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## NATIONAL COMMISSION ON

FORENSIC SCIENCE

Testimony using the term “Reasonable Scientific Certainty”

Type of Work Product

Views Document prepared by the Reporting and Testimony Subcommittee

Statement of the Issue Forensics experts are often required to testify that the opinions or facts stated are offered “to a reasonable scientific certainty” or to a “reasonable degree of [discipline] certainty.” Outside of the courts, this phrasing is not routinely used in scien tific disciplines. Moreover, the terminology, in its varying forms, is not formally defined in standard medical or scientific reference materials. With respect to its use in the courts, this phrase is almost always interjected as a matter of custom, but in some jurisdictions results from an appellate court ruling or trial judges or lawyers belief that it is a necessary precondition for admissibility. In the courtroom setting, the phrase risks misleading or confusing the

factfinder.

It is the view of the National Commission on Forensic Science (NCFS) that the scientific community should not promote or promulgate the use of this terminology . Additionally,

the legal community should recognize that medical professional s and other scient ists do not routinely use “to a reasonable scientific certainty” when expressing conclusions

outside of the courts since there is no foundation al scientific basis for its use. Therefore, legal professionals should not require that forensic discipline test imony be admitted conditioned upon the expert witness testifying that a conclusion is held to a “reasonable scientific certainty,” a “reasonable degree of scientific certainty,” or a “reasonable degree of [discipline] certainty,” as such terms have no scie ntific meaning and may mislead factfinders [jurors or judges] when deciding whether guilt has been proved beyond a

reasonable doubt. The Commission recognizes the right of each court to determine admissibility standards, but expresses this view as part of its mandate to “ develop proposed guidance concerning the intersection of forensic science and the courtroom .”

I

– Putting the Issue in Context

The NAS Report Strengthening Forensic Science

– A Path Forward

, explained

that the existing legal regime

— including the rules governing the admissibility of forensic evidence, the applicable standards governing appellate review of trial court decisions, the limitations of the adversary process, and judges and lawyers who often la ck the scientific expertise necessary to comprehend and evaluate forensic evidence

— is inadequate to the task of curing the documented ills of the forensic science disciplines.[Type text] This matters a great deal, because “forensic science is but the handmaiden

of th e legal system.”

NAS Report, 85 (citation omitted). Although not addressing the specific issue of using terms such as “reasonable degree of scientific certainty,” the Report concludes its discussion of “Forensic Science Evidence in Litigation” with the f ollowing observation, one pertinent to this topic: “ the adversarial process relating to the admission and exclusion of scientific evidence is not suited to the task of finding ‘scientific truth.’” Id, 110.

II

– The Historic Background to Use of the “Rea sonable Degree of Certainty” Terminology

The requirement of an expert testify ing that his/her conclusion is held to a “degree of certainty” emerged in the context of medical testimony, when witnesses in civil cases were asked about the potential future co nsequences of an injury or illness. In predicting future events, courts wanted to avoid speculation, and as a result required that the testifying doctor make a prediction with some degree of certitude.

As best as can be ascertained, the “reasonable degre e of certainty” formulation was first applied to scientific evidence i n 1935, when a witness was “ asked whether he could determine with reasonable scientific certainty the caus e of the capsizing of the boat.” Herbst v. Levy, 279 Ill. App. 353, 358 (Ill. App. Ct. 1935) . This was not the mandate of the court but a stylistic approach adopted by a lawyer. Not until 1969 was the terminology linked to the admissibility determination:

If the witness, based upon his background skill, possesses extraordinary tr aining to aid laymen in determining facts and if he bases his answer upon what he believes to be reasonable scientific or engineering certainty, generally the evidence should be admitted, subject, of course, to the cross

- examination of the adversary.

Twi n City Plaza, Inc. v. Central Surety & Ins. Corp., 409 F.2d 1195, 1203 (8th Cir. 1969)

. This statement was made without legal or scientific analysis as to what the term meant or why its use was being mandated.

Use of the term became custom and practice, but in fact only one state

– Ohio

– has an apparent mandate requiring use of this term as a precondition to admissibility. The modern view recognizes that the term is not required. The most current review of state court caselaw, undertaken by the Hawaii Supreme Court in 2014, confirmed this and concluded, for its state, that “ tri al courts should not require a ‘ reasonable degree of scientific certainty ’ before admitting expert opinions but may exclude expert testimony based on speculation or possibility. ” State v. DeLeon, 131 Haw. 463, 484 (Haw. 2014)

.

The same is true in federal courts

– neither the Daubert trilogy of cases [ Daubert

, Joyner,

or Kumho Tire ] nor Federal Rules of Evidence 702

- 705 require such language. See, e.g.

, United States v. Mornan, 413 F.3d 372, 381 (3d Cir. 2005) (“this Court has been unable3

to find any authority to support the position that questions regarding the expert's ‘degree of scientific certainty’ categorically renders expert testimony inadmissible”). As well,

both the Daubert and Frye tests, when properly implemented, serve to screen out speculative testimony and thus further demonstrate the lack of need for the "reasonable degree of certainty" language.

III

– Emerging Criticism of the Terminology

Both academic an d policy writing have addressed the lack of a requirement for, and the problems arising from use of, the term “reasonable degree of [] certainty.” The
authoritative Evidence treatise, THE NEW WIGMORE: A TREATISE ON EVIDENCE, explains in its 2015 supplemen t that there is no requirement that such terminology be used and that the standard for admissibility only requires that the expert’s opinion be a reasonable one, deduced from the evidence. Kaye, Bernstein and Mnookin, THE NEW WIGMORE, §1.5.2(c), 2d Editio n, 2011 New York: Aspen Pub. Co., 2015 Cumulative Supplement (in press). As another scholar concluded,

The term "reasonable medical certainty" has no scientific meaning. Its legal meaning is at best ambiguous, at worst misleading. It is not required by the Federal Rules of Evidence, nor any other evidence code. More importantly, the term ("scientific certainty") is problematic for a different reason

-- misleading the jury,

and should be excluded under Federal Rule 403 for that reason alone.

Paul Gianelli, Scientific Evidence"Reasonable Scientific Certainty": A Phrase i n Search

o f a Meaning, Crim. Just.

, Spring 2010 , at 40, 41

.

Criticism has also emerged in judicial decisions. In more than one instance in recent years, a court has precluded all mention of “reasonable degree of certainty” in a forensic

evidence case. “ The Court therefore concluded that to allow Detective Valenti, or any other ballistics examiner, to testify that he had matched a bullet or casing to a particular

gun ‘ to a reasonable degree of ballistic certainty ’ would seriously mislead the jury as to the nature of the expertise involved. ” United States v. Glynn, 578 F. Supp. 2d 567, 574 (S.D.N.Y. 2008) . In Glynn , the expert was limited to testifying “ in terms of ‘more likely than not,’ bu t nothing more.”

The concern over this terminology has been recognized in the forensics community as well. In the 2012 report LATENT PRINT EXAMINATION AND HUMAN FACTORS:

IMPROVING THE PRACTICE THROUGH A SYSTEMS APPROACH THE REPORT

OF THE EXPERT WORKING GROUP ON HUMAN FACTORS IN LATENT PRINT

ANALYSIS this is emphasized:

Outside the courtroom, however, scientists do not communicate their findings in this fashion. An astronomer who reports the discovery of an exoplanet doe s not characterize the finding as satisfying some “reasonable degree of scientific certainty.” A chemist who deduces the identity of a compound from its nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum has no table of degrees of scientific certainty with

which to label the deduction. Scientists might refer to personal degrees of[Type text] confidence in a finding or to the degree of controversy surrounding it, but there is no generally accepted or working definition of a “reasonable degree of certainty”

in scientific discourse

.

L ATENT PRINT EXAMINATION , 119.

IV

– The Problems Arising From This Terminology

The phrase “reasonable degree of scientific certainty,” which combines two words of

concern

— “scientific” and “certainty”

— has no scientific meaning. One scholar

summed it up this way:

The reasonable

- degree

- of

- scientific

- certainty language almost certainly was drafted by the lawyers. Scientists have no use for this phrase (outside the courtroom). Indeed, “a reasonable degree of scientific certainty” is not a defined

conce pt in scientific disciplines or even in law. . . . It is legal mumbo jumbo derived from archaic cases in which lawyers discovered that if a medical doctor did not utter the incantation “to a reasonable degree of medical certainty,” his testimony might be excluded because doctors were not supposed to talk about mere probabilities. Modern cases usually recognize that suitably explained

information about less

- than

- certain possibilities can be helpful in various circumstances, but experts want to (or are indu ced to) incant not only “medical certainty” but also “clinical certainty,” “psychological certainty,” “psychiatric certainty,” “engineering certainty,” “architectural certainty,” “ballistic certainty,” “professional certainty,” and even “forensic certainty ” and “legal certainty.”

D AVID H. K AYE

, T HE D OUBLE H ELIX AND THE L AW OF E VIDENCE 82 (2010).

Multiple problems abound with this phrase, whether “scientific certainty” or “[discipline] certainty.” These include the following:

 There is no common definitio n across science or within disciplines as to what threshold establishes certainty. Therefore, whether couched as “scientific certainty” or “[discipline] certainty,” the term is idiosyncratic to the witness.

o A juxtapose to the term “beyond a reasonable doub t” is appropriate here. While not precisely quantifiable, it can be measured by comparison (it is greater than both the “preponderance” standard of 50.1% and the much higher “clear and convincing” standard) and has a definition as being convinced beyond h aving a doubt of the size that would cause a reasonable person to pause or refrain from acting in a matter of high importance.

 Use of the term “scientific” implies that the discipline is indeed a science, which in some instances may be putting the cart bef ore the horse . As the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts explained, “ The phrase ‘reasonable degree of scientific certainty’ should also be avoided because it suggests that forensic ballistics is a science, where it is clearly as much an art as a scien ce.” Commonwealth v. Pytou Heang, 458 Mass. 827, 849 (Mass. 2011)

.5

 Coupled with the term “reasonable,” a juror might equate it with certainty at the level of beyond a “reasonable” doubt.

 The term invites confusion when presented with probabilistic evidence. How is a lay person, without either scientific or legal training, to understand an expert’s ‘reasonable scientific certainty’ that evidence is ‘probably’ linked to a particular

source?

The ambiguity of the term is illustrated in Burke v. Town o f Walpole

, 405 F.3d 66 (1st Cir. 2005), a bite mark identification case. The First Circuit had to interpret the term as

used in an arrest warrant:

[W]e must assume that the magistrate who issued the arrest warrant assigned no more than the commonly accepted meaning among lawyers and judges to the term “reasonable degree of scientific certainty”

— “a standard requiring a showing that the injury was mo re likely than not caused by a particular stimulus, based on the general consensus of recognized [scientific] thought.” Black’s Law Dictionary 1294 (8th ed. 2004) (defining “reasonable medical probability,” or “reasonable medical certainty,” as used in tor t actions). That standard, of course, is fully consistent with the probable cause standard.

Id. at 91. The case involved a magistrate, not a jury, and it seems doubtful that a jury would understand that the term “reasonable scientific certainty” meant o nly “more probable than not”

— i.e. , 51% . It is more likely that the jury would understand the term to mean 95% certain or perhaps “beyond a reasonable doubt.”