NOT PRECEDENTIAL

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

___________

No. 23-2496

__________

FRIEDRICH LU,

Appellant

v.

JANE E. YOUNG; JOE H. TUCKER, JR.; LESLIE M. GREENSPAN; 

TUCKER LAW GROUP, LLC; LYNN CHARYTAN; ALYCIA S. HORN; 

COMCAST CABLE COMMUNICATIONS, LLC; BISOLA OJIKUTU; 

TIMOTHY J. HARRINGTON; BATOOL RAZA; WHITNEY C. PASTERNACK; 

BOSTON PUBLIC HEALTH COMMISSION; MARK L. WOLF; WALTER T. 

MITCHELL; JAHAD HASAN; ERIC T. DONOVAN; DAVID T. DONNELLY; 

STEVEN TANKLE; JEFFREY A. LOCKE; CATHERINE O’HAGAN WOLFE;

GEORGE V. WYLESOL; UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

____________________________________

On Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania

(D.C. Civil Action No. E.D. Pa. Civ. No. 2:23-cv-01239)

District Judge: Honorable John M. Younge

____________________________________

Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)

May 16, 2024

Before: JORDAN, PHIPPS, and NYGAARD, Circuit Judges

(Opinion filed: June 25, 2024)

___________

OPINION*

___________

* This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not 
2

PER CURIAM

Friedrich Lu filed a pro se complaint against 22 defendants, bringing RICO1and 

tort claims based on recent incidents while describing them as proof of a government 

conspiracy that has complicated his life for decades. Most of the defendants, in three 

groups, moved to dismiss the complaint on various grounds.2 Six defendants did not 

appear or participate, and Lu requested that the Clerk enter defaults against them, 

describing the efforts he had made to serve them. He also sought the District Judge’s 

recusal.

After the District Judge declined to recuse, the District Court granted the motions 

to dismiss and dismissed the claims with prejudice, variously for lack of subject-matter 

jurisdiction, for lack of personal jurisdiction, and for failure to state a claim.3 After 

considering the evidence of service that Lu had included in his requests for the entry of 

default and concluding that Lu had not shown that service was properly or timely 

effectuated, the District Court dismissed the remaining defendants from the action 

constitute binding precedent.

1 Racketeer Influenced Corrupt Organizations Act of 1970

2 Like the District Court, we call the groups the “Comcast defendants,” the “Federal 

defendants,” and the “BPHC defendants.” Because we write primarily for the parties, 

who are familiar with the facts, we will not redefine the groups here.

3 Dismissals for lack of personal jurisdiction and for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction 

are necessarily without prejudice, see Lauderdale-El v. Indiana Parole Bd., 35 F.4th 572, 

576–77 (7th Cir. 2022), and we understand that the District Court did not intend a final 

judgment on the merits by the “with prejudice” designation. See ECF No. 62 at 15. 
3

without prejudice for lack of proper or timely service under Rule 4(m). The District 

Court directed the Clerk of Court to disregard the requests for default because they were 

moot and to close the case. In its order, the District Court did not explicitly rule on a few 

of Lu’s pending motions, including his request that two of the defendants (Young, the 

U.S. Attorney for the District of New Hampshire, and Wolf, a senior District Judge in the 

District of Massachusetts) be enjoined from relying on (or, perhaps, only discussing) a 

filing injunction that Wolf had entered in 2002, and a motion to enjoin Young from 

contacting him. Lu moved for reconsideration, which the District Court denied. Lu filed 

a notice of appeal, which he subsequently amended to include a challenge to the effective 

denial of his requests for injunctive relief against Young. 

We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291.4 We review the District Judge’s 

order denying the motion to recuse for abuse of discretion. See Securacomm Consulting, 

4 The District Court dismissed some of the defendants for lack of proper service, that

dismissal was “without prejudice,” Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(m), and without-prejudice dismissals 

typically are not immediately appealable. See Borelli v. City of Reading, 532 F.2d 950, 

951–52 (3d Cir. 1976) (per curiam). But see, e.g., G. W. v. Ringwood Bd. of Educ., 28 

F.4th 465, 468 n.2 (3d Cir. 2022) (stating that a dismissal for lack of subject-matter 

jurisdiction does not fall within the Borelli rule). However, the without-prejudice 

dismissals for lack of proper service in this case do not preclude our review because “a 

named defendant who has not been served is not a ‘party’ within the meaning of Rule 

54(b).” Gomez v. Gov’t of the V.I., 882 F.2d 733, 736 (3d Cir. 1989); see also

Cambridge Holdings Grp., Inc. v. Fed. Ins. Co., 489 F.3d 1356, 1360-61 (D.C. Cir. 2007) 

(“[A] district court order disposing of all claims against all properly served defendants 

satisfies the requirements of Rule 54(b), even if claims against those not properly served 

remain unresolved.”); Patchick v. Kensington Pub. Corp., 743 F.2d 675, 677 (9th Cir. 

1984) (suggesting that an order dismissing some defendants with prejudice would be final 

if 1) a district court ruled in favor of other defendants on their argument that they had not 

been properly served or 2) dismissed the action as to those defendants). Lu asserted that 
4

Inc. v. Securacom Inc., 224 F.3d 273, 278 (3d Cir. 2000). Our review of the order 

dismissing the complaint is plenary. See In re Schering Plough Corp. Intron/Temodar 

Consumer Class Action, 678 F.3d 235, 243 (3d Cir. 2012); Gould Elecs. Inc. v. United 

States, 220 F.3d 169, 176 (3d Cir. 2000); Danziger & De Llano, LLP v. Morgan 

Verkamp LLC, 948 F.3d 124, 129 (3d Cir. 2020). However, we do not consider issues 

that Lu does not raise, including any challenge to the effective denial of the two requests 

he served the defendants by “following state law for serving a summons in an action 

brought in courts of general jurisdiction in the state where the district court is located or 

where service is made,” Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(e)(1), see ECF Nos. 14 at 1 & 60 at 2. But he 

purported to have served some defendants by email on the ground that “Massachusetts 

‘state law’ – not Mass Rules Civ Pro per se” permitted that method of service of process. 

ECF No. 14 at 1. But Lu could not serve the defendants by email under the 

circumstances of this case where Massachusetts does not generally permit service of 

process by email (and neither does Pennsylvania). For the other defendants, he relied on 

Pennsylvania’s provisions for mailing service to a defendant “outside the 

Commonwealth.” Pa. R. Civ. P. 404. Putting aside whether Lu could rely on this 

provision by filing a lawsuit in the Eastern District of Pennsylvania and then going to the 

“Town of Dedham, Massachusetts post office,” ECF No. 60, to serve process by mail to 

defendants who were in the same Commonwealth as he, we agree with the District Court 

that Pennsylvania requires the submission of a “signed return receipt signed by the 

defendant” for service by mail under Rule 404, Pa. R. Civ. P. 405(c), and Lu did not 

submit any return receipts. Lu relies on Cinta’s Corporation v. Lee’s Cleaning Services, 

Inc., 700 A.2d 915 (Pa. 1997), to argue that his failure to submit the receipt does not 

preclude a finding that he properly served the defendants. However, even assuming that 

the principle described in Cinta’s Corporation applies to the service issue in this case, that 

case is distinguishable because in it, unlike in Lu’s case, the plaintiff included “sufficient 

information for a court to determine that service was proper.” 700 A.2d at 918 

(describing “ample facts to show that service was proper” submitted through an affidavit 

from counsel instead of from his employee, the process server himself); see also Grand 

Ent. Grp., Ltd. v. Star Media Sales, Inc., 988 F.2d 476, 488 (3d Cir. 1993) (“[T]he party 

asserting the validity of service bears the burden of proof on that issue.”).
5

for injunctive relief against Young, decisions he mentions in his brief but does not 

present any argument about.5 See M.S. by & through Hall v. Susquehanna Twp. Sch. 

Dist., 969 F.3d 120, 124 n.2 (3d Cir. 2020) (explaining that a party forfeits any argument 

that he does not raise in his opening brief). 

In challenging the District Judge’s decision not to recuse, Lu makes far-ranging 

arguments about how and why the District Judge became “an assassin to kill the case,” 3d 

Cir. Doc. No. 18-1 at 2, and asks us not only to provide appellate review but also to grant 

mandamus relief requiring the District Judge’s recusal. Upon review, we conclude that 

there was no basis requiring the District Judge’s recusal and that it would not be 

appropriate for us to exercise our mandamus authority under these circumstances.6 See

Securacomm Consulting, Inc. v. Securacom Inc., 224 F.3d 273, 278 (3d Cir. 2000) (“We 

have repeatedly stated that a party’s displeasure with legal rulings does not form an 

adequate basis for recusal . . . .”); In re United States, 666 F.2d 690, 694 (1st Cir. 1981)

(explaining that “unsupported, irrational, or highly tenuous speculation” is not a basis for 

recusal); see also In re Abbott Laboratories, 96 F.4th 371, 379 (3d Cir. 2024) (“The writ 

5 He seemingly only wished to challenge the District Court’s treatment of those motions 

if we concluded that we did not have jurisdiction under § 1291 over the rest of his appeal. 

See 3d Cir. Doc. No. 18-1 at 8. 

6 To the extent that Lu also asks us to use our mandamus authority to vacate all the 

rulings in his District Court case, see, e.g., 3d Cir. Doc. No. 18-1 at 4, we note that 

mandamus may not be used as a substitute for appeal, see In re Briscoe, 448 F.3d 201, 

212 (3d Cir. 2006).
6

of mandamus is an extreme remedy reserved for only the most extraordinary situations.”) 

(cleaned up). 

Lu argues that the District Court erred in dismissing his RICO claims against the 

Comcast defendants by relying on a principle from Shearin v. E.F. Hutton Group, Inc., 

885 F.2d 1162 (3d Cir. 1989), because that case was abrogated in part by Beck v. Prupis, 

529 U.S. 494 (2000). However, Beck addressed a different issue (whether an overt act 

supporting a RICO claim could be something other than acts unlawful under the RICO 

statute), see Beck, 529 U.S. at 500, 507, and did not affect the requirements for which the 

District Court cited Shearin. See Great W. Mining & Min. Co. v. Fox Rothschild LLP, 

615 F.3d 159, 179 (3d Cir. 2010) (noting that Shearin had been abrogated in part by Beck

while citing it for its principle that a plaintiff claiming conspiracy must include 

allegations about its period, its object, and the certain actions by the alleged conspirators 

to achieve its purpose). And, as the District Court concluded, Lu did not plead what 

Shearin requires to state a RICO claim. See Shearin, 885 F.2d at 1166. Accordingly, 

Lu’s challenge to the dismissal of the claims against the Comcast defendants is without 

merit.

Lu contests the dismissal of the Federal defendants on several bases. He takes 

issue with the District Court’s interpretation of his complaint as including (in addition to 

other claims) constitutional or common law tort claims against the Federal defendants in 

their official capacities. See, e.g., 3d Cir. Doc. No. 18-1 (“Lu made no such claims 

against these defendants.”) But if he made no such claims, any error in dismissing them 
7

was harmless. He also asserts that the District Court erred in dismissing his Federal Tort 

Claim Act (“FTCA”) for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction because he had not met the 

jurisdictional prerequisite of first presenting a claim for money damages in a sum certain 

to the appropriate administrative agency. See White-Squire v. U.S. Postal Serv., 592 

F.3d 453, 456-57 (3d Cir. 2010). However, his FTCA claim was based on a hacking 

incident; his claim for $1 billion dollars in damages was “to compensate for [his] trial and 

tribulations for thirty years against foes unknown and [K]afkaesque experiences,” ECF 

No. 1-1, Ex. at 2-5. Despite his argument to the contrary, he did not request a qualifying 

sum certain. 

Lu challenges the dismissal of the RICO claims against the United States on the 

basis that “defendant United States did not challenge the RICO claim.” 3d Cir. Doc. No. 

18-1 at 23. However, the United States indeed argued that “RICO damages claims 

against the United States and the Federal Employee Defendants fail for implausibility” in 

moving to dismiss all claims for damages and equitable relief against the United States 

and the other Federal defendants. ECF No. 36 at 13; see also id. passim. Lu is right that 

counsel for the United States did not file a motion to dismiss the RICO and other claims 

against the Federal defendants in their individual capacities and instead urged dismissal 

of those claims in a statement of interest. See ECF No. 37; see also ECF No. 36 at 2 

(explaining that the statement of interest was filed because the claims should be promptly 

dismissed “even before the U.S. Department of Justice authorizes the U.S. Attorney’s 

Office to provide individual-capacity representation”). Regardless of the propriety of the 
8

statement, which Lu contests, we do not assign error to the District Court’s sua sponte 

dismissal of the implausible RICO or other claims against the Federal defendants in their 

individual capacities under the circumstances of this case. See Martinez-Rivera v. 

Sanchez Ramos, 498 F.3d 3, 7 (1st Cir. 2007) (describing the limited circumstances in 

which sua sponte dismissals under Rule 12(b)(6) are appropriate); see also Ashcroft v. 

Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (“To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must 

contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to “state a claim to relief that is 

plausible on its face.”); Shearin, 885 F.2d at 1166 (describing what must be pleaded to 

state a RICO claim). 

In relation to the BPHC defendants, Lu claims the District Court “thumbed its 

nose” at Laurel Gardens, LLC v. McKenna, 948 F.3d 105 (3d Cir. 2020), in ruling that it 

lacked personal jurisdiction over them. ECF No. 18-1 at 26. The District Court did not 

consider whether it had personal jurisdiction under a specific RICO Act provision 

authorizing nationwide exercise of personal jurisdiction that we discussed in Laurel 

Gardens, LLC. See id. at 109. However, the requirements of that provision, 18 U.S.C. 

§ 1965(b), are not met in this case.7 See § 1965(b) (explaining that a court may cause 

7 Because Lu has not identified any error with the dismissal of the BPHC defendants for 

lack of personal jurisdiction, we do not reach his claims that the District Court should not 

have alternatively dismissed the claims on the merits, see In re Lipitor Antitrust Litig.,

855 F.3d 126, 151 (3d Cir. 2017), as amended (Apr. 19, 2017). And, to the extent that he 

contends that the District Court should have entered default judgment against these 

defendants, we conclude that the District Court did not err in declining to do so where it 

concluded that it lacked personal jurisdiction over them. See Budget Blinds, Inc. v. 

White, 536 F.3d 244, 258 (3d Cir. 2008) (“A judgment is void within the meaning of 
9

parties residing in any other district to be summoned when “the ends of justice require ... 

[that they] be brought before the court”). 

For these reasons, we will affirm the District Court’s judgment. As we explained, 

we also decline to grant mandamus relief. Additionally, we deny Lu’s remaining 

motions.

Rule 60(b)(4) if the court that rendered it lacked personal jurisdiction over the 

defendant.”)