NOT FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

OMAR CEBRERO, 

Petitioner-Appellant, 

 v. 

ROSEMARY NDOH, 

Respondent-Appellee.

No. 18-16333 

D.C. No. 

1:16-cv-00173-DAD-JLT 

MEMORANDUM*

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Eastern District of California

Dale A. Drozd, District Judge, Presiding

Argued and Submitted February 12, 2021

San Francisco, California

Before: BERZON, CHRISTEN, and BADE, Circuit Judges.

Omar Cebrero appeals the district court’s denial of his petition for habeas 

corpus relief challenging his state conviction for kidnapping and felony murder. 

We granted a certificate of appealability with respect to three issues, 28 U.S.C. 

§ 2253(c)(1), and we affirm.

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent 

except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.

FILED

APR 29 2021

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
2 

We review de novo a district court’s denial of a habeas corpus petition. See 

Lambert v. Blodgett, 393 F.3d 943, 964–65 (9th Cir. 2004). Our review is subject 

to the deferential standards established by the Antiterrorism and Effective Death 

Penalty Act of 1996 (“AEDPA”) as to “any claim that was adjudicated on the 

merits in State court proceedings.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d); see also Cone v. Bell, 556 

U.S. 449, 472 (2009). When AEDPA deference applies, we may only grant relief 

if the petitioner shows that the last reasoned decision of the state courts “was 

contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal 

law, as determined by the Supreme Court,” id. § 2254(d)(1), or “was based on an 

unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the 

State court proceeding,” id. § 2254(d)(2).

1. Cebrero contends that the state trial court’s failure to sua sponte 

instruct the jury on the defense of duress violated his due process right “to present 

a complete defense.” Bradley v. Duncan, 315 F.3d 1091, 1098–99 (9th Cir. 2002) 

(quoting California v. Trombetta, 467 U.S. 479, 485 (1984)). A defendant is only 

entitled to an instruction for a recognized defense where there is “evidence 

sufficient for a reasonable jury to find in his favor.” Id. at 1098 (quoting Mathews 

v. United States, 485 U.S. 58, 63 (1988)). The California Court of Appeal’s

(“Court of Appeal”) opinion, the last reasoned state court decision, concluded that 

Cebrero was not entitled to a sua sponte duress instruction under California law
3 

because there was no evidence of a “demand that he participate” in the kidnapping 

of the victim.

Cebrero has not shown entitlement to habeas relief under § 2254(d)(1) 

because he did not present sufficient evidence for a reasonable jury to find duress. 

See Bradley, 315 F.3d at 1098; see also Menendez v. Terhune, 422 F.3d 1012, 

1029–30 (9th Cir. 2005). While one of Cebrero’s co-conspirators, Luis Valencia, 

threatened him, no one demanded that he participate in the kidnapping to avoid 

“imminent death.” People v. Petznick, 7 Cal. Rptr. 3d 726, 736 (Ct. App. 2003) 

(citation omitted). Indeed, the evidence only supports that Valencia threatened to 

kill Cebrero if he (1) did not remain silent in the victim’s presence so that the 

victim in the trunk would not identify him, or (2) discussed the kidnapping or the 

subsequent burning of the victim with others. Sometime after Cebrero received the 

first threat, he joined Valencia while another co-conspirator decided to stay behind, 

and the men then drove out to the countryside and eventually arrived at the field 

where the victim’s burning occurred. Therefore, Cebrero had no due process right 

to a duress instruction because it was not supported by the evidence.1

We also reject Cebrero’s argument that the Court of Appeal’s decision was 

based on an unreasonable determination of the facts. Cebrero argues that there is 

1 We do not decide whether clearly established federal law establishes a due 

process right to a sua sponte jury instruction on a defense that is supported by 

sufficient evidence.
4 

evidence supporting that he feared for his life, but none of the evidence supplies

the missing demand that he participate in a crime to avoid “imminent death.” Id.; 

see also People v. Steele, 253 Cal. Rptr. 773, 775 (Ct. App. 1988). Thus, the 

evidence Cebrero cites does not “go[] to a material factual issue,” Milke v. Ryan, 

711 F.3d 998, 1008 (9th Cir. 2013) (citation omitted), rendering it irrelevant to our 

review under § 2254(d)(2).

2. Cebrero also argues that there was insufficient evidence to support the 

felony murder special circumstance finding. When the sufficiency of the evidence 

underlying a conviction is challenged, we review “whether, after viewing the 

evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact 

could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.”

Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979) (citation omitted). To establish that 

Cebrero was guilty of special circumstance felony murder as an aider and abettor

under California law, the prosecution had to establish that Cebrero was “a major 

participant” who acted “with reckless indifference to human life.” Cal. Penal Code 

§ 190.2(d). Cebrero challenges the Court of Appeal’s determination that the 

evidence was sufficient to find he was a major participant.2

2 Cebrero asserts that the Court of Appeal’s decision is contrary to, or an 

unreasonable application of, Tison v. Arizona, 481 U.S. 137 (1987). In Tison, the 

Supreme Court held that the Eighth Amendment forbids a death sentence for a 

defendant convicted of felony murder unless there was “major participation in the 
5 

To qualify as a major participant, “a defendant’s personal involvement must 

be substantial, greater than the actions of an ordinary aider and abettor to an 

ordinary felony murder.” People v. Banks, 351 P.3d 330, 338 (Cal. 2015)

(citations omitted).

3

 Several factors are relevant:

What role did the defendant have in planning the criminal enterprise 

that led to one or more deaths? What role did the defendant have in 

supplying or using lethal weapons? What awareness did the defendant 

have of particular dangers posed by the nature of the crime, weapons 

used, or past experience or conduct of the other participants? Was the 

defendant present at the scene of the killing, in a position to facilitate 

or prevent the actual murder, and did his or her own actions or inaction 

play a particular role in the death? What did the defendant do after 

lethal force was used?

Id. at 338–39 (footnote omitted).

The Court of Appeal’s determination that the evidence sufficiently supported

that Cebrero was a major participant is not unreasonable. There was evidence that 

Cebrero had a financial stake in the drugs the victim purportedly sold without 

felony committed, combined with reckless indifference to human life.” Id. at 157–

58. However, Tison is inapplicable to Cebrero’s due process claim challenging the 

sufficiency of the evidence underlying his conviction because Tison dealt only with

application of the death penalty. California, however, has “codif[ied] the holding 

of Tison” for sentences of life imprisonment without parole. People v. Banks, 351 

P.3d 330, 332 (Cal. 2015) (citing Cal. Penal Code § 190.2(d)). So the standard, as 

codified, is pertinent state law applicable to the sufficiency of the evidence 

question.

3 While Banks post-dates the Court of Appeal’s decision, it is a clarification 

of section 190.2(d). See In re Scoggins, 467 P.3d 198, 201 (Cal. 2020). 

Consequently, section 190.2(d) as clarified by Banks was the law at the time of 

Cebrero’s conviction. See Fiore v. White, 531 U.S. 225, 228 (2001).
6 

obtaining payment; that he suspected that it was possible that the victim would be 

killed; that he permitted the continued use of his car once he joined the other 

participants after the initial kidnapping; that he was present during planning stages,

including when Valencia obtained the bottle of gasoline that was used to light the 

victim on fire; and that he watched the victim scream as she was engulfed in 

flames and did not try to help her. The jury could also have credited testimony

from a jailhouse informant that Cebrero helped remove the bound victim from his 

car immediately before Valencia and another individual lit the victim on fire.

This evidence relates to several of the factors outlined in Banks and weighs

in favor of finding Cebrero a major participant. Cal. Penal Code § 190.2(d); see 

Banks, 351 P.3d at 338–39. A reasonable jury therefore could have found Cebrero 

was a major participant, and the Court of Appeal’s decision to affirm his 

conviction was not an unreasonable application of Jackson.

3. Finally, Cebrero asserts that he is entitled to habeas relief because he

submitted evidence on state post-conviction review that his conviction was based 

in part on false testimony. It is unclear if there has been a decision on the merits as 

to this particular claim because the California Superior Court wrongly determined 

that the claim was procedurally barred, and both the California Court of Appeal 

and the California Supreme Court subsequently issued unreasoned summary 

denials. See Ylst v. Nunnemaker, 501 U.S. 797, 803 (1991). We need not resolve
7 

whether AEDPA deference applies because this claim fails even under de novo 

review. See Berghuis v. Thompkins, 560 U.S. 370, 390 (2010).

To prevail on a due process claim based on false testimony, a petitioner must 

show that “the false testimony was material.” Jones v. Ryan, 691 F.3d 1093, 1102 

(9th Cir. 2012) (quoting Hayes v. Brown, 399 F.3d 972, 984 (9th Cir. 2005) (en 

banc)). False testimony is material when there is “any reasonable likelihood that 

the false testimony could have affected the judgment of the jury.” Reis-Campos v. 

Biter, 832 F.3d 968, 976 (9th Cir. 2016) (citation omitted).

Cebrero challenges part of the trial testimony of Luis Vazquez, one of 

Cebrero’s co-conspirators and the government’s witness, as false, based on 

Vazquez’s post-trial declaration. On state habeas, Cebrero presented a declaration 

in which Vazquez states that his previous testimony was false. Specifically, 

Vazquez declared that he omitted during his testimony that he gestured to a 

holstered gun when Cebrero joined the co-conspirators after the victim was 

kidnapped. Cebrero argues that this evidence is material because it would have 

supported his defense that he was a victim during the kidnapping and killing.

The government argued during closing argument that “if you believe that the 

defendant was a victim in all of this, you should let him go,” and the court 

instructed the jury that “[a] co-participant in a crime is a perpetrator or anyone who 

aided and abetted the perpetrator [which] does not include a victim or innocent 
8 

bystander.” Therefore, we must consider whether the false testimony was 

reasonably likely to have affected the jury’s view of Cebrero as a victim, with or 

without a duress instruction. 

First, there is no evidence that Cebrero saw Vazquez gesture to his gun. In 

his closing argument, Cebrero’s defense counsel argued that Cebrero was 

threatened by three co-conspirators, none of whom were Vazquez. Further, 

Cebrero never made any mention of being threatened with a gun during his 

interview with detectives. Cebrero submitted no declaration on state habeas filling

these gaps.

Second, Cebrero’s participation began before his interaction with Vazquez 

and continued in Vazquez’s absence. For example, there was evidence from the 

jailhouse informant that Cebrero had loaned his car to some of the other

co-conspirators to prove he was not responsible for the missing drugs. And 

Vazquez was not present when, according to the jailhouse informant, Cebrero 

helped remove the victim from the car shortly before her burning.

Thus, there is no reasonable likelihood that evidence that Vazquez gestured

to a gun would have affected the jury’s verdict. See Reis-Campos, 832 F.3d at 

977–78. Crucial details—such as the victim owing Cebrero money for the missing 

drugs, Cebrero’s presence during planning stages, Cebrero’s recognition that his 

co-conspirators contemplated killing the victim, and Cebrero’s role in removing 
9 

the victim from his car—are independently supported by Cebrero’s interview with 

detectives or the testimony of the jailhouse informant who testified against 

Cebrero. See Jones, 691 F.3d at 1106 (holding false evidence was not material 

where there was “overwhelming evidence of guilt unrelated” to false evidence). It 

is unlikely that any impeachment value with regard to Vazquez from Cebrero’s 

new evidence would affect the jury’s verdict. We therefore reject Cebrero’s due 

process claim.

AFFIRMED.