OMB No. 1121-0329 

Approval Expires  12/31/2023 

U.S. Department of Justice 

Office of Justice Programs 

National Institute of Justice 

Research on the Impact of Public Policy on Racial and Ethnic Disparities in the Justice System, Fiscal Year 2021 

Assistance Listing Number #  16.560 

Grants.gov Opportunity Number: O-NIJ-2021-99003 

Solicitation Release Date: May 04, 2021 2:30 PM 

Version:  1 

Grants.gov Deadline:  June 11, 2021 11:59 PM 

Application JustGrants Deadline: June 21, 2021 11:59 PM 

Overview 

The U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ), Office of Justice Programs (OJP), National Institute of Justice (NIJ) seeks applications for funding of investigator-initiated proposals for evidence-based, 

nonpartisan analyses of existing evidence to examine how observed racial and ethnic disparities in the justice system might be reduced through public policy. NIJ seeks applications in two 

categories: (1) Research to Identify Policy Interventions; and (2) Secondary Analysis of Data from Relevant Existing Studies. NIJ is interested in receiving proposals for research in either the 

criminal or juvenile justice context, or both. This project furthers the Department’s mission by supporting the development of new knowledge and tools to address the challenges of crime and justice 

in the United States. 

This solicitation incorporates the OJP Grant Application Resource Guide by reference. The OJP Grant Application Resource Guide provides guidance to applicants on how to prepare and submit 

applications for funding to OJP. If this solicitation expressly modifies any provision in the OJP Grant Application Resource Guide, the applicant is to follow the guidelines in this 

solicitation as to that provision. 

Solicitation Categories 

Competition ID Category * Number of Awards Dollar Amount for Award Performance Start Date Performance Duration (Months) 

C-NIJ-2021-00006-PROD Category1: Research to Identify Policy Interventions 1 $1,000,000.00 1/1/22 12:00 AM 24 

C-NIJ-2021-00007-PROD Category 2: Secondary Analysis of Data from Relevant Existing Studies 4 $50,000.00 1/1/22 12:00 AM 12 

Eligible Applicants: 

City or township governments, County governments, For profit organizations other than small businesses, Independent school districts, Native American tribal governments (Federally 

recognized), Native American tribal organizations (other than Federally recognized tribal governments), Nonprofits having a 501(c)(3) status with the IRS, other than institutions of 

higher education, Nonprofits that do not have a 501(c)(3) status with the IRS, other than institutions of higher education, Private institutions of higher education, Public and State 

controlled institutions of higher education, Public housing authorities/Indian housing authorities, Small businesses, Special district governments, State governments, Other 

Other 

For purposes of this solicitation, the term “State” means any State of the United States, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the Virginia Islands, Guam, American Samoa, 

and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. 

Foreign governments, foreign organizations, and foreign colleges and universities are not eligible to apply. Federal agencies are eligible to apply. (Any award made to a federal agency will be made 

as an inter-agency reimbursable agreement.) 

To advance Executive Order 13929 Safe Policing for Safe Communities, as of October 28, 2020, the Attorney General determined that all state, local, and university or college law enforcement 

agencies must be certified by an approved independent credentialing body or have started the certification process to be allocated FY 2021 DOJ discretionary grant funding, as either a recipient or 

a subrecipient.  For detailed information on this new certification requirement, please visit https://cops.usdoj.gov/SafePolicingEO. 

All recipients and subrecipients (including any for-profit organization) must forgo any profit or management fee. 

NIJ will consider applications under which two or more entities would carry out the federal award; however, only one entity may be the applicant. Any others must be proposed as subrecipients 

(subgrantees). For additional information on subawards, see the OJP Grant Application Resource Guide. 

NIJ may elect to fund applications submitted under this FY 2021 solicitation in future fiscal years, dependent on, among other considerations, the merit of the applications and on the availability of 

appropriations. 

Contact Information 

For technical assistance with submitting the SF-424 and SF- LLL in Grants.gov, contact the Grants.gov Customer Support Hotline at 800-518-4726, 606-545-5035, at Grants.gov customer support 

webpage, or email at support@grants.gov. The Grants.gov Support Hotline operates 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, except on federal holidays. 

For technical assistance with submitting the full application in DOJ’s Justice Grants System (JustGrants), contact the JustGrants Service Desk at JustGrants.Support@usdoj.gov or at 

833-872-5175. The JustGrants Service Desk operates 5 a.m. to 9 p.m. EST Monday - Friday and 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. Saturday, Sunday, and federal holidays. 

An applicant that experiences unforeseen Grants.gov or JustGrants technical issues beyond its control that prevent it from submitting its application by the deadline must email the National Criminal 

Justice Reference Service Response Center (Response Center) at grants@ncjrs.gov within 24 hours after the application deadline to request approval to submit its application after the 

deadline. 

For assistance with any other requirements of this solicitation, contact the Response Center by telephone at 800–851–3420 or TTY: 301–240–6310 (hearing impaired only) or by email at 

grants@ncjrs.gov. Response Center hours of operation are 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. ET Monday through Friday, and 10 a.m. to 8 p.m. ET on the solicitation close date. 

Submission Information 

In FY 2021, applications will be submitted to DOJ in a NEW two-step process. 

Step 1: Applicants will submit an SF-424 and an SF-LLL in Grants.gov at https://www.grants.gov/web/grants/register.html. To register in Grants.gov, applicants will need to obtain a Data Universal 

Numbering System (DUNS) and System for Award Management (SAM) registration or renewal. 

Step 2: Applicants will submit the full application including attachments in JustGrants at JustGrants.usdoj.gov. 

To be considered timely, the full application must be submitted in JustGrants by the JustGrants application deadline. 

OJP encourages applicants to review, the “How to Apply" section in the OJP Grant Application Resource Guide. 

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O-NIJ-2021-99003 
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O-NIJ-2021-99003 
Contents 

Contact Information 1 

Program Description 4 

Overview 4 

Statutory Authority 4 

Specific Information 4 

New Investigator/Early Career Opportunity 4 

Goals, Objectives, Deliverables, and Timeline 4 

Federal Award Information 5 

Awards, Amounts and Durations 5 

Continuation Funding Intent 5 

Availability of Funds 5 

Types of Awards 5 

Financial Management and System of Internal Controls 5 

Budget Information 5 

Cost Sharing or Matching Requirement 5 

Pre-agreement Costs (also known as Pre-award Costs) 5 

Limitation on Use of Award Funds for Employee Compensation: Waiver 5 

Prior Approval, Planning, and Reporting of Conference/Meeting/Training Costs 5 

Costs Associated with Language Assistance (if applicable) 5 

Eligibility Information 5 

Application and Submission Information 5 

Information to Complete the Application for Federal Assistance (SF-424) 6 

Standard Applicant Information (JustGrants 424 and General Agency Information) 6 

Proposal Abstract 6 

Proposal Narrative 6 

Goals, Objectives, Deliverables, and Timeline 7 

Budget and Associated Documentation 7 

Budget Worksheet and Budget Narrative (Web-based Form) 7 

Indirect Cost Rate Agreement (if applicable) 7 

Financial Management Questionnaire (including applicant disclosure of high-risk status) 7 

Additional Application Components 7 

Curriculum Vitae or Resumes 7 

Tribal Authorizing Resolution 7 

Timeline Form 7 

Letters of Support 7 

Research and Evaluation Independence and Integrity Statement 7 

Bibliography/reference 7 

Any tools/instruments, questionnaires, tables/chart/graphs, or maps 7 

List of Individuals in the Application 7 

Human Subjects Protection 7 

Privacy Certificate 7 

Request to Use Incentives or Stipends 7 

Documentation of “New Investigator” Status 7 

Consortium/Contractual Arrangements 7 

Data Archiving Plan 7 

Disclosures and Assurances 8 

Disclosure of Lobbying Activities 8 

DOJ Certified Standard Assurances 8 

Applicant Disclosure of Duplication in Cost Items 8 

DOJ Certifications Regarding Lobbying; Debarment, Suspension and Other Responsibility Matters; and Drug-Free Workplace Requirements 8 

Applicant Disclosure and Justification – DOJ High Risk Grantees (if applicable) 8 

How to Apply 8 

Submission Dates and Time 8 

Application Review Information 8 

Review Criteria 8 

Review Process 9 

Federal Award Administration Information 9 

Federal Award Notices 9 

Administrative, National Policy, and Other Legal Requirements 9 

Information Technology (IT) Security Clauses 9 

General Information about Post-Federal Award Reporting Requirements 9 

Federal Awarding Agency Contact(s) 9 

Other Information 9 

Freedom of Information and Privacy Act (5 U.S.C. 552 and 5 U.S.C. 552a) 9 

Provide Feedback to OJP 9 

Performance Measures 9 

Application Checklist 9 

11 

Endnotes 11 

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O-NIJ-2021-99003 
____________________________________________________________________________ 

____________________________________________________________________________ 

Program Description 

Overview 

The Department of Justice is committed to advancing work that promotes civil rights, increases access to justice, supports crime victims, protects the public from crime and evolving threats, and 

builds trust between law enforcement and the community. 

With this solicitation, NIJ seeks applications for funding of investigator-initiated proposals for evidence-based, nonpartisan analyses of existing evidence to examine how observed racial and ethnic 

disparities in the justice system might be reduced through public policy. NIJ seeks applications in two categories: 

1. Research to Identify Policy Interventions 

2. Secondary Analysis of Data from Relevant Existing Studies 

NIJ anticipates making one award under Category 1 and up to 4 awards under Category 2. Applicants may submit proposals to both categories. Applications must identify the Category to which a 

proposal is submitted. NIJ will accept proposals for analyses of existing evidence to examine how observed racial and ethnic disparities in the justice system might be reduced through public policy 

in either the criminal and juvenile justice context, or both. 

Research can provide practical solutions to the obstacles faced by criminal justice practitioners as they work to reduce racial and ethnic disparities. Through these partnerships, criminal justice 

practitioners can independently assess their programs and measure outcomes. Likewise, criminal justice researchers can better understand the goals and purposes criminal justice practitioners 

seek to achieve and therefore provide more practical solutions for practitioners. Ultimately, these partnerships provide criminal justice practitioners with practice- and policy-relevant information 

while affording researchers the opportunity to contribute to the current body of knowledge. NIJ encourages applicants to consider researcher practitioner partnerships in responding to this 

solicitation. 

Applications proposing research involving partnerships with criminal justice or other agencies, should include a strong letter of support, signed by an appropriate decision-making authority from 

each proposed, partnering agency. A letter of support should include the partnering agency’s acknowledgement that de-identified data derived from, provided to, or obtained through this project will 

be archived by the grant recipient with the National Archive of Criminal Justice Data (NACJD) at the conclusion of the award. Applicants and their potential partners are encouraged to review the 

NACJD’s policies and protections at (NACJD). If selected for award, grantees will be expected to have a formal agreement in place with partnering agencies by January 1, 2022. That formal 

agreement must include a provision to meet the data archiving requirements of the award. 

In the case of partnerships that will involve the use of federal award funds by multiple partnering agencies to carry out the proposed project, only one entity/partnering agency may be the applicant 

(as is the case with any application submitted in response to this solicitation); any others must be proposed as subrecipients. 

Statutory Authority 

Title I of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 (Sections 201 and 202). 

Specific Information 

Racial and ethnic disparities in the justice system have been well documented in the research literature.[1] Black Americans, Latinos, and Native Americans are disproportionately represented in 

arrest, prosecution, conviction, and incarceration rates.[2] Communities of color often experience high levels of crime and victimization.[3] 

Since President Johnson’s Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice almost 55 years ago, substantial empirical attention has been devoted to uncovering factors that 

contribute to racial and ethnic disparities in the justice system, and to a lesser extent programs, policies and practices that might mitigate them.[4] Studies have examined disparity at all stages of 

the justice process, from police discretion to arrest, to incarceration and application of the death penalty. Recently, special issues of journals have focused on strategies aimed at reducing this 

disparity.[5] While the call for reform to address racial and ethnic disparities within the justice system is not new, it became more salient in 2020 with the deaths of George Floyd and Breonna 

Taylor, which led to massive protests and civil unrest within the U.S. and abroad.[6] 

NIJ has a long history of funding research on race, culture, gender and crime and their intersections with the administration of justice, particularly, but not limited to, through the W.E.B. Du Bois 

Program. Potential applicants should consult the NIJ website and familiarize themselves with projects that NIJ has previously funded.[7] 

With this solicitation NIJ seeks proposals for rigorous research projects examining the existing body of evidence to identify policy interventions that have the potential to reduce observed racial and 

ethnic disparities in the justice system. NIJ expects the findings and recommendations derived from this research to guide future research and testing of promising interventions. 

NIJ is interested in policy interventions that have the potential to reduce disparities at any point during the administration of justice for juveniles and/or adults. This could include policing practices, 

access to defense resources, pre-trial release practices, charging decisions, sanctions imposed, access to treatment services, post-release programming, or any other point at which disparity is 

evident. NIJ is particularly interested in identifying those interventions that have the greatest potential to positively intervene in an individual’s progressing through the justice system. 

Category 1: Research to Identify Policy Interventions 

Competition ID: NIJ-2021-00006-PROD 

NIJ seeks proposals for a rigorous, multi-method, exploratory research project to assess the existing body of evidence to identify policy interventions that have the potential to reduce observed 

racial and ethnic disparities in the justice system. Because NIJ anticipates using this information to guide future research, it seeks applications that propose the most rigorous methods that can be 

completed within 24 months. 

Category 2: Secondary Analysis of Data from Relevant Existing Studies 

Competition ID: NIJ-2021-00007-PROD 

NIJ seeks proposals for secondary analysis of data from existing studies that addressed questions relevant to identifying specific policy interventions that have the potential to reduce observed 

racial and ethnic disparities in the justice system might be reduced through public policy in either the criminal and juvenile justice context, or both. Because NIJ anticipates synthesizing the 

information derived from the studies funded under this category with the study funded under the first category to guide future research, the work proposed under this category must be completed 

within 12 months. Applicants are encouraged but not required to consider data housed at the National Archive of Criminal Justice Data (NACJD). 

New Investigator/Early Career Opportunity 

NIJ is interested in supporting researchers who are early in their careers and new to NIJ’s research grant portfolios, specifically non-tenured assistant professors, or equivalent full-time staff scientist 

positions in a research institution, who propose research on topics relevant to NIJ’s Office of Research, Evaluation, and Technology (ORET). To that end, NIJ may, in appropriate circumstances, 

give special consideration in award decisions to applications proposing such researchers as principal investigators (PIs). To qualify, the proposed PI must at the time of application submission: 

Hold a non-tenured assistant professor appointment at an accredited institution of higher education in the United States or an equivalent full-time staff scientist position at a research institution 

in the United States. 

Have completed a terminal degree or post-graduate clinical training within the four (4) years prior to September 30, 2021. 

Have never previously received NIJ funding as a PI on a research project with the exception of Graduate Research Fellows or Data Resources Program grantees. 

If seeking to be considered for the New Investigator/Early Career Opportunity, the applicant should identify that they are submitting a New Investigator/Early Career proposal on the title page of the 

application. 

Goals, Objectives, Deliverables, and Timeline 

Goals 

The primary goal of this solicitation is to promote the fair administration of justice. Findings from this research program will assist state, local, and tribal jurisdictions to promote fairer justice systems, 

and increase the legitimacy of those systems, thus enhancing racial and ethnic communities’ trust in public safety. 

Objectives 

The objective of this solicitation is to identify policy interventions that have potential to reduce racial and ethnic disparities in the justice system and to guide future research and testing of promising 

interventions. 

Deliverables 

Final Research Report. Any recipient of an award under this solicitation will be expected to submit a final research report. Additional information on the final research report requirement for the 

solicitation is posted on NIJ’s webpage. 

Required Data Sets and Associated Files and Documentation. Any recipient of an award under this solicitation will be expected to submit to the National Archive of Criminal Justice Data (NACJD) 

all data sets that result in whole or in part from the work funded by the award, along with associated files and any documentation necessary for future efforts by others to reproduce the project’s 

findings and/or to extend the scientific value of the data set through secondary analysis. 

In addition to these deliverables (and the required reports and data on performance measures), NIJ expects scholarly products to result from each award under this solicitation, taking the form of 

one or more published, peer-reviewed, scientific journal articles, and/or (if appropriate) law review journal articles, book chapter(s) or book(s) in the academic press, technological prototypes, 

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O-NIJ-2021-99003 
patented inventions, or similar scientific products. NIJ expects that there will be an equal effort to make the research findings accessible to practitioner and policymaker audiences. 

The Goals, Objectives, and Deliverables are directly related to the performance measures that demonstrate the results of the work completed, as discussed under Application and Submission 

Information. 

Federal Award Information 

Solicitation Category 

Competition ID 

Enter to sort 

Category * Number of Awards Dollar Amount for Award

Performance Start Date Performance Duration (Months) 

C-NIJ-2021-00006-PROD Category1: Research to Identify Policy Interventions 1 $1,000,000.00 1/1/22 12:00 AM 24 

C-NIJ-2021-00007-PROD Category 2: Secondary Analysis of Data from Relevant Existing Studies 4 $50,000.00 1/1/22 12:00 AM 12 

Awards, Amounts and Durations 

Period of Performance Start Date 

1/1/22 12:00 AM 

Period of Performance Duration (Months) 

24 

Anticipated Total Amount to be Awarded Under Solicitation 

$1,200,000.00 

Additional Information 

Clarifications Maximum dollar amount for each award: Applicants are encouraged to propose budgets that match the research activities proposed, which may be more or less than the 

anticipated maximum dollar amount of awards. Period of performance duration: To be determined by the period of performance of awarded applications. Successful applicants will be 

expected to complete the work proposed within a five-year period of performance. 

Continuation Funding Intent 

NIJ may, in certain cases, provide additional funding in future years to awards made under this solicitation, through continuation awards. NIJ will consider, among other factors, NIJ’s strategic 

priorities, a recipient’s overall management of the award, and progress of award funded work, when making continuation award decisions. 

Availability of Funds 

This solicitation, and awards (if any are made) under this solicitation, are subject to the availability of appropriated funds and to any modifications or additional requirements that may be imposed by 

the agency or by law.  In addition, nothing in this solicitation is intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against 

the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person. 

Types of Awards 

NIJ expects to make awards under this solicitation as grants. See the “Administrative, National Policy, and Other Legal Requirements” section of the OJP Grant Application Resource Guide for a 

brief discussion of important statutes, regulations, and award conditions that apply to many (or in some cases, all) OJP grants (and cooperative agreements). 

Financial Management and System of Internal Controls 

Award recipients and subrecipients (including recipients or subrecipients that are pass-through entities) must, as described in the Part 200 Uniform Requirements as set out at 2 C.F.R. 200.303, 

comply with standards for financial and program management. The “Part 200 Uniform Requirements” means the DOJ regulation at 2 C.F.R. Part 2800, which adopts (with certain modifications) the 

provisions of 2 C.F.R. Part 200. See OJP Grant Application Resource Guide for additional information. 

Budget Information 

If the applicant is proposing a project that reasonably could be conducted in discrete phases, with each phase resulting in completion of one or more significant, defined milestones, then NIJ 

strongly recommends that the applicant structure the application — specifically including the narrative, expected scholarly products, timelines/milestones, and budget detail worksheet and budget 

narrative — to clearly define each phase. (This is particularly the case if the applicant proposes a project that will exceed — in cost or the length of the period of performance — the amount or 

length of time anticipated for an individual award (or awards) under this solicitation.) Given limitations on the availability to NIJ of funds for awards for research, development, and evaluation, this 

information will assist NIJ in considering whether partial funding of applications would be productive. (If, in FY 2021, NIJ elects to fund only certain phases of a proposed project, the expected 

scholarly products from the partial-funding award may, in some cases, vary from those described above.) 

NIJ may elect to fund applications submitted under this FY 2021 solicitation in future fiscal years, dependent on, among other considerations, the merit of the applications and on the availability of 

appropriations. 

What will not be funded: 

Applications primarily to purchase equipment, materials, or supplies. (A budget may include these items if they are necessary to conduct research, development, demonstration, evaluation, or 

analysis.) 

Applications that are not responsive to the purposes of this specific solicitation. 

Cost Sharing or Matching Requirement 

See “Cofunding” paragraph under item 5 (“Budget and Associated Documentation”) under “Content of Application Submission” in Application and Submission Information. 

Pre-agreement Costs (also known as Pre-award Costs) 

See the OJP Grant Application Resource Guide information on Pre-agreement Costs (also known as Pre-award Costs). 

Limitation on Use of Award Funds for Employee Compensation: Waiver 

See the OJP Grant Application Resource Guide information on Limitation on Use of Award Funds for Employee Compensation; Waiver. 

Prior Approval, Planning, and Reporting of Conference/Meeting/Training Costs 

See the OJP Grant Application Resource Guide for information on Prior Approval, Planning, and Reporting of Conference/Meeting/Training Costs. 

Costs Associated with Language Assistance (if applicable) 

See the OJP Grant Application Resource Guide for information on Costs Associated with Language Assistance. 

Eligibility Information 

For eligibility information, see the title page. 

For information on cost sharing or match requirements, see “Content of Application Submission” in Application and Submission Information. 

Application and Submission Information 

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O-NIJ-2021-99003 
Content of Application Submission 

The following application elements MUST be included in the application submission for an application to meet the basic minimum requirements (BMR) to advance to peer review and receive 

consideration for funding: 

Proposal Narrative, 

Budget Worksheet and Budget Narrative (web-based form), and 

Curriculum Vitae/Resumes for Key Personnel. (Curriculum Vitae for key personnel (For purposes of this solicitation, “key personnel” means the principal investigator, and any and all 

co-principal investigators.) 

See the “Application Elements and Formatting Instructions” section of the OJP Grant Application Resource Guide for information on what happens to an application that does not contain all the 

specified elements or that is nonresponsive to the scope of the solicitation. 

Information to Complete the Application for Federal Assistance (SF-424) 

The SF-424 will be submitted in Grants.gov. The SF-424 is a required standard form used as a cover sheet for submission of pre-applications, applications, and related information. See the OJP 

Grant Application Resource Guide for additional information on completing the SF-424. 

In Section F of the SF-424, please include the name and contact information of the individual who will complete application materials in JustGrants. JustGrants will use this information (email 

address) to assign the application to this user in JustGrants. 

Intergovernmental Review: This solicitation (“funding opportunity”) is not subject to Executive Order 12372. (In completing the SF-424, an applicant is to answer question 19 by selecting the 

response that the “Program is not covered by E.O. 12372.”) 

Standard Applicant Information (JustGrants 424 and General Agency Information) 

The Standard Applicant Information section of the JustGrants application is pre-populated with the SF-424 data submitted in Grants.gov. Applicants will need to review the Standard Applicant 

Information in JustGrants and make edits as needed. Within this section, applicants will need to: add zip codes for areas affected by the project; confirm their Authorized Representative; and verify 

the organization's legal name and address. 

Proposal Abstract 

A proposal abstract (no more than 400 words) summarizing the proposed project including primary activities, products and deliverables, the service area, and who will benefit from the proposed 

project, will be completed in the JustGrants Web-based form. 

Proposal Narrative 

The proposal narrative should be submitted as an attachment in JustGrants. The attached document should be double-spaced, using a standard 12-point Times New Roman font; have no less than 

1-inch margins; and should not exceed 30 pages. Pages should be numbered and submitted as an attachment. If the proposal narrative fails to comply with these length-related restrictions, NIJ 

may negatively consider such noncompliance in peer review and in final award decisions. 

The following sections must be included as part of the proposal narrative: 

a. Title Page (not counted against the proposal narrative page limit) 

The title page should include: 

Project title. 

Submission date. 

Funding opportunity number. 

Principal Investigator (and any co-principal investigators). 

Unique author identifier (e.g., ORCID, ResearcherID, Scopus Author ID), if available. 

Requests for consideration under “new investigator” and/or “priority areas of research” areas. 

Key words, including science focus areas. 

Contact information (that is, name, address, telephone number, and e-mail address) for both the applicant and the principal investigator. 

b. Resubmit Response (if applicable) (not counted against the proposal narrative page limit.) 

If an applicant is resubmitting an application presented previously to NIJ, but not funded, the applicant should indicate this. A statement should be provided, no more than two pages, addressing: (1) 

the title, submission date, and NIJ-assigned application number of the previous application, and (2) a brief summary of revisions to the application, including responses to previous feedback 

received from NIJ. 

c. Table of Contents and Figures (not counted against the proposal narrative page limit) 

d. Main Body 

1. Statement of the Problem. 

The statement of the problem should address the need for research in this area. Applicants should discuss current gaps in data, research, and knowledge, including those for particular justice 

sectors, for certain populations, and to answer questions relevant to current policy and practice needs and public interests. It is not uncommon for multiple problems to exist simultaneously 

(for example, there may be a criminal justice problem affecting public safety, a current technical challenge/need identified by forensic practitioners, as well as a scientific/technology gap 

between the current state of the art and a desired solution) and applicants should discuss each of these clearly and justify the importance of the separate issues. As part of this discussion, 

applicants should present a review of previous literature and discuss previous research related to these problems. 

2. Project Design and Implementation. 

Applicants should provide a detailed description of the strategies to implement this research project and address the research questions. Design elements should follow directly from the 

research project’s goals and objectives and address the program-specific information noted in the solicitation. Applicants should describe the research methodology and analysis plan in detail 

and demonstrate the validity and usefulness of the data they will collect. Applicants should consider the rigor and soundness of the methodology and analytical and technical approaches for 

the proposed research and address the feasibility of the proposed project and potential challenges or problems in carrying out the activities. 

3. Potential Impact. 

Applicants should describe the potential impact of the research and how it may inform or improve criminal or juvenile justice-related policy, practice, or theory in the United States. The 

applicant should include a discussion of the proposed dissemination plan to produce scholarly products and to make information available to broader interested audiences, such as criminal 

justice practitioners or policymakers. 

4. Capabilities and Competencies. 

This section should describe the experience and capability of the applicant organization, key staff, and any proposed subgrantees (including consultants) that the applicant will use to 

implement and manage this effort and the federal funds under this award, highlighting any previous experience implementing projects of similar scope, design, and magnitude. Applicants 

should address: 

Experience and capacity to work with the proposed data sources in the conduct of similar research efforts. 

Experience and capacity to design and implement rigorous research and data analysis projects. 

Experience producing and disseminating meaningful deliverables. 

Applicants should also outline the management plan and organization that connects to the goals and objectives of the project. 

5. Appendices (not counted against the proposal narrative page limit) include: 

The project management plan. 

If the application (including the budget) identifies any proposed non-competitive agreements that are or may be considered procurement "contracts" (rather than subawards), for 

purposes of federal grants administrative requirements, the applicant also must list the entities with which the applicant proposes to contract. 

List of other agencies, organizations, or funding sources to which this application has been submitted (if applicable). 

Note: applicants are not required to submit performance data with the application. Rather, performance measures information is included as an alert that successful applicants will be required to 

submit performance data as part of the reporting requirements under an award. 

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O-NIJ-2021-99003 
OJP will require each successful applicant to submit regular performance data that demonstrate the results of the work carried out under the award. The performance data directly relate to the 

goals, objectives, and deliverables identified on page 4. 

A list of performance measure questions for this program can be found on page 10. 

Applicants can also visit OJP’s performance measurement page at www.ojp.gov/performance for an overview of performance measurement activities at OJP. 

Award recipients will be required to submit performance measure data in quarterly financial reports, semi-annual progress reports, and the Final Research Report. Further guidance on the postaward submission process will be provided, if selected for award. 

Goals, Objectives, Deliverables, and Timeline 

Applicants will submit the project's goals, objectives, deliverables, and timelines in the JustGrants Web-based form. See the OJP Grant Application Resource Guide for additional information. 

Budget and Associated Documentation 

Budget Worksheet and Budget Narrative (Web-based Form) 

Applicants will complete the JustGrants web-based budget form. See the OJP Grant Application Resource Guide for additional information. 

The following paragraph (on “Cofunding”) expressly modifies the “Cost Sharing or Matching Requirement” provisions in the OJP Grant Application Resource Guide. The applicant is to follow the 

guidance in the following paragraph instead of the guidance stated under the “Cost Sharing or Matching Requirement” heading in the OJP Grant Application Resource Guide. 

Cofunding: An award made by NIJ under this solicitation may account for up to 100 percent of the total cost of the project. The application should indicate whether it is feasible for the applicant to 

contribute cash, facilities, or services as non-federal support for the project. The application should identify generally any such contributions that the applicant expects to make and the proposed 

budget should indicate in detail which items, if any, will be supported with non-federal contributions. 

For additional match information, see the “Cost Sharing or Match Requirement” section under Federal Award Information. 

If a successful application proposes a voluntary match amount, and OJP approves the budget, the total match amount incorporated into the approved budget becomes mandatory and subject to 

audit. 

Indirect Cost Rate Agreement (if applicable) 

Applicants will submit their indirect cost rate agreement by uploading the agreement as an attachment in JustGrants. See the OJP Grant Application Resource Guide for additional information. 

Financial Management Questionnaire (including applicant disclosure of high-risk status) 

Applicants will download the questionnaire in JustGrants and submit by uploading the completed questionnaire as an attachment in JustGrants. See the OJP Grant Application Resource Guide for 

additional information. 

Additional Application Components 

Applicants will attach the additional requested documentation in JustGrants. 

Curriculum Vitae or Resumes 

Curriculum vitae or resume of the principal investigator and any and all co-principal investigators. In addition, curriculum vitae, resume, or biographical sketches of all other individuals (regardless of 

“investigator” status) who will be significantly involved in substantive aspects of the proposed project (including, for example, individuals such as statisticians used to conduct proposed data 

analysis). 

Tribal Authorizing Resolution 

If applicable, applicants will submit the Tribal Authorizing Resolution by uploading the resolution as an attachment in JustGrants. An application in response to this solicitation may require inclusion 

of information related to a tribal authorizing resolution as an attachment. See the OJP Grant Application Resource Guide for information on tribal authorizing resolutions. 

Timeline Form 

Proposed project timeline and expected milestones. 

Letters of Support 

Letters of cooperation/support or administrative agreements from organizations collaborating in the project, such as law enforcement and correctional agencies (if applicable). 

Research and Evaluation Independence and Integrity Statement 

If an application proposes research (including research and development) and/or evaluation, the applicant must demonstrate research/evaluation independence and integrity, including appropriate 

safeguards, before it may receive award funds. Applicants will submit a description of their research and evaluation independence and integrity by uploading the document as an attachment in 

JustGrants. For additional information regarding demonstrating research/evaluation independence and integrity, including appropriate safeguards, see the OJP Grant Application Resource Guide. 

Bibliography/reference 

Bibliography/references. Provide a bibliography of any references cited in the Project Narrative. 

Any tools/instruments, questionnaires, tables/chart/graphs, or maps 

Any tools/instruments, questionnaires, tables/charts/graphs, or maps pertaining to the proposed project that are supplemental to such items included in the main body of the narrative. 

List of Individuals in the Application 

To assist OJP in assessing actual or apparent conflicts of interest (including such conflicts on the part of prospective reviewers of the application), provide a complete list of the individuals named or 

otherwise identified anywhere in the application (including in the budget or in any other attachment) who will or may work (or advise or consult) on the proposed research, development, or 

evaluation project. Applicants should use the “Proposed Project Staff, Affiliation, and Roles” form available on the NIJ webpage to prepare this list. 

Human Subjects Protection 

Human Subjects Protection paperwork (documentation and forms related to Institutional Review Board [IRB] review). See https://nij.ojp.gov/funding/human-subjects-and-privacy-protection. Note: 

Final IRB approval is not required at the time an application is submitted. 

Privacy Certificate 

Privacy Certificate (for further guidance go to https://nij.ojp.gov/funding/confidentiality-and-privacy-protections and https://nij.ojp.gov/funding/model-privacy-certificate). 

Request to Use Incentives or Stipends 

Applicants proposing to use incentives or stipends payments as part of their research project design, must submit an incentive or stipend approval request, as a separate document, according to 

the requirements set forth at https://nij.ojp.gov/funding/participant-support-costs-and-incentives-social-scienceresearch. 

Documentation of “New Investigator” Status 

Documentation of “new investigator” status, if applicable. 

Consortium/Contractual Arrangements 

Explain the programmatic, fiscal, and administrative arrangements to be made between the applicant organization and the consortium organization(s). 

Data Archiving Plan 

Applicants should anticipate that NIJ will require, through special award conditions, that data sets resulting in whole or in part from projects funded under this solicitation be submitted for archiving 

with the NACJD. See https://nij.ojp.gov/funding/data-archiving-plans-nij-funding-applicants. 

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Applications should include as an appendix a brief plan — labeled “Data Archiving Plan” — to comply with data archiving requirements. The plan should provide brief details about proposed data 

management and archiving, including submission to NIJ (through NACJD) of all files and documentation necessary to allow for future efforts by others to reproduce the project’s findings and/or to 

extend the scientific value of the data set through secondary analysis. Pertinent files and documentation include, among other things, qualitative and quantitative data produced, instrumentation and 

data collection forms, codebook(s), any specialized programming code necessary to reproduce all constructed measures and the original data analysis, description of necessary de-identification 

procedures, and (when required) a copy of the privacy certificate and informed consent protocols. 

The plan should be one or two pages in length and include the level of effort associated with meeting archiving requirements. 

Note that recipients are strongly encouraged to submit required data sets at least 90 days before the end of the period of performance. 

Disclosures and Assurances 

Applicants will complete the following disclosures and assurances. 

Disclosure of Lobbying Activities 

Applicants will complete and submit the SF-LLL in Grants.gov. See the OJP Grant Application Resource Guide for additional information. 

DOJ Certified Standard Assurances 

See the DOJ Certified Standard Assurances in the OJP Grant Application Resource Guide. 

Applicant Disclosure of Duplication in Cost Items 

Applicants will complete the JustGrants web-based Applicant Disclosure of Duplication in Cost Items form. See the OJP Grant Application Resource Guide for additional information. 

DOJ Certifications Regarding Lobbying; Debarment, Suspension and Other Responsibility Matters; and Drug-Free Workplace Requirements 

Applicants will review and accept the DOJ Certified Certifications Regarding Lobbying; Debarment, Suspension and Other Responsibility Matters; and Drug-Free Workplace Requirements. See 

OJP Grant Application Resource Guide. 

Applicant Disclosure and Justification – DOJ High Risk Grantees (if applicable) 

If applicable, applicants will submit as an attachment in JustGrants. See the OJP Grant Application Resource Guide for additional information. A DOJ High Risk Grantee is a recipient that has 

received a DOJ High Risk designation based on a documented history of unsatisfactory performance, financial instability, management system or other internal control deficiencies, or 

noncompliance with award terms and conditions on prior awards, or that is otherwise not responsible. 

How to Apply 

Applicants will submit an SF-424 and an SF-LLL in Grants.gov at https://www.grants.gov/web/grants/register.html. 

Applicants will submit the full application including attachments in JustGrants at JustGrants.usdoj.gov. 

For additional information, see the “How to Apply” section in the OJP Grant Application Resource Guide. 

Submission Dates and Time 

The SF-424 and the SF-LLL will be submitted in Grants.gov by 11:59 p.m. eastern time on June 11, 2021. OJP urges applicants to submit applications at least 72 hours prior to the application due 

date to allow time for the applicant to receive validation messages or rejection notifications from Grants.gov and to correct in a timely fashion any problems that may have caused a rejection 

notification. 

The full application will be submitted in JustGrants on by 11:59 p.m. eastern time on June 21, 2021. 

To be considered timely, the full application must be submitted in JustGrants by the JustGrants application deadline. 

Application Review Information 

Review Criteria 

a. Merit Review Criteria 

Applications that meet basic minimum requirements will be evaluated by peer reviewers. Applications will be evaluated on how the proposed project/program addresses the following criteria: 

1. Statement of the Problem (understanding of the problem, (15%) 

Demonstrated understanding of the problem. 

Demonstrated importance of research questions, goals and objectives, including alignment with the aims of the solicitation. 

Demonstrated awareness of the state of current research. 

2. Project Design and Implementation (quality and technical merit) (50%). 

Feasibility of proposed project. 

Soundness of methods and analytic and technical approach to addressing the stated aim(s) of the proposed project. 

Awareness of potential pitfalls of proposed project design and feasibility of proposed actions to minimize and/or mitigate them. 

Feasibility of completing the deliverables noted in the solicitation. 

3. Capabilities and Competencies (capabilities, demonstrated productivity, and experience of the applicant organization and proposed project staff) (20%) 

Qualifications and experience of proposed project staff (that is, the principal investigator, any and all co-principal investigators, and all other individuals (and organizations) identified in the 

application (regardless of “investigator” status) who will be significantly involved in substantive aspects of the proposed project). 

Demonstrated ability of the applicant organization to implement the proposed strategies and manage the effort. 

Relationship between the capabilities/competencies of the proposed project staff (including the applicant organization) and the scope and strategies of the proposed project. 

4. Potential Impact (15%) 

Potential for a significant scientific or technical advance(s) that will improve criminal/juvenile justice in the United States. 

Potential for significantly improved understanding of the stated criminal/juvenile justice problem. 

Potential for innovative solution to address (all or a significant part of) the stated criminal/juvenile justice problem. 

Strength and feasibility of the proposed dissemination plan to produce scholarly products (such as published, peer-reviewed, scientific journal articles, book chapter(s) or book(s) in the 

academic press, technological prototypes, patented inventions, databases, standards or similar scientific products) as well as make summary information available to broader interested 

audiences, such as criminal justice practitioners or policymakers. 

5. Budget (0%) 

In addition, peer reviewers will consider and may comment on the following additional items in the context of scientific and technical merit. 

Alignment of the proposed budget with proposed project activities. 

Total cost of the project relative to the perceived benefit (cost effectiveness). 

Appropriateness of the budget relative to the level of effort. 

Use of existing resources to conserve costs. 

b. Other Review Criteria/Factors 

Other important considerations for NIJ include geographic diversity, strategic priorities (specifically including, but not limited to, those mentioned above relating to priority areas), available funding, 

past performance, and the extent to which the Budget Worksheet and Budget Narrative (web-based form) accurately explain project costs that are reasonable, necessary, and otherwise allowable 

under federal law and applicable federal cost principles. 

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O-NIJ-2021-99003 
Review Process 

Applications submitted under this solicitation that meet basic minimum requirements, will be evaluated for technical merit by a peer review panel(s) in accordance with OJP peer review policy and 

procedures using the stated review criteria above. 

OJP screens applications to ensure they meet the basic minimum requirements prior to conducting peer review. Although specific requirements may vary, the following are common requirements 

applicable to all solicitations for funding under OJP programs: 

The application must be submitted by an eligible type of applicant. 

The application must request funding within programmatic funding constraints (if applicable). 

The application must be responsive to the scope of the solicitation. 

The application must include all items necessary to meet the basic minimum requirements. 

The application, if submitted by an applicant that is a DOJ High Risk Grantee, or is designated “high risk” by a federal grant-making agency outside of DOJ, must not have been 

determined by the NIJ Director to pose a substantial risk of program implementation failure, based on 1) the applicant’s lack of sufficient progress in addressing required corrective 

actions necessary for removal of the DOJ High Risk Grantee (or non-DOJ high risk) designation, 2) the nature and severity of the issues leading to or accompanying the DOJ High 

Risk Grantee (or non-DOJ high risk) designation, and/or 3) the applicant’s expected ability to manage grant funds and achieve grant goals and objectives. 

Pursuant to the Part 200 Uniform Requirements, before award decisions are made, OJP also reviews information related to the degree of risk posed by the applicant. Among other things to help 

assess whether an applicant that has one or more prior federal awards has a satisfactory record with respect to performance, integrity, and business ethics, OJP checks whether the applicant is 

listed in SAM as excluded from receiving a federal award. 

In addition, if OJP anticipates that an award will exceed $250,000 in federal funds, OJP also must review and consider any information about the applicant that appears in the non-public segment of 

the integrity and performance system accessible through SAM (currently, the Federal Awardee Performance and Integrity Information System, FAPIIS). 

Important note on FAPIIS: An applicant, may review and comment on any information about itself that currently appears in FAPIIS and was entered by a federal awarding agency. OJP will 

consider any such comments by the applicant, in addition to the other information in FAPIIS, in its assessment of the risk posed by the applicant. 

All final award decisions will be made by Director of the National Institute of Justice, who may take into account not only peer review ratings and NIJ recommendations, but also other factors as 

indicated in this section. 

Federal Award Administration Information 

Federal Award Notices 

See the OJP Grant Application Resource Guide for information on award notifications and instructions. 

Administrative, National Policy, and Other Legal Requirements 

If selected for funding, in addition to implementing the funded project consistent with the OJP-approved application, the recipient must comply with all award conditions, and all applicable 

requirements of federal statutes and regulations (including applicable requirements referred to in the assurances and certifications executed in connection with award acceptance). 

For additional information on these legal requirements, see the “Administrative, National Policy, and Other Legal Requirements” section in the OJP Grant Application Resource Guide. 

Information Technology (IT) Security Clauses 

An application in response to this solicitation may require inclusion of information related to information technology security. See the OJP Grant Application Resource Guide for information on 

information technology security. 

General Information about Post-Federal Award Reporting Requirements 

In addition to the deliverables described in the Program Description section, any recipient of an award under this solicitation will be required to submit certain reports and data. 

Required reports. Recipients typically must submit quarterly financial reports, quarterly, semi-annual progress reports, final financial and progress reports, final research reports, and, if applicable, 

an annual audit report in accordance with the Part 200 Uniform Requirements or specific award conditions. Future awards and fund drawdowns may be withheld if reports are delinquent. (In 

appropriate cases, OJP may require additional reports.) 

See the OJP Grant Application Resource Guide for additional information on specific post-award reporting requirements, including performance measures data. 

Federal Awarding Agency Contact(s) 

For questions directed to the Federal Awarding Agency, see NCJRS contact information on page 1. 

For contact information for Grants.gov, see page 1. 

Other Information 

Freedom of Information and Privacy Act (5 U.S.C. 552 and 5 U.S.C. 552a) 

See the OJP Grant Application Resource Guide for information on Freedom of Information and Privacy Act (5 U.S.C. 552 and 5 U.S.C. 552a). 

Provide Feedback to OJP 

See the OJP Grant Application Resource Guide for information on how to provide feedback to OJP. 

Performance Measures 

Objective Performance Measure(s) Data Recipient Provides 

Conduct research in social 1. Relevance to the needs of the field as 1. Quarterly financial reports, semi-annual 

and behavioral sciences measured by whether the project’s and final progress reports, and products of 

having clear implications for substantive scope did not deviate from the the work performed under the NIJ award 

criminal justice policy and funded project or any subsequent agency- (including, at minimum, a final research 

practice in the United States. approved modifications to the scope. report). If applicable, an annual audit report. 

Conduct research in science, 2. Quality of the research as demonstrated 2. List of citation(s) to all scholarly products 

technology, engineering, by the scholarly products that result in whole that resulted in whole or in part from work 

and/or mathematics having or in part from work funded under the NIJ funded under the NIJ award. 

clear implications for criminal award, such as published, peer-reviewed, 

or juvenile justice policy and scientific journal articles, and/or (as 3. If applicable, each data set that resulted 

practice in the United States. appropriate for the funded project) law 

review journal articles, book chapter(s) or 

book(s) in the academic press, technological 

prototypes, patented inventions, or similar 

scientific products. 

3. Quality of management as measured by 

such factors as whether significant project 

milestones were achieved, reporting and 

other deadlines were met, and costs 

remained within approved limits. 

in whole or in part from work funded under 

the NIJ award. 

Application Checklist 

Research on the Impact of Public Policy on Racial and Ethnic Disparities in the Justice System, Fiscal Year 2021 

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O-NIJ-2021-99003 
This application checklist has been created as an aid in developing an application. 

What an Applicant Must Do: 

Prior to Registering in Grants.gov: 

Acquire a DUNS Number (see OJP Grant Application Resource Guide) 

Acquire or renew registration with SAM (see OJP Grant Application Resource Guide) 

To Register with Grants.gov: 

Acquire AOR and Grants.gov username/password (see OJP Grant Application Resource Guide) 

Acquire AOR confirmation from the E-Biz POC (see OJP Grant Application Resource Guide) 

To Find Funding Opportunity: 

Search for the Funding Opportunity on Grants.gov 

Select the correct Competition ID 

Access Funding Opportunity and Application Package (see OJP Grant Application Resource Guide) 

Sign up for Grants.gov email notifications (optional) (see OJP Grant Application Resource Guide) 

Read Important Notice: Applying for Grants in Grants.gov 

Read OJP policy and guidance on conference approval, planning, reporting available at ojp.gov/financialguide/DOJ/PostawardRequirements/chapter3.10a.htm (see OJP Grant Application 

Resource Guide) 

Overview of Post-Award Legal Requirements: 

Review the “Overview of Legal Requirements Generally Applicable to OJP Grants and Cooperative Agreements - FY 2021 Awards” in the OJP Funding Resource Center. 

Scope Requirement: 

The federal amount requested is within the allowable limit(s) of $1.2M. 

Eligibility Requirement: 

State governments 

Special district governments 

City or township governments 

Public and State controlled institutions of higher education 

County governments 

Public housing authorities/Indian housing authorities 

Native American tribal organizations (other than Federally recognized tribal governments) 

Native American tribal governments (Federally recognized) 

Nonprofits having a 501(c)(3) status with the IRS, other than institutions of higher education 

Nonprofits that do not have a 501(c)(3) status with the IRS, other than institutions of higher education 

Private institutions of higher education 

For profit organizations other than small businesses 

Independent school districts 

Small businesses 

For purposes of this solicitation, the term “State” means any State of the United States, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the Virginia Islands, Guam, American Samoa, 

and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. 

Submit SF-424 and SF-LLL in Grants.gov 

After SF-424 and SF-LLL Submission in Grants.gov, Receive Grants.gov Email Notifications That: 

Submission has been received in Grants.gov 

Submission has either been successfully validated or rejected with errors (see OJP Grant Application Resource Guide) 

If No Grants.gov Receipt, and Validation or Error Notifications are Received: 

Contact the NCJRS Response Center regarding technical difficulties (see OJP Grant Application Resource Guide) 

Receive email notification to complete application in JustGrants: 

Complete Application in JustGrants 

Content of Application Submission: 

The following items are critical application elements required to pass Basic Minimum Requirements review.  An application that OJP determines does not include the application elements that must 

be included in the application submission in order for the application to meet the basic minimum requirements, will neither proceed to peer review, nor receive further consideration. 

Proposal narrative, (see page 6) 

Budget Detail Worksheet and Budget Narrative, and (see page 7) 

Curriculum Vitae/Resumes for Key Personnel. (see page 7) 

~~~ 

Content of Application Submission 

Information to Complete the Application for Federal Assistance (SF-424) in Grants.gov 

Standard Applicant Information (SF-424 info from Grants.gov) 

Proposal Abstract 

Proposal Narrative 

Budget and Associated Documentation 

Budget Worksheet and Budget Narrative (Web-based form) 

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Indirect Cost Rate Agreement (if applicable) (see OJP Grant Application Resource Guide) 

Financial Management and System of Internal Controls Questionnaire (see OJP Grant Application Resource Guide) 

Additional Application Components 

Tribal Authorizing Resolution (if applicable) (see OJP Grant Application Resource Guide) 

Research and Evaluation Independence and Integrity (see OJP Grant Application Resource Guide) 

Disclosures and Assurances 

Disclosure of Lobbying Activities (SF-LLL) (see OJP Grant Application Resource Guide) 

Applicant Disclosure of Duplication in Cost Items (see OJP Grant Application Resource Guide) 

DOJ Certified Standard Assurance (see OJP Grant Application Resource Guide) 

DOJ Certifications Regarding Lobbying; Debarment, Suspension and Other Responsibility Matters; and Drug-Free Workplace Requirements (see OJP Grant Application Resource Guide) 

Applicant Disclosure and Justification - DOJ High Risk Grantees (if applicable) (see OJP Grant Application Resource Guide) 

Submit Application in JustGrants: 

Application has been successfully submitted in JustGrants 

If No JustGrants Application Submission, Validation, or Error Notifications are Received: 

Contact JustGrants.Support@usdoj.gov or 833–872–5175 regarding technical difficulties 

Endnotes 

[1] Kovera, M. B. (2019). Racial Disparities in the Criminal Justice System: Prevalence, Causes, and a Search for Solutions. Journal of Social Issues, 75(4), 1139–1164. Ellen A. Donnelly (2017). 

Racial disparity reform: racial inequality and policy responses in US national politics, Journal of Crime and Justice, 40:4, 462-477, DOI: 10.1080/0735648X.2016.1176950. Alexander, M. (2010). 

The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness. New York: The New Press. Horowitz, J. and Utada, C. (2018). Community Supervision Marked by Racial and Gender 

Disparities. The Pew Charitable Trusts. 

[2] Franklin, T. W. (2018). The state of race and punishment in America: Is justice really blind? Journal of Criminal Justice, 59(SI), 18–28. Kovera, M. B. (2019). Racial Disparities in the Criminal 

Justice System: Prevalence, Causes, and a Search for Solutions. Journal of Social Issues, 75(4), 1139–1164. Dragomir, R. R., & Tadros, E. (2020). Exploring the Impacts of Racial Disparity Within 

the American Juvenile Justice System. Juvenile & Family Court Journal, 71(2), 61–73. 

[3] Morgan and Truman (2020). Criminal Victimization, 2019. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, NCJ 255113.  Warnken, H. and Lauritsen, J. 

(2019). Who Experiences Violent Victimizations and Who Accesses Services? Findings from the National Crime Victimization Survey for Expanding Our Reach. Center for Victim Research. Crime 

in the United States, 2019. U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Criminal Justice Information Services Division. https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2019/crime-in-theu.s.-2019/tables/table-43/#overview. Violence Policy Center (2020). Black Homicide Victimization in the United States. An Analysis of 2017 Homicide Data. 

[4] The Challenge of Crime in a Free Society, A Report by the President’s Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice. United States Government Printing Office Washington, 

D.C., February 1967. 

Ellen A. Donnelly (2017). Racial disparity reform: racial inequality and policy responses in US national politics, Journal of Crime and Justice, 40:4, 462-477, DOI: 10.1080/0735648X.2016.1176950 

[5] See for example Criminology and Public Policy 19(4). 

[6] https://cnsmaryland.org/2020/12/08/the-legislative-legacies-of-the-george-floyd-and-breonna-taylor-protests/ 

[7] https://nij.ojp.gov/taxonomy/term/30301 

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