# Patent

## Title
Use of water-absorbing polymer particles for dewatering feces

## Abstract

The use of water-absorbing polymer particles for dewatering feces, the water-absorbing polymer particles being obtainable by polymerizing a foamed monomer solution or suspension, drying the polymeric foam and grinding the dried foam.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/487,301, filed May 18, 2011, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety


The present invention relates to the use of water-absorbing polymer particles for dewatering feces, the water-absorbing polymer particles being obtainable by polymerizing a foamed monomer solution or suspension, drying the polymeric foam and grinding the dried foam.
Being products which absorb aqueous solutions, water-absorbing polymers are used to produce diapers, tampons, sanitary napkins, panty liners, wound dressings and other hygiene articles, but also as water-retaining agents in market gardening.
The production of water-absorbing polymer particles is described in the monograph “Modern Superabsorbent Polymer Technology”, F. L. Buchholz and A. T. Graham, Wiley-VCH, 1998, pages 71 to 103.
Water-absorbing foams based on crosslinked monomers comprising acid groups are known, for example from EP 0 858 478 B1, WO 97/31971 A1, WO 99/44648 A1 and WO 00/52087 A1. They are produced, for example, by foaming a polymerizable aqueous mixture which comprises at least 50 mol % of neutralized, ethylenically unsaturated monomers comprising acid groups, crosslinker and at least one surfactant, and then polymerizing the foamed mixture. The polymerizable mixture can be foamed by dispersing fine bubbles of a gas which is inert toward free radicals, or by dissolving such a gas under elevated pressure in the polymerizable mixture and decompressing the mixture. The foams are used, for example, in hygiene articles for acquisition, distribution and storage of body fluids.
Water-absorbing polymer particles are typically used in disposal diapers for absorption of urine and are optimized for this use. When they absorb aqueous suspensions, the water-absorbing polymer particles can absorb the water present in the aqueous suspension, but not the undissolved solids present in the suspension. This leads to the effect that the surface of the water-absorbing polymer particles becomes covered with solid particles, and the ingress of further water is prevented. There has therefore been no lack of attempts to optimize water-absorbing polymer particles for absorption of aqueous liquids from suspensions such as blood and menses. In contrast there has been barely any investigation of the dewatering of feces to date.
It was an object of the present invention to provide hygiene articles with improved dewatering of feces.
The object was achieved by the use of water-absorbing polymer particles for dewatering feces, the water-absorbing polymer particles being obtainable by polymerizing a foamed aqueous monomer solution or suspension comprising
a) at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer which bears acid groups and has been neutralized to an extent of 25 to 95 mol %,
b) at least one crosslinker,
c) at least one initiator and
d) at least one surfactant,
e) optionally one or more ethylenically unsaturated monomers copolymerizable with the monomers mentioned under a),
f) optionally a solubilizer and
g) optionally thickeners, foam stabilizers, polymerization regulators, fillers, fibers and/or cell nucleators,
drying the polymeric foam and grinding the dried foam.
The monomers a) are preferably water-soluble, i.e. the solubility in water at 23° C. is typically at least 1 g/100 g of water, preferably at least 5 g/100 g of water, more preferably at least 25 g/100 g of water, most preferably at least 35 g/100 g of water.
Suitable monomers a) are, for example, ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids, such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid and itaconic acid. Particularly preferred monomers are acrylic acid and methacrylic acid. Very particular preference is given to acrylic acid.
Further suitable monomers a) are, for example, ethylenically unsaturated sulfonic acids, such as styrenesulfonic acid and 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid (AMPS).
Impurities can have a considerable influence on the polymerization. The raw materials used should therefore have a maximum purity. It is therefore often advantageous to specially purify the monomers a). Suitable purification processes are described, for example, in WO 2002/055469 A1, WO 2003/078378 A1 and WO 2004/035514 A1. A suitable monomer a) is, for example, an acrylic acid purified according to WO 2004/035514 A1 comprising 99.8460% by weight of acrylic acid, 0.0950% by weight of acetic acid, 0.0332% by weight of water, 0.0203% by weight of propionic acid, 0.0001% by weight of furfurals, 0.0001% by weight of maleic anhydride, 0.0003% by weight of diacrylic acid and 0.0050% by weight of hydroquinone monomethyl ether.
The amount of monomer a) is preferably 20 to 90% by weight, more preferably 30 to 85% by weight, most preferably 35 to 75% by weight, based in each case on the unneutralized monomer a) and on the monomer solution or suspension. Based on the unneutralized monomer a) means in the context of this invention that the proportion of the monomer a) before the neutralization is used for the calculation, i.e. the contribution of the neutralization is not taken into account.
The acid groups of the monomers a) have been neutralized to an extent of 25 to 95 mol %, preferably to an extent of 40 to 85 mol %, more preferably to an extent of 50 to 80 mol %, especially preferably to an extent of 55 to 75 mol %, for which the customary neutralizing agents can be used, for example alkali metal hydroxides, alkali metal oxides, alkali metal carbonates or alkali metal hydrogencarbonates, and mixtures thereof. The neutralization can, however, also be undertaken with ammonia, amines or alkanolamines, such as ethanolamine, diethanolamine or triethanolamine.
In a preferred embodiment, at least 50 mol %, preferably at least 75 mol %, more preferably at least 90 mol %, most preferably at least 95 mol %, of the neutralized monomers a) have been neutralized by means of an inorganic base, preferably potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate or sodium hydroxide.
A high degree of neutralization and a high proportion of acid groups neutralized with an inorganic base reduces the flexibility of the polymeric foams obtained and eases the subsequent grinding.
The proportion of acrylic acid and/or salts thereof in the total amount of monomers a) is preferably at least 50 mol %, more preferably at least 90 mol %, most preferably at least 95 mol %.
The monomers a) typically comprise polymerization inhibitors, preferably hydroquinone monoethers, as storage stabilizers.
The monomer solution comprises preferably up to 250 ppm by weight, preferably at most 130 ppm by weight, more preferably at most 70 ppm by weight, preferably at least 10 ppm by weight, more preferably at least 30 ppm by weight, especially around 50 ppm by weight, of hydroquinone monoether, based in each case on the unneutralized monomer a). For example, the monomer solution can be prepared by using an ethylenically unsaturated monomer bearing acid groups with an appropriate content of hydroquinone monoether.
Preferred hydroquinone monoethers are hydroquinone monomethyl ether (MEHQ) and/or alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E).
Suitable crosslinkers b) are compounds having at least two groups suitable for crosslinking. Such groups are, for example, ethylenically unsaturated groups which can be polymerized free-radically into the polymer chain, and functional groups which can form covalent bonds with the acid groups of the monomer a). In addition, polyvalent metal salts which can form coordinate bonds with at least two acid groups of the monomer a) are also suitable as crosslinkers b).
Crosslinkers b) are preferably compounds having at least two polymerizable groups which can be polymerized free-radically into the polymer network. Suitable crosslinkers b) are, for example, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, diethylene glycol diacrylate, polyethylene glycol diacrylate, allyl methacrylate, trimethylolpropane triacrylate, triallylamine, tetraallylammonium chloride, tetraallyloxyethane, as described in EP 0 530 438 A1, di- and triacrylates, as described in EP 0 547 847 A1, EP 0 559 476 A1, EP 0 632 068 A1, WO 93/21237 A1, WO 2003/104299 A1, WO 2003/104300 A1, WO 2003/104301 A1 and DE 103 31 450 A1, mixed acrylates which, as well as acrylate groups, comprise further ethylenically unsaturated groups, as described in DE 103 31 456 A1 and DE 103 55 401 A1, or crosslinker mixtures, as described, for example, in DE 195 43 368 A1, DE 196 46 484 A1, WO 90/15830 A1 and WO 2002/032962 A2.
Preferred crosslinkers b) are pentaerythrityl triallyl ether, tetraalloxyethane, methylenebismethacrylamide, tetraallylammonium chloride, 15-tuply ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate, polyethylene glycol diacrylate, trimethylolpropane triacrylate and triallylamine.
Very particularly preferred crosslinkers b) are the polyethoxylated and/or -propoxylated glycerols which have been esterified with acrylic acid or methacrylic acid to give di- or triacrylates, as described, for example, in WO 2003/104301 A1. Di- and/or triacrylates of 3- to 10-tuply ethoxylated glycerol are particularly advantageous. Very particular preference is given to di- or triacrylates of 1- to 5-tuply ethoxylated and/or propoxylated glycerol. Most preferred are the triacrylates of 3- to 5-tuply ethoxylated and/or propoxylated glycerol, especially the triacrylate of 3-tuply ethoxylated glycerol.
The amount of crosslinker b) is preferably 1 to 10% by weight, more preferably 2 to 7% by weight and most preferably 3 to 5% by weight, based in each case on the unneutralized monomer a). With rising crosslinker content, the centrifuge retention capacity (CRC) falls and the absorption under a pressure of 21.0 g/cm2 (AUL 0.3 psi) passes through a maximum.
The initiators c) may be all compounds which generate free radicals under the polymerization conditions, for example thermal initiators, redox initiators, photoinitiators.
Thermal initiators are, for example, peroxides, hydroperoxides, hydrogen peroxide, persulfates and azo initiators. Suitable azo initiators are, for example, 2,2′-azobis(2-amidinopropane)dihydrochloride, 2,2′-azobis(N,N-dimethylene)isobutyramidine dihydrochloride, 2-(carbamoylazo)isobutyronitrile, 2,2′-azobis[2-(2′-imidazolin-2-yl)propane]dihydrochloride and 4,4′-azobis(4-cyanovaleric acid).
Photoinitiators are, for example, α-splitters, H-abstracting systems and azides. Suitable α-splitters or H-abstracting systems are, for example, benzophenone derivatives such as Michler's ketone, phenanthrene derivatives, fluorine derivatives, anthraquinone derivatives, thioxanthone derivatives, coumarin derivatives, benzoin ethers and derivatives thereof, azo initiators such as the abovementioned free-radical formers, substituted hexaarylbisimidazoles or acylphosphine oxides. Suitable azides are, for example, 2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethyl 4-azidocinnamate, 2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethyl 4-azidonaphthyl ketone, 2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethyl 4-azidobenzoate, 5-azido-1-naphthyl 2′-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethyl sulfone, N-(4-sulfonylazidophenyl)maleimide, N-acetyl-4-sulfonylazidoaniline, 4-sulfonylazidoaniline, 4-azidoaniline, 4-azidophenacyl bromide, p-azidobenzoic acid, 2,6-bis(p-azidobenzylidene)cyclohexanone and 2,6-bis(p-azidobenzylidene)-4-methylcyclohexanone.
The initiators c) are used in customary amounts, preferably at least 0.01 mol %, more preferably at least 0.05 mol %, most preferably at least 1 mol %, and typically less than 5 mol %, preferably less than 2 mol %, based on the monomers a).
The surfactants d) are of crucial significance for the preparation and the stabilization of the foamed monomer solution or suspension. It is possible to use anionic, cationic or nonionic surfactants or surfactant mixtures which are compatible with one another. It is possible to use low molecular weight or else polymeric surfactants, combinations of different types or else the same type of surfactants having been found to be advantageous. Usable nonionic surfactants are, for example, addition products of alkylene oxides, especially ethylene oxide, propylene oxide and/or butylene oxide, onto alcohols, amines, phenols, naphthols or carboxylic acids. The surfactants used are advantageously addition products of ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide onto alcohols comprising at least 10 carbon atoms, where the addition products comprise 3 to 200 mol of ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide added on per mole of alcohol. The addition products comprise the alkylene oxide units in the form of blocks or in random distribution. Examples of usable nonionic surfactants are the addition products of 7 mol of ethylene oxide onto 1 mol of tallow fat alcohol, reaction products of 9 mol of ethylene oxide with 1 mol of tallow fat alcohol, and addition products of 80 mol of ethylene oxide onto 1 mol of tallow fat alcohol. Further usable commercial nonionic surfactants consist of reaction products of oxo alcohols or Ziegler alcohols with 5 to 12 mol of ethylene oxide per mole of alcohol, especially with 7 mol of ethylene oxide. Further usable commercial nonionic surfactants are obtained by ethoxylation of castor oil. For example, 12 to 80 mol of ethylene oxide are added on per mole of castor oil. Further usable commercial products are, for example, the reaction products of 18 mol of ethylene oxide with 1 mol of tallow fat alcohol, the addition products of 10 mol of ethylene oxide onto 1 mol of a C13/C15 oxo alcohol, or the reaction products of 7 to 8 mol of ethylene oxide onto 1 mol of a C13/C15 oxo alcohol. Further suitable nonionic surfactants are phenol alkoxylates, for example p-tert-butylphenol which has been reacted with 9 mol of ethylene oxide, or methyl ethers of reaction products of 1 mol of a C12- to C18-alcohol and 7.5 mol of ethylene oxide.
The above-described nonionic surfactants can be converted to the corresponding sulfuric monoesters, for example, by esterification with sulfuric acid. The sulfuric monoesters are used as anionic surfactants in the form of the alkali metal or ammonium salts. Suitable anionic surfactants are, for example, alkali metal or ammonium salts of sulfuric monoesters of addition products of ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide onto fatty alcohols, alkali metal or ammonium salts of alkylbenzenesulfonic acid or of alkylphenol ether sulfates. Products of the type mentioned are commercially available. For example, the sodium salt of a sulfuric monoester of a C13/C15 oxo alcohol reacted with 106 mol of ethylene oxide, the triethanolamine salt of dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, the sodium salt of alkylphenol ether sulfates and the sodium salt of the sulfuric monoester of a reaction product of 106 mol of ethylene oxide with 1 mol of tallow fat alcohol are commercial usable anionic surfactants. Further suitable anionic surfactants are sulfuric monoesters of C13/C15 oxo alcohols, paraffinsulfonic acids such as C15 alkylsulfonate, alkyl-substituted benzenesulfonic acids and alkyl-substituted naphthalenesulfonic acids such as dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid and di-n-butylnaphthalenesulfonic acid, and also fatty alcohol phosphates such as C15/C18 fatty alcohol phosphate. The polymerizable aqueous mixture may comprise combinations of a nonionic surfactant and an anionic surfactant, or combinations of nonionic surfactants or combinations of anionic surfactants. Cationic surfactants are also suitable. Examples thereof are the dimethyl sulfate-quaternized reaction products of 6.5 mol of ethylene oxide with 1 mol of oleylamine, distearyldimethylammonium chloride, lauryltrimethylammonium chloride, cetylpyridinium bromide, and dimethyl sulfate-quaternized stearic acid triethanolamine ester, which is preferably used as a cationic surfactant.
The surfactant content, based on the unneutralized monomer a) is preferably 0.01 to 10% by weight, more preferably 0.1 to 5% by weight, most preferably 0.5 to 3% by weight.
Ethylenically unsaturated monomers e) copolymerizable with the ethylenically unsaturated monomers a) bearing acid groups are, for example, acrylamide, methacrylamide, hydroxyethyl acrylate, hydroxyethyl methacrylate, dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, dimethylaminoethyl acrylate, dimethylaminopropyl acrylate, diethylaminopropyl acrylate, dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, diethylaminoethyl methacrylate.
Solubilizers f) are water-miscible organic solvents, for example dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylformamide, N-methylpyrrolidone, monohydric alcohols, glycols, polyethylene glycols or monoethers derived therefrom, where the monoethers comprise no double bonds in the molecule. Suitable ethers are methylglycol, butylglycol, butyldiglycol, methyldiglycol, butyltriglycol, 3-ethoxy-1-propanol and glyceryl monomethyl ether.
If solubilizers f) are used, the content thereof in the monomer solution or suspension is preferably up to 50% by weight, more preferably 1 to 25% by weight, most preferably 5 to 10% by weight.
The monomer solution or suspension may comprise thickeners, foam stabilizers, fillers, fibers and/or cell nucleators g). Thickeners are used, for example, to optimize the foam structure and to improve the foam stability. This achieves the effect that the foam shrinks only slightly during the polymerization. Useful thickeners include all natural and synthetic polymers which are known for this purpose, increase the viscosity of an aqueous system significantly and do not react with the amino groups of the basic polymer. These may be water-swellable or water-soluble synthetic and natural polymers. A detailed overview of thickeners can be found, for example, in the publications by R. Y. Lochhead and W. R. Fron, Cosmetics & Toiletries, 108, 95-135 (May 1993) and M. T. Clarke, “Rheological Additives” in D. Laba (ed.) “Rheological Properties of Cosmetics and Toiletries”, Cosmetic Science and Technology Series, Vol. 13, Marcel Dekker Inc., New York 1993.
Water-swellable or water-soluble synthetic polymers useful as thickeners are, for example, high molecular weight polyethylene glycols or copolymers of ethylene glycol and propylene glycol, and high molecular weight polysaccharides such as starch, guar flour, carob flour, or derivatives of natural substances, such as carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose and cellulose mixed ethers. A further group of thickeners is that of water-insoluble products such as fine silica, zeolites, bentonite, cellulose powder or other fine powders of crosslinked polymers. The monomer solution or suspension may comprise the thickeners in amounts up to 30% by weight. If such thickeners are used at all, they are present in the monomer solution or suspension in amounts of 0.1 to 10% by weight, preferably 0.5 to 20% by weight.
In order to optimize the foam structure, it is optionally possible to add hydrocarbons having at least 5 carbon atoms in the molecule to the aqueous reaction mixture. Suitable hydrocarbons are, for example, pentane, cyclopentane, hexane, cyclohexane, heptane, octane, isooctane, decane and dodecane. The useful aliphatic hydrocarbons may be straight-chain, branched or cyclic and have a boiling temperature above the temperature of the aqueous mixture during the foaming. The aliphatic hydrocarbons increase the shelf life of the as yet unpolymerized foamed aqueous reaction mixture. This eases the handling of the as yet unpolymerized foams and increases process reliability. The hydrocarbons act, for example, as cell nucleators and simultaneously stabilize the foam already formed. In addition, they can bring about further foaming in the course of polymerization of the monomer solution or suspension. They may then also have the function of a blowing agent. Instead of hydrocarbons or in a mixture therewith, it is optionally also possible to use chlorinated or fluorinated hydrocarbons as a cell nucleator and/or foam stabilizer, such as dichloromethane, trichloromethane, 1,2-dichloroethane, trichlorofluoromethane or 1,1,2-trichlorotrifluoroethane. If hydrocarbons are used, they are used, for example, in amounts of 0.1 to 20% by weight, preferably 0.1 to 10% by weight, based on the monomer solution or suspension.
In order to modify the properties of the foams, it is possible to add one or more fillers, for example chalk, talc, clay, titanium dioxide, magnesium oxide, aluminum oxide, precipitated silicas in hydrophilic or hydrophobic polymorphs, dolomite and/or calcium sulfate. The fillers may be present in the monomer solution or suspension in amounts of up to 30% by weight.
The above-described aqueous monomer solutions or suspensions are first foamed. It is possible, for example, to dissolve an inert gas, such as nitrogen, carbon dioxide or air, in the aqueous monomer solution or suspension under a pressure of, for example, 2 to 400 bar, and then to decompress it to standard pressure. In the course of decompression from at least one nozzle, a free-flowing monomer foam forms. Since gas solubility increases with falling temperature, the gas saturation and the subsequent foaming should be performed at minimum temperature, though undesired precipitations should be avoided. It is also possible to foam the aqueous monomer solutions or suspensions by another method, by dispersing fine bubbles of an inert gas therein. In the laboratory, the aqueous monomer solutions or suspensions can be foamed, for example, by foaming the aqueous monomer solution or suspension in a food processor equipped with egg beaters. In addition, it is possible to foam the aqueous monomer solutions or suspensions with carbon dioxide, by adding carbonates or hydrogencarbonates for neutralization.
The foam generation is preferably performed in an inert gas atmosphere and with inert gases, for example by admixing with nitrogen or noble gases under standard pressure or elevated pressure, for example up to 25 bar, and then decompressing. The consistency of the monomer foams, the size of the gas bubbles and the distribution of the gas bubbles in the monomer foam can be varied within a wide range, for example, through the selection of the surfactants d), solubilizers f), foam stabilizers, cell nucleators, thickeners and fillers g). This allows the density, the open-cell content and the wall thickness of the monomer foam to be adjusted easily. The aqueous monomer solution or suspension is preferably foamed at temperatures which are below the boiling point of the constituents thereof, for example at ambient temperature up to 100° C., preferably at 0 to 50° C., more preferably at 5 to 20° C. However, it is also possible to work at temperatures above the boiling point of the component with the lowest boiling point, by foaming the aqueous monomer solution or suspension in a vessel sealed pressure-tight. This gives monomer foams which are free-flowing and stable over a prolonged period. The density of the monomer foams is, at a temperature of 20° C., for example, 0.01 to 0.9 g/cm3.
The resulting monomer foam can be polymerized on a suitable substrate. The polymerization is performed in the presence of customary free-radical-forming initiators c). The free radicals can be generated, for example, by heating (thermal polymerization) or by irradiation with light of a suitable wavelength (UV polymerization).
Polymeric foams with a layer thickness of up to about 5 millimeters are produced, for example, by heating on one side or both sides, or more particularly by irradiating the monomer foams on one side or both sides. If relatively thick polymeric foams are to be produced, for example polymeric foams with thicknesses of several centimeters, heating of the monomer foam with the aid of microwaves is particularly advantageous, because relatively homogeneous heating can be achieved in this way. With increasing layer thickness, however, the proportion of unconverted monomer a) and crosslinker b) in the resulting polymeric foam increases. The thermal polymerization is effected, for example, at temperatures of 20 to 180° C., preferably in the range from 40° C. to 160° C., especially at temperatures from 65 to 140° C. In the case of relatively thick polymeric foams, the monomer foam can be heated and/or irradiated on both sides, for example with the aid of contact heating or by irradiation or in a drying cabinet. The resulting polymeric foams are open-cell. The proportion of open cells is, for example, at least 80%, preferably above 90%. Particular preference is given to polymeric foams with an open-cell content of 100%. The proportion of open cells in the polymeric foam is determined, for example, with the aid of scanning electron microscopy.
After the polymerization of the monomer foam or during the polymerization, the polymeric foam is dried. In the course of this, water and other volatile constituents are removed. Examples of suitable drying processes are thermal convection drying such as forced air drying, thermal contact drying such as roller drying, radiative drying such as infrared drying, dielectric drying such as microwave drying, and freeze drying.
The drying temperatures are typically in the range of 50 to 250° C., preferably 70 to 200° C., more preferably 90 to 170° C., most preferably 100 to 150° C. The preferred residence time at this temperature in the dryer is preferably 1 to 60 minutes, more preferably 2 to 30 minutes, most preferably at least 5 to 15 minutes.
In order to avoid undesired decomposition and crosslinking reactions, it may be advantageous to perform the drying under reduced pressure, under a protective gas atmosphere and/or under gentle thermal conditions, under which the product temperature does not exceed 120° C., preferably 100° C. A particularly suitable drying process is (vacuum) belt drying.
After the drying step, the polymeric foam usually comprises less than 10% by weight of water. The water content of the polymeric foam can, however, be adjusted as desired by moistening with water or water vapor.
Thereafter, the dried polymeric foam is ground and classified, and can be ground typically by using one-stage or multistage roll mills, pin mills, hammer mills or vibratory mills. In a preferred embodiment, the dried polymeric foam is first ground by means of a cutting mill and then further ground by means of a turbo mill.
Advantageously, a predried polymeric foam with a water content of 5 to 30% by weight, more preferably of 8 to 25% by weight, most preferably of 10 to 20% by weight, is ground and subsequently dried to the desired final water content. The grinding of a merely predried polymeric foam leads to fewer undesirably small polymer particles.
The water-absorbing polymer particles are screened off using appropriate screens to a particle size in the range from preferably 100 to 1 000 μm, more preferably 150 to 850 μm, most preferably of 150 to 600 μm.
The mean particle size of the polymer particles removed as the product fraction is preferably at least 200 μm, more preferably from 250 to 600 μm and very particularly from 300 to 500 μm. The mean particle size of the product fraction may be determined by means of EDANA recommended test method No. WSP 220.2-05 “Particle size distribution”, where the proportions by mass of the screen fractions are plotted in cumulated form and the mean particle size is determined graphically. The mean particle size here is the value of the mesh size which gives rise to a cumulative 50% by weight.
The proportion of particles with a particle size of at least 150 μm is preferably at least 90% by weight, more preferably at least 95% by weight, most preferably at least 98% by weight.
Polymer particles with too small a particle size lower the permeability (SFC). The proportion of excessively small polymer particles (undersize) should therefore be small.
Excessively small polymer particles are therefore typically removed.
It is also possible to remove excessively small polymer particles in later process steps, for example after the surface postcrosslinking or another coating step.
The proportion of particles having a particle size of at most 850 μm is preferably at least 90% by weight, more preferably at least 95% by weight, most preferably at least 98% by weight.
The proportion of particles having a particle size of at most 710 μm is preferably at least 90% by weight, more preferably at least 95% by weight, most preferably at least 98% by weight.
The proportion of particles having a particle size of at most 600 μm is preferably at least 90% by weight, more preferably at least 95% by weight, most preferably at least 98% by weight.
Polymer particles with too great a particle size are less mechanically stable. The proportion of excessively large polymer particles should therefore likewise be small.
Excessively large polymer particles are therefore typically removed and recycled into the grinding of the dried polymer gel.
To further improve the properties, the polymer particles can be surface postcrosslinked. Suitable surface postcrosslinkers are compounds which comprise groups which can form covalent bonds with at least two carboxylate groups of the polymer particles. Suitable compounds are, for example, polyfunctional amines, polyfunctional amido amines, polyfunctional epoxides, as described in EP 0 083 022 A2, EP 0 543 303 A1 and EP 0 937 736 A2, di- or polyfunctional alcohols, as described in DE 33 14 019 A1, DE 35 23 617 A1 and EP 0 450 922 A2, or β-hydroxyalkylamides, as described in DE 102 04 938 A1 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,239,230.
Additionally described as suitable surface postcrosslinkers are cyclic carbonates in DE 40 20 780 C1, 2-oxazolidone and its derivatives, such as 2-hydroxyethyl-2-oxazolidone in DE 198 07 502 A1, bis- and poly-2-oxazolidinones in DE 198 07 992 C1, 2-oxotetrahydro-1,3-oxazine and its derivatives in DE 198 54 573 A1, N-acyl-2-oxazolidones in DE 198 54 574 A1, cyclic ureas in DE 102 04 937 A1, bicyclic amide acetals in DE 103 34 584 A1, oxetanes and cyclic ureas in EP 1 199 327 A2 and morpholine-2,3-dione and its derivatives in WO 2003/31482 A1.
Preferred surface postcrosslinkers are ethylene carbonate, ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether, reaction products of polyamides with epichlorohydrin and mixtures of propylene glycol and 1,4-butanediol.
Very particularly preferred surface postcrosslinkers are 2 hydroxyethyloxazolidin-2-one, oxazolidin-2-one and 1,3-propanediol.
In addition, it is also possible to use surface postcrosslinkers which comprise additional polymerizable ethylenically unsaturated groups, as described in DE 37 13 601 A1.
The amount of surface postcrosslinker is preferably 0.001 to 2% by weight, more preferably 0.02 to 1% by weight and most preferably 0.05 to 0.2% by weight, based in each case on the polymer particles.
In a preferred embodiment, polyvalent cations are applied to the particle surface in addition to the surface postcrosslinkers before, during or after the surface postcrosslinking.
The usable polyvalent cations are, for example, divalent cations such as the cations of zinc, magnesium, calcium, iron and strontium, trivalent cations such as the cations of aluminum, iron, chromium, rare earths and manganese, tetravalent cations such as the cations of titanium and zirconium. Possible counterions are chloride, bromide, sulfate, hydrogensulfate, carbonate, hydrogencarbonate, nitrate, phosphate, hydrogenphosphate, dihydrogenphosphate and carboxylate, such as acetate and lactate. Aluminum sulfate is preferred. Apart from metal salts, it is also possible to use polyamines as polyvalent cations.
The amount of polyvalent cation used is, for example, 0.001 to 1.5% by weight, preferably 0.005 to 1% by weight and more preferably 0.02 to 0.8% by weight, based in each case on the polymer particles.
The surface postcrosslinking is typically performed in such a way that a solution of the surface postcrosslinker is sprayed onto the dried polymer particles. After the spraying, the polymer particles coated with the surface postcrosslinker are dried thermally, and the surface postcrosslinking reaction can take place either before or during the drying.
The spraying of a solution of the surface postcrosslinker is preferably performed in mixers with moving mixing tools, such as screw mixers, disk mixers and paddle mixers. Particular preference is given to horizontal mixers such as paddle mixers, very particular preference to vertical mixers. The distinction between horizontal mixers and vertical mixers is made by the position of the mixing shaft, i.e. horizontal mixers have a horizontally mounted mixing shaft and vertical mixers a vertically mounted mixing shaft. Suitable mixers are, for example, horizontal Pflugschar® plowshare mixers (Gebr. Lödige Maschinenbau GmbH; Paderborn; Germany), Vrieco-Nauta continuous mixers (Hosokawa Micron BV; Doetinchem; the Netherlands), Processall Mixmill mixers (Processall Incorporated; Cincinnati; US) and Schugi Flexomix® (Hosokawa Micron BV; Doetinchem; the Netherlands). However, it is also possible to spray on the surface postcrosslinker solution in a fluidized bed.
The surface postcrosslinkers are typically used in the form of an aqueous solution. The penetration depth of the surface postcrosslinker into the polymer particles can be adjusted via the content of nonaqueous solvent and total amount of solvent.
When exclusively water is used as the solvent, a surfactant is advantageously added. This improves the wetting behavior and reduces the tendency to form lumps. However, preference is given to using solvent mixtures, for example isopropanol/water, 1,3-propanediol/water and propylene glycol/water, where the mixing ratio in terms of mass is preferably from 20:80 to 40:60.
The thermal drying is preferably carried out in contact driers, more preferably paddle driers, most preferably disk driers. Suitable driers are, for example, Hosokawa Bepex® horizontal paddle driers (Hosokawa Micron GmbH; Leingarten; Germany), Hosokawa Bepex® disk driers (Hosokawa Micron GmbH; Leingarten; Germany) and Nara paddle driers (NARA Machinery Europe; Frechen; Germany). Moreover, it is also possible to use fluidized bed driers.
The drying can be effected in the mixer itself, by heating the jacket or blowing in warm air. Equally suitable is a downstream drier, for example a shelf drier, a rotary tube oven or a heatable screw. It is particularly advantageous to mix and dry in a fluidized bed drier.
Preferred drying temperatures are in the range of 100 to 250° C., preferably 120 to 220° C., more preferably 130 to 210° C. and most preferably 150 to 200° C. The preferred residence time at this temperature in the reaction mixer or drier is preferably 10 to 120 minutes, more preferably 20 to 90 minutes, most preferably 30 to 60 minutes.
Subsequently, the surface postcrosslinked polymer particles can be classified again.
In a preferred embodiment, the surface postcrosslinking is performed as early as the stage of the polymeric foam, in which case the amounts and temperatures specified for the polymer particles apply correspondingly to the polymeric foam.
To improve the properties, the polymer particles can additionally be coated or remoisturized.
The remoisturizing is carried out preferably at 30 to 80° C., more preferably at 35 to 70° C. and most preferably at 40 to 60° C. At excessively low temperatures, the polymer particles tend to form lumps, and, at higher temperatures, water already evaporates noticeably. The amount of water used for remoisturizing is preferably from 1 to 10% by weight, more preferably from 2 to 8% by weight and most preferably from 3 to 5% by weight. The remoisturizing increases the mechanical stability and reduces the tendency to static charging.
Suitable coatings for improving the free swell rate (FSR) and the saline flow conductivity (SFC) are, for example, inorganic inert substances, such as water-insoluble metal salts, organic polymers, cationic polymers and di- or polyvalent metal cations, such as aluminum sulfate and aluminum lactate. Suitable coatings for dust binding are, for example, polyols. Suitable coatings for counteracting the undesired caking tendency of the polymer particles are, for example, fumed silica, such as Aerosil® 200, and surfactants, such as Span® 20. Suitable coatings for reducing the content of unconverted monomers (residual monomers) are, for example, reducing agents such as the salts of sulfurous acid, of hypophosphorous acid and/or of organic sulfinic acid. However, the reducing agent used is preferably a mixture of the sodium salt of 2-hydroxy-2-sulfinatoacetic acid, the disodium salt of 2-hydroxy-2-sulfonatoacetic acid and sodium hydrogensulfite. Such mixtures are available as Brüggolite® FF6 and Brüggolite® FF7 (Brüggemann Chemicals; Heilbronn; Germany).
In a preferred embodiment, the remoisturizing and/or the coating is performed as early as the stage of the polymeric foam.
The water-absorbing polymer particles have a moisture content of preferably 0 to 15% by weight, more preferably 0.2 to 10% by weight and most preferably 0.5 to 8% by weight, the water content being determined by EDANA recommended test method No. WSP 230.2-05 “Moisture content”.
The water-absorbing polymer particles have a centrifuge retention capacity (CRC) of typically at least 10 g/g, preferably at least 15 g/g, more preferably at least 20 g/g, especially preferably at least 22 g/g, very especially preferably at least 25 g/g. The centrifuge retention capacity (CRC) of the water-absorbing polymer particles is typically less than 40 g/g. The centrifuge retention capacity (CRC) is determined by the EDANA recommended test method No. WSP 241.2-05 “Centrifuge retention capacity”.
The water-absorbing polymer particles have a fecal densification rate of typically at least 0.2 Ncm/s, preferably at least 0.4 Ncm/s, more preferably at least 0.6 Ncm/s, especially preferably at least 0.7 Ncm/s, most preferably at least 0.8 Ncm/s. The fecal densification rate of the water-absorbing polymer particles is typically less than 5 Ncm/s.
The water-absorbing polymer particles have an absorption under a pressure of 49.2 g/cm2 (AUL0.7 psi) of typically at least 10 g/g, preferably at least 13 g/g, more preferably at least 16 g/g, especially preferably at least 18 g/g, very especially preferably at least 20 g/g. The absorption under a pressure of 49.2 g/cm2 (AUL0.7 psi) of the water-absorbing polymer particles is typically less than 30 g/g. The absorption under a pressure of 49.2 g/cm2 (AUL0.7 psi) is determined analogously to EDANA recommended test method No. WSP 242.2-05 “Absorption under pressure”, except that a pressure of 49.2 g/cm2 is established instead of a pressure of 21.0 g/cm2.
The water-absorbing polymer particles for use in accordance with the invention have a high fecal densification rate, and are therefore particularly suitable for dewatering feces.
Methods
The measurements should, unless stated otherwise, be carried out at an ambient temperature of 23±2° C. and a relative air humidity of 50±10%. The water-absorbing polymer particles are mixed thoroughly before the measurement.
Fecal Densification Rate
100 g of Felcone® BFPS-4 (SiliClone Studio, Valley Forge, US) and 5.4 g of a 1.3% by weight aqueous surfactant solution (Ultra Dawn®) are initially charged in a suitable vessel, and 894.6 g of boiling 0.9% by weight aqueous sodium chloride solution are poured over them, and they are mixed vigorously by means of an egg whisk. This is followed by cooling to 23° C. Before use, the mixture is slurried with an egg whisk.
A 11 test beaker is charged with 200 g of the slurry prepared above and stirred at 150 rpm by means of an anchor stirrer for 20 minutes. The test beaker has an external diameter of 105 mm and a height of 145 mm. The anchor stirrer has a stirring diameter of 100 mm, a shaft diameter of 8 mm and a shaft length of 450 mm. The stirrer motor has a stirrer speed and torque display (model: RZR 2101 control, Heidolph Elektro GmbH & Co. KG, Kehlheim, Germany). Subsequently, the torque display is set to zero.
10 g of water-absorbing polymer particles are weighed into a weighing boat and added to the stirred mixture. At constant speed, the rise in the torque is recorded electronically. For evaluation, the torque is plotted against time and the slope of the lines of best fit is determined in the range from 4 to 8 Ncm.
Free Swell Rate
To determine the free swell rate (FSR), 1.00 g (=W1) of water-absorbing polymer particles are weighed into a 25 ml beaker and distributed homogeneously over the base thereof. Then 20 ml of a 0.9% by weight sodium chloride solution are metered into a second beaker and the contents of this beaker are added rapidly to the first, and a stopwatch is started. As soon as the last drop of the sodium chloride solution has been absorbed, which is evident by the disappearance of the reflection on the liquid surface, the stopwatch is stopped. The exact amount of liquid which has been poured out of the second beaker and absorbed by the water-absorbing polymer particles in the first beaker is determined accurately by reweighing the second beaker (=W2). The time required for the absorption, which was measured with the stopwatch, is designated as t. The disappearance of the last liquid drop on the surface is determined as the time t.
The free swell rate (FSR) is calculated therefrom as follows:

FSR[g/gs]=W2/(W1×t)

When the moisture content of the water-absorbing polymer particles is more than 3% by weight, the weight W1 has to be corrected by this moisture content.


EXAMPLES
Example 1
135.24 g of acrylic acid, 709.82 g of a 37.3% by weight aqueous sodium acrylate solution, 8.0 g of Sartomer® SR-344 (diacrylate of a polyethylene glycol having a molar mass of approx. 400 g/mol), 21.33 g of a 15% by weight aqueous solution of Lutensol® AT80 (addition product of 80 mol of ethylene oxide onto 1 mol of a linear saturated C16-C18 fatty alcohol; BASF SE; Ludwigshafen; Germany), 0.333 g of Irgacure® 2959 (1-[4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)phenyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-1-one) and 125.61 g of water were mixed in a beaker.
The resulting homogeneous solution was transferred to a pressure vessel and saturated there with carbon dioxide at a pressure of 12 bar and a flow rate of 300 l/h for 25 minutes. Under pressure, 6.67 g of a 3% by weight aqueous solution of Wako® V-50 (2,2′-azobis(2-amidinopropane)dihydrochloride) were added and admixed with a strong carbon dioxide stream. Subsequently, carbon dioxide was passed through the reaction mixture for a further 5 minutes. The carbon dioxide-saturated reaction mixture was then extruded at a pressure of 12 bar through a die with a diameter of 1.0 mm, which formed a fine-cell, free-flowing foam.
The base of a glass plate of DIN A3 size with edges of height 3 mm was covered with a transparent polyester film. The resulting monomer foam was applied to the glass plate and covered with a second transparent polyester film and a second glass plate. The foam sample was irradiated with UV light synchronously from both sides over 4 minutes, from above with a UVASPOT 1000/T UV/VIS radiator (Dr. Hönle AG; Gräfelfing; Germany), and from below with 2 UVASPOT 400/T UV/VIS radiators (Dr. Horde AG; Gräfelfing; Germany).
The resulting polymer foam was sprayed with 5% by weight aqueous sodium metabisulfite such that it subsequently comprised 3% by weight of sodium metabisulfite based on anhydrous polymer. The product was subsequently dried in a forced air drying cabinet at 100° C. for 30 minutes, then ground in a Retsch mill and screened off to a particle size of 150 to 850 μm.
Solids content of the reaction mixture: 40.9% by weight
Degree of neutralizing: 60 mol %
The resulting water-absorbing polymer particles had a free swell rate of 2.4 g/gs. The fecal densification rate was 0.8 Ncm/s (quadruple determination).
Example 2
Comparative Example
By continuously mixing deionized water, 50% by weight sodium hydroxide solution and acrylic acid, an acrylic acid/sodium acrylate mixture was prepared, such that the degree of neutralization corresponded to 71.3 mol %. The solids content of the monomer solution was 38.8% by weight.
The polyethylenically unsaturated crosslinker used was polyethylene glycol-400 diacrylate (diacrylate proceeding from a polyethylene glycol having a mean molar mass of 400 g/mol). The amount used was 2 kg of cross linker per t of monomer solution.
To initiate the free-radical polymerization, 1.03 kg of a 0.25% by weight aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution, 3.10 kg of a 15% by weight aqueous sodium peroxodisulfate solution and 1.05 kg of a 1% by weight aqueous ascorbic acid solution were used per t of monomer solution.
The throughput of the monomer solution was 20 t/h. The reaction solution had a temperature of 23.5° C. at the feed.
The individual components were metered continuously into a List Contikneter reactor with a capacity of 6.3 m3 (LIST AG, Arisdorf, Switzerland) in the following amounts:














20
t/h
of monomer solution


40
kg/h
of polyethylene glycol-400 diacrylate


82.6
kg/h
of hydrogen peroxide solution/sodium peroxodisulfate




solution


21
kg/h
of ascorbic acid solution









Between the addition point for the crosslinker and the addition sites for the initiators, the monomer solution was inertized with nitrogen.
After approx. 50% of the residence time, there was additionally metered addition of fines (1000 kg/h) obtained from the production process by grinding and screening to the reactor. The residence time of the reaction mixture in the reactor was 15 minutes.
The resulting polymer gel was introduced into a belt dryer. On the belt dryer, air flowed continuously around the polymer gel and dried it. The residence time in the belt dryer was 37 minutes.
The dried polymer gel was ground and screened to a particle size fraction from 150 to 850 μm. The resulting base polymer was surface postcrosslinked.
In a Schugi Flexomix® (Hosokawa Micron B.V., Doetinchem, the Netherlands), the base polymer was coated with a surface postcrosslinker solution and then dried in a NARA paddle dryer (GMF Gouda, Waddinxveen, the Netherlands) at 190° C. for 45 minutes.
The following amounts were metered into the Schugi Flexomix®:
















 7.5 t/h
of base polymer



270.0 kg/h
of surface postcrosslinker solution










The surface postcrosslinker solution comprised 2.8% by weight of 2-hydroxyethyl-2-oxazolidone, 2.8% by weight of aluminum sulfate, 66.1% by weight of deionized water and 28.3% by weight of isopropanol.
After drying, the surface postcrosslinked base polymer was cooled to approx. 60° C. in a NARA paddle cooler (GMF Gouda, Waddinxveen, the Netherlands).
The resulting water-absorbing polymer particles had a centrifuge retention capacity (CRC) of 28.4 g/g. The fecal densification rate was 0.13 Ncm/s (quadruple determination).

## Claims

1. A method of dewatering feces, comprising contacting the feces with water-absorbing polymer particles obtained by foaming, then polymerizing, an aqueous monomer solution or suspension, the aqueous monomer solution or suspension comprising
a) 20% to 90%, by weight of at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer which bears an acid group and has been neutralized to an extent of 25 to 95 mol %,
b) 1% to 10%, by weight of at least one crosslinker based on unneutralized monomer a),
c) at least one initiator, and
d) at least one surfactant, then
drying the polymeric foam and grinding the dried foam,
wherein a foaming agent used to foam the aqueous monomer solution or suspension is an inert gas, and
wherein the water absorbing particles have a fecal densification rate of at least 0.2 Ncm/s.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein at least 50 mol % of the neutralized monomer a) is neutralized with an inorganic base.

3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the inorganic base is potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate, or sodium hydroxide.

4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the ground polymeric foam is classified to a particle size in the range from 150 to 850 μm.

5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the monomer solution or suspension comprises 2% to 7% by weight of the crosslinker b), based on the unneutralized monomer a).

6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the monomer a) is acrylic acid to an extent of at least 50 mol %.

7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the water-absorbing polymer particles have a centrifuge retention capacity of at least 10 g/g.

8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the water-absorbing polymer particles have a fecal densification rate of at least 0.4 Ncm/s.

9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the inert gas is one or more of nitrogen, carbon dioxide, air, and a noble gas.

10. The method according to claim 1, wherein the water-absorbing polymer particles have a fecal densification rate of at least 0.6 Ncm/s.

11. The method according to claim 1, wherein the water-absorbing polymer particles have a fecal densification rate of at least 0.7 Ncm/s.

12. The method according to claim 1, wherein the water-absorbing polymer particles have a fecal densification rate of at least 0.8 Ncm/s.