The Honorable Samuel H. Mays, Jr., United States District Court for the Western District *

of Tennessee, sitting by designation.

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION

File Name: 07a0053n.06

Filed: January 23, 2007

No. 05-4408

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

PJETER BUSHATI,

Petitioner,

v.

ALBERTO GONZALES, Attorney General,

Respondent.

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ON PETITION FOR REVIEW

FROM A FINAL ORDER OF THE

BOARD OF IMMIGRATION

APPEALS

Before: KEITH, CLAY, Circuit Judges; and MAYS, District Judge. 

*

DAMON J. KEITH, Circuit Judge. Petitioner-Appellant Pjeter Bushati petitions the Court

for review of a Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) decision affirming, without opinion, an

immigration judge’s denial of his application for deferral of removal under the United Nation’s

Convention Against Torture (“CAT”). For the reasons set forth below, we DENY Bushati’s due

process claims and DISMISS his remaining claims for lack of jurisdiction. 

I. 

Pjeter Bushati is a 41-year-old native and citizen of Albania. He left Albania for Yugoslavia

in 1990 as a political refugee. In 1991, Bushati entered the United States as a refugee. In 1992, his

immigration status was adjusted to lawful permanent resident. On September 22, 1995, Bushati was

convicted of two criminal counts in the State of Michigan Circuit Court for the County of Macomb:
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Bushati v. Gonzales

Page 2

(1) breaking and entering a building with intent to commit larceny and (2) conspiracy to commit

breaking and entering. He was sentenced to a term of 24 to 120 months of incarceration on each

count, to be served concurrently. 

Removal proceedings were commenced against Bushati on February 17, 2000, with the filing

of a notice to appear. The notice charged Bushati with being subject to removal as an alien

convicted of an aggravated felony. On November 7, 2000, Bushati conceded removability.

Thereafter, on April 27, 2001, he filed applications for withholding of removal pursuant to section

241(b)(3) of the Immigration and Naturalization Act (“INA”), 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(A), and

withholding and deferral of removal under the CAT, 8 C.F.R. §§ 1208.16, 1208.17(a). In the

applications, he alleged that if he were to return to Albania he would be detained, made to

“disappear,” tortured, or forced to admit he is a spy and then tortured because he and his family have

always been anti-Communist and the people in power in Albania are former Communists. 

An administrative hearing was held on Bushati’s applications before an immigration judge

on May 19, 2004. Bushati testified briefly and did not call any witnesses. At the hearing, when

asked if he would be subject to torture if he returned to Albania, Bushati responded that it was not

safe for him in Albania and that he would not feel comfortable there. He further stated that he was

not able to say whether he might be subject to torture because he had not been in Albania for more

than ten years. When questioned about what might happen if he returned tomorrow, Bushati

responded that he did not know. When asked if the only reason he feels that he would be persecuted

is because he left Albania illegally, Bushati responded “probably.” He testified that his father and

five siblings continue to reside in Albania and none of them have experienced problems with the
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Bushati v. Gonzales

Page 3

 To the extent that Bushati’s brief could be construed as such, he has effectively waived 1

appeal of those issues. See Rawe v. Liberty Mut. Fire Ins. Co., 462 F.3d 521, 525 n.4 (6th Cir.

2006). 

government. He stated that when he lived in Albania, he was never detained, interrogated,

imprisoned, or persecuted by the authorities. He also testified that he has never been a member of

a political party or active in politics in Albania or anywhere else. 

In an oral decision following the hearing, the immigration judge found that Bushati did not

qualify for withholding of removal under the INA or the CAT because he had been convicted of an

aggravated felony. See 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(B)(ii); 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(d)(2). As to Bushati’s

petition for deferral of removal made pursuant to theCAT, the immigration judge found that Bushati

had failed to satisfy his burden to demonstrate that it was more likely than not he would be tortured

upon his return to Albania. Accordingly, the immigration judge denied Bushati’s applications. On

October 7, 2005, the BIA affirmed the immigration judge’s determination without an opinion

pursuant to 8 C.F.R. § 1003.1(e)(4).

Bushati timely filed a petition for review of the BIA’s decision with this Court on November

4, 2005. Bushati does not appear to appeal the BIA’s denial of withholding of removal under the

INA or the CAT. Rather, Bushati only petitions the Court forreview of the denial of his application 1

for deferral of removal under the CAT. 

II.

Where the BIA affirms an immigration judge’s decision without an opinion, we review the

decision of the immigration judge directly. Denko v. INS, 351 F.3d 717, 726 (6th Cir. 2003). Our

review of Bushati’s petition is limited by 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(C) and (D). Tran v. Gonzales, 447
No. 05-4408

Bushati v. Gonzales

Page 4

F.3d 937, 940 (6th Cir. 2006). Section 1252(a)(2)(C) “precludes courts from reviewing any ‘final

order of removal against an alien who is removable by reason of having committed a criminal

offense covered in section . . . 1227(a)(2)(A)(iii) [convicted of an aggravated felony].’” Id.

(quoting 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(C)) (alterations in the original). Section 1252(a)(2)(D) supplies an

exception to this restriction on judicial review, providing: “Nothing in subparagraph (B) or (C), or

in any other provision of this chapter . . . which limits or eliminates judicial review, shall be

construed as precluding review of constitutional claims or questions of law raised upon a petition

for review filed with an appropriate court of appeals[.]” 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(D). It is undisputed

that Bushati committed aggravated felonies covered by sections 1252(a)(2)(C) and

1227(a)(2)(A)(iii). Therefore, our review of his petition is circumscribed to only constitutional

claims or questions of law. Our review of constitutional claims is de novo. Elia v. Gonzales, 431

F.3d 268, 272 (6th Cir. 2005). 

Bushati raises two distinct challenges to the BIA’s decision. First, he claims that the

immigration judge’s finding that he failed to meet his burden in establishing a CAT deferral of

removal claim was not supported by substantial evidence. The issue of whether substantial evidence

supports the immigration judge’s finding that Bushati did not establish that he would likely be

subject to torture upon removal to Albania is clearly a factual determination. Assuch, the claim falls

outside the jurisdictional purview of this Court and must be dismissed.

Bushati’s second ground for appeal is that the BIA’s use of the summary-affirmance-withoutopinion procedures (so called “streamlining procedures”) set forth in 8 C.F.R. § 1003.1(e)(4)
No. 05-4408

Bushati v. Gonzales

Page 5

 Although Bushati provides, in an argument subheading and the “Statement of the Issues” 2

portion of his appellate brief, that an issue on appeal is whether the streamlining provisions violated

his rights to due process or equal protection, he does not advance any equal protection arguments.

As such, Bushati has forfeited his equal protection claim. See Rawe, 462 F.3d at 525 n.4 (citing

United States v. Reed, 167 F.3d 984, 993 (6th Cir. 1999); Buziashvili v. Inman, 106 F.3d 709, 719

(6th Cir. 1997)) (stating that a claim is deemed forfeited and will not be considered by the Court

when an appellant simply identifies a claim as an issue for appeal without providing any argument

addressing the merits of the claim). 

 We note that Petitioner’s counsel, Terence G. Hoerman, has unsuccessfully asserted the 3

identical due process arguments, verbatim, to this Court a multitude of times. See Lumaj, 462 F.3d

at 576 n.1 (“Mr. Hoerman has used the same language raising the due process argument in at least

eleven other cases that are pending before this court, . . . [even though he] has been on notice that

Denko forecloses the due process argument since at least May 27, 2005[,]” when the Court issued

an opinion in one of his cases citing Denko and reiterating that the BIA’s streamlining procedures

do not violate a petitioner’s due process rights. Id. (internal citations omitted)).

violated his right to constitutional due process under the Fifth Amendment. We need not tarry. 2

This issue was expressly decided in Denko, 351 F.3d at 729-30. The petitioner in Denko, proffered

the same due process arguments that Bushati presents in the instant appeal, and this Court, in turn,

upheld the streamlining procedures as constitutional. Id. “This conclusion aligns with that of every

other circuit to consider the issue[,] . . . [and] [t]his court has reaffirmed the holding in Denko on

numerous occasions[.]” Lumaj v. Gonzales, 462 F.3d 574, 576 (6th Cir. 2006) (citations omitted).

As Bushati’s due process claims are wholly indistinguishable from Denko, the claims must be

denied.3

III.

For the aforementioned reasons, Bushati’s due process claims are DENIED and the

remainder of his petition for review is DISMISSED for lack of jurisdiction.