MEGAN E. BAAN, as the Personal 

Representative of the Estate of 

CHARLES CRAVEN MCALPIN, 

deceased,

Appellant,

v.

COLUMBIA COUNTY, 

Appellee.

IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL

FIRST DISTRICT, STATE OF FLORIDA

NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO 

FILE MOTION FOR REHEARING AND 

DISPOSITION THEREOF IF FILED

CASE NO. 1D15-0092

_____________________________/

Opinion filed December 8, 2015.

An appeal from the Circuit Court for Columbia County.

Paul S. Bryan, Judge.

Gilbert J. Alba of the Law Office of Alba & Yochim, P.A., Gainesville, for 

Appellant.

Jesse F. Suber, E. Victoria Penny, and Miriam R. Coles of Henry Buchanan, P.A., 

Tallahassee, for Appellee.

BENTON, J.

On appeal from final summary judgment, the parties focus on an antecedent 

order granting a motion to exclude the testimony of appellant’s expert witness. 
2

The expert testified on deposition as to, among other things, the standard of care

when emergency personnel respond to a 911 call seeking help for an infant 

reported to be struggling to breathe. Columbia County concedes that, if exclusion 

of the expert testimony was error, entry of summary judgment was also error. 

Concluding the expert testimony should have been considered in deciding the 

motion for summary judgment, we reverse and remand for further proceedings.

On November 17, 2007, Columbia County Emergency Medical Services 

(EMS) responded to a 911 call reporting a child was in respiratory distress. 

Arriving on the scene, EMS personnel found Charles Craven McAlpin (Craven), 

an 11-month-old who had been left in the care of Allison McAlpin, his aunt. The 

parties agree that the EMS personnel left the scene within 10 minutes of arriving, 

after showing Allison McAlpin how to use a nebulizer. 

In a 2014 affidavit and again on deposition in 2014, Dorothy Benoit, a 

neighbor to whom Ms. McAlpin had taken Craven because of his difficulty 

breathing, maintained she held the child over her shoulder during the entire time 

EMS personnel were on the scene during their first visit, and that the first 

responders who arrived on the initial run “did not conduct any examination of him 

and in fact did not even touch Craven.”1

 

 1 Ms. Benoit recalled the events somewhat differently in an earlier recorded 

statement in 2007, in which she acknowledged that a first responder had held a 

stethoscope to the child’s back while she was holding him.
3

On the other hand, an EMS report said Craven was examined and found to 

have normal vital signs: a pulse of 120, a respiratory rate of 20, and oxygen 

saturation of 98 percent. The same report indicated EMS personnel were told the 

child had earlier been diagnosed with asthma, and concluded he might have been 

suffering an asthma attack before EMS arrived. Finally, the EMS report said that 

the child had throat congestion he cleared upon coughing, and that his lungs

sounded clear. Approximately 50 minutes after EMS personnel left, another 911 

call brought news that the child was not breathing at all. This time a different

neighbor, Carl Billings, a trained emergency medical technician whom the aunt 

summoned to help when he came home, “found Craven lying on the floor face up 

with his face turning blue.” Mr. Billings instructed Ms. McAlpin to call 911,

before he “immediately began administering CPR.” He stated in an affidavit (and 

testified to the same effect on deposition) that he first turned the child over “to 

allow the copious amounts of mucus and fluid to drain from his mouth and nose.” 

When EMS arrived in response to the second 911 call, one EMS employee 

testified, the child was “blue,” “extremely clammy,” and “cool to touch.” EMS 

personnel immediately used equipment they had on the ambulance to clear his 

airway by suctioning, started ventilating with a “bag valve mask,” and intubated 

him. But they never detected the child’s pulse on the second run, and soon 

transported him to a local hospital. After being airlifted to Shands Hospital in 
4

Gainesville, where he was placed on a mechanical ventilator, Craven was 

pronounced dead there the next day. 

Dr. David Tulsiak, an emergency room physician retained as an expert by 

the child’s mother, executed an affidavit in 2010 in which he offered two highly 

relevant opinions.

2 First, he concluded EMS breached the prevailing professional 

standard of care by failing to put the child in the ambulance (which was equipped 

with oxygen) on their first run and take him to the hospital for evaluation and 

treatment. Dr. Tulsiak also concluded that “had the prevailing professional 

standard of care been met by Columbia County EMS, more likely than not, Charles 

C. McAlpin would have been treated for a lack of oxygen and he would have 

survived.” 

In his deposition taken four years later, Dr. Tulsiak said much the same 

thing, stating he had reviewed all the material appellant provided him in 2010 in 

forming his opinion at that time.

3

 Consistently with his affidavit, Dr. Tulsiak 

 2 In addition, he also expressed an opinion as to the cause of death, 

concluding it was an airway obstruction attributable to mucus and bronchospasm.

The autopsy revealed the child had pneumonia but this could have been contracted 

at Shands on the ventilator. EMS filed a deposition excerpt suggesting it had an 

expert who would testify that traumatic brain injury caused the child’s death. The 

medical examiner said the cause of the child’s death could not be determined. She 

could not rule out asthma, among other things. She testified, “I think a lot of 

people would hang onto the bronchopneumonia.” See also note 5, infra. The trial 

court expressly declined to decide the cause of death.

3 Although Dr. Tulsiak did not specifically mention Ms. Benoit’s 2007 

recorded statement, he did say he reviewed it when appellee’s counsel asked him 
5

testified that the most critical breach of the standard of care was EMS’s failure to 

“transport th[e] patient to a medical facility for further definitive care” after 

responding to the first 911 call. Dr. Tulsiak pointed out that EMS violated its own

protocol for “Respiratory Distress.” EMS’s protocol called for maintenance of the 

airway, continuous assessment of breathing and circulation, application of oxygen, 

and “[t]ransport ASAP.”4

 

Dr. Tulsiak concluded the child’s respiratory condition had deteriorated—

after EMS failed to transport him—until his airway was obstructed by mucus, 

congestion, and “[m]ore likely than not” bronchospasm, that is, “narrowing of the 

airways from smooth muscle constriction.” Although he conceded that something 

like “a peanut in his upper airway” or severe blunt force trauma to the head could 

theoretically cause respiratory arrest, Dr. Tulsiak stated there was no physical 

evidence of either5 and that it “would not be consistent with [the child’s] 

presentation on either the first or the second run.” 

 

whether he saw one of the “witness statements” that “said [EMS] did check [the 

child] with a stethoscope twice?”

4 Dr. Tulsiak agreed the requirement to implement the Respiratory Distress 

protocol presupposed a patient experiencing respiratory distress, but he asserted 

EMS should have been operating under the protocol given that the subject of the 

first 911 call was a child in respiratory distress. 

5 Separately, the medical examiner testified subdural hemorrhages 

discovered in the child’s autopsy “were insignificant given the age of the child and 

the small nature of the subdurals.” She unequivocally concluded: “I do not believe 

the subdural hematomas contributed to his death.”
6

Even assuming EMS recorded the child’s vital signs accurately,

6 Dr. Tulsiak 

testified, a more detailed assessment of the child should have been performed; to 

that end, EMS should have spent more time observing the child, and should have 

taken him to a hospital to be examined by a physician. Since the child was 

reported in respiratory distress when the first 911 call was placed, he required

transport to a hospital, according to Dr. Tulsiak, given the historical diagnosis of 

asthma7 and considering an 11-month-old child’s inability to “verbalize [his] need 

for help.” 

Some months after Dr. Tulsiak’s deposition, EMS moved to exclude his

expert testimony, arguing primarily that his testimony was insufficiently reliable 

under Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 509 U.S. 579 (1993), because 

 6 Although Dr. Tulsiak did not “question that there was an evaluation done” 

by EMS after the first 911 call, he believed the vital signs documented on the EMS 

report were likely inaccurate. For example, Dr. Tulsiak questioned the respiratory 

rate of 20 “[b]ecause we factually know that the child had a respiratory arrest 

approximately an hour later, if not sooner. And that respiratory rate of 20 seemed 

inconsistent with a child imminent of a respiratory arrest within an hour.” At the 

same time, Dr. Tulsiak conceded that it was possible for a person to have a 

respiratory rate of 20 and then experience respiratory arrest within the hour. In 

addition, Dr. Tulsiak doubted the child’s lung sounds were clear, as reported by 

EMS, partly because the EMS report also noted the child had throat congestion.

7 The parties do not dispute the medical examiner’s findings on autopsy that 

a diagnosis of asthma could not be made histologically. The historical diagnosis of 

asthma indicated to Dr. Tulsiak that Craven had a history of respiratory problems, 

whether or not the diagnosis was accurate. Dr. Tulsiak relied on the evidence of 

bronchopneumonia and congestion found on autopsy, the child’s (perhaps

mistaken) diagnosis of asthma, his clinical presentation, and his ultimate 

respiratory arrest to support his opinion that Craven had hyperactive airway 

disease. 
7

“[a]ll of Dr. Tulsiak’s opinions . . . [we]re rooted in one assumption: that because 

[the child] experienced a respiratory arrest within one hour of [i.e., after] the first 

EMS call, he must have been experiencing a detectable respiratory problem at the 

time of that first call.” (This overlooks, of course, the fact that the aunt and the 

neighbor both actually observed the “detectable respiratory problem” that led to the 

first call, and so informed EMS personnel upon their arrival.) 

Following a hearing on EMS’s motion, the trial court concluded that Dr. 

Tulsiak had rejected evidence he should have accepted as true (the EMS report) 

and that “the only evidence as to the child’s true respiratory status was recorded by 

the paramedics,” so that Dr. Tulsiak’s opinions were “premised on speculation 

based on an ultimate injury and manufactured facts.” On this rationale, the trial 

court ruled Dr. Tulsiak’s testimony inadmissible under Daubert and granted EMS’s 

motion to exclude his testimony. Shortly thereafter, EMS moved for summary 

judgment on grounds there was no evidence of any negligence without Dr. 

Tulsiak’s testimony, and appellant filed a motion for reconsideration of the trial 

court’s evidentiary ruling. After the trial court denied the motion for 

reconsideration and granted final summary judgment in favor of EMS, the present 

appeal ensued.

A trial court’s exclusion of expert testimony is reviewed for an abuse of 

discretion. See Booker v. Sumter Cty. Sheriff’s Office/N. Am. Risk Servs., 166 
8

So. 3d 189, 194 n.2 (Fla. 1st DCA 2015) (citing Kumho Tire Co., Ltd. v. 

Carmichael, 526 U.S. 137, 142 (1999)); see also Adams v. Lab. Corp. of Am., 760 

F. 3d 1322, 1327 (11th Cir. 2014) (“Even where a ruling excluding expert 

testimony is ‘outcome determinative’ and the basis for a grant of summary 

judgment, our review is not more searching than it would otherwise be.”). The 

proponent of expert testimony must, when properly challenged, establish the basis 

for its admissibility by a preponderance of the evidence. See Booker, 166 So. 3d at 

193 n.1 (citing Daubert, 509 U.S. at 592 n.10). 

In forming opinions, an expert is entitled to rely on any view of disputed 

facts the evidence will support. See Fed. R. Evid. 702 advisory committee’s note

(“When facts are in dispute, experts sometimes reach different conclusions based

on competing versions of the facts. The emphasis in the amendment on ‘sufficient 

facts or data’ is not intended to authorize a trial court to exclude an expert’s 

testimony on the ground that the court believes one version of the facts and not the 

other.”). Drawing all factual inferences in favor of appellant (the non-movant), the 

record—in particular Ms. Benoit’s deposition testimony—provides adequate 

support for Dr. Tulsiak’s opinion that, when EMS responded to the first 911 call, it 

did not perform an adequate evaluation of the child. The trial court made a factual 

determination that should have been left to the jury in deeming the EMS report

accurate, contrary evidence notwithstanding.
9

Ms. Benoit testified that she observed the child’s difficulty breathing prior to 

the first EMS visit, and Mr. Billings testified that the child was not breathing and 

had “copious amounts of mucus and fluid” coming from his mouth and nose prior 

to the second EMS visit. Their testimony, together with the child’s history of 

breathing problems (thought to be asthma) and the undisputed fact the child 

stopped breathing altogether within minutes of EMS’s initial departure, all support 

Dr. Tulsiak’s opinions the child should have been taken to the hospital and would 

have survived but for EMS’s failure to transport him. 

Under Frye v. United States, 293 F. 1013 (D.C. Cir. 1923), expert opinion 

testimony is admissible if the expert is qualified and the opinion falls within the 

witness’s expertise. See Marsh v. Valyou, 977 So. 2d 543, 548–49 (Fla. 2007)

(“‘While cloaked with the credibility of the expert, [pure opinion] testimony is 

analyzed by the jury as it analyzes any other personal opinion or factual testimony 

by a witness.’” (citation omitted)); see also Booker, 166 So. 3d at 193 (“‘Pure 

opinion testimony’ is testimony based only on the personal experience and training 

of the expert.”). 

Columbia County does not dispute that Dr. Tulsiak was, based on his 

training and experience, well qualified as an expert in emergency medical care. 

There is little question that his testimony would be admissible under Frye: Dr. 

Tulsiak testified he had been board certified in emergency medicine for 
10

approximately 30 years and had served as an emergency medical service medical 

advisor for over 25 years at two EMS departments in Florida. He said he dedicated 

98 or 99 percent of his time to active clinical (emergency) practice and worked 

regularly at two Florida hospitals. In his 30 years of practicing emergency 

medicine, Dr. Tulsiak said he treated numerous children with a range of respiratory 

problems, including among other things: asthma, hyperactive airway disease, 

bronchiolitis, congestion, pneumonia, and upper respiratory tract infections with 

bronchospasm. 

But the Legislature has adopted8 the Daubert standard for the admissibility 

of expert testimony. See Giaimo v. Fla. Autosport, Inc., 154 So. 3d 385, 387–88 

(Fla. 1st DCA 2014). As amended, section 90.702 provides:

If scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge 

will assist the trier of fact in understanding the evidence 

or in determining a fact in issue, a witness qualified as an 

expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or 

education may testify about it in the form of an opinion 

or otherwise, if:

(1) The testimony is based upon sufficient facts or 

data;

 8 Appellant does not argue that chapter 13-107, section 1, Laws of Florida, 

in amending section 90.702, Florida Statutes (2014), effected a change in 

procedure that must be adopted by the Florida Supreme Court. See Art. V, § 2(a), 

Fla. Const. At least where, as in the present case, the constitutional issue is not 

raised, First District precedent teaches “‘that the Daubert standard [is] applicable to 

all expert testimony.’” Giaimo v. Fla. Autosport, Inc., 154 So. 3d 385, 388 (Fla. 

1st DCA 2014) (quoting Charles W. Ehrhardt, 1 Fla. Prac., Florida Evidence § 

702.3 (2014 ed.)).
11

(2) The testimony is the product of reliable 

principles and methods; and

(3) The witness has applied the principles and 

methods reliably to the facts of the case.

§ 90.702, Fla. Stat. (2014). By amending section 90.702, the Legislature signaled 

its intent “to tighten the rules for admissibility of expert testimony,” Perez v. Bell 

South Telecommunications, Inc., 138 So. 3d 492, 497 (Fla. 3d DCA 2014), and “to 

prohibit ‘pure opinion testimony.’” Giaimo, 154 So. 3d at 388 (citing Ch. 13-107, 

Laws of Fla.). 

Under Daubert, the trial court not only evaluates a putative expert’s 

credentials, but also serves as a gatekeeper in “ensuring that an expert’s testimony 

both rests on a reliable foundation and is relevant to the task at hand.” Daubert, 

509 U.S. at 597. When expert scientific testimony is proffered, the trial court 

must, under Daubert, assess “whether the reasoning or methodology underlying the 

testimony is scientifically valid and . . . whether that reasoning or methodology 

properly can be applied to the facts in issue.” Id. at 592–94 (listing non-exclusive 

factors to consider in assessing the reliability of an expert’s opinion).

Under Daubert, although “an expert may be qualified by experience,” it does 

not follow “that experience, standing alone, is a sufficient foundation rendering 

reliable any conceivable opinion the expert may express.” United States v. Frazier, 

387 F.3d 1244, 1261 (11th Cir. 2004) (“If admissibility could be established 

merely by the ipse dixit of an admittedly qualified expert, the reliability prong 
12

would be, for all practical purposes, subsumed by the qualification prong.”); see 

also Charles W. Ehrhardt, 1 Fla. Prac., Florida Evidence § 702.3 (2015 ed.) 

(“When an expert is relying primarily on experience, the witness must explain how 

that experience leads to the opinion, why the experience is a sufficient basis for the 

opinion and how that experience is reliably applied to the facts.” (citing Am. Gen. 

Life Ins. Co. v. Schoenthal Family, LLC, 555 F.3d 1331 (11th Cir. 2009), and 

Primiano v. Cook, 598 F.3d 558 (9th Cir. 2010))). Under section 90.702, as 

amended, while the expert’s qualifications may well remain germane, an expert 

witness must explain the logic and relevance of the expert opinion.

In the present case, Dr. Tulsiak’s opinions amounted to much more than ipse 

dixit. See Booker, 166 So. 3d at 194–95. Cf. Giaimo, 154 So. 3d at 388 

(concluding expert’s testimony was not the product of reliable principles and 

methods where the expert was asked how he arrived at his opinion and stated 

“‘when I was asked and thought about it, that is the answer that I came up with’”).

Dr. Tulsiak reviewed the child’s medical records, the autopsy report, EMS records, 

and statements from witnesses who observed Craven’s medical condition in the 

last hours and minutes of his life. 

In support of his opinion that the ambulance should not have left Craven 

behind on its first run, Dr. Tulsiak invoked (in addition to his first-hand knowledge 

of children’s respiratory problems, his 30 years’ experience as an emergency room 
13

physician, and his 25 years as an advisor, first to Hillsborough County Fire Rescue,

and then to Tampa Fire Department, Rescue Division9

), as one salient “reliable 

principle[]” EMS’s own protocol requiring transport to a hospital in the event an 

infant was experiencing respiratory distress. § 90.702(2), Fla. Stat. Whatever the 

precise nature of Craven’s respiratory problems, he stopped breathing, depriving 

his brain of oxygen, as explained by Dr. Tulsiak. We reject EMS’s contention that 

Dr. Tulsiak’s opinion is unfounded speculation or amounts to no more than 

reasoning post hoc, ergo propter hoc. Cf. Perez, 138 So. 3d at 499. 

On the contrary, the record makes clear that Dr. Tulsiak’s testimony was 

“the product of reliable principles and methods,” and that those principles and 

methods were applied “reliably to the facts of the case.” § 90.702, Fla. Stat. His 

opinions on the standard of care and the consequences of failing to adhere to that 

standard are therefore admissible even under Daubert, whose gatekeeping function

was “‘not intended to supplant the adversary system or the role of the jury: 

 9 In applying Daubert, the court in Primiano v. Cook, 598 F.3d 558, 565 (9th 

Cir. 2010), said: 

“Despite the importance of evidence-based medicine, 

much of medical decision-making relies on judgment—a 

process that is difficult to quantify or even to assess 

qualitatively. Especially when a relevant experience base 

is unavailable, physicians must use their knowledge and 

experience as a basis for weighing known factors along 

with the inevitable uncertainties” to “mak[e] a sound 

judgment.” 

(citation omitted). 
14

“vigorous cross-examination, presentation of contrary evidence, and careful 

instruction on the burden of proof are the traditional and appropriate means of 

attacking shaky but admissible evidence.”’” Adams, 760 F.3d at 1334 (quoting 

United States v. Ala. Power Co., 730 F.3d 1278, 1282 (11th Cir. 2013)). 

Accordingly, we reverse the trial court’s exclusion of Dr. Tulsiak’s testimony and

the summary judgment the exclusion gave rise to, and remand for further 

proceedings.

Reversed and remanded.

BILBREY, J., CONCURS; OSTERHAUS, J., CONCURS IN RESULT WITH 

OPINION.
15

OSTERHAUS, J., concurring in result with opinion.

I concur with my colleagues’ conclusion that Dr. Tulsiak’s expert testimony 

should not have been excluded. His testimony could be applied reliably under 

Daubert to at least one competing version of the facts; if, for instance, the child 

was in respiratory distress and EMS failed to evaluate his airway and transport him 

for medical care as required by its published protocol.

I do not, however, join the majority opinion’s inapplicable Frye-based 

discussion, nor its suggestion in a footnote that a constitutional challenge to the 

Daubert standard in § 90.702, Florida Statutes, might have netted a Frye-based 

analysis. Neither party argued that the Frye test applied here. And even if they had, 

our court’s decisions have correctly required the 2013 modifications to § 90.702 to 

be applied to ascertain the admissibility of expert opinion. See, e.g., Perry v. City 

of St. Petersburg, 171 So.3d 224, 225 (Fla. 1st DCA 2015) (remanding with 

directions to apply the Daubert test as codified in the Florida Evidence Code).