Filed 2/28/23 Rodriguez v. Superior Court CA6

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for 

publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication

or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115. 

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

SIXTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

RAÚL RODRÍGUEZ et al.,

Petitioners,

v.

THE SUPERIOR COURT OF 

MONTEREY COUNTY,

Respondent;

JOSE ANDRES SANDOVAL,

Real Party in Interest.

 H049836

 (Monterey County

Super. Ct. No. 21CV000070)

Hartnell Community College District and former District Interim SuperintendentPresident Raúl Rodríguez petitioned this court for writ review of a trial court order 

requiring the District to disclose certain records to Jose Andres “Andrew” Sandoval 

pursuant to the California Public Records Act (CPRA; previously codified as Gov. Code,

§ 6250 et seq. and recently recodified and reorganized as Gov. Code, § 7921.000 et 

seq.).1 The writ petition presents two distinct issues. First, the trial court ruled that

District e-mail records concerning the business of an unrelated public charter school are 

1 Undesignated statutory references are to the Government Code.
2

public records subject to the provisions of the CPRA. Second, the trial court ruled that 

the CPRA’s personnel file exemption (§§ 7920.505; 7927.700) did not exempt a 

complaint Sandoval filed against a District employee, or certain related communications 

from the District to Sandoval, from disclosure. We agree with the trial court. 

Accordingly, we deny the District and Rodríguez’s petition for writ of mandate.

I. BACKGROUND

On January 8, 2021, Sandoval filed a petition for writ of mandate, naming the 

District and Rodríguez in his official capacity as respondents. Through the petition, 

Sandoval sought to compel the District to disclose certain documents during specified 

time periods: (1) e-mails sent and received by Augustine Nevarez, using his District 

e-mail account, concerning Oasis Public Charter School; and (2) Nevarez’s disciplinary 

records. 

In the writ proceedings, Sandoval submitted a declaration describing his reasons 

for submitting underlying CPRA requests. Sandoval described himself as “a parent and 

active in the community working to improve education for Monterey County’s children.” 

Sandoval sent his children to Oasis. “As a parent with kids at the school and a 

community activist,” Sandoval became “concerned about mismanagement and other 

problems at Oasis.” Acting on these unspecified concerns, Sandoval submitted 

complaints to the Alisal Union School District, which issued Oasis’s charter, and 

California’s Fair Political Practices Commission. Sandoval asserts that Oasis retaliated 

against him through its board and administrators. 

During the relevant time period, Nevarez’s “fulltime job was Director of Student 

Affairs at Hartnell Community College.” Nevarez simultaneously served as the President 

of Oasis’s board. In Sandoval’s view, unspecified events that transpired during 

Nevarez’s “tenure as President of the Oasis board” are “a stain on the school that exists to 

this day.” 
3

In April 2018, to obtain information about Oasis, Sandoval first requested from the 

District all e-mails sent during a specified date range to or from Nevarez’s District e-mail 

account. Sandoval believed his request was likely to return information about Oasis’s 

business based on his past interactions with Nevarez. Specifically, in September 2017,

Nevarez sent Sandoval an e-mail from his District e-mail account directing Sandoval to 

“only send information that is pertinent to [Nevarez’s] role as a[n] [Oasis] Board 

member” to that address. Thereafter Sandoval frequently communicated with Nevarez 

about Oasis business using Nevarez’s District e-mail account. Sandoval subsequently 

narrowed his requests, targeting e-mail correspondence to or from e-mail addresses used 

by the third parties with whom Nevarez communicated about Oasis business. In

December 2019, the District notified Sandoval that it would not produce Nevarez’s emails relating to Oasis on the ground that these did not relate to the District’s business 

and were not, in the District’s view, public records subject to the CPRA. 

On December 31, 2019, Sandoval submitted a complaint about Nevarez to the 

District. In the complaint Sandoval lodged against Nevarez, which Sandoval publicly 

filed in the trial court as an exhibit to his petition, Sandoval alleged: (1) Nevarez used his 

Hartnell e-mail address, including during times when he was not on break, to conduct 

business for the Oasis board, including in furtherance of the Oasis Executive Director’s 

violation of state law by hiring a landscaping business in which she had a financial 

interest, and for other personal purposes; (2) Nevarez used his Hartnell computer to 

access obscene material; (3) Nevarez used Hartnell’s e-mail system to “communicate 

about sexual activity;” (4) Nevarez caused stipends to be issued to an individual with

whom he had a “personal relationship,” including in exchange for donations, while 

accepting donations from similar companies without payment; (5) Nevarez threatened 

Sandoval and made a false statement about him; (6) Nevarez made false statements about 

Oasis business at an Oasis board meeting; and (7) Nevarez “possibl[y]” mishandled an 

investigation into a specified individual. 
4

In an April 16, 2020 letter signed by its Vice President of Human Resources and 

EEO, the District informed Sandoval, “To the extent that your allegations raise personnel 

issues, the District has conducted an appropriate investigation, and any potential 

personnel issues have been addressed. Due to the District’s obligations with respect to 

employee and student confidentiality, the District cannot share the specific investigative 

findings with you. However, the District would like to formally notify you that it has 

taken appropriate remedial actions as a response to the findings of its investigation.” The 

District “express[ed] its sincere appreciation to [Sandoval] for taking the time to provide 

[the] information and documentation” submitted with the complaint and told Sandoval

that “the information you have brought forth is important and informative.” 

Not satisfied with the District’s written response, Sandoval continued to ask for 

information about the District’s investigation. Sandoval spoke to Nevarez’s supervisor, 

who reportedly answered, “ ‘We took care of it already[,]’ [you] ‘have to trust the 

process’ and . . . ‘it won’t happen again.’ ” 

In September 2020, Sandoval requested Nevarez’s disciplinary and investigative 

records from the District, within a specified date range that encompassed the filing of the 

complaint and subsequent investigation. The District identified 84 pages of responsive 

documents. These were (1) what the District now described as Sandoval’s 

“unsubstantiated” complaint, (2) a two-page letter and a one-page e-mail the District sent 

to Sandoval, and (3) various other District communications and notes concerning 

Sandoval’s complaint, as to which the District asserted attorney-client privilege and/or 

attorney work product protection, among other privileges. The District stated that no 

other disciplinary records or investigative reports in the relevant timeframe existed, 

because none were created. The District provided invoices related to the Nevarez 

investigation to Sandoval, but refused to disclose Sandoval’s complaint and certain other 

related documents on the ground that disclosure would constitute an unwarranted 

invasion of personal privacy and, as to several of the documents, its claims of privilege. 
5

 Sandoval’s writ petition followed. Nevarez moved to intervene in the trial court

proceedings but did not renew the request after his motion was denied without prejudice. 

The trial court (1) granted Sandoval’s request for a writ of mandate directing the 

District to disclose Oasis e-mails throughout the specified time period that were stored on 

the District’s server; and (2) granted Sandoval’s request for Nevarez’s disciplinary and 

investigative records, but excluded most of the disputed documents from the scope of its 

order, based on the District’s contention that those documents were exempt from 

disclosure pursuant to the attorney-client privilege and/or attorney work product doctrine. 

Rodríguez and the District timely petitioned this court for writ review.2 This court stayed 

the trial court proceedings to permit further consideration of the issues raised by the writ 

petition. 

II. DISCUSSION

A. Standard of Review

We review de novo the trial court’s ruling directing disclosure of records by a 

public official, although express and implied factual findings made by the trial court will 

be upheld if based upon substantial evidence. (County of Santa Clara v. Superior Court

(2009) 170 Cal.App.4th 1301, 1323; Los Angeles Unified School Dist. v. Superior Court

(2014) 228 Cal.App.4th 222, 236-237 (Los Angeles Unified); City of San Jose v. Superior 

Court (1999) 74 Cal.App.4th 1008, 1016.) “Interpretation of the CPRA and its 

application to undisputed facts present questions of law subject to de novo appellate 

review.” (Los Angeles Unified, supra, 228 Cal.App.4th at p. 237.) Moreover, in the 

absence of factual findings “we review the matter de novo.” (Caldecott v. Superior Court

(2015) 243 Cal.App.4th 212, 218 (Caldecott).)

2 The trial court served its ruling on the petition for writ of mandate by mail, and 

only by mail, on February 7, 2022. Accordingly, the present petition, filed exactly 

25 days later, is timely. (See § 7923.500, subds. (b)-(c).)
6

B. The California Public Records Act

“The CPRA and the Constitution strike a careful balance between public access 

and personal privacy.” (City of San Jose v. Superior Court (2017) 2 Cal.5th 608, 616 

(San Jose).) “ ‘Openness in government is essential to the functioning of a democracy. 

“Implicit in the democratic process is the notion that government should be accountable 

for its actions. In order to verify accountability, individuals must have access to 

government files. Such access permits checks against the arbitrary exercise of official 

power and secrecy in the political process.” ’ ” (Id. at p. 615.) “However, public access 

to information must sometimes yield to personal privacy interests.” (Ibid.)

“In general, [the CPRA] creates ‘a presumptive right of access to any record 

created or maintained by a public agency that relates in any way to the business of the 

public agency.’ (Sander v. State Bar of California (2013) 58 Cal.4th 300, 323, . . . italics 

added.) Every such record ‘must be disclosed unless a statutory exception is shown.’ 

(Ibid.) [Former section] 6254 sets out various exemptions, ‘many of which are designed 

to protect individual privacy.’ [Citation.] The Act also includes a catchall provision 

exempting disclosure if ‘the public interest served by not disclosing the record clearly 

outweighs the public interest served by disclosure.’ [Citation.]” (San Jose, supra, 2 

Cal.5th at p. 616; see also §§ 7920.100, 7920.505, 7922.000.) 

Pursuant to the California Constitution, “ ‘A statute, court rule, or other authority, 

including those in effect on the effective date of this subdivision, shall be broadly

construed if it furthers the people’s right of access, and narrowly construed if it limits the 

right of access.’ (Cal. Const., art. I, § 3, subd. (b)(2), italics added.) ‘ “Given the strong 

public policy of the people’s right to information concerning the people’s business 

([former] Gov. Code, § 6250), and the constitutional mandate to construe statutes limiting 

the right of access narrowly (Cal. Const., art. I, § 3, subd. (b)(2)), ‘all public records are 
7

subject to disclosure unless the Legislature has expressly provided to the contrary.’ ” ’ ” 

(San Jose, supra, 2 Cal.5th at p. 617; see also §§ 7920.100, 7921.000, 7922.000.)

C. Oasis E-mails

The District contends that Nevarez’s Oasis-related e-mails are not public records

because they do not relate to the District’s business. Reading the statute more broadly, 

we conclude that the e-mails are public records because the e-mails relate to “the public’s 

business,” and all other essential elements of the statutory definition of “public records” 

are satisfied.

1. Legal Principles

“Public records are open to inspection at all times during the office hours of the 

state or local agency and every person has a right to inspect any public record” absent a 

statutory exception. (§ 7922.525, subd. (a).) Unless there is a statutory exemption, “each 

state or local agency, upon a request for a copy of records that reasonably describes an 

identifiable record or records, shall make the records promptly available to any person 

upon payment” of certain fees. (§ 7922.530, subd. (a).)

The CPRA defines the term “public record” to include “ ‘any writing containing 

information relating to the conduct of the public’s business prepared, owned, used, or 

retained by any state or local agency regardless of physical form or characteristics.’ 

([Former] § 6252, subd. (e)[.]) Under this definition, a public record has the following

aspects. It is (1) a writing, (2) with content relating to the conduct of the public’s 

business, which is (3) prepared by, or . . . owned, used, or retained by any state or local 

agency.” (San Jose, supra, 2 Cal.5th at p. 617; see also § 7920.530, subd. (a).) 

“[T]o qualify as a public record under CPRA, at a minimum, a writing must relate 

in some substantive way to the conduct of the public’s business. . . . Communications 

that are primarily personal, containing no more than incidental mentions of agency 

business, generally will not constitute public records.” (San Jose, supra, 2 Cal.5th at 

pp. 618-619.) Determining whether an e-mail relates to the conduct of the public’s 
8

business “will often involve an examination of several factors, including the content 

itself; the context in, or purpose for which, it was written; the audience to whom it was 

directed; and whether the writing was prepared by an employee acting or purporting to 

act within the scope of his or her employment.” (Id. at p. 618.)

2. Application

The District targets the second element of the “public record” definition, 

contending that the statutory phrase “containing information relating to the conduct of the 

public’s business” should be interpreted narrowly to mean only the business of the 

particular public agency in possession of the records. In an amicus brief, the California 

School Boards Association makes a similar argument with a different statutory tether: 

the Association asserts, without citation to authority, that records are only “retained” by a 

public agency, within the meaning of the CPRA, if the records relate to the public 

agency’s business. But we are prohibited, by our Constitution, from interpreting the 

CPRA narrowly where doing so would limit public access; we are required to construe 

such provisions broadly. (See Cal. Const., art. I, § 3, subd. (b)(2); San Jose, supra, 2 

Cal.5th at p. 617.) Accordingly, we reject the narrow constructions of the statute offered 

by the District and the Association. Nevarez’s Oasis e-mails, writings retained by the 

District with content relating to the conduct of the public’s business, are public records 

subject to disclosure pursuant to the CPRA.

First, Nevarez’s Oasis e-mails are writings retained by a local agency. The

District is a local agency. (See § 7920.510, subd. (d).) Because Nevarez used the 

District’s e-mail system to send and receive the Oasis e-mails, the District retains 

Nevarez’s Oasis e-mails. This is confirmed by the fact that the District could and did 

review those e-mails in responding to Sandoval’s CPRA request.

Second, Nevarez’s Oasis e-mails—the contents of which the District concedes 

“pertain solely to Oasis business”—relate to the public’s business. 
9

The District reviewed 1,538 of Nevarez’s e-mails, including duplicates. Including 

e-mails that relate to more than one topic, the District identified 842 e-mails related to 

Oasis board business, 148 e-mails related to Oasis events, 468 e-mails related to Oasis 

board members, 104 e-mails related to Oasis parent complaints, and 20 e-mails related to 

Oasis facilities issues. Nevarez’s Oasis e-mails relate to Oasis’s business.

Oasis is a charter school. “ ‘[C]harter schools are strictly creatures of statute.’ ” 

(United Teachers of Los Angeles v. Los Angeles Unified School Dist. (2012) 54 Cal.4th 

504, 521.) The Legislature authorized the creation of charter schools “to ‘provide 

opportunities for teachers, parents, pupils, and community members to maintain schools 

that operate independently from the existing school district structure’ ” to achieve various 

salutary purposes generally related to the quality of education. (See ibid.) “Charter 

schools are part of the Public School System, as defined in Article IX of the California 

Constitution.” (Ed. Code, § 47615, subd. (a)(1); see also Sweetwater Union High School 

Dist. v. Julian Union Elementary School Dist. (2019) 36 Cal.App.5th 970, 989.) The 

business of a public school is the public’s business. 

The District does not directly dispute that Oasis’s business is the public’s business. 

Nevertheless, the District argues (1) that Oasis’s records are not subject to production 

because Oasis was not subject to the CPRA at the time the District denied the requests 

and (2) that the District need not now respond to the request because Oasis is now subject 

to the CPRA, such that Sandoval can obtain the records, if appropriate, through a CPRA 

request to Oasis. Both of these arguments focus on the enactment of Education Code 

section 47604.1, effective January 1, 2020, which expressly provides that charter schools 

are subject to the CPRA. In the District’s view, Education Code section 47604.1

changed, rather than clarified, the law, meaning that prior to January 1, 2020, Oasis was 

not required to respond to CPRA requests but since then it is. This view, for which the 

District has marshalled scarce support, is unpersuasive. The question before us is not 

whether Oasis was prior to 2020 required to respond to CPRA requests, it is whether 
10

Oasis’s business was the public’s business. The enactment of Education Code 

section 47604.1 did not change that inquiry—it relates to the procedural right to submit a

CPRA request to a charter school not the substantive definition of a public record. At all 

relevant times, Oasis was operating a public charter school. At all relevant times, Oasis 

was engaged in the public’s business. 

Further, quoting from San Jose, the District contends that “to qualify as a public 

record, a writing must . . . be the type of record ‘kept by an officer because it is necessary 

or convenient to the discharge of his official duty.” But the San Jose court wrote,

“Generally, any ‘record . . . kept by an officer because it is necessary or convenient to the 

discharge of his official duty . . . is a public record.’ ” (San Jose, supra, 2 Cal.5th at 

p. 618.) The San Jose court described a condition that is generally sufficient to 

demonstrate that a record is a public record, not an element that is necessary to 

demonstrate the existence of a public record. Nowhere does San Jose purport to limit the 

official duty at issue to the officer’s duty to one public agency to the exclusion of 

another. Moreover, the San Jose court addressed the question of whether public 

employees’ written communications about public business, made using personal 

accounts, may be subject to CPRA disclosure. (See id. at p. 614.) The San Jose court 

had no occasion to answer the different question posed here—whether a public 

employee’s decision to use one public agency’s e-mail servers to conduct public business 

related solely to another public agency results in the former agency retaining “public 

records.”

Whether or not the Oasis e-mails also relate to the District’s business, the District 

retained them. All three essential elements, as derived from the statute by the San Jose

court, are satisfied. (See San Jose, supra, 2 Cal.5th at p. 617.) The retention element is 

satisfied where the document is “retained by any state or local agency regardless of 

physical form or characteristics.” (See ibid.) Taking the Legislature’s definition of

“public record” by its plain terms does not require any public agency to produce any 
11

public record, only those public records it possesses, subject to any applicable exemption. 

(Id. at p. 623; see also § 7922.535; Anderson-Barker v. Superior Court (2019) 31 

Cal.App.5th 528, 538-539.) 

The District contends, as a matter of policy, that the result reached here will create 

practical problems. Specifically, the District argues: (1) granting Sandoval access to 

Oasis’s records through the District will frustrate the CPRA because the statute 

contemplates that a single governmental agency will provide responses regarding its own 

records; and (2) the District, which lacks familiarity with the context of Oasis’s 

operations, does not have the ability to properly evaluate the application of exemptions to 

Oasis’s records, such that Sandoval may receive information that should not be made 

available to him. 

The District’s policy arguments do not persuade us that we have misread the 

statute. Even if we could set aside our constitutional duty to interpret the definition of 

public records broadly, our resolution of the present dispute applies to the circumstance 

of a single individual who (1) simultaneously represents two entities that conduct the 

public’s business; and (2) carries out the business of one of those entities using the other 

entity’s e-mail systems. Nothing in the record or the briefing suggests this is 

commonplace. And the Legislature has provided a mechanism suited to such “unusual 

circumstances”: If an agency needs to consult “with another agency having substantial 

interest in the determination of the request[,]” the agency may unilaterally extend its time 

to respond to the request due to “unusual circumstances” and conduct the consultation 

“with all practicable speed[.]” (See § 7922.535, subds. (b), (c)(3).) 

At oral argument, the District expressed concern about liability to third parties if it

discloses information that should, pursuant to other laws, be withheld, as a result of its 

lack of familiarity with Oasis’s records and their context. The District contends that it 

should not face potential liability for any improper disclosure and that the means to avoid 

the imposition of liability is by interpreting the CPRA to require only production of 
12

records a public agency retains in relation to its own business. But any Oasis records are 

in the District’s possession because an Oasis official created and maintained those 

records on the District’s e-mail system. And the District has stopped short of contending 

that any such sensitive information is actually included in the Oasis documents it 

possesses. Accordingly, the hypothetical risk identified by the District does not 

necessitate a novel interpretation of the statutory definition of public records. On the 

unique circumstances presented here, we are satisfied that the Legislature has provided an 

adequate mechanism to allow the District and Oasis to work together to protect any 

affected third parties from disclosure of sensitive information. 

We discern no basis in the CPRA to require a member of the public seeking public 

records from the local agency that is in actual possession of the records to follow a maze 

created by a lone public official’s decision as to where to generate and store the records. 

That result would threaten the statutory purposes by allowing a public employee’s choice 

of e-mail platform to complicate, and potentially thwart, efforts to obtain public records.

Further, we disagree with the District’s assertion that the records in question here 

“belong[] to another agency.” To be sure, the records concern the operations of another 

agency. Whether or not the records are in Oasis’s constructive possession, the records 

are in the District’s actual possession, and the records belong to the public. Simply, as 

the agency receiving a CPRA request for public records in its actual possession, the 

District was required to respond to the request; it could resolve any concerns it had about 

the propriety of its response by consulting with Oasis.

D. Personnel File

 Like the District, we interpret the trial court’s order as requiring production of

only those responsive documents as to which the District did not claim attorney-client 

privilege or attorney work product protection: Sandoval’s complaint against Nevarez and 

two written communications, a letter and an e-mail, that the District sent to Sandoval 

about the complaint. In the trial court, the District prepared a “privilege/exemption” 
13

(capitalization and boldface omitted) log identifying all 84 pages of responsive 

documents that the District withheld. In the log, the District raised attorney-client 

privilege or attorney work product protection as to all but the three documents. In its 

order, the trial court wrote: “Hartnell raises an Attorney-Client Privilege and Attorney 

Work Product Doctrine exemption. The court finds this claim generally well taken. 

Hartnell’s objection to the contents described in Exhibit A to its brief are protected from 

disclosure. The remaining documents shall be disclosed.”3 We construe the trial court’s 

written order as ruling that the documents as to which the District claimed attorney-client 

privilege and/or attorney work product protection are shielded from disclosure in full, but 

the remaining documents are not.

The District concedes that the three disputed documents are public records, and we 

are unable to accept its contention that their disclosure on this record “would constitute 

an unwarranted invasion of personal privacy.” (See § 7927.700.) 

1. Legal Principles

Public employees have a constitutional privacy interest in the contents of their 

personnel file. (See Marken v. Santa Monica-Malibu Unified School Dist. (2012) 202 

Cal.App.4th 1250, 1271 (Marken).) But this privacy interest is not absolute: its invasion 

may constitutionally be “justified by a competing interest.” (Hill v. National Collegiate 

Athletic Assn. (1994) 7 Cal.4th 1, 38.) The “ ‘strong public policy supporting 

transparency in government,’ ” “grounded in both the California Constitution and the 

CPRA,” may justify an invasion of a public employee’s privacy interest. (Marken, supra, 

202 Cal.App.4th at p. 1271.)

Section 7927.700 provides an exemption that permits a government agency to 

refuse to disclose personnel files if the disclosure “would constitute an unwarranted 

3 The trial court’s determination that certain documents were exempt from 

disclosure pursuant to the attorney-client privilege and/or the attorney work product 

doctrine is uncontested. 
14

invasion of personal privacy.” (Marken, supra, 202 Cal.App.4th at p. 1261; Associated 

Chino Teachers v. Chino Valley Unified School Dist. (2018) 30 Cal.App.5th 530, 537 

(Chino); § 7927.700.) “This exemption requires us to balance . . . the public’s interest in 

disclosure and the individual’s interest in personal privacy.” (International Federation of 

Professional & Technical Engineers, Local 21, AFL-CIO v. Superior Court (2007) 42 

Cal.4th 319, 329-330; see also Caldecott, supra, 243 Cal.App.4th at pp. 220-221.) The 

government agency opposing disclosure bears the burden of proving that an exemption 

applies. (County of Los Angeles v. Superior Court (2012) 211 Cal.App.4th 57, 63 (Los 

Angeles).)

In Marken, the court identified three scenarios in which the government agency’s 

refusal to produce disciplinary records from an employee’s personnel file is, or may be,

improper. First, “if the complaint has been upheld by the agency involved or discipline 

imposed, even if only a private reproval, it must be disclosed.” (Marken, supra, 202 

Cal.App.4th at p. 1275, citing American Federation of State etc. Employees v. Regents of 

University of California (1978) 80 Cal.App.3d 913, 919 (American Federation).) 

Second, “although disclosure is mandated if there has been a true finding by the agency, 

even without such a finding, if the information in the agency’s file is reliable and, based 

on that information, the court can determine the complaint is well founded and 

substantial, it must be disclosed.” (Id. at p. 1275, citing Bakersfield School Dist. v. 

Superior Court (2004) 118 Cal.App.4th 1041, 1044.) “ ‘[I]n evaluating whether a 

complaint against an employee is well founded[,] . . . courts . . . are required to examine 

the documents presented to determine whether they reveal sufficient indicia of reliability 

to support a reasonable conclusion that the complaint was well founded.’ ” (Chino, 

supra, 30 Cal.App.5th at p. 542.) Third, an individual’s status as a “ ‘high profile’ public 

official” may be relevant to “determine when accusations against a public official, even if 

not well founded, might nonetheless be subject to disclosure.” (Marken, supra, 202 
15

Cal.App.4th at p. 1275, citing BRV, Inc. v. Superior Court (2006) 143 Cal.App.4th 742, 

759.)

2. Application

Noting only “that Nevarez held a relatively high-ranking position as Hartnell’s 

Director of Student Affairs and there is a sufficient showing that describes activity that 

raises significant concerns,” the trial court ruled that “the personnel exemption is 

overcome.” Because we are unable to discern discrete express or implied factual findings 

from the trial court’s rationale, we review the ruling de novo. (See Caldecott, supra, 243 

Cal.App.4th at p. 218.) We conclude that the District has not met its burden of

demonstrating that disclosure of the personnel records in issue “ ‘would constitute an 

unwarranted invasion of personal privacy.’ ” (See Marken, supra, 202 Cal.App.4th at 

p. 1261; Chino, supra, 30 Cal.App.5th at p. 537; Los Angeles, supra, 211 Cal.App.4th at 

p. 63.) 

The American Federation court drew on an analogy to “the public right to 

information concerning records of complaints of wrongdoing against members of the 

State Bar of California”—in which context “the strong public policy against disclosure 

vanishes” when “discipline is imposed,” “even where the sanction is a private 

reproval”—to address whether an audit report prepared in response to an employee 

complaint was exempt from the CPRA. (American Federation, supra, 80 Cal.App.3d at 

p. 918.) The Marken court relied on American Federation for the proposition that a 

complaint must be disclosed if it has been upheld by the agency involved or discipline 

has been imposed, “even if only a private reproval.” (Marken, supra, 202 Cal.App.4th at 

p. 1275.) 

Here, the letter the District sent to Sandoval supports the inference that the District 

disciplined Nevarez in response to Sandoval’s complaint. In the letter, the District

advised Sandoval that it had completed its investigation into his complaint, telling him

that the “information [he] brought forth [was] important and informative,” and, “[t]o the 
16

extent [his] allegations raise[d] personnel issues, . . . any potential personnel issues have 

been addressed. . . . [T]he District would like to formally notify you that it has taken 

appropriate remedial actions as a response to the findings of its investigation.” 

Sandoval provided a declaration describing further oral communications that were 

consistent with the representations in the letter. Sandoval declared that Nevarez’s 

supervisor told Sandoval, in response to Sandoval’s inquiries regarding his complaint, 

that the District “ ‘took care of it already’ ” and “ ‘it won’t happen again.’ ” 

In an effort to rebut the inference created by its own formal and informal 

communications with Sandoval, the District relies on written statements supplied by 

Rodríguez after Sandoval submitted a CPRA request. First, in his affidavit disclosing the 

documents the District located in connection with the relevant CPRA request, Rodríguez 

swore that “no disciplinary records,” “written investigative report[s],” or “written 

memos” were created in the relevant time period. Second, in a declaration submitted in 

the trial court, Rodríguez testified that “District staff investigated the allegations within 

Petitioner’s complaint and found all allegations to be unsubstantiated.” 

The District’s evidence does not warrant the inference, in the context of the entire 

record, that the District did not discipline Nevarez in response to Sandoval’s complaint. 

As outlined below, there are two fundamental defects in the District’s evidence. First, the 

vague and general factual representation that “all allegations” in Sandoval’s complaint 

were “unsubstantiated” is irreconcilable with the record. Second, the District addressed 

only written discipline, failing to address discipline that was not recorded in writing. As 

a result of these two considerations, Rodríguez’s testimony does not rebut the inference

that the District disciplined Nevarez in response to Sandoval’s complaint, which is

supported contemporaneous written and oral statements made by District employees who 

were involved in the investigative and disciplinary decisions.

Rodríguez’s broad assertion that all of Sandoval’s allegations were

“unsubstantiated” is irreconcilable with the record. For example, Sandoval alleged that 
17

Nevarez used the District’s e-mail systems to send and receive Oasis e-mails, a fact that 

the District has confirmed without any indication that the scope of this usage comported 

with District policy. In its contemporaneous letter, the District only went so far as to say 

that “at least some of the [e-mail-related] conduct” Sandoval alleged was permissible. To 

the extent Rodríguez was implying that the District contemporaneously determined that 

Nevarez’s e-mail use was in compliance with District policy and, as a result, did not 

discipline him, that contention is unsupported on the present record. Similarly, 

Sandoval’s factual assertion that Nevarez was involved in awarding stipends to an 

individual with whom he had a personal relationship was substantiated by documentation 

appended to Sandoval’s complaint demonstrating both the issuance of stipends and the 

personal relationship. To be sure, the District may, pursuant to its investigation, have 

determined that the stipends, and any involvement on the part of Nevarez, were 

appropriate, but there is no record to support that conclusion. We are presented with only 

a vague and conclusory characterization of the “allegations” as “unsubstantiated,” which 

on this record is insufficient.

Rodríguez—in his exclusive focus on written records of discipline—never 

addressed whether Nevarez was subject to discipline that was not memorialized in a 

writing. (See Evid. Code, § 412.) Thus, there is no evidence that squarely addresses the 

inference from Sandoval’s evidence that the District in fact disciplined Nevarez, in some 

form, in response to Sandoval’s complaint. Accordingly, even if Sandoval bore the 

burden of disproving the District’s claimed exemption, Sandoval’s evidence would 

suffice to show that the District disciplined Nevarez in response to his complaint.

Under the first test articulated in Marken, our conclusion is facially sufficient to 

determine that the exemption claimed by the District is inapplicable. But, although 

Marken interprets American Federation to stand for the proposition that any complaint 

resulting in discipline must be disclosed, regardless of whether the subject matter 

involved was substantial, the interpretation is not essential to the Marken court’s holding, 
18

as the Marken court explained that “the public ha[d] a legitimate interest in knowing 

whether and how the [school district] enforces its sexual harassment policy” with respect 

to classroom teachers. (Marken, supra, 202 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1274-1276.) In American 

Federation, moreover, the court “opin[ed]” that “the recorded complaint [must] be of a 

substantial nature before public access is permitted” under the CPRA. (American 

Federation, supra, 80 Cal.App.3d at p. 918.) Accordingly, we proceed to address 

substantiality.

The trial court found that there was “a sufficient showing that describes activity 

that raises significant concerns.”4 Although the District disputes whether Sandoval’s 

allegations were substantiated, the District has not contested the conclusion that the 

substantive issues Sandoval raised were of “significant concern.” In its own letter to 

Sandoval, the District described the information in Sandoval’s complaint as “important 

and informative.” We conclude that at least some aspects of Sandoval’s complaint were

independently substantial in nature and, as a result, the complaint as a whole was 

substantial in nature.

For example, the allegation that Nevarez used his position to grant stipends to a 

close friend5is independently substantial in nature. Read in the context of the attached 

documentation, Sandoval alleged that Nevarez was involved in District decisions to pay 

an individual with whom he had a close personal relationship a combined total of more 

4

In passing, the District argues that the trial court should have, but did not, 

conduct an in camera review of the disputed documents. But Sandoval filed his 

complaint and the letter from the District—two of the three disputed documents—

publicly in the trial court proceedings. The District does not suggest that a review of the 

remaining document, an e-mail from the District to Sandoval, would assist in the 

resolution of the parties’ dispute. The trial court was not required to review the e-mail in 

camera. (See Labor & Workforce Development Agency v. Superior Court (2018) 19 

Cal.App.5th 12, 26.) 

5 We reject Sandoval’s more salacious insinuations about the relationship, which 

are unsupported by the record. 
19

than $1,000 in connection with two events for “[c]oordination” or “[d]ecorations” 

services and expense reimbursements in late 2017, alone. The thrust of this complaint is 

that Nevarez facilitated the misuse of public funds or at least created the appearance of a 

conflict of interest or self-dealing. That is a matter that is substantial in nature. (See, 

generally, People v. Hubbard (2016) 63 Cal.4th 378, 387 [discussing the Legislature’s 

purpose in enacting Penal Code section 424 to “protect[] the public fisc and hold[] 

accountable those in a position to place public funds at risk”]; Stark v. Superior Court

(2011) 52 Cal.4th 368, 391; compare Chino, supra, 30 Cal.App.5th at p. 543 [complaints 

that high school athletic coach yelled at and belittled student-athletes in public, among 

other things, were not of substantial nature because the coach “did nothing more than 

what most dedicated coaches do to motivate players, maintain discipline and team 

morale, and push athletes toward their full potential”].)

Consistent with our determination that Sandoval’s complaint was substantial in 

nature and that the District disciplined Nevarez in response to the complaint, we conclude 

that the personnel file exemption is not satisfied on the present record because disclosing 

the disputed records would not constitute an unwarranted invasion of personal privacy.6 

The District itself wrote a letter to Sandoval thanking him for providing “important” 

“information” and “formally notify[ing]” him that “it has taken appropriate remedial 

actions as a response to the findings of its investigation.” At bottom, we take the 

District’s letter to Sandoval at face value.

6 We do not address the trial court’s finding that Nevarez “held a relatively highranking position.” Nor do we address whether the public filing of any of the disputed 

documents themselves in the proceedings below diminished any privacy rights that may 

otherwise have been protected. (See, generally, Chino, supra, 30 Cal.App.5th at p. 538.)
20

III. DISPOSITION

The petition for writ of mandate is denied. Sandoval shall recover his costs in this 

writ proceeding. (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.493(a)(1)(A).) Our stay of the trial court 

proceedings shall dissolve upon the issuance of the remittitur.
____________________________

LIE, J.

WE CONCUR:

____________________________

GREENWOOD, P.J.

_____________________________

GROVER, J.

Rodríguez et al. v. Superior Court

H049836