# Patent

## Title
Power combiner using tri-plane antennas

## Abstract

A power combining apparatus includes a waveguide structure and a plurality of antenna elements arranged in the waveguide structure, wherein each of the antenna elements comprises a center planar antenna layer, two outer planar antenna layers arranged on opposite sides of the center planar antenna layer, a non-conductive layer between the center planar antenna layer and one of the outer planar antenna layers, and another non-conductive layer between the center planar antenna and the other one of the outer planar antenna layers. The power combining apparatus includes a waveguide structure having an input, an output, and a plurality of antenna elements arranged in the waveguide structure, wherein each antenna element is configured to transform an electric field direction of an electromagnetic field by substantially 90 degrees rotation about a longitudinal axis of the waveguide structure, wherein a bandwidth of the antenna is less than, equal to, or greater than a decade of frequency range.

## Background
FIELD
The invention relates to a device for spatially dividing and combining power of an EM wave using a plurality of longitudinally parallel trays. More particularly, the invention relates to a device for dividing and combining the EM wave by antenna elements provided within a coaxial waveguide cavity with matched impedance for reduced insertion loss, wherein the antennas have tri-planar microstrip to stripline to balanced antipodal finline exponential taper.
BACKGROUND
The traveling wave tube amplifier (TWTA) has become a key element in broadband microwave power amplification for radar and satellite communication. One advantage of the TWTA is the very high output power it provides. However, several drawbacks are associated with TWTAs, including short life-time, poor linearity, high cost, large size and weight, and the requirement of a high voltage drive, imposing high voltage risks.
Solid state amplifiers are superior to TWTAs in several aspects, such as cost, size, life-time and linearity. However, currently, the best available broadband solid state amplifiers can only offer output power in a watt range covering about 2 to 20 GHz frequency band. A high power solid state amplifier can be realized using power combining techniques. A typical corporate combining technique can lead to very high combining loss when integrating a large number of amplifiers. Spatial power combining techniques are implemented with the goal of combining a large quantity of solid-state amplifiers efficiently and improving the output power level so as be competitive with TWTAs.
SUMMARY
In accordance with the invention, a power combining device includes a waveguide structure, and a plurality of antenna elements arranged in the waveguide structure, wherein each of the antenna elements comprises a center planar antenna layer, two outer planar antenna layers arranged on opposite sides of the center planar antenna layer a non-conductive layer between the center planar antenna layer and one of the outer planar antenna layers, and another non-conductive layer between the center planar antenna and the other one of the outer planar antenna layers.
In a further aspect of the disclosure, a power combining apparatus includes a waveguide structure having an input and an output, and a plurality of antenna elements arranged in the waveguide structure, wherein each antenna element is configured to transform an electric field vector direction of an electromagnetic field by substantially 90 degrees rotation about a longitudinal axis of the waveguide structure, and wherein a bandwidth of the power combining apparatus is equal to or greater than a decade of frequency bandwidth.
In a further aspect of the disclosure, a power combining apparatus includes an output waveguide section having a central longitudinal axis, and inner and outer coaxial conductors, wherein an outer surface of the inner conductor and an inner surface of the outer conductor have a substantially constant ratio of radial dimension along the central longitudinal axis, a center waveguide section having an input, an output, and a plurality of antenna elements, the output of the center waveguide section being coupled to the output waveguide section and an input waveguide section coupled to the input of the center waveguide section.
In a further aspect of the disclosure, a power combining apparatus includes an output waveguide section having a central longitudinal axis, and inner and outer coaxial conductors configured to maintain a substantially constant characteristic impedance along the central longitudinal axis, a center waveguide section having an input, an output, and a plurality of antenna elements, the output of the center waveguide section being coupled to the output waveguide section, and an input waveguide section coupled to the input of the center waveguide section.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Many advantages of the present invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art with a reading of this specification in conjunction with the attached drawings, wherein like reference numerals are applied to like elements, and wherein:
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the power combining system in accordance with the invention;
FIG. 2 is perspective view of a wedge shaped tray;
FIG. 3 is the cross section of a wedge shaped metal carrier;
FIG. 4 is back side view of the wedge shaped metal carrier;
FIG. 4A is the cross section of center waveguide structure which has a plurality of planar surfaces;
FIG. 4B is the cross section of center waveguide structure which has a rectangular outside profile and a rectangular coaxial waveguide opening;
FIGS. 5A and 5B are longitudinal cross sections of the input/output waveguide section; and
FIG. 6 is a view of a tri-plane antenna in accordance with the invention.
FIG. 7A is a left end cross-section of a tri-plane antenna in accordance with the invention.
FIG. 7B is a middle cross-section of a tri-plane antenna in accordance with the invention.
FIG. 7C is a right end cross-section of a tri-plane antenna in accordance with the invention.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The detailed description set forth below in connection with the accompanying drawings is intended as a description of various embodiments of the invention and is not intended to represent the only embodiments in which the invention may be practiced. The detailed description includes specific details for the purpose of providing a thorough understanding of the invention. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the invention may be practiced without these specific details. In some instances, well known structures and components are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid obscuring the concepts of the invention.
In accordance with the invention, a broadband spatial power combining device has an input waveguide section, an output waveguide section, and a center waveguide section. The center waveguide section is provided with longitudinally parallel, stacked wedge shaped trays. Antenna elements are mounted on each tray. When the trays are stacked together to form a coaxial waveguide, the antenna elements are disposed into the waveguide and form a dividing array at the input and a combining array at the output. One or more active elements may be arranged between an antenna element of the input array and an antenna element of the output array. With the use of antenna elements inside the coaxial waveguide for power dividing and combining, a broadband frequency response covering approximately a decade of bandwidth (such as, for example 2 to 20 GHz, or 4 to 40 GHz) may be realized. The design may be optimized for smaller or larger bandwidths to optimize performance according to varying criteria, such as bandwidth versus insertion loss, for example. The antenna element is easy to manufacture using conventional printed circuit board (PCB) processes. It also enables easy integration with commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) millimeter wave integrated circuits (MMICs). Further, the division of a coaxial waveguide into wedge-shaped trays enables simplified DC biasing and enables good thermal management.
As illustrated in FIG. 1, in the spatial power combining device 2 of the invention, an electromagnetic (EM) wave is launched from an input port 4 to an input coaxial waveguide section 12, then the EM wave is collected through an output coaxial waveguide section 14 to an output port 6. The input/output waveguide sections 12 and 14 provide broadband transitions from the input/output ports 4 and 6 to a center waveguide section 24. The outer surfaces of inner conductors 20 and 22 and the inner surfaces of outer conductors 16 and 18 all have gradually changed profiles. The profiles are determined to minimize the impedance mismatch from the input/output ports 4 and 6 to the center waveguide section 24.
In an embodiment, the outer surface of inner conductor 20 and the inner surface of the outer conductor 16 have profiles to obtain a transformation of waveguide impedance.
In a preferred embodiment, the input/output ports 4 and 6 are field replaceable SMA (Subminiature A) connectors. The flanges of the input/output port 4 and 6 are screwed to the outer conductors 16 and 18 with four screws each, although that number is not crucial, and other types of fasteners may be used. Pins 8 and 10 are used to connect between centers of the input/output port 4 and 6 and inner conductors 20 and 22. In other embodiments, the input/output ports may be super SMA connectors, type N connectors, K connectors or any other suitable connectors. The pins 8 and 10 can also be omitted, if the input/output ports already have center pins that can be mounted into inner conductors 20 and 22.
The center waveguide section 24 comprises a plurality of trays 30 and a cylinder post 32 whose major longitudinal axis is coincident with a central longitudinal axis of the center waveguide section. The plurality of trays 30 are stacked circumferentially around the post 32. Each tray 30 includes a carrier 54 (FIG. 2) having a predetermined wedge angle α (FIG. 3), an arcuate inner surface 36 conforming to the outer shape of post 32, and arcuate outer surface 34. When the trays 30 are assembled together, they form a cylinder with a cylindrical central cavity defined by inner surfaces 36 which accommodates the post 32. Post 32 connects with inner conductors 20 and 22 of input/output waveguide sections 12 and 14 by way of screws 26 and 28 on opposite ends of the post. Post 32 is provided for simplifying mechanical connections, and may have other than a cylindrical shape, or be omitted altogether.
As detailed in FIG. 2, each tray 30 also includes an input antenna element 48, may include at least one active element 56, an output antenna element 50, and attendant DC circuitry 58. The metal carrier 54 has an input cut-out region 38 and an output cut-out region 40. The input and output cut-out regions are separated by a bridge 46. Opposing major surfaces 42 and 44 of the regions 38 and 40 are arcuate in shape. When the trays 30 are stacked together, the regions 38 and 40 form a coaxial waveguide opening defined by circular outer and inner surfaces corresponding to arcuate major surfaces 42 and 44, and the arrangement of the input and output antenna elements on carriers 54 is such that the antenna elements lie radially about the central longitudinal axis of center waveguide section 24. Alternatively, major surfaces 42 and 44 can be planar, rather than arcuate, such that the coaxial waveguide opening, in cross-section, will be defined by polygonal outer and inner boundaries corresponding to planar major surfaces 42 and 44.
The top surface 54a of metal carrier 54 is provided with recessed edges 38a and 40a in the periphery of cut-out regions 38 and 40, and is recessed at bridge 46, in order to accommodate the edges of antenna elements 48, 50, active elements 56 and DC circuitry 58. When in position in a first carrier 54, the back edges of antenna elements 48, 50 rest in the corresponding recessed edges 38a, 40a of the carrier 54, and back faces 48b and 50b of the antenna elements respectively face cut-out regions 38, 40 of that first tray. Contact between the back faces 48b and 50b of antenna elements 48, 50 and the corresponding recessed edges 38a, 40a of the carrier 54 provides grounding to the antenna elements.
The back side of each carrier 54 has a cavity 62 as shown in FIG. 4, such that when the trays are stacked together, the cavity 62 will provide enough space to accommodate the active elements on the abutting tray and carrier. In the preferred embodiment, the cavity 62 is provided with channels 64 and 66 to avoid electrical contact with microstrip lines on the antenna elements of the abutting tray and carrier.
FIG. 3 shows a cross section at the middle of a carrier 54. Outer surface 34 of the carrier is arcuate in shape such that when assembled together, the trays 30 provide the center coaxial waveguide section 24 with a substantially circular cross-sectional shape. It is contemplated that other outer surface shapes, such as planar shapes, can be used, in which case the outer cross-sectional shape of the center coaxial waveguide section 24 becomes polygonal (see FIG. 4A). Further, as mentioned above, the carrier has a predetermined wedge angle α.
While it is preferred that the outside surfaces 34, 36 of each carrier 54, along with the inside surfaces 42, 44 of the cut-out regions all be arcuate in shape so as to provide for circular cross-sections, it is possible to use straight edges for some or all of these surfaces, or even other shapes instead, with the assembled product thereby approximating cylindrical shapes depending on how many trays 30 are used. FIG. 4A shows an embodiment in which a cross section of the center waveguide shows that the outside surfaces and inside coaxial waveguide openings are all approximated by straight planes. A polygonal cross-sectional shape results, but if a sufficient number of trays are used, a circular cross section is approximated.
In the preferred embodiment, the wedge shaped trays 30 are radially oriented when stacked together to form a circular coaxial waveguide, as seen schematically in FIG. 4A. However, the trays can have other shapes, which may be different from one another, and a non-cylindrical coaxial waveguide can thus result. FIG. 4B shows such an arrangement, resulting in a rectangular (square) coaxial waveguide. In FIGS. 4A and 4B, the bold solid lines represent the finline structures. The dashed lines represent the inter-tray boundaries.
FIGS. 5A and 5B shows a longitudinal cross-sectional view of the output coaxial waveguide section 14. The waveguide section provides a smooth mechanical transition from a smaller input/output port (at Zp) to a flared center section 17. Electrically, the waveguide section provides broadband impedance matching from the input/output port impedance Zp to the center section waveguide impedance Zc. The profiles of the inner conductors and outer conductors are determined by both optimum mechanical and electrical transition in a known fashion.
With reference to FIGS. 6 and 7, details of a balanced antipodal finline antenna element 70 of the invention are disclosed. Antenna element 48, 50 is formed on a substrate 70 that includes two outer planar antenna layers 74A, 74B arranged on opposite sides of a center planar antenna layer 72, a non-conductive layer 76 between the center planar antenna layer 72 and one of the outer planar antenna layers 74A, and another non-conductive layer 76 between the center planar antenna 72 and the other one of the outer planar antenna layers 74B. Three sections (Sections 1, 2, and 3, demarcated by lines a, b, and c), are delineated in the drawing figures for ease of explanation and discussed separately, with the understanding that these sections are not separate but are actually part of one unitary component. In Section 1, lying between lines a and b, top side (corresponding to side 48a of FIG. 2) center planar antenna layer 72 and outer planar antenna layers 74A AND 74B (corresponding to side 48b of FIG. 2) are shown to expand in area outward respectively from the lower and upper edges of the substrate 70. In Section 2 (between lines b and c) center planar antenna layer 72 narrows to a strip 75, while outer planar antenna layers 74A, 74B expand to form a wider ground that has the same width as the substrate 71. Section 3 has a straight stripline line in the center plane, and two outer conductors as ground. The stripline line transitions to a microstrip line using known methods. This arrangement offers good compatibility with COTS MMICs. Through superposition, the electric fields are effectively rotated through 90 degrees for improved radiation efficiency and coupling between the input/output waveguide sections and the active element. The 3-section antenna elements 48, 50 are referred to herein as a balanced antipodal finline taper antenna elements. In the preferred embodiment, the overall length of an antipodal finline taper is about 2.4 inches.
The number of trays 30, and corresponding number of antenna elements 48, 50, may be related to the impedance of the active elements 56 coupled to the antenna elements 48, 50. The receive and transmit antenna elements 48, 50 couple to the EM field at the input/output waveguide sections 12, 14. For example, where the output wave guide section 14 has a characteristic impedance of 50 ohms, the center waveguide section 24 includes 10 trays 30, where each tray 30 includes a transmit antenna element 50 that may have, e.g., a characteristic output impedance of 480 ohms, where the transmit antennas 50 are effectively in electrical parallel. The characteristic impedance of the array of 10 transmit antenna elements 50 is then effectively 48 ohms. Therefore, 10 may be the preferred number of trays, where each tray includes a single transmit antenna element 50 and a single receive antenna element 48. The output impedance of the transmit antenna element array is then said to be substantially matched to the output waveguide section, i.e., 48 ohms ̃50 ohms. The characteristic impedance of the transmit antenna element 50 is determined at least by the dielectric constant, thickness and planar dimensions of the substrate material of the transmit antenna element 50. Similarly, the input waveguide section 12 and the receive antenna elements 48 may be substantially impedance matched by the judicious design of the input waveguide section 12, receive antenna elements 48 and the number of trays 30 forming the center waveguide section 24 according to the description above for transmit antenna element 50 impedance matching. However, because design principals allow for the input/output waveguide sections and center waveguide section to have different impedances, the number of trays and corresponding number of antenna elements 48, 50 may vary.
Typically, an active element impedance may be about 50 ohms, but other impedance levels are possible. A profile of the conductive patterns of the center planar antenna layer 72 and outer planar antenna layers 74A AND 74B on the antenna elements 48, 50 may be designed by well know principals, e.g., small reflection theory, to minimize reflection of the traveling EM wave. The profile of conductive patterns on the antenna elements 48, 50 is judiciously chosen to avoid exciting multimode resonance at higher frequency (i.e., cutoff) and response deterioration at lower frequency.
The previous description is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the various aspects described herein. Various modifications to these aspects will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other aspects. Thus, the claims are not intended to be limited to the aspects shown herein, but is to be accorded the full scope consistent with the language of the claims, wherein reference to an element in the singular is not intended to mean “one and only one” unless specifically so stated, but rather “one or more.” All structural and functional equivalents to the elements of the various aspects described throughout this disclosure that are known or later come to be known to those of ordinary skill in the art are expressly incorporated herein by reference and are intended to be encompassed by the claims. Moreover, nothing disclosed herein is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether such disclosure is explicitly recited in the claims. No claim element is to be construed under the provisions of 35 U.S.C. §112, sixth paragraph, unless the element is expressly recited using the phrase “means for” or, in the case of a method claim, the element is recited using the phrase “step for.”

## Claims

1. A power combining apparatus, comprising:
a waveguide structure;
an input waveguide coupled to an input of the waveguide structure, wherein the input waveguide provides a radially directed electric field; and
a plurality of input antenna elements arranged in the waveguide structure and coupled to the input waveguide, wherein each of the input antenna elements rotates an electric field vector direction of the electric field from a radial direction to a circumferential direction and comprises a center planar antenna layer, two outer planar antenna layers arranged on opposite sides of the center planar antenna layer, a non-conductive layer between the center planar antenna layer and one of the outer planar antenna layers, and another non-conductive layer between the center planar antenna and the other one of the outer planar antenna layers.

2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein a bandwidth of an input antenna element of the plurality of input antenna elements is equal to or greater than a decade of frequency range.

3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein each input antenna element comprises a microstrip to stripline to balanced antipodal finline exponential taper.

4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the waveguide structure comprises a plurality of trays, each tray comprising an active element coupled to one or more of the input antenna elements.

5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the non-conductive layers comprise at least one of air, and a solid insulating dielectric.

6. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein a bandwidth of an antenna element of the plurality of antenna elements is equal to or greater than a decade of frequency range.

7. A power combining apparatus, comprising:
a waveguide structure;
an output waveguide coupled to an output of the waveguide structure, wherein the output waveguide is configured to receive a radially directed electric field;
a plurality of output antenna elements arranged in the waveguide structure and coupled to the output waveguide, wherein each of the output antenna elements rotates the electric field vector direction from a circumferential direction to a radial direction and comprises a center planar antenna layer, two outer planar antenna layers arranged on opposite sides of the center planar antenna layer, a non-conductive layer between the center planar antenna layer and one of the outer planar antenna layers, and another non-conductive layer between the center planar antenna and the other one of the outer planar antenna layers.

8. A power combining apparatus, comprising:
a waveguide structure having an input and an output;
an input waveguide coupled to the input of the waveguide structure, wherein the input waveguide is to provide a first radially directed electric field;
a plurality of antenna elements arranged in the waveguide structure, wherein each antenna element is configured to transform an electric field vector direction of the first electric field by substantially 90 degrees rotation about a longitudinal axis of the waveguide structure; and
an output waveguide coupled to an output of the waveguide structure, wherein the output waveguide is configured to receive a second radially directed electric field.

9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the plurality of antenna elements comprise a plurality of input antenna elements coupled to the input waveguide.

10. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein each of the input antenna elements rotates the electric field vector direction from a radial direction to a circumferential direction.

11. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein each antenna element comprises a microstrip to stripline to balanced antipodal finline exponential taper.

12. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein each of the antenna elements comprises a center planar antenna layer, two outer planar antenna layers arranged on opposite sides of the center planar antenna layer a non-conductive layer between the center planar antenna layer and one of the outer planar antenna layers, and another non-conductive layer between the center planar antenna and the other one of the outer planar antenna layers.

13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the non-conductive layers comprise at least one of air, and a solid insulating dielectric.

14. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the waveguide structure comprises a plurality of trays, each tray comprising an active element coupled to one or more of the antenna elements.

15. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the active element couples an input antenna element to an output antenna element.

16. A power combining apparatus, comprising:
a waveguide structure having an input and an output;
a plurality of antenna elements arranged in the waveguide structure, wherein each antenna element is configured to transform an electric field vector direction of an electromagnetic field by substantially 90 degrees rotation about a longitudinal axis of the waveguide structure; and
an output waveguide coupled to an output of the waveguide structure, wherein the output waveguide is configured to receive a radially directed electric field.

17. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the plurality of antenna elements comprise a plurality of output antenna elements coupled to the output waveguide.

18. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein each of the output antenna elements rotates the electric field vector direction from a circumferential direction to a radial direction.