RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION

Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)

File Name: 24a0180p.06

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

ASHLEY FRANKLIN,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

FRANKLIN COUNTY, KENTUCKY; RICK ROGERS; WES 

CULBERTSON,

Defendants-Appellees.

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No. 23-6107

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Kentucky at Frankfort.

No. 3:19-cv-00050—Gregory F. Van Tatenhove, District Judge.

Argued: July 24, 2024

Decided and Filed: August 15, 2024

Before: GILMAN, GRIFFIN, and MATHIS, Circuit Judges.

_________________

COUNSEL

ARGUED: Gregory A. Belzley, BELZLEY, BATHURST & BENTLEY, Prospect, Kentucky, 

for Appellant. Andrew T. Hagerman, STOLL KEENON OGDEN PLLC, Louisville, Kentucky, 

for Appellees. ON BRIEF: Gregory A. Belzley, BELZLEY, BATHURST & BENTLEY, 

Prospect, Kentucky, for Appellant. Andrew T. Hagerman, STOLL KEENON OGDEN PLLC, 

Louisville, Kentucky, Paul C. Harnice, STOLL KEENON OGDEN PLLC, Frankfort, Kentucky, 

Lilian M. Williams, STOLL KEENON OGDEN PLLC, Lexington, Kentucky, for Appellees.

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OPINION

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RONALD LEE GILMAN, Circuit Judge. In January 2019, Ashley Franklin was an 

inmate at the Franklin County Regional Jail (the Jail). When Franklin became ill on January 18 

>
No. 23-6107 Franklin v. Franklin Cnty., Ky. Page 2

and needed to be transported to a hospital’s emergency room, Jail Sergeant Brandon Price 

sexually assaulted her in the transportation van. Franklin brought this lawsuit against Price, 

Franklin County, and two other Jail employees, asserting constitutional claims under 42 U.S.C. 

§ 1983 and several related claims under Kentucky state law. 

The complaint alleged that both Price and his superior, Captain Wes Culbertson, were 

deliberately indifferent to a serious risk of harm to Franklin. It further asserted that Franklin 

County was liable for the assault on Franklin because of the County’s alleged (1) practice of 

permitting lone male officers to transport female inmates to the hospital, (2) inaction with respect 

to preventing and detecting sexual assault based on previous misconduct at the Jail, and 

(3) inadequate training and supervision of its employees regarding the sexual abuse of inmates. 

Franklin also raised claims of negligence and gross negligence against Captain Culbertson and 

Jailer Rick Rogers. 

Franklin moved for summary judgment against Price in the district court, and the 

defendants (except for Price) cross-moved for summary judgment against Franklin. The court 

granted Franklin’s motion for summary judgment with respect to her Eighth Amendment claim 

against Price, but it otherwise denied her motion. It also granted in full the other defendants’ 

motion for summary judgment. Franklin now appeals the grant of summary judgment in favor of 

the other defendants. For the reasons set forth below, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district 

court. 

I. BACKGROUND

A. Factual background

On the evening of January 18, 2019, Franklin began feeling lightheaded and dizzy. She 

recognized that these symptoms stemmed from complications related to her high blood pressure. 

Franklin consequently asked the Jail staff to verify her condition. 

Price measured Franklin’s blood pressure and, thereafter, the Jail staff reported the 

measurement to a nurse. The nurse confirmed that Franklin’s blood pressure was high, so Price 
No. 23-6107 Franklin v. Franklin Cnty., Ky. Page 3

administered a medication that sought to reduce it. When the medication proved ineffective, 

Price transported her to a local hospital’s emergency room. 

Franklin claims that once she and Price arrived at the hospital, the two discussed her 

children and hope for parole in the near future. Price allegedly responded by informing Franklin 

that he knew someone on the parole board. He then insinuated that he could speak with this 

individual on Franklin’s behalf if Franklin agreed to perform sexual favors for him. Franklin 

agreed and “took him up on that offer.” 

Franklin received medical treatment and was released from the hospital shortly after 1:00 

a.m. on January 19, 2019. Price subsequently restrained Franklin in the back of the van in 

accordance with the Jail’s policies. As Price was doing so, Captain Culbertson arrived in the 

hospital parking lot to check on Price to “make sure he didn’t need anything before [Culbertson] 

went home.” Franklin testified that Price appeared “nervous[]” and “shocked” when Culbertson 

arrived. 

Price stepped out of the van and conversed with Culbertson for approximately 10 minutes 

about the weather and Franklin’s health status. Culbertson remained in his car during the 

conversation and did not inspect the van or talk to Franklin. He later stated that he did not 

“notice anything out of the ordinary.” 

Franklin testified that once Price returned to the van, Price commented that he “almost 

got caught” by Culbertson. Price proceeded to pull into a parking lot near Big Eddy Road in 

Frankfort, Kentucky. He then climbed in the back of the van and exposed himself without fully 

removing his pants. 

Franklin proceeded to perform a sexual act on Price while she was restrained. According 

to Franklin, Price demanded that she not tell anyone about what had happened and warned her 

that he would be fired if she did so. 

When Franklin returned to her cell later that morning, she informed her cellmate about 

what had happened between her and Price. Franklin’s cellmate reported the incident to the Jail’s 
No. 23-6107 Franklin v. Franklin Cnty., Ky. Page 4

staff the next day. The staff interviewed Franklin and Price about the incident, but they both 

initially denied that any sexual contact had occurred. 

When the Jail’s staff reviewed camera footage capturing Price’s return from the hospital, 

however, another round of interviews was conducted. This time, Price and Franklin admitted 

that they had engaged in sexual contact. Rogers, the Jailer at the time, reported the incident to 

the Frankfort Police Department and requested that a detective take over the investigation. 

Price’s employment was later terminated. After being arrested, Price pleaded guilty to 

second-degree sexual abuse. He was subsequently sentenced to 12 months of imprisonment and 

to 24 months of probation. 

Price’s behavior was not the first time that members of the Jail’s staff had engaged in 

sexually inappropriate behavior. Franklin directs us to three staff members who had previously 

engaged in inappropriate conduct: Timothy Harrod, Robert Kelty, and Kelly Rouse.

1. Timothy Harrod 

In June 2017, Sergeant Timothy Harrod admitted to Culbertson that he had exchanged 

sexually charged notes with an inmate. The subsequent investigation revealed that Harrod had 

traded these notes during two terms of this inmate’s incarceration. He also met with this inmate 

in a park after she was released from incarceration. 

Harrod likewise supplied investigators with a note from this inmate that alluded to her 

alleged sexual relationship with another officer. The note stated: “Oh yeah[,] the camera in 

[protective custody] most def[initely] does not be working or I would [have] been in a lot of 

trouble while I was up there. And so would a fellow employee.” This same inmate also alleged 

that another Jail officer “came back to [her] cell on numerous occasions, touching her breasts and 

below her waist,” and that he “exposed himself to her on one of these contacts.” During the 

investigation, another inmate alleged that an officer at the Jail “made a sexual advance towards 

[her] while she was incarcerated.” No further details of this other incident are shown in the 

record. 
No. 23-6107 Franklin v. Franklin Cnty., Ky. Page 5

The Jail ultimately terminated Harrod’s employment, but it did not change any of its 

policies or training after these allegations were revealed. Culbertson maintained that the Jail’s 

“polic[ies] worked.” 

2. Robert Kelty 

Sergeant Robert Kelty was also the source of sexually inappropriate behavior at the Jail 

in June 2017. Kelty had exchanged sexually lewd pictures with his subordinate, Deputy Megan 

Webb, in violation of the Jail’s policy. They also engaged in a consensual intimate relationship. 

Kelty was suspended for five days, demoted in rank, and relieved of supervisory responsibilities. 

3. Kelly Rouse

Chief Deputy Kelly Rouse was similarly alleged to have engaged in inappropriate 

behavior with female staff at the Jail. The Franklin County Attorney opened an investigation in 

response to allegations that Rouse had sexually harassed three female officers. Franklin County 

hired a law firm based in Lexington, Kentucky to conduct an investigation, which was finalized 

in June 2018. 

The report concluded that “Rouse has engaged in behavior of either an actual or implied 

sexual nature in the workplace such as to create a potential hostile work environment in violation 

of the [Jail’s] sexual harassment policy.” Noted by the report were examples of Rouse’s 

inappropriate behavior, including “a practice of unwelcome touching involving female officers” 

and inappropriate comments made to female officers, such as a discussion about “placing a 

‘glory hole’ in the wall adjoining his office to another in the [Jail] in which two female officers 

are stationed.” Jailer Rogers suspended Rouse when the investigation began. Rouse retired 

before any further discipline could be handed down. 

2. Procedural history 

Franklin filed a complaint in July 2019 against Franklin County, Culbertson, Price, and 

Rogers, asserting claims of deliberate indifference to a serious risk of harm, failure to train and 

supervise, battery, negligence, and gross negligence. The defendants answered the complaint 

and the parties subsequently engaged in discovery. 
No. 23-6107 Franklin v. Franklin Cnty., Ky. Page 6

In November 2022, Franklin moved for partial summary judgment against Price, raising 

claims based on the Eighth Amendment and state-law battery. The other defendants 

cross-moved for summary judgment the same day that Franklin filed her motion. Price did not 

file a motion for summary judgment. The district court granted Franklin’s motion for summary 

judgment with respect to her Eighth Amendment claim against Price, but it declined to exercise 

supplemental jurisdiction over her state-law battery claim. Franklin later settled with Price, so he 

is not involved in this appeal. 

The district court granted the other defendants’ motion for summary judgment in its 

entirety. It first rejected Franklin’s arguments that Culbertson was deliberately indifferent to a 

serious risk of harm. The court specifically determined that Culbertson did not act with 

deliberate indifference by allowing Price to transport Franklin alone, and that he could not be 

held liable for Franklin’s sexual assault because he was not personally involved. 

It next rejected Franklin’s argument that Franklin County was liable for her sexual abuse. 

Franklin argued that the County maintained a policy of inaction by failing to prevent and respond 

to sexual misconduct. But the court concluded that Franklin failed to show a County policy or 

custom that caused her abuse. It elaborated by explaining that the three incidents cited by 

Franklin (concerning Harrod, Kelty, and Rouse) were insufficient to constitute “a clear and 

persistent pattern of unconstitutional conduct.” The court also rejected Franklin’s argument that 

the County should have implemented better transportation and training policies, concluding that 

nothing suggested that the policies or training were inadequate. 

Finally, the district court addressed Franklin’s arguments that Culbertson and Rogers 

were negligent for failing to (1) comply with the Prison Rape Elimination Act (PREA), 

34 U.S.C. § 30301, and (2) enforce the Jail’s rules. The court found both arguments unavailing. 

It rejected Franklin’s PREA claim because it determined that Culbertson and Rogers were 

entitled to qualified immunity under Kentucky law. And the court found Franklin’s negligence 

arguments unpersuasive because Franklin failed to establish the elements of negligence per se or 

negligence under Kentucky law. Franklin then filed a motion for reconsideration, which the 

district court denied in July 2023. 
No. 23-6107 Franklin v. Franklin Cnty., Ky. Page 7

II. ANALYSIS

A. Standard of review 

We review a grant of summary judgment de novo. Wheat v. Fifth Third Bank, 785 F.3d 

230, 236 (6th Cir. 2015). Summary judgment is appropriate “if the movant shows that there is 

no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of 

law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). “When evaluating a summary judgment motion, the reviewing court 

must construe the facts in the light most favorable to the non-movant.” Gillis v. Miller, 845 F.3d 

677, 683 (6th Cir. 2017). A party opposing a properly supported summary-judgment motion, 

however, “may not rest upon mere allegation[s] or denials of [her] pleading, but must set forth 

specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 

477 U.S. 242, 256 (1986).

B. Franklin County is not liable for Franklin’s sexual assault 

“A body politic is a ‘person’ within the meaning of § 1983.” Ford v. County of Grand 

Traverse, 535 F.3d 483, 495 (6th Cir. 2008) (citation omitted). But “a local government may not 

be sued under § 1983 for an injury inflicted solely by its employees or agents.” Monell v. Dep’t 

of Soc. Servs. of City of N.Y., 436 U.S. 658, 694 (1978). “A plaintiff raising a municipal liability 

claim under § 1983 must demonstrate that the alleged federal violation occurred because of a 

municipal policy or custom.” Burgess v. Fischer, 735 F.3d 462, 478 (6th Cir. 2013). This court 

has identified “at least four avenues a plaintiff may take to prove the existence of a 

municipality’s illegal policy or custom.” Thomas v. City of Chattanooga, 398 F.3d 426, 429 (6th 

Cir. 2005). These avenues include: “(1) the municipality’s legislative enactments or official 

agency policies; (2) actions taken by officials with final decision-making authority; (3) a policy 

of inadequate training or supervision; or (4) a custom of tolerance or acquiescence of federal 

rights violations.” Id. 

Franklin relies on the third and fourth avenues to support her argument that Franklin 

County is liable for her sexual assault. Based on these two avenues of Monell liability, Franklin 

makes three arguments. She contends that Franklin County is liable because of its 

(1) affirmative custom of permitting lone male officers to transport sick female inmates to the 
No. 23-6107 Franklin v. Franklin Cnty., Ky. Page 8

hospital, which allegedly exposed vulnerable inmates to sexual abuse; (2) alleged inaction with 

respect to preventing and responding to sexual assault in light of previous incidents at the Jail;

and (3) alleged failure to train, supervise, or discipline its employees regarding sexual abuse. 

1. Franklin County’s “affirmative” transportation custom does not render 

the county liable for Franklin’s sexual assault

Franklin first argues that Franklin County is liable for her sexual assault because of its 

transportation practices. She specifically asserts that the Jail’s practice of permitting a lone male 

officer to transport a female inmate to the hospital “[c]learly expose[s] sick, vulnerable female 

inmates to sexual abuse,” in violation of the Eighth Amendment. Franklin thus pursues what this 

court has called an “affirmative” custom (or policy) claim against the Jail. See North v. 

Cuyahoga County, 754 F. App’x 380, 390–91 (6th Cir. 2018) (explaining that affirmativecustom-or-policy claims are based on an affirmative wrongdoing rather than a failure to act).

As an initial matter, the Jail’s practice of permitting one male officer to transport a lone 

female inmate appears to be a custom rather than a policy. See Ford, 535 F.3d at 496 (“[Section] 

1983’s municipal-liability jurisprudence distinguishes between ‘policy’ and ‘custom.’”).

Nothing in the record suggests that the rules governing cross-gender transportation were 

“policies promulgated by the official vested with final policymaking authority for the 

municipality.” See Miller v. Calhoun County, 408 F.3d 803, 813 (6th Cir. 2005). The practices 

governing cross-gender transportation are therefore best characterized as a custom because they 

instead establish only “the knowledge of policymaking officials and their acquiescence in the 

established practice.” See Memphis Area Loc., Am. Postal Workers Union, AFL-CIO v. City of 

Memphis, 361 F.3d 898, 902 (6th Cir. 2004). Neither party disputes that this custom exists. 

With this understanding in mind, we now turn to the relevant caselaw. 

A “plaintiff asserting a section 1983 claim on the basis of a municipal custom or policy 

must ‘identify the policy [or custom], connect the policy [or custom] to the [County] itself[,] and 

show that the particular injury was incurred because of the execution of that policy [or custom].” 

Graham ex rel. Est. of Graham v. County of Washtenaw, 358 F.3d 377, 383 (6th Cir. 2004) (third 

alteration in original) (quoting Garner v. Memphis Police Dep’t, 8. F.3d 358, 364 (6th Cir. 

1993)). “There must be ‘a direct causal link’ between the policy and the alleged constitutional 
No. 23-6107 Franklin v. Franklin Cnty., Ky. Page 9

violation such that the County’s ‘deliberate conduct’ can be deemed the ‘moving force’ behind 

the violation.” Id. (citation omitted). “This type of municipal liability is sometimes referred to 

as an affirmative policy or custom theory.” North, 754 F. App’x at 386. 

When a plaintiff demonstrates that an individual municipal employee violated her 

constitutional rights, “[t]his [affirmative-policy-or-custom theory] does not require a showing 

that the municipality acted with deliberate indifference to the risk of constitutional violations.” 

Id. at 391; see also Garner, 8 F.3d at 365–66 (rejecting the applicability of a deliberateindifference showing because the plaintiff raised an affirmative custom-or-policy claim rather 

than a failure-to-train claim). 

The County does not contest that the Jail practiced the transportation custom identified by 

Franklin. And because the parties concede that Price violated Franklin’s Eighth Amendment 

rights, the final showing that Franklin must make is “that [her] injury was caused by the 

execution of that [custom].” See North, 754 F. App’x at 390–91. 

In the present case, Franklin argues that the Jail “had a practice that clearly exposed sick, 

vulnerable female inmates to sexual abuse.” But this argument shows only that the Jail’s 

transportation custom provided the opportunity for Price’s unlawful behavior. Opportunity 

alone, however, fails to show that the Jail’s custom “direct[ly]” caused Franklin’s assault. See 

Blackmore v. Kalamazoo County, 390 F.3d 890, 900 (6th Cir. 2004). Indeed, Franklin must 

“show that the particular injury was incurred because of the execution of that policy [or 

custom].” See Doe v. Claiborne Cnty. ex rel. Claiborne Cnty. Bd. of Educ., 103 F.3d 495, 508 

(6th Cir. 1996) (emphasis in original) (quoting Garner, 8 F.3d at 364). 

Franklin fails to explain how her assault was “a direct result of [the Jail’s] . . . custom,” as 

opposed to Price’s unilateral, unlawful actions. See Blackmore, 390 F.3d at 900. Price’s 

unlawful actions, after all, were not “pursuant to” the Jail’s policy. See Garner, 8 F.3d at 365. 

Franklin thus seeks to hold the Jail liable “for an injury inflicted solely by” Price. See Gregory v. 

Shelby County, 220 F.3d 433, 441 (6th Cir. 2000). This theory of liability is based on “de facto 

respondeat superior liability[, which is] explicitly prohibited by Monell.” See Doe, 103 F.3d at 

508 (emphasis in original). We therefore reject Franklin’s first theory of Monell liability. 
No. 23-6107 Franklin v. Franklin Cnty., Ky. Page 10

2. Franklin County is not liable under a theory of “inaction”

Franklin next argues that the County is liable for Price’s actions due to the Jail’s alleged 

policy of “inaction.” She specifically maintains that “Franklin County knew that female inmates 

were particularly vulnerable to sexual assault, that they would be subjected to cross-gender 

supervision and transport, and that these circumstances carried an obvious risk of sexual 

misconduct.” Relying heavily on her claims that the Jail was “aware that multiple instances of 

sexual misconduct had occurred within the facility” and that “cross-gender supervision required 

a greater level of care,” Franklin asserts that the Jail, “through its inaction, inculcated a ‘culture 

of indifference’ toward the sexual abuse and assault of female inmates and staff in the Jail.” She 

thus argues that Franklin County had a policy or custom of inaction toward the sexual abuse of 

inmates. 

To succeed on a municipal-liability claim under an “inaction” theory, a plaintiff must 

show “(1) the existence of a clear and persistent pattern of” unconstitutional conduct; (2) “notice 

or constructive notice” on the part of the municipality; (3) the municipality’s “tacit approval of 

the unconstitutional conduct, such that [its] deliberate indifference in [its] failure to act can be 

said to amount to an official policy of inaction”; and (4) “that the [municipality’s] custom was 

the ‘moving force’ or direct causal link in the constitutional deprivation.” Thomas v. City of 

Chattanooga, 398 F.3d 426, 429 (6th Cir. 2005) (quoting Doe, 103 F.3d at 508). 

Franklin must first show a clear and persistent pattern of unconstitutional conduct. See 

id. With respect to how many instances are required to constitute a “clear and persistent 

pattern,” this court has observed that a plaintiff “‘cannot rely solely on a single instance’ to prove 

the existence of an unconstitutional custom.” Winkler v. Madison County, 893 F.3d 877, 902 

(6th Cir. 2018) (quoting Thomas, 398 F.3d at 433); see also Stewart v. City of Memphis, 788 F. 

App’x 341, 347 (6th Cir. 2019) (explaining that “one instance of potential misconduct” under an 

inaction theory is a path to municipal liability that “has been forbidden by the Supreme Court” 

(quoting Thomas, 398 F.3d at 432–33)). 

This court, however, has concluded that five similar incidents over the course of three 

years were sufficient to constitute a pattern. Simpkins v. Boyd Cnty. Fiscal Ct., No. 21-5477, 
No. 23-6107 Franklin v. Franklin Cnty., Ky. Page 11

2022 WL 17748619, at *13 (6th Cir. Sept. 2, 2022). But it has also concluded that three 

instances of similar misconduct revealed in one police investigation did not establish a clear and 

persistent pattern. Peet v. City of Detroit, 502 F.3d 557, 568 (6th Cir. 2007). 

Another ambiguity in this area is that “our circuit does not appear to have explained how 

‘similar’ past incidents must be to constitute a ‘pattern of similar constitutional violations.’” 

Simpkins, 2022 WL 17748619, at *13 (citation omitted). But this court’s unpublished opinion in 

Berry v. Delaware Cnty. Sheriff’s Off., 796 F. App’x 857, 862 (6th Cir. 2019), provides 

persuasive guidance in addressing “similarity.” The Berry court held that the similarity between 

a plaintiff’s claim and an alleged pattern of constitutional violations “must be particularized.” Id.

(citing Connick v. Thompson, 563 U.S. 51, 62 (2011)). What that means in practical terms is that 

“the prior examples of wrongdoing must violate the same constitutional rights [as the plaintiff’s] 

and violate them in the same way.” Id. at 863. The alleged pattern of similar unconstitutional 

conduct, however, need not be identical, or even “almost identical” to that which a plaintiff 

alleges occurred in her case. Simpkins, 2022 WL 17748619, at *13 (“No caselaw within our 

circuit requires the production of evidence of almost identical conduct.”). 

Using this framework, Franklin would need to show that there was a pattern of Eighth 

Amendment violations at the Jail (i.e., the same constitutional right that Price violated), that 

involved some sort of sexual assault on inmates (i.e., the right was violated in the same way as 

Franklin’s was). See Berry, 796 F. App’x at 862. But she would not need to demonstrate that 

the assault specifically occurred on a transportation vehicle. See id. Given the fact-specific 

nature of allegations concerning patterns of similar constitutional violations, this inquiry is 

necessarily context-dependent. 

In the present case, the three incidents of misconduct highlighted by Franklin are 

insufficiently similar to Price’s conduct. Kelty, for example, allegedly sent a lewd picture and 

had sexual relations with one of his subordinate officers. An officer’s inappropriate relationship 

with a subordinate officer is a factual circumstance that is materially dissimilar to an officer 

sexually assaulting an inmate. See Connick, 563 U.S. at 62–63 (observing that four prior Brady 

violations were not deemed similar enough to an unrelated Brady violation because “[n]one of 

th[e] [earlier Brady violations] involved failure to disclose blood evidence, a crime lab report, or 
No. 23-6107 Franklin v. Franklin Cnty., Ky. Page 12

physical or scientific evidence of any kind”). Kelty’s wrongdoing thus did not violate his 

subordinate officer’s rights in the same way that Price’s behavior violated Franklin’s. See Berry, 

796 F. App’x at 862. 

This same logic precludes a finding that Rouse engaged in conduct similar to Price. 

Although Rouse made inappropriate comments and fostered a “potential[ly] hostile work 

environment,” he was never accused of sexual assault. 

Harrod’s case and the ensuing investigation is a closer call. He is alleged to have 

exchanged sexually charged notes with an inmate. Although this behavior is closer to what Price 

did given that these acts involved an inmate, Harrod’s note passing did not involve any sexual 

contact. Harrod’s wrongdoing therefore did not violate that inmate’s rights in the same way that 

Price’s misconduct violated Franklin’s rights. See id. Even though past relevant behavior need 

not be “almost identical,” see Simpkins, 2022 WL 17748619, at *13, the passing of sexually 

charged notes is of a materially different character than sexually assaulting an inmate. See 

Connick, 563 U.S. at 62–63.

Nor do the revelations flowing from Harrod’s investigation persuade us that the County 

is liable. Harrod’s investigation reported that an inmate had alleged that an officer came to her 

cell “numerous” times and “touch[ed] her breasts and below her waist,” and that he “exposed 

himself to her on one of these contacts.” And the investigation also noted that another inmate 

claimed that an officer “made a sexual advance towards [her] while she was incarcerated.” Even 

assuming that these allegations satisfy the first three inaction prongs, there is no evidence in the 

record that Franklin County’s alleged “policy of inaction was the ‘moving force’ of the 

constitutional deprivation.” See Winkler v. Madison County, 893 F.3d 877, 902 (6th Cir. 2018) 

(quoting D’Ambrosio v. Marino, 747 F.3d 378, 387 (6th Cir. 2014)). 

The record instead demonstrates that Price’s actions were “rogue.” Price himself 

admitted that he knew that he was violating the Jail’s policy by sexually assaulting Franklin. 

Franklin’s constitutional violation thus “resulted from factors other than a faulty [County 

policy].” Graham ex rel. Est. of Graham v. County of Washtenaw, 358 F.3d 377, 384 (6th Cir. 

2004) (alteration in original) (quoting City of Canton v. Harris, 489 U.S. 378, 390–91 (1989)). 
No. 23-6107 Franklin v. Franklin Cnty., Ky. Page 13

For similar reasons, Franklin’s argument that the County is responsible for her assault 

because it failed to “implement[] all of PREA’s requirements, especially those geared toward 

prevention,” is unavailing. Even if we accepted Franklin’s argument that the Jail’s policies 

concerning PREA were somehow suboptimal, “the fact that alternative procedures might have 

better addressed a prisoner’s particular needs does not show that the County was deliberately 

indifferent.” See id. (cleaned up). Indeed, this is not a case in which there is a “total lack of any 

County policies” governing the prevention of sexual assault. See Blackmore v. Kalamazoo 

County, 390 F.3d 890, 900 (6th Cir. 2004). The Jail’s policies explicitly prohibit sexual contact 

between inmates and staff, require information to be given to each inmate about preventing and 

reporting such incidents, subject all employees who fail to comply with the Jail’s PREA policy to 

disciplinary action or termination, and require all employees who witness or have knowledge of 

any sexual activity to report it. We therefore conclude that the County is not liable on a 

municipal-liability theory of inaction. 

3. Franklin County is not liable under a failure-to-train theory

The final theory of Monell liability asserted by Franklin is based on Franklin County’s 

alleged failure to train, supervise, or discipline its employees with regard to the sexual abuse of 

inmates. “To succeed on a claim based on inadequate training, [a plaintiff] ‘must prove the 

following: (1) the training or supervision was inadequate for the tasks performed; (2) the 

inadequacy was the result of the municipality’s deliberate indifference; and (3) the inadequacy 

was closely related to or actually caused the injury.” Winkler, 893 F.3d at 902 (quoting Ellis ex. 

rel. Pendergrass v. Cleveland Mun. Sch. Dist., 455 F.3d 690, 700 (6th Cir. 2006)). 

“This court has identified two situations justifying a conclusion of deliberate indifference 

in claims of failure to train or supervise.” Ellis, 455 F.3d at 700. The first “is [a] failure to 

provide adequate training in light of foreseeable consequences that could result from a lack of 

instruction.” Id. at 700–01 (quoting Brown v. Shaner, 172 F.3d 927, 931 (6th Cir. 1999)). “A 

second type of . . . deliberate indifference is where the [municipality] fails to act in response to 

repeated complaints of constitutional violations by its officers.” Brown, 172 F.3d at 931. 

Franklin appears to rely on the first situation, arguing that an absence of written policies and 

adequate training “carried an obvious risk of sexual misconduct.” “The [first] mode of proof is 
No. 23-6107 Franklin v. Franklin Cnty., Ky. Page 14

available ‘in a narrow range of circumstances’ where a federal rights violation ‘may be a highly 

predictable consequence of a failure to equip [employees] with specific tools to handle recurring 

situations.’” Winkler, 893 F.3d at 903 (alterations in original) (quoting Shadrick v. Hopkins 

County, 805 F.3d 724, 739 (6th Cir. 2015)). 

In the present case, Franklin contends that the training that the Jail staff received was 

constitutionally inadequate because the County made “deliberate choices not to . . . have written 

policies on preventing sexual misconduct” or to “train officers on PREA’s requirements 

regarding prevention [of sexual abuse].” But her contention that the Jail did not have written 

policies on preventing sexual abuse is belied by the record. The Jail’s written policy about 

sexual misconduct expressly acknowledges that the “[PREA] establishes a zero tolerance 

standard for incidence of inmate sexual assault and rape; [and] makes prevention of inmate 

sexual assault and rape a top priority in [the] facility.” Moreover, the written policy forbids 

“sexual activity between staff and inmates, volunteers, contract personnel, or work site 

supervisors and inmates regardless of consensual states [sic],” and it subjects offenders to 

“administrative and criminal disciplinary sanctions.” 

Information is also “provided to . . . inmates about sexual abuse/assault[,] including 

prevention/intervention [and] reporting sexual abuse/assault. . . . [This] [i]nformation [is] 

communicated orally and in writing at the time of booking[,and] [t]he inmate will sign [a 

document] acknowledging receipt of this information.” Further undermining Franklin’s position 

is that all Jail officers must undergo a PREA training course before ever interacting with inmates, 

where the officers learn how to prevent sexual abuse. 

These facts demonstrate that, contrary to Franklin’s contention, the Jail did have written 

policies concerning the prevention of sexual misconduct. The policies provide that the 

prevention of sexual assault is a top priority of the Jail, and they require that inmates be provided 

information about preventing such conduct. This is not a case where there is a “total lack of any 

County policies” governing the prevention of sexual assault. See Blackmore v. Kalamazoo 

County, 390 F.3d 890, 900 (6th Cir. 2004). Franklin’s failure-to-train argument on this point is 

accordingly unpersuasive because there are in fact written policies (and trainings) governing the 

prevention of sexual assault in the Jail. 
No. 23-6107 Franklin v. Franklin Cnty., Ky. Page 15

Franklin relatedly asserts that the Jail failed to “train officers on PREA’s requirements 

regarding prevention.” She notes, for example, that Captain Culbertson and Jailer Rogers stated 

that they could not specifically recall ways in which they were trained to prevent and detect 

sexual assault. According to Franklin, this inadequate training amounted to deliberate 

indifference in preventing the sexual abuse of inmates. 

But Franklin’s argument fails because the record contradicts its premise. The Jail’s 

PREA Coordinator, Jeff Waldridge, testified that every new employee must be trained to comply 

with the PREA, including on how to prevent sexual abuse from occurring. Employees must also 

complete annual training on how to comply with the PREA, including on how to prevent sexual 

abuse. And as previously noted, each officer must complete PREA training before they ever 

supervise inmates. 

Waldridge also discussed the sexual-abuse prevention techniques that officers learn in 

training. He testified, for example, that officers are trained to separate vulnerable inmates, like 

youth and transgender offenders, from “serious felons” when considering where to house 

inmates. Waldridge further testified that officers are trained on how to recognize issues among 

inmates when they conduct rounds. These examples—considered with (1) the Jail’s strict zerotolerance policy of sexual abuse, (2) annual PREA training, and (3) maintenance of a PREA 

coordinator—reflect constitutionally adequate training. See Miller v. Calhoun County, 408 F.3d 

803, 816 (6th Cir. 2005) (“Mere allegations that an officer was improperly trained or that an 

injury could have been avoided with better training are insufficient to prove liability.”).

Franklin nevertheless argues to the contrary by relying on the Seventh Circuit’s decision 

in J.K.J. v. Polk County, 960 F.3d 367 (7th Cir. 2020) (en banc). She contends, based on that 

case, that Franklin County had adequate notice that an absence of “written policies, practices, 

and training to adequately address the risk” of sexual abuse carried an obvious risk of sexual 

assault. 

In J.K.J., the en banc Seventh Circuit held that a county was liable for the repeated sexual 

assaults on two inmates. The court concluded that “[t]he jury had ample evidence to find that 

[the county’s] failures—both the prevention and detection gaps in its written policies and the 
No. 23-6107 Franklin v. Franklin Cnty., Ky. Page 16

absence of training—occurred in the face of an obvious and known risk that its male guards 

would sexually assault female inmates.” Id. at 381 (emphasis in original). 

Examples of these failures in J.K.J. included that (1) the county “was aware of sexual 

misconduct,” including one officer who groped and made sexually inappropriate comments 

toward an inmate and another officer who sexually assaulted two inmates for three years; (2) jail 

staff “received no training (in any sense of the word) focused on the sexual harassment or assault 

of female inmates”; (3) the jail did not have a PREA coordinator; (4) the county continued to 

employ staff who sexually abused inmates; and (5) the county lacked a zero-tolerance policy on 

sexual abuse and harassment. Id. at 372–75, 382–84. These factors, coupled with the power that 

male officers had over female inmates, led the court to conclude that the county was liable for 

the sexual abuse of the plaintiffs.

But that case is distinguishable from the one before us for several reasons. Unlike the jail 

in J.K.J., the Jail here maintains a strict zero-tolerance policy against sexual abuse. The jail in 

J.K.J. likewise lacked any training concerning the sexual assault of inmates, whereas the Jail 

requires annual training about the PREA and mandates that all new officers undergo a 

pre-employment PREA training session. Another distinction is that the Jail maintains a PREA 

coordinator who investigates allegations of sexual misconduct. Nor does the record show that 

the Jail was aware of any comparable level of sexual abuse in the way that the jail in J.K.J. was. 

These factual differences render J.K.J. inapposite. We therefore find Franklin’s failure-to-train 

argument unpersuasive. 

C. Franklin’s claims against the individual defendants

1. Franklin’s deliberate indifference claim against Captain Culbertson

Franklin also raises claims against the individual defendants. She argues that Culbertson 

was deliberately indifferent to her safety because he (1) permitted an “unsupervised male guard” 

to transport “a sick, incarcerated woman” and (2) did not assign the onsite female guard or 

require another guard to accompany Price. Franklin also points to Culbertson’s decision to 

check on Price at the hospital, “under [which] circumstances . . . a reasonable jury could infer 
No. 23-6107 Franklin v. Franklin Cnty., Ky. Page 17

that he was having second thoughts about his decision and was concerned about a risk of sexual 

assault.” 

Culbertson raises the defense of qualified immunity. “The doctrine of qualified 

immunity protects government officials from liability for civil damages insofar as their conduct 

does not violate clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person 

would have known.” Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 231 (2009) (cleaned up). Because 

Franklin does not adequately allege a constitutional violation by Culbertson, and because 

addressing her claim is more straightforward on that basis, we need not reach the “clearly 

established” prong of the qualified-immunity analysis. See id. at 236–37 (holding that courts 

may use their discretion in deciding which qualified-immunity prong to address first).

“To raise a cognizable constitutional claim for deliberate indifference to an inmate’s 

safety, an inmate must make a two-part showing: (1) the alleged mistreatment was objectively 

serious; and (2) the defendant subjectively ignored the risk to the inmate’s safety.” Bishop v. 

Hackel, 636 F.3d 757, 766 (6th Cir. 2011) (citing Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 834 (1994)). 

This test thus has both an objective and a subjective component. See id. 

To satisfy the objective component, “a prison inmate first must show that the failure to 

protect from [the] risk of harm is objectively ‘sufficiently serious.’” Id. (quoting Farmer, 

511 U.S. at 833). The subjective component requires that “a plaintiff also must show that prison 

officials acted with ‘deliberate indifference’ to inmate health or safety.” Id. (quoting Farmer, 

511 U.S. at 834). “An official is deliberately indifferent if he or she ‘knows of and disregards an 

excessive risk to inmate health or safety; the official must both be aware of the facts from which 

the inference could be drawn that a substantial risk of harm exists, and he must also draw the 

inference.’” Id. at 766–67 (quoting Farmer, 511 U.S. at 837). Proof of subjective knowledge “is 

a question of fact subject to demonstration in the usual ways, including inference from 

circumstantial evidence.” Farmer, 511 U.S. at 842. 

The parties here do not dispute that Franklin’s sexual assault was sufficiently serious 

under the objective component of her Eighth Amendment deliberate-indifference claim. So 

Franklin is left to satisfy only the subjective component. 
No. 23-6107 Franklin v. Franklin Cnty., Ky. Page 18

In the present case, Franklin contends that Culbertson acted with deliberate indifference 

because he did not require an additional officer to accompany Price (or have a female officer 

transport her instead) on the night that Price assaulted Franklin. But nothing in Price’s 

background or history would have put Culbertson on notice that Price posed a threat to female 

inmates. And Franklin fails to cite any authority forbidding a lone male officer from transporting 

a female inmate. She also cites no authority for her bare assertion that Culbertson (who is also a 

male officer), rather than Price, should have transported her to the hospital.

Franklin likewise presents no evidence that Culbertson is liable under a theory of 

supervisory liability. “Supervisory liability under § 1983 cannot attach where the allegation of 

liability is based upon a mere failure to act.” Bass v. Robinson, 167 F.3d 1041, 1048 (6th Cir. 

1999). A supervisor must instead “actively engage[] in unconstitutional behavior” by “somehow 

encourag[ing] or condon[ing] the actions of [his] inferiors.” Gregory v. City of Louisville, 444 

F.3d 725, 751 (6th Cir. 2006). 

Franklin has not established any such participation by Culbertson. Culbertson testified 

that nothing seemed out of the ordinary when he checked on Price, certainly nothing that would 

put him on notice that Franklin’s safety was at risk. Franklin has pointed to no evidence in the 

record contradicting this statement or otherwise suggesting that it is factually inaccurate. Thus, 

Franklin has failed to show that Culbertson “implicitly authorized, approved or knowingly 

acquiesced in the unconstitutional conduct of” Price. See Bellamy v. Bradley, 729 F.2d 416, 421 

(6th Cir. 1984). 

Franklin nevertheless maintains that Culbertson “was having second thoughts about his 

decision and was concerned about a risk of sexual assault” by checking on Price the night of the 

assault. To the contrary, Culbertson explained that whenever he had a subordinate officer 

transport an inmate to the hospital, he would “always ma[ke] it a goal to go check on that deputy, 

to make sure they didn’t need to go out and smoke, make sure they didn’t need to use the 

restroom. . . . [He] did that with everybody that went to the hospital. [Culbertson had] driven 

through snow storms to go to Lexington and check on deputies before.” He further confirmed 

that “[t]hat was [his] sole purpose for going up there, was to check and make sure [Price] didn’t 

need anything before [Culbertson] went home.” Franklin has not proffered any evidence to the 
No. 23-6107 Franklin v. Franklin Cnty., Ky. Page 19

contrary. We therefore find Franklin’s deliberate-indifference claim against Culbertson 

unavailing. 

2. Franklin’s negligence claims against Culbertson and Rogers

Franklin next argues that Culbertson and Rogers were negligent. She asserts that 

Culbertson was negligent for failing to insist that Price “strictly observe the [transportation] rules 

and report to the shift supervisor back at the Jail that [Franklin] had been released from the 

hospital and his mileage.” Franklin also argues that Culbertson negligently failed to protect her. 

As for Rogers, Franklin contends that he negligently failed to train his staff and enforce 

transportation policies that would have prevented Franklin’s sexual assault. 

As an initial matter, Franklin’s argument that Culbertson negligently failed to protect her 

is forfeited because she dedicates only one sentence of her appellate brief to that argument. 

Lou’s Transp., Inc. v. NLRB, 945 F.3d 1012, 1027 (6th Cir. 2019) (“[I]t is a settled appellate rule 

that a party forfeits issues adverted to in a perfunctory manner, unaccompanied by some effort at 

developed argumentation.” (citation omitted)).

In any event, Culbertson and Rogers reassert the defense of qualified immunity, raising 

the defense under Kentucky law. Under Kentucky law, qualified immunity protects public 

officers and employees sued in their individual capacities from “damages liability for good faith 

judgment calls made in a legally uncertain environment.” Yanero v. Davis, 65 S.W.3d 510, 522 

(Ky. 2001). Qualified immunity applies to officers who perform “(1) discretionary acts or 

functions, i.e., those involving the exercise of discretion and judgment, or personal deliberation, 

decision, and judgment; (2) in good faith; and (3) within the scope of the employee’s authority.” 

Id. (internal citations omitted). But qualified immunity does not protect employees “for the 

negligent performance of a ministerial act, i.e., one that requires only obedience to the orders of 

others, or when the officer’s duty is absolute, certain, and imperative, involving merely 

execution of a specific act arising from fixed and designated facts.” Id.

Culbertson and Rogers argue that the Jail’s transportation policies and enforcement of the 

PREA are discretionary duties that entitle them to qualified immunity under Kentucky law. 

Franklin disagrees. She maintains that enforcement of the Jail’s transportation policies and 
No. 23-6107 Franklin v. Franklin Cnty., Ky. Page 20

PREA rules are ministerial duties that Culbertson and Rogers failed to enforce. According to 

Franklin, the breach of these ministerial duties defeats a claim to qualified immunity under 

Kentucky law. Her negligence claim thus turns on whether enforcement of the Jail’s 

transportation policies and PREA rules was a discretionary or instead a ministerial duty.

Franklin first contends that the Jail had a nondiscretionary transportation policy 

forbidding lone male officers from transporting female inmates. She thus asserts that, by 

permitting Price to transport Franklin alone, Culbertson and Rogers negligently breached the 

Jail’s transportation policy prohibiting cross-gender transportation. 

But the Jail simply has no policy prohibiting a lone male officer from transporting a 

female inmate. It likewise has no policy requiring female officers to transport female inmates. 

Rogers’s uncontradicted testimony establishes that there was no such requirement or expectation 

with respect to the gender of an officer who transports a female inmate. Because enforcement of 

this nonexistent gender practice concerning the transportation of inmates is necessarily not 

“absolute, certain, and imperative,” see id., it is not ministerial. Culbertson and Rogers are thus 

entitled to qualified immunity with regard to this argument. 

The second allegedly ministerial duty that Rogers breached is his noncompliance with the 

PREA. Franklin argues that Rogers breached a ministerial duty by failing to implement 

mandatory PREA training and policies designed to prevent sexual abuse. To the contrary, the 

“PREA does not provide a specific, mandatory course of action for how agencies supervise . . . 

their employees. The PREA regulations concerning employee discipline provide agencies with 

discretion.” Peralta v. United States, No. 19-cv-08912, 2020 WL 13210654, at *3 (C.D. Cal. 

Oct. 23, 2020) (quoting 28 C.F.R. § 115.76)). They likewise do not provide specific mandatory 

courses of action on how to protect inmates. See 28 C.F.R. § 115.13(a). In the absence of any 

such mandatory requirements, Rogers’s strategies, training, and compliance with the PREA’s 

goals are discretionary duties, “involving the exercise of discretion and judgment,” which entitles 

him to qualified immunity. See Yanero, 65 S.W.3d at 522. 

Franklin next argues that Culbertson negligently breached his ministerial duties when he 

failed to insist that Price follow the Jail’s mileage-reporting rule during Franklin’s cross-gender 
No. 23-6107 Franklin v. Franklin Cnty., Ky. Page 21

transportation. But Franklin failed to make this argument in the district court, so the argument is 

forfeited, and we decline to consider it. See Overstreet v. Lexington-Fayette Urb. Cnty. Gov’t, 

305 F.3d 566, 578 (6th Cir. 2002) (“It is well-settled that this court will not consider arguments 

raised for the first time on appeal unless our failure to consider the issue will result in a plain 

miscarriage of justice.” (quoting Bailey v. Floyd Cnty. Bd. of Educ., 106 F.3d 135, 143 (6th Cir. 

1997))). We see no “plain miscarriage of justice” under the present circumstances. 

In sum, Culbertson and Rogers are entitled to qualified immunity under state law because 

they performed discretionary functions in good faith that were within the scope of their 

employment. See Yanero, 65 S.W.3d at 522. They are therefore entitled to summary judgment 

on Franklin’s negligence claims. 

3. Franklin’s gross negligence claim is forfeited

Franklin further contends that Culbertson and Rogers were grossly negligent. But after 

stating in one sentence what gross negligence requires under Kentucky law, Franklin argues only 

that “[w]hen confronted with evidence that Rogers and Culbertson took no action, a jury could 

reasonably conclude that conduct exhibited a reckless disregard for the safety of people like 

Plaintiff.” [Id.] Franklin does not specify which nonaction or conduct she is referring to. Her 

one bare assertion lacks any elaboration or development. Absent such development, Franklin 

has forfeited this argument. See Lou’s Transp., Inc., 945 F.3d at 1027. 

D. Franklin abandoned her challenge to the district court’s denial of her motion 

for reconsideration 

Franklin’s final challenge is to the district court’s denial of her motion for 

reconsideration. But because she failed to raise this issue in her opening brief, she has abandoned 

any appeal of the court’s decision on this issue. See Doe v. Mich. State Univ., 989 F.3d 418, 425 

(6th Cir. 2021) (“[A]n ‘appellant abandons all issues not raised and argued in its initial brief on 

appeal.’” (quoting Rose v. State Farm Fire & Cas. Co., 766 F.3d 532, 540 (6th Cir. 2014))). 

III. CONCLUSION

For all of the reasons set forth above, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.