[Cite as State v. Weaver , 2021-Ohio-1025.]

COURT OF APPEALS MUSKINGUM COUNTY, OHIO FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

STATE OF OHIO : JUDGES: : Hon. William B. Hoffman, P.J. Plaintiff-Appellee : Hon. Patricia A. Delaney, J. : Hon. Earle E. Wise, Jr., J. -vs- : : EMILE WEAVER : Case No. CT2019-0034 : Defendant-Appellant : O P I N I O N

CHARACTER OF PROCEEDING: Appeal from the Court of Common Pleas, Case No. CR2015-0216

JUDGMENT: Affirmed

DATE OF JUDGMENT: March 29, 2021

APPEARANCES: For Plaintiff-Appellee For Defendant-Appellant TAYLOR BENNINGTON RACHEL TROUTMAN 27 North Fifth Street BETHANY O'NEILL P.O. Box 189 MICHELLE UMAÑA Zanesville, OH 43701 PETER GALYARDT 250 East Broad Suite, Suite 1400Muskingum County, Case No. CT2019-0034 2
Columbus, OH 43215 Wise, Earle, J.

{¶ 1} Defendant-Appellant Emile L. Weaver appeals the April 11, 2019 judgment entered by the Muskingum County Common Pleas Court dismissing h er petition for postconviction relief following a hearing. Plaintiff-Appellee i s the state of Ohio. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY {¶ 2} This matter comes before us for the third time. A full re citation of the underlying facts may be found in our prior consideration of thi s matter. State v. Weaver , 5th Dist. Muskingum No. CT2016-33, 2017-Ohio-4374 ( Weaver I ) and State v. Weaver , 5th Dist. No. CT2017-75, 2018-Ohio-2509 ( Weaver II ). We therefore abbreviate our statement of facts in the present matter. {¶ 3} On July 22, 2015, in connection with the death of her new born by asphyxiation, the Muskingum County Grand Jury returned an indic tment charging Appellant with one count of aggravated murder, one count of gro ss abuse of a corpse, and two counts of tampering with evidence. The case proceeded t o a jury trial commencing on May 10, 2016 and Appellant was found guilty on al l counts. {¶ 4} At sentencing, the trial court merged the two tampering- with-evidence counts and imposed a one-year prison sentence on said offense. The trial court further imposed a three-year prison sentence for gross abuse of a corps e. It ordered these sentences to run consecutively to each other and to the sentenc e for aggravated murder. Finally, the trial court imposed life in prison without parole for the offense of aggravated murder. In support of its sentencing decision, the trial court concluded appellant was notMuskingum County, Case No. CT2019-0034 3
remorseful, she had committed “the worst form of the offense,” and she had caused emotional hardship to her sorority sisters. {¶ 5} Appellant filed her first appeal to this Court raising f our assignments of error, specifically 1) the trial court erred in imposing a sent ence of life imprisonment without the possibility of parol e; 2) the sentence is dispropor tionate to her conduct; 3) the court erred in imposing consecutive sentences; and 4) the convi ction of gross abuse of a corpse was not supported by sufficient evidence. We found we we re without statutory authority to review the sentence for aggravated murder, and the refore overruled Appellant's first two assignments of error on the basis of lack of appellate jurisdiction. State v. Weaver , 5th Dist. Muskingum, 2017-Ohio-4374, 93 N.E.3d 178. We overru led her remaining assignments of error on the merits and affirmed t he judgment of the trial
court. {¶ 6} Appellant filed a postconviction petition on August 25, 2017, an amended petition on September 5, 2017, and a second-amended petition on September 6, 2017. The State filed its response on September 18, 2017. {¶ 7} In her petition, Appellant alleged counsel was ineffecti ve for failing to present evidence concerning neonaticide in mitigation of senten ce. She attached to her petition an affidavit of Dr. Clara Lewis, and an article by Mic helle Oberman discussing neonaticide, including sentencing data. In her affidavit, Dr. L ewis, who is a professor at Stanford University, stated she read the transcript and docket from Appellant's trial. She also reviewed news media coverage of the case and social media posts available from Appellant and her friends. In addition, she conducted a persona l interview with Appellant on August 23, 2017. The affidavit stated in her expert opinion, Appellant's case is a typicalMuskingum County, Case No. CT2019-0034 4 example of contemporary neonaticide, her sentence is disproport ionately harsh when compared to sentences given to others convicted of the crime, a nd the defense failed to introduce relevant information about the social and cultural ca uses of neonaticide, which would have provided context for understanding the crime and est ablished mitigation. In her affidavit and her attached report, Dr. Lewis explained how immaturity, social isolation, the insistence of her ex-boyfriend on secrecy during the pregna ncy and the actions of her sorority sisters reinforcing her denial of the pregnancy caused Appellant to shut down and become deeply fearful. Dr. Lewis also noted in her affidavit:

Birth takes hours. It is a painf ul and noisy pro cess. Doing it alone, in silence, in a shared bathroom speaks to Emile's abject terror, as well as to her belief that she had no one she could trust. Anyone mi ght have averted this outcome by offering to help. Instead, she was left alone. Lewis affidavit, ¶ 15.

{¶ 8} In the report attached to her affidavit, Lewis further e xplained while many find it impossible to understand how and why a woman can commit the act of infanticide, psychiatrists explain there's a profile: “Women who commit neon aticide tend to be immature, isolated, worried about the judgment of others on iss ues ranging from sex to abortion to unwed motherhood.” Research reveals women who commi t neonaticide, including Appellant, receive no prenatal care, suffer from preg nancy denial, make no plans for their labor or delivery, and labor alone on toilets w ithout medical care. When theMuskingum County, Case No. CT2019-0034 5
baby arrives denial shatters and panic ensues. The crimes are n ot carefully planned, but rather are “poorly concealed acts of desperation.” {¶ 9} Dr. Lewis expressed the loss of the newborn's life is a tragedy for which Appellant deserved to be punished, but in her expert opinion, h ad the existing body of research on neonaticide been brought to bear on Appellant's sen tence, it would have demonstrated substantial grounds to mitigate her individual cul pability. {¶ 10} The trial court dismissed the petition without a hearin g. The court found Appellant's argument of ineffective assistance was barred by re s judicata, as it could have been raised on direct appeal. The court further noted prior to trial Appellant was found competent to stand trial, and sane at the time she committed th e offense. {¶ 11} Appellant appealed and this court found the matter was n ot barred:

The affidavit and report of Dr. Clara Lewis submitted with Appe llant's petition for postconviction relief explained the psychiatric an d cultural issues surrounding neonaticide far beyond counsel's casual ment ion at the sentencing hearing, and provided information to contextu alize the same actions which the court used to support the sentence o f life without possibility of parole. The evidence is directly in cont ravention of the arguments of the State accepted by the judge in imposing the harshest sentence available for the offense. We find the eviden ce submitted with Appellant's petition meets the threshold level o f cogency to defeat a claim of res judicata. Weaver II , supra at ¶ 31Muskingum County, Case No. CT2019-0034 6 {¶ 12} We therefore remanded the matter to the trial court with instructions to conduct an evidentiary hearing on Appellant's motion for pos tconviction relief. Weaver II , supra at ¶ 33. {¶ 13} The hearing took place over the course of two days begin ning on April 2, 2019. Dr. Lewis did not testify. Instead, on the first day of the hearing, Dr. Diana Lynn Barnes, a psychotherapist specializing in women's re productive health, including perinatal mood and anxiety disorders, testifi ed on behalf of Appellant. Dr. Barnes opined Appellant met the criteria for neg ated pregnancy, a term which encompasses both pregnancy denial and pregnancy conc ealment, and that this clinical syndrome led Appellant to commit neonaticide

. {¶ 14} Dr. Barnes explained the term neonaticide was first coin ed in 1969, and since then a body of research has grown which has indicated what neonaticide looks like; symptom presentation, demographic profile, and the type of woman that ultimately will end up denying her pregnancy and commit neonati cide. In identifying negated pregnancy, an expert in this area looks for indicators including a young mother, a lack of criminal record, detachment, the description of the birth process, and where the infant is born. In a negated pregnancy, Dr. Barne s explained, the infant is almost always delivered into a toilet. {¶ 15} According Dr. Barnes, while giving birth, women with thi s syndrome will experience a dissociative state. A dream-like state wherei n the woman feels she can do nothing to change her situation, and feels as if she is just an observer of the events passing before her. Barnes noted several factors indicative of such a state in Appellant, specifically the fact that during the bir th she suffered deepMuskingum County, Case No. CT2019-0034 7 internal vaginal lacerations and a loss of blood, but was found shortly after the birth sitting cross-legged on her bed as if nothing had happened. Add itionally Dr. Barnes found the video of Appellant's later interrogation striking as it further demonstrated her apparent detachment. Dr. Barnes testified that Appellant's history, including her background and experiences fit the general profile of a wom an at risk for negated pregnancy. {¶ 16} Before Appellant's trial, Dr. Kristen Haskins, who compl eted an evaluation regarding Appellant's mental state at the time of th e offenses (Defendant's exhibit 3 at the postconviction relief hearing), c haracterized Appellant's mental state similarly. Dr. Haskins acknowledged th ere was no formal mental illness diagnosis to fit the situation, but stated "ther e could be some concern that such incredible denial of pregnancy and delivery certainly must signal some kind of mental illness, and does suggest problems in coping wit h a difficult situation and a lack of coping skills and perhaps a lack of trust in othe rs." Defendant's exhibit 3 at 16. {¶ 17} On the second day of the hearing, the state called sever al of Appellant's sorority sisters and one of her friends. Most had t estified at Appellant's trial. The state asked each witness how Appellant was treated w ithin the sorority, what offers they made to help, and how Appellant reacted. In th e same vein, the court questioned two of the witnesses regarding their opinion o f Dr. Lewis' affidavit which theorized that Appellant's immaturity, social isolation, the putative father's insistence on secrecy, and the actions of Appellant's sorority sisters reinforcing her pregnancy denial caused Appellant to shut down, become fearful, and ultimatelyMuskingum County, Case No. CT2019-0034 8 deliver the baby alone and in terror. Each testified, however, that Appellant was in no way socially isolated and had the full support of her sorori ty sisters even though she denied being pregnant. {¶ 18} Before closing arguments, the state moved to strike the testimony of Dr. Barnes and exclude her report. The trial court did not rule on the motion, but heard closing statements from the parties. Thereafter, the cour t ruled from the bench. The court found for a variety of reasons Dr. Barnes was not credible, and therefore the court would not accept her testimony as support f or Appellant's argument that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to pres ent information on neonaticide. The trial court further found that trial counsel b rought the issue of neonaticide to the court's attention, albeit without "statistic s and that sort of thing." The trial court therefore denied Appellant's petition. {¶ 19} A transcript of the trial court's findings from the benc h were deemed findings of fact and conclusions of law. It is from these findi ngs of fact and conclusions of law that Appellant appeals, raising three assign ments of error as follow: I {¶ 20} "THE TRIAL COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETION WHEN IT DENIED EMILE WEAVER'S POSTCONVICTION PETITION AFTER THE HEARING. FIFTH AND FOURTEENTH AMENDMENTS, UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION; ARTICLE I, SECTIONS 10 AND 16, OHIO CONSTITU TION POSTCONVICTION PETITION HEARING VOL. 11 TR. 269, 277-78, 283-87; APRIL 11, 2019 FINDING S OF FACT AND CONCLUSIONS OF LAW."Muskingum County, Case No. CT2019-0034 9

II {¶ 21} "THE TRIAL COURT VIOLATED EMILE WEAVER'S RIGHTS TO DUE PROCESS AND A FAIR TRIAL THROUGH JUDICIAL BIAS. FIFTH AND FOURT EENTH AMENDMENTS, UNITED STATE CONSTITUTION; ARTICLE I, SECTIONS 10 A ND 16, OHIO CONSTITUTION." III {¶ 22} "THE TRIAL COURT VIOLATED EMILE WEAVER'S RIGHTS TO DUE PROCESS AND A FAIR TRIAL WHEN IT FAILED TO PROVIDE A MEANINGFUL OPPORTUNITY TO BE HEARD. FIFTH AND FOURTEENTH AMENDMENTS, UNITE D STATES CONSTITUTION; ARTICLE I, S ECTIONS 10 AND 16, OHIO CONSTI TUTION. TRIAL TR. 111, 115, 160." II, III {¶ 23} For ease of discussion, we address Appellant's assignmen ts of error out of order. {¶ 24} Before we can address the denial of Appellant's motion f or postconviction relief, we must address Appellant's second and third assignment s of error which argue the trial court judge exhibited bias against her during the pos tconviction relief hearing which denied her due process. {¶ 25} Recently, in State v. Piatt , --N.E.2d--, 2020-Ohio-1177 at ¶ 41 the Ninth District Court of Appeals stated:

The issue of whether a conviction must be vacated due to bias o r prejudice on the part of a trial judge is one that lies exclusi vely withinMuskingum County, Case No. CT2019-0034 10 the jurisdiction of the Chief Justice of the Ohio Supreme Court . See State v. Polke , 9th Dist. Medina No. 18CA0061-M, 2019-Ohio-904, 2019 WL 1264974, ¶ 7; R.C. 2701.031. This Court lacks authority “to void a trial court's judgment on the basis of personal bias or prejudice on the part of the trial judge * * *.” State v. Hunter , 151 Ohio App.3d 276, 2002-Ohio-7326, 783 N.E.2d 991, ¶ 18 (9th Dist.), citing Beer v. Griffith , 54 Ohio St.2d 440, 441-442, 377 N.E.2d 775 (1978). Nevertheless, we may determine whether conduct on the part of a trial judge denied a criminal defendant due process of law. See , e.g., State v. Powell , 9th Dist. Lorain No. 12CA010284, 2017-Ohio-4030, 2017 WL 2347171, ¶ 8-13. “A judge is presumed to follow the law and not to be biased, and the appearance of bias or prejudice m ust be compelling to overcome these presumptions.” In re Disqualification of George , 100 Ohio St.3d 1241, 2003-Ohio-5489, 798 N.E.2d 23, ¶ 5.

{¶ 26} We therefore "have the authority to review a claim of ju dicial bias as it impacts the outcome of the case." State v. Loudermilk , 2017-Ohio-7378, 96 N.E.3d 1037 (1st Dist) ¶19. Judicial bias involves “a hostile feeling or sp irit of ill will or undue friendship or favoritism toward one of the litigants or his attorney, with the formation of a fixed anticipatory judgment on the part of the judge, as contradistin guished from an open state of mind which will be governed by the law and the facts.” State ex rel. Pratt v. Weygandt , 164 Ohio St. 463, 132 N.E.2d 191 (1956), paragraph four of the syllabus.Muskingum County, Case No. CT2019-0034 11 {¶ 27} The right to procedural due process is found in the Fou rteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Section 16, Article I of the Ohio Constitution. “For all its consequence, ‘due process' has never been, and perhaps can never be, precisely defined.” Lassiter v. Dept. of Social Servs. of Durham Cty. , North Carolina , 452 U.S. 18, 24, 101 S.Ct. 2153, 68 L.Ed.2d 640 (1981). Instead, "due proces s is a flexible concept that varies depending on the importance attached to the interes t at stake and the particular circumstances under which the deprivation may occur. " State v. Aalim , 150 Ohio St.3d 463, 2016-Ohio-8278, 83 N.E.3d 862, ¶ 13, citing Walters v. Natl. Assn. of Radiation Survivors , 473 U.S. 305, 320, 105 S.Ct. 3180, 87 L.Ed.2d 220 (1985). “Ap plying the Due Process Clause is therefore an uncertain enterprise whi ch must discover what ‘fundamental fairness' consists of in a particular situation by first considering any relevant precedents and then by assessing the several interests that are at stake.” Id ., citing Lassiter at 24-25, 101 S.Ct. 2153. {¶ 28} In the case sub judice, Appellant argues the trial court judge was biased because he unreasonably discredited viable mitigation evidence. As proof of this bias Appellant cites 1) the fact that the trial court granted the st ate's motion for reports authored by Dr. Barnes in any previous cases even though defens e counsel argued some of the reports were in regard to juveniles, had never been used in court, or were from other states; 2) permitting Appellant's sorority sisters to tes tify about the impact this case had on them when the purpose of the hearing had nothing to do w ith the impact of the case on the sorority sisters; 3) permitting irrelevant question ing of the sorority sisters by the state regarding "collective collusion" but then sustaining the state's objection when defense counsel attempted to explore the witness's understandin g of the term; 4) theMuskingum County, Case No. CT2019-0034 12 judge's decision to read the sorority sisters portions of our o pinion in Weaver II and then ask each witness if they felt this court was holding them perso nally responsible for Appellant's actions; 5) appearing to have a bias about mothers and fetal care during Appellant's sentencing hearing and during the postconviction re lief hearing; 6) insinuating the defense team had coached Appellant's comments to Dr. Barnes ; 7) mentioning a case in the same jurisdiction involving a similar fact pattern where in the defendant received a lighter sentence, and 8) mentioning that Appellant's first tria l counsel withdrew and asking current counsel why Appellant had not taken the state's plea of fer. {¶ 29} Appellant argues that due to the forgoing points, the tr ial court's misunderstanding of the facts, circumstances, and law in this c ase, Appellant did not receive a meaningful opportunity to be heard. {¶ 30} We begin our analysis by noting most of Appellant's eigh t arguments are based on speculation. Appellant first speculates the trial judg e possessed a bias regarding mothers and fetal care, pointing to comments made by the judge at sentencing and again during the post-conviction relief hearing. Appellant specifically cites to the sentencing transcript at 15-16, and the post-conviction relief hearing (Hrg) at 287. The sentencing transcript has not been made part of the record of t his appeal. We therefore presume the regularity of that hearing. Knapp v. Edwards Laboratories , 61 Ohio St.2d 197, 400 N.E.2d 384 (1980); State v. Batstra , 5th Dist. Muskingum No. CT2016-0052, 2017-Ohio-2665, ¶ 12. Upon our examination of the record of the post-conviction relief hearing we find the j udge w as commenting on the evidence presen ted. {¶ 31} Appellant also speculates the judge believed Appellant w as coached by counsel as to what to say to Dr. Barnes. Again the record does not support Appellant'sMuskingum County, Case No. CT2019-0034 13 suspicion. Rather the record reflects the judge noted Appellant 's story was not consistent over time, and that two other doctors had interviewed Appellant before Dr. Barnes. The trial court noted, due to these facts, Dr. Barnes was not deali ng with a "clean slate" by the time she interviewed Appellant. Hrg. 193-194. The court then co mmented that Appellant is intelligent and could have figured out the path her counsel was pursuing. Hrg. 198-199. The trial court may certainly consider the bias or interest of any witness, including the defendant. {¶ 32} Likewise, Appellant speculates that by mentioning State v. Bryant , a case heard in the same county with a similar fact pattern and yet wi th a very different resulting sentence, the judge was indicating he would not be swayed as wa s the judge in Bryant

. Appellant argues the judge "appeared to be punishing [Appellant ] with the harshest punishment to make up for what he viewed as an injustice with Bryant ." Appellant's brief at 20. There is simply no evidence on the record to support App ellant's speculation that the trial court was exacting some type of vengeance upon Appell ant to make up for a lenient sentence imposed upon the defendant in Bryant . Rather, the record reflects the judge was seeking to differentiate the instant matter from Bryant by stating that while Bryant involved lighter sentence, it was imposed on "a different char ge." Hrg. 286. {¶ 33} Next, as to the trial court's decision granting the stat e's motion for any reports prepared for other cases by Dr. Barnes, Appellant cites two cases in support of its argument that the trial court's decision demonstrated bias which deprived her of due process. The first, State v. Jiminez, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. CT2017-0036, 2018-Ohio1601, involved the requested disclosure by the defense of a rap e victim's medical records. The records did not pertain to the charge of rape, but rather w ere records involving theMuskingum County, Case No. CT2019-0034 14 victim's alleged bipolar disorder which the defense wished to u se in order to discredit the victim's report of rape. The second, State v. Kopchak , 5th Dist. Muskingum No. CT2017- 0036, 2018-Ohio-1136, involved the state's use of the report of a defense-hired expert in its case-in-chief over the objection of the defense and when th e defense had no intention to call the expert at trial. Neither of these cases are on all fours with the facts of the present matter, and neither raised a bias allegation. {¶ 34} Here, the state in effect withdrew its motion for copies of any previous reports discussing neonaticide and authored by Barnes. After co unsel for Appellant spent some time attempting to locate any such reports without success and reported the same to the trial court, the state indicated it was satisfied. Hrg. 170. Thus Appellant was ultimately not required to produce the reports. Further, there is no indication that the state would have ultimately received any such reports, as it appears from the state's motion that the trial court was to first conduct an in-camera review o f the documents. Moreover, the state's motion indicated it had no objection to the reports being redacted to prevent disclosure of any protected information. Based upon these facts , we cannot say that the trial court's decision to grant the state's motion, standing al one, is evidence of bias. {¶ 35} Next, Appellant argues the trial court demonstrated bias by asking her current counsel why Appellant had not accepted the state's plea offer, and by commenting on her first trial counsel's reasons for withdrawing which incl uded his belief it was in Appellant's best interest to enter a guilty plea. Having review ed the portions of the transcript cited by Appellant, we find we may only speculate as to the purpose behind the comments and Appellant does not explain why these comments demo nstrate bias.Muskingum County, Case No. CT2019-0034 15 Certainly such a conversation would be inappropriate in front o f a jury, however, that was not the case here. {¶ 36} We further note these comments came amidst the mention o f the Bryant case, and of text messages Appellant sent the alleged father af ter she disposed of the body of her newborn indicating “no more baby” and the matter ha d been “taken care of.” Hrg. 273-281, state’s exhibit P68. While Appellant speculates t he comments indicate the trial judge became biased against her after her first trial cou nsel withdrew as counsel, it is also entirely possible the judge was commenting on his sente nce being appropriate after he presided over the trial, heard the facts and observed the evidence, and Appellant therefore having missed an opportunity for a lesser sentence wh en she rejected the state's plea offer. {¶ 37} Regardless, “opinions formed by the judge on the basis o f facts introduced or events occurring in the course of the current proceedings, o r of prior proceedings, do not constitute a basis for a bias or partiality motion unless t hey display a deep-seated favoritism or antagonism that would make fair judgment impossib le. Thus, judicial remarks during the course of a trial that are critical or disap proving of, or even hostile to, counsel, the parties, or their cases, ordinarily do not support a bias or partiality challenge.” Liteky v. United States , 510 U.S. 540, 555, 114 S.Ct. 1147, 127 L.Ed.2d 474 (1994). On the other hand, “[t]hey may do so if they reveal an opinion that derives from an extrajudicial source; and they will do so if they reveal such a high degree of favoritism or antagonism as to make fair judgment impossible.” Id . emphasis original. We do not find these comments display a high degree of favoritism or antagonis m, but rather are opinions formed during the course of current and prior proceedi ngs.Muskingum County, Case No. CT2019-0034 16 {¶ 38} We next address Appellant's argument regarding the trial court permitting the state to call Appellant's sorority sisters and elicit testi mony about how this matter has impacted their lives. We agree this questioning and testimony w as not appropriate and wholly irrelevant. However, the same witnesses had testified at trial and the trial judge had heard the same testimony during trial. Thus, although not r elevant, we find the testimony harmless, and not indicative of bias which deprived a ppellant due process. {¶ 39} We further agree the trial court's act of reading portio ns of our opinion in Weaver II to two defense witnesses and asking their opinion of the same was both inappropriate and not relevant to the proceeding. The same is t rue for the questions to the sorority sisters regarding their understanding of the clini cal term "collective collusion." These errors, however, appear to stem from a misunderstanding o f our directive on remand rather than favoritism or antagonism. {¶ 40} In conclusion, while the hearing was contentious, we do not find evidence in the record which would overcome the strong presumption that the trial court was free of bias or prejudice against Appellant or that establishes the trial court's conduct denied Appellant her right to due process. Appellant was provided a he aring, and presented evidence which the trial court listened to. Although Appellant argues the trial court interrupted her counsel and peppered counsel with questions dur ing closing statements, again, this was a hearing to the bench and not a jury trial. Mo reover, counsel was given an opportunity to address the court a second time after the sta te's closing remarks and declined to do so. Hrg. 283. {¶ 41} The second and third assignments of error are overruled. IMuskingum County, Case No. CT2019-0034 17 {¶ 42} In her first assignment of error, Appellant argues the t rial court abused its discretion when it denied her motion for postconviction relief. We disagree. {¶ 43} Our standard of review on a determination on postconvict ion relief is abuse of discretion. State v. Williams , 165 Ohio App.3d 594, 2006-Ohio-617, 847 N.E.2d 495 (11th Dist.). In order to find an abuse of discretion, we must find the trial court's decision was unreasonable, arbitrary or unconscionable and not merely an error of law or judgment. Blakemore v. Blakemore , 5 Ohio St.3d 217, 450 N.E.2d 1140 (1983). {¶ 44} Under this assignment of error, Appellant makes several sub-arguments. The first two include arguments addressing the ineffectiveness of trial counsel for failing to bring the clinical syndrome of neonatocide to the attention of the trial court during sentencing in order to mitigate Appellant's sentence and the tr ial court's failure to cite a standard and proper analysis pursuant to Stickland v. Washington in its findings of fact and conclusions of law following the hearing. We find, however, any ineffectiveness of trial counsel was cured by the postconviction relief hearing co nducted on remand from Weaver II. Further, while a proper analysis is best practice, the trial co urt clearly found counsel for Appellant did not render ineffective assistance whi ch prejudiced Appellant. We therefore overrule Appellant's arguments pertaining to ineff ective assistance of trial counsel. {¶ 45} Appellant next argues the trial court abused its discret ion in denying her motion for postconviction relief because its decision is not su pported by competent and credible evidence. Within this argument Appellant makes the sam e bias arguments raised in her second and third assignments of error which we have addr essed above and will not readdress here. Just as we found no bias impacting the outc ome of this matter, weMuskingum County, Case No. CT2019-0034 18 find the same speculative arguments do not demonstrate the tria l court abused its discretion in denying Appellant's motion for post-conviction re lief. {¶ 46} Appellant further faults the trial court for failing to find Dr. Barnes credible, for appearing to believe it was bound by law to impose the hars hest available sentence on Appellant, and appearing to have forgotten what Appellant ha d been charged with and convicted of. {¶ 47} While Appellant challenges the trial court's failure to find Dr. Barnes credible, it is well established that “the weight to be given t he evidence and the credibility of the witnesses are primarily for the trier of the facts.” State v. DeHass , 10 Ohio St.2d 230, 227 N.E.2d 212, 39 Ohio Op.2d 366 (1967) paragraph one of the syllabus. Appellant appears to ask this court to mak e a credibility call as to Barn es' testimony. However, it is well established that we may not substitute our own credibility determination for that of the trial court. State v. Walker , 55 Ohio St.2d 208, 378 N.E.2d 1049, 9 Ohio Op.3d 152 (1978). {¶ 48} As for Appellant's remaining arguments, while it does ap pear accurate the trial court's memory of Appellant's charges and the jury's find ings was faulty, Appellant has not raised that fact as error. Further, while we were not p rovided with a transcript of the original sentencing hearing, our review of motions made by Appellant and the sentencing judgment entry indicate the trial court was aware of the available sentences it was permitted to impose at the time Appellant was sentenced. Fi nally, the trial court's memory of the charges and available sentences had no bearing on the matter as the trial court found trial counsel was not ineffective for failing to pr esent detailed information on neonaticide. We therefore reject Appellant's arguments in that vein.Muskingum County, Case No. CT2019-0034 19 {¶ 49} The trial court acted within its discretion in finding t he testimony of Barnes incredible. Further the court's decision finding trial counsel was not ineffective for failing to raise the issue of neonaticide in detail was not unreasonabl e, arbitrary, or unconscionable. We therefore overrule the first assignment of e rror. {¶ 50} The judgment of the Muskingum County Court of Common Ple as is affirmed.

By Wise, Earle, J. Hoffman, P.J. and Delaney, J. concur.

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