In The

Court of Appeals

Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana

No. 06-15-00129-CR

JAMES CUNNINGHAM, Appellant

V.

THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

On Appeal from the 85th District Court

Brazos County, Texas

Trial Court No. 14-04342-CRF-85

Before Morriss, C.J., Moseley and Burgess, JJ.

Memorandum Opinion by Justice Moseley
2

M E M O R A N D U M O P I N I O N

James Cunningham appeals his jury conviction in Brazos County1of the third degree 

felony offense of unlawful possession of a firearm by a felon,2 with a deadly weapon finding, the 

punishment range of which was enhanced to that of a second degree felony. Under this conviction 

and enhancement, Cunningham was sentenced by the trial court to twenty years’ confinement. 

Although we find it necessary to modify the judgment to reflect that Cunningham was convicted 

of only a third degree felony (not a second degree felony), we affirm the trial court’s judgment 

because (1) the trial court had jurisdiction to hear the matter, (2) the evidence is sufficient to 

support the conviction, and (3) Cunningham failed to preserve error relative to the complaint that 

his sentence was improperly enhanced. 

I. The Trial Court Had Jurisdiction

On September 4, 2014, the State indicted Cunningham for the offense of unlawful 

possession of a firearm by a felon. On June 12, 2015, the State filed its “Notice of Enhancement 

to Habitual Felon,” in which it identified a second felony conviction and its intent to seek enhanced 

sentencing under Section 12.42(d) of the Texas Penal Code. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. 

§ 12.42(d) (West Supp. 2016). On June 15, 2015, Cunningham filed his objection to the 

enhancement notice, in which he requested that the trial court “quash and set aside or dismiss the 

enhancement in this case.” 

 

1Originally appealed to the Tenth Court of Appeals in Waco, this case was transferred to this Court by the Texas 

Supreme Court pursuant to its docket equalization efforts. See TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 73.001 (West 2013). We 

follow the precedent of the Tenth Court of Appeals in deciding this case. See TEX. R. APP. P. 41.3. 

2TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 46.04(a)(1) (West 2011). 
3

The trial court conducted a hearing on the State’s notice to seek habitual felon sentencing, 

at which Cunningham claimed that the notice created unfair surprise and impaired his defensive 

strategy. The trial court sustained Cunningham’s objection to the State’s proposed enhancement, 

stating, “I’m going to grant the objection to the enhancement to habitual.” The trial court thereafter 

entered a written order, which stated, “On this 15 day of June, 2015, the court having considered 

the foregoing Motion to Quash Enhancement hereby (DENIES said motion) (GRANTS said 

motion . . . and orders the indictment be set aside and dismissed).” The pro forma order (which 

is located at the bottom of the motion to quash) reveals that the word “GRANTS” is circled. 

Cunningham contendsthat the referenced order effectively quashed the indictment, thereby 

dismissing the case from further consideration by the trial court, denying it further jurisdiction. 

The State disputed this, contending that the referenced order contained a clerical error, pointing 

out that Cunningham’s motion sought only to quash the enhancement.3 The parties thereafter 

proceeded to trial, and at the sentencing hearing, the State sought an enhanced sentence in the 

second degree felony range, relying on only one prior felony conviction.4

 

3Cunningham filed a separate motion to quash the indictment which also was apparently filed June 15, 2015. This 

motion, however, is based on the “vague and indefinite” nature of the indictment that purportedly failed to “properly 

place the defendant on notice of the specific dates that the alleged offense of Possession of a Firearm by a Convicted 

Felon occurred.” While the trial court did not enter a written order on this motion, it orally denied the motion to quash 

the indictment before ruling on the motion to quash the enhancement provision. After Cunningham presented the 

motion to quash the indictment at the June 15 hearing, the trial court stated, “I’m going to deny the motion to quash.” 

Later in the hearing, the trial court granted Cunningham’s objection to the enhancement. 

4By way of further explanation, the State had first sought to enhance Cunningham’s punishment range to that of a first 

degree felony, relying on Section 12.42(d) of the Texas Penal Code. After the trial court’s ruling, it ultimately sought 

only to enhance the penalty range to that of a second degree felony pursuant to Section 12.42(a) of the Texas Penal 

Code. 
4

We abated this matter to the trial court in accord with Rule 44.4 of the Texas Rules of 

Appellate Procedure5and Henery v. State, 364 S.W.3d 915 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012),6solely to 

determine whether the trial court intended the oral pronouncement quashing the habitual offender 

enhancement to control, or whether the trial court intended the written order purporting to quash 

the indictment to control. In response to that abatement, we received a supplemental record from 

the trial court showing that “it was the intent of the Court to grant the motion to quash the 

enhancement not the indictment.” We have likewise been presented with a supplemental clerk’s 

record which includes a correction to the original order, stating that “the Court having considered 

the foregoing Motion to Quash Enhancement hereby GRANTS said motion and orders the Notice 

 

5Rule 44.4 provides:

(a) Generally. A court of appeals must not affirm or reverse a judgment or dismiss 

an appeal if:

(1) the trial court’s erroneous action or failure or refusal to act prevents the 

proper presentation of a case to the court of appeals; and

(2) the trial court can correct its action or failure to act.

(b) Court of Appeals Direction if Error Remediable. If the circumstances described 

in (a) exist, the court of appeals must direct the trial court to correct the error. The court of appeals 

will then proceed as if the erroneous action or failure to act had not occurred.

TEX. R. APP. P. 44.4.

6Henery presented a conflict in the record between the trial court’s oral denial of a motion to quash the information 

against Henery and a subsequent written order granting the same motion. Henery, 364 S.W.3d at 916. The appellate 

court determined that the trial court lost jurisdiction when the trial court entered its order quashing the indictment, and 

all actions taken by the trial court after that point were void. Id. at 917. The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals held 

that the appellate court should have abated the case to the trial court pursuant to Rule 44.4 to determine if the written 

order quashing the indictment was a clerical error, or if the trial court intended the written order to control. Id. at 919. 

This was necessary because the conflict between the trial court’s oral denial of the motion to quash and its written 

order granting the same motion prevented the case from being properly presented to the court of appeals. Id. at 918. 

The Court reasoned that “only the trial court is in the position to know whether the grant or denial was intended.” Id. 

at 919 (citing TEX. R. APP. P. 44.4(a)(2)). 
5

of enhancement to habitual offender filed by the State file stamped June 15, 2015[,] be set aside 

and quashed.” 

Because the trial court did not dismiss the indictment, it possessed the jurisdiction to enter 

the judgment of conviction against Cunningham. Accordingly, we overrule this point of error. 

II. The Evidence is Sufficient to Support the Conviction

The indictment against Cunningham alleged, in pertinent part, that on or about June 23, 

2014, Cunningham

having been convicted of the felony offense of Unlawful Possession of a Firearm 

by Felon on the 28th day of April, 2010, in cause number 10-01684-CRF-85, in the 

85th District Court of Brazos, Texas, intentionally or knowingly possess[ed] a 

firearm before the fifth anniversary of the defendant’s release from supervision 

under parole or mandatory supervision following conviction of said felony,

and it is further presented in and to said Court that, during the aforesaid offense, 

the defendant did then and there use or exhibit a deadly weapon, to-wit: a 

firearm . . . .

Cunningham contends that the evidence is insufficient to support his conviction because the State 

failed to prove he was subject to confinement or supervision as a result of his 2010 conviction for 

unlawful possession of a firearm. He maintains that proof of confinement or supervision with 

respect to the underlying conviction is plainly required by Section 46.04(a)(1) of the Texas Penal 

Code. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 46.04(a)(1). 

In evaluating legal sufficiency, we review all the evidence in the light most favorable to 

the trial court’s judgment to determine whether any rational jury (i.e., trier of fact) could have 

found the essential elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. Brooks v. State, 323 

S.W.3d 893, 912 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010) (citing Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979)); 

Hartsfield v. State, 305 S.W.3d 859, 863 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2010, pet. ref’d). Our rigorous 
6

legal sufficiency review focuses on the quality of the evidence presented. Brooks, 323 S.W.3d at 

917–18 (Cochran, J., concurring). We examine legal sufficiency under the direction of the Brooks

opinion, while giving deference to the responsibility of the jury “to fairly resolve conflicts in 

testimony, to weigh the evidence, and to draw reasonable inferences from basic facts to ultimate 

facts.” Hooper v. State, 214 S.W.3d 9, 13 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) (citing Jackson, 443 U.S. at 

318–19); Clayton v. State, 235 S.W.3d 772, 778 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007).

Legal sufficiency of the evidence is measured by the elements of the offense as defined by 

the measure known as the hypothetically correct jury charge. Malik v. State, 953 S.W.2d 234, 240 

(Tex. Crim. App. 1997). The “hypothetically correct” jury charge is “one that accurately sets out 

the law, is authorized by the indictment, does not unnecessarily increase the State’s burden of 

proof or unnecessarily restrict the State’s theories of liability, and adequately describes the 

particular offense for which the defendant was tried.” Id. 

Cunningham was indicted for the unlawful possession of a firearm, which required the 

State to prove that he possessed a firearm (1) after his conviction and (2)(a) before the fifth 

anniversary of his release from confinement following conviction of the felony, or (b) his release 

from supervision under community supervision, parole, or mandatory supervision, whichever date 

is later. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 46.04(a)(1); Fagan v. State, 362 S.W.3d 796, 799 (Tex. 

App.—Texarkana 2012, pet. ref’d).

At trial, the parties entered into a stipulation that Cunningham had previously been 

convicted of a felony:

The defendant judicially confesses and stipulates that, prior to the commission of 

the charged offense, on the 28th day of April 2010, in the 85th District Court of 

Brazos County, Texas, in Cause number 10-01684-CRF-85, the defendant was 
7

finally convicted of the felony offense of Unlawful Possession of a Firearm by a 

Felon.

While it is true that this stipulation does not indicate that Cunningham was confined or placed on 

a period of community supervision following the April 2010 conviction, this omission does not 

render the evidence insufficient to support Cunningham’s conviction. The purpose of the statute 

is to ensure that a convicted felon does not possess a firearm for a specified period of time 

following conviction (i.e., a minimum of five years following conviction). See Fagan, 362 S.W.3d 

at 800. The statute is premised on the assumption that a person convicted of a felony will either 

be confined or will be placed on community supervision, parole, or mandatory supervision. See

TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 46.04(a)(1). Consequently, the date of the defendant’s release from 

confinement, community supervision, parole, or mandatory supervision is necessary to determine 

when the five-year prohibition against possessing a firearm concludes. However, “Section 46.04 

does not ‘necessarily require proof of the date of release from confinement in all cases.’” Fagan, 

362 S.W.3d at 800 (quoting Tapps v. State, 257 S.W.3d 438, 445 (Tex. App.—Austin 2008), aff’d 

on other grounds, 294 S.W.3d 175 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009)). As explained by the Austin Court of 

Appeals:

Under section 46.04, the period during which firearm possession by a felon is 

forbidden begins on the date of conviction (the date one is “convicted of a felony”) 

and ends on the fifth anniversary of the person’s release from confinement or the 

person’s release from any form of supervision or parole, whichever date is later. 

Thus, the minimum period that a felon will be prohibited from possessing a 

firearm—assuming the felon is released from confinement or supervision on the 

date of conviction or is never confined—is five years from the date of conviction. 

The date of release from confinement is necessary to determine the maximum length 

of this period specifically when the period extends beyond five years from the date 

of conviction.
8

Tapps v. State, 257 S.W.3d 438, 445 (Tex. App.—Austin 2008), aff’d on other grounds, 294 

S.W.3d 175 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009)). When, however, “the alleged possession occurs within five 

years of the date of conviction,” the date of release from confinement is unnecessary because “the 

period of prohibition extends for this duration in any event.” Id. 

Here, Cunningham was convicted of unlawful possession of a firearm as a result of his 

possession of same on June 23, 2014, as alleged in the indictment. Cunningham stipulated that he 

was finally convicted of unlawful possession of a firearm prior to June 23, 2014, and that previous 

conviction was final April 28, 2010. Even if we were to assume that Cunningham was never 

confined following his April 2010 conviction, his possession of a firearm in June 2014 was 

nevertheless within the five-year period following his previous conviction. Consequently, proof 

of the date of Cunningham’s previous conviction together with proof of the date of possession in 

this case unequivocally establishes his possession of a firearm within the minimum period 

proscribed by the statute. We overrule this point of error. 

III. Cunningham Failed to Preserve Error on Enhancement Complaint 

Cunningham complains that his sentence was improperly enhanced because the trial court 

did not read the allegation in the enhancement paragraph7to him and receive a plea of “true” or 

“not true” to the allegation. Consequently, Cunningham contends that because the issue of 

enhancement was not joined during the punishment trial, his sentence of twenty years exceeds the 

 

7The enhancement paragraph of the indictment recited:

ENHANCEMENT TO SECOND DEGREE FELONY: and it is further presented in and to said 

Court that, prior to the commission of the aforesaid offense, on the 28th day of April, 2010, in cause 

number 10-01684-CRF-85, in the 85th District Court of Brazos County, Texas, the defendant was 

convicted of the felony offense of Manufacture/Delivery of a Controlled Substance.
9

unenhanced punishment range for a third degree felony—the only punishment range authorized 

by the evidence. We disagree.

Because Cunningham failed to object to the trial court’s failure to read the enhancement 

allegation and receive a plea to that allegation, this issue has not been preserved for our review. 

See Reed v. State, 500 S.W.2d 497, 499 (Tex. Crim. App. 1973). In Reed, as here, the punishment 

phase of the trial was heard by the trial court. The enhancement allegation was not read to the 

defendant, and defense counsel did not object to this omission. Id. at 498–99. The Court of 

Criminal Appeals stated, “It would . . . appear that appellant may not raise the question for the first 

time on appeal.” Id. at 499. Reed has thus been cited for the proposition that an appellant may not 

complain for the first time on appeal about the trial court’s failure to read the indictment in a bench 

trial. Hardman v. State, 614 S.W.2d 123, 125–26 (Tex. Crim. App. [Panel Op.] 1981); see also

Davis v. State, 970 S.W.2d 747, 749 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1998, no pet.).8

Even if Cunningham had objected at the trial court level, however, we would not conclude 

that the trial court erred in failing to read the enhancement allegation and in failing to receive 

Cunningham’s plea to that allegation. Because Cunningham elected to have the trial court assess 

punishment, the trial court was not required to read the enhancement paragraph to him. See Reed, 

500 S.W.2d at 499 (when punishment is before trial court, Texas Code of Criminal Procedure does 

not require reading of enhancement paragraphs and receipt of plea to enhancement paragraphs); 

 

8

In following the precedent of the Waco Court of Appeals, we observe that our sister court has decided this issue on 

the basis of a lack of preservation. See Navarro v. State, No. 10-11-00051-CR, 2011 WL 4712248, at *8 (Tex. App.—

Waco, Oct. 5, 2011, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication). Although unpublished cases have no 

precedential value, we may take guidance from them “as an aid in developing reasoning that may be employed.” 

Carrillo v. State, 98 S.W.3d 789, 794 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2003, pet. ref’d).
10

Lopez v. State, 452 S.W.3d 425, 428 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2014, pet. ref’d) (because 

trial court assessed punishment, it was not required to read enhancement allegations to defendant); 

Davis, 970 S.W.2d at 749 (“[Article 36.01] does not support Davis’ argument that the trial court 

erred by failing to read the indictment before the punishment hearing because this article concerns 

the procedure for trial before a jury.”). 

Where, as here, there is no affirmative evidence in the record showing the defendant pled 

true to the enhancement allegation, the State must “prove the allegation beyond a reasonable 

doubt.” Wood v. State, 486 S.W.3d 583, 588 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016). Cunningham does not 

claim, however, that the State failed to prove the enhancement allegation beyond a reasonable 

doubt. He simply claims that because the trial court did not enter a finding of true to that 

enhancement, the issues were not joined and his punishment was not susceptible of enhancement.9 

The judgment reflects a finding of true to the enhancement allegation, which finding is supported 

by the record. Because Cunningham has not preserved error for our review and because, in any 

event, the trial court did not err, we overrule this point of error.

IV. Modification of the Judgment

Cunningham was convicted of unlawful possession of a firearm, which offense is a third

degree felony. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 46.04(e) (West 2011). Although the punishment 

range for this third degree felony was enhanced, the judgment lists the degree of offense as “3rd

 

9Steven Fry, a detective employed by the Bryan Police Department, testified that he had received specialized training 

in fingerprint identification and latent fingerprint comparison by the Texas Forensic Associates and the Texas Forensic 

Science Academy Foundation. Fry further testified that the thumbprint on State’s Exhibit 66, a judgment against 

James Cunningham dated April 28, 2010, in cause number 10-01684-85 for the offense of manufacture/delivery of a 

controlled substance, for which Cunningham received a six-year sentence, matched the thumbprint taken from 

Cunningham. This judgment was admitted into evidence without objection. 
11

degree felony enhanced to a 2nd degree.” The enhancement changed only the permissible 

punishment range; it did not change the classification of the offense. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. 

§ 12.42(a) (West Supp. 2016); Ford v. State, 334 S.W.3d 230, 234 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). 

Cunningham therefore requests a modification of the judgment to reflect his conviction of a third

degree felony, with the punishment range enhanced to that of a second degree felony. The State 

does not dispute this point of error.

We have the authority to modify the judgment to make the record speak the truth when the 

matter has been called to our attention by any source. French v. State, 830 S.W.2d 607, 609 (Tex. 

Crim. App. 1992); see TEX. R. APP. P. 43.2(b). Therefore, we modify the trial court’s judgment to 

reflect the proper degree of offense as that of a third degree felony, with the punishment range 

enhanced to that of a second degree felony. We affirm the judgment, as modified.

Bailey C. Moseley

Justice

Date Submitted: September 14, 2016

Date Decided: September 27, 2016

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