2020 IL App (1st) 162723-U

No. 1-16-2723 

Order filed January 27, 2020 

First Division

NOTICE: This order was filed under Supreme Court Rule 23 and may not be cited as precedent 

by any party except in the limited circumstances allowed under Rule 23(e)(1).

______________________________________________________________________________ 

IN THE

APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

FIRST DISTRICT

______________________________________________________________________________ 

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS,

Plaintiff-Appellee, 

 v. 

ROBERT MORRIS, 

Defendant-Appellant. 

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Appeal from the

Circuit Court of 

Cook County. 

No. 11 CR 12889 

Honorable 

Allen F. Murphy, 

Judge, presiding. 

JUSTICE PIERCE delivered the judgment of the court. 

Presiding Justice Griffin and Justice Walker concurred in the judgment. 

ORDER

¶ 1 Held: The summary dismissal of defendant’s pro se postconviction petition is affirmed 

over his contention that the petition presented an arguable claim of ineffective 

assistance of appellate counsel.

¶ 2 Defendant Robert Morris appeals from the summary dismissal of his pro se petition for 

relief filed pursuant to the Post-Conviction Hearing Act (Act) (725 ILCS 5/122-1 et seq. (West 

2016)). On appeal, defendant contends that the circuit court erred when it dismissed his petition 

because it presented an arguable claim that he was denied the effective assistance of appellate 
No. 1-16-2723 

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counsel where counsel failed to challenge the sufficiency of the evidence on direct appeal. We 

affirm.

¶ 3 On April 3, 2009, 79-year-old Robert Sanders was shot during an attempted robbery. He 

died on April 30, 2011. Defendant was charged with 20 counts of first degree murder and 3 

counts of attempt armed robbery. The State proceeded on three counts of first degree murder 

(720 ILCS 5/9-1(a)(1)-(3), (b)(6) (West 2008)), and one count of attempt armed robbery (720 

ILCS 5/8-4 (West 2008); 720 ILCS 5/18-2(a)(4) (West 2008)). Following a jury trial, defendant

was sentenced to 80 years in prison for first degree murder.1 We recite only those facts necessary 

to our disposition. 

¶ 4 At trial, Sandra Jefferson, Sanders’s granddaughter, testified that at the time of the 

shooting, Sanders was 79 years old and lived independently. Following the shooting, Sanders 

was either in a hospital, a rehabilitation facility, or a nursing home, until he died. 

¶ 5 Dr. Ariel Goldschmidt testified that he performed an autopsy on Sanders on May 3, 2011, 

and discovered gunshot injuries to the right knee, stomach, pancreas, liver, small intestine, and 

right kidney. Dr. Goldschmidt opined that the cause of death was aspiration pneumonia due to 

multiple gunshot wounds and that the manner of death was homicide. 

¶ 6 William Binns testified that on the morning of April 3, 2009, he was at a currency 

exchange cashing a check. There were cars in the parking lot, including a tan Buick with an older 

man in the driver’s seat. As Binns waited, he looked outside to check on his vehicle. He noticed 

a tall “dark-skinned guy” wearing a grey hoody or sweater open the front passenger door of the 

older man’s vehicle and get inside. Binns then saw the men struggling for a few minutes. 

1

The record on appeal does not contain volume 7 of the report of proceedings, which relates to 

pretrial proceedings that are not relevant to the issue on appeal. 
No. 1-16-2723 

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Nothing blocked his view of what was happening in the vehicle. Binns next heard “[a]t least two 

or three” gunshots. Binns saw the man in the grey hoody exit the vehicle, close the door, and 

quickly walk away. As the man walked past the currency exchange, he put his hand in his 

pocket. Binns did not see the man wearing a glove but saw his face. He identified defendant in 

court as this person. Binns went outside to check on his vehicle and saw that the older man had 

been shot and was bleeding from the leg and stomach. Binns spoke to police at the scene, and on 

April 21, 2009, he identified defendant in a lineup. 

¶ 7 During cross-examination, Binns testified that two to three minutes passed from the time 

he first saw defendant until defendant left the scene, and that he only saw defendant’s face for 

part of that time. Binns testified that defendant weighed 135 to 145 pounds on the day of the 

incident. There were signs in the window that Binns was looking out of, but no people blocked 

his view. When Binns heard the gunshots, he stayed where he was and did not try to take cover. 

He was scared, focused on his personal safety, and worried that the shooter might enter the 

currency exchange. He did not see a firearm. He acknowledged that Sanders’s vehicle was a blue 

Chevrolet rather than a tan Buick, but explained that it had been four years since the shooting. 

¶ 8 During redirect, Binns testified that the signs in the window were in the bottom corner of 

the windowpane and did not block his view. After the gunshots, he continued to watch Sanders’s 

vehicle. When defendant walked in front of the currency exchange, Binns saw his whole face. He 

watched defendant closely because he was concerned for his safety and to make sure that any 

weapon that defendant had was not turned on him. 
No. 1-16-2723 

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¶ 9 Calumet City firefighter-paramedic Joseph Brazzale testified that when he arrived at the 

scene, he observed an elderly man in the driver’s seat of a vehicle. The man had blood on his 

hands and shirt, was conscious, and stated that someone tried to rob him and shot him.

¶ 10 Calumet City police officer and evidence technician George Jones testified that after 

paramedics left with Sanders, he photographed the scene and dusted for fingerprints. He located 

prints on the passenger door of Sanders’s vehicle. Later, at a police station, Jones lifted prints 

from the interior and exterior front passenger window and the exterior front passenger door. 

¶ 11 Calumet City police officer Michael Serrano testified that around 7:30 p.m. on April 20, 

2009, he took defendant’s fingerprints. 

¶ 12 Calumet City police sergeant Kevin Rapacz testified that around 11:45 a.m. on April 21, 

2009, he went to a hospital to show Sanders a photographic array which included defendant’s 

photograph. Sanders was “alert,” but could not speak and communicated by shaking his hand or 

head and using his hands. Rapacz was present when Binns identified defendant in a lineup. 

¶ 13 Calumet City police lieutenant Casey Erickson testified that he learned that the prints 

recovered from the crime scene belonged to defendant. After defendant was taken into custody 

on April 20, 2009, Erickson met with defendant and advised him of the Miranda rights. During 

their subsequent conversation, defendant denied knowing anything about an armed robbery, but 

admitted that “he may [have] been in that area on that day and time.” When defendant was told 

that he was going to be placed in a lineup, defendant asked whether “the old man was okay.”

Erickson had not mentioned an old man; defendant was merely told about an attempted armed 

robbery. 
No. 1-16-2723 

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¶ 14 The next afternoon, after advising defendant of the Miranda rights, Erickson told him 

that he had been identified in the lineup. Defendant asked if the old man was “able” to come in 

and pick him out of the lineup. When Erickson stated that someone had been shot, defendant 

stated that “ ‘It wasn’t cold-blooded.’ ” At this point, defendant was sitting “hunched over” with 

his head down and was not making eye contact. Erickson characterized defendant as “a little 

upset.” On cross-examination, Erickson denied accusing defendant of shooting Sanders in cold 

blood. 

¶ 15 Frank Senese, a latent print group supervisor with the Illinois State Police, testified that in 

April 2009, he received the latent print lifts from Sanders’s vehicle. The print lifts were from the 

passenger window and the door frame. Senese entered a print recovered from the exterior of the 

front passenger window into AFIS (Automatic Fingerprint Identification System) and received a 

“perfect score” for defendant. He obtained defendant’s fingerprint card, compared it to three of 

the prints from Sanders’s vehicle, and made an identification. Senese then notified the police.

The following month, Senese received defendant’s inked prints. He compared the latent prints to 

defendant’s inked prints and again concluded that there was a match. 

¶ 16 After the State rested, the defense presented the testimony of Jack Spinks. Spinks 

testified that a person was shot while Spinks was getting money at a currency exchange.

Although he heard the shots and saw people in a vehicle, he could not see the face of the man 

who exited the vehicle because the man was wearing a hoody. However, Spinks did see a silver 

revolver in the person’s hand. Later, at a police station, he viewed a lineup. Spinks testified that 

“they told me I picked the wrong one in the lineup because I didn’t see his face.” Later, at his 

home, “[t]hey” told him he picked the wrong person. 
No. 1-16-2723 

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¶ 17 Erickson was recalled and testified that he was present when Spinks viewed the lineup. 

To Erickson’s recollection, Spinks did not identify anyone. After Erickson’s recollection was 

refreshed with a lineup form, he testified that the form stated “negative ID” by Spinks, which 

meant that Spinks did not identify defendant. 

¶ 18 Assistant State’s Attorney Andrea Grogan testified that she met with Erickson on April 

21, 2009, and that Erickson told her everything that defendant said earlier that day. Defense 

counsel then asked, “during that conversation Det. Erickson never told you that [defendant] had 

said, It wasn’t cold blooded, or, How was the old man doing; did he?” Grogan replied that she 

did not remember “every word” Erickson used, but she believed that he told her everything that 

defendant said. She admitted that her written summary of the conversation did not include these 

two phrases. 

¶ 19 Robert Sanderson, an expert in video forensics, testified he analyzed video footage of a 

person running down an alley and focused on the person’s left arm, wrist, and hand.2 The 

footage, as well as certain “raw frames” and “enhancement frames,” were published to the jury. 

In his analysis, Sanderson noticed a dark band on the person’s hand which he believed to be 

some type of “covering.” During cross-examination, he acknowledged that neither a “flesh 

covered hand” nor a face could be seen in the footage.

¶ 20 Kenneth Moses, an expert in crime scene analysis and latent print identification and 

comparison, testified that his examination of the prints found on the door handle of the vehicle 

from the crime scene led him to conclude that they were glove prints. He also examined the lifts 

2

During Sanderson’s testimony, the parties stipulated that Monjet Shoman owned a shoe store on 

Sibley Boulevard and had a surveillance camera that overlooked an alley. On the morning of April 3, 

2009, the camera recorded a man in a gray hoody running eastbound down the alley. 
No. 1-16-2723 

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from the exterior passenger window, identified glove “smudges,” and believed that the prints 

predated the glove print because the fingerprint did not disrupt the glove print. 

¶ 21 The jury found defendant guilty of first degree murder and attempt armed robbery. The 

court merged the guilty findings and sentenced defendant to 80 years in prison for first degree 

murder. The sentence consisted of 50 years for first degree murder and a 30-year enhancement

for personally discharging a firearm that proximately caused the death of another. 

¶ 22 On direct appeal, defendant contended that the trial court (1) erroneously barred him from 

eliciting testimony regarding a witness’s exclusion of him from the lineup when that witness was 

deceased at the time of trial, (2) erroneously allowed Rapacz to testify that Sanders reviewed a 

photo array containing defendant’s photograph and admitted that photo array into evidence, 

(3) abused its discretion in precluding Sanderson from opining that an individual in a 

surveillance video was wearing a glove, (4) abused its discretion in admitting expert fingerprint 

evidence based upon the ACE-V method of latent fingerprint analysis, (5) incorrectly 

admonished defendant regarding the potential sentence he faced at the time the State’s plea offer 

was pending, and (6) improperly considered irrelevant factors when sentencing him to 80 years 

in prison. We affirmed. See People v. Morris, 2015 IL App (1st) 140846-U. 

¶ 23 In August 2016, defendant filed a pro se postconviction petition alleging that he was 

denied the effective assistance of trial and appellate counsel and that the evidence at trial was 

“constitutionally insufficient.” The petition alleged, in pertinent part, that appellate counsel was 

deficient for failing to challenge the sufficiency of the evidence on direct appeal, including 

Binns’s identification of defendant. The circuit court summarily dismissed the petition as 

frivolous and patently without merit. Defendant filed a timely pro se notice of appeal.
No. 1-16-2723 

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¶ 24 On appeal, defendant contends that the circuit court erred when it summarily dismissed 

his pro se postconviction petition because it set forth an arguable claim of ineffective assistance 

of appellate counsel based upon counsel’s failure to challenge the sufficiency of the evidence as 

to his identification on direct appeal.

¶ 25 The Act provides a procedural mechanism through which a defendant may assert a 

substantial denial of his constitutional rights in the proceedings which resulted in his conviction. 

725 ILCS 5/122-1 et seq. (West 2016). A proceeding initiated under the Act is “not a substitute 

for a direct appeal, but rather is a collateral attack on a prior conviction and sentence.” People v. 

Davis, 2014 IL 115595, ¶ 13. The Act allows inquiry into constitutional issues arising in the 

original proceeding that were not raised and could not have been adjudicated on direct appeal. Id.

Issues raised and decided on direct appeal are barred by the doctrine of res judicata, and issues 

that could have been raised on direct appeal, but were not, are forfeited. Id. 

¶ 26 At the first stage of proceedings under the Act, a defendant files a petition, which the 

circuit court independently reviews and, taking the allegations as true, determines whether it is 

frivolous or is patently without merit. People v. Tate, 2012 IL 112214, ¶ 9. A petition should be 

summarily dismissed as frivolous or patently without merit only when it “has no arguable basis 

in either fact or law.” People v. Hodges, 234 Ill. 2d 1, 12 (2009). A petition lacks an arguable 

basis in fact or law when it “is based on an indisputably meritless legal theory or a fanciful 

factual allegation.” Id. at 16. Fanciful factual allegations are those which are “fantastic or 

delusional,” and an indisputably meritless legal theory is one that is “completely contradicted by 

the record.” Id. at 16-17. We review the summary dismissal of a postconviction petition de novo. 

Id. at 9. 
No. 1-16-2723 

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¶ 27 “At the first stage of proceedings under the Act, a petition alleging ineffective assistance 

of counsel may not be summarily dismissed if (i) it is arguable that counsel’s performance fell 

below an objective standard of reasonableness and (ii) it is arguable that the defendant was 

prejudiced.” People v. Petrenko, 237 Ill. 2d 490, 497 (2010). If we may dispose of defendant's 

claim on the basis that he suffered no prejudice, we need not address whether counsel’s 

performance was objectively unreasonable. People v. Salas, 2011 IL App (1st) 091880, ¶ 91. 

¶ 28 Claims of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel are governed by the same test used 

in assessing claims of ineffective assistance of trial counsel set forth in Strickland v. Washington, 

466 U.S. 668 (1984). People v. Lacy, 407 Ill. App. 3d 442, 457 (2011). A defendant challenging 

appellate counsel’s effectiveness must show both that appellate counsel’s performance was 

deficient and that, but for counsel’s errors, there is a reasonable probability that the appeal would 

have been successful. Id. Appellate counsel need not brief every conceivable issue on appeal and 

may refrain from developing non-meritorious issues without violating Strickland. People v. 

Guerrero, 2018 IL App (2d) 160920, ¶ 43. Therefore, unless the underlying issue is meritorious, 

a defendant suffers no prejudice if counsel does not raise it on appeal. People v. Childress, 191 

Ill. 2d 168, 175 (2000). 

¶ 29 In order to assess the merit of defendant’s argument, we must determine whether a 

challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence would have been successful had it been raised on 

direct appeal. 

¶ 30 When a defendant challenges his conviction based upon the sufficiency of the evidence 

presented against him, we must ask whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most 

favorable to the State, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the 
No. 1-16-2723 

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crime beyond a reasonable doubt. People v. Brown, 2013 IL 114196, ¶ 48. All reasonable 

inferences from the record must be allowed in favor of the State. People v. Lloyd, 2013 IL 

113510, ¶ 42. It is the responsibility of the trier of fact to resolve conflicts in the testimony, to 

weigh evidence, and to draw reasonable inferences from the facts. Brown, 2013 IL 114196, ¶ 48. 

A reviewing court will not substitute its judgment for that of the trier of fact on issues involving 

the weight of the evidence or the credibility of the witnesses. Id. A defendant’s conviction will 

not be overturned unless the evidence is so unreasonable, improbable, or unsatisfactory that there 

remains a reasonable doubt of his guilt. Id.

¶ 31 To prove defendant guilty of first degree murder, the State needed to prove beyond a 

reasonable doubt that, in performing the acts that caused the death of an individual, defendant 

“either intend[ed] to kill or do great bodily harm to that individual or another, or [knew] that 

such acts will cause death to that individual or another.” 720 ILCS 5/9-1(a)(1) (West 2008). To 

prove attempt armed robbery, the State was required to prove that with intent to commit an 

armed robbery, defendant took a substantial step toward the commission of that offense. 720 

ILCS 5/8-4(a) (West 2008); 720 ILCS 5/18-2(a)(4) (West 2008)); People v. Toy, 407 Ill. App. 3d 

272, 289-90 (2011). Here, defendant contests only his identification as the shooter. 

¶ 32 After viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, we conclude that a 

rational trier of fact could have found beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant committed the 

offenses at issue when an eyewitness identified defendant as the person who emerged from 

Sanders’s vehicle following the shooting, defendant’s fingerprints were recovered from 

Sanders’s vehicle, and defendant told police that he may have been in the area the day and time 

of the shooting and that it was not “cold-blooded.” 
No. 1-16-2723 

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¶ 33 While defendant notes that his experts challenged the State’s fingerprint evidence, and 

claims Erickson’s testimony regarding the inculpatory statement was uncorroborated, his 

arguments are, essentially, a request to reweigh the evidence presented at trial in his favor and 

substitute our judgment for that of the trier of fact. This we cannot do. See People v. Abdullah, 

220 Ill. App. 3d 687, 693 (1991) (“A reviewing court has neither the duty nor the privilege to 

substitute its judgment for that of the trier of fact.”). It is the responsibility of the trier of fact to 

resolve conflicts in the testimony, to weigh evidence, and to draw reasonable inferences 

therefrom. Brown, 2013 IL 114196, ¶ 48. In doing so, the trier of fact is not required to disregard 

the inferences that flow from the evidence or search out all possible explanations consistent with 

a defendant’s innocence and raise them to a level of reasonable doubt. People v. Newton, 2018 

IL 122958, ¶ 24. Moreover, contrary to defendant’s argument, we cannot say that the 

identification of defendant by Binns was so improbable or unsatisfactory that a reasonable doubt 

existed as to defendant’s guilt. 

¶ 34 It is well settled that the testimony of one identification witness, if positive and credible, 

is sufficient to sustain a conviction. People v. Herron, 2012 IL App (1st) 090663, ¶ 15; People v. 

Slim, 127 Ill. 2d 302, 307 (1989). When assessing identification testimony, we rely upon the 

factors set forth in Neil v. Biggers, 409 U.S. 188 (1972). 

“[T]he factors to be considered in evaluating the likelihood of misidentification 

include the opportunity of the witness to view the criminal at the time of the 

crime, the witness’ degree of attention, the accuracy of the witness’ prior 

description of the criminal, the level of certainty demonstrated by the witness at 
No. 1-16-2723 

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the confrontation, and the length of time between the crime and the 

confrontation.” Id. at 199-200. 

¶ 35 When considering the Biggers factors in relation to Binns’s identification of defendant as 

the person he saw exit Sanders’s vehicle after the shooting, we conclude that these factors weigh 

in the State’s favor. 

¶ 36 First, the record demonstrates that Binns had the opportunity to view defendant at the 

time of the shooting. Binns testified that it was the morning and that as he looked through the 

window to check on his car, he saw a man in a grey hoody or sweater open the passenger door of 

Sanders’s vehicle and get inside. Nothing blocked his view, and Binns later saw defendant’s face 

as defendant walked past the currency exchange. Although Binns acknowledged that the entire 

incident only took two to three minutes, and that he only saw defendant’s face for part of that 

time, we are not persuaded by defendant’s argument that the brief nature of the encounter was 

fatal to Binns’s identification. See People v. Barnes, 364 Ill. App. 3d 888, 894 (2006) (“an 

encounter as abbreviated as ‘five to ten seconds’ *** [is] sufficient to support a conviction”

(quoting People v. Parks, 50 Ill. App. 3d 929, 930 (1977))). Thus, the first Biggers factor weighs 

in favor of Binns’s identification of defendant as the person who exited Sanders’s vehicle. 

¶ 37 The second factor, the degree of attention of the witnesses, also weighs in favor of a 

reliable identification. Binns testified that he looked into the parking lot to check on his car, and 

that he was concerned for his personal safety following the shooting and watched defendant 

closely to ensure that defendant did not use a weapon against him. These facts support an 

inference that Binns paid attention to the shooter and where he was going. To the extent that 

defendant relies on law review articles to argue that a witness’s “stress during a crime can 
No. 1-16-2723 

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diminish” the ability to make an identification, this research was not presented to the trial court

and will not be considered on appeal. See People v. Heaton, 266 Ill. App 3d 469, 477 (1994) 

(“Judicial notice cannot be extended to permit the introduction of new factual evidence not 

presented to the trial court”); People v. Mehlberg, 249 Ill. App. 3d 499, 531-32 (1993) (citations 

to research studies on appeal constituted “an attempt to interject expert-opinion evidence into the 

record” that was not subject to cross-examination by the State or considered by the trial court). 

Rather, the record establishes that Binns was cross-examined regarding the amount of time that 

he was able to observe the shooter and the amount of attention he paid to the shooter. 

¶ 38 We are not persuaded by defendant’s argument regarding the third factor, the accuracy of 

a witness’s prior description of the offender. Defendant argues that Binns testified that the 

shooter weighed 135 to 145 pounds on the date of the incident, but notes that his presentence 

investigation report (PSI) stated that he weighed 185 pounds. Initially, we are not persuaded that 

Binns’s testimony regarding defendant’s weight, in and of itself, constitutes a prior 

identification. Moreover, the shooting occurred in 2009, and defendant’s PSI was created in 

2013. It is not incredible to believe that defendant’s weight changed in the intervening four 

years. 

¶ 39 Finally, the last two Biggers factors, the level of certainty demonstrated by the witness at 

the identification confrontation and the length of time between the crime and the identification 

confrontation, further support the reliability of Binns’s identification of defendant. Binns spoke 

to police the day of the shooting and identified defendant in a lineup 18 days later. This court has 

found that significantly greater lengths of time have not rendered identifications unreliable. See 

People v. Malone, 2012 IL App (1st) 110517, ¶ 36 (16-month delay between crime and positive 
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identification). Additionally, Binns identified defendant at trial as the person whom he saw exit 

Sanders’s vehicle. People v. Magee, 374 Ill. App. 3d 1024, 1032-33 (2007) (a witness’s 

identification was reliable when, in pertinent part, it was made without hesitation). Accordingly, 

we cannot say that Binns’s identification of defendant was so unreliable that there exists a 

reasonable doubt as to defendant’s guilt. Brown, 2013 IL 114196, ¶ 48. 

¶ 40 Accordingly, because a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence would not have 

succeeded on direct appeal, defendant has failed to establish prejudice. See Childress, 191 Ill. 2d 

at 175 (unless the underlying issue is meritorious, a defendant suffers no prejudice if appellate 

counsel does not raise it on direct appeal). Therefore, as defendant’s pro se postconviction 

petition failed to establish that he was arguably denied the effective assistance of appellate 

counsel (Petrenko, 237 Ill. 2d at 497), the circuit court properly summarily dismissed it as 

frivolous and patently without merit. 

¶ 41 For the forgoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court of Cook County. 

¶ 42 Affirmed.