# Pest List for the **Importation of Averrhoa carambola**  **(L. ),** 

**Starfruit, Fruit with S tems from Malaysia**  **into the**

**Continental United States**

**August 31 , 2010**  **Rev .**  **0 4** 

**Agency Contact** Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory Center for Plant Health Science and Technology United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine 1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300 Raleigh, NC 27606Pest List for Papaya from Malaysia



### Rev. 04 August 31, 2010 2 

## 1. Introduction This pest list was prepared by the Plant Epidemiology

and Risk Anal ys is Laboratory of the United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine, Center for Plant Health Science and Technology. Our purpose in creating this pest list was to examine pest risks associated with the importation of Averrhoa carambola (carambola or starfruit) as fresh fruit from Malaysia into the continental United States. This assessment was based in part upon a pest list completed by Yusof Othman and Ahmad Kamil. The Malaysia Department of Agriculture has proposed using irradiation as a mitigation measure for starfruit. All of the insects except pupae and adult L epidoptera will be effectivel y neutralized with a minimum absorbed dose of 400 Gy (PPQ, 2007), but neither pupae nor adults are expected to be associated with harv ested fruit. Other measures besides irradiation will be required to mitigate the risk from the following pests: Phoma averrhoae, and Cryptophlebia sp . Since the genus Cryptophlebia does not occur in the continental United States, all members of the genus are classified as quarantine pests. Thus, we addressed Cryptophlebia sp . host association reports for commodities requested for exportation to the United States. When only an incomplete identification for a species within this genus is available, potential biological characteristics can be extrapolated from other members of the genus. Such data indicates that the genus Cryptophlebia is variable as to the locality of pupation. For example, C. ombrodelta pupae are present on the surface of fruit (Meijerman and Ulenberg, 2000) while the pupae of C. illepida are frequentl y found inside fruit ( CABI, 2007). Irradiation may not cause mortality of all Cryptophlebia sp . pupae (i.e., unidentified species of Cryptophlebia ) . Other proposed postharvest treatments include culling during harvest and at the packinghouse (Omar et al., 2004). 

## 2. Pest list This pest list (Table 1) includes pests reported on starfruit (in any country) and present in Malaysia (on any

host). We identified the presence or absence of these pests in the United States, the quarantine status of the pest with respect to the United States, the generally affected plant part or parts, if the pest is likely to follow the pathway

and enter the United States on commerciall y exported starfruit, and pertinent citations for either the distribution or the biology of the pest. We highlighted quarantine pests considered likel y to follow the pathway with a gray background ( Table 1 ), and summarized these pests in a separate table (Table 2). Quarantine pests not included can be detrimental to U.S. agriculture or ecos ys tems, but were not subjected to further anal ys is for a variety of reasons. For example, they were associated mainly

with plant parts other than the commodity ; may be associated with the commodity , but would not reasonabl y remain with the commodity during harvest and packing; or have been intercepted as biological contaminants of this commodity during U.S. agricultural port of entry inspection, but would not be present in commercial shipments.Pest List for Starfruit from Malaysia



### Rev. 04 August 31, 2010 3 **Table 1.** Pests associated with carambola ( Averrhoa carambola ) anywh ere in the world which are present in Malaysia on any host. **Pest Distribution**  **Reference for Host Assoc.**  **Quaran**  

** tine pest** **Plant part**

**a ssociation**  **1 Follow** 

**p athway**  **1 ARTHROPODA**  **Acarina (Prostigmata) Tetranychidae**  Eutetranychus orientalis (Klein) MY ( Bolland et al., 1998 ) Bolland et al.,

1998 Yes Leaf (CABI, 2006) No Panonychus citri McGregor MY ( Bolland et al., 1998 ) US (Baker and Tuttle, 1994; Hare and Phillips, 1992) Wu and Lo,

1989 No NA NA Tetranychus kanzawai Kishida MY (Bolland et al., 1998) Bolland et al.,

1998 No NA NA Tetranychus neocaledonicus Andre MY (Bolland et al., 1998) Bolland et al.,

1998 No NA NA Tetranychus urticae Koch MY (Waterhouse, 1993). US (Tuttle and Baker, 1968). Shin and Wang,

1996; Chin et al . , 2004 No NA NA **Coleoptera: Nitidulidae**  Carpophilus foveicollis (Murray) MY (Yunus and Ho, 1980) US (Williams et al . , 1983) Yunus and Ho,

1980 No NA NA 2 Haptoncus luteolus (Erichson) MY (Yunus and Ho, 1980) US (Vincent and Lindgren, 1972) Yunus and Ho,

1980 No NA NA Lasiodactylus pictus (Mcl) MY (Yunus and Ho, 1980) Yunus and Ho,

1980 Yes Fruit3 (Yunus and Ho, 1980) No **Coleoptera: Cerambycidae**  Rhytidodera simulans White MY (Waterhouse, 1993) Khoo et al . ,

1991 Yes Branches (Khoo et al . , 1991) No **Diptera: Tephritidae**  Bactrocera carambolae Drew and Hancock MY ( CABI, 2006; Dhawan et al. , 1980 ) Plant Health

Australia , 2004 ; Sauers - Muller, 2005 Yes Fruit ( CABI, 2006; Sauers Muller, 2005 ) Yes

1 NA = Not Applicable. Even if non- quarantine pests can follow the pathway, phytosanitary measures against these pests wo uld not be justified because the pest already occurs in the United States. Thus, informatio n on the plant parts with which the pest is associated and whether or not the pest is likely to follow the pathway is not needed for non - quarantine pests. 2 Mem bers of this genus primarily feed on over -ripe fruit and grain (Myers, 2008). 3 This beetle feed s on spoiled or damaged fruit (DAFF, 2001)Pest List for Starfruit from Malaysia



### Rev. 04 August 31, 2010 4 **Pest Distribution**  **Reference for Host Assoc.**  **Quaran**  

** tine pest** **Plant part**

**a ssociation**  **1 Follow** 

**p athway**  **1** Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillet) MY (White and Elson Harris , 1992; Vijaysegaren, 1987; Drew, 1982). Armstrong et al . ,

1995; White and Elson - Harris , 1992 Yes Inflorescence, Leaf, Fruit (White and Elson -Harris , 1992; Yunus and Ho, 1980) Yes

Bactrocera latifrons (Hendel) MY (EPPO, 2007; White and Elson Harris , 1992; Yunus and Ho, 1980), US - Hawaii (White and Marlene, 1992) White and

Elson - Harris , 1992; Yunus and Ho, 1980 Yes Fruit (CABI, 2006; Yunus and Ho, 1980) Yes

Bactrocera occipitalis (Bezzi) (= Strumeta pedestris var. occiitalis (Bezzi)) MY (CABI, 2006; Carrol l et al . , 2002; Drew and Hancock, 1994) CABI, 2006;

Plant Health Australia, 2004. Yes Fruit (CABI, 2006) Yes Bactrocera papayae Drew & Hancock MY (Carrol l et al . , 2002; Drew & Hancock, 1994) CABI, 2006 Yes Fruit (Drew & Hancock, 1994) Yes Drosophila ananassae (Dol) MY (Yunus and Ho, 1980) Yunus and Ho,

1980 Yes Fruit (Yunus and Ho, 1980) No 4 **Diptera: Muscidae**  Myospila propinqua Stein (= Spilogaster propinqua) (= Helina propinqua) ( Stein) MY (Yunus and Ho, 1980) Yunus and Ho,

1980 Yes Fruit (Yunus and Ho, 1980) No 5 **Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae**  Aleurocanthus woglumi Ashby MY (EPPO, 2007; Mound and Halsey, 1978) US (FL) (Mossler et al . , 2006; Nguyen et al . , 1983) CABI, 2006 Yes Leaf ( 

### CABI . 2007 ) N o

**Hemiptera: Coccidae**  Coccus hesperidum (L.) MY, US (Ben - Dov, 1993) CABI, 2006;

Sepiah et al . , 2003 No NA NA Drepanococcus chiton (Green) MY (Ghani, 1994; Ali, 1971) Ghani, 1994 Yes Leaf, Flower (Ghani, 1994) No Kilifia acuminata (Signoret) MY (Hodgson, 1994; Ali, 1971) US (Peña, 2003; Ben Dov et al . , 2001) Hodgson, 1994;

Nakahara, 1981; Ali, 1971 No NA NA

4 This fly infests rotting fruit, which will be culled during post- harvest processing. 5 Little information is available on this genus; however, Skidmore (1985) reports that M. meditabunda larvae are dung feeders, while the adults feed on sources ranging from dung to nectaries.Pest List for Starfruit from Malaysia



### Rev. 04 August 31, 2010 5 **Pest Distribution**  **Reference for Host Assoc.**  **Quaran**  

** tine pest** **Plant part**

**a ssociation**  **1 Follow** 

**p athway**  **1 Hemiptera:**  **Diaspididae** Aspidiotus destructor Signoret MY, US: [(CT (?), FL, GA, HI, PA, VI] (Watson, 2007a) (Watson, 2007a) No NA NA Duplaspidiotus claviger (Cockerell) Indonesia, US: Florida ( Dekle and Kuitert, 1975 ; Davidson, 1990) ; Hawaii ( Davidson, 1990 , Watson, 2007b) (Watson, 2007b) No NA NA

Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret) MY, US: continental and HI (Watson, 2007c) Watson, 2007c No NA NA Hemiberlesia palmae (Cockerell) MY (Nakahara, 1982) US (McKenzie, 1956) Nakahara, 1982 No NA NA Morganella longispina (Morgan) Indonesia, Philippines, US: Florida, Hawaii (Watson, 2007d) (Watson, 2007d) No NA NA Selenaspidus articulatus (Morgan) Philippines, US: FL, VI (Watson, 2007e) (Watson, 2007e) No NA NA **Hemiptera: Margarodidae**  Icerya seychellarum (Westwood) MY (CABI, 2006; Waterhouse, 1993) CABI, 2006 Yes Leaf, Stem, whole plant (dwarfing) (CABI, 2006) No **Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae**  Dysmicoccus brevipes (Cockerell) MY (Ben -Dov, 1994; Waterhouse, 1993) US (CA, FL, LA, HI) (Ben -Dov, 1994; Lim, 1973) Ben -Dov, 1994,

PestID, 2008 No NA NA Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Beardsley MY (Kessing and Mau, 1992; Lim, 1973) US (HI) (CABI, 2006 ; Miller and Miller, 2002) PestID, 2008 Yes Roots, flower, fruit, leaf, stem (Kessing and Mau, 1992). 6 Yes

Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) MY (CABI, 2006; Williams, 1996; Williams, 2004) US (CA and FL) (CABI, 2006; Meyerdirk and DeChi, 2005; Matile et al . , 2000 CABI, 2006 Yes Leaf, Stem, Fruit (CABI, 2006; Dhawan et al . , 1980) Yes

6 Dysmicoccus neobrevipes wa s described on mangosteen fruits by Kessing and Mau (1992)Pest List for Starfruit from Malaysia



### Rev. 04 August 31, 2010 6 **Pest Distribution**  **Reference for Host Assoc.**  **Quaran**  

** tine pest** **Plant part**

**a ssociation**  **1 Follow** 

**p athway**  **1** Maconellicoccus multipori (Takahashi) MY (Ben -Dov, 2008) Ben -Dov, 2008 Yes Roots ( Malsch et al., 2001 ) No Nipaecoccus viridis (Newstead) MY , US (CABI, 2006) CABI, 2006; Ben -Dov, 1994 No NA NA Planococcus citri (Risso) MY (Williams, 2004; Waterhouse, 1993; Lim et al . , 1992) US (Ben -Dov, 1994; Hickman, 1981) CABI, 2006;

Martin and Mau, 2007 No NA NA

Planococcus lilacinus (Cockerell) MY (CABI, 2006; Williams , 1982) CABI, 2006 Yes Leaf, Stem, Fruit (CABI, 2006) Yes Planococcus minor (Maskell) 7 MY (Ben -Dov, 1994; Cox, 1989 ; Williams, 2004 ) US -Virgin Island (Ben -Dov, 1994; Cox, 1989; Williams, 1992 ) US ( PestID,

2008 ) Yes Fruit ( PestID, 2008 ) Yes

Pseudococcus aurantiacus Williams MY (Williams, 2004) Williams, 2004 Yes Fruit ( DEFRA , 2006) 8 Yes Pseudococcus comstocki (Kuwana) 7 MY (William, 2004a) US (Ben -Dov, 1994) US ( PestID,

2008 ) No NA NA Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi Gimpel & Miller MY (Williams, 1988) US (FL, TX, HI) (CABI. 2006; Gimpel Jr. and Miller., 1996; Nakahara, 1981) Williams, 1988;

Nakahara, 1981; Gimpel Jr. and Miller., 1996 No NA NA Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni Tozzetti) MY (CIE, 1984; Williams, 2004) US (Ben -Dov, 1994) CABI, 2006 No NA NA **Lepidoptera: Crambidae**  Conogethes punctiferalis (Guen ẽe) MY (Waterhouse, 1993; Tan, 1992) Tan, 1992 Yes Fruit (Tan, 1992) Yes 9 **Lepidoptera: Limacodidae**  Altha nivea (Walker) MY (Tan, 1992) Tan, 1992 Yes Leaf (Tan, 1992) No Chalcoscelis albiguttatus (Snellen) MY (Tan, 1992) Tan, 1992 Yes Leaf (Tan, 1992) No Cheromettia lahor (Moore) MY (Tan, 1992) Tan, 1992 Yes Leaf (Tan, 1992) No

7 All these pests are listed on carambola in the U.S. intercepted list but we found no other records. 8 Pseudococcus aurantiacus is found at Garcinia mangostana wh ich is listed in UK Plant Health Interception & Outbreak Chart (DEFRA, 2006 ) . 9 Conogethes punctiferalis larvae feed internally in the fruit then migrate to the surface and pupate in the soil , or sometimes on fallen leaves (Pena et al. , 2002 ).Pest List for Starfruit from Malaysia



### Rev. 04 August 31, 2010 7 **Pest Distribution**  **Reference for Host Assoc.**  **Quaran**  

** tine pest** **Plant part**

**a ssociation**  **1 Follow** 

**p athway**  **1** Darna diducta (Snellen) MY (Tan, 1992) Tan, 1992 Yes Leaf (Tan, 1992) No **Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae**  Athene emolus miya (Fruhstorfer) MY (Tan, 1992) Tan, 1992 Yes Flower (Tan, 1992) No Rapala pheretima sequeira Distant MY (Yunus and Ho , 1980) (Yunus and Ho ,

1980) Yes Leaf (Yunus and Ho , 1980) No **Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae**  Dasychira brunneipicta (Collenette) MY (Tan, 1992) Tan, 1992 Yes Leaf (Tan, 1992) No Calliteara horsfieldii (= Dasychira horsfieldii (Saunders) ) MY (Tan, 1992) Tan, 1992 Yes Fruit (Tan, 1992) No 10 **Lepidoptera: Noctuidae**  Asota heliconia Linnaeus MY, (Robinson et al . , 2008) (Robinson et al . ,

2008) Yes Leaf 11 (Wu and Gao, 2005) No Characoma curiosa (Swinhoe) MY (Tan, 1992) Tan, 1992 Yes Fruit (Tan, 1992) No 12 Eudocima fullonia (Clerck) MY, US (HI) (CABI, 2006) CABI, 2006 Yes Fruit (CABI , 2006 ) 13 No **Lepidoptera: Nolidae**  Celama analis (Wileman & West) MY (Tan, 1992) Tan, 1992 Yes Flower (Tan, 1992) No **Lepidoptera: Pieridae**  Delias hyparete metarete (Butler) MY (Tan, 1992) Tan, 1992 Yes Leaf (Tan, 1992) No **Lepidoptera: Psychidae**  Animula sumatrensis (Heylaerts) (= Chalioides sumatrensis Heylaerts) MY (Yunus and Ho, 1980) Yunus and Ho,

1980 Yes Leaf (Yunus and Ho, 1980) No

10 The fruit- feeding record for Calliteara horsfieldii (Tan, 1992) has an “X ” in a column for ‘ feeding on fruit; ’ the adjacent column is for leaf

- feeding. Tang (1992) describes another species in the same genus, C. brunneipicta , as being a leaffeeder. C losely related species are leaf feeders on plants (Gupta, et al . , 1986). Thus, we believe the report by Tang (1992) to be in error regarding the feeding site for C. horsfieldii. In the absence of additional information , we considered the larvae to not follow the pathway. 11 We found no detailed information about the feeding location(s) for Asota heliconia , but A. carica larvae feed on leaves (Wu and Gao, 2005). 12 Tan (1992) reports C. curiosa feeding on fruit but not burrowing into it. Thus, this pest would most likely be discovered and removed during one of the two culling processes. 13 Adults feed nocturnally on fruit and then fly away (Fay and Halfpapp, 1999)Pest List for Starfruit from Malaysia



### Rev. 04 August 31, 2010 8 **Pest Distribution**  **Reference for Host Assoc.**  **Quaran**  

** tine pest** **Plant part**

**a ssociation**  **1 Follow** 

**p athway**  **1 Lepidoptera:**  **Pterophoridae** Diacrotricha fasciola Zeller MY (Sepiah et al . , 2003; Tan, 1992; Waterhouse, 1993 ) Sepiah et al . ,

2003; Tan, 1992 Yes Flower (Sepiah et al . , 2003), Leaf, Flower (Tan, 1992) No **Lepidoptera: Pyralidae**  Culladia sp. MY (Tan, 1992) Tan, 1992 Yes Flower (Tan, 1992) No **Lepidoptera: Saturniidae**  Attacus atlas (Linnaeus) MY (Tan, 1992; Holloway, 1987; Lampe, 1984) Tan, 1992 Yes Leaf (Tan, 1992) No **Lepidoptera: Tortricidae**  Adoxophyes privatana MY ( Ithnin et al . , 1992; Sepiah et al . , 2003; Tan, 1992; Waterhouse, 1993) Sepiah et al . ,

2003; Tan, 1992; Ithnin et al . , 1992 Yes Leaf ( Ithnin et al . , 1992; Tan, 1992 ) No Archips machlopis (Meyrick) MY (Robinson et al . , 2008 ; Tuck, 1990 ) (Robinson et al .,

2008) Yes Leaf (CABI, 2006) No Archips micaceana (Walker) MY ( Tan, 1992; Waterhouse, 1993 ) Tan, 1992 Yes Fruit (Tan, 1992), Leaf (Sepiah et al . , 2003) No 14 Archips tabescens (Meyrick) MY ( Ithnin et al . , 1992; Sepiah et al . , 2003; Waterhouse, 1993) Ithnin et al . ,

1992; Sepiah et al . , 2003 Yes Leaf, Fruit ( Ithnin et al . , 1992; Sepiah et al . , 2003) No 14 Cacoecia machlopis (Meyrick) MY (Waterhouse, 1993; Yunus and Ho, 1980) Tan, 1992 Yes Fruit (Tan, 1992), Leaf (Yunus and Ho, 1980) No 15 Cryptophlebia averrhoae (Tuck & Tan) MY (Robinson et al . , 2008; Tuck, 1990) (Robinson et al . ,

2008) Yes Fruit (rotten) (Robinson et al . , 2008) No Cryptophlebia encarpa (Meyrick) MY ( Ithnin et al . , 1992; Waterhouse, 1993) Ithnin et al . ,

1992 Yes Fruits (Ithnin et al . , 1992) Yes 16

14 We found no detailed informati on about A. micaceana or A. tabescens feeding on fruit. However, information about the feeding behavior of other members of the genus indicates that feeding is external and the larvae do not burrow into the fruit (CABI, 2006). 15 Tan (1992) reports C. mach lopis feeding on fruit, but not burrowing into it. Thus, this pest would most likely be discovered and removed during one of the two culling processes. 16 Cryptophlebia encarpa is distributed in plant hardiness zones 12 and 13, w hich are not present in the continental United States . Thus , C. encarpa is highly unlikely to become established in the continental United States.Pest List for Starfruit from Malaysia



### Rev. 04 August 31, 2010 9 **Pest Distribution**  **Reference for Host Assoc.**  **Quaran**  

** tine pest** **Plant part**

**a ssociation**  **1 Follow** 

**p athway**  **1** Cryptophlebia sp. MY (Tan, 1992) Tan, 1992 Yes Fruit (Tan, 1992) Yes **WEEDS** Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertner MY (Ithnin et al . , 1992), US (Lorenzi and Jeffery, 1987) Ithnin et al . ,

1992 No NA NA Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koel. (Hoz) MY (Ithnin et al . , 1992), US (Gilreath et al . , 1999) Ithnin et al . ,

1992 No NA NA Imperata cylindrica (Linnaeus) Raeuschel MY (Ithnin et al . , 1992), US ( CABI , 2007) Ithnin et al . ,

1992 No NA NA Melastoma malabathricum L. MY (Ithnin et al . , 1992), US (limited to Hawaii ) (NRCS, 2008 ; Haselwood and Motter, 1966) Ithnin et al . ,

1992 Yes 17 NA NA

Mikania micrantha Kunth MY ( Holm et al . , 1991; Ismail, 2001; Waterhouse, 1993 ), US (limited distribution PR, DC) ( Gunn and Ritchie, 1982; NRCS, 2008 ) PestID, 2008 Yes 18 NA NA

Mimosa diplotricha Sauvalle MY (Ithnin et al . , 1992), US (limited to PR, HI) (CABI, 2007; NRCS, 2008 ) Ithnin et al . , 1992 Yes 19 NA NA **PLANT PATHOGENS Nematodes**  Helicotylenchus sp. MY (Reddy, 1998) Reddy, 1998 Yes Soil (Reddy, 1998) No Macroposthonia sp. MY (Reddy, 1998) Reddy, 1998 Yes Soil (Reddy, 1998) No Meloidogyne sp. MY (Reddy, 1998) Reddy, 1998 Yes Root (Reddy, 1998; Holtsmann and McSorley, 1993) No Pratylenchus sp. MY (Reddy, 1998) Reddy, 1998 Yes Soil (Reddy, 1998) No

17 Melastoma malabathricum is a Federal Noxious Weed, limited to Hawaii (NRCS, 2008). 18 Mikania micrantha is a Federal Noxious Weed distributed only in Puerto Ric o and the District of Columbia (NRCS, 2008 ). 19 Mimosa diplotricha is a Federal Noxious Weed distributed only in Hawaii and Puerto Rico (NRCS, 2008).Pest List for Starfruit from Malaysia



### Rev. 04 August 31, 2010 10 **Pest Distribution**  **Reference for Host Assoc.**  **Quaran**  

** tine pest** **Plant part**

**a ssociation**  **1 Follow** 

**p athway**  **1** Rotylenchulus reniformis, (Linford & Oleivera, 1940) (Hoplolaimidae) MY ( CABI , 2007; Reddy, 1998; Suatmadji and Sauer, 19 82) US ( CABI , 2007; Linford and Oliveira, 1940) Reddy, 1998 No Soil (Reddy, 1998) No

Tylenchorhynchus sp. MY (Reddy, 1998) Reddy, 1998 Yes Soil (Reddy, 1998) No Xiphinema sp. MY (Reddy, 1998) Reddy, 1998 Yes Root ( CABI , 2007), Soil (Reddy, 1998) No **FUNGI AND CHROMISTANS 20**  Alternaria alternata (Fr.: Fr.) Keissl. (Ascomycetes: Pleosporales) MY (Jain and Saksena, 1984; Lenne, 1990; Sepiah et al . , 2003; Tandon and Verma, 1964), US (Alfieri et al . , 1984; Chase, 1982; Farr et al . , 2008) Sepiah et al . ,

2003 No NA NA

Aspergillus niger Tiegh. (Ascomycetes: Eurotiales) MY (Sepiah et al . , 2003; Abu -Bakar and Abdul -Karim, 1990; Liu, 1977), US (Chilvers et al . , 2007; Sepiah et al . , 2003) Sepiah et al . ,

2003 No NA NA

Aspergillus sp. 21 MY (Rajagopalan, 1974) Raj agopalan,

1974 Yes Fruit (Cynthia and Ralph, 2001; Tindall, 1994) Yes Asterina venustula Syd. (Ascomycetes: Capnodiales) MY ( Peregrine and Ahmad, 1982; Singh, 1980; Turner, 1971; Willi ams and Liu, 1976 ) Singh, 1980;

Turner, 1971; Williams and Liu, 1976 No 22 Leaf, fruit (sooty mold) Sepiah et al . , 2003) Yes

20 Fungal nomenclature and taxonomy are provided according to Farr et al . (2008 ) and CAB I ( 2008 ) . 21 P ests identified only to genus or higher taxa are not analyzed unless the Genus is not present in the United States . In this case, the genus Aspergillus is present in the United States. Genera can contain many species and analyz ing an entire genus that may contain many non -pest species is unrealistic. Sometimes intercepted pests are not identified to the species level because the current taxonomic knowledge is limited, the pest is too immature, or the specimen is in poor condition. Pest ris k assessments focus on organisms for which biological information is available. An intercepted pest (not identified to the species level) may or may not be a quarantine pest. If pests identified only to higher taxa are intercepted in the future , we may re - evaluate their risk. 22 Although this fungus is not reported in the United S tates , it causes a sooty mold (Sepiah et al . , 2003) which is the superficial growth of the fungus on exudates of insect feeding, rather than true parasitism of the plant host. Since it is not a true pathogen it is not considered a quarantine species.Pest List for Starfruit from Malaysia



### Rev. 04 August 31, 2010 11 **Pest Distribution**  **Reference for Host Assoc.**  **Quaran**  

** tine pest** **Plant part**

**a ssociation**  **1 Follow** 

**p athway**  **1** Botryosphaeria ribis Grossenb. & Duggar (Ascomycetes: Dothideales) MY (Sepiah et al . , 2003), US ( Morgan and White, 1987; Smith and Stanosz, 2001; Stevens, 1926) Sepiah et al . ,

2003 No NA NA Ceratocystis paradoxa (Dade) C. Moreau (Ascomycetes: Microascale s) MY (Sepiah et al . , 2003; Turner, 1971; Williams and Liu, 1976), US (Farr et al . , 2008; Alfieri et al . , 1984; Upadhyay, 1981) Sepiah et al . ,

2003 No NA NA

Cercospora averrhoae (Petch) (Ascomycetes: Mycosphaerellales) MY (Sepiah et al . , 2003; Singh, 1980; Ting and Tai, 1971), US (Limited to Florida) (Alfieri et al . , 1984; Crane, 2002; Sepiah et al . , 2003) CABI, 2007;

Ithnin et al . , 1992; Sepiah et al . , 2003; Singh, 1980 Yes Leaf (Ithnin et al . , 1992; Singh, 1980) No

Cercospora wellesiana (Chupp) (Asc omycetes: Mycosphaerellales) MY (Singh, 1980; Williams and Liu, 1976) Singh, 1980;

Williams and Liu, 1976 Yes Leaf (Singh, 1980; Sepiah et al . , 2003) No Cladosporium cladosporioides (Fresen.) G.A. De Vries (Ascomycetes: Mycosphaerellales) MY (Sepiah et al . , 2003), US (Farr et al . , 2008) Sepiah et al . ,

2003 No NA NA

Colletotrichum acutatum J.H. Simmonds (Ascomycetes: Incertae sedis) MY (Sepiah et al . , 2003), US (Guerber et al . , 2003; Strandberg, 2001) Sepiah et al . ,

2003 No NA NA Colletotrichum capsici (Syd.) (Butler & Bisby) (Ascomycetes: Phyllachorales) MY ( Liu, 1977; Sepiah et al . , 2003; Singh, 1980 ), US (Farr et al . , 2008; Miller, 1990; Miller, 1991 ) Liu, 1977;

Sepiah et al . , 2003; Singh, 1980 No NA NA Colletotrichum crassipes (Speg.) Arx (Ascomycetes: Phyllachorales) MY (Sepiah et al . , 2003; Williams and Liu, 1976), US (Miller, 1991) Sepiah et al . ,

2003 No NA NAPest List for Starfruit from Malaysia



### Rev. 04 August 31, 2010 12 **Pest Distribution**  **Reference for Host Assoc.**  **Quaran**  

** tine pest** **Plant part**

**a ssociation**  **1 Follow** 

**p athway**  **1** Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc. (Teleomorph: Glomerella cingulata (Stoneman) Spauld. & H. Schrenk) (Ascomycetes: Incertae sedis) MY (Sepiah et al . , 2003; Lenne, 1990; Tan et al . , 1992; Kueh, 1990), US ( Crane, 2002; Farr et al . , 2008; French, 1989; Tidwell, 1990 ) Sepiah et al . ,

2003; Singh, 1980 No NA NA

Corynespora cassiicola (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) C.T. Wei (Ascomycetes: Pleosporales) MY (Boa and Lenne, 1994; Turner, 1971) US ( Crane, 2002; Farr et al . , 2008; McGovern, 1994; Mil ler, 1991 ) Sepiah et al . ,

2003 No NA NA

Davidiella tassiana (

De Not.) Crous & U. Braun Syn: Mycosphaerella tassiana (De Not.) Johans. (Anamorph: Cladosporium herbarum (Pers. : Fr.) Link (Ascomycetes: Mycosphaerellales) MY ( Campbell, 1989; Sepiah et al . , 2003; Singh, 1992; Sharma and Khan, 1978) US (Farr et al . , 2008) Sepiah et al . ,

2003 No NA NA

Erythricium sa lmonicolor (Berk. & Broome) Burds. Syn: Corticium salmonicolor (Berk. & Br.) (Basidiomycetes: Polyporales) MY ( Liu, 1977; Peregrine and Ahmad, 1982; Singh, 1980 ) US (Florida, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands) (Alfieri et al . , 1984; Wellman, 1977) Sepiah et al . ,

2003; Singh, 1980 No NA NA

Fusarium incarnatum (Desm.) Sacc. Syn: Fusarium pallidoroseum (Cooke) Sacc. (Ascomycetes, Hypocreales) MY (Sepiah et al . , 2003) US (CABI, 2006) Sepiah et al . ,

2003 No NA NA

Fusarium moniliforme J. Sheld. (Ascomycetes: Hypocreales) MY (CABI, 2006; Sepiah et al . , 2003) US (Farr et al . , 2008; CABI, 2006) Sepiah et al . ,

2003 No NA NA Geotrichum candidum Link (Saccharomycetes: Saccharomycetales) MY, US (Farr et al . , 2008) Farr et al . , 2008 No NA NA Khuskia oryzae H.J. Hudson (Ascomycetes: Trichosphaeriales) MY, US (Farr et al . , 2008) Jain and

Saksena, 1984 No NA NAPest List for Starfruit from Malaysia



### Rev. 04 August 31, 2010 13 **Pest Distribution**  **Reference for Host Assoc.**  **Quaran**  

** tine pest** **Plant part**

**a ssociation**  **1 Follow** 

**p athway**  **1** Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon & Maubl. (Teleomorph: Botryosphaeria rhodina (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Arx) (Ascomycetes: Dothideales) MY (Sepiah et al . , 2003; Taylor and Hyde, 2003), US (Alfieri et al . , 1984; Farr et al . , 2008; French, 1989) Sepiah et al . ,

2003 No NA NA

Marasmiellus scandens (Massee) Dennis & D.A. Reid (Basidiomycetes: Agaricales) MY (CABI, 2006; Singh, 1980; Turner and Shepherd, 1980) CABI, 2006;

Singh, 1980 Yes leaves, twigs, branches (Lim and Sangchote, 2003) No Melanographium citri (Gonz. Frag. & Cif.) M.B. Ellis (Ascomycetes: Incertae sedis) MY (Farr et al . , 2008) Farr et al . , 2008 Yes decaying leaves, stems (Goh and Hyde, 1997) No Penicillium expansum Link (Ascomycetes: Eurotiales) MY (Sepiah et al . , 2003), US (Farr et al . , 2008) Sepiah et al . ,

2003 No NA NA Pestalotiopsis guepinii (Desm.) Steyaert (Ascomycetes: Xylariales) MY (Sepiah et al . , 2003), US (Farr et al . , 2008) Sepiah et al . ,

2003 No NA NA Phellinus noxius (Corner) G. Cunn. (Basidiomycetes: Hymenochaetales) MY, US (limited Puerto Rico) (Farr et al . , 2008) Farr et al . , 2008 Yes Roots, trunk (Ann et al . , 2002) No Phoma averrhoae Subramon. & V.G. Rao (Ascomycetes: Pleosporales) MY (Sepiah et al . , 2003) Sepiah et al . ,

2003 Yes Fruit (Sepiah et al . , 2003) Yes Phomopsis sp. 23 MY ( Campbell, 1989; Mukerji and Bhasin, 1986; Sepiah et al . , 2003; Singh, 1992; Watson et al . , 1988 ) Sepiah et al . ,

2003 Yes Fruit and Leaf (Sepiah et al . , 2003) Yes

23 P ests identified only to genus or higher taxa are not analyzed unless the genus is not present in the United States . The genus Phomopsi

s is present in the United States. Genera can c ontain many species and analyz ing an entire genus that may contain many non -pest species is unrealistic. Sometimes intercepted pests are not identified to the species level because the current taxonomic knowledge is limited, the pest is too immature, or the specimen is in poor condition. Pest risk assessments focus on organisms for which biological information is available. An intercepted pest (not identified to the species level) may or may not be a quarantine pest. If pests identified only to higher taxa are intercepted in the future, the we re - evaluate their risk.Pest List for Starfruit from Malaysia



### Rev. 04 August 31, 2010 14 **Pest Distribution**  **Reference for Host Assoc.**  **Quaran**  

** tine pest** **Plant part**

**a ssociation**  **1 Follow** 

**p athway**  **1** Phytophthora citrophthora (R.E. Sm. & E.H. Sm.) Leonian (Kingdom Chromista, Oomycetes: Pythiales) MY (Sepiah et al . , 2003), US (Erwin and Ribeiro, 1996; Mchau and Coffey, 1994) Alfieri et al . ,

1994; Ho, 1983; Sepiah et al . , 2003 No NA NA Phytophthora nicotianae Breda de Haan Syn: Phytophthora nicotianae var. parasitica (Dastur) G.M. Waterhouse (Kingdom Chromista, Oomycetes: Pythiales) MY (Sepiah et al . , 2003; Tindall, 1994) US ( continental and Hawaii) (Erwin and Ribeiro, 1996; Hall, 1993) Sepiah et al . ,

2003; Alfieri et al . , 1994; Ho, 1983 No NA NA

Pythium splendens H. Braun (Kingdom Chromista,Oomycetes: Pythiales) MY (Farr et al . , 2008), US (Crane, 2002; Farr et al . , 2008) Crane, 2002;

Sepiah et al . , 2003 No NA NA Rhizopus sp. 24 MY (Sepiah et al . , 2003) Sepiah et al . ,

2003 Yes Fruit (Sepiah et al . , 2003) Yes Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehrenb.: Fr.) Vuill. (Zygomycetes: Mucorales) MY, US (Farr et al . , 2008) Farr et al . , 2008 No NA NA Rhizoctonia solani J.G. Kühn Teleomorph: Thanatephorus cucumeris (A.B. Frank) Donk Syn: Corticium solani (Prill. & Delacr.) Bourd. & Galz. (Basidiomycetes: Ceratobasidiales) MY (Sepiah et al . , 20 03; Singh, 1980; Turner, 1971) US (Alfieri et al . , 1984; Farr et al . , 2008 ; Ou, 1985 ) Sepiah et al . ,

2003; Singh, 1980; Turner, 1971 No NA NA

24 P ests identified only to genus or higher taxa are not analyzed unless the Genus is not present in the United States . The genus Rhizopus is present in the United States. Genera can contain many species and analyz ing an entire genus that may contain many non -pest species is unrealistic. Sometimes intercepted pests are not identified to the species level because the current taxonomic knowledge is limited, the pest is too immature, or the specimen is in poor condition. Pest risk assessments focus on organisms for which biological information is available. An intercepted pest (not identified to the species level) may or may not be a quarantine pest. If pests identified only to higher taxa are intercepted in the future, we may re - evaluate their risk.Pest List for Starfruit from Malaysia



### Rev. 04 August 31, 2010 15 **Pest Distribution**  **Reference for Host Assoc.**  **Quaran**  

** tine pest** **Plant part**

**a ssociation**  **1 Follow** 

**p athway**  **1** Rigidoporus microporus (Sw.: Fr.) Overeem Syn: Rigidoporus lignosus (Klotzsch) Imazeki (Basidiomycetes: Polyporales) MY ( Boa and Lenne, 1994; Ithnin et al . , 1992; Lim, 1977; Sepiah et al . , 2003 ) US (Hawaii) (Gilbertson et al . , 2002; Gilbertson and Adaskaveg, 1993), Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands (Farr et al . , 2008) Sepiah et al . ,

2003; Ithnin et al . , 1992 Yes 25 Root (Ithnin et al . , 1992) No

Rhytidhysteron rufulum (Spreng.: Fr.) Speg. Syn: Tryblidiella rufula (Ascomycetes: Patellariales) MY, US (Farr et al . , 2008) Farr et al . , 2008 No NA NA Schizothyrium pomi (Mont. & Fr.) Arx (Anamorph): Zygophiala jamaicensis E.W. Mason (Ascomycetes: Microthyriales) Brunei (Peregrine and Ahmad, 1982), US (Farr, et al . , 2008) Farr et al . , 2008 No NA NA

Stomiopeltella nubecula (Berk. & Curt.) Theiss. Syn. Asterina nubecula Berk. & M.A. Curtis (Ascomycetes: Capnodiales) MY (Singh, 1980; Turner, 1971) Singh, 1980;

Turner, 1971 No 26 Fruit, leaf (sooty mold) (Sepiah et al . , 2003) Yes

**ALGAE** Cephaleuros virescens, (Künze) MY (Ithnin et al . , 1992), US (Crane, 2002) Crane, 2002;

Ithnin et al . , 1992 No NA NA 

## 3 **. Quarantine pests following the pathway**  The following quarantine pests are likel y to follow the pathway when importing starfruit, Averrhoa carambola , from Malaysia (Table 2) . If these pests cannot be mitigated b y the irradiation treatment proposed b y Malays ia , further analysis will be needed to evaluate the potential consequences associated with their introduction and their likelihood of introduction and explore alternative mitigation options.

25 Rigidoporus microporus is reportable from the Continental United States, but non-reportable for Hawaii, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands. 26 Altho ugh this fungus is not reported in the United S tates , it causes a sooty mold (Sepiah, et al . , 2003) which is the superficial growth of the fungus on exudates of insect feeding, rather than true parasitism of the plant host. Since it is no t a true pathogen it is not considered a quarantine species.Pest List for Starfruit from Malaysia



### Rev. 04 August 31, 2010 16 We did not list Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel ) in the pest list abov e because despite some earlier reports (e.g., CABI, 2005, Waterhouse, 1993), it is not known to occur in Malaysia. Records for the species in that country

probabl y involve one or more closel y related, sibling species (Drew & Hancock, 1994; Clarke et al., 2 001). **Table 2.** Summary

of quarantine pests likel y to follow the pathway of fresh carambola fruit imported from Malaysia into the United States **Type Taxonomy**  **Organism Arthropods**  Diptera, Tephritidae Bactrocera carambolae Bactrocera cucurbitae Bactrocera latifrons Bactrocera occipitales Bactrocera papayae Hemiptera, Pseudococcidae Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Maconellicoccus hirsutus Planococcus lilacinus Planococcus minor Pseudococcus aurantiacus Lepidoptera, Crambidae Conogethes punctiferalis Lepidoptera, Tortricidae Cryptophlebia encarpa Cryptophlebia sp . **Pathogens** Fungi and Chromistans Phoma averrhoae 

## 4 **. Authors and Reviewers** U . S . D epartment of A griculture, Animal and P lant H ealth Inspection S ervice P lant P rotection and Quarantine, C enter for P lant H ealth S cience and T echnology Plant Epidemiology

and Risk Analysis Laboratory Authors Kenneth R. Lakin, Entomologist Lisa M. Ferguson, Plant pathologist Reviewers Jessica Engle, Plant pathologist Shawn Robertson, Entomologist 

## 5. **Literature Cited** Abu - Bakar, F., and M.N. B. Abdul - Karim. 1990. Microflora of ciku ( Achras sapota L. ) of variety Jantung. Pertanika 13(2):211 - 215.Pest List for Starfruit from Malaysia



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