United States Court of Appeals

FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT

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No. 99-4228

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United States of America, *

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Appellee, *

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v. *

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Jean E. Bisbee, *

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Appellant. *

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Appeals from the United States

No. 00-1010 District Court for the 

__________ Southern District of Iowa.

Maurice Warner Green, Jr., *

*

Appellant, *

*

v. *

*

United States of America, *

*

Appellee. *

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Submitted: November 15, 2000

Filed: April 9, 2001

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Before WOLLMAN, Chief Judge, McMILLIAN, and BYE, Circuit Judges.

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WOLLMAN, Chief Judge.

This tax case arises from an assessment of trust fund recovery penalties pursuant

to 26 U.S.C. (I.R.C.) § 6672 (1994) against two officers of Iowa Malleable Iron Co.

(IMI), Jean E. Bisbee and Maurice Warner Green, Jr. In a consolidated case, a jury

found Bisbee but not Green liable for the penalty. Bisbee made several procedural

challenges to the validity of the assessment against him, which the district court

rejected. Green moved to recover litigation costs from the government as a prevailing

party pursuant to I.R.C. § 7430, but the court denied his motion because it found that

the United States was substantially justified in pursuing the action against Green. We

affirm in part and reverse and remand in part.

I.

IMI failed to account for and pay over employment taxes as required by I.R.C.

§§ 3402 and 6601 in the second and third quarters of 1993. During the tax periods at

issue, Green was treasurer and Bisbee was president and chief executive officer (CEO)

of IMI. Green had worked for IMI for 21 years and had previously served as chief

financial officer, treasurer, president, and CEO. Bisbee took over Green’s former

offices of president and CEO in 1992. In 1996 and 1997, the Internal Revenue Service

(IRS) assessed penalties against both Green and Bisbee under I.R.C. § 6672, after

determining that they were persons responsible to “collect, truthfully account for, and

pay over” the employment taxes and that each had willfully failed to pay over those

taxes. I.R.C. § 6672. 

The IRS assessed the original penalty against Bisbee on February 13, 1997,

based on its calculation of IMI’s employment tax liability for the second and third

quarters of 1993. Several months later, the IRS obtained business records from IMI
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showing that IMI’s payroll for the third quarter was significantly less than the IRS

originally believed. The IRS then corrected the assessment by abating a portion of the

penalty. The abatement was made retroactive to the date of the initial assessment. The

retroactive application of the abatement was designed to prevent the taxpayer from

being charged with interest on the inappropriately assessed portion of the penalty for

the period between the original assessment and the IRS’s discovery of its error. The

IRS offered into evidence copies of its official transcripts of payments and assessments

with respect to Bisbee. The transcripts showed the dates of both the original

assessment and the partial abatement as February 13, 1997. Bisbee contends that the

retroactive abatement demonstrates the IRS’s ability to “back-date” assessments and

argues that the IRS transcripts should not be accepted as evidence of the date of

assessment because they are unreliable. The court admitted the IRS transcripts and

found that the assessment was made on February 13, 1997. 

Green paid a divisible portion of the penalty under protest and filed an

administrative claim for refund. After exhausting his administrative remedies, Green

filed a claim for refund and motion for determination of tax liability in the district court.

During the same time period, the government filed a complaint in the same district court

seeking to reduce to judgment its assessment against Bisbee.

The district court submitted special interrogatories to the jury on each of the two

required elements of the trust fund recovery penalty for both Green and Bisbee. The

jury found that Green had proved by a preponderance of the evidence that he was not

a responsible person with respect to IMI’s trust fund taxes and that he did not willfully

fail to account for or pay over the taxes. The jury found that Bisbee failed to meet his

burden of proof on both elements. The court concluded that the evidence supported the

verdicts and entered judgment accordingly, requiring Bisbee to pay the entire penalty.

Bisbee appeals on four issues. Green challenges the district court’s denial of his

motion for attorney fees and costs. 
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II.

Every employer is required to deduct and withhold federal income tax and

Federal Insurance Contributions Act (FICA) tax from employees’ wages as and when

they are paid, I.R.C. §§ 3102 (FICA) and 3402 (income tax), and to hold the amounts

withheld in trust for the United States. I.R.C. § 7501. These taxes are commonly

referred to as trust fund taxes. Slodov v. United States, 436 U.S. 238, 243 (1978).

Because the employer is liable for payment of the taxes withheld, the employee is

credited with the payment when it is withheld, whether the government actually

receives the payment or not. Slodov, 436 U.S. at 243; Olsen v. United States, 952 F.2d

236, 238 (8th Cir. 1991); I.R.C. § 3403. If the employer is a corporation and fails to

make the required payment, the United States could lose the revenue. Olsen, 952 F.2d

at 238. In order to protect against such losses, the persons responsible for ensuring that

the trust fund taxes are paid who willfully fail to do so may be held personally liable.

I.R.C. § 6672; Olsen, 952 F.2d at 238. 

The IRS is authorized to assess and collect a trust fund recovery penalty from

any officer or employee of any corporation who is responsible for collecting,

accounting for, and paying over any tax imposed by the Internal Revenue Code and

who willfully fails to do so. I.R.C. §§ 6671(b) and 6672. The amount of the penalty

for which the person can be held personally liable is equal to the total amount of the tax

not accounted for and paid over. I.R.C. § 6672(a).

A. Bisbee

Bisbee asserts four claims of error in the assessment of the trust fund recovery

penalty: (1) that the IRS was without authority to assess the penalty; (2) that the

district court erred in finding that he received proper notice of the assessment and that

the jury rather than the court should have made that determination; (3) that the district

court erred in admitting the Certificate of Assessments and Payments and Certificate
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of Official Record into evidence; and (4) that even if the assessment was lawful, he is

not liable for the penalty because the IRS did not assess it within the required

limitations period. 

Bisbee rests his challenge to the authority of the IRS to assess the trust fund

recovery penalty on two arguments. First, he asserts that the IRS is only authorized to

assess a penalty based on taxes for which a return or list was actually made, and that

IMI did not prepare or file tax returns or make any lists regarding the employment taxes

on which this penalty was based. See I.R.C. § 6201. This argument fails because the

statute requires only that taxes and penalties be assessed based on “all taxes . . .

imposed by this title” that are not timely and properly paid. I.R.C. § 6201(a). The trust

fund recovery penalty is based on the employment taxes for which IMI was liable and

that were not timely or properly paid. 

Bisbee argues in the alternative that even if the Secretary of the Treasury had

authority to impose this penalty, the Secretary could not properly delegate this authority

to the IRS district director, who actually assessed the penalty against Bisbee in this

case. He argues that the delegation of authority from the Secretary to the district

director applies only to taxes authorized under the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 or

prior law, but does not extend to any taxes authorized by the Internal Revenue Code

of 1986. 26 C.F.R. (Treas. Reg.) § 301.6201-1. This argument is wholly without

merit. The Tax Reform Act of 1986, Pub. L. No. 99-514, 100 Stat. 2085, amended and

redesignated the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 as the Internal Revenue Code of 1986.

Section two of that Act specifically declares that “any reference in any law . . . or other

document– to the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 shall include a reference to the

Internal Revenue Code of 1986.” Tax Reform Act of 1986, Pub. L. No. 99-514, § 2,

100 Stat. 2085, 2095 (1986); accord Matter of LaSalle Rolling Mills, Inc., 832 F.2d

390, 391 n.1 (7th Cir. 1987). That the regulation has not been updated to reflect the

redesignated title of the Code is irrelevant because it is deemed to refer to the Internal
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Revenue Code of 1986 by the terms of the law enacting that code. 100 Stat. 2085,

2095. Accordingly, the IRS district director had the authority to assess the penalty.

Bisbee’s second claim of error concerns the district court’s finding that the

government provided Bisbee with the notice of the assessment that is required by I.R.C.

§ 6672(b). Section 6672 requires that the IRS notify the taxpayer in writing at least

sixty days prior to any notice and demand of the penalty that the taxpayer will be

subject to such a penalty. I.R.C. §§ 6672(b)(1), 6672(b)(2). The issue of whether the

notice Bisbee received adequately complied with the statutory requirement is a question

of law that we review de novo. Wells Fargo & Co. v. Commissioner, 224 F.3d 874,

880 (8th Cir. 2000). The district court’s determination of the contents of the notices

that Bisbee received and their interpretation are findings of fact which we overturn only

for clear error. Howard E. Clendenen, Inc. v. C.I.R., 207 F.3d 1071, 1073 (8th Cir.

2000). Bisbee does not dispute that he received three timely notices of the pending

assessment of the trust fund penalty. He argues instead that all of these notices

included a demand for payment and thus were not the type of notice “preced[ing] any

notice and demand of [the] penalty” that the statute requires. I.R.C. § 6672(b)(2). The

court found that the notices contained information explaining how to pay the penalty

if the taxpayer did not wish to challenge it, that this informational notice did not

demand payment, and that Bisbee therefore received sufficient timely notice. We

conclude that the district court did not err in determining the content of the notices, and

we agree with its conclusion that the notices complied with the statute.

Bisbee’s third challenge involves the admission into evidence of two IRS

documents. The government offered into evidence a Certificate of Assessments and

Payments showing that the trust fund recovery penalty was assessed against Bisbee on

February 13, 1997. This document shows the taxpayer's name and social security

number, the type and amount of tax, and the date of assessment. It was offered

together with a Form 2866, Certificate of Official Record, attesting to the authenticity
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of the Certificate of Assessments and Payments. Form 2866 was under seal and bore

the signature of the manager of the certification unit of the regional service center. 

A document bearing a seal purporting to be that of the United States and a

signature purporting to be an attestation requires no extrinsic evidence of authenticity

as a condition precedent to admission. Fed. R. Evid. 902. Bisbee argues that this rule

creates only a rebuttable presumption of admissibility that he has rebutted by showing

that the date of the partial abatement of the penalty as shown on the Certificate of

Assessments and Payments was not the date the partial abatement was actually made.

Bisbee mischaracterizes the rule. An official document that is under seal and bears a

signature purporting to be an attestation is admissible. United States v. Darveaux, 830

F.2d 124, 126 (8th Cir. 1987). That Bisbee presented evidence tending to contradict

the facts in the Certificate and Form 2866 does not render the properly admitted

evidence inadmissible. The court did not abuse its discretion in admitting the

certificate. 

Bisbee claims that even if the certificate and Form 2866 are admissible, they are

insufficient to establish the fact that the assessment was made on February 13, 1997.

He did not, however, present any evidence specifically refuting the date of assessment

or suggesting any alternative date. The district court rejected Bisbee’s argument and

found that the assessment was made on February 13, 1997. We find no clear error in

this determination.

Our affirmance of the district court’s finding that the assessment was made on

February 13, 1997, disposes of Bisbee’s final contention, which is that the IRS was

barred from assessing the penalty because it did not present credible evidence that the

assessment was made within the limitations period. 
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B. Green

After the district court entered judgment affirming the jury’s finding declaring

that he was not a responsible person and was not liable for the penalty, Green filed a

motion pursuant to I.R.C. § 7430 seeking an award of litigation costs from the

government. A prevailing party in any judicial proceeding instituted in connection with

a penalty assessed pursuant to I.R.C. § 6672 may be awarded a judgment for

reasonable attorney fees and costs incurred in connection with such a proceeding.

I.R.C. § 7430(a), 7430(c)(1). To recover litigation costs, a prevailing party must not

only substantially prevail on the merits of the case, but must also show that the United

States was not substantially justified in its litigation position. I.R.C. § 7430(c)(4). The

position of the United States is substantially justified if it has a reasonable basis in both

law and fact, a determination made on a case by case basis. Kenagy v. United States,

942 F.2d 459, 464 (8th Cir. 1991). The taxpayer bears the burden of proving that the

government’s litigation position was not substantially justified. Id. at 463. Denial of

a motion for attorney fees under I.R.C. § 7430 should be reversed only if the district

court abused its discretion. Sharp v. United States, 145 F.3d 994, 996 (8th Cir. 1998).

Green contends that because the IRS possessed ample information demonstrating

that he lacked the authority to pay the taxes, its litigation position was not substantially

justified. He asserts that the IRS was aware before and during the litigation that

although as treasurer he was responsible for making payments to IMI’s creditors, he

lacked the authority to determine the priority order in which creditors were to be paid

after Bisbee replaced him as president and CEO. In support of its litigation position,

the government points to Bisbee’s testimony that Green was involved in the group

decision regarding which creditors should be paid, as well as to Green’s

acknowledgment that he was responsible for making certain that creditors were paid

and that he in fact ensured that the taxes were paid when funds were available.
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The IRS’s position that a corporate officer is a responsible person solely because

of his title and status is not reasonable where the agency is possessed of evidence

indicating that the officer had no authority to pay taxes. Barton v. United States, 988

F.2d 58, 60 (8th Cir. 1993); see also Sharp v. United States, 145 F.3d 994, 996 (8th

Cir. 1998). The IRS’s countering argument that a responsible person cannot avoid

liability on the ground that he was instructed not to exercise his authority to pay taxes,

see, e.g., Greenberg v. United States, 46 F.3d 239, 243-44 (3rd Cir. 1994), begs the

question of whether Green had authority to pay the taxes once Bisbee became president

and CEO of IMI. The pre-litigation information possessed by the IRS included

statements from Green and other IMI employees that Bisbee had decision-making

authority and that he had mandated that the taxes were to be paid only after other

creditors had been satisfied. In addition, the IRS was aware that the state of Iowa had

determined that Green was not a responsible person under a state revenue statute

similar to I.R.C. § 6672. Moreover, the IRS was aware that Bisbee was brought in,

and that Green was demoted, specifically for the purpose of altering IMI’s business

practices. Other than Green’s title at IMI, the only indication that Green had authority

to pay taxes in contravention of Bisbee’s directions to the contrary came from Bisbee

himself, whose credibility on the subject is suspect at best.

Green’s occasional payment of taxes when funds were available after other

creditors had been paid and the fact that he was responsible for tendering payments to

creditors do not establish that he had the authority to defy Bisbee and pay the taxes.

There is no question but that Green had the ability to cause a check to be issued on one

of IMI’s accounts to IRS. That ability, however, does not necessarily connote the

authority to do so, and it is the possession of authority by the allegedly responsible

person that is relevant to the reasonableness of the IRS’s position with respect to

Green. See Barton, 988 F.2d at 59 (“A person’s technical authority to sign checks and

duty to prepare tax returns are not enough to make the person responsible under the

statute.”). To adopt the IRS’s contentions would be to include within the definition of

“responsible person” those who, like Green, are mere functionaries, lacking the
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authority that the law requires as a prerequisite to a finding of liability. See id.

(corporate officers who lack tax-paying authority may not be held liable under section

6672 based solely on their title, corporate status, and mechanical functions). We

conclude that because the IRS’s litigation position with respect to Green lacked a

reasonable basis in fact, it was not substantially justified, and the district court erred in

holding otherwise.

The judgment against Bisbee is affirmed. The order denying Green’s motion for

litigation fees and costs is reversed, and the case is remanded to the district court for

an award of reasonable fees and costs.

A true copy.

Attest:

CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.