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| a)   | Designed      such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure      controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure      that material information relating to the registrant, including its      consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those      entities, particularly during the  period in which this report      is being prepared; |
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| b)   | Designed      such internal controls over financial reporting, or caused such internal      controls over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to      provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial      reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external      purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting      principles; |
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| c)   | Evaluated      the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and      procedures  and presented in this report our conclusion about      the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end      of the period covered by this report based on such    evaluation; |
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| d)   | Disclosed      in this report any change to the registrant's internal controls over      financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent      fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an      report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to      materially affect, the registrant's internal controls over financial      reporting; and |
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| a)   | all      significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or      operation of internal controls over financial reporting which are      reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record,      process, summarize and report financial information;  and |
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| b)   | any      fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other      employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal      controls over financial reporting. |
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