COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA

Present: Judges Huff, Athey and White

Argued at Salem, Virginia

JEREL BLAKE SMALS

MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY

v. Record No. 0066-22-3 JUDGE KIMBERLEY S. WHITE

DECEMBER 29, 2022

COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA

FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY

Christopher B. Russell, Judge

Michelle C.F. Derrico, Senior Assistant Public Defender (Virginia 

Indigent Defense Commission, on briefs), for appellant.

Justin B. Hill, Assistant Attorney General (Jason S. Miyares, 

Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.

Jerel B. Smals appeals his convictions, following a bench trial, for statutory burglary and 

misdemeanor assault and battery, in violation of Code §§ 18.2-91 and 18.2-57. Smals asserts that 

the evidence was insufficient to prove that a breaking occurred and that the Commonwealth’s 

witnesses were inherently incredible. For the following reasons, we disagree, and affirm the 

convictions.

BACKGROUND

On appeal, we review the facts “in the ‘light most favorable’ to the Commonwealth, the 

prevailing party in the trial court.” Hammer v. Commonwealth, 74 Va. App. 225, 231 (2022) 

(quoting Commonwealth v. Cady, 300 Va. 325, 329 (2021)). Doing so requires that we “discard 

the evidence of the accused in conflict with that of the Commonwealth, and regard as true all the 

* Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.

UNPUBLISHED
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credible evidence favorable to the Commonwealth and all fair inferences to be drawn therefrom.” 

Cady, 300 Va. at 329 (quoting Commonwealth v. Perkins, 295 Va. 323, 323-24 (2018)).

On January 15, 2021, David Lotts1 and his girlfriend, Melissa Garrett, were eating dinner in 

his home when someone knocked on the front door. Lotts opened the door and unexpectedly found 

Smals. Lotts was familiar with Smals because Smals was Garrett’s former boyfriend. Smals had 

come to Lotts’s home several days earlier urging Lotts to treat Garrett well.

On January 15, Smals asked to speak to Garrett outside, but Garrett refused. Smals became 

emotional, put his head in his hands, and knelt. Lotts allowed the door to swing shut, leaving Smals 

on the front stoop, and returned to his recliner to watch television. Lotts explained that the door 

would swing shut if no one was holding it and that the door was “[m]ostly glass bordered by wood 

like the wooden frame with glass in the middle.”

Without warning, Smals kicked through the door’s window and “the door swung back 

open.” Lotts drew his nine-millimeter handgun and told Smals to leave. Smals asked Lotts “are 

you going to shoot me” before he charged Lotts bringing him to the ground. The pair continued to 

grapple on the floor. During the struggle, Lotts fired a round, which grazed Smals’s ear and hit 

the wall next to the front door. Smals fell to the floor as Lotts returned to his feet and demanded 

Smals leave his home. Smals complied and drove away in his vehicle. Unsure of what to do, 

Lotts and Garrett fled to Garrett’s parents’ home in Buena Vista. There, Garrett called 911.

Rockbridge County Police Corporal Willard responded to the call and observed that the 

front door’s large pane window was broken and that a substantial amount of glass was on the 

front stoop. Corporal Willard and Investigator Flint secured and photographed the scene. 

Investigator Flint found a shell casing underneath the refrigerator and a round in the wall behind 

1 At trial Melissa Garrett interchangeably referred to Lotts by his first name, David, and 

his middle name, Matthew.
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the door. Corporal Willard opined that the door was likely open when the shot was fired because 

there appeared to be a bullet hole through the window and the window blind.

While photographing the scene, Corporal Willard directed officers to look for Smals at 

his residence. 2 After officers located Smals and transported him to the sheriff’s office, he 

admitted that he was at Lotts’s home that evening and that he and Lotts had wrestled each other. 

Smals, however, denied that a firearm had been involved. Smals indicated that he had spoken

with Garrett earlier that day and had planned to meet up with her. When Garrett did not appear, 

he went to Lotts’s home to speak with her. Investigator Flint photographed Smals during the 

interview and noted that Smals appeared to have a graze or burn injury on his ear.

The trial court found Lotts and Garrett more credible than Smals. The court opined that “it 

is a mystery about the glass,” and noted that the witnesses’ “testimony was more significant than the 

physical evidence.”3

 The trial court convicted Smals of statutory burglary and misdemeanor assault 

and battery. Smals appeals.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

“When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, ‘[t]he judgment of the trial court is 

presumed correct and will not be disturbed unless it is plainly wrong or without evidence to 

support it.’” McGowan v. Commonwealth, 72 Va. App. 513, 521 (2020) (alteration in original) 

(quoting Smith v. Commonwealth, 296 Va. 450, 460 (2018)). “In such cases, ‘[t]he Court does 

not ask itself whether it believes that the evidence at the trial established guilt beyond a 

reasonable doubt.’” Id. (alteration in original) (quoting Secret v. Commonwealth, 296 Va. 204, 

2 Corporal Willard was familiar with Smals and knew that he often stayed at a residence 

close to Lotts’s home.

3 Smals denied kicking in the glass door and argued that the physical evidence of the 

broken glass being outside the door frame clearly showed the door was not kicked in, instead 

proposing that a combination of the door being shot then slammed resulted in the glass breaking.
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228 (2018)). “Rather, the relevant question is whether ‘any rational trier of fact could have 

found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.’” Vasquez v. 

Commonwealth, 291 Va. 232, 248 (2016) (quoting Williams v. Commonwealth, 278 Va. 190, 193 

(2009)). “If there is evidentiary support for the conviction, ‘the reviewing court is not permitted 

to substitute its own judgment, even if its opinion might differ from the conclusions reached by 

the finder of fact at the trial.’” McGowan, 72 Va. App. at 521 (quoting Chavez v. 

Commonwealth, 69 Va. App. 149, 161 (2018)).

“The sole responsibility to determine the credibility of witnesses, the weight to be given 

to their testimony, and the inferences to be drawn from proven facts lies with the fact finder.” 

Ragland v. Commonwealth, 67 Va. App. 519, 529-30 (2017). “In a bench trial, the trial judge’s 

‘major role is the determination of fact, and with experience in fulfilling that role comes 

expertise.’” Blankenship v. Commonwealth, 71 Va. App. 608, 619 (2020) (quoting Haskins v. 

Commonwealth, 44 Va. App. 1, 11 (2004)). “Under our standard of review, a factfinder may 

draw reasonable inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts, and those inferences cannot be 

upended on appeal unless we deem them so attenuated that they push into the realm of non

sequitur.” Perkins, 295 Va. at 332 (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Bowman v. 

Commonwealth, 290 Va. 492, 500 (2015)).

ANALYSIS

A. Credibility

Smals contends that the physical evidence proves that Lotts’s and Garrett’s testimony 

was inherently incredible. Smals argues that the physical evidence disproves Lotts’s testimony 

that Smals broke in by kicking the front door’s glass and that the door closed automatically. He 

suggests that if the door had been kicked in from the outside, glass would have fallen inside the 

home. Additionally, he concludes that because “[t]here was a bullet hol[e] in the glass door that 
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passed through the blind covering the glass and lodged into the wall behind,” the door must have

been open for the bullet holes to be in those locations, and the door did not automatically close as 

Lotts testified. Finally, Smals notes that this Court has found witnesses to be inherently 

incredible when, as here, they leave the scene and delay reporting the incident. He argues that 

because Lotts and Garrett left the scene and their testimony conflicts with the physical evidence,

their testimony was inherently incredible and cannot support his convictions.

“An appellate court ‘must accept the trial court’s determination of the credibility of 

witness testimony unless, as a matter of law, the testimony is inherently incredible.’” Hammer, 

74 Va. App. at 239 (quoting Lambert v. Commonwealth, 70 Va. App. 740, 759 (2019)). “A legal 

determination that a witness is inherently incredible is very different from the mere identification 

of inconsistencies in a witness’ testimony or statements.” Kelley v. Commonwealth, 69 Va. App. 

617, 626 (2019). “Testimony may be contradictory or contain inconsistencies without rising to 

the level of being inherently incredible as a matter of law.” Id.; see Juniper v. Commonwealth, 

271 Va. 362, 415 (2006). “Consequently, as Virginia law dictates, ‘[p]otential inconsistencies in 

testimony are resolved by the fact finder,’ not the appellate court.” Kelley, 69 Va. App. at 626 

(alteration in original) (quoting Towler v. Commonwealth, 59 Va. App. 284, 292 (2011)).

“‘[T]here can be no relief’ in this Court if a witness testifies to facts ‘which, if true, are 

sufficient’ to support the conviction ‘[i]f the trier of the facts’ bases its decision ‘upon that 

testimony.’” Id. (quoting Smith v. Commonwealth, 56 Va. App. 711, 718-19 (2010)).

Witness testimony will not be found inherently incredible “unless it is ‘so manifestly 

false that reasonable men ought not to believe it’ or ‘shown to be false by objects or things as to 

the existence and meaning of which reasonable men should not differ.’” Gerald v. 

Commonwealth, 295 Va. 469, 487 (2018) (quoting Juniper, 271 Va. at 415). We will not disturb 

a trial court’s finding that a witness was not inherently incredible unless that determination is 
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“plainly wrong or without evidence to support it.” Hammer, 74 Va. App. at 240 (quoting Elliott

v. Commonwealth, 277 Va. 457, 463 (2009)).

Smals cannot meet that standard here. The trial court, acting as the fact finder, found that 

Lotts and Garrett were more credible than Smals. Lotts testified that he and Garrett were at his 

residence when Smals arrived uninvited. Lotts answered the door, and Smals asked to speak 

with Garrett. Garrett did not want to speak with Smals or go outside. Lotts observed Smals 

become emotional. Lotts released the door, allowing it to close, and returned to his recliner. 

Moments later, Lotts observed Smals kick in his front door’s window. Instantaneously, Lotts 

retrieved his handgun and ordered Smals to leave. Smals told Lotts to “shoot [him] in the 

fucking head” as Smals advanced and struck Lotts. The two men grappled with each other, and 

during the struggle, Lotts fired his handgun, which grazed Smals’s ear and hit the wall next to 

the front door. As Smals dropped to the floor Lotts demanded Smals leave his home. 

Eventually, Smals complied.

Lotts’s testimony was corroborated by Garrett who confirmed that Smals had arrived at 

the house unannounced. When Lotts answered the door Smals asked to speak with Garrett 

outside, but she declined. Garrett also saw Smals become emotional as Lotts shut the door and 

returned to his chair. Garrett recalled a loud noise and saw the door open and Smals come

inside. A struggle ensued between Smals and Lotts. Garrett observed Lotts had his handgun,

and moments later she heard a gunshot. She then saw Smals drop to the ground and heard Lotts

demand Smals leave.

The trial court did not err in refusing to find the testimony of Lotts and Garrett inherently 

incredible. Nothing compelled the trial court to find Lotts’s and Garrett’s testimony “so 

manifestly false” that it could not be believed, nor was their testimony “shown to be false” by 
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evidence on which reasonable persons could not differ. See Gerald, 295 Va. at 487; Hammer, 74 

Va. App. at 240. The record supports the trial court’s credibility determination.

B. Breaking

Smals contends that the Commonwealth failed to prove a breaking occurred. He argues 

that the physical evidence proved that the front door’s glass was broken by a bullet hole. The 

evidence proves, he argues, that he stepped through an open door and, consequently, the 

Commonwealth failed to prove a breaking occurred and the evidence is insufficient to sustain his

burglary conviction.

“[I]f any person commits any of the acts mentioned in § 18.2-894 or § 18.2-905 with 

intent to commit assault and battery, he shall be guilty of statutory burglary.” Code § 18.2-91. 

Although Code §§ 18.2-91 and 18.2-90 do not require proof of a breaking where, as here, the 

charged offense occurred at night, the Commonwealth acknowledges that the indictment 

narrowed the statutory language and alleged that Smals broke and entered the residence. Where 

an indictment includes “specific, narrowing language ‘descriptive of the offense charged,’” the 

Commonwealth must prove the offense as charged. Purvy v. Commonwealth, 59 Va. App. 260, 

269 (2011) (quoting Commonwealth v. Nuckles, 266 Va. 519, 523 (2003)). Accordingly, the 

Commonwealth concedes that it was required to prove that a breaking occurred.

“A ‘breaking’ under burglary law can be ‘either actual or constructive.’” Pooler v. 

Commonwealth, 71 Va. App. 214, 223 (2019) (quoting Lay v. Commonwealth, 50 Va. App. 330, 

334 (2007)). “Actual breaking requires the use of physical force.” Id. at 222 (quoting Lay, 50 

4 “If any person break and enter the dwelling house of another in the nighttime with intent 

to commit a felony or any larceny therein, he shall be guilty of burglary.” Code § 18.2-89.

5 “If any person in the nighttime enters without breaking or in the daytime breaks and 

enters or enters and conceals himself in a dwelling house . . . with intent to commit murder, rape, 

robbery or arson in violation of §§ 18.2-77, 18.2-79 or § 18.2-80, he shall be deemed guilty of 

statutory burglary.” Code § 18.2-90.
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Va. App. at 334-35). “Merely pushing open a door, turning the key, lifting the latch, or resort to 

other slight physical force is sufficient to constitute this element of the crime.” Id. “[A] person 

does not ‘break’ into a dwelling when they have permission to enter the dwelling and act in 

accordance with that permission.” Id.

Here, the evidence proved that Smals arrived unannounced at Lotts’s residence and when 

Garrett declined to speak with him or go outside, Smals became emotional. Lotts released the 

door, allowing it to shut. Without permission or warning, Smals kicked the door, breaking the 

glass, and entered the residence. Lotts retrieved his handgun and ordered Smals to leave, but

Smals rushed forward and struck Lotts. During the ensuing struggle, Lotts fired his gun, grazing

Smals’s ear and hitting the wall next to the front door. The evidence is sufficient for a 

reasonable fact finder to conclude that Smals broke and entered the residence with the requisite 

intent. We will not disturb the trial court’s findings of fact on appeal.

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, we hold that the evidence was sufficient to convict Smals of 

statutory burglary and misdemeanor assault and battery. Accordingly, we affirm the trial court’s 

verdict.

Affirmed.