PRESENT: Lemons, C.J., Mims, McClanahan, Powell, and Kelsey, JJ., and Lacy and Millette, S.JJ.
CITY OF RICHMOND OPINION BY v. Record No. 150617 JUSTICE WILLIAM C. MIMS June 30, 2016 VIRGINIA ELECTRIC AND POWER COMPANY

FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF T HE CITY OF RICHMOND Margaret P. Spencer , Judge
In this appeal, we consider whether Code § 58.1- 3814(H) permits a locality to impose a tax on natural gas consumed for the sole purpose of generating electricity.

I. BACKGROUND AND MATERIAL PROCEEDINGS BELOW Virginia Electric and Power Company (“VEPCO”) operates a gas

- fired electric generation station located in the City of Richmond. The City sent VEPCO a tax assessment for natural gas consum ed at the station between 2001 and 2004, ostensibly under Code § 58.1- 3814(H). * The City later sent a second assessment for gas consum ed be tween the years 2005 and 2008. VEPCO filed timely applications for correction for each assessment, which the City denied in final local determination letters. VEPCO thereafter appea led the denials to the Virginia Department of Taxation, asserting among other things that it was not subject to the tax under the terms of Code §§ 58.1-2600(A) and 58.1-3814(H). In a final state determination letter, the Tax Commissioner affirmed the City ’s ruling that VEPCO was subject to the tax. VEPCO filed a motion to reconsider, which the Tax Commissioner denied. The City thereafter sent a

* Code § 58.1- 3814(H) has remained substantially unaltered since its original enactment in 2000. Compare Code § 58.1-3814(H) with 2000 Acts. chs. 614, 691, 706, and 1064 . It provides in relevant part that a locality “may impose a tax on consumers of natural gas provided by pipeline distribution companies.” The term “pipeline distribution companies” is expressly given the same meaning as it is defined in Code § 58.1-2600. Code § 58.1-3814(J). Code § 58.1-2600(A) defines that term in relevant part to mean “a corporation . . . which transmits, by means of a pipeline, natural gas . . . to a purchaser for purposes of furnishing heat or light.”2 new assessment of $7,292,957.26, which included the earlier assessments, late fees, and VEPCO’s consumption through the year 2013. VEPCO thereafter filed a timely appeal from the Tax Commissioner to the circuit court, again asserting , among other things, that it was not subject to the tax. As relevant to this appeal, it argued that it consumes natural gas at the s tation to generate electricity, not to furnish heat or light. Accordingly, it contended, its consumption was outside the scope of Code § 58.1-3814(H). After a hearing, the circuit court entered a consolidated letter opinion and order ruling that “[t]o mee t the definition of a pipeline distribution company, a company must transmit gas through a pipeline ‘for purposes of furnishing heat or light.’” The General Assembly’s use of the phrase “for purposes of furnishing heat or light” makes clear that the purpo se for consuming the gas is the focus of the statute. VEPCO could not be liable for the tax, the court continued, because it consumed gas for the purpose of generating electricity. Any heat or light created when VEPCO consumed gas at the station was mere ly incidental. The court found further support for its ruling from the use of the phrase “heat, light and power” in the provision of Code § 58.1-2600(A) that defines the term “[c]ommission.” The court reasoned that the use of the word “power” alongside th e words “heat” and “light” in one provision of Code § 58.1-2600(A), juxtaposed with the omission of the word “power” from the phrase “furnishing heat or light” in the same section, reflected legislative intent that the term “pipeline distribution companies ” ex clude companies transmitting gas consumed solely to produce electricity. Accordingly, the court concluded that VEPCO was not subject to the tax under Code § 58.1-3814(H). We awarded the City this appeal.3 II. ANALYSIS In its sole assignment of error , the City asserts that the circuit court erred in its interpretation of Code § 58.1-3814(H). The City argues that the term “heat or light” is not ambiguous, so it must be given its plain meaning

. VEPCO ’s use falls within the plain meaning of Code § 58.1-3814(H) because the evidence established that VEPCO combusts natural gas , thereby creating heat, to power electricity -generating turbines. Thus, the City continues, the circuit court should not have construed the term “heat or light” by referring to othe r parts of Code § 58.1-2600(A) not expressly incorporated into Code § 58.1-3814. This is especially true, the City concludes, because Code § 58.1-2600 is in a chapter of Title 58.1 pertaining to state taxation of public utilities, but Code § 58.1-3814 is in a chapter pertaining to local taxation of utility consumption. We disagree. “Code § 58.1-3983.1(G) provides that when a court is reviewing a determination of the Tax Commissioner, the party challenging the determination shall have the burden of proof to show that the determination was erroneous. The State Tax Commissioner's determination is presumed valid.” Palace Laundry, Inc. v. Chesterfield County , 276 Va. 494, 497, 666 S.E.2d 371, 373 (2008). However, “[t]axing statutes must be construed strongly in the taxpayer's favor, and will not be extended by implication beyond the clear import of the statutory language.” City of Lynchburg v. English Constr. Co. , 277 Va. 574, 583, 675 S.E.2d 197, 201 (2009) (internal quotation marks omitted). Further, “[a] court never defers to the Tax Commissioner's interpretation of a statute.” Nielsen Co. (US), LLC v. County Bd. of Arlington County , 289 Va. 79, 89, 767 S.E.2d 1, 5 (2015). Rather, this Court reviews questions of statutory interpretation de novo. Eberha rdt v. Fairfax County Emples. Ret. Sys. Bd. of Trs. , 283 Va. 190, 194, 721 S.E.2d 524, 526 (2014).4 We agree with the City that “ [w] hen a statute is clear and unambiguous, a court may look only to the words of the statute to determine its meaning. It may n ot consider rules of s tatutory construction, legislative history, or extrinsic evidence.” Id. (internal citations and quotation marks omitted). However, courts have a “duty to interpret the several parts of a statute as a consistent and harmonious whole so as to effectuate the legislative goal. A statute is not to be construed by singling out a particular phrase.” Id. at 194-95, 721 S.E.2d at 526 (internal
q uotation marks omitted) . Such consideration does not violate the rule against considering

statu tory construction, legislative history, or extrinsic evidence

. Id. The circuit court thus was not only empowered but obligated to consider the words used in the definition of “p ipeline distribution companies” in context with the words used in other provisions of Code § 58.1- 2600(A) to ensure that its interpretation of that definition was consistent with the other provisions. In discharging this obligation, the court correctly noted that the word “power” was used alongside “heat” and “light” in the provision defining “commission” but not in the provision defining “pipeline distribution companies.” “When interpreting and applying a statute, [courts] assume that the General Assembly chose, with care, the words it used in enacting the statute.” Kiser v. A.W. Chesterton Co. , 285 Va. 12, 19 n.2, 736 S.E.2d 910, 915 n.2 (2013) (internal quotation marks omitted). Thus, “ it is well established that every act of the legislature should be read so as to give reasonable effect to every word. ” Lynchburg Div. of Soc. Servs. v. Cook , 276 Va. 465, 483, 666 S.E.2d 361, 370 (2008) (internal alteration and quotation marks omitted) . “Every part of a statute is presumed to have some effect and no part will be considered meaningless unless absolutely necessary.” Id , (interna l alteration and quotation marks omitted). Therefore, the phrase “heat, light and power” in the definition of “commission” must enumerate three separate items and the word “power” must have some meaning independent of5 what is conveyed by the words “heat” and “light.” Otherwise, “power” would be meaningless , and we are not permitted to adopt such a construction. Consequently, the omission of “power” fr om the statutory definition of “pipeline distribution companies” must have significance. “[W]hen the Gene ral Assembly has used specific language in one instance, but omits that language or uses different language when addressing a similar subject elsewhere in the Code, we must presume that the difference in the choice of language was intentional.” Zinone v. Lee's Crossing Homeowners Ass'n , 282 Va. 330, 337, 714 S.E.2d 922, 925 (2011). What then did the General Assembly mean by the word “power,” which it included in the definition of “commission” but excluded from the definition of “pipeline distribution comp anies”? “Power” has many meanings

. S ee Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1778- 79 (1993). In the context relevant to Title 58.1, we believe the General Assembly intended it to mean “a source or means of supplying energy . . . esp[ecially] electricity.” Id. at 1779. Accordingly, the omission of the word “power” from the definition of “pipeline distribution companies” reflects that the legislature did not intend Code § 58.1-3814(H) to permit localities to impose a tax on natural gas consumed solely for the purpose of generating electricity.
T he circuit court therefore correctly rejected the City’s interpretation of the statute . W e find no error in its judgment. Affirmed

.
JUSTICE POWELL, concurring.

I agree that the judgment of the trial co urt should be affirmed. As the majority has stated, Code § 58.1-3814(H) provides in relevant part that “[a]ny county, city or town may impose a tax on consumers of natural gas provided by pipeline distribution companies and gas utilities. ” As6 applicable here, Code § 58.1-3814(H) permits the City to tax consumers of natural gas provided by “a corporation . . . which transmits . . . natural gas . . . to a purchaser for purposes of furnishing heat or light.” Following a hearing, the trial court entered a con solidated letter opinion and order. The trial court made a factual finding that VEPCO did not consume natural gas for the purpose of furnishing heat or light. It found that heat, along with exhaust gas, was an incidental byproduct that VEPCO used to turn steam turbines. The trial court ruled that VEPCO’s natural gas consumption was therefore not within the scope of the statute and was not subject to the tax. A trial court’s factual finding will not be disturbed on appeal unless it is plainly wrong or without evidence to support it. Preferred Sys. Solutions, Inc. v. GP Consulting, LLC , 284 Va. 382, 394, 732 S.E.2d 676, 682 (2012). The record on appeal contains testimony that VEPCO

consumes natural gas principally to create pressure . The natural gas is used as fuel in a chemical combustion reaction that causes the air inside a combustion chamber to expand, and the pressure created by this expansion is used to provide mechanical force to turn the principal turbine shaft of and spin a generator, thereby p roducing electricity . Although the combustion also produces heat, it is transferred as exhaust, along with the gaseous byproducts of the chemical combustion reaction (including carbon dioxide, water vapor, and nitrogen oxides), to a secondary steamturbin e system, where it is used to heat water to produce steam in a boiler, which turns a different turbine shaft. Accordingly, the evidence in the record supports the trial court’s finding that VEPCO does not consume natural gas for the purpose of furnishing heat or light. As I cannot find that the trial court’s factual finding is plainly wrong or without evidence to support it, I would affirm the judgment of the trial court.7 SENIOR JUSTICE LACY, with whom JUSTICE McCLANAHAN and JUSTICE KELSEY, join, concur ring in the result. I agree that the judgment of the trial court should be affirmed. In my opinion, the operative definition in Code § 58.1-2600(A) for determining whether VEPCO is subject to the consumer utility tax the City seeks to impose is the definition of “Pipeline distribution company” ∗ as directed by the consumer utility tax statute. Code § 58.1-3814(J) directs that “Pipeline distribution company” is to be given the same meaning as defined in Code § 58.1- 2600(A). Chapter 26 of Title 58.1 is the chapter regulating the taxation of public service corporations and is administered by the Virginia State Corporation Commission (“SCC”). The SCC regulates pipeline distribution companies as d efined in Code § 58.1-2600(A). If the entity from which VEPCO p urchases the natural gas it uses in its electric generation process is not a pipeline distribution company, VEPCO cannot be subject to the consumer utility tax on that natural gas. VEPCO purchases its natural gas from VP Energy, the entity that owns the n atural gas at the point it enters the City’s pipeline and i s transported to VEPCO’s plant. The record reflects that the SCC approved VP Energy’s operations over 20 years ago but has never included VP Energy on the register of pipeline distribution companie s and has never required VP Energy to file returns or pay assessments required of pipeline distribution companies. Because the definition of pipeline distribution company is to be given the same meaning as that term is given in Chapter 26, the decision of the SCC to exclude VP Energy from

∗ Code § 58.1- 2600(A) define s “Pipeline distribution company” as “ a corporation, other than a pipeline transmission company, which transmits, by means of a pipeline, natural gas, manufactured gas or crude petroleum and the products or by-products thereof to a purchaser for purposes of furnishing heat or light.”8 the definition of pipeline distribution company should be given great deference because it falls within the area of the SCC’s expertise. LaCava v. Commonwealth , 283 Va. 465, 470, 722 S.E.2d 838, 840 (2012); Bland & Ponder Texaco v. Commonwealth , 213 Va. 161, 163, 191 S.E.2d 236, 237-38 (1972). Under the definition of pipeline distribution company as applied by the SCC, VP Energy is not a pipeline distribution company. Applying the same meaning to pipeline distribution

co mpany for purposes of the consumer utility tax, as required by Code § 58.1-3814(J), means that VP Energy is not a pipeline distribution company for purposes of Code § 58.1-3814(H). Therefore, VEPCO is not subject to a consumer utility tax under Code § 58.1-3814(H) because it does not receive natural gas from a pipeline distribution company.