air Quality 22 Planning and Standards, which is part of the

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 3 1 Office of Air and Radiation at EPA. And I 2 have with me Susan Stone, who is part of my 3 office, and our ozone expert; Elizabeth Adams, 4 who is from our Region 9 Office and is the 5 Deputy Director of the Air Division there; and 6 Rory Mays, who works in that office on air 7 quality issues. 8 We are here today to listen to 9 your comments on our proposal to change the 10 primary health-based standards for ozone and 11 the secondary welfare-based standards for 12 ozone. We view this as a very important 13 opportunity for you to comment on our rule, 14 and all of the comments will go into our 15 record and will be reviewed as we review 16 comments that come in in writing as well. So 17 I want to assure you that all of your comments 18 will be taken down by a court reporter, and we 19 very much appreciate her being with us today. 20 If you have questions about the 21 proposal that you want us to clarify, we can 22 try to do that. But, for the most part, we

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 4 1 are here to listen to you today. We don't 2 want to debate or discuss the proposal, we 3 want to hear what you have to say. But if you 4 do have clarifying questions, we are happy to 5 try to answer them. 6 Briefly, what we have proposed and 7 what is the subject of our hearing today, is 8 to set the level of the eight-hour primary 9 standard at a level of .060 to .070 parts per 10 million. And that's a change from what was 11 set in March of 2008 which was a level of.075 12 parts per million. 13 For the secondary standard, or the 14 welfare-based standard, we are proposing a new 15 cumulative seasonal standard, using what is 16 called a W126 form. And we are proposing a 17 level within a range of 7 to 15 parts per 18 million hours. 19 And the Administrator plans to 20 sign the final rule by August 31st of this 21 year. 22 Turning now to the comment

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 5 1 portion. As I said, we will have a written 2 transcript of the hearing and we will be 3 accepting written comments until March 22nd. 4 And outside, if you are interested in 5 submitting written comments, there is 6 information on how to submit those comments. 7 There is also a list of all the 8 areas on which we have specifically comment 9 requested comment, if that would be helpful to 10 you. 11 The way our hearing will work 12 today is I will call scheduled speakers in 13 pairs and ask you to state your name and 14 affiliation when you come up. And it may be 15 useful to our court reporter if you would 16 spell out your name when you come forward. It 17 will make it easier for her to keep track of 18 who is speaking. 19 We're asking everyone to limit 20 your testimony to five minutes each and to 21 please stay at the microphone until both panel 22 in the pair have finished speaking.

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 6 1 If we have any clarifying 2 questions we will ask them at that time. And 3 if you do have a written version of your 4 comments, please either give them to the court 5 reporter or to us here at the table or someone 6 at the registration table. And we will put 7 the written version of your comments in the 8 docket for you. 9 We have a timekeep- -- 10 MR. [SPEAKER]: May I propose a 11 clarifying question?

12 MS. WEGMAN: Excuse me? 13 MR. [SPEAKING]: May I propose a 14 clarifying question? 15 MS. WEGMAN: Yes, you may. 16 MR. [SPEAKER]: I have never seen 17 the term "net hours." Could you say more 18 about what you mean -- 19 MS. WEGMAN: Yes, I will. 20 MR. [SPEAKER]: -- on that format? 21 MS. WEGMAN: I will. I'm just 22 going to finish walking through the procedure

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 7 1 for the hearing and then I will explain that. 2 MR. [SPEAKER]: Thank you.

3 MS. WEGMAN: Sure. 4 We have a timekeeping system here 5 of red, yellow, and green lights. When you 6 start you will have five minutes and the light 7 will be green. When you have two minutes left 8 to speak, the signal will turn to yellow, and 9 the red light will come on when your five 10 minutes is up. And Elizabeth and Rory will 11 also be trying to keep that track of that as 12 well. And we have these signs to help warn 13 you if you're getting short on time. 14 We will stay and hear anyone who 15 wants to comment as long as they're registered 16 by 7:30 this evening. And we do ask your 17 patience as we move through the list. 18 And I want to thank you all again 19 for participating today. We very much 20 appreciate it. 21 Oh, yes. Thank you, Elizabeth. 22 If anybody is here who needs a

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 8 1 translator into Spanish, we have a Spanish 2 translator present. She's right over there. 3 So if anyone would feel more comfortable 4 speaking in Spanish, just let us know. We are 5 certainly prepared to handle that. 6 So in response to your question 7 about a parts per million hour standard, 8 unlike the eight-hour standard for people, for 9 plants we are looking at a cumulative period. 10 We're looking at -- and we're focusing our 11 proposal on a three-month period. 12 And the way this standard works is 13 that we look at each of 12 hours, we're 14 looking at the 12 daylight hours, so for a

15 summer month --16 MR. [SPEAKER]: I read your write17 up. 18 MS. WEGMAN: Okay. 19 MR. [SPEAKER]: Something is 20 missing from it. 21 MS. WEGMAN: Okay. Well, let me 22 try it, see if it works for you.

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 9 1 So for each hour there will be a 2 value, an ozone value. And this is a weighted 3 form, which means that the higher values get 4 more weight because they have more effect on 5 vegetation ecosystems. So for each day there 6 will be 12 one-hour values. For each month, 7 say 30 days, we'll have a total of 12-hour 8 values for each of the 30 days. And those9 will be cumulated. Since there is a three10 month standard, we're going to add up the 11 three consecutive highest months. But these 12 are all one-hour values. That is where the 13 hour part comes from.

14 So at the end of the three-month 15 period we will have a parts per million-hour 16 value, because we will have a concentration

17 for each hour and then we'll have the total18 number of hours. And so it will be a part19 per-million hour standard. 20 MR. [SPEAKER]: Did you leave out 21 the division of the total number of hours in 22 this period?

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 10 1 MS. WEGMAN: Well, it be 2 ultimately -- I don't have it right in front 3 of me, but -- here, go ahead, Susan. 4 MS. STONE: Yeah, there is 5 actually no division. It's just on the 6 accumulation of hours, ppm hours.

7 MS. WEGMAN: Yes.

8 MS. STONE: Yes. 9 MS. [SPEAKER]: So that we don't

10 know the hours... 11 MS. STONE: No, it is not an 12 average.

13 MS. WEGMAN: Yes. 14 MR. [SPEAKER]: Shouldn't the 15 number then be vastly higher. 16 MS. WEGMAN: Well, if you look at 17 the concentrations and the way the weighting 18 scheme works, -- and we actually have a 19 presentation, -- 20 MS. STONE: Have you seen a 21 presentation? 22 MR. [SPEAKER]: No.

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 11 1 MS. WEGMAN: -- which is -- 2 MS. STONE: Let's bring this. 3 MS. WEGMAN: Well, actually I 4 believe we have them outside as well. 5 MR. [SPEAKER]: I didn't see any. 6 MS. WEGMAN: Yeah, but we'll show 7 you, you can look at it. But it is just a 8 cumulative standard. So then you get three 9 months of cumulative values. 10 MS. STONE: (Gives document to the 11 speaker.) 12 MS. WEGMAN: Yes, and she will 13 show it to you. Yes, definitely. 14 And then, just one other thing, so 15 we get the three-month average per year and 16 then we're averaging it over three years. So 17 it is divided by the three year, it is 18 ultimately a three-year average. But we can 19 certainly go over it more. It is not the 20 simplest thing to understand, so -- 21 MR. [SPEAKER]: Neither is the 22 eight-hour standard.

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 12 1 MS. WEGMAN: That is a lot easier 2 compared to this one, but we're certainly 3 happy to talk more at a break and explain it

4 further.

5 MS. STONE: Yes. 6 MS. WEGMAN: Okay. Unless there 7 are any more clarifying questions immediately, 8 we'll get started. So the first two speakers 9 are David Dodge and Dr. Stephen Maxwell. 10 If you would sit over there, yes, 11 that would be great. And, again, decide who's 12 going to go first. You can just spell your 13 name. Spell your name for the court reporter. 14 MR. DODGE: Good morning. My name 15 is David Dodge. That's D-a-v-i-d D-o-d-g-e. 16 Shall I go ahead and official start? 17 MS. WEGMAN: (Nods.) 18 MR. DODGE: I'm a toxicologist at 19 Gradient and I'm speaking today on behalf of 20 the American Petroleum Institute and I'll be 21 discussing some considering regarding the 22 clinical and the epidemiological data.

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 13 1 After careful analysis of EPA's 2 rationale for the proposed reconsideration of 3 the 2008 ozone standard, it is evidence that 4 the controlled human exposure and epidemiology 5 studies relied on by EPA do not support a 6 lowering of the ozone standard. 7 At the time of the 2008 8 rulemaking, it was clear that there were many 9 issues with these studies, and those issues 10 still remain. I will start first with the 11 controlled-human-exposure studies. These do 12 not support an association between ozone 13 exposure and adverse respiratory effects below 14 .08 ppm. The studies be Adams of U.C. Davis15 in 2002 and 2006 were the only controlled16 human-exposure studies available for the 2008 17 rulemaking that examined respiratory effects 18 in healthy exercising subjects at ozone 19 exposures below .08 ppm. 20 Adams' 2002 examined exposures to 21 filtered air at .04, .08, and .12 ppm and 22 reported no effects on lung function at .04

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 14 1 ppm. Adams' 2006 examined exposure responses 2 to filtered air at .04, .06, and .08 ppm ozone 3 over 6.6 hours and reported a group mean 4 decrement in a lung function measure called 5 FEV1 of about 2.8 percent for the 0.06-ppm 6 exposure groups compared to the control group. 7 This small decrement was attributable to FEV1 8 reductions of greater than 10 percent in 2 of 9 the 30 subjects and was not statistically 10 significantly different from the control 11 group, according to the author. 12 Even if the group mean decrement 13 in FEV1 at exposure to 0.06-ppm ozone was 14 statistically significant, it is not of 15 sufficient magnitude to be considered an 16 adverse effect according to EPA, based on 17 recommendations by the American Thoracic 18 Society, which considers an individual decline 19 of less than 15-percent FEV to not be of 20 clinical significance, in part, because of the 21 large variability of FEV measures, even in 22 unexposed groups.

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 15 1 In addition, EPA's reliance on 2 FEV1 decrements of greater than 10 percent in 3 only 2 individuals out of 30 is not justified 4 scientificly. Day-to-day variability and 5 baseline pulmonary function and many other 6 factors could account for this small FEV1 7 change. This is evidenced by the fact that 8 for a number of other individuals, a small 9 increase in pulmonary function is reported. 10 Again, this is not likely attributable to 11 ozone exposure but, rather, results from 12 normal variability that occurs even with 13 filtered-air exposure. 14 In public comments in 2007, Dr. 15 Adams himself expressed the view that the 16 results of his study should not be interpreted 17 as demonstrating respiratory effects of 18 exposure to .06-ppm ozone. Thus, the Adams' 19 2006 data should not be used as positive 20 evidence on lung function decrements at any 21 ozone level below .08 ppm. 22 The epidemiological evidence for

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 16 1 short-term health effects of ozone also does 2 not support causality at levels below .08 ppm. 3 Studies that used ambient monitors as 4 surrogates for personal ozone exposures 5 introduce substantial uncertainty because of 6 the weak correlation between the two, 7 confounding by copollutants, particularly PM2.5 8 is also an issue, as very few epidemiology 9 studies of ozone included PM2.5 as a potential 10 confounder. In addition, EPA's assessment of 11 the epidemiological evidence uses risk 12 estimates that are not statistically 13 significant as evidence for a positive 14 association. EPA also ignored certain 15 negative studies in favor of those with 16 positive results. 17 In conclusion, the many issues 18 inherent to human clinical and epidemiology 19 studies relied on by EPA as evidence for the 20 2008 rulemaking still remain in the proposed 21 reconsideration. The human data are too 22 limited to support an ozone standard at any

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 17 1 level below .08 ppm. The epidemiological 2 evidence for short-term health effects of 3 ozone is weak, methodologically flawed, and 4 not appropriately assessed by EPA. Neither 5 support and association between short term 6 exposures to ozone and adverse effects at 7 levels below .08 ppm.

8 Thanks. 9 MS. WEGMAN: Okay. Thank you very

10 much. 11 MR. DODGE: How did I do on time?

12 MS. STONE: Good.

13 MS. WEGMAN: Well done. 14 DR. MAXWELL: Thank you. My name 15 is Stephen Maxwell, S-t-e-p-h-e-n. I'm here 16 representing the American Lung Association of 17 California. I'm also a thoracic surgeon 18 regionally here. 19 Respected panel members, I'm 20 speaking today not only on behalf of the 21 American Lung Association of California but 22 also as a physician who treats lung disease.

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 18 1 We voice our strong support of the EPA's 2 proposal to strengthen National Air Quality 3 Standards for ozone and restore it to level 4 that is compatible with the safeguard of 5 public health.

6 Hundreds of well-constructed 7 scientific studies and recommendations of 8 expert organizations have come to an 9 unmistakable conclusion: The current standard 10 of ozone at 75 parts per billion is unhealthy 11 for all and incompatible with the mandates of 12 the Clean Air Act. 13 Ozone, as we know, is one of the 14 most common airborne environmental pollutants. 15 It causes direct injury to the airways, even 16 a small concentration. It affects everyone 17 who breathes it, but is especially harmful to 18 infants, children, those with chronic lung 19 disease, and the elderly. Nearly half of the 20 population of Sacramento falls into one of 21 these sensitive groups. However, no one is 22 immune to its effects and anyone who works or

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 19 1 plays outdoors on a bad air day soon feels its 2 painful, constricting sensation in their

3 chest. 4 Increasing amount of ozone in the 5 air is highly correlated with increasing 6 numbers of emergency room visits and 7 hospitalizations for respiratory 8 complications. Asthma in children is 9 intensely exacerbated by it and countless

10 school absences. 11 In California, where we have some 12 of the most polluted air in the country, over 13 19,000 premature deaths each year can be 14 attributed to unhealthy air. As a result of 15 lost revenue and health expenditures, our 16 state loses billions of dollars annually 17 because of air pollution. 18 Children exposed to long-term 19 ozone fail to develop normal adult lungs. 20 Every day in my practice in encounter people 21 of all ages whose quality of life varies 22 directly with the quality of the air they

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 20 1 breathe. The current acceptable level of 2 ozone at 75 parts per billion was established 3 arbitrarily by the last administration, in 4 opposition to the recommendations of their own 5 independent scientific advisors. It was set 6 with reckless disregard to the best scientific 7 evidence available. It is clear that 75 parts 8 per billion is unacceptably harmful to the 9 general population and is inconsistent with 10 the provisions of the Clean Air Act that 11 demands an adequate margin of public safety. 12 The proposed range of 60 to 70 13 parts per billion is unquestionably am 14 improvement to the current standard. The 15 toxicity of ozone varies directly with 16 concentration. Still a substantial body of 17 evidence shows that many susceptible 18 individuals are adversely affected by ozone 19 concentrations within this range. The 20 American Lung Association of California 21 strongly recommends setting a National Air 22 Quality Standard at the lowest end of this

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 21 1 range: 60 parts per billion, as the best way 2 to provide an adequate margin of public safety 3 by protecting our most vulnerable citizens. 4 The higher standard of air quality 5 is not supported not only by the American Lung 6 Association but also the EPA's own Children's 7 Health Protection Advisory Committee and the 8 Clean Air Scientific Advisory Committee. It 9 is further supported by independent 10 organizations like: 11 The American Medical Association, 12 the American Thoracic Society -- of which I'm 13 a member, the American Academy of Pediatrics, 14 International Society for Environmental 15 Epidemiology, the American College of 16 Preventive Medicine, the American College of 17 Chest Physicians, the American College of 18 Occupational and Environmental Medicine, the 19 American Association of Cardiovascular and 20 Pulmonary Rehabilitation, the National 21 Association for the Medical Direction of 22 Respiratory Care, the Asthma and Allergy

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 22 1 Foundation of America, and also in particular 2 the World Health Organization which uniquely 3 recommends the most rigorous standard of all 4 at 51 parts per billion. 5 We appreciate and applaud the 6 EPA's reconsideration of the current ozone 7 standard. It shows a respectable commitment 8 to public safety based on sound scientific 9 evidence. Vigorous implementation of the 10 higher air quality standard will save lives, 11 reduce suffering, promote the healthy 12 development of our children, and also save 13 significant amounts of money. The higher 14 standard makes ethical and economic sense. 15 Thank you very much. 16 MS. WEGMAN: Thank you. Just a 17 couple of quick questions. You said there are 18 over 19,000 premature deaths attributable to 19 air pollution in California. If you have any 20 support for that, any study or anything that 21 you can point to, that would be helpful. 22 DR. MAXWELL: I could provide that

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 23 1 for you. 2 MS. WEGMAN: Okay. Yes, that 3 would be great. And I just wondered, the list 4 of health organizations that support a tighter 5 standard, are they all in support of 60 parts 6 per million -- parts per billion? Excuse me. 7 DR. MAXWELL: To the best of my 8 knowledge, they support the current proposed 9 range of 60 to 70 parts per billion. I can 10 only speak on behalf of the American Lung 11 Association of California, which supports the 12 lowest end of that range, 60 parts per 13 billion. 14 MS. WEGMAN: Okay. Very good. 15 Thank you. 16 MS. STONE: Thank you. 17 MS. WEGMAN: Thank you both very

18 much. 19 Our next speakers are Michelle 20 Marinelli and Susan Smith. 21 Is Susan Smith here? 22 MR. [SPEAKER]: Yes, she is.

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 24 1 MS. WEGMAN: Okay. 2 Okay, all right. I'm sorry about 3 that. Okay. Is Michael Gardner here? Okay, 4 thank you.

5 MS. MARINELLI: Excellent. Good 6 morning. 7 MS. WEGMAN: Good morning. 8 MS. MARINELLI: My name is 9 Michelle, M-i-c-h-e-l-l-e M-a-r-i-n-e-l-l-i. 10 I'm a Program Manager for SGS Testcom, Inc. 11 On behalf of SGS Testcom, I am grateful for 12 the opportunity to offer testimony in support 13 of new proposed National Ambient Air Quality

14 Standards for ozone. 15 In the United States through our 16 Automotive Division SGS Testcom has been in 17 the motor vehicle inspection and maintenance,18 I/M, industry since 1994. I/M is a state19 operated program designed to ensure that 20 vehicles stay clean after they leave the 21 factory and are in use by the driving public. 22 Inspections check whether the emission-control

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 25 1 system on a vehicle is working correctly 2 through periodic emissions-performance checks 3 and repairs for those vehicles that fail 4 emissions tests. I/M encourages proper 5 vehicle maintenance and discourages tampering 6 with emission-control devices. 7 SGS Testcom is currently involved 8 in the operation of the largest I/M programs 9 in the nation for the states of California and 10 New York. Additionally, we work with the 11 Commonwealths of Virginia and Massachusetts 12 and the state of New Jersey. 13 The I/M industry has dedicated 14 extraordinary efforts over the past two 15 decades researching, developing, and improving 16 technology that has provided efficient, 17 effective, and convenient vehicle-emissions 18 inspections. We are dedicated to the success 19 of this industry nationwide and throughout the 20 world through operation of similar programs in 21 other countries and participation in groups 22 such as CITA, an international nonprofit motor

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 26 1 vehicle inspection committee. 2 We have been steadfast supporters 3 of EPA and I/M program regulations. 4 Furthermore, our commitment to the I/M 5 industry, including efforts toward developing 6 technological advances, knowledgeable teams, 7 and ongoing research, will continue to provide 8 EPA the support required to ensure successful 9 implementation of new regulations and more 10 effective vehicle-inspection programs. 11 Vehicles are the primary source of 12 pollutants that are precursors of ground-level 13 ozone. I/M programs are the face to the 14 motoring public and conduit through which EPA 15 regulations are implemented, maintained, and 16 achieved. These programs help ensure that 17 vehicles are operating as efficiently as they 18 were designed, maintained properly, and do not 19 exacerbate or accelerate production of harmful 20 pollution to the environment. 21 For mobile sources, I/M programs 22 continue to provide the most cost-effective

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 27 1 method for reducing ground-level ozone. The 2 main goal of ozone standards is certainly 3 maintaining and improving air quality which 4 provides increased health benefits for 5 everyone, especially children, athletes, and 6 individuals with respiratory issues. However, 7 it is vital to understand that the benefits of 8 our industry reach far beyond ensuring good 9 air quality standards. 10 Due to the regulations under the11 Clean Air Act and the nature of being self12 funded, our industry provides continuous 13 economic stimulus. The I/M industry maintains 14 stable employment opportunities for a vast 15 number of people without being subject to16 state or federal budget challenges or arm17 wrestling for appropriations during budget 18 negotiations. 19 The I/M industry has played an 20 integral role in providing a solid cornerstone 21 for employment opportunities and economic 22 benefits to local and state economies through

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 28 1 supporting industries such as inspection 2 stations, repair shops, and technical schools. 3 In New York alone the emission-inspection 4 industry provides nearly 50,000 jobs for 5 inspectors. 6 Here in California the Smog Check 7 Program accounts for employing upwards of 8 40,000 inspectors and numerous repair 9 technicians and others in related industries. 10 The inspection maintenance 11 industry is the epitome of a functional, 12 successful, and longstanding public-private 13 partnership. We support EPA's efforts toward 14 reducing the National Ambient Air Quality

15 Standards for Ozone and look forward to 16 continuing to work together to help ensure 17 good air quality for everyone today and for 18 future generations. 19 Thank you. 20 MS. WEGMAN: Thank you. 21 MS. STONE: Yes, I do have one 22 question. Do you support a particular level

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 29 1 within the range or you just support the 2 proposed range? 3 MS. MARINELLI: In general. 4 MS. STONE: Thank you. 5 MR. GARDNER: Good morning. My 6 name is Michael Gardner, M-i-c-h-a-e-l 7 G-a-r-d-n-e-r. And I'm the president of Great 8 American Mercantile Company Incorporated and 9 we own a number of different retail stores in 10 the San Francisco Bay Area. I am thankful for 11 the opportunity to share the position of the 12 American Lung Association on the EPA's 13 proposed National Air Quality Standards for

14 Ozone. 15 I have been a volunteer with the 16 American Lung Association for more than 25 17 years and I am now a member of its National 18 Board of Directors. Less than 10 years ago, 19 the Lung Association's work for fighting for 20 clean, healthy air became very personal to me 21 when my 29-year-old nephew Aaron died from

22 asthma.

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 30 1 The American Lung Association 2 fights to keep other 29-year-olds alive 3 through the prevention of lung disease and the 4 promotion of lung health. The Lung 5 Association understands that stronger National 6 Ambient Air Quality Standards are essential to 7 that quest. National Air Quality Standards 8 play a critical role in our nation's efforts 9 to clean up air pollution. The Lung 10 Association is pleased that the EPA is 11 reconsidering the Ozone Standards and looking 12 at the range of recommendations made by its 13 Clean Air Scientific Advisory Committee and as 14 well by expert scientists, public health and 15 medical societies. 16 Our position is simple: The 17 American Lung Association urges the EPA to 18 adopt a primary National Ambient Air Quality 19 Standard for Ozone of 60 parts per billion 20 averaged over eight hours. 21 The Clean Air Act requires the EPA 22 to set a standard that protects public health

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 31 1 with an adequate margin of safety. That 2 involves two important things: First, it 3 means the EPA should follow the very clear and 4 unanimous recommendation from the EPA's Clean 5 Air Scientific Advisory Committee. These 23 6 highly-regarded independent air pollution 7 experts support a standard within the range 8 the EPA is considering. This unanimous 9 recommendation for lower standard is 10 unprecedented, but from my perspective not 11 surprising, especially after learning how they 12 went about making their decision. 13 The expert scientists reviewed 14 over 1700 studies. And, as they did, the 15 evidence of the harm that ozone can do to 16 people with lung diseases, such as asthma and 17 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 18 children, older people, and people who 19 exercise or work outdoors was obvious. Other 20 studies that the committee examined tracked 21 ozone pollution in dozens of cities across the 22 nation and found the ozone levels need to be

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 32 1 much, much lower. 2 One thing that struck me was the 3 study that the scientists examined found that 4 healthy adults could be harmed if they breathe 5 ozone at concentrations much, much lower than

6 the current standard. It was clear to them 7 and it's clear to me what needs to be done. 8 In 2008 the EPA selected an adequate standard 9 -- inadequate standard, -- sorry -- one that 10 fails to protect public health. 11 In light of that decision the 12 members of this expert team of scientists 13 wrote the Administrator, urging that the next 14 time the standard was up for review, the 15 Administrator should follow the advice of this 16 committee and select a more protective Air 17 Quality Standard. Thankfully, EPA has an 18 opportunity to do that now. 19 Second, the law states that EPA 20 must select a standard that protects public 21 health with a margin of safety. Because the 22 risk is too great, researchers can't test

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 33 1 children or people with more serious asthma in 2 a lab. That is why the requirement for a 3 margin of safety is included, because we must 4 protect those who can't protect themselves and 5 need the protection the most. 6 The American Lung Association and 7 other groups, including the American Medical 8 Association, the American Academy of 9 Pediatrics, the American Thoracic Society, and 10 the American Public Health Association, urge 11 you to provide that extra layer of protection 12 for people with asthma, like my nephew, and 13 set the standard at 60 parts per billion. 14 Outdoor air had a tremendous 15 impact on my nephew Aaron and his asthma. He 16 grew up outside of Philadelphia and because 17 his breathing problems were so bad, he moved 18 to Arizona in the hopes that the different 19 climate would help him breathe easier. Well, 20 it didn't work, and his job transferred him to 21 Florida. And shortly after he got to Florida

22 he succumbed to asthma. Excuse me.

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 34 1 Smog creates breathing problems, 2 aggravates asthma, and increases need for 3 emergency and hospital care. Children who 4 must breathe unhealthy levels of ozone every 5 summer may risk that their lungs do not 6 develop their full function, a risk that can 7 threaten the health and the rest of their 8 lives. For some, ozone threatens premature

9 death. 10 EPA has a legal requirement to set 11 the standard where it protects the health of 12 the public, including children, with an 13 adequate margin of safety. A tighter, more 14 protective ozone standard is the only way to 15 reach that goal. 16 On behalf of the American Lung 17 Association, I urge you to adopt a 18 substantially stronger ozone standard. Quite 19 literally, people depend on you to ensure they

20 can breathe. 21 Thank you again for your 22 consideration.

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 35 1 MS. WEGMAN: Thank you very much. 2 I'm very sorry about your nephew. And thank 3 you very much. 4 MR. GARDNER: Thank you. 5 Did I do it in five? 6 MS. STONE: You did it. 7 MS. WEGMAN: You did. 8 MR. GARDNER: Thank you. 9 MS. WEGMAN: Sorry, we don't mean 10 to make this a run-through. 11 Okay. Do you have a question, 12 sir? 13 MR. [SPEAKER]: I do, on the 14 recommendation. Did you go through the 15 standards so people understand what that's

16 about? 17 MS. WEGMAN: You know we actually 18 did that, I think, before you came in. And 19 what I would like to do, if you don't mind, 20 we're happy to do it again, but actually what 21 I'd like to do is at break. We'll take a 22 break probably, I don't know, maybe in about

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 36 1 an hour, and if you can stay we'll walk 2 through it with those who are interested. If 3 that would be okay, if we could -- okay. 4 Thank you. But we're happy to walk through it 5 with you. 6 Chrissy Scarborough and Donna 7 Watson. Are they here? 8 Okay. Thank you. Donna's coming

9 forward. 10 Okay, go ahead. 11 MS. SCARBOROUGH: My name is 12 Chrissy Scarborough. For the record, it's13 Christina Scarborough. You spell it S-c-a-r14 b-o-r-o-u-g-h and Christina with a C-h. 15 And I work for the Sierra Club's 16 Beyond Coal Campaign. But I am here more as 17 a representative who has been deeply affected 18 by our air quality. At the age of 12 I was19 diagnosed with asthma. It was exercise20 induced asthma. And I was given an inhaler to 21 just use when I was exercising. 22 I then moved to Los Angeles.

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 37 1 Since arriving in Los Angeles, where the ozone 2 is significantly higher, I have been placed on 3 three asthma medications. I cannot live 4 without taking three medications daily. 5 So I personally am deeply impacted 6 by this. I believe the EPA is making the 7 right decision in moving to the safest 8 standard for children at 60 parts per billion. 9 It is deeply important that we make these 10 decisions for our children. Children 11 shouldn't have to stay inside. They should be 12 able to go outside. They should be able to 13 play in the streets. They shouldn't have to 14 stay indoors. 15 As a Sierra Club member I've had 16 the opportunity to go on outings and to take 17 college students and high school students on 18 hikes. When we have asthma, we can't do the 19 same kinds of things we would want to do. We 20 can't go hike up a mountain, because our lung 21 capacity is simply not there. So I strongly 22 support the EPA's decision.

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 38 1 There are many studies that show 2 that this decision is the right one to do. 3 The costs to industry, I mean what are the 4 costs to our health? The money we save in 5 remitting asthma and health diseases is equal 6 -- it's far better if we can stop it at the 7 point of creation. So, basically, everyone 8 who is affected by asthma, -- like we have to 9 go to the doctor all the time. We have to pay 10 for medication all the time. 11 The families who are most impacted 12 by the bad air are in the poorest communities. 13 In Los Angeles it's the people who live by the 14 ports who are most impacted by the air 15 quality. 16 Someone once told me, "Oh, if you 17 don't like the air, then just move." We heard 18 what happens when someone moves, it didn't 19 help. That person still died. You can't 20 move, the air is everywhere. This is why it's 21 so wonderful that you're having this hearing, 22 it's because this is a federal issue. We all

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 39 1 share the same air. It's not like we can 2 move. We have to do something about this now. 3 We have to do something for our children. 4 So I strongly ask you to support 5 the 60-parts-per-billion rule. Thank you. 6 MS. WEGMAN: Thank you very much. 7 MS. WATSON: I'm Donna Watson, 8 D-o-n-n-a W-a-t-s-o-n, and I'm really grateful 9 for this hearing. My daughter has asthma so 10 bad that some, maybe five years ago she went 11 to the ER twice. The first time she was at 12 her boyfriend's in his room by herself, she 13 couldn't even move and try to get somebody to 14 help. Finally, there was somebody that came 15 in the room and he took her to the emergency

16 room.

17 And then a few months later she 18 was with her boyfriend at Fry's and she 19 collapsed and he called 911. An ambulance 20 took her and he came and got me and took me to 21 the hospital. The first time she had to have 22 a nebulizer treatment.

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 40 1 And this is a result of -- she saw 2 an allergist for a while. Her asthma is 3 caused by allergic triggers, physical, 4 infectious, irritant triggers, and exercise. 5 And her test, this is at 18 years old, the 6 interpretation is: Possible early obstructive 7 pulmonary impairment. This is suggested by 8 the reduced FEV25 to 75 with a normal FVC and 9 FEV1. This finding can be due to a mild 10 degree of small airway disease and/or the 11 earliest stages of emphysema. 12 My daughter's 18 years old at this 13 testing. And the word "emphysema" pops up. 14 She's too young for this. And I've seen her 15 struggling breathing. It's so much worse in 16 the summertime. Mine is really bad too. I 17 have trouble walking to the bus stop. 18 It really scares me because she's 19 had situations where she's been followed by 20 strange people and she ran home and she just 21 collapsed in a chair. I am afraid of 22 violence. Violence has touched my family too

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 41 1 many times. And for her to -- I'm constantly 2 worried. With crime rising, and for her to 3 not be able to run, I'm afraid she'll just 4 collapse and then what would happen. 5 It's just gotten so much worse 6 over the summer. We were living in a suburb 7 of Chicago when we moved here almost 14 and a 8 half years, it was so horribly polluted there.

9 And then we came here and we could breathe. 10 And we could see the mountains with the snow 11 on top. And it was just like an opening like 12 in our chest. And then things got worse. And 13 I get where my throat wants to -- it tightens 14 and I get pain in here (pointing to her 15 chest). And I have heart issues too. I have 16 angina, two different irregular heartbeats, 17 and hypertension. 18 It just really -- I feel like I'm 19 going to collapse too at times. And I just 20 hope that this will pass, that this -- I 21 really do. And I'd like to see in schools too 22 asthma screening, because there are children

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 42 1 who are in sports, who are singing, dancing, 2 and I have seen they struggle with their

3 breath. 4 So thank you very much. 5 MS. WEGMAN: Thank you very much

6 -- 7 MS. STONE: Thank you. 8 MS. WEGMAN: -- for coming today. 9 We appreciate it.

10 MS. WATSON: You're welcome. 11 MS. WEGMAN: We appreciate it. 12 Michaeleen Mason and William 13 Davis.

14 MS. STONE: Yes. 15 MR. DAVIS: (Distributes copies of 16 his testimony to the staff.) 17 MS. WEGMAN: Sure, we'd be very 18 happy to have them. And did you give one to 19 the court reporter? 20 MR. DAVIS: I did. 21 MS. WEGMAN: Thank you very much. 22 MR. DAVIS: An opportunity to

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 43 1 trip. 2 MS. WEGMAN: Yes, be careful.

3 There are a lot of cords around here.

4 MS. STONE: Yes. 5 MS. MASON: Good morning. 6 MS. STONE: Good morning. 7 MS. MASON: My name is Michaeleen 8 Mason, the Director of Climate Change Policy 9 with the Western States Petroleum Association. 10 We are a trade association -- oh. 11 MS. WEGMAN: Yeah, could you just 12 spell your name? Thank you. 13 MS. MASON: M-a-s-o-n. Do you 14 need to -- M-i-c-h-a-e-l-e-e-n M-a-s-o-n. 15 We are a trade association 16 representing 27 companies that explore or 17 produce, refine, transport, and market 18 petroleum, petroleum products, natural gas, 19 and other energy products in California and 20 five other western states. Our organization 21 is dedicated to working towards ensuring that 22 consumers continue to have reliable access to

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 44 1 petroleum and petroleum products through 2 policies that are socially, economically, and 3 environmentally responsible. 4 We recognize the importance of 5 clean air and working with both federal and 6 state agencies to meet the shared goals to 7 achieve the National Air Quality Standards. 8 I think we all can agree that air quality has 9 clearly improved over the past 20 years as a 10 result of stringent implementation of 11 stationary and mobile-source control measures, 12 including the petroleum industry producing 13 cleaner gasoline and diesel fuels that have 14 resulted in dramatic improvements in air 15 quality. 16 Based on EPA's own data, emissions 17 from the six criteria air pollutants have 18 dropped by 60 percent between 1970 and 2008, 19 while mobile-source vehicle mileage has gone 20 up 163 percent. These achievements are 21 notable and we believe should be recognized 22 for the great progress we have made and will

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 45 1 continue to make with further reductions. 2 However, despite these 3 achievements we are here today to question 4 EPA's technical and policy basis for 5 recommending yet another tightening of the 6 ozone standard, a standard that was lowered 7 less than 21 months ago from 80 parts per 8 billion to 75 parts per billion. 9 You have heard from other speakers 10 at other hearings you have held that have 11 questioned the scientific basis EPA is using 12 to justify a lower standard, and WSPA concurs 13 with them. We do not believe that there is 14 any new science or technical basis to justify 15 a further tightening of the ozone standard at 16 this time. 17 Should EPA decide to move forward 18 and tighten the standard to the lower end of 19 their proposal, it will significantly increase 20 the number of nonattainment areas from 75 21 monitored counties to 650 monitored counties. 22 This will have a dramatic impact not only in

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 46 1 these areas but also areas here in California 2 that are already struggling just to attend the 3 older 80 parts-per-billion standard, let alone 4 the 75-parts-per-billion standard adopted in

5 2008. 6 In closing, WSPA urges EPA to 7 reconsider the need to tighten the ozone 8 standard further, especially since the 9 standard was already tightened less than 21 10 months ago. We also urge EPA to consider the 11 regulatory cascade of both state and federal 12 regulations the regulated industry is 13 currently facing in today's current economic 14 environment. 15 For example, I'm sure you're aware 16 that EPA is in the process of promulgating 17 first-time greenhouse-gas stationary source 18 regulations that will require affected 19 facilities that are planning to build new 20 facilities or expand existing ones to obtain 21 a first-time greenhouse-gas permit. And here 22 in California WSPA members, as well as other

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 47 1 source industries, will be working to meet 2 AB32 greenhouse-gas emission reductions. 3 These regulations as well as other 4 requirements, such as the recently-established 5 one-hour nitrogen oxide standard, will impact 6 the ability for the regulated community to 7 continue to operate both here and in 8 California and across the nation. EPA should 9 maintain the ozone standard at the level it 10 tightened to less than 21 months ago: 75 11 parts per billion. 12 Thank you for the opportunity to 13 provide these comments. 14 MS. WEGMAN: Thank you. I do just 15 want to note for clarification, I think you're 16 well aware of this, that when we set the 17 standards we set them on the basis of science 18 and it's a science policy judgment and we 19 don't take into account the implementation 20 costs that are associated with meeting the 21 standard. That's taken into account in the 22 implementation phase. I certainly understand

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 48 1 what you're saying, but I just want to make 2 sure we were clear on that point. 3 MR. DAVIS: Good morning. 4 MS. WEGMAN: Good morning. 5 MR. DAVIS: My name is Bill Davis. 6 Surely you don't need that 7 spelled. 8 THE REPORTER: (Shakes head.) 9 MR. DAVIS: And I'm the Executive 10 Vice President of the Southern California 11 Contractors Association. I want to welcome 12 all of you to California. Unfortunately we're 13 not having a Chamber of Commerce today, so 14 there is no blue skies and sunshine for you. 15 SCCA represents more than 300 16 union signatory contractors and companies who 17 service and supply them, largely in the 12 18 counties of Southern California. Our members, 19 before the construction depression struck, 20 employed more than 15,000 union construction 21 workers, mechanics, and support personal. 22 People who have high wages and good benefits.

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 49 1 And now that number has been cut in half.

2 We are also the Southern 3 California state chapter of the American Road 4 and Transportation Builders Association, the 5 National Clean Water Construction Association, 6 and we're founding members of the Construction 7 Industry Air Quality Coalition. We have been 8 engaged in environmental work for quite a 9 while. 10 I'd like to begin my statement by 11 thanking the committee for the opportunity to 12 speak at today's public hearing regarding the 13 reconsideration of the 2008 National Ambient 14 Air Quality Standards for Ozone. We really 15 appreciate folks from Washington making the 16 trip out here. And, in fact, we invite you to 17 do it quite frequently. 18 According to your Administrator 19 Lisa Jackson, the purpose for reviewing this 20 standard is to ensure that they are 21 scientifically sound and protective of public 22 health and the environment. In assisting to

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 50 1 achieve this goal, SCCA would like to provide 2 a unique perspective on a recommendation for 3 tightening the current ozone standards. 4 The stated goal of reviewing the 5 standard is to improve public health and the 6 environment. It's a commendable objective, 7 one that we support. EPA, however, must 8 balance some of its actions against other 9 federal initiatives. One of the key ones that 10 we wanted to discuss this morning is the 11 highway program. Failure to meet EPA 12 standards for a given area, a county or a 13 state, can result in the loss of highway 14 funds. And, in fact, 42,000 people die on15 U.S. highways every year, many federally16 funded highway improvements are designed 17 specifically to address safety issues. 18 A study issues recently, this past 19 year, said that more people died from 20 inadequately-designed roads, from unsafe 21 roads, than from drunk driving or speeding 22 combined. So it's mission critical for our

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 51 1 public health as well to make sure we continue 2 to work on improving our existing roads and 3 increasing capacity where it will reduce air 4 pollution. 5 In considering the new ozone 6 standards it's important to note that your own 7 reports have indicated an overall decline in 8 ozone pollution over the past 35 years. This 9 decline has occurred despite overwhelming 10 growth in population, vehicle miles traveled, 11 energy consumption, and growth of the economy 12 -- even though we don't feel like it's growing

13 much now. 14 EPA reported last year that 15 between 1980 and 2008 gross domestic product 16 increased 126 percent, vehicle miles traveled 17 increased 91 percent, energy consumption 18 increased 29 percent, and the population grew 19 34 percent. Huge, huge growth factors. But 20 at the same time the six principal air 21 pollutants dropped by a combined 54 percent. 22 We are making progress on the air.

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 52 1 And those of us who are from 2 California, and I'm from San Pedro, which is 3 in the harbor of Los Angeles, know that. We 4 are down to a record number of low days on air 5 quality alerts in our area now. 6 There is one question that's not 7 in my prepared comments that I'd like to ask, 8 and that is, related to your health studies, 9 epidemiological studies, generally to be 10 considered meaningful, have what's known as a 11 relative risk factor of 2. In other words, 12 twice as many people are affected by the 13 pollutant or the cause of disease than not. 14 Do you have any of your studies 15 that have a relative risk factor of 2 or more? 16 Or do you know? 17 MS. STONE: There are a wide range 18 of risk estimates and not all of them are in 19 relative risk, some of them are odds ratios. 20 MR. DAVIS: Right. 21 MS. STONE: And so that's kind of 22 like comparing apples and oranges.

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 53 1 MR. DAVIS: Well, -- 2 MS. STONE: Typically the effects 3 estimates are smaller, but the important 4 consideration is that they are consistent. 5 And these pollutants are widespread -- 6 MR. DAVIS: Are any of the studies 7 demonstrating a relative risk of 2 or greater?

8 MS. STONE: I can't answer that 9 question. 10 MS. WEGMAN: And I just want to 11 observe that our Clean Air Scientific Advisory 12 Committee of independent experts felt that the 13 overall body of scientific evidence was 14 sufficiently strong to recommend a level of 15 .070, and even if the relative risk factor was 16 not as high as 2, which it is not in all 17 studies -- 18 MR. DAVIS: We appreciate that 19 factor. However, federal courts require a 20 relative risk ratio of 2 or greater. 21 MS. WEGMAN: I don't believe

22 that's the case.

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 54 1 MR. DAVIS: Yes. I'll be happy to 2 provide you all the standards of -- 3 MS. WEGMAN: Yes, if you would.

4 MR. DAVIS: -- the standards of 5 evidence on that. 6 MS. WEGMAN: Okay.

7 MR. DAVIS: And -- 8 MS. WEGMAN: If you can show us

9 the case where that -- 10 MR. DAVIS: I will be more than 11 happy to. 12 MS. WEGMAN: Okay. 13 MR. DAVIS: All right. And, in 14 concluding, I thank you all for your attention 15 and opportunity. I notice there are a lot of 16 young people here today speak and I think 17 that's wonderful. I remember being part of 18 the March of Dimes when I was young and active 19 in things like that. So I'm glad that you're 20 having this hearing and we appreciate our

21 chance to have a turn at the bat.

22 MS. WEGMAN: Now I have one

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 55 1 question for you, --

2 MR. DAVIS: Sure. 3 MS. WEGMAN: -- if I could, Mr. 4 Davis. Are you in opposition to what we have 5 proposed or -- 6 MR. DAVIS: We in the construction 7 industry have a lot of tools at our disposal, 8 it seems to us the government only has the 9 hammer, and we'd like to -- if you're going to 10 impose this kind of standard, we'd like to see 11 you test it. We'd like to see it tested in 12 specific geographic regions, see if there is 13 an actual benefit from imposing the standard. 14 If not, as other people have discussed, this 15 is going to affect 96 percent of the counties 16 that are -- monitored counties in the country. 17 And none of them will meet the standard. 18 If the epidemiological evidence 19 proves that there is this health risk, then we 20 support working toward reducing it. But we'd 21 like to see testing. If this was an FDA 22 hearing, a Food and Drug Administration

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 56 1 hearing, the people involved would have gone 2 through exhaustive testing before they brought 3 their product to the market. 4 MS. WEGMAN: Okay. And I just 5 want to make one other part so we're clear on 6 this. 7 MR. DAVIS: Certainly.

8 MS. WEGMAN: As far as federal 9 funding of highways, there's no sanction as 10 far as a cutoff of federal funding for failure 11 to meet a standard. That would only come into 12 play after 24 months if a state has not 13 submitted an approvable plan. So I just want

14 to be clear that --

15 MR. DAVIS: We're aware of that. 16 MS. WEGMAN: Okay.

17 MR. DAVIS: But we're aware that 18 it has also happened in the past, so we're 19 concerned about it. And we're concerned about 20 it for the reasons that we state in our 21 testimony and also in this state because we 22 have such enormous needs for improvements and

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 57 1 such limited financial capacity now. 2 California is being drummed into the ground by 3 its own incapacity in handling state 4 government financing. And our needs enormous. 5 We have half a billion dollars worth of 6 construction needs in the state and we have a 7 construction budget for highways of about $6 8 billion a year [sic]. We'll never get there

9 from here. 10 MS. WEGMAN: Okay. Thank you. 11 MS. STONE: Thank you. 12 MR. DAVIS: Thank you all very

13 much. 14 MS. WEGMAN: Thank you. 15 Our next speakers are Shelley

16 Green and Deborah Drechsler. 17 DR. GREEN: My name is Shelley 18 Green. That's S-h-e-l-l-e-y G-r-e-e-n. And 19 I'm a Research Scientist for the Office of 20 Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, also 21 called OEHHA. We are a board of California 22 EPA and we make health-based recommendations

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 58 1 to the Air Resources Board for air quality 2 standards for California. 3 Thank you for giving me the 4 opportunity to testify today in support of 5 U.S. EPA's proposed reconsideration of the 6 National Ambient Air Quality Standards for

7 Ozone. 8 OEHHA is pleased that the 9 Environmental Protection Agency is taking a 10 big step toward cleaner air by proposing to 11 strengthen the National Air Quality Standards 12 for Ozone. Four years ago California reviewed 13 its own ambient air quality standards for 14 ozone. At its hearing in April 2005, the Air 15 Resources Board approved a new eight-hour 16 standard of 70 parts per billion. Thus, 17 California's current eight-hour standard is 18 lower than the eight-hour standard for ozone 19 of 75 parts per billion set by the EPA in

20 2008. That federal standard fell far short of 21 what EPA's staff scientists and independent 22 scientific advisors said was necessary to

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 59 1 protect public health. 2 Since the California review in 3 2004, additional clinical and epidemiologic 4 studies have been published which support an 5 eight-hour standard lower than 70 parts per 6 billion. A new chamber study has indicated 7 effects on lung function in a subset of young,8 healthy, nonsmoking adults at the 60-part-per9 billion level following a six-and-a-half-hour 10 exposure. Several individuals in this study 11 demonstrated large reductions in lung 12 function. 13 This study did not include any 14 children, elderly individuals, or asthmatic 15 subjects. These more vulnerable individuals 16 would be expected to show even stronger

17 adverse effects. 18 In addition to this chamber study, 19 several new epidemiologic studies have been 20 published since the California review. In a 21 panel study with mean eight-hour ozone 22 exposure of 55 parts per billion, ozone was

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 60 1 associated with difficulty breathing in 2 infants of asthmatic mothers. New studies of 3 ozone in acute mortality have also been 4 published since the California review. 5 Three independent analyses 6 commissioned by EPA examined the effect of 7 ozone exposure on acute mortality in over a 8 hundred cities in the United States and 9 Europe. All three studies reported 10 significant associations between ozone levels 11 and total mortality. One such study conducted 12 in 2006 found significant effects when they 13 limited the data to days when the eight-hour 14 maximum was as low as 61 parts per billion. 15 A study of 98 U.S. communities 16 published in 2008 found higher ozone level 17 mortality effects in communities with higher 18 unemployment, higher fraction of African 19 American population, and lower prevalence of 20 air conditioning. This further demonstrates 21 the greater effect of ozone on the most 22 vulnerable populations.

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 61 1 We need to protect all our 2 citizens from the harmful effects of ozone. 3 This link between short-term exposure to ozone 4 and premature mortality has been confirmed by 5 the National Research Council, which conducted 6 a review of recent research that was sponsored 7 by the U.S. EPA. 8 In addition, there is now 9 evidence, based on a study using the American 10 Cancer Society cohort of nearly half a million 11 people followed for 18 years, that longer-term 12 exposure to ozone is associated with 13 respiratory mortality. 14 We are pleased that the new 15 administration is reconsidering the ozone 16 standards and has proposed a standard of 60 to 17 70 parts per billion. A standard in this 18 range is in line with the recommendations of 19 the Clean Air Scientific Advisory Committee 20 and the public health community. EPA's 21 Children's Health Protection Advisory 22 Committee endorsed this range. Our

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 62 1 organization also supports a standard in this 2 range. 3 According to EPA's Benefit 4 Analysis, a standard of 60 parts per billion, 5 for example, would avert several thousand more 6 premature deaths nationwide than the current 7 standard of 75 parts per billion. A standard 8 of 60 would also prevent thousands more asthma 9 attacks in the U.S. than the current standard. 10 Today we are calling on EPA to 11 heed the science on ozone and adopt a final 12 standard of 60 to 70 parts per billion. 13 Thank you very much. 14 MS. WEGMAN: Thank you. And if -- 15 I think we're aware of the studies you cited, 16 but to the extent you do have comments that 17 specifically have the names of the studies 18 you're citing, it would be helpful to have 19 those in the record. 20 DR. GREEN: Okay. 21 MS. WEGMAN: Thank you.

22 Deborah

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 63 1 DR. DRECHSLER: Good morning. My 2 name is Deborah Drechsler and that's spelled

3 D-e-b-o-r-a-h D-r-e-c-h-s-l-e-r. And I'm 4 speaking on behalf of the California Air

5 Resources Board. 6 Thank you for the opportunity to 7 submit comments from the California Air 8 Resources Board on the Environmental 9 Protection agency's reconsideration of the 10 level for the National Ambient Air Quality 11 Standard for Ozone. We appreciate the efforts 12 made by the U.S. EPA staff and the 13 Administrator to initiate this 14 reconsideration, as well as the opportunity to 15 contribute our perspective to this important 16 decision. 17 The scientific literature clearly 18 implicates exposure to ambient ozone as a 19 health risk. We have known for decades that 20 ozone exposure is associated with a wide range 21 of adverse health effects, ranging from 22 symptoms of respiratory irritation and

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 64 1 decrements in lung function to 2 hospitalizations for exacerbation of lung 3 diseases and even premature death. Prevention 4 of these adverse effects has been the goal of

5 the ozone standards.

6 Our comments on the standard 7 adopted in 2008 emphasize that the existing 8 ozone NAAQS, an eight-hour average of .08 9 parts per million was not adequate to protect 10 public health and that a substantial reduction 11 in the level of the standard was necessary to 12 meet the requirement that public health be 13 protected with an adequate margin of safety. 14 While EPA decreased the level of 15 the standard in the 2008 rulemaking, we remain 16 of the opinion that the reduction to 0.075 17 parts per million did not incorporate an 18 adequate margin of safety. We reiterate this 19 concern with reference to the reconsideration

20 of the level for the standard. And ARB would 21 like to acknowledge and endorse the 22 Administrator's proposal to revise the level

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 65 1 for the ozone NAAQS to within the range of 60 2 to 70 parts per billion, which is in accord 3 with the recommendation of the CASAC panel 4 that reviewed the 2008 standard. 5 California reviewed its own 6 ambient air quality standard for ozone. And 7 at a hearing in April 2005, the Air Resources 8 Board approved a new eight-hour average ozone 9 standard of 70 parts per billion. This action 10 was based on a review of an extensive 11 scientific literature that demonstrates a 12 clear association between ozone exposure and

13 a number of adverse health effects. The14 standard was approved through an open public15 review process that included independent 16 scientific peer review. 17 A significant difference between 18 the proposed national and the California 19 eight-hour average ozone standards is that the 20 California form allows only one exceedence per 21 year. In contrast, attainment of the national 22 standard is based on the highest of the fourth

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 66 1 highest measured concentrations over three2 years. Our analysis indicates that an eight3 hour average standard of 60 parts per billion 4 using the federal form is roughly equivalent 5 to the California standard of 70 parts per 6 billion. 7 The Air Resources Board supports 8 the adoption of a standard that would be as 9 protective as California's eight-hour ozone 10 standard. Attainment of such a standard 11 nationwide would prevent thousands of 12 hospitalizations, cases of respiratory 13 symptoms, instances of asthma exacerbations,

14 and deaths. 15 We recognize that there are 16 various types and degrees of uncertainty in 17 the available data supporting a decision at 60 18 parts per billion. Selection of a standard of 19 60 parts per billion will require a judgment 20 that includes decisions as to the weight to be 21 given to the scientific evidence and to the 22 uncertainties inherent in the available body

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 67 1 of science. However, we believe that this 2 level, 60 parts per billion, is required to 3 incorporate an adequate margin of safety 4 comparable to California's standard. 5 Thank you for the opportunity to 6 provide comment on this important public 7 health issue. 8 MS. WEGMAN: Thank you very much. 9 To the extent that the Air Resources Board 10 wants to provide any further elaboration on 11 the rationale for 60 and the support for 60, 12 that would be helpful to have in the record. 13 Okay. Great. Thank you. 14 Our next speakers are Bonnie 15 Holmes and Joel Ervice. 16 MS. HOLMES-GEN: Good morning. 17 I'm Bonnie Holmes-Gen and I'm the Senior 18 Director for Policy and Air Quality with the 19 American Lung Association in California. And 20 we are pleased to join you today to give our 21 strong support to the U.S. EPA's proposed 22 tougher science-based air quality standard for

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 68 1 ozone, which is of course one of the most 2 widespread and dangerous air pollutants across 3 our country. 4 And I wanted to make the point 5 that we believe this decision that you are 6 about to make is of historic importance. A 7 stronger standard is the prescription for 8 healthier air across the country. Your 9 decision to adopt a stronger national ozone 10 reduction target, based on health evidence, 11 will spur actions across the country, not just

12 at the federal level but at the state and 13 local level. And these actions will have real 14 and lasting impacts on public health in 15 California and across the country. 16 A stronger ozone standard will 17 help reduce asthma attacks, hospitalizations, 18 emergency room visits, heart attacks, strokes, 19 and other heart and lung illnesses. As you're 20 hearing today from health and environmental 21 leaders and residents across the country, the 22 millions of Californians suffering from lung-

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 69 1 and-heart illnesses need a strong standard. 2 The millions of children in California growing 3 up with reduced lung capacity due to unhealthy 4 air need the protection of a stronger

5 standard. 6 I wanted to remind you that here 7 in California we have some of the highest 8 childhood asthma rates in the country. Asthma9 not only impacts a child's health and well10 being but also impacts a child's ability to 11 learn. Millions of missed school and work 12 days in California are attributed to asthma 13 attacks and other respiratory conditions due 14 to air pollution.

15 The healthcare costs related to 16 asthma alone are enormous. According to the 17 State Department of Health Services, the cost 18 of hospitalizations for asthma reached $763 19 million in one year, 2005. And of course 20 asthma costs are just one small piece of the 21 total health burden from air pollution. Our 22 state Air Resources Board has estimated the

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 70 1 total health costs of air pollution at 2 approximately $170 billion per year, and that 3 includes the costs of premature deaths. 4 We hear industry talk a lot about 5 the costs of pollution control, but they don't 6 factor in the costs of delay. The health 7 costs and the human toll of air pollution add 8 up quickly. The benefits of cleaning up air 9 pollution have proven time and again to be 10 overwhelming greater than the costs. 11 Each year the White House analyzes 12 the costs and benefits of air quality 13 regulations on a national basis and each year 14 EPA's regulations result in benefits that 15 outweigh the costs by as much as 40 to 1. And 16 of course we have had similar findings in 17 California as we move forward to adopt our own 18 more stringent ozone standard. 19 In California and across the 20 country air quality regulation has not stymied 21 economic growth. In fact, quite the opposite 22 has happened. Tighter standards have spurred

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 71 1 innovation, efficiencies, and new greener 2 technologies. 3 So to sum up the case for stronger 4 standards, the science is clear: Scientific 5 studies, and you've heard, just heard from two 6 excellent representatives from our Air 7 Resources Board and Office of Environmental 8 Health Hazard Assessment about many of these 9 studies, these scientific studies clearly show 10 that the current standards for ozone pollution 11 are far too weak to protect public health. 12 And, as you heard, California has already 13 adopted a standard based on the science that 14 is roughly equivalent to the 60 parts per 15 billion. 16 The law is clear: Under the 17 federal Clean Air Act the air quality 18 standards must be set at a level that is 19 solely based on public health. And health 20 experts have a clear recommendation. Not only 21 the American Lung Association but also the 22 American Medical Associations, the American

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 72 1 Public Health Association, the American 2 Thoracic Society and others have all urged a 3 standard at the 60-parts-per-billion level. 4 On a personal note I want to urge 5 you to adopt this stronger standard as a 6 commitment to the health of future 7 generations. I have a six-year-old and an 8 eight-year-old. And they like to be very 9 active. They like to play soccer and be 10 outside. And it's very difficult, very 11 difficult to tell them on a smoggy afternoon 12 that they need to stay indoors and we need to 13 find quieter activities. 14 I know my children's growth and 15 development will continue to be impacted by 16 unhealthy air in this region for many years, 17 but with your help their children will grow up 18 in clean and healthy air. We urge you to19 adopt a stronger standard: A 60-parts-per20 billion. 21 MS. WEGMAN: Thank you very much. 22 MR. ERVICE: Hi. Good morning.

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 73 1 My name is Joel Ervice. And that's J-o-e-l 2 E-r-v-i-c-e. I'm the Associate Director of 3 Regional Asthma Management and Prevention. 4 We're a collaborative that promotes strategies 5 for reducing asthma through a broad and 6 comprehensive approach that includes clinical 7 management and environmental protection. We 8 also coordinate a statewide network of asthma 9 coalitions called Community Action to Fight 10 Asthma, which focuses on reducing 11 environmental triggers of asthma through 12 policy change. 13 On behalf of my partners I'm here 14 today to express support for the tighter ozone 15 standard of 60 parts per billion. Adopting 16 this new standard would be a tremendous step 17 towards cleaning the air we breathe and, more 18 importantly, protecting the health of each and 19 every one of us. 20 While preparing my comments I was 21 struck by how straightforward this decision 22 should be, given the clarity of the evidence.

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 74 1 Here's what we know based on a large and 2 consistent body of research: 3 Ozone is a serious health threat. 4 It burns our lungs and airways, causing them 5 to become inflamed, reddened, and swollen. 6 This can lead to breathing problems, including 7 coughing, wheezing, and chest pain. Children, 8 seniors, and people with lung problems are 9 particularly vulnerable to ozone's impacts. 10 Ozone increases the risk of asthma 11 attacks and is associated with increased 12 hospitalization and emergency department 13 visits, increased medication use and missed 14 school days. Emerging evidence also suggests 15 high ozone levels contribute to the onset of 16 asthma in otherwise healthy children. These 17 asthma impacts are anything but insignificant, 18 and Bonnie alluded to a few of the costs. 19 Here in California one in six children has 20 been diagnosed is asthma, in some communities 21 it's closer to one in four. We also know that 22 children who grow up in areas of high ozone

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 75 1 pollution may never develop their full lung 2 capacity as adults, which puts them at risk 3 for asthma and other respiratory problems.4 Lastly, ozone can kill. Short5 term increases in ozone were found to increase 6 deaths from cardiovascular and respiratory 7 diseases. 8 Setting the standard to 60 parts 9 per billion would also help fulfill the Clean 10 Air Act's requirements that standards protect 11 the public's health with an adequate margin of 12 safety. Given that studies have shown adverse 13 respiratory reactions at concentrations below 14 60 parts per billion, adopting the most 15 restrictive standard is more than appropriate. 16 Indeed, there is enough evidence to suggest 17 that the standard perhaps needs further 18 tightening, but I understand one step at a 19 time.20 Establishing the more health21 protective standard simply reflects the EPA's 22 own best thinking on this issue. As you know

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 76 1 several years ago, the EPA's Clean Air 2 Scientific Advisory Committee, after an 3 extensive scientific review, unanimously 4 concluded that an eight-hour ozone standard 5 should be set in the range of 60 to 70 parts 6 per billion. Other credible groups that have 7 called for 60-parts-per-billion standard 8 include the American Academy of Pediatrics, 9 the Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America, 10 and many others. 11 Finally, while I have recited 12 statistics in reference to scientific 13 evidence, this issue is also personal. I was 14 diagnosed with asthma as a child. And while 15 it is under far more control than it was when 16 I was young, I still carry around an inhaler. 17 And I can too well remember the fear and panic 18 that set in when my lungs would uncontrollably 19 constrict, and off to the emergency room I 20 would go. 21 Fortunately we now have a much 22 better understanding of what causes such

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 77 1 attacks. I urge you to put that knowledge to 2 good use and adopt a strict ozone standard of 3 60 parts per billion. Thank you. 4 MS. WEGMAN: Thank you. 5 We are going to go through four 6 more speakers and then we'll take a short 7 break. And we're happy to meet to talk about 8 the secondary standard at that time. 9 If Brent Newell is here, could you 10 please go to the registration desk. Thank 11 you. 12 Our next two speakers are: Cindy 13 Tsai and David Pettit. 14 MS. TSAI: Hi. Good morning. My 15 name is Cindy Tsai, and that's C-i-n-d-y 16 T-s-a-i. And I'm with the Rose Foundation for 17 Communities and the Environment, located in 18 Oakland, California. And this is Alison. She 19 is my youngest daughter. She is four weeks

20 old. 21 MS. WEGMAN: Oh, my God. 22 MS. TSAI: She might have some

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 78 1 comments of her to make, so I ask you to bear 2 with us. 3 I'm here to ask you to protect the 4 health of our most vulnerable communities by 5 adopting an ozone standard of 60 parts per 6 billion. This is an issue of fundamental 7 fairness. And the EPA has to be the guardian 8 of fairness, because we all know that smog 9 does not fight fair. 10 Study after study has shown that11 especially for vulnerable individuals, ground12 level ozone can trigger asthma attacks and 13 even heart attacks. Asthma and heart disease 14 make people vulnerable to ozone's impacts and 15 are much more common in poorer communities and 16 communities of color. 17 California Breathing reports -- 18 excuse me. If you want to... 19 MR. PETTIT: (Holds Alison for the 20 remainder of Ms. Tsai's speech.) 21 MS. TSAI: He's even good with 22 babies, so there you go. Thank you.

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 79 1 MR. PETTIT: I'll be right back

2 here. 3 MS. TSAI: California breathing 4 reports that Alameda County's children have 5 higher rates of asthma than California as a 6 whole. And Alameda County's children are one 7 and a half times more likely to require 8 emergency room care for asthma compared to the 9 state averages and more than twice as likely 10 to be hospitalized for asthma. 11 In neighboring Contra Costa County 12 the rates of asthma and asthma hospitalization 13 also exceed state averages. Those figures in 14 themselves suggest plenty of reason to be 15 concerned about the levels of ozone in Alameda 16 and Contra Costa Counties. But asthma rates 17 are not uniform across those two counties. 18 In 2004, California Community 19 Action to Fight Asthma analyzed California 20 hospital records and found disproportionately 21 higher asthma hospitalization rates for 22 children in lower-income neighborhoods and

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 80 1 communities of color.

2 Here are some more stark and 3 disturbing statistics: In Richmond childhood 4 asthma hospitalization rates were more than 5 twice the state average. In East Oakland, 6 more than five times the state average. And 7 in West Oakland, childhood asthma 8 hospitalization rates were nearly six times 9 the state average. 10 Children in low-income 11 neighborhoods, where asthma is so 12 frighteningly common, are there for the 13 children who are most vulnerable to the 14 impacts of ozone. A similar pattern can be 15 seen for other health impacts of ozone.16 Stricter ozone standards can reduce ozone17 triggered heart attacks. But, like asthma, 18 vulnerability to heart attacks is not the same 19 in all neighborhoods. Your zip code can 20 determine whether or not you live or die. 21 According to the study produced by 22 the California Endowment Health Journalism

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 81 1 Fellowship, the zip code with the highest 2 levels of heart disease in Alameda County is 3 94608. In this zip code residents are 4 predominantly African American. And, 5 according to the 2000 census, the median 6 family income for this zip code is half the 7 median income for the county. 8 94608 also has three times the 9 rate of heart disease as another Alameda 10 County zip code, 94708, which according to the 11 2000 census is 75 percent white with a family 12 income of more than three times the median of

13 94608. 14 Contra Costa health disease 15 statistics follow the same pattern, with 16 significantly higher levels of heart disease 17 in low-income neighborhoods compared to the 18 zip codes of more-affluent communities. 19 Again, the strictest standards are needed to 20 fairly protect residents of low-income 21 communities and communities of color. 22 Overall life expectancies follow

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 82 1 the same pattern. Residents in lower-urban 2 neighborhoods can expect to live about 103 years less on average than residents of more4 affluent communities, a fact that suggests 5 that premature death, associated with ozone6 exposure, may disproportionately impact low7 income communities and Americans of color. 8 I again urge you to set the 9 National Air Quality Standard for Ozone at the 10 more health-protective standard at 60 parts 11 per billion to protect public health and the 12 environment, address issues of environmental 13 justice, and fairly protect all Americans 14 including America's most-vulnerable 15 communities. Thank you. 16 MS. WEGMAN: And thank you. 17 Thank you very much for coming 18 today, especially with Alison there. Oh, my 19 goodness. Thank you so much. And if you can 20 submit that for the record so we have those 21 statistics, that would be extremely helpful. 22 Okay. Thank you.

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 83 1 MR. PETTIT: Hi. I'm David 2 Pettit, P-e-t-t-i-t. I'm with the Natural 3 Resources Defense Council in Los Angeles. I 4 put Alison to asleep but I hope I don't have 5 the same effect on you folks. 6 (Laughter.) 7 MS. WEGMAN: I don't think so. 8 MR. PETTIT: Yes. My kids are 9 grown now, but it's nice to know I haven't

10 lost the touch.

11 MS. WEGMAN: Haven't lost the

12 touch. 13 MR. PETTIT: Yes. I spoke in 2007 14 when EPA did a roadshow on the then-current 15 ozone rule. I spoke down in Los Angeles. And 16 I have to say although I don't think I'm 17 starry eyed about the political process, I was 18 appalled when I learned at the last minute 19 activity, you might say, by OMB to ratchet up 20 the number that your own staff had recommended 21 and that CASAC had unanimously recommended, 22 and I'm very pleased that Administrator

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 84 1 Jackson has decided to take another look at 2 the science. 3 One thing that I didn't have 4 available when I testified last time was the 5 June 7, 2007 -- I'm sorry -- June 14, 2007 6 memo by James Brown of EPA discussing the 7 Adams' studies. Reference has been made to 8 them earlier today. I'm not a statistician. 9 By trade I'm a lawyer, but I've cross-examined 10 a few on the stand and I have some idea of how

11 that stuff works. 12 And to me the clincher in Mr. 13 Brown's memorandum is -- well, in the back, 14 not surprisingly, where, just to summarize, in 15 his view he reads the Adams' studies as 16 legitimately finding that there are 17 significant effects on healthy people at the 18 60-parts-per-billion level. And then his 19 concluding sentence is, "It would be further 20 be expected," and then he cites a 2006 EPA 21 document, "that as Maddox [phonetic] 22 experiencing moderate responses to 0.06 parts

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 85 1 per million ozone exposure would limit their 2 activity and increase their frequency of 3 medical usage." 4 And I have to say that stands to 5 reason that if healthy people are affected at 6 60 parts per billion, asthmatics and other 7 people with lung disease are going to be

8 affected even more. 9 And then turning to the legal 10 standard, which I'm sure you know well, it 11 just seems to me almost a given that if 12 nondisabled people are affected at 60 and EPA, 13 by law, has to build in a margin of error, 14 that it accounts for the needs and abilities 15 of sensitive people, I don't see how legally 16 you can go anywhere else other than the 60 17 number. And I know it's the lower end 18 recommended by CASAC, I also know that after 19 the 2007-2008 outrage, there was a ton of 20 litigation including some brought by my 21 organization and other enviros, let's not do 22 that again, let's do what the law in my view

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 86 1 requires this time and come up with the number 2 of 60 parts per billion. 3 Thank you very much. 4 MS. WEGMAN: Thank you very much 5 for coming back to testify a second time. 6 Okay. We'll have two more folks 7 come before we take a 10- or 15-minute break. 8 Andy Katz and Myesha Williams. 9 MR. KATZ: Good morning. I'm Andy 10 Katz. I'm the Government Relations Director 11 for Breathe California. We're a statewide 12 lung-health association with offices in Los 13 Angeles, Monterey, Daly City, San Jose, and 14 Sacramento. We serve the public generally, 15 particularly patients with lung disease, 16 including asthma and chronic obstructive 17 pulmonary disorder. 18 So we hear from lung-disease 19 patients whenever there is a Spare the Air 20 Day, whenever there is an unhealthy-ozone day. 21 We hear from people who are suffering, who are 22 unable to breathe, who are unable to go about

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 87 1 their day with the same quality of life. So 2 we're very, very concerned about the unhealthy 3 levels of ozone in the air. 4 And we strongly encourage the EPA 5 to pursue your role under the Clean Air Act, 6 your legal obligation to study the science, 7 the consider the vast science that very much 8 supports a standard of .06 parts per million 9 -- that's 60 parts per billion, to protect 10 public health. 11 The strong weight of the evidence

12 shows that tens of thousands of asthma attacks 13 and tens of thousands of premature deaths 14 would be prevented every year if you consider 15 the science in front of you. 16 I would like to address some of 17 the arguments that have been argued earlier in 18 this hearing, particularly around the 19 criticism that you need some relative risk 20 standard in all of your studies. That's just 21 not true. The person who offered that 22 suggestion is not an attorney. What I think

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 88 1 he was referring to was a Ninth Circuit 2 decision where this was about whether one 3 particular source of nuclear radiation 4 definitely, by a preponderance of the evidence 5 in a private-litigation matter, caused injury 6 to somebody else and that meant compensation. 7 That's a completely different situation under 8 the law from what you have in front of you, 9 which is a Clean Air Act responsibility to 10 look at the science and decide that based on 11 the strong science in front of you that this 12 is supportable by the evidence.

13 You have the deference. The 14 courts will give the EPA deference, unless you 15 abuse your discretion. And it's unfortunate 16 that the Bush Administration did not pursue 17 the full protectiveness of the Clean Air Act 18 under the past administration. I strong urge

19 the EPA to do that. 20 So, just to be very clear, the 21 previous speakers arguing against the standard 22 did not advance any issues around the lack of

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 89 1 scientific strength of this evidence that you 2 have from the 1700 studies. I think the 3 evidence strongly shows that this is what will 4 protect public health. 5 Even further, we need a margin of 6 safety. We need to be able to protect people 7 with asthma, kids, seniors, who all have 8 greater susceptibility to lung disease. So we 9 really need to have that margin of safety for 10 people who are especially at risk of lung 11 disease and these impacts. 12 We now know that premature death 13 will result. We now know that asthma attacks, 14 ranging from severe to mild, and these have 15 economic costs. While some of the previous 16 speakers have talked about the economic costs 17 and the law tells you, really you have to look 18 at the science and the health impacts. These 19 are achievable. These are very achievable 20 goals. The standards that we have right now 21 for clean air that in effect were set in 22 motion a decade or two ago. And we are

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 90 1 reaping the benefits of that right now, but 2 it's still not good enough. We still have 3 very high levels of lung disease on these 4 unhealthy ozone days, and that's why we need 5 the EPA to protect us. 6 I would strongly encourage 7 adoption of that standard. Personally I 8 experience exercise-induced asthma. I've had 9 that condition since I was diagnosed at 10 Engineer High when I started playing 11 competitive tennis. And from that point I've 12 also noticed that on an unhealthy-air day, 13 when there's excessive ozone in the air, I 14 have those same conditions. 15 So the clean air is definitely an 16 important -- has really important results for 17 my health. Having clean air that I'm able to 18 breathe easier, that I don't experience those 19 asthma attacks or asthma symptoms. And I 20 think many other people have ever more serious 21 cases of lung disease. 22 So, in conclusion, the law really

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 91 1 tells you that you have to follow the science 2 and that other assertions of what your 3 obligation is, it's very clear: It's about 4 the science, it's about the health. So please 5 protect public health. 6 MS. WEGMAN: Thank you very much. 7 MS. WILLIAMS: Good morning. My 8 name is Myesha Williams. It's spelled 9 M-y-e-s-h-a W-i-l-l-i-a-m-s. And I am the 10 Program Associate for the New Voices Are 11 Rising Program at the Rose Foundation. 12 As a program associate I 13 cofacilitate in-class lessons on 14 environmental, health, and justice in high 15 schools in Oakland, in Richmond, and other 16 nearby East Bay cities. This work puts me in 17 contact with young people who are growing up 18 breathing unhealthy air their entire lives. 19 I have yet to visit a classroom 20 where the majority of the students answer no 21 to the question of whether or not they or 22 someone in their family suffers from asthma.

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 92 1 Asthma happens to be the one thing that most 2 of the students that we work with have in 3 common and can personally relate to. 4 As you know, asthma is closely 5 related to ozone. Though most of the students 6 I work with are faced with multiple pollution 7 sources, when given the opportunity many8 choose to advocate for stronger health9 protective measures wherever they can. So not 10 only am I constantly working with young people 11 who suffer from illnesses that are exacerbated 12 by environmental factors, but I also live in 13 a zip code with dire statistics.14 The zip code 94608 has the second15 highest asthma hospitalization rate and one of 16 the highest heart-disease-death rates and 17 cancer-death rates in the East Bay. The life 18 expectancy in 94608 is a staggering 15 years 19 less than 94519, which is nearby Walnut Creek. 20 I too grew up feeling short of 21 breath while playing outside with friends. So 22 many of my friends and my close family members

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 93 1 back then suffered from severe asthma attacks 2 simply by doing what kids do: Exploring the

3 outdoors. 4 So I'm very happy to be here to 5 advocate on behalf of myself and my community 6 and to also support the students that chose to 7 come here today to advocate on behalf of their 8 communities. And I urge you to respond to the 9 research and to our stories by lowering the 10 standard to a 60 parts per billion. 11 Thank you very much. 12 MS. STONE: Thank you. 13 MS. WEGMAN: Thank you for coming 14 and thank you to the students who came with 15 you. We really appreciate your doing that and 16 taking the time today. It means a lot to us 17 that you came. Thank you. 18 Okay. We're going to take a 10- 19 to 15-minute break and then we can meet to 20 talk about the secondary standard, if folks

21 want to do that. 22 (Recess taken from 11:06 a.m. to

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 94 1 11:27 a.m.) 2 MS. WEGMAN: Once again, thank you 3 for coming. We very much appreciate you 4 taking the time and making the effort to come 5 to speak to us today. So if folks in the back 6 would mind sitting down or you can go outside, 7 either way. 8 We received a suggestion that in 9 addition to announcing the two next speakers 10 that I say the names of the two people who are 11 coming afterward so they can get ready. So I 12 will be doing that from here on out. 13 So the next two speakers are David 14 Underwood and Ina Bendich. And then after 15 that I'll be calling on Darryanne Vance and 16 Deven King. 17 So David Underwood and Ina 18 Bendich, are those folks here? Okay. 19 MS. BENDICH: Good morning. 20 MS. WEGMAN: Good morning. 21 MS. BENDICH: My name is Ina 22 Bendich. It's I-n-a B-e-n-d-i-c-h. I'm a

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 95 1 teacher and Director of the Law and Government 2 Academy at Excel High School at the McClymonds 3 Educational Complex in West Oakland. 4 I grew up believing that public 5 service was the noblest calling. Elected and 6 appointed officials had a responsibility to 7 protect the public interest, even when that 8 meant considering the point of view of people 9 that they were unlikely to encounter in their 10 daily life. 11 For example, when the Supreme 12 Court ruled on Board versus Brown of Education 13 [sic], the justices were all male, white, 14 highly educated, and some were born in 15 southern states where Jim Crow laws still 16 dominated African American life. Their 17 decision was made based on what the governing 18 law, the U.S. Constitution in that case, 19 demanded. But perhaps, more importantly, they 20 made a decision to do the right thing, even 21 though they had little or nothing in common 22 with the plaintiffs.

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 96 1 According to the EPA's own 2 definition, environmental justice is the fair 3 treatment and meaningful involvement of all 4 people, regardless of race, color, national 5 origin, or income, with the respect to the 6 development, implementation, and enforcement 7 of environmental laws, regulations, and 8 policies. 9 EPA has had this goal for all 10 communities and persons across this nation. 11 It will be achieved when everyone enjoys the 12 same degree of protection from environmental 13 and health hazards and equal access to the 14 decisionmaking process to have a healthy 15 environment in which to live, learn, and work. 16 The EPA has, based on your own 17 definition, embraced the pursuit of 18 environmental justice and the eradication of 19 environmental racism. As a Director of the 20 Law and Government Academy, one of my goals is 21 to instill this idea of justice in my 22 students. However, their daily experience as

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 97 1 residents of West Oakland leads them to 2 believe that justice is unattainable. They 3 walk past new housing developments that their 4 parents can't afford to rent or buy. They 5 experience high rates of asthma and other 6 illnesses related to the poor air quality and 7 industry present in their neighborhood. They 8 know that the effects are substantially lower 9 in the wealthier areas of Oakland. They see 10 the contradiction. 11 What they have learned is the 12 government represents those who are present at 13 the decisionmaking table. They know that in 14 order for their voices to be heard they must 15 be where the decisions are made. 16 The mission of EPA is to protect 17 human health and to safeguard the natural 18 environment: Air, water, land -- upon which 19 life depends. EPA's purpose is to ensure that 20 all Americans are protected from the 21 significant risks to human health in the 22 environment where they live, learn, and work.

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 98 1 Federal law protects human health 2 and the environment, and are enforced fairly 3 and effectively. As a Director of the Law and 4 Government Academy, I have taught my students 5 that word order is important. It is clear 6 that the primary mission and purpose of the 7 EPA is to protect human health and the 8 environment. West Oakland residents have 9 suffered from the cumulative impact of various 10 forms of pollution for a very long time. I am 11 counting on you to show my students that their 12 health is paramount in your decisionmaking 13 process by lowering the ground-level ozone 14 standard and setting the standard at the most 15 health-protective level under consideration. 16 Thank you. 17 MS. STONE: Thank you. 18 MS. WEGMAN: Thank you very much. 19 MR. UNDERWOOD: My name is David 20 Underwood. D-a-v-i-d U-n-d-e-r-w-o-o-d. 21 Citrus Heights, California, right down the 22 road here. I'm a member of the Sierra Club,

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 99 1 but I cannot speak directly for the Sierra

2 Club. 3 However, I got involved somewhat 4 with air pollution when I did a study of the 5 Yosemite Valley Plan some years ago, and that 6 was submitted to the National Park Service, 7 where we found that diesel pollution, in 8 particular, was extremely high; that the 9 federal government had averaged out the 10 pollution levels in the Yosemite Valley over 11 a 24-hour period instead of any one-hour 12 period, which at a certain points of the day 13 the higher levels of air pollution was much 14 higher than over the 24-hour period and

15 exceeded federal standards. 16 The other thing I discovered was 17 that a bus, a diesel bus at that time caused 18 as much pollution as 50 cars, and those were 19 low-power engines. Now today we have diesel 20 trucks running up and down the Central Valley 21 with engines exceeding 400 horsepower, even 22 450 horsepower. And we have a high level of

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 100 1 diesel traffic in this state. 2 The highest levels of pulmonary 3 disease that we find in this state are along 4 the Long Beach freeway in Los Angeles and in

5 the Fresno area between Fresno and 6 Bakersfield. The air pollution moves inland 7 because of the air currents. And anything 8 coming from the coast also accumulates in that

9 area. 10 I have not seen anything to show, 11 I do not know what the EPA plans on doing 12 about mitigation, and this is where we come 13 in. We also have unregulated diesel equipment 14 throughout the farmlands, old diesel engines 15 that are still running pumps and equipment 16 within the farm community. 17 And then we have construction 18 equipment. And the construction industry, I 19 can understand why they resist pollution 20 controls on their equipment, it's extremely 21 expensive to do, but it's also, as we have 22 heard and we will hear further, just how

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 101 1 expensive it is to have had all these 2 pollution levels and the illnesses that are 3 accumulating because of them. 4 One other item that has not been5 discussed is aircraft. And we know that high6 speed train or any train can carry as many7 passengers as far as an airplane using one8 tenth the amount of fuel that an airplane 9 uses. But I have not seen any studies to show 10 just how much an aircraft contributes to the 11 ozone levels. And, particularly, at takeoff

12 areas and at low level. I don't know about 13 higher altitudes, what happens to the ozone

14 there. 15 So it seems to me that the EPA 16 does need or somebody needs to study and show 17 how much of this ozone is actually coming from 18 aircraft travel and if we mitigate that with 19 the use of high-speed rail, for instance, and 20 also getting all these trucks on rail. If you 21 go over the Tejon Pass any evening, you will 22 find that trucks outnumber cars. And we're

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 102 1 looking at a vehicle that probably contributes 2 as much pollution with one engine as 200 3 vehicles -- 200 cars. Cars have become 4 considerably cleaner today. So we do have 5 primarily, my estimate anyhow, is that it's 6 the diesel that is the cause of our pollution 7 problems in this state, more than any one 8 thing. 9 Thank you. 10 MS. WEGMAN: Well, thank you. 11 Thank you both very much. 12 Our next two speakers are Darrynne 13 Vance and Deven King, and then after that 14 Sarai Cornejo and Pamela Tapia. 15 MR. KING: Hello. My name is 16 Deven King, D-e-v-e-n K-i-n-g. I am a junior 17 at Excel High School. I am here to ask you to 18 tighten the ozone standards to protect the 19 health in my community. 20 My four-year-old sister has

21 asthma. We found out she had asthma when she 22 was two. We had to take her to the hospital

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 103 1 because she couldn't breathe. We went to the 2 hospital, my brother and my family. It was 3 crazy to know. Like, we didn't know if she 4 was going to survive or not, just because of 5 the pollution in the air. Now she is taking 6 medicine for her asthma. 7 I am here to also ask like how 8 many people in the audience know somebody who

9 has asthma or has asthma themselves. 10 (Hands raise.) 11 MR. KING: That is a lot of people 12 in here. You have twice as many as that in 13 communities, like a lot of people has asthma 14 just because of the pollution. Myesha was 15 talking about 94608. I live in 94607, which 16 is not far from where she was talking about. 17 It's crazy that you see the pollution in the 18 air in Oakland. And, like, the Port of 19 Oakland, we live right by the Port of Oakland, 20 like a mile, two miles away from the Port of 21 Oakland. It's just crazy. 22 MS. WEGMAN: Okay. Well, thank

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 104 1 you, and I hope your sister improves. 2 MS. VANCE: My name is Darryanne 3 Vance, D-a-r-r-y-n-n-e V-a-n-c-e. I am 16 4 years old and I go to Excel High School in

5 West Oakland. 6 My school is surrounded by 7 factories and it's very close to the Port of 8 Oakland. We experience more than our share of 9 every bit of problems. And I am here to ask 10 you to put stronger limits on the amount of 11 ground-level ozone that we breathe in every 12 day. 13 I have struggled with asthma since 14 I was born. I have been hospitalized three 15 times. The struggle with asthma is very hard 16 for me because I play basketball. They say 17 about 80 percent of athletes has asthma in 18 Oakland. I don't know if you know what an 19 asthma attack feels like, but it's really 20 scary. Your heart stops and it's very hard to 21 breathe. If feels like a 300-pound man 22 kneeling to your chest.

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 105 1 I would like you to tighten up the 2 restrictions of the amount of ground-level 3 ozone that kids like me are exposed to every 4 day. I don't want to hear about more kids 5 going through what I have experienced with 6 asthma. Thank you. 7 MS. WEGMAN: Thank you. I hope 8 you continue to get good care and can keep 9 playing basketball. 10 Well, thank you both so much for 11 coming and talking with us today.

12 MR. KING: You're welcome. 13 MS. WEGMAN: Our next two speakers 14 are Sarai Cornejo and Pamela Tapia. And after 15 that we'll have Camille Kustin and Margaret

16 Gordon. 17 MS. CORNEJO: Hi. My name is 18 Sarai Cornejo, S-a-r-a-i C-o-r-n-e-j-o. And 19 I'm a junior at Excel High School in West

20 Oakland.

21 I am here because I am concerned

22 about ozone and asthma. In West Oakland the

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 106 1 situation is really bad because the West 2 Oakland the asthma hospitalization rates are 3 about five times higher than the state average 4 for kids age 0 to 14. My little brother has 5 been hospitalized three times and he is only 6 five years old. 7 I have a little cousin that was 8 born with asthma too, and he is only nine 9 months and he has been hospitalized two times 10 already because of an asthma attack. 11 Please use your resource to 12 protect our health and the health of other 13 citizens living in areas that are 14 disproportionately affected by air pollution, 15 by tightening the government regulation to 16 reduce the amount of ground-level ozone. If 17 ground-level ozone is reduced, this will help 18 to control the type of pollution that harms my 19 community. 20 Thank you. 21 MS. WEGMAN: Thank you very much. 22 MS. TAPIA: Hello. My name is

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 107 1 Pamela Tapia, P-a-m-e-l-a T-a-p-i-a. I'm a 2 junior at Excel High School in West Oakland. 3 I was born with asthma and almost 4 every year I have been rushed to the emergency 5 room and hospitalized for asthma attacks, but 6 I'm not the only one being affected by smog 7 and other forms of pollution that is basically 8 the part -- part of the other we have to do -- 9 our environmental justice class has done

10 research and found that West Oakland asthma 11 hospitalization rates are about five times the 12 state average. 13 The people have rushed their kids 14 and taken them to the hospital for asthma 15 attacks. They have watched their friends and 16 neighbors die of illnesses caused by 17 pollution. Is it unfair to anyone to have to 18 breathe in poisonous air. 19 Please use your resources to 20 protect our health and the health of other 21 citizens living in areas affected by air 22 pollution. Because it is not possible for us

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 108 1 to choose the air that we breathe in, we are 2 relying on you to exercise your authority by 3 tightening the regulation to reduce the amount 4 of ground-level ozone. 5 Thank you. 6 MS. WEGMAN: Thank you. Thank you 7 both for coming and talking with us today. 8 Camille Kustin and Margaret

9 Gordon. 10 MS. GORDON: Good morning. My 11 name is Margaret Gordon, M-a-r-g-a-r-e-t

12 G-o-r-d-o-n. I am the Cofounder and a 13 Codirector of an organization called the West 14 Oakland Environmental Indicators Project and 15 also I'm a member of a regional group called 16 Ditching Dirty Diesel, which includes 17 communities of West Oakland, San Leandro, East 18 Oakland, North Richmond, and Bay View Hunter's 19 Point. And just by the acronym Ditching Dirty 20 Diesel we are involved in promoting and 21 educating people about the issues of diesel 22 and how it affects those communities.

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 109 1 My organization, the West Oakland 2 Environmental Indicators Project, is an 3 education, advocacy group, and we do 4 community-based participatory research around 5 air quality, land use, public health, and 6 freight transportation. 7 So I'm here in favor of lowering 8 the ozone level. But when you also talk about 9 the cumulative impacts of our communities that 10 still have the issues of air quality, land 11 use, public health, and freight 12 transportation, those things are being -- 13 should be also included into this process, 14 that looking at just that one thing, the 15 ozone, does not help EJ communities like mine. 16 We have a study by Dr. Tony Iton, 17 who went back and looked at 20 years of death 18 certificates, and found people who live in the 19 flat lands along the I-80 corridor compared to 20 those who live above the MacArthur freeway 21 will live 10 years less because of the 22 cumulative impacts from air quality, land use,

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 110 1 and public health. 2 And also I would like to see, I 3 just came back from the National Environmental 4 Justice Conference with the new director and 5 her deputy Lisa Garcia. And one of the things 6 that really came up heavily out of the whole 7 conference was looking at a lot of these 8 things as civil rights issues. I see that 9 being from West Oakland and living less than 10 a mile from the Port of Oakland, by my own 11 choice, by my own choice, that we should be 12 looking at these issues of how land use, where 13 things are being planned, how local control 14 can participate in making these things more or 15 less impact to our EJ communities.

16 I also see that -- I also have 17 asthma. I'm a lifetime asthmatic. I'm 63 18 years old. I don't go no place without my 19 inhalers. I use inhalers two to three times 20 a day. I have 11 grandchildren, five of them 21 have asthma. Two can't even sneeze. I get a 22 call without -- eventually using the asthma

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 111 1 machine. I have children who live in my 2 building who don't go to school without their 3 inhalers. 4 So I just think this is bigger 5 than just the ozone level and I just hope that 6 in the future EPA sees these things as not 7 just one sign but many, many different things, 8 because within the report from the United 9 Christ -- I might be saying it wrong -- the 10 20-year port, we're still living with EJ, I 11 think people need to be reading those type of 12 things and just not dealing with the science 13 but the actual, the actual impacts to 14 communities like West Oakland. On the ground, 15 it's a whole different thing being in a 16 classroom or you in a lab testing things in 17 regard to the effects of these things are 18 right inside our communities. 19 So in hopes that this is just the 20 beginning and that also this is a beginning 21 and that we have more support not only just 22 for those local communities of the Bay Area

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 112 1 but also through the Central Valley. Thank 2 you very much. 3 MS. WEGMAN: Thank you very much. 4 And I think you know this from having attended

5 the conference last week that our 6 Administrator Lisa Jackson is very much 7 committed to the things that you are talking 8 about and trying to look at the cumulative 9 impacts of so many things on communities like 10 yours. We're focused today of course on the 11 ozone standard, but we are very mindful of all 12 the things you say and are trying to work on 13 as many as we can. 14 MS. GORDON: And one more thing. 15 It would be really good if agencies within EPA 16 start coordination about these issues. That's 17 one of the biggest problems: You've got to go 18 over to Air over here, got to go to EJ over 19 here, you've got to go to Water over here. If 20 there are more collaboration amongst the 21 departments, it would be easier also to try to 22 remedy some of these issues.

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 113 1 MS. WEGMAN: Yes. 2 MS. STONE: Yes. Ms. Gordon, are 3 you going to submit your written testimony 4 with the citation for the 20-year study? 5 MS. GORDON: I will email it. 6 I'll send it to Elizabeth. 7 MS. WEGMAN: That's fine. 8 MS. STONE: That's great. And I 9 can give you my card if you'd like that. 10 MS. GORDON: Okay. Thank you. 11 MS. STONE: Yes. Thank you. 12 MS. WEGMAN: Thank you. 13 MS. KUSTIN.: Good morning. I'm 14 Camille Kustin. That's spelled C-a-m-i-l-l-e 15 K-u-s-t-i-n. And I'm with the Environmental 16 Defense Fund, which is a nonprofit, 17 nonpartisan environmental organization that 18 has more than 700,000 members nationwide. 19 Thank you for the opportunity to 20 be here today. 21 EDF respectfully requests that the 22 EPA and Administrator Jackson follow the

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 114 1 unanimous recommendation of the Clean Air 2 Scientific Advisory Committee and set the 3 standard for ozone at 60 parts per billion, 4 the more protective end of the range. 5 We also support a welfare-based 6 secondary standard for ozone that is anchored 7 in biological sciences and provides increased 8 protection for ozone-related adverse impacts 9 on vegetation, forested ecosystems, and 10 agricultural commodities. 11 We applaud the EPA for choosing to 12 listen to the recommendation of science and 13 medical experts, and reevaluate the decision 14 to revise the ozone standard, as the current 15 standard of 75 parts per billion is not 16 supported by science and will continue to put 17 large numbers of individuals at risk. 18 Looking specifically at 19 California, tens of millions of residents 20 throughout the state suffer from the impacts 21 of poor air quality. More than 20 million 22 residents in Los Angeles and San Joaquin

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 115 1 Valley Air Basins alone face significant 2 health risks and are paying the high economic 3 costs of air pollution. 4 Specifically on the issue of cost, 5 a 2007 California State University Fullerton 6 study examined the costs of ozone and PM2.5 7 pollution in Los Angeles and San Joaquin 8 Valley, which contained some of the most 9 polluted air and also the most populated 10 cities in the country. The study found that 11 if the 2007 ozone standard was met, the 12 savings to the San Joaquin Valley would be 13 more than $88 million annually and the savings 14 to the South Coast Air Basin would be more 15 than $480 million annually, saving 50 lives 16 and preventing over 140,000 asthma attacks 17 from the known asthmatic population. 18 The bottom line is that there is 19 overwhelming evidence that ozone dramatically 20 affects public health, can result in death, 21 has an economic cost to our economy, and 22 overall impairs our natural environment and

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 116 1 quality of life. This is unacceptable and EDF 2 respectfully asks that Administrator Jackson 3 set the National Ambient Air Quality Standard 4 at 60 parts per billion. 5 And also on a personal note, I 6 don't suffer from any lung ailments and I've 7 not been diagnosed with anything, but I am 8 pretty active person. I like to run outside, 9 do my 5 and 10Ks. And it's interesting to 10 have kind of conflicting messages and 11 statistics on obesity and the need to be 12 active. And it's hard to be active when you 13 can't go outside and do anything. Also for 14 those reasons I think the 60-parts-per-billion 15 standard will have positive ripple effects 16 throughout communities. 17 Thank you. 18 MS. WEGMAN: Thank you. And if 19 you can submit the citation to the study you

20 --

21 MS. KUSTIN: Yes. 22 MS. WEGMAN: Okay. Great. Great.

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 117 1 Thank you both. 2 Our next speakers: Joshua Tooker 3 and Jim Howard. And after that we'll be 4 calling Bill Dell and Michael St. Denis. So 5 Joshua Tooker and Jim Howard. 6 That's all right. Take your time. 7 MR. TOOKER: Thank you for having 8 this hearing and allowing for public comment 9 on this important issue. My name is Josh 10 Tooker and I am the Legislative Director for 11 California State Senator Alan Lowenthal. 12 Senator Lowenthal represents 13 several cities in southwest Los Angeles 14 County. The district is surrounded by several 15 major freeway. On the west is the nation's 16 largest port industrial complex. Next to the 17 ports, to the north and east are several major 18 oil refineries. And just south is the 19 happiest place on Earth, Disneyland. 20 Senator Lowenthal is a 21 psychologist by trade and because of that he 22 has really made it a priority to not only meet

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 118 1 with his constituents but to listen to them, 2 and they are suffering. He has heard from 3 constituents thousands of times, the stories 4 of working families struggling to make ends 5 meet without healthcare, having to spend many 6 hours in the middle of the night waiting in an 7 emergency room so their child can be treated

8 for asthma.

9 The number one reason for 10 absenteeism for students in the Long Beach 11 Unified School District is asthma. How can 12 students learn if they cannot attend school 13 because of the overwhelming cloud of pollution 14 hanging over us? These children are our 15 future. They are our future doctors, nurses, 16 teachers, entrepreneurs. But they are 17 suffering. How can you help? By adopting the 18 most protective regulation for human health. 19 I understand that this will be 20 difficult and there is opposition. However, 21 if something less stringent is adopted, then 22 we know that there will be thousands of cases

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 119 1 of asthma, respiratory illness, and premature 2 deaths that could have otherwise been avoided. 3 Economic growth is important and 4 should be supported. However, what good are 5 new jobs if the workforce is in the hospital? 6 If we're spending billions on healthcare costs 7 that could easily have been avoided, that's 8 bad for the economy because that's billions of 9 dollars that could have been used for economic 10 development and job growth. 11 I'll leave you with one personal 12 example for the senator, since he lives next 13 to the Port of L.A. and Long Beach. 14 California moves almost half of the nation's 15 goods. And a study in 2006 by the California16 Air Resources Board had estimated that goods17 movement pollution alone currently costs 18 California approximately $13.3 billion a year. 19 And for every $1 spent to reduce this 20 pollution we save between 3 to $8. 21 Additionally, the study found that 22 goods-movement pollution is responsible for a

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 120 1 little over 3,400 premature deaths every year 2 in California. 3 We need to realize that reducing 4 our pollution reducing our healthcare costs 5 dramatically, increases worker production, and 6 greatly stimulates the economy for 7 generations. A healthy population is a 8 population that will grow our economy. Thank 9 you very much. 10 MS. WEGMAN: Thank you very much 11 and thank you to the senator for having you 12 come today. 13 MR. HOWARD: Good morning. I 14 guess it's still morning. My name is Jim

15 Howard. I'm a volunteer member of the Board 16 of the American Lung Association here in 17 California. 18 Thank you for this opportunity to 19 speak in favor of strengthening the national 20 standard for ozone pollution, in order to 21 better protect the health of millions of 22 Americans.

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 121 1 It's appropriate to hold this 2 discussion in Sacramento, where we face severe 3 ozone pollution and its health impacts. These 4 problems can only be addressed through 5 stronger standards. We are particularly 6 concerned about the impacts of ozone on our 7 most vulnerable population, including the 8 elderly, children, and those living with 9 chronic respiratory illnesses like asthma, 10 which is a significant concern here in the 11 Sacramento region. 12 Sacramento is my home and home to 13 some of the worst air quality in the United 14 States. The American Lung Association's 15 Annual State of the Air Report lists 16 Sacramento as the sixth most ozone-polluted17 city and Sacramento County, the twelfth most18 polluted county in the United States. 19 Therefore, the EPA must take this opportunity 20 to strengthen the ozone standard to 60 parts 21 per billion to address this issue here, across 22 California and the nation, to better protect

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 122 1 the public's health. 2 As you know, ozone poses a serious 3 threat to human health by burning our lungs 4 and airways as we breathe. As I said, this is 5 especially true in Sacramento and throughout 6 the Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys, where 7 heavy traffic emissions in a hot, sunny 8 climate, not like today however, present the 9 perfect conditions for summer ozone formation. 10 The Sacramento region experienced 11 21-ozone exceedence days last summer, with a 12 high ozone peak of 101 parts per billion. All 13 told, Sacramento had over a month's worth -- 14 that would be 32 days -- last summer where 15 pollution levels were considered unhealthy for 16 sensitive groups. 17 Among those most impacted be ozone 18 are the roughly 200,000 people living here, 19 including over 50,000 under the age of 18 20 living with asthma in the greater Sacramento 21 region. According to our local health 22 department, the Sacramento Department of

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 123 1 Public Health, in 2005 about 18 percent of the 2 county's residents were diagnosed with asthma, 3 compared to roughly 14 percent statewide.4 This places California's lifetime5 asthma-prevalence rate approximately 30 6 percent higher than the statewide average. We 7 are particularly concerned the impacts of 8 ozone pollution on our most vulnerable 9 population, as I mentioned: In children, the 10 elderly, low-income communities, communities 11 of color, and those with heart and lung 12 disease. 13 Nearly one quarter of Sacramento 14 County's adolescents aged 12 to 17 have been 15 diagnosed with asthma. Sacramento's African 16 American population, at approximately 23 17 percent, had a higher rate than among the 18 county's white population. Asthma rates among 19 African Americans and Latinos in Sacramento 20 are also higher than the state average for 21 these same populations. 22 All residents of Sacramento share

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 124 1 the burden of unhealthy ozone pollution and 2 many of us face even more severe impacts as a 3 result. We along with every other community 4 in the United States deserve clean air now. 5 We urge EPA to adopt the strongest standard to6 make this possible. Please adopt the 60-part7 per-billion standard to protect our health. 8 Thank you. 9 MS. WEGMAN: Thank you very much, 10 Mr. Howard. Thank you both. 11 Our next speakers are Bill Dell 12 and Dr. Michael St. Denis. And after that it 13 will be Nidia Bautista and Thomas Scheffelin. 14 MR. DELL: Good morning. My name 15 is Bill Dell. I'm Executive Director of 16 Business Development for SysTech 17 International. I'm also here to testify on 18 behalf of CITA North America, whose members 19 include companies that design, build, and 20 operate vehicle-emission inspection programs,21 I/M programs, in most of the ozone22 nonattainment jurisdictions in the United

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 125 1 States. 2 SysTech, with I/M contracts in 12 3 states, is an active CITA member. CITA is an 4 international not-for-profit association based 5 on in Brussels, Belgium. It represents 6 various types of organizations and 7 stakeholders in the government and private8 sector, dedicated inspection centers, garage9 based test centers, and equipment 10 manufacturers who share a common interest in 11 exchanging information, developing best 12 practices, and draft international standards 13 in the field of road-vehicle inspection. CITA 14 currently has about 110 members worldwide, 15 representing over 50 countries and covering 16 hundreds of millions of vehicle inspections 17 per year. 18 SysTech International and all of 19 the members of CITA North America are in 20 strong support of EPA's proposal to strengthen 21 the eight-hour primary ozone standard, 22 designed to protect public health, to a level

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 126 1 within the range of 60 to 70 ppb, and update 2 the air quality index for ozone. 3 Stronger standards will ensure 4 that in-use motor-vehicle emissions continue 5 to be reduced. Motor vehicles are the 6 principal source of nitrogen oxide, volatile 7 organic compounds, and carbon monoxide 8 emissions, which are primary precursors of 9 ground-level ozone in metropolitan areas of 10 the United States. For over 30 years, private 11 sector companies, in collaboration with state 12 and local regulatory agencies, have developed 13 cost-effective programs to find high-polluting 14 vehicles and require them to be repaired. 15 Our member companies have created 16 many new innovative patented technologies that 17 have kept pace with the vehicle technology and 18 are global standards for vehicle-emission 19 testing, resulting in successful international 20 trade as well as a prospering domestic 21 industry. 22 This spirit of innovation thrives

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 127 1 today. A recent example is wireless, remote 2 OBD testing which continuously monitors 3 vehicle-emission components on post-1996 4 vehicles and reports high-polluting conditions 5 wirelessly to a telecommunication network. 6 Another example is remote sensing, which 7 measures motor vehicle exhaust as vehicles 8 drive past a gas-sensing device on the 9 roadside. 10 The President of the United States 11 has made it a national priority to create 12 green jobs. The vehicle-emission inspection 13 industry has always been a source of green 14 jobs. The companies that inspect vehicle 15 inspections manage programs, design and build 16 testing equipment, and supply a host of 17 support products and services for the I/M 18 programs, employ thousands of people 19 nationwide while helping to make our air 20 cleaner and healthier. 21 The proposed new ozone standard 22 will make the most of the billions of dollars

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 128 1 spent nationwide over the past 30 years that 2 created the I/M industry. This public 3 investment, made to reduce vehicle emissions, 4 has had visible and healthful effects. 5 Stronger standards will continue to reap the 6 rewards of this investment, save lives, and 7 improve the health of at-risk populations such 8 as children and people with asthma and older

9 adults. 10 I/M programs assert that vital 11 vehicle maintenance is not deferred. 12 Neglecting proper vehicle maintenance is bad 13 for the environment, bad for public safety, 14 and bad for the economy. Vehicles that are 15 properly maintained have better fuel economy. 16 So I/M programs help reduce fuel consumption 17 and reduce reliance on imported oil. 18 I/M programs have always been the 19 most effective way to reduce precursors to 20 ground-level ozone. An effective I/M program 21 can offset mandatory controls on the 22 manufacturing sector, which can harm local

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 129 1 economies. The I/M industry continues today2 to implement programs efficiently, cost3 effectively, and quickly, benefitting local 4 economies while achieving the air quality 5 improvement commitments made to the U.S. EPA 6 by state governments. 7 SysTech International agrees with 8 the U.S. EPA's regulatory impact analysis that 9 estimates the value of health benefits of 10 reducing ozone. The benefits exceed the cost, 11 and there is an opportunity to significantly 12 reduce public health and save millions of 13 missed school, work days, as well as reduce 14 premature mortality by adopting stronger ozone

15 standards. 16 We note that the U.S. EPA plans to 17 issue final standards by August 31st, 2010, 18 following the regulatory process that is being 19 projected, that attainment dates for the new 20 standards will be between 2014 and 2031. 21 SysTech recommends that states which 22 voluntarily implement programs to achieve the

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 130 1 new standards early be recognized for their 2 efforts, similar to the way that EPA 3 established Early-Action Compacts with states 4 in the last decade. Public health will 5 benefit and green industries, including the 6 I/M industry, will be encouraged to rise to 7 the challenge. 8 On behalf of SysTech International 9 and the members of CITA North America we thank 10 you for the opportunity to be heard on this 11 extremely important issue and urge the U.S. 12 EPA to adopt stronger ozone standards. 13 I'd like to extend my written 14 remarks by saying on SysTech's behave that 15 they would mean 60 parts per billion. I think 16 the members of CTIA North America would agree 17 and I think you will get a letter to that 18 effect from the current president of CTIA 19 North America. Thanks again. 20 MS. WEGMAN: Great. Thank you for 21 that clarification. 22 And I just want to make sure I

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 131 1 understand, are you saying you were supportive 2 of the EAC Program and are looking for 3 something similar to that or... 4 MR. DELL: Actually I didn't

5 comment on that. The EAC? 6 MS. [SPEAKER]: The Early-Action 7 Compact. 8 MR. DELL: Oh, the Early-Action 9 Compact. 10 MS. WEGMAN: Yeah. I'm sorry.

11 The EAC.12 MR. DELL: Yes. Yes, the Early13 Action Compact, as it could relate to this 14 implementation of these new standards, if 15 possible. 16 MS. WEGMAN: Okay. Thank you. 17 MR. ST. DENIS: Thank you. First 18 I'd like to thank the U.S. EPA for the 19 opportunity to testify at this hearing. I'm 20 Michael St. Denis, Principal Scientist and 21 Owner of Revecorp, an air pollution research 22 company focusing on vehicle emissions.

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 132 1 I've been working in the field of 2 vehicle-emissions control for almost 20 years 3 and worked on the original pilot studies that4 resulted in the development of the vehicle5 emissions testing procedures still in use 6 today, including those used in California Smog

7 Check. 8 I have worked with almost all of 9 the test equipment and emissions-testing 10 service providers in the industry, including 11 Mr. Dell here, and more than half the state 12 government inspection-and-maintenance 13 programs, including doing research for the 14 U.S. EPA, California Air Resources Board, and 15 the automotive industry. 16 As we all know, vehicles are the 17 single largest source of ozone precursors, 18 hydrocarbons, and NOX. Significant progress 19 has been made over the past 20 years to reduce 20 emissions from vehicles with a great focus on 21 new vehicles and their emissions-control 22 technology. Unfortunately, new vehicles are

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 133 1 only new and emitting at new levels for a 2 relatively short period of time. The bulk of 3 the excess emissions come from changes that 4 take place while the vehicles are in use. And 5 those are dependent upon many factors, 6 including the vehicle owners. 7 Regulatory agencies including the 8 U.S. EPA have not had the same focus on in-use 9 vehicle-emissions reductions programs as they 10 have had on new vehicle programs, even though 11 in-use vehicle programs are where the major 12 emission reductions are achieved. 13 Vehicle-inspection programs can be 14 highly cost-effective at reducing ozone 15 precursors if they are properly designed and 16 operated. Vehicle inspection programs also 17 provide employment opportunities and help the 18 ailing auto industry to stimulating the need 19 for vehicle service and replacement parts 20 while at the same time improving air quality. 21 Other major benefits include 22 improved fuel economy and the associated

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 134 1 reductions in dependence on foreign oil that 2 those were achieving, as well as cost savings 3 for consumers and the health benefits as well. 4 In the mid 1990s EPA proposed a 5 50-percent discredit for vehicle-inspection 6 programs which are decentralized, that is, 7 operated by private garages, such as those in 8 California. Even this automatic -- eventually 9 this automatic discredit was replaced with 10 flexibility which allowed states to prove that 11 their vehicle-inspection programs are as 12 effective as they claim. Fifteen years later 13 EPA has not forced states to do the required 14 'program evaluations,' which proved the15 effectiveness of their programs, and the less16 efficient decentralized programs are still in 17 place in California, for instance. 18 If EPA is serious about reducing 19 public exposures to ozone, you must increase 20 your focus on vehicle-inspection programs and 21 making sure the states have the effectiveness 22 that they claim. California has found in

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 135 1 their studies, which have recently been 2 released, that there is almost a 50-percent 3 fraud rate in the vehicle-inspection program 4 in this state. Oddly, the same discount that 5 EPA proposed in the mid-1990s. Yet 15 years 6 later, the California program is allowed to 7 operate their vehicle-inspection program in 8 the same ineffective manner that they always 9 have and take full credit. 10 If the ozone standard is reduced 11 vehicle-inspection programs can help achieve 12 the revised standard. The industry has the 13 technology to achieve the emissions reductions 14 in a cost-effective manner. I support the 15 reduction in the ozone standard, but only if 16 EPA provides more support and focus on 17 vehicle-inspection programs in the future. 18 The recession has hit the country 19 hard and has resulted in lower new car and 20 truck sales, with older vehicles remaining on 21 the road longer. These vehicles will pollute 22 more as they continue to age and accumulate

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 136 1 higher mileages. Particularly under the2 current economic conditions, vehicle3 inspection programs are needed to offset the 4 accelerated aging of the vehicles' fleet and 5 ensure pollution from those cars and trucks 6 remain within acceptable limits. 7 The EPA's focus and guidance must 8 include providing the research necessary for 9 states to evaluate their vehicle-inspection 10 programs, requiring states to perform their 11 program evaluations, and requiring programs to 12 meet this new level of effectiveness which 13 they keep claiming. 14 Thank you very much. 15 MS. WEGMAN: Thank you. 16 Our next speakers are Nidia 17 Bautista and Thomas Scheffelin. And after 18 that we'll have David Schonbrunn and Charles 19 Ashley. 20 MS. BAUTISTA: Good afternoon. My 21 name is Nidia Bautista. And I'll spell that. 22 It's N-i-d-i-a and the last name is B-, as in

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 137 1 boy, -a-u-t-i-s-t-a. And I'm the Policy 2 Director at the Coalition for Clean Air. 3 And the Coalition for Clean Air is 4 a statewide air quality advocacy organization. 5 We have an office here in Sacramento, in 6 Fresno, and in Los Angeles. And we've been 7 around for nearly 40 years. And in those 40 8 years been working to clean up and ensure 9 healthy air for all Californians. 10 And we're very pleased that the 11 U.S. EPA is having a hearing here in 12 California, in this great state. Admittedly, 13 we would have appreciated many more hearings 14 in our state, considering how large it is and 15 how diverse it is and also, unfortunately, how 16 polluted it is. 17 Of course the good news is that in 18 California we have also demonstrated our 19 ability to really make progress on that front. 20 And certainly over the 40 years of our 21 organization's existence we have seen a lot of

22 that.

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 138 1 Even in the face of the vocal 2 critics who said it couldn't be done and it's 3 just too costly and we can't afford it, we 4 can't do it, California has shown that we can 5 do it. Whether it was the catalytic converter 6 or doing away with incinerators in out 7 backyards, we've done a lot in California to 8 move in that direction. However, we know that 9 we still have a long way to go. And the 10 realities are that even with the existing 11 standards, about 90 percent of Californians 12 are living in areas that fail to meet federal 13 air quality standards. 14 But in order to ensure that we're 15 on a path to clean air, we need the federal 16 government to exercise its full authority 17 under the federal Clean Air Act. And the 18 first critical step in that is really 19 establishing the adequate standards and 20 adequate goals. For this reason, we are very 21 supportive of a more health protective 22 standard for ozone, specifically a 60-parts-

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 139 1 per-million standard. And we also support 2 establishing a secondary standard for 3 vegetation protection. 4 As has been noted by your own 5 documents, the science is very clear regarding 6 the adverse health impacts. And the list of 7 impacts which have been shared today and even 8 in your documents: Premature death, asthma, 9 chronic bronchitis, acute bronchitis, 10 diminished lung function, restricted-activity 11 days, chest pain, wheezing, the litany of 12 health impacts, these are all too real for the 13 thousands of Californian residents who suffer 14 with these impacts and for the millions who 15 are affected because they either have to 16 figure out a way to stay home from work to 17 care for a sick child, maybe the employer who 18 has to scramble to figure out who can cover 19 for an employee who had to miss work because 20 they themselves are sick or are caring for a 21 sick relative, for the teacher who has to 22 reteach that lesson for a child who may have

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 140 1 missed a week or two school because of 2 respiratory illnesses, or the nurse who gets 3 inundated in the emergency room because of 4 these impacts. 5 Myself, having grown up in 6 Southern California in the San Gabriel Valley 7 in the 1980s, at a time when I think it was 8 the Ozoozo (phonetic) ozone monitor was kind 9 of the epicenter of the worst air in the 10 nation, oftentimes cited as that, admittedly 11 at that time there was no awareness or 12 understanding for myself or my parents about 13 the connection between what was out there and 14 the air and what was happening inside my 15 lungs. If you had called my parents, though 16 I had experienced bronchitis on a regular 17 basis and respiratory problems, if you asked 18 them do any of your children have asthma, they 19 would have said no, because there they did not 20 know. And I'm sure that that's true for many 21 parents even today. 22 It was one day when I was trying

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 141 1 to walk home from school and trying to get 2 home and not being able to, and then it being 3 very real, being at the clinic that day on a 4 respiratory machine, seeing a man next to me 5 who was on a much more complicated machine and 6 wondering whether that was the future I had to 7 look forward to, and now knowing that my own 8 nieces and nephews who are growing up in 9 Riverside are also suffering with asthma. 10 Now, mind you, these are parents 11 like my own and my sister and the thousands of 12 parents who suffer -- who have children 13 suffering with asthma, you know they are14 largely inclined to work hard and have a self15 reliance ethic. They are not necessarily 16 looking for help from government, but in this 17 case they are confronting the realities of 18 their own capacity, of their own ability to 19 control the situation, knowing that they need 20 government's help. For that reason, we really 21 urge the EPA to adopt the 60-parts-per-million 22 standard. We want to join with these parents

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 142 1 and with all the thousands of parents to 2 really protect these children. 3 And the great news there is that 4 we know that there is a lot that can be done. 5 And the experience here in California and 6 other places has shown that we can do it and 7 that it can be cost-effective. And so I just 8 want to urge you that the time is right and we 9 really appreciate you being here. And for the 10 thousands of parents who couldn't come, please 11 adopt that standard. Thank you. 12 MS. WEGMAN: Thank you very much 13 for being here, representing all these people.

14 MR. SCHEFFELIN: I thank the U.S. 15 EPA staff for the opportunity to speak as a 16 private citizen. My name is Tom Scheffelin. 17 My last name is spelled S-c-h-e-f-f-e-l-i-n. 18 I represent only myself. These 19 comments are my own personal viewpoints and 20 observations based on 25 years of professional 21 engineering experience in manufacturing, 22 aerospace, and government. I am a licensed

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 143 1 mechanical engineer in the state of 2 California. And I love to bicycle to work and 3 to either scooter or bicycle to school with my 4 two sons year round. 5 The purpose of my testimony is to 6 provide information on the health effects, the 7 economic effects, and the spiritual effects of 8 this proposed ozone standard, for those in our 9 population that are frequently ignored in such 10 regulations. My comments are relevant to 11 children, children that must be driven to 12 school, children unable to safely walk or 13 bicycle to school, those with physical 14 limitations that are deprived of mobility due 15 to a lack of sidewalks, obstructions in 16 existing sidewalks, or a lack of public 17 transit. Lastly, my comments are relevant to 18 the estimated one-third of our population that 19 is too young to drive, was never able to 20 drive, or is no longer able to drive. 21 There is a growing body of 22 scientific evidence that proves that exercise

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 144 1 is the body's best weapon against disease and 2 the harmful effects of air pollution. People 3 want and need the opportunity to safely 4 exercise as part of their daily activities, 5 such as commuting to work or outdoor play and 6 recreation. 7 Because our communities are mainly 8 designed for the automobile, many adults and 9 children are limited to obtaining exercise at 10 a gym or through organized sports, which 11 usually require time, money, and a car. 12 Building sidewalks or bicycle lanes is always 13 costly, however such community improvements 14 can only occur with the taxes from 15 economically-productive citizens. 16 Many children and their parents 17 that have the opportunity to safely walk or 18 bicycle to school will in fact do so as the 19 growing Safe Routes to School Program 20 demonstrates. People that regularly exercise 21 are more alert, more fit, have fewer sick 22 days, have lower healthcare costs, will live

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 145 1 longer, and will have a higher quality of 2 life. A slightly-lower ambient ozone level 3 will not give anyone safer streets, not give 4 anyone more sidewalks, or not give anyone 5 better health through exercise. In fact, the 6 opposite will occur. 7 Cities, counties, and states will 8 not have sufficient revenues to improve our 9 communities. As recent headlines show, 10 layoffs and service cuts will incur instead. 11 The positive health effects of further 12 decreasing ambient ozone will never be fully 13 known, only approximated. Staff from the 14 regulatory community seek to determine the 15 effects of chemicals on public health, yet 16 completely ignore the ability of the human 17 body to thrive despite those chemicals from 18 regular exercise. 19 Lastly, in light of the recent 20 immoral, unethical, and illegal climate-change 21 data manipulation, ignoring vast amounts of 22 readily-available data that refute their

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 146 1 predetermined conclusions, I question the U.S. 2 EPA's scientific review of the health benefits 3 of this proposed ozone standard. Since the 4 federal and state governments have refused to 5 recognize that their climate-change 6 legislation is based on a lie, I must 7 regretfully question the truthfulness of this 8 report. 9 The California regulatory 10 community has no more industries of any 11 consequential emissions left to regulate, with 12 only three exceptions. California's economic 13 activity must be reduced to achieve the 14 necessary ozone reductions. Many of the 15 unemployed -- many of the unemployed will be 16 underemployed. Many of the underemployed will 17 become unemployed and many of the unemployed 18 will give up looking for a job. Mandatory 19 restrictions on driving your car may be 20 required. A commuter tax may be created. 21 Finally, the new-home-building 22 industry must be eliminated or reduced to near

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 147 1 zero. In a given community, fewer new houses 2 means fewer new drivers and less ozone. 3 Government officials in the media that tout 4 green jobs as our economic savior cite growth 5 statistics to back up their claim. However, 6 those statistics are misleading. Three facts 7 are omitted. 8 Fact one, for every green job 9 created, over two jobs must first be 10 eliminated. Fact two, as a percentage of the 11 workforce, so few are currently working in the 12 green jobs sector, that their percentage 13 employment increase is irrelevant. And, fact 14 three, the job qualifications for green jobs 15 are highly demanding. According to a recent 16 job notice, perhaps 1 applicant in 300 would 17 qualify to install solar panels. 18 The citizens of this country do 19 not want handouts. They want. They want 20 dignity, self-worth, and creativity, something 21 gainful-and-productive employment can provide. 22 Therefore I respectfully request you consider

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 148 1 delaying this proposed ozone standard for 2 seven years. 3 Due to normal fleet attrition and 4 the near-zero emissions of modern cars and 5 trucks, the ozone-forming emissions from the 6 total California on-road fleet is estimated to 7 fall by 28 percent in five years, without any 8 additional regulations, without causing any 9 economic pain, without depriving communities 10 of their needed revenue to provide basic 11 services, much less walking-and-bicycling 12 community improvements. By delaying this 13 regulation, we get cleaner air, more livable 14 communities, and healthy citizens. 15 And, finally, Mr. President, I 16 want you to hear the words I often hear my 17 minster say, "God bless, America." 18 MS. WEGMAN: Okay. Thank you. 19 Thank you very much. 20 Our next two speakers are David 21 Schonbrunn and Charles Ashley. And after that 22 it will be Ruth Young and Pamela Osgood.

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 149 1 MR. SCHONBRUNN: Good afternoon. 2 I'm David Schonbrunn, D-a-v-i-d 3 S-c-h-o-n-b-r-u-n-n, President of the 4 Transportation Solutions Defense and Education 5 Fund, which we call TSDEF, which is spelled 6 with all capital letters. 7 We have extensive involvement in 8 the ozone SIP Development process in the San 9 Francisco Bay Area. We sued EPA during that 10 process. As a result of our petition the 11 Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals issued a stay 12 of implementation of the motor vehicle 13 emissions budget for 2001, which then 14 triggered a conformity lapse in the Bay Area. 15 This resulted in the legislative 16 adoption of Smog Check II Protocol in the Bay 17 Area, which had been subject to a much more 18 mild form of Smog Check than previously. And 19 this then resulted in reducing export of ozone 20 precursors to the Central Valley. 21 I mention all of this to 22 demonstrate that we have been on the sharp end

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 150 1 of the Clean Air Act, where the rubber truly 2 hits the road. And, as you probably know, at 3 least in California, motor vehicle emissions 4 are by far the largest emission source 5 category for ozone precursors. 6 We are pleased to see this 7 reconsideration of the ozone NAAQS and a 8 return to science-based standard setting. We 9 strongly objected to the faith-based process 10 that resulted in the current standard. We do 11 not hold faith in industry voices that have 12 apparently never met an epidemiological study 13 they could believe in. 14 I would invite you to ask the 15 representative of the American Petroleum 16 Institute whether he would subject his own 17 child to the same controlled human exposure 18 tests that he dismissed as not showing health 19 impacts. 20 The rhetoric of these industry 21 voices is reminiscent of the seminal industry 22 disinformation campaign, the tobacco industry

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 151 1 campaign to evade regulation of smoking and 2 the promotion of tobacco. We are seeing the 3 same industry groups using these same 4 strategies to deflect and delay regulation of 5 greenhouse gases by promoting public doubts 6 about global warming. You just heard a little 7 bit of that. 8 Please consider the comments of 9 industry in the context of this ongoing 10 disinformation program. Please don't fall for 11 their arguments, which seek the right to 12 continue poisoning the American public, thus 13 increasing their profits by shifting the costs 14 of public health onto the public -- not 15 appropriate. 16 We also heard from Mr. Davis of 17 the Southern California Contractors, and I 18 wanted to reframe something he said. He 19 quoted that 96 percent of monitored counties 20 would be in nonattainment if the .060 standard 21 were adopted. That means contrary to this 22 being a situation of gloom and doom, we see

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 152 1 this as quite an opportunity, an opportunity 2 to bring public health to a vast number of 3 Americans. So rather than looking at it as a 4 bad thing, we see it, again, as a great public 5 opportunity. 6 We encourage EPA to drop the 7 standard to at least .060 because the evidence 8 indicates that ozone at this level can impair 9 lung function in healthy individuals. A level 10 any higher than that would threaten sensitive 11 individuals, and we suspect that future 12 epidemiological information may support an

13 even lower standard. 14 I want to call your attention to a 15 cobenefit that would result from setting the 16 standard at .060 and that's the reduction in 17 greenhouse gases, which is a national goal. 18 Finally, on a personal note I was 19 an asthmatic as a child. I had a bad seasonal 20 flu over the holidays recently and found 21 myself wheezing and having flashbacks of 22 asthmatic attacks, so this issue is personally

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 153 1 important for me. 2 Please recommend the primary 3 standard of .060 ppm and a secondary standard 4 of 7 ppm hours. Thank you very much. 5 MS. WEGMAN: Thank you very much. 6 MR. ASHLEY: My name is Charles 7 Ashley, first name C-h-a-r-l-e-s, last name 8 A-s-h-l-e-y. I represent the Sierra Club 9 Tehipite Chapter, located in Fresno, 10 California, in the San Joaquin Valley. 11 And I will tell you first off: 12 Please adopt the 60 parts per billion standard 13 or less. This is all about the two E words: 14 Economy and environment. 15 I asked my 11-year-old daughter 16 what I should say to you today. Which is more 17 important, I asked, the economy or the 18 environment? Without hesitation she said: 19 The environment. When I asked why, she said: 20 Because we live in it. 21 I think she hit the nail on the 22 head. The environment does not need the

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 154 1 economy. In fact, I doubt anyone would argue 2 that throughout history the economy has been 3 particularly good for the environment. On the 4 other hand, the economy needs the environment 5 in order to exist. 6 If the environment goes belly up, 7 then guess what, the economy goes belly up 8 too. But economies need people who profit -- 9 but economies and the people who profit from 10 economies don't seem to get the simple fact.11 They don't get it because they are so short12 sighted, they look ahead only a year or two. 13 Capitalist economies are interested in profits 14 for investors and anything that gets in the 15 way of profits is a communist plot. 16 However, the facts speak 17 differently. High ozone and other pollutants 18 hurt the economy because they hurt workers and

19 consumers. Here are some actual facts: 20 From Medicine Daily, a new 18-year 21 nationwide study of U.S. cities conducted at 22 the New York University of Medical School

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 155 1 found that long-term exposure to high levels 2 of ground ozone, a main component of smog, was 3 linked to significantly higher risk of dying 4 from respiratory disease.

5 The researchers found also that 6 the estimated risk of dying from respiratory 7 disease went up by four percent for each 8 increase in 10 parts per billion of ozone. 9 The city with the highest mean daily maximum 10 ozone concentration was Riverside, California, 11 with 104 parts per billion. This corresponded 12 to about 50-percent higher risk of dying from 13 lung disease compared out no exposure to

14 ozone. 15 Los Angeles came a close second 16 with an estimated 43-percent increased risk of 17 dying from lung disease. 18 According to the California 19 Partnership for the San Joaquin Valley, PM2.5, 20 that is particulate matter 2.5 microns or 21 less, and ozone exposure both have substantial 22 adverse health impacts. One in six valley

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 156 1 residents has been diagnosed with asthma. 2 Young people who grow up in smoggy areas have 3 underdeveloped lungs by age 18 and will likely

4 never recover. 5 Each year asthma accounts for over 6 800,000 days of valley school absences. 7 Despite significant reductions in emissions of 8 ozone-forming pollutants during the past 15 9 years, valley residents still breathe ozone 10 levels above the federal eight-hour standard 11 about one-third of the year. 12 A recent report puts the cost of 13 nonattainment at more than $3 billion per year 14 or average of $1,000 per valley resident per 15 year. That's in the San Joaquin Valley alone. 16 From the Journal of Environmental 17 Health, 2007, the San Joaquin Valley has ozone 18 levels that are among the highest recorded in 19 history. In 2001 the San Joaquin Valley 20 violated the federal eight-hour ozone standard 21 101 times. While the San Joaquin Valley as a 22 whole reports some of the worst air quality

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 157 1 measures in the country, one county in 2 particular, Fresno County, where I live in the 3 foothills, contributes disproportionately to 4 air-quality impacts. In 2002, Fresno had the 5 third worst ozone pollution among metropolitan 6 areas across the nation. 7 The 2003 State of the Air Report 8 showed that Fresno had moved up to second 9 place in terms of air pollution. Not 10 surprisingly, Fresno County has one of the 11 highest asthma mortality rates in the country 12 and the third-highest mortality rate from 13 asthma. That's according to the American Lung 14 Association. 15 MR. MAYS: You've got 40 seconds. 16 MR. ASHLEY: Okay. One of the 17 biggest problems is that this air -- the ozone 18 goes up into the mountains where I live and it 19 gets even worse up there. Okay, so please 20 adopt that 60 parts per billion or less. 21 Thank you very much. 22 MS. WEGMAN: Thank you. Do you

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 158 1 have any view on the secondary standard? I 2 just wondered. 3 MR. ASHLEY: What is it, that 7 to 4 15 parts per billion --

5 MS. WEGMAN: Um-hum. 6 MR. ASHLEY: -- per hour I guess 7 it is? 8 MS. WEGMAN: That's right. 9 MR. ASHLEY: Yes, or less. Thank 10 you. 11 MS. WEGMAN: Okay. Thank you

12 both. 13 Our next two speakers are Ruth 14 Young and Pamela Osgood. And after that we'll 15 have Sarah Sharpe and Jack Broadbent. And

16 then we'll take a lunch break. 17 MS. OSGOOD: My name is Pamela 18 Osgood. She said I should go before here. 19 P-a-m-e-l-a. Osgood, O-s-g-o-o-d.

20 I don't have a lot of facts here. 21 I'm speaking as an individual citizen and a 22 person on the Earth. But, unfortunately, I

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 159 1 think in the last eight -- not this last, the 2 one year, but the eight years before that and 3 maybe more, the American people have lost 4 faith in the EPA enforcing any rules. And so 5 I think it's all well and fine that you set,6 and I do support the maximum of the 60-parts7 per-billion standard, but it has to be

8 enforced. 9 I live in San Francisco but I'm 10 from Texas, and I know that Texas was just 11 polluting off the -- just nothing was 12 enforced. And so I don't know what it takes 13 to get these wonderful standards enforced, but

14 that's what we need. 15 I just came back from India and 16 I've been there a number of times and used to 17 live there. If you want an example of where 18 they have wonderful laws but nothing is 19 enforced, it's India. And it's very difficult 20 to breathe wherever you are in India. I think 21 the United States should be setting an example 22 for the world. The EPA and the other agencies

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 160 1 should be setting an example for the world and 2 we shouldn't be lagging behind. 3 In California and I think a lot of 4 states, I believe that the farming equipment 5 is not included, but farming, a lot of 6 pollution, my cousin who lives in a county in 7 Texas and only has 10,000 people, has had 8 asthma for many years, a very young man. And 9 the farming -- and also another thing is I've 10 lived in other rural areas in other states 11 also, there don't seem to be any laws at least 12 enforced around burning of garbage in your 13 backyard. People don't realize burning all 14 their plastic and everything, just in the open 15 50-gallon drums is awful. 16 I'm begging you today not to cave 17 to industry. Most of the people here today 18 have not spoken on behalf of industry, but I 19 know they are sending you thousands of pages 20 to read and supporting less-stringent 21 regulations. But, you know what, I think they 22 have children too and I think they want to

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 161 1 have grandchildren and see their grandchildren 2 grow up. So it's a little bit like the 3 cigarette industry was years ago when they 4 were saying, oh, you know, nothing wrong with 5 smoking, and when they were actually putting 6 more addictive stuff into the cigarettes, 7 which was uncovered. 8 So, anyway, I just want to say if 9 some factories can reduce their pollution, if 10 they can put on -- and I know the European 11 community has strong standards, I don't know 12 what exactly they are, but I do know that the 13 ones joining from Eastern Europe, joining the 14 EU, have to raise their standards to pollute 15 less as the other countries in the European 16 Union, if some factories can do it others can 17 do it. If some automobiles can pollute less,

18 all of them can. 19 If Toyota can within a couple of 20 weeks fix this whole problem with the brakes, 21 hey, you know, we can do it. We have the 22 brightest minds -- I don't want to say we have

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 162 1 the brightest minds in the world, but we have 2 a lot of the brightest minds. And a lot of 3 them have come from other parts of the world. 4 So I say a little less profit for 5 the stockholders, a little less profit for the 6 CEOs' millions, and we could fix this 7 situation very quickly. Thank you. 8 MS. WEGMAN: Thank you. 9 MS. OSGOOD: I have to go 10 unfortunately because my bus is leaving. 11 MS. WEGMAN: Okay. Thank you for 12 staying to provide testimony, we really 13 appreciate it. 14 MS. YOUNG: Hi. Good afternoon.

15 MS. WEGMAN: And thanks to both of 16 you for staying. A lot of patience there. 17 MS. YOUNG: He's been good.

18 MS. WEGMAN: Yeah. 19 MS. YOUNG: My name is Ruth Young, 20 Y-o-u-n-g. I am an attorney, Sacramento 21 resident, and Sierra Club member, but I'm here 22 mostly today as a mom. And I'm here as a mom

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 163 1 who supports stricter standards on air quality 2 control, specifically the 60 pars per billion. 3 When Sam was born, he weighed 1 4 pound, 8 ounces. He was born at 24-weeks 5 gestation. So Sam has been diagnosed -- this 6 is a picture of him when he was born -- he's 7 been diagnosed as having chronic lung disease. 8 When we talk about the health risk 9 to our children and we talk about children 10 that will fall into those categories, whether 11 it's a "may" or an "if," there is not a 12 question, Sam is that target child. He is 13 already in that group and will remain in that 14 group for the rest of his life. 15 So when we talk about air quality, 16 and especially me as a parent, it's been 17 weighing a little more heavily on his mind 18 because the regulations that we adopt will 19 profoundly affect the quality of his life. It 20 is not an "if," but it will profoundly affect 21 where he goes, what he does, where he can 22 live, and how he can enjoy life.

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 164 1 So I just wanted to kind of put a 2 face to that group of children that are in 3 that category, because this is the kid. It's 4 already him. And I just want to urge my 5 support for the rules that you are proposing, 6 specifically the primary and secondary level 7 and the 60 parts per billion. And I want to 8 thank you in that regard. 9 MS. WEGMAN: Well, thank you so 10 much for coming today and bringing Sam. And 11 it's good to see how big he's grown. And we 12 hope for the best for him and we'll do all we 13 can. Thank you very much. 14 Thanks, Sam. Bye-bye. Bye, 15 sweetie. 16 MR. YOUNG: Bye-bye. 17 MS. WEGMAN: Bye-bye. Thanks for 18 being such a good boy. 19 Okay. Sarah Sharpe and Jack 20 Broadbent. And we'll actually have one more 21 person after lunch -- I'm sorry -- before 22 lunch, Daniel Scott, after these two speakers.

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 165 1 MS. SHARPE: Good afternoon. I 2 have to compose myself. That made me, like, 3 teary-eyed.

4 MS. WEGMAN: I know. Me too. 5 MS. SHARPE: I'm pregnant. So, 6 buenos tardes. My name is Sarah Sharpe, 7 S-a-r-a-h S-h-a-r-p-e. I'm here representing 8 Fresno Metro Ministry. We are a grassroots, 9 nonprofit organization that's multifaith and 10 multicultural. And we've been working since 11 1970 to achieve social, economic, and 12 environmental justice in Fresno and the San 13 Joaquin Valley. 14 Our advocacy is strongly rooted in 15 the common characteristic of most faith 16 traditions that teach us to protect the most 17 vulnerable in our communities, the children, 18 the elderly, the sick, and the poor. And for 19 this reason we are here today to strongly 20 support the revision of the 2008 National 21 Ambient Air Quality Standard, to better 22 protect public health.

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 166 1 We support the proposed 60 parts 2 per billion, but we would like to know our 3 national plan for achieving the World Health 4 Organization's recommended level of 51 parts 5 per billion also. 6 We've been part of the Central 7 Valley Air Quality Coalition -- I feel like 8 I'm blowing it today -- engagement in recent 9 efforts to achieve attainment of the 1997 10 ozone standard for the past few years, along 11 with many others who are here today, and it 12 has been a really difficult and frustrating 13 process, to say the least. 14 Our region has until 2023 or '24 15 to achieve the current standard, the 1997 16 standard -- since our decisionmakers decided 17 to request reclassification to extreme 18 nonattainment. As you can imagine, this is 19 very frustrating for people like me, who are 20 raising our kids in our region because we know 21 that scientific experts have deemed our 22 current standards not protective enough for

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 167 1 human health, and we won't even achieve these 2 outdated standards until 2024. By the way, my 3 children's lungs will have developed with 4 decreased lung capacity by then. I have a son 5 and have another one on the way. 6 So we are here today to urge the 7 EPA to adopt the most health-protective 8 standard of 60 parts per billion to save lives 9 in the San Joaquin Valley. Our region, as you 10 may know, California's San Joaquin Valley is 11 hurting on so many levels: Our constant air 12 pollution violations are often the most annual 13 violations in the nation, only add insult to 14 injury. This is an environmental justice 15 issue. In fact, the 2005 Brookings Institute 16 study found that Fresno had the nation's 17 highest concentration of poverty -- this was 18 before the current economic crisis. Now our 19 refine faces staggering unemployment as a 20 result of the economy and complicated water 21 issues that have affected our agricultural 22 production.

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 168 1 In a region that already suffered

2 from severe lack of healthcare access and 3 poverty, we don't have the tools or the proper 4 access to preventive medicine that could 5 lessen the burden of our air pollution on our 6 most vulnerable populations. In fact, there 7 was a 2008 study by Jane Hall and CSU 8 Fullerton that showed that there at least $6.2 9 billion in health-related costs that we spend 10 just in the San Joaquin Valley annually.

11 And so we look to the U.S. EPA to 12 protect our health and our economy by setting 13 the national standard at 60 parts per billion. 14 And just to put it in perspective, if the 15 proposed standard is approved, the San Joaquin 16 Valley will most likely not achieve 60 parts 17 per billion until 2031, the latest deadline, 18 because we can pretty much guarantee that our 19 politicians are going to ask for that 20 extension, which is when my unborn child will 21 be turning 21 years old. So it will be too 22 late to protect his or her developing lungs.

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 169 1 So clearly none of us are here to 2 advocate for ourselves really, but, rather, 3 future generations of San Joaquin Valley 4 residents and Americans. 5 On that note, I would like to 6 mention a problem that we see today. We 7 brought some people in a bus that are Spanish 8 speakers, and there is a translator, which 9 we're happy, we understood there would be one. 10 But usually there's headsets or something so 11 they don't have to sit in the back of the room 12 and listen, and it's kind of awkward and 13 disruptive to the rest of the meeting. So if 14 you have headsets -- we have sets of headsets 15 that many people borrow from us. The next 16 time there's a hearing in California, if we're 17 going to go, we can bring the headsets for 18 you, but I think it would be appropriate for 19 the EPA to own their own headsets for 20 translation to different languages that are 21 required throughout the country, I would

22 assume.

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 170 1 And so, finally, I will just close 2 by saying Fresno Metro Ministry asks you to 3 revise the 2008 eight-hour ozone standard to 4 60 parts per billion, and thank you. 5 MS. WEGMAN: Thank you. And thank 6 you for the suggestion about headsets.

7 MR. BROADBENT: Good afternoon. 8 My name is Jack Broadbent, spelled J-a-c-k

9 B-r-o-a-d-b-e-n-t. And I serve as the 10 Executive Officer for the Bay Area Air Quality 11 Management District. I want to thank EPA for 12 this opportunity to provide our comments on 13 EPA's proposed action to lower the primary and 14 secondary ozone standards. 15 In sum, the Bay Area Air Quality 16 Management District joins the State of 17 California in support of this action. And I'd 18 just like to provide little comments, a little 19 bit of background. 20 The Bay Area Air Quality 21 Management District is essentially the 22 regional agency, the regional-implementing

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 171 1 agency that regulates sources of air pollution 2 for the nine-county region that is the San 3 Francisco Bay Area. Created over 50 years 4 ago, the Bay Area Air Quality Management 5 District serves 101 cities, nine counties, has 6 over 7,000 square miles that we're responsible 7 for, and is home to over seven million people. 8 The Air District is made up of 350 9 staff members whose mission it is essentially 10 is to achieve clean air, to protect and 11 improve public health, air quality, and global 12 climate in the Bay Area. 13 The Bay Area air quality has 14 improved dramatically over the last 50 years 15 since the Air Quality District's inception. 16 Ozone precursor emissions have decreased by 17 more than about 50 percent since 1990 and days 18 exceeding the standard have also decreased. 19 However, the Bay Area has not attained the 20 current national eight-hour standard. The 21 region will continue of course to identify and 22 reduce regional air pollution sources, to

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 172 1 ensure that Bay Area residents have clean air 2 every day. 3 The Air Quality District continues 4 to work to achieve the National Ambient Air 5 Quality Standard, however that standard 6 continues to be a challenge for us. We exceed 7 the standard approximately 10 to 15 days a 8 year, during peak ozone season. 9 And one particular characteristic 10 we're seeing is that over the past two years 11 we've experienced exceedences days sooner in 12 the year and later in our season, so we're 13 starting to see exceedences as early as April

14 and as late as October. 15 One cause is the fact that we're 16 experiencing hotter days in the spring and 17 early fall in California. Of course the major 18 cause is the ozone precursors building up in 19 the Bay Area airshed. Cars and trucks, the 20 transportation sector, is the largest air 21 pollutant contributor to the Bay Area's 22 unhealthy air days. And those mobile sources

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 173 1 of course are regulated both by EPA and CARB

2 at the state level. 3 The proposed revised standard of 4 course is really being proposed, I know, and 5 we understand, to be able to define a standard 6 that is more in line with the latest 7 epidemiological information that represents 8 health impacts from ozone at lower levels. 9 And, of course, as I mentioned, we are in 10 support of that standard. 11 We need, however, assistance from 12 the federal government in a number of hours: 13 The increase mileage standards; fund smarter, 14 cleaner mass transit projects; provide 15 incentives necessary to fund vehicle 16 electrification stations and natural gas 17 refueling infrastructure; and smarter growth 18 incentives, to identify and incentivize 19 transit-friendly communities. This is 20 particularly an important public policy 21 objective in the Bay Area. 22 One particular, and maybe I'll

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 174 1 make it a personal plea to EPA, is that as you 2 promulgate this new standard, as you consider 3 the information and decide whether to 4 promulgate this standard, that you also 5 consider providing additional information that 6 is easily understood on the health impacts 7 associated with ozone at lower levels. This 8 is something that I think EPA needs to 9 continue to work on. 10 I know you provide a lot of 11 information to the public, but here in 12 California you have an extensive network of 13 local and state organizations, like the Bay 14 Area Air Quality Management District that 15 prides itself in working in partnership with 16 EPA. What we need at the very local level is 17 to be able to translate what you're doing into 18 information that can be readily understood by 19 the public, that indeed we do see these health 20 impacts on lower levels. 21 I think there also needs to be 22 some work in trying to communicate to the

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 175 1 public that the standard is changing and not 2 that air quality is getting worse. This is 3 something we experience in the Bay Area, a 4 highly-educated community, that continues to 5 believe that air is getting worse, and it's 6 only because the standard is changing. So 7 that's something that I know EPA is very 8 sensitive to and can certainly help us in 9 communicating to the public. 10 Just to conclude, the Bay Area Air 11 Quality District fully supports EPA's proposal 12 to strengthen the eight-hour ozone standard, 13 to a level that is most health protective as 14 supported by the scientific work. The Air 15 District stands ready to work in partnership 16 with EPA and work towards achieving these 17 standards, not only redefining it but 18 achieving it. 19 We will be providing written 20 comments by the March 22nd deadline. And I 21 just, again, want to thank you for this 22 opportunity to provide comments to you. Thank

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 176 1 you. 2 MS. WEGMAN: Thank you very much, 3 Jack. Does the Bay Area have a position as

4 between 60 to 70? 5 MR. BROADBENT: We'd like to be 6 able to recommend to you that you base it on 7 the best scientific information. Of course we 8 believe that it makes a lot of sense to base 9 it on the 060 number, understanding that that 10 is what we believe is probably the most health 11 protective and understand that that is a 12 regulatory driver in the Bay Area and 13 California as a whole. So we're in support of 14 the lowest and most health-protective standard 15 possible. 16 MS. WEGMAN: Okay. Great. Thank 17 you. Thank you both very much for coming. 18 Good to see you as well. 19 Then our last speaker before 20 lunch, Daniel Scott. Is Mr. Scott here? 21 Daniel Scott. 22 (No one comes forward.)

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 177 1 MS. WEGMAN: Okay. Then we will

2 take a lunch break and resume about two

3 o'clock. 4 (Luncheon recess taken from 12:47 5 p.m. to 2:10 p.m.) 6 MS. WEGMAN: I think we will start 7 up again. Thank you all for coming. We very 8 much appreciate everybody who has taken the 9 time out of your own busy days to come and 10 speak to us about our proposed ozone 11 standards. Just as a remainder, we are 12 talking about the proposed -- our proposal, 13 EPA's proposal to change our March 2008 14 standard, which is currently set at .075 parts 15 per million, to change it to a level of .060 16 to .070 parts per million. That is, to issue 17 a more health-protective standard than the one 18 we currently have. 19 And we also are proposing to set a 20 new secondary or welfare-based standard using 21 what we call a cumulative, seasonal standard,

22 and that would be set at a level of 7 to 15

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 178 1 parts per million hour. 2 So that's what we're taking 3 comment on today. 4 As a remainder, what I'll be doing 5 is calling up people, people who want to speak 6 in pairs of twos. And when you come up, 7 please stay there till both of you are done 8 speaking. We have a timer that starts in five 9 minutes. Everyone will have up to five 10 minutes. And at two minutes you will get a 11 yellow light and at zero you will have a red 12 light. 13 What I will do is read the names 14 of the first two speakers and also the next 15 two so that the next two will know they're 16 coming up next, and we will proceed. 17 And please do spell your name for 18 our court reporter and state your affiliation 19 if you have one. 20 So the first two speakers are 21 Kevin Hamilton and Ronald Lanner. And after 22 that we'll have Michael Ho and Laura Fultz

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 179 1 Stout. 2 DR. LANNER: Good afternoon. My 3 name is Ronald Lanner, L-a-n-n-e-r. And I'd 4 like to thank the panel for convening here in 5 Sacramento, one of the sources along with the 6 Bay Area of much of the pollution that drifts 7 over the foothills where I live. I'm a 8 Retired Professor of Forestry at Utah State 9 University and currently am an Emeritus 10 Visiting Scientist at the Institute of Forest 11 Genetics, which is a U.S. Forest Service lab 12 in Placerville, about 60 miles from here. 13 I've been professionally involved 14 for over 60 years with the biology of forest 15 trees, so I will just say a few words about 16 the significance to our forest resource, of 17 reducing ozone concentrations. 18 In 1958 I moved to California to 19 begin my career and I soon heard rumors of a 20 strange malady referred to as "X disease," "X" 21 for unknown, that was afflicting ponderosa 22 pines and Jeffrey pines in the San Bernardino

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 180 1 Mountains east of Los Angeles, and baffling 2 experts in forest disease who had never seen 3 anything quite like it. 4 The trees were developing yellow 5 tips at their needles which spread to make the 6 entire needles chlorotic, or yellow, and they 7 then dropped, and progressing often to death 8 of the trees. Growth or growths slowed down, 9 and frequently the inability to resist attacks 10 by bark beetles and root diseases. 11 After a couple of years the 12 diagnosis of air pollution damage was made and 13 ozone from automobile exhausts in Los Angeles 14 was the major culprit. It was the first such 15 diagnose involving forest trees that had been 16 made. Shortly thereafter, a similar condition 17 was discovered in the eastern United States, 18 mainly in the Northeast, near the large 19 cities. 20 Since those early days, ozone 21 damage to trees has been reported very widely 22 and fairly carefully studied, and I'd like to

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 181 1 just summarize a few of the major points that

2 have been made. 3 Of course ozone is highly 4 oxidative. It vigorously burns up organic 5 material and it's considered our most damaging 6 air pollutant. It can move across great 7 distances from its source, so it can damage 8 trees far from its origin. For example, the 9 trees that were dying in the San Bernardino 10 Mountains were about 145 kilometers from Los 11 Angeles. Recently I learned that pines that 12 I had the pleasure of studying a few decades 13 ago in the French Alps have in recent years 14 been suffering ozone damage from ozone brought 15 in from the French Riviera about 60 miles to

16 the south. 17 Ozone enters the open stomata of 18 leaves and it oxidizes the cells that harbor 19 most of the plant's chlorophyll. Chlorophyll 20 reduction leads to a reduction in the 21 formation of carbohydrates by photosynthesis. 22 And of course carbohydrates are what plants

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 182 1 are made of. So we have growth reduction as 2 a result. There is a predicted 10-percent 3 growth in biomass accumulation by the end of 4 this century. 5 Droughts resulting from a warming 6 climate will intensify this effect because7 root growth is suppressed more than above8 ground growth by ozone and so weak root 9 systems will result in falling trees and trees 10 for whom it's always a droughty situation. So 11 any level of ozone is detrimental to a forest 12 whether it's visible to the eye or not. And 13 the greater the reduction of ozone 14 concentrations that EPA can bring about, the 15 better for our forested ecosystems. 16 Thank you very much. 17 MS. WEGMAN: Thank you very much. 18 If you have any papers to submit or citations 19 to offer in support of the points you made, we 20 would appreciate that, and you can submit that 21 by March 22nd. We don't need those today. 22 DR. LANNER: Okay.

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 183 1 MS. WEGMAN: Yeah, there's no 2 rush. The comment period closes on the 22nd. 3 DR. LANNER: Okay. 4 MS. WEGMAN: And you can do this 5 by email, but if you have anything. 6 DR. LANNER: No, I don't have that 7 with me now, -- 8 MS. WEGMAN: That's fine. 9 DR. LANNER: -- but I can provide

10 that. 11 MS. WEGMAN: Okay, great. Thank 12 you very much. 13 I see a question in the audience. 14 (Comment/question made outside of 15 the range of the microphone.) 16 DR. LANNER: I'm sorry. 17 MS. WEGMAN: Well, I'm just going 18 to say, actually since we have a public 19 hearing and people waiting to speak, maybe you 20 could speak to Dr. Lanner after? Okay. Thank 21 you. 22 Okay, thank you very much.

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 184 1 MR. HAMILTON: Hi. Good 2 afternoon. My name is Kevin Hamilton. I'm 3 the Chief of Program Services for Clinica 4 Sierra Vista. We are the third-largest 5 community health center system in the United 6 States with 26 clinics across three counties, 7 Inyo, Kern, and Fresno, with about 150,000 8 patients in our patient population. 9 This is very important to us. We10 are the second-dirtiest, sometimes first11 dirtiest air basin in the nation. We are 12 seeing rates of asthma that are astronomical. 13 I have participated in the Fresno Kicks Asthma 14 Study from U.C. Berkeley, as we went around 15 looking at cohorts of seven to ninth-grade 16 children across the last five years, finding 17 in the Unified District rates of as high as 31 18 percent. And in our personal patient 19 population, in analyzing the number of 20 patients that we have, we are seeing about one 21 in five. So if you just simply do the math 22 you can see that we're seeing literally tens

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 185 1 of thousands of patients annually who are 2 suffering from respiratory conditions without 3 an additional cardiac event going on. 4 This has become a huge issue for 5 our community that we serve. We serve the 6 underserved and underinsured and uninsured 7 population. There are limited dollars to 8 provide these kinds of services. Ozone, with 9 its oxidative stress-creating gases, 10 negatively impacts all of our patients' lungs 11 on a daily basis, certainly affecting our 12 children more than our adults, but no one 13 should minimize the consequences of this 14 deadly gas to our adults either. 15 We need help here. We need this 16 change in the ozone standard to reflect the 17 literature that suggests that somewhere around 18 .6 is where we begin to see negative health 19 impacts to the tissue of human beings and 20 certainly in animal models. This information 21 has been around for years and years. The body 22 of literature continues to build and build,

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 186 1 and a lot of very good work has been done in 2 Los Angeles and in Berkeley on this, and 3 certainly across the rest of the country. And 4 it seems that this is long, long overdue. 5 So I'm here just to talk about, 6 like I say, the effect that this is having on 7 our communities and our people. Not everybody 8 understands what it means. All they know is 9 to live here is to be sicker, to have your 10 children be sicker than other people's 11 children, and to have older people in your 12 community be more ill with disease than other 13 communities in other parts of the country. 14 And it really creates an environmental justice 15 issue for us. It's completely unfair and we 16 really need you to fix this. Thank you. 17 MS. WEGMAN: Thank you very much 18 for coming. Thank you, both of you. 19 Our next two speakers are Michael

20 Ho and Laura Fultz Stout. And then after that 21 we'll have Frank Wallace and Katharine 22 Thompson

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 187 1 MR. HO: My name is Michael Ho. 2 That's M-i-c-h-a-e-l H-o. And I'm a private 3 citizen. Thank you for letting me testify 4 today. 5 Currently I work as a Pharmacy 6 Technician. And at work about a month ago it 7 was a kind of a slow day and I was working 8 with some medicine delivery supply for 9 asthmatic children. On of the pharmacists 10 came over and asked me if I knew how to use 11 them. Two other techs overheard this and they 12 said they knew because each person has a child

13 who uses them. One of them was less than one 14 year old when the son had asthma. 15 Why is asthma so prevalent among16 children? With all the exhaust from coal17 fired power plants and our cars, it's 18 difficult for me not to associate air 19 pollution as one of the major reasons why more 20 people are developing asthma. We limit our 21 chances of lung cancer by designating certain 22 places as nonsmoking areas. If I'm standing

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 188 1 in front of a store and person nearby starts 2 smoking, all I have to do is walk to the side, 3 walk away so I don't have to inhale the smoke. 4 But smog is unavoidable. The amount produced 5 daily is so much that people are getting sick. 6 Now asthma not only means wheezing 7 and buying medicine to treat it, sometimes 8 it's chronic and if it's severe people could 9 die from it. Children's lungs are especially 10 vulnerable to air pollution because they're 11 still developing. I have two nieces who are 12 both six and nephew who is only a few months 13 old. And I don't want to hear them wheezing 14 just running, from running to catch a ball. 15 And when I start a family, I don't want to 16 have to go to the emergency room just because 17 my child is suffering from a severe asthma

18 attack. 19 Please allow less smog to be 20 released in the air that we breathe. Thank 21 you. 22 MS. WEGMAN: Thank you very much

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 189 1 for coming and speaking today. 2 MS. FULTZ STOUT: Hi. I've saved 3 some paper, so I hope you don't mind I'll be 4 reading off. 5 MS. WEGMAN: No, go right ahead.

6 MS. FULTZ STOUT: Good afternoon. 7 My name is Laura Fultz Stout. That's 8 L-a-u-r-a. Fultz is F-u-l-t-z. And second 9 last name, Stout, S-t-o-u-t. And I'm with the 10 Coalition for Clean Air based on in the San 11 Joaquin Valley in the Fresno office and our 12 organization's 37 years old, solely focused on 13 cleaning the air of California. 14 We have seen cleaner air in Los 15 Angeles due to the turnover of vehicles to 16 cleaner vehicles, so now in the San Joaquin 17 Valley a lot of that pollution has been 18 transferred with the power plants, the 19 dairies, land-use issues, and the diesel

20 trucks. 21 So we implore the EPA to pass the 22 new proposed, unanimously-scientifically-

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 190 1 supported ozone standard at the in between of 2 60 parts per billion. 3 And, as important, air pollution 4 diminishes the ability to live and breathe and 5 to have healthy lives. Being a 30-year 6 resident in the San Joaquin Valley, in Fresno, 7 I personally see quality-of-life issues in my 8 family and friends gasping for breath, and 9 even my own. The right to breathe clean air 10 should not be debated, as our person here 11 said. The technology and solutions are 12 available now.

13 One effect of areas of 14 nonattainment and high asthma rates is the 15 brain drain. We haven't heard that today, but 16 over and over again professionals who move to 17 the San Joaquin Valley, if they experience 18 breathing problems or their family experiences 19 breathing problems, they flee the valley for 20 cleaner air. And sometimes they're very 21 confused. They're like what's going on. They 22 go to their physician and the physician

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 191 1 advises them: Okay, we have an air quality 2 problem; leave immediately if you can. Some 3 people can and some people cannot. 4 We had just one -- one little 5 vignette is we had a cardiologist leave our 6 community. We don't have many. But we had 7 one leave because his son almost died and he 8 couldn't help him, from an asthma attack. 9 He's gone. And when we try to get our 10 specialists, our physician specialists, if 11 their family members have anything that 12 happens due to the bad air quality, they're 13 gone. 14 So I do work with our local 15 Chamber of Commerce, our businesses, every 16 business in the San Joaquin Valley should 17 adopt the best available control technologies. 18 Not the reasonable available control 19 technologies, the best. And with pushing 20 that, I also push to get for the San Joaquin 21 Valley and areas like ours of nonattainment 22 and severe nonattainment, that we also get

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 192 1 more incentive funds to assist those 2 industries with adopting those best available 3 control technologies. 4 So, in closing, I would like to 5 just again urge you to adopt the 60 ppb. 6 Thank you. 7 MS. WEGMAN: Thank you. Thank you 8 for coming and sharing that with us today. 9 Our next speakers are Frank 10 Wallace and Katharine Thompson. And after

11 that we'll have Rod Webster and Carl Green.

12 MR. WALLACE: I'm Frank Wallace 13 and I won't be speaking. 14 MS. WEGMAN: Okay. Okay. 15 MS. THOMPSON: I'm Katharine 16 Thompson. 17 MS. WEGMAN: Okay. 18 MS. THOMPSON: Do you want another 19 person? 20 MS. WEGMAN: We can certainly do 21 that. Is Rod Webster here and ready to speak? 22 Okay. Great.

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 193 1 MS. THOMPSON: Yes. I really 2 appreciate this opportunity, not simply to 3 hear but to see all of the people that are 4 currently working on these issues. And I 5 certainly individually -- I'm Katharine 6 Thompson, K-a-t-h-a-r-i-n-e, Thompson, 7 T-h-o-m-p-s-o-n -- did work with the League of 8 Women Voters for EPA Region 9 as Executive 9 Director of choosing which way to go and 10 Sacramentoans for Cleaner Air Now from '73 to 11 '76, and it was a very productive time for me. 12 And I have since that time continued a 13 commitment toward clean air through the 14 different organizations that I have belonged

15 to. 16 I've been on the Air Pollution 17 Control Hearing Board. I was Chair of the 18 Sacramento Energy Planning and Conservation 19 Committee and a Sacramento representative on 20 the Regional Planning Commission and the first 21 woman to serve on the Transit District. And, 22 as such, I was able to, because of the

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 194 1 installation in me of the knowledge of the 2 issues, to suggest the transfer of interstate 3 money to light rail, which we did 4 successfully. It was the first time it had 5 been done in California. We got $37 million 6 for light rail, which was 24 miles, including 7 cars, for a five-mile interstate extension 8 that would have ended right in the city dump. 9 In any case, my main concern here 10 is not with your stricter standard, which I 11 certainly approve because I'm not a scientist 12 and so I can't speak knowledgeably about the 13 levels of ozone, but about the application of 14 the discipline throughout the governmental 15 system of air quality standards. 16 For example, an expansion of 17 Highway 50, which has been constructed through 18 taking out the median and it's added two 19 lanes, was contested by the Environmental 20 Council of Sacramento. It went to court under 21 Judge Timothy Frawley, who ruled that an 22 inadequate environmental analysis had been

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 195 1 done, and of course it had been inadequate 2 because there was never a true alternate, a 3 transit alternative that would devote all of 4 the money to transit and not just parcel it 5 out a little here and a little there. 6 Well, they rejoiced at their 7 victory, but then the next thing that happened 8 was that their legislative representatives had 9 them sit down with CalTrans director and 10 bargain it away. And they had to promise that 11 they would never sue again. As a consequence, 12 Highway 50 has ripped out its median and put 13 in two extra lanes. Now that is going out 14 induce more travel. We have travel, that's 15 the 40 percent or so of the air pollution in 16 climate change contributors, and yet the 17 argument is that -- you know their argument is 18 ostensibly a carpool lane is going to be a 19 benefit, but it is not because it provides 20 more capacity and it induces more travel than 21 would have been made with the existing 22 capacity. It's like fighting obesity by

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 196 1 buying a larger belt. 2 So, in any case, I wanted to 3 recommend to you and to anybody here two 4 books. One is called Sustainability and 5 Cities: -- by Newman and Kenworthy -- Reducing 6 Automobile Dependency -- or Overcoming 7 Automobile Dependency [sic]. Sustainability 8 and Cities, now they're New Zealand and 9 Australian experts who have compared travel 10 conditions and the provision of roads per 11 citizen and the amount of transit and road and 12 bicycle use -- right, okay, thank you -- 13 worldwide. And Sacramento was on the top of 14 50 cities worldwide being the most roads per 15 citizen and the most driving per citizen. 16 I would say that we have to have 17 implementation that fits the strictness of the 18 standard. Otherwise we're lost. Also that 19 we're lost on the basis of having our 20 legislator bound by minority rule. How can we 21 be a democracy if we require a two-thirds vote 22 on everything?

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 197 1 In that case, thank you very much, 2 and I would just urge that you send all of us, 3 if you can, a list of everyone who was here so 4 that we could all work together in the future. 5 MS. WEGMAN: Okay. 6 MS. THOMPSON: Thank you. 7 MS. WEGMAN: That's a good 8 suggestion. We'll see if we can -- we 9 certainly keep track of everyone who has come

10 -- 11 MS. THOMPSON: That's signed up.

12 MS. WEGMAN: Yes. We can see 13 about getting that posted on our website. 14 MS. THOMPSON: Oh, all right. 15 MS. WEGMAN: All right. Yes, 16 we'll investigate that. 17 MR. WEBSTER: Hi there. My name 18 is Rod Webster, R-o-d W-e-b-s-t-e-r. I live 19 in Merced, which is down the San Joaquin 20 Valley a bit. And lots of facts and 21 information and figures that I know you're 22 probably very conversant with, so I'm going to

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 198 1 try and speak more to the contingency that I 2 feel like I represent. 3 I am an officer in the Sierra Club 4 down there and I'm also a very active member 5 in the Merced Mariposa Asthma Coalition. And 6 over the course of years we've paid some 7 pretty close attention to the San Joaquin Air 8 Resources Board and their actions, as well as 9 at the California level, CARB. 10 And following these air issues, I 11 haven't been here for your whole hearing 12 today, but there are always many families with 13 very heart-wrenching stories about their 14 children. And I know from my community, I 15 don't see many of those people that normally 16 attend this, and I don't know why that is 17 other than of course work days are difficult. 18 I am appreciative that written comments are 19 permitted and there are many people that I 20 hope take advantage of that. But in a 21 community, in an area where asthma is so 22 rampant, one in five children under age --

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 199 1 well, children or people under age 18 -- is 2 the estimate, clearly we've got a health 3 crisis going here. And the sad part of course 4 is that it's partially preventable. 5 In 2007 the American Lung 6 Association declared -- identified the 25 7 worst counties in the United States in which 8 to reside and Merced ranked number 8. Among 9 the 25 worst cities it ranked number 6. But 10 we are actually toward the top of the valley. 11 And, I'm sure you're aware, as you move down 12 the valley toward Bakersfield, in that air 13 basin, it becomes progressively worse. And of 14 course little Arvin, the town of Arvin 15 received distinction by being number 1 in the 16 United States. Out of the 25 worst cities in 17 this 2007 document, four of the six worst are 18 in the valley here, and the ones further south 19 are the most critical. 20 Communities are trying to adapt as 21 best they can to protect the health of their 22 children. In our community we have what's

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 200 1 called the Flag Program which was initiated by 2 the Merced Mariposa Asthma Coalition and it 3 started in 2004. And there are currently 130 4 different institutions within our community 5 that display air quality flags on a daily 6 basis. And of course the schools was one of 7 our main pushes, but there are other 8 institutions that have fortunately joined. 9 And we're trying to create awareness of days 10 when it is literally unhealthy to be outside 11 and particularly to be active. 12 And in our schools there are days 13 during the year when recess is canceled. It's 14 too dangerous for kids to be out outside, much 15 less running around inhaling as they play. We 16 have athletic practices that are canceled. We 17 have athletic contests that have to be 18 canceled on red flag days, and wisely so. But 19 how tragic that it should come to that.

20 And I of course am here to 21 strongly encourage you -- in fact I'm 22 encouraged by your efforts to increase our

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 201 1 ozone standards to more stringent ones, and 2 obviously the more restrictive the better for 3 the health of the United States as well as, 4 particularly, the region I'm from. So I hope 5 you'll proceed with the 60 parts per billion 6 for the primary. 7 And the secondary was, quite 8 frankly, new to me. I wasn't aware of what 9 that was all about until I was kind of 10 educated here today. And I know that you've 11 done some analysis to see that this new ozone 12 standard actually might be economically 13 beneficial. I find that extremely encouraging 14 because I know your economics is a huge 15 consideration at this time, but to see that 16 the secondary might actually help agriculture, 17 the idea that ozone damages agriculture, which 18 in the Central Valley is you know our prime 19 economic stimulus. 20 Yes. I will conclude with that 21 and just thank you for your time and energy 22 and wish you on your way to other hearings.

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 202 1 Thank you. 2 MS. WEGMAN: Well, thank you. 3 Thank you for coming and thanks for all the 4 work you do. 5 Our next speakers are Carl Green 6 and Catherine Garoupa. 7 Oh, thank you very much. Well, 8 great. You've been working at this a long 9 time, and we appreciate it. 10 So that's Carl Green and Catherine 11 Garoupa. This looks like Catherine.

12 Is Carl Green here? 13 (No response.) 14 MS. WEGMAN: Okay. Is Michelle 15 Garcia here? Great. 16 And then the next two people after 17 Catherine and Michelle will be Victoria Golden

18 and James Golden.

19 MS. GAROUPA WHITE: Good 20 afternoon. My name is Catherine Garoupa21 White, C-a-t-h-e-r-i-n-e G-a-r-o-u-p-a W-h-i22 t-e. I'm here today representing the Watchdog

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 203 1 Committee of the Central Valley Air Quality 2 Coalition. We like to say CVAQC for short 3 because that's kind of a long title. 4 CVAQC is a coalition of over 70 5 different diverse organizations who are all 6 striving for clean air in the San Joaquin 7 Valley. You've heard from several of our 8 members today and you'll hear probably from 9 several more today about the dire situation 10 that we face in the San Joaquin Valley, which 11 is why it's great to see so many people here 12 representing the valley today on the issues 13 that we have. So thank you for the 14 opportunity to be able to testify today about 15 this very important standard to protect public

16 health. 17 I just want to reiterate some of 18 the comments earlier about in the future that 19 it would be great to possibly offer other 20 locations in California. We did feel a little 21 guilty traveling three and a half hours each 22 way today to be here, though, again, we are

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 204 1 grateful for the opportunity. 2 And one thing that our regional 3 air district does, because we're such a wide 4 air basin, is we have video teleconferencing 5 facilities in three different locations: 6 Modesto, Fresno, and Bakersfield. And so 7 that's always a great interactive way to have 8 hearings. 9 So science shows that the current

10 standards that we have for ozone are 11 inadequate at protecting public health. We 12 know that global warming is happening and that 13 it's going to make these situations worse, 14 particularly in an area like the San Joaquin 15 Valley where we have incredibly hot summers. 16 Those are just going to get worse. And, 17 again, it's going to be the most marginalized 18 populations that are immediately suffering 19 those impacts of not being able to run their 20 air conditioner or be able to go outside 21 because the air is so bad but it's so hot 22 inside that they're getting sick from it.

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 205 1 As you've heard today, the San 2 Joaquin Valley air basin is in an extreme 3 nonattainment for the current ozone standard, 4 which means that at the earliest we're looking 5 at 2024 to actually breathe air that's 6 somewhat cleaner than it is today, which 7 really is devastating for those of us that 8 live there and think about how long we have to 9 wait. 10 The California Health Interview 11 Surveys shows that one in three kids in Fresno 12 County right now are diagnosed with asthma, 13 which is a really shocking rate. And it 14 happens to be the county that I live in and 15 right next to the county that I grew up in. 16 So, again, it's something that I take very 17 personally, that so many kids are suffering

18 from asthma and that these rates are so much 19 higher than other areas. 20 We also have a small community 21 that for the past few years has had the most 22 ozone violations in the United States. It's

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 206 1 a small community called Arvin in the South 2 San Joaquin Valley and it's a primarily Latino 3 farmworking community. So, again, we're 4 talking about some of the most marginalized 5 populations that are bearing the burden of 6 these impacts of air pollution because of 7 where they're geographically located in our 8 air basin, that the air flows just push that 9 pollution and leave it sitting over placed 10 where people are playing and outside working 11 on really hot days. 12 Fundamentally, all these different 13 statistics and the stories that people tell 14 you mean that residents in the San Joaquin 15 Valley are being denied a fundamental human 16 right to be able to breathe clean air, which 17 is something that we should all be able to 18 enjoy. 19 That being said, I am a proud 20 third-generation San Joaquin Valley resident. 21 It's a great region. There are many great 22 things about what we do and where we live.

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 207 1 Although you've also heard many stories and I 2 could tell you many more about people who have 3 left San Joaquin Valley because of how dirty 4 the environment is and because there is a 5 diminished qualify of life for people wanting 6 to raise their family there. 7 I personally grew up in Madera 8 County, not far from Highway 99, and as a 9 young child I was diagnosed with chronic 10 bronchitis. I definitely think that that's a 11 preventable case of chronic bronchitis that 12 for the future I absolutely want better as I 13 prepare to start a family and as I have many 14 friends who have children, we want better for 15 ourselves and for our children. We know that 16 it's going to take a long time to get there, 17 but we're all committed to doing what it

18 takes. 19 So the good news about today is 20 that lowering the standard gives us the 21 opportunity to prevent thousands of those 22 cases of chronic bronchitis, other respiratory

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 208 1 illnesses, asthma attacks, hospitalizations, 2 and premature deaths that can be triggered by 3 high-ozone days. 4 I also want to reiterate the 5 comments by Margaret Gordon and others about 6 the importance of considering the cumulative 7 impacts that communities are facing. As you 8 know in the San Joaquin Valley, we have a very 9 serious ozone problem, we also have a 10 particulate matter problem, which means that 11 basically year round we're burdened with air 12 pollution, we never get a break. So the 13 cumulative impacts are important for us to 14 consider and not just the air pollution but 15 the water and soil pollution that we're 16 facing, the global warming impacts, the whole 17 myriad range of issues. 18 So I'm here today to encourage you 19 to enact the most health-protective standards, 20 both primary and secondary. Agriculture is an 21 important industry in the San Joaquin Valley 22 and it's something that should also be

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 209 1 protected. 2 I would also just ask the EPA 3 generally to give more attention to San 4 Joaquin Valley issues, to increase your 5 oversight of our regional air districts and to 6 increase accountability and enforcement of the 7 great rules that have already been passed so 8 that hopefully we can actually meet attainment 9 deadlines. 10 Thank you. 11 MS. WEGMAN: Thank you very much. 12 MS. GARCIA: Good afternoon. My 13 name is Michelle Garcia. That's Michelle with 14 two l's and Garcia, G-a-r-c-i-a. And I am the 15 Air Quality Director for the Fresno Madera 16 Medical Society, which is a membership 17 organization representing over a thousand 18 physicians in the Fresno and Madera County 19 area. And we are the only medical society to 20 have an air quality program. We have a grant 21 which provides myself along with services in 22 the valley. And, as I said, it's the only

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 210 1 medical society to have something of that 2 nature, so I think that that's speaks volumes 3 to the issues that we face in the valley. 4 So I'm here not only representing 5 the physicians that are members of my 6 organization but also I'm here as a parent, as 7 a mother of a three-year-old who hasn't been 8 diagnosed with asthma yet, but has had just 9 about everything else under the sun. And it 10 just seems like year after year it's just

11 worse and worse. 12 I think this week has probably

13 been the worst week because he's come down 14 with something again. And, for the first 15 time, he's had a really dark circle under his 16 eyes and just a really hard time breathing. 17 And to get up this morning and get on a bus 18 and travel three hours to come here while he 19 is crying on the steps saying, "Mommy, please 20 don't go. I need you," is really, really 21 tough. But I knew that I needed to come here 22 and I needed to speak on his behalf, because

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 211 1 when children are that young they're unable to 2 have a voice for themselves. 3 And, just as Catherine had said 4 and many others have said, there are so many 5 different barriers that we face living in the 6 valley: The air pollution, the water 7 problems, the high unemployment rate. Just 8 about every problem you can think of, we have 9 in Fresno. So it's really difficult to live 10 there and it's difficult and challenging in so 11 many different ways, not only from being a 12 parent of having to fill the burden of -- the 13 guilt, I should say, of having my family live 14 in the valley, exposing them to all of the 15 pollution and to the various issues, the 16 burden of having to call my employer, the 17 guilt of having to say I need to take another 18 day, just really every guilt that you can 19 think of that comes along with that. 20 I know that now is a really 21 important time because on top of everything 22 else we have issues with the economy failing.

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 212 1 I just think if we're able to support 2 something like this, the .60 parts per billion 3 and really be successful at it, that it's 4 going to help our economy improve because we 5 have so many different health burdens that are 6 associated with that. As you know, the 7 statistics about the hospitalization rates, 8 the chronic bronchitis, heart attacks, all of 9 those things that have been stated previously. 10 So having said that, as a 11 professional, as a mother, as a resident of 12 the valley, I'm here just to encourage you to 13 enact the 60 parts per billion and help 14 protect public health. Thank you. 15 MS. WEGMAN: Well, I want to thank 16 both of you for traveling here today. We very 17 much appreciate you making the effort. I'm 18 sorry your son is sick again. I'm so sorry. 19 And I hope he is well. And thank you for 20 making the effort. It means a lot to us and 21 we'll definitely take this back to our 22 Administrator.

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 213 1 Our next two speakers are Victoria

2 Golden and James Golden. And after that Janet 3 -- I take it back -- Janet Abshire I believe 4 is next and then Victoria Golden and James 5 Golden -- but if we have Victoria and James 6 coming up now, -- that's fine. If Janet 7 Abshire doesn't mind waiting. 8 MS. GOLDEN: Hello. My name is 9 Victoria Golden, G-o-l-d-e-n. And I am here 10 as a private, concerned citizen about our air 11 quality. I am a lifelong resident of 12 Bakersfield, California. And the air does 13 highly influence. I have an impaired immune 14 system due to problems, so I am constantly 15 sick with chronic bronchitis and respiratory 16 problems. 17 And I also am on public 18 transportation, so I'm walking. I no longer 19 drive, so I experience the air quality daily 20 on the roads and from firsthand experience. 21 And I understand the difficulty. It's a 22 little troubling trying to walk around

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 214 1 Bakersfield. And, for safety reasons, I 2 almost feel like I have to have insurance for 3 walking.

4 And I'm a mother and I have a 5 three children. Three of my three children 6 have had respiratory problems. For one reason 7 or another, I have been on public assistance 8 before and have had to do the medical trips 9 for that. Missing days of school. And I 10 believe in tighter restrictions of the 60 ppb 11 because it is affecting. Just the air 12 quality, you could tell, driving up here, it's 13 embarrassing in the valley. There is just 14 smog coming from everything. 15 We never see the mountains. It is 16 a beautiful day in Bakersfield when we could 17 see the mountains. It's just really -- it's 18 overlooked. For our health reasons, we really 19 need tighter restrictions. Thank you. 20 MS. WEGMAN: Thank you. 21 MR. GOLDEN: My name is James 22 Golden. I am a Planner for Kern County,

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 215 1 although I'm here on my own behalf as a 2 citizen of Bakersfield. 3 I want to say that I'm in here in 4 support of increased regulation of the 60- 5 parts-per-billion standard. Although I don't 6 have a lot out offer as far as statistics, I 7 can say that typically the commerce clauses 8 cited in this case and previous court 9 decisions have limited states' abilities to 10 regulate these kind of things, so we have to 11 look to somebody. And we know that the EPA is 12 our failsafe opportunity. 13 The thing about the limiting 14 ability of states to regulate particulates is 15 a serious issue and needs to be addressed. 16 I can personally testify that 17 driving down, I'm from Los Angeles originally, 18 the Los Angeles air is not as bad as the San 19 Joaquin air. I will say that because when I 20 drive down to L.A., and I'll come down the 21 pass, you can see almost into Los Angeles all 22 the way from the northern portion of the

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 216 1 county. But when you drive down in the San 2 Joaquin, you can barely see 20 miles. And 3 then the haze is so thick you can't even see 4 the lights at night. 5 I wonder how many beautiful nights 6 I'm missing just looking at the stars and just 7 seeing what's up there because of the amount 8 of haze and dust and other particulates that 9 are in the air. 10 I also wonder if there will ever 11 be a time where air in that area will ever be 12 better. I recently purchased a home there, I 13 plan on staying there a little while at least, 14 and I'm looking at this from an investment 15 perspective and an ecological perspective, and 16 I'm saying was this a wise thing to do. 17 In this case, I believe that more 18 stringent standards would encourage more 19 healthy days and nights in the San Joaquin 20 Attainment Basin and nationwide. 21 MS. WEGMAN: Okay. Thank you both 22 very much. Thank you.

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 217 1 Janet Abshire. We're going to 2 just have one up now because our next two 3 speakers will be having Spanish translation, 4 so we'll just... 5 DR. ABSHIRE: Okay.

6 MS. WEGMAN: Yes. And our next 7 two speakers will be Maria Ordaz and Juana 8 Gonzalez. Thank you. 9 DR. ABSHIRE: Hi. My name is Dr. 10 Janet Abshire. It's A-, as in apple, -b-, as 11 in boy, -s-h-i-r-e, and first name Janet,

12 J-a-n-e-t. 13 I'm here because the American Lung 14 Association asked me to come and testify. And 15 there are a couple of really key points that 16 I want to be sure not to miss and that's that 17 we are asking the EPA to strengthen the 18 National Air Quality Standards to the 60 parts 19 per billion to protect approximately over 187 20 million people that are most at risk: The 21 children, the teens, the seniors, and the 22 people with chronic lung diseases like asthma.

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 218 1 I am a physician and I work in 2 occupational and environmental medicine. And 3 I treat patients that have occupational 4 injuries, including lung injuries. I had a 5 patient who was -- a respirator failed and he 6 inhaled some liquid insulation that he was 7 spraying that has isocyanate, that can induce 8 occupational asthma. And the bottom line is 9 that this scenario is similar to what can 10 happen with ozone, because of the same kind of 11 reaction and damage that can happen with 12 instage disease caused by ozone.

13 So when we talk about the 14 mechanisms of the health hazards of ozone 15 there's a lot of really fancy big words that 16 people that don't have a medical degree or a 17 science degree in physiology, they don't 18 really understand, and we throw out these 19 words like oxidated damage and free radicals 20 and lipid peroxidation. And there's many 21 different mechanisms that ozone can damage and 22 it includes these and it includes also this

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 219 1 neurologically-mediated method. 2 So what I would like to do, I know 3 everybody has plenty of information on the 4 dangers of ozone and the statistics, but I 5 would just like to explain from a physician's 6 point of view with a nutrition science degree 7 -- I really love biochemistry, I'm a real geek 8 -- and that what this really means in layman's

9 terms. 10 When you talk about reactive 11 species, that's the oxidative, lipid 12 peroxidation, the free radicals, that means 13 that if you think of a molecule, we're all 14 electromagnetic, and there are these little, 15 tiny electromagnetic charges. And a molecule 16 likes to be stable, it likes to have one -- a 17 balance where it doesn't feel like it's being 18 torn apart or wants to react. 19 Okay. If it's stable and it has 20 these balance of charges, it'll be fine. 21 Reactive species are missing something. It's 22 like they have an empty slot that they need to

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 220 1 fill. They're very hungry. They bump into 2 other things and they steal parts of other 3 molecules. And they will break them apart and 4 cause damage to the molecules and other 5 tissues. So that is part of the reactivity 6 that happens and it can happen in the lining 7 of the lungs and the epithelial layer, and it 8 can damage the membranes. 9 The membranes are like lipid 10 peroxidation, where you have these cells. 11 They're like in a sack. And the sack is 12 composed of a lipid layer, a fat layer. Well, 13 if the cell's membrane is damaged and it 14 breaks open and leaks out the substances, 15 there are lots of things inside the cell that 16 are designed to call out our own immune 17 system.

18 So there are these molecular 19 messengers that are the prostaglandins, 20 lipotro- and cytokines, and they send out a 21 bombardment of messages so that our immune 22 system will attack our own tissue. So that

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 221 1 the immune system that's supposed to protect 2 us can actually harm us. 3 So instage lung disease from any 4 cause is often the scarring that's caused by5 our own immune system, so it's the secondary6 immune factors. 7 The neurological part is 8 interesting. It's very interesting, because 9 when you're first exposed to ozone, especially 10 just a one-time simple exposure, you get this 11 cough, this burning, this chest pain if you 12 take a deep breath. And it's actually -- and 13 then actually your lung function will change 14 where you can't take as deep of a breath. 15 It's a reactive airway system where it's a 16 temporary, reducible, reversible asthma-type

17 of an effect. 18 Now this makes sense, the body's 19 wisdom says, hey, this is not good to breathe, 20 let's not breathe it into too deeply. Well, 21 that system will fatigue so over time your 22 lung function will improve. That does not

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 222 1 mean that ozone is good for you. So that 2 means that now you're not getting the warning 3 signals that the damaging stuff is going 4 deeper and you're allowing it in deeper. It's 5 probably the body's wisdom again that says, 6 well, I guess they can't get away, I might as 7 well turn off the alarm. You know, they're 8 not smart enough to stop breathing the 9 substance. So they just kind of turned it

10 off. 11 So when you have this first, the 12 constriction by this neurally-mediated 13 problem, which gives you a lot of the 14 symptoms, but gradually with the illness 15 itself the lung tissue is so damaged that no 16 longer can these healthy membranes that are 17 supposed to transfer oxygen across the 18 membrane so we can get it in our blood and 19 supply it to our brain and body, no longer can 20 that oxygen transfer very well, no longer can 21 the lungs expand and contract like they're 22 supposed to because they're stiff, full of

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 223 1 scarring. 2 MS. WEGMAN: Dr. Abshire, I'm 3 afraid you're going to have to wind up. Your 4 five minutes is up. 5 DR. ABSHIRE: Okay. Sorry about

6 that. 7 MS. WEGMAN: That's okay. 8 DR. ABSHIRE: I'm going too long. 9 MS. WEGMAN: No, that's okay. No, 10 you're so engaged in explaining -- 11 DR. ABSHIRE: So -- but basically 12 I think that everyone should talk to their 13 doctor and have their doctor also contact the 14 American Lung Association and the EPA because 15 we need to have more physicians that are aware 16 of this problem, and I think that we really 17 don't know that much. And an environmental 18 conference is where I learned more about 19 ozone, and I was floored. So I thank you very

20 much. 21 MS. WEGMAN: That's very helpful. 22 Thank you for that information.

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 224 1 Maria Ordaz and Juana Gonzalez. 2 MS. ORDAZ (through the 3 Interpreter): My name is Maria Ordaz and I 4 come from the Fresno group LUCA, which means 5 Latinos that are Conscious of the Environment. 6 I have a small number of questions and I'm 7 limiting them because you know I have to ask 8 them in Spanish and I'm using an interpreter 9 and it might be harder to convey this 10 information to you. 11 My problem is, you know, we're not 12 doing enough about this because us as 13 Hispanics, you know we're the ones that suffer 14 the most. For us it's very difficult because 15 we work out in the field, we work in stores, 16 and we use chemicals. We use chemicals, we're 17 exposed to them. 18 And that's why I think we should 19 keep getting together, we should unite, and we 20 should have more events like this so that the 21 government can help us, so that we can help 22 the children. Because what really hurts us

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 225 1 is, you know, it's the children that suffer, 2 the children that are born with illnesses, 3 with bronchitis, with asthma, and, you know, 4 that's what hurts us the most. And that's why 5 we're here. We united. We want you to see 6 that Latinos are united and we want clean air. 7 And that's why I'm here, because by the year 8 '20, I mean ozone and pollution are going to

9 be at the same levels.

10 That's all. 11 MS. WEGMAN: Gracias. 12 MS. GONZALEZ (through the 13 Interpreter): My name is Juana Gonzalez and 14 I'm here as part of the group LUCA, which 15 means Latinos Conscious of the Environment. 16 I come from Fresno and all of my 17 family lives in San Joaquin and I work all 18 throughout the San Joaquin area out in the 19 fields. And it's hard, there is a lot of 20 problems, there is a lot of use of chemicals. 21 There are a lot of children there and a lot of 22 them don't have insurance. I have a friend

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 226 1 whose son is 12 years old and he has to work 2 in the field already and he has asthma. And 3 the medical bills are really high, so he 4 doesn't want to go to the doctor anymore 5 because he's afraid because the doctor bills 6 are so high. And it's sad for a kid to have 7 to worry about those things. 8 And we're also planning to go to 9 the schools to educate people about pollution, 10 what they should do and what they shouldn't 11 do, like they shouldn't leave the cars on and 12 things that they shouldn't do. So we're going 13 to schools to give seminars. 14 Yes, I wish there were laws for 15 people, for the owners, for the field owners, 16 for the companies, you know, for people who 17 own the fields because, for example, a 18 mechanic will come to fix his machinery and he 19 will leave it on for like a half hour just 20 running, and that's polluting. 21 Well, and, you know, people like 22 our organizations can go and speak to them,

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 227 1 but we have to have a permit to even go and 2 speak with them. 3 MS. WEGMAN: Gracias. 4 MS. GONZALEZ (through the 5 Interpreter): I'm really sorry if we offended 6 anyone. There weren't enough translators and 7 I'm sorry if we made too much noise because 8 there was someone interpreting for us in the 9 back. That's all. Thank you. 10 MS. WEGMAN: Well, tell her it was 11 not a problem. Tell her we had no problem at

12 all. 13 We understand and we're sorry we 14 don't have more translators. Thank you very 15 much for translating. Gracias. 16 Our next two speakers are Gail 17 Kara and Evan Gillespie and after that we'll 18 have Steven Ohanesian -- Ohanesian -- I'm 19 sorry, I'll have to let you pronounce it -- 20 and Andy Hansen-Smith. 21 Is Evan Gillespie here? 22 DR. KARA: My name is Gail Kara.

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 228 1 It's G-a-i-l K-a-r-a and I'm a gerontologist. 2 I'm not an M.D., but I am a Ph.D. who has a 3 background in policy studies at the University 4 of Michigan at a policy-study center that 5 thought in one of its big initiatives about 6 vitality and aging and healthy lifestyles and 7 how people could live in long healthy lives. 8 And with that regard, ozone is a 9 little bit different from the usual ways in 10 which gerontologists would talk to people 11 about healthy aging. We know that lifestyle 12 changes can influence healthy aging and that 13 exercising, eating fruits and vegetables, not 14 smoking or drinking excessively or eating 15 excessively can make a big difference in how 16 well a person ages. 17 However, no matter how many of 18 these positive habits that someone might 19 initiate or lifestyle changes that are made, 20 pollution can have a negative impact on people 21 who have made every possible personal effort 22 to live in a healthy way.

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 229 1 And so this where I think the 2 government can make an important difference 3 for individuals who can't easily escape the 4 consequences of ozone pollution. And I 5 believe that the way to educate the public 6 about the hazards of ozone might be with an 7 approach that might be like a comprehensive 8 campaign to discuss the differential 9 consequences of ozone's harm across the 10 lifespan. And that would be of course 11 starting with birth, infancy, and early 12 childhood. 13 Lung development, like brain 14 development as I understand it, can be 15 compromised by ozone exposure. And this is 16 really something very separate and different 17 from what I've learned. And it's really 18 amazing, it was about a little over a decade 19 ago that there was really a big explosion of 20 articles about brain development, how the 21 brain develops specially after birth. And now 22 I understand that lungs are exactly the same

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 230 1 way, that they branch. And that so you can 2 have very negative consequences from ozone 3 exposure for infants and young children. So 4 I think of this as one special area should be 5 approached differently. 6 And then, secondly, -- and of 7 course if you can't breathe -- if you don't 8 come to your full breathing capacity, that 9 compromises your whole life, going across the 10 lifespan. 11 And I've also learned that it's 12 fairly well known in the epidemiological 13 community that studies lung disease that from 14 about age 13 to 30 ozone can cause more damage 15 to the lungs than it would cause to people who 16 are, say, 30 and over. That there's actually 17 this cohort that can be more damaged. And I 18 don't think this cohort knows that and I think 19 that they really should know it and that 20 they'd be very influenced by knowing that.

21 And on the next level we need to 22 know how ozone exposure relates to chronic

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 231 1 illness. It's my guess that the greater the 2 exposure to ozone the more likely an 3 individual is to manifest a serious lung 4 disease. And there are many lung diseases. 5 We have talked about a number of them today. 6 And especially we need to think 7 hard about what is the progress of these 8 disease in areas of the country with clean 9 air. So it seems that in some places some 10 people may -- we think about preventing and 11 postponing and prevention and postponing of 12 the onset of like a serious chronic lung 13 disease may be dependent upon ozone exposure

14 and can that be demonstrated and shown because 15 I think that's another key part or set of data 16 that's important to be thinking about. 17 And, finally, for those with 18 serious lung diseases and the elderly, because 19 you have more of a chance of problems when 20 you're older, it's evident that significant 21 increases in hospital visits, emergency room 22 or doctor visits on Spare the Air Days and

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 232 1 even deaths can mean that we have concrete 2 evidence of ozone's harm. So that data alone 3 should be separated out and thought about. 4 And elderly vote like crazy and it's something 5 they could be thinking about themselves, not 6 just children, although we should be thinking 7 about everybody at all ages. 8 So, in summary, I'm basically 9 suggesting that we think about promoting the 10 full healthy development of lungs, that we 11 warn a cohort of young people 13 to 30 about 12 the possibility that they're more vulnerable 13 to ozone damage, that we want to let people 14 know that ozone standards are there to delay, 15 postpone, or prevent the onset of chronic lung 16 disease and that we want to decrease the 17 number of serious incidents of 18 hospitalizations or premature deaths due to 19 lung illnesses at time when there is peak

20 ozone. 21 Thank you. 22 MS. WEGMAN: Thank you.

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 233 1 MR. GILLESPIE: Good afternoon. 2 And thank you so much for being here in 3 Sacramento today. And my apologies. I picked 4 the wrong moment to slip out of the room, so 5 thank you. 6 MS. WEGMAN: Not a problem. 7 MR. GILLESPIE: My name is Evan 8 Gillespie. E-v-a-n G-i-l-l-e-s-p-i-e. And 9 I'm a Regional Representative for the Sierra

10 Club. 11 With 1.3 million members and 12 supporters across the country, many of them 13 right here in California, the Sierra Club is 14 the United States' oldest and largest 15 grassroots environmental organization. We're 16 here today because of the incredibly important 17 issue being examined today. 18 Members of the Sierra Club are 19 very, very happy to see the EPA proposing 20 protections from smog. Science tells us that 21 the current smog standards fail to protect the 22 health of millions of Americans. In fact, the

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 234 1 EPA's proposal being discussed today is 2 supported by more than 1700 scientific 3 studies, as well as the Agency's own 4 independent scientific advisors. That's vital 5 that the EPA listen to science and strengthen

6 these standards. 7 The EPA's top priorities must be 8 to protect public health and the environment. 9 EPA has to stand up, stand strong against big 10 coal and other polluters who are fighting to 11 protect the dirty, unhealthy status quo. Smog 12 is especially hazardous to our environment, 13 impacting our views in national parks, 14 damaging forests and crops, and stifling 15 agricultural production. These environmental 16 impacts affect not only our quality of life, 17 but also the bottom line for many areas 18 dependent on tourism and agriculture. 19 In addition to the environmental 20 concerns, smog pollution poses serious health 21 threats, many of which you've already heard 22 about today. Science have compared exposure

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 235 1 to smog pollution as getting sunburned on the 2 lungs. Even low levels of smog can aggravate 3 asthma and cause chest pain and cough, worsen 4 respiratory problems, and cause permanent lung 5 damage. 6 It's unconscionable that 7 Californians can suffer these serious health 8 risks just by breathing the air and it's 9 unconscionable and it's also avoidable. 10 Strengthening the smog safeguards 11 to a 60-parts-per-billion level could help 12 prevent thousands of hospital visits, heart 13 and asthma attacks, and millions of missed 14 work and school days, also save billions of 15 dollars in health costs. 16 Cleaning up dirty air is an 17 investment that will benefit our health, our 18 environment, and our bank accounts. 19 This is why the organizations and 20 individuals you see with me today, including 21 environmentalists, health experts, and 22 scientists alike have united in asking the EPA

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 236 1 to approve a standard that listens to the 2 science and protects both public health and 3 environment from the dangers of smog. 4 Thank you very much. 5 MS. WEGMAN: Very good. Thank 6 you. 7 Our next two speakers are Steven 8 Ohanesian and Andy Hansen-Smith. Are you

9 Steven? 10 MR. HANSEN-SMITH: I'm Andy. 11 MS. WEGMAN: You're Andy. Okay.12 MR. HANSEN-SMITH: Andy Hansen13 Smith, H-a-n-s-e-n hyphen Smith. 14 MS. WEGMAN: Let me just see, is

15 Steven here? 16 MR. HANSEN-SMITH: I don't see him 17 here. He was here earlier, but... 18 MS. WEGMAN: Okay. Well, maybe... 19 MR. HANSEN-SMITH: Is he coming? 20 MS. WEGMAN: Okay. Great. If you 21 don't mind waiting. 22 MR. HANSEN-SMITH: Sure, that's

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 237 1 fine. 2 MR. OHANESIAN: I get to walk.

3 Good afternoon. I'm Steve 4 Ohanesian. That's Steven with a "v," 5 O-h-a-n-e-s-i-a-n. I am from Fresno, 6 California. I appreciate the opportunity to7 present, and I do support the 60-parts-per8 billion ozone standard. 9 I am born and raised in Fresno on 10 a typical farm. And I am aware of the 11 negative impacts of farming practice, 12 primarily the inefficiencies of the fuel-fired 13 engines. I also raise my own family in Fresno 14 and I noticed respiratory conditions in my 15 three children. 16 We've heard today volumes of 17 material covering a range of effects. And by 18 listening I find that this material appears to 19 be credible and it's all very agreeable to my 20 sensibilities. I'll simply present a 21 different viewpoint. 22 I'm a small business owner. I

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 238 1 have a 30-year experience in the design and 2 consultation for buildings for work and for 3 living. And I work with my clients to 4 implement efficiency, sustainability, and 5 affordability in these places for a higher 6 quality of life. 7 We hear a lot about the present 8 economic challenges that tempt us to think 9 about postponing aesthetics and healthful 10 matters. But I look at this as not only -- 11 these economic times not as a time to hold 12 back and lower standards, but rather to raise

13 them. 14 Very recently I had an opportunity 15 to enter into a program and provide my 16 consultative services to the owners of 17 businesses. And I am very aware through this 18 consultative work that there are incentives 19 and measures available to business to help 20 offset the costs of improving their 21 efficiencies, to ensure a better environment

22 for all of us.

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 239 1 I urge the EPA to resist the 2 pressures of polluting industries who would 3 favor the existing standards and instead urge 4 the EPA to pass a strong, health-protective 5 ozone standard of 60 parts per billion. 6 Thank you. 7 MS. WEGMAN: Thank you very much. 8 MR. HANSEN-SMITH: My name is Andy 9 Hansen-Smith, H-a-n-s-e-n hyphen S-m-i-t-h. 10 I am a City of Fresno Planning Commissioner, 11 but I'm not speaking on their behalf. I am, 12 however, a father of two daughters. One of my 13 daughters made it here for the trip. 14 Unfortunately I couldn't get her to come up 15 here and speak herself. Heck, I couldn't get 16 her to just come and stand next to me, but 17 she's here lending her support. 18 MS. WEGMAN: We'll waive. Hi. 19 MR. HANSEN-SMITH: My two 20 daughters, their early lives were spent in 21 Oregon. My wife and I decided to move back to 22 Fresno to be closer to family, but our biggest

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 240 1 debate was the air quality in Fresno. It 2 wasn't the crime, it wasn't the heat, it was 3 the air quality. So we had a debate. If they 4 came back, would they develop asthma. So it 5 was a tough decision, but we decided it was 6 more important to be closer to family. But we 7 still worry about their health. So far they 8 haven't had any breathing problems, but you

9 never know. 10 As my daughters get older I want 11 them to have the choice to live in Fresno if 12 they want to and not be forced to leave just 13 solely for health reasons. If their hearts' 14 desires takes them away from Fresno, sobeit. 15 But if they're leaving just out protect the 16 health of their heart or their lungs, then 17 that's not okay. 18 I think the savings from 19 healthcare would more than make up for the 20 cost of cleaning industries. I think it is 21 morally and financially the correct thing to 22 do to make the limit of 60 parts per billion.

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 241 1 Thank you. 2 MS. WEGMAN: Thank you for coming 3 and thank you to your daughters for coming.

4 MR. HANSEN-SMITH: You're welcome. 5 MS. WEGMAN: And they should be 6 very proud of their dad. 7 Our next two speakers are Kent 8 Pinkerton and Robert Callahan. And after that 9 it will be Rick Bettis and Ann Martin.

10 DR. PINKERTON: Good afternoon. 11 MS. WEGMAN: Just if you wouldn't 12 mind waiting till -- is Robert Callahan here? 13 Come on forward. We're trying to do two at a 14 time, so.

15 DR. PINKERTON: Good afternoon. 16 I'm Ken Pinkerton, P-i-n-k-e-r-t-o-n, and I'm 17 representing the American Thoracic Society. 18 I serve as the Chair of the Environmental 19 Health Policy Committee for the American 20 Thoracic Society. And I'm also a faculty 21 member in the Department of Pediatrics at the 22 U.C. Davis School of Medicine. And I am

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 242 1 pleased to be able to represent the American 2 Thoracic Society this afternoon. 3 And the ATS strongly recommends 4 that the EPA adopt a National Ambient Air 5 Quality Standard of 60 parts per billion. The 6 American Thoracic Society is a medical society 7 of over 15,000 members, who are really 8 dedicated to research, prevention, and 9 detection, and cure of respiratory diseases. 10 And the quality of the air that we breathe 11 plays an important role in respiratory health, 12 both in terms of causing disease as well as 13 exacerbating existing diseases. 14 While there are many pollutants 15 that play a role in respiratory health, few 16 play as important a role as ozone. And it's 17 rare in life as well as in government that we 18 get a second chance. And we are pleased that 19 through a combination of a court action as 20 well as the Administrator's willingness to 21 review the 2007 decision, that EPA is again 22 reviewing the Air Quality Standard for Ozone.

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 243 1 And we strongly urge that the EPA take full 2 advantage of this second chance and issue a 3 stricter standard of 60 parts per billion. 4 While I will not attempt to recite 5 the extensive peer-reviewed literature base 6 that demonstrates that ozone is bad for 7 health, I think it's important to note that 8 research has shown that exposure leads to 9 increased hospitalization, emergency room 10 visits, and decreased lung function. 11 There are multiple city studies

12 that have also demonstrated that ozone 13 exposure increases mortality. I will leave 14 with the panel a 2007 editorial published in 15 the American Journal of Respiratory and 16 Critical Care Medicine, which we 17 affectionately refer to as "the blue journal," 18 making the case for a stricter ozone standard. 19 I am also wanting to alert the 20 panel that a similar editorial will be 21 published in the February 15th issue of the 22 blue journal that again lays out the rationale

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 244 1 for a stricter standard of 60 parts per 2 billion, and I have the galleys for that here 3 since I am a coauthor on that editorial. 4 I also have a copy of the written 5 public comments that were jointly submitted by 6 the American Thoracic Society, the American 7 Medical Association, the American College of 8 Chest Physicians, the American College of 9 Prevention Medicine, the American College of 10 Occupational and Environmental Medicine, the 11 American Society of Cardiovascular and 12 Pulmonary Rehabilitation, and the National 13 Association for the Medical Direction of 14 Respiratory Care, which all endorse a stricter 15 standard of 60 parts per billion. 16 I'd also like to inform the panel 17 that there is a forthcoming abstract. It's a 18 late-breaking abstract that will be presented 19 at the American Thoracic Society, that uses a 20 rollback analysis on Benmap, which is a 21 program that was designed by the Environmental 22 Protection Agency that estimates that there

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 245 1 will be significant health benefits from a 60- 2 parts-per-billion standard, including a 3 reduction in all-cause mortality that will be 4 between 1900 to 2600 fewer deaths, 3.5 million 5 reduced respiratory symptoms, and over 1600 6 prevented hospital visits. 7 And I'll share a copy of this 8 abstract with the EPA staff as soon as it is 9 available. 10 And, in summary, the ATS strongly 11 urges the EPA to adopt a protective standard 12 for ozone at 60 parts per billion. Please 13 take full advantage of this important second 14 chance. Thank you. 15 MS. WEGMAN: Thank you. And we 16 would very much like to have those galleys and

17 the abstract. 18 MR. CALLAHAN: Thank you. Good 19 afternoon. My name is Robert Callahan. I'm 20 here with the California Chamber of Commerce. 21 The California Chamber of Commerce 22 is the largest broadbase business advocate in

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 246 1 California, representing the interests of over 2 16,000 businesses, large and small and medium. 3 We appreciate the opportunity to provide 4 comments here today. And I do appreciate the 5 conversations that's been happening here. 6 Clearly we agree that the quality 7 of our air is very important and share the 8 goal of achieving our national air quality 9 standards. We also believe that environmental 10 policy can achieve important goals without 11 putting undue strain on the economy, economic 12 health, and the business climate if it's 13 drafted reasonably and implemented reasonably. 14 That being said, we think it's 15 imperative that the proposal before us today 16 be looked at through the lens of the economic 17 and our historic recession that the country is 18 experiencing right now. I'm sure we need no 19 remainders, but I'll mention the nationwide 20 unemployment rate is at 10 percent currently. 21 California is at an alarming 12.4 percent. 22 Here in California in December we

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 247 1 lost 38,000 jobs, nearly 6,000 in 2 manufacturing, 7,000 in construction, 15,000 3 in trade, transportation, utilities, et 4 cetera, et cetera. 5 California, like other states, has 6 been experienced incessant budget crises, 7 forcing the state to make severe budget cuts, 8 cutbacks, layoffs, elimination of public 9 services, public service jobs, et cetera. 10 These budget problems are a 11 symptom of a faltering economy, in our 12 opinion. Bringing our economy back to health 13 and prosperity is the key to fixing 14 California's budget problems as well as budget 15 problems around the country, and are most 16 important to restoring employment rates to 17 healthy levels, which begs the question for 18 us: Why is the U.S. EPA moving forward to 19 tighten the ozone standard at a time like 20 this? 21 The EPA just 21 months ago lowered 22 the ozone standards from 80 to 75 parts per

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 248 1 billion. Tightening these standards even 2 further will have the significant impact on 3 the many areas in California that are already 4 struggling to attain the ADPPB standard, let 5 alone the more recent stringent 75 standard. 6 Hurting local economies by pushing 7 the standard forward at this time doesn't seem 8 to make much sense to us. Serious 9 repercussions result immediately from 10 nonattainment area designations, such as 11 increased costs to industry, permitting 12 delays, restrictions on expansion, as well as 13 impacts on transportation planning. 14 There are increased costs to 15 businesses and consumers due to special 16 requirements for vehicles and fuel sold in the 17 area and for commercial and consumer products. 18 For those reasons we would urge 19 the EPA to maintain the ozone standard at the 20 current 75-parts-per-billion level that was 21 implemented less than 21 months ago. 22 Another issue that we think is

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 249 1 important from the California Chambers of 2 Commerce perspective is that the EPA has not 3 adequately considered the impacts of 4 international border pollution on current and 5 future ozone levels. EPA is presently unable 6 to reliably forecast the impacts of overseas 7 emissions, those emanating from China, India, 8 Africa, and other places that blow over to the 9 United States, and their impact on our 10 domestic ozone levels. 11 Overseas pollution impact on our 12 ozone levels can be expected to grow as those 13 economies and the world economy is expanding. 14 This will make it more difficult for areas in 15 California and throughout the country to meet 16 the increasing stringent standards being 17 pursued by EPA. So we think ultimately that's 18 an important issue to be addressed by the EPA, 19 if possible, in the future when we'll be 20 pushing for, hopefully, some sort of 21 resolution on that. 22 Thank you again for the

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 250 1 opportunity to comment today. And thanks for 2 your consideration. 3 MS. WEGMAN: Thank you. I just 4 want to note on the question you raise about 5 border pollution, this is a reconsideration of 6 the record from the March 2008 rule, but at 7 the same time we are starting a new review of 8 ozone, working in parallel. And this question 9 about border pollution has been raised 10 elsewhere of course, and that will certainly 11 be something we'll be looking at very closely 12 in the next review, so that's the thing. 13 MR. CALLAHAN: Great. Thank you. 14 MS. WEGMAN: Thank you both. 15 Our next speakers are Rick Bettis 16 and Ann martin. And after that it will be

17 Karen Mele. 18 MR. BETTIS: Thank you. My name 19 is Rick Bettis. That's R-i-c-k B-e-t-t-i-s, 20 and I'm here primarily as a volunteer with the 21 Sierra Club. I do volunteer work at, well, 22 the Sierra Club California, the local Mother

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 251 1 Lode and chapter and Sacramento group levels 2 of the Sierra Club. But I also might mention 3 that I speak from the perspective of being an 4 active member and volunteer of other 5 organizations who are equally concerned on 6 this issue, and that includes the League of 7 Women Voters, who -- they don't have a 8 specific criteria, but they do urge all that 9 can be done to improve our air quality from 10 the perspective of our public health. 11 And then Breathe California, which 12 you might know is sort of a sister 13 organization, actually a spinoff of the 14 National Lung Association. There I 15 participate in what they call their Health 16 Effects Task Force, which is made up of some 17 real qualified health professionals: 18 Epidemiologist and public health officers from 19 the local Sacramento County area as well as 20 the University of California. And listening

21 I learn a lot. 22 Actually I should have mentioned

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 252 1 that I'm a retired civil engineer who started 2 my career with CalTrans building highways and 3 now I'm a dedicated transit rider, so. But 4 with this Health Effects Task Force it's very 5 clear that the more you learn about this 6 issue, the more serious it looks. And I think 7 that group would certainly urge you to 8 strengthen these standards. 9 I also am a volunteer with the 10 Physicians for Social Responsibility, who is 11 another medical organization that probably 12 their perspective is somewhat wider than most 13 medical organizations, but they do strongly 14 urge to strengthen these standards as well. 15 And there are those within that organizations 16 who have quite qualified and done quite a bit 17 of looking at this issue. 18 Well, you've heard a lot about the 19 lung-impairment factors on the ozone. So I 20 won't try to repeat those or compete with 21 those, who know a whole lot more than I do. 22 But I might mention on a personal level I grew

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 253 1 up in the San Joaquin Valley and I did lose a 2 father to lung disease and a sister who spent 3 half her life with asthma. So I have a 4 personal connection with this, so I feel it as 5 well as the broader public policy perspective. 6 Amongst those who I work with on a 7 volunteer basis, there is one -- well, she's 8 a developmental pediatrician and she's worked 9 with autistic children for 20-some years. And 10 she somewhat confirms what was mentioned by 11 the gerontologist, that she has done quite a 12 bit of research and she is about to get a 13 grant, a federal grant, to do more research on 14 the connection of nitric oxide with autism in 15 children. And of course nitric oxide is one 16 of the more important precursors of ozone. So 17 by reducing the emissions of nitric oxide, you 18 would also help to several what she feels is 19 a clear connection with autism in children. 20 And she works with those folks at all times. 21 Then, lastly, I might mention 22 this. The reduction in emissions, nitric

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 254 1 oxide especially, would help us in our battle 2 with climate change, which is something that 3 is even more ominous out there. 4 So I would like to join the others 5 and urge you to adopt the strengthen of the 6 standard to the 60 parts per billion. So 7 thank you. 8 MS. WEGMAN: Thank you. 9 MS. MARTIN: Thank you. My name 10 is Ann Martin. That's A-n-n M-a-r-t-i-n. I'd 11 like to thank the Sierra Club for letting me 12 know about today, because I've been a member 13 for years and I'm really speaking as an 14 individual. 15 I grew up in the Mohawk Valley of 16 New York state and I'm a child of the 17 depression. Just automatically we became 18 conservationists, at least a lot of people of 19 my generation are. We just don't waste 20 things. We're very tight, too. 21 But I don't ever remember anybody 22 having asthma. And I talked to

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 255 1 contemporaries: Do you remember children 2 being sick when we were young? They weren't. 3 But I ended up with a child, and this was in 4 New Jersey, and we couldn't figure out what 5 was wrong with her. This was in the early 6 '70s. And we ended up with a pulmonary man. 7 And this doctor said go outside and look at 8 the dirty air. This is the early '70s. He 9 said: I am convinced this is why all of these 10 children are sick. That's almost 40 years 11 ago. 12 I became an instant tree hugger. 13 I joined environmental groups because I feel 14 this is where we're going to fight disease. 15 I don't look for cures, I look for prevention. 16 And, let's see, I have a son-in-law who grew 17 up in L.A. and my understanding is he has very 18 bad asthma today. There was a time you 19 couldn't see the San Gabriels. You can today. 20 And somehow it can be improved. I 21 mean I've been told you couldn't see the 22 mountains. And, as I say, you can. But right

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 256 1 here the smog in Sacramento -- I now have 2 grandchildren, four of them are in the 3 foothills, my understanding is the smog rises 4 at night. I tell my daughter: Don't let the 5 kids out at night. You know, and there is one 6 who is here. 7 Federal money being granted for 8 roads, or whatever. I don't know all the ins 9 and outs of it, but it gives us some way that 10 we can enforce this kind of improvement. 11 As I say, I volunteer right now 12 for Fish and Wildlife. I did it for seven 13 months last year. This is my way, and it's 14 bottom line, let's clean up, not just air, but 15 water and everything else. And I thank you 16 very much -- oh, last one, cataract surgery: 17 Thank you, smog. 18 MS. WEGMAN: Well, thank you very

19 much.

20 Is Karen Mele here? And then we 21 will take a break after that. 22 MS. MELE: My name is Karen Mele.

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 257 1 It's K-a-r-e-n M-e-l-e. I'm here with the 2 Central Valley Air Quality Coalition and I'm 3 also here as a citizen. I consider myself an 4 active citizen. I'm a resident of Fresno in 5 the San Joaquin Valley. 6 A couple of years ago I decided to 7 try to decrease my impact or negative impact 8 on air quality, I got rid of my car, and I 9 rely solely on public transportation, walking, 10 and bicycling, which is quite a challenge in 11 the Fresno area. It's a slightly rural, 12 slightly urban area, but I make it work. And 13 the benefits greatly outweigh the challenges. 14 On some days, however, when the 15 smog index is quite high, I am literally 16 jeopardizing my health to try to decrease my 17 pollution impacts. So I'm hit with this 18 dichotomy of do I stay indoors, not go to 19 work, suffer financially, or go outside and 20 risk my own health literally to transport 21 myself. 22 I strongly urge you to consider

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 258 1 the 60-parts-per-billion standard and help 2 everyone in the United States make healthy 3 lifestyle choices so that they can go outdoors 4 and walk, sit in the park, get out of their 5 cars without having to breathe dirty air. 6 Thank you. 7 MS. WEGMAN: Thank you. Thank you 8 very much for coming. 9 Okay. We'll take a 15-minute

10 break. 11 (Recess taken from 3:40 p.m. to 12 4:04 p.m.) 13 MS. WEGMAN: So we have got a 14 couple of folks here ready to speak. So we'll 15 take them and I think then we'll have another 16 break since we don't have too many more 17 people, I think, who want to speak, at least 18 right now. 19 So Dorothy Rothrock and Dick Ely 20 -- or Ely. Yes, you are. Sorry, yes. We 21 have a timer and each person gets five 22 minutes.

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 259 1 MS. ROTHROCK: Okay, that's fine. 2 MS. WEGMAN: And if you could 3 spell your name for the court reporter.

4 MS. ROTHROCK: Wonderful. I'm 5 Dorothy Rothrock. It's Dorothy 6 R-o-t-h-r-o-c-k. Thank you. It's wonderful 7 just to come in and do this and then go. 8 MS. WEGMAN: You came at the right 9 time. 10 MS. ROTHROCK: Yeah. I'm Dorothy 11 Rothrock. I'm the Vice President of 12 Government Affairs for the California 13 Manufacturers and Technology Association. 14 We're -- we represent large and small 15 manufacturers in California. We have about 16 600 members and we ordinarily work on state 17 legislation with regard to manufacturing, 18 environmental issues, tax issues, corporate 19 counsel issues, energy issues. And we're here 20 to discuss of course this new ozone regulation 21 of the federal government. We appreciate the

22 chance to comment.

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 260 1 Of course as you know, this matter 2 is a very high importance to manufacturers, 3 both as a direct regulation issue but also how 4 it may increase the costs of our input, such 5 as power plants and fuel refineries and the 6 other inputs to manufacturers. 7 Of great concern to the 8 Manufacturing Association is that since the 9 peak in about January 2000 we've lost 600,000 10 manufacturing jobs in California. We believe 11 that it's vital that we encourage job growth 12 in the state and that this new standard will 13 have a downward impact on employment. We 14 think it will hurt jobs and that this is not 15 the time to be making the standard more strict 16 than it is. 17 On top of this standard there are 18 other stricter requirements that I see that 19 I've been told are coming down the road, on: 20 Nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, pm, and of 21 course in California particularly we're 22 looking at new regulations on greenhouse gas

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 261 1 emissions. And I'm working on this issue 2 almost full time in California. We're looking 3 at regulations on fuels, direct regulations 4 that could be a cap-and-trade program, and 5 that's of course under California's own AB32, 6 which is a climate bill that will cap 7 emissions in California, taking us down to 8 1990 levels by 2020. 9 So when we look at the horizon of 10 all the various things we're going to have to 11 comply with over the next few years, this is 12 just another one adding on top, creating a 13 kind of pile-on effect for regulation that's 14 really going to put a dampening effect on the 15 economy just when we need some relief. 16 As you know, unemployment in 17 California exceeds 12 percent. It's one of 18 the highest levels in the country. And we've 19 got to turn that around. California is a big 20 state in the union and we hope California can 21 lead us out of the recession and not 22 necessarily operate as a drag on keeping the

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 262 1 country from coming out of the recession. 2 So I encourage you to take another 3 look at this, give it a few more years, stick 4 with the current standard, probably the bad 5 economy has already reduced ozone to the 6 extent that it's related to productive 7 activity, because I know a lot of the 8 facilities that are in our membership have cut 9 back, have reduced production because of the 10 recession. 11 I appreciate the time you've given 12 me. Thank you very much. 13 MS. WEGMAN: Thank you. 14 MR. ELY: Ms. Wegman, thank you 15 very much for the time. My name is Richard 16 Ely, E-l-y. I am the head of a small 17 hydropower and small wind-development company. 18 Most of the people here today have 19 spoken to you in terms of depth of regulation. 20 I'd like to slightly change the venue to speak 21 of breadth of regulation. 22 Section 309 of the Federal Clean

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 263 1 Air Act requires you to intervene on NEPA 2 issues in federal process, basically in 3 processes done by other federal agencies. A 4 problem here is that the EPA's intervention or 5 entrance into these other federal processes

6 has been lackluster at best. And as an 7 example, we are here in California tearing 8 down a large number of small hydropower 9 plants. The ramifications of this are that 10 there will be a substitution of coal and 11 natural gas for the torn-down plants, 12 basically because there is a huge effort right 13 now in this state to have renewable energy, 14 and that is not going to be increased. So we 15 have a replacement. 16 That analysis, the air quality 17 analysis of the replaced generation is not 18 done by EPA. So what you have is an 19 evaluation of projects, typically a project 20 will have an impact on the fish or the birds 21 or the bats, depending on the type of project, 22 but there's no one there to look at the air

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 264 1 quality impacts and the downstream impacts of 2 that air quality on fish, humans, and the 3 planet. This is entirely the responsibility 4 of EPA under 309, and we would very much like 5 to see that increase. I'd be happy to take 6 any questions. But what's happening right 7 now, for example, is basically a complete 8 silence on the air impacts, the indirect 9 impacts of tearing out green production as a 10 result of having nobody on the air quality 11 analysis side of the table. 12 MS. WEGMAN: If I could just make 13 sure I'm understanding, you're saying that the 14 state is tearing out existing hydropower 15 facilities? 16 MR. ELY: The Federal Energy 17 Regulatory Commission is evaluating the 18 environmental impacts of various hydropower 19 projects. There is no question that part of 20 that analysis includes the impacts through the 21 water on the fish. What is missing, however, 22 is the indirect impacts through the air on the

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 265 1 fish and on the humans. 2 Whenever you tear out the one 3 plant, in effect, that generation is going to 4 be made by other parts, notably coal and 5 natural gas. That blows down wind, creates 6 destruction, as has been testified elsewhere 7 of the atmosphere, acid rains, and destroys a 8 large number of fish, but the fish that are 9 destroyed through the air path are not 10 asserted under the purview of the immediate 11 regulators who are charged with a particular 12 river, stream; and so the regulators seldom 13 look beyond the small geographic area of the 14 river basin or the river where the dam in 15 question is. This is really an air vector 16 that is entirely in the 309 classification and 17 falls under the Clean Air Act. And we'd 18 certainly appreciate your help in coming up 19 with some strong intervention or testimony on 20 these issues when they're before the FERC. 21 Thank you very much. 22 MS. WEGMAN: Thank you.

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 266 1 MR. ELY: And I'm happy to answer 2 any other questions.

3 MS. WEGMAN: Yes. Please.

4 MR. ELY: Ms. Adams. 5 MS. ADAMS: Hi. I'm from Region 6 9. Do you have a specific project that you 7 are thinking about right now? 8 MR. ELY: Well, I'm very much 9 involved in several. The particular one that 10 this is an issue or is an exemplar of this is 11 the Kilarc, that's K-i-l-a-r-c, Cow Creek 12 Project. That's up in Northern California. 13 The particular mode of it 14 operating is all of the regulatory and review 15 agencies have a purview, basically a NIMBY 16 purview of their particular area. For 17 example, Region 9. There is nobody that is 18 looking on a national perspective or really a 19 whole statewide perspective or national or 20 certainly world perspective of the indirect 21 effects through the air. 22 MS. ADAMS: Thank you.

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 267 1 MR. ELY: Thank you very much. 2 MS. WEGMAN: Okay. Thank you. 3 Is there anybody else here who 4 would like to speak right now? 5 Okay. If not, we'll take another 6 break. Thank you. 7 (Recess taken from 4:12 p.m. to 8 6:22 p.m.) 9 MS. WEGMAN: Thank you very much 10 for coming. Welcome to the hearing. You have 11 five minutes to speak, and we have a timer. 12 So whenever you're ready you can just spell 13 your name for our court reporter and begin. 14 And my name is Lydia Wegman and I'm chairing 15 the panel. We have Rory Mays, Elizabeth 16 Adams, and Susan Stone, all EPA employees, 17 along with me. 18 DR. WANG: Well, thank you very 19 much. My name is Harry Wang. That's spelled 20 W-a-n-g. 21 I am the President of the 22 Sacramento Chapter of Physicians for Social

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 268 1 Responsibility. I represent our 700 members 2 as well as our entire national organization of 3 30,000 professionals and other concerned 4 citizens. We have 31 chapters across the 5 country. We also have 60 medical student 6 groups as part of our organization. 7 One of Physicians for Social 8 Responsibility's main areas of interest is 9 promoting better health through environmental 10 protection. And I thank you for this 11 opportunity to present comments on the NAAQS

12 for Ozone. 13 I'm also a Board-certified 14 pediatrician and child psychiatrist. And I'm 15 treated many children with asthma. My own 16 daughter was hospitalized in intensive care at 17 the age of nine at a hospital here in 18 Sacramento. And I recall many nights when I 19 had to be up with her giving her breathing 20 treatments. And I can tell you as a parent 21 and as the child herself, there's very few 22 things as scary for children as not being able

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 269 1 to breathe and not being able to get enough 2 oxygen. 3 PSR would like to thank the EPA in 4 recognizing that the ozone standards set in 5 2008 are not sufficiently low to protect our 6 citizens. We are grateful that the standard 7 is to be grounded in science, with the goal of 8 promoting public health "with an adequate 9 margin of safety." 10 This is an important standard 11 because ground-level ozone pollution is the 12 most pervasive air pollutant in the United 13 States. An estimated one-third of Americans 14 live in areas with unhealthy levels of ozone, 15 which places this third of the population at 16 risk for serious health problems. 17 The science is clear: Ozone 18 pollution reduces lung function and harms the 19 airways. Ozone exposure increases the risk of 20 premature death from heart or lung disease. 21 Breathing ozone is associated with more lung 22 infections, medication use, doctors visits,

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 270 1 and hospital admissions, especially for adults 2 and children who have chronic cardiac or lung 3 diseases. 4 Ozone pollution especially harms 5 children because they breathe at a more rapid 6 rate, they spend more time outdoors, and they 7 have higher levels of physical activities than

8 adults. 9 Physicians for Social 10 Responsibility urges the EPA to lower the 11 eight-hour primary standard to 0.060 parts per 12 million. An even lower-limit concentration 13 should be considered if the EPA would like to 14 adopt a standard that truly protects 15 vulnerable populations, such as children and 16 adults with chronic diseases. 17 We base this position on 18 published, peer-reviewed, scientific studies 19 that demonstrate measurable health impacts for 20 subjects even at 0.06 parts per million ozone 21 exposure. These impacts include reductions in 22 lung function as measured by forced expiratory

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 271 1 volume in one second. Now these studies were 2 done on individuals in good health and would

3 have shown even more effects for vulnerable 4 individuals.

5 PSR also recommends that the new 6 eight-hour primary standard for ozone be 7 implemented in the shortest timeframe 8 possible. Too many Americans already suffer 9 from and die from respiratory diseases. You

10 know the numbers: Hundred thousand deaths 11 annually, four million hospitalizations, 14 12 million emergency room visits, and 112 million 13 visits to clinics for individuals with lung 14 diseases.15 Given the clearcut cause-and16 effect association between respiratory 17 conditions and ozone levels above the proposed 18 standard, any delay in reducing ambient ozone19 concentrations will inevitably cause ozone20 related morbidity and mortality. The current 21 estimated time line for implementation allows 22 some states up to 20 years -- that's 20 years

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 272 1 -- to meet the primary standard. From a 2 public health perspective, this is an 3 unacceptable delay and will cause needless 4 suffering and loss of lives. 5 We realize that compliance with 6 any new standard will be costly for industry, 7 but these costs will be offset by savings in 8 healthcare expenditures and increased 9 productivity at work. And, more importantly, 10 quality of life will improve and many lives 11 will be saved. 12 In summary, PSR supports lowering 13 the primary standard of ozone to 0.06 parts 14 per million and urges consideration of even 15 lower-limit concentration of this the EPA 16 wishes to provide "an adequate margin of 17 safety" to vulnerable populations, especially 18 children. We urge that the new standard for 19 ozone be implemented in the shortest timeframe 20 possible to minimize the current health 21 effects of ozone pollution. 22 Thank you.

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 273 1 MS. WEGMAN: Thank you very much. 2 If there are any specific studies that you 3 want to cite, you could submit those for the 4 record, not necessarily the studies, but just 5 the citations, you can email those to us. The 6 comment period, we have a written comment 7 period that's open till March 22nd. So the 8 study you mentioned about the health effects 9 of .060, if you want to just note that in your 10 email that would be helpful. 11 DR. WANG: Okay. 12 MS. WEGMAN: Okay. Well, thank 13 you very much for coming in. 14 DR. WANG: Thank you. 15 MS. WEGMAN: We very much 16 appreciate it. 17 DR. WANG: Thank you very much. 18 MS. WEGMAN: I don't think we have 19 anyone else who is going to speak right now, 20 so I think we will take a break and see if 21 anybody else comes. 22 (Off the record from 6:28 p.m. to

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 274 1 6:31 p.m.) 2 MR. PARTANSKY: I'm Joseph 3 Stanislaus Alexander Partanksy. You can call 4 me Joe Partansky. 5 MS. WEGMAN: Wait until the court 6 reporter is ready. 7 MR. PARTANSKY: P-a-r-t-a-n-s-k-y. 8 You don't need the whole kit and caboodle.

9 I'm a former board member of the 10 United States Mexico Board of Public Health 11 Association and been involved with some of the 12 politics of healthcare, ex-research analyst, 13 and also with the health department, the 14 addictions therein, and been an advocate for 15 personal disability for quite some time. I 16 coordinated the World Congress of Medicine in 17 Mexico City for the secretary in 1974 for the 18 extra aspects of physical medicine.

19 In the area of the WHO standard of 20 50 parts per billion, this last gentleman came 21 closest to mentioning the idea to have a wider 22 effort reserved for healthcare, particularly

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 275 1 for those who are already disabled. And I 2 would think some way along the way a serious 3 review of the WHO standards ought to be worth 4 considering and not what happens to be in the 5 U.S. perspective. 6 We have a situation where we have 7 a tendency to use civil rights, because that's 8 part of our U.S. history, but the U.N. various 9 conventions use human rights. And the idea of 10 the WHO having a more universal, relevant kind 11 of perspective is something worth considering, 12 rather than our being too parochial in a 13 situation. 14 I have dealt with people who are 15 elderly. As a licensed nursing home 16 administrator, practiced for the last 25 17 years, dealing with people who have 18 disabilities and are at lower levels of 19 health, and I would think from the standpoint 20 of the 60, if the WHO has 50 there must be 21 some significance to that. And I urge you to 22 make the serious effort to compare and

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 276 1 contrast why the 60 rather than the 50, in 2 light of what appears to be some background. 3 I know that the issues of 4 healthcare and the policies thereof, it's nice

5 to be able to have a second chance -- to have 6 a third chance down the road, if you can kind 7 of sidestep that, like they do in Africa, 8 where they have the cellphones and you no 9 longer need to have the lines, what-have-you, 10 it would be kind of nice to get the 50 now

11 rather than later. So I recommend the WHO 12 standard be seriously considered and reviewed. 13 I think with that kind of 14 contrast, the last gentleman came closest to 15 it from the standpoint that if you really want 16 to have a good standard margin of safety, and 17 realize that we have different subpopulations 18 who are susceptible, the young people and the 19 elderly, and others who may have other 20 problems, including asthma who don't want to 21 have additional materials in the environment, 22 so that not only is there a morbidity factor

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 277 1 but there is a factor of minimizing the 2 quality of the morbidity, as we say in the 3 rehab, primary, secondary, and tertiary 4 prevention, to use those fancy terms, kind of 5 help to minimize the progression, if you can, 6 and call that secondary prevention and realize 7 that what we're understanding here, it's not 8 only going to affect new cases but also the 9 people who may already be under the damage of 10 this. 11 Thank you. 12 MS. WEGMAN: Well, thank you. 13 MR. PARTANSKY: Any questions? 14 MS. WEGMAN: Thank you for taking 15 the time to talk. And to the extent you have 16 any information that you want to submit in 17 support of the WHO standard, anything that -- 18 MR. PARTANKSY: Well, I was 19 talking to this gentleman here. We're going 20 to see if we can find out what that standard 21 is supported by. I have some contacts over 22 there, so I can probably -- and use my

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 278 1 internet. 2 MS. WEGMAN: Okay. Very good. 3 Well, thank you. Thank you for being here 4 today. 5 MS. STONE: Thank you for coming 6 and thank you for testifying. 7 (Off the record from 6:35 p.m. to 8 6:36 p.m.) 9 MR. TEAGUE: Well, good evening. 10 My name is Jonathan Teague. I live here in 11 Sacramento, California. I'm glad that I have 12 a chance to speak to you all tonight. 13 MS. WEGMAN: Jon, could you just 14 spell your name for our court reporter?

15 MR. TEAGUE: Sure. You bet. 16 MS. WEGMAN: Thank you. 17 MR. TEAGUE: It's Jonathan, 18 J-o-n-a-t-h-a-n, middle initial M., last name 19 Teague, that's T-, as in Tom, -e-a-g-u-e. 20 And I'll just go ahead and plunge 21 right in here. I'm very happy to see that the 22 EPA is examining the standards for ground-

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 279 1 level ozone. That's an issue, a problem that 2 we've struggled a lot with in the Sacramento 3 area over a number of years, as the city has 4 expanded and car traffic has picked up and 5 there have been more emissions. 6 The particular basin we're in 7 tends to exacerbate the problem. I think 8 that's not something that the EPA standard can 9 address directly, but it is an issue for us. 10 I'll speak a little bit from 11 personal experience. My mother lived with us 12 for a number of years here in Sacramento. And 13 she was I guess what you'd call one of a 14 vulnerable population. She suffered from 15 chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder. And 16 we definitely could tell when we were having 17 a bad air day here in Sacramento. So I know 18 that it's an issue for people who have health 19 concerns, but it's also an issue for those of 20 us who are in relatively good health. 21 There are other aspects of this 22 and I know you've heard about this from other

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 280 1 people so I'm not going to belabor it. 2 Agriculture is a major industry here in 3 California, tree crops in particular. And 4 these particular kinds of crops are certainly 5 sensitive to atmospheric ozone as well. The 6 people can get up and run away and the plants 7 are sort of stuck there and kind of have to 8 just absorb it. 9 It is something that I think EPA 10 needs to look at long term. I understand that 11 there are a number of studies, and again I 12 won't go into the literature here, that have 13 indicated that this is a toxicant that 14 definitely needs to be addressed. Lower 15 standards, I think, would go a long way to 16 protecting public health. 17 One of the things that a lower 18 standard would do of course is potentially put 19 a number of areas, possibly including 20 Sacramento, into a nonattainment status. What 21 that would do for us is it would force us to 22 address some land-use planning and

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 281 1 transportation issues that we have managed to 2 avoid so far. So that would be an indirect 3 effect, certainly an impact of the standard, 4 that I would urge you not to put too much 5 weight on the fact that this could be an 6 action-forcing standard, because action is 7 really what we need here to improve the air 8 quality. 9 And I guess that's really all I 10 have to say. I just want to express my 11 support for EPA's interest in revisiting the 12 standard. I think it's long overdue. And I 13 appreciate you coming all the way out here to 14 California for this hearing to take this 15 testimony. 16 Do you have any questions I could

17 answer? 18 MS. STONE: I have one question.

19 MR. TEAGUE: Sure. 20 MS. STONE: The range that was 21 proposed was 60 to 70 parts per billion. Do 22 you have a support for any particular level in

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 282 1 that range? 2 MR. TEAGUE: I don't have any 3 particular evidence to bring to bear on that. 4 I think people who are actually researching 5 the field, folks who are constructing that 6 kind of investigation could speak to that more 7 directly. Like I say, my sources are all 8 secondary, so I don't have any primary 9 research to bring to bear. 10 MS. STONE: So you're expressing 11 support for just the range?

12 MR. TEAGUE: Yes. Yes.

13 MS. STONE: That makes sense.

14 MR. TEAGUE: I understand the 15 World Health Organization has a lower

16 standard; -- 17 MS. STONE: Right. 18 MR. TEAGUE: -- that's certainly 19 something that should be taken under 20 advisement. Again, and I can't point you to 21 what literature they're looking at, but... 22 MS. STONE: All right. Thank you

### 202-234-4433 Neal R. Gross & Co., Inc. Page 283 1 very much for coming. 2 MR. TEAGUE: Thank you. Sure. 3 MS. STONE: We appreciate it. 4 MS. WEGMAN: We do appreciate your 5 coming. Thank you. 6 MR. TEAGUE: Thank you. 7 (Off the record from 6:41 p.m. to 8 7:30 p.m.) 9 MS. STONE: This is Susan Stone, 10 the hearing official for this public hearing. 11 It is 7:30. There are no people here to 12 testify, so I declare this hearing closed. 13 (Whereupon, the hearing was 14 adjourned at 7:30 p.m.)

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261:4 car 135:19 144:11 146:19 257:8 279:4 CARB 173:1 198:9 carbohydrates 181:21,22 carbon 126:7 card 113:9 cardiac 185:3

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272:13 0.06-ppm 14:5,13 0.060 270:11 0.075 64:16 04 13:21,22 14:2 06 14:2 87:8 06-ppm 15:18 0604:9 151:20 152:7,16 153:3 176:9 177:15 273:9 0704:9 53:15 177:16 075 177:14 08 13:14,19,21 14:2 15:21 16:2 17:1,7 64:8 1 1 70:15 147:16

163:3 199:15 1.3 233:11 10 14:8 15:2 29:18 82:2 86:7 93:18 109:21 155:8 172:7 246:20 10Ks 116:9 10,000 160:7 10-percent 182:2 101 122:12 156:21

171:5 104 155:11 11 110:20 11-year-old 153:15 11:06 93:22 11:27 94:1 110 125:14 112 271:12 12 8:13,14 9:6

13:21 36:18 48:17 123:14 125:2 226:1 261:17 12-hour9:7 12.4 246:21 12:47 177:4 126 51:16 13 230:14 232:11 130 200:3 1441:7 84:5 106:4

123:3 271:11 140,000 115:16 145 181:10 15 4:17 92:18 135:5

156:8 158:4 172:7 177:22 15th 243:21 15,00048:20 242:7

247:2 15-minute 86:7

93:19 258:9 15-percent 14:19 150,000 184:7 16 104:3 16,000 246:2 1600 245:5 163 44:20 17 123:14 1700 31:14 89:2

234:2 1840:5,12 61:11

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122:19 123:1 156:3 199:1 18-year 154:20 187 217:19 19th 2:17 19,000 19:13 22:18 1900 245:4 1958 179:18 197044:18 165:11 1974 274:17 1980 51:15 1980s 140:7 1990 171:17 261:8 1990s 134:4 1994 24:18 1997 166:9,15 2 2 14:8 15:3 52:11

52:15 53:7,16,20 2.5 155:20 2.8 14:5 2:10 177:5 2044:9 109:17 114:21 132:2,19 216:2 225:8 271:22,22 20-some 253:9 20-year 111:10 113:4 200 102:2,3 200,000 122:18 2000 81:5,11 260:9 2001 149:13 156:19 2002 13:15,20 157:4 2003 157:7 2004 59:3 79:18

200:3 2005 58:14 65:7

69:19 123:1 167:15 2006 13:15 14:1 15:19 60:12 84:20 119:15 2007 15:14 83:13

84:5,5 115:5,11 156:17 199:5,17 242:21 243:14 2007-2008 85:19 2008 2:13 4:11 13:3 13:7,16 16:20 32:8 44:18 46:5 49:13 51:15 58:20 60:16 64:7,15 65:4 165:20 168:7 170:3 177:13 250:6 269:5 2010 1:12 129:17 2014 129:20 2020 261:8 2023 166:14 2024 167:2 205:5 2031 129:20 168:17 21 45:7 46:9 47:10 168:21 247:21 248:21 21-ozone 122:11 22nd 5:3 175:20 182:21 183:2 273:7 23 31:5 123:16 24 56:12 166:14 194:6 24-hour99:11,14 24-weeks 163:4 25 29:16 142:20 199:6,9,16 275:16 26 184:6 2600 245:4 2743:16 28 148:7 29 51:18 29-year-old 29:21 29-year-olds 30:2 3 3 119:20 3,400 120:1 3.5 245:4 3:40 258:11 30 9:7,8 14:9 15:3 123:5 126:10 128:1 230:14,16 232:11 30,000 268:3 30-year 190:5

238:1 30048:15 147:16 300-pound 104:21 309 262:22 264:4

265:16 31 184:17 268:4 31st4:20 129:17 32 122:14 34 51:19 35 51:8 350 171:8 37 189:12 38,000 247:1 4 4 1:12 4:04 258:12 4:12 267:7 40 1:9 70:15 137:7 137:7,20 157:15 195:15 255:10 40,000 28:8 400 99:21 42,000 50:14 43-percent 155:16 450 99:22 4900 1:14 5 5 116:9 50 1:9 99:18 115:15 125:15 171:3,14 171:17 194:17 195:12 196:14 274:20 275:20 276:1,10 50,000 28:4 122:19 50-gallon 160:15 50-percent 134:5 135:2 155:12 51 22:4 166:4 54 51:21 55 59:22 58 1:9 6 6 185:18 199:9 6,000 247:1 6.6 14:3 6:22 267:8 6:28 273:22 6:31 274:1 6:35 278:7 6:36 278:8 6:41 283:7 60 20:12 21:1 23:5

23:9,12 30:19 33:13 37:8 44:18 61:16 62:4,8,12 65:1 66:3,17,19 67:2,11,11 71:14 73:15 75:8,14 76:5 77:3 78:5 82:10 85:6,12,16 86:2 87:9 93:10 114:3 116:4 121:20 126:1 130:15 153:12 157:20 163:2 164:7 166:1 167:8 168:13,16 170:4 176:4 179:12,14 181:15 190:2 192:5 201:5 212:2 212:13 214:10 215:4 217:18 239:5 240:22 242:5 243:3 244:1 244:15 245:1,12 254:6 268:5 275:20 276:1 281:21 60-part 124:6 60-parts 138:22

159:6 60-parts-per72:19

237:7 60-parts-per-billi...

39:5 72:3 76:7 84:18 116:14 235:11 258:1 60-parts-per-mill... 141:21 60-part-per 59:8 600 259:16 600,000 260:9 61 60:14 63 110:17 65045:21 7 74:17 84:5 153:4 158:3 177:22 7,000 171:6 247:2 7:30 7:16 283:8,11

283:14 70 20:12 23:9 58:16

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40:8 45:8,20 47:10 58:19 62:7 81:11 114:15 247:22 248:5 75-parts-per-billi...

46:4 248:20 76 193:11 8 8 163:4 199:8 8045:7 46:3 104:17

247:22 800,000 156:6 9 9 3:4 193:8 266:6

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