[Cite as Kolenic v. Kolenic, 2018-Ohio-1106.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS 

ELEVENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT 

GEAUGA COUNTY, OHIO 

JEFFREY A. KOLENIC, : O P I N I O N 

 Plaintiff-Appellant, : 

 CASE NO. 2017-G-0117 

 - vs - : 

ELIZABETH M. KOLENIC, : 

 Defendant-Appellee. : 

Civil Appeal from the Geauga County Court of Common Pleas, Case No. 2011 DC 

000845. 

Judgment: Affirmed. 

Joseph P. Sontich, Jr., 8401 Chagrin Road, Suite 20B, Chagrin Falls, OH 44023 (For 

Plaintiff-Appellant). 

Scott S. Rosenthal, Schoonover, Rosenthal, Thurman & Daray, 1001 Lakeside 

Avenue, Suite 1720, Cleveland, OH 44114 (For Defendant-Appellee). 

DIANE V. GRENDELL, J. 

{¶1} Plaintiff-appellant, Jeffrey Kolenic, appeals from the Judgment Entry of the 

Geauga County Court of Common Pleas, Domestic Relations Division, finding him in 

contempt. The issues to be determined by this court are whether a party demonstrates 

an inability to pay child and spousal support as a defense in contempt proceedings 

when he testifies that he earns less money than in his past employment and whether it 

is an abuse of discretion to order a party to serve a 30-day jail term under those 

circumstances. For the following reasons, we affirm the decision of the lower court. 
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{¶2} On August 9, 2011, Jeffrey filed a Complaint for Divorce from his wife of 

approximately 11 years, Elizabeth Kolenic. The couple has two children. 

{¶3} Elizabeth filed a Motion to Show Cause on September 30, 2013, alleging, 

inter alia, that Jeffrey failed to pay temporary spousal support. At a hearing on that 

Motion, Jeffrey testified regarding his decreased income. He was fired from a 

management position at First Federal of Lakewood in March 2012, in which he made 

approximately $250,000 per year, after his assistant took a bank compliance test on his 

behalf. A letter presented showed that he was terminated due to “admission of 

fraudulent activity.” Jeffrey was subsequently hired as a loan officer at Huntington 

Bank, receiving a $100,000 signing bonus. He described the job as being a “poor fit,” 

and that he and his boss “did not see eye to eye.” A document from Huntington was 

presented that showed he was terminated around May 2013 and was not suitable for 

rehire. 

{¶4} In a July 24, 2014 Magistrate’s Decision, subsequently adopted by the trial 

court, the magistrate found Jeffrey in contempt for failure to pay support and that he did 

not establish an affirmative defense, emphasizing he had been terminated from two jobs 

and was responsible for the decrease in his income. 

{¶5} On March 12, 2015, a Judgment of Divorce was filed. Pursuant to the 

parties’ separation agreement, Jeffrey was ordered to pay $1,500 a month toward a 

substantial spousal support arrearage and $1,000 per month in child support, until 

September 1, 2015, when the child support obligation would increase to $2,100 per 

month. 

{¶6} Elizabeth filed an Amended Motion to Show Cause on May 27, 2016, to 
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which she attached an affidavit alleging that Jeffrey had not made the foregoing 

payments. 

{¶7} A hearing was held on August 22, 2016, at which the following pertinent 

testimony was presented: 

{¶8} Jeffrey testified that he has been employed as a loan officer at First 

National Bank since June of 2015. In this job, he must “self-source” or look for 

business, and is paid commissions. When he began the job he “struggled” and had lost 

many of his “referral partners, and places and areas in which [he] used to get business 

from,” although he did not specify how he lost particular clients and stated that he had 

continued to work in the same community or geographical area. He testified that 

business had “started to pick up” in the past few months. Jeffrey presented his W-2 

from 2015, which showed he had been paid $15,933 from the time he became 

employed at First National. His “goal” was to earn approximately $66,000 in 2016. 

{¶9} In relation to this significant decrease in his income, Jeffrey stated that, 

due to the Dodd-Frank law, the way commissions are earned has changed. He testified 

that loan officers “took anywhere from a 20 to 50 percent haircut depending [on] where 

they were working.” He had not paid the support payments and medical bills as 

required by the Judgment Entry of Divorce because of his decreased income. 

{¶10} Jeffrey testified that he lives in a home owned by his parents and does not 

have to pay housing costs, although he sometimes pays utilities. Jeffrey’s father, 

Joseph Kolenic, testified that he pays some of Jeffrey’s bills, but Jeffrey pays the 

mortgage “when he can.” Jeffrey coaches two of his children’s sports teams, which is 

beneficial for developing business connections, and has not sought a second job. 
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{¶11} Elizabeth testified that Jeffrey had not made the support payments as 

required or paid all of the children’s medical bills, although he had made payments for 

one of the children to play multiple sports. 

{¶12} In a November 3, 2016 Magistrate’s Decision, the magistrate found that 

Jeffrey was in contempt and should be ordered to serve a 30-day jail term, which could 

be purged by paying the sums owed to Elizabeth. The magistrate emphasized that the 

parties had agreed at the time of the divorce to attribute an income of $175,000 to 

Jeffrey, although in the past he had made approximately $250,000 per year. The 

magistrate concluded that Jeffrey failed to do the following: show he took reasonable 

steps to comply with the order, demonstrate an inability to pay, provide evidence to 

substantiate claims of his 2016 earnings, and to document his commissions. Jeffrey’s 

lack of income was attributed to his own misconduct, primarily his two prior 

terminations. 

{¶13} Jeffrey filed Amended Objections to Magistrate’s Decision on December 

28, 2016. 

{¶14} On April 4, 2017, the trial court issued both a Judgment Entry and a 

Decision, holding that there were “sufficient findings of fact and conclusions of law to 

support the Magistrate’s Decision” and Jeffrey “failed to establish the affirmative 

defense of inability to pay.” Jeffrey was ordered to serve 30 days in jail and pay a $250 

fine, with the opportunity to purge by paying to Elizabeth $31,357.92 and her counsel 

$2,600 in attorney’s fees within 90 days of the judgment, and pay $180 in medical costs 

within 30 days. 

{¶15} Jeffrey timely appeals and raises the following assignment of error: 
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{¶16} “The trial court prejudicially erred in affirming the magistrate’s ruling that 

plaintiff-appellant failed to demonstrate inability to pay as a defense to the finding of 

contempt for failure to pay all amounts of support per the order included in the divorce 

decree.” 

{¶17} “A reviewing court ‘will not reverse the decision of the court below in a 

contempt proceeding in the absence of a showing of an abuse of discretion.’” Kolleda v. 

Kolleda, 11th Dist. Lake No. 2013-L-069, 2014-Ohio-2013, ¶ 42, citing State ex rel. 

Ventrone v. Birkel, 65 Ohio St.2d 10, 11, 417 N.E.2d 1249 (1981). This court has 

described an abuse of discretion as a judgment “which does not comport with reason or 

the record,” and one in which the court failed “to exercise sound, reasonable, and legal 

decision-making.” (Citations omitted.) In re Beynenson, 11th Dist. Geauga No. 2012-

G-3066, 2013-Ohio-341, ¶ 12. 

{¶18} “[T]he burden of proof for civil contempt is clear and convincing 

evidence.” (Citation omitted.) Dilley v. Dilley, 11th Dist. Geauga No. 2012-G-3109, 

2013-Ohio-4095, ¶ 23. “Clear and convincing evidence is * * * evidence sufficient to 

produce in the mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or conviction as to the facts sought to 

be established.” In re Janson, 11th Dist. Geauga No. 2005-G-2656, 2005-Ohio-6712, ¶ 

33. 

{¶19} Jeffrey concedes that he failed to pay child support, spousal support, and 

medical bills for the children as ordered. “Failure to pay court-ordered child support and 

alimony constitutes civil contempt.” Dilley at ¶ 18; R.C. 2705.031. 

{¶20} However, Jeffrey argues that the lower court erred by finding he failed to 

demonstrate his inability to pay as a defense to contempt. 
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{¶21} “It is well established in the law of Ohio * * * that a person charged with 

contempt for the violation of a court order may defend by proving that it was not in his 

power to obey the order.” Stychno v. Stychno, 11th Dist. Trumbull No. 2008-T-0117, 

2009-Ohio-6858, ¶ 38, citing Courtney v. Courtney, 16 Ohio App.3d 329, 334, 475 

N.E.2d 1284 (3d Dist.1984); Dilley at ¶ 25. “Once a person seeking contempt has 

demonstrated a defendant’s failure to pay child support, the burden of proof shifts to the 

defendant to prove his or her inability to pay.” Smith v. Smith, 11th Dist. Geauga No. 

2013-G-3126, 2013-Ohio-4101, ¶ 41; see State ex rel. Cook v. Cook, 66 Ohio St. 566, 

64 N.E. 567 (1902), paragraph one of the syllabus (“In a proceeding in contempt against 

a party who has refused to comply with a money decree for alimony, it is not essential 

that the complaint allege that the party is able to pay the money. The decree imports a 

finding of the court that he is able to pay, and the burden is on him by allegation and 

proof to establish his inability.”). 

{¶22} Jeffrey’s testimony indicated that, in his current job, he is earning an 

amount significantly lower than both his previous $250,000 salary and the $175,000 

salary the parties had imputed to him. However, the magistrate expressed several 

grounds for rejecting the inability to pay defense. 

{¶23} As an initial matter, to the extent that Jeffrey argues that the lower court 

improperly applied the standard to the facts in reaching its decision, we find no evidence 

that this was the case. The appropriate standards were stated and applied to the facts. 

Jeffrey specifically takes issue with the finding that the inability to pay defense can be 

rejected “due to the obligor’s poor decision-making.” The magistrate cited poor 

decision-making as a basis for rejecting the inability to pay defense, citing Faubel v. 
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Faubel, 7th Dist. Mahoning Nos. 05-MA-101 and 05-MA-210, 2006-Ohio-4679, which is 

a valid consideration. Courts often consider a contemnor’s actions in determining 

whether he is truly unable to comply with an order or has created the situation leading to 

the lack of compliance. Borders v. Borders, 3d Dist. Crawford No. 3-84-20, 1986 WL 

3800, *3 (Mar. 24, 1986) (inability to pay support caused by misconduct or neglect, 

including quitting one’s job, is not a defense); see also Peach v. Peach, 8th Dist. 

Cuyahoga Nos. 82414 and 82500, 2003-Ohio-5645, ¶ 39 (“[i]t appears that the 

husband’s own poor decision-making in not selling the marital home contributed to his 

inability to comply with the terms of the agreement”). 

{¶24} In relation to the foregoing, the magistrate expressed concerns that Jeffrey 

was terminated from prior employment, concluding that his asserted inability to pay was 

the result of his own conduct. In the prior contempt proceedings, the magistrate 

concluded that Jeffrey was fired from his well-paying job at First Federal due to 

“fraudulent activity” and was also fired from a second job. These findings were not 

appealed by Jeffrey and were based on his testimony and documentation provided at 

the prior hearing. This was a relevant consideration in relation to the cause of his 

asserted inability to pay. 

{¶25} Jeffrey takes issue with the magistrate’s application of the prior finding that 

“he effectively admitted he caused his own dismissal from Huntington by violating the 

bank’s lending policies so he would not have to pay back his signing bonus,” which he 

contends was not supported by the evidence. 

{¶26} While there was no specific testimony that Jeffrey quit his job to receive 

the signing bonus, the magistrate appeared uncomfortable with the circumstances 
 8

surrounding the termination and Jeffrey’s vague testimony that the job was a “poor fit.” 

We find no abuse of discretion in the lower court’s decision to consider the totality of 

Jeffrey’s employment record to determine whether he is truly unable to pay or if his lack 

of income was due to his own behavior. 

{¶27} As further support for its determination that Jeffrey failed to prove his 

inability to pay defense, the magistrate found that “in light of [Jeffrey’s] previous 

successful career as a loan officer, when he earned about $250,000 per year for ten or 

more years, his claim that he is now unable to get clients is less than credible.” While 

Jeffrey argues that the record indicates his difficulty in obtaining customers and gaining 

commissions through his work as a loan officer, it is apparent from the record that the 

magistrate found this testimony lacking credibility given his past ability to succeed in the 

industry and community where he continued to work. Witness credibility rests solely 

with the finder of fact. State v. Awan, 22 Ohio St.3d 120, 123, 489 N.E.2d 277 (1986). 

{¶28} Pursuant to the record, Jeffrey had earned approximately $250,000 for the 

three years before the divorce was filed in this matter. While Jeffrey lost that 

employment before the divorce was finalized, the parties agreed to impute his income at 

$175,000. The fact that Jeffrey had started a new job at First National Bank around the 

time of the divorce was taken into account, with the support obligations increasing over 

time to allow him to “ramp up his income.” When considering ability to pay, it is proper 

for a trial court to take into consideration the extent to which a party’s employment is 

below his capabilities. See Frey v. Frey, 197 Ohio App.3d 273, 2011-Ohio-6012, 967 

N.E.2d 246, ¶ 26 (3d Dist.) (finding that the contemnor lacked credibility in her claims 

that she attempted to find other employment and properly concluding that she was 
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underemployed). 

{¶29} To the extent that Jeffrey argued the 2010 Dodd-Frank reform law 

impacted his sales, it is noteworthy that the divorce and separation agreement, wherein 

Jeffrey agreed to pay the obligations and to the imputed income of $175,000, was filed 

in 2015. At that time, Jeffrey apparently did not believe he experienced any of the 

impacts now claimed. 

{¶30} Finally, the magistrate’s decision also noted that Jeffrey failed to 

demonstrate his income in 2016 as of the time of the hearing and did not show his 

commissions for that year. This conclusion is supported by the record. Jeffrey himself 

testified that, at the time of his testimony in August 2016, he was “having the best 

couple months that [he] had in over five years now.” However, it was not made clear 

what amount of salary this translated to for the purposes of his ability to pay. 

{¶31} Taking into account all of the factors present here, including Jeffrey’s prior 

experience and ability to earn a substantial income, his failure to provide documentation 

of his income in 2016, his lack of a sufficient explanation of why he had fewer clients 

than in his prior employment, and that he was fired from two jobs (one due to acts 

considered “fraudulent”), we cannot hold that the lower court erred in concluding that 

Jeffrey failed to establish an inability to pay defense. See In re Edgell, 11th Dist. Lake 

No. 2014-L-126, 2015-Ohio-4427, ¶ 48 (where, inter alia, the contemnor had a previous 

substantial income, did not provide evidence of his present income, and paid other bills 

rather than child support, it was not an abuse of discretion to reject his inability to pay 

defense).

{¶32} In his second issue, Jeffrey argues that the trial court acted unreasonably 
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in sentencing him to a jail term of 30 days. He contends that this could cause him to 

lose his job and further his inability to pay support. 

{¶33} Elizabeth correctly points out that Jeffrey filed no objection to the 

magistrate’s decision as to this issue. “Except for a claim of plain error, a party shall not 

assign as error on appeal the court’s adoption of any factual finding or legal conclusion * 

* * unless the party has objected to that finding or conclusion” by filing timely objections 

to the magistrate’s decision. Civ.R. 53(D)(3)(b)(iv). “In appeals of civil cases, the plain 

error doctrine is not favored and may be applied only in the extremely rare case 

involving exceptional circumstances where error, to which no objection was made at the 

trial court, seriously affects the basic fairness, integrity, or public reputation of the 

judicial process, thereby challenging the legitimacy of the underlying judicial process 

itself.” Goldfuss v. Davidson, 79 Ohio St.3d 116, 679 N.E.2d 1099 (1997), syllabus. 

{¶34} Pursuant to R.C. 2705.05(A)(1), a court may impose a $250 fine and a 

“definite term of imprisonment of not more than thirty days in jail” on an accused found 

guilty of a first offense of contempt. The jail term that Jeffrey was ordered to serve was 

permissible under this statute. Jeffrey cites to no case law in support of an argument 

that the sentence for contempt was an abuse of discretion under these circumstances. 

{¶35} Moreover, Jeffrey was given the opportunity to purge himself of the 

contempt and avoid the jail sentence provided he pays the amounts ordered by the 

court. “The contemnor is said to carry the keys of his prison in his own pocket * * * 

since he will be freed if he agrees to do as ordered.” (Internal citation omitted.) Brown 

v. Executive 200, Inc., 64 Ohio St.2d 250, 253, 416 N.E.2d 610 (1980). 

{¶36} While Jeffrey argues that the court in Faubel, supra, allowed the 
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contemnor to serve his sentence on the weekends to preserve his employment, it did 

not rule that this is a requirement or that failure to do so renders a sentence contrary to 

law. We find the trial court’s sentence was well within its discretion. 

{¶37} The sole assignment of error is without merit. 

{¶38} For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the Geauga County Court of 

Common Pleas finding Jeffrey in contempt, is affirmed. Costs to be taxed against 

appellant. 

CYNTHIA WESTCOTT RICE, J., concurs in judgment only with a Concurring Opinion, 

TIMOTHY P. CANNON, J., concurs in judgment only with a Concurring Opinion. 

_______________________________ 

CYNTHIA WESTCOTT RICE, J., concurring in judgment only with Concurring Opinion. 

{¶39} I respectfully concur in judgment only. I agree with the majority opinion 

that the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it rejected appellant’s inability-to-pay 

defense. Appellant failed to offer sufficient evidence to meet his burden of proof to 

establish an inability to pay as a defense to contempt. I also agree the sentence 

imposed by the court for the contempt was well within its discretion and authorized by 

R.C. 2705.05(A)(1). I concur in judgment only because the legal analysis in this case 

should not involve any issues beyond the two outlined above. 

_______________________________ 
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TIMOTHY P. CANNON, J., concurring in judgment only with Concurring Opinion. 

{¶40} I concur with the judgment of the lead opinion but only because of our 

deferential standard of review. It is undisputed that appellant’s imputed income of 

$175,000.00 was highly exaggerated. That figure should not be disturbed, however, 

because appellant initially agreed to base the support computation on this figure. 

Nevertheless, I do not believe that the continued overstatement of imputed income 

based on past “poor decision making” will ultimately benefit either party. There does not 

appear to be any authority establishing guidelines as to when the penalty for “poor 

decision making” should come to an end. In this case, however, that time should come 

sooner rather than later.