UNITED STATES ENVffiONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 

WASHINGTON D.C., 20460 

PC Code: 128879 

DP Barcode: 393186 

June 4, 2013 

MEMORANDUM 

Subject: 

To: 

From: 

Through: 

Registration Review- Ecological Risk Assessment and Effects Determination 

of Triflumizole 

Steven Snyderman, Chemical Review Manager 

Avivah Jakob, Risk Manager 

Pesticide Re-evaluation Division 

Office ofPesticide Programs (7508P) 

Edward 

Sujatha Sankula, 

Odenkirchen, 

Lead 

Acting 

Biologist 

Brrurch 

1\~ 

Chief 

/':;;?:. 

1 ~ .... ==--

Environmental Risk Branch 1 

Environmental Fate and Effects Division 

Office of Pesticide Programs (7507P) 

Attached is the ecological risk assessment and effects determination for the registration 

review of the fungicide triflumizole. 

Attachment: As stated. 
REGISTRATION REVIEW 

ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT AND EFFECTS 

DETERMINATION 

Triflumizole 

CAS Number: 68694-11-1 

USEP A PC CODE 128879 

1 

June 4, 2013 
PREPARED BY:

Stephen P. Wente, Biologist

Christopher M. Koper, Chemist

Environmental Risk Branch 1

Environmental Fate and Effects Division

PEER REVIEW TEAM:

William P. Eckel, Senior Scientist, Environmental Risk Branch 6

Greg Orrick, Environmental Scientist, Environmental Risk Branch 2

Mary Clock-Rust, Biologist, Environmental Risk Branch 4

Tanja Crk, Biologist, Environmental Risk Branch 3

Environmental Fate and Effects Division

THROUGH:

Edward Odenkirchen, Acting Branch Chief

Sujatha Sankula, Lead Biologist

Environmental Risk Branch 1

Environmental Fate and Effects Division

Office of Pesticide Programs
Executive Summary

iii

Executive Summary

Triflumizole is a fungicide that is currently registered for application to a number of food and 

non-food crops to control fungal pathogens. Registered application methods for triflumizole 

are broadcast, foliar spray, root dip, soil drench, chemigation, and seed piece treatment.

E.1 Nature of Stressor

Triflumizole acts as a systemic fungicide. It interferes with ergosterol biosynthesis by 

inhibiting demethylation of steroids, which appears to inhibit mycelial growth (Markoglou 

and Ziogas 2002). (Mycelium is the vegetative part of a fungus.) It is used to control 

Gymnosporangium and Venturia spp. in pome fruit, powdery Erysiphaceae in fruit and 

vegetables, and Fusarium, Fulvia, and Monilia spp. in other applications. It is also used as a 

seed treatment against Helminthosporium, Tilletia, and Ustilago spp. in cereals (Roberts and 

Hutson 1999). One current registered product is formulated as a 50% active ingredient (a.i.), 

water-dispersible granule (WDG) which is registered for use on apples, grapes, and pears. 

Other registered products are formulated as 50% a.i. wettable powders (WP) or 42% a.i. 

emulsifiable concentrates (EC).

E.2 Potential Risk

Terrestrial exposure is based on direct spray application on food items including short grass,

seeds, and broadleaf plants and insects resulting from applications of triflumizole at the

maximum label rates. Exposure to aquatic organisms is the result of runoff and spray drift 

from labeled applications, and is functionally, the amount of compound in the water that 

would directly contact organisms. The magnitude of exposure estimates is largely dependent 

on the biology of the receptor (e.g., food consumption rate), the use patterns, and 

environmental fate and transport characteristics of the pesticide.

E.2.1 Chemical Properties

Triflumizole is not likely to be persistent under most environmental conditions and, except 

for soils in a sand textural class with low organic material, unlikely to be very mobile. The 

half-lives derived for aquatic photolysis, soil photolysis and aerobic soil metabolism for total 

residues correspond to 12.7 days, 8 days and 44 days, respectively. The relatively high Koc 

values in non-sand soils and the moderate adsorption characteristics in sandy soils with 

organic carbon content greater than one percent suggest that triflumizole has low potential to 

reach groundwater. The Koc values for the degradate, FD-1-1 suggest that it is more mobile 
Executive Summary

iv

than the parent compound. Triflumizole will reach surface water in both the dissolved form 

and sorbed onto soils and organic material for several weeks following application.

E.2.2 Ecological Risk Conclusions

The Agency assessed potential risk to a number of taxa including the following taxa:

• Birds (Avian) (which are also used to represent reptiles and land-phase amphibians)

• Mammals

• Fish (freshwater and estuarine-marine; freshwater fish are also used to represent 

aquatic-phase amphibians)

• Aquatic invertebrates (freshwater and estuarine-marine)

• Terrestrial invertebrates

• Terrestrial plants and aquatic vascular and non-vascular plants

A direct [adverse] effect to an organism is considered to be that which occurs from direct 

toxicity resulting from exposure to triflumizole. An indirect [adverse] effect to an organism, 

on the other hand, is considered to be an adverse negative modification to a resource used by 

another organism, such as loss of prey or habitat, which is caused by the use of triflumizole.

The level of concern (LOC) from acute exposure is different for listed (endangered and/or 

threatened; LOC = 0.1) and non-listed (LOC = 0.5) terrestrial animals; and for listed (LOC = 

0.05) and non-listed (LOC = 0.5) aquatic organisms. For chronic exposure, the LOC is the 

same for listed and non-listed animals and is 1.0. The LOC is also 1.0 for both listed and 

non-listed plants (aquatic or terrestrial). As the LOCs are different for listed and non-listed 

species, evaluation of potential risk from direct exposure to triflumizole for non-listed and 

listed species are summarized separately.

Registered uses of triflumizole are expected to cause direct adverse effects in terrestrial 

environments to mammals, birds, reptiles, and land-phase amphibians, and in aquatic 

environments, freshwater fish and estuarine/marine invertebrates (Table E.1 and E.2).
Executive Summary

v

Table E.1. Potential Risks to Nonlisted and Listed Species Associated with Direct or Indirect Effects from the Proposed 

Application of Triflumizole1

Taxonomic Group Effects Endpoint2 Direct Effects2Indirect Effects Due to Direct Effect to:3

Non-listed Listed

Aquatic vascular plants Measures of biomass:

Vascular plant – EC50 (Lemna spp.)

Non-vascular plant – EC50 (Navicula 

pelliculosa)

No; 

RQs<LOC

NE; 

RQs<LOC Terrestrial plants

Aquatic non-vascular 

plants

No;

RQs<LOC

NE;

RQs<LOC Currently no listed non-vascular plants

Terrestrial plants

Measures of biomass and seedling 

emergence: Vegetative Vigor EC25 and 

NOAEC (ryegrass4)

No;

RQs<LOC

NE;

RQs<LOC

Terrestrial invertebrates, birds, and/or 

mammals if obligate/dependant relationship 

exists; terrestrial plants

Freshwater Vertebrates

Acute: Mortality- LC50 (rainbow trout) No; 

RQs<LOC

MA;

RQs>LOC5 Terrestrial invertebrates if 

obligate/dependant relationship exists; 

Chronic: NOEC (Pimephales promelas) terrestrial plants No;

RQs<LOC

NE;

RQs<LOC

Estuarine/Marine 

Vertebrates

Acute: Mortality -LC50 (sheepshead) No;

RQs<LOC

NE;

RQs<LOC Terrestrial plants; terrestrial invertebrates, 

birds and/or mammals if obligate/dependant 

Chronic: NOEC (sheepshead) relationship exists No;

RQs<LOC

NE;

RQs<LOC

Freshwater invertebrates

Acute: Mortality- EC50 (D.magna) No;

RQs<LOC

NE;

RQs<LOC Terrestrial plants Chronic: Growth and Reproduction- D. 

magna life-cycle

No;

RQs<LOC

NE;

RQs<LOC

Estuarine/Marine 

Invertebrates

Acute: EC50 (Mysid shrimp) No;

RQs<LOC

MA;

RQs>LOC5

Terrestrial plants

Chronic: NOAEC (Mysid shrimp) No;

RQs<LOC

NE;

RQs<LOC

Mammals

Acute: Oral LD50 (Wistar-SLC rat) No;

RQs<LOC

MA;

RQs>LOC6 Terrestrial invertebrates, birds, reptiles, landphase amphibians if obligate/dependant 

relationship exists; terrestrial plants Chronic: Growth, survival, and 

reproduction - Multi-gen rat study

Dietary-based – No;

Dose-based – YesAll RQs>LOC

Dietary-based –MA7;

Dose-based – MA-All 

RQs>LOC

Birds Acute: Oral LD50 (Bobwhite quail) 

Acute: Dietary LC50 (bobwhite & mallard)

Dose-based – NoRQs<LOC;

Dietary-based-NoRQs<LOC

Dietary-based –

MA7;

Dose-based – MA8

Terrestrial invertebrates or mammals if 

obligate/dependant relationship exists; 

terrestrial plants
Executive Summary

vi

Taxonomic Group Effects Endpoint2 Direct Effects2Indirect Effects Due to Direct Effect to:3

Non-listed Listed

Chronic: Growth, Survival, and 

Reproduction (bobwhite & mallard)

No;

RQs<LOC

NE;

RQs<LOC

Herpatofauna

Acute: Oral LD50 (Bobwhite quail) 

Acute: Dietary LC50 (bobwhite & mallard)

Dose-based-NoRQs<LOC;

Dietary-based-NoRQs<LOC

Dietary-based –MA7;

Dose-based – MA9 Terrestrial invertebrates or mammals if 

obligate/dependant relationship exists; 

terrestrial plants Chronic: Growth, Survival, and 

Reproduction (bobwhite & mallard)

No;

RQs<LOC

NE;

RQs<LOC

Terrestrial invertebrates Acute: Contact LD50 (honeybee) No NE Terrestrial plants 1 Although this preliminary assessment has, on a coarse biological geographical data set basis, identified potential concerns for effects on individuals of a listed 

species within the taxonomic group, it is possible that additional information and further analysis will lead to species-specific determinations of no effect, may 

effect not likely to adversely affect, or may effect likely to adversely affect. Sections of the document describing additional information sources, coupled with 

considerations of uncertainties, are likely to figure prominently in species-specific determinations. 2 Abbreviations: NE = No effect; MA = may affect. 3 Direct effects to species may result in indirect effects to other species by changing availability of prey, habitat, and other factors important to survival and 

reproduction.

4 A 23% reduction in tier 1 ryegrass emergence measure was identified in a submitted study with no corresponding tier 2 ryegrass study. To estimate an EC05

value for ryegrass, the 23% reduction at 4.02 lbs/A treatment level and a ratio of EC25 to NOAEL from plant data from another related fungicide was used to 

estimate an EC05 for triflumizole The most conservative ratio of EC25 to NOAEL is for propiconazol at for which the ratio of EC25 to NOAEL is 2.99. Applying 

this value to the 4.02 lb/acre EC25 estimate yields a listed species estimated effects threshold (EC05) of 1.34 lb/acre for triflumizole. 5 Only for ornamental and pineapple uses. 6 Only for apples and pears, cherries, and ornamental uses.

7 Only exceed for ornamentals under conservative assumptions. NE for other uses.

8 Only exceed for apples and pears, cherries, cucurbits, hops, and ornamental uses under conservative assumptions. NE for other uses. 9 Only exceed for cherries and ornamental uses under conservative assumptions. NE for other uses.

Table E.2. Potential Direct Effects to Listed and Non-listed Terrestrial Taxa from Exposure to Triflumizole1

Triflumizole 

Use

Listed Terrestrial Species Non-listed Terrestrial Species

Application 

Details

Birds2 Mammals

Plants Inverts

Birds2 Mammals

Acute Chronic Acute Chronic Acute Chronic Acute Chronic Plants Inverts

Grapes N N N Y 

(S,M,L) N N N N N Y (S,M,L) N N 0.25 lb a.i./A @ 4 apps/14-d interval

Apples and 

Pears 3

Y

(S) N Y(S,M)

Y 

(S,M,L) N N Y(S) N N Y (S,M,L) N N 0.5 lb a.i./A @4 apps/10-d interval
Executive Summary

vii

Triflumizole 

Use

Listed Terrestrial Species Non-listed Terrestrial Species

Application 

Details

Birds2 Mammals

Plants Inverts

Birds2 Mammals

Acute Chronic Acute Chronic Acute Chronic Acute Chronic Plants Inverts

Cherries Y

(S,M) N Y(S,M)

Y 

(S,M,L) N N Y(S,M) N N Y (S,M,L) N N 0.5 lb a.i./A @ 6 apps /7-d interval

Cucurbits Y

(S) N N Y (S,M,L) N N Y(S) N N Y (S,M,L) N N 0.25 lb a.i./A @ 5-apps /7-d interval

Hazelnuts N N N Y 

(S,M,L) N N N N N Y 

(S,M,L) N N

0.1875 lb a.i./A @ 

6 apps/ 10-d 

interval

Strawberries N N N Y 

(S,M,L) N N N N N Y (S,M,L) N N 0.25 lb a.i./A @ 4 apps/ 14-d interval

Leafy Greens N N N Y 

(S,M,L) N N N N N Y (S,M,L) N N 0.25 lb a.i./A @3 apps/ 14-d interval

Hops Y

(S) N N Y (S,M,L) N N N N N Y (S,M,L) N N 0.375 lb a.i./A @ 3 apps/ 14-d interval

Papaya N N N Y 

(S,M,L) N N N N N Y 

(S,M,L) N N

0.3125 lb a.i./A @ 

3 apps/ 14-d 

interval

Ornamentals Y

(S,M) N Y (S,M,L)

Y 

(S,M,L) N N N N N Y (S,M,L) N N 1 lb a.i./A @ 3 apps/ 7-d interval 1 Y= Potential direct effects; N = Potential direct effects not expected; N/A = not available (incomplete exposure pathway, thus it was not analyzed); S, M or L 

indicate which size class is potentially affected; S = small bird (20 g) or mammal (15 g); M = medium bird (100 g) or mammal (35 g); L = large bird (1000 g) or 

mammal (1000 g). For mammals, chronic size classes are for dose-based exposure only. Dietary-based acute and chronic exposure for birds and mammals is not 

evaluated using body weights. RQ values were determined for these specific weights only, therefore, it is expected that potential direct effects may exist between 

two size classes in which the lower size class exceeded the LOC but the next size class did not. Therefore, for example, if small birds (20 g) exceeded the LOC 

but medium birds (100 g) did not, then potential direct effects may exist for all birds less than 100 g at any life stage until it can be shown otherwise. 2 Birds are surrogates for terrestrial reptiles and land-phase amphibians. 3

Apple and pear applications by aircraft are not allowed according to labels in California.

Table E.3. Potential Direct Effects to Listed and Non-listed Aquatic Taxa from Exposure to Triflumizole1

Triflumizole 

Use

Listed Aquatic Species Non-listed Aquatic Species

Comments

Freshwater Estuarine/Marine

Plants

Freshwater Estuarine/Marine

Fish Inverts Fish Inverts Acute Chronic Acute Chronic Plants

A C A C A C A C Vascular Non-Vas. A C A C A C A C Vascular Non-Vas.

Grapes N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N
Executive Summary

viii

Triflumizole 

Use

Listed Aquatic Species Non-listed Aquatic Species

Comments

Freshwater Estuarine/Marine

Plants

Freshwater Estuarine/Marine

Fish Inverts Fish Inverts Acute Chronic Acute Chronic Plants

A C A C A C A C Vascular Non-Vas. A C A C A C A C Vascular Non-Vas.

Apples and 

Pears2 N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N

Cherries N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N

Cucurbits N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N

Hazelnuts 

(Filberts) N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N

Strawberries N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N

Brassica Leafy 

Greens

Head, Stem 

Brassicas

Leafy Greens

N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N

Hops N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N

Papayas N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N

Ornamentals 

(landscape 

grown 

ornamental 

trees, shrubs 

and nonbearing apples, 

pears, and 

grapes)

Y N N N N N Y N N N N N N N N N N N N N FL nursery 

scenario only

Ornamentals 

(all) Y N N N N N Y N N N N N N N N N N N N N FL nursery scenario only

Ornamentals 

(containergrown)N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N

Ornamentals 

(bed-grown) N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N

Pineapples Y N N N N N Y N N N N N N N N N N N N N GENEEC 1 Y= Potential direct effects under conservative assumptions; N = Potential direct effects not expected

2

Apple and pear applications by aircraft are not allowed according to labels in California.
List of Tables

ix

E.3 Major Uncertainties

Certain data and/or information were not available to the Agency as it conducted the 

preliminary risk assessment for triflumizole. As such, certain assumptions/conclusions were 

made based on the information/data that was available. This may have resulted in a potential 

conservative approach to evaluating risk for some taxa. The Agency has identified three 

major pieces of information it believes may help best resolve uncertainties.

The first concerns the estimated environmental concentrations (EECs) in aquatic 

environments produced for the risk assessment. Because there was no aerobic aquatic 

metabolism study submitted by the registrant, the half-life of this degradation pathway was 

conservatively estimated as twice the 90th percentile confidence limit of the aerobic soil 

metabolism half-life. These studies were not requested in the registration review problem 

formulation because aquatic risks had not been identified in previous risk assessments. 

However, aquatic risks were identified in this assessment with a maximum aquatic risk 

quotient (RQ) of 0.08, which only slightly exceeds the Agency’s level of concern of 0.05. 

Potentially, submitting this study would allow less conservative EECs to be used in risk 

assessment, which would likely alleviate aquatic listed species concerns.

The second major uncertainty involves the presence of a tier I ryegrass seedling emergence 

study that shows a statistically significant 23% reduction in biomass at the only concentration 

tested without a corresponding tier II ryegrass seedling emergence study to identify an 

estimate of the concentration where limited effects occur (EC05). Conducting such a tier II 

study would likely eliminate concerns for listed and non-listed plant species.

The final major uncertainty involves the avian data against which avian and herpatofauna 

risk is assessed. The avian acute dose and dietary studies produced non-definitive endpoints 

with the highest concentrations tested being insufficient to preclude risks at the EECs 

predicted for some triflumizole uses. Re-testing at higher concentrations would likely 

alleviate avian listed species concerns.

E.4 Effect Area Distance Analysis

In order to determine terrestrial habitats of concern due to triflumizole exposures through 

spray drift, it is necessary to estimate the distance that spray applications can drift from the 

treated area and still be present at concentrations that exceed levels of concern. An analysis 

of spray drift distances was completed using the model AgDRIFT (Table E.3). As the 

triflumizole application rate and/or frequency of use increases, so did the fraction of applied 

residue expected to deposit off-field and as a result, the more terrestrial birds and mammals, 
List of Tables

x

of larger size classes, are expected to be potentially exposed to triflumizole on acute and 

chronic bases. Using AgDrift, a spray drift distance over which the LOC is exceeded was 

estimated to be approximately 80 feet for chronic exposure to mammals from aerial 

application of triflumizole on ornamentals; a distance of 100 feet was added to each AgDrift 

calculation to account for the resolution uncertainty in the NLCD (national land class 

designation) demarcation (e.g., AgDrift distance equals 850 feet, overall effect distance was 

950 feet). For ground application for the same ornamental use, the spray drift distance is 

approximately 360 feet (Table E.3).

Table E.3. Effect Distances Using AgDrift (excludes 100 feet addition for NLCD 

uncertainty)

Triflumizole Use

Areial 

or 

Ground

Aerial Application

Effect Distance (feet)*

Acute Bird

Acute 

Herp

Acute 

Mammal Chronic Mammal

Grapes – 0.25 lb a.i./A @ 4 apps/14-d 

interval

A NA NA NA >1000

G NA NA NA 125

Apples and Pears1 – 0.5 lb a.i./A @4 apps/10-

d interval

A 5 NA 0 >1000

G 5 NA 0 235

Cherries – 0.5 lb a.i./A @ 6 apps /7-d interval A 35 0 0 >1000

G 10 5 0 320

Cucurbits – 0.25 lb a.i./A @ 5-apps /7-d 

interval

A 0 NA NA >1000

G 0 NA NA 125

Hazelnuts – 0.1875 lb a.i./A @ 6 apps/ 10-d 

interval

A NA NA NA >1000

G NA NA NA 125

Strawberries – 0.25 lb a.i./A @ 4 apps/ 14-d 

interval

A 0 NA NA >1000

G 0 NA NA 125

Leafy Greens – 0.25 lb a.i./A @3 apps/ 14-d 

interval

A NA NA NA >1000

G NA NA NA 85

Hops – 0.375 lb a.i./A @ 3 apps/ 14-d 

interval

A 0 NA NA >1000

G 0 NA NA 125

Papaya – 0.3125 lb a.i./A @ 3 apps/ 14-d 

interval

A NA NA NA >1000

G NA NA NA 125

Ornamentals - 1 lb a.i./A @ 3 apps/ 7-d 

interval

A 80 0 15 >1000

G 15 5 5 360 1

Apple and pear applications by aircraft are not allowed according to labels in California.
List of Tables

xi

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 Introduction...............................................................................1

Chapter 2 Exposure Assessment...................................................................19

Chapter 3 Effects Characterization...............................................................38

Chapter 4 Risk Characterization...................................................................53

Chapter 5 Uncertainties............................................................................78

Chapter 6 References...............................................................................82

Appendix A Chemical Name and Structure of Triflumizole and its Degradates of Potential 

Concern....................................................................................................84

Appendix B MARC Memorandum – D280869...................................................86

Appendix C Representative PRZM/EXAM Output – FL Nursery Scenario representing 

Landscape-Grown Ornamentals (Aerial Application)..............................................91

Appendix D Foliar Dissapation Half-life Data (Used in T-REX Modeling)..................93

Appendix E Risk Quotients for Taxa and Risk Categories that Did Not Exceed LOCs for 

any Scenario...............................................................................................98

Appendix F MRID Bibliography...................................................................107

Appendix G The Risk Quotient (RQ) Method and LOCs.......................................114

Appendix H TerrPlant Output......................................................................116

Appendix I T-Rex Output..........................................................................117

Appendix J Listed Species Analysis...............................................................121

Appendix K ECOTOX Open Literature That Passed Initial Screen...........................152

List of Figures

Figure 1 2002 Estimated annual agricultural use for Triflumizole (Source: USGS)............... 7

Figure 2 Ecological Conceptual Model for Triflumizole from Ground and Aerial Foliar 

Application to Terrestrial Environments......................................................................... 14

Figure 3. Ecological Conceptual Model for Impacts of Triflumizole Applications on Aquatic 

Environments................................................................................................................... 15

List of Tables

Table 1. Current Registrations of Triflumizole........................................................................ 4

Table 2. Current Registered Uses of Triflumizole................................................................... 4

Table 3. Screening Level Estimates of Agricultural Uses of Triflumizole (prepared Dec. 19, 

2007).................................................................................................................................. 6

Table 4. PRZM/EXAMS Input Parameters for Triflumizole ................................................ 21

Table 5. GENEEC Input Parameters for Triflumizole for Pineapple Use............................. 25

Table 6. Triflumizole Estimated Environmental Concentrations (EECs)1 for Surface Water 

based on selected Crop Scenarios.................................................................................... 26
List of Tables

xii

Table 7. Calculation of foliar dissapation half-life for use as input to T-REX and T-HERPS 

model. .............................................................................................................................. 30

Table 8. Scenarios Used for T-REX and T-HERPS Modeling for Foliar Application for 

Some of the Registered Crops1........................................................................................ 31

Table 9. Input Parameters for TREX Modeling for Some of the Scenarios.......................... 31

Table 10. Avian Dose-Based Triflumizole Upper Bound EEC Values for Multiple 

Application Rates for Various Crops............................................................................... 32

Table 11. Mammalian Dose-Based Triflumizole Upper Bound EEC Values for Multiple 

Application Rates for Various Crops............................................................................... 33

Table 12. Herpatofauna Dose-Based Triflumizole Upper Bound EEC Values for Multiple 

Application Rates for Various Crops............................................................................... 34

Table 13 Avian, Mammalian, and Herpatofauna Dietary-Based Triflumizole EEC Values for 

Multiple Application Rates for Various Crops................................................................ 35

Table 14. Equations for Calculating EECs to Off-Site Terrestrial and Semi-Aquatic Areas 36

Table 15 Input Parameters for TerrPlant v1.2.2 Used for Modeling Runoff and Spray Drift 

Loading to Off-Field Terrestrial And Semi-Aquatic Areas Adjacent to a Treated Field 37

Table 16. Estimated Triflumizole Loading to Off-Site Terrestrial and Semi-Aquatic Areas 

Adjacent to a Treated Field for Applications to Maximum Food and Non-food Crops . 37

Table 17. Summary of Measurement Endpoint Values Selected to Evaluate Risk to Birds 

and Mammals .................................................................................................................. 39

Table 18. Summary of Measurement Endpoint Values Selected To Evaluate Risk to Fish and 

Aquatic-Phase Amphibians1

............................................................................................ 44

Table 19. Summary of Measurement Endpoint Values Selected To Evaluate Risk to Aquatic 

Invertebrates .................................................................................................................... 47

Table 20. Summary of Measurement Endpoint Values Selected to Evaluate Risk to Aquatic 

and Terrestrial Plants....................................................................................................... 49

Table 21. Upper bound acute dose-based RQ values for birds for foliar application of 

triflumizole on selected crops which cover the span of registered label rates ................ 53

Table 22 Upper bound acute dietary-based RQ values for birds for application of 

triflumizole on selected crops which cover the span of registered label rates ................ 55

Table 23. Upper bound acute dose-based RQ values for herpatofauna for application of 

triflumizole on selected crops which cover the span of registered label rates ................ 56

Table 24 Upper bound acute dietary-based RQ values for herpatofauna for application of 

triflumizole on selected crops which cover the span of registered label rates ................ 58

Table 25. Upper bound acute dose-based RQ values for mammals for application of selected 

triflumizole uses .............................................................................................................. 59

Table 26. Upper bound chronic dose-based RQ values for mammals for application of 

triflumizole on food and non-food crops......................................................................... 60

Table 27 Mammalian Dietary-Based Triflumizole RQ Values for Multiple Application Rates 

for Various Crops ............................................................................................................ 62

Table 28 RQ values for plants in dry and semi-aquatic areas exposed to triflumizole through 

spray drift based on the seedling emergence study ......................................................... 64

Table 29. Acute RQ values for freshwater fish and estuarine-marine invertebrates based on 

acute exposure concentrations in receiving water. Only scenarios indicating risk are 

presented. (All scenarios evaluated are presented in Appendix Table E-2.)................... 64

Table 30 Probit Slope and Odds of Mortality for an Individual at the LOC ......................... 65
List of Tables

xiii

Table 31. Comparison of the highest calculated dietary EEC from application of triflumizole 

to the highest tested concentration with no effect for the sub-acute avian dietary toxicity 

study................................................................................................................................. 67

Table 32. Comparison of the highest calculated dietary EEC from application of triflumizole 

to the highest tested concentration with no effect for the sub-acute avian dietary toxicity 

study................................................................................................................................. 67

Table 33. Comparison of selected small and large insect EECs from foliar application of 

triflumizole to the extrapolated acute contact honeybee concentration .......................... 69

Table 34 Summary of Indirect and Direct Effects to Listed Species and Preliminary Effects 

Determination for Triflumizole Uses .............................................................................. 71

Table 35. Effect Distances Using AgDrift (excludes 100 feet addition due to NLCD 

uncertainty)...................................................................................................................... 74

Table 36. Species Potentially Affected both Directly and Indirectly .................................. 121

Table 37. Species Potentially Affected Directly Only......................................................... 148
List of Abbreviated Terms

xiv

List of Abbreviated Terms and Symbols

@ symbol for “at”

# symbol for “number”

% symbol for “percent”

> symbol for “greater than”

< symbol for “less than”

μg/kg symbol for “micrograms per kilogram”

μg/L symbol for “micrograms per liter”

μCi Microcurie

oC symbol for “degrees Celsius”

a.i. active ingredient

Acc# accession number

Al3+ Aluminum ion

BEAD Biological and Economical Analysis Division

Bw body weight

CA California

CAL DPR California Pesticide Use Report

CI confidence interval

CL confidence limit

DP# Data Package

EC Emulsifiable concentrate

EC05 5% effect concentration

EC25 25% effect concentration

EC50 50% (or median) effect concentration

ECOTOX EPA managed database

EEC estimated environmental concentration

EFED Environmental Fate and Effects Division

e.g. Latin exempli gratia (“for example”)

et al. Latin et alii (“and others”)

etc. Latin et cetera (“and the rest” or “and so forth”)

FESTF FIFRA Endangered Species Task Force

FIFRA Federal Insecticide Fungicide and Rodenticide Act

FL Florida

FQPA Food Quality Protection Act

Ft Feet
List of Abbreviated Terms

xv

G Gram

GENEEC Generic Estimated Exposure Concentration model

H3PO3 phosphorous acid

IC05 5% inhibition concentration

IC50 50% (or median) inhibition concentration

ID Idaho

i.e. Latin for id est (“that is”)

IMS Information Management System

Kg kilogram(s)

Km kilometer(s)

Koc symbol for the organic carbon partitioning coefficient

LAA likely to adversely affect

Lbs Pounds

lb a.i./acre pound(s) of active ingredient per acre

LC50 50% (or median) lethal concentration

LD50 50% (or median) lethal dose

LOAEC lowest observable adverse effect concentration

LOAEL lowest observable adverse effect level

LOC level of concern

LOD level of detection

LOEC lowest observable effect concentration

Kow symbol for the octanol water partitioning coefficient

LOQ level of quantitation

LUIS label use information system

M meter(s)

MA may affect

MATC maximum acceptable toxicant concentration

m2

/day square meters per days

Mg milligram(s)

mg/kg milligrams per kilogram (equivalent to ppm, except in the 

case of discussing dose such as mg/kg-bw)

mg/L milligrams per liter (equivalent to ppm)

MJD Multi-Jurisdictional Database (located in NatureServe)

Mi mile(s)

MM May Modify Primary Constituent Element

MM/NSF May Modify Primary Constituent Element/No Shapefile
List of Abbreviated Terms

xvi

mmHg millimeter of mercury

MRID master record identification number

MW molecular weight

NASS National Agricultural Statistics Service

NAWQA National Water Quality Assessment

NE no effect

NLAA not likely to adversely affect

NMFS National Marine Fisheries Service

NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

NOAEC no observable adverse effect concentration

NOAEL no observable adverse effect level

NOEC no observable effect concentration

OCSPP Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention

OPP Office of Pesticide Programs

OPPTS Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances

OR Oregon

pH symbol for the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion 

activity in an aqueous solution, dimensionless

pKa symbol for the negative logarithm of the acid dissociation 

constant, dimensionless

PO3

3- Phosphite ion

Ppb parts per billion (equivalent to μg/L or μg/kg)

Ppm parts per million (equivalent to mg/L or mg/kg)

SLUA Screening level usage analysis

Sq Square

T1/2 Half-life (for time)

UCL upper confidence limit

USDA United States Department of Agriculture

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

USGS United States Geological Survey

WA Washington

WDG water-dispersible granule

WP wettable powder

Wt Weight
Chapter 1 Introduction

1

Chapter 1 Introduction

Purpose of Assessment

The purpose of this assessment is to evaluate the potential risk to populations of federally 

endangered and threatened (listed) species and the potential risk to species that are not 

federally endangered or threatened (non-listed) species from exposure to triflumizole from its 

registered uses. This risk assessment incorporates the latest effects data, modeling, and risk 

methodologies that may not have been available at the time triflumizole registration actions 

occurred. Risks from direct and indirect effects are derived and evaluated in accordance with 

the risk assessment methodology described in the Agency’s Overview Document (USEPA, 

2004). These risk findings are then used as part of an “effects determination” for listed 

species. The Agency will reach one of the following three conclusions regarding the potential 

for the registered triflumizole use on food and non-food crops to affect federally listed 

species:

• “No effect”; 

• “May affect, but not likely to adversely affect”; or

• “May affect, and likely to adversely affect”. 

If the results of the risk assessment show no indirect effects and the levels of concern (LOC) 

are not exceeded for direct effects for a given listed species taxonomic grouping (e.g., 

freshwater fish, small herbivorous mammal), a “no effect” (NE) determination is made, 

based on triflumizole’s use within the action area for “species” with the given taxonomic 

group. If, however, there is a potential for indirect effects and/or exposure exceeds the listed 

species LOC values for direct effects for a given group, the Agency concludes a preliminary 

“may affect” (MA) “species” within the taxonomic group. The Agency then considers 

additional lines of evidence such as the geographical nature of the exposure, as well as more 

in-depth evaluations of the toxicological and ecological requirements to determine a rationale 

for a “not likely to adversely affect” (NLAA) or “likely to adversely affect” (LAA) 

determination.

Similarly the Agency will reach one of the following conclusions regarding the potential for 

triflumizole uses to result in destruction or adverse modification of critical habitat:

• “No effect”; 
Chapter 1 Introduction

2

• “May Modify Primary Constituent Elements”

The Agency uses the risk assessment analysis for direct effects to categories of biological 

resource requirements to draw conclusions about effects to principle constituent elements of 

critical habitat. The Agency is limited in a practical sense, to those principle constituent 

elements of critical habitat that are of a biological nature. If the results of the risk assessment 

show that no LOC is exceeded for all taxonomic groups, a “no effect” (NE) determination for 

habitat modification is made. If a LOC is exceeded for one or more taxonomic groupings,

the Agency then considers additional lines of evidence such as the type and degree of effect 

on the taxonomic groupings, expected resultant effects on biologically mediated 

environmental processes (e.g., increased sedimentation from loss of vegetation) as compared 

to baseline environmental conditions, co-occurrence of the action area with critical habitat, 

the type of principle constituent elements associated with critical habitat for listed species in 

a taxonomic grouping to determine a rationale for a “may modify primary constituent 

elements”.

Problem Formulation

The problem formulation for this assessment and effects determination was provided in the 

EFED Problem Formulation for Triflumizole Registration Review document of March 22, 

2007. All submitted data and other information for triflumizole is listed the MRID 

bibliography in Appendix F.

Under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), all pesticides 

distributed or sold in the United States generally must be registered by the United States 

Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). To determine whether a pesticide can be 

registered, the U.S. EPA evaluates its safety to non-target species based on a wide range of 

environmental and health effects studies. In 1996, FIFRA was amended by the Food Quality 

Protection Act (FQPA), and EPA was mandated to implement a new program for the 

periodic review of pesticides, i.e., registration review1

. The registration review program is 

intended to ensure that, as the ability to assess risk evolves and as policies and practices 

change, all registered pesticides continue to meet the statutory standard of no unreasonable 

adverse effects to human health and the environment. Changes in science, public policy, and 

pesticide use practices will occur over time. Through the new registration review program, 

the Agency periodically reevaluates pesticides to make sure that as change occurs, products 

in the marketplace can be used safely.

 

1 http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/registration_review/
Chapter 1 Introduction

3

1.0.1Previous Risk Assessments

Triflumizole was first registered in 1989 and as a result was not subject to review under the 

reregistration process recently completed under FIFRA and FQPA as of August 3, 2006 for 

chemicals registered prior to 1984. Consequently, a Reregistration Eligibility Decision 

(RED) was not issued. The risk assessments available in the docket, and which serve as the 

basis for this problem formulation, include the following:

• February 07, 2006 Section 3 assessment for newly proposed uses on Filberts 

(D312295)

• March 03, 2002 Tier I Estimated Drinking Water Assessment for Triflumizole 

including Degradates (D281356)

• May 21, 2001 Section 3 assessment for newly proposed uses on Cherries, 

Strawberries, Cucurbits, and Ornamentals (D242426).

Risks, as identified in these assessments, are:

1. For mammals: Chronic risk to mammals, based on a 1 lb a.i./A per season use 

(filbert) (RQ of 0.34 to 53). Acute and chronic risks exist for 2-3 lb a.i./A per season 

uses (grapes and cherries); the RQs ranged from <0.01 to 0.21 for acute risk and from 

1 to 150 for chronic risk.

2. For freshwater fish: Endangered Species LOCs are exceeded on an acute basis. 

3. For birds, since acute endpoints could not be established, triflumizole was 

characterized as practically non toxic to birds, and acute risk to birds was not 

assumed. However, if the non-definitive values of LD50 =2510 ppm and LC50 = 5620 

ppm were used in the modeling, acute risk LOC exceedences exist for birds with 

cherries uses (RQs of <0.01 to 0.33).

1.0.2Stressor Source and Distribution

MECHANISM OF ACTION

Triflumizole ([1-[I-((4-chloro-2(trifluoromethyl) phenyl)imino)-2-propoxyethyl]-1HImidazole]; CAS 68694-1 1-1) is an imidazole that is effective in inhibiting ergosterol 

biosynthesis in fungi. Many fungi must synthesize ergosterol which is a compound needed 

for the stabilization of membranes that make up cell walls.
Chapter 1 Introduction

4

OVERVIEW OF PESTICIDE USAGE

Triflumizole use sites include: apple, cherry, christmas tree plantations, conifers (seed 

orchard), cucumber, filbert (hazelnut), gherkin, gourds, grapes, melons, (musk melons and 

water melons), ornamental and/or shade trees, ornamental herbaceous plants, ornamental 

nonflowering plants, ornamental woody shrubs and vines, pear, pineapple, pumpkin, squash 

(summer and winter), and strawberry (Table 1).

Table 1. Current Registrations of Triflumizole

Product Name

EPA Registration 

Number

(latest label date)

Active 

Ingredients

(% w/w) Crops

Procure 50W 400-431

(4/26/2004)

Triflumizole 

50%

Apple, Cherry, Cucumber, Gherkin, Gourds, Grapes, Melons 

(Musk and Water), Pear, Pineapple, Pumpkin, Squash 

(Summer and Winter), and Strawberry

Terraguard 50W 400-433

(4/27/2006)

Triflumizole 

50%

Christmas Tree Plantations, Conifers (Seed Orchard), 

Ornamental and/or Shade Trees, Ornamental Herbaceous 

Plants, Ornamental Nonflowering Plants, and Ornamental 

Woody Shrubs and Vines

Procure 50 WDG 400-489

(12/4/2001)

Triflumizole 

50% Apple, Grapes, and Pear

Terraguard (WP) 400-502

(2/20/2004)

Triflumizole 

50%

Apple, Grapes, Ornamental and/or Shade Trees, Ornamental 

Woody Shrubs and Vines, and Pear

Procure 480SC 400-518

(9/26/2006)

Triflumizole 

42.14%

Apple, Cherry, Cucumber, Filbert (Hazelnut), Gherkin, 

Gourds, Grapes, Melons (Musk and Water), Pear, Pineapple, 

Pumpkin, Squash (Summer and Winter), and Strawberry

Terraguard SC 400-521

(8/2/2005)

Triflumizole 

42.7%

Christmas Tree Plantations, Conifers (Seed Orchard), 

Ornamental And/Or Shade Trees, Ornamental Herbaceous 

Plants, Ornamental Nonflowering Plants, and Ornamental 

Woody Shrubs And Vines

W or WP refers to “wettable powder”; WDG refers to “water dispersible granules”; SC refers to “suspended 

concentrate”.

The label-specified application characteristics of the currently registered triflumizole uses are 

presented in Table 2.

Table 2. Current Registered Uses of Triflumizole

Crop

Applicatio

n rate

(lbs a.i./A)

Number of 

Applications

Seasonal 

Application 

Rate

(lbs a.i./A)

Application 

Interval

(days) Application Method Reg #

Apple1 0.125 to 0.5 NS (Assumed 

to be 4) 2 7

Aircraft, Ground, High volume 

ground sprayer, Low volume 

ground sprayer, Sprayer

400-431, 400-

489, 400-502, 

400-518

Cherry 0.5 NS (Assumed 

to be 6) 3 7

Aircraft, Ground, High volume 

ground sprayer, Low volume 

ground sprayer

400-431, 400-

518

Christmas 

Tree 

Plantations

0.0625 to 1 NS to 4 NS NS to 14

Drencher, Hand held spray 

wand, High volume ground 

sprayer, Microtube, Mist 

sprayer, Sprinkler irrigation

400-433, 400-

521
Chapter 1 Introduction

5

Crop

Applicatio

n rate

(lbs a.i./A)

Number of 

Applications

Seasonal 

Application 

Rate

(lbs a.i./A)

Application 

Interval

(days) Application Method Reg #

Conifers 

(Seed 

Orchard)

0.0625 to 1 NS to 4 NS NS to 14

Drencher, Hand held spray 

wand, High volume ground 

sprayer, Microtube, Mist 

sprayer, Sprinkler irrigation

400-433, 400-

521

Cucumber 0.25 NS (Assumed 

to be 5) 1.25 7

Ground, High volume ground 

sprayer, Low volume ground 

sprayer

400-431, 400-

518

Filbert 

(Hazelnut) 0.1875 NS (Assumed to be 5+) 1 10 Aircraft, Ground 400-518

Gherkin 0.25 NS (Assumed 

to be 5) 1.25 7

Ground, High volume ground 

sprayer, Low volume ground 

sprayer

400-431, 400-

518

Gourds 0.25 NS (Assumed 

to be 5) 1.25 7

Ground, High volume ground 

sprayer, Low volume ground 

sprayer

400-431, 400-

518

Grapes 0.125 to 

0.25 NS 1 7 to 14 Ground, Sprayer

400-431, 400-

489, 400-502, 

400-518

Melons 0.25 NS 1.25 7 High volume ground sprayer, 

Low volume ground sprayer 400-431

Melons 

(Musk and 

Water)

0.25 NS (Assumed 

to be 5) 1.25 7

Ground, High volume ground 

sprayer, Low volume ground 

sprayer

400-431, 400-

518

Ornamental 

And/Or 

Shade 

Trees

0.0625 to 1 NS to 4 NS to 3 NS to 14

Drencher, Hand held spray 

wand, High volume ground 

sprayer, Microtube, Mist 

sprayer, Sprayer, Sprinkler 

irrigation

400-433, 400-

502, 400-521

Ornamental 

Herbaceous 

Plants

0.0625 to 1 NS to 4 NS NS to 14

Drencher, , Hand held spray 

wand, High volume ground 

sprayer, Microtube, Mist 

sprayer, Sprinkler irrigation

400-433, 400-

521

Ornamental 

Nonfloweri

ng Plants

0.0625 to 1 NS to 4 NS NS to 14

Drencher, , Hand held spray 

wand, High volume ground 

sprayer, Microtube, Mist

sprayer, Sprinkler irrigation

400-433, 400-

521

Ornamental 

Woody 

Shrubs And 

Vines

0.0625 to 1 NS to 4 NS to 3 NS to 14

Drencher, Hand held spray 

wand, High volume ground 

sprayer, Microtube, Mist 

sprayer, Sprayer, Sprinkler 

irrigation

400-433, 400-

502, 400-521

Pear1 0.125 to 0.5 NS 2 7

Aircraft, Ground, High volume 

ground sprayer, Low volume 

ground sprayer, Sprayer

400-431, 400-

489, 400-502, 

400-518

Pineapple 2.0 Assumed to 

be 1 NA NA Dipper 400-431, 400-518

Pumpkin 0.25 NS (Assumed 

to be 5) 1.25 7

Ground, High volume ground 

sprayer, Low volume ground 

sprayer

400-431, 400-

518
Chapter 1 Introduction

6

Crop

Applicatio

n rate

(lbs a.i./A)

Number of 

Applications

Seasonal 

Application 

Rate

(lbs a.i./A)

Application 

Interval

(days) Application Method Reg #

Squash 

(Summer 

and Winter)

0.25 NS (Assumed 

to be 4) 1.25 7

Ground, High volume ground 

sprayer, Low volume ground 

sprayer

400-431, 400-

518

Strawberry 0.25 NS (Assumed 

to be 4) 1 14

Ground, High volume ground 

sprayer, Low volume ground 

sprayer

400-431, 400-

518

NS=not specified on label

1

Apple and pear applications by aircraft are not allowed according to labels in California.

A major source of uncertainty in this assessment was due to label language which did not specify 

the maximum number of applications for some uses (Table 2) and application rates that could not 

be converted into lbs a.i./acre. (These problems occurred almost exclusively on the TerraGuard 

labels. This affected assumptions regarding exposure pathways and the magnitude and spatial 

extent of residues off the treated site.

An average of ~83,000 pounds of triflumizole is applied in the United States each year. The 

majority is applied to apples (30,000 lbs), cherries (10,000 lbs), grapes (20,000 lbs), and pears 

(10,000 lbs) (Table 3).

Table 3. Screening Level Estimates of Agricultural Uses of Triflumizole (prepared Dec. 19, 

2007)

Crop lbs a.i.

Percent Crop Ttd.

Avg. Max.

Apples 30,000 20 35

Cantaloupes 2,000 10 15

Cherries 10,000 15 20

Cucumbers <500 <1 <2.5

Cucumbers, Pickles 1,000 5 5

Grapes 20,000 5 10

Hazelnuts (Filberts) 1,000 15 40

Honeydew 1,000 15 25

Pears 10,000 40 55

Pumpkins 1,000 5 10

Squash <500 <1 <2.5

Strawberries 4,000 15 25

Watermelons 2,000 5 5

All numbers rounded.

‘<500’ = Less than 500 pounds of active ingredient

‘<2.5’ = Less than 2.5 percent of crop treated

‘<1’ = Less than 1 percent of crop treated

SLUA Data sources include: 

USDA-NASS (United States Department of Agriculture's National Agricultural Statistics Service)

Private Pesticide Market Research

NCFAP 97 (National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy),
Chapter 1 Introduction

7

NPUD 2002 (National Pesticide Use Database) of the CropLife America Foundation

California DPR (Department of Pesticide Regulation)

These results reflect amalgamated data developed by the Agency and are releasable to the public.

Figure 1 provides a visual depiction of the spatial distribution of triflumizole use across the 

United States in terms of pounds of triflumizole applied per square mile of agricultural land in 

each county. The map was downloaded from a U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), National Water 

Quality Assessment Program (NAWQA) website. The tabulated data included in this figure is 

older, but similar in magnitude to the SLUA estimates presented above.

Figure 1 2002 Estimated annual agricultural use for Triflumizole (Source: USGS2

).

1.0.3Environmental Fate and Transport

SUMMARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

Triflumizole and its degradates containing the 4-chloro-2-trifluoromethyl aniline moiety 

were considered in this assessment. During the Health Effects Division’s Metabolism 

Assessment and Review Committee (MARC) meeting (D280869 – Appendix C), the MARC 

 

2 http://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/pnsp/usage/maps/show_map.php?year=02&map=m2025
Chapter 1 Introduction

8

committee did not exclude the possible toxicological concern for the metabolites containing 

the 4-chloro-2-trifluoromethyl aniline moiety. The half-lives for anaerobic aquatic 

metabolism, aerobic soil metabolism, hydrolysis and photolysis were calculated collectively 

for the parent and these degradates of concern. The estimated environmental concentrations 

represent the degradates containing the 4-chloro-2-trifluoromethyl aniline moiety namely, 

FD-1-1, FM-6-1, FA-1-1, FM-5-1, FM-3-1, FD-2-1, and FM-8-1 along with the parent 

compound. For chemical names, structures, and total toxic residue (TTR) half-life 

calculations, refer to Appendix A.

Triflumizole is not likely to be persistent under most environmental conditions and, except 

for soils in a sand textural class with low organic material, unlikely to be very mobile. 

Triflumizole degradates may be more persistent than the parent based on the longer half-lives 

for the combined residue. The half-lives derived for aquatic photolysis, soil photolysis, 

aerobic soil metabolism, and aerobic aquatic metabolism for total residues correspond to 12.7 

days, 8 days, 44 days, and 142 days respectively. The relatively high KOC values in non-sand 

soils and the moderate adsorption characteristics in sandy soils with organic carbon content 

greater than one percent suggest that triflumizole has low potential to reach groundwater in 

most soils. However, triflumizole may present leaching potential in vulnerable soils. The 

KOC values for the degradate, FD-1-1, suggest that it is more mobile than the parent 

compound.

Surface water contamination is the result of runoff and spray drift from labeled applications, 

and the magnitude is largely dependent on the use patterns and environmental fate and 

transport characteristics of the pesticide. 

Environmental Fate and Transport Characterization

1.0.4Active Ingredient

The major pathways of triflumizole degradation appear to be hydrolysis under acidic and 

alkaline conditions (t1/2 of 8.9 days at pH 5.0; t1/2 of 3.9 days at pH 9.0), photolysis (t1/2 of 2-

3 days), anaerobic aquatic metabolism (t1/2 of 7.7 days in a total water-sediment system), and 

to lesser extent aerobic soil metabolism (t1/2 of 18 days). Triflumizole is not likely to be 

persistent under most environmental conditions. It is unlikely to be very mobile (KOC range 

1286 to 4114) except for soils in a sand textural class (KOC = 289) with low organic material. 

Based on the laboratory and field study findings it has potential to reach groundwater under 
Chapter 1 Introduction

9

vulnerable soil conditions (sandy soils).

Triflumizole is converted to several degradates containing the 4-chloro-2-trifluoromethyl 

aniline moiety during hydrolysis, photolysis as well as during aerobic soil metabolism and 

anaerobic aquatic metabolism. 

Triflumizole photolyzed relatively rapidly under simulated sunlight conditions in water 

buffered to pH 7 (aqueous photolysis) but slightly longer in a soil photolysis study in a sandy 

loam soil (t1/2 of 16.5 days). Triflumizole hydrolyzed in buffered water with calculated halflives of 8.9, 64.6 and 3.9 days at pH 5, 7 and 9, respectively. The major degradate of 

hydrolysis was found to be FD-1-1. No photolysis and hydrolysis data are available for 

triflumizole degradates.

In a laboratory aerobic soil metabolism study, triflumizole degraded with a half-life of 18 

days. The major soil metabolite was identified as FA-1-1 with minor metabolites comprising 

of FD-1-1 and FM-6-1. In an anaerobic aquatic metabolism study triflumizole degraded with 

half-life of 7.7 days in a pond water-sandy loam sediment system to FA-1-1 and M-1, while 

the majority of FA-1-1 appears to volatilize. No soil metabolism and aquatic metabolism 

data are available for triflumizole degradates. 

Laboratory soil mobility studies (batch equilibrium and column leaching) indicate that 

triflumizole has slightly mobile to relatively immobile characteristics depending upon the 

type of soil and organic matter content. The reported Freundlich KD values for sand, sandy 

loam, silt loam, and clay soils were 1.5, 7.6-63.3, 25.4, and 79.4, respectively. The 

corresponding KOC values for sand, sandy loam, silt loam, and clay soils were 289, 1286-

1993, 4113, and 2812, respectively. The low KD of 1.5 in the sandy soil (organic matter 

content <1%) suggests that triflumizole is mobile under those conditions. The batch 

equilibrium studies on triflumizole degradate FD-1-1 suggests that it is more mobile than the 

parent compound (KOC: 33.6-961.2 for the FD-1-1). However, field studies conducted on 

sand and sandy loam soils indicated that triflumizole and its metabolites did not leach in soil 

depths below 12 inches.

Laboratory findings for triflumizole are in agreement with field dissipation studies with 

regard to soil metabolism half-life (18 days) and abiotic degradation rates at similar 

environmental conditions (pH and photoperiod) in the laboratory. In a series of cropped and 
Chapter 1 Introduction

10

non-cropped terrestrial field dissipation studies, triflumizole dissipated with half-lives of less 

than 8 days following soil and foliar applications at 0.5 lb ai/acre. No triflumizole or 

degradates were found below the 6- to 12-inch soil layer. The major degradate found in all 

studies was FM-6-1 at 0.21 ppm. FA-1-1 and FD-1-1 were identified at <0.02-0.08 ppm. 

These studies indicate that triflumizole rapidly dissipated under field conditions similar to 

normal product use.

In other two bare ground terrestrial field dissipation studies (California and North Carolina), 

triflumizole and triflumizole degradates, FA-1-1, FD-1-1, and FM-6-1 were studied, and 

results were reported as FA-1-1 total residues. Trifumizole was applied 8 times at 7-day 

intervals at a rate of 0.25 lbs. a.i./acre. Total residue half-lives (expressed as FA-1-1 

equivalents) were estimated to be 102 days in the California study and 133 days in the North 

Carolina study. Triflumizole residues were not seen below the 6- to 12-inch soil layer and 

only at very low concentrations, equal to or slightly above the level of detection (LOD) or 

0.01 ppm. Pan evaporation data were not supplied. Therefore, it is difficult to conclude that 

leaching below the 6- to 12-inch soil layer is unlikely because the site water balance may not 

have been conducive to promote leaching. The analytical method selected did not permit the 

determination of individual species, parent and each degradate. However, these data and the 

data from the previous terrestrial field dissipation studies might suggest that triflumizole 

dissipates rather quickly, but triflumizole degradates may be more persistent based on the 

longer half-lives for the combined residue studies. 

Triflumizole does not appear to bioaccumulate in fish. BCFs for edible, nonedible, and whole 

fish were 107x, 758x, and 393x, respectively. By day 14 of depuration, 70%, 93% and 90% 

of the 14C-residues present on exposure day 28 in the edible tissue, non-edible tissue and 

whole fish, respectively, had been eliminated. The half-life of the 14C-residues present in the 

tissues of bluegill at termination of exposure occurred within the first 3 days of depuration.

1.0.5 B. Total Residues

As mentioned, the total toxic residue (TTR) approach was utilized in this assessment since

the HED’s MARC committee has not excluded the possible toxicological concern for the 

metabolites containing the 4-chloro-2-trifluoromethyl aniline moiety. Therefore, the halflives for anaerobic aquatic metabolism, aerobic soil metabolism, hydrolysis and photolysis 

were calculated collectively for the parent and the degradates of concern which are the 

metabolites containing the 4-chloro-2-trifluoromethyl aniline moiety. The half-lives derived 

for aquatic photolysis, soil photolysis, aerobic soil metabolism, and anaerobic aquatic 
Chapter 1 Introduction

11

metabolism for total residues (parent and its degradates) correspond to 12.7 days, 8 days, 44 

days, and 142 days (in a total water-sediment system), respectively. These data suggest that 

triflumizole and triflumizole degradates are moderately persistent in the environment. The 

total residue levels during hydrolysis at all pH conditions are very stable (half-life of several 

months to years). However, in the environment the microbial degradation pathways might 

have a greater influence than the abiotic pathways and therefore, the total residues appear 

moderately stable in the environment. 

The registrant submitted a mobility study for one of triflumizole degradates, FD-1-1. The 

degradate KOC values suggest that it is more mobile than the parent compound. The Freundlich 

KD and KOC values for FD-1-1 range from 0.178-13.8 and 33.6-961.2, respectively. The Koc 

input parameter utilized in PRZM/EXAM and GENEEC modeling was the average Koc value 

based on all parent and degradate (FD-1-1) data values. A recently submitted anaerobic aquatic 

metabolism study suggests that FA-1-1 may dissipate though volatilization. In this study, 

organic volatiles as extracted from the PUF plugs were mainly made up of FA-1-1; i.e. 50.6% of 

the applied at study termination (365 days after application). 

In this assessment, in modeling aquatic EECs, the modeling input parameters were calculated for 

a total residues (triflumizole and its degradates). Detailed information on how the individual 

modeling input parameters were derived can be obtained from the TTR calculations in Appendix 

A.

1.0.6Receptors

The aquatic receptors likely to be exposed to triflumizole include fish, invertebrates, aquatic 

stages of amphibians and plants living in waterways adjacent to or downstream from treated 

areas.

Terrestrial receptors likely to be exposed to triflumizole include birds, mammals, reptiles, 

terrestrial stages of amphibians, insects, and other invertebrates that may occur in treated fields 

and terrestrial plants and animals adjacent to, or down slope from treated areas.

The registrant submitted studies are summarized in Appendix F.

Open literature studies from the ECOTOX database were reviewed for inclusion into the risk 

assessment. All acceptable papers (with a short explanation of why they were not used) and 

papers that were not acceptable are listed in Appendix K. However, none of the open literature 

papers on triflumizole provided useable information for this risk assessment.
Chapter 1 Introduction

12

The triflumizole effects data and the values used in the risk assessment and effects determination 

are summarized in Chapter 3.

INCIDENT DATABASE REVIEW

A review (May 2nd, 2012) of the Ecological Incident Information System (EIIS, version 2.1), 

which is maintained by the Agency’s Office of Pesticide Programs, and the Avian Monitoring 

Information System (AIMS), which is maintained by the American Bird Conservancy, identified 

no ecological incidents associated with the use of triflumizole.

DATA GAPS IDENTIFIED IN THE PROBLEM FORMULATION

Below is the preliminary identification of data gaps for the fate and ecological assessment as 

identified in the Registration Review Problem Formulation for triflumizole (USEPA 2007):

• Chronic estuarine/marine fish study: a registrant-submitted study was determined 

invalid due to the statistically-different values from solvent. 

• Marine diatom study: a submitted study classified as supplemental because the initial 

cell density was greater than required. This taxon (marine diatom) represented the most 

sensitive species for non-vascular plants. 

• Anaerobic aquatic metabolism study: At the time of the problem formulation this 

study had not been submitted. The results of the submitted study (MRID 47136403) have 

been incorporated into this assessment.

• Aerobic aquatic metabolism study: study not submitted.

• Foliar dissipation residue data: The registrant provided a greenhouse foliar dissipation 

study (MRID 48244601). The measured foliar dissipation half-life was 25 days. The 

results of this study are discussed in Chapter 2 and Appendix D.

ECOSYSTEMS POTENTIALLY AT RISK

The ecosystems that could be potentially at risk due to the use of triflumizole include terrestrial 

and aquatic (lakes, ponds, streams) habitats in proximity to triflumizole use areas. These habitats 

may be at risk from drift and/or runoff of triflumizole from use areas. The estuarine/marine 

ecosystems are likely at less risk since they are typically further from agricultural areas and are 

characterized by large volumes of water. However, in some areas adjacent to estuarine/marine 

environments where agriculture dominates the landscape, risks to estuarine/marine ecosystems 

cannot be excluded.

Organisms of concern include birds, mammals, reptiles, fish, and terrestrial and aquatic 

invertebrates, plants, and amphibians. The assessment endpoints are intended to reflect 

population sustainability and community structure within ecosystems and hence relate back to 
Chapter 1 Introduction

13

ecosystems at risk. If risks are expected for given species/taxa based on the screening-level 

assessment, then risks might be expected to translate to higher levels of biological organization. 

Identifying specific ecosystems at risk in a screening-level assessment is beyond the scope of the 

effort.

1.0.7Conceptual Model

The conceptual model used to depict the potential ecological risk associated with triflumizole is 

generic and assumes that as a fungicide, triflumizole can affect terrestrial and aquatic organisms 

if environmental concentrations are sufficiently elevated as a result of the proposed label uses. 

Diagrams of the conceptual models are presented for terrestrial (Figure 2) and aquatic (Figure 3) 

environments. All of the use scenarios for triflumizole except pineapple involve spray 

applications of the pesticide to foliage such as; ground, aerial, high and low volume ground 

sprayers, hand held wand, mist sprayer and sprinkler irrigation. Pineapple is only treated as 

“pineapple sections” using a dipper, which are subsequently planted in the ground. In addition to 

foliar applications, triflumizole may also be applied through soil applications to ornamental trees 

and other ornamental plants by soil drench or microtubes. Although not evident from the 

diagram, triflumizole degradation prior to runoff is explicitly considered. Runoff includes 

transport of triflumizole and its degradates in a dissolved state as well as triflumizole and its 

degradates adsorbed to eroded sediment.

Because there are multiple spray applications of the pesticide to foliage for several labeled use 

patterns, degradation on the foliage between applications is considered in the terrestrial 

assessments. For aquatic assessments, the microbial degradation on foliage is assumed stable, but 

wash-off of the foliage will be considered using the default wash-off coefficient assumption of 

0.5 cm-1

. Spray drift will be directly considered in the aquatic assessments as a route of loading 

to the pond, with higher levels of spray drift for aerial applications than ground spray 

applications.

For terrestrial assessments, spray drift is not directly considered. However, since the evaluation 

of risk is done for on-field foliage, non-target foliage receiving spray drift should reduce 

pesticide loading and the assessment based on the on-field residues which would represent an 

upper bound estimate. A variety of food types (i.e., short grass, long grass, broadleaf plants, etc.) 

will be assessed regardless of the type represented by the target crop, as a variety of food types 

will exist on and off the treated field.

In the aquatic environment, once triflumizole reaches a water body, the pesticide is partitioned 

between the water column, suspended sediment, and bed sediment at a ratio based on the 

pesticides’ physical/chemical properties. Degradations by abiotic hydrolysis, photolysis, and 
Chapter 1 Introduction

14

microbial mediated metabolism are taken into account. The route of exposure is uptake of 

triflumizole and its degradates dissolved in the water column through the gills and integument.

For birds and mammals, only the dietary route of exposure is considered. Uncertainties may 

include the lack of information on the exposure from soil ingestion as well as exposure from 

other pathways such as inhalation and dermal routes.

Figure 2 Ecological Conceptual Model for Triflumizole from Ground and Aerial Foliar 

Application to Terrestrial Environments

Stressor

Source

Attribute

Change

Triflumizole applied to use site

Direct

application Spray drift

Terrestrial 

vertebrates

Terrestrial 

inverts

Individual organisms

Reduced survival

Reduced growth

Reduced reproduction

Food chain

Reduction in prey and food

Modification of PCEs 

related to prey availability

Habitat integrity

Reduction in primary productivity

Reduced cover

Community change

Modification of PCEs related

to habitat

Terrestrial plants

grasses/forbs, fruit, seeds 

(trees, shrubs)

Runoff

Terrestrial 

Vertebrates 

Exposure Media 

& Receptors Soil

Ingestion

Ingestion

Ingestion

Dermal uptake/Ingestion

Atmospheric 

transport

Root uptake/contact

Wet/dry deposition

Ingestion

Leaching to

Groundwater Irrigation 

water
Chapter 1 Introduction

15

Figure 3. Ecological Conceptual Model for Impacts of Triflumizole Applications on

Aquatic Environments

Risk Hypothesis

Nontarget terrestrial and aquatic animals and plants are at risk of direct and indirect effects 

resulting from labeled uses of triflumizole.

1.0.8Analysis Plan

In Registration Review, pesticide ecological risk assessments will follow the Agency’s 

Guidelines for Ecological Risk Assessment and will be in compliance with the paper titled 

“Overview of the Ecological Risk Assessment Process in the Office of Pesticide Programs, 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency” (US EPA, 2004).

The focus of an ecological risk assessment is on both the toxic effects of a pesticide to nontarget organisms and the potential routes of the pesticide’s exposure to non-target organisms. 

In addition to addressing a pesticide’s toxic effects and potential routes of exposure, an 

** Route of exposure includes only ingestion of fish and aquatic invertebrates

Stressor

Source

Receptors

Attribute

Change

Triflumizole applied to use site

Spray drift

Aquatic animals

Invertebrates 

Vertebrates

**Piscivorous mammals 

and birds

Individual organisms

Reduced survival

Reduced growth

Reduced reproduction

Food chain

Reduction in algae and 

vascular plants

Reduction in prey

Modification of PCEs 

related to prey availability

Habitat integrity

Reduction in primary productivity

Reduced cover

Community change

Modification of PCEs related to 

habitat

Surface water/

Sediment

Runoff

Aquatic Animals

Invertebrates

Vertebrates

Exposure

Media

Uptake/gills 

or integument

Ingestion Ingestion

Atmospheric 

transport

Wet/dry deposition

Soil Leaching to

Groundwater

Uptake/gills 

or integument

Aquatic Plants

Non-vascular

Vascular

Uptake/cell, 

roots, leaves Riparian plants

terrestrial 

exposure 

pathways see 

Figure 2
Chapter 1 Introduction

16

ecological risk assessment addresses the uncertainties associated with a pesticide’s risk to 

non-target organisms.

MEASURES TO EVALUATE THE RISK HYPOTHESIS AND CONCEPTUAL MODEL

Measures of exposure for triflumizole that will be used in this assessment are obtained from

modeling efforts only, since national-scale monitoring data for triflumizole were not identified. 

Exposure models used for this assessment include the suite of standard exposure models 

commonly used in pesticide risk assessments (EPA, 2004). Generally, aquatic exposure estimates 

are generated from EFED models and incorporate maximum proposed use rates and empiricallyderived fate properties. Aquatic exposure will be estimated using the PRZM/EXAMS and 

GENEEC models and will consist of aquatic EECs derived using a water body that is vulnerable 

and representative of static ponds and first order waterways.

Measures of exposure for terrestrial mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians similarly

incorporate maximum use rates but rely less on fate properties. Instead, terrestrial exposure 

estimates are derived directly from empirically determined observations of pesticide residues on 

various terrestrial food items. For numerous applications for a given use, the exposure model 

incorporates a first-order decay rate dependent on the soil half-life of the chemical. The currently 

used terrestrial exposure model is TREX v.1.3.1.

Exposure to terrestrial plants will be estimated using the TerrPlant (v1.2.2) model that assumes

triflumizole drifts or moves with runoff to adjacent areas.

MEASURES OF EFFECT

Data identified in Chapter 3 are used as measures of effect for direct and indirect effects to 

non-target organisms. Data were obtained from registrant submitted studies or from 

literature studies identified by ECOTOX. The ECOTOXicology database (ECOTOX) was 

searched in order to provide more ecological effects data and in an attempt to bridge existing 

data gaps. ECOTOX is a source for locating single chemical toxicity data for aquatic life, 

terrestrial plants, and wildlife. ECOTOX was created and is maintained by the USEPA, 

Office of Research and Development, and the National Health and Environmental Effects 

Research Laboratory's Mid-Continent Ecology Division.

The acute measures of effect used for animals in this screening level assessment are the 

LD50, LC50 and EC50. LD stands for "Lethal Dose", and LD50 is the amount of a material, 

given all at once, that is estimated to cause the death of 50% of the test organisms. LC stands 

for “Lethal Concentration”, and LC50 is the concentration of a chemical that is estimated to 

kill 50% of the test organisms. EC stands for “Effective Concentration”, and the EC50 is the 
Chapter 1 Introduction

17

concentration of a chemical that is estimated to produce a specific effect in 50% of the test 

organisms. Endpoints for chronic measures of exposure for listed and non-listed animals are 

the NOAEL/NOAEC and NOEC. NOAEL stands for “No Observed-Adverse-Effect-Level” 

and refers to the highest tested dose of a substance that has been reported to have no harmful 

(adverse) effects on test organisms. The NOAEC (i.e., “No-Observed-Adverse-EffectConcentration”) is the highest test concentration at which none of the observed effects were 

statistically different from the control. The NOEC is the No-Observed-EffectsConcentration. For non-listed plants, only acute exposures are assessed (i.e., EC25 for 

terrestrial plants and EC50 for aquatic plants). 

INTEGRATION OF EXPOSURE AND EFFECTS

Risk characterization is the integration of exposure and ecological effects characterization to 

determine the potential ecological risk from agricultural and non-agricultural uses of 

triflumizole, and the likelihood of direct and indirect effects to non-target organisms in 

aquatic and terrestrial habitats. The exposure and toxicity effects data are integrated in order 

to evaluate the risks of adverse ecological effects on non-target species. For the assessment 

of triflumizole risks, the risk quotient (RQ) method is used to compare exposure and 

measured toxicity values. EECs are divided by acute and chronic toxicity values. The 

resulting RQs are then compared to the Agency’s levels of concern (LOCs) (US EPA, 2004) 

(see Appendix E). 

There is no established acute listed or non-listed LOC for terrestrial invertebrates. The LOCs 

currently in use for birds, mammals and aquatic species are based on 1975 regulations for the 

enforcement of FIFRA (40 CFR Part 154: 49005; 49007; 49016). There is a need for the 

Agency to establish a screening-level LOC for listed terrestrial invertebrate species to 

facilitate completion of risk assessments for federally listed species. An acute listed 

terrestrial invertebrate LOC will allow risk assessors to determine if there is potential adverse 

risk to terrestrial invertebrates from pesticide use. Also, using current methodology, a LOC 

is required to determine the distance needed off-field before the exposure falls below a level 

expected to cause adverse effects. If potential adverse risk is determined for terrestrial 

invertebrates there is currently no process by which to determine the potential effect area of 

concern without a LOC, As an interim measure the Agency has adopted the aquatic 

invertebrate acute listed LOC value of 0.05 for terrestrial invertebrates.

The acute LOC for listed aquatic animals was set at 0.05, which is lower than the terrestrial 

vertebrate acute LOC for listed species of 0.1 (i.e., safety factor of 10). The aquatic LOC for 

listed species was set lower than the terrestrial vertebrate listed species LOC, in part, because 

aquatic species in a typical farm pond do not have the same ability to avoid exposure as birds 
Chapter 1 Introduction

18

or mammals; therefore, an added measure of protection was included. This same logic has 

been extended to terrestrial invertebrates on an agricultural field, where organisms may not 

be able to travel far or fast enough to avoid exposure. In this respect, an interim acute listed 

species LOC of 0.05 for terrestrial invertebrates is consistent with the existing listed species 

acute LOCs.

ANALYSIS OF CO-OCCURANCE OF FEDERALLY LISTED SPECIES WITH TRIFLUMIZOLE 

EFECT AREA

Consistent with the Agency’s responsibility under the Endangered Species Act (ESA), the 

Agency will evaluate risks to Federally-listed threatened and/or endangered (listed) species 

from registered uses of triflumizole. This assessment will be conducted in accordance with 

the Overview Document (US EPA, 2004), provisions of the ESA, and the Services’ 

Endangered Species Consultation Handbook (U.S. FWS/NMFS, 1998).

The spray drift model AgDRIFT was used to assess exposures of terrestrial animals and 

plants to triflumizole deposited on terrestrial habitats by spray drift. In addition to the effect 

area from the spray drift analysis, the downstream extent of triflumizole that exceeds the 

LOC for the effects determination is also considered. 

In the case of a nationwide risk assessment conducted under Registration Review, the action 

area will encompass the entire U.S. and its territories. The purpose of defining the action 

area as the entire U.S. and its territories is to ensure that the initial area of consideration 

encompasses all areas where the pesticide may be used now and in the future that are subject 

to U.S. laws, including the potential for off-site transport via spray drift and downstream 

dilution. Additionally, the concept of a nationwide action area takes into account the 

potential for direct and indirect effects and any potential modification to critical habitat based 

on ecological effect measures associated with reduction in survival, growth, and 

reproduction, as well as the full suite of sublethal effects available in the effects literature. 

It is important to note that the nationwide action area does not imply that direct and/or 

indirect effects and critical habitat modification are expected to, or are likely to, occur over 

the full extent of the action area, but rather to identify all listed species and critical habitat 

that may potentially be affected by the action. The Agency will use more rigorous analysis 

including consideration of available land cover data, toxicity data, and exposure information 

to determine areas where individual listed species and designated critical habitat may be 

affected or modified via endpoints associated with reduced survival, growth, or reproduction.
Chapter 2 Exposure Assessment

19

Chapter 2 Exposure Assessment

Aquatic Exposure Assessment

2.0.1Models

Since there was no monitoring data available for triflumizole, the aquatic exposure 

assessment was based solely on the surface water models, specifically, GENEEC and 

PRZM/EXAMS. These models are used to estimate acute (annual instantaneous peak) and 

chronic (21 and 60 day weighted average annual peaks) estimated environmental 

concentrations (EECs) for aquatic invertebrates and fish, respectively. For commodities 

where standard scenarios were available, the Tier II PRZM/EXAM model was utilized. 

Pineapple was modeled using the Tier I GENEEC model since a standard scenario was not 

available for Tier II modeling.

Briefly, the GENEEC (GENeric Estimated Environmental Concentration) model is a tier one 

computer program that uses the soil/water partition coefficient and degradation kinetic data 

to estimate runoff from a ten hectare field into a one hectare by two meter deep “standard”

pond. This first tier is designed as a coarse screen and estimates conservative pesticide 

concentrations in surface water from a few basic chemical parameters and pesticide label use 

and application information. Tier 1 is used to screen chemicals to determine which ones 

potentially pose sufficient risk to warrant higher level modeling. When risk concerns are 

identified using a tier I exposure model, exposure is then estimated using a tier II model.

GENEEC is a program to calculate acute as well as longer-term EEC values. It considers 

reduction in dissolved pesticide concentration due to adsorption of pesticide to soil or 

sediment, incorporation, degradation in soil before washoff to a water body, direct deposition 

of spray drift into the water body, and degradation of the pesticide within the water body. It 

is designed to mimic a PRZM/EXAMS simulation.

The Pesticide Root Zone Model (PRZM v3.12.2, May 12, 2005) and Exposure Analysis 

Modeling System (EXAMS v2.98.04.06, April 25, 2005) are simulation models coupled with 

the input PE5.pl shell (PE5, PE Version 5.0, November 15, 2006). PRZM is used to simulate 

pesticide transport as a result of runoff and erosion from a 10-ha agricultural field-scale 

watershed and EXAMS considers the environmental fate and transport of pesticides and 

predicts EECs in an adjacent small water body (10,000-m2 pond, 2 m deep with no outlet), 

with the assumption that 100% of the field-scale watershed is subject to the pesticide use 

being simulated. The model is designed to estimate pesticide concentrations found in water 

at the edge of the treated field. As such, it provides high-end values of the pesticide 

concentrations that might be found in ecologically sensitive environments following pesticide 
Chapter 2 Exposure Assessment

20

application. The linked PRZM-EXAMS modeling system considers multi-year simulations 

addressing runoff and spray drift from multiple applications. The location of the field-scale 

watershed and associated pond is specific to the crop being simulated using site-specific 

information on the soils, weather, cropping, and management factors associated with the 

scenario. The crop/location scenario is intended to represent a high-end exposure site on 

which the crop is normally grown. Based on historical rainfall patterns, the small water body 

receives multiple runoff events during the years simulated. Additional information on these 

models in addition to the user’s manuals can be downloaded from the U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency (EPA) Water Models web-page (USEPA, 2012). 

Currently approved triflumizole application rates range from 0.1875 lb ai/acre (hazelnutsfilberts) to 1 lb ai/acre (ornamentals) for a single application with a seasonal maximum label 

rate of 3.0 lb ai/acre (cherries and ornamentals). For more information, Table 4 and Table 5

list the assessed rates along with input parameter information for PRZM/EXAMS and 

GENEEC, respectively. The EEC values are listed in Table 6. An example modeling output

is provided in Appendix C.
Chapter 2 Exposure Assessment

21

Table 4. PRZM/EXAMS Input Parameters for Triflumizole

Input Parameter: Value: Comment: Source:

Scenario(s): Grapes: 

CA Grapes

NY Grapes

Apples, Pears: 

NC Apples

OR Apples

PA Apples

CA Fruit

Cherries: 

MI Cherries

Cucurbits: 

FL Cucumber

Hazelnuts (Filberts): 

CA Almonds

GA Pecans

Strawberries: 

FL Strawberries

Leafy Greens (including Brassica): 

CA Lettuce

Hops: 

OR Hops

Papaya: 

CA Citrus

Ornamentals, Trees, Shrubs: 

CA Nursery

FL Nursery

MI Nursery

NJ Nursery

OR Nursery

TN Nursery

Representative scenarios for 

each use

EFED Scenarios
Chapter 2 Exposure Assessment

22

Input Parameter: Value: Comment: Source:

Maximum Single 

Application Rate

lbs a.i./acre (kg a.i./ha)

Grapes: 

0.25 (0.281)

Apples, Pears: 

0.50 (0.562)

Cherries: 

0.50 (0.562)

Cucurbits: 

0.25 (0.281)

Hazelnuts (Filberts): 

0.1875 (0.211)

Strawberries: 

0.25 (0.281)

Leafy Greens (including Brassica): 

0.25 (0.281)

Hops: 

0.375 (0.421)

Papaya: 

0.3125 (0.351)

Ornamentals: 

1.0 (1.12) landscape-grown

2.0 (2.25) all ornamentals

0.3 (0.338) container-grown (13.6 lbs. 

total)

0.4 (0.449) bed-grown (18.15 lbs. total)

Registered rates Procure® and Terraguard®

Formulation labels

Applications per Year Grapes: 4

Apples, Pears: 4 

Cherries: 6

Cucurbits: 5

Hazelnuts (Filberts): 5.3 (6)

Strawberries: 8

Leafy Greens (including Brassica): 2.25 

(3)

Hops: 3

Papaya: 2.4 (3)

Ornamentals:

3 - landscape-grown

1 - all ornamentals

1 - container-grown

1 - bed-grown

Label directions. Label 

specifies # of applications

per season. If there are 

multiple growing seasons 

per year, yearly # of 

applications may be higher. 

Procure® and Terraguard®

Formulation labels
Chapter 2 Exposure Assessment

23

Input Parameter: Value: Comment: Source:

Application Interval 

(days)

Grapes: 14

Apples, Pears: 7, 10, 10

Cherries: 7

Cucurbits: 7

Hazelnuts (Filberts): 10

Strawberries: 14

Leafy Greens (including Brassica): 14

Hops: 14

Papaya: 14

Ornamentals (landscape-grown): 7

Label directions Procure® and Terraguard®

Formulation labels

Date of Initial Application

(scenario: day-month)

Grapes: 

CA Grapes: 13-07

NY Grapes: 27-08

Apples, Pears: 

NC Apples: 14-09

OR Apples: 20-09

PA Apples: 04-09

CA Fruit: 21-06

Cherries: 

MI Cherries: 15-06

Cucurbits: 

FL Cucumber: 05-11

Hazelnuts (Filberts): 

CA Almonds: 07-07

GA Pecans: 25-07

Strawberries: 

FL Strawberries: 03-01

Leafy Greens (including Brassica): 

CA Lettuce: 31-03

Hops: 

OR Hops: 28-07

Papaya: 

CA Citrus: 19-11

Ornamentals, Trees, Shrubs: 

CA Nursery: 15-04

FL Nursery: 15-04

MI Nursery: 15-04

NJ Nursery: 15-04

OR Nursery: 15-04

TN Nursery: 15-04

For all crops except 

ornamentals, the date of 

initial application was 

calculated from the PreHarvest Interval (PHI). For 

ornamentals, an arbitrary 

date of April 15 was selected 

to cover the growing season 

since label directions state 

apply as needed.

Crop Scenarios and labels
Chapter 2 Exposure Assessment

24

Input Parameter: Value: Comment: Source:

Application Method Grapes: 

Foliar: ground 

Apples, Pears: 

Foliar: aerial and ground

Cherries: 

Foliar: aerial and ground

Cucurbits: 

Foliar: aerial and ground

Hazelnuts (Filberts): 

Foliar: aerial and ground

Strawberries: 

Foliar: aerial and ground

Leafy Greens (including Brassica): 

Foliar: aerial and ground

Hops: 

Foliar: aerial and ground

Papaya: 

Foliar: aerial and ground

Ornamentals: 

Foliar - landscape-grown

Foliar- all ornamentals

Soil Drench - container-grown

Soil Drernch - bed-grown

Label directions Procure® and Terraguard®

Formulation labels

CAM Input 2 (foliar) Linear foliar based on crop 

canopy

US EPA, 2005

IPSCND Input Grapes: 3

Apples, Pears: 3

Cherries: 3

Cucurbits: 3

Hazelnuts (Filberts): 3

Strawberries: 3

Leafy Greens (including Brassica): 1

Hops: 2

Papaya: 3

Ornamentals: 3

Remaining pesticide on 

foliage is (1) converted to 

surface application to the top 

soil layer, (2) completely 

removed after harvest, (3) is 

retained as surface residue 

and continues to decay.

US EPA, 2005

Spray Drift Fraction 0.05 (aerial)

0.01 (ground)

-- Input parameter guidance 

(USEPA, 2009) 

Application Efficiency 0.95 (aerial)

0.99 (ground)

-- Input parameter guidance 

(USEPA, 2009)

Molecular Mass (g/mol) 345.75 -- Product Chemistry
Chapter 2 Exposure Assessment

25

Input Parameter: Value: Comment: Source:

Vapor Pressure at 25°C 

(torr)

1.43 x 10-6 -- MRID 40494402

Henry’s Law Constant

(atm-m3/mol)

5.2 x 10-8 -- Calculated from water 

solubility, vapor pressure 

and molecular weight

Solubility in Water (mg/L) 12.5 pH 5.9 MRID 40494401

Organic Carbon Partition 

Coefficient (KOC) 

(L/kgOC)

1229 1 Average Koc value for 

parent and its degradate FD1-1

MRID 40824601 and 

40824602. 

Aerobic Soil Metabolism 

Half-life (days)

44.2 2 Represents the 90th

percentile confidence bound 

on the mean half-life of 5 

values

MRID 00149861

Aerobic Aquatic 

Metabolism Half-life 

(days)

88.4 Assumed twice the aerobic 

soil metabolism value 

because the compound is 

stable to hydrolysis and no 

aerobic aquatic metabolism 

data are available

Input parameter guidance 

(USEPA, 2009)

Anaerobic Aquatic 

Metabolism Half-life 

(days)

426 (142 x 3) Since only one half-life was 

available the input value was 

assumed to be three times 

the single half-life value 

derived from the parent and 

degradates (FA-1-1, FD-1-1 

and M-1)

MRID 47136403

Input parameter guidance 

(USEPA, 2009)

Hydrolysis Half-lives 

(days)

2767 3 Average value for parent 

and its degradates

MRID 40494404

Aqueous Photolysis

Half-life (days)

12.7 Parameter calculated for 

parent and degradates

MRID 40494405

NA = Not Applicable

1 = The average Koc obtained from a total of ten values; five values (2812, 289, 4114, 1286, 1993) for the parent and five values 

(247, 33.6, 961, 122, 435) of its degradate FD-1-1. 2 = Following the Total Toxic Residue (TTR) approach, this value represents the 90th percentile confidence bound on the mean 

half-life of 5 values (44.3, 39.1, 17.3, 49, and 26.3) from the parent and degradates. 3 = The average value obtained from four combined half-lives available for the parent and degradates (5443, 2436, 680, 2520 

days)

Table 5. GENEEC Input Parameters for Triflumizole for Pineapple Use

Parameter: Input Value: Data Source/Rationale: 1

Application Rate (lbs a.i./acre) 2.0 EPA Reg. No. 400-431

EPA Reg. No. 400-518

Maximum Number of Applications/Year 1 EPA Reg. No. 400-431

EPA Reg. No. 400-518

Application Interval (days) NA EPA Reg. No. 400-431

EPA Reg. No. 400-518

Percent Crop Area (as decimal) 0.87 National Default Value

Koc 1229 2 Average Koc value for parent and its degradate FD-1-1 

(MRID 40824601 and 40824602)

Aerobic Soil Metabolism Half-life (days) 44.2 3 Represents the 90th percentile confidence bound on the 

mean half-life of 5 values (MRID 00149861)
Chapter 2 Exposure Assessment

26

Parameter: Input Value: Data Source/Rationale: 1

Is the pesticide wetted-in? No Chemical not known to be activated by water

Method of Application D 4 Granular Application 

Incorporation Depth (inches) 0

1 Bracketed incorporation depth due to lack of data.

Solubility (ppm) 12.5 MRID 40494401

Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism Half-life 

(days) 88.4 Assumed twice the aerobic soil metabolism value

Photolysis Half-life (days) 12.7 Parameter calculated for parent and degradates (MRID 

40494405) 1 = Input Parameters were selected in accordance with the Guidance for Selecting Input Parameters (Version II) 

 dated February 28, 2002 2 = The average Koc obtained from a total of ten values; five values (2812, 289, 4114, 1286, 1993) for the parent and 

five values (247, 33.6, 961, 122, 435) of its degradate FD-1-1. 3 = Following the Total Toxic Residue (TTR) approach, this value represents the 90th percentile confidence bound 

on the mean half-life of 5 values (44.3, 39.1, 17.3, 49, and 26.3) from the parent and degradates. 4 Granular method of application was selected to eliminate drift (Drift = 0.0% and App. Efficiency = 100%). 

NA = Not Applicable

Table 6. Triflumizole Estimated Environmental Concentrations (EECs)1 for Surface 

Water based on selected Crop Scenarios

Label Use

PRZM/EXAMS

Scenario

(first app date)

Method2

Maximum 

Application Rate

(interval between 

applications)

Peak

EEC

(μg/L)

21-day

EEC

(μg/L)

60-day

EEC

(μg/L)

Procure® and Terraguard® Formulations

Surface Water

Grapes CA Grapes

July 13 – foliar) G 4 app @ 0.25 lb a.i./acre(14 days) 1.81 1.42 1.22

NY Grapes

August 27 – foliar) G 4 app @ 0.25 lb a.i./acre(14 days) 7.49 6.87 6.39

Apples 

Pears3

NC Apples

(September 14 –

foliar)

A 4 app @ 0.50 lb a.i./acre

(7, 10, 10, 14 days) 27.58 24.50 21.06

NC Apples

(September 14 –

foliar)

G 4 app @ 0.50 lb a.i./acre

(7, 10, 10 days) 25.05 22.05 18.85

OR Apples

(September 20 –

foliar)

A 4 app @ 0.50 lb a.i./acre

(7, 10, 10 days) 13.42 12.60 11.37

OR Apples

(September 20 –

foliar)

G 4 app @ 0.50 lb a.i./acre

(7, 10, 10 days) 10.12 9.35 8.37

PA Apples

(September 04 –

foliar)

A 4 app @ 0.50 lb a.i./acre

(7, 10, 10 days) 16.23 14.96 14.43

PA Apples

(September 04 –

foliar)

G 4 app @ 0.50 lb a.i./acre

(7, 10, 10 days) 13.36 12.78 12.33

CA Fruit

(June 21 – foliar) A 4 app @ 0.50 lb a.i./acre(7, 10, 10 days) 6.62 5.46 4.48

CA Fruit G 4 app @ 0.50 lb a.i./acre 5.43 4.00 3.07
Chapter 2 Exposure Assessment

27

Label Use

PRZM/EXAMS

Scenario

(first app date)

Method2

Maximum 

Application Rate

(interval between 

applications)

Peak

EEC

(μg/L)

21-day

EEC

(μg/L)

60-day

EEC

(μg/L)

(June 21 – foliar) (7, 10, 10 days)

Cherries MI Cherries

(June 15 – foliar) A 6 app @ 0.50 lb a.i./acre(7 days) 26.29 22.91 20.37

MI Cherries

(June 15 – foliar) G 6 app @ 0.50 lb a.i./acre(7 days) 20.47 10.89 6.67

Cucurbits FL Cucumber

(November 05 –

foliar)

A 5 app @ 0.25 lb a.i./acre

(7 days) 15.34 13.17 10.10

FL Cucumber

(November 05 –

foliar)

G 5 app @ 0.25 lb a.i./acre

(7 days) 14.61 12.47 9.38

Hazelnuts

(Filberts)

CA Almonds

(July 07 – foliar) A 5.3 app @ 0.1875 lb a.i./acre(10 days) 6.30 5.42 4.54

CA Almonds

(July 07 – foliar) G 5.3 app @ 0.1875 lb a.i./acre(10 days) 5.62 4.72 3.88

GA Pecans

(July 25 – foliar) A 5.3 app @ 0.1875 lb a.i./acre(10 days) 10.53 8.96 7.41

GA Pecans

(July 25 – foliar) G 5.3 app @ 0.1875 lb a.i./acre(10 days) 9.57 8.16 6.91

Strawberries FL Strawberries

(January 03 – foliar) A 8 app @ 0.25 lb a.i./acre(14 days) 16.81 15.32 13.54

FL Strawberries

(January 03 – foliar) G 8 app @ 0.25 lb a.i./acre(14 days) 15.13 13.51 11.81

Brassica Leafy 

Greens

Head, Stem Brassicas

Leafy Greens

CA Lettuce

(March 31 – foliar) A 2.25 app @ 0.25 lb a.i./acre(14 days) 4.35 3.82 3.31

CA Lettuce

(March 31 – foliar) G 2.25 app @ 0.25 lb a.i./acre(14 days) 4.02 3.43 2.86

Hops OR Hops

July 28 - foliar A 3 app @ 0.375 lb a.i./acre(14 days) 6.20 5.63 5.07

OR Hops

July 28 - foliar G 3 app @ 0.375 lb a.i./acre(14 days) 4.51 3.94 3.54

Papayas FL Citrus

November 19 - foliar A 2.4 app @ 0.3125 lb a.i./acre(14 days) 5.73 4.92 4.01

FL Citrus

November 19 - foliar G 2.4 app @ 0.3125 lb a.i./acre(14 days) 5.00 4.27 3.44

Ornamentals 

(landscape grown 

ornamental trees, 

shrubs and nonbearing apples, pears, 

and grapes)

CA Nursery

April 15 - foliar A 3 app @ 1.0 lb a.i./acre(7 days) 15.72 13.89 11.90

CA Nursery

April 15 - foliar G 3 app @ 1.0 lb a.i./acre(7 days) 13.42 11.24 9.17

FL Nursery

April 15 - foliar A 3 app @ 1.0 lb a.i./acre(7 days) 44.35 39.76 32.56

FL Nursery

April 15 – foliar G 3 app @ 1.0 lb a.i./acre(7 days) 41.01 36.53 30.17

MI Nursery

April 15 – foliar A 3 app @ 1.0 lb a.i./acre(7 days) 19.94 18.33 16.33

MI Nursery

April 15 – foliar G 3 app @ 1.0 lb a.i./acre(7 days) 13.36 12.20 10.93

NJ Nursery

April 15 - foliar A 3 app @ 1.0 lb a.i./acre(7 days) 25.13 22.23 19.30

NJ Nursery

April 15 - foliar G 3 app @ 1.0 lb a.i./acre(7 days) 20.59 17.75 15.02
Chapter 2 Exposure Assessment

28

Label Use

PRZM/EXAMS

Scenario

(first app date)

Method2

Maximum 

Application Rate

(interval between 

applications)

Peak

EEC

(μg/L)

21-day

EEC

(μg/L)

60-day

EEC

(μg/L)

OR Nursery

April 15 - foliar A 3 app @ 1.0 lb a.i./acre(7 days) 11.86 10.42 9.44

OR Nursery

April 15 - foliar G 3 app @ 1.0 lb a.i./acre(7 days) 4.80 4.36 4.05

TN Nursery

April 15 - foliar A 3 app @ 1.0 lb a.i./acre(7 days) 28.55 23.25 19.76

TN Nursery

April 15 - foliar G 3 app @ 1.0 lb a.i./acre(7 days) 22.97 18.67 15.85

Ornamentals (all) CA Nursery

April 15 - foliar A 1 app @ 2.0 lb a.i./acre 12.68 10.94 8.45

CA Nursery

April 15 - foliar G 1 app @ 2.0 lb a.i./acre 10.65 8.81 7.02

FL Nursery

April 15 - foliar A 1 app @ 2.0 lb a.i./acre 37.39 31.28 24.13

FL Nursery

April 15 – foliar G 1 app @ 2.0 lb a.i./acre 35.12 29.54 22.84

MI Nursery

April 15 – foliar A 1 app @ 2.0 lb a.i./acre 13.52 12.45 11.41

MI Nursery

April 15 – foliar G 1 app @ 2.0 lb a.i./acre 9.47 8.60 7.57

NJ Nursery

April 15 - foliar A 1 app @ 2.0 lb a.i./acre 17.75 15.30 12.77

NJ Nursery

April 15 - foliar G 1 app @ 2.0 lb a.i./acre 14.10 11.69 9.87

OR Nursery

April 15 – foliar A 1 app @ 2.0 lb a.i./acre 8.86 7.78 6.65

OR Nursery

April 15 - foliar G 1 app @ 2.0 lb a.i./acre 3.55 3.04 2.77

TN Nursery

April 15 - foliar A 1 app @ 2.0 lb a.i./acre 18.93 16.06 13.47

TN Nursery

April 15 - foliar G 1 app @ 2.0 lb a.i./acre 14.97 12.44 10.72

Ornamentals 

(container-grown)

CA Nursery

April 15 – soil drench S 1 app @ 0.30 lb a.i./acre 1.49 1.23 0.97

FL Nursery

April 15 - soil drench S 1 app @ 0.30 lb a.i./acre 5.18 4.36 3.37

MI Nursery

April 15 – soil drench S 1 app @ 0.30 lb a.i./acre 1.27 1.15 1.00

NJ Nursery

April 15 - soil drench S 1 app @ 0.30 lb a.i./acre 1.98 1.63 1.38

OR Nursery

April 15 – soil drench S 1 app @ 0.30 lb a.i./acre 0.33 0.30 0.29

TN Nursery

April 15 - soil drench S 1 app @ 0.30 lb a.i./acre 2.10 1.74 1.50

Ornamentals 

(bed-grown)

CA Nursery

April 15 – soil drench S 1 app @ 0.40 lb a.i./acre 1.98 1.63 1.29

FL Nursery

April 15 - soil drench S 1 app @ 0.40 lb a.i./acre 6.90 5.81 4.49

MI Nursery

April 15 – soil drench S 1 app @ 0.40 lb a.i./acre 1.69 1.53 1.34

NJ Nursery S 1 app @ 0.40 lb a.i./acre 2.63 2.17 1.83
Chapter 2 Exposure Assessment

29

Label Use

PRZM/EXAMS

Scenario

(first app date)

Method2

Maximum 

Application Rate

(interval between 

applications)

Peak

EEC

(μg/L)

21-day

EEC

(μg/L)

60-day

EEC

(μg/L)

April 15 - soil drench

OR Nursery

April 15 – soil drench S 1 app @ 0.40 lb a.i./acre 0.44 0.40 0.38

TN Nursery

April 15 - soil drench S 1 app @ 0.40 lb a.i./acre 2.80 2.32 2.00

Pineapples

GENEEC -- 1 app @ 2.0 lb a.i./acre 34.15 31.56 27.27

1 Bold numbers denote maximum EEC values. No PCA adjustment factor was utilized. 2 A = aerial application, G = ground application, S = soil drench

3

Apple and pear applications by aircraft are not allowed according to labels in California.

Terrestrial Exposure

The Agency used the Terrestrial Residue Exposure (T-REX) model (v1.4.1, USEPA, Oct. 9, 

2008) and Terrestrial Herpetofaunal Exposure Residue Program Simulation (T-HERPS) (v. 

1.0, May 15, 2007) to estimate the terrestrial animal exposure values resulting from possible 

dietary ingestion of triflumizole residues on vegetative matter and insects present on nonfood and food crops from exposure to triflumizole. In all screening-level assessments, the 

organisms are assumed to consume 100% of their diet as one food type. These models

incorporate the Kenaga nomograph, as modified by Fletcher et al. (1994), which is based on 

a large set of actual field residue data. The upper limit values from the nomograph 

represented the 95th percentile of residue values from actual field measurements (Hoerger & 

Kenaga, 1972). T-REX was employed to estimate (1) EECs for different food items for birds 

and mammals, (2) dose/diet based risk to birds as well as dose based risk to mammals, and 

(3) EECs for small and large insects to estimate risk to terrestrial invertebrates from direct 

contact. The short grass EECs were used to evaluate risk from acute oral exposure for 

terrestrial invertebrates. T-HERPS was employed to estimate dose/diet based risk to 

herpetofauna. TerrPlant (v1.2.2) was used to estimate exposure and risk to terrestrial and 

semi-aquatic plants.

2.0.2Foliar Dissipation Half-life

The registrant submitted a Greenhouse Foliar Degradation Study for triflumizole (MRID 

48244601) that provided both parent alone and parent plus degradate values for alfalfa 

foliage, clover foliage, dwarf fescue (a short grass), green bean foliage, lettuce, ryegrass (a 

short grass), soybean leaves, strawberry foliage, tomato foliage, wheat foliage (a tall grass). 

(Foliage not designated as short or tall grass in the last sentence is designated “broadleaf 

plant foliage”.) A review of this data was conducted in an effort to determine an appropriate 
Chapter 2 Exposure Assessment

30

foliar dissipation half-life for input into the T-REX and T-HERPS models. Graphs of the 

fitted degradation curves (actually lines in the graphs due to a log-transformation of the yaxis) are presented in Appendix D.

The calculated degradation half-lives and 90th percentile confidence limits (calculated 

according to EFED input parameter guidance) are presented in Table 7 for individual crops 

as well as summarized by forage category (broadleaf plant foliage, short grass and tall grass 

as well as overall foliage values. Residue concentrations were measured at 8 time points over 

32 days for all of the crops except lettuce, which was only measured at 7 time points over 16 

days. Data from lettuce was excluded from the summary calculations because of the ‘parent 

and metabolite’ degradation rate was faster than the parent alone degradation rate. Other 

issues with the lettuce data set was the shorter duration of test measurements and the low 

coefficient of determination (R2

) values (Appendix D). ‘Parent and metabolite’ data was not 

provided in this study for strawberry foliage.

Table 7. Calculation of foliar dissapation half-life for use as input to T-REX and THERPS model.

Forage Material Sample Type Measured Half-life

Number of Half-life 

Estimates in Foliar 

Dissapation Input

90th Percentile Foliar 

Dissapation Half-life

(T-Rex Input)2

Broad leaf plants

Alfalfa foliage Triflumizole alone 13.08 1 39.23

With metabolite 38.51 1 115.52

Clover foliage Triflumizole alone 12.38 1 37.13

With metabolite 22.36 1 67.08

Green bean foliage Triflumizole alone 9.763 1 29.29

With metabolite 14.15 1 42.44

Lettuce Triflumizole alone 10.19 1 30.58

With metabolite 7.45 1 22.36

Soybean leaves Triflumizole alone 7.97 1 23.90

With metabolite 25.67 1 77.02

Strawberry foliage Triflumizole alone 5.68 1 17.04

With metabolite No data

Tomato Foliage Triflumizole alone 10.83 1 32.49

With metabolite 16.12 1 48.36

All broad leaf plant 

data1

Triflumizole alone 10.80 5 12.16

With metabolite 23.36 5 29.74

Short grass

Dwarf Fescue Triflumizole alone 10.05 1 30.14

With metabolite 21.00 1 63.01

Ryegrass Triflumizole alone 10.83 1 32.49

With metabolite 16.50 1 49.51

All short grass data Triflumizole alone 10.44 2 11.18

With metabolite 18.75 2 23.00

Tall grass

Wheat foliage Triflumizole alone 11.36 1 34.09

With metabolite 12.38 1 37.13
Chapter 2 Exposure Assessment

31

Forage Material Sample Type Measured Half-life

Number of Half-life 

Estimates in Foliar 

Dissapation Input

90th Percentile Foliar 

Dissapation Half-life

(T-Rex Input)2

All forage material 

data

Triflumizole alone 10.78 8 11.57

With metabolite 20.84 8 24.99 1 Excludes lettuce and strawberry data.

The measured ‘triflumizole alone’ foliar dissipation half-lives varied from 8 to 13 days, while 

the measured ‘triflumizole with metabolites’ foliar dissipation half-lives varied from 12.5 to 

38.5 days (excluding lettuce and strawberry data). These foliar dissipation half-lives are 

similar in duration to label-specified foliar re-application intervals, which vary between 7 and 

14 days for almost all uses (re-application intervals are not specified on labels for some uses).

Based on these lines of evidence and assuming organisms in or near the site of application 

would be exposed to residues on foliage from both the crop as well as any weeds in the field 

or bordering areas in the spray drift zone, EFED chose to use the 90th percentile estimate of 

the overall ‘parent and metabolite’ half-life (25 days) as the input for T-REX and T-HERPS 

modeling.

The scenarios modeled using T-REX (v1.4.1) and T-HERPS (v.1) are listed in Table 8.

Table 8. Scenarios Used for T-REX and T-HERPS Modeling for Foliar Application for 

Some of the Registered Crops1

Crop

Application Rate 

(lb a.i./A) No. Applications

Application 

Method

Minimum 

Application 

Interval (Days) Reg # (Example)

Grapes 0.25 4 Ground 14 400-431

Apples and Pears2 0.5 4 Aerial 10 400-431

Cherries 0.5 6 Aerial 7 400-518

Cucurbits 0.25 5 Aerial 7 400-431

Hazelnuts 0.1875 6 Aerial 10 400-431

Strawberries 0.25 4 Aerial 14 400-431

Leafy Greens 0.25 3 Aerial 14 400-518

Hops 0.375 3 Aerial 14 400-518

Papaya 0.3125 3 Aerial 14 400-518

Ornamentals 1 3 Aerial 7 400-431 1 This table presents only a few of the T-REX scenarios that were modeled. 2

Apple and pear applications by aircraft are not allowed according to labels in California.

The input parameters for these selected scenarios for T-REX and T-HERPS are listed in 

Table 9.

Table 9. Input Parameters for TREX Modeling for Some of the Scenarios

Input Parameters Crop

Source

(Other labels have same or lower 

app. rates)

Application Rate

(lb a.i./A)

Grapes 0.25 400-431

Apples and Pears 0.5 400-431
Chapter 2 Exposure Assessment

32

Input Parameters Crop

Source

(Other labels have same or lower 

app. rates)

Cherries 0.5 400-518

Cucurbits 0.25 400-431

Hazelnuts 0.1875 400-431

Strawberries 0.25 400-431

Leafy Greens 0.25 400-518

Hops 0.375 400-518

Papaya 0.3125 400-518

Ornamentals 1 400-431

Foliar Half-life 25 days See discussion above and in 

Appendix D

Number of Applications 

(Interval between 

Applications, days)

Grapes 4 (14) 400-431

Apples and Pears 4 (10) 400-431

Cherries 6 (7) 400-518

Cucurbits 5 (7) 400-431

Hazelnuts 6 (10) 400-431

Strawberries 4 (14) 400-431

Leafy Greens 3 (14) 400-518

Hops 3 (14) 400-518

Papaya 3 (14) 400-518

Ornamentals 3 (7) 400-431

Avian LD50 >2510 mg/kg-bw (Bobwhite quail) MRID 00149871

Avian LC50 >5620 mg/kg-diet (Mallard duck)) MRID 00149874

Avian NOAEC 1000 mg/kg-diet (Bobwhite quail) MRID 00149873

Mammal LD50 1057 mg/kg-bw (male Wistar-SLC rat) MRID 00144463

Mammal NOAEL <1.5 mg/kg-bw (Rat) MRID 00162176 Mammal NOAEC <30 mg/kg diet (Rat)

Table 10 contains the EECs for various food items for different size classes of birds.

Table 10. Avian Dose-Based Triflumizole Upper Bound EEC Values for Multiple 

Application Rates for Various Crops

Application Rate 

(crop)

Size Class 

(g)1

Avian Dose-Based EECs (mg/kg-bw)

Dietary Item

Short Grass Tall Grass

Broadleaf 

plants/ sm 

insects

Fruits/pods/

seeds/ lg 

insects Granivore

Grapes – 0.25 lb a.i./A @ 4 

apps/14-d interval

20 167.45 76.75 94.19 10.47 2.33

100 95.49 43.77 53.71 5.97 1.33

1000 42.75 19.59 24.05 2.67 0.59

Apples and Pears2 – 0.5 lb 

a.i./A @4 apps/10-d 

interval

20 378.23 173.35 212.75 23.64 5.25

100 215.68 98.85 121.32 13.48 3

1000 96.56 44.26 54.32 6.04 1.34

Cherries – 0.5 lb a.i./A @ 6 

apps /7-d interval

20 532.94 244.27 299.78 33.31 7.4

100 303.91 139.29 170.95 18.99 4.22

1000 136.06 62.36 76.54 8.5 1.89

Cucurbits – 0.25 lb a.i./A @ 

5-apps /7-d interval

20 240.58 110.27 135.33 15.04 3.34

100 137.19 62.88 77.17 8.57 1.91

1000 61.42 28.15 34.55 3.84 0.85
Chapter 2 Exposure Assessment

33

Application Rate 

(crop)

Size Class 

(g)1

Avian Dose-Based EECs (mg/kg-bw)

Dietary Item

Short Grass Tall Grass

Broadleaf 

plants/ sm 

insects

Fruits/pods/

seeds/ lg 

insects Granivore

Hazelnuts – 0.1875 lb a.i./A 

@ 6 apps/ 10-d interval

20 171.55 78.63 96.5 10.72 2.38

100 97.83 44.84 55.03 6.11 1.36

1000 43.8 20.07 24.64 2.74 0.61

Strawberries – 0.25 lb a.i./A 

@ 4 apps/ 14-d interval

20 202.9 92.99 114.13 12.68 2.82

100 115.7 53.03 65.08 7.23 1.61

1000 51.8 23.74 29.14 3.24 0.72

Leafy Greens – 0.25 lb 

a.i./A @3 apps/ 14-d 

interval

20 146.13 66.97 82.2 9.13 2.03

100 83.33 38.19 46.87 5.21 1.16

1000 37.31 17.1 20.98 2.33 0.52

Hops – 0.375 lb a.i./A @ 3 

apps/ 14-d interval

20 219.19 100.46 123.29 13.7 3.04

100 124.99 57.29 70.31 7.81 1.74

1000 55.96 25.65 31.48 3.5 0.78

Papaya – 0.3125 lb a.i./A @ 

3 apps/ 14-d interval

20 182.66 83.72 102.74 11.42 2.54

100 104.16 47.74 58.59 6.51 1.45

1000 46.63 21.37 26.23 2.91 0.65

Ornamentals - 1 lb a.i./A @ 

3 apps/ 7-d interval

20 683.86 313.43 384.67 42.74 9.5

100 389.96 178.73 219.36 24.37 5.42

1000 174.59 80.02 98.21 10.91 2.42

1 Adjusted LD50 values (mg/kg-bw): 15 g – 2323.11; 35 g – 1879.64; 1000 g – 813.00; LD50 values calculated 

using Day 0 average body weights as these body weights represented body weight of animal at time of exposure 

(animals gavage on Day 0 and amount of material received adjusted for each animal using individual body 

weight).

2

Apple and pear applications by aircraft are not allowed according to labels in California.

Table 11 contains similar EECs for mammalian food items for different size classes of 

mammals.

Table 11. Mammalian Dose-Based Triflumizole Upper Bound EEC Values for Multiple 

Application Rates for Various Crops

Application Rate 

(crop)

Size Class 

(g)1,2

Mammalian Dose-Based EECs (mg/kg-bw)

Dietary Item

Short Grass Tall Grass

Broadleaf 

plants/ 

sm insects

Fruits/pods/ 

seeds/ lg 

insects Granivore

Grapes – 0.25 lb a.i./A @ 

4 apps/14-d interval

15 140.18 64.25 78.85 8.76 1.95

35 96.88 44.40 54.50 6.06 1.35

1000 22.46 10.30 12.64 1.40 0.31

Apples and Pears3 – 0.5 lb 

a.i./A @4 apps/10-d 

interval

15 316.63 145.12 178.10 19.79 4.40

35 218.83 100.30 123.09 13.68 3.04

1000 50.74 23.25 28.54 3.17 0.70

Cherries – 0.5 lb a.i./A @ 

6 apps /7-d interval

15 446.15 204.49 250.96 27.88 6.20

35 308.35 141.33 173.45 19.27 4.28

1000 71.49 32.77 40.21 4.47 0.99

Cucurbits – 0.25 lb a.i./A 

@ 5-apps /7-d interval

15 201.40 92.31 113.29 12.59 2.80

35 139.19 63.80 78.30 8.70 1.93

1000 32.27 14.79 18.15 2.02 0.45

Hazelnuts – 0.1875 lb 15 143.62 65.82 80.78 8.98 1.99
Chapter 2 Exposure Assessment

34

Application Rate 

(crop)

Size Class 

(g)1,2

Mammalian Dose-Based EECs (mg/kg-bw)

Dietary Item

Short Grass Tall Grass

Broadleaf 

plants/ 

sm insects

Fruits/pods/ 

seeds/ lg 

insects Granivore

a.i./A @ 6 apps/ 10-d 

interval

35 99.26 45.49 55.83 6.20 1.38

1000 23.01 10.55 12.94 1.44 0.32

Strawberries – 0.25 lb 

a.i./A @ 4 apps/ 14-d 

interval

15 169.85 77.85 95.54 10.62 2.36

35 117.39 53.80 66.03 7.34 1.63

1000 27.22 12.47 15.31 1.70 0.38

Leafy Greens – 0.25 lb 

a.i./A @3 apps/ 14-d 

interval

15 122.33 56.07 68.81 7.65 1.70

35 84.54 38.75 47.56 5.28 1.17

1000 19.60 8.98 11.03 1.23 0.27

Hops – 0.375 lb a.i./A @ 3 

apps/ 14-d interval

15 183.49 84.10 103.21 11.47 2.55

35 126.82 58.12 71.33 7.93 1.76

1000 29.40 13.48 16.54 1.84 0.41

Papaya – 0.3125 lb a.i./A 

@ 3 apps/ 14-d interval

15 152.91 70.08 86.01 9.56 2.12

35 105.68 48.44 59.45 6.61 1.47

1000 24.50 11.23 13.78 1.53 0.34

Ornamentals - 1 lb a.i./A 

@ 3 apps/ 7-d interval

15 572.49 262.39 322.02 35.78 7.95

35 395.67 181.35 222.56 24.73 5.50

1000 91.74 42.05 51.60 5.73 1.27

1 Adjusted LD50 values (mg/kg-bw): 15 g – 2323.11; 35 g – 1879.64; 1000 g – 813.00; LD50 values calculated 

using Day 0 average body weights as these body weights represented body weight of animal at time of exposure 

(animals gavage on Day 0 and amount of material received adjusted for each animal using individual body 

weight).

2 Adjusted NOAEL values (mg/kg-bw): 15 g – 3.30; 35 g – 2.67; 1000 g – 1.15 3

Apple and pear applications by aircraft are not allowed according to labels in California.

Table 12 provides similar EECs for hepatofauna food items for different size classes of 

herpatofauna.

Table 12. Herpatofauna Dose-Based Triflumizole Upper Bound EEC Values for 

Multiple Application Rates for Various Crops

Application Rate 

(crop)

Size 

Class 

(g)

Herpatofauna Dose-Based EECs (mg/kg-bw)

Dietary Item

Short 

Grass Tall Grass

Broadleaf 

plants/ sm 

insects

Fruits/

pods/seeds

/lg insects

Small 

Herbivore 

Mammals

Small 

Insectivore 

Mammals

Small 

Terrestrial 

Phase 

Amphibians

Grapes – 0.25 lb 

a.i./A @ 4 

apps/14-d interval

1.4 5.71 2.62 3.21 0.36 N/A N/A N/A

37 5.61 2.57 3.16 0.35 91.65 5.73 0.11

238 3.68 1.69 2.07 0.23 14.25 0.89 0.07

Apples and Pears1

– 0.5 lb a.i./A @4 

apps/10-d interval

1.4 12.90 5.91 7.26 0.81 N/A N/A N/A

37 12.68 5.81 7.13 0.79 207.00 12.94 0.25

238 8.31 3.81 4.67 0.52 32.18 2.01 0.16

Cherries – 0.5 lb 

a.i./A @ 6 apps /7-

d interval

1.4 18.18 8.33 10.23 1.14 N/A N/A N/A

37 17.87 8.19 10.05 1.12 291.68 18.23 0.35

238 11.71 5.37 6.59 0.73 45.35 2.83 0.23

Cucurbits – 0.25 lb 

a.i./A @ 5-apps /7-

1.4 8.21 3.76 4.62 0.51 N/A N/A N/A

37 8.07 3.70 4.54 0.50 131.67 8.23 0.16
Chapter 2 Exposure Assessment

35

Application Rate 

(crop)

Size 

Class 

(g)

Herpatofauna Dose-Based EECs (mg/kg-bw)

Dietary Item

Short 

Grass Tall Grass

Broadleaf 

plants/ sm 

insects

Fruits/

pods/seeds

/lg insects

Small 

Herbivore 

Mammals

Small 

Insectivore 

Mammals

Small 

Terrestrial 

Phase 

Amphibians

d interval 238 5.29 2.42 2.97 0.33 20.47 1.28 0.10

Hazelnuts – 0.1875 

lb a.i./A @ 6 apps/ 

10-d interval

1.4 5.85 2.68 3.29 0.37 N/A N/A N/A

37 5.75 2.64 3.24 0.36 93.89 5.87 0.11

238 3.77 1.73 2.12 0.24 14.60 0.91 0.07

Strawberries – 0.25 

lb a.i./A @ 4 apps/ 

14-d interval

1.4 6.92 3.17 3.89 0.43 N/A N/A N/A

37 6.80 3.12 3.83 0.43 111.05 6.94 0.13

238 4.46 2.04 2.51 0.28 17.26 1.08 0.09

Leafy Greens –

0.25 lb a.i./A @3 

apps/ 14-d interval

1.4 4.98 2.28 2.80 0.31 N/A N/A N/A

37 4.90 2.25 2.76 0.31 79.97 5.00 0.10

238 3.21 1.47 1.81 0.20 12.43 0.78 0.06

Hops – 0.375 lb 

a.i./A @ 3 apps/ 

14-d interval

1.4 7.48 3.43 4.21 0.47 N/A N/A N/A

37 7.35 3.37 4.13 0.46 119.96 7.50 0.14

238 4.82 2.21 2.71 0.30 18.65 1.17 0.09

Papaya – 0.3125 lb 

a.i./A @ 3 apps/ 

14-d interval

1.4 6.23 2.86 3.50 0.39 N/A N/A N/A

37 6.12 2.81 3.44 0.38 99.97 6.25 0.12

238 4.01 1.84 2.26 0.25 15.54 0.97 0.08

Ornamentals - 1 lb 

a.i./A @ 3 apps/ 7-

d interval

1.4 23.33 10.69 13.12 1.46 N/A N/A N/A

37 22.93 10.51 12.90 1.43 374.28 23.39 0.45

238 15.03 6.89 8.45 0.94 58.19 3.64 0.29 1

Apple and pear applications by aircraft are not allowed according to labels in California.

Table 13 provides dietary-based EECs for hepatofauna food items.

Table 13 Avian, Mammalian, and Herpatofauna Dietary-Based Triflumizole EEC 

Values for Multiple Application Rates for Various Crops

Application Rate (crop)

Dietary-Based EECs (mg/kg-diet)

Dietary Item

Short 

Grass Tall Grass

Broadleaf 

plants/ sm 

insects

Fruits/pod

s/seeds/ lg 

insects

Small 

Herbivore 

Mammals1

Small 

Insectivore 

Mammals1

Small 

Terrestrial 

Phase 

Amphibians1

Grapes – 0.25 lb a.i./A @ 4 

apps/14-d interval 147.03 67.39 82.70 9.19 96.88 6.06 2.87

Apples and Pears2 – 0.5 lb 

a.i./A @4 apps/10-d interval 332.10 152.21 186.81 20.76 218.83 13.68 6.48

Cherries – 0.5 lb a.i./A @ 6 

apps /7-d interval 467.95 214.48 263.22 29.25 308.35 19.27 9.14

Cucurbits – 0.25 lb a.i./A @ 

5-apps /7-d interval 211.24 96.82 118.82 13.20 139.19 8.70 4.12

Hazelnuts – 0.1875 lb a.i./A 

@ 6 apps/ 10-d interval 150.63 69.04 84.73 9.41 99.26 6.20 2.94

Strawberries – 0.25 lb a.i./A 

@ 4 apps/ 14-d interval 178.15 81.65 100.21 11.13 117.39 7.34 3.48

Leafy Greens – 0.25 lb a.i./A 

@3 apps/ 14-d interval 128.30 58.81 72.17 8.02 84.54 5.28 2.51
Chapter 2 Exposure Assessment

36

Application Rate (crop)

Dietary-Based EECs (mg/kg-diet)

Dietary Item

Short 

Grass Tall Grass

Broadleaf 

plants/ sm 

insects

Fruits/pod

s/seeds/ lg 

insects

Small 

Herbivore 

Mammals1

Small 

Insectivore 

Mammals1

Small 

Terrestrial 

Phase 

Amphibians1

Hops – 0.375 lb a.i./A @ 3 

apps/ 14-d interval 192.46 88.21 108.26 12.03 126.82 7.93 3.76

Papaya – 0.3125 lb a.i./A @ 

3 apps/ 14-d interval 160.38 73.51 90.21 10.02 105.68 6.61 3.13

Ornamentals - 1 lb a.i./A @ 

3 apps/ 7-d interval 600.45 275.21 337.76 37.53 395.67 24.73 11.72

1

Only used in herpatofauna risk estimation.

2

Apple and pear applications by aircraft are not allowed according to labels in California.

SPRAY-DRIFT

Because triflumizole is applied as a ground spray or as an aerial application to most crops, 

there is the potential for residues on dietary items to occur off the treated field due to spraydrift, and in this case, the potential exists for all these dietary items to be present. Therefore, 

the on-field estimates of exposure are also used to screen for residue levels that potentially 

pose a problem off a treated field due to spray drift. It is recognized that the uncertainty in 

exposure level estimated by the models used in this assessment increases with distance from 

the treated field.

2.0.3Off-Field Terrestrial and Wetland/Riparian Plant Triflumizole 

Exposure Levels

RUNOFF AND SPRAY DRIFT LOADING

The equations used in TerrPlant v1.2.2 to model loading EECs to non-target plants in 

terrestrial and semi-aquatic areas are shown in Table 14. Runoff is assumed to move to a one 

acre parcel from one acre of treated area for the dry upland model and from 10 acres of 

treated area for the low-lying semi-aquatic model.

Table 14. Equations for Calculating EECs to Off-Site Terrestrial and Semi-Aquatic 

Areas

Loading Equation for Calculating EECs

Runoff to dry areas (A/I)*R

Runoff to semi-aquatic areas (A/I)*R*10

Spray drift A*D

Total for dry areas ((A/I)*R)+(A*D)

Total for semi-aquatic areas ((A/I)*R*10)+(A*D)

A= application rate (lb a.i./A); I = incorporation (in inches); R = runoff fraction; D = drift fraction.
Chapter 2 Exposure Assessment

37

Input values for TerrPlant v1.2.2 modeling are listed in Table 15.

Table 15 Input Parameters for TerrPlant v1.2.2 Used for Modeling Runoff and Spray 

Drift Loading to Off-Field Terrestrial And Semi-Aquatic Areas Adjacent to a Treated 

Field

Input Parameter Symbol Value Units Basis

Application Rate A 1 lbs a.i./A Registered label maximum application range

Incorporation depth I 1 inch Default value when there is not explicit incorporation on the label

Runoff Fraction R 0.02 dimensionless Model guidance value when solubility of pesticide is between 10 

and 100 mg/L (triflumizole solublity in water = 12.5 mg/L)

Drift Fraction D 0.05 dimensionless Model guidance values for aerial spray applications

The maximum estimated triflumizole exposure levels for non-target plants in terrestrial and 

semi-aquatic areas in areas adjacent to a treated field are provided in Table 16. Exposure 

levels were estimated by calculating triflumizole soil loading on a lb a.i./Acre basis from 

runoff and spray drift and by calculating foliar residues on a lb a.i./Acre basis from spray 

drift using TerrPlant v1.2.2. This model uses estimates of pesticides in runoff and in spray 

drift to calculate EECs. EECs are based upon solubility, application rate, and minimum 

incorporation depth.

Table 16. Estimated Triflumizole Loading to Off-Site Terrestrial and Semi-Aquatic 

Areas Adjacent to a Treated Field for Applications to Maximum Food and Non-food 

Crops

Application Rate (group) Dry (lb a.i./A) Semi-Aquatic (lb a.i./A) Spray Drift (lb a.i./A)

1 lb a.i./A (Ornamental) .07 0.25 0.05

.
Chapter 3 Effects Characterization

38

Chapter 3 Effects Characterization

A summary list of all available registrant submitted ecotoxicity data for triflumizole is 

provided in Appendix F. Similar toxicity information is not available for degradates of 

concern. It is assumed in this analysis that degradates of concern are equal in toxicity to the 

parent triflumizole.

There were no open literature studies on the effects of triflumizole that were used 

qualitatively in this assessment. There were other open literature studies and articles 

referencing triflumizole but these were not included in this assessment because toxicity 

results were less sensitive than registrant submitted data, or the information was not 

appropriate for inclusion for a variety of reasons including the venue provided insufficient 

scientific information to evaluate and validate findings (e.g., abstract, review), the article was 

not pertinent to toxicity and effects (e.g., analytical methods). Triflumizole results that were 

found in the open literature and passed the initial screen but which were not used in the 

assessment and the reasons for their exclusion are provided in Appendix K.

A summary of the registrant submitted triflumizole toxicity data and open literature toxicity 

and effects studies are described in this Chapter.

3.0 Terrestrial Vertebrate Toxicology

Information is available on acute oral- and sub-acute dietary-based effects of triflumizole to 

birds, and there are two avian reproduction studies using triflumizole. All the registrantsubmitted avian studies for triflumizole were conducted with technical grade active 

ingredient. There is a complete data set for mammalian acute oral effects and a threegeneration rat study with technical grade triflumizole. No information is available for the 

effects of triflumizole to reptiles or to the terrestrial-phase of amphibians. Effects and effect 

levels in birds will be used as a surrogate for reptiles and the terrestrial-phase of amphibians 

in this assessment. Toxicological endpoints selected for the terrestrial animal assessment can 

be found in Table 17.
Chapter 3 Effects Characterization

39

Table 17. Summary of Measurement Endpoint Values Selected to Evaluate Risk to Birds and Mammals

Assessment

Endpoint

Measurement

Endpoint

Selected Measurement Endpoint Value & Source

Species TGAI (%)/

TEP Toxicological Endpoint & Effect(s) Source & Classification

Survival and reproduction 

of birds, reptiles, and 

terrestrial-phase amphibians

Mortality: 

Acute oral 

avian LD50

Bobwhite quail 

(Colinus 

virginianus)

TGAI 

(97.6-98.3)

14-day LD50 > 2510 mg/kg-bw (nominal)

14-day NOEC = 398 mg/kg-bw (nominal)

(based on signs of toxicity including ruffled appearance, 

reduced reaction to external stimuli, loss of coordination, 

lower limb weakness, lethargy, prostrate posture, loss of 

righting reflex at ≥ 631 mg/kg-bw and weight loss at ≥ 

1590 mg/kg-bw)

10% mortality at 2510 mg/kg-bw dosage

MRID 00149871 

Wildlife International 

Ltd., 1984 

(Unpublished) 

Acceptable

Mortality: 

Sub-acute 

avian LC50

Mallard duck 

(Anas 

platyrhynchos)

TGAI

(97.6-98.3)

8-day LC50 > 5620 mg/kg-diet (nominal)

8-day NOEC = 562 mg/kg-diet (nominal; lowest 

concentration)

(based on weight loss at all test concentrations)

Reduced feed consumptions at ≥ 3160 mg/kg-diet

MRID 00149874 

Wildlife International 

Ltd., 1984 

(Unpublished) 

Acceptable

Bobwhite quail

(Colinus 

virginianus)

TGAI

(97.6-98.3)

8-day NOEC = 1000 mg/kg-diet (nominal)

(based on compound-related weight loss and reduced 

feed consumption at ≥ 1780 mg/kg-diet)

Weight loss and reduced feed consumption at all test 

concentrations

30 and 70% mortality at 562 and 1000 mg/kg-diet, 

respectively, from aggression and toe-picking

MRID 00149873 

Wildlife International 

Ltd., 1984 

(Unpublished)

Supplemental

(due to 30 and 70% 

mortality at the 562 

and 1000 mg/kg-diet 

concentrations, 

respectively)
Chapter 3 Effects Characterization

40

Assessment

Endpoint

Measurement

Endpoint

Selected Measurement Endpoint Value & Source

Species TGAI (%)/

TEP Toxicological Endpoint & Effect(s) Source & Classification

Reproduction: 

chronic 

reproduction 

NOAEC

Bobwhite quail

(Colinus 

virginianus)

TGAI

(97)

21-week NOEC = 1000 mg/kg-diet (nominal; highest 

test concentration)

Mortality in controls and all test concentrations, possibly 

due to excoriation

Deviations in temperature, humidity and lighting for the 

adults and in temperature, humidity, and biased selection 

of eggs for incubation for the F1 generation

MRIDs 40752010 & 

42551701 Fletcher, 

1988 (Unpublished) 

Acceptable

Mallard duck 

(Anas 

platyrhynchos)

TGAI

(97)

21-week NOEC = 1000 mg/kg-diet (nominal; highest 

test concentration)

Decreased number of infertile eggs at all test 

concentrations

Deviations in temperature, humidity and lighting for the 

adults and in temperature, humidity, and biased selection 

of eggs for incubation for the F1

MRIDs 40752009 & 

42551701 

Fletcher, 1988 

(Unpublished) 

Acceptable

Survival and reproduction 

of mammals

Mortality: 

acute oral 

LD50

Wistar-SLC rat TGAI 

(98.7)

14-day LD50 (95% C.I.) = 1057 (863-1297) mg/kg-bw

(males)

Sublethal effects: ataxia after treatment in all rats; 

hypotonia, ventral positioning, urinary incontinence, 

decreased body temperature, decreased respiration and 

heart rates, lacrimation, and ptosis at ≥ 593/592 mg/kgbw (m/f) prior to death; weight gain in surviving mice

MRID 00144463 

Nishibe et al., 1983 

(Unpublished) 

Acceptable

Reproduction: 

chronic 

reproduction 

NOAEC

Rat TGAI

(NS)

NOAEC < 30 mg/kg-diet (lowest concentration tested)

NOAEL < 1.5 mg/kg-bw

(based on increased gestation lengths at all tested 

concentrations)

MRID 00162176

Life Science 

Research, 1986 

(unpublished)

Acceptable
Chapter 3 Effects Characterization

41

3.0.1Effects on Birds

An avian acute oral study indicates that triflumizole is practically non-toxic to bobwhite quail 

(Colinus virginianus) (MRID 00149871). The LD50 for this study was > 2510 mg/kg. Ten 

percent morality was reported at 2510 mg/kg. The NOEC was 398 mg/kg based on signs of 

toxicity including ruffled appearance, reduced reaction to external stimuli, loss of 

coordination, lower limb weakness, lethargy, prostrate posture, loss of righting reflex at ≥ 

631 mg/kg and weight loss at ≥ 1590 mg/kg. This study is classified as acceptable and will 

be used in the risk assessment.

An avian dietary study indicates that triflumizole is practically non-toxic to mallard ducks (Anas 

platyrhynchos) (MRID 00149874). The LC50 for this study was > 5620 mg/kg-diet. There was 

no mortality, abnormal behavior or overt signs of toxicity at any concentration tested or in the 

controls. The NOEC was 562 mg/kg-diet, the lowest concentration tested, based on weight loss 

at all test concentrations. Reduced feed consumption was reported at ≥ 3160 mg/kg-diet. This 

study is classified as acceptable and will be used in the risk assessment.

Another avian dietary study indicates that triflumizole is also practically non-toxic to 

bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) (MRID 00149873). The LC50 for this study was > 

5620 mg/kg-diet. Mortalities of 30 and 70% were reported at 562 and 1000 mg/kg-diet, 

respectively, potentially due to aggression and toe-picking. The NOEC was 1000 mg/kg-diet 

based on compound-related weight loss and reduced feed consumption at ≥ 1780 mg/kg-diet, 

although weight loss and reduced feed consumption were noted at all test concentrations. 

This study will be used in this risk assessment and is classified as supplemental based on

mortality occurring at lower test concentrations.

Two avian reproduction toxicity studies were submitted for triflumizole using the mallard duck 

(Anas platyrhynchos) (MRIDs 40752009 & 42551701) and the bobwhite quail (Colinus 

virginianus) (MRIDs 40752010 & 42551701). These studies did not show any treatment-related 

effects. The NOEC for these studies was 1000 mg/kg-diet, the highest concentration tested. 

Although there were several deviations from guideline recommendations in both studies, these 

deviations did not affect the reproduction of the quail or ducks. Both studies are classified as 

acceptable and will be used in the risk assessment.

3.0.2Effects on Mammals

Wild mammal testing is required on a case-by-case basis only and is dependent on the results of 

lower-tier laboratory mammalian studies, intended use patterns, and pertinent environmental fate 
Chapter 3 Effects Characterization

42

characteristics. In most cases, rat or mouse toxicity values obtained from the Agency's Health 

Effects Division (HED) are used as surrogates for wild mammal toxicity testing.

Several acute oral studies have been submitted for rodents. The study yielding the most sensitive 

acute endpoint used the common laboratory rat (Rattus rattus) (MRID 00144463). In this study, 

the acute toxicity of triflumizole differed between male and female rats with males showing 

greater sensitivity. The LD50’s were 1057 and 1780 mg/kg-bw for males and females, 

respectively. Besides mortality, effects included ataxia after treatment in all rats; hypotonia and 

ventral positioning, urinary incontinence, hypotonia, decreased body temperature, decreased 

respiration and heart rates, lacrimation, and ptosis at ≥ 593/592 (males/femaled) mg/kg prior to 

death; and weight gain in surviving rats. For the assessment, the lower male-specific value of 

1057 mg/kg-bw will be used. This study is classified as acceptable.

A three-generation reproductive/developmental study with rats was selected for evaluating risk 

to mammals from chronic exposure to triflumizole (MRID 00162176). The NOAEC for this 

study was 30 ppm, and the NOAEL was 1.5 mg/kg-bw. This multi-generation study with the rat 

showed offspring systemic effects at doses below those at which parental systemic effects were 

noted. Offspring effects included decreased pup weights, survival indices and litter sizes in both 

F3 litters, reduced litter size in the F1a litter, increased total-litter mortality in the F3a litter, and 

developmental effects in the F1b and F2b progeny. Parental systemic effects included decreased 

body weight and overall body weight gain, increased relative liver weights, and increased 

mortality in females associated with severe parturition difficulties. Reproductive toxicity 

manifested as increased gestation length was increased at all dose levels. Increased gestation 

length along with increased vaginal bleeding and dystocias seen at higher doses may be a result 

of endocrine effects on the reproductive system. Comparison of offspring toxicity to 

reproductive toxicity is more appropriate to evaluate susceptibility because the increased 

gestation length in the dams is a true parental effect that occurs at a lower dose than the parental 

systemic toxicity endpoint and may affect the dam or the offspring; there is no increased 

susceptibility following pre/post natal exposure to rats. The NOAEL value of this study will be

used in the mammalian risk assessment.

Triflumizole has low acute toxicity to mammals via the oral, dermal, and inhalation routes. It 

is a mild eye irritant and dermal sensitizer, but is not a dermal irritant.

Oral rat developmental studies showed an increased qualitative susceptibility of the fetus to 

triflumizole in utero. Decreased numbers of viable fetuses, increased dead or resorbed 

fetuses, increased numbers of late resorptions, decreased fetal body weight and increased 

incidences of cervical ribs was seen in the fetuses at the same doses at which maternal toxic 
Chapter 3 Effects Characterization

43

effects were noted. In addition, increased incidences of 14th rudimentary ribs were observed 

at the next highest dose. Maternal toxic effects in the rat were decreased body weight gain 

and decreased food consumption, increased placental weight, and increased maternal spleen 

and liver weights (MRID 4548001).

No increased susceptibility of the fetus was noted in utero in the rabbit developmental study. 

Fetal effects included increased fetal and litter incidences of lumbar ribs and decreased 

placental weights, which was also included as a maternal toxic effect. Maternal toxic effects 

in the rabbit included decreased body weight gain, decreased food consumption and 

decreased placental weights (MRID 00156546).

3.1 Terrestrial Invertebrate Toxicology

An acute contact study indicates that triflumizole (97.6-98.3% TGAI) is practically non-toxic

to honeybees (Apis mellifera) (MRID 00149875). The LD50 for this 48-hr study was > 160 

μg/bee. This study is classified as acceptable and will be used in the risk assessment.

The toxicity of a formulation consisting of Procure 50 WS (triflumizole) and Acetamiprid 

(NI-25) was evaluated in a foliage residue test with the honey bee (Apis mellifera) (MRID 

45346901). The NOEC for this study was > 0.15 lb a.i./A triflumizole + 0.15 lb a.i./A 

Acetamiprid, the only concentration tested.

Aquatic Vertebrate (Fish) Toxicology

Information is available on the acute and chronic toxicity of triflumizole to fish. All but one 

of the registrant-submitted fish studies for triflumizole were conducted with TGAI; an earlylife stage study with fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) was conducted with the 

formulation Procure (MRID 4068301). No information is available for the effects of 

triflumizole to the aquatic-phase of amphibians. Effects and effect levels in fish will be used 

as a surrogate for the aquatic-phase of amphibians in this assessment. Toxicological 

endpoints selected for the aquatic vertebrate assessment can be found in Table 18.
Chapter 3 Effects Characterization

44

Table 18. Summary of Measurement Endpoint Values Selected To Evaluate Risk to Fish and Aquatic-Phase Amphibians

1

Assessment

Endpoint

Measurement

Endpoint

Selected Measurement Endpoint Value & Source

Species TGAI (%)/

TEP

Toxicological Endpoint and Effect(s) Source & Classification

Survival and 

development/

reproduction of 

freshwater fish

Mortality: 

Acute 96-hr

LC50

Rainbow trout 

(Oncorhynchus 

mykiss)

TGAI

(98.2)

96-hr LC50 = 580 μg a.i./L 

96-hr NOEC = 100 μg a.i./L 

(based on loss of equilibrium, dark discoloration, fish on the 

bottom of the test chamber, and/or quiescence at ≥ 200 μg/L)

MRID 000156552

Analytical Biochemistry 

Laboratories, Inc., 1985 

(Unpublished)

Acceptable

Growth and 

development: 

Early-life stage

(chronic)

NOAEC

Fathead minnow 

(Pimephales 

promelas)

TEP 

Procure

(99.1)

35-day NOEC = 33 μg a.i./L 

35-day LOEC = 67 μg a.i./L

35-day MATC = 33-67 μg a.i./L 

(based on reduced larval weight)

MRID 40638301

Suprenant, 1988 

(Unpublished)

Acceptable

Survival and 

development/

reproduction of 

estuarine/marine 

fish

Mortality: 

Acute 96-hr

LC50

Sheepshead 

minnow 

(Cyprinodan 

variegatus)

TGAI

(99.2)

96-hr LC50 = 1400 μg a.i./L

(LC50 is imprecise because no partial mortality was observed 

at < 1700 μg a.i./L, the highest test concentration)

96-hr NOAEC = 160 μg a.i./L 

96-hr LOAEC = 310 μg a.i./L 

(based on sublethal effects including fish surfacing for an 

unusually long period/floating on surface; loss of 

equilibrium; laying on bottom with little motion other than 

gill movement)

MRID 46302601

Palmer et al., 2002 

(Unpublished)

Supplemental

(due to imprecise LC50

because no partial mortality 

was observed at 

concentrations below 1.7 

mg a.i./L, the highest test 

concentration)

Growth and 

development: 

Early-life stage

(chronic)

NOAEC

Sheepshead 

minnow 

(Cyprinodon 

variegatus)

TGAI

(99.2)

34-day NOEC = 120 μg a.i./L 

34-day LOEC = 280 μg a.i./L 

(based on reduced wet and dry weights)

Sublethal effects: reduced wet and dry weights at ≥ 280 μg 

a.i./L; reduced hatch success, reduced time to hatch, 

weakness, erratic swimming, lethargy, small size, lying on 

the bottom of the chamber, and/or slight loss of equilibrium 

at ≥ 550 μg a.i./L; reduced post-hatch (larval) survival at 

1000 μg a.i./L

MRID 46302605

Palmer et al., 2004 

(Unpublished)

Supplemental

(due to lack of reporting of 

TOC and hardness to 

determine binding capacity 

of triflumizole to OC and 

the inability to determine 

NOEC for terminal length) 1 Fish are surrogates for aquatic-phase amphibians
Chapter 3 Effects Characterization

45

3.1.1Effects on Freshwater Fish

Data on the acute toxicity of TGAI triflumizole to freshwater fish is available from two

studies (MRIDs 00146868 and 00156552). Collectively, these studies indicate that 

triflumizole is moderately to highly toxic to freshwater fish. A supplemental study with carp 

(Cyrpinus carpio) had a LD50 = 890 μg a.i./L (MRID 00146868). Loss of equilibrium was 

reported at some concentrations ≥ 740 μg a.i./L. A study with rainbow trout yielded the most 

sensitive acute endpoint (MRID 00156552). The LC50 for this study was 580 μg a.i./L. The 

NOEC was 100 μg a.i./L based on loss of equilibrium, dark discoloration, fish on the bottom 

of the test chamber, and/or quiescence at ≥ 200 μg a.i./L. This study is classified as 

acceptable and will be used in the risk assessment.

Data on the chronic toxicity of triflumizole to freshwater fish is available from an early-life 

stage test with fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) (MRID 40638301). This study was

conducted with the formulation Procure and yielded a NOEC of 33 μg a.i./L based on 

reduced larval weight. This study is classified as acceptable and will be used in the risk 

assessment.

Triflumizole appears to accumulate in fish according to a registrant-submitted 

bioaccumulation study (MRID 00149866). During the 28-day accumulation phase, 

equilibrium was obtained between fish and water concentrations in approximately 3 days. 

BCFs for edible, nonedible, and whole fish were 107x, 758x, and 393x, respectively. By day 

14 of depuration, 70%, 93% and 90% of the 14C-residues present on exposure day 28 in the 

edible tissue, nonedible tissue, and whole fish, respectively, had been eliminated. Half-life of 

the 14C-residues present in the tissues of bluegill at termination of exposure occurred within 

the first 3 days of depuration.

Residues in edible tissue only from fish exposed to triflumizole in MRID 00149866 are 

reported in MRID 40018512. The extraction procedures used in this study were only able to 

extract 67.6% of the radioactive residues in the samples. Solvent extractable residues 

consisted of FD-4-l/FD-6-l, FM-8-l, FD-2-l, FA-l-l, EM-5-l, an unknown, and low levels of 

parent material. Non-edible tissues were not tested.

3.1.2Effects on Estuarine/Marine Fish

Data on the acute toxicity of TGAI triflumizole to estuarine/marine fish is available from a 

study with sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus) (MRID 46302601). The LC50 for 

this study was 1400 μg a.i./L indicating that triflumizole is moderately toxic to sheepshead 

minnows. There is uncertainty associated with this endpoint because no partial mortality was 
Chapter 3 Effects Characterization

46

observed at < 1700 μg a.i./L, the highest test concentration. The NOAEC was 160 μg a.i./L 

based on sublethal effects including fish surfacing for an unusually long period/floating on 

surface; loss of equilibrium; and laying on the bottom with little motion other that gill 

movement. This study will be used in the risk assessment and is classified as supplemental 

due to the imprecise LC50.

Data on the chronic toxicity of TGAI triflumizole to estuarine/marine fish is available from 

an early-life stage test with sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus) (MRID 46302605). 

The NOEC for this study was 120 μg a.i./L based on wet and dry weight. Hatch success and 

time to hatch were affected at ≥ 550 μg a.i./L, and post-hatch survival was affected at ≥ 1000 

μg a.i./L. Weakness, erratic swimming, lethargy, small size, laying on the bottom of the test 

chamber, and/or slight loss of equilibrium were also reported at ≥ 550 μg a.i./L. This study 

will be used in the risk assessment and is classified as supplemental due to the lack of 

reporting Total Organic Carbon (TOC) and hardness to determine the binding capacity of 

triflumizole to OC and the inability to determine the a NOEC for terminal length.

3.2 Aquatic Invertebrate Toxicology

Information is available on the acute and chronic toxicity of triflumizole to aquatic 

invertebrates. All of the registrant-submitted aquatic invertebrate studies for triflumizole 

were conducted with TGAI. Toxicological endpoints selected for the aquatic vertebrate 

assessment can be found in Table 19.

3.2.1Effects on Freshwater Invertebrates

Data on the acute toxicity of TGAI triflumizole to freshwater invertebrates is available from 

a study with Daphnia carinata (MRID 00149870). The EC50 for this study was 1390 μg 

a.i./L indicating that triflumizole is moderately toxic to daphnia. The NOEC was 320 μg 

a.i./L based on mortality and inhibited swimming. This study is classified as acceptable and 

will be used in the risk assessment.

Data on the chronic toxicity of TGAI triflumizole to freshwater invertebrates is available 

from a study with D. carinata (MRID 43603604). The NOEC for this study was 67 μg a.i./L 

based on reduced terminal length. Additional effects reported in this study include a reduced 

number of young per reproductive day at ≥ 260 μg a.i./L and reduced weight at 520 μg a.i./L. 

Mortalities of 10, 5, 0, 15, 45, and 100% were associated with the negative control and 67, 

140, 260, 520, and 1000 μg a.i./L treatment groups, respectively. Despite the reported 

mortality, this study is classified as acceptable and will be used in the risk assessment.
Chapter 3 Effects Characterization

47

Table 19. Summary of Measurement Endpoint Values Selected To Evaluate Risk to Aquatic Invertebrates

Assessment

Endpoint

Measurement

Endpoint

Selected Measurement Endpoint Value & Source

Species TGAI (%)/

TEP

Toxicological Endpoint & Effect(s) Source & Classification

Survival and 

reproduction of 

freshwater 

invertebrates

Mortality: 

Acute 48-hr 

EC50

Water flea

(Daphnia 

carinata)

TGAI 

(98.7)

48-hr EC50 = 1390 μg a.i./L

48-hr NOEC = 320 μg a.i./L

(based on mortality and inhibited swimming at ≥ 

560 μg/L)

MRID 00149870

Nisso institute for Life Science, 

1983 (Unpublished) 

Acceptable

Reproduction:

life cycle 

(chronic) 

NOAEC

Water flea

(Daphnia 

carinata)

TGAI

(99.2)

21-day NOEC = 67 μg a.i./L 

(based on reduced terminal length)

Sublethal effects: reduced terminal length at ≥ 140 

μg a.i./L; reduced number of young per 

reproductive day at ≥ 260 μg a.i./L; reduced dry 

weight at 520 μg a.i./L 

Mortality: 10, 15, 5, 0, 15, 45, and 100% for 

negative control, solvent control, 67, 140, 260, 520, 

and 1000 μg a.i./L, respectively

MRID 46302604

Palmer et al., 2004 (Unpublished)

Acceptable

Survival and 

reproduction of 

estuarine-marine 

invertebrates

Mortality: 

Acute 48-hr 

LC/EC50

Mysid shrimp

(Americamysis 

bahia)

TGAI

(99.2)

96-hr LC50 = 600 μg a.i./L

96-hr NOAEC = 120 μg a.i./L 

(based on mortality and sublethal effects)

Sublethal effects: lethargy and erratic swimming in 

surviving mysids at ≥ 200 μg a.i./L

MRID 46302602

Palmer et al., 2003 (Unpublished)

Acceptable

Reproduction:

life cycle 

(chronic) 

NOAEC

Mysid shrimp

(Mysidopsis bahia)

TGAI

(99.2)

29-day NOEC = 87 μg a.i./L 

(based on delays in maturation)

Mortality: reduced survival prior to pairing at ≥ 320 

μg a.i,/L

MRID 46302606

Blankinship et al., 2004 

(Unpublished)

Supplemental

(due to survival following pairing 

and terminal growth parameters not 

being reported in terms of sex)
Chapter 3 Effects Characterization

48

3.2.2Effects on Estuarine/Marine Invertebrates

Data on the acute toxicity of TGAI triflumizole to estuarine/marine invertebrates is available 

from two studies (MRIDs 46302602 and 46302602). Both of these studies indicate that 

triflumizole is highly toxic to estuarine/marine invertebrates. An acceptable study with 

Easter oyster (Crassostrea virginica) has a EC50 of 720 μg a.i./L and a NOAEC of 560 μg

a.i./L based on reduction in shell growth (MRID 46302603). A study with mysid shrimp 

(Americamysis bahia) had a more sensitive EC50 of 600 μg a.i./L (MRID 46302602). The 

mysid NOAEC was 120 μg a.i./L based on mortality and sublethal effects including lethargy 

and erratic swimming in surviving mysids. This latter study is classified as acceptable and 

will be used in the risk assessment.

Data on the chronic toxicity of TGAI triflumizole on estuarine/marine invertebrates is 

available from a study with mysid shrimp (Mysidopsis bahia) (MRID 46302606). The 

NOEC for this study was 87 μg a.i./L based on delays in maturation. Reduced survival prior 

to pairing at ≥ 200 μg a.i./L was also reported. This study will be used in the risk assessment 

and is classified as supplemental due to parameters, including survival following pairing and 

terminal growth parameters, not being reported on a sex-specific basis.

3.3 Plant Toxicology

Based on triflumizole’s intended use on a wide range of plants, it is reasonable to conclude 

that triflumizole’s effect on plants is, in general, much less than its effect to fungii that it is 

used to control. Triflumizole is used as a foliage, flower, nut spray, and soil drench to control 

fungus and blights on apples, cherries, Christmas trees, conifer seed, filberts, cucurbits, 

grapes, ornamental woody and herbaceous plants (flowering or non-flowering), pear, 

pineapple and strawberries. Triflumizole is from a class of fungicides referred to as an

imidazole that is effective in inhibiting ergosterol biosynthesis in fungi. (Many fungi must 

synthesize ergosterol which is a compound needed for the stabilization of membranes that 

make up susceptible fungi’s cell walls.)

Information is available on the toxicity of triflumizole to aquatic and terrestrial plants. All of 

the aquatic plant studies were conducted with TGAI triflumizole; the terrestrial plant studies 

were conducted with the TEP Terraguard 50W. Toxicological endpoints selected the aquatic 

and terrestrial plant assessment can be found in Table 20.
Chapter 3 Effects Characterization

49

Table 20. Summary of Measurement Endpoint Values Selected to Evaluate Risk to Aquatic and Terrestrial Plants

Assessment

Endpoint

Measurement

Endpoint

Selected Measurement Endpoint Value & Source

Species TGAI (%)/

TEP

Toxicological Endpoint & Effect(s) Source & Classification

Survival and 

biomass of 

aquatic vascular 

and non-vascular 

plants

Growth of non-vascular 

species: EC50 for non-listed

species and its associated 

NOAEC/EC05 for listed 

species

Freshwater diatom

(Navicula pelliculosa)

TGAI

(99.2)

96-hr EC50 = 140 μg a.i./L

96-hr EC05 = 420 μg a.i./L

96-hr NOEC < 0.032 mg a.i./L

(based on biomass; cell density and 

growth rate also affected)

MRID 46302609

Desjardins et al., 2004 

(Unpublished)

Acceptable

Growth of vascular species: 

EC50 for non-listed species 

and its associated 

NOAEC/EC05 for listed 

species

Freshwater duckweed 

(Lemna gibba)

TGAI

(99.2)

7-day EC50 = 720 μg a.i./L

7-day EC05 = 820 μg a.i./L

7-day NOEC < 32 μg a.i./L

(based on frond number; biomass and 

growth rate also affected)

MRID 46302611

Desjardins et al., 2004 

(Unpublished)

Acceptable

Survival and 

biomass of 

terrestrial plants

Vegetative vigor: EC25 for 

non-listed species and its 

associated NOAEC/EC05

for listed species

Monocot

Ryegrass (Lolium perenne)

TEP

Terraguard 

50W

(50.5)

21-day EC25 > 4.02 lb a.i./A

21-day NOEC = 4.02 lb a.i./A

(no endpoint most sensitive)

MRID 46302612

Porch et al., 2004 

(Unpublished)

Supplemental

(due to no NOEC for 

ryegrass)

Dicot

Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)

Cabbage (Brassica oleracea)

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa)

Radish (Raphanus sativus)

Soybean (Glycine max)

Tomato (Lycopersicon 

esculentum)

21-day EC25 > 4.02 lb a.i./A

21-day NOEC/EC05 = 4.02 lb a.i./A

(no endpoint most sensitive)

Seedling emergence: EC25 

for non-listed species and 

its associated 

NOAEC/EC05 for listed 

species

Monocot

Ryegrass (Lolium perenne)

Wheat (Triticum aestivum)

Onion (Allium cepa)

Corn (Zea mays)

TEP

Terraguard 

50W

(50.5)

21-day EC25 > 4.02 lb a.i./A

21-day NOEC/EC05 < 4.02 lb a.i./A

(based on 23% biomass reduction)

MRID 46302612

Porch et al., 2004 

(Unpublished)

Acceptable
Chapter 3 Effects Characterization

50

Assessment

Endpoint

Measurement

Endpoint

Selected Measurement Endpoint Value & Source

Species TGAI (%)/

TEP

Toxicological Endpoint & Effect(s) Source & Classification

Dicot

Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)

Cabbage (Brassica oleracea)

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa)

Soybean (Glycine max)

Tomato (Lycopersicon 

esculentum)

TEP

Terraguard 

50W

(50.5)

21-day EC25 > 4.02 lb a.i./A

21-day NOEC/EC05 = 4.02 lb a.i./A
Chapter 3 Effects Characterization

51

3.3.1Effects to Terrestrial Plants

Tier I and tier II plant studies were submitted in support of the registration of triflumizole.

Tier I studies are aimed at quickly evaluating the phytotoxicity of a compound at, or higher 

than, the maximum single foliar application rate which, for triflumizole, is 1.0 lbs a.i./A. Tier

II plant studies are triggered when effects from the tier I studies exceed 25% of the control. 

Although the tier I seedling emergence and vegetative vigor studies did not exceed 25% of 

the control, the registrant still submitted tier II studies for seedling emergence and vegetative 

vigor. There were no seedling emergence or vegetative vigor exceedences in either tier I or 

tier II studies even at an application rate of 4.02 lbs a.i./acre triflumizole per year, though, 

ryegrass had a 23% reduction in biomass with no observed NOEC in the tier I seedling 

emergence study.

3.3.2Effects to Aquatic Plants

In a 96-hour acute toxicity study, cultures of the green alga (Selenastrum capricornutum),

were exposed to triflumizole at nominal concentrations. The 96-hour EC05 was reported to be 

380 μg/L based on all endpoints, which includes cell density and biomass. The 96-hour EC50

value based on biomass, the most sensitive endpoint was 630 μg/L. This study fulfills 

guideline requirements for an acute toxicity study with green alga, (Selenastrum 

capricornutum) [Guideline 123-2; Tier II] and is classified as acceptable (MRID 46302607).

In a 96-hour acute toxicity study, cultures of freshwater alga (Anabaena flos-aquae) were 

exposed to triflumizole at nominal concentrations. The analysis detected significant 

reductions in cell density, growth rate, and biomass. The 96-hour NOAEC was 1600 μg/L

based on all endpoints. The 96-hour EC50 value based on biomass, the most sensitive 

endpoint, was 3000 μg/L. The study is scientifically sound and satisfies the guideline 

requirements for a tier II aquatic nonvascular plant study with the freshwater alga (Anabaena 

flos-aquae). Consequently, the study is classified as acceptable (MRID 46302608).

In a 96-hour acute toxicity study, cultures of a marine diatom (Skeletonema costatum) were 

exposed to triflumizole at nominal concentrations. The growth rate was the most sensitive 

endpoint with an EC50 of 480 μg/L. All endpoints were significantly reduced at all treatment 

levels, so the NOAEC was <0.083 μg/L; the EC05 for growth rate was 180 μg/L. Since the 

initial cell density of 77,000 cells/mL was greater than recommended (10,000 cells/mL), the 

study does not fulfill guideline requirements for a tier II aquatic nonvascular plant study with 

a marine diatom (Skeletonema costatum). Consequently, the study is classified as 

supplemental (MRID 46302609).
Chapter 3 Effects Characterization

52

In a 7-day tier II acute toxicity study of freshwater aquatic vascular plants (Duckweed, 

Lemna gibba) exposed to triflumizole at nominal concentrations under static renewal 

conditions, frond number was the most sensitive endpoint with an EC50 of 720 μg/L. The 

corresponding NOAEC for this effect was 75 μg/L. This study is scientifically sound and 

acceptable and satisfies the guidelines for an aquatic vascular plant study with Lemna gibba

(MRID 46302611).

A tier II aquatic plant toxicity test of a freshwater diatom (Navicula pelliculosa), indicated that 

biomass is the most sensitive endpoint to triflumizole at the concentrations tested. The estimated 

120-hour EC50 was 140 μg/L based on biomass effects. The corresponding EC05 for this effect 

was 42 μg/L. This study is classified as acceptable (MRID 46302609)
Chapter 4 Results: Risk Characterization

53

Chapter 4 Results: Risk Characterization

Risk Estimation

As described in the Triflumizole Work Plan, estimates of exposure and ecotoxicity of 

triflumizole are integrated using standard risk quotient (RQ) models to evaluate the potential for 

adverse ecological effects to mammalian, avian, and other non-target species. RQ results for 

non-target terrestrial and aquatic animals and plants are described in this section. RQ results in 

this case represent expected direct effects to organisms (i.e., effects due to direct toxicity to 

triflumizole exposure) in contrast to indirect effects to an organism resulting from a modification 

of a resource such as loss of their prey or habitat.

4.0.1Direct Effects to Non-Target Terrestrial Vertebrates

DIRECT EFFECTS TO BIRDS

For avian species, acute dose-based RQ values based on ingestion of triflumizole residues on 

dietary food items resulting from ground or aerial spray applications are considered for several 

crop scenarios that span the range of labeled application rates, number of applications, and reapplication intervals for all triflumizole uses. Standard practice for avian species is to calculate 

both a dose-based and a dietary-based acute RQ. The dose-based acute RQ values are calculated 

using the acute toxicity based on a single, oral dose (e.g., capsule or gavage) exposure.

For birds, the acute oral study was non-definitive with only 10% mortality at the highest dose 

tested (2510 mg/kg-bw, nominal). Using the highest dose tested as a lower bound estimate of the 

LC50 in T-REX, acute dose-based RQ values would not exceed the acute non-listed species LOC

for all uses which indicates that effects to non-listed species are not expected. However using the 

highest dose tested as a lower bound estimate of the LC50, several scenarios produce RQs 

exceeding the listed species LOC (Table 21). Therefore there is some uncertainty regarding the 

effect of triflumizole on listed avian species.

Table 21. Upper bound acute dose-based RQ values for birds for foliar application of 

triflumizole on selected crops which cover the span of registered label rates 

Application 

Rate (Crop)

Functional Feeding Group

Dietary Item

20 g bird 100 g bird 1000 g bird

Acute1 Acute1 Acute1

Grapes – 0.25 lb 

a.i./A @ 4 

apps/14-d 

interval

Herbivores/Insectivores

 Short Grass 0.09 0.04 0.01

 Tall Grass 0.04 0.02 0.01

 Broadleaf plants/ sm insects 0.05 0.02 0.01

 Fruits/pods/lg insects 0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Granivore—Seeds <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Apples and Herbivores/Insectivores
Chapter 4 Results: Risk Characterization

54

Application 

Rate (Crop)

Functional Feeding Group

Dietary Item

20 g bird 100 g bird 1000 g bird

Acute1 Acute1 Acute1

Pears2 – 0.5 lb 

a.i./A @4 

apps/10-d 

interval

 Short Grass 0.21 0.09 0.03

 Tall Grass 0.10 0.04 0.01

 Broadleaf plants/ sm insects 0.12 0.05 0.02

 Fruits/pods/lg insects 0.01 0.01 <0.01

Granivore—Seed <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Cherries – 0.5 lb 

a.i./A @ 6 apps 

/7-d interval

Herbivores/Insectivores

 Short Grass 0.29 0.13 0.04

 Tall Grass 0.14 0.06 0.02

 Broadleaf plants/ sm insects 0.17 0.07 0.02

 Fruits/pods/lg insects 0.02 0.01 <0.01

Granivore—Seeds <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Cucurbits – 0.25 

lb a.i./A @ 5-

apps /7-d interval

Herbivores/Insectivores

 Short Grass 0.13 0.06 0.02

 Tall Grass 0.06 0.03 0.01

 Broadleaf plants/ sm insects 0.07 0.03 0.01

 Fruits/pods/lg insects 0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Granivore—Seeds <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Hazelnuts –

0.1875 lb a.i./A 

@ 6 apps/ 10-d 

interval

Herbivores/Insectivores

 Short Grass 0.09 0.04 0.01

 Tall Grass 0.04 0.02 0.01

 Broadleaf plants/ sm insects 0.05 0.02 0.01

 Fruits/pods/lg insects 0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Granivore—Seeds <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Strawberries –

0.25 lb a.i./A @ 

8 apps/ 14-d 

interval

Herbivores/Insectivores

 Short Grass 0.09 0.04 0.01

 Tall Grass 0.04 0.02 0.01

 Broadleaf plants/ sm insects 0.05 0.02 0.01

 Fruits/pods/lg insects 0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Granivore—Seeds <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Leafy Greens –

0.25 lb a.i./A @3 

apps/ 14-d 

interval

Herbivores/Insectivores

 Short Grass 0.08 0.04 0.01

 Tall Grass 0.04 0.02 0.01

 Broadleaf plants/ sm insects 0.05 0.02 0.01

 Fruits/pods/lg insects 0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Granivore—Seeds <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Hops – 0.375 lb 

a.i./A @ 3 apps/ 

14-d interval

Herbivores/Insectivores

 Short Grass 0.12 0.05 0.02

 Tall Grass 0.06 0.02 0.01

 Broadleaf plants/ sm insects 0.07 0.03 0.01

 Fruits/pods/lg insects 0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Granivore—Seeds <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Papaya – 0.3125 

lb a.i./A @ 3 

apps/ 14-d 

interval

Herbivores/Insectivores

 Short Grass 0.04 0.02 0.01

 Tall Grass 0.02 0.01 <0.01

 Broadleaf plants/ sm insects 0.02 0.01 <0.01

 Fruits/pods/lg insects <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
Chapter 4 Results: Risk Characterization

55

Application 

Rate (Crop)

Functional Feeding Group

Dietary Item

20 g bird 100 g bird 1000 g bird

Acute1 Acute1 Acute1

Granivore—Seeds <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Ornamentals - 1 

lb a.i./A @ 3 

apps/ 7-d interval

Herbivores/Insectivores

 Short Grass 0.38 0.17 0.05

 Tall Grass 0.17 0.08 0.02

 Broadleaf plants/ sm insects 0.21 0.10 0.03

 Fruits/pods/lg insects 0.02 0.01 <0.01

Granivore—Seeds 0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Bolded RQ values exceed the acute listed LOC of 0.1

1 Acute RQ = (upper bound dose-based EEC, mg/kg-bw) / (LD50; mg/kg-bw). The upper bound EECs for a given body weight 

and LD50 values adjusted for the given body weight are in Table 10. 2

Apple and pear applications by aircraft are not allowed according to labels in California.

The dietary-based RQ values are based on exposure to the test material which has been mixed 

into the feed. RQ results represent risks based on upper-bound residue estimates assuming that 

100% of the daily dietary requirement of the animal is at this exposure level. However again, the 

acute dietary study was non-definitive with no mortality at the highest dose tested (5620 mg/kgdiet, nominal). Using the highest dose tested as a lower bound estimate of the LC50 in T-REX,

only one scenario (ornamental applications at 1 lb a.i./A for 3 applications with 7-d intervals) 

exceeds the listed species LOC of 0.1 for acute dietary based-based risk (Table 22). No scenarios 

exceed the non-listed species LOC of 0.5 for acute dietary-based risk.

Table 22 Upper bound acute dietary-based RQ values for birds for application of 

triflumizole on selected crops which cover the span of registered label rates

Application Rate (crop)

Dietary-Based RQs (unitless)

Dietary Item

Short Grass Tall Grass

Broadleaf 

plants/ sm 

insects

Fruits/

pods/seeds/ lg 

insects

Grapes – 0.25 lb a.i./A @ 4 apps/14-d interval 0.03 0.01 0.01 <0.01

Apples and Pears1 – 0.5 lb a.i./A @4 apps/10-d interval 0.06 0.03 0.03 <0.01

Cherries – 0.5 lb a.i./A @ 6 apps /7-d interval 0.08 0.04 0.05 0.01

Cucurbits – 0.25 lb a.i./A @ 5-apps /7-d interval 0.04 0.02 0.02 <0.01

Hazelnuts – 0.1875 lb a.i./A @ 6 apps/ 10-d interval 0.03 0.01 0.02 <0.01

Strawberries – 0.25 lb a.i./A @ 4 apps/ 14-d interval 0.03 0.01 0.01 <0.01

Leafy Greens – 0.25 lb a.i./A @3 apps/ 14-d interval 0.02 0.01 0.01 <0.01

Hops – 0.375 lb a.i./A @ 3 apps/ 14-d interval 0.03 0.02 0.02 <0.01

Papaya – 0.3125 lb a.i./A @ 3 apps/ 14-d interval 0.01 <0.01 0.01 <0.01

Ornamentals - 1 lb a.i./A @ 3 apps/ 7-d interval 0.11 0.05 0.06 0.01 1

Apple and pear applications by aircraft are not allowed according to labels in California.

For all uses, chronic dietary-based RQ values do not exceed the chronic listed or non-listed 

LOC of 1 for bird species. (RQs presented in Appendix Table E-1.)
Chapter 4 Results: Risk Characterization

56

DIRECT EFFECTS TO REPTILES AND (LAND-PHASE) AMPHIBIANS

Direct effects to reptiles and (land-phase) amphibians were assessed using the avian toxicology 

endpoints in the T-HERPS Model, which accounts for differences in avian and herpatofauna 

biology. For all uses, acute dose-based RQ values do not exceed the acute non-listed LOC of 0.5 

for herpatofauna (Table 23). Only two uses (applications to cherries at 0.5 lb a.i./A with 6 

applications and a 7-d interval and ornamentals at 1 lb a.i./A with 3 applications and a 7-d 

interval) exceed the listed herpatofauna LOC of 0.1. Again, this analysis is based on a nondefinitive avian acute oral study (only 10% mortality at the highest dose tested). Therefore there 

is some uncertainty regarding the effect of triflumizole on listed herpatofauna species.

Table 23. Upper bound acute dose-based RQ values for herpatofauna for application of 

triflumizole on selected crops which cover the span of registered label rates 

Application 

Rate (Crop)

Functional Feeding Group

Dietary Item

1.4 g Herp 37 g Herp 238 g Herp

Acute1 Acute1 Acute1

Grapes – 0.25 lb 

a.i./A @ 4 

apps/14-d 

interval

Short Grass <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Tall Grass <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Broadleaf plants/ sm insects <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Fruits/pods/lg insects <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Small Herbivore Mammals N/A 0.04 0.01

Small Insectivore Mammals N/A <0.01 <0.01

Small Terrestrial Phase Amphibian N/A <0.01 <0.01

Apples and 

Pears2 – 0.5 lb 

a.i./A @4 

apps/10-d 

interval

Short Grass 0.01 0.01 <0.01

Tall Grass <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Broadleaf plants/ sm insects <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Fruits/pods/lg insects <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Small Herbivore Mammals N/A 0.08 0.01

Small Insectivore Mammals N/A 0.01 <0.01

Small Terrestrial Phase Amphibian N/A <0.01 <0.01

Cherries – 0.5 lb 

a.i./A @ 6 apps 

/7-d interval

Short Grass 0.01 0.01 <0.01

Tall Grass <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Broadleaf plants/ sm insects <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Fruits/pods/lg insects <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Small Herbivore Mammals N/A 0.12 0.02

Small Insectivore Mammals N/A 0.01 <0.01

Small Terrestrial Phase Amphibian N/A <0.01 <0.01

Cucurbits – 0.25 

lb a.i./A @ 5-

apps /7-d interval

Short Grass <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Tall Grass <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Broadleaf plants/ sm insects <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Fruits/pods/lg insects <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Small Herbivore Mammals N/A 0.05 0.01

Small Insectivore Mammals N/A <0.01 <0.01

Small Terrestrial Phase Amphibian N/A <0.01 <0.01

Hazelnuts –

0.1875 lb a.i./A 

Short Grass <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Tall Grass <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
Chapter 4 Results: Risk Characterization

57

Application 

Rate (Crop)

Functional Feeding Group

Dietary Item

1.4 g Herp 37 g Herp 238 g Herp

Acute1 Acute1 Acute1

@ 6 apps/ 10-d 

interval

Broadleaf plants/ sm insects <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Fruits/pods/lg insects <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Small Herbivore Mammals N/A 0.04 0.01

Small Insectivore Mammals N/A <0.01 <0.01

Small Terrestrial Phase Amphibian N/A <0.01 <0.01

Strawberries –

0.25 lb a.i./A @ 

8 apps/ 14-d 

interval

Short Grass <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Tall Grass <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Broadleaf plants/ sm insects <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Fruits/pods/lg insects <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Small Herbivore Mammals N/A 0.04 0.01

Small Insectivore Mammals N/A <0.01 <0.01

Small Terrestrial Phase Amphibian N/A <0.01 <0.01

Leafy Greens –

0.25 lb a.i./A @3 

apps/ 14-d 

interval

Short Grass <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Tall Grass <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Broadleaf plants/ sm insects <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Fruits/pods/lg insects <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Small Herbivore Mammals N/A 0.03 <0.01

Small Insectivore Mammals N/A <0.01 <0.01

Small Terrestrial Phase Amphibian N/A <0.01 <0.01

Hops – 0.375 lb 

a.i./A @ 3 apps/ 

14-d interval

Short Grass <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Tall Grass <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Broadleaf plants/ sm insects <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Fruits/pods/lg insects <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Small Herbivore Mammals N/A 0.05 0.01

Small Insectivore Mammals N/A <0.01 <0.01

Small Terrestrial Phase Amphibian N/A <0.01 <0.01

Papaya – 0.3125 

lb a.i./A @ 3 

apps/ 14-d 

interval

Short Grass <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Tall Grass <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Broadleaf plants/ sm insects <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Fruits/pods/lg insects <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Small Herbivore Mammals N/A 0.04 0.01

Small Insectivore Mammals N/A <0.01 <0.01

Small Terrestrial Phase Amphibian N/A <0.01 <0.01

Ornamentals - 1 

lb a.i./A @ 3 

apps/ 7-d interval

Short Grass 0.01 0.01 0.01

Tall Grass <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Broadleaf plants/ sm insects 0.01 0.01 <0.01

Fruits/pods/lg insects <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Small Herbivore Mammals N/A 0.15 0.02

Small Insectivore Mammals N/A 0.01 <0.01

Small Terrestrial Phase Amphibian N/A <0.01 <0.01

Bolded RQ values exceed the acute listed LOC of 0.1; bolded and underlined RQ values exceed the acute non-listed LOC of 0.5

1 Acute RQ = (upper bound dose-based EEC, mg/kg-bw) / (LD50; mg/kg-bw). The upper bound EECs for a given body weight 

and LD50 values adjusted for the given body weight are in Table 10. 2

Apple and pear applications by aircraft are not allowed according to labels in California.
Chapter 4 Results: Risk Characterization

58

Again, the acute dietary study was non-definitive with no mortality at the highest dose tested 

(5620 mg/kg-diet, nominal). Using the highest dose tested as a lower bound estimate of the 

LC50 in T-HERPS, only one use (applications to ornamentals at 1 lb a.i./A with 3 

applications and 7-d interval) exceeded the acute listed-species effect LOC of 0.1 (Table 24).

No scenarios exceed the non-listed species LOC of 0.5 for acute dietary-based risk.

Table 24 Upper bound acute dietary-based RQ values for herpatofauna for application 

of triflumizole on selected crops which cover the span of registered label rates

Application Rate (crop)

Dietary-Based RQs (unitless)

Dietary Item

Short 

Grass Tall Grass

Broadleaf 

plants/ sm 

insects

Fruits/

pods/seeds/ 

lg insects

Small

Herbivore 

Mammals

Small 

Insectivore 

Mammals

Small 

Terrestrial 

Phase 

Amphibians

Grapes – 0.25 lb a.i./A @ 4 

apps/14-d interval 0.03 0.01 0.01 <0.01 0.02 <0.01 <0.01

Apples and Pears1 – 0.5 lb 

a.i./A @4 apps/10-d interval 0.06 0.03 0.03 <0.01 0.04 <0.01 <0.01

Cherries – 0.5 lb a.i./A @ 6 

apps /7-d interval 0.08 0.04 0.05 0.01 0.05 <0.01 <0.01

Cucurbits – 0.25 lb a.i./A @ 

5-apps /7-d interval 0.04 0.02 0.02 <0.01 0.02 <0.01 <0.01

Hazelnuts – 0.1875 lb a.i./A 

@ 6 apps/ 10-d interval 0.03 0.01 0.02 <0.01 0.02 <0.01 <0.01

Strawberries – 0.25 lb a.i./A 

@ 4 apps/ 14-d interval 0.03 0.01 0.01 <0.01 0.02 <0.01 <0.01

Leafy Greens – 0.25 lb a.i./A 

@3 apps/ 14-d interval 0.02 0.01 0.01 <0.01 0.02 <0.01 <0.01

Hops – 0.375 lb a.i./A @ 3 

apps/ 14-d interval 0.03 0.02 0.02 <0.01 0.02 <0.01 <0.01

Papaya – 0.3125 lb a.i./A @ 

3 apps/ 14-d interval 0.03 0.01 0.02 <0.01 0.02 <0.01 <0.01

Ornamentals - 1 lb a.i./A @ 

3 apps/ 7-d interval 0.11 0.05 0.06 0.01 0.07 <0.01 <0.01

1

Apple and pear applications by aircraft are not allowed according to labels in California.

Similar to the avian chronic RQs, none of the uses result in risk quotients that exceed the chronic 

herpatofauna dietary LOC of 1. (RQs presented in Appendix Table E-5.)

DIRECT EFFECTS TO MAMMALS

For mammalian species, acute dose-based RQ values are listed for several crop scenarios in 

Table 25. Acute dose-based RQ values were calculated based on the acute oral toxicity study 

using technical grade triflumizole with Wistar-SLC rats (MRID 00144463) and dose-based EECs 

calculated from estimated triflumizole residues on dietary items (Table 11).
Chapter 4 Results: Risk Characterization

59

Table 25. Upper bound acute dose-based RQ values for mammals for application of 

selected triflumizole uses

Application Rate

(Crop)

Functional Feeding Group

Dietary Item

15 g mammals 35 g mammals 1000 g mammals

Acute1 Acute1 Acute1

Grapes – 0.25 lb 

a.i./A @ 4 apps/14-d 

interval

Herbivores/Insectivores

 Short Grass 0.06 0.05 0.03

 Tall Grass 0.03 0.02 0.01

 Broadleaf plants/ sm insects 0.03 0.03 0.02

 Fruits/pods/lg insects <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Granivore—Seeds <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Apples and Pears2 –

0.5 lb a.i./A @4 

apps/10-d interval

Herbivores/Insectivores

 Short Grass 0.14 0.12 0.06

 Tall Grass 0.06 0.05 0.03

 Broadleaf plants/ sm insects 0.08 0.07 0.04

 Fruits/pods/lg insects 0.01 0.01 <0.01

Granivore—Seeds <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Cherries – 0.5 lb 

a.i./A @ 6 apps /7-d 

interval

Herbivores/Insectivores

 Short Grass 0.19 0.16 0.09

 Tall Grass 0.09 0.08 0.04

 Broadleaf plants/ sm insects 0.11 0.09 0.05

 Fruits/pods/lg insects 0.01 0.01 0.01

Granivore—Seeds <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Cucurbits – 0.25 lb 

a.i./A @ 5-apps /7-d 

interval

Herbivores/Insectivores

 Short Grass 0.09 0.07 0.04

 Tall Grass 0.04 0.03 0.02

 Broadleaf plants/ sm insects 0.05 0.04 0.02

 Fruits/pods/lg insects 0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Granivore—Seeds <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Hazelnuts – 0.1875 

lb a.i./A @ 6 apps/ 

10-d interval

Herbivores/Insectivores

 Short Grass 0.06 0.05 0.03

 Tall Grass 0.03 0.02 0.01

 Broadleaf plants/ sm insects 0.03 0.03 0.02

 Fruits/pods/lg insects <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Granivore—Seeds <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Strawberries – 0.25 

lb a.i./A @ 8 apps/ 

14-d interval

Herbivores/Insectivores

 Short Grass 0.07 0.06 0.03

 Tall Grass 0.03 0.03 0.02

 Broadleaf plants/ sm insects 0.04 0.04 0.02

 Fruits/pods/lg insects <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Granivore—Seeds <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Leafy Greens – 0.25 

 

Herbivores/Insectivores
Chapter 4 Results: Risk Characterization

60

Application Rate

(Crop)

Functional Feeding Group

Dietary Item

15 g mammals 35 g mammals 1000 g mammals

Acute1 Acute1 Acute1

 Short Grass 0.05 0.04 0.02

 Tall Grass 0.02 0.02 0.01

 Broadleaf plants/ sm insects 0.03 0.03 0.01

 Fruits/pods/lg insects <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Granivore—Seeds <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Hops – 0.375 lb 

a.i./A @ 3 apps/ 14-d 

interval

Herbivores/Insectivores

 Short Grass 0.08 0.07 0.04

 Tall Grass 0.04 0.03 0.02

 Broadleaf plants/ sm insects 0.04 0.04 0.02

 Fruits/pods/lg insects <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Granivore—Seeds <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Papaya – 0.3125 lb 

a.i./A @ 3 apps/ 14-d 

interval

Herbivores/Insectivores

Short Grass 0.07 0.06 0.03

Tall Grass 0.03 0.03 0.01

Broadleaf plants/ sm insects 0.04 0.03 0.02

Fruits/pods/lg insects <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Granivore—Seeds <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Ornamentals - 1 lb 

a.i./A @ 3 apps/ 7-d 

interval

Herbivores/Insectivores

Short Grass 0.25 0.21 0.11

Tall Grass 0.11 0.10 0.05

Broadleaf plants/ sm insects 0.14 0.12 0.06

Fruits/pods/lg insects 0.02 0.01 0.01

Granivore—Seeds <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Bolded RQ values exceed the acute listed LOC of 0.1

1 Acute RQ = (upper bound dose-based EEC, mg/kg-bw) / (LD50; mg/kg-bw). The upper bound EECs for a given body 

weight and LD50 values adjusted for the given body weight are in Table 11. 2

Apple and pear applications by aircraft are not allowed according to labels in California.

Chronic dose-based RQ values for both listed and non-listed species are provided in Table 26. A 

chronic three generation rat reproduction/developmental study (MRID 00162176) in which

triflumizole was mixed into the rat diet was used to calculate both the dietary- and dosed-based 

chronic risk to mammals (Table 11). All scenarios evaluated resulted in chronic dose-based risks 

to mammals.

Table 26. Upper bound chronic dose-based RQ values for mammals for application of 

triflumizole on food and non-food crops

Application Rate

(Crop)

Functional Feeding Group

Dietary Item

15 g mammals 35 g mammals 1000 g mammals

Chronic1 Chronic1 Chronic1

Grapes – 0.25 lb a.i./A 

@ 4 apps/14-d interval

Herbivores/Insectivores

 Short Grass 42.52 36.32 19.47

 Tall Grass 19.49 16.65 8.92

 Broadleaf plants/ sm insects 23.92 20.43 10.95

 Fruits/pods/lg insects 2.66 2.27 1.22

Granivore—Seeds 0.59 0.50 0.27
Chapter 4 Results: Risk Characterization

61

Application Rate

(Crop)

Functional Feeding Group

Dietary Item

15 g mammals 35 g mammals 1000 g mammals

Chronic1 Chronic1 Chronic1

Apples and Pears2 –

0.5 lb a.i./A @4 

apps/10-d interval

Herbivores/Insectivores

 Short Grass 96.04 82.04 43.98

 Tall Grass 44.02 37.60 20.16

 Broadleaf plants/ sm insects 54.02 46.15 24.74

 Fruits/pods/lg insects 6.00 5.13 2.75

Granivore—Seeds 1.33 1.14 0.61

Cherries – 0.5 lb a.i./A 

@ 6 apps /7-d interval

Herbivores/Insectivores

 Short Grass 135.33 115.60 61.97

 Tall Grass 62.03 52.98 28.40

 Broadleaf plants/ sm insects 76.12 65.02 34.86

 Fruits/pods/lg insects 8.46 7.22 3.87

Granivore—Seeds 1.88 1.61 0.86

Cucurbits – 0.25 lb 

a.i./A @ 5-apps /7-d 

interval

Herbivores/Insectivores

 Short Grass 61.09 52.18 27.97

 Tall Grass 28.00 23.92 12.82

 Broadleaf plants/ sm insects 34.36 29.35 15.73

 Fruits/pods/lg insects 3.82 3.26 1.75

Granivore—Seeds 0.85 0.72 0.39

Hazelnuts – 0.1875 lb 

a.i./A @ 6 apps/ 10-d 

interval

Herbivores/Insectivores

 Short Grass 43.56 37.21 19.95

 Tall Grass 19.97 17.06 9.14

 Broadleaf plants/ sm insects 24.50 20.93 11.22

 Fruits/pods/lg insects 2.72 2.33 1.25

Granivore—Seeds 0.61 0.52 0.28

Strawberries – 0.25 lb 

a.i./A @ 8 apps/ 14-d 

interval

Herbivores/Insectivores

 Short Grass 42.52 36.32 19.47

 Tall Grass 19.49 16.65 8.92

 Broadleaf plants/ sm insects 23.92 20.43 10.95

 Fruits/pods/lg insects 2.66 2.27 1.22

Granivore—Seeds 0.59 0.50 0.27

Leafy Greens – 0.25 lb 

a.i./A @3 apps/ 14-d 

interval

Herbivores/Insectivores

 Short Grass 37.11 31.70 16.99

 Tall Grass 17.01 14.53 7.79

 Broadleaf plants/ sm insects 20.87 17.83 9.56

 Fruits/pods/lg insects 2.32 1.98 1.06

Granivore—Seeds 0.52 0.44 0.24

Hops – 0.375 lb a.i./A 

@ 3 apps/ 14-d 

interval

Herbivores/Insectivores

 Short Grass 55.66 47.54 25.48

 Tall Grass 25.51 21.79 11.68

 Broadleaf plants/ sm insects 31.31 26.74 14.34

 Fruits/pods/lg insects 3.48 2.97 1.59

Granivore—Seeds 0.77 0.66 0.35

Papaya – 0.3125 lb 

a.i./A @ 3 apps/ 14-d 

interval

Herbivores/Insectivores

 Short Grass 46.38 39.62 21.24

 Tall Grass 21.26 18.16 9.73

 Broadleaf plants/ sm insects 26.09 22.29 11.95

 Fruits/pods/lg insects 2.90 2.48 1.33
Chapter 4 Results: Risk Characterization

62

Application Rate

(Crop)

Functional Feeding Group

Dietary Item

15 g mammals 35 g mammals 1000 g mammals

Chronic1 Chronic1 Chronic1

Granivore—Seeds 0.64 0.55 0.29

Ornamentals - 1 lb 

a.i./A @ 3 apps/ 7-d 

interval

Herbivores/Insectivores

 Short Grass 173.65 148.33 79.51

 Tall Grass 79.59 67.99 36.44

 Broadleaf plants/ sm insects 97.68 83.44 44.73

 Fruits/pods/lg insects 10.85 9.27 4.97

Granivore—Seeds 2.41 2.06 1.10

Bolded RQ values exceed the chronic LOC of 1 

1 Chronic RQ = (upper bound dose-based EEC, mg/kg-bw) / (NOAEL; mg/kg-bw). The upper bound EECs for a given 

body weight and NOAEL adjusted values adjusted for the given body weight are in Table 11. 2

Apple and pear applications by aircraft are not allowed according to labels in California.

Chronic dietary-based RQ values for both listed and non-listed species are provided in Table 

27. All scenarios evaluated resulted in LOC exceedances which could represent chronic 

dietary-based risks to mammals.

Table 27 Mammalian Dietary-Based Triflumizole RQ Values for Multiple Application 

Rates for Various Crops

Application Rate (crop)

Dietary-Based RQs (unitless)

Dietary Item

Short Grass Tall Grass

Broadleaf 

plants/ sm 

insects

Fruits/pods/s

eeds/ lg 

insects

Grapes – 0.25 lb a.i./A @ 4 apps/14-d interval 4.90 2.25 2.76 0.31

Apples and Pears1 – 0.5 lb a.i./A @4 apps/10-d interval 11.07 5.07 6.23 0.69

Cherries – 0.5 lb a.i./A @ 6 apps /7-d interval 15.60 7.15 8.77 0.97

Cucurbits – 0.25 lb a.i./A @ 5-apps /7-d interval 7.04 3.23 3.96 0.44

Hazelnuts – 0.1875 lb a.i./A @ 6 apps/ 10-d interval 5.02 2.30 2.82 0.31

Strawberries – 0.25 lb a.i./A @ 4 apps/ 14-d interval 4.90 2.25 2.76 0.31

Leafy Greens – 0.25 lb a.i./A @3 apps/ 14-d interval 4.28 1.96 2.41 0.27

Hops – 0.375 lb a.i./A @ 3 apps/ 14-d interval 6.42 2.94 3.61 0.40

Papaya – 0.3125 lb a.i./A @ 3 apps/ 14-d interval 5.35 2.45 3.01 0.33

Ornamentals - 1 lb a.i./A @ 3 apps/ 7-d interval 20.02 9.17 11.26 1.25

Bolded RQ values exceed the chronic LOC of 1 

1

Apple and pear applications by aircraft are not allowed according to labels in California.

4.0.2Direct Effects to Non-Target Terrestrial Invertebrates

Due to a non-definitive LD50 value (>160 μg/bee) for the contact honeybee studies, RQ values 

could not be calculated for acute contact of terrestrial insects with spray. However, risk to 

insects was evaluated by comparing insect residue EECs on small and large insects (generated as 

dietary-based EECs for birds and mammals using T-REX) to the non-definitive honeybee contact 

value. These comparisons are described in the Risk Description section.
Chapter 4 Results: Risk Characterization

63

4.0.3Direct Effects to Terrestrial and Wetland/Riparian Plants

The data set for plant effects for triflumizole includes an endpoint for seedling emergence in 

ryegrass (Lolium perenne) that showed a statistically significant (p<0.05) difference from 

control at 4.02 lbs/acre. This effect involved a 23% reduction in emergence that will be 

conservatively considered synonymous with an EC25 for the effect. However the data do not

allow for the establishment of a NOAEL or EC05 value for listed species direct effect 

evaluation. No other monocot data are available for an equally sensitive plant for this

pesticide. Consequently, an approach to extrapolate a value for the listed species effect 

threshold was used. First, the Agency attempted to determine ryegrass EC25 to 

EC05/NOAEL ratios for similar SBI Class 1 demethylation inhibiting imidazole fungicides 

which include the chemicals imazalil, oxpoconazole, pefurazoate, and prochloraz according 

to the Fubngicide Resistance Action Committee FRAC Code List 

(www.frac.info/frac/publication/anhang/FRAC_Code_List_2007_web.pdf). That search for 

ryegrass seedling emergence data in Agency holdings and in ECOTOX yielded no 

information. The Agency then expanded the search to include other SBI Class 1 

demethylation inhibiting fungicides in the triazole chemical group. Of the 26 individual 

chemicals in this group, a search for ryegrass effects data revealed a paried EC25 and 

NOAEL endpoint for only two chemicals propiconazol (EC25 = 0.5 lb/acre, and NOAEL = 

0.167 lb/acre) and metconazole (EC25 = 0.78 lb/acre, and NOAEL 0.3 lb/acre). The most 

conservative ratio of EC25 to NOAEL is for propiconazol for which the ratio of EC25 to 

NOAEL is 2.99. Applying this value to the 4.02 lb/acre EC25 estimate yields a listed species 

estimated effects threshold of 1.34 lb/acre.

RUNOFF AND SPRAY DRIFT LOADING

Table 28 contains the spray drift RQ values estimated by the TerrPlant Model for listed and nonlisted dicot plants based on the vegetative vigor toxicity for treated fields from the highest 

application rate, 1 lb a.i./A (ornamentals, aerial). No species in either the Tier I or the Tier II test 

experienced inhibition greater than 25%. Ryegrass biomass was the only species and endpoint 

that exhibited a statistically significant reduction from control. The no effect level for dicots was 

determined to be the limit concentration (4.02 lb a.i./A), and RQ values for listed plants for spray 

drift were calculated. Since the ryegrass biomass endpoint was reduced relative to the control at 

the only concentration tested, a NOEC could not be established for monocots and risk could not 

be determined for plants in dry and semi-aquatic areas exposed to Triflumizole through runoff. 

The RQ values for listed and non-listed plants did not exceed the LOC of 1 for spray drift for 

dicots. The spray drift only RQ value for listed monocots also did not exceed the LOC.
Chapter 4 Results: Risk Characterization

64

Dry and semi-aquatic areas use toxicity data from seedling emergence studies to calculate RQ 

values. Vegetative vigor toxicity data are used to determine RQ values from spray drift only. 

The model TerrPlant assumes a 5% and 1% drift fraction for aerial and ground application, 

respectively.

Table 28 RQ values for plants in dry and semi-aquatic areas exposed to triflumizole 

through spray drift based on the seedling emergence study

Application Method and Plant Taxon Listed Status

EEC

Spray Drift

(lb a.i./A)

Toxicity Value

EC25 –non-listed

NOAEC – listed

lb a.i./A3

Spray Drift

RQ

Aerial Spray, ornamental, 1 lb a.i./acre

Monocot Non-listed1 0.05 >4.02 <0.1

Monocot Listed 2 0.05 1.34 0.04

Dicot Non-listed1 0.05 >4.02 <0.1

Dicot Listed2 0.05 >4.02 <0.1 1 Dicot and monocot non-listed RQ = (EEC, lb a.i./acre) ÷ (EC25, lb a.i./acre) 2 Dicot and monocot listed RQ = (EEC, lb a.i./acre) ÷ (NOAEC, lb a.i./acre)

4.0.4Direct Effects to Freshwater and Estuarine-Marine Fish (Amphibians)

and Invertebrates 

Fish and aquatic invertebrate acute and chronic RQ values are calculated using 

PRZM/EXAMS aquatic EECs and selected acute and chronic fish and aquatic invertebrate 

toxicity values. None of the RQs exceeded the acute non-listed LOC of 0.5. The listed LOC 

of 0.05 was only exceeded for some of the scenarios for freshwater fish and estuarine/marine 

invertebrates. Only those taxa and scenarios that exceeded the acute listed-species LOC are 

presented in Table 29. The full set of fish and aquatic invertebrate taxa are presented in 

Appendix Table E-2.

Table 29. Acute RQ values for freshwater fish and estuarine-marine invertebrates 

based on acute exposure concentrations in receiving water. Only scenarios indicating 

risk are presented. (All scenarios evaluated are presented in Appendix Table E-2.)

Proposed Label Use

PRZM/EXAMS

Scenario

(first app date) Method

Maximum 

Application Rate

(interval between 

applications)

Peak

EEC

(μg/L)

Acute 

Freshwater 

Fish RQs

Acute 

Estuarine/ 

Marine 

Invertebrate 

RQs

Ornamentals 

(landscape grown 

ornamental trees, 

shrubs and nonbearing apples, pears, 

and grapes)

FL Nursery

April 15 - foliar A 3 app @ 1.0 lb a.i./acre (7 days) 44.35 0.08 0.07

FL Nursery

April 15 – foliar G 3 app @ 1.0 lb 

a.i./acre (7 days) 41.01 0.07 0.07

Ornamentals (all) FL Nursery A 1 app @ 2.0 lb 37.39 0.06 0.06
Chapter 4 Results: Risk Characterization

65

Proposed Label Use

PRZM/EXAMS

Scenario

(first app date) Method

Maximum 

Application Rate

(interval between 

applications)

Peak

EEC

(μg/L)

Acute 

Freshwater 

Fish RQs

Acute 

Estuarine/ 

Marine 

Invertebrate 

RQs

April 15 - foliar a.i./acre

FL Nursery

April 15 – foliar G 1 app @ 2.0 lb a.i./acre 35.12 0.06 0.06

Pineapples GENEEC -- 1 app @ 2.0 lb 

a.i./acre 34.15 0.06 0.06

There were no chronic LOC exceedances for any registered triflumizole use for fish or 

aquatic freshwater invertebrates (Appendix Table E-3).

4.0.5Direct Effects to Aquatic Plants

Listed and non-listed aquatic plant (non-vascular and vascular) RQ values are calculated 

using aquatic EECs derived as described in the exposure analysis using PRZM/EXAMS and 

selected aquatic plant toxicity values. There were no non-listed or listed LOC exceedances 

for non-vascular and vascular aquatic plants (Appendix Table E-4).

4.0.6Probit Slope Response Analysis of LOC Values and Acute RQ Values

As part of the risk estimation, the probability of mortality associated with the listed acute 

LOC values is estimated along with the probability of acute mortality occurring if exposure 

at the EEC actually occurs. The probability of mortality calculations are based on the probit 

slope dose-response relationship. The probability of mortality for an exposed individual are 

calculated using an Excel spreadsheet tool IECV1.1 (Individual Effect Chance Model 

Version 1.1) developed by the Agency (June 22, 2004).

The odds of mortality for an individual at the endangered species LOC for terrestrial and 

aquatic animals based on the slopes discussed in the previous paragraph are provided in 

Table 30. Because slopes were not available for these studies, the default slope of 4.5 (95% 

confidence limits of 2 and 9) was used.

Table 30 Probit Slope and Odds of Mortality for an Individual at the LOC

Listed Species

Birds and 

Herpatofauna Mammals Fish

Aquatic 

Invertebrates

LOC 0.1 0.1 0.05 0.05

Slope 4.5* 4.5* 4.5* 4.5*

Slope 95% CL 2, 9* 2, 9* 2, 9* 2, 9*

Odds of individual 

effect 1 in 294,000 1 in 294,000 <1 in 108 <1 in 108
Chapter 4 Results: Risk Characterization

66

Listed Species

Birds and 

Herpatofauna Mammals Fish

Aquatic 

Invertebrates

95% CL 1 in 44, <1 in 1018 1 in 44, <1 in 1018 1 in 216; <1 in 1031 1 in 216; <1 in 1031

*Assumes the default slope of 4.5 and confidence limits of 2 and 9.

Risk quotient values for comparison were chosen based on the results of the risk assessment

(Table 31).

Table 31. Odds of mortality for an individual bird, mammal, fish, or aquatic invertebrate at 

selected acute risk quotient values for paclobutrazol

Taxa (scenario) RQ

Slope 

(default)

95% Confidence 

Interval (default)

Odds

(1 in...)

95% Confidence 

Interval (odds)

RQs based on Definitive Endpoints

Mammal (Apples and pears1) 0.14 4.5 2, 9 16,400 22.8 – 1.31 x 1014

Mammal (Cherries) 0.19 4.5 2, 9 1,710 13.4 – 2.35 x 1010

Mammal (Ornamentals) 0.25 4.5 2, 9 297 8.75 – 3.33 x 107

Freshwater fish

(Ornamentals) 0.08 4.5 2, 9 2.51 x 106 70.8 – 3.64 x 1022

Freshwater fish (Ornamentals 

or Pineapple) 0.06 4.5 2, 9 5.22 x 107 138 – 5.04 x 1027

Estuarine/marine 

invertebrates (Ornamentals or 

Pineapple)

0.07 4.5 2, 9 9.88 x 106 95.7 – 7.58 x 1024

RQs based on Non-definitive Endpoints

Dose-based Bird 

(Ornamentals) <0.38 4.5 2, 9 >34.1 4.99 – 1290

Dietary-based Bird and 

Herpatofauna (Ornamentals) <0.11 4.5 2, 9 >125,000 36.2 – 3.19 x 1017

Dose-based Herpatofauna 

(Ornamentals) <0.15 4.5 2, 9 >9,560 20.1 – 1.65 x 1013

1

Apple and pear applications by aircraft are not allowed according to labels in California.

Risk Description

The following risk description explains the overall direct effect conclusions regarding the 

potential ecological risk from the various uses of triflumizole. The risk conclusions take into 

consideration all lines of evidence, such as the risk estimates (RQ results) along with 

information on the odds of mortality for the acute RQ values, and where risks could not be 

quantified by use of an RQ due to non-definitive endpoints (i.e., limit tests) a comparison of 

these results to EECs; information such as monitoring data, field studies, and incident data 

that may provide additional insights into the likelihood of exposure; and other factors that 

modify the likelihood of exposure such as timing of application, overlap of area affected and 
Chapter 4 Results: Risk Characterization

67

the degree of effect with the presence/absence of taxa, species sensitivity distribution, and 

presence/absence of dietary items.

DIRECT EFFECTS TO TERRESTRIAL BIRDS, REPTILES, AND AMPHIBIANS

Acute Risk

Definitive acute avian dose-based and dietary-based risk quotients could not be calculated to 

evaluate the risks to birds because only non-definitive acute toxicity data were available. 

Therefore, the non-definitive toxicity values are directly compared to the highest dose-based 

EEC (Table 32). None of the dose-based EECs were larger than the non-definitive toxicity 

value. This indicates the potential for acute risk is low for acute dose-based exposure of listed 

and non-listed birds for all registered uses. The probit slope response analysis indicated a 1 in 

>34.1 chance of mortality with exposure to this triflumizole use. Because risk to reptiles and 

land-phase amphibians from triflumizole is based on the same endpoints, but lower EECs 

(produced by T-HERPS), risks to herpatofauna are considered to be even less likely.

Table 32. Comparison of the highest calculated dietary EEC from application of 

triflumizole to the highest tested concentration with no effect for the sub-acute avian 

dietary toxicity study.

Application Rate

(Crop) Dietary Item EEC (mg/kg-diet) 1 >2510 mg a.i./kg-bw

1 lb a.i./A @ 3 apps / 7-d 

interval (ornamentals) Short Grass 683.86 EEC <2510

1 Dietary-based residue levels for applications from Table 10.

Similarly, the non-definitive dietary-based avian toxicity values were directly compared to 

the highest EECs (Table 33). In all cases, none of the dietary EECs were larger than the nondefinitive toxicity value. The probit slope response analysis indicated a 1 in 294,000 chance 

of mortality with exposure to triflumizole. Again, because risk to reptiles and land-phase 

amphibians from triflumizole is based on the same endpoints, but lower EECs (produced by 

T-HERPS), risks to herpatofauna are considered to be even less likely.

Table 33. Comparison of the highest calculated dietary EEC from application of 

triflumizole to the highest tested concentration with no effect for the sub-acute avian 

dietary toxicity study.

Application Rate

(Crop) Dietary Item EEC (mg/kg-diet) 1 >5620 mg a.i./kg-bw

1 lb a.i./A @ 3 apps / 7-d 

interval (ornamentals) Short Grass 683.86 EEC <5620

1 Dietary-based residue levels for applications from Table 10.

In summary, the potential for acute risk is considered to be low for acute dose-based and 

dietary-based exposure of non-listed birds, reptiles, and land-phase amphibians from 

triflumizole for all registered uses. Because the highest concentrations tested in the avian 

tests were not high enough to preclude any risk to listed avian species, there is some 
Chapter 4 Results: Risk Characterization

68

potential for risk to listed avian species. Therefore a risk call of may effect (MA) is 

appropriate for birds and herpatofauna. To better refine this risk estimate, the registrant 

may wish to re-test with a slightly higher concentration range. This call applies only to the 

apples and pears, cherries, curcubits, hops, and ornamental uses.

Chronic Exposure

Chronic RQs did not exceed the Agency’s chronic level of concern for any scenario. 

Therefore, a listed species risk call of no effect (NE) is appropriate for birds, reptiles, 

and land-phase amphibians.

DIRECT EFFECTS TO TERRESTRIAL MAMMALS

Acute Risk

There were no acute non-listed LOC exceedance for mammals. However, there were acute 

non-listed LOC exceedance for mammals for three triflumizole uses starting with small 

mammals consuming, on a dose-basis, short grasses from registered triflumizole use at an 

application rate of 0.5 lb a.i./A or greater for apples and pears, cherries, and ornamentals. As 

the triflumizole application rate increases, the acute non-listed LOC is exceeded for other 

larger size classes as well as additional dietary items (tall grasses and broadleaf plants) for 

some size classes (RQs 0.10-0.25). Therefore, acute dose-based adverse risk could occur 

to mammals from triflumizole applications indicating that a may affect (MA) listed 

species effect call is appropriate. However, this call applies only to the apples and pears, 

cherries, and ornamental uses.

Chronic Exposure

Effects to listed and non-listed species are expected form chronic exposure to mammals from 

all triflumizole uses. Therefore, a may affect (MA) listed species effect call is 

appropriate.

DIRECT EFFECTS TO TERRESTRIAL INVERTEBRATES

There is no defined LOC for non-listed terrestrial insects; the interim listed terrestrial 

invertebrate LOC is 0.05. Currently, there is no established threshold for adverse risk to 

terrestrial invertebrates. As such, the level of direct impact to terrestrial invertebrates 

necessary to indirectly affect other taxa that rely on terrestrial invertebrates as a food source 

has not been established on a national level, and the use of the interim LOC of 0.05 will 

apply to all terrestrial invertebrates in general without the demarcation of non-listed and 

listed.
Chapter 4 Results: Risk Characterization

69

The available acute contact honeybee study (MRID 00149875) resulted in non-definitive 

LD50 value, therefore, RQ values were not calculated. The acute contact LD50 study was 

conducted with technical grade triflumizole, and the LD50 value from this study was >160 μg 

a.i./bee. There was 1% mortality in the control, 0% mortality in the solvent control, 0% 

mortality in the 10 μg a.i./bee treatment, 1% mortality in the 20 μg a.i./bee treatment, 0% 

mortality in the 40 μg a.i./bee treatment, 2% mortality in the 80 μg a.i./bee treatment, and 6% 

mortality in the 160 μg a.i./bee treatment (highest concentration tested) at study completion 

(48 hours). Because these test results are reported in μg a.i./bee, these values were converted 

to a mg/kg-bee, based on the weight of one bee (0.128 g). The extrapolated acute contact 

LD50 value for terrestrial invertebrates is 1250 mg/kg.3 This extrapolated value (1250 mg 

a.i./kg-bee) was compared to the small and large insect predicted EECs. Comparisons for 

selected triflumizole uses are presented in (Table 34). The highest predicted EECs 

(ornamentals) are lower than this extrapolated acute contact toxicity value. Therefore, a no

effect (NE) listed species call is appropriate.

Table 34. Comparison of selected small and large insect EECs from foliar application 

of triflumizole to the extrapolated acute contact honeybee concentration

Application Rate

(Crop) Dietary Item

EEC

(mg/kg-diet) 1

Extrapolated Acute Contact 

Value 1250

(mg a.i./kg)1

Ornamentals - 1 lb a.i./A @ 3 

apps/ 7-d interval

Small insects 322.02 EEC < 1250

Large insects 35.78 EEC < 1250

1

Bold values are where the predicted EEC for small or large insect exceed the extrapolated acute contact value

DIRECT EFFECTS TO TERRESTRIAL PLANTS

Adverse risk to non-target plants from runoff and spray drift exposure is not expected. Tier I 

seedling emergence data did show a 23 % reduction in biomass for ryegrass at an application 

rate (4.02 lbs a.i./acre) that is much higher than any existing label rate. No tier II study was 

available for triflumizole on ryegrass. However, an analogous chemical with paired tier I and 

tier II data provided a conservatively estimated ratio between the EC25 and EC05 of 2.99. 

Assuming the 23% reduction in biomass at 4.02 lbs a.i./acre represents the EC25, application 

of the EC25 to EC05 ratio to the EC25 produces and estimate of the EC05 of approximately 

1.34 lbs a.i./acre. This value is higher than the highest foliar application rate (ornamentals) of 

1 lbs a.i./acre. Therefore no effect (NE) to non-target terrestrial plants is anticipated 

 

3 1250 ppm

g

g

0.128

50 160 50 sec = = = μ

honey bee

honey bee

terrestrial in t BW

LD

Extrapolated LD
Chapter 4 Results: Risk Characterization

70

within the application area. Because application rates due to spray and runoff in nontarget areas are expected to be less than the application rate to the area of intended 

application, effects are not expected to non-target plants in the non-target areas.

DIRECT EFFECTS TO FISH, AQUATIC INVERTEBRATES AND PLANTS

Acute Exposure

There were no acute non-listed LOC exceedance for freshwater or estuarine/marine fish or 

aquatic invertebrates. However, there were acute listed LOC exceedance for freshwater fish 

and estuarine/marine invertebrates (Table 22) for ornamentals and pineapples (RQs ranged 

from 0.06 to 0.08). These RQs produce an individual chance of effects of 1 in 2.51 x 106 to 1 

in 5.22 x 107. However, the RQs only slightly exceed the LOC of 0.05 and the aquatic EECs 

are based on the assumption that the aerobic aquatic metabolism half-life is equal to twice the 

90th percentile confidence limit of the half-lives from the aerobic soil metabolism studies 

because no aerobic aquatic metabolism studies have not been submitted to the agency.

Therefore, a may affect (MA) listed species effect call is appropriate. However, this call 

applies only to ornamental and pineapple uses for freshwater fish and estuarine marine 

invertebrates. To potentially help alleviate aquatic risk concerns in future assessments, the 

registrant should submit an aerobic aquatic metabolism study to the agency.

Chronic Exposure

No chronic aquatic risks were identified in this assessment. Therefore, a listed species

effect call of no effect (NE) is appropriate.

Aquatic Plants – Vascular and Nonvascular

Risk to non-listed nonvascular and vascular aquatic plants is considered to be within 

acceptable levels for registered use of triflumizole. There were no non-listed LOC 

exceedances for both non-vascular and vascular plants for triflumizole. Therefore, a listed 

species effect call of no effect (NE) is appropriate.

4.0.7Listed Species Effects Analysis

The direct and indirect effects analysis for general taxa of listed species is summarized in 

Table 35, for triflumizole uses. The analysis is based on the direct and indirect effects 

concluded from the analysis of risk estimates.
Chapter 4 Results: Risk Characterization

71

Table 35 Summary of Indirect and Direct Effects to Listed Species and Preliminary Effects Determination for Triflumizole 

Uses 

Listed species 

group(1)

Direct Effect 

Assessment Endpoints Direct Effects Indirect Effects Effects Determination

Aquatic Organisms

Nonvascular 

Aquatic Plant 

Species

Primary productivity

No Effect – risk 

quotients below 

LOC.

Indirect effects to non-vascular plants in aquatic areas would most likely be 

from the direct effects on mammals. Currently, there are no listed 

nonvascular aquatic plant species, therefore adverse effects to listed nonvascular plants is not expected.

NE

Vascular 

Aquatic Plant 

Species

Primary productivity No Effect – risk 

quotients below 

LOC..

Indirect effects to vascular plants in aquatic areas would most likely be from 

the direct effects on mammals. Potentially if there were an obligate 

relationship between a listed vascular aquatic plant species and a mammal 

species, there could potentially be an indirect effect on the listed plant 

species.

More likely, would be impacts to riparian vegetation if mammals were 

adversely affected by triflumizole applications.

MA

Freshwater 

Fish and 

Amphibians

Acute mortality MA Indirect effects to freshwater fish and amphibians would most likely be from 

the direct effects on mammals. Potentially if there were an obligate 

relationship between a listed freshwater fish or amphibian species and a

mammal, there could potentially be an indirect effect on the listed freshwater 

fish or amphibian species.

More likely, would be impacts to riparian vegetation if mammals were 

adversely affected by triflumizole applications.

MA

Chronic survival, growth 

and reproduction 

No Effect – risk 

quotients below 

LOC.

Freshwater 

Invertebrates

Acute mortality NE – Listed RQ 

values below listed 

LOC.

Indirect effects to freshwater invertebrates would most likely be from the 

direct effects on mammals. Potentially if there were an obligate relationship 

between a listed freshwater fish or amphibian species and a mammal, there 

could potentially be an indirect effect on the listed freshwater invertebrate 

species.

More likely, would be impacts to riparian vegetation if mammals were 

adversely affected by triflumizole applications.

MA

Chronic survival and 

reproduction 

NE – Listed RQ 

values below listed 

LOC.

Estuarinemarine FishAcute mortality NE – Listed RQ 

values below listed 

LOC.

Indirect effects to estuarine/marine fish would most likely be from the direct 

effects on mammals. Potentially if there were an obligate relationship 

between a listed estuarine/marine fish species and a mammal, there could 

potentially be an indirect effect on the listed estuarine/marine fish species.

More likely, would be impacts to riparian vegetation if mammals were 

adversely affected by triflumizole applications.

MA

Assessment of chronic 

growth and survival

NE – Listed RQ 

values below listed 

LOC.
Chapter 4 Results: Risk Characterization

72

Listed species 

group(1)

Direct Effect 

Assessment Endpoints Direct Effects Indirect Effects Effects Determination

Estuarinemarine 

Invertebrates

Acute mortality –

embryo-larvae survival 

for oyster

No Effect – risk 

quotients below 

LOC.

Indirect effects to estuarine/marine invertebrate would most likely be from 

the direct effects on mammals. Potentially if there were an obligate 

relationship between a listed estuarine/marine invertebrate species and a

mammal, there could potentially be an indirect effect on the listed 

estuarine/marine invertebrate species.

More likely, would be impacts to riparian vegetation if mammals were 

adversely affected by triflumizole applications.

MA

Assessment of chronic 

growth and reproductive 

effects

No Effect – risk 

quotients below 

LOC.

Terrestrial Organisms

Non-target 

plants in 

terrestrial and 

semi-aquatic 

areas

Primary productivity 

assessed from effects on 

biomass as measured 

using survival and dry 

weight; incident data.

No Effect – risk 

quotients below 

LOC.

Indirect effects to terrestrial and semi-aquatic plants would most likely be 

from the direct effects on mammals. Potentially if there were an obligate 

relationship between a listed terrestrial or semi-aquatic plant species and a

mammal, there could potentially be an indirect effect on the listed plant 

species.

MA

Birds, 

Reptiles, and 

Land-Phase 

Amphibians

Acute mortality MA Indirect effects to birds, reptiles, or land-phase amphibians would most likely 

be from the direct effects on mammals. Potentially if there were an obligate 

relationship between a listed birds, reptiles, or land-phase amphibians species 

and a mammal, there could potentially be an indirect effect on that listed bird,

reptile, or land-phase amphibian species.

MA

Chronic Reproduction No Effect – risk 

quotients below 

LOC.

Mammals Acute mortality MA Indirect effects to mammals would most likely be from the direct effects on 

other mammals. Potentially if there were an obligate relationship between a 

listed mammal species and another mammal, there could potentially be an 

indirect effect on that listed mammal species.

MA

Chronic Reproduction MA

Terrestrial 

Insects

Acute mortality based on 

contact

No Effect – risk 

quotients below 

LOC.

Indirect effects to terrestrial insects would most likely be from the direct 

effects on mammals. Potentially if there were an obligate relationship 

between a listed terrestrial insect species and a mammal, there could 

potentially be an indirect effect on that listed terrestrial insect species.

MA
Chapter 4 Results: Risk Characterization

73

ACTION AREA

In the case of a nationwide risk assessment conducted under Registration Review, the action 

area will encompass the entire U.S. and its territories. The purpose of defining the action 

area as the entire U.S. and its territories is to ensure that the initial area of consideration 

encompasses all areas subject to U.S. laws where the pesticide may be used now and in the 

future, including the potential for off-site transport via spray drift and downstream dilution. 

Additionally, the concept of a nationwide action area takes into account the potential for 

direct and indirect effects and any potential modification to critical habitat based on 

ecological effect measures associated with reduction in survival, growth, and reproduction, as 

well as the full suite of sublethal effects available in the effects literature. 

It is important to note that the nationwide action area does not imply that direct and/or 

indirect effects and critical habitat modification are expected to or are likely to occur over the 

full extent of the action area, but rather to identify all listed species and critical habitat that 

may potentially be affected by the action. The Agency will use more rigorous analysis 

including consideration of available land cover data, toxicity data, and exposure information 

to determine areas where individual listed species and designated critical habitat may be 

affected or modified via endpoints associated with reduced survival, growth, or reproduction. 

EFFECTS AREA DETERMINATION

The potential for direct and/or indirect effects is possible to listed species from exposure to 

triflumizole. The effects determination and reasoning for the determination are described for 

each taxon in Section 4.0.7. Direct effects to mammals will be used to determine the 

necessary distance off-field to be below triflumizole exposure concentrations expected to 

cause direct and indirect adverse risk. 

In order to determine terrestrial and aquatic habitats of concern due to triflumizole exposures 

through spray drift, it is necessary to estimate the distance that spray applications can drift 

from the treated area and still be present at concentrations that exceed levels of concern. An 

analysis of spray drift distances was completed using AgDRIFT.

The model was run as a Tier I ground or aerial analysis, focusing on determining a buffer 

zone for bird, mammalian, and terrestrial invertebrate and plant species (Table 36). The 

fraction of applied (LOC/RQ) was entered into AgDrift for each non-listed and listed RQ that 

exceeded the LOC. Also, since the label did not indicate spray droplet size, the conservative 

size of very fine to fine was used. The acute listed LOC for terrestrial birds and mammals is 

0.1, and the chronic LOC for birds and mammals is 1. The interim listed LOC for terrestrial 

insects is 0.05.
Chapter 4 Results: Risk Characterization

74

The graphical resolution for determining the spatial location of an NLCD area is ± 30 meters. 

Therefore, a distance of 100 feet (30 meters equals 98.4 feet) was added to each of the effect 

area distances calculated using AgDrift for each potentially affected taxon for each 

triflumizole use.

Table 36. Effect Distances Using AgDrift (excludes 100 feet addition due to NLCD 

uncertainty)

Triflumizole Use

Areial 

or 

Ground

Aerial Application

Effect Distance (feet)*

Acute Bird

Acute 

Herp

Acute 

Mammal Chronic Mammal

Grapes – 0.25 lb a.i./A @ 4 apps/14-d 

interval

A NA NA NA >1000

G NA NA NA 125

Apples and Pears1 – 0.5 lb a.i./A @4 apps/10-

d interval

A 5 NA 0 >1000

G 5 NA 0 235

Cherries – 0.5 lb a.i./A @ 6 apps /7-d interval A 35 0 0 >1000

G 10 5 0 320

Cucurbits – 0.25 lb a.i./A @ 5-apps /7-d 

interval

A 0 NA NA >1000

G 0 NA NA 125

Hazelnuts – 0.1875 lb a.i./A @ 6 apps/ 10-d 

interval

A NA NA NA >1000

G NA NA NA 125

Strawberries – 0.25 lb a.i./A @ 4 apps/ 14-d 

interval

A 0 NA NA >1000

G 0 NA NA 125

Leafy Greens – 0.25 lb a.i./A @3 apps/ 14-d 

interval

A NA NA NA >1000

G NA NA NA 85

Hops – 0.375 lb a.i./A @ 3 apps/ 14-d 

interval

A 0 NA NA >1000

G 0 NA NA 125

Papaya – 0.3125 lb a.i./A @ 3 apps/ 14-d 

interval

A NA NA NA >1000

G NA NA NA 125

Ornamentals - 1 lb a.i./A @ 3 apps/ 7-d 

interval

A 80 0 15 >1000

G 15 5 5 360

NA = RQ values did not exceed the LOC

*Values rounded to nearest 5 feet

1

Apple and pear applications by aircraft are not allowed according to labels in California.

Based on this screening-level assessment, there are potential risks of direct effects to listed 

mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, freshwater fish, estuarine/marine invertebrates, and 

freshwater fish and non-listed monocots, mammals, and freshwater fish from the use of 

triflumizole on some of its registered use sites. Listed species of all taxa may also be 

affected through indirect effects because of the potential direct effects on listed and nonlisted species. Potential direct effects on listed mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, 

freshwater fish, estuarine/marine invertebrates, and freshwater fish and non-listed monocots, 

mammals, and freshwater fish from the use of triflumizole may be associated with 

modification of primary constituent elements of designated critical habitats, where such 

designations have been made. However, at this current stage of the Registration Review 
Chapter 4 Results: Risk Characterization

75

process, it is premature to make effects determinations for listed species until further 

refinements are conducted. To make effects determinations for individual species, useful 

refinements may include analyses of 1) more detailed, species-specific ecological and 

biological data; 2) more detailed and accurate information on triflumizole use patterns; and 

3) sub-county level spatial proximity data for the co-occurrence of potential effects areas and 

listed species and any designated critical habitat. Examples of such refinements are 

described below.

EFED is currently developing tools that are expected to further refine the assessment and are 

designed to support effects determinations for individual federally listed species and their 

designated critical habitats (where applicable). Scientific information obtained from the U.S. 

Fish & Wildlife Service (USFWS), the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), and other 

reliable sources is being collated by EFED to address all currently listed species. The 

information will be stored in an Office of Pesticide Programs Pesticide Registration 

Information SysteM (PRISM) knowledgebase. The listed species knowledgebase will 

consist of an information repository that houses biological and behavioral information 

relevant to individual species (e.g., habitat, diet, and life history, including specific temporal 

and spatial associations) and a document repository that contains supporting documents (e.g., 

USFWS recovery plans) and electronic information (e.g., GIS data files). For terrestrial taxa, 

the biological information relevant to risk quotient (RQ) calculations (e.g., diet and body 

weight) will be used to parameterize exposure estimates to derive species-specific RQs using 

a method consistent with currently used methods in the T-REX and T-HERPS models.

Refinements may also include more detailed analyses of the registered uses and their use 

patterns that result in LOC exceedances for federally listed species in the screening-level 

assessment. The analyses may include more information on where, when, and how 

triflumizole is used on all use sites. Actual usage data (when available) and national landcover datasets that indicate potential use sites [e.g., national land cover dataset (NLCD), crop 

data layer (CDL)] may be used to support a more refined analysis of where triflumizole is 

reasonably expected to be used. Similarly, refinements for the timing of applications and 

how triflumizole is used may be based on the analysis of additional usage data, beyond what 

were available at the time of the screening-level assessment, and a more in-depth exploration 

of agronomic practices. 

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, along with the U.S. Department of Agriculture 

(USDA), the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS), and the National Marine Fisheries 

Service (NMFS), have announced the availability of a report developed by the National 

Academy of Sciences’ National Research Council outlining recommendations on specific 
Chapter 4 Results: Risk Characterization

76

scientific and technical issues related to the development of endangered and threatened 

species risk assessments for pesticides that are compliant with the Endangered Species Act 

(ESA) and the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA). The EPA, 

USDA, FWS and NMFS asked the NRC to consider a range of scientific and technical issues 

including:

• identifying best available scientific data and information; 

• considering sub-lethal, indirect and cumulative effects; 

• assessing the effects of chemical mixtures and inert ingredients; 

• analyzing the effects of pesticide use through the use of models; 

• incorporating uncertainties into the evaluations; and 

• using geospatial information and datasets that can be employed by the agencies in the 

course of these assessments. 

After reviewing the NRC’s recommendations on these scientific and technical issues, the 

EPA and its federal partners will determine how these recommendations can be implemented 

and incorporated into the scientific approaches for developing listed species risk assessments. 

It is anticipated that any draft guidance and/or science policies developed by EPA and its 

federal partners as a result of the NAS recommendations would be released for public 

comment prior to implementation.

The refinements based on individual species data; additional, detailed usage information, 

when available; and further recommendations from the NRC report are expected to help to 

more accurately identify potential areas of effect and to better inform effects and habitat 

determinations for listed species and any designated critical habitats. For example, if 

triflumizole is used when a particular species of concern is not present (e.g., it is migratory) 

or is not co-located in space, then risk of potential direct effects to the species may often be 

precluded. If LOCs are still exceeded for freshwater fish, estuarine/marine invertebrates, 

mammals, birds, and herpatofauna after conducting the refined analyses, further analyses of 

the potential spatial and temporal co-occurrence of listed species of concern (and any 

designated critical habitat) may be conducted. The extent of possible refinement in the 

analyses of spatial/temporal co-occurrence will largely depend on the scale and quality of the 

available sub-county level use site (e.g., NLCD, CDL) and species location data.
Chapter 4 Results: Risk Characterization

77

The Agency has made several refinements to the list of endangered and threatened species 

that may be affected by triflumizole uses. To date, there are 1442 listed species identified in 

the LOCATES database (v. 2.2.4, derived from USFWS and NMFS). For 72 of these, a “no 

effect” determination for direct and indirect effects can be made based on a lack of 

geographical overlap, based on a county level of resolution, between the species and 

triflumizole uses. This leaves 1370 species (76 mammals, 80 birds, 23 amphibians, 29

reptiles, 121 fish, 21 crustaceans, 83 bivalves, 79 gastropods, 12 arachnids, 66 insects, 676

dicots, 69 monocots, 28 ferns, 3 conifers/cycads, 2 corals, and 2 lichens) that may be affected 

either directly and/or indirectly by triflumizole applications (Appendix J Table 36). However, 

only 159 species (76 mammals, 80 birds, 0 fish, 1 crustacean, and 2 corals) were directly 

affected by triflumizole applications (Appendix J Table 37). The biological, geographical, 

and use pattern information outlined above will be necessary to refine the assessment.

An uncertainty in these species counts is that LOCATES does not have a use category for 

ornamental nursery uses. Therefore, these species counts do not include species potentially 

affected by ornamental nursery uses that were not already included in the totals for the other 

uses.
Chapter 5: Uncertainties

78

Chapter 5 Uncertainties

A description of assumptions, uncertainties, strengths, and limitations of the basic risk 

assessment performed is described in Chapter 6 of the Agency’s Overview Document (EPA, 

2004) and include those related to exposure for all taxa, those related to exposure for aquatic

species, those related to exposure for terrestrial animals, those related to the effects 

assessment, and those associated with the acute LOC values. This Chapter discusses 

additional uncertainties associated with refinements made to the basic risk assessment.

Environmental Fate Uncertainties

The aerobic soil metabolism half-life input parameter was calculated for the parent and 

degradates. The submitted laboratory studies, however, suggest that one of degradates is 

potentially volatile. Volatilization may be the major route of dissipation for this degradate. 

The soil drench rate provided by BEAD for container-grown and bed-grown ornamentals was 

13.6 lbs. a.i. per acre and 18.15 lbs a.i. per acre, respectively. Since this rate is applied to the 

pots that are packed “can-tight” and not directly to the soil, the percent of applied 

radioactivity (2.21%) found in the leachate from the column leaching study on sandy soil 

(MRID 40602601) was utilized to calculate the rate applied to the soil. For example, 18.15 

lbs per acre x 0.0221 = 0.4 lbs per acre.

In addition, it is assumed that treated pots would be placed outdoors immediately after the 

drench application. If the treated pots remain indoors and/or the applied triflumizole is taken 

up by the potted plants, the residual triflumizole would be less than the modeled application 

rate and consequently exposure in surface water would be less than the reported values. 

Additionally, exposure assessments were performed based on one seasonal application rate 

for the drench method. Indoor potted plants can be grown several times within a year. If this 

chemical is applied to multiple batches of potted plants and placed outdoors during the 

growing season, exposure would be higher than the reported values in Table 3. In addition, 

exposure would be higher or lower based on residence time of treated potted plants remain 

outdoors before planting or distributing to retailers.

Because there were no aerobic aquatic metabolism studies submitted by the registrant, the 

half-lives of these degradation pathways were conservatively estimated as stable (no 

degradation). These studies were not requested in the registration review problem 

formulation because aquatic risks had not been identified in previous risk assessments. 
Chapter 5: Uncertainties

79

However, aquatic risks were identified in this assessment with a maximum aquatic risk 

quotient (RQ) of 0.08, which on slightly exceeds the Agency’s level of concern of 0.05. 

Potentially, submitting these studies would allow less conservative EECs to be used in risk 

assessment, which would likely alleviate aquatic listed species concerns.

Environmental Effects Uncertainties

A major uncertainty involves the presence of a tier I ryegrass seedling emergence study that 

shows a statistically significant 23% reduction in biomass at the only concentration tested 

without a corresponding tier II ryegrass seedling emergence study to estimate the 

concentration where limited effects occur (EC05). Conducting such a tier II study would 

likely eliminate concerns for listed and non-listed plant species.

Another major uncertainty involves the avian data from which avian and herpatofauna risk is 

assessed. The avian acute dose and dietary studies produced non-definitive endpoints with 

the highest concentrations tested being insufficient to preclude risks at the EECs predicted 

for some triflumizole uses. Re-testing at higher concentrations would likely alleviate avian 

listed species concerns.

5.0.1Label Uncertainties

There are several instances were the label is not clear in terms of application rate and/or 

method. Therefore, there is uncertainty in terms of potential exposure for some registered 

uses of triflumizole. Many of the labels specify a maximum application rate in terms of 

lbs./gallon of spray solution rather than lbs./acre. This is acceptable for dip treatments (e.g., 

pineapple use in triflumizole’s case). However, The Terraguard 50W label (Reg. # 400-431) 

and Terraguard 50WP label (Reg. # 400-502) specify all uses as lbs./gallon. The Terraguard 

50SC label (Reg. # 400-521) specifies almost all uses as lbs./gallon or lbs./pot. The Procure 

labels did not have this problem. Similarly, reapplication intervals and maximum number of 

application information was not evident on the Terraguard labels, but was only missing for a 

few of the Procure labeled uses.

5.0.2Differences between acute oral dose and acute dietary dose

In general, the dose-based approach assumes that the uptake and absorption kinetics of a 

gavage toxicity study approximate the absorption associated with uptake from a dietary 

matrix. Toxic response is a function of duration and intensity of exposure. Absorption 

kinetics across the gut and enzymatic activation/deactivation of a toxicant may be important 

and are likely variable across chemicals and species. The dietary-based approach assumes 

that animals in the field are consuming food at a rate similar to that of confined laboratory 
Chapter 5: Uncertainties

80

animals. Energy content in food items differs between the field and the laboratory and so do 

the energy requirements of wild and captive animals. The Wildlife Exposure Factors 

Handbook can provide insights into energy requirements of animals in the wild as well as 

energy content of their diets (USEPA, 1993).

5.0.3Incomplete Life Histories and Locations of Listed Species

Currently, an approved database of the complete life histories for each of the listed animals 

and plants is not available. These life histories would include information such as body size 

at each life stage, food sources, relationships with other taxa, habitat, and dietary habits. As 

such, conservative assumptions were assumed concerning the potential relationships between 

species in that each species was assumed to have a reliant/obligate relationship with the other 

taxa. This is assumed to be an overestimation of the actual species that have an obligate or 

species dependant relationship. In addition, the location(s) of these listed species is not 

known in some cases beyond county-level. If the location of a species was not known 

beyond county level, the species was assumed to occur anywhere within that county at any 

time. This assumption may lead to an overestimation of co-occurrence with triflumizole 

exposure and overestimation of the number of species potentially at risk.

5.0.4Use of the Most Sensitive Species Tested

Although the screening-level risk assessment relies on a selected toxicity endpoint from the 

most sensitive species tested, it does not necessarily mean that the selected toxicity endpoints 

reflect sensitivity of the most sensitive species existing in a given environment. The relative 

position of the most sensitive species tested in the distribution of all possible species is a 

function of the overall variability among species to a particular chemical. In the case of 

listed species, there is uncertainty regarding the relationship of the listed species’ sensitivity 

and the most sensitive species tested.

The Agency is not limited to a base set of surrogate toxicity information in establishing risk 

assessment conclusions. The Agency also considers toxicity data on non-standard test species 

when available.

5.0.5Spray Drift Modeling

It is unlikely that the same organism would be exposed to the maximum amount of spray 

drift from every application made. Variations in topography, cover, and meteorological 

conditions over the transport distance are not accounted for by the AgDRIFT model (i.e., it 

models spray drift from aerial and ground applications in a flat area with little to no ground 

cover and a steady, constant wind speed and direction). Therefore, in most cases, the drift 
Chapter 5: Uncertainties

81

estimates from AgDRIFT may overestimate exposure, especially as the distance increases 

from the site of application, since the model does not account for potential obstructions (e.g., 

large hills, berms, buildings, trees, etc.). Furthermore, conservative assumptions are made 

regarding the droplet size distributions being modeled (was set to the default ‘ASAE Very 

Fine to Fine’), the application method (i.e., aerial), release heights and wind speeds (also set 

to the default values of 10 ft and 10 mph respectively for aerial application; the height for 

ground application was set to the default ‘high boom’). Alterations in any of these inputs 

would decrease the area of potential effect

5.0.6Endocrine Disrupter 

EPA is required under the FFDCA, as amended by FQPA, to develop a screening program to 

determine whether certain substances (including all pesticide active and other ingredients) 

“may have an effect in humans that is similar to an effect produced by a naturally occurring 

estrogen, or other such endocrine effects as the Administrator may designate.” Following 

the recommendations of its Endocrine Disruptor Screening and Testing Advisory Committee 

(EDSTAC), EPA determined that there were scientific bases for including, as part of the 

program, androgen and thyroid hormone systems, in addition to the estrogen hormone 

system. EPA also adopted EDSTAC’s recommendation that the Program include evaluations 

of potential effects in wildlife. When the appropriate screening and/or testing protocols 

being considered under the Agency’s Endocrine Disrupter Screening Program (EDSP) have 

been developed and vetted, “triflumizole” may be subjected to additional screening and/or 

testing to better characterize effects related to endocrine disruption.
Chapter 3 Effects Characterization

82

Chapter 6 References

Markoglou, A., Ziogas, B.. SBI-fungicides : fungicidal effectiveness and resistance in 

Botrytis cinerea. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, North America, 41, Aug. 2002. 

Available at: http://www.fupress.net/index.php/pm/article/view/1663. Date accessed: 

17 May. 2013.

Roberts, T.; Hutson, D. Metabolic Pathways of Agrochemicals - Part 2: Insecticides and 

Fungicides, 1st ed.; The Royal Society of Chemistry: Cambridge, UK, 1999; pp 638-

644.

USEPA. 2005. PRZM-3, A Model for Predicting Pesticide and Nitrogen Fate in the Crop 

Root and Unsaturated Soil Zones: Users Manual for Release 3.12.2 May 2005.

USEPA. 2007. EFED Problem Formulation for Triflumizole Registration Review. U.S. 

Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic 

Substances, Office of Pesticide Programs, Environmental Fate and Effects Division,

March 22, 2007.

USEPA. 2009. Guidance for Selecting Input Parameters in Modeling the Environmental 

Fate and Transport of Pesticides, Version 2.1. U.S. Environmental Protection 

Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, Office of Pesticide 

Programs, Environmental Fate and Effects Division, October 22, 2009. 

USEPA. 2012. Water Models. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Pesticides: Science 

and Policy. Online at: http://www.epa.gov/oppefed1/models/water/

Janssen R & D, Incorporated (1980) Target Area Plant Toxicity Testing. (Compilation; 

unpublished study, including published data, received Feb 24, 1982 under 43813-1; 

CDL:070700-C)

Fisher, D.; Hayes, A. (1982) Effects of some systemic imidazole and triazole fungicides on 

white clover and symbiotic nitrogen fixation by Rhizobium trifolii. Annals of Applied 

Biology 101(1): 19-24.

United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2007. Triflumizole (PC 128879) 

Health Effects Division (HED) Scoping Assessment for Registration Review. In 

Triflumizole Summary Document Registration Review Docket March 2007. Docket 

Number: EPA-HQ-OPP-2006-0115-0003. www.regulations.gov

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) and National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS). 

1998. Endangered Species Consultation Handbook Procedures for Conducting 
Chapter 3 Effects Characterization

83

Consultation and Conference Activities Under Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act. 

Final Draft. March 1998.
Chapter 3 Effects Characterization

84

Appendix A: Chemical Name and Structure of Triflumizole and its Degradates of 

Potential Concern

Common Name/Number Chemical Structure

Triflumizole

[1-(4-chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl) imino-2-

propoxyethyl]-1H-imidazole

Metabolite FA-1-1

4-chloro-2-trifluoromethylaniline moiety

Metabolite FM-3-1

Metabolite FM-5-1

(E)-N-(4-chloro-α, α, α-trifluoromethylphenyl-N-formyl)-

propoxyacetamidine

Metabolite FM-6-1

N-(4-chloro-2-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-imino-1-

propoxyethylamine)

Metabolite FM-8-1

N-(4-chloro-2-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-imino-2-

methonolamine

N

N

C

H2

N C

CF3

O

CH2 CH2 CH3

H2N Cl

F3C

Cl

CF3

N C

H2C

NH2

OH

CF3

N

Cl

C CH2OC3H7

NH2

Cl

CF3

N C

H2C

NH2

OH
Chapter 3 Effects Characterization

85

Common Name/Number Chemical Structure

Metabolite FD-2-1

4-chloro-2-trifluoromethylphenyl-hydroxyacetanilide

Metabolite FD-1-1

N-(4-chloro-2-trifluoromethylphenyl)-2-propoxyacetamide 

or (4-chloro-2-trifluoromethyl-propoxyacetanilide)

Metabolite M-1

N-[4-Chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-N-hydroxy-2-

propoxyacetamide

Total Toxic Residue (TTR) Half-Life Calculations

TTR calculations

CF3

H

N

Cl

C CH2OH

O

Cl

CF3

H

N CH2OC3H7

Cl

F

F F

N

OH

O

O

CH3
Chapter 3 Effects Characterization

86

APPENDIX B: MARC Memorandum – D280869 

HED Records Center Series 361 Science Reviews- File R042014- Page 2 of 5 

UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460 

OPP OFFICIAl RECORD 

HEALTH EFFECTS DIVISION 

SCIENTIFIC DATA REVIEWS 

EPA SERIES 361 

OFFlCE OF 

PREVENTION. Pf:STICI"JES, AND 

TOXIC SUE1ST ANCES 

MEMORANDUM 

DATE: 

SUBJECT: 

FROM: 

THROUGH: 

TO: 

Attendance 

13-MAR-2002 

Triflumizole. Results of the Health Effects Division (HED) Metabolism 

Assessment Review Committee (MARC) Meeting of2/26/02. Barcode D280869. 

Chemical128879. Case 292400. Submission S588963. TXR# 0050485. 

Jennifer R. Tyler, CbcmistA' ·· · Q ·~:1?~ Registration Action Brancht(~n'JED (~9C) 

G. Jetrrey Herndon, Branch Senior Scientist J?A n/JIJ/IJAj/,.} j_ '/".b1 

RABI/HED (7509C) 'JlEf ff/J "f 0'-{81 

and 

Christine Olinger, Chair 

HED MARC (7509C) 

Yan Donovan, Executive Secretary 

RED MARC (7509C) 

1. MARC Members: 

Abdallah Khasawinah, Clu'istinc Olinger,Yan Donovan, Bill Wassell, Rick Loranger, 

Norman Birchfield, Leung Cheng, Leonard Keifer, Sheila Piper 

2. MARC Members in Absentia: 

Alberto Protzel, David Nixon, John Doherty 

3. Scientists (non-MARC members): 

Jennifer Tyler, G. Jeffrey Herndon, Santhini Ramasarny 
Chapter 3 Effects Characterization

87

HED Records Center Series 361 Science Reviews ·File R042014 - Page 3 of 5 

Material Reviewed 

The MARC reviewed and discussed the material in the Issues Memorandum of Jennifer Tyler 

and David Nixon (Memo, 2/26/02; D280867) including the results of the rotational crop, 

analytical methodology, and magnitude of the residue studies for triflumizole, [1-(4-chloro-2-

(trifluoromethyl)phenyl) im.ino-2-propoxyethyl]-IH-imidazole. In addition, the MARC reviewed 

pertinent toxicological and environmental fate data. 

Committee Responses to Questions in Briefmg Memo 

1. What are the residues of concern in rotational crops? 

The Committee determined that the residues of concern in rotational crops for risk assessment 

and tolerance expression are the parent triflumizole and all metabolites containing the 4-chloro2-trifluoromethylaniline moiety. The majority of the individual mc::labolites identified in the 

rotational crops contained the 4-chloro-2-trifluoromethylaniline moiety, and would therefore be 

included under the current tolerance expression. These metabolites could be potentially 

converted by the current enforcement method to the common moiety F A-1-1 and expressed in 

terms of triflumizole. The MARC determined that, judging from the chemical structures of the 

metabolites, it is unlikely that the major metabolites in the rotational crop studies are of less 

toxicological concern than the parent compound, with the exception of Metabolite XIV (wheat 

studies). Although Metabolite XIV (4-hydroxy-2-hexenoic acid) is a major metabolite in rotated 

wheat grain (47.5% TRR) and it cannot be determined by the current enforcement method, the 

MARC determined that it is not of toxicological concern based on its SAR. 

2. What are the metabolites of concern in drinking water? 

The major degradates oftriflumizole are the 4-chloro-2-trifluorometbylaniline containing 

metabolites. For the same reasons as described in the above rotational crop section (see question 

I), the MARC recommended that parent and all metabolites containing the 4-chloro-2-

trifluoromethylaniline moiety should be included in the drinking water assessment. 

Additional comments: The Committee concluded that there was no need to revisit the residues 

of concern in primary crops and livestock. The MARC concurred with the current tolerance 

expressions for plants and livestock as stated in 40 CFR § 180.476. 

2 
Chapter 3 Effects Characterization

88

HED Records Center Series 361 Science Reviews - File R042014 - Page 4 of 5 

Conclusions 

Ghemi10al; · Triflumi?.ole -, ; ' "' .. : ,:,.· 

~ Y·;'-!;~ • 

Date: ,/ : / Z6:-'FebnU!ry-2Q02 " ' ' v~:;·; .-,~-.+·· '' \ 

'' . -o. , • . ~ 

. ' ~ ~ 

Resid~~ ofCo.ncem . •·• :">:;;,,:>' : . .. .. :''t ' 

' . :,!', ··, '. ·.•· 

· ..... _; 

Matnx •: §' Fo.r Risk Assessment '' ... ' ' 

· fior Tolerance Expt~sion 

Plants Parent, and all metabolites containing Parent, and all metabolites containing 

the 4-cbloro-2-trifluoromethylaniline the 4-chloro-2-trifluoromethylaniline 

moiety moiety' 

Livestock Parent, the metabolite 4-chloro-2- Parent, the metabolite 4-chloro-2-

hydroxy-6-trifluoromethylaniline hydroxy-6--trifluoromethylaniline 

sulfate, and other metabolites sulfate, and other metabolites 

containing the 4-chloro-2- containing the 4-chloro-2-

trifluoromethylaniline moiety trifluoromethylaniline moiety 2 

Rotational Parent, and all metabolites containing Parent, and all metabolites containing 

crop the 4-chloro-2-trifluoromethylani line the 4-chloro-2-trifluoromethylaniline 

moiety moiety 

Water Parent, and all metabolites containing NIA 

the 4-chloro-2-trif!uoromethylaniline 

moiety 

1. Asstated m 40 CFR §180.476(a). 

2. As stated in 40 CFR § !80.476(b). 

Attachments 

Attachment I. Chemical Names/Codes and Structures of Triflumizole Residues Mentioned in 

this Memorandum. 

cc (wl attachment): Mary Waller/Summer Gardner-Jenkins (RD 7505C), D. Griffith (BEAD 7503C), S. Ramasamy (EFED 7507C), J. Tyler, D. 

Nixon 

RDI: 0. Herndon (3/13/02), RABI Chemists (3n/02), 0. Kram<T (3nt02) 

J.Tyler: 8098: CM#2: (703)305-5564: 7509C: RABI 

3 
Chapter 3 Effects Characterization

89

HEO Records Center Series 361 Science Reviews- File R042014- Page 5 of 5 

Attachment 1. Chemical Names/Codes and Structures ofTriflumizole Residues Mentioned 

in this Memorandum. 

Copnnon Name/Number Chemical Strucrure 

Triflumizole CF3 [1-(4-chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl) imino-2-

r" ;--Q-a propoxyethyi)-IH-imidazole 

~N~ c-o 

Hl \ 

CH,CH,CH3 

Metabolite FA-l-l 

4-chloro-2-trifluoromethylaniline moiety F3C 

H,N_:o-CI 

4-chloro-2-hydroxy-6-trifluoromethylaniline sulfate 

H,N~I HO 

Metabolite XIV 

4-hydroxy-2-hexenoic acid £000" 

COOH 

HO 

4 
Chapter 3 Effects Characterization

90

APPENDIX C: Representative PRZM/EXAM Output – FL Nursery Scenario 

representing Landscape-Grown Ornamentals (Aerial Application) stored as FLNurseryALeco.out

Chemical: Triflumizole

PRZM environment: FLnurserySTD_V2.txt modified Tueday, 27 May 2008 at 10:22:34

EXAMS environment: pond298.exv modified Tueday, 26 August 2008 at 05:14:07

Metfile: w12839.dvf modified Tueday, 26 August 2008 at 05:14:20

Water segment concentrations (ppb)

Year Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly

1961 16.17 15.37 13.38 11.73 10.19 4.79

1962 12.31 11.81 10.56 8.64 8.57 5.30

1963 23.89 22.64 19.05 15.21 13.27 6.90

1964 19.38 18.94 16.87 14.86 13.69 7.53

1965 12.15 11.71 10.49 9.73 9.19 5.78

1966 23.24 22.13 19.12 16.06 14.44 7.83

1967 21.79 20.80 18.47 14.71 12.95 8.00

1968 36.84 35.68 32.71 28.45 25.03 12.48

1969 23.04 22.30 20.36 19.30 17.82 10.47

1970 27.40 26.44 22.47 17.59 15.25 8.84

1971 16.35 15.61 13.97 13.20 12.23 7.32

1972 30.35 29.36 26.75 22.67 19.85 10.14

1973 16.20 15.61 13.98 11.76 11.17 7.19

1974 17.50 16.92 14.31 11.39 10.75 6.24

1975 10.45 10.02 9.68 8.51 8.11 4.88

1976 20.42 19.67 17.63 14.74 13.50 7.08

1977 85.71 80.84 67.09 53.14 45.20 20.04

1978 21.21 20.54 19.08 17.67 16.34 11.21

1979 83.88 79.09 66.76 48.83 41.23 18.74

1980 18.61 18.18 17.23 15.28 13.92 9.68

1981 19.82 18.85 16.18 13.07 11.73 6.84

1982 45.18 43.14 40.54 33.02 28.87 13.29

1983 17.09 16.41 14.46 12.85 12.24 8.16

1984 23.23 22.25 19.14 15.41 13.73 7.78

1985 12.84 12.33 10.86 10.22 9.80 6.32

1986 23.34 22.28 19.64 16.40 14.63 7.71

1987 15.01 14.35 12.90 11.10 10.54 6.25

1988 16.41 15.72 14.04 12.23 11.71 6.53

1989 10.49 10.28 9.35 8.58 8.59 5.28

1990 17.19 16.50 13.90 12.18 11.24 6.12

Sorted results

Prob. Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly

0.03 85.71 80.84 67.09 53.14 45.20 20.04

0.06 83.88 79.09 66.76 48.83 41.23 18.74

0.10 45.18 43.14 40.54 33.02 28.87 13.29

0.13 36.84 35.68 32.71 28.45 25.03 12.48

0.16 30.35 29.36 26.75 22.67 19.85 11.21

0.19 27.40 26.44 22.47 19.30 17.82 10.47

0.23 23.89 22.64 20.36 17.67 16.34 10.14

0.26 23.34 22.30 19.64 17.59 15.25 9.68

0.29 23.24 22.28 19.14 16.40 14.63 8.84

0.32 23.23 22.25 19.12 16.06 14.44 8.16

0.35 23.04 22.13 19.08 15.41 13.92 8.00

0.39 21.79 20.80 19.05 15.28 13.73 7.83

0.42 21.21 20.54 18.47 15.21 13.69 7.78

0.45 20.42 19.67 17.63 14.86 13.50 7.71

0.48 19.82 18.94 17.23 14.74 13.27 7.53

0.52 19.38 18.85 16.87 14.71 12.95 7.32

0.55 18.61 18.18 16.18 13.20 12.24 7.19

0.58 17.50 16.92 14.46 13.07 12.23 7.08

0.61 17.19 16.50 14.31 12.85 11.73 6.90

0.65 17.09 16.41 14.04 12.23 11.71 6.84

0.68 16.41 15.72 13.98 12.18 11.24 6.53

0.71 16.35 15.61 13.97 11.76 11.17 6.32

0.74 16.20 15.61 13.90 11.73 10.75 6.25

0.77 16.17 15.37 13.38 11.39 10.54 6.24

0.81 15.01 14.35 12.90 11.10 10.19 6.12

0.84 12.84 12.33 10.86 10.22 9.80 5.78

0.87 12.31 11.81 10.56 9.73 9.19 5.30

0.90 12.15 11.71 10.49 8.64 8.59 5.28

0.94 10.49 10.28 9.68 8.58 8.57 4.88

0.97 10.45 10.02 9.35 8.51 8.11 4.79

0.10 44.35 42.39 39.76 32.56 28.49 13.21

Average of ye 8.49

Inputs generated by pe5.pl - Novemeber 2006

Data used for this run:

Output File: FLNurseryALeco

Metfile: w12839.dvf

PRZM scenario: FLnurserySTD_V2.txt

EXAMS environment file: pond298.exv

Chemical Name: Triflumizole

Description Variable NamValue Units Comments

Molecular weight mwt 345.75 g/mol

Henry's Law Const. henry 5.20E-08 atm-m^3/mol

Vapor Pressure vapr 1.43E-06 torr

Solubility sol 12.5 mg/L

Kd Kd mg/L

Koc Koc 1229 mg/L

Photolysis half-life kdp 12.7 days Half-life

Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism kbacw 88.4 days Halfife

Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism kbacs 426 days Halfife

Aerobic Soil Metabolism asm 44.2 days Halfife

Hydrolysis: pH 7 2767 days Half-life

Method: CAM 2 integer See PRZM manual

Incorporation Depth: DEPI cm

Application Rate: TAPP 1.12 kg/ha

Application Efficiency: APPEFF 0.95 fraction

Spray Drift DRFT 0.05 fraction of application rate applied to pond

Application Date Date 15-04 dd/mm or dd/mmm or dd-mm or dd-mmm

Interval 1 interval 7 days Set to 0 or delete line for single app.

app. rate 1 apprate 1.12 kg/ha

Interval 2 interval 7 days Set to 0 or delete line for single app.

app. rate 2 apprate 1.12 kg/ha

Record 17: FILTRA

IPSCND 3

UPTKF

Record 18: PLVKRT

PLDKRT

FEXTRC 0.5

Flag for Index Res. Run IR EPA Pond

Flag for runoff calc. RUNOFF none none, monthly or total(average of entire run)
Chapter 3 Effects Characterization

91

Appendix D. Foliar Dissapation Half-life Data (Used in T-REX Modeling)

The registrant submitted a Greenhouse Foliar Degradation Studyfor triflumizole (MRID 

48244601) that provided both parent alone and parent plus degradate values for alfalfa 

foliage, clover foliage, dwarf fescue (a short grass), green bean foliage, Lettuce, ryegrass (a 

short grass), soybean leaves, strawberry foliage, tomato foliage, wheat foliage (a tall grass). 

A review of this data was conducted in an effort to determine an appropriate foliar 

dissipation half-life for input into the T-REX model. Graphs of the fitted degradation curves 

(actually lines in the graphs due to a log-transformation of the y-axis) are presented in 

Appendix Table D-1.

Broadleaf Plants

Alfalfa Foliage Clover Foliage

Green Bean Foliage Lettuce1

Soybean Foliage Strawberry Foliage

y = 60.79e-0.053x

R2 = 0.8602

y = 55.505e-0.018x

R2 = 0.2511

1

10

100

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Concentration (ppm)

Days

Triflumizole Alone

With Metabolite Residue

y = 81.675e-0.056x

R2 = 0.9411

y = 72.77e-0.031x

R2 = 0.883

1

10

100

1000

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Concentration (ppm)

Days

Triflumizole Alone

With Metabolite Residue

y = 67.401e-0.071x

R2 = 0.9843

y = 56.972e-0.049x

R2 = 0.9515

1

10

100

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Concentration (ppm)

Days

Triflumizole Alone

With Metabolite Residue

y = 24.635e-0.068x

R2 = 0.5526

y = 20.382e-0.093x

R2 = 0.6601

1

10

100

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Concentration (ppm)

Days

Triflumizole Alone

With Metabolite Residue

y = 107.24e-0.087x

R2 = 0.9221

y = 112.95e-0.027x

R2 = 0.6083

1

10

100

1000

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Concentration (ppm)

Days

Triflumizole Alone

With Metabolite Residue

y = 57.854e-0.122x

R2 = 0.965

0.1

1

10

100

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Concentration (ppm)

Days

Triflumizole Alone
Chapter 3 Effects Characterization

92

Tomato Foliage

Short Grass

Dwarf Fescue Ryegrass

Tall Grass

Wheat Foliage

1 Lettuce and strawberry data were not used in deriving the foliar dissipation half-life used in the assessment 

(see Section X)..

y = 57.363e-0.064x

R2 = 0.9447

y = 41.499e-0.043x

R2 = 0.8283

1

10

100

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Concentration (ppm)

Days

Triflumizole Alone

With Metabolite Residue

y = 52.682e-0.069x

R2 = 0.9355

y = 31.662e-0.033x

R2 = 0.5061

1

10

100

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Concentration (ppm)

Days

Triflumizole Alone

With Metabolite Residue

y = 57.875e-0.064x

R2 = 0.8189

y = 44.361e-0.042x

R2 = 0.5612

1

10

100

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Concentration (ppm)

Days

Triflumizole Alone

With Metabolite Residue

y = 58.808e-0.061x

R2 = 0.9215

y = 60.466e-0.056x

R2 = 0.9273

1

10

100

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Concentration (ppm)

Days

Triflumizole Alone

With Metabolite Residue
Chapter 3 Effects Characterization

93

Appendix E. Risk Quotients for Taxa and Risk Categories that Did Not Exceed LOCs 

for any Scenario.

In an effort to streamline the risk assessment document, tables of RQs for which LOCs were 

not exceeded by any scenario were removed from the main document and are presented here.

Avian Effects

Appendix Table E-1 Upper bound chronic dietary-based RQ values for birds for 

application of triflumizole on selected crops which cover the span of registered label 

rates

Application Rate (crop)

Dietary-Based RQs (unitless)

Dietary Item

Short Grass Tall Grass

Broadleaf 

plants/ sm 

insects

Fruits/

pods/seeds/ lg 

insects

Grapes – 0.25 lb a.i./A @ 4 apps/14-d interval 0.15 0.07 0.08 0.01

Apples and Pears – 0.5 lb a.i./A @4 apps/10-d interval 0.33 0.15 0.19 0.02

Cherries – 0.5 lb a.i./A @ 6 apps /7-d interval 0.47 0.21 0.26 0.03

Cucurbits – 0.25 lb a.i./A @ 5-apps /7-d interval 0.21 0.10 0.12 0.01

Hazelnuts – 0.1875 lb a.i./A @ 6 apps/ 10-d interval 0.15 0.07 0.08 0.01

Strawberries – 0.25 lb a.i./A @ 4 apps/ 14-d interval 0.15 0.07 0.08 0.01

Leafy Greens – 0.25 lb a.i./A @3 apps/ 14-d interval 0.13 0.06 0.07 0.01

Hops – 0.375 lb a.i./A @ 3 apps/ 14-d interval 0.19 0.09 0.11 0.01

Papaya – 0.3125 lb a.i./A @ 3 apps/ 14-d interval 0.06 0.02 0.03 <0.01

Ornamentals - 1 lb a.i./A @ 3 apps/ 7-d interval 0.60 0.28 0.34 0.04
Chapter 3 Effects Characterization

94

Appendix Table E-2. Acute RQ values for freshwater and estuarine-marine fish and invertebrates based on acute exposure 

concentrations in receiving water.

Proposed Label Use

PRZM/EXAMS

Scenario

(first app date)

Method2

Maximum 

Application Rate

(interval between 

applications)

Peak

EEC

(μg/L)

Acute 

Freshwater 

Fish RQs1

Acute 

Estuarine 

/Marine 

Fish RQs2

Acute 

Freshwater 

Invertebrat

e RQs3

Acute 

Estuarine/ 

Marine 

Invertebrat

e RQs4

Grapes CA Grapes

July 13 – foliar) G 4 app @ 0.25 lb a.i./acre(14 days) 1.81 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

NY Grapes

August 27 – foliar) G 4 app @ 0.25 lb a.i./acre(14 days) 7.49 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

Apples 

Pears

NC Apples

(September 14 – foliar) A 4 app @ 0.50 lb a.i./acre(7, 10, 10, 14 days) 27.58 0.05 0.02 0.02 0.05

NC Apples

(September 14 – foliar) G 4 app @ 0.50 lb a.i./acre(7, 10, 10 days) 25.05 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.04

OR Apples

(September 20 – foliar) A 4 app @ 0.50 lb a.i./acre(7, 10, 10 days) 13.42 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.02

OR Apples

(September 20 – foliar) G 4 app @ 0.50 lb a.i./acre(7, 10, 10 days) 10.12 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.02

PA Apples

(September 04 – foliar) A 4 app @ 0.50 lb a.i./acre(7, 10, 10 days) 16.23 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.03

PA Apples

(September 04 – foliar) G 4 app @ 0.50 lb a.i./acre(7, 10, 10 days) 13.36 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.02

CA Fruit

(June 21 – foliar) A 4 app @ 0.50 lb a.i./acre(7, 10, 10 days) 6.62 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01

CA Fruit

(June 21 – foliar) G 4 app @ 0.50 lb a.i./acre(7, 10, 10 days) 5.43 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01

Cherries MI Cherries

(June 15 – foliar) A 6 app @ 0.50 lb a.i./acre(7 days) 26.29 0.05 0.02 0.02 0.04

MI Cherries

(June 15 – foliar) G 6 app @ 0.50 lb a.i./acre(7 days) 20.47 0.04 0.01 0.01 0.03

Cucurbits FL Cucumber

(November 05 – foliar) A 5 app @ 0.25 lb a.i./acre(7 days) 15.34 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.03

FL Cucumber

(November 05 – foliar) G 5 app @ 0.25 lb a.i./acre(7 days) 14.61 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.02

Hazelnuts

(Filberts)

CA Almonds

(July 07 – foliar) A 5.3 app @ 0.1875 lb a.i./acre(10 days) 6.30 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01
Chapter 3 Effects Characterization

95

Proposed Label Use

PRZM/EXAMS

Scenario

(first app date)

Method2

Maximum 

Application Rate

(interval between 

applications)

Peak

EEC

(μg/L)

Acute 

Freshwater 

Fish RQs1

Acute 

Estuarine 

/Marine 

Fish RQs2

Acute 

Freshwater 

Invertebrat

e RQs3

Acute 

Estuarine/ 

Marine 

Invertebrat

e RQs4

CA Almonds

(July 07 – foliar) G 5.3 app @ 0.1875 lb a.i./acre(10 days) 5.62 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01

GA Pecans

(July 25 – foliar) A 5.3 app @ 0.1875 lb a.i./acre(10 days) 10.53 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.02

GA Pecans

(July 25 – foliar) G 5.3 app @ 0.1875 lb a.i./acre(10 days) 9.57 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.02

Strawberries FL Strawberries

(January 03 – foliar) A 8 app @ 0.25 lb a.i./acre(14 days) 16.81 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.03

FL Strawberries

(January 03 – foliar) G 8 app @ 0.25 lb a.i./acre(14 days) 15.13 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.03

Brassica Leafy Greens

Head, Stem Brassicas

Leafy Greens

CA Lettuce

(March 31 – foliar) A 2.25 app @ 0.25 lb a.i./acre(14 days) 4.35 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01

CA Lettuce

(March 31 – foliar) G 2.25 app @ 0.25 lb a.i./acre(14 days) 4.02 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01

Hops OR Hops

July 28 - foliar A 3 app @ 0.375 lb a.i./acre(14 days) 6.20 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01

OR Hops

July 28 - foliar G 3 app @ 0.375 lb a.i./acre(14 days) 4.51 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01

Papayas FL Citrus

November 19 - foliar A 2.4 app @ 0.3125 lb a.i./acre(14 days) 5.73 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01

FL Citrus

November 19 - foliar G 2.4 app @ 0.3125 lb a.i./acre(14 days) 5.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01

Ornamentals 

(landscape grown 

ornamental trees, 

shrubs and non-bearing 

apples, pears, and 

grapes)

CA Nursery

April 15 - foliar A 3 app @ 1.0 lb a.i./acre(7 days) 15.72 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.03

CA Nursery

April 15 - foliar G 3 app @ 1.0 lb a.i./acre(7 days) 13.42 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.02

FL Nursery

April 15 - foliar A 3 app @ 1.0 lb a.i./acre(7 days) 44.35 0.08 0.03 0.03 0.07

FL Nursery

April 15 – foliar G 3 app @ 1.0 lb a.i./acre(7 days) 41.01 0.07 0.03 0.03 0.07

MI Nursery

April 15 – foliar A 3 app @ 1.0 lb a.i./acre(7 days) 19.94 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.03
Chapter 3 Effects Characterization

96

Proposed Label Use

PRZM/EXAMS

Scenario

(first app date)

Method2

Maximum 

Application Rate

(interval between 

applications)

Peak

EEC

(μg/L)

Acute 

Freshwater 

Fish RQs1

Acute 

Estuarine 

/Marine 

Fish RQs2

Acute 

Freshwater 

Invertebrat

e RQs3

Acute 

Estuarine/ 

Marine 

Invertebrat

e RQs4

MI Nursery

April 15 – foliar G 3 app @ 1.0 lb a.i./acre(7 days) 13.36 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.02

NJ Nursery

April 15 - foliar A 3 app @ 1.0 lb a.i./acre(7 days) 25.13 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.04

NJ Nursery

April 15 - foliar G 3 app @ 1.0 lb a.i./acre(7 days) 20.59 0.04 0.01 0.01 0.03

OR Nursery

April 15 - foliar A 3 app @ 1.0 lb a.i./acre(7 days) 11.86 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.02

OR Nursery

April 15 - foliar G 3 app @ 1.0 lb a.i./acre(7 days) 4.80 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01

TN Nursery

April 15 - foliar A 3 app @ 1.0 lb a.i./acre(7 days) 28.55 0.05 0.02 0.02 0.05

TN Nursery

April 15 - foliar G 3 app @ 1.0 lb a.i./acre(7 days) 22.97 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.04

Ornamentals (all) CA Nursery

April 15 - foliar A 1 app @ 2.0 lb a.i./acre 12.68 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.02

CA Nursery

April 15 - foliar G 1 app @ 2.0 lb a.i./acre 10.65 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.02

FL Nursery

April 15 - foliar A 1 app @ 2.0 lb a.i./acre 37.39 0.06 0.03 0.03 0.06

FL Nursery

April 15 – foliar G 1 app @ 2.0 lb a.i./acre 35.12 0.06 0.03 0.03 0.06

MI Nursery

April 15 – foliar A 1 app @ 2.0 lb a.i./acre 13.52 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.02

MI Nursery

April 15 – foliar G 1 app @ 2.0 lb a.i./acre 9.47 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.02

NJ Nursery

April 15 - foliar A 1 app @ 2.0 lb a.i./acre 17.75 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.03

NJ Nursery

April 15 - foliar G 1 app @ 2.0 lb a.i./acre 14.10 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.02

OR Nursery

April 15 – foliar A 1 app @ 2.0 lb a.i./acre 8.86 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01
Chapter 3 Effects Characterization

97

Proposed Label Use

PRZM/EXAMS

Scenario

(first app date)

Method2

Maximum 

Application Rate

(interval between 

applications)

Peak

EEC

(μg/L)

Acute 

Freshwater 

Fish RQs1

Acute 

Estuarine 

/Marine 

Fish RQs2

Acute 

Freshwater 

Invertebrat

e RQs3

Acute 

Estuarine/ 

Marine 

Invertebrat

e RQs4

OR Nursery

April 15 - foliar G 1 app @ 2.0 lb a.i./acre 3.55 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01

TN Nursery

April 15 - foliar A 1 app @ 2.0 lb a.i./acre 18.93 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.03

TN Nursery

April 15 - foliar G 1 app @ 2.0 lb a.i./acre 14.97 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.02

Ornamentals 

(container-grown)

CA Nursery

April 15 – soil drench S 1 app @ 0.30 lb a.i./acre 1.49 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

FL Nursery

April 15 - soil drench S 1 app @ 0.30 lb a.i./acre 5.18 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01

MI Nursery

April 15 – soil drench S 1 app @ 0.30 lb a.i./acre 1.27 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

NJ Nursery

April 15 - soil drench S 1 app @ 0.30 lb a.i./acre 1.98 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

OR Nursery

April 15 – soil drench S 1 app @ 0.30 lb a.i./acre 0.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

TN Nursery

April 15 - soil drench S 1 app @ 0.30 lb a.i./acre 2.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Ornamentals 

(bed-grown)

CA Nursery

April 15 – soil drench S 1 app @ 0.40 lb a.i./acre 1.98 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

FL Nursery

April 15 - soil drench S 1 app @ 0.40 lb a.i./acre 6.90 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01

MI Nursery

April 15 – soil drench S 1 app @ 0.40 lb a.i./acre 1.69 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

NJ Nursery

April 15 - soil drench S 1 app @ 0.40 lb a.i./acre 2.63 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

OR Nursery

April 15 – soil drench S 1 app @ 0.40 lb a.i./acre 0.44 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

TN Nursery

April 15 - soil drench S 1 app @ 0.40 lb a.i./acre 2.80 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Pineapples GENEEC -- 1 app @ 2.0 lb a.i./acre 34.15 0.06 0.02 0.02 0.06
Chapter 3 Effects Characterization

98

Appendix Table E-3. Chronic RQ values for freshwater and estuarine-marine fish and invertebrates based on acute exposure 

concentrations in receiving water.

Proposed Label Use

PRZM/EXAMS

Scenario

(first app date)

Method2

Maximum 

Application Rate

(interval between 

applications)

21-day

EEC

(μg/L)

60-day

EEC

(μg/L)

Chronic 

Freshwater 

Fish RQs1

Chronic 

Estuarine 

/Marine 

Fish RQs2

Chronic 

Freshwater 

Invertebrate 

RQs3

Chronic 

Estuarine/ 

Marine 

Invertebrate 

RQs4

Grapes CA Grapes

July 13 – foliar) G 4 app @ 0.25 lb a.i./acre(14 days) 1.42 1.22 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.02

NY Grapes

August 27 – foliar) G 4 app @ 0.25 lb a.i./acre(14 days) 6.87 6.39 0.19 0.08 0.10 0.08

Apples 

Pears

NC Apples

(September 14 – foliar) A 4 app @ 0.50 lb a.i./acre(7, 10, 10, 14 days) 24.50 21.06 0.64 0.26 0.37 0.28

NC Apples

(September 14 – foliar) G 4 app @ 0.50 lb a.i./acre(7, 10, 10 days) 22.05 18.85 0.57 0.24 0.33 0.25

OR Apples

(September 20 – foliar) A 4 app @ 0.50 lb a.i./acre(7, 10, 10 days) 12.60 11.37 0.34 0.14 0.19 0.14

OR Apples

(September 20 – foliar) G 4 app @ 0.50 lb a.i./acre(7, 10, 10 days) 9.35 8.37 0.25 0.10 0.14 0.11

PA Apples

(September 04 – foliar) A 4 app @ 0.50 lb a.i./acre(7, 10, 10 days) 14.96 14.43 0.44 0.18 0.22 0.17

PA Apples

(September 04 – foliar) G 4 app @ 0.50 lb a.i./acre(7, 10, 10 days) 12.78 12.33 0.37 0.15 0.19 0.15

CA Fruit

(June 21 – foliar) A 4 app @ 0.50 lb a.i./acre(7, 10, 10 days) 5.46 4.48 0.14 0.06 0.08 0.06

CA Fruit

(June 21 – foliar) G 4 app @ 0.50 lb a.i./acre(7, 10, 10 days) 4.00 3.07 0.09 0.04 0.06 0.05

Cherries MI Cherries

(June 15 – foliar) A 6 app @ 0.50 lb a.i./acre(7 days) 22.91 20.37 0.62 0.25 0.34 0.26

MI Cherries

(June 15 – foliar) G 6 app @ 0.50 lb a.i./acre(7 days) 10.89 6.67 0.20 0.08 0.16 0.13

Cucurbits FL Cucumber

(November 05 – foliar) A 5 app @ 0.25 lb a.i./acre(7 days) 13.17 10.10 0.31 0.13 0.20 0.15

FL Cucumber

(November 05 – foliar) G 5 app @ 0.25 lb a.i./acre(7 days) 12.47 9.38 0.28 0.12 0.19 0.14

Hazelnuts

(Filberts)

CA Almonds

(July 07 – foliar) A 5.3 app @ 0.1875 lb a.i./acre 5.42 4.54 0.14 0.06 0.08 0.06
Chapter 3 Effects Characterization

99

Proposed Label Use

PRZM/EXAMS

Scenario

(first app date)

Method2

Maximum 

Application Rate

(interval between 

applications)

21-day

EEC

(μg/L)

60-day

EEC

(μg/L)

Chronic 

Freshwater 

Fish RQs1

Chronic 

Estuarine 

/Marine 

Fish RQs2

Chronic 

Freshwater 

Invertebrate 

RQs3

Chronic 

Estuarine/ 

Marine 

Invertebrate 

RQs4

(10 days)

CA Almonds

(July 07 – foliar) G

5.3 app @ 0.1875 lb 

a.i./acre

(10 days)

4.72 3.88 0.12 0.05 0.07 0.05

GA Pecans

(July 25 – foliar) A

5.3 app @ 0.1875 lb 

a.i./acre

(10 days)

8.96 7.41 0.22 0.09 0.13 0.10

GA Pecans

(July 25 – foliar) G

5.3 app @ 0.1875 lb 

a.i./acre

(10 days)

8.16 6.91 0.21 0.09 0.12 0.09

Strawberries FL Strawberries

(January 03 – foliar) A 8 app @ 0.25 lb a.i./acre(14 days) 15.32 13.54 0.41 0.17 0.23 0.18

FL Strawberries

(January 03 – foliar) G 8 app @ 0.25 lb a.i./acre(14 days) 13.51 11.81 0.36 0.15 0.20 0.16

Brassica Leafy Greens

Head, Stem Brassicas

Leafy Greens

CA Lettuce

(March 31 – foliar) A 2.25 app @ 0.25 lb a.i./acre(14 days) 3.82 3.31 0.10 0.04 0.06 0.04

CA Lettuce

(March 31 – foliar) G 2.25 app @ 0.25 lb a.i./acre(14 days) 3.43 2.86 0.09 0.04 0.05 0.04

Hops OR Hops

July 28 - foliar A 3 app @ 0.375 lb a.i./acre(14 days) 5.63 5.07 0.15 0.06 0.08 0.06

OR Hops

July 28 - foliar G 3 app @ 0.375 lb a.i./acre(14 days) 3.94 3.54 0.11 0.04 0.06 0.05

Papayas FL Citrus

November 19 - foliar A

2.4 app @ 0.3125 lb 

a.i./acre

(14 days)

4.92 4.01 0.12 0.05 0.07 0.06

FL Citrus

November 19 - foliar G

2.4 app @ 0.3125 lb 

a.i./acre

(14 days)

4.27 3.44 0.10 0.04 0.06 0.05

Ornamentals 

(landscape grown 

ornamental trees, 

shrubs and non-bearing 

CA Nursery

April 15 - foliar A 3 app @ 1.0 lb a.i./acre(7 days) 13.89 11.90 0.36 0.15 0.21 0.16

CA Nursery

April 15 - foliar G 3 app @ 1.0 lb a.i./acre(7 days) 11.24 9.17 0.28 0.11 0.17 0.13
Chapter 3 Effects Characterization

100

Proposed Label Use

PRZM/EXAMS

Scenario

(first app date)

Method2

Maximum 

Application Rate

(interval between 

applications)

21-day

EEC

(μg/L)

60-day

EEC

(μg/L)

Chronic 

Freshwater 

Fish RQs1

Chronic 

Estuarine 

/Marine 

Fish RQs2

Chronic 

Freshwater 

Invertebrate 

RQs3

Chronic 

Estuarine/ 

Marine 

Invertebrate 

RQs4

apples, pears, and 

grapes)

FL Nursery

April 15 - foliar A 3 app @ 1.0 lb a.i./acre(7 days) 39.76 32.56 0.99 0.41 0.59 0.46

FL Nursery

April 15 – foliar G 3 app @ 1.0 lb a.i./acre(7 days) 36.53 30.17 0.91 0.38 0.55 0.42

MI Nursery

April 15 – foliar A 3 app @ 1.0 lb a.i./acre(7 days) 18.33 16.33 0.49 0.20 0.27 0.21

MI Nursery

April 15 – foliar G 3 app @ 1.0 lb a.i./acre(7 days) 12.20 10.93 0.33 0.14 0.18 0.14

NJ Nursery

April 15 - foliar A 3 app @ 1.0 lb a.i./acre(7 days) 22.23 19.30 0.58 0.24 0.33 0.26

NJ Nursery

April 15 - foliar G 3 app @ 1.0 lb a.i./acre(7 days) 17.75 15.02 0.46 0.19 0.26 0.20

OR Nursery

April 15 - foliar A 3 app @ 1.0 lb a.i./acre(7 days) 10.42 9.44 0.29 0.12 0.16 0.12

OR Nursery

April 15 - foliar G 3 app @ 1.0 lb a.i./acre(7 days) 4.36 4.05 0.12 0.05 0.07 0.05

TN Nursery

April 15 - foliar A 3 app @ 1.0 lb a.i./acre(7 days) 23.25 19.76 0.60 0.25 0.35 0.27

TN Nursery

April 15 - foliar G 3 app @ 1.0 lb a.i./acre(7 days) 18.67 15.85 0.48 0.20 0.28 0.21

Ornamentals (all) CA Nursery

April 15 - foliar A 1 app @ 2.0 lb a.i./acre 10.94 8.45 0.26 0.11 0.16 0.13

CA Nursery

April 15 - foliar G 1 app @ 2.0 lb a.i./acre 8.81 7.02 0.21 0.09 0.13 0.10

FL Nursery

April 15 - foliar A 1 app @ 2.0 lb a.i./acre 31.28 24.13 0.73 0.30 0.47 0.36

FL Nursery

April 15 – foliar G 1 app @ 2.0 lb a.i./acre 29.54 22.84 0.69 0.29 0.44 0.34

MI Nursery

April 15 – foliar A 1 app @ 2.0 lb a.i./acre 12.45 11.41 0.35 0.14 0.19 0.14

MI Nursery

April 15 – foliar G 1 app @ 2.0 lb a.i./acre 8.60 7.57 0.23 0.09 0.13 0.10
Chapter 3 Effects Characterization

101

Proposed Label Use

PRZM/EXAMS

Scenario

(first app date)

Method2

Maximum 

Application Rate

(interval between 

applications)

21-day

EEC

(μg/L)

60-day

EEC

(μg/L)

Chronic 

Freshwater 

Fish RQs1

Chronic 

Estuarine 

/Marine 

Fish RQs2

Chronic 

Freshwater 

Invertebrate 

RQs3

Chronic 

Estuarine/ 

Marine 

Invertebrate 

RQs4

NJ Nursery

April 15 - foliar A 1 app @ 2.0 lb a.i./acre 15.30 12.77 0.39 0.16 0.23 0.18

NJ Nursery

April 15 - foliar G 1 app @ 2.0 lb a.i./acre 11.69 9.87 0.30 0.12 0.17 0.13

OR Nursery

April 15 – foliar A 1 app @ 2.0 lb a.i./acre 7.78 6.65 0.20 0.08 0.12 0.09

OR Nursery

April 15 - foliar G 1 app @ 2.0 lb a.i./acre 3.04 2.77 0.08 0.03 0.05 0.03

TN Nursery

April 15 - foliar A 1 app @ 2.0 lb a.i./acre 16.06 13.47 0.41 0.17 0.24 0.18

TN Nursery

April 15 - foliar G 1 app @ 2.0 lb a.i./acre 12.44 10.72 0.32 0.13 0.19 0.14

Ornamentals 

(container-grown)

CA Nursery

April 15 – soil drench S 1 app @ 0.30 lb a.i./acre 1.23 0.97 0.03 0.01 0.02 0.01

FL Nursery

April 15 - soil drench S 1 app @ 0.30 lb a.i./acre 4.36 3.37 0.10 0.04 0.07 0.05

MI Nursery

April 15 – soil drench S 1 app @ 0.30 lb a.i./acre 1.15 1.00 0.03 0.01 0.02 0.01

NJ Nursery

April 15 - soil drench S 1 app @ 0.30 lb a.i./acre 1.63 1.38 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.02

OR Nursery

April 15 – soil drench S 1 app @ 0.30 lb a.i./acre 0.30 0.29 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00

TN Nursery

April 15 - soil drench S 1 app @ 0.30 lb a.i./acre 1.74 1.50 0.05 0.02 0.03 0.02

Ornamentals 

(bed-grown)

CA Nursery

April 15 – soil drench S 1 app @ 0.40 lb a.i./acre 1.63 1.29 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.02

FL Nursery

April 15 - soil drench S 1 app @ 0.40 lb a.i./acre 5.81 4.49 0.14 0.06 0.09 0.07

MI Nursery

April 15 – soil drench S 1 app @ 0.40 lb a.i./acre 1.53 1.34 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.02

NJ Nursery

April 15 - soil drench S 1 app @ 0.40 lb a.i./acre 2.17 1.83 0.06 0.02 0.03 0.02
Chapter 3 Effects Characterization

102

Proposed Label Use

PRZM/EXAMS

Scenario

(first app date)

Method2

Maximum 

Application Rate

(interval between 

applications)

21-day

EEC

(μg/L)

60-day

EEC

(μg/L)

Chronic 

Freshwater 

Fish RQs1

Chronic 

Estuarine 

/Marine 

Fish RQs2

Chronic 

Freshwater 

Invertebrate 

RQs3

Chronic 

Estuarine/ 

Marine 

Invertebrate 

RQs4

OR Nursery

April 15 – soil drench S 1 app @ 0.40 lb a.i./acre 0.40 0.38 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00

TN Nursery

April 15 - soil drench S 1 app @ 0.40 lb a.i./acre 2.32 2.00 0.06 0.03 0.03 0.03

Pineapples GENEEC -- 1 app @ 2.0 lb a.i./acre 31.56 27.27 0.83 0.34 0.47 0.36
Chapter 6: References

103

Appendix Table E-4. Aquatic Plant (vascular and non-vascular) Risk Quotients (RQs).

Proposed Label Use

PRZM/EXAMS

Scenario

(first app date)

Method 2

Maximum 

Application Rate

(interval between 

applications)

Peak

EEC

(μg/L)

Vascular 

Plant 

RQs

Nonvascular 

Plant 

RQs

Grapes CA Grapes

July 13 – foliar) G 4 app @ 0.25 lb a.i./acre(14 days) 1.81 0.00 0.01

NY Grapes

August 27 – foliar) G 4 app @ 0.25 lb a.i./acre(14 days) 7.49 0.01 0.05

Apples 

Pears

NC Apples

(September 14 – foliar) A 4 app @ 0.50 lb a.i./acre(7, 10, 10, 14 days) 27.58 0.04 0.20

NC Apples

(September 14 – foliar) G 4 app @ 0.50 lb a.i./acre(7, 10, 10 days) 25.05 0.03 0.18

OR Apples

(September 20 – foliar) A 4 app @ 0.50 lb a.i./acre(7, 10, 10 days) 13.42 0.02 0.10

OR Apples

(September 20 – foliar) G 4 app @ 0.50 lb a.i./acre(7, 10, 10 days) 10.12 0.01 0.07

PA Apples

(September 04 – foliar) A 4 app @ 0.50 lb a.i./acre(7, 10, 10 days) 16.23 0.02 0.12

PA Apples

(September 04 – foliar) G 4 app @ 0.50 lb a.i./acre(7, 10, 10 days) 13.36 0.02 0.10

CA Fruit

(June 21 – foliar) A 4 app @ 0.50 lb a.i./acre(7, 10, 10 days) 6.62 0.01 0.05

CA Fruit

(June 21 – foliar) G 4 app @ 0.50 lb a.i./acre(7, 10, 10 days) 5.43 0.01 0.04

Cherries MI Cherries

(June 15 – foliar) A 6 app @ 0.50 lb a.i./acre(7 days) 26.29 0.04 0.19

MI Cherries

(June 15 – foliar) G 6 app @ 0.50 lb a.i./acre(7 days) 20.47 0.03 0.15

Cucurbits FL Cucumber

(November 05 – foliar) A 5 app @ 0.25 lb a.i./acre(7 days) 15.34 0.02 0.11

FL Cucumber

(November 05 – foliar) G 5 app @ 0.25 lb a.i./acre(7 days) 14.61 0.02 0.10

Hazelnuts

(Filberts)

CA Almonds

(July 07 – foliar) A 5.3 app @ 0.1875 lb a.i./acre(10 days) 6.30 0.01 0.05

CA Almonds

(July 07 – foliar) G 5.3 app @ 0.1875 lb a.i./acre(10 days) 5.62 0.01 0.04

GA Pecans

(July 25 – foliar) A 5.3 app @ 0.1875 lb a.i./acre(10 days) 10.53 0.01 0.08

GA Pecans

(July 25 – foliar) G 5.3 app @ 0.1875 lb a.i./acre(10 days) 9.57 0.01 0.07

Strawberries FL Strawberries

(January 03 – foliar) A 8 app @ 0.25 lb a.i./acre(14 days) 16.81 0.02 0.12

FL Strawberries

(January 03 – foliar) G 8 app @ 0.25 lb a.i./acre(14 days) 15.13 0.02 0.11

Brassica Leafy Greens

Head, Stem Brassicas

Leafy Greens

CA Lettuce

(March 31 – foliar) A 2.25 app @ 0.25 lb a.i./acre(14 days) 4.35 0.01 0.03

CA Lettuce

(March 31 – foliar) G 2.25 app @ 0.25 lb a.i./acre(14 days) 4.02 0.01 0.03

Hops OR Hops

July 28 - foliar A 3 app @ 0.375 lb a.i./acre(14 days) 6.20 0.01 0.04

OR Hops

July 28 - foliar G 3 app @ 0.375 lb a.i./acre(14 days) 4.51 0.01 0.03

Papayas FL Citrus A 2.4 app @ 0.3125 lb a.i./acre 5.73 0.01 0.04
Chapter 6: References

104

Proposed Label Use

PRZM/EXAMS

Scenario

(first app date)

Method 2

Maximum 

Application Rate

(interval between 

applications)

Peak

EEC

(μg/L)

Vascular 

Plant 

RQs

Nonvascular 

Plant 

RQs

November 19 - foliar (14 days)

FL Citrus

November 19 - foliar G 2.4 app @ 0.3125 lb a.i./acre(14 days) 5.00 0.01 0.04

Ornamentals 

(landscape grown 

ornamental trees, 

shrubs and nonbearing apples, pears, 

and grapes)

CA Nursery

April 15 - foliar A 3 app @ 1.0 lb a.i./acre(7 days) 15.72 0.02 0.11

CA Nursery

April 15 - foliar G 3 app @ 1.0 lb a.i./acre(7 days) 13.42 0.02 0.10

FL Nursery

April 15 - foliar A 3 app @ 1.0 lb a.i./acre(7 days) 44.35 0.06 0.32

FL Nursery

April 15 – foliar G 3 app @ 1.0 lb a.i./acre(7 days) 41.01 0.06 0.29

MI Nursery

April 15 – foliar A 3 app @ 1.0 lb a.i./acre(7 days) 19.94 0.03 0.14

MI Nursery

April 15 – foliar G 3 app @ 1.0 lb a.i./acre(7 days) 13.36 0.02 0.10

NJ Nursery

April 15 - foliar A 3 app @ 1.0 lb a.i./acre(7 days) 25.13 0.03 0.18

NJ Nursery

April 15 - foliar G 3 app @ 1.0 lb a.i./acre(7 days) 20.59 0.03 0.15

OR Nursery

April 15 - foliar A 3 app @ 1.0 lb a.i./acre(7 days) 11.86 0.02 0.08

OR Nursery

April 15 - foliar G 3 app @ 1.0 lb a.i./acre(7 days) 4.80 0.01 0.03

TN Nursery

April 15 - foliar A 3 app @ 1.0 lb a.i./acre(7 days) 28.55 0.04 0.20

TN Nursery

April 15 - foliar G 3 app @ 1.0 lb a.i./acre(7 days) 22.97 0.03 0.16

Ornamentals (all) CA Nursery

April 15 - foliar A 1 app @ 2.0 lb a.i./acre 12.68 0.02 0.09

CA Nursery

April 15 - foliar G 1 app @ 2.0 lb a.i./acre 10.65 0.01 0.08

FL Nursery

April 15 - foliar A 1 app @ 2.0 lb a.i./acre 37.39 0.05 0.27

FL Nursery

April 15 – foliar G 1 app @ 2.0 lb a.i./acre 35.12 0.05 0.25

MI Nursery

April 15 – foliar A 1 app @ 2.0 lb a.i./acre 13.52 0.02 0.10

MI Nursery

April 15 – foliar G 1 app @ 2.0 lb a.i./acre 9.47 0.01 0.07

NJ Nursery

April 15 - foliar A 1 app @ 2.0 lb a.i./acre 17.75 0.02 0.13

NJ Nursery

April 15 - foliar G 1 app @ 2.0 lb a.i./acre 14.10 0.02 0.10

OR Nursery

April 15 – foliar A 1 app @ 2.0 lb a.i./acre 8.86 0.01 0.06

OR Nursery

April 15 - foliar G 1 app @ 2.0 lb a.i./acre 3.55 0.00 0.03

TN Nursery

April 15 - foliar A 1 app @ 2.0 lb a.i./acre 18.93 0.03 0.14

TN Nursery G 1 app @ 2.0 lb a.i./acre 14.97 0.02 0.11
Chapter 6: References

105

Proposed Label Use

PRZM/EXAMS

Scenario

(first app date)

Method 2

Maximum 

Application Rate

(interval between 

applications)

Peak

EEC

(μg/L)

Vascular 

Plant 

RQs

Nonvascular 

Plant 

RQs

April 15 - foliar

Ornamentals 

(container-grown)

CA Nursery

April 15 – soil drench S 1 app @ 0.30 lb a.i./acre 1.49 0.00 0.01

FL Nursery

April 15 - soil drench S 1 app @ 0.30 lb a.i./acre 5.18 0.01 0.04

MI Nursery

April 15 – soil drench S 1 app @ 0.30 lb a.i./acre 1.27 0.00 0.01

NJ Nursery

April 15 - soil drench S 1 app @ 0.30 lb a.i./acre 1.98 0.00 0.01

OR Nursery

April 15 – soil drench S 1 app @ 0.30 lb a.i./acre 0.33 0.00 0.00

TN Nursery

April 15 - soil drench S 1 app @ 0.30 lb a.i./acre 2.10 0.00 0.02

Ornamentals 

(bed-grown)

CA Nursery

April 15 – soil drench S 1 app @ 0.40 lb a.i./acre 1.98 0.00 0.01

FL Nursery

April 15 - soil drench S 1 app @ 0.40 lb a.i./acre 6.90 0.01 0.05

MI Nursery

April 15 – soil drench S 1 app @ 0.40 lb a.i./acre 1.69 0.00 0.01

NJ Nursery

April 15 - soil drench S 1 app @ 0.40 lb a.i./acre 2.63 0.00 0.02

OR Nursery

April 15 – soil drench S 1 app @ 0.40 lb a.i./acre 0.44 0.00 0.00

TN Nursery

April 15 - soil drench S 1 app @ 0.40 lb a.i./acre 2.80 0.00 0.02

Pineapples GENEEC -- 1 app @ 2.0 lb a.i./acre 34.15 0.05 0.24 1 Bold numbers denote maximum EEC values. No PCA adjustment factor was utilized. 2 A = aerial application, G = ground application, S = soil drench

Appendix Table E-5 Upper bound chronic dietary-based RQ values for herpatofauna

for application of triflumizole on selected crops which cover the span of registered label 

rates

Application Rate (crop)

Dietary-Based RQs (unitless)

Dietary Item

Short 

Grass Tall Grass

Broadleaf 

plants/ sm 

insects

Fruits/

pods/seeds/ 

lg insects

Small 

Herbivore 

Mammals

Small 

Insectivore 

Mammals

Small 

Terrestrial 

Phase 

Amphibians

Grapes – 0.25 lb a.i./A @ 4 

apps/14-d interval

0.15 0.07 0.08 0.01 0.10 0.01 0.00

Apples and Pears – 0.5 lb 

a.i./A @4 apps/10-d interval

0.33 0.15 0.19 0.02 0.22 0.01 0.01

Cherries – 0.5 lb a.i./A @ 6 

apps /7-d interval

0.47 0.21 0.26 0.03 0.31 0.02 0.01

Cucurbits – 0.25 lb a.i./A @ 

5-apps /7-d interval

0.21 0.10 0.12 0.01 0.14 0.01 0.00
Chapter 6: References

106

Application Rate (crop)

Dietary-Based RQs (unitless)

Dietary Item

Short 

Grass Tall Grass

Broadleaf 

plants/ sm 

insects

Fruits/

pods/seeds/ 

lg insects

Small 

Herbivore 

Mammals

Small 

Insectivore 

Mammals

Small 

Terrestrial 

Phase 

Amphibians

Hazelnuts – 0.1875 lb a.i./A 

@ 6 apps/ 10-d interval

0.15 0.07 0.08 0.01 0.10 0.01 0.00

Strawberries – 0.25 lb a.i./A 

@ 4 apps/ 14-d interval

0.15 0.07 0.08 0.01 0.10 0.01 0.00

Leafy Greens – 0.25 lb a.i./A 

@3 apps/ 14-d interval

0.13 0.06 0.07 0.01 0.08 0.01 0.00

Hops – 0.375 lb a.i./A @ 3 

apps/ 14-d interval

0.19 0.09 0.11 0.01 0.13 0.01 0.00

Papaya – 0.3125 lb a.i./A @ 

3 apps/ 14-d interval

0.16 0.07 0.09 0.01 0.11 0.01 0.00

Ornamentals - 1 lb a.i./A @ 

3 apps/ 7-d interval

0.60 0.28 0.34 0.04 0.40 0.02 0.01
Chapter 6: References

107

Appendix F. MRID Bibliography

Ecological Effects Studies

71-1 Avian Single Dose Oral Toxicity

149871 Beavers, J. (1984) An Acute Oral Toxicity Study in the Bobwhite With A815 Technical: Final 

Report: Project No. 117-143. Unpub- lished study prepared by Wildlife International Ltd. 18 p. 

149872 Nishibe, T.; Kosaka, S.; Saika, O.; et al. (1983) Acute Oral Toxi- city Study of NF-114 in Japanese 

Quails: Report No. 0086. Un- published study prepared by Nisso Institute For Life Science. 51 p. 

71-2 Avian Dietary Toxicity

149873 Beavers, J. (1984) A Dietary LC50 Study in the Bobwhite With A815 Technical: Final Report: 

Project No. 117-141. Unpublished study prepared by Wildlife International Ltd. 14 p. 

149874 Beavers, J. (1984) A Dietary LC50 Study in the Mallard With A815 Technical: Final Report: 

Project No. 117-142. Unpublished study prepared by Wildlife International Ltd. 14 p. 

71-4 Avian Reproduction

40752009 Fletcher, D. (1988) Toxicity and Reproduction Study with Triflumi- zole Technical: BLAL Study 

No. 87 DR 19. Unpublished study pre- pared by Bio-Life Associates, Ltd. 208 p. 

40752010 Fletcher, D. (1988) Toxicity and Reproduction Study with Triflumi- zole Technical in Bobwhite 

Quail: BLAL Study No. 87 QR 21. Un- published study prepared by Bio-Life Associates, Ltd. 252 

p. 

42551701 Fletcher, D. (1992) Procure 50W: Completed Response to Ecological Effects Branch 5/4/90: 

Supplemental Submission Info: Lab Project Number: 87QR21: 87DR19. Unpublished study

prepared by Bio-Life Associates, Ltd. 130 p. 

72-1 Acute Toxicity to Freshwater Fish

149868 Nishibe, T.; Kosaka, S.; Saika, O.; et al. (1983) Acute Toxicity Study of NF-114 in Carp: Report 

No. 0083. Unpublished study prepared by Nisso Institute For Life Science. 16 p. 

149869 Nishibe, T.; Kosaka, S.; Saika, O.; et al. (1983) Acute Toxicity Study of NF-114 in Rainbow 

Trout: Report No. 0084. Unpublished study prepared by Nisso Institute For Life Science. 20 p. 

154133 Surprenant, D. (1985) Acute Toxicity of A815(NF 114) to Bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus): 

[Triflumizole]: Report No. BW-85-2-1734. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn 

Bionomics, Inc. 15 p. 

156552 McAllister, W.; Bowman, J. (1985) Acute Toxicity of A 815 Technical to Rainbow Trout (Salmo 

gairdneri): Report No. 33998. Unpub- lished study prepared by Analytical Bio-Chemistry 

Laboratories, Inc. 52 p. 

72-2 Acute Toxicity to Freshwater Invertebrates

149870 Nishibe,T.; Kosaka, S.; Saika, O.; et al. (1983) Acute Toxicity Study of NF-114 in Daphnids: 
Chapter 6: References

108

Report No. 0085. Unpublished study prepared by Nisso Institute For Life Science. 15 p. 

850.1025 Oyster acute toxicity test (shell deposition)

46302603 Palmer, S.; Kendall, T.; Krueger, H. (2004) Triflumizole: A 96-Hour Shell Deposition Test with 

the Eastern Oyster (Crassostrea virginica): Final Report. Project Number: 117A/126. Unpublished 

study prepared by Wildlife International, Ltd. 43 p.

850.1035 Mysid acute toxicity test

46302602 Palmer, S.; Kendall, T.; Krueger, H. (2003) Triflumizole: A 96-Hour Flow-Through Acute 

Toxicity Test with the Salt Water Mysid (Americamysis bahia): Final Report. Project Number: 

117A/124. Unpublished study prepared by Wildlife International, Ltd. 43 p.

850.1075 Fish acute toxicity test marine

46302601 Palmer, S.; Kendall, T.; Krueger, H. (2003) Triflumizole: A 96-Hour Flow-Through Acute 

Toxicity Test with the Sheepshead Minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus): Final Report. Project 

Number: 117A/125. Unpublished study prepared by Wildlife International, Ltd. 43 p.

47136401 Palmer, D. (2004) An Early Life-Stage Toxicity Test with the Sheepshead Minnow: A 96-Hour 

Toxicity Test with the Marine Diatom: Triflumizole. Project Number: 117A/133, 117A/128. 

Unpublished study prepared by Wildlife International, Ltd. 7 p.

72-4 Fish Early Life Stage/Aquatic Invertebrate Life Cycle Study

40638301 Surprenant, D. (1988) The Toxicity of Procure to Fathead Minnow (Pimephales promelas) 

Embryos and Larvae: Report No. 87-11-2514: Study No.: 41.0387.6104.120. Unpublished study 

prepared by Springborn Life Sciences, Inc. 47 p. 

40999101 Springborn Life Sciences (1989) Response to EEB Review on Triflumi- zole Fish Early Lifestage Study. Unpublished study. 26 p. 

850.1300 Daphnid chronic toxicity test

46302604 Palmer, S.; Kendall, T.; Krueger, H. (2003) Triflumizole: A Flow-Through Life-Cycle Toxicity 

Test with the Cladoceran (Daphnia magna): Final Report. Project Number: 117A/127. 

Unpublished study prepared by Wildlife International, Ltd. 63 p.

850.1350 Mysid chronic toxicity test

46302606 Blankinship, A.; Kendall, T.; Krueger, H. (2004) Triflumazole: A Flow-Through Life-Cycle 

Toxicity Test with the Saltwater Mysid (Mysidopsis bahia): Final Report. Project Number: 

117A/129. Unpublished study prepared by Wildlife International, Ltd. 79 p.

850.1400 Fish early-life stage toxicity test

46302605 Palmer, S.; Kendall, T.; Krueger, H. (2004) Triflumizole: An Early Life-Stage Toxicity Test with 
Chapter 6: References

109

the Sheepshead Minnow (Cyprinodom variegatus): Final Report. Project Number: 117A/128. 

Unpublished study prepared by Wildlife International, Ltd. 76 p.

141-1 Honey bee acute contact

149875 Glenn, L.; Dingledine, J. (1984) A Dermal Contact LD50 Study in Honey Bees TK-3091 A-815: 

Final Report: Project No. 117-144. Unpublished study prepared by Wildlife International Ltd. 12 

p. 

141-2 Honey bee residue on foliage

45346901 Hoberg, J. (2001) Evaluation of Toxicity of Residues of Acetamiprid (NI-25) and Procure 50WS 

on Alfalfa to Honey Bees (Apis mellifera): Lab Project Number: 13726.6123: 041100. 

Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Labs., Inc. 40 p. {OPPTS 850.3030} 

141-5 Field test for pollinators

45932504 Schur, A. (2002) A Semi-Field Study on the Effects on Honey Bees (Apis mellifera L.) of Assail 

70 WP (EXP61842A, Acetamiprid 70%) Straight and in Combination with the Fungicide Procure 

50WS (Triflumizole 50%): (Final Report): Lab Project Number: 20011239/S1-BZEU: 

EXP61842A. Unpublished study prepared by GAB Biotechnologie GmbH. 54 p. 

850.4100 Terrestrial plant toxicity, Tier 1 (seeding emergence)

46302612 Porch, J.; Krueger, H.; Martin, K. (2004) Terraguard 50W: A Toxicity Test to Determine the 

Effects of the Test Substance on Seedling Emergence of Ten Species of Plants: Final Report. 

Project Number: 117/186. Unpublished study prepared by Wildlife International, Ltd. 72 p.

850.4150 Terrestrial plant toxicity, Tier 1 (vegetative vigor)

46302613 Porch, J.; Krueger, H.; Martin, K. (2004) Terraguard 50W: A Toxicity Test to Determine the 

Effects of the Test Substance on Vegetative Vigor of Ten Species of Plants: Final Report. Project 

Number: 117/187. Unpublished study prepared by Wildlife International, Ltd. 82 p.

850.4225 Seedling emergence, Tier II

46302612 Porch, J.; Krueger, H.; Martin, K. (2004) Terraguard 50W: A Toxicity Test to Determine the 

Effects of the Test Substance on Seedling Emergence of Ten Species of Plants: Final Report. 

Project Number: 117/186. Unpublished study prepared by Wildlife International, Ltd. 72 p.

850.4250 Vegetative vigor, Tier II

46302613 Porch, J.; Krueger, H.; Martin, K. (2004) Terraguard 50W: A Toxicity Test to Determine the 

Effects of the Test Substance on Vegetative Vigor of Ten Species of Plants: Final Report. Project 

Number: 117/187. Unpublished study prepared by Wildlife International, Ltd. 82 p.

850.4400 Aquatic plant toxicity test using Lemna spp. Tiers I and II
Chapter 6: References

110

46302611 Dejardins, D.; Kendall, T.; Krueger, H. (2004) Triflumizole: A 7-Day Static-Renewal Toxicity 

Test with Duckweed (Lemna gibba G3): Final Report. Project Number: 117A/131. Unpublished 

study prepared by Wildlife International, Ltd. 50 p.

850.5400 Algal toxicity, Tiers 1 and II

46302607 Manson, P. (2002) Triflumizole: Inhibition of Growth to the Alga Selenastrum capricornutum: 

Final Report. Project Number: 1537/017, 1537/017/D2149. Unpublished study prepared by 

Covance Laboratories, Ltd. 51 p.

46302609 Desjardins, D.; Kendall, T.; Krueger, H. (2004) Triflumizole: A 96-Hour Toxicity Test with the 

Freshwater Diatom (Navicula pelliculosa): Final Report. Project Number: 117A/132. Unpublished 

study prepared by Wildlife International, Ltd. 55 p.

46302610 Dejardins, D.; Kendall, T.; Krueger, H. (2004) Triflumizole: A 96-Hour Toxicity Test with the 

Marine Diatom (Skeletonema costatum): Final Report. Project Number: 117A/133. Unpublished 

study prepared by Wildlife International, Ltd. 55 p.

47136401 Palmer, D. (2004) An Early Life-Stage Toxicity Test with the Sheepshead Minnow: A 96-Hour 

Toxicity Test with the Marine Diatom: Triflumizole. Project Number: 117A/133, 117A/128. 

Unpublished study prepared by Wildlife International, Ltd. 7 p.

Non-Guideline Study

47417001 Gagne, J. (2008) Review of EPA's Assessment for the Risk that Triflumizole may Pose to Small 

Mammals and Rationales for Performing a Refined Assessment. Project Number: PR09319, 

08993/05/CA27, PR08993. Unpublished study prepared by Compliance Services International. 69 

p.

48033008 Kojima, H.; Katsura, E.; Takeuchi, S.; et al. (2004) Screening for Estrogen and Androgen 

Receptor Activities in 200 Pesticides by In Vitro Reporter Gene Assays Using Chinese Hamster 

Ovary Cells. Environmental Health Perspectives 112(5): 524-531.

48074204 Kojima,, M.; Fukunaga, K.; Sasaki, M.; et al. (2005) Evaluation of Estrogenic Activities of 

Pesticides Using an in vitro Reporter Gene Assay. International Journal of Environmental Health 

Research 15(4): 271-280.

Environmental Fate Studies

161-1 Hydrolysis

149858 Nippon Soda Co., Ltd. (1981) Hydrolysis of NF-114: Report No. RD- 8180. Unpublished study. 17 

p. 

40018511 Sato, N.; Sugimoto, S. (1981) Response to EAB, HED Review of Hydrolysis Study: Report No. 

RD-8180. Unpublished study prepared by Nippon Soda Co., Ltd. 3 p. 

40494404 Soeda, Y.; Shiotani, H. (1987) Triflumizole - Hydrolysis: Rept. No. EC-111. Unpublished study 

prepared by Nippon Soda Co., Ltd. 34 p. 

161-2 Photodegradation-water

149860 Nippon Soda Co., Ltd. (1982) Photodegradation of NF-114: Report No. RD-8224. Unpublished 
Chapter 6: References

111

study. 21 p. 

40494405 Soeda, Y.; Shiotani, H. (1987) Triflumizole - Photodegradation in Water: Rept. No. EC-113. 

Unpublished study prepared by Nippon Soda Co., Ltd. 28 p. 

161-3 Photodegradation-soil

156550 Harned, W.; Tortora, N.; Sullivan, E. (1985) Photodegradation of [Carbon-14]A815 on Soil: 

Project No. 8515. Unpublished study prepared by Uniroyal Inc. 29 p. 

40638302 Nowakowski, M. (1988) Photodegradation of ?Carbon 14| A815 on Soil: (Supplemental Data for 

Project No. 8515): Project No. 8803. Un- published study prepared by Uniroyal Chemical Co., Inc. 

39 p. 

47036301 Ponte, M. (2006) Photodegradation of [14 Carbon] Triflumizole in/on Soil by Simulated Sunlight: 

Final Report. Project Number: 2006/004, 1512W. Unpublished study prepared by PTRL West, Inc. 

122 p.

162-1 Aerobic soil metabolism

149861 Harned, W.; Tortora, N.; Sullivan, E. (1985) Aerobic Soil Meta- bolism Study of [Carbon-14]A815 

in Sandy Loam Soil: Project No. 84253. Unpublished study prepared by Uniroyal Chemical. 52 p. 

46006051 Harned, W.H., N.J. Torcora, and E.A. Sullivan. 1985. Aerobic soil metabolism of [14C]A815 in 

sandy loam soil. Unpublished study performed and submitted by Uniroyal Chemical, Naugatuck, 

CT. Project No.: 84253. Experiment initiation and termination dates were not reported. Final 

report issued February 1985.

162-3 Anaerobic aquatic metab.

47136403 Shelper, K. (2007) Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism of [14-Carbon] Triflumizole. Project Number: 

1452W, 1452W/1, 2005/047. Unpublished study prepared by Chemtura Corporation, PTRL West, 

Inc. and Agvise Laboratories. 165 p. Relates to L0001133.

162-4 Aerobic aquatic metab.

149859 Nippon Soda Co., Ltd. (1982) Degradation and Dissipation of NF-114 in Water: RD-8218. 

Unpublished study. 10 p. 

163-1 Leach/adsorp/desorption

149862 Harned, W.; Sullivan, E.; Tortora, N. (1985) [Carbon-14]A815 Soil Column Leaching: Project No. 

84236. Unpublished study prepared by Uniroyal Chemical. 19 p. 

149863 Nippon Soda Co., Ltd. (1982) Soil Column Leaching of NF-114: Report No. RD - 8215. 

Unpublished study. 10 p. 

149864 Nippon Soda Co., Ltd. (1981) Sorption of NF-114 on Soils: Report No. RD-8181. Unpublished 

study. 11 p. 
Chapter 6: References

112

40602601 Dzialo, D. (1988) Procure Soil Column Leaching on Sand: Project No. 8805. Unpublished study 

prepared by Uniroyal Chemical Co. 17 p. 

40813001

40824602

Spare, W. (1988) Adsorption/Desorption of (Carbon 14)-Procure: Agrisearch Project No. 1915: 

Uniroyal Project No. 8808. Unpublished study prepared by Agrisearch Inc. 97 p. 

40824601 Spare, W. (1988) Adsorption/Desorption of ?Carbon 14|-FD-1-1: Agrisearch Project No. 1916: 

Uniroyal Project No. 8809. Unpublished study prepared by Agrisearch, Inc. 97 p. 

41256601 Gaydosh, K. (1989) Procure Soil Column Leaching on Sand: Laboratory Project ID #8974. 

Unpublished study prepared by Uniroyal Chemi- cal Co., Inc. 23 p. 

41256602 Gaydosh, K. (1989) Procure Soil Column Leaching on Sandy Loam: Laboratory Project ID #8946. 

Unpublished study prepared by Uniroyal Chemical Co., Inc. 22 p. 

41706602 Beerbaum, C. (1990) Triflumizole Aged Column Leaching on Sand: Lab Project Number: 9016. 

Unpublished study prepared by Uniroyal Chemical Co., Inc. 32 p. 

41988001 Beerbaum, C. (1991) Uniroyal Response to EFED/EFGWB Review Dated June 26, 1991. 

Unpublished study prepared by Uniroyal Chemical Co., Inc. 18 p. 

164-1 Terrestrial field dissipation

156551 Harned, W. (1985) Terrestrial Field Dissipation of A815 under Typical Use Conditions: Project 

No. 84247. Unpublished study prepared by Uniroyal, Inc. 53 p. 

44971304 Singer, G. (1999) Field Soil Dissipation of Procure 50 W in Bare Ground North Carolina: Lab 

Project Number: AA970307: RP-97023: 699W. Unpublished study prepared by American 

Agricultural Services, Inc. and PTRL West, Inc. 418 p. 

44971305 Singer, G. (1999) Field Soil Dissipation of Procure 50 W in Bare Ground California: Lab Project 

Number: RP-96030: 624W: 624W-1. Unpublished study prepared by American Agricultural 

Services, Inc. and PTRL West, Inc. 452 p. 

45272001 Dzialo, D. (2000) Analytical Method for Triflumizole, and its Degradates in Soil: Lab Project 

Number: AC-6005: 99096. Unpublished study prepared by Uniroyal Chemical Co. 132 p. 

164-2 Aquatic field dissipation

149859 Nippon Soda Co., Ltd. (1982) Degradation and Dissipation of NF-114 in Water: RD-8218. 

Unpublished study. 10 p. 

165-1 Confined rotational crop

45375403 Yu, W.; Dzialo, D.; Whitright, R. et al. (2001) Confined Accumulation Study on Rotational Crops 

with (Carbon 14)-Triflumazole (Procure): Lab Project Number: 98.394: 98201. Unpublished study 

prepared by Uniroyal Chemical Co. and Plant Sciences, Inc. 1169 p. {OPPTS 860.1850} 

165-2 Field rotational crop

45375404 Gaydosh, K. (2000) Procure 50WS Rotational Crop Study: Procure 50WS Treated Cucumbers 

Rotated with Wheat, Lettuce and Turnips 30, 60, 90, and 180 Days After Harvest: Lab Project 

Number: RP-98017: ML98-0743-UNI: UV-98-R0-18. Unpublished study prepared by Morse 

Labs., Plant Sciences, Inc. and South Texas Ag Research. 613 p. {OPPTS 860.1900 and 860.1000} 
Chapter 6: References

113

165-4 Bioaccumulation in fish

149866 Grandy, K.; Dionne, E. (1985) Accumulation and Elimination of [carbon-14]-Residue by Bluegill 

(...) Exposed to A815(NF-114): Final Report: Report #BW-85-1-1723. Unpublished study 

prepared by Springborn Bionomics, Inc. 39 p. 

149867 Nippon Soda Co., Ltd. (1984) Bioaccumulation of NF-114 in Carp: Report No. RD-8427. 

Unpublished study. 5 p. 

40018512 Lengen, M.; Parkins, M. (1986) Analysis of Residue in Edible Portions of Bluegill Sunfish 

Exposed to [Carbon 14]-A815: Project No. 8675. Unpublished study prepared by Uniroyal 

Chemical Co., Inc. 23 p. 

149865 Harned, W. (1985) Accumulation and Elimination of [carbon-14]-Residue By Bluegill (lepomis 

macrochirus) Exposed to [carbon-14]- A815: Project No. 84241. Unpublished summary prepared 

by Uni- royal Chemical. 51 p. 

Non-Guideline Study

47161901 Fajardo, J.; Donovan, K. (2007) Triflumizole Usage in U.S. Major States, 2004-2005. Project 

Number: 7003. Unpublished study prepared by Chemtura Corporation. 52 p.

47161902 Fajardo, J.; Donovan, K. (2007) Triflumizole Usage in California and Washington Counties, 

2003-2005. Project Number: 7003. Unpublished study prepared by Chemtura Corporation. 96 p.

48002601 Yu, W. (2010) Triflumizole Greenhouse Foliar Degradation Study: Interim Progress Report. 

Project Number: 2009/001. Unpublished study prepared by Chemtura Corporation. 22 p.

48244601 Marin, J. (2010) Triflumizole- Greenhouse Foliar Degradation Study. Project Number: 1951/W, 

CHEMTURA/STUDY/2009/001. Unpublished study prepared by PTRL West, Inc. 337 p.

48458208 Odanaka, Y.; Taniguchi, T.; Shimamura, Y.; et al. (1994) Runoff and Leaching of Pesticides in 

Golf Course. J. Pesticide Sci. 19:1-10.
Chapter 6: References

114

Appendix G: The Risk Quotient (RQ) Method and LOCs

The Risk Quotient Method is the means used by EFED to integrate the results of exposure 

and ecotoxicity data. For this method, Risk Quotients (RQs) are calculated by dividing 

exposure estimates by the acute and chronic ecotoxicity values (i.e., RQ = 

EXPOSURE/TOXICITY). These RQs are then compared to OPP's levels of concern (LOCs). 

These LOCs are criteria used by OPP to indicate potential risk to non-target organisms and 

the need to consider regulatory action. EFED has defined LOCs for acute risk, potential 

restricted use classification, and for endangered species.

The criteria indicate that a pesticide used as directed has the potential to cause adverse effects 

on non-target organisms. LOCs currently address the following risk presumption categories: 

(1) acute - there is a potential for acute risk; regulatory action may be warranted in 

addition to restricted use classification; 

(2) acute restricted use - the potential for acute risk is high, but this may be mitigated 

through restricted use classification;

(3) acute endangered species - the potential for acute risk to endangered species is 

high, regulatory action may be warranted; and 

(4) chronic risk - the potential for chronic risk is high, regulatory action may be 

warranted. 

Currently, EFED does not perform assessments for chronic risk to plants, or chronic risk 

from granular/bait formulations to mammalian or avian species.

The ecotoxicity test values (i.e., measurement endpoints) used in the acute and 

chronic RQs are derived from required studies. Examples of ecotoxicity values derived from 

short-term laboratory studies that assess acute effects are: (1) LC50 (fish and birds), (2) LD50

(birds and mammals), (3) EC50 (aquatic plants and aquatic invertebrates), and (4) EC25

(terrestrial plants). Examples of toxicity test effect levels derived from the results of longterm laboratory studies that assess chronic effects are: (1) the Lowest Observed Adverse 

Effect Concentration (LOAEC) (birds, fish, and aquatic invertebrates), and (2) the No 

Observed Adverse Effect Concentration (NOAEC) (birds, fish and aquatic invertebrates). 

The NOAEC is generally used as the ecotoxicity test value in assessing chronic effects.
Chapter 6: References

115

Risk presumptions, along with the corresponding RQs and LOCs are summarized in Table B1.

Table B-1: Risk Presumptions and LOCs

Risk Presumption RQ LOC

Birds1

Acute Risk EEC/LC50 or LD50/sqft or LD50/day 0.5

Acute Restricted Use EEC/LC50 or LD50/sqft or LD50/day (or LD50 < 50 mg/kg) 0.2

Acute Endangered Species EEC/LC50 or LD50/sqft or LD50/day 0.1

Chronic Risk EEC/NOEC 1

Wild Mammals1

Acute Risk EEC/LC50 or LD50/sqft or LD50/day 0.5

Acute Restricted Use EEC/LC50 or LD50/sqft or LD50/day (or LD50 < 50 mg/kg) 0.2

Acute Endangered Species EEC/LC50 or LD50/sqft or LD50/day 0.1

Chronic Risk EEC/NOEC 1

Aquatic Animals2

Acute Risk EEC/LC50 or EC50 0.5

Acute Restricted Use EEC/LC50 or EC50 0.1

Acute Endangered Species EEC/LC50 or EC50 0.05

Chronic Risk EEC/NOEC 1

Terrestrial and Semi-Aquatic Plants 

Acute Risk EEC/EC25 1

Acute Endangered Species EEC/EC05 or NOEC 1

Aquatic Plants2

Acute Risk EEC/EC50 1

Acute Endangered Species EEC/EC05 or NOEC 1

1

 LD50/sqft = (mg/sqft) / (LD50 * wt. of animal) 

 LD50/day = (mg of toxicant consumed/day) / (LD50 * wt. of animal)

2

 EEC = (ppm or ppb) in water
Chapter 6: References

116

Appendix H – TerrPlant Output

Example triflumizole output

Chemical Name

PC code

Use

Application Method

Application Form 

Solubility in Water (ppm)

Input Parameter Symbol Value Units

Application Rate A 1

Incorporation I 1 none

Runoff Fraction R 0.02 none

Drift Fraction D 0.05 none

Equation EEC

(A/I)*R 0.02

(A/I)*R*10 0.2

A*D 0.05

((A/I)*R)+(A*D) 0.07

((A/I)*R*10)+(A*D) 0.25

Plant type EC25 NOAEC EC25 NOAEC 

Monocot 4.02 1.34 4.02 4.02

Dicot 4.02 4.02 4.02 4.02

Plant Type Listed Status Dry Semi-Aquatic Spray Drift

Monocot non-listed <0.1 <0.1 <0.1

Monocot listed <0.1 0.19 <0.1

Dicot non-listed <0.1 <0.1 <0.1

Dicot listed <0.1 <0.1 <0.1

Runoff to dry areas

Runoff to semi-aquatic areas

Spray drift

Total for dry areas

Table 1. Chemical Identity.

Triflumizole

Ornamentals

Table 2. Input parameters used to derive EECs.

Aerial

Liquid

12.5

128879

*If RQ > 1.0, the LOC is exceeded, resulting in potential for risk to that plant group.

Seedling Emergence Vegetative Vigor

Table 5. RQ values for plants in dry and semi-aquatic areas exposed to Triflumizole through runoff 

and/or spray drift.*

Table 4. Plant survival and growth data used for RQ derivation. Units are in .

Description

Total for semi-aquatic areas

Table 3. EECs for Triflumizole. Units in .
Chapter 6: References

117

Appendix I – T-Rex Output

Example triflumizole output

Chemical Name:

 Use

 Formulation

Application Rate 1 lbs a.i./acre

Half-life 25 days 

Application Interval 7 days

Maximum # Apps./Year 3

Length of Simulation 1 year

Bobwhite quail LD50 (mg/kg-bw) 2510.00

Mallard duck) LC50 (mg/kg-diet) 5620.00

Mallard duck NOAEL(mg/kg-bw) 0.00

Bobwhite quail NOAEC (mg/kg-diet) 1000.00

1057.00

0.00

3.50

30.00

Kenaga

Values

Short Grass 600.45

Tall Grass 275.21

Broadleaf plants/sm Insects 337.76

Fruits/pods/seeds/lg insects 37.53

 Upper Bound Kenaga Residues For RQ Calculation

Dietary-based EECs (ppm)

NOAEL (mg/kg-bw)

NOAEC (mg/kg-diet)

Mammals

LD50 (mg/kg-bw)

Triflumizole

Ornamentals

Procure and Terraguard

Endpoints

LC50 (mg/kg-diet)

Avian
Chapter 6: References

118

Avian Results

Avian Body Ingestion (Fdry) Ingestion (Fwet) % body wgt FI

Class Weight (g) (g bw/day) (g/day) consumed (kg-diet/day)

Small 20 5 23 114 2.28E-02

Mid 100 13 65 65 6.49E-02

Large 1000 58 291 29 2.91E-01

20 5 5 25 5.06E-03

Granivores 100 13 14 14 1.44E-02

1000 58 65 6 6.46E-02

Avian Body Adjusted LD50

Weight (g) (mg/kg-bw)

20 1808.28

100 2302.03

1000 3251.70

small mid large

20 100 1000 20 100 1000

Short Grass 683.86 389.96 174.59

Tall Grass 313.43 178.73 80.02

Broadleaf plants/sm Insects 384.67 219.36 98.21

Fruits/pods/seeds/lg insects 42.74 24.37 10.91 9.50 5.42 2.42

20 100 1000

Short Grass 0.38 0.17 0.05

Tall Grass 0.17 0.08 0.02

Broadleaf plants/sm insects 0.21 0.10 0.03

Fruits/pods/seeds/lg insects 0.02 0.01 0.00

Seeds (granivore) 0.01 0.00 0.00

Acute Chronic

Short Grass 0.11 0.60

Tall Grass 0.05 0.28

Broadleaf plants/sm Insects 0.06 0.34

Fruits/pods/seeds/lg insects 0.01 0.04

Note: To provide risk management with the maximum possible information,

it is recommended that both the dose-based and concentration-based 

RQs be calculated when data are available

Avian Classes and Body Weights (grams) Dose-based EECs 

(mg/kg-bw) 

Granivores(grams)

Avian Acute RQs

Dose-based RQs Size Class (grams)

(Dose-based EEC/adjusted LD50)

Dietary-based RQs RQs

(Dietary-based EEC/LC50 or 

NOAEC)
Chapter 6: References

119

Mammalian Results

Mammalian Body Ingestion (Fdry) Ingestion (Fwet) % body wgt FI

Class Weight (g bwt/day) (g/day) consumed (kg-diet/day)

15 3 14 95 1.43E-02

Herbivores/ 35 5 23 66 2.31E-02

insectivores 1000 31 153 15 1.53E-01

15 3 3 21 3.18E-03

Grainvores 35 5 5 15 5.13E-03

1000 31 34 3 3.40E-02

Mammalian Body Adjusted Adjusted

Class Weight LD50 NOAEL

15 2323.11 7.69

Herbivores/ 35 1879.64 6.22

insectivores 1000 813.00 2.69

15 2323.11 7.69

Grainvores 35 1879.64 6.22

1000 813.00 2.69

15 35 1000 15 35 1000

Short Grass 572.49 395.67 91.74

Tall Grass 262.39 181.35 42.05

Broadleaf plants/sm Insects 322.02 222.56 51.60

Fruits/pods/seeds/lg insects 35.78 24.73 5.73 7.95 5.50 1.27

15 grams 35 grams 1000 grams

Acute Chronic Acute Chronic Acute Chronic

Short Grass 0.25 74.42 0.21 63.57 0.11 34.08

Tall Grass 0.11 34.11 0.10 29.14 0.05 15.62

Broadleaf plants/sm insects 0.14 41.86 0.12 35.76 0.06 19.17

Fruits/pods/lg insects 0.02 4.65 0.01 3.97 0.01 2.13

Seeds (granivore) 0.00 1.03 0.00 0.88 0.00 0.47

Acute Chronic

Short Grass #DIV/0! 20.02

Tall Grass #DIV/0! 9.17

Broadleaf plants/sm insects #DIV/0! 11.26

Fruits/pods/seeds/lg insects #DIV/0! 1.25

Note: To provide risk management with the maximum possible information,

it is recommended that both the dose-based and concentration-based 

RQs be calculated when data are available

Dose-based RQs 

(Dose-based EEC/LD50 or 

Granivores(grams)

Mammalian Classes and Body weight

Dose-Based EECs 

(mg/kg-bw)

Herbivores/ insectivores (grams)

Dietary-based RQs 

(Dietary-based EEC/LC50 or 

NOAEC)

Mammal RQs

Small mammal Medium mammal Large mammal
Chapter 6: References

120

Terrestrial Residues Graph

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

Concentration (mg ai/kg dietary item)

Days

Terrestrial Application Residues

Short Grass Tall Grass Broadleaf plants/sm Insects Fruits/pods/seeds/lg insects 1 year

For Risk Discussion Purposes
Chapter 6: References

121

APPENDIX J – Listed Species Analysis

Table 37. Species Potentially Affected both Directly and Indirectly

Taxon Count for Selected Crops

No species exclusions.

Minimum of 1 Acre

All Medium Types Included

apples, grapes, pears-all, cherries-sweet, cherries-tart, bittermelons, cantaloupes, cucumbers and pickles, honeydew melons, muskmelons and 

pepinos, pumpkins, squash-all, squash-summer, squash-winter, watermelons, hazelnuts (filberts), strawberries, broccoli, cabbage-head, 

collards, escarole and endive, kale, lettuce-all, mustard greens, parsley, spinach, rhubarb, hops, papayas

AL, AK, AS, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, DE, DC, FM, FL, GA, GU, HI, ID, IL, IN, IA, KS, KY, LA, ME, MH, MD, MA, MI, MN, MS, MO, MT, NE, 

NV, NH, NJ, 

NM, NY, NC, ND, MP, OC, OA, OP, OH, OK, OR, PW, PA, PR, RI, SC, SD, TN, TX, UM, UT, VT, VI, VA, WA, WV, WI, WY

Mammal Bird Amphibian Reptile Fish Crustacean Bivalve Gastropod Arachnid Insect Dicot Monocot Ferns Conf/cycds Coral Lichen

County Counts 1459 1340 169 390 820 75 693 69 15 247 933 536 54 7 33 22

Species counts 76 80 23 29 121 21 83 79 12 66 676 69 28 3 2 2

State Counts 52 50 15 27 38 13 31 18 5 31 48 46 10 3 3 5

1370 species with crop co-occurrence:

Nukupu`u (honeycreeper) (Hemignathus lucidus) Bird Alabama pearlshell (Margaritifera marrianae) Bivalve Freshwater

Amphipod, Noel's (Gammarus desperatus) Crustacean Freshwater Bankclimber, Purple (Elliptoideus sloatianus) Bivalve Freshwater

Beetle, Hungerford's Crawling Water (Brychius hungerfordi) Insect Freshwater Campeloma, Slender (Campeloma decampi) Gastropod Freshwater

Catfish, Yaqui (Ictalurus pricei) Fish Freshwater Cavefish, Alabama (Speoplatyrhinus poulsoni) Fish Freshwater

Cavefish, Ozark (Amblyopsis rosae) Fish Freshwater Choctaw Bean (Villosa choctawensis) Bivalve Freshwater

Chub, Bonytail (Gila elegans) Fish Freshwater Chub, Chihuahua (Gila nigrescens) Fish Freshwater

Chub, Gila (Gila intermedia) Fish Freshwater Chub, Humpback (Gila cypha) Fish Freshwater

Chub, Hutton Tui (Gila bicolor ssp.) Fish Freshwater Chub, Mohave Tui (Gila bicolor mohavensis) Fish Freshwater

Chub, Oregon (Oregonichthys crameri) Fish Freshwater Chub, Owens Tui (Gila bicolor snyderi) Fish Freshwater

Chub, Pahranagat Roundtail (Gila robusta jordani) Fish Freshwater Chub, Slender (Erimystax cahni) Fish Freshwater

Chub, Sonora (Gila ditaenia) Fish Freshwater Chub, Spotfin (Erimonax monachus) Fish Freshwater

Chub, Virgin River (Gila seminuda (=robusta)) Fish Freshwater Chub, Yaqui (Gila purpurea) Fish Freshwater

Chucky Madtom (Noturus crypticus) Fish Freshwater Combshell, Southern (=Penitent mussel) (Epioblasma penita) Bivalve Freshwater

Combshell, Upland (Epioblasma metastriata) Bivalve Freshwater Crayfish, Cave (Cambarus aculabrum) (Cambarus aculabrum) Crustacean Freshwater

Crayfish, Cave (Cambarus zophonastes) (Cambarus Crustacean Freshwater Crayfish, Nashville (Orconectes shoupi) Crustacean Freshwater

Crayfish, Shasta (Pacifastacus fortis) Crustacean Freshwater Cui-ui (Chasmistes cujus) Fish Freshwater
Chapter 6: References

122

Cumberland darter (Etheostoma susanae) Fish Freshwater Dace, Ash Meadows Speckled (Rhinichthys osculus nevadensis) Fish Freshwater

Dace, Blackside (Phoxinus cumberlandensis) Fish Freshwater Dace, Clover Valley Speckled (Rhinichthys osculus oligoporus) Fish Freshwater

Dace, Desert (Eremichthys acros) Fish Freshwater Dace, Foskett Speckled (Rhinichthys osculus ssp.) Fish Freshwater

Dace, Independence Valley Speckled (Rhinichthys osculus Fish Freshwater Dace, Moapa (Moapa coriacea) Fish Freshwater

lethoporus)

Darter, Amber (Percina antesella) Fish Freshwater Darter, Bayou (Etheostoma rubrum) Fish Freshwater

Darter, Bluemask (=jewel) (Etheostoma sp.) Fish Freshwater Darter, Boulder (Etheostoma wapiti) Fish Freshwater

Darter, Cherokee (Etheostoma scotti) Fish Freshwater Darter, Duskytail (Etheostoma percnurum) Fish Freshwater

Darter, Etowah (Etheostoma etowahae) Fish Freshwater Darter, Fountain (Etheostoma fonticola) Fish Freshwater

Darter, Goldline (Percina aurolineata) Fish Freshwater Darter, Leopard (Percina pantherina) Fish Freshwater

Darter, Maryland (Etheostoma sellare) Fish Freshwater Darter, Niangua (Etheostoma nianguae) Fish Freshwater

Darter, Okaloosa (Etheostoma okaloosae) Fish Freshwater Darter, Relict (Etheostoma chienense) Fish Freshwater

Darter, Slackwater (Etheostoma boschungi) Fish Freshwater Darter, Snail (Percina tanasi) Fish Freshwater

Darter, Vermilion (Etheostoma chermocki) Fish Freshwater Darter, Watercress (Etheostoma nuchale) Fish Freshwater

Elimia, Lacy (Elimia crenatella) Gastropod Freshwater Elktoe, Appalachian (Alasmidonta raveneliana) Bivalve Freshwater

Fanshell (Cyprogenia stegaria) Bivalve Freshwater Fatmucket, Arkansas (Lampsilis powelli) Bivalve Freshwater

fuzzy pigtoe (Pleurobema strodeanum) Bivalve Freshwater Gambusia, Big Bend (Gambusia gaigei) Fish Freshwater

Gambusia, Clear Creek (Gambusia heterochir) Fish Freshwater Gambusia, Pecos (Gambusia nobilis) Fish Freshwater

Gambusia, San Marcos (Gambusia georgei) Fish Freshwater Goby, Tidewater (Eucyclogobius newberryi) Fish Freshwater

Hornsnail, rough (Pleurocera foremani) Gastropod Freshwater Isopod, Lee County Cave (Lirceus usdagalun) Crustacean Freshwater

Isopod, Madison Cave (Antrolana lira) Crustacean Freshwater Isopod, Socorro (Thermosphaeroma thermophilus) Crustacean Freshwater

Kidneyshell, Triangular (Ptychobranchus greenii) Bivalve Freshwater Laurel dace (Chrosomus aylori) Fish Freshwater

Limpet, Banbury Springs (Lanx sp.) Gastropod Freshwater Logperch, Conasauga (Percina jenkinsi) Fish Freshwater

Logperch, Roanoke (Percina rex) Fish Freshwater Madtom, Neosho (Noturus placidus) Fish Freshwater

Madtom, Pygmy (Noturus stanauli) Fish Freshwater Madtom, Scioto (Noturus trautmani) Fish Freshwater

Madtom, Smoky (Noturus baileyi) Fish Freshwater Madtom, Yellowfin (Noturus flavipinnis) Fish Freshwater

Minnow, Devils River (Dionda diaboli) Fish Freshwater Minnow, Loach (Tiaroga cobitis) Fish Freshwater

Minnow, Rio Grande Silvery (Hybognathus amarus) Fish Freshwater Mucket, Orange-nacre (Lampsilis perovalis) Bivalve Freshwater

Mucket, Pink (Pearlymussel) (Lampsilis abrupta) Bivalve Freshwater Mussel, Acornshell Southern (Epioblasma othcaloogensis) Bivalve Freshwater

Mussel, Alabama Moccasinshell (Medionidus acutissimus) Bivalve Freshwater Mussel, Black (=Curtus' Mussel) Clubshell (Pleurobema Bivalve Freshwater

Mussel, Clubshell (Pleurobema clava) Bivalve Freshwater Mussel, Coosa Moccasinshell (Medionidus parvulus) Bivalve Freshwater

Mussel, Cumberland Combshell (Epioblasma brevidens) Bivalve Freshwater Mussel, Cumberland Elktoe (Alasmidonta atropurpurea) Bivalve Freshwater

Mussel, Cumberland Pigtoe (Pleurobema gibberum) Bivalve Freshwater Mussel, Dark Pigtoe (Pleurobema furvum) Bivalve Freshwater

Mussel, Dwarf Wedge (Alasmidonta heterodon) Bivalve Freshwater Mussel, Fat Threeridge (Amblema neislerii) Bivalve Freshwater

Mussel, Fine-lined Pocketbook (Lampsilis altilis) Bivalve Freshwater Mussel, Fine-rayed Pigtoe (Fusconaia cuneolus) Bivalve Freshwater

Mussel, Flat Pigtoe (=Marshall's Mussel) (Pleurobema Bivalve Freshwater Mussel, Georgia pigtoe (Pleurobema hanleyianum) Bivalve Freshwater

Mussel, Gulf Moccasinshell (Medionidus penicillatus) Bivalve Freshwater Mussel, Heavy Pigtoe (=Judge Tait's Mussel) (Pleurobema Bivalve Freshwater

taitianum)

Mussel, Heelsplitter Carolina (Lasmigona decorata) Bivalve Freshwater Mussel, Heelsplitter Inflated (Potamilus inflatus) Bivalve Freshwater
Chapter 6: References

123

Mussel, Ochlockonee Moccasinshell (Medionidus simpsonianus) Bivalve Freshwater Mussel, Oval Pigtoe (Pleurobema pyriforme) Bivalve Freshwater

Mussel, Ovate Clubshell (Pleurobema perovatum) Bivalve Freshwater Mussel, Oyster (Epioblasma capsaeformis) Bivalve Freshwater

Mussel, Ring Pink (=Golf Stick Pearly) (Obovaria retusa) Bivalve Freshwater Mussel, Rough Pigtoe (Pleurobema plenum) Bivalve Freshwater

Mussel, Scaleshell (Leptodea leptodon) Bivalve Freshwater Mussel, Shiny Pigtoe (Fusconaia cor) Bivalve Freshwater

Mussel, Shiny-rayed Pocketbook (Lampsilis subangulata) Bivalve Freshwater Mussel, snuffbox (Epioblasma triquetra) Bivalve Freshwater

Mussel, Southern Clubshell (Pleurobema decisum) Bivalve Freshwater Mussel, Southern Pigtoe (Pleurobema georgianum) Bivalve Freshwater

Mussel, Speckled Pocketbook (Lampsilis streckeri) Bivalve Freshwater Mussel, Winged Mapleleaf (Quadrula fragosa) Bivalve Freshwater

Narrow Pigtoe (Fusconaia escambia) Bivalve Freshwater Ozark Hellbender (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis bishopi) Amphibian Freshwater

Pearlshell, Louisiana (Margaritifera hembeli) Bivalve Freshwater Pearlymussel, Alabama Lamp (Lampsilis virescens) Bivalve Freshwater

Pearlymussel, Appalachian Monkeyface (Quadrula sparsa) Bivalve Freshwater Pearlymussel, Birdwing (Lemiox rimosus) Bivalve Freshwater

Pearlymussel, Cracking (Hemistena lata) Bivalve Freshwater Pearlymussel, Cumberland Bean (Villosa trabalis) Bivalve Freshwater

Pearlymussel, Cumberland Monkeyface (Quadrula intermedia) Bivalve Freshwater Pearlymussel, Curtis' (Epioblasma florentina curtisii) Bivalve Freshwater

Pearlymussel, Dromedary (Dromus dromas) Bivalve Freshwater Pearlymussel, Fat Pocketbook (Potamilus capax) Bivalve Freshwater

Pearlymussel, Green-blossom (Epioblasma torulosa Bivalve Freshwater Pearlymussel, Higgins' Eye (Lampsilis higginsii) Bivalve Freshwater

gubernaculum)

Pearlymussel, Little-wing (Pegias fabula) Bivalve Freshwater Pearlymussel, Orange-footed (Plethobasus cooperianus) Bivalve Freshwater

Pearlymussel, Pale Lilliput (Toxolasma cylindrellus) Bivalve Freshwater Pearlymussel, Purple Cat's Paw (Epioblasma obliquata Bivalve Freshwater

Pearlymussel, Tubercled-blossom (Epioblasma torulosa Bivalve Freshwater Pearlymussel, Turgid-blossom (Epioblasma turgidula) Bivalve Freshwater

Pearlymussel, White Cat's Paw (Epioblasma obliquata Bivalve Freshwater Pearlymussel, White Wartyback (Plethobasus cicatricosus) Bivalve Freshwater

Pearlymussel, Yellow-blossom (Epioblasma florentina florentina) Bivalve Freshwater Pebblesnail, Flat (Lepyrium showalteri) Gastropod Freshwater

Poolfish, Pahrump (= Pahrump Killifish) (Empetrichthys latos) Dicot Freshwater Pupfish, Ash Meadows Amargosa (Cyprinodon nevadensis Fish Freshwater

mionectes)

Pupfish, Comanche Springs (Cyprinodon elegans) Fish Freshwater Pupfish, Desert (Cyprinodon macularius) Fish Freshwater

Pupfish, Devils Hole (Cyprinodon diabolis) Fish Freshwater Pupfish, Leon Springs (Cyprinodon bovinus) Fish Freshwater

Pupfish, Owens (Cyprinodon radiosus) Fish Freshwater Pupfish, Warm Springs (Cyprinodon nevadensis pectoralis) Fish Freshwater

Purple Bean (Villosa perpurpurea) Bivalve Freshwater Rabbitsfoot, Rough (Quadrula cylindrica strigillata) Bivalve Freshwater

Rayed Bean (Villosa fabalis) Bivalve Freshwater Riffleshell, Northern (Epioblasma torulosa rangiana) Bivalve Freshwater

Riffleshell, Tan (Epioblasma florentina walkeri (=E. walkeri)) Bivalve Freshwater Riversnail, Anthony's (Athearnia anthonyi) Gastropod Freshwater

Rock-pocketbook, Ouachita (=Wheeler's pm) (Arkansia wheeleri) Bivalve Freshwater Rocksnail, interrupted (Leptoxis foremani) Gastropod Freshwater

Rocksnail, Painted (Leptoxis taeniata) Gastropod Freshwater Rocksnail, Plicate (Leptoxis plicata) Gastropod Freshwater

Rocksnail, Round (Leptoxis ampla) Gastropod Freshwater Round Ebonyshell (Fusconaia rotulata) Bivalve Freshwater

Rush darter (Etheostoma phytophilum) Fish Freshwater Sculpin, Pygmy (Cottus paulus (=pygmaeus)) Fish Freshwater

Sheepnose mussel (Plethobasus cyphyus) Bivalve Freshwater Shiner, Arkansas River (Notropis girardi) Fish Freshwater

Shiner, Beautiful (Cyprinella formosa) Fish Freshwater Shiner, Blue (Cyprinella caerulea) Fish Freshwater

Shiner, Cahaba (Notropis cahabae) Fish Freshwater Shiner, Cape Fear (Notropis mekistocholas) Fish Freshwater

Shiner, Palezone (Notropis albizonatus) Fish Freshwater Shiner, Pecos Bluntnose (Notropis simus pecosensis) Fish Freshwater

Shiner, Topeka (Notropis topeka (=tristis)) Fish Freshwater Shrimp, Alabama Cave (Palaemonias alabamae) Crustacean Freshwater

Shrimp, California Freshwater (Syncaris pacifica) Crustacean Freshwater Shrimp, Kentucky Cave (Palaemonias ganteri) Crustacean Freshwater

Silverside, Waccamaw (Menidia extensa) Fish Freshwater Slabshell, Chipola (Elliptio chipolaensis) Bivalve Freshwater
Chapter 6: References

124

Snail, Armored (Pyrgulopsis (=Marstonia) pachyta) Gastropod Freshwater Snail, Bliss Rapids (Taylorconcha serpenticola) Gastropod Freshwater

Snail, Lioplax Cylindrical (Lioplax cyclostomaformis) Gastropod Freshwater Snail, Newcomb's (Erinna newcombi) Gastropod Freshwater

Snail, Pecos Assiminea (Assiminea pecos) Gastropod Freshwater Southern Kidneyshell (Ptychobranchus jonesi) Bivalve Freshwater

Spectaclecase mussel (Cumberlandia monodonta) Bivalve Freshwater Spikedace (Meda fulgida) Fish Freshwater

Spinedace, Big Spring (Lepidomeda mollispinis pratensis) Fish Freshwater Spinedace, Little Colorado (Lepidomeda vittata) Fish Freshwater

Spinedace, White River (Lepidomeda albivallis) Fish Freshwater Spinymussel, Altamaha (Elliptio spinosa) Bivalve Freshwater

Spinymussel, James River (Pleurobema collina) Bivalve Freshwater Spinymussel, Tar River (Elliptio steinstansana) Bivalve Freshwater

Springfish, Hiko White River (Crenichthys baileyi grandis) Fish Freshwater Springfish, Railroad Valley (Crenichthys nevadae) Fish Freshwater

Springfish, White River (Crenichthys baileyi baileyi) Fish Freshwater Springsnail, Alamosa (Tryonia alamosae) Gastropod Freshwater

Springsnail, Bruneau Hot (Pyrgulopsis bruneauensis) Gastropod Freshwater Springsnail, Roswell (Pyrgulopsis roswellensis) Gastropod Freshwater

Springsnail, Socorro (Pyrgulopsis neomexicana) Gastropod Freshwater Springsnail, Three Forks (Pyrgulopsis trivialis) Gastropod Freshwater

Squawfish, Colorado (Ptychocheilus lucius) Fish Freshwater Stickleback, Unarmored Threespine (Gasterosteus aculeatus Fish Freshwater

williamsoni)

Stirrupshell (Quadrula stapes) Bivalve Freshwater Sturgeon, Alabama (Scaphirhynchus suttkusi) Fish Freshwater

Sturgeon, Pallid (Scaphirhynchus albus) Fish Freshwater Sucker, June (Chasmistes liorus) Fish Freshwater

Sucker, Lost River (Deltistes luxatus) Fish Freshwater Sucker, Modoc (Catostomus microps) Fish Freshwater

Sucker, Razorback (Xyrauchen texanus) Fish Freshwater Sucker, Santa Ana (Catostomus santaanae) Fish Freshwater

Sucker, Shortnose (Chasmistes brevirostris) Fish Freshwater Sucker, Warner (Catostomus warnerensis) Fish Freshwater

Tapered Pigtoe (Fusconaia burkei) Bivalve Freshwater Topminnow, Gila (Yaqui) (Poeciliopsis occidentalis) Fish Freshwater

Trout, Apache (Oncorhynchus apache) Fish Freshwater Trout, Bull (Salvelinus confluentus) Fish Freshwater

Trout, Gila (Oncorhynchus gilae) Fish Freshwater Trout, Greenback Cutthroat (Oncorhynchus clarki stomias) Fish Freshwater

Trout, Lahontan Cutthroat (Oncorhynchus clarki henshawi) Fish Freshwater Trout, Little Kern Golden (Oncorhynchus aguabonita whitei) Fish Freshwater

Trout, Paiute Cutthroat (Oncorhynchus clarki seleniris) Fish Freshwater Woundfin (Plagopterus argentissimus) Fish Freshwater

Yellowcheek darter (Etheostoma moorei) Fish Freshwater Smelt, Delta (Hypomesus transpacificus) Fish Freshwater, Brackish

Salmon, Atlantic (Salmo salar) Fish Freshwater, Brackish, Salmon, Chinook (Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) tshawytscha) Fish Freshwater, Brackish, 

Saltwater Saltwater

Salmon, Chum (Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) keta) Fish Freshwater, Brackish, Salmon, Coho (Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) kisutch) Fish Freshwater, Brackish, 

Saltwater Saltwater

Salmon, Sockeye (Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) nerka) Fish Freshwater, Brackish, Sawfish, Smalltooth (Pristis pectinata) Fish Freshwater, Brackish, 

Saltwater Saltwater

Steelhead (Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) mykiss) Fish Freshwater, Brackish, Sturgeon, Gulf (Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi) Fish Freshwater, Saltwater

Saltwater

Sturgeon, North American green (Acipenser medirostris) Fish Freshwater, Saltwater Sturgeon, Shortnose (Acipenser brevirostrum) Fish Freshwater, Saltwater

Sturgeon, White (Acipenser transmontanus) Fish Freshwater, Saltwater Amphipod, Illinois Cave (Gammarus acherondytes) Crustacean Freshwater, 

Subterraneous

Amphipod, Kauai Cave (Spelaeorchestia koloana) Crustacean Freshwater, Amphipod, Peck's Cave (Stygobromus (=Stygonectes) pecki) Crustacean Freshwater, 

Subterraneous Subterraneous

Beetle, Comal Springs Dryopid (Stygoparnus comalensis) Insect Freshwater, Beetle, Comal Springs Riffle (Heterelmis comalensis) Insect Freshwater, 

Subterraneous Subterraneous

Cavesnail, Tumbling Creek (Antrobia culveri) Gastropod Freshwater, Salamander, Texas Blind (Typhlomolge rathbuni) Amphibian Freshwater, 

Subterraneous Subterraneous
Chapter 6: References

125

Shrimp, Squirrel Chimney Cave (Palaemonetes cummingi) Crustacean Freshwater, Abalone, Black (Haliotis cracherodii) Gastropod Saltwater

Subterraneous

Abalone, White (Haliotis sorenseni) Gastropod Saltwater Coral, Elkhorn (Acropora palmata) Coral Saltwater

Coral, Staghorn (Acropora cervicornis) Coral Saltwater Killer whale, Southern Resident DPS (Orcinus orca) Mammal Saltwater

Manatee, West Indian (Trichechus manatus) Mammal Saltwater Otter, Northern Sea (Enhydra lutris kenyoni) Mammal Saltwater

Otter, Southern Sea (Enhydra lutris nereis) Mammal Saltwater Rockfish, Bocaccio (Sebastes paucispinis) Fish Saltwater

Sea turtle, green (Chelonia mydas) Reptile Saltwater Sturgeon, Shovelnose (Scaphirhynchus platorynchus) Fish Saltwater

Whale, beluga (Delphinapterus leucas) Mammal Saltwater Whale, Finback (Balaenoptera physalus) Mammal Saltwater

Whale, Gray (Eschrichtius robustus) Mammal Saltwater Whale, Humpback (Megaptera novaeangliae) Mammal Saltwater

Whale, North Atlantic right (Eubalaena glacialis (incl. australis)) Mammal Saltwater Whale, Sei (Balaenoptera borealis) Mammal Saltwater

Whale, Sperm (Physeter catodon (=macrocephalus)) Mammal Saltwater Sea turtle, hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata) Reptile Saltwater, Coastal

Sea turtle, leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea) Reptile Saltwater, Coastal Sea turtle, loggerhead (Caretta caretta) Reptile Saltwater, Coastal

Seal, Guadalupe Fur (Arctocephalus townsendi) Mammal Saltwater, Coastal Seal, Hawaiian Monk (Monachus schauinslandi) Mammal Saltwater, Coastal

Seal, spotted (Phoca largha) Mammal Saltwater, Coastal Sea-lion, Steller (Eumetopias jubatus) Mammal Saltwater, Coastal

Beetle, Coffin Cave Mold (Batrisodes texanus) Insect Subterraneous Beetle, Helotes Mold (Batrisodes venyivi) Insect Subterraneous

Beetle, Kretschmarr Cave Mold (Texamaurops reddelli) Insect Subterraneous Beetle, Tooth Cave Ground (Rhadine persephone) Insect Subterraneous

Akekee (Loxops caeruleirostris) Bird Terrestrial 'Akepa, Hawaii (Loxops coccineus coccineus) Bird Terrestrial

'Akepa, Maui (Loxops coccineus ochraceus) Bird Terrestrial 'Akia Loa, Kauai (Hemignathus procerus) (Hemignathus Bird Terrestrial

procerus)

'Akia Pola'au (Hemignathus munroi) (Hemignathus munroi) Bird Terrestrial Bear, American Black (Ursus americanus) Mammal Terrestrial

Bear, Grizzly (Ursus arctos horribilis) Mammal Terrestrial Bear, Louisiana Black (Ursus americanus luteolus) Mammal Terrestrial

Beetle, American Burying (Nicrophorus americanus) Insect Terrestrial Beetle, Casey's June (Dinacoma caseyi) Insect Terrestrial

Beetle, Northeastern Beach Tiger (Cicindela dorsalis dorsalis) Insect Terrestrial Beetle, Ohlone Tiger (Cicindela ohlone) Insect Terrestrial

Beetle, Salt Creek Tiger (Cicindela nevadica lincolniana) Insect Terrestrial

Beetle, Valley Elderberry Longhorn (Desmocerus californicus Insect Terrestrial Bison, Wood (Bison bison athabascae) Mammal Terrestrial

dimorphus)

Blackbird, Yellow-shouldered (Agelaius xanthomus) Bird Terrestrial blackline Hawaiian damselfly (Megalagrion nigrohamatum Insect Terrestrial

nigrolineatum)

Bladderpod, White Bluffs (Physaria douglasii subsp. Dicot Terrestrial Boa, Puerto Rican (Epicrates inornatus) Reptile Terrestrial

Tuplashensis)

Boa, Virgin Islands Tree (Epicrates monensis granti) Reptile Terrestrial Bobwhite, Masked (Colinus virginianus ridgwayi) Bird Terrestrial

Buckwheat, Umtanum Desert (Eriogonum codium) Dicot Terrestrial Butterfly [Cassius Blue, Ceraunus Blue, Nickerbean Blue] Insect Terrestrial

(Leptotes and Hemiargus and Cyclargus genus)

Butterfly, Bay Checkerspot (Wright's euphydryas) (Euphydryas Insect Terrestrial Butterfly, Behren's Silverspot (Speyeria zerene behrensii) Insect Terrestrial

editha bayensis)

Butterfly, Callippe Silverspot (Speyeria callippe callippe) Insect Terrestrial Butterfly, Ceranus Blue (Hemiargus ceraunus antibubastus) Insect Terrestrial

Butterfly, El Segundo Blue (Euphilotes battoides allyni) Insect Terrestrial Butterfly, Fender's Blue (Icaricia icarioides fenderi) Insect Terrestrial

Butterfly, Karner Blue (Lycaeides melissa samuelis) Insect Terrestrial Butterfly, Lange's Metalmark (Apodemia mormo langei) Insect Terrestrial

Butterfly, Lotis Blue (Lycaeides argyrognomon lotis) Insect Terrestrial Butterfly, Miami Blue (Cyclargus thomasi bethunebakeri) Insect Terrestrial

Butterfly, Mission Blue (Icaricia icarioides missionensis) Insect Terrestrial Butterfly, Myrtle's Silverspot (Speyeria zerene myrtleae) Insect Terrestrial
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126

Butterfly, Nickerbean Blue (Cyclargus ammon) Insect Terrestrial Butterfly, Oregon Silverspot (Speyeria zerene hippolyta) Insect Terrestrial

Butterfly, Palos Verdes Blue (Glaucopsyche lygdamus Insect Terrestrial Butterfly, Quino Checkerspot (Euphydryas editha quino (=E. e. Insect Terrestrial

palosverdesensis) wrighti))

Butterfly, Saint Francis' Satyr (Neonympha mitchellii francisci) Insect Terrestrial Butterfly, San Bruno Elfin (Callophrys mossii bayensis) Insect Terrestrial

Butterfly, Smith's Blue (Euphilotes enoptes smithi) Insect Terrestrial Butterfly, Uncompahgre Fritillary (Boloria acrocnema) Insect Terrestrial

Caracara, Audubon's Crested (Polyborus plancus audubonii) Bird Terrestrial Caribou, Woodland (Rangifer tarandus caribou) Mammal Terrestrial

Condor, California (Gymnogyps californianus) Bird Terrestrial Coot, Hawaiian (=Alae keo keo) (Fulica americana alai) Bird Terrestrial

Creeper, Hawaii (Oreomystis mana) Bird Terrestrial Creeper, Oahu (Alauwahio) (Paroreomyza maculata) Bird Terrestrial

Crimson Hawaiian damselfly (Megalagrion leptodemas) Insect Terrestrial Crow, Hawaiian ('Alala) (Corvus hawaiiensis) Bird Terrestrial

Crow, Mariana (Corvus kubaryi) Bird Terrestrial Curlew, Eskimo (Numenius borealis) Bird Terrestrial

Damselfly, Flying Earwig Hawaiian (Megalagrion nesiotes) Insect Terrestrial Damselfly, Pacific Hawaiian (Megalagrion pacificum) Insect Terrestrial

DeBeque phacelia (Phacelia submutica) Dicot Terrestrial Deer, Columbian White-tailed (Odocoileus virginianus leucurus) Mammal Terrestrial

Elepaio, Oahu (Chasiempis sandwichensis ibidis) Bird Terrestrial Falcon, Northern Aplomado (Falco femoralis septentrionalis) Bird Terrestrial

Ferret, Black-footed (Mustela nigripes) Mammal Terrestrial Fly, Delhi Sands Flower-loving (Rhaphiomidas terminatus Insect Terrestrial

abdominalis)

Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing (Drosophila tarphytrichia) Insect Terrestrial Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing (Drosophila neoclavisetae) Insect Terrestrial

Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing (Drosophila obatai) Insect Terrestrial Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing (Drosophila aglaia) Insect Terrestrial

Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing (Drosophila substenoptera) Insect Terrestrial Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing (Drosophila mulli) Insect Terrestrial

Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing (Drosophila montgomeryi) Insect Terrestrial Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing (Drosophila heteroneura) Insect Terrestrial
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127

Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing (Drosophila musaphilia) Insect Terrestrial Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing (Drosophila ochrobasis) Insect Terrestrial

Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing (Drosophila hemipeza) Insect Terrestrial Flycatcher, Southwestern Willow (Empidonax traillii extimus) Bird Terrestrial

Fox, San Joaquin Kit (Vulpes macrotis mutica) Mammal Terrestrial Fox, San Miguel Island (Urocyon littoralis littoralis) Mammal Terrestrial

Fox, Santa Catalina Island (Urocyon littoralis catalinae) Mammal Terrestrial Fox, Santa Cruz Island (Urocyon littoralis santacruzae) Mammal Terrestrial

Fox, Santa Rosa Island (Urocyon littoralis santarosae) Mammal Terrestrial Gnatcatcher, Coastal California (Polioptila californica californica) Bird Terrestrial

Grasshopper, Zayante Band-winged (Trimerotropis infantilis) Insect Terrestrial Gray Wolf (Canis lupus) Mammal Terrestrial

Hawaiian picture-wing Fly (Drosophila sharpi) Insect Terrestrial Hawk, Hawaiian (Io) (Buteo solitarius) Bird Terrestrial

Hawk, Puerto Rican Broad-winged (Buteo platypterus Bird Terrestrial Hawk, Puerto Rican Sharp-shinned (Accipiter striatus venator) Bird Terrestrial

brunnescens)

Honeycreeper, Crested ('Akohekohe) (Palmeria dolei) Bird Terrestrial Jaguar (Panthera onca) Mammal Terrestrial

Jaguarundi, Gulf Coast (Herpailurus (=Felis) yagouaroundi Mammal Terrestrial Jaguarundi, Sinaloan (Herpailurus (=Felis) yagouaroundi tolteca) Mammal Terrestrial

cacomitli)

Kangaroo Rat, Fresno (Dipodomys nitratoides exilis) Mammal Terrestrial Kangaroo Rat, Giant (Dipodomys ingens) Mammal Terrestrial

Kangaroo Rat, Morro Bay (Dipodomys heermanni morroensis) Mammal Terrestrial Kangaroo Rat, San Bernardino Merriam's (Dipodomys merriami Mammal Terrestrial

parvus)

Kangaroo Rat, Stephens' (Dipodomys stephensi (incl. D. Mammal Terrestrial Kangaroo Rat, Tipton (Dipodomys nitratoides nitratoides) Mammal Terrestrial

Kauai creeper (Oreomystis bairdi) Bird Terrestrial Kingfisher, Guam Micronesian (Halcyon cinnamomina Bird Terrestrial

cinnamomina)

Kite, Everglades Snail (Rostrhamus sociabilis plumbeus) Bird Terrestrial Lizard, Blunt-nosed Leopard (Gambelia silus) Reptile Terrestrial

Lizard, Coachella Valley Fringe-toed (Uma inornata) Reptile Terrestrial Lizard, Island Night (Xantusia riversiana) Reptile Terrestrial

Lizard, St. Croix Ground (Ameiva polops) Reptile Terrestrial Lobelia niihauensis (ncn) (Lobelia niihauensis) Dicot Terrestrial

Lynx, Canada (Lynx canadensis) Mammal Terrestrial Marstonia, Royal (=Royal Snail) (Pyrgulopsis ogmorhaphe) Gastropod Terrestrial

Megapode, Micronesian (La Perouse's) (Megapodius laperouse) Bird Terrestrial Moorhen, Hawaiian Common (Gallinula chloropus sandvicensis) Bird Terrestrial

Moorhen, Mariana Common (Gallinula chloropus guami) Bird Terrestrial Moth, Blackburn's Sphinx (Manduca blackburni) Insect Terrestrial

Moth, Kern Primrose Sphinx (Euproserpinus euterpe) Insect Terrestrial Mouse, Pacific Pocket (Perognathus longimembris pacificus) Mammal Terrestrial

Mouse, Preble's Meadow Jumping (Zapus hudsonius preblei) Mammal Terrestrial Mouse, Salt Marsh Harvest (Reithrodontomys raviventris) Mammal Terrestrial

Naucorid, Ash Meadows (Ambrysus amargosus) Insect Terrestrial Nightjar, Puerto Rico (Caprimulgus noctitherus) Bird Terrestrial

Oceanic Hawaiian damselfly (Megalagrion oceanicum) Insect Terrestrial Ocelot (Leopardus (=Felis) pardalis) Mammal Terrestrial

'O'o, Kauai (='A'a) (Moho braccatus) Bird Terrestrial 'O'u (Honeycreeper) (Psittirostra psittacea) Bird Terrestrial

Owl, Mexican Spotted (Strix occidentalis lucida) Bird Terrestrial Owl, Northern Spotted (Strix occidentalis caurina) Bird Terrestrial

Pagosa Skyrocket (Ipomopsis polyantha) Dicot Terrestrial Palila (Loxioides bailleui) Bird Terrestrial

Panther, Florida (Puma (=Felis) concolor coryi) Mammal Terrestrial Parachute Beardtongue (Penstemon debilis) Dicot Terrestrial

Parrot, Puerto Rican (Amazona vittata) Bird Terrestrial Parrotbill, Maui (Pseudonestor xanthophrys) Bird Terrestrial

Petrel, Hawaiian Dark-rumped (Pterodroma phaeopygia Bird Terrestrial Pigeon, Puerto Rican Plain (Columba inornata wetmorei) Bird Terrestrial

sandwichensis)

Plover, Piping (Charadrius melodus) Bird Terrestrial Plover, Western Snowy (Charadrius alexandrinus nivosus) Bird Terrestrial

Po'ouli (Melamprosops phaeosoma) Bird Terrestrial Prairie-chicken, Attwater's Greater (Tympanuchus cupido Bird Terrestrial

attwateri)

Pronghorn, Sonoran (Antilocapra americana sonoriensis) Mammal Terrestrial Puma (=Cougar), Eastern (Puma (=Felis) concolor (all subsp. Mammal Terrestrial

except coryi))
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128

Rabbit, Pygmy (Brachylagus idahoensis) Mammal Terrestrial Rabbit, Riparian Brush (Sylvilagus bachmani riparius) Mammal Terrestrial

Rail, California Clapper (Rallus longirostris obsoletus) Bird Terrestrial Rail, Guam (Rallus owstoni) Bird Terrestrial

Rail, Light-footed Clapper (Rallus longirostris levipes) Bird Terrestrial Rail, Yuma Clapper (Rallus longirostris yumanensis) Bird Terrestrial

Rattlesnake, New Mexican Ridge-nosed (Crotalus willardi Reptile Terrestrial Scrub-Jay, Florida (Aphelocoma coerulescens) Bird Terrestrial

obscurus)

Shagreen, Magazine Mountain (Mesodon magazinensis) Gastropod Terrestrial Sheep, Peninsular Bighorn (Ovis canadensis nelsoni) Mammal Terrestrial

Sheep, Sierra Nevada Bighorn (Ovis canadensis sierrae) Mammal Terrestrial Shrew, Buena Vista Lake Ornate (Sorex ornatus relictus) Mammal Terrestrial

Shrike, San Clemente Loggerhead (Lanius ludovicianus mearnsi) Bird Terrestrial Skink, Blue-tailed Mole (Eumeces egregius lividus) Reptile Terrestrial

Skink, Sand (Neoseps reynoldsi) Reptile Terrestrial Skipper, Carson Wandering (Pseudocopaeodes eunus obscurus) Insect Terrestrial

Skipper, Laguna Mountain (Pyrgus ruralis lagunae) Insect Terrestrial Skipper, Pawnee Montane (Hesperia leonardus montana) Insect Terrestrial

Snail, Flat-spired Three-toothed (Triodopsis platysayoides) Gastropod Terrestrial Snail, Iowa Pleistocene (Discus macclintocki) Gastropod Terrestrial

Snail, Morro Shoulderband (Helminthoglypta walkeriana) Gastropod Terrestrial Snail, Noonday (Mesodon clarki nantahala) Gastropod Terrestrial

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella abbreviata) (Achatinella Gastropod Terrestrial Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella apexfulva) (Achatinella apexfulva) Gastropod Terrestrial

abbreviata)

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella bellula) (Achatinella bellula) Gastropod Terrestrial Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella buddii) (Achatinella buddii) Gastropod Terrestrial

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella bulimoides) (Achatinella Gastropod Terrestrial Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella byronii) (Achatinella byronii) Gastropod Terrestrial

bulimoides)

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella caesia) (Achatinella caesia) Gastropod Terrestrial Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella casta) (Achatinella casta) Gastropod Terrestrial

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella cestus) (Achatinella cestus) Gastropod Terrestrial Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella concavospira) (Achatinella Gastropod Terrestrial

concavospira)

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella curta) (Achatinella curta) Gastropod Terrestrial Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella decipiens) (Achatinella decipiens) Gastropod Terrestrial

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella decora) (Achatinella decora) Gastropod Terrestrial Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella dimorpha) (Achatinella dimorpha) Gastropod Terrestrial

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella elegans) (Achatinella elegans) Gastropod Terrestrial Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella fulgens) (Achatinella fulgens) Gastropod Terrestrial

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella fuscobasis) (Achatinella Gastropod Terrestrial Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella juddii) (Achatinella juddii) Gastropod Terrestrial

fuscobasis)

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella juncea) (Achatinella juncea) Gastropod Terrestrial Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella lehuiensis) (Achatinella Gastropod Terrestrial

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella leucorraphe) (Achatinella Gastropod Terrestrial Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella lila) (Achatinella lila) Gastropod Terrestrial

leucorraphe)

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella livida) (Achatinella livida) Gastropod Terrestrial Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella lorata) (Achatinella lorata) Gastropod Terrestrial

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella mustelina) (Achatinella Gastropod Terrestrial Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella papyracea) (Achatinella papyracea) Gastropod Terrestrial

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella phaeozona) (Achatinella Gastropod Terrestrial Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella pulcherrima) (Achatinella Gastropod Terrestrial

phaeozona) pulcherrima)

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella pupukanioe) (Achatinella Gastropod Terrestrial Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella rosea) (Achatinella rosea) Gastropod Terrestrial

pupukanioe)

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella sowerbyana) (Achatinella Gastropod Terrestrial Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella spaldingi) (Achatinella spaldingi) Gastropod Terrestrial

sowerbyana)

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella stewartii) (Achatinella stewartii) Gastropod Terrestrial Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella swiftii) (Achatinella swiftii) Gastropod Terrestrial

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella taeniolata) (Achatinella taeniolata) Gastropod Terrestrial Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella thaanumi) (Achatinella Gastropod Terrestrial

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella turgida) (Achatinella turgida) Gastropod Terrestrial Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella valida) (Achatinella valida) Gastropod Terrestrial

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella viridans) (Achatinella viridans) Gastropod Terrestrial Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella vittata) (Achatinella vittata) Gastropod Terrestrial
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129

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella vulpina) (Achatinella vulpina) Gastropod Terrestrial Snail, Painted Snake Coiled Forest (Anguispira picta) Gastropod Terrestrial

Snail, Snake River Physa (Physa natricina) Gastropod Terrestrial Snail, Tulotoma (Tulotoma magnifica) Gastropod Terrestrial

Snail, Virginia Fringed Mountain (Polygyriscus virginianus) Gastropod Terrestrial Snake, Eastern Indigo (Drymarchon corais couperi) Reptile Terrestrial

Sparrow, Cape Sable Seaside (Ammodramus maritimus Bird Terrestrial Sparrow, Florida Grasshopper (Ammodramus savannarum Bird Terrestrial

floridanus)

Sparrow, San Clemente Sage (Amphispiza belli clementeae) Bird Terrestrial Spider, Spruce-fir Moss (Microhexura montivaga) Arachnid Terrestrial

Springsnail, Koster's (Juturnia kosteri) Gastropod Terrestrial Squirrel, Carolina Northern Flying (Glaucomys sabrinus Mammal Terrestrial

coloratus)

Squirrel, Delmarva Peninsula Fox (Sciurus niger cinereus) Mammal Terrestrial Squirrel, Mount Graham Red (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus Mammal Terrestrial

grahamensis)

Squirrel, Northern Idaho Ground (Spermophilus brunneus Mammal Terrestrial Stilt, Hawaiian (=Ae'o) (Himantopus mexicanus knudseni) Bird Terrestrial

brunneus)

Stork, Wood (Mycteria americana) Bird Terrestrial Swiftlet, Mariana Gray (=Vanikoro) (Aerodramus vanikorensis Bird Terrestrial

bartschi)

Tern, California Least (Sterna antillarum browni) Bird Terrestrial Tern, Interior (population) Least (Sterna antillarum) Bird Terrestrial

Tern, Roseate (Sterna dougallii dougallii) Bird Terrestrial Thrush, Large Kauai (Myadestes myadestinus) Bird Terrestrial

Thrush, Small Kauai (Puaiohi) (Myadestes palmeri) Bird Terrestrial Tortoise, Desert (Gopherus agassizii) Reptile Terrestrial

Tortoise, Gopher (Gopherus polyphemus) Reptile Terrestrial Towhee, Inyo Brown (Pipilo crissalis eremophilus) Bird Terrestrial

Vireo, Black-capped (Vireo atricapilla) Bird Terrestrial Vireo, Least Bell's (Vireo bellii pusillus) Bird Terrestrial

Vole, Amargosa (Microtus californicus scirpensis) Mammal Terrestrial Vole, Hualapai Mexican (Microtus mexicanus hualpaiensis) Mammal Terrestrial

Warbler (=Wood), Golden-cheeked (Dendroica chrysoparia) Bird Terrestrial Warbler (=Wood), Kirtland's (Dendroica kirtlandii) Bird Terrestrial

Warbler, Bachman's (Vermivora bachmanii) Bird Terrestrial Warbler, nightingale reed (old world warbler) (Acrocephalus Bird Terrestrial

luscinia)

Whipsnake (=Striped Racer), Alameda (Masticophis lateralis Reptile Terrestrial White-eye, Bridled (Nossa) (Zosterops conspicillatus Bird Terrestrial

euryxanthus) conspicillatus)

White-eye, Rota Bridled (Zosterops rotensis) Bird Terrestrial Wolf, Red (Canis rufus) Mammal Terrestrial

Woodpecker, Ivory-billed (Campephilus principalis) Bird Terrestrial Woodpecker, Red-cockaded (Picoides borealis) Bird Terrestrial

Woodrat, Riparian (Neotoma fuscipes riparia) Mammal Terrestrial Vole, Florida Salt Marsh (Microtus pennsylvanicus Mammal Terrestrial, Brackish

dukecampbelli)

Snake, Atlantic Salt Marsh (Nerodia clarkii taeniata) Reptile Terrestrial, Brackish, Beetle, Puritan Tiger (Cicindela puritana) Insect Terrestrial, Coastal

Saltwater

Mouse, Alabama Beach (Peromyscus polionotus ammobates) Mammal Terrestrial, Coastal Mouse, Anastasia Island Beach (Peromyscus polionotus phasma) Mammal Terrestrial, Coastal

Mouse, Choctawhatchee Beach (Peromyscus polionotus Mammal Terrestrial, Coastal Mouse, Perdido Key Beach (Peromyscus polionotus Mammal Terrestrial, Coastal

allophrys)

Mouse, Southeastern Beach (Peromyscus polionotus Mammal Terrestrial, Coastal Mouse, St. Andrew Beach (Peromyscus polionotus peninsularis) Mammal Terrestrial, Coastal

Ambersnail, Kanab (Oxyloma haydeni kanabensis) Gastropod Terrestrial, Freshwater Coqui, Golden (Eleutherodactylus jasperi) Amphibian Terrestrial, Freshwater

Crane, Mississippi Sandhill (Grus canadensis pulla) Bird Terrestrial, Freshwater Crane, Whooping (Grus americana) Bird Terrestrial, Freshwater

Crocodile, American (Crocodylus acutus) Reptile Terrestrial, Freshwater Dragonfly, Hine's Emerald (Somatochlora hineana) Insect Terrestrial, Freshwater

Duck, Hawaiian (Koloa) (Anas wyvilliana) Bird Terrestrial, Freshwater Frog, California Red-legged (Rana aurora draytonii) Amphibian Terrestrial, Freshwater

Frog, Chiricahua Leopard (Rana chiricahuensis) Amphibian Terrestrial, Freshwater Frog, Dusky Gopher (Mississippi DPS) (Rana capito sevosa) Amphibian Terrestrial, Freshwater

Frog, Mountain Yellow-legged (Rana muscosa) Amphibian Terrestrial, Freshwater Goose, Hawaiian (Nene) (Branta (=Nesochen) sandvicensis) Bird Terrestrial, Freshwater
Chapter 6: References

130

Guajon (Eleutherodactylus cooki) Amphibian Terrestrial, Freshwater Mountain Beaver, Point Arena (Aplodontia rufa nigra) Mammal Terrestrial, Freshwater

Salamander, Barton Springs (Eurycea sosorum) Amphibian Terrestrial, Freshwater Salamander, Cheat Mountain (Plethodon nettingi) Amphibian Terrestrial, Freshwater

Salamander, Desert Slender (Batrachoseps aridus) Amphibian Terrestrial, Freshwater Salamander, Red Hills (Phaeognathus hubrichti) Amphibian Terrestrial, Freshwater

Salamander, Reticulated flatwoods (Ambystoma bishopi) Amphibian Terrestrial, Freshwater Salamander, San Marcos (Eurycea nana) Amphibian Terrestrial, Freshwater

Salamander, Shenandoah (Plethodon shenandoah) Amphibian Terrestrial, Freshwater Snail, Chittenango Ovate Amber (Succinea chittenangoensis) Gastropod Terrestrial, Freshwater

Snake, Giant Garter (Thamnophis gigas) Reptile Terrestrial, Freshwater Snake, Northern Copperbelly Water (Nerodia erythrogaster Reptile Terrestrial, Freshwater

neglecta)

Snake, San Francisco Garter (Thamnophis sirtalis tetrataenia) Reptile Terrestrial, Freshwater Springsnail, Chupadera (Pyrgulopsis chupaderae) Gastropod Terrestrial, Freshwater

Springsnail, San Bernardino (Pyrgulopsis bernardina) Gastropod Terrestrial, Freshwater Toad, Arroyo Southwestern (Bufo californicus (=microscaphus)) Amphibian Terrestrial, Freshwater

Toad, Houston (Bufo houstonensis) Amphibian Terrestrial, Freshwater Toad, Puerto Rican Crested (Peltophryne lemur) Amphibian Terrestrial, Freshwater

Toad, Wyoming (Bufo baxteri (=hemiophrys)) Amphibian Terrestrial, Freshwater Turtle, Alabama Red-bellied (Pseudemys alabamensis) Reptile Terrestrial, Freshwater

Turtle, Bog (Clemmys muhlenbergii) Reptile Terrestrial, Freshwater Turtle, Flattened Musk (Sternotherus depressus) Reptile Terrestrial, Freshwater

Turtle, Plymouth Red-bellied (Pseudemys rubriventris bangsi) Reptile Terrestrial, Freshwater Turtle, Ringed Map (Graptemys oculifera) Reptile Terrestrial, Freshwater

Turtle, Yellow-blotched Map (Graptemys flavimaculata) Reptile Terrestrial, Freshwater Alligator, American (Alligator mississippiensis) Reptile Terrestrial,

Freshwater,

Brackish

Murrelet, Marbled (Brachyramphus marmoratus) Bird Terrestrial, Freshwater, Salamander, Frosted Flatwoods (Ambystoma cingulatum) Amphibian Terrestrial, 

Freshwater,

Saltwater Vernal pool

Salamander, Santa Cruz Long-toed (Ambystoma Amphibian Terrestrial, Freshwater, Salamander, Sonora Tiger (Ambystoma tigrinum stebbinsi) Amphibian Terrestrial, 

Freshwater,

macrodactylum croceum) Vernal pool Vernal pool

Butterfly, Mitchell's Satyr (Neonympha mitchellii mitchellii) Insect Terrestrial, Perm. Albatross, Short-tailed (Phoebastria (=Diomedea) albatrus) Bird Terrestrial, Saltwater

wetland

Eider, Steller's (Polysticta stelleri) Bird Terrestrial, Saltwater Shearwater, Newell's Townsend's (Puffinus auricularis newelli) Bird Terrestrial, Saltwater

Bat, Gray (Myotis grisescens) Mammal Terrestrial, Bat, Hawaiian Hoary (Lasiurus cinereus semotus) Mammal Terrestrial, 

Subterraneous Subterraneous

Bat, Indiana (Myotis sodalis) Mammal Terrestrial, Bat, Lesser (=Sanborn's) Long-nosed (Leptonycteris curasoae Mammal Terrestrial, 

Subterraneous yerbabuenae) Subterraneous

Bat, Little Mariana Fruit (Pteropus tokudae) Mammal Terrestrial, Bat, Mariana Fruit (=Mariana Flying Fox) (Pteropus mariannus Mammal Terrestrial, 

Subterraneous mariannus) Subterraneous

Bat, Mexican Long-nosed (Leptonycteris nivalis) Mammal Terrestrial, Bat, Ozark Big-eared (Corynorhinus (=Plecotus) townsendii Mammal Terrestrial, 

Subterraneous ingens) Subterraneous

Bat, Virginia Big-eared (Corynorhinus (=Plecotus) townsendii Mammal Terrestrial, Beetle, Mount Hermon June (Polyphylla barbata) Insect Terrestrial, 

virginianus) Subterraneous Subterraneous

Harvestman, Bee Creek Cave (Texella reddelli) Arachnid Terrestrial, Harvestman, Bone Cave (Texella reyesi) Arachnid Terrestrial, 

Subterraneous Subterraneous

Harvestman, Cokendolpher Cave (Texella cokendolpheri) Arachnid Terrestrial, Meshweaver, Braken Bat Cave (Cicurina venii) Arachnid Terrestrial, 

Subterraneous Subterraneous

Meshweaver, Government Canyon Bat Cave (Cicurina vespera) Arachnid Terrestrial, Meshweaver, Madla's Cave (Cicurina madla) Arachnid Terrestrial, 

Subterraneous Subterraneous

Meshweaver, Robber Baron Cave (Cicurina baronia) Arachnid Terrestrial, Prairie Dog, Utah (Cynomys parvidens) Mammal Terrestrial, 

Subterraneous Subterraneous
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131

Pseudoscorpion, Tooth Cave (Tartarocreagris texana) Arachnid Terrestrial, Rhadine exilis (ncn) (Rhadine exilis) Insect Terrestrial, 

Subterraneous Subterraneous

Rhadine infernalis (ncn) (Rhadine infernalis) Insect Terrestrial, Spider, Government Canyon Bat Cave (Neoleptoneta microps) Arachnid Terrestrial, 

Subterraneous Subterraneous

Spider, Kauai Cave Wolf (Adelocosa anops) Arachnid Terrestrial, Spider, Tooth Cave (Leptoneta myopica) Arachnid Terrestrial, 

Subterraneous Subterraneous

Beetle, Delta Green Ground (Elaphrus viridis) Insect Terrestrial, Vernal pool Salamander, California Tiger (Ambystoma californiense) Amphibian Terrestrial, Vernal 

pool

(ncn) (Doryopteris angelica) Ferns Unattributed Wetland (ncn) (Diellia mannii) Ferns Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

(ncn) (Doryopteris takeuchii) Ferns Unattributed Wetland (ncn) (Tetraplasandra bisattenuata) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

(ncn) (Lysimachia scopulensis) Dicot Unattributed Wetland (ncn) (Keysseria (=Lagenifera) helenae) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

(ncn) (Schiedea attenuata) Dicot Unattributed Wetland (ncn) (Tetraplasandra lydgatei) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

(ncn) (Tetraplasandra flynnii) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Abutilon sandwicense (ncn) (Abutilon sandwicense) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Achyranthes mutica (ncn) (Achyranthes mutica) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata (ncn) (Achyranthes Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status splendens var. rotundata) Status

Adobe Sunburst, San Joaquin (Pseudobahia peirsonii) Dicot Unattributed Wetland A'e (Zanthoxylum dipetalum var. tomentosum) (Zanthoxylum Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status dipetalum var. tomentosum) Status

A'e (Zanthoxylum hawaiiense) (Zanthoxylum hawaiiense) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 'Aiea (Nothocestrum breviflorum) (Nothocestrum breviflorum) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

'Aiea (Nothocestrum peltatum) (Nothocestrum peltatum) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Akoko (Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

'akoko (Chamaesyce eleanoriae) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 'Akoko (Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana) (Chamaesyce Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status celastroides var. kaenana) Status

'Akoko (Chamaesyce deppeana) (Chamaesyce deppeana) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 'Akoko (Chamaesyce herbstii) (Chamaesyce herbstii) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

'Akoko (Chamaesyce kuwaleana) (Chamaesyce kuwaleana) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 'Akoko (Chamaesyce skottsbergii var. skottsbe (Chamaesyce Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status skottsbergii var. kalaeloana) Status

'Akoko (Euphorbia haeleeleana) (Euphorbia haeleeleana) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Alani (Melicope adscendens) (Melicope adscendens) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Alani (Melicope balloui) (Melicope balloui) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Alani (Melicope haupuensis) (Melicope haupuensis) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Alani (Melicope knudsenii) (Melicope knudsenii) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Alani (Melicope mucronulata) (Melicope mucronulata) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Alani (Melicope ovalis) (Melicope ovalis) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Alani (Melicope pallida) (Melicope pallida) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Alani (Melicope saint-johnii) (Melicope saint-johnii) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Alani (Melicope zahlbruckneri) (Melicope zahlbruckneri) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Alopecurus, Sonoma (Alopecurus aequalis var. sonomensis) Monocot Unattributed Wetland Alsinidendron obovatum (ncn) (Alsinidendron obovatum) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 
Chapter 6: References

132

Status Status

Alsinidendron trinerve (ncn) (Alsinidendron trinerve) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Ambrosia, South Texas (Ambrosia cheiranthifolia) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Amole, Cammatta Canyon (Chlorogalum purpureum var. Monocot Unattributed Wetland Amole, Purple (Chlorogalum purpureum var. purpureum) Monocot Unattributed Wetland 

reductum) Status Status

'Anaunau (Lepidium arbuscula) (Lepidium arbuscula) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 'Anunu (Sicyos alba) (Sicyos alba) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Aristida chaseae (ncn) (Aristida chaseae) Monocot Unattributed Wetland Asplenium fragile var. insulare (ncn) (Asplenium fragile var. Ferns Unattributed Wetland 

Status insulare) Status

Aster, Decurrent False (Boltonia decurrens) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Aster, Florida Golden (Chrysopsis floridana) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Aster, Ruth's Golden (Pityopsis ruthii) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Auerodendron pauciflorum (ncn) (Auerodendron pauciflorum) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

aumakua, Palapalai (Dryopteris crinalis podosorus) Ferns Unattributed Wetland Aupaka (Isodendrion hosakae) (Isodendrion hosakae) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Aupaka (Isodendrion laurifolium) (Isodendrion laurifolium) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Aupaka (Isodendrion longifolium) (Isodendrion longifolium) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Avens, Spreading (Geum radiatum) Dicot Unattributed Wetland awikiwiki (Canavalia napaliensis) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

'Awiwi (Centaurium sebaeoides) (Centaurium sebaeoides) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 'Awiwi (Hedyotis cookiana) (Hedyotis cookiana) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Ayenia, Texas (Ayenia limitaris) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Baccharis, Encinitas (Baccharis vanessae) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Barberry, Island (Berberis pinnata ssp. insularis) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Barberry, Nevin's (Berberis nevinii) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Bariaco (Trichilia triacantha) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Bearclaw poppy, Dwarf (Arctomecon humilis) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Beardtongue, Penland (Penstemon penlandii) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Beargrass, Britton's (Nolina brittoniana) Monocot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Bedstraw, El Dorado (Galium californicum ssp. sierrae) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Bedstraw, Island (Galium buxifolium) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Birch, Virginia Round-leaf (Betula uber) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Bird's-beak, Pennell's (Cordylanthus tenuis ssp. capillaris) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Bird's-beak, salt marsh (Cordylanthus maritimus ssp. Dicot Unattributed Wetland Bird's-beak, Soft (Cordylanthus mollis ssp. mollis) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Bladderpod, Dudley Bluffs (Lesquerella congesta) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Bladderpod, Kodachrome (Lesquerella tumulosa) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Bladderpod, Lyrate (Lesquerella lyrata) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Bladderpod, Missouri (Lesquerella filiformis) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Bladderpod, San Bernardino Mountains (Lesquerella kingii ssp. Dicot Unattributed Wetland Bladderpod, Spring Creek (Lesquerella perforata) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

bernardina) Status Status

Bladderpod, Zapata (Lesquerella thamnophila) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Blazing Star, Heller's (Liatris helleri) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status
Chapter 6: References

133

Blazing Star, Scrub (Liatris ohlingerae) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Bluecurls, Hidden Lake (Trichostema austromontanum ssp. Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status compactum) Status

Blue-star, Kearney's (Amsonia kearneyana) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Bluet, Roan Mountain (Hedyotis purpurea var. montana) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Bonamia menziesii (ncn) (Bonamia menziesii) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Bonamia, Florida (Bonamia grandiflora) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Boxwood, Vahl's (Buxus vahlii) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Broom, San Clemente Island (Lotus dendroideus ssp. traskiae) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Buckwheat, Cushenbury (Eriogonum ovalifolium var. vineum) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Buckwheat, Ione (incl. Irish Hill) (Eriogonum apricum (incl. Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status var. prostratum)) Status

Buckwheat, Scrub (Eriogonum longifolium var. gnaphalifolium) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Buckwheat, Southern Mountain Wild (Eriogonum kennedyi Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status var. austromontanum) Status

Buckwheat, Steamboat (Eriogonum ovalifolium var. Dicot Unattributed Wetland Bush-mallow, San Clemente Island (Malacothamnus Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Bush-mallow, Santa Cruz Island (Malacothamnus fasciculatus Dicot Unattributed Wetland Butterfly Plant, Colorado (Gaura neomexicana var. coloradensis) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

var. nesioticus) Status Status

Butterweed, Layne's (Senecio layneae) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Button-celery, San Diego (Eryngium aristulatum var. parishii) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Cactus, Arizona Hedgehog (Echinocereus triglochidiatus var. Dicot Unattributed Wetland Cactus, Bakersfield (Opuntia treleasei) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

arizonicus) Status Status

Cactus, Black Lace (Echinocereus reichenbachii var. albertii) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Cactus, Brady Pincushion (Pediocactus bradyi) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Cactus, Bunched Cory (Coryphantha ramillosa) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Cactus, Chisos Mountain Hedgehog (Echinocereus chisoensis Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status var. chisoensis) Status

Cactus, Cochise Pincushion (Coryphantha robbinsorum) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Cactus, Colorado hookless (Sclerocactus glaucus) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Cactus, Knowlton (Pediocactus knowltonii) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Cactus, Kuenzler Hedgehog (Echinocereus fendleri var. kuenzleri) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Cactus, Lee Pincushion (Coryphantha sneedii var. leei) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Cactus, Lloyd's Mariposa (Echinomastus mariposensis) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Cactus, Mesa Verde (Sclerocactus mesae-verdae) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Cactus, Nellie Cory (Coryphantha minima) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Cactus, Nichol's Turk's Head (Echinocactus horizonthalonius Dicot Unattributed Wetland Cactus, Pariette (Sclerocactus brevispinus) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

var. nicholii) Status Status

Cactus, Peebles Navajo (Pediocactus peeblesianus peeblesianus) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Cactus, Pima Pineapple (Coryphantha scheeri var. robustispina) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Cactus, San Rafael (Pediocactus despainii) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Cactus, Siler Pincushion (Pediocactus (=Echinocactus,=Utahia) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status sileri) Status

Cactus, Sneed Pincushion (Coryphantha sneedii var. sneedii) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Cactus, Star (Astrophytum asterias) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Cactus, Tobusch Fishhook (Ancistrocactus tobuschii) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Cactus, Uinta Basin hookless (Sclerocactus wetlandicus) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Cactus, Winkler (Pediocactus winkleri) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Cactus, Wright Fishhook (Sclerocactus wrightiae) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 
Chapter 6: References

134

Status Status

Campion, Fringed (Silene polypetala) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Catchfly, Spalding's (Silene spaldingii) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Catesbaea Melanocarpa (ncn) (Catesbaea melanocarpa) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Cat's-eye, Terlingua Creek (Cryptantha crassipes) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Ceanothus, Coyote (Ceanothus ferrisae) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Ceanothus, Pine Hill (Ceanothus roderickii) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Ceanothus, Vail Lake (Ceanothus ophiochilus) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Chamaecrista glandulosa (ncn) (Chamaecrista glandulosa var. Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status mirabilis) Status

Chamaesyce Halemanui (ncn) (Chamaesyce halemanui) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Checker-mallow, Keck's (Sidalcea keckii) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Checker-mallow, Kenwood Marsh (Sidalcea oregana ssp. valida) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Checker-mallow, Wenatchee Mountains (Sidalcea oregana var. Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status calva) Status

Chumbo, Higo (Harrisia portoricensis) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Cladonia, Florida Perforate (Cladonia perforata) Lichen Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Clarkia, Pismo (Clarkia speciosa ssp. immaculata) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Clarkia, Presidio (Clarkia franciscana) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Clarkia, Springville (Clarkia springvillensis) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Clarkia, Vine Hill (Clarkia imbricata) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Cliffrose, Arizona (Purshia (=cowania) subintegra) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Clover, Leafy Prairie (Dalea foliosa) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Clover, Monterey (Trifolium trichocalyx) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Clover, Prairie Bush (Lespedeza leptostachya) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Clover, Running Buffalo (Trifolium stoloniferum) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Coneflower, Smooth (Echinacea laevigata) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Cranichis Ricartii (Cranichis ricartii) Monocot Unattributed Wetland Crownbeard, Big-leaved (Verbesina dissita) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Crownscale, San Jacinto Valley (Atriplex coronata var. notatior) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Cyanea undulata (ncn) (Cyanea undulata) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Cycladenia, Jones (Cycladenia jonesii (=humilis)) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Cypress, Gowen (Cupressus goveniana ssp. goveniana) Conf/cycds Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Cypress, Santa Cruz (Cupressus abramsiana) Conf/cycds Unattributed Wetland Daisy, Lakeside (Hymenoxys herbacea) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Daisy, Parish's (Erigeron parishii) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Daisy, Willamette (Erigeron decumbens var. decumbens) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Daphnopsis hellerana (ncn) (Daphnopsis hellerana) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Delissea rhytodisperma (ncn) (Delissea rhytidosperma) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Diellia erecta (ncn) (Diellia erecta) Ferns Unattributed Wetland Diellia falcata (ncn) (Diellia falcata) Ferns Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Diellia pallida (ncn) (Diellia pallida) Ferns Unattributed Wetland Diellia unisora (ncn) (Diellia unisora) Ferns Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Diplazium molokaiense (ncn) (Diplazium molokaiense) Ferns Unattributed Wetland Dogweed, Ashy (Thymophylla tephroleuca) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status
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135

Dubautia latifolia (ncn) (Dubautia latifolia) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Dudleya, Conejo (Dudleya abramsii ssp. parva) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Dudleya, Marcescent (Dudleya cymosa ssp. marcescens) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Dudleya, Santa Clara Valley (Dudleya setchellii) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Dudleya, Santa Cruz Island (Dudleya nesiotica) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Dudleya, Santa Monica Mountains (Dudleya cymosa ssp. Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status ovatifolia) Status

Dudleya, Verity's (Dudleya verityi) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Dwarf-flax, Marin (Hesperolinon congestum) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Erubia (Solanum drymophilum) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Eugenia Woodburyana (Eugenia woodburyana) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Evening-primrose, Antioch Dunes (Oenothera deltoides ssp. Dicot Unattributed Wetland Evening-primrose, Eureka Valley (Oenothera avita ssp. Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

howellii) Status eurekensis) Status

Evening-primrose, San Benito (Camissonia benitensis) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Fern, Alabama Streak-sorus (Thelypteris pilosa var. Ferns Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Fern, American hart's-tongue (Asplenium scolopendrium var. Ferns Unattributed Wetland Fern, Elaphoglossum serpens (Elaphoglossum serpens) Ferns Unattributed Wetland 

americanum) Status Status

Fern, Pendant Kihi (Adenophorus periens) (Adenophorus Ferns Unattributed Wetland Fern, Thelypteris inabonensis (Thelypteris inabonensis) Ferns Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Fern, Thelypteris verecunda (Thelypteris verecunda) Ferns Unattributed Wetland Fern, Thelypteris yaucoensis (Thelypteris yaucoensis) Ferns Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Fiddleneck, Large-flowered (Amsinckia grandiflora) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Flannelbush, Mexican (Fremontodendron mexicanum) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Flannelbush, Pine Hill (Fremontodendron californicum ssp. Dicot Unattributed Wetland Fleabane, Zuni (Erigeron rhizomatus) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

decumbens) Status Status

Four-o'clock, Macfarlane's (Mirabilis macfarlanei) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Frankenia, Johnston's (Frankenia johnstonii) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Fringe Tree, Pygmy (Chionanthus pygmaeus) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Fringepod, Santa Cruz Island (Thysanocarpus conchuliferus) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Fritillary, Gentner's (Fritillaria gentneri) Monocot Unattributed Wetland Fruit, Earth (=geocarpon) (Geocarpon minimum) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Geranium, Hawaiian Red-flowered (Geranium arboreum) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Gerardia, Sandplain (Agalinis acuta) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Gilia, Hoffmann's Slender-flowered (Gilia tenuiflora ssp. Dicot Unattributed Wetland Gilia, Monterey (Gilia tenuiflora ssp. arenaria) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

hoffmannii) Status Status

Goetzea, Beautiful (Matabuey) (Goetzea elegans) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Golden Sunburst, Hartweg's (Pseudobahia bahiifolia) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Goldenrod, Blue Ridge (Solidago spithamaea) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Goldenrod, Short's (Solidago shortii) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Goldenrod, White-haired (Solidago albopilosa) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Gouania hillebrandii (ncn) (Gouania hillebrandii) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Gouania meyenii (ncn) (Gouania meyenii) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Gouania vitifolia (ncn) (Gouania vitifolia) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Gourd, Okeechobee (Cucurbita okeechobeensis ssp. Dicot Unattributed Wetland Grass, Eureka Dune (Swallenia alexandrae) Monocot Unattributed Wetland 
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okeechobeensis) Status Status

Grass, Fosberg's Love (Eragrostis fosbergii) Monocot Unattributed Wetland Ground-plum, Guthrie's (Astragalus bibullatus) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Groundsel, San Francisco Peaks (Senecio franciscanus) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Haha (Cyanea asarifolia) (Cyanea asarifolia) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Haha (Cyanea copelandii ssp. copelandii) (Cyanea copelandii Dicot Unattributed Wetland Haha (Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis) (Cyanea Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

ssp. copelandii) Status copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis) Status

Haha (Cyanea Crispa) (=Rollandia crispa) (Cyanea (=Rollandia) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Haha (Cyanea glabra) (Cyanea glabra) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

crispa) Status Status

Haha (Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana) (Cyanea grimesiana Dicot Unattributed Wetland Haha (Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae) (Cyanea grimesiana ssp. Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

ssp. grimesiana) Status obatae) Status

Haha (Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. carlsonii) (Cyanea hamatiflora Dicot Unattributed Wetland Haha (Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora) (Cyanea hamatiflora Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

ssp. Carlsonii) Status ssp. hamatiflora) Status

Haha (Cyanea lobata) (Cyanea lobata) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Haha (Cyanea longiflora) (Cyanea longiflora) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Haha (Cyanea pinnatifida) (Cyanea pinnatifida) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Haha (Cyanea platyphylla) (Cyanea platyphylla) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Haha (Cyanea recta) (Cyanea recta) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Haha (Cyanea shipmanii) (Cyanea shipmannii) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Haha (Cyanea stictophylla) (Cyanea stictophylla) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Haha (Cyanea superba) (Cyanea superba) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Haha (Cyanea truncata) (Cyanea truncata) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Ha'Iwale (Cyrtandra crenata) (Cyrtandra crenata) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Ha'Iwale (Cyrtandra dentata) (Cyrtandra dentata) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Ha'Iwale (Cyrtandra giffardii) (Cyrtandra giffardii) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Ha'Iwale (Cyrtandra limahuliensis) (Cyrtandra limahuliensis) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Ha'Iwale (Cyrtandra munroi) (Cyrtandra munroi) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Ha'Iwale (Cyrtandra polyantha) (Cyrtandra polyantha) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Ha'Iwale (Cyrtandra subumbellata) (Cyrtandra subumbellata) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Ha'Iwale (Cyrtandra tintinnabula) (Cyrtandra tintinnabula) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Hala Pepe (Pleomele hawaiiensis) (Pleomele hawaiiensis) Monocot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Haplostachys Haplostachya (ncn) (Haplostachys haplostachya) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Harebells, Avon Park (Crotalaria avonensis) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Hau Kauhiwi (Hibiscadelphus woodi) (Hibiscadelphus woodii) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Hau Kuahiwi (Hibiscadelphus distans) (Hibiscadelphus distans) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Hau Kuahiwi (Hibiscadelphus giffardianus) (Hibiscadelphus Dicot Unattributed Wetland Hau Kuahiwi (Hibiscadelphus hualalaiensis) (Hibiscadelphus Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

giffardianus) Status hualalaiensis) Status

Hayun Lagu (Tronkon Guafi) (Serianthes nelsonii) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Heartleaf, Dwarf-flowered (Hexastylis naniflora) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Heather, Mountain Golden (Hudsonia montana) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Hedyotis degeneri (ncn) (Hedyotis degeneri) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Hedyotis parvula (ncn) (Hedyotis parvula) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Hedyotis St.-Johnii (ncn) (Hedyotis st.-johnii) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status
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Hesperomannia arborescens (ncn) (Hesperomannia arborescens) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Hesperomannia arbuscula (ncn) (Hesperomannia arbuscula) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Hibiscus, Clay's (Hibiscus clayi) Dicot Unattributed Wetland ho'awa (Pittosporum napaliense) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Holei (Ochrosia kilaueaensis) (Ochrosia kilaueaensis) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Hypericum, Highlands Scrub (Hypericum cumulicola) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Iliau (Wilkesia hobdyi) (Wilkesia hobdyi) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Ipomopsis, Holy Ghost (Ipomopsis sancti-spiritus) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Irisette, White (Sisyrinchium dichotomum) Monocot Unattributed Wetland Ivesia, Ash Meadows (Ivesia kingii var. eremica) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Jacquemontia, Beach (Jacquemontia reclinata) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Jewelflower, California (Caulanthus californicus) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Jewelflower, Metcalf Canyon (Streptanthus albidus ssp. albidus) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Jewelflower, Tiburon (Streptanthus niger) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

kamakahala (Labordia helleri) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Kamakahala (Labordia tinifolia var. wahiawaen) (Labordia Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status tinifolia var. wahiawaensis) Status

Kamanomano (Cenchrus agrimonioides) (Cenchrus Monocot Unattributed Wetland Kauila (Colubrina oppositifolia) (Colubrina oppositifolia) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

agrimonioides) Status Status

Kaulu (Pteralyxia kauaiensis) (Pteralyxia kauaiensis) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Kio'Ele (Hedyotis coriacea) (Hedyotis coriacea) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Kiponapona (Phyllostegia racemosa) (Phyllostegia racemosa) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Koki'o (Kokia drynarioides) (Kokia drynarioides) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Koki'o (Kokia kauaiensis) (Kokia kauaiensis) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Koki'o Ke'oke'o (Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae) (Hibiscus Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status waimeae ssp. hannerae) Status

Kolea (Myrsine knudsenii) Dicot Unattributed Wetland kolea (Myrsine mezii) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Ko'oko'olau (Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha) (Bidens Dicot Unattributed Wetland Ko'oloa'ula (Abutilon menziesii) (Abutilon menziesii) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

micrantha ssp. kalealaha) Status Status

kopiko (Psychotria hobdyi) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Kulu'I (Nototrichium humile) (Nototrichium humile) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Ladies'-tresses, Navasota (Spiranthes parksii) Monocot Unattributed Wetland Larkspur, Baker's (Delphinium bakeri) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Larkspur, San Clemente Island (Delphinium variegatum ssp. Dicot Unattributed Wetland Larkspur, Yellow (Delphinium luteum) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

kinkiense) Status Status

Lau'ehu (Panicum niihauense) (Panicum niihauense) Monocot Unattributed Wetland Laukahi Kuahiwi (Plantago hawaiensis) (Plantago hawaiensis) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Laulihilihi (Schiedea stellarioides) (Schiedea stellarioides) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Layia, Beach (Layia carnosa) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Lead-plant, Crenulate (Amorpha crenulata) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Leather-flower, Alabama (Clematis socialis) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Leather-flower, Morefield's (Clematis morefieldii) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Lepanthes eltorensis (ncn) (Lepanthes eltoroensis) Monocot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Lessingia, San Francisco (Lessingia germanorum (=L.g. var. Dicot Unattributed Wetland Lichen, Rock Gnome (Gymnoderma lineare) Lichen Unattributed Wetland 
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138

germanorum)) Status Status

Lily, Minnesota Trout (Erythronium propullans) Monocot Unattributed Wetland Lily, Pitkin Marsh (Lilium pardalinum ssp. pitkinense) Monocot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Lily, Tiburon Mariposa (Calochortus tiburonensis) Monocot Unattributed Wetland Lipochaeta venosa (ncn) (Lipochaeta venosa) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Liveforever, Laguna Beach (Dudleya stolonifera) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Liveforever, Santa Barbara Island (Dudleya traskiae) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Lo`ulu (Pritchardia napaliensis) (Pritchardia napaliensis) Monocot Unattributed Wetland Lo`ulu (Pritchardia schattaueri) (Pritchardia schattaueri) Monocot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Lobelia monostachya (ncn) (Lobelia monostachya) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Locoweed, Fassett's (Oxytropis campestris var. chartacea) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Lupine, Clover (Lupinus tidestromii) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Lupine, Kincaid's (Lupinus sulphureus (=oreganus) ssp. Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status kincaidii (=var. kincaidii)) Status

Lupine, Nipomo Mesa (Lupinus nipomensis) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Lupine, Scrub (Lupinus aridorum) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Lyonia truncata var. proctorii (ncn) (Lyonia truncata var. Dicot Unattributed Wetland Lysimachia lydgatei (ncn) (Lysimachia lydgatei) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

proctorii) Status Status

Mahoe (Alectryon macrococcus) (Alectryon macrococcus) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Makou (Peucedanum sandwicense) (Peucedanum sandwicense) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Malacothrix, Island (Malacothrix squalida) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Malacothrix, Santa Cruz Island (Malacothrix indecora) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Mallow, Kern (Eremalche kernensis) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Mallow, Peter's Mountain (Iliamna corei) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Manioc, Walker's (Manihot walkerae) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Manzanita, Del Mar (Arctostaphylos glandulosa ssp. crassifolia) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Manzanita, Ione (Arctostaphylos myrtifolia) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Manzanita, Morro (Arctostaphylos morroensis) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Manzanita, Pallid (Arctostaphylos pallida) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Manzanita, Santa Rosa Island (Arctostaphylos confertiflora) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Ma'o Hau Hele (Hibiscus brackenridgei) (Hibiscus brackenridgei) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Ma'oli'oli (Schiedea apokremnos) (Schiedea apokremnos) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Ma'oli'oli (Schiedea kealiae) (Schiedea kealiae) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Mariscus fauriei (ncn) (Mariscus fauriei) Monocot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Mariscus pennatiformis (ncn) (Mariscus pennatiformis) Monocot Unattributed Wetland Meadowfoam, Butte County (Limnanthes floccosa ssp. Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status californica) Status

Meadowfoam, Large-flowered Woolly (Limnanthes floccosa ssp. Dicot Unattributed Wetland Mehamehame (Flueggea neowawraea) (Flueggea neowawraea) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Grandiflora) Status Status

Milkpea, Small's (Galactia smallii) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Milk-vetch, Applegate's (Astragalus applegatei) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Milk-vetch, Braunton's (Astragalus brauntonii) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Milk-vetch, Clara Hunt's (Astragalus clarianus) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Milk-vetch, Coachella Valley (Astragalus lentiginosus var. Dicot Unattributed Wetland Milk-vetch, Coastal Dunes (Astragalus tener var. titi) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

coachellae) Status Status
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139

Milk-vetch, Cushenbury (Astragalus albens) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Milk-vetch, Deseret (Astragalus desereticus) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Milk-vetch, Heliotrope (Astragalus montii) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Milk-vetch, Holmgren (Astragalus holmgreniorum) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Milk-vetch, Jesup's (Astragalus robbinsii var. jesupi) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Milk-vetch, Lane Mountain (Astragalus jaegerianus) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Milk-vetch, Mancos (Astragalus humillimus) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Milk-vetch, Osterhout (Astragalus osterhoutii) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Milk-vetch, Pierson's (Astragalus magdalenae var. peirsonii) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Milk-vetch, Sentry (Astragalus cremnophylax var. Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Milk-vetch, Shivwits (Astragalus ampullarioides) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Milk-vetch, Triple-ribbed (Astragalus tricarinatus) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Milk-vetch, Ventura Marsh (Astragalus pycnostachyus var. Dicot Unattributed Wetland Milkweed, Mead's (Asclepias meadii) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

lanosissimus) Status Status

Milkweed, Welsh's (Asclepias welshii) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Mint, Garrett's (Dicerandra christmanii) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Mint, Lakela's (Dicerandra immaculata) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Mint, Longspurred (Dicerandra cornutissima) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Mint, Scrub (Dicerandra frutescens) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Mitracarpus Maxwelliae (Mitracarpus maxwelliae) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Mitracarpus Polycladus (Mitracarpus polycladus) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Monkey-flower, Michigan (Mimulus glabratus var. Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status michiganensis) Status

Monkshood, Northern Wild (Aconitum noveboracense) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Morning-glory, Stebbins (Calystegia stebbinsii) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Mountainbalm, Indian Knob (Eriodictyon altissimum) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Mountain-mahogany, Catalina Island (Cercocarpus traskiae) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Munroidendron racemosum (ncn) (Munroidendron racemosum) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Mustard, Carter's (Warea carteri) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Myrcia Paganii (Myrcia paganii) Dicot Unattributed Wetland na`ena`e (Dubautia imbricata imbricata) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

na`ena`e (Dubautia plantaginea magnifolia) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Naenae (Dubautia kalalauensis) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Naenae (Dubautia kenwoodii) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Na'ena'e (Dubautia herbstobatae) (Dubautia herbstobatae) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Na'ena'e (Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis) (Dubautia Dicot Unattributed Wetland Nani Wai'ale'ale (Viola kauaensis var. wahiawaensis) (Viola Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

plantaginea ssp. humilis) Status kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis) Status

Nanu (Gardenia mannii) (Gardenia mannii) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Na'u (Gardenia brighamii) (Gardenia brighamii) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Naupaka, Dwarf (Scaevola coriacea) (Scaevola coriacea) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Navarretia, Few-flowered (Navarretia leucocephala ssp. Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Pauciflora) Status

Navarretia, Many-flowered (Navarretia leucocephala ssp. Dicot Unattributed Wetland Nehe (Lipochaeta fauriei) (Lipochaeta fauriei) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

plieantha) Status Status

Nehe (Lipochaeta kamolensis) (Lipochaeta kamolensis) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Nehe (Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla) (Lipochaeta lobata Dicot Unattributed Wetland 
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140

Status var. leptophylla) Status

Nehe (Lipochaeta micrantha) (Lipochaeta micrantha) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Nehe (Lipochaeta tenuifolia) (Lipochaeta tenuifolia) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Nehe (Lipochaeta waimeaensis) (Lipochaeta waimeaensis) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Neraudia angulata (ncn) (Neraudia angulata) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Neraudia ovata (ncn) (Neraudia ovata) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Neraudia sericea (ncn) (Neraudia sericea) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Nioi (Eugenia koolauensis) (Eugenia koolauensis) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Oak, Hinckley (Quercus hinckleyi) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

'Oha (Delissea rivularis) (Delissea rivularis) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 'Oha (Delissea subcordata) (Delissea subcordata) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

'Oha (Delissea undulata) (Delissea undulata) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 'Oha (Lobelia gaudichaudii koolauensis) (Lobelia gaudichaudii Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status ssp. koolauensis) Status

'Oha Wai (Clermontia lindseyana) (Clermontia lindseyana) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 'Oha Wai (Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis) (Clermontia Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis) Status

'Oha Wai (Clermontia peleana) (Clermontia peleana) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 'Oha Wai (Clermontia pyrularia) (Clermontia pyrularia) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

'Olulu (Brighamia insignis) (Brighamia insignis) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Onion, Munz's (Allium munzii) Monocot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Opuhe (Urera kaalae) (Urera kaalae) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Orchid, Western Prairie Fringed (Platanthera praeclara) Monocot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Oxytheca, Cushenbury (Oxytheca parishii var. goodmaniana) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Paintbrush, Ash-grey Indian (Castilleja cinerea) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Paintbrush, Golden (Castilleja levisecta) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Paintbrush, San Clemente Island Indian (Castilleja grisea) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Paintbrush, Soft-leaved (Castilleja mollis) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Paintbrush, Tiburon (Castilleja affinis ssp. neglecta) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Palo de Ramon (Banara vanderbiltii) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Palo de Rosa (Ottoschulzia rhodoxylon) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Panicgrass, Carter's (Panicum fauriei var.carteri) (Panicum Monocot Unattributed Wetland Papala (Charpentiera densiflora) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

fauriei var. carteri) Status Status

Pauoa (Ctenitis squamigera) (Ctenitis squamigera) Ferns Unattributed Wetland Pawpaw, Four-petal (Asimina tetramera) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Pelos del Diablo (Aristida portoricensis) Monocot Unattributed Wetland Penny-cress, Kneeland Prairie (Thlaspi californicum) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Pennyroyal, Todsen's (Hedeoma todsenii) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Penstemon, Blowout (Penstemon haydenii) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Pentachaeta, Lyon's (Pentachaeta lyonii) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Pentachaeta, White-rayed (Pentachaeta bellidiflora) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Peperomia, Wheeler's (Peperomia wheeleri) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Peppergrass, Slick Spot (Lepidium papilliferum) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Phacelia, Clay (Phacelia argillacea) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Phacelia, Island (Phacelia insularis ssp. insularis) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status
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141

Phacelia, North Park (Phacelia formosula) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Phlox, Texas Trailing (Phlox nivalis ssp. texensis) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Phlox, Yreka (Phlox hirsuta) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Phyllostegia kaalaensis (ncn) (Phyllostegia kaalaensis) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Phyllostegia knudsenii (ncn) (Phyllostegia knudsenii) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Phyllostegia mollis (ncn) (Phyllostegia mollis) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Phyllostegia parviflora (ncn) (Phyllostegia parviflora) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Phyllostegia velutina (ncn) (Phyllostegia velutina) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Phyllostegia waimeae (ncn) (Phyllostegia waimeae) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Pilo (Hedyotis mannii) (Hedyotis mannii) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

pilo kea lau li`i (Platydesma rostrata) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Pinkroot, Gentian (Spigelia gentianoides) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Piperia, Yadon's (Piperia yadonii) Monocot Unattributed Wetland Pitaya, Davis' Green (Echinocereus viridiflorus var. davisii) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Pitcher-plant, Alabama Canebrake (Sarracenia rubra Dicot Unattributed Wetland Pitcher-plant, Mountain Sweet (Sarracenia rubra ssp. jonesii) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Plum, Scrub (Prunus geniculata) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Polygala, Lewton's (Polygala lewtonii) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Polygonum, Scott's Valley (Polygonum hickmanii) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Polystichum calderonense (ncn) (Polystichum calderonense) Ferns Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Popolo 'Aiakeakua (Solanum sandwicense) (Solanum Dicot Unattributed Wetland Popolo Ku Mai (Solanum incompletum) (Solanum Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

sandwicense) Status Status

Poppy, Sacramento Prickly (Argemone pleiacantha ssp. Dicot Unattributed Wetland Poppy-mallow, Texas (Callirhoe scabriuscula) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

pinnatisecta) Status Status

Potato-bean, Price's (Apios priceana) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Prickly-apple, Fragrant (Cereus eriophorus var. fragrans) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Prickly-ash, St. Thomas (Zanthoxylum thomasianum) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Pua'ala (Brighamia rockii) (Brighamia rockii) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Pussypaws, Mariposa (Calyptridium pulchellum) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Rattleweed, Hairy (Baptisia arachnifera) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Reed-mustard, Barneby (Schoenocrambe barnebyi) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Reed-mustard, Clay (Schoenocrambe argillacea) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Reed-mustard, Shrubby (Schoenocrambe suffrutescens) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Remya kauaiensis (ncn) (Remya kauaiensis) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Remya montgomeryi (ncn) (Remya montgomeryi) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Remya, Maui (Remya mauiensis) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Ridge-cress (=Pepper-cress), Barneby (Lepidium barnebyanum) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Rock-cress, Braun's (Arabis perstellata E. L. Braun var. ampla Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Rollins) Status

Rock-cress, Hoffmann's (Arabis hoffmannii) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Rock-cress, McDonald's (Arabis mcdonaldiana) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Rock-cress, Santa Cruz Island (Sibara filifolia) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Rock-cress, Shale Barren (Arabis serotina) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Rock-cress, Small (Arabis perstellata E. L. Braun var. Dicot Unattributed Wetland Rosemary, Etonia (Conradina etonia) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 
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142

perstellata Fernald) Status Status

Rosemary, Short-leaved (Conradina brevifolia) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Roseroot, Leedy's (Sedum integrifolium ssp. leedyi) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Rush-pea, Slender (Hoffmannseggia tenella) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Rush-rose, Island (Helianthemum greenei) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Sandalwood, Lanai (='Iliahi) (Santalum freycinetianum var. Dicot Unattributed Wetland Sandlace (Polygonella myriophylla) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

lanaiense) Status Status

Sand-verbena, Large-fruited (Abronia macrocarpa) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Sandwort, Bear Valley (Arenaria ursina) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Sandwort, Cumberland (Arenaria cumberlandensis) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Sanicula mariversa (ncn) (Sanicula mariversa) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Schiedea haleakalensis (ncn) (Schiedea haleakalensis) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Schiedea helleri (ncn) (Schiedea helleri) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Schiedea hookeri (ncn) (Schiedea hookeri) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Schiedea kaalae (ncn) (Schiedea kaalae) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Schiedea kauaiensis (ncn) (Schiedea kauaiensis) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Schiedea membranacea (ncn) (Schiedea membranacea) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Schiedea nuttallii (ncn) (Schiedea nuttallii) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda (ncn) (Schiedea spergulina Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status var. leiopoda) Status

Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina (ncn) (Schiedea spergulina Dicot Unattributed Wetland Schiedea, Diamond Head (Schiedea adamantis) (Schiedea Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

var. spergulina) Status adamantis) Status

Schoepfia arenaria (ncn) (Schoepfia arenaria) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Sedge, Golden (Carex lutea) Monocot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Silene hawaiiensis (ncn) (Silene hawaiiensis) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Silene lanceolata (ncn) (Silene lanceolata) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Silene perlmanii (ncn) (Silene perlmanii) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Silversword, Haleakala ('Ahinahina) (Argyroxiphium Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum) Status

Silversword, Mauna Kea ('Ahinahina) (Argyroxiphium Dicot Unattributed Wetland Skullcap, Large-flowered (Scutellaria montana) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

sandwicense ssp. sandwicense) Status Status

Snakeroot (Eryngium cuneifolium) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Snowbells, Texas (Styrax texanus) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Spermolepis hawaiiensis (ncn) (Spermolepis hawaiiensis) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Spineflower, Ben Lomond (Chorizanthe pungens var. Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status hartwegiana) Status

Spineflower, Howell's (Chorizanthe howellii) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Spineflower, Monterey (Chorizanthe pungens var. pungens) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Spineflower, Orcutt's (Chorizanthe orcuttiana) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Spineflower, Robust (Chorizanthe robusta va r. robusta) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Spineflower, Scotts Valley (Chorizanthe robusta var. hartwegii) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Spineflower, Slender-horned (Dodecahema leptoceras) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Spineflower, Sonoma (Chorizanthe valida) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Spurge, Deltoid (Chamaesyce deltoidea ssp. deltoidea) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Spurge, Garber's (Chamaesyce garberi) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Spurge, Telephus (Euphorbia telephioides) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status
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143

Stenogyne angustifolia (ncn) (Stenogyne angustifolia var. Dicot Unattributed Wetland Stenogyne campanulata (ncn) (Stenogyne campanulata) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

angustifolia) Status Status

Stenogyne kanehoana (ncn) (Stenogyne kanehoana) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Stickseed, Showy (Hackelia venusta) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Stonecrop, Lake County (Parvisedum leiocarpum) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Sumac, Michaux's (Rhus michauxii) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Sunflower, San Mateo Woolly (Eriophyllum latilobum) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Sunflower, Schweinitz's (Helianthus schweinitzii) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Sunray, Ash Meadows (Enceliopsis nudicaulis var. corrugata) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Tarplant, Gaviota (Deinandra increscens ssp. villosa) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Tarplant, Otay (Deinandra (=Hemizonia) conjugens) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Tarplant, Santa Cruz (Holocarpha macradenia) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Tectaria Estremerana (Tectaria estremerana) Ferns Unattributed Wetland Tetramolopium arenarium (ncn) (Tetramolopium arenarium) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Tetramolopium capillare (ncn) (Tetramolopium capillare) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Tetramolopium filiforme (ncn) (Tetramolopium filiforme) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum (ncn) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Tetramolopium remyi (ncn) (Tetramolopium remyi) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

(Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum) Status Status

Tetramolopium rockii (ncn) (Tetramolopium rockii) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Thelypody, Howell's Spectacular (Thelypodium howellii Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status spectabilis) Status

Thistle, Chorro creek Bog (Cirsium fontinale var. obispoense) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Thistle, Fountain (Cirsium fontinale var. fontinale) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Thistle, La Graciosa (Cirsium loncholepis) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Thistle, Pitcher's (Cirsium pitcheri) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Thistle, Suisun (Cirsium hydrophilum var. hydrophilum) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Thornmint, San Mateo (Acanthomintha obovata ssp. duttonii) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Torreya, Florida (Torreya taxifolia) Conf/cycds Unattributed Wetland Townsendia, Last Chance (Townsendia aprica) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Tree Fern, Elfin (Cyathea dryopteroides) Ferns Unattributed Wetland Trillium, Persistent (Trillium persistens) Monocot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Trillium, Relict (Trillium reliquum) Monocot Unattributed Wetland Twinpod, Dudley Bluffs (Physaria obcordata) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Uhiuhi (Caesalpinia kavaiensis) (Caesalpinia kavaiense) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Vernonia Proctorii (ncn) (Vernonia proctorii) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Vetch, Hawaiian (Vicia menziesii) (Vicia menziesii) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Vigna o-wahuensis (ncn) (Vigna o-wahuensis) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Wahine Noho Kula (Isodendrion pyrifolium) (Isodendrion Dicot Unattributed Wetland Wallflower, Ben Lomond (Erysimum teretifolium) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

pyrifolium) Status Status

Wallflower, Contra Costa (Erysimum capitatum var. Dicot Unattributed Wetland Wallflower, Menzie's (Erysimum menziesii) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Walnut, Nogal (Juglans jamaicensis) Monocot Unattributed Wetland Warea, Wide-leaf (Warea amplexifolia) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Watercress, Gambel's (Rorippa gambellii) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Wawae'Iole (Phlegmariurus (=Huperzia) mannii) (Huperzia Ferns Unattributed Wetland 
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144

Status mannii) Status

Wawae'Iole (Phlegmariurus (=Lycopodium) nutans) Ferns Unattributed Wetland Whitlow-wort, Papery (Paronychia chartacea) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

(Lycopodium (=Phlegmariurus) nutans) Status Status

Wild-buckwheat, Clay-loving (Eriogonum pelinophilum) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Wild-buckwheat, Gypsum (Eriogonum gypsophilum) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Wings, Pigeon (Clitoria fragrans) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Wireweed (Polygonella basiramia) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Woodland-star, San Clemente Island (Lithophragma maximum) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Woolly-star, Santa Ana River (Eriastrum densifolium ssp. Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status sanctorum) Status

Woolly-threads, San Joaquin (Monolopia (=Lembertia) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Yellowhead, Desert (Yermo xanthocephalus) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

congdonii) Status Status

Yerba Santa, Lompoc (Eriodictyon capitatum) Dicot Unattributed Wetland Ziziphus, Florida (Ziziphus celata) Dicot Unattributed Wetland 

Status Status

Monardella, Willowy (Monardella linoides ssp. viminea) Dicot Upland Oahu wild coffee (Psychotria hexandra ssp. Oahuensis) Dicot Upland

'Ohai (Sesbania tomentosa) (Sesbania tomentosa) Dicot Upland Pamakani (Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana) (Viola Dicot Upland

chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana)

Primrose, Maguire (Primula maguirei) Dicot Upland Fairy Shrimp, Conservancy Fairy (Branchinecta conservatio) Crustacean Vernal pool

Fairy Shrimp, Longhorn (Branchinecta longiantenna) Crustacean Vernal pool Fairy Shrimp, Riverside (Streptocephalus woottoni) Crustacean Vernal pool

Fairy Shrimp, San Diego (Branchinecta sandiegonensis) Crustacean Vernal pool Fairy Shrimp, Vernal Pool (Branchinecta lynchi) Crustacean Vernal pool

Tadpole Shrimp, Vernal Pool (Lepidurus packardi) Crustacean Vernal pool (ncn) (Phyllostegia hispida) Dicot Wetland

(ncn) (Cyanea kolekoleensis) Dicot Wetland (ncn) (Stenogyne kealiae) Dicot Wetland

(ncn) (Lysimachia venosa) Dicot Wetland (ncn) (Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta) Dicot Wetland

(ncn) (Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens) Dicot Wetland (ncn) (Keysseria (=Lagenifera) erici) Dicot Wetland

(ncn) (Lysimachia iniki) Dicot Wetland (ncn) (Lysimachia pendens) Dicot Wetland

(ncn) (Phyllostegia renovans) Dicot Wetland a'e (Zanthoxylum oahuense) Dicot Wetland

'Akoko (Chamaesyce rockii) (Chamaesyce rockii) Dicot Wetland alani (Melicope hiiakae) Dicot Wetland

alani (Melicope christophersenii) Dicot Wetland alani (Melicope puberula) Dicot Wetland

alani (Melicope degeneri) Dicot Wetland alani (Melicope makahae) Dicot Wetland

alani (Melicope paniculata) Dicot Wetland Alani (Melicope lydgatei) (Melicope lydgatei) Dicot Wetland

Alani (Melicope quadrangularis) (Melicope quadrangularis) Dicot Wetland Allocarya, Calistoga (Plagiobothrys strictus) Dicot Wetland

Alsinidendron viscosum (ncn) (Alsinidendron viscosum) Dicot Wetland Amaranth, Seabeach (Amaranthus pumilus) Dicot Wetland

Ambrosia, San Diego (Ambrosia pumila) Dicot Wetland Amphianthus, Little (Amphianthus pusillus) Dicot Wetland

Arrowhead, Bunched (Sagittaria fasciculata) Monocot Wetland Barbara Buttons, Mohr's (Marshallia mohrii) Dicot Wetland

Beaked-rush, Knieskern's (Rhynchospora knieskernii) Monocot Wetland Beauty, Harper's (Harperocallis flava) Monocot Wetland

Bellflower, Brooksville (Campanula robinsiae) Dicot Wetland Bird's-beak, Palmate-bracted (Cordylanthus palmatus) Dicot Wetland

Birds-in-a-nest, White (Macbridea alba) Dicot Wetland Bittercress, Small-anthered (Cardamine micranthera) Dicot Wetland

Bladderpod, White (Lesquerella pallida) Dicot Wetland Blazing Star, Ash Meadows (Mentzelia leucophylla) Dicot Wetland

Bluegrass, Hawaiian (Poa sandvicensis) Monocot Wetland Bluegrass, Mann's (Poa mannii) (Poa mannii) Monocot Wetland

Bluegrass, Napa (Poa napensis) Monocot Wetland Bluegrass, San Bernardino (Poa atropurpurea) Monocot Wetland

Brodiaea, Chinese Camp (Brodiaea pallida) Monocot Wetland Brodiaea, Thread-leaved (Brodiaea filifolia) Monocot Wetland
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145

Bulrush, Northeastern (=Barbed Bristle) (Scirpus Monocot Wetland Buttercup, Autumn (Ranunculus aestivalis (=acriformis)) Dicot Wetland

Butterwort, Godfrey's (Pinguicula ionantha) Dicot Wetland Capa Rosa (Callicarpa ampla) Dicot Wetland

Centaury, Spring-loving (Centaurium namophilum) Dicot Wetland Chaffseed, American (Schwalbea americana) Dicot Wetland

Checker-mallow, Nelson's (Sidalcea nelsoniana) Dicot Wetland Checker-mallow, Pedate (Sidalcea pedata) Dicot Wetland

Chupacallos (Pleodendron macranthum) Dicot Wetland Clover, Fleshy Owl's (Castilleja campestris ssp. succulenta) Dicot Wetland

Clover, Showy Indian (Trifolium amoenum) Dicot Wetland Cobana Negra (Stahlia monosperma) Dicot Wetland

Cordia bellonis (ncn) (Cordia bellonis) Dicot Wetland Coyote-thistle, Loch Lomond (Eryngium constancei) Dicot Wetland

Dawn-flower, Texas Prairie (=Texas Bitterweed) (Hymenoxys Dicot Wetland Dropwort, Canby's (Oxypolis canbyi) Dicot Wetland

texana)

Dubautia pauciflorula (ncn) (Dubautia pauciflorula) Dicot Wetland Gesneria pauciflora (ncn) (Gesneria pauciflora) Dicot Wetland

Goldenrod, Houghton's (Solidago houghtonii) Dicot Wetland Goldfields, Burke's (Lasthenia burkei) Dicot Wetland

Goldfields, Contra Costa (Lasthenia conjugens) Dicot Wetland Gooseberry, Miccosukee (Ribes echinellum) Dicot Wetland

Grass, California Orcutt (Orcuttia californica) Monocot Wetland Grass, Colusa (Neostapfia colusana) Monocot Wetland

Grass, Hairy Orcutt (Orcuttia pilosa) Dicot Wetland Grass, Sacramento Orcutt (Orcuttia viscida) Dicot Wetland

Grass, San Joaquin Valley Orcutt (Orcuttia inaequalis) Monocot Wetland Grass, Slender Orcutt (Orcuttia tenuis) Dicot Wetland

Grass, Solano (Tuctoria mucronata) Monocot Wetland Grass, Tennessee Yellow-eyed (Xyris tennesseensis) Monocot Wetland

Gumplant, Ash Meadows (Grindelia fraxino-pratensis) Dicot Wetland ha`iwale (Cyrtandra sessilis) Dicot Wetland

ha`iwale (Cyrtandra kaulantha) Dicot Wetland haha (Cyanea purpurellifolia) Dicot Wetland

Haha (Cyanea kuhihewa) Dicot Wetland Haha (Cyanea dolichopoda) Dicot Wetland

haha (Cyanea eleeleensis) Dicot Wetland Haha (Cyanea calycina) Dicot Wetland

Haha (Cyanea lanceolata) Dicot Wetland Haha (Cyanea acuminata) (Cyanea acuminata) Dicot Wetland

Haha (Cyanea humboldtiana) (Cyanea humboldtiana) Dicot Wetland Haha (Cyanea koolauensis) (Cyanea koolauensis) Dicot Wetland

Haha (Cyanea mceldowneyi) (Cyanea mceldowneyi) Dicot Wetland Haha (Cyanea remyi) (Cyanea remyi) Dicot Wetland

Haha (Cyanea St-Johnii) (=Rollandia St-Johnii) (Cyanea st- Dicot Wetland haiwale (Cyrtandra waiolani) Dicot Wetland

johnii)

haiwale (Cyrtandra gracilis) Dicot Wetland haiwale (Cyrtandra paliku) Dicot Wetland

Ha'iwale (Cyrtandra oenobarba) (Cyrtandra oenobarba) Dicot Wetland Ha'Iwale (Cyrtandra viridiflora) (Cyrtandra viridiflora) Dicot Wetland

Harperella (Ptilimnium nodosum) Dicot Wetland Heau (Exocarpos luteolus) (Exocarpos luteolus) Dicot Wetland

Hesperomannia lydgatei (ncn) (Hesperomannia lydgatei) Dicot Wetland Higuero De Sierra (Crescentia portoricensis) Dicot Wetland

Hilo Ischaemum (Ischaemum byrone) (Ischaemum byrone) Monocot Wetland Holly, Cook's (Ilex cookii) Dicot Wetland

Howellia, Water (Howellia aquatilis) Dicot Wetland 'Ihi'Ihi (Marsilea villosa) (Marsilea villosa) Ferns Wetland

Ilex sintenisii (ncn) (Ilex sintenisii) Dicot Wetland Iris, Dwarf Lake (Iris lacustris) Monocot Wetland

Joint-vetch, Sensitive (Aeschynomene virginica) Dicot Wetland kamakahala (Labordia pumila) Dicot Wetland

Kamakahala (Labordia cyrtandrae) (Labordia cyrtandrae) Dicot Wetland Kamakahala (Labordia lydgatei) (Labordia lydgatei) Dicot Wetland

kaulu (Pteralyxia macrocarpa) Dicot Wetland ko`oko`olau (Bidens amplectens) Dicot Wetland

Kolea (Myrsine juddii) (Myrsine juddii) Dicot Wetland Kolea (Myrsine linearifolia) (Myrsine linearifolia) Dicot Wetland

kopiko (Psychotria grandiflora) Dicot Wetland Kuawawaenohu (Alsinidendron lychnoides) (Alsinidendron Dicot Wetland

lychnoides)

Ladies'-tresses, Canelo Hills (Spiranthes delitescens) Monocot Wetland Ladies'-tresses, Ute (Spiranthes diluvialis) Monocot Wetland
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146

Laukahi Kuahiwi (Plantago princeps) (Plantago princeps) Dicot Wetland lehua makanoe (Lysimachia daphnoides) Dicot Wetland

Liliwai (Acaena exigua) (Acaena exigua) Dicot Wetland Lily, Western (Lilium occidentale) Monocot Wetland

lo`ulu (Pritchardia hardyi) Monocot Wetland Lo`ulu (Pritchardia affinis) (Pritchardia affinis) Monocot Wetland

Lo`ulu (Pritchardia kaalae) (Pritchardia kaalae) Monocot Wetland Lo`ulu (Pritchardia viscosa) (Pritchardia viscosa) Monocot Wetland

Lobelia oahuensis (ncn) (Lobelia oahuensis) Dicot Wetland Lomatium, Bradshaw's (Lomatium bradshawii) Dicot Wetland

Lomatium, Cook's (Lomatium cookii) Dicot Wetland Loosestrife, Rough-leaved (Lysimachia asperulaefolia) Dicot Wetland

Lousewort, Furbish (Pedicularis furbishiae) Dicot Wetland Lysimachia filifolia (ncn) (Lysimachia filifolia) Dicot Wetland

Manaca, palma de (Calyptronoma rivalis) Monocot Wetland Mapele (Cyrtandra cyaneoides) (Cyrtandra cyaneoides) Dicot Wetland

Meadowfoam, Sebastopol (Limnanthes vinculans) Dicot Wetland Meadowrue, Cooley's (Thalictrum cooleyi) Dicot Wetland

Milk-vetch, Ash Meadows (Astragalus phoenix) Dicot Wetland Milk-vetch, Fish Slough (Astragalus lentiginosus var. Dicot Wetland

Mint, Otay Mesa (Pogogyne nudiuscula) Dicot Wetland Mint, San Diego Mesa (Pogogyne abramsii) Dicot Wetland

Mustard, Penland Alpine Fen (Eutrema penlandii) Dicot Wetland Mustard, Slender-petaled (Thelypodium stenopetalum) Dicot Wetland

Na`ena`e (Dubautia waialealae) Dicot Wetland Navarretia, Spreading (Navarretia fossalis) Dicot Wetland

Niterwort, Amargosa (Nitrophila mohavensis) Dicot Wetland nohoanu (Geranium kauaiense) Dicot Wetland

Nohoanu (Geranium multiflorum) (Geranium multiflorum) Dicot Wetland 'Oha Wai (Clermontia drepanomorpha) (Clermontia Dicot Wetland

drepanomorpha)

'Oha Wai (Clermontia samuelii) (Clermontia samuelii) Dicot Wetland 'Ohe'ohe (Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa) (Tetraplasandra Dicot Wetland

gymnocarpa)

Orchid, Eastern Prairie Fringed (Platanthera leucophaea) Monocot Wetland Pa'iniu (Astelia waialealae) Monocot Wetland

Palo Colorado (Ternstroemia luquillensis) (Ternstroemia Dicot Wetland Palo de Jazmin (Styrax portoricensis) Dicot Wetland

luquillensis)

Palo de Nigua (Cornutia obovata) Dicot Wetland Pawpaw, Beautiful (Deeringothamnus pulchellus) Dicot Wetland

Pawpaw, Rugel's (Deeringothamnus rugelii) Dicot Wetland Phyllostegia hirsuta (ncn) (Phyllostegia hirsuta) Dicot Wetland

Phyllostegia mannii (ncn) (Phyllostegia mannii) Dicot Wetland Phyllostegia warshaueri (ncn) (Phyllostegia warshaueri) Dicot Wetland

Phyllostegia wawrana (ncn) (Phyllostegia wawrana) Dicot Wetland Pink, Swamp (Helonias bullata) Monocot Wetland

Pitcher-plant, Green (Sarracenia oreophila) Dicot Wetland Platanthera holochila (ncn) (Platanthera holochila) Monocot Wetland

Poa siphonoglossa (ncn) (Poa siphonoglossa) Monocot Wetland Po'e (Portulaca sclerocarpa) (Portulaca sclerocarpa) Dicot Wetland

Pogonia, Small Whorled (Isotria medeoloides) Monocot Wetland Polygala, Tiny (Polygala smallii) Dicot Wetland

Pondberry (Lindera melissifolia) Dicot Wetland Pondweed, Little Aguja Creek (Potamogeton clystocarpus) Monocot Wetland

Popcornflower, Rough (Plagiobothrys hirtus) Dicot Wetland Potentilla, Hickman's (Potentilla hickmanii) Dicot Wetland

Pteris lidgatei (ncn) (Pteris lidgatei) Ferns Wetland Pu'uka'a (Cyperus trachysanthos) (Cyperus trachysanthos) Monocot Wetland

Quillwort, Black-spored (Isoetes melanospora) Ferns Wetland Quillwort, Louisiana (Isoetes louisianensis) Ferns Wetland

Quillwort, Mat-forming (Isoetes tegetiformans) Ferns Wetland Rhododendron, Chapman (Rhododendron chapmanii) Dicot Wetland

Rosemary, Cumberland (Conradina verticillata) Dicot Wetland Sandwort, Marsh (Arenaria paludicola) Dicot Wetland

Sanicula purpurea (ncn) (Sanicula purpurea) Dicot Wetland Sea-blite, California (Suaeda californica) Dicot Wetland

Seagrass, Johnson's (Halophila johnsonii) Monocot Wetland Sedge, Navajo (Carex specuicola) Monocot Wetland

Sedge, White (Carex albida) Monocot Wetland Silversword, Ka'u (Argyroxiphium kauense) (Argyroxiphium Dicot Wetland

kauense)

Skullcap, Florida (Scutellaria floridana) Dicot Wetland Sneezeweed, Virginia (Helenium virginicum) Dicot Wetland

Spiraea, Virginia (Spiraea virginiana) Dicot Wetland Spurge, Hoover's (Chamaesyce hooveri) Dicot Wetland
Chapter 6: References

147

Stickyseed, Baker's (Blennosperma bakeri) Dicot Wetland Sunflower, Pecos (Helianthus paradoxus) Dicot Wetland

Taraxacum, California (Taraxacum californicum) Dicot Wetland Ternstroemia subsessilis (ncn) (Ternstroemia subsessilis) Dicot Wetland

Thistle, Sacramento Mountains (Cirsium vinaceum) Dicot Wetland Thornmint, San Diego (Acanthomintha ilicifolia) Dicot Wetland

Trematolobelia singularis (ncn) (Trematolobelia singularis) Dicot Wetland Tuctoria, Green's (Tuctoria greenei) Dicot Wetland

Umbel, Huachuca Water (Lilaeopsis schaffneriana var. recurva) Dicot Wetland Uvillo (Eugenia haematocarpa) Dicot Wetland

Vervain, California (Verbena californica) Dicot Wetland Viola helenae (ncn) (Viola helenae) Dicot Wetland

Viola oahuensis (ncn) (Viola oahuensis) Dicot Wetland Water-plantain, Kral's (Sagittaria secundifolia) Monocot Wetland

Water-willow, Cooley's (Justicia cooleyi) Dicot Wetland Wild-rice, Texas (Zizania texana) Monocot Wetland

Xylosma crenatum (ncn) (Xylosma crenatum) Dicot Wetland

No species were selected for exclusion.

Dispersed species included in report.
Chapter 6: References

148

Table 38. Species Potentially Affected Directly Only

Taxon Count for Selected Crops

No species exclusions.

Minimum of 1 Acre

All Medium Types Included

Summary Counts of Counties, States and Species

Mammal

grapes, apples, pears-all, cherries-sweet, cherries-tart, cucumbers and pickles, bittermelons, cantaloupes, honeydew melons, 

muskmelons and pepinos, pumpkins, squash-all, squash-summer, squash-winter, watermelons, hazelnuts (filberts), strawberries, 

broccoli, cabbage-head, collards, escarole and endive, kale, lettuce-all, mustard greens, parsley, spinach, rhubarb, hops, papayas, 

AL, AK, AS, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, DE, DC, FM, FL, GA, GU, HI, ID, IL, IN, IA, KS, KY, LA, ME, MH, MD, MA, MI, MN, MS, MO, MT, NE, 

NV, NH, NJ, NM, NY, NC, ND, MP, OC, OA, OP, OH, OK, OR, PW, PA, PR, RI, SC, SD, TN, TX, UM, UT, VT, VI, VA, WA, WV, WI, WY

County Counts 1465

Species counts 76

State Counts 52

76 species with crop co-occurrence:

Killer whale, Southern Resident DPS (Orcinus orca) Mammal Saltwater Manatee, West Indian (Trichechus manatus) Mammal Saltwater

Otter, Northern Sea (Enhydra lutris kenyoni) Mammal Saltwater Otter, Southern Sea (Enhydra lutris nereis) Mammal Saltwater

Whale, beluga (Delphinapterus leucas) Mammal Saltwater Whale, Finback (Balaenoptera physalus) Mammal Saltwater

Whale, Gray (Eschrichtius robustus) Mammal Saltwater Whale, Humpback (Megaptera novaeangliae) Mammal Saltwater

Whale, North Atlantic right (Eubalaena glacialis (incl. australis)) Mammal Saltwater Whale, Sei (Balaenoptera borealis) Mammal Saltwater

Whale, Sperm (Physeter catodon (=macrocephalus)) Mammal Saltwater Seal, Guadalupe Fur (Arctocephalus townsendi) Mammal Saltwater, Coastal

Seal, Hawaiian Monk (Monachus schauinslandi) Mammal Saltwater, Coastal Seal, spotted (Phoca largha) Mammal Saltwater, Coastal

Sea-lion, Steller (Eumetopias jubatus) Mammal Saltwater, Coastal Bear, American Black (Ursus americanus) Mammal Terrestrial

Bear, Grizzly (Ursus arctos horribilis) Mammal Terrestrial Bear, Louisiana Black (Ursus americanus luteolus) Mammal Terrestrial

Bison, Wood (Bison bison athabascae) Mammal Terrestrial Caribou, Woodland (Rangifer tarandus caribou) Mammal Terrestrial

Deer, Columbian White-tailed (Odocoileus virginianus leucurus) Mammal Terrestrial Ferret, Black-footed (Mustela nigripes) Mammal Terrestrial

Fox, San Joaquin Kit (Vulpes macrotis mutica) Mammal Terrestrial Fox, San Miguel Island (Urocyon littoralis littoralis) Mammal Terrestrial

Fox, Santa Catalina Island (Urocyon littoralis catalinae) Mammal Terrestrial Fox, Santa Cruz Island (Urocyon littoralis santacruzae) Mammal Terrestrial

Fox, Santa Rosa Island (Urocyon littoralis santarosae) Mammal Terrestrial Gray Wolf (Canis lupus) Mammal Terrestrial

Jaguar (Panthera onca) Mammal Terrestrial Jaguarundi, Gulf Coast (Herpailurus (=Felis) yagouaroundi Mammal Terrestrial

cacomitli)
Chapter 6: References

149

Jaguarundi, Sinaloan (Herpailurus (=Felis) yagouaroundi tolteca) Mammal Terrestrial Kangaroo Rat, Fresno (Dipodomys nitratoides exilis) Mammal Terrestrial

Kangaroo Rat, Giant (Dipodomys ingens) Mammal Terrestrial Kangaroo Rat, Morro Bay (Dipodomys heermanni morroensis) Mammal Terrestrial

Kangaroo Rat, San Bernardino Merriam's (Dipodomys merriami Mammal Terrestrial Kangaroo Rat, Stephens' (Dipodomys stephensi (incl. D. cascus)) Mammal Terrestrial

parvus)

Kangaroo Rat, Tipton (Dipodomys nitratoides nitratoides) Mammal Terrestrial Lynx, Canada (Lynx canadensis) Mammal Terrestrial

Mouse, Pacific Pocket (Perognathus longimembris pacificus) Mammal Terrestrial Mouse, Preble's Meadow Jumping (Zapus hudsonius preblei) Mammal Terrestrial

Mouse, Salt Marsh Harvest (Reithrodontomys raviventris) Mammal Terrestrial Ocelot (Leopardus (=Felis) pardalis) Mammal Terrestrial

Panther, Florida (Puma (=Felis) concolor coryi) Mammal Terrestrial Pronghorn, Sonoran (Antilocapra americana sonoriensis) Mammal Terrestrial

Puma (=Cougar), Eastern (Puma (=Felis) concolor (all subsp. Mammal Terrestrial Rabbit, Pygmy (Brachylagus idahoensis) Mammal Terrestrial

except coryi))

Rabbit, Riparian Brush (Sylvilagus bachmani riparius) Mammal Terrestrial Sheep, Peninsular Bighorn (Ovis canadensis nelsoni) Mammal Terrestrial

Sheep, Sierra Nevada Bighorn (Ovis canadensis sierrae) Mammal Terrestrial Shrew, Buena Vista Lake Ornate (Sorex ornatus relictus) Mammal Terrestrial

Squirrel, Carolina Northern Flying (Glaucomys sabrinus coloratus)Mammal Terrestrial Squirrel, Delmarva Peninsula Fox (Sciurus niger cinereus) Mammal Terrestrial

Squirrel, Mount Graham Red (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus Mammal Terrestrial Squirrel, Northern Idaho Ground (Spermophilus brunneus Mammal Terrestrial

grahamensis) brunneus)

Vole, Amargosa (Microtus californicus scirpensis) Mammal Terrestrial Vole, Hualapai Mexican (Microtus mexicanus hualpaiensis) Mammal Terrestrial

Wolf, Red (Canis rufus) Mammal Terrestrial Woodrat, Riparian (Neotoma fuscipes riparia) Mammal Terrestrial

Vole, Florida Salt Marsh (Microtus pennsylvanicus Mammal Terrestrial, Brackish Mouse, Alabama Beach (Peromyscus polionotus ammobates) Mammal Terrestrial, Coastal

dukecampbelli)

Mouse, Anastasia Island Beach (Peromyscus polionotus phasma) Mammal Terrestrial, Coastal Mouse, Choctawhatchee Beach (Peromyscus polionotus Mammal Terrestrial, Coastal

allophrys)

Mouse, Perdido Key Beach (Peromyscus polionotus trissyllepsis) Mammal Terrestrial, Coastal Mouse, Southeastern Beach (Peromyscus polionotus niveiventris) Mammal Terrestrial, Coastal

Mouse, St. Andrew Beach (Peromyscus polionotus peninsularis) Mammal Terrestrial, Coastal Mountain Beaver, Point Arena (Aplodontia rufa nigra) Mammal Terrestrial, Freshwater

Bat, Gray (Myotis grisescens) Mammal Terrestrial, Bat, Hawaiian Hoary (Lasiurus cinereus semotus) Mammal Terrestrial, 

Subterraneous Subterraneous

Bat, Indiana (Myotis sodalis) Mammal Terrestrial, Bat, Lesser (=Sanborn's) Long-nosed (Leptonycteris curasoae Mammal Terrestrial, 

Subterraneous yerbabuenae) Subterraneous

Bat, Little Mariana Fruit (Pteropus tokudae) Mammal Terrestrial, Bat, Mariana Fruit (=Mariana Flying Fox) (Pteropus mariannus Mammal Terrestrial, 

Subterraneous mariannus) Subterraneous

Bat, Mexican Long-nosed (Leptonycteris nivalis) Mammal Terrestrial, Bat, Ozark Big-eared (Corynorhinus (=Plecotus) townsendii Mammal Terrestrial, 

Subterraneous ingens) Subterraneous

Bat, Virginia Big-eared (Corynorhinus (=Plecotus) townsendii Mammal Terrestrial, Prairie Dog, Utah (Cynomys parvidens) Mammal Terrestrial, 

virginianus) Subterraneous Subterraneous

Bird

apples, pears-all, cherries-sweet, cherries-tart, bittermelons, cantaloupes, cucumbers and pickles, honeydew melons, muskmelons and 

pepinos, pumpkins, squash-all, squash-summer, squash-winter, watermelons, hops

AL, AK, AS, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, DE, DC, FM, FL, GA, GU, HI, ID, IL, IN, IA, KS, KY, LA, ME, MH, MD, MA, MI, MN, MS, MO, MT, NE, 
Chapter 6: References

150

NV, NH, NJ, NM, NY, NC, ND, MP, OC, OA, OP, OH, OK, OR, PW, PA, PR, RI, SC, SD, TN, TX, UM, UT, VT, VI, VA, WA, WV, WI, WY

County Counts 1284

Species counts 80

State Counts 50

80 species with crop co-occurrence:

Nukupu`u (honeycreeper) (Hemignathus lucidus) Bird Akekee (Loxops caeruleirostris) Bird Terrestrial

'Akepa, Hawaii (Loxops coccineus coccineus) Bird Terrestrial 'Akepa, Maui (Loxops coccineus ochraceus) Bird Terrestrial

'Akia Loa, Kauai (Hemignathus procerus) (Hemignathus Bird Terrestrial 'Akia Pola'au (Hemignathus munroi) (Hemignathus munroi) Bird Terrestrial

procerus)

Blackbird, Yellow-shouldered (Agelaius xanthomus) Bird Terrestrial Bobwhite, Masked (Colinus virginianus ridgwayi) Bird Terrestrial

Caracara, Audubon's Crested (Polyborus plancus audubonii) Bird Terrestrial Condor, California (Gymnogyps californianus) Bird Terrestrial

Coot, Hawaiian (=Alae keo keo) (Fulica americana alai) Bird Terrestrial Creeper, Hawaii (Oreomystis mana) Bird Terrestrial

Creeper, Oahu (Alauwahio) (Paroreomyza maculata) Bird Terrestrial Crow, Hawaiian ('Alala) (Corvus hawaiiensis) Bird Terrestrial

Crow, Mariana (Corvus kubaryi) Bird Terrestrial Curlew, Eskimo (Numenius borealis) Bird Terrestrial

Elepaio, Oahu (Chasiempis sandwichensis ibidis) Bird Terrestrial Falcon, Northern Aplomado (Falco femoralis septentrionalis) Bird Terrestrial

Flycatcher, Southwestern Willow (Empidonax traillii extimus) Bird Terrestrial Gnatcatcher, Coastal California (Polioptila californica californica) Bird Terrestrial

Hawk, Hawaiian (Io) (Buteo solitarius) Bird Terrestrial Hawk, Puerto Rican Broad-winged (Buteo platypterus Bird Terrestrial

brunnescens)

Hawk, Puerto Rican Sharp-shinned (Accipiter striatus venator) Bird Terrestrial Honeycreeper, Crested ('Akohekohe) (Palmeria dolei) Bird Terrestrial

Kauai creeper (Oreomystis bairdi) Bird Terrestrial Kingfisher, Guam Micronesian (Halcyon cinnamomina Bird Terrestrial

cinnamomina)

Kite, Everglades Snail (Rostrhamus sociabilis plumbeus) Bird Terrestrial Megapode, Micronesian (La Perouse's) (Megapodius laperouse) Bird Terrestrial

Moorhen, Hawaiian Common (Gallinula chloropus sandvicensis) Bird Terrestrial Moorhen, Mariana Common (Gallinula chloropus guami) Bird Terrestrial

Nightjar, Puerto Rico (Caprimulgus noctitherus) Bird Terrestrial 'O'o, Kauai (='A'a) (Moho braccatus) Bird Terrestrial

'O'u (Honeycreeper) (Psittirostra psittacea) Bird Terrestrial Owl, Mexican Spotted (Strix occidentalis lucida) Bird Terrestrial

Owl, Northern Spotted (Strix occidentalis caurina) Bird Terrestrial Palila (Loxioides bailleui) Bird Terrestrial

Parrot, Puerto Rican (Amazona vittata) Bird Terrestrial Parrotbill, Maui (Pseudonestor xanthophrys) Bird Terrestrial

Petrel, Hawaiian Dark-rumped (Pterodroma phaeopygia Bird Terrestrial Pigeon, Puerto Rican Plain (Columba inornata wetmorei) Bird Terrestrial

sandwichensis)

Plover, Piping (Charadrius melodus) Bird Terrestrial Plover, Western Snowy (Charadrius alexandrinus nivosus) Bird Terrestrial

Po'ouli (Melamprosops phaeosoma) Bird Terrestrial

Prairie-chicken, Attwater's Greater (Tympanuchus cupido Bird Terrestrial Rail, California Clapper (Rallus longirostris obsoletus) Bird Terrestrial

attwateri)

Rail, Guam (Rallus owstoni) Bird Terrestrial Rail, Light-footed Clapper (Rallus longirostris levipes) Bird Terrestrial

Rail, Yuma Clapper (Rallus longirostris yumanensis) Bird Terrestrial Scrub-Jay, Florida (Aphelocoma coerulescens) Bird Terrestrial

Shrike, San Clemente Loggerhead (Lanius ludovicianus mearnsi) Bird Terrestrial Sparrow, Cape Sable Seaside (Ammodramus maritimus mirabilis) Bird Terrestrial

Sparrow, Florida Grasshopper (Ammodramus savannarum Bird Terrestrial Sparrow, San Clemente Sage (Amphispiza belli clementeae) Bird Terrestrial

floridanus)
Chapter 6: References

151

Stilt, Hawaiian (=Ae'o) (Himantopus mexicanus knudseni) Bird Terrestrial Stork, Wood (Mycteria americana) Bird Terrestrial

Swiftlet, Mariana Gray (=Vanikoro) (Aerodramus vanikorensis Bird Terrestrial Tern, California Least (Sterna antillarum browni) Bird Terrestrial

bartschi)

Tern, Interior (population) Least (Sterna antillarum) Bird Terrestrial Tern, Roseate (Sterna dougallii dougallii) Bird Terrestrial

Thrush, Large Kauai (Myadestes myadestinus) Bird Terrestrial Thrush, Small Kauai (Puaiohi) (Myadestes palmeri) Bird Terrestrial

Towhee, Inyo Brown (Pipilo crissalis eremophilus) Bird Terrestrial Vireo, Black-capped (Vireo atricapilla) Bird Terrestrial

Vireo, Least Bell's (Vireo bellii pusillus) Bird Terrestrial Warbler (=Wood), Golden-cheeked (Dendroica chrysoparia) Bird Terrestrial

Warbler (=Wood), Kirtland's (Dendroica kirtlandii) Bird Terrestrial Warbler, Bachman's (Vermivora bachmanii) Bird Terrestrial

Warbler, nightingale reed (old world warbler) (Acrocephalus Bird Terrestrial White-eye, Bridled (Nossa) (Zosterops conspicillatus Bird Terrestrial

luscinia) conspicillatus)

White-eye, Rota Bridled (Zosterops rotensis) Bird Terrestrial Woodpecker, Ivory-billed (Campephilus principalis) Bird Terrestrial

Woodpecker, Red-cockaded (Picoides borealis) Bird Terrestrial Crane, Mississippi Sandhill (Grus canadensis pulla) Bird Terrestrial, Freshwater

Crane, Whooping (Grus americana) Bird Terrestrial, Freshwater Duck, Hawaiian (Koloa) (Anas wyvilliana) Bird Terrestrial, Freshwater

Goose, Hawaiian (Nene) (Branta (=Nesochen) sandvicensis) Bird Terrestrial, Freshwater Murrelet, Marbled (Brachyramphus marmoratus) Bird Terrestrial, 

Freshwater, 

Saltwater

Albatross, Short-tailed (Phoebastria (=Diomedea) albatrus) Bird Terrestrial, Saltwater Eider, Steller's (Polysticta stelleri) Bird Terrestrial, Saltwater

Shearwater, Newell's Townsend's (Puffinus auricularis newelli) Bird Terrestrial, Saltwater

Bivalve, Coral, Crustacean

pineapples harvested

Summary Counts of Counties, States and Species

Mammal Bird Amphibian Reptile Fish Crustacean Bivalve Gastropod Arachnid Insect Dicot Monocot Ferns Conf/cycds Coral Lichen

County Counts 1 19

Species counts 1 2

State Counts 1 2

3 species with crop co-occurrence:

Amphipod, Kauai Cave (Spelaeorchestia koloana) Crustacean Freshwater, Coral, Elkhorn (Acropora palmata) Coral Saltwater

Subterraneous

Coral, Staghorn (Acropora cervicornis) Coral Saltwater

No species were selected for exclusion.

Dispersed species included in report.
Chapter 6: References

152

Appendix K. ECOTOX Open Literature That Passed Initial Screen

Accepted ECOTOX DATA Table – Triflmizole

The code list for ECOTOX can be found at: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/blackbox/help/codelist.pdf

Chemical 

Name Genus Species

Common 

Name

Effect 

Group Effect Meas Endpt1 Endpt2

Dur 

Preferred 

Mean

Dur Unit 

Preferred

Conc #1 

Purity 

Adjusted 

in 

Preferred 

Unit

Mean

Conc #2 

Purity 

Adjusted 

in 

Preferred 

Unit 

Mean

Conc 

Units 

Preferred

% 

Purity Ref #

Triflumizole Apis mellifera Honey Bee MOR MOR MORT NOAEL 1 d 0.45 AI kg/ha 100 90553

Triflumizole Apis mellifera Honey Bee MOR MOR MORT NOAEL 1 d 0.45 AI kg/ha 100 90553

Triflumizole Apis mellifera Honey Bee BEH AVO CHEM NOAEL 2.08E-02 d 0.45 AI kg/ha 100 90553

Triflumizole Malus sp. Apple REP REP GERM NOAEL 0.25 d 0.4014 lb/acre 100 90553

Triflumizole Apis mellifera Honey Bee BEH AVO CHEM NOAEL 2.08E-02 d 0.45 AI kg/ha 100 90553

Triflumizole Pyrus communis Pear REP REP GERM LOAEL 0.25 d 0.4014 lb/acre 100 90553

Triflumizole Malus sp. Apple REP REP GERM LOAEL 0.25 d 0.4014 lb/acre 100 90553

Triflumizole Rosa sp. Rose GRO GRO HGHT NOAEL 28 d 0.015 % 30 75966

Triflumizole Sphaerotheca pannosa

Powery 

Mildew POP POP ABND LOAEL 14 d 0.015 % 30 75966

Triflumizole Sphaerotheca pannosa

Powery 

Mildew POP POP ABND LOAEL 14 d 0.015 % 30 75966

Triflumizole Spathiphyllum floribundum Snowflower GRO GRO NROT NOAEL 70 d 40 uM 100 96404

Triflumizole Encarsia formosa

Parasitic 

Wasp MOR MOR MORT

NRZERO 14 d 0.012 % 100 96254

Triflumizole Galendromus occidentalis

Western 

Predatory 

Mite REP REP FCND NOAEL 3 d 157.72 ppm 50 96453

Triflumizole Galendromus occidentalis

Western 

Predatory 

Mite MOR MOR SURV NOAEL 3 d 157.72 ppm 50 96453

Triflumizole Galendromus occidentalis

Western 

Predatory 

Mite BEH FDB FCNS NOAEL 3 d 157.72 ppm 50 96453

Triflumizole Spathiphyllum floribundum Snowflower GRO MPH LGTH NOAEL 70 d 40 uM 100 96404

Triflumizole Neoseiulus fallacis

Predatory 

Mite MOR MOR MORT NOEL 1 d 225 ppm 50 73149

Triflumizole Neoseiulus fallacis

Predatory 

Mite MOR MOR MORT NOEL 2 d 225 ppm 50 73149

Triflumizole Ostrinia nubilalis

European 

Corn Borer POP POP ABND NOEL 1 gs 0.03 lb/acre 0.5 95501

Triflumizole Ostrinia nubilalis

European 

Corn Borer POP POP ABND NOEL 1 gs 0.03 lb/acre 0.5 95501

Triflumizole Ostrinia nubilalis

European 

Corn Borer POP POP ABND NOEL 1 gs 0.03 lb/acre 0.5 95501

Triflumizole Ostrinia nubilalis European POP POP ABND NOEL d 0.03 lb/acre 0.5 95500
Chapter 6: References

153

Chemical 

Name Genus Species

Common 

Name

Effect 

Group Effect Meas Endpt1 Endpt2

Dur 

Preferred 

Mean

Dur Unit 

Preferred

Conc #1 

Purity 

Adjusted 

in 

Preferred 

Unit

Mean

Conc #2 

Purity 

Adjusted 

in 

Preferred 

Unit 

Mean

Conc 

Units 

Preferred

% 

Purity Ref #

Corn Borer

Triflumizole Ostrinia nubilalis

European 

Corn Borer POP POP ABND NOEL d 0.03 lb/acre 0.5 95500

Triflumizole Ostrinia nubilalis

European 

Corn Borer POP POP ABND NOEL d 0.03 lb/acre 0.5 95500

Triflumizole Pseudoplusia includens

Soybean 

Looper POP POP ABND LOEL 3 d 0.75 qt/acre 100 92283

Triflumizole Pseudoplusia includens

Soybean 

Looper POP POP ABND LOEL 7 d 0.75 qt/acre 100 92283

Triflumizole Steinernema feltiae Nematode BEH BEH GBHV NOAEL 9 d 0.3 ml/L 50 71382

Triflumizole Steinernema feltiae Nematode MOR MOR SURV NOAEL 3 d 0.3 ml/L 50 71382
Chapter 6: References

154

Triflumizole

Papers that Were Accepted for ECOTOX

Acceptable to EcoTox and OPP

May 2011

De Nardo, E. A. B. and Grewal, P. S. (2003). Compatibility of Steinernema feltiae (Nematoda: Steinernematidae) with 

Pesticides and Plant Growth Regulators Used in Glasshouse Plant Production. Biocontrol Sci. Technol. 13: 

441-448.

EcoReference No.: 71382

Chemical of Concern: 

ACM,ACP,AZX,CLT,DFZ,FDX,FTL,FYC,IPD,MFX,PBZ,PNB,RMLX,SS,TFZ,TPM,TZL; Habitat: T; 

Effect Codes: BEH,MOR; Code: LITE EVAL CODED 

(ACM,ACP,AZX,CLT,DFZ,FDX,FTL,FYC,IPD,MFX,PBZ,PNB,RMLX,SS,TFZ,TPM,TZL), NO EFED 

CHEM (SS,TPM,TZL), TARGET (PNB).

DeVries, T. A. and Wright, R. J. (1996). Evaluation of Microbial and Conventional Insecticides for Control of Larval 

European Corn Borer on Whorl Stage Corn, Clay Center, NE, 1995. Arthropod Manag. Tests 21 : 218-(35F).

EcoReference No.: 95500

Chemical of Concern: CPY,FNF,LCYT,PMR,TFZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: POP; Code: LITE EVAL 

CODED (CPY,LCYT,PMR,TFZ), NO EFED CHEM (FNF), TARGET (LCYT).

Haas, M. J. and Landis, D. A. (1996). 1st Generation European Corn Borer Larvicide Trial, 1995. Arthropod Manag. 

Tests 21: 219-(36F).

EcoReference No.: 95501

Chemical of Concern: CBF,CPY,FNF,LCYT,PMR,PRT,TBO,TFT,TFZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: POP; 

Code: LITE EVAL CODED (CBF,CPY,LCYT,PMR,PRT,TBO,TFZ), NO EFED CHEM (FNF,TFT), 

TARGET (CBF,LCYT,TBO).

Mascarenhas, R. N., Fitzpatrick, B. J., Boyd, M. L., Clemens, C. G., Boethel, D. J., Vidrine, P. R., and Moore, S. H. 

(1997). Evaluation of Selected Experimental and Standard Insecticides Against Soybean Looper, 1996. 

Arthropod Manag. Tests 22: 314-(126F).

EcoReference No.: 92283

Chemical of Concern: ACP,CFP,EMMB,MFZ,PMR,PPB,SS,TDC,TFZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: POP; 

Code: LITE EVAL CODED (CFP,EMMB,PMR,TDC,TFZ), NO EFED CHEM (SS), NO MIXTURE 

(ACP,MFZ,PPB), TARGET (ACP,CFP,EMMB,MFZ,TDC).

Metzger, J. A. and Pfeiffer, D. G. (2002). Topical Toxicity of Pesticides Used in Virginia Vineyards to the Predatory 

Mite, Neoseiulus fallacis (Garman). Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 37: 329-337.

EcoReference No.: 73149

Chemical of Concern: 

AZ,AZX,CBL,CHX,DCF,DU,FBOX,FO,FRM,GFS,GFSNH,KRSM,MZB,OXF,PQT,PRB,PSM,PZM,TEZ,TF

Z; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: MOR; Code: LITE EVAL CODED 

(AZ,AZX,CBL,DCF,DU,FBOX,FRM,GFSNH,MZB,OXF,PQT,PRB,PSM,PZM,TEZ,TFZ), NO EFED CHEM 

(CHX,KRSM), OK (GFS), TARGET (AZ,CBL,DCF,FBOX,PRB,PSM).

November 2007

1. Abou-Jawdah, Y. and Itani, H. M. (1995). Sensitivity of Botrytis cinerea Isolates to Fungicides Used in Lebanon . 
Chapter 6: References

155

Phytopathol.Medit. 34: 100-108.

Chemical of Concern: TFZ; Habitat: T; Rejection Code: TARGET (TFZ).

2. Abou-Jawdeh, Y. A. and Barghout, B. A. (1993). Fungicide Resistance of Botrytis cinerea Isolates on Tomatoes in 

Lebanon. Phytopathol.Medit. 32: 182-187.

Chemical of Concern: TFZ; Habitat: T; Rejection Code: TARGET (TFZ).

3. Alston, D. G. and Thomson, S. V. (2004). Effects of Fungicide Residues on the Survival, Fecundity, and Predation 

of the Mites Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) and Galendromus occidentalis (Acari: 

Phytoseiidae). J.Econ.Entomol. 97: 950-956.

EcoReference No.: 96453

Chemical of Concern: BMY,TFZ,MYC; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: POP,REP,MOR; Rejection Code: 

LITE EVAL CODED(TFZ).

4. Amano, T. and Takeda, T. (2002). Case Studies of Fungicide-Resistance Management in Japan. ACS Symp.Ser.

808: 230-241.

Chemical of Concern: TFZ; Habitat: T; Rejection Code: TARGET (TFZ).

5. Biggs, A. R. and Warner, J. (1987). Control of Primary and Secondary Apple Scab Infections with Sterol-Inhibiting 

Fungicides. Can.J.Plant Pathol. 9: 41-48.

Chemical of Concern: TFZ; Habitat: T; Rejection Code: EFFICACY (TFZ).

6. Blumel, S. (1990). Results of a Direct Contact Test for the Evaluation of Side Effects of Pesticides on the Pupal 

Stage of Encarsia formosa (Gah.). Pflanzenschutzberichte 51: 139-142.

EcoReference No.: 96254

Chemical of Concern: 

MYC,PPM,MZB,TFZ,TPM,AV,FCX,BDC,ES,PIM,MVP,DINO,CYF,THO,FPP,FYT; Habitat: T; Effect 

Codes: REP,MOR,GRO; Rejection Code: LITE EVAL 

CODED(TFZ),TARGET(CYF),MIXTURE(MZB).

7. Chase, A. R. (1986). Cylindrocladium Root and Petiole Rot Control Update. In: Proc.Fla.State Hortic.Soc. 98: 115-

118.

Chemical of Concern: TFZ; Habitat: T; Rejection Code: EFFICACY (TFZ).

8. Cimanowski, J. (1989). Antisporulant Action of the Latest Systemic Fungicides Used Against the Powdery Mildew 

Podosphaera leucotricha (Ell. et Ev.) Salm. Fruit Sci.Rep. 16: 23-26.

Chemical of Concern: TFZ; Habitat: T; Rejection Code: EFFICACY (TFZ).

9. Dell, K. J., Gubler, W. D., Krueger, R., Sanger, M., and Bettiga, L. J. (1998). The Efficacy of Jms Stylet-Oil on

Grape Powdery Mildew and Botrytis Bunch Rot and Effects on Fermentation. Am.J.Enol.Vitic. 49: 11-16.

Chemical of Concern: TFZ; Habitat: T; Rejection Code: EFFICACY (TFZ).

10. Elmer, W. H. (2006). Efficacy of Preplant Treatments of Gladiolus Corms with Combinations of Acibenzolar-sMethyl and Biological or Chemical Fungicides for Suppression of Fusarium Corm Rot [Fusarium 

oxysporum f. sp. gladioli]. Can.J.Plant Pathol. 28: 609-614.

Chemical of Concern: TFZ; Habitat: T; Rejection Code: EFFICACY (TFZ).

11. Geml, J., Davis, D. D., and Geiser, D. M. (2005). Influence of Selected Fungicides on In Vitro Growth of Artillery 
Chapter 6: References

156

Fungi (Sphaerobolus spp.). J.Environ.Hortic. 23: 63-66.

Chemical of Concern: TFZ; Habitat: T; Rejection Code: TARGET (TFZ).

12. Goulart, A. and Paiva, F. (1993). Efficiency of Wheat Seed Chemical Treatment on the Control of 

Helminthosporium sativum and Pyricularia oryzae. Summa Phytopathol. 19: 199-202.

Chemical of Concern: TFZ; Habitat: T; Rejection Code: EFFICACY (TFZ).

13. Grinchenko, S. G., Chkanikov, D. I., Umnov, A. M., and Shabanova, A. M. (1989). Possibility of Using Enzyme 

Immunoassay in Studies of Antirust Fungicide Effectiveness. Agrokhimiya 6: 103-105.

Chemical of Concern: TFZ; Habitat: T; Rejection Code: TARGET (TFZ).

14. Hamamoto, H., Hasegawa, K., Nakaune, R., Lee, Y. J., Akutsu, K., and Hibi, T. (2001). PCR-Based Detection of 

Sterol Demethylation Inhibitor-Resistant Strains of Penicillium digitatum. Pest Manag.Sci. 57: 839-843.

Chemical of Concern: TFZ; Habitat: T; Rejection Code: TARGET (TFZ).

15. Hamamoto, H., Nawata, O., Hasegawa, K., Nakaune, R., Lee, Y. J., Makizumi, Y., Akutsu, K., and Hibi, T. (2001). 

The Role of the ABC Transporter Gene PMR1 in Demethylation Inhibitor Resistance in Penicillium 

digitatum. Pestic.Biochem.Physiol. 70: 19-26.

Chemical of Concern: TFZ; Habitat: T; Rejection Code: TARGET (TFZ).

16. Hamamura, H., Kawahara, M., and Shimoda, S. (1989). Some Characteristics of Gibberella Fujikuroi (Fusarium 

moniliforme) Isolates less Sensitive to Triflumizole. Ann.Phytopathol.Soc.Jpn. 55: 275-280.

Chemical of Concern: TFZ; Habitat: T; Rejection Code: EFFICACY (TFZ).

17. Hamamura, H., Kawahara, M., Shimoda, S., and Kataoka, M. (1991). Heterokaryosis of Gibberella Fujikuroi 

(Fusarium moniliforme) Isolates less Sensitive to Triflumizole. Ann.Phytopathol.Soc.Jpn. 57 : 387-393.

Chemical of Concern: TFZ; Habitat: T; Rejection Code: EFFICACY (TFZ).

18. Haramoto, M., Hamamura, H., Sano, S., Felsenstein, F. G., and Otani, H. (2006). Sensitivity Monitoring of Powdery 

Mildew Pathogens to Cyflufenamid and the Evaluation of Resistance Risk. J.Pestic.Sci. 31: 397-404.

Chemical of Concern: TFZ; Habitat: T; Rejection Code: TARGET (TFZ).

19. Hashimoto, S., Sano, S., Murakami, A., Mizuno, M., Nishikawa, H., and Yasuda, Y. (1986). Fungitoxic Properties 

of Triflumizol. Nippon Shokubutsu Byori Gakkaiho 52: 599-610.

Chemical of Concern: TFZ; Habitat: T; Rejection Code: TARGET (TFZ).

20. Hema, L. R., Shivanna, M. B., Kumar, V., Krishnappa, M., Prakash, H. S., and Shetty, H. S. ( 1991). Control of 

Seed-Borne Fungi in Okra Hibiscus esculentus by Fungicidal Seed Treatment. Indian J.Agric.Sci. 61: 778-

782.

Chemical of Concern: TFZ; Habitat: T; Rejection Code: EFFICACY (TFZ).

21. Hermann, M., Szith, R., and Zinkernagel, V. (1989). Reduced Sensitivity of Some Scab Isolates Venturia inaequalis 

from Steiermark Austria to EBI-Fungicides. Gartenbauwissenschaft 54: 160-165.

Chemical of Concern: TFZ; Habitat: T; Rejection Code: EFFICACY (TFZ).

22. Hildebrand, P. D., Lockhart, C. L., Newbery, R. J., and Ross, R. G. (1988). Resistance of Venturia inaequalis to 

Bitertanol and Other Demethylation-Inhibiting Fungicides. Can.J.Plant Pathol. 10: 311-316.
Chapter 6: References

157

Chemical of Concern: TFZ; Habitat: T; Rejection Code: TARGET (TFZ).

23. Kalamarakis, A. E., Demopoulos, V. P., Ziogas, B. N., and Georgopoulos, S. G. (1989). A Highly Mutable Major 

Gene for Triadimenol Resistance in Nectria haematococca var. Cucurbitae. Netherlands J.Plant Pathol.

95: 109-120.

Chemical of Concern: TFZ; Habitat: T; Rejection Code: EFFICACY (TFZ).

24. Kim, K. W., Kim, W. T., and Eum, S. J. (1998). Bent-Neck Inhibition in Cut Rose with Fungicides. J.Korean 

Soc.Hortic.Sci. 39: 98-102.

Chemical of Concern: TFZ; Habitat: T; Rejection Code: EFFICACY (TFZ).

25. Kohler, G., Viernstein, H., and Wolschann, P. (1996). Molecular Calculations and Thermodynamical Considerations 

on the Solubility Enhancement of Triflumizole by Cyclodextrin Complexation. 

J.Inclus.Phenomen.Mol.Recog.Chem. 25: 237-241.

Chemical of Concern: TFZ; Habitat: T; Rejection Code: TARGET (TFZ).

26. Koller, W. ( 1994). Chemical Control of Apple Scab-Status Quo and Future. Norw.J.Agric.Sci.Suppl. 17: 149-170.

Chemical of Concern: TFZ; Habitat: T; Rejection Code: EFFICACY (TFZ).

27. Leroux, P., Albertini, C., Gautier, A., Gredt, M., and Walker, A. S. (2007). Mutations in the CYP51 Gene Correlated 

with Changes in Sensitivity to Sterol 14a-Demethylation Inhibitors in Field Isolates of Mycosphaerella 

graminicola. Pest Manag.Sci. 63: 688-698.

Chemical of Concern: TFZ; Habitat: T; Rejection Code: TARGET (TFZ).

28. Leroux, P., Cavelier, N., and Migeon, J. L. (1990). Resistance to Inhibitors of Sterol Biosynthesis in 

Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides, the Causal Agent of Cereal Eye-Spot. In: 

Tagungsber.Akad.Landwirtschaftswiss., Vol.1, Syst.Fungic.Antifungal Compd. 291: 137-144.

Chemical of Concern: TFZ; Habitat: T; Rejection Code: TARGET (TFZ).

29. Leroux, P. and Gredt, M. (1997). Evolution of Fungicide Resistance in the Cereal Eyespot Fungi Tapesia yallundae 

and Tapesia acuformis in France. Pestic.Sci. 51: 321-327.

Chemical of Concern: TFZ; Habitat: T; Rejection Code: TARGET (TFZ).

30. Leroux, P., Gredt, M., and Boeda, P. (1988). Resistance to Inhibitors of Sterol Biosynthesis in Field Isolates or 

Laboratory Strains of the Eyespot Pathogen Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides. Pestic.Sci. 23: 119-129.

Chemical of Concern: TFZ; Habitat: T; Rejection Code: TARGET (TFZ).

31. Magarey, R. D., Emmett, R. W., Magarey, P. A., and Franz, P. R. (1993). Evaluation of Control of Grapevine 

Anthracnose Caused by Elsinoe ampelina by Pre-Infection Fungicides. Aust.Plant Pathol. 22: 48-52.

EcoReference No.: 92094

Chemical of Concern: FRM,HCZ,DFC,CTN,Captan,Ziram,TEB,PCZ,FUZ,MYC,TFZ,FZN; Habitat: T; 

Effect Codes: POP,PHY; Rejection Code: LITE EVAL 

CODED(FRM),OK(CTN),TARGET(Captan,PCZ,TFZ).

32. Markoglou, A. N. and Ziogas, B. N. (2000). Genetic Control of Resistance to Tridemorph in Ustilago maydis. 

Phytoparasitica 28: 349-360.

Chemical of Concern: TFZ; Habitat: T; Rejection Code: TARGET (TFZ).
Chapter 6: References

158

33. Markoglou, A. N. and Ziogas, B. N. (2002). SBI-Fungicides: Fungicidal Effectiveness and Resistance in Botrytis 

cinerea. Phytopathol.Medit. 41: 120-130.

Chemical of Concern: TFZ; Habitat: T; Rejection Code: TARGET (TFZ).

34. Matheron, M. E. and Porchas, M. (2007). Comparative Performance and Preservation of Chemical Management 

Tools for Powdery Mildew on Muskmelon. Acta Hortic./ In: Proc.3rd Int.Symp.on Cucurbits, 2005 731: 

357-361.

Chemical of Concern: TFZ; Habitat: T; Rejection Code: EFFICACY (TFZ).

35. Mayer, D. F. and Lunden, J. D. (1986). Toxicity of Fungicides and an Acaricide to Honey Bees Apis-Mellifera 

Hymenoptera and Their Effects on Bee Foraging Behavior and Pollen Viability on Blooming Apples and 

Pears. Environ.Entomol. 15: 1047-1049.

EcoReference No.: 90553

Chemical of Concern: TFR,HTX,TFZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: MOR,BEH,REP; Rejection Code: 

LITE EVAL CODED(TFR,HTX,TFZ).

36. Mizuno, M. ( 1988). Triflumizole (Trifmine): A New Broad Spectrum Fungicide. Jpn.Pestic.Inf. 52: 27-30.

Chemical of Concern: TFZ; Habitat: T; Rejection Code: TARGET (TFZ).

37. Motomura, M., Suwa, S., and Hirooka, E. Y. (1997). Biological Control: Microbial Versus Chemical Fungicide on 

Growth of Rice Infected with Fusarium moniliforme. Rev.Microbiol. 28: 11-16.

Chemical of Concern: TFZ; Habitat: T; Rejection Code: EFFICACY (TFZ).

38. Mueller, D. S., Jeffers, S. N., and Buck, J. W. (2005). Toxicity of Fungicides to Urediniospores of Six Rust Fungi 

that Occur on Ornamental Crops. Plant Dis. 89: 255-261.

EcoReference No.: 90062

Chemical of Concern: CuS,MZB,TDF,MYC,PCZ,TFZ,AZX,IPD,TPM,FHX,CTN,TFX; Habitat: T; 

Effect Codes: REP,CEL,MOR; Rejection Code: TARGET(ALL CHEMS).

39. Nakaune, R., Adachi, K., Nawata, O., Tomiyama, M., Akutsu, K., and Hibi, T. (1998). A Novel ATP-Binding 

Cassette Transporter Involved in Multidrug Resistance in the Phytopathogenic Fungus Penicillium 

digitatum. Appl.Environ.Microbiol. 64: 3983-3988.

Chemical of Concern: TFZ; Habitat: T; Rejection Code: TARGET (TFZ).

40. Nowacka, H. (1989). Effectiveness of Systemic Fungicides from the Ergosterol Biosynthesis Inhibitor Group in the 

Post Infection Control of Apple Scab. Fruit Sci.Rep. 16: 81-86.

Chemical of Concern: TFZ; Habitat: T; Rejection Code: EFFICACY (TFZ).

41. Nowacka, H. (1991). Stability of Resistance to Benzimidazole Fungicides in Venturia inaequalis (CKE) Aderh. 

Fruit Sci.Rep. 18: 143-146.

Chemical of Concern: TFZ; Habitat: T; Rejection Code: EFFICACY (TFZ).

42. O'Brien, R. G., Vawdrey, L. L., and Glass, R. J. (1988). Fungicide Resistance in Cucurbit Powdery Mildew 

(Sphaerotheca fuliginea) and Its Effect on Field Control. Aust.J.Exp.Agric. 28: 417-423.

Chemical of Concern: TFZ; Habitat: T; Rejection Code: EFFICACY (TFZ).

43. O'Leary, A. L., Jones, A. L., and Ehret, G. R. (1987). Application Rates and Spray Intervals for Apple Scab Control 

With Flusilazol and Pyrifenox. Plant Dis. 71: 623-626.
Chapter 6: References

159

EcoReference No.: 90209

Chemical of Concern: FUZ,Captan,FRM,TFZ,BMY,DCZ,MZB,TDF,MEM; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: 

GRO,POP; Rejection Code: TARGET(TFZ,FRM,Captan),NO MIXTURE(MZB,TDF).

44. Ohtsuka, N., Sou, K., Amano, T., Ojima, M., Nakazawa, Y., and Yamada, Y. (1988). Decreased Sensitivity of 

Cucumber Powdery Mildew Sphaerotheca fuliginea to Ergosterol Biosynthesis Inhibitors. 

Ann.Phytopathol.Soc.Jpn.(Nippon Shokubutsu Byori Gakkaiho) 54: 629-632.

Chemical of Concern: TFZ; Habitat: T; Rejection Code: EFFICACY (TFZ).

45. Pscheidt, J. W. and Cluskey, S. (2001). Fungicide Control of Eastern Filbert Blight. Acta Hortic./ In: Proc.5th 

Int.Congr.on Hazelnut, 2000 556: 411-417.

Chemical of Concern: TFZ; Habitat: T; Rejection Code: EFFICACY (TFZ).

46. Resende, G., Costa, N. D., Melo, N., and Souza, R. (1996). Efficiency of Fungicides for the Control of Leaf Blight 

(Alternaria dauci (Kuhn) Groves and Skolko) in Carrot (Daucus carota L.). Cienc.Agrotecnol. 20: 168-172.

Chemical of Concern: TFZ; Habitat: T; Rejection Code: EFFICACY (TFZ).

47. Rolim, P., Toledo, A., Cardoso, R., Brignani, and Oliveira, D. A. (1990). Fungicides Compared for Rose Black Spot 

(Diplocarpon rosae) and Powdery Mildew (Sphaerotheca pannosa var. rosae) Control . Summa 

Phytopathol. 16: 269-274.

Chemical of Concern: TFZ; Habitat: T; Rejection Code: EFFICACY (TFZ).

48. Stanis, V. F. (1985). Genetics of Benomyl Resistance and Reduced Sensitivity to Sterol-Inhibiting Fungicides in 

Venturia inaequalis (Cooke) Wint. (Apple Scab). Ph.D.Thesis, Michigan State Univ. 70 p.

Chemical of Concern: TFZ; Habitat: T; Rejection Code: TARGET (TFZ).

49. Stanis, V. F. and Jones, A. L. (1985). Reduced Sensitivity to Sterol-Inhibiting Fungicides in Field Isolates of 

Venturia inaequalis. Phytopathology 75: 1098-101.

Chemical of Concern: TFZ; Habitat: T; Rejection Code: TARGET (TFZ).

50. Sutton, T. B., Filajdic, N., and Brown, E. (1994). Current Status of the Management of Summer Diseases of Apples. 

Norw.J.Agric.Sci. Suppl.17: 361-369.

Chemical of Concern: TFZ; Habitat: T; Rejection Code: EFFICACY (TFZ).

51. Suzuki, M., Hamamura, H., and Iwamori, M. (1994). Relationship Between Formulations of Triflumizole and Their 

Efficacy to Bakanae Disease in Rice Seed Treatment. J.Pestic.Sci.(Nippon Noyaku Gakkaishi) 19: 251-

256.

Chemical of Concern: TFZ; Habitat: T; Rejection Code: EFFICACY (TFZ).

52. Swait, A. A. J. and Butt, D. J. (1985). Fungicides to Control Apple Powdery Mildew; 1984 Trial A. Tests 

Agrochem.Cultiv. 6: 36-37.

Chemical of Concern: TFZ; Habitat: T; Rejection Code: EFFICACY (TFZ).

53. Tateishi, H. and Chida, T. (2000). Sensitivity of Fusarium moniliforme Isolates to Ipconazole. J.Gen.Plant Pathol.

66: 353-359.

Chemical of Concern: TFZ; Habitat: T; Rejection Code: TARGET (TFZ).
Chapter 6: References

160

54. Toledo, A. and Rolim, P. (1989). Selection of Fungicides to Control Chrysanthemum White Rust, Caused by 

Puccinia horiana. Summa Phytopathol. 15: 238-245.

Chemical of Concern: TFZ; Habitat: T; Rejection Code: EFFICACY (TFZ).

55. Trandafirescu, M. and Topor, E. (1995). Investigations on Stereum purpureum (Pers.ex Fr.) Fr. Control on Apricot. 

Acta Hortic./ 10th Int.Symp.on Apricot Culture, 1993 384: 595-599.

Chemical of Concern: TFZ; Habitat: T; Rejection Code: EFFICACY (TFZ).

56. Wada, T., Kuzuma, S., and Takenaka, M. (1990). Sensitivity of Fusarium moniliforme Isolates to Pefurazoate. 

Nippon Shokubutsu Byori Gakkaiho 56: 449-56.

Chemical of Concern: TFZ; Habitat: T; Rejection Code: TARGET (TFZ).

57. Werbrouck, S. P. O. and Debergh, P. C. (1996). Imidazole Fungicides and Paclobutrazol Enhance CytokininInduced Adventitious Shoot Proliferation in Araceae. J.Plant Growth Regul. 15: 81-85.

EcoReference No.: 96404

Chemical of Concern: PBZ,TFZ,ILL; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: GRO; Rejection Code: LITE EVAL 

CODED(TFZ),TARGET(PBZ).

58. Wojdyla, A. T. (1999). Chemical Control of Rose Diseases V. Effectiveness of Fungicides in the Control of 

Powdery Mildew on Rose cv Mercedes in Greenhouse. J.Fruit Ornam.Plant Res. 7: 47-54.

EcoReference No.: 75966

Chemical of Concern: 

TFR,FRM,FUZ,MZB,CBD,Folpet,TEZ,TCZ,CTN,TDF,TDM,BTN,TFZ,MYC,DFC; Habitat: T; Effect 

Codes: PHY,GRO,ACC,POP; Rejection Code: LITE EVAL 

CODED(TCZ,TDF,TFR,FRM,TFZ),OK(MZB,Folpet,CTN).

59. Yokota, C. ( 2004). Cyflufenamid: A New Fungicide Against Powdery Mildew on Various Crops. Agrochem.Jpn.

84: 12-14.

Chemical of Concern: TFZ; Habitat: T; Rejection Code: EFFICACY (TFZ).

60. Yoshida, M., Kawasaki, A., Yukimoto, M., and Nose, K. (1990). Detection of the Effects of Fungicides on the Cell 

Membrane by Proton NMR Spectroscopy. Pestic.Biochem.Physiol. 38: 172-177.

Chemical of Concern: TFZ; Habitat: T; Rejection Code: TARGET (TFZ).

61. Yoshida, M. and Yukimoto, M. (1993). Effects of Fungicides on Channels in the Fungal Membrane. 

Pestic.Biochem.Physiol. 47: 171-177.

Chemical of Concern: TFZ; Habitat: T; Rejection Code: TARGET (TFZ).
Chapter 6: References

161

Appendix K. ECOTOX Open Literature Excluded From the Effects Assessment

Acceptable to EcoTox but not OPP

May 2011

Fitzpatrick, B. J., Mascarenhas, R. N., Boyd, M. L., Boethel, D. J., Burris, E., and Cook, D. (1997). Soybean Looper and 

Beet Armyworm Control on Soybean in Louisiana, 1995. Arthropod Manag. Tests 21: 289-291 (126F).

EcoReference No.: 96095

Chemical of Concern: CFP,CPY,EMMB,MFZ,MOM,SS,TDC,TFZ,TUZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: POP; 

Code: LITE EVAL CODED (CFP,CPY,EMMB,MOM,TDC), NO EFED CHEM (SS), NO MIXTURE 

(MFZ,TFZ,TUZ), TARGET (CFP,EMMB,MFZ,MOM,TDC,TUZ).

Hashimoto, S., Sano, S., and Morishima, Y. (1985). Ergosterol Biosynthesis Inhibition and Morphological Changes in 

the Sporidia of Ustilago maydis Treated with Triflumizole. In: I.M.Smith (Ed.), Monogr.No.31, Fungicides for 

Crop Protection: 100 Years of Progress, Volume 2 Poster Paps., Proc.of the Bordeaux Mixture Centenary 

Meet., Sept.5-7, 1985, Bordeaux, France, BCPC Publ., Croydon, England 277-280.

EcoReference No.: 73077

Chemical of Concern: TFZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: CEL,GRO,POP; Code: NO ENDPOINT (TFZ).

Iwasa, T., Motoyama, N., Ambrose, J. T., and Roe, R. M. (2004). Mechanism for the Differential Toxicity of 

Neonicotinoid Insecticides in the Honey Bee, Apis mellifera. Crop Prot. 23: 371-378.

EcoReference No.: 95986

Chemical of Concern: ACT,CTD,DNF,IMC,TAP,TFZ,TMX; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: MOR; Code: LITE 

EVAL CODED (IMC), NO EFED CHEM (ACT,CTD,DNF,TAP,TMX), NO MIXTURE (TFZ).

Lee, Y. J., Yamamoto, K., Hamamoto, H., Nakaune, R., and Hibi, T. (2005). A Novel ABC Transporter Gene ABC2 

Involved in Multidrug Susceptibility but not Pathogenicity in Rice Blast Fungus, Magnaporthe grisea. Pestic. 

Biochem. Physiol. 81: 13-23.

EcoReference No.: 109561

Chemical of Concern: BMY,BTN,CuS,FHX,FRM,HgCl2,IPD,KRSM,KSM,MPP,MYC,TEZ,TFZ,VCZ; 

Habitat: T; Effect Codes: CEL,GRO; Code: NO EFED CHEM (BTN,FHX,HgCl2,KRSM,MPP), NO 

ENDPOINT (BMY,CuS,FRM,IPD,KSM,MYC,TEZ,TFZ,VCZ), TARGET 

(BMY,FRM,IPD,KSM,MYC,TEZ,TFZ,VCZ).

Mink, J. S., Wier, A. T., Thomas, J. D., and Boethel, D. J. (1991). Evaluation of Insecticides for Soybean Looper Control 

in South Louisiana, 1990. Insectic. Acaric. Tests 16: 221-222 (120F).

EcoReference No.: 151055

Chemical of Concern: PMR,PPB,TDC,TFZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: POP; Code: LITE EVAL CODED 

(PMR,TDC), NO BIOLOGICAL TOXICANT (TFZ), NO MIXTURE (PPB), TARGET (TDC).

Nowacka, H., Cimanowski, J., Dadej, J., Lewandowska, M., and Olszewski, K. (1991). Effectiveness of EBI Systemic 

Fungicides and Their Mixtures in the Control of Apple Scab. Fruit Sci. Rep. (Skierniewice) 18: 173-183.

EcoReference No.: 94288

Chemical of Concern: Captan,DFC,FRM,FUZ,HCZ,MEM,MYC,MZB,TFZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: POP; 

Code: EFFICACY (Captan,MEM,MZB), NO EFED CHEM (DFC,HCZ), NO MIXTURE 

(FRM,FUZ,MYC,TFZ).

Olszak, R. W. (1999). Influence of Some Pesticides on Mortality and Fecundity of the Aphidophagous Coccinellid 

Adalia bipunctata L. (Col., Coccinellidae). Z. Angew. Entomol. 123: 41-45.
Chapter 6: References

162

EcoReference No.: 64265

Chemical of Concern: 

ACYP,AMZ,CTZ,DFC,DOD,EFV,ES,FBOX,FO,FPP,FRM,FUZ,HTX,IPD,MEM,MZB,PHSL,PPG,TFR,TFZ,

VCZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: MOR,REP; Code: LITE EVAL CODED 

(AMZ,CTZ,DOD,EFV,ES,FBOX,FPP,FRM,FUZ,IPD,MEM,MZB,PPG,TFR,VCZ), NO EFED CHEM 

(ACYP,DFC,PHSL), NO ENDPOINT (HTX,TFZ), TARGET (AMZ,CTZ,EFV,FBOX,FPP,HTX,PPG,TFR).

Takeuchi, S., Matsuda, T., Kobayashi, S., Takahashi, T., and Kojima, H. (2006). In Vitro Screening of 200 Pesticides for 

Agonistic Activity via Mouse Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor (PPAR)alpha and PPARgamma and 

Quantitative Analysis of In Vivo Induction Pathway. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 217: 235-244.

EcoReference No.: 89206

Chemical of Concern: 

24DXY,ACF,ACFM,ACP,ACR,AMZ,AND,ANL,ANZ,ASM,ATZ,BDC,BMY,BPH,BSF,BTN,CBD,CBF,CB

L,CHD,CPP,CPY,CPYM,CTN,CYF,CYH,CYP,Captan,DBN,DCF,DDT,DDVP,DFPM,DFZ,DLD,DM,DMT,D

S,DU,DZ,DZM,EFX,EN,EPRN,ES,ETN,EXQ,FMP,FNT,FNTH,FNV,FNZ,FRM,FTL,FVL,FYT,FZFB,Folpet,

GYP,HCCH,HPT,IFP,ILL,IMC,IPD,LNR,MBZ,MCB,MCPA,MDT,MLN,MLT,MLX,MOM,MP,MTL,MTM,

MXC,OML,OXF,PAQT,PCP,PCZ,PDM,PFF,PHMD,PHSL,PIM,PIRM,PMR,PMT,PPCP,PPN,PRN,PRO,PRT,

PSM,PYN,PZM,SXD,SZ,TBAH,TBC,TBO,TCF,TCM,TDF,TFN,TFR,TFT,TFZ,THM,TLM,TPM,TVMP,TVP

,VCZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: BCM,CEL; Code: NO EFED CHEM 

(ACF,ACFM,AND,ANL,ANZ,BDC,BTN,CHD,DDT,DFPM,DLD,EN,EPRN,ETN,EXQ,FNTH,FYT,FZFB,H

CCH,HPT,IFP,ILL,MCPA,MXC,PHSL,PPCP,PRN,PYN,TBAH,TCM,TFT,TPM), NO EXP TYPE 

(24DXY,ACP,ACR,AMZ,ASM,ATZ,BMY,BPH,BSF,CBD,CBF,CBL,CPP,CPY,CPYM,CTN,CYF,CYH,CYP

,Captan,DBN,DCF,DDVP,DFZ,DM,DMT,DS,DU,DZ,DZM,EFX,ES,FMP,FNT,FNV,FNZ,FRM,FTL,FVL,Fol

pet,GYP,IMC,IPD,LNR,MBZ,MCB,MDT,MLN,MLT,MLX,MOM,MP,MTL,MTM,OML,OXF,PAQT,PCP,PC

Z,PDM,PFF,PHMD,PIM,PIRM,PMR,PMT,PPN,PRO,PRT,PSM,PZM,SXD,SZ,TBC,TBO,TCF,TDF,TFN,TFR

,TFZ,THM,TLM,TVP,VCZ), NO IN VITRO 

(24DXY,ACP,ACR,AMZ,ASM,ATZ,BMY,BPH,BSF,CBD,CBF,CBL,CPP,CPY,CPYM,CTN,CYF,CYH,CYP

,Captan,DBN,DCF,DDVP,DFZ,DM,DMT,DS,DU,DZ,DZM,EFX,ES,FMP,FNT,FNV,FNZ,FRM,FTL,FVL,Fol

pet,GYP,IMC,IPD,LNR,MBZ,MCB,MDT,MLN,MLT,MLX,MOM,MP,MTL,MTM,OML,OXF,PAQT,PCP,PC

Z,PDM,PFF,PHMD,PIM,PIRM,PMR,PMT,PPN,PRO,PRT,PSM,PZM,SXD,SZ,TBC,TBO,TCF,TDF,TFN,TFR

,TFZ,THM,TLM,TVP,VCZ) .

November 2007

1. Backman, C. B. and Mack, T. P. (1991). Evaluation of Insecticides for Insect Control in Alabama Soybeans, 1990. 

Insectic.Acaric.Tests 16: 216-217 (116F).

EcoReference No.: 95616

Chemical of Concern: PMR,LCYT; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: POP; Rejection Code: NO 

COC(TFZ),TARGET(PMR).

2. Barry, D. W. and Bowman, J. S. (1993). Leaf-Dip Bioassays of Chitin Inhibitors and ABG-6178 for Control of 

Colorado Potato Beetle on Potatoes, 1991. Insectic.Acaric.Tests 18: 372-373 (20L).

EcoReference No.: 95632

Chemical of Concern: DFZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: MOR; Rejection Code: NO COC(TFZ).

3. Bartels, D. W. and Hutchison, W. D. (1995). Insecticidal Control of European Corn Borer and Corn Earworm in 

Minnesota, 1994. Arthropod Manag.Tests 20: 84 (27E).

EcoReference No.: 95791

Chemical of Concern: BFT,PMR,LCYT,MP; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: POP; Rejection Code: NO 

COC(TFZ),TARGET(BFT,PMR,MP).

4. Brunner, J. F., Doerr, M. D., and Smith, L. O. (1995). Bioassay, Laboratory Tests of Bacillus thuringiensis Products 

on Leafroller Larvae, 1994. Arthropod Manag.Tests 20: 348 (31L).
Chapter 6: References

163

EcoReference No.: 95793; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: MOR; Rejection Code: NO COC(TFZ).

5. Burris, E. and Leonard, B. R. (1993). Soybean Looper Control with Reduced Rates of Selected Biological 

Insecticides, 1991. Insectic.Acaric.Tests 18: 268 (106F).

EcoReference No.: 95627

Chemical of Concern: PMR,TDC; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: POP; Rejection Code: NO 

COC(TFZ),TARGET(PMR,TDC).

6. Cimanowski, J. and Goszczynski, W. (1992). The Influence of Fungicides on the Sporulation of Apple Powdery 

Mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha (Ell. et Ev.) Salm.) and Gooseberry American Mildew (Sphaerotheca 

mors uvae (Schw.) Berk. et Curtis). Fruit Sci.Rep. 19: 89-93.

EcoReference No.: 75879

Chemical of Concern: TCZ,Captan,TFZ,TPM,FUZ,DFC; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: POP; Rejection 

Code: LITE EVAL CODED(TCZ),OK(FUZ,DFC),NO MIXTURE(TPM,TARGET-TFZ,Captan).

7. DeVries, T. A. and Wright, R. J. (1996). Evaluation of Microbial and Conventional Insecticides for Control of 

Larval European Corn Borer on Whorl Stage Corn, Clay Center, NE, 1995. Arthropod Manag.Tests 21: 

218 (35F).

EcoReference No.: 95500

Chemical of Concern: PMR,LCYT,CPY,FNF; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: POP; Rejection Code: NO 

COC(TFZ),TARGET(PMR,CPY).

8. Elzen, G. W. (1993). Evaluation of Biological Insecticides for Control of Lepidopterous Pests, 1992. 

Insectic.Acaric.Tests 18: 366-367 (11L).

EcoReference No.: 95633; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: MOR; Rejection Code: NO COC(TFZ).

9. Fife, J. H., Leonard, B. R., Torrey, K. D., and Graves, J. B. (1998). Evaluation of an Insecticide Rescue Treatment 

Against Bollworm, 1997. Arthropod Manag.Tests 23: 227-228 (66F).

EcoReference No.: 95499

Chemical of Concern: SS,CFP,LCYT; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: MOR,POP; Rejection Code: NO 

COC(TFZ).

10. Fitzpatrick, B. J., Baur, M. E., and Boethel, D. J. (1999). Evaluation of Insecticides Against Soybean Looper on 

Soybean in Central Louisiana, 1998. Arthropod Manag.Tests 24: 285-286 (F106).

EcoReference No.: 95795

Chemical of Concern: TDC,LCYT,MOM,PMR; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: POP; Rejection Code: NO 

COC(TFZ),TARGET(TDC,MOM,PMR).

11. Gomyo, T., Morishima, Y., Yamazaki, S., Dairiki, H., and Ono, S. (1991). Analytical Method for the Total Content 

of Residues of Triflumizole Fungicide and Its Metabolites in Crops by High Performance Liquid and Gas 

Chromatography. Anal.Sci. 7: 579-584.

EcoReference No.: 96265

Chemical of Concern: TFZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: ACC; Rejection Code: NO ENDPOINT,NO 

CONTROL(TFZ).

12. Haas, M. J. and Landis, D. A. (1996). 1st Generation European Corn Borer Larvicide Trial, 1995. 

Arthropod.Manag.Tests 21: 219 (36F).

EcoReference No.: 95501

Chemical of Concern: LCYT,CBF,PMR,CPY,FNF,PRT; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: POP; Rejection 

Code: NO COC(TFZ),TARGET(PMR,CPY,PRT).
Chapter 6: References

164

13. Hashimoto, S., Sano, S., and Morishima, Y. (1985). Ergosterol Biosynthesis Inhibition and Morphological Changes 

in the Sporidia of Ustilago maydis Treated with Triflumizole. In: I.M.Smith (Ed.), Monogr.No.31, 

Fungicides for Crop Protection: 100 Years of Progress, Volume 2 Poster Paps., Proc.of the Bordeaux 

Mixture Centenary Meet., Sept.5-7, 1985, Bordeaux, France, BCPC Publ., Croydon, England 277-280.

EcoReference No.: 73077

Chemical of Concern: TFZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: POP,GRO,CEL; Rejection Code: NO 

ENDPOINT(TFZ).

14. Hazzard, R. V. and Gault, J. (1993). Microbial Control of Second Generation European Corn Borer and Fall 

Armyworm, 1992. Insectic.Acaric.Tests 18: 122-123 (44E).

EcoReference No.: 95628; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: POP; Rejection Code: NO COC(TFZ).

15. Hazzard, R. V. and Gault, J. (1993). Microbial Insecticides for Control of First Generation European Corn Borer, 

1992. Insectic.Acaric.Tests 18: 122 (43E).

EcoReference No.: 95634; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: POP; Rejection Code: NO COC(TFZ).

16. Iwasa, T., Motoyama, N., Ambrose, J. T., and Roe, R. M. (2004). Mechanism for the Differential Toxicity of 

Neonicotinoid Insecticides in the Honey Bee, Apis mellifera. Crop Prot. 23: 371-378.

EcoReference No.: 95986

Chemical of Concern: TFZ,ACT,IMC,TAP,CTD,DNF,TMX; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: MOR; Rejection 

Code: NO MIXTURE(TFZ).

17. Johnson, D. R. and Jordan, A. M. (1994). Control of Bollworm and Budworm in Cotton Using BT's in Combination 

with Larvin. Arthropod.Manag.Tests 19: 224-225 (66F).

EcoReference No.: 95797

Chemical of Concern: TDC; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: POP; Rejection Code: NO MIXTURE(TDC),NO 

COC(TFZ).

18. Klein, C. D., Johnson, D. R., and Jordan, A. M. (1995). The Role of Bacillus thuringiensis plus Ovicides in 

Management of the Heliothine Complex. Proc.- Beltwide Cotton Conf. 2: 880-881.

EcoReference No.: 95629

Chemical of Concern: MOM,TDC,LCYT,OML; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: POP; Rejection Code: NO 

COC(TFZ),NO MIXTURE(MOM,TDC).

19. Kolodny-Hirsch, D. M. and Daoust, R. A. (1992). Efficacy of Condor OF and Dipel 8 L Against the Gypsy Moth, 

1988. Insectic.Acaric.Tests 17: 363 (12H).

EcoReference No.: 95617; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: POP; Rejection Code: NO COC(TFZ).

20. Leibee, G. L., Jansson, R. K., Nuessly, G., and Taylor, J. L. (1995). Efficacy of Emamectin Benzoate and Bacillus 

thuringiensis at Controlling Diamondback Moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) Populations on Cabbage in 

Florida. Fla.Entomol. 78: 82-96.

EcoReference No.: 96461

Chemical of Concern: EMMB,MVP,EFV,TDC; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: POP; Rejection Code: NO 

COC(TFZ),TARGET(EFV,TDC).

21. Leonard, B. R. and Boethel, D. J. (1991). Control of Soybean Insect Pests in Louisiana - Macon Ridge I, 1990. 

Insectic.Acaric.Tests 16: 223 (123F).

EcoReference No.: 95615

Chemical of Concern: PMR; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: POP; Rejection Code: NO 
Chapter 6: References

165

COC(TFZ),TARGET(PMR).

22. Mascarenhas, R. N., Wier, A. T., Boethel, D. J., Lingren, P. S., and Leonard, B. R. (1995). Evaluation of Selected 

Bacillus thuringiensis Insecticides for Control of Soybean Looper in North Louisiana, 1994. 

Arthropod.Manag.Tests 20: 238 (116F).

EcoReference No.: 95798

Chemical of Concern: TDC; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: POP; Rejection Code: NO 

COC(TFZ),TARGET(TDC).

23. McKenzie, C. L. and Cartwright, B. (1993). Effectiveness of Bacillus thuringiensis Formulations for Control of 

Lepidopterous Pests on Fall Cabbage, 1992. Insectic.Acaric.Tests 18: 106-108 (23E).

EcoReference No.: 95635; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: PHY,POP; Rejection Code: NO COC(TFZ).

24. McPherson, R. M., Lambert, A. L., Taylor, J. D., and Padgett, M. L. (1994). Control of Velvetbean Caterpillars on 

Georgia Soybeans, 1993. Arthropod Manag.Tests 19: 271 (128F).

EcoReference No.: 95789

Chemical of Concern: TDC; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: POP; Rejection Code: NO 

COC(TFZ),TARGET(TDC).

25. Miyake, Y., Hashimoto, K., Matsuki, H., Ono, M., and Tajima, R. (2002). Fate of Insecticide and Fungicide 

Residues on Barley During Storage and Malting. J.Am.Soc.Brew.Chem. 60: 110-115.

EcoReference No.: 95493

Chemical of Concern: PCZ,TDF,TFZ,FNT; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: ACC; Rejection Code: NO 

ENDPOINT,NO CONTROL(TDF,TFZ,PCZ).

26. Nowacka, H., Cimanowski, J., Dadej, J., Lewandowska, M., and Olszewski, K. (1991 ). Effectiveness of EBI 

Systemic Fungicides and Their Mixtures in the Control of Apple Scab. Fruit Sci.Rep.(Skierniewice) 18: 

173-183.

EcoReference No.: 94288

Chemical of Concern: Captan,MEM,HCZ,FUZ,MZB,FRM,MYC,TFZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: POP; 

Rejection Code: NO ENDPOINT(TARGET-Captan,MZB,EFFICACY-TFZ),NO MIXTURE(TARGETFRM,MYC).

27. Reuven, M., Szmulewich, Y., Kolesnik, I., Gamliel, A., Zilberg, V., Mor, M., Cahlon, Y., and Ben-Yephet, Y. 

(2005). Methyl Bromide Alternatives for Controlling Fusarium Wilt and Root Knot Nematodes in 

Carnations. Acta Hortic.,Proc.6th Int.Symp.,Chemical and Non-Chemical Soil and Substrate 

Disinfestation, 2004 698: 99-104.

EcoReference No.: 95424

Chemical of Concern: DZM,MB,13DPE; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: POP; Rejection Code: NO 

COC(TFZ),NO ENDPOINT(DZM,13DPE).

28. Rosenberger, D. A., Robinson, T. L., Schupp, J. R., Engle-Ahlers, C. A., and Meyer, F. W. (2003). Effect of SterolDemethylation Inhibiting Fungicides on Apple Fruit Set, Fruit Size, Total Yield, and Gross Returns. 

Hortscience 38: 601-604.

EcoReference No.: 82333

Chemical of Concern: TFZ,FRM,MYC; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: GRO,POP; Rejection Code: NO 

CONTROL(TFZ,FRM,MYC).

29. Schuster, D. J. (1994). Control of Armyworms on Bell Pepper in West-Central Florida, Fall 1992. 

Insectic.Acaric.Tests 19: 107-108 (65E).
Chapter 6: References

166

EcoReference No.: 82730

Chemical of Concern: DKGNa,MOM,CFP,CPY,EMMB; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: POP,PHY; 

Rejection Code: LITE EVAL CODED(DKGNa,MOM,CFP,CPY,EMMB),NO COC(TFZ).

30. Schuster, D. J. (1994). Influence of Bacillus thuringiensis Products on the Tomato Pinworm in the Laboratory, 

Summer 1992. Arthropod Manag.Tests 19: 153 (117E).

EcoReference No.: 95785

Chemical of Concern: MOM; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: MOR,REP; Rejection Code: NO 

COC(TFZ),TARGET(MOM).

31. Steinkraus, D. C. and Young, S. Y. (1994). Evaluation of Microbial Insecticides for Control of Armyworms on 

Winter Wheat, 1993. Arthropod Manag.Tests 19: 297 (164F).

EcoReference No.: 95783; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: MOR,POP; Rejection Code: NO COC(TFZ).

32. Takeuchi, S., Matsuda, T., Kobayashi, S., Takahashi, T., and Kojima, H. (2006). In Vitro Screening of 200 

Pesticides for Agonistic Activity via Mouse Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor (PPAR)alpha and 

PPARgamma and Quantitative Analysis of In Vivo Induction Pathway. Toxicol.Appl.Pharmacol. 217: 

235-244.

EcoReference No.: 89206

Chemical of Concern: 

AND,HCCH,Captan,CHD,CTN,DDT,DBN,DCF,DLD,ES,EN,Folpet,HPT,MXC,PCP,ACF,ACFM,DFPM,

FZFB,OXF,ACP,ANL,CPY,CPYM,DZ,DDVP,DMT,DS,ETN,FMP,FNT,FNTH,GYP,IFP,MLN,MTM,M

DT,MP,PRN,PRT,PHSL,PSM,PIRM,PFF,TBO,TVP,TCM,TCF,CYF,CYH,CYP,DM,EFX,FNV,FYT,FVL

,PMR,PYN,TFT,TLM,BDC,BMY,CBL,CBD,CBF,CPP,MCB,MOM,MLT,OML,PHMD,PIM,TBC,THM,

ACR,ASM,FTL,MLX,MTL,PZM,ANZ,ATZ,MBZ,PRO,PMT,SZ,BSF,DFZ,DU,LNR,PPN,AMZ,BPH,BT

N,DZM,EXQ,FRM,FZN,ILL,IMC,IPD,MCPA,24DXY,PAQT,PDM,PCZ,SXD,TBAH,TPM,TDF,TFZ,TF

N,TFR,VCZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: BCM,CEL; Rejection Code: OK(ILL,PYN,DFPM),NO IN 

VITRO(ALL OTHER CHEMS).

33. Tjosvold, S. A. and Koike, S. T. (2001). Evaluation of Reduced Risk and Other Biorational Fungicides on the 

Control of Powdery Mildew on Greenhouse Roses. Acta Hortic. 547: 59-67.

EcoReference No.: 95422

Chemical of Concern: DZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: POP,GRO; Rejection Code: NO COC(TFZ),NO 

ENDPOINT(DZ).

34. Tsuda, M., Itoh, H., and Kato, S. (2004). Evaluation of the Systemic Activity of Simeconazole in Comparison with 

that of Other DMI Fungicides. Pest Manag.Sci. 60: 875-880.

EcoReference No.: 86818

Chemical of Concern: DFL,FNB,HCZ,TEZ,TCZ,TFZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: MOR,POP,PHY; 

Rejection Code: NO ENDPOINT(ALL CHEMS).

35. Werbrouck, S. P. O., Jumli, De Roeck, K., Eeckhaut, T. G. R., and Debergh, P. C. (1997). Screening Hormonal 

Effects of Fungicides with a Ficus benjamina L. Chimera. Med.Fac.Landbouww.Univ.Gent. 62: 1103-

1107.

EcoReference No.: 95423

Chemical of Concern: TFZ,ILL,DDM,CBD; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: PHY; Rejection Code: NO 

ENDPOINT(TFZ).

36. White, C. A., Graves, J. A., Leonard, B. R., and Burris, E. (1993). Evaluation of Selected Bt Compounds for 

Bollworm and Tobacco Budworm Control, 1992. Insectic.Acaric.Tests 18: 257 (89F).

EcoReference No.: 95630
Chapter 6: References

167

Chemical of Concern: TDC; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: POP; Rejection Code: NO 

COC(TFZ),TARGET(TDC).

37. White, C. A., Leonard, B. R., Barfield, M. E., Martin, S. H., and Graves, J. B. (1994). Evaluation of Selected Bt 

Compounds for Bollworm and Tobacco Budworm Control, 1993. Arthropod Manag.Tests 19: 242 (89F).

EcoReference No.: 95787

Chemical of Concern: TDC; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: POP; Rejection Code: NO 

COC(TFZ),TARGET(TDC).

38. White, C. A., Leonard, B. R., Boethel, D. J., Thomas, J. D., and Wier, A. T. (1994). Soybean Looper Control in the 

Macon Ridge Region of Louisiana with Selected Bt Insecticides, 1993. Arthropod Manag.Tests 19: 273-

274 (137F).

EcoReference No.: 95786

Chemical of Concern: TDC; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: POP; Rejection Code: NO 

COC(TFZ),TARGET(TDC).

39. White, C. A., Leonard, B. R., Burris, E., Martin, S. H., and Graves, J. B. (1994). Evaluation of Condor of Against 

Bollworm-Tobacco Budworm, 1993. Arthropod Manag.Tests 19: 242-243 (90F).

EcoReference No.: 95788

Chemical of Concern: TDC; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: POP; Rejection Code: NO 

COC(TFZ),TARGET(TDC).

40. White, C. A., Leonard, B. R., Burris, G., and Graves, J. B. (1995). Laboratory Bioassay of Selected Bt Insecticides 

Against Tobacco Budworm, 1994. Arthropod Manag.Tests 20: 331 (9L).

EcoReference No.: 95792

Chemical of Concern: TDC; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: MOR; Rejection Code: NO 

COC(TFZ),TARGET(TDC).

41. Wolf, S. P. and Mack, T. P. (1994). Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Velvetbean Caterpillar on Peanuts, 

1993. Arthropod Manag.Tests 19: 251-252 (103F).

EcoReference No.: 95790

Chemical of Concern: EFV,TDC; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: POP; Rejection Code: NO 

COC(TFZ),TARGET(TDC,EFV).

42. Young, S. Y. (1994). Control of Soybean Looper on Soybean with Bacillus thuringiensis, 1993. 

Arthropod.Manag.Tests 19: 275-276 (139F).

EcoReference No.: 95796; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: POP; Rejection Code: NO COC(TFZ).

43. Young, S. Y. (1995). Control of Soybean Looper on Soybean with Bacillus thuringiensis, 1994. Arthropod 

Manag.Tests 20: 253 (129F).

EcoReference No.: 95794

Chemical of Concern: PMR; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: POP; Rejection Code: NO 

COC(TFZ),TARGET(PMR).

Excluded

May 2011

2007-). California backs a bill to help safeguard rare condor. The New Scientist 195: 4.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: TFZ Code: SURVEY.
Chapter 6: References

168

2000). Consolidation of certain food and feed additive tolerance regulations. Federal Register 65: 33692-33702.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: TFZ Code: HUMAN HEALTH.

1994). Pesticide tolerances and feed additive regulations for triflumizole. Federal Register 59: 59165-7.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: TFZ Code: HUMAN HEALTH.

1988). Pesticide tolerances for triflumizole. Federal Register 53: 15812-13.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: TFZ Code: HUMAN HEALTH.

2005). Pesticides; removal of expired time-limited tolerances for emergency exemptions . Federal Register 70: 7044-

7047.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: TFZ Code: HUMAN HEALTH.

2002). Triflumizole; Pesticide Tolerance. Federal Register 67: 40219-40229.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: TFZ Code: HUMAN HEALTH.

2002). Triflumizole; pesticide tolerance for emergency exemption. Federal Register 67: 54583-54588.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: TFZ Code: HUMAN HEALTH.

2005). Triflumizole; pesticide tolerances for emergency exemptions. Federal Register 70: 17908-17916.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: TFZ Code: HUMAN HEALTH.

Aguera, Ana, Lopez, Susana, Fernandez-Alba, Amadeo R., Contreras, Mariano, Crespo, Juan, and Piedra, Luis (2004). 

One-year routine application of a new method based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to 

the analysis of 16 multiclass pesticides in vegetable samples. Journal of Chromatography, A 1045: 125-135.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: TFZ Code: CHEM METHODS.

Akiyama, Y., Yoshioka, N., Yano, M., Mitsuhashi, T., Takeda, N., Tsuji, M., and Matsushita, S. (1997). Pesticide 

Residues in Agricultural Products (F.Y. 1994-1996). J. Food Hyg. Soc. Jpn. (Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi) 38: 

381-389(JPN).

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: 

ACP,BFZ,BPH,BTN,CYF,CYP,DDVP,DM,DPDP,DZ,EFX,ES,FNT,FNV,FRM,FVL,ILL,IPD,MLN,MOM,M

TM,MYC,PMR,TBA,TDF,TDM,TFY,TFZ Code: NON-ENGLISH.

Akiyama, Y., Yoshioka, N., Yano, M., Mitsuhashi, T., Takeda, N., Tsuji, M., and Matsushita, S. (1997). Pesticide 

Residues in Agricultural Products (F.y. 1994-1996). J. Food Hyg. Soc. Jpn. (Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi) 38: 

381-389(JPN).

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: 

ACP,BFZ,BPH,BTN,CYF,CYP,DDVP,DM,DPDP,DZ,EFX,ES,FNT,FNV,FRM,FVL,ILL,IPD,MLN,MOM,M

TM,MYC,PMR,TBA,TDF,TDM,TFY,TFZ Code: NON-ENGLISH.

Akiyama, Yumi, Yoshioka, Naoki, and Tsuji, Masahiko (2002). Pesticide residues in agricultural products monitored in 

Hyogo Prefecture, Japan, FYs 1995-1999. Journal of AOAC International 85: 692-703.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: TFZ Code: HUMAN HEALTH.

Alikhanidi, Sokratis and Takahashi, Yoshimasa (2004). Pesticide persistence in the environment - collected data and 

structure-based analysis. Journal of Computer Chemistry, Japan 3: 59-70.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: TFZ Code: MODELING, FATE.

Allen, S. D., Fathi, Y., Gross, K., and Mace, M. (2010). An optimal and near-optimal strategy to selecting individuals for 

transfer in captive breeding programs. Biological Conservation 143: 2858-2863.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: TFZ Code: NO TOXICANT.

Altman, Ira and Johnson, Thomas (2009). Organization of the current U.S. biopower industry: A template for future 

bioenergy industries. Biomass and Bioenergy 33: 779-784.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: TFZ Code: NO TOXICANT.

Anon (1991). Official Plant Protection Agent List With a Plant Protection Device List of the Federal Institute for Plant 
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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: TFZ Code: IN VITRO, FATE.

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: 

24DXY,BMY,BTN,Captan,Cu,DPP1,DZM,FNZ,FRM,FSTAL,FUZ,IPD,MYC,MZB,PXDZn,SFR,STRP,TFZ,

TPM,VCZ Code: NO DURATION.

Kojima, H., Katsura, E., Takeuchi, S., Niiyama, K., and Kobayashi, K. (2004). Screening for Estrogen and Androgen 

Receptor Activities in 200 Pesticides by In Vitro Reporter Gene Assays Using Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells.

Environ. Health Perspect. 112: 524-531.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: 

24D,24DXY,ACF,ACFM,ACP,ACR,AMZ,AND,ANL,ANZ,ASM,ATZ,BDC,BMY,BPH,BSFM,BT,BTN,CB

D,CBF,CBL,CHD,CPP,CPY,CPYM,CTN,CYF,CYH,CYP,Captan,DBN,DCF,DDT,DDVP,DFPM,DFZ,DLD,

DM,DMT,DS,DU,DZ,DZM,EFX,EN,EPRN,ES,ETN,EXQ,FMP,FNT,FNTH,FNV,FNZ,FRM,FTL,FVL,FYT,F

ZFB,Folpet,GYP,HCCH,HPT,IFP,ILL,IMC,IPD,LNR,MBZ,MCB,MCPA,MDT,MLN,MLT,MLX,MOM,MP,

MTL,MTM,MXC,OML,OXF,PAQT,PCP,PCZ,PDM,PFF,PHMD,PHSL,PIM,PIRM,PMR,PMT,PPCP,PPN,PR

N,PRO,PRT,PSM,PYN,PZM,SXD,SZ,TBA,TBC,TBO,TCF,TCM,TDF,TFN,TFR,TFT,TFZ,THM,TLM,TPE,T

VP,VCZ Code: IN VITRO.
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Receptor Activities in 200 Pesticides by in Vitro Reporter Gene Assays Using Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells.

Environ. Health Perspect. 112: 524-531.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: 

24D,24DXY,ACF,ACFM,ACP,ACR,AMZ,AND,ANL,ANZ,ASM,ATZ,BDC,BMY,BPH,BSFM,BT,BTN,CB

D,CBF,CBL,CHD,CPP,CPY,CPYM,CTN,CYF,CYH,CYP,Captan,DBN,DCF,DDT,DDVP,DFPM,DFZ,DLD,

DM,DMT,DS,DU,DZ,DZM,EFX,EN,EPRN,ES,ETN,EXQ,FMP,FNT,FNTH,FNV,FNZ,FRM,FTL,FVL,FYT,F

ZFB,Folpet,GYP,HCCH,HPT,IFP,ILL,IMC,IPD,LNR,MBZ,MCB,MCPA,MDT,MLN,MLT,MLX,MOM,MP,

MTL,MTM,MXC,OML,OXF,PAQT,PCP,PCZ,PDM,PFF,PHMD,PHSL,PIM,PIRM,PMR,PMT,PPN,PRN,PR

O,PRT,PSM,PYN,PZM,SXD,SZ,TBA,TBC,TBO,TCF,TCM,TDF,TFN,TFR,TFT,TFZ,THM,TLM,TPE,TVP,V

CZ Code: IN VITRO.

Kojima, Hiroyuki, Katsura, Eiji, Takeuchi, Shinji, Niiyama, Kazuhito, and Kobayashi, Kunihiko (2004). Screening for 

estrogen and androgen receptor activities in 200 pesticides by in vitro reporter gene assays using chinese 

hamster ovary cells. Environmental Health Perspectives 112: 524-531.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: TFZ Code: IN VITRO.

Kojima, Mihoko, Fukunaga, Kenji, Sasaki, Mari, Nakamura, Masafumi, Tsuji, Motohiro, and Nishiyama, Toshimasa 

(2005). Evaluation of estrogenic activities of pesticides using an in vitro reporter gene assay. International 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: TFZ Code: HUMAN HEALTH.

Lambertucci, Sergio A., Donázar, José Antonio, Huertas, Antonio Delgado, Jiménez, Begońa, Sáez, Mónica, SanchezZapata, José Antonio, and Hiraldo, Fernando ( Widening the problem of lead poisoning to a South-American 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: TFZ Code: SURVEY, NO CONC.

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method for the determination of residues from 229 pesticides in fruits and vegetables using gas and liquid 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: TFZ Code: CHEM METHODS.

Leroux, Pierre, Chapeland, Florence, Arnold, Annick, and Gredt, Michel (2000). New cases of negative cross-resistance 

between fungicides, including sterol biosynthesis inhibitors. Journal of General Plant Pathology 66: 75-81.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: TFZ Code: SURVEY.

Li, Hong-Ping, Li, Gwo-Chen, and Jen, Jen-Fon (2004). Fast multi-residue screening for 84 pesticides in tea by gas 

chromatography with dual-tower auto-sampler, dual-column and dual detectors. Journal of the Chinese 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: TFZ Code: CHEM METHODS.

Macdonald, A. M. (2008). The Mean Woce-Era Pacific Ocean General Circulation as Seen Through Assimilative and 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: TFZ Code : NO TOXICANT.

Maciver, D. R., Keane, P. A., Jones, D. G., and Jones, A. G. (1997). Pyrethrins and Piperonyl Butoxide as Public Health 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: TFZ Code: HUMAN HEALTH.

Maji, Swarup Kumar, Mukherjee, Nillohit, Mondal, Anup, Adhikary, Bibhutosh, Karmakar, Basudeb, and Dutta, 

Supriya ( Synthesis and characterization of nanocrystalline zinc sulfide via zinc thiobenzoate-lutidine singlesource precursor. Inorganica Chimica Acta In Press, Corrected Proof.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: TFZ Code: CHEM METHODS.

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ACO,ACR,AMZ,AND,AZ,BFT,BMC,BPZ,BTN,CAP,CBX,CDF,CPP,CPY,CPYM,CPZ,CTN,CYD,CYH,CY

P,Captan,DCF,DCNA,DDT,DDVP,DFPM,DINO,DLD,DM,DMM,DMT,DPA,DS,DTP,DU,DZ,EFL,EFV,EN,

EP,EPRN,ES1,ES2,ESS,ETN,EXZ,FFC,FMP,FNB,FNT,FNTH,FPN,FPP,FRM,FTL,FTZ,FUZ,FVL,FYC,FYT,

FZQ,Folpet,HCCH,HPT,HRF,IDC,IFP,ILL,IPD,KRSM,LUF,MBZ,MCZ,MDT,MLN,MLT,MLX,MP,MTC,M

VP,MYC,ODL,ODZ,OFX,OMT,PDM,PFF,PHSL,PIM,PMR,PMT,PNB,PPCP,PPG,PPN,PPX,PRB,PRN,PRT,

PSM,SDF,SZ,TBC,TBO,TBZ,TCM,TDF,TDM,TEF,TFN,TFY,TFZ,TLM,TPZ,TYF,TZA,VCZ Code: CHEM 

METHODS.

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ACO,ACR,AMZ,AND,AZ,BFT,BMC,BPZ,BTN,CAP,CBX,CDF,CPP,CPY,CPYM,CPZ,CTN,CYD,CYH,CY

P,Captan,DCF,DCNA,DDT,DDVP,DFPM,DINO,DLD,DM,DMM,DMT,DPA,DS,DTP,DU,DZ,EFL,EFV,EN,

EP,EPRN,ES1,ES2,ESS,ETN,EXZ,FFC,FMP,FNB,FNT,FNTH,FPN,FPP,FRM,FTL,FTZ,FUZ,FVL,FYC,FYT,

FZQ,Folpet,HCCH,HPT,HRF,IDC,IFP,ILL,IPD,KRSM,LUF,MBZ,MCZ,MDT,MLN,MLT,MLX,MP,MTC,M

VP,MYC,ODL,ODZ,OFX,OMT,PDM,PFF,PHSL,PIM,PMR,PMT,PNB,PPCP,PPG,PPN,PPX,PRB,PRN,PRT,

PSM,SDF,SZ,TBC,TBO,TBZ,TCM,TDF,TDM,TEF,TFN,TFY,TFZ,TLM,TPZ,TYF,TZA,VCZ Code: CHEM 

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