1

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

UNITED STEEL, PAPER AND FORESTRY, 

RUBBER, MANUFACTURING, ENERGY, 

ALLIED INDUSTRIAL AND SERVICE 

WORKERS INTERNATIONAL UNION, 

AFL-CIO-CLC, on behalf of the Participants 

and Beneficiaries of the Thunderbird Mining 

Co. Pension Plan, et al., 

Plaintiffs, 

v. 

PENSION BENEFIT GUARANTY 

CORPORATION,

Defendant. 

Civil Action No. 09-517

Judge Beryl A. Howell

MEMORANDUM OPINION

In May 2003, the Thunderbird Mining Company (“Thunderbird”) filed for bankruptcy, 

stopped production at its iron ore facility, and placed nearly 400 hourly employees on indefinite 

temporary layoff. In light of Thunderbird’s troubled business prospects, the Pension Benefit 

Guaranty Company (“PBGC”), in accordance with its statutory mandate to insure and protect 

pension benefits, moved to terminate the pension plan that Thunderbird had established for its 

hourly workers and have the PBGC appointed as statutory trustee of the plan. Plaintiffs in this 

case are former Thunderbird employees represented through their union representative who 

challenge the PBGC’s denial, as administrator of the Thunderbird pension plan, of certain 

benefits to which they claim they are entitled under the plan. Specifically, the plaintiffs 

challenge the PBGC’s determination that the Thunderbird facility had not undergone a 

“permanent shutdown” prior to termination of the pension plan and contend that the PBGC’s 

denial of “shutdown benefits” to the plaintiffs was erroneous. Pending before the Court are 
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cross-motions for summary judgment based on the administrative record. As explained below, 

the PBGC’s determination that a “permanent shutdown” had not occurred prior to the plan 

termination date was not arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in 

accordance with law. Accordingly, the defendant’s motion for summary judgment is granted and 

the plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment on liability is denied. 

I. BACKGROUND

A. Regulatory Background

The PBGC is the federal agency created by the Employee Retirement Income Security 

Act of 1974 (“ERISA”) to insure certain private sector pension plans. 29 U.S.C. § 1302. It 

fulfills this responsibility by “(1) encouraging the continuation and maintenance of voluntary 

private pension plans for the benefit of their participants, (2) providing timely payments of 

benefits in the case of terminated pension plans, and (3) making the maximum use of its 

resources while at the same time maintaining premiums at the lowest levels consistent with its 

statutory responsibilities.” Pension Benefit Guar. Corp. v. Republic Techs. Int’l, LLC, 386 F.3d 

659, 661 (6th Cir. 2004); 29 U.S.C. § 1302(a)(1)-(3).

Among its functions, the PBGC guarantees benefits, within limits, to participants of a 

covered plan when that plan terminates with insufficient assets to cover its benefit liabilities. 29 

U.S.C. § 1322. The agency may terminate a plan “involuntarily” when it determines that certain 

statutory criteria have been met, e.g., that the pension plan will be unable to pay benefits when 

due, or that the agency’s possible long-run loss with respect to the plan “may reasonably be 

expected to increase unreasonably if the plan is not terminated.” 29 U.S.C. § 1342(a). “ERISA 

provides for involuntary termination proceedings precisely so that PBGC can protect its own 

financial interests and ‘avoid any unreasonable deterioration of the financial condition of the 
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plan or any unreasonable increase in the liability of the fund.’” Republic Techs. Int’l, LLC, 386 

F.3d at 668 (quoting 29 U.S.C. § 1342(c)). 

The PBGC initiates the termination process by issuing a notice to the plan administrator 

of the PBGC’s determination that the plan should be terminated. 29 U.S.C. § 1342(c). If the 

plan administrator challenges this determination, the PBGC “may, upon notice to the plan 

administrator, apply to the appropriate United States district court for a decree adjudicating that 

the plan must be terminated.” Id. When a plan is terminated involuntarily, the PBGC must also 

apply to the appropriate district court for the appointment of a trustee to administer the plan. 29 

U.S.C. § 1342(b). ERISA permits the PBGC to serve as trustee to administer a plan in addition 

to its role as guarantor. Id. “The PBGC has applied to serve as trustee in every terminated plan, 

and courts typically grant its application.” Davis v. Pension Benefit Guar. Corp., 571 F.3d 1288, 

1291 (D.C. Cir. 2009) (citing Pineiro v. Pension Benefit Guar. Corp., 318 F. Supp. 2d 67, 72 

(S.D.N.Y. 2003)). 

“When serving as a statutory trustee, [the] PBGC wears two hats: one as guarantor of 

ERISA’s insurance program and one as trustee.” Davis v. Pension Benefit Guar. Corp., No. 08-

cv-1064, 2011 WL 4536888, at *1 (D.D.C. Sept. 30, 2011) (internal citation and quotation 

omitted). As a trustee, the agency is responsible for administering benefits under the plan. 29 

U.S.C § 1342(d)(1)(B). The agency sends determination letters to plan participants who apply to 

the PBGC for benefits, and these decisions may be challenged before the PBGC Appeals Board. 

29 C.F.R. §§ 4003.21, 4003.51. A decision by the Appeals Board constitutes the PBGC’s final 

agency action, 29 C.F.R. § 4003.59(b), of which plan participants may seek judicial review. 29 

U.S.C. § 1303(f).
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B. Factual Background

1. The Thunderbird Pension Plan 

Plaintiff United Steel, Paper and Forestry, Rubber, Manufacturing, Energy, Allied 

Industrial, and Service Workers International Union (“USW”) was for several decades the 

exclusive bargaining representative for the hourly employees of the Thunderbird Mining 

Company. Pls.’ Statement of Material Facts, ECF No. 52, ¶ 1 (“Pls.’ SMF”). In 1999, the 

plaintiff negotiated a pension agreement with Thunderbird under which Thunderbird sponsored 

an employee pension plan covered by Title IV of ERISA (the “Plan”). Am. Compl., ECF No. 13, 

¶ 1; Pls.’ SMF ¶ 3. The terms of the Plan provided for “shutdown pension benefits,” which are 

triggered when an employee’s continuous service is broken due to the “permanent shutdown” of 

the Thunderbird facility.

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 Pls.’ SMF ¶ 20. The Plan did not, however, specifically define 

“permanent shutdown.” Id.

Located in Eleveth, Minnesota, Thunderbird employed approximately 400 hourly 

employees and provided low-grade iron ore in the form of taconite pellets for steel production.

Id. ¶ 2. The company was a wholly owned subsidiary of Eveleth Mines, LLC (“EVTAC”),

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which itself was jointly owned by three steel companies: Rouge Steel, AK Steel, and Stelco. Id.

¶¶ 2, 5; Def.’s Statement of Material Facts, ECF No. 51, ¶¶ 10-11 (“Def.’s SMF”). These 

companies not only owned EVTAC, but were also EVTAC’s sole customers for taconite pellets. 

Pls.’ SMF ¶ 5, Def.’s SMF ¶ 11. 

 1 According to the PBGC, a “shutdown benefit” is a “subsidized early retirement benefit that becomes payable when 

all or substantially all of an employer’s operations at a facility cease, resulting in a loss of jobs that is expected to be 

permanent for all or substantially all of the employees at that facility who are participants in the plan.” 

Administrative Record (“AR”), at 659. 

2 According to EVTAC’s former chief executive officer, “[t]he Thunderbird Mining Company is merely an 

employment company which handles all employment costs, taxes and benefits. Whenever we . . . speak of our 

company, we consider the consolidated companies of Thunderbird and EVTAC.” AR 587. Accordingly, the Court 

will refer to Thunderbird and EVTAC collectively as “EVTAC.” 
5

In early 2003, EVTAC suffered a drastic reduction in orders for its taconite pellets. 

Def.’s SMF ¶ 13. Rouge Steel began to purchase its taconite from a different company, 

Cleveland-Cliffs, Inc., while AK Steel began to purchase its ore requirements from Iron Ore Co. 

of Canada. Pls.’ SMF ¶ 5; Def.’s SMF ¶¶ 4, 13. Stelco remained under a requirements contract 

with EVTAC for the first few months of 2003, but that contract expired on May 14, 2003, and 

was then renewed at a much lower requirement level. Def.’s SMF ¶ 14; AR 533. 

Due to the loss of its biggest purchasers, on February 14, 2003, EVTAC sent a 

confidential letter to the local USW director advising the Union of its economic prospects. The 

letter from EVTAC’s Manager of Employee Relations stated:

Regretfully, I must advise you that it is the intention of the Company to close 

permanently the Eveleth Mines LLC, dba EVTAC Mining operation. This action 

results from a lack of customer orders as of this date. The intended closure would 

commence on or about May 14, 2003. Pellet inventory shipments would be 

expected to continue past that date and conclude on or about July 12, 2003.

AR 451 (letter from John P. Baxter to David Foster). The letter invited USW representatives to 

“discuss the Company’s proposed course of action and to provide information to the Company 

and suggest alternative courses.” AR 451.

On March 10, 2003, EVTAC distributed to its employees a Worker Adjustment and 

Retraining Notification (“WARN”) Act Notice advising them of a planned “Plant Closing or 

Mass Layoff” around May 15, 2003.3 AR 565; Def.’s SMF ¶ 15. The WARN Notice described 

the planned shutdown as “temporary (but only if pellet orders are received during shutdown 

period).” AR 464, 565; Pls.’ SMF ¶ 7; Def.’s SMF ¶ 15-16.

In an effort to secure benefits for its employees, on March 17, 2003, EVTAC sent a 

 3 The WARN Act requires employers, under certain circumstances, to give at least sixty days advance notice to 

employees of a forthcoming “plant closing or mass layoff.” 29 U.S.C. § 2102(a). 
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“Petition for Trade Adjustment Assistance” to the United States Department of Labor (“DOL”).4

Pls.’ SMF ¶ 8. The March 17 petition indicated that the plant would close on May 15, 2003, that 

446 employees would be affected, and that job losses were due to the company “losing sales to 

customers importing products from a foreign country.” AR 460, 464 (Petition for Trade 

Adjustment Assistance). The petition further stated that the plant “closure will be permanent if 

no additional orders are received.” AR 460, 464. The DOL, however, denied the petition. AR 

465-66 (Letter from John P. Baxter to DOL requesting reconsideration).

2. EVTAC’s Bankruptcy and Sale of Assets 

On May 1, 2003, EVTAC filed for bankruptcy pursuant to Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy 

Code. AR 588; Pls.’ SMF ¶ 9. Thunderbird filed for bankruptcy two weeks later on May 15, 

2003. AR 596; Pls.’ SMF ¶ 9. The following day, on May 16, 2003, EVTAC suspended its 

mining and taconite production operations and all but four of EVTAC’s approximately 400 

hourly employees were placed on indefinite temporary layoff. Pls.’ SMF, ¶ 10; AR 455, 458, 

540. These four hourly workers, as well as twenty-nine salaried employees whom EVTAC 

continued to employ, were charged with securing the plant site, including welding the plant’s 

doors and gates shut, turning off the electricity, and disconnecting the batteries on all the 

equipment and vehicles. Pls.’ Opp’n, ECF No. 54, at 6 n.3; AR 455, 458-59. EVTAC also 

required the plant’s vendors to remove their leased equipment from the plant site and terminated 

their leases. Pls.’ SMF ¶¶ 10, 11.

On June 5, 2003, EVTAC requested the DOL to reconsider its earlier denial of EVTAC’s 

 4 The Department of Labor’s Trade Adjustment Assistance (TAA) Program is a federal program that provides aid to 

U.S. workers who have lost their jobs as a result of foreign trade. See Former Employees of Marathon Ashland Pipe 

Line LLC v. Chao, 370 F.3d 1375, 1376 (Fed. Cir. 2004). A petition must be filed with the DOL by or on behalf of 

a group of workers who may have lost or may lose their jobs or experienced a reduction in wages as a result of 

foreign trade. Id. If the DOL grants the petitions, those workers may receive TAA benefits, including job training, 

job search, and income support. Id.
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“Petition for Trade Adjustment Assistance,” stating that its circumstances had changed since its 

March 2003 petition. AR 465-66; Pls.’ SMF ¶ 12. Specifically, EVTAC stated that “a[t] the 

time of the initial application, EVTAC Mining was still producing at normal production rates, 

and Thunderbird employees were still employed. EVTAC Mining is now totally shut down and 

only a skeleton crew is employed.” AR 465-66. EVTAC further stated that AK Steel, one of 

EVTAC’s two primary owners and customers, had not placed new orders, and that “it has also 

become very clear recently that AK Steel’s decision to discontinue purchases from EVTAC 

Mining is a long term decision.” AR 466. EVTAC noted that AK Steel had begun importing 

iron ore pellets from Canada, and that those imports had “displaced EVTAC Mining’s 

production.” AR 466.

On the basis of the request for reconsideration and an investigation conducted by the

DOL starting on June 10, 2003, the DOL found that “increases of imports” of iron ore/taconite 

pellets had “contributed importantly to the decline in sales or production and to the total or 

partial separation of workers” at EVTAC, and the DOL granted EVTAC’s petition. Pls.’ SMF ¶ 

13; TAA Decision 5199.

On June 15, 2003, EVTAC laid off its four remaining hourly production employees, but

continued to employ “a skeleton staff” of salaried employees to handle administrative duties and 

protect against fire and flooding.5 Def.’s SMF ¶¶ 27-28; AR 540, 456, 458 (Declarations of 

former EVTAC employees). Throughout the bankruptcy proceedings, EVTAC represented to 

the bankruptcy court that it “continue[d] to maintain the equipment and other assets associated 

with its mining operations to protect the enterprise value of its estate” while it sought new 

contracts or a purchaser of its assets or its entire business as a going concern. Def.’s SMF ¶ 42. 

 5 According to a news report dated May 15, 2003, EVTAC represented that it would continue to employ 

approximately18-20 employees through the shutdown period. AR 540.
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Indeed, EVTAC actively sought new orders for taconite pellets, without success, through July 

2003. AR 9, 449, 647. On July 5, 2003, for example, EVTAC and USW’s representative met 

with then-Congressman Jim Oberstar to discuss EVTAC’s inability to obtain new sales contracts. 

Id. Congressman Oberstar recommended that EVTAC negotiate with Laiwu Steel Group Ltd. 

(“Laiwu”), a Chinese corporation, either to secure sales contracts with Laiwu or, alternatively, 

sell EVTAC’s assets. Id.

In early October 2003, five months following the filing of its bankruptcy petition, mining 

company Cleveland-Cliffs and Laiwu offered to purchase EVTAC as an operational mining 

company. AR 646-47; Def.’s SMF ¶ 40. According to news reports, Congressman Oberstar 

“helped broker the deal because of his relationship with Yang Jiechi, the Chinese ambassador to 

the United States.” AR 647.

On October 20, 2003, EVTAC confirmed the proposed purchase of the mining operations 

and filed a motion in bankruptcy court for approval to sell substantially all its assets. In re 

Eveleth Mines LLC, No. 03-50569 (Bankr. D. Minn. filed October 20, 2003), ECF No. 101. 

EVTAC stated in its motion that “[t]he Debtor suspended its mining and taconite production 

operations on or about May 16, 2003. The Debtor continues to maintain the equipment and other 

assets associated with its mining operations to protect the enterprise value of its estate while the 

Debtor seeks a purchaser and/or funding for a plan of reorganization.” Def.’s SMF ¶ 42; see also 

Pls.’ Opp’n Def.’s Mot. Summ. J., ECF No. 54, at 6. EVTAC further stated that “[s]ince the 

commencement of this Chapter 11 case, the Debtor has proceeded diligently toward the 

successful sale of substantially all of its assets (the Mining Assets) on a going-concern basis. To 

date, and although other parties have shown interest, the Buyer . . . is the only interested party 

that has come forward to purchase the Mining Assets and execute a letter of intent.” Def.’s 
9

SMF, ¶ 43. The proposed sale terms required:

[T]he Debtor to restore its mining operations to operating condition consistent 

with industry practice. Such work must be commenced immediately in order to 

accommodate the December 1, 2003 closing date . . . . The work required by this 

condition will return a number of former employees to work and the closing of the 

sale of the Mining Assets . . . will return many more former employees to work.

In re Eveleth Mines LLC, No. 03-50569 (Bankr. D. Minn. filed October 20, 2003), ECF No. 101, 

at ¶ 15.

On November 16, 2003, the bankruptcy court converted EVTAC’s bankruptcy 

proceedings from Chapter 11, reorganization, to Chapter 7, liquidation. AR 4. Shortly 

thereafter, on November 25, 2003, the bankruptcy court approved the sale of all of EVTAC’s 

operating assets to Cleveland-Cliffs and Laiwu. AR 5, 640. According to news reports, during 

bankruptcy court proceedings EVTAC’s former president testified that the company “had 

worked since spring with several interested parties to find a new owner or pellet contracts.” AR 

641.

On December 1, 2003, EVTAC closed its transaction with Cleveland-Cliffs and Laiwu, 

who named their new joint venture United Taconite LLC. Pls.’ SMF ¶ 27. United Taconite did 

not agree as part of the sale terms to continue the Thunderbird Pension Plan. Pls.’ SMF ¶ 29. 

Accordingly, on December 1, 2003, EVTAC and the USW entered into a settlement negotiations 

and reached an agreement to terminate their collective bargaining agreement. AR 612 ¶ 14.G; 

Pls.’ SMF ¶ 29. Under the settlement agreement, EVTAC permanently laid off its employees, 

except three members of management, and United Taconite hired substantially all of these 

workers under a new collective bargaining agreement. AR 610 ¶ 9; Pls.’ SMF 28. 

3. Pension Benefits Denials 

In May 2003, following EVTAC’s bankruptcy filing and its decision to place almost all 

of its workers on “indefinite temporary layoff,” laid off employees began petitioning EVTAC for 
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shutdown benefits under the Plan, contending that the plant had been permanently shut down. 

Pls.’ SMF ¶ 30; AR 540, 594. In its role as administrator of the Plan, EVTAC denied such 

benefits because a “permanent shutdown [had] not occurred.” Pls.’ SMF ¶ 30; AR 530, 595. 

After receiving notice of EVTAC’s bankruptcy filing, the PBGC began to investigate 

EVTAC’s business prospects and the cost of continuing its pension plan. Pls.’ SMF ¶ 23. The 

PBGC determined that the Plan would be unable to pay benefits when due, and that the PBGC’s 

long run loss would increase unreasonably if the plan were not terminated. AR 520. 

Specifically, the PBGC determined that the EVTAC shutdown had yet to become permanent and 

that a permanent shutdown, when it occurred, would increase the Plan’s unfunded benefit 

liabilities by more than $68 million and also increase the Plan’s unfunded guaranteed benefits by 

more than $34 million. AR 534. The PBGC additionally considered that on August 1, 2003, a 

benefit increase would take effect that would potentially add $1.6 million to the Plan’s 

underfunded guaranteed benefits. Id.

In an effort to mitigate these future liabilities, on July 24, 2003, the PBGC filed an action 

in the United States District Court for the District of Minnesota seeking to involuntarily 

terminate the Plan, have PBGC appointed as the plan’s statutory trustee, and establish July 24, 

2003 as the official termination date of the Plan, pursuant to 29 U.S.C. 1342(c). AR 600-01; 

Pls.’ SMF ¶ 24. The USW, however, intervened in that action, arguing that the termination date 

of July 24, 2003 “would not be in the best interests of the participants of that plan and would be 

contrary to law.” AR 618. In its brief opposing USW’s request to intervene, the PBGC stated 

that the USW sought to contest the July 24, 2003 termination date because it wanted more time 

to “permit ‘shutdown benefits’ to accrue,” but the court should this reject this argument because

the PBGC had a statutorily-sanctioned interest in terminating plans prior to such large increases 
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in liability. AR 627. The PBGC further represented that “recent proceedings relating to the sale 

of Thunderbird strongly indicate that Thunderbird will be operating again soon, thus precluding 

the possibility that a permanent shutdown occurred.” AR 627.

Although the USW initially opposed the PBGC’s proposed termination date, under the 

terms of its December 1, 2003 settlement agreement with EVTAC, the USW agreed to “consent 

to the date of plan termination proposed by PBGC” and withdraw its opposition in the U.S. 

District Court for the District of Minnesota to set July 24, 2003 as the Plan termination date. 

Def.’s SMF ¶ 38; AR 597, 602-09. In accordance with the settlement agreement, on May 10, 

2004, the USW represented to the district court that it “did not oppose” PGBG’s motion to set

July 24, 2003 as the termination date of the Thunderbird Plan. AR 597. Accordingly, on 

August 19, 2004, the district court granted PBGC’s motion, declared PBGC the plan’s statutory 

trustee, and set July 24, 2003 as the date on which the Plan terminated. AR 505.

Subsequent to the Plan’s termination, between December 21, 2006, and May 15, 2007, 

PBGC’s administrative determinations governed participant benefits. AR 467. During this 

period, approximately 240 former EVTAC employees applied for shutdown benefits pursuant to 

the Plan, which the PBGC denied. AR 5-6, 369, 473. On May 31, 2007, the USW filed an 

administrative appeal of those decisions on behalf of the participants who were denied shutdown 

benefits, arguing that EVTAC was permanently shut down prior to the Plan’s termination date of 

July 24, 2003 and the former employees’ continuous service was broken due to the permanent 

shut down. Pls.’ SMF ¶ 32, AR 6. On November 30, 2007, the PBGC Appeals Board issued a 

final agency decision, upholding the PBGC’s denial of benefits and stating that the “PBGC is 

unable to guarantee shutdown benefits . . . because Thunderbird was not permanently shut down 

before the Plan was terminated on July 24, 2003.” AR 2-17.
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C. Procedural History

On June 17, 2008, the USW filed a Complaint in the U.S. District Court for the District 

of Minnesota on behalf of former Thunderbird employees6 against the PBGC seeking

declaratory judgment that the plan participants are entitled to shutdown benefits, enforcement of 

employees’ rights under the plan, and damages. Am. Compl., ECF No. 13, ¶¶ 21-25. In 

response to the Complaint, the PBGC moved to dismiss the action for improper venue pursuant 

to FED. R. CIV. P. 12(b)(3), or, in the alternative, to transfer venue to the District of Columbia. 

ECF No 8. On March 29, 2009, the District Court for the District of Minnesota denied the 

PBGC’s motion to dismiss, but granted its motion to transfer venue and transferred the instant 

lawsuit to this Court. ECF No. 23.

On September 15, 2009, the PBGC moved for summary judgment based on the 

administrative record,

7 arguing that it was entitled to judgment as a matter of law because the 

administrative determinations at issue in this case were not arbitrary or capricious, or otherwise 

not in accordance with law. Def.’s Mot. Summ. J., ECF No. 51. The plaintiffs filed a crossmotion moving for summary judgment on the issue of liability, contending that the PBGC is 

obligated to guarantee the payment of shutdown benefits under the Plan. Pls.’ Mot. Summ. J., 

ECF 52. Both of these motions are pending before the Court.8

As explained below, the PBGC’s determination that the Thunderbird facility did not 

permanently shut down prior to the plan’s termination date of July 24, 2003, is supported by 

 6 The USW initially filed suit on behalf of 253 former Thunderbird employees. On November 4, 2008, USW filed an 

amended complaint adding eleven individually named plaintiffs. ECF No. 13. 

7 The parties agree that the administrative record here consists of nearly six-hundred and fifty pages, including the 

PBGC Appeals Board decision, the terms of the Thunderbird Pension Plans, participant appeals documents, and plan 

termination documents, as well as contemporaneous correspondence, emails and memoranda between EVTAC, the 

USW, and the PBGC. See ECF No. 32-46. 

8 This case was transferred to the current presiding Judge on January 21, 2011.
13

sufficient evidence in the Administrative Record. Accordingly, the defendant’s motion for 

summary judgment is GRANTED and the plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment on liability 

is DENIED.9

II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

A. Review of PBGC Administrative Determinations Under 29 U.S.C. § 1303(f)

Plaintiffs seek review of the PBGC’s denial of their applications for “shutdown benefits”

pursuant to 29 U.S.C. § 1303(f), which provides, in relevant part, that “any . . . participant, or 

beneficiary, [who] is adversely affected by any action of [PBGC] with respect to a plan in which 

such person has an interest . . . may bring an action against the corporation for appropriate 

equitable relief in the appropriate court.” 29 U.S.C. § 1303(f)(1). While Section 1303(f) allows 

plaintiffs to assert their claim in federal court, it does not specifically identify an appropriate 

standard of judicial review for the PBGC’s decision. 

The PBGC, however, is a federal agency subject to the provisions of the Administrative 

Procedure Act (“APA”). 5 U.S.C. §§ 551 et seq. Pursuant to the APA, courts generally must 

defer to agency actions, including informal agency adjudications, unless the plaintiff 

demonstrates that the decision was “arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not 

in accordance with the law.” 5 U.S.C. §§ 555, 706(2)(A).

The plaintiffs argue that “[t]he D.C. Circuit has not addressed the appropriate standard of 

review” to be applied to the specific PBGC determination at issue in this case, namely whether a 

“permanent shutdown” of the Thunderbird plant occurred prior to the date of plan termination. 

Pls.’ Mot. Summ. J., ECF No. 52, at 11. According to the plaintiffs, the appropriate standard of 

 9 Pursuant to Local Civil Rule 7(f), the plaintiffs requested oral argument on the instant motions. The local rule 

provides that the allowance of oral argument “shall be within the discretion of the court.” LCvR 7(f). The Court 

agrees with the defendant that “the issue in this case is straightforward and has been fully briefed by the parties, and 

that oral argument would not be particularly useful to the Court in rendering its decision.” Defs.’ Opp’n Pls.’ Mot. 

Summ. J., ECF No. 53, at 15. Accordingly, the plaintiffs’ request for oral argument is denied. 
14

review of the PBGC’s denial of benefits in this case is de novo and the agency is not entitled to 

deference under the APA. This is incorrect. 

1. De Novo Judicial Review Is Not Appropriate In This Case

In support of its contention that de novo review is appropriate, the plaintiffs rely

primarily on Firestone Tire & Rubber Co. v. Bruch, 489 U.S. 101 (1989) and Dycus v. Pension 

Benefit Guar. Corp., 133 F.3d 1367 (10th Cir. 1998). According to the plaintiffs, “[u]nder 

Dycus’s rationale, the appropriate standard of review of the PBGC’s determination in this case is 

de novo.” Pls.’ Mot. Summ. J., ECF No. 52, at 11. Neither Firestone nor Dycus, however, 

provide dispositive support for the plaintiffs’ position. 

In Firestone, the Supreme Court addressed the appropriate standard of judicial review 

under ERISA for benefit determinations made by fiduciaries or plan administrators. 489 U.S. at 

105. Plaintiffs were six employees who sought benefits under an ERISA covered plan after the 

plant in which they worked was sold by Firestone as a going concern to another company.10 Id. 

The employees alleged, inter alia, that they were entitled to severance benefits under the 

provisions of their pension plan because the sale of their plant constituted a “reduction in work 

force.” Id. at 106. After Firestone denied their application for benefits, the plaintiffs initiated an 

action pursuant to 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(1)(B), which provides that a “civil action may be brought 

. . . by a participant or beneficiary [of a covered plan] . . . to recover benefits due to him under 

the terms of his plan . . . .” 

The Supreme Court addressed the standard of judicial review for cases challenging denial 

of benefits pursuant to § 1132(a)(1)(B), stating:

Consistent with established principles of trust law, we hold that a denial of 

benefits challenged under § 1132(a)(1)(B) is to be reviewed under a de novo

 10 The Supreme Court noted that following the sale of the plant in which they worked, the employees in Firestone

“continued in their same positions without interruption and at the same rates of pay.” Firestone, 489 U.S. at 105. 
15

standard unless the benefit plan gives the administrator or fiduciary discretionary 

authority to determine eligibility for benefits or to construe the terms of the plan.

489 U.S. at 115. In situations where the plan provides the administrator or fiduciary discretion to 

determine benefits, the Court stated that deferential review is appropriate. Id. at 111; see also 

Metro. Life Ins. Co. v. Glenn, 554 U.S. 105, 111 (2008) (reaffirming the standard set forth in 

Firestone for actions under § 1132(a)(1)(B)). The Court explicitly noted, however, that its 

holding “is limited to the appropriate standard of review in § 1132(a)(1)(B) actions challenging 

denials of benefits based on plan interpretations” and “express[ed] no view as to the appropriate 

standard of review for actions under other remedial provisions of ERISA.” Firestone, 489 U.S.

at 108. 

This express limitation of the standard of review to actions brought pursuant to § 

1132(a)(1)(B) is not addressed by the plaintiffs who instead seek to stretch the holding to cover 

actions, such as the instant lawsuit, brought challenging PBGC administrative decisions under a 

different ERISA subchapter, namely § 1303(f). The plaintiffs’ reading of Firestone, which 

involved review of a private employer’s administration of an ERISA plan and that employer’s 

denial of benefits, to apply to the PBGC creates a tension between the standards of review under 

the APA with that set forth in Firestone. 

The plaintiffs urge the Court to reconcile this tension by reading Firestone to trump any 

contrary standard of review that may be required by the APA. They rely on the Tenth Circuit’s 

decision in Dycus as support for the proposition that de novo review is appropriate. In Dycus, 

the PBGC assumed administration of certain pension plans after the company administering the 

plans became insolvent. 133 F.3d at 1368. Former employees of the company applied for 

benefits under one of the plans, which the PBGC, acting as administrator of the plan, denied after 

concluding that a “permanent shutdown” had not occurred. Id. at 1368-69. 
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The plaintiffs in Dycus unsuccessfully challenged the PBGC’s denial of benefits in 

district court pursuant to § 1303(f). Id. On appeal, the Tenth Circuit affirmed the PBGC’s 

determination that a “permanent shutdown” of the company’s mine had not occurred and its 

decision to deny certain benefits to plan participants. In setting forth the appropriate standard of 

judicial review, the Tenth Circuit emphasized that the PBGC is an administrative agency and its 

decisions “must be upheld unless it is ‘arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise 

not in accordance with law.’” Id. at 1369. Notwithstanding the Court’s reference to the APA 

standard of review, the Court then acknowledged that this standard of review was consistent with 

Firestone, stating: 

The challenged agency action involves construction of the terms of a 

pension plan, which we generally review de novo. See Firestone Tire & 

Rubber Co. v. Bruch, 489 U.S. 101 (1989). But if a pension plan itself 

“gives the administrator or fiduciary discretionary authority to determine 

eligibility for benefits or to construe the terms of the plan,” id. at 115, the 

administrator’s or fiduciary’s decision is entitled to review under the 

deferential arbitrary and capricious standard.

Here the plan administrator . . . had authority to decide all questions 

concerning the application or interpretation of the provisions of the 

[p]lan. When the PBGC took over the plan as statutory trustee, it had 

authority to “do any act authorized by the plan . . . to be done by the plan 

administrator or any trustee of the plan.” 29 U.S.C. § 1342(d)(1)(A)(i). 

Thus the district court correctly determined that the decisions of the 

PBGC were entitled to deferential review under both the APA and 

Firestone.

Id. Thus, the Tenth Circuit recognized the potential tension between Firestone and the APA, but 

was able to reconcile the two in that case because the plan at issue fit within the Firestone 

exception to de novo review. 

The plaintiffs would like to read more into the Tenth Circuit’s statements in Dycus. They

contend that the Tenth Circuit applied the Firestone standard to the PBGC’s administrative 
17

action and only deferred to the PBGC because the plan at issue gave the administrator 

discretionary authority, which the Thunderbird Plan does not provide to the PBGC in this case. 

See Firestone, 489 U.S. at 115 (stating that de novo review is appropriate “unless the benefit 

plan gives the administrator or fiduciary discretionary authority to determine eligibility for 

benefits or to construe the terms of the plan.”). The plaintiffs’ reading of Dycus and its 

understanding of Firestone is incorrect. While the Tenth Circuit discussed Firestone and the 

deference accorded to the administrator by the terms of the pension plan, the Court did not, as 

the plaintiff argues, disregard the APA. To the contrary, the Court stated that decisions of the 

PBGC “were entitled to deferential review under both the APA and Firestone.” Dycus, 133 F.3d 

at 1369 (emphasis added). 

Aside from Dycus, the plaintiff cites no other case in support of its position that the 

PBGC should not be accorded deference under the APA in actions pursuant to § 1303(f). Like 

the Tenth Circuit, this Court concludes that deference to the PBGC under the APA is appropriate 

given the agency’s specialized role in the administration and protection of pension benefits for 

this country’s workers. It is true that the PBGC’s “dual role of trustee and guarantor . . . 

undoubtedly has some built-in potential for a conflict of interest.” Piech v. Pension Ben. Guar. 

Corp., 744 F.2d 156, 161 (D.C. Cir. 1984) (stating that the PBGC’s dual role may “give rise to a 

conflict of interest leading to a breach of the fiduciary obligations of a plan trustee”); see also Glenn, 

554 U.S. at 115 (holding that courts should consider, under § 1132(a)(1)(B), the conflict of 

interest arising from an entity’s dual role as an ERISA plan administrator and payer of plan 

benefits as a factor in determining whether the plan administrator has abused its discretion in 

denying benefits); Firestone, 489 U.S. at 115 (“[I]f a benefit plan gives discretion to an 

administrator or fiduciary who is operating under a conflict of interest, that conflict must be 
18

weighed as a factor in determining whether there is an abuse of discretion.”). Nevertheless, 

Congress not only expressly authorized the PBGC to assume a dual role as trustee and guarantor, 

but also provided for involuntary termination proceedings under ERISA “precisely so that [the] 

PBGC can protect its own financial interests and ‘avoid any unreasonable deterioration of the

financial condition of the plan or any unreasonable increase in the liability of the fund.’”

Republic Tech. Int’l, 386 F.3d at 668 (quoting 29 U.S.C. § 1342(c)). While the potential conflict 

arising from the PBGC’s dual role may certainly be relevant in some circumstances, the Court is 

cognizant of the agency’s unique role in regulating ERISA and its interest in maintaining 

financial stability so that it may continue to safeguard and insure benefits for employees across 

the county.11

As explained above, the plaintiffs’ assertion that Firestone and Dycus support de novo

review of the PBGC’s actions in this case is erroneous. Courts have consistently applied the 

deferential APA standard of review to PBGC actions under § 1303(f). See, e.g., Sara Lee Corp. 

v Am. Bakers Ass’n Retirement Plan, 512 F. Supp. 2d 32, 37 (D.D.C. 2007) (rejecting assertion 

that de novo review applies to actions under § 1303(f) and applying deferential review pursuant 

to the APA); Montgomery v. Pension Benefit Guar. Corp., 601 F. Supp. 2d 139, 141-42 (D.D.C. 

2009) (applying deferential review under the APA to legal challenge filed pursuant to § 

1303(f)).12 In fact, the plaintiffs’ specific argument that Firestone should be applied to the 

 11 The PBGC receives no funds from general tax revenues. See Republic Tech. Int’l, 386 F.3d at 661. The agency 

finances its operations “using income from four basic sources: (1) insurance premiums set by Congress and paid by 

sponsors of defined benefit plans, (2) investment income, (3) assets in terminated plans, and (4) recoveries, if any, 

from employers whose underfunded plans have terminated.” Id.; see also 29 U.S.C. §§ 1302(g)(2), 1306, 1362.

12 The plaintiffs argue that Montgomery v. PBGC supports their position that de novo review should apply despite 

the fact that Montgomery applied deferential judicial review pursuant to the APA. Specifically, the plaintiffs state 

that “[a]fter stating the general standard of review applicable in APA cases . . . the Court went on to apply what 

amounts to a thorough de novo review of the agency’s decision” and “carefully examined the plan terms in 

question.” Pls.’ Reply, ECF No. 55, at 8. This argument is meritless. That court explicitly stated that the APA 

required judicial deference to agency actions and its detailed explanation as to why the agency in that case was 
19

PBGC was recently raised and denied by another court in this jurisdiction.

In Davis v. PBGC, Judge Kennedy rejected the plaintiff’s assertion that “the trust law 

principles applied by the Supreme Court in Firestone . . . apply equally to the PBGC.” Davis v. 

Pension Benefit Guar. Corp., No. 08-cv-1064, 2011 WL 4536888, at *2 n.2 (D.D.C. Sept. 30,

2011). The court recognized that Firestone was limited to actions under § 1132(a)(1)(B) and “is 

not binding” in cases under § 1303(f). Accordingly, the court concluded that there was “no other 

avenue to avoid the default presumption that federal agency actions are, where the governing 

statute is silent, reviewed pursuant to the APA.” Id.; see also Alaska Dep’t of Envtl. 

Conservation v. EPA, 540 U.S. 461, 496 (2004) (“Because the Act itself does not specify a 

standard for judicial review in this instance, we apply the familiar default standard of the 

Administrative Procedure Act and ask whether the Agency’s action was ‘arbitrary, capricious, an 

abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law.’”). Just as in Davis, this Court sees 

no basis to depart from the default presumption that the PBGC is entitled deference pursuant to 

the APA.13

2. Arbitrary and Capricious Review Pursuant To The APA

Pursuant to the APA, courts may only set aside agency actions, including those of the 

PBGC, that are found to be “arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in 

accordance with law.” 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A); Sara Lee Corp., 512 F. Supp. 2d at 37. In 

evaluating agency actions under this standard, courts must consider “whether the [agency’s] 

 

correct should not be construed to imply that the PBGC is held to a higher standard of review. 

13 The plaintiffs argue that the PBGC must administer the plan in accordance with its terms and here the specific 

contract term at issue is ambiguous because the Plan does not define “permanent shutdown.” Pls.’ Mot. Summ. J., 

ECF No. 52, at 14. According to the plaintiff, the PBGC was incorrect as a matter of contract interpretation, which 

is a legal, not factual, determination that the Court must review de novo. Id. The plaintiffs are correct that while an 

agency is provided deference in the interpretation of its own statute, it is not provided deference in matters of 

contract interpretation. See Pls.’ Reply, ECF No. 55, at 3-4. Here, however, whether a “permanent shutdown” 

occurred prior to the Plan’s termination date is primarily a factual question, which is within the agency’s expertise to 

determine after review of relevant facts and circumstances of the shutdown.
20

decision was based on a consideration of the relevant factors and whether there has been a clear 

error of judgment.” Marsh v. Oregon Natural Res. Council, 490 U.S. 360, 378 (1989) (internal 

quotations and citation omitted); Citizens to Preserve Overton Park v. Volpe, 401 U.S. 402, 416 

(1971); DIRECTV, Inc. v. FCC, 110 F.3d 816, 826 (D.C. Cir. 1997). The scope of the Court’s 

review under this standard “is narrow and a court is not to substitute its judgment for that of the 

agency.” Motor Vehicle Mfrs. Ass’n v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 463 U.S. 29, 30 (1983).

The Court starts with the assumption that the agency action is valid. Envtl. Def. Fund, 

Inc. v. Costle, 657 F.2d 275, 283 (D.C. Cir. 1981). If an agency, however, “failed to provide a 

reasoned explanation, or where the record belies the agency’s conclusion, [the court] must undo 

its action.” Cnty. of Los Angeles v. Shalala, 192 F.3d 1005, 1021 (D.C. Cir. 1999). At the very 

least, the agency must have reviewed relevant data and articulated a satisfactory explanation 

establishing a “rational connection between the facts found and the choice made.” Motor Vehicle 

Mfrs., 463 U.S. at 43 (internal quotations omitted); see also Pub. Citizen, Inc. v. Fed. Aviation 

Admin., 988 F.2d 186, 197 (D.C. Cir. 1993) (“The requirement that agency action not be 

arbitrary or capricious includes a requirement that the agency adequately explain its result.”). 

Agency actions are considered arbitrary and capricious if the agency “relied on factors which 

Congress has not intended it to consider, entirely failed to consider an important aspect of the 

problem, offered an explanation for its decision that runs counter to the evidence before the 

agency, or is so implausible that it could not be ascribed to a difference in view or the product of 

agency expertise.” Motor Vehicle Mfrs., 463 U.S. at 43. While the agency’s explanation cannot 

“run [ ] counter to the evidence,” id., courts should “uphold a decision of less than ideal clarity if 

the agency’s path may reasonably be discerned.” Bowman Transp. Inc. v. Arkansas-Best Freight 

Sys., Inc., 419 U.S. 281, 286 (1974). Furthermore, where an agency has acted in an area in 
21

which it has special expertise, the court must be particularly deferential to the agency’s 

determinations. Sara Lee Corp., 512 F. Supp. 2d at 37. At the same time, the Court is mindful 

of the PBGC’s special fiduciary role as administrator of the plan at issue. See Piech, 744 F.2d at 

161 (recognizing that the PBGC’s dual role as guarantor and trustee may “give rise to a conflict of 

interest leading to a breach of the fiduciary obligations of a plan trustee”).

In actions under the APA, summary judgment is the appropriate mechanism for 

“deciding, as a matter of law, whether the agency action is supported by the administrative 

record and otherwise consistent with the APA standard of review.” Oceana, Inc. v. Locke, No. 

10-cv-744, 2011 WL 6357795, at *8 (D.D.C. Dec. 20, 2011) (citing to Richard v. INS, 554 F.2d 

1173, 1177 (D.C. Cir. 1977)). “In such cases, a federal district court sits as an appellate tribunal 

to review the purely legal question of whether the agency acted in an arbitrary and capricious 

manner.” Franks v. Salazar, No. 09-cv-942, 2011 WL 4600723, at *4 (D.D.C. Oct. 6, 2011) 

(citing Am. Bioscience, Inc. v. Thompson, 269 F.3d 1077, 1083 (D.C. Cir. 2001)). Judicial 

review is limited to the administrative record, and the burden is on the plaintiff to prove how the 

decision was arbitrary and capricious. Id.

B. Summary Judgment

Pursuant to Rule 56 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, summary judgment shall be 

granted “if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the 

movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” FED. R. CIV. P. 56(a); Anderson v. Liberty 

Lobby, 477 U.S. 242, 247 (1986); Tao v. Freeh, 27 F.3d 635, 638 (D.C. Cir. 1994). Summary 

judgment is properly granted against a party who “after adequate time for discovery and upon 

motion . . . fails to make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to 

that party’s case, and on which that party will bear the burden of proof at trial.” Celotex Corp. v. 

Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986). The burden is on the moving party to demonstrate that there 
22

is an “absence of a genuine issue of material fact” in dispute. Celotex Corp., 477 U.S. at 323.

In ruling on a motion for summary judgment, the court must draw all justifiable 

inferences in favor of the nonmoving party, and shall accept the nonmoving party’s evidence as 

true. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 255; Tao, 27 F.3d at 638. The Court is only required to consider the 

materials explicitly cited by the parties, but may on its own accord consider “other materials in 

the record.” FED. R. CIV. P. 56(c)(3). The nonmoving party must establish more than “the mere 

existence of a scintilla of evidence” in support of its position, Anderson, 477 U.S. at 255, and 

cannot simply rely on allegations or conclusory statements. Greene v. Dalton, 164 F.3d 671, 675 

(D.C. Cir. 1999). Rather, the nonmoving party must present specific facts that would enable a 

reasonable jury to find in its favor. Id. If the evidence “is merely colorable, or not significantly 

probative, summary judgment may be granted.” Anderson, 477 U.S. at 249-50.

III. DISCUSSION

The plaintiffs contend that the PBGC erroneously denied “shutdown benefits” to former 

EVTAC employees, a determination that “rests squarely on the conclusion that the EVTAC plant 

was not permanently shut down by the Company prior to the plan termination date of July 24, 

2003.” Pls.’ Mot. Summ. J., ECF No. 52, at 14. As explained above, the Court must defer to the 

PBGC so long as its decision was not arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise 

not in accordance with law. See Dycus, 133 F.3d at 1370. Upon review of the administrative 

record, the Court concludes that the PBGC’s determination that the EVTAC facility did not 

undergo a “permanent shutdown” prior to the plan termination date is sufficiently supported by 

evidence in the record. 

A. The PBGC’s Decision is Supported by EVTAC’s Public and Private 

Representations That a Permanent Shutdown Had Not Occurred

The Thunderbird Plan provides for shutdown benefits when there is a “permanent 
23

shutdown,” but does not define or specify when a “permanent shutdown” occurs. PBGC policy 

states that when the agency is confronted with applications for shutdown benefits, it will 

“scrutinize shutdown benefits and make case-by-case determinations of whether facility 

shutdowns have occurred. The purpose of these determinations is to ensure that shutdown 

benefits are not paid when employment has continued, even if that employment is with a new 

employer.” AR 659 (PBGC Operating Policy Manual). The PBGC further states that it “will 

pay shutdown benefits only if it determines that a shutdown has occurred . . . . A determination 

of whether a shutdown has occurred will be based on whether or not substantially all of the 

employer’s operations have ceased, resulting in a loss of jobs that is expected to be permanent 

for all or substantially all of the employees at that facility who are participants in the plan. The 

sale of an employer’s assets does not automatically constitute a shutdown.” AR 660(PBGC 

Operating Policy Manual). In determining whether a permanent shutdown had occurred prior to 

the Plan’s termination date, the PBGC Appeals Board methodically reviewed in chronological 

order the representations made by EVTAC publicly to its workers and in judicial proceedings, as 

well as privately to the PBGC. In doing so, the Appeals Board also evaluated the plaintiffs’

interpretations of those same representations as a basis for the plaintiffs’ assertions that EVTAC 

permanently shut down its plant on May 15, 2003. 

First, the PBGC Appeals Board addressed the plaintiffs’ assertion that “management’s 

written statements indicate its intent to permanently close the plant if no additional orders were 

received.” AR 8. Specifically, EVTAC’s March 2003 WARN Act Notice to employees advised 

that the plant was to be “temporarily” shutdown, unless new orders were received during the 

“shutdown period.” See Def.’s Mot. Summ. J., ECF No. 51, at 7; AR 463, 565. The Appeals 

Board noted the “clear” indication that the shutdown was “temporary,” and of “indefinite 
24

duration” because EVTAC was uncertain “when it might receive” new orders and “did not want 

to limit its options by specifying an end date that was too early.” AR 8-9. In short, even though 

EVTAC did not obtain new orders from March to July 24, 2003, EVTAC believed that it had not 

permanently shut down and was continuing to seek new orders and buyers and had not decided 

to liquidate its assets permanently.

In support of this conclusion, the record indicates that in early June 2003, EVTAC was 

communicating with the PBGC and informed the agency that 300 hourly workers had applied for 

shutdown benefits in May 2003, but the company had denied those benefits because “there is a 

glimmer of hope [EVTAC] can survive.” AR 583 (Email from Gadre Ajit describing June 6, 

2003 phone conversation with EVTAC representatives). EVTAC further informed the PBGC 

that the USW was “pressuring the company to declare a permanent shutdown” but that it had “so 

far resisted.” Id. EVTAC believed that it would decide by “Aug 1” whether to reorganize or 

“liquidate (i.e. the date it may declare permanent shutdown)” and there was “hope that the 

Chinese will want to buy pellets” and “[Cleveland]-Cliffs may want to buy EVTAC too.” AR 

584. 

Second, in making its decision, the PBGC Appeals Board relied upon EVTAC’s 

representations regarding its efforts to find new contracts and buyers through July 2003. The 

record indicates that EVTAC met with Congressman Oberstar on July 5, 2003, who then began 

facilitating conversations with Chinese steelmakers and potential buyers. EVTAC’s 

representations that it hoped to sell the company and that it was negotiating with potential buyers 

are corroborated by the fact that it did, in fact, reach an agreement to sell the EVTAC facility 

merely three months later in October 2003. In its motion to approve the asset sale in the 

bankruptcy court, EVTAC stated it had “suspended its mining and taconite production operations 
25

on or about May 16, 2003” and was continuing “to maintain the equipment and other assets 

associated with its mining operations to protect the enterprise value of its estate while 

[Thunderbird sought] a purchaser and/or funding for a plan of reorganization.” AR 646-47; see 

also Def.’s Mot. Summ. J., ECF No. 51, at 10. 

EVTAC’s public and private representations that a permanent shutdown had not occurred 

as of July 24, 2003, as well as evidence of its efforts to find new buyers to resuscitate its 

operations, provide sufficient support for PBGC’s conclusion that the shutdown was not 

permanent as of July 2003. This Court is cognizant, as was the PBGC Appeals Board, however, 

that in February 2003, prior to the events described above, EVTAC informed USW 

representatives in a confidential letter that the plant would likely “close permanently,” and 

EVTAC’s June 2003 request to the DOL to reconsider Trade Adjustment Assistance described 

the plant as “totally shutdown.” The Court agrees with the plaintiffs, however, that “actions 

speak louder than words.” Pls.’ Mot. Summ. J., ECF No. 52, at 15. These two representations 

do not sufficiently undermine other facts in the record, including evidence of EVTAC’s efforts, 

which were ultimately successful, of selling its operations as a going concern. 

B. Objective Facts Further Support PBGC’s Determination That a Permanent 

Shutdown Did Not Occur 

The plaintiffs contend that because the Thunderbird Plan did not specifically define 

“permanent shutdown,” the Court should look to arbitration decisions for “a coherent and 

persuasive body of authority interpreting ‘shutdown benefit’ provisions.” Pls.’ Mot. Summ. J., 

ECF No. 52, at 14. According to the plaintiffs, arbitration decisions indicate that the appropriate 

inquiry to determine whether a permanent shutdown occurs involves assessing “objective facts” 
26

and whether the company “abandoned all ‘reasonable hope’ of resuming operations.”14 Id. at 15-

16. 

As an initial matter, the Court rejects the suggestion that arbitral decisions control the 

Court’s analysis of whether the PBGC’s action was arbitrary or capricious. As the defendant 

notes, “[s]ince the sole question is whether there was a rational connection between the facts 

found and the decision PBGC made, the arbitral decisions are not binding, or even persuasive, 

authority in challenging PBGC’s benefit determinations.” Def.’s Opp’n Pls.’ Mot. Summ. J, 

ECF No. 53, at 11. In any event, the PBGC Appeals Board stated that it “considered all of the 

material [] submitted in connection with [the plaintiffs’] appeal, including the arbitral decisions 

cited in [the plaintiffs’] brief.” AR 6.

The plaintiffs argue that the PBGC’s determination that the plant was not permanently 

shutdown was erroneous because it looked to the company’s “statements and subjective beliefs,”

and ignored “objective facts.” Pls.’ Opp’n Def.’s Mot. Summ. J., ECF No. 54, at 8-9. The 

plaintiffs contend that “the ‘objective facts’ in the record readily demonstrate that, as of the Plan 

termination date of July 24, 2003, the Company had indeed ‘thrown in the towel’ in the decisive 

sense that it harbored no ‘reasonable hope’ of resuming its operations at the EVTAC plant.”

Pls.’ Mot. Summ. J., ECF No. 52, at 18. Putting aside EVTAC’s representations, however, the 

administrative record contains sufficient evidence to support the PBGC’s conclusion that 

EVTAC did not permanently shut down. 

The plaintiffs primarily assert that “EVTAC’s decision not to maintain the plant and its 

equipment in ‘standby’ condition – as EVTAC consistently had done in the past in the case of 

temporary shutdowns – speaks volumes and leads ineluctably to the conclusion that in this 

 14 The arbitral decisions the plaintiffs cite do not involve the PBGC and, in any event, were not binding on the 

PBGC’s Appeals Board. AR 8. 
27

instance, EVTAC’s closure of the plant was intended to be permanent.” Id. at 19. Plaintiffs 

contend that when the EVTAC plant was temporarily shut down in the past, “15 to 20 hourly 

employees” continued to be employed to protect equipment from damage and disuse, and 

vendors left their equipment at the plant site. By contrast, in this instance, employees were 

instructed to weld shut the gates and doors of the plant, the vendors’ leases were terminated and 

their equipment removed, and there were no hourly employees to perform intermittent inspection 

of the plant equipment.

The plaintiffs are correct that the 2003 shutdown differed from temporary shutdowns that 

had occurred in the past. Nonetheless, this evidence does not conclusively establish that the 

shutdown was permanent. In Coleman v. PBGC, No. 99-cv-278, 2005 WL 5534139 (D.D.C. 

2005), for example, the court concluded that although there was “a complete shutdown of the 

entire plant” and employees were laid off months prior to the plant closing date, “[i]t does not 

follow . . . that a production shutdown necessarily constituted a permanent shutdown of [] 

plants.” Id. at *11. That court specifically concluded that the “PBGC relied on the Union’s and 

[company’s] representations [regarding when the plant closure was permanent], and such 

reliance was not unreasonable.” Id. at *10. 

In this case, EVTAC’s shutdown and specifically its departure from previous practice 

also does not necessarily imply that the EVTAC plant was permanently shut down, nor did the 

PBGC fail to consider the specific circumstances of EVTAC’s May 2003 closure. The PBGC 

recognized and “agree[d]” that EVTAC “did not anticipate reopening the plant within a matter of 

weeks after the temporary closure began.” AR 10. Nevertheless, the PBGC concluded that “a 

failure [to place the plant on standby] would [not] foreclose any reasonable likelihood of 

resuming operations.” AR 9. This determination is supported by the record, which establishes 
28

that EVTAC did in fact resume production in late 2003 as required by the terms of transaction 

between EVTAC and Cleveland-Cliffs/Laiwu.

Other objective facts in the record provide a sufficient basis for the PBGC’s conclusion 

that a permanent shutdown had not occurred. As previously noted, EVTAC’s March 10, 2003

notice described the planned shutdown as “temporary.” AR 464-65. A similar description was 

used two months later, in May 2003, when EVTAC initiated bankruptcy proceedings under 

Chapter 11 seeking to reorganize or sell the company and placed nearly all of its workers on 

“indefinite temporary layoff.” AR 540 (emphasis added). In May and June, EVTAC denied 

“shutdown benefits” to these employees upon its conclusion that the shutdown was not 

permanent. Moreover, the record indicates that EVTAC continued to seek new orders, meeting 

with potential buyers through and past the July 24, 2003 termination date. EVTAC’s actions 

prior to the July 24, 2003 date adequately support the PBGC’s conclusion that EVTAC still 

intended to revive and renew its operations and that the shutdown had yet to become permanent. 

Finally, the procedural history of this matter lends further support for the PBGC’s 

conclusion that no permanent shutdown of EVTAC occurred prior to the July 24, 2003 

termination date. PBGC moved to terminate the Plan on July 24, 2003, before, in its view,

EVTAC’s shutdown became permanent, which would have triggered the vesting of shutdown 

benefits and the resulting increase in unfunded liabilities for the agency. In particular, the PBGC

Appeals Board thoroughly considered the plaintiffs’ assertion that by the time of the Plan’s 

termination, the PBGC had determined that “EVTAC was not viable and that there was no 

reasonable expectation that the facility would resume operations.” AR 10. The Appeals Board 

discussed internal PBGC documents relied upon by the plaintiffs for its conclusion that the 

PBGC knew the plant had permanently ceased operations by July 24, 2003. Contrary to the 
29

plaintiffs’ conclusion, the Appeals Board determined that these internal documents showed the 

termination date was set while the plant was merely in temporary shutdown and even though 

EVTAC “continued seeking pellet contracts,” in order to avoid “additional underfunding that 

would result from a permanent shutdown . . . .” AR 10-11. 

USW understood the timing of the PBGC’s action and the reason underlying its proposed 

termination date of July 24, 2003. The USW intervened in the proceeding before the U.S. 

District Court for the District of Minnesota in order to contest the July 24, 2003 date as “not in 

the best interests of participants of [the] plan.” AR 618. As part of a negotiated deal, however, 

the USW ultimately agreed to the July 24, 2003 termination date, and represented to the district 

court that it “did not oppose” the PBGC’s motion. AR 505-06; 597, 609-14. 

C. The PBGC Did Not Err When Considering EVTAC’s Transaction with 

Cleveland-Cliffs and Laiwu 

The plaintiffs additionally contend that the PBGC erred in its determination that the 

EVTAC plant was not permanently shut down because it improperly considered EVTAC’s 

eventual sale of the plant. According to the plaintiffs, “relevant case law and the PBGC’s own 

policy statement on shutdown benefits establish that the right of pension plan participants to 

receive shutdown benefits when their employer permanently ceases its operations at a plant it 

owns is not negated by the employer’s subsequent sale of its assets to an unrelated entity that 

initiates operations anew at the plant but does not adopt or continue the employer’s pension 

plan.” Pls.’ Opp’n Def.’s Mot. Summ. J., ECF No. 55, at 11. 

In support of this position, the plaintiffs rely on Thorpe v. Retirement Plan of the 

Pillsbury Co., 80 F.3d 439 (10th Cir. 1996), but this reliance is misplaced. In Thorpe, the 

plaintiff challenged his previous employer’s denial of early retirement benefits, which he argued

were triggered by “plant closure.” The plant in which the plaintiff worked “discontinued its 
30

operations . . . and laid off its employees.” Id. at 442. That same day, a new employer “took 

over operation of the facility, answering phones, accepting deliveries and hiring new 

employees,” and also re-hired the plaintiff. Id. Production at the facility began the following 

day. While the new employer continued, almost without interruption, production at the plant, the 

purchase agreement between the two companies did not provide for assumption of the previous 

employer’s collective bargaining agreement with its workers; did not require the new company 

to hire old employees or to continue their terms and conditions of employment; and did not 

transfer the liabilities associated with the previous pension and welfare plans. Id. at 443-44.

On these facts, the Tenth Circuit held that the plant in which the plaintiff worked had 

closed within the meaning of the pension plan and the plaintiff was entitled to early retirement 

benefits. The court stated that it was “precisely the alteration in the rights and responsibilities of 

Defendants that makes it clear that the [] plant closed” and that the plan’s “contractual liabilities 

did not evaporate” when the plant was sold to “a buyer who specifically refused to assume such 

liabilities.” Id. at 444; cf. Dycus, 133 F.3d at 1371-72 (affirming PBGC’s determination that a 

“permanent shutdown” did not occur in part because plaintiffs’ new employer assumed 

responsibility for the existing pension plans). 

The plaintiffs in this case argue that “[t]he reasoning and the holding of the Tenth Circuit 

in Thorpe apply with full force here. Like the purchaser of the employer’s assets in Thorpe, the 

purchaser of EVTAC’s assets in this case – United Taconite – did not, insofar as the record 

shows, agree to assume EVTAC’s contractual liabilities under the terms of the Thunderbird 

Pension Plan.” Pls.’ Mot. Summ. J., ECF No. 52, at 22-23. While as a factual matter the 

plaintiffs are correct, they misunderstand the question before the Court. As the defendant 

explains, the question in Thorpe was “whether there had been a shutdown at all on the date of the 
31

sale, not whether there had earlier been a ‘permanent shutdown.’ Here, whether the purchaser 

later assumed the Pension Plan has no relevance.” Def.’s Reply, ECF No. 57, at 4. 

To elaborate, the Thunderbird Plan terminated on July 24, 2003, well prior to the date 

Cleveland-Cliffs and Laiwu purchased the EVTAC facility as a going concern. Consequently, 

the question before the Court is not whether United Taconite assumed the pension plan for the 

former EVTAC workers, but whether there is evidence in the record sufficient to support the 

PBGC’s determination that prior to July 24, 2003, EVTAC had not permanently shut down its 

operations. As discussed above, the record indicates that EVTAC not only sought to sell its 

operations as a going concern, but was also seeking new orders that would allow it to continue to 

operate. In its July 5, 2003 meeting with Congressman Oberstar, for example, the record

indicates that EVTAC discussed the possibility of obtaining sales contracts with Chinese 

manufacturers. EVTAC further represented to the PBGC during that time that there was “hope 

that the Chinese will want to buy pellets.” AR 584. The fact that United Taconite did not 

assume the Thunderbird Plan when it ultimately purchased EVTAC’s operations does not negate 

the fact that evidence supports the PBGC’s conclusion that prior to July 24, 2003, EVTAC had 

not permanently shut down its plant and believed that it could resume operations.

The PBGC’s determination that the EVTAC plant had not permanently shut down prior 

to July 24, 2003 is supported by the record before the Court and is rationally connected to the 

facts in this case. The PBGC’s denial of shutdown benefits to former EVTAC employees was 

thus not arbitrary or capricious.

IV. CONCLUSION

As explained above, the plaintiffs have failed to demonstrate that the PBGC’s denial of 

shutdown benefits to former Thunderbird employees was arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of 
32

discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law. Accordingly, the defendant’s motion for 

summary judgment is GRANTED and the plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment on liability 

is DENIED.

DATE: MARCH 20, 2012 /s/ Beryl A. Howell___

BERYL A. HOWELL

United States District Judge