# Importation of Japanese Unshu Orange, **Citrus reticulata**

**Blanco var. Unshu, Fruit into the Continental United States**

**A Pathway**
**- initiated Risk Analysis** 

**April 23**  **, 20**  **1 3**  **Version 5** 

**Agency Contact:** Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory Center for Plant Health Science and Technology United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine 1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300 Raleigh, NC 27606Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange from Japan



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## Executive Summary The Plant Epidemiology

and Risk Analysis Laboratory of the United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine, Center for Plant Health Science and Technology (USDA

- APHIS

- PPQ

- CPHST) did a qualitative assessment of the plant pest risk associated with the importation of commercially produced and packed fresh Unshu orange fruit, Citrus reticulata Blanco, from Japan into the continental United States. This document updates a 1995 assessment, which was the basis for a program authorizing the importation into non

- citrus

-producing states of fruit from Ky ushu Island, and later Honshu Island (to citrus

-producing areas with further requirements). We assumed commercial field production here, and that post

- harvest measures will include culling, cleaning (removing foreign matter), washing with detergent and brushing, dipping with chemicals such as chlorine and/or other disinfectants, and waxing. Based on information from the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry

and Fisheries (MAFF) of Japan and our review of the scientific literature, we found more than 350 pests associated with Citrus sp. in Japan. We identified 26 arthropod pests of quarantine significance that could follow the Unshu orange fruit pathway but we did not further anal yze them because they are targeted for inspection or treatment or both , and thus are highly unlikel y to follow the pathway . They included one mite, eight mealy bugs, three soft scales, thirteen armored scales, and one tephritid fruit fly . The previous analysis for these pests recommended retaining the official work plan and adding a pre

- clearance s ystems approach with mitigation options. It also stated that “probabilities for all pests surviving post

- harvest treatments [were] reduced to probit

- 9 security with official preclearance programs” (PPQ, 1995). Because all those organisms are targeted for inspection or treatment or both, the mitigated risk is **Low**

. The pathogen “ Candidatus Liberobacter asiaticus" Jagoueix et al . 1994 , although a quarantine pest that may

follow the pathway , is highl y unlikely to be introduced into the United States via fruit for consumption. Because of this, we rated it **Negligible** risk and did not further analyze it. Phy tosanitary risk is reduced using mitigation measures designed to eliminate, reduce, or prevent the presence of pests in shipments of commodities primarily in the country

of origin. The appropriate risk management strategy for a particular pest depends on the risk posed by that pest. We describe risk mitigation options for these pests, but risk management will be decided upon during the risk management phase.Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange from Japan



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## Table of Contents
**E xecutive Summary**  **................................ ................................**  **................................ ......................**  **ii 1. Introduction**  **................................ ................................**  **................................ ...............................**  **1** 1.1. Background

................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 1 1.2. Regulatory

Authority

................................ ................................ ................................ 1 1.3. Systems Approach/Standard Post

- Har vest Processing Measures

............................. 2 **2. Risk Assessment ................................**  **................................ ................................**  **........................ 3**  2.1. Initiating Event : Proposed Action

................................ ................................ ............. 3 2.2. Assessment of Weediness Potential

................................ ................................ .......... 3 2.3. Previous Pest Risk Assessments

................................ ................................ ............... 4 2.4. Current Status and Pest Interceptions

................................ ................................ ....... 4 2.5. Pest Categorization

................................ ................................ ................................ ... 4 2.6. Analysis of Quarantine Pests

................................ ................................ .................. 46 2.7. Pest Risk Potential/Conclusion

................................ ................................ ............... 54 **3. Risk Management Options ................................**  **................................ ................................**  **..... 54**  3.1. Measures for Pest Risk Reduction

................................ ................................ .......... 54 3.2. Phy tosanitary Options

................................ ................................ ............................. 55 3.3. Oversight

................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 59 3.4. Conclusions

................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 60 **4. APHIS Contributors and Reviewers ................................**  **................................ .....................**  **61 5. References**  **................................ ................................**  **................................ ................................**  **61 6. Appendices**  **................................ ................................**  **................................ ...............................**  **81** Appendix A. Production areas of Unshu oranges in Japan

................................ ............ 81 Appendix B. Pests Intercepted on Citrus spp. and C. reticulata from Japan

................ 82 Appendix C. Unshu production areas and spray calendar (2007) for Japan

.................. 84 Appendix D. Monitoring for citrus canker in the Shizuoka Prefecture

......................... 86Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange from Japan



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## 1. Introduction **1.1. Background** This document was prepared by the Plant Epidemiology and Risk Anal ys is Laboratory of the Center for Plant Health Science and Technology , USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHI S), Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ) , in response to a request to evaluate the risks assoc iated with the importation of commercially produced fresh Unshu oranges from Japan into the continental United States

. The International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) provide s guidance for conducting pest risk anal ys es. The methods used here are consistent with guidelines provided b y the IP PC , specificall y the International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPM) on ‘Pest Risk Analysis for Quarantine Pests, Including Analysis of Environmental Risks and Living Modified Organisms’ ( IPPC, 2009 : I SPM #11) . The use of biological and phytosanitary terms is consistent with the ‘ Glossary

of Phy tosanitary Terms and the Compendium of Phy tosanitary T erms ’ ( IPPC, 2009 : I SPM #5)

. Three stages of pest risk anal ys is are described in international standards : Stage 1, Initiation, Stage 2, Risk Assessment, and Stage 3, Risk Management. This document satisfies the requirements of Stage s 1 and 2

. This is a qualitative ris k anal ys is; estimates of risk are expressed in terms of High, Medium, and Low pest risk potentials based on the combined ratings for specified risk elements (PPQ, 2000 ) related to the probability

and consequences of importing this Unshu orange commodity from Japan . For the purposes of this assessment High, Medium, and Low probabilities will be defined as: High: More likel y to occur than not to occur Medium: As likely

to occur as not to occur Low: Less likel y to occur than not to occur Ample amounts of sc ientific information regarding field control and monitoring programs are available for most pests identified in this risk assessment, particularl y the pathogens. This information let us characterize the risk that harvested fruit will be infested or infecte d. The appropriate risk management strategy for a particular pest depends on the risk posed by that pest. Identification of appropriate sanitary and phy tosanitary measures to mitigate the risk, if any, for this pest is undertaken as part of Stage 3 (Risk Management). Other than listing possible mitigation options for the pests of concern, we did not discuss risk management in this document. **1.2. Regulatory Authority** Under Title IV of the Agricultural Risk Protection Act of 2000, also known as the Plant P rotection Act ( 7 U.S.C. § 7701

- 7786, 2000 .), the USDA has broad authority to regulate the importation and interstate movement of organisms that may directl y or indirectly injure, damage, or cause disease in plants. This Act repeals 11 previous laws and replaces them with onePest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange from Japan



### Ver. 5 April 23, 2013 2 statutory framework that enables the USDA to prohibit or restrict imports, exports, or interstate movements of plant pests, plants, plant products, noxious weeds, biological control agents, and means of conveyance. In a final rule published in the Federal Register on August 14 , 2000 ( 7 U.S.C. § 7701

- 7786, 2000 ) the Secretary of Agriculture delegated to the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) the authority to carry out the Plant Protection Act. Quarantine 19 ( 7 CFR § 319, 2008 ) prohibits the importation of citrus plants or plant parts except fruit into the United States. Quarantine 28 ( 7 CFR § 319. 28, 2008 ) further promulgates a general prohibition against the importation of citrus fruit from countries where citrus canker disease occurs, but allows importation, under strict mitigation measures, of citrus fruit from certain countries, e.g. , Japan, where citrus canker is present. **1.3. Systems Approach/Standard Post**
**- Harvest Processing Measures**  The current regulations governing Japanese Unshu oranges contain three p arts that serve as a “systems approach” to remove arthropods from the pathway ( 7 CFR § 319.28, 2008 ). The effectiveness of the prior program may be evaluated by

post
- 1995 levels of pest interception for organisms on the current or previous (PERAL, 1995 ) li sts. First, the commodity

must be from an area that meets the requirements of §319.56

– 5 for freedom from fruit flies. Trapping for the citrus fruit fly from Ky ushu Island must be conducted as prescribed b y the Japanese Government's Ministry of Agriculture , Forestry

and Fisheries and the U.S. Department of Agriculture. If fruit flies are detected, then shipping will be suspended from the export area until negative trapping shows the problem. To be eligible for importation into Arizona, California, Florida, Hawaii, Louisiana, or Texas, each shipment of oranges grown on Honshu I sland or Shikoku I sland, Japan, must be fumigated with methyl bromide after harvest and prior to exportation to the United States. ( 7 CFR § 319.56, 2008 ; 7 CFR § 319.28, 2008 ). Producti on areas are shown below (Appendix A). Second, mandatory

inspection is directed at the meal ybugs Planococcus kraunhiae , P. lilacinus , and Pseudococcus cryptus , and the armored scale, Unaspis yanonensis . Harvested fruit is culled in packinghouses using manual and/or optical scanners. Upon detection, an effective methyl bromide treatment is required (Importation of Unshu Oranges from Japan, 2002; 7 CFR § 319. 28, 2008 ,). See the risk mitigation options se ction for more details. This mitigation should be effective not only

for the pests listed above but also for soft scales and other meal ybugs. Third, in the packinghouse, fruit is immersed, rinsed, mechanically scrubbed with a brush, pressure rinsed, and waxed. Fruit is washed in detergent and in disinfectant with 200 ppm chlorine (Cl) and/or sodium orthophenylphenate (SOPP). The fruit is also chemically treated (Thiabendazole (TBZ), Imazalil) to control fungal and bacterial growth. Finally , the fruit is dried and waxed.Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange from Japan



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## 2. Risk **Assessment 2.1. Initiating Event: Proposed Action**  This commodity

-based, pathway

- initiated pest risk assessment accompanies a request for USDA authorization to allow the importation of Unshu orange fruit grown in Japan into the continental United States. The importation of Unshu orange fruit from Japan provides a potential pathway for the introduction of plant pests. To prevent the introduction into the United States of citrus canker disease (

Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri), swe et orange scab ( Elsinoe australis Bitancourt and Jenkins), and the bacterial disease “Cancrosis A,” the importation of all fruits and peel of all genera, species, and varieties of the subfamilies Aurantioideae, Rutoideae, and Toddalioideae of the botanical famil y Rutaceae from Japan into the United States is regulated in 7 CFR § 319.28 ( 2008 ). Currentl y, the entry of Unshu oranges from Japan into the United States is regulated under 7 CFR § 319.56 ( 2008 ); the government of Japan seeks a chan ge in this Federal Regulation. **2.2. Assessment of Weediness Potential** We found no evidence that Citrus species have significant potential as weeds (Table 1).

**Table 1.** Weediness potential of Citrus reticulata

. **Plant Species:** Citrus reticulata Blanco (Rutaceae) **Synonym:** Citrus nobilis Swingle (NGRP, 2008 **) Common Names:**  Clementine, mandarin, tangerine, mikan, ponkan, satsuma **Phase 1: Citrus reticulata**  **Blanco** is grown in Arizona, California, and Florida (NASS, 2007 ; USDA

-NRCS, 2009 ). **Phase 2: Weediness Potential** Is Citrus reticulata listed in: NO Geographical Atlas of World W eeds (Holm et al., 1979 ) NO World's Worst Weeds (Holm et al., 1977 ) NO Report of the Technical Committee to Evaluate Noxious Weeds; Exotic Weeds for Federal Noxious Weed Act ( Gunn and Ritchie, 1982 ) NO Economically Important Foreign Weeds (Reed, 1977 ) NO Weed Sc ience Society of America list (WSSA, 1989 ) YES Do any references in the scientific literature indicate potential weediness ( e.g. , AGRICOLA , CAB , Biological Abstracts , AGRI S ). Randall ( 2002 ) listed the species with the following status: C. reticulata : weed, naturalized, garden escape, cultivation escape, casual alien (USDA

-NRCS, 2009 ) **Phase 3: Conclusion** Various species of Citrus , including C. sinensis , C. x paradisi, C. limon, and C. reticulata are grown throughout the United States. Citrus reticulata is prevalent in the United States and we found no indication of weediness, therefore the pathway risk assessment proceeds.Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange from Japan



### Ver. 5 April 23, 2013 4 **2.3. Previous Pest Risk Assessments** The risk assessment completed in 1995 covered the importation of Japanese Unshu orange fruits into the five citrus

-producing states: Arizona, California, Florida, Louisiana, and Texas (PERAL , 1995 ). Currentl y, Unshu orange fruits from Japan are enterable into all states in the continental United States except those five citrus

-producing states. The anal ys is confirmed that the established safeguards for Unshu oranges from Japan were effective. The mitigation options recommended in the pest risk assessment included the following:

 

### Present a work plan with mandatory treatments (methyl bromide) for microarthropods and give options for Bactrocera tsuneonis which include:
o 

### a) mandatory

treatment (methyl bromide),
o 

### b) fruit fl y free zone [by definition 319.562(f)], and
o 

### c) s ys tems approach.

 

### Biometric sampling.

 

### Full preclearance at origin.

 

### Optional treatm ents such as oil

- soap y water dips.

 

### Port

- of

- entry inspection. The current risk assessment is for the importation of commercially grown and packed fresh Unshu oranges fruit from Japan into the continental United States. New information and experience has co ntributed to a better understanding of the main pest risks associated with Unshu oranges, including citrus canker, and citrus greening. **2.4. Current Status and Pest Interceptions** Current restrictions on the entry of Unshu oranges from Japan are summariz ed above (1.2/1.3). More detailed information is presented in the mitigations options section (3). The pest interceptions on Citrus ( Citrus spp., C. reticulata, C. unshu, and C. sinensis ) from Japan from January

1985 to August 2008 are listed in Appendix B. During this time, there were 6259 interceptions of quarantine pests on Citrus spp. from Japan (PestID, 2008 ). These included 518 interceptions of Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri , X. campestris pv. citri (Citrus canker A); 130 interceptions of Guignardia citricarpa Kiely ; 275 interceptions of Parlatoria ziziphi Lucas; and 5024 interceptions of Unaspis yanonensis Kuwana (PestID, 2008 ). **2.5. Pest Categorization** 2.5.1. Identification of Quarantine Pests and Quarantine Pests Likely to Follow the Pathway Pests in Japan that are associated with Unshu oranges are listed below (Table 2). This list includes information on the presence or absence of these pests in the United States, the affected plant part or parts, the quarantine status of the pest with respect to the United States, an indication of the pest

- commodity association, and pertinent references for pest distribution and biology

. A pest is considered able to follow the pathway if it is associated with the commodity and likely to survive with and remain on the commodity until entry

into the United States. These quarantine pests are subjected to steps 5

- 7 (PPQ, 2000 ) in the following sections of this risk assessment.Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange from Japan



### Ver. 5 April 23, 2013 5 Because all pests associated with the plant species are listed, there will be quarantine pests not expected to follow the pathway . For example, a pest may be onl y associated with plant parts other than commodity , or a pest may not be reasonably

expected to remain with the commodity during harvest and packing. Important notes regarding the pest list:
 Even if non

- quarantine pests are able to follow the pathway , phy tosanitary measures against these pests would not be justified considering the pest already occurs in the United States; therefore, information on plant part association and whether the pest is likely to follow the pathway

is not needed for non

- quarantine pests. Therefore, for the non - quarantine pests in Table 2, we put N/A (= Not Applicable) in the columns for “Plant Part(s) Association” and “Likely to Follow Pathway .”
 “No” in the “Likely

to Follow Pathway” columns means that the pest is unlikely to follow the pathway

because either we found no evidence that the commodity (Unshu oranges) will carry

the pest, or standard post

- harvest processing is likel y to remove the pest.
 W e shade the quarantine pests identified as likely to follow the commodity pathway and selected for further analysis.
 Brackets around the states in distribution designation indicate that the pest has a limited distribution in the United States and is either under official control or under consideration for official control.

**Table 2.** Pests associated with Unshu Oranges in Japan. **Pest Scientific Name Geographic**  **Distribution 1**  **Reported on**

**Unshu 2**  **Quaran**
 

** tine pest** **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Foll ow** 

**pathway ARACHNIDA**  **Acari**
**- Eriophyidae**  **Aculops pelekassi** (Keifer, 1959)] JP (Umeya and Okada, 2003 ; Ashihara et al., 2004 ); US ( Childers et al., 2008 ) Ashihara et al.,

2004 ; Baker et al., 1996 ; Futch et al., 2001 No F ( Gerson, 2003 ) N/A

**Phyllocoptruta citri** Soliman & Abou

- Awad JP (Umeya and Okada, 2003 ) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003 Yes L, F 4 Ye s 5 **Phyllocoptruta oleivora** (Ashmead) JP ; US ( CABI, 2007 ) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

1 Geographic Distribution: JP = Japan , US = United States, LA = Lousiana , FL = Florida, CA = California (Individual U.S. states are listed in brackets [ ] only if the pest species is considered a quarantine pest for the United States.) 2 “Citrus:” indicates the pest was reported on citrus in Japan. Because Unshu is the most widespread type of citrus in Japan, the pest is presumably but not definitively associated with Unshu oranges. 3 Plant Parts: Bk = Bark, Br = Branch, F = Fruit, I = Inflorescence/Flower , IB = Inner bark; IC = Inhabits canopy; L = Leaf or foliage , R = Root, Sd = Seed ; Sh = Shoot, S t = Stem, SW = Sapwood, T = Trunk, and WP = Whole plant. 4 B ased on P. olievora biology

. 5 Mites are surface feeding arthropods. They are highly likely to be removed by the postharvest treatment of washing, scrubbing, and pressure

- rinsing ( 7 CFR § 305.42, 2005 ; 7 CFR § 319, 2008).Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange from Japan



### Ver. 5 April 23, 2013 6 **Pest Scientific Name Geographic**  **Distribution 1**  **Reported on**

**Unshu 2**  **Quaran**
 

** tine pest** **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Foll ow** 

**pathway Acari** 

- **Tarsonemidae Polyphagotarsonemus latus**  (Banks, 1904) JP ( Gerson, 1992 ; Umeya and Okada, 2003 ); US ( Gerson, 1992 CABI, 2007 ) CABI, 2007 ;

Gerson, 1992 No N/A N/A

**Acari**

- **Tenuipalpidae Brevipalpus obovatus**  ( Donnadieu) syn. Tenuipalpus pseudocuneatus JP (Umeya and Okada, 2003 ; CABI, 2007 ); US ( CABI, 2007 ; Baker and Tuttle, 1964 ) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

**Brevipalpus lewisi** McGregor JP ( CABI, 2007 ); US Baker and Tuttle, 1964 ; CABI, 2007 ) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

**Acari**

- **Tetranychidae Bryobia rubrioculus**  (Scheuten, 1857) JP ( CABI, 2007 ; Migeon and Dorkeld, 2006a); US ( CABI, 2007 ; Migeon and Dorkeld, 2006a) Migeon and

Dorkeld, 2006a No N/A N/A

**Eotetranychus kankitus** Ehara,1955 JP (Umeya and Okada, 2003 ; Migeon and Dorkeld, 2006b ; Bolland et al., 1998 ) CABI, 2007 ;

Migeon and Dorkeld, 2006b Yes F ( Gerson, 2003 ) Yes 5

**Eotetranychus sexmaculatus** (Riley, 1890) syn.: E. asiaticus Ehara JP (Umeya and Okada, 2003 ; Migeon and Dorkeld, 2006c ; Bolland et al., 1998 )); US ( Migeon and Dorkeld, 2006c ; Bolland et al., 1998 )) Katayama et al.,

2001 ; Muma, 1965 No N/A N/A

**Panonychus citri** (Mc Gregor, 1916) JP (Umeya and Okada, 2003 ; Migeon and Dorkeld, 2006d ); US ( CABI, 2007 ; Migeon and Dorkeld, 2006d) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

**Tetranychus cinnabarinus** (Boisduval, 1867) JP ( CABI, 2007 ; Umeya and Okada, 2003 ); US [AZ, CA, HI , TX] ( CABI, 2007 ; Tuttle and Baker, 1968 ) Citrus: CABI,

2007 No N/A N/APest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange from Japan



### Ver. 5 April 23, 2013 7 **Pest Scientific Name Geographic**  **Distribution 1**  **Reported on**

**Unshu 2**  **Quaran**
 

** tine pest** **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Foll ow** 

**pathway Tetranychus kanzawai**  Kishida, 1927 JP (Umeya and Okada, 2003 ; Migeon and Dorkeld, 2006e ; Bolland et al., 1998 ); US ( Migeon and Dorkeld, 2006e ; Bolland et al., 1998 ) Katayama et al.,

2001 No N/A N/A

**Tetranychus urticae** (Koch 1836) JP US ( CABI, 2007 ; Bolland et al., 1998 ) Bolland et al.,

1998 No N/A N/A **INSECTA Coleoptera** 
**- Anthribidae**  **Araecerus fasciculatus** (Degeer, 1775); also classified Curculionidae; syn.: A. coffeae (Fabricius) JP (CABI, 2007; Osamu, 2008) US [CA, FL, LA, TX] (USDA, 1971; CABI, 2007) Citrus: USDA,

1971 ; Umeya and Okada, 2003 ; CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

**Coleoptera**
**- Buprestidae**  **Agrilus alesi** Obenberger, 1935 JP (Anonymous, 2008a ; Osamu, 2008 ; ZCZ, 2008 ) Anonymous,

2008a Yes T, Br, and Bk of dying or stressed trees ( Moraal and Hilszczanski, 2000 ) No

**Agrilus auriventris** Saunders JP ( Ohgushi, 1966, 1978 ; CABI, 2007 ; Osamu, 2008 ) Citrus: Ohgushi,

1966, 1978 ; Umeya and Okada, 2003 Yes T, L ( Ohgushi, 1966, 1978 ) No

**Coleoptera**
**- Cantharidae**  **Athemus suturellus** Motschulsky JP ( Osamu, 2008 ; ZCZ, 2008 ) Citrus: Nohara et

al., 2000 Yes IC (Nohara et al., 2000 ) No **Athemus vitellinus** Kiesenwetter JP ( Osamu, 2008 ; ZCZ, 2008 ) Citrus: Nohara et

al., 2000 Yes IC (Lekesono et al., 2005; Nohara et al., 2000) No

**Podabrus malthionoides** Kiesenwetter JP (Nohara et al., 2000 ) Citrus: Nohara et

al., 2000 Yes IC (Nohara et al., 2000 ) No **Coleoptera**
**- Cerambycidae**  **Anoplophora chinensis** (Forster) syn.: A. malasiaca Thomson JP ( CABI, 2007 ; ZCZ, 2008 ; Osamu, 2008 ) US [eradicated] ( CABI, 2007 ) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003 ; CABI, 2007 Yes T ( Lingafelter and Hoebeke, 2002 ) No

**Ceresium simile simile** (Gaham) JP ( Sugiura and Yamaura, 2008 ) Citrus: Sugiura

and Yamaura, 2008 Yes IB, SW ( Sugiura and Yamaura, 2008 ) NoPest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange from Japan



### Ver. 5 April 23, 2013 8 **Pest Scientific Name Geographic**  **Distribution 1**  **Reported on**

**Unshu 2**  **Quaran**
 

** tine pest** **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Foll ow** 

**pathway Ceresium unicolor**  (Fabricius) JP ( Sugiura and Yamaura, 2008 ) Citrus: Sugiura

and Yamaura, 2008 Yes IB, SW ( Sugiura and Yamaura, 2008 No

**Chlorophorus annularis** (Fabricius) JP ( CABI, 2007 ; Arbec, 2008 ; Osamu, 2008 ) US [intercepted only] (pest PestID, 2008 ; CABI, 2007 ; NAPIS, 2008 ) Citrus: Arbec,

2008 ; Walker, 2008 Yes St ( PestID, 2008 ) No

**Pterolophia bigibbera** (Newman) JP ( Sugiura and Yamaura, 2008 ) Citrus: Sugiura

and Yamaura, 2008 Yes Bk ( Sugiura and Yamaura, 2008 ) No
**Coleoptera**
**- Chrysomelidae**  **Clitea citri** Chujo JP ( Chujo and Kimoto, 1961 ; Kimoto, 1966 ) Citrus: Chuj o

and Kimoto, 1961 ; Kimoto, 1966 Yes L ( Konstantinov and Prathapan, 2008 No

**Luperomorpha funesta** Baly; basic biology Minamizawa 1997 JP (Chujo and Kimoto, 1961; Osamu, 2008; ZCZ, 2008) Citrus: Chuj o

and Kimoto, 1961 ; Umeya and Okada, 2003 Yes L, Rt ( Iba and Inoue, 1977 ) No

**Coleoptera**
**- Curculionidae**  **Pseudocneorhinus bifasciatus** Roelofs syn.: Callirhopalus bifasciatus (Roelofs 1880); synonymy (Gyeltshen & Hodges 2005) JP ( Gyeltshen and Hodges, 2005 ) US ( O'Brien and Wibmer, 1982 ) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003 No N/A N/A

**Coleoptera**
**- Elateridae**  **Melanotus annosus** Candéze JP (Umeya and Okada, 2003 ) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003 Yes Rt 6 No **Coleoptera**
**- Nitidulidae**  **Epuraea domina** Reitter, 1873; basic biology Yoshimoto et al 2007 JP (Osamu, 2008; ZCZ, 2008) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003 No 7 fermented tree sap (Yoshimoto et al., 2007) No

**Coleoptera**
**- Scarabaeidae**  **Exomala orientalis** (Waterhouse) syn.: Anomala orientalis Waterhouse; Blitopertha orientalis (Waterhouse) JP ( Imura, 2003 ; Umeya and Okada, 2003 ; CABI, 2007 ); US ( Vandenburg, 2001 ; CABI, 2007 ) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003 No N/A N/A

6 B ased on M. communis (Anonymous, 2009) whose larvae are feeders on crop roots. 7 Genus or species is not reportable ( PestID , 2009)Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange from Japan



### Ver. 5 April 23, 2013 9 **Pest Scientific Name Geographic**  **Distribution 1**  **Reported on**

**Unshu 2**  **Quaran**
 

** tine pest** **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Foll ow** 

**pathway Ectinohoplia obducta**  (Motschulsky, 1857) JP ( Osamu, 2008 ; ZCZ, 2008 ) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003 Yes L, I, Rt (Ume ya and Okada, 2003 ) No
**Eucetonia pilifera** (Motschulsky) syn.: Cetonia pilifera (Motschulsky) JP ( Osamu, 2008 ; ZCZ, 2008 ) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003 Yes L, I, Rt (Ume ya and Okada, 2003 ) No

**Holotrichia kiotoensis** Brenske syn.: H. kiotonensis Brenske JP ( Osamu, 2008 ; ZCZ, 2008 ) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003 Yes L, I, Rt (Ume ya and Okada, 2003 ) No
**Oxycetonia jucunda** Faldermann syn. O. jucundo ; Gametis jucunda (Faldermann) JP (Bisby et al., 2008; Osamu, 2008) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003 Yes L, I, Rt (Ume ya and Okada, 2003 ) No

**Protaetia orientalis** (Gory & Pecheron, 1833) syn. Protaetia aerata (Erichson) JP ( Harink, 2007 ; Osamu, 2008 ; ZCZ, 2008 ); US [CA] ( CDFA, 2007 ) Citrus: Fuji

Flavor, 2009 Yes L, I, Rt (Ume ya and Okada, 2003 ) No

**Coleoptera**
**- Scolytidae**  **Xyleborus perforans** JP ( CABI, 2007 ; Osamu, 2008 ) Citrus: CABI,

2007 Yes Br, dunnage, unseasoned wood ( CABI, 2007 No

**Diptera**
**- Cecidomyiidae**  **Contarinia okadai** (Miyoshi); poss. syn.: Diplosis okadai (Miyoshi) JP (Kato, 1984; CABI, 2007; ZCZ, 2008) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003, Nohara et al., 2007 Yes L, I; aborts F (Nohara et al., 2007) No

**Diptera**
**- Tephritidae**  **Bactrocera cucurbitae** Coquillett; syn.: Zeugodacus cucurbitae (Coquillett); other synonymy CABI, 2007 JP [eradicated**]** (CABI, 2007 ); US [under official control] (Pacific

- Fly

Web., 2002; Weems et al., 2004) Citrus: CABI,

2007 No N/A N/A

**Bactrocera dorsalis** (Hendel) JP [eradicated] ( CABI, 2007 ); US [HI] ( CABI, 2007 ) [CA & FL

–

under official control] Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003 ; CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

**Bactrocera tsuneonis** (Miyake, 1919) syn.: Tetradacus tsuneonis (Miyake) (Osamu, 2008) JP (CABI, 2007; Bisby et al., 2007; Osamu, 2008) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003 ; CABI, 2007 Yes F (CABI, 2007) Yes 8

8 Work plan protocols call for citrus to be produced in fly

- free areas, fumigated with methyl bromide if shipped to U.S. citrus

-producing states, or subjected to orchard trapping and monitoring for fruit flies.Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange from Japan



### Ver. 5 April 23, 2013 10 **Pest Scientific Name Geographic**  **Distribution 1**  **Reported on**

**Unshu 2**  **Quaran**
 

** tine pest** **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Foll ow** 

**pathway Diptera** 
**- Tipulidae**  **Limonia amatrix** Alexander, 1922 syn. Libnotes (Libnotes) amatrix (Alexander, 1922) JP (Bisby et al., 2007; Osamu, 2008; ZCZ, 2008) Citrus:

Biosecurity Australia, 2002 Yes generalized Tipulid biology ( Borror et al., 1989 ) No

**Hemiptera**

- **Aleyrodidae Aleurocanthus spiniferus**  (Quaintance,1903) JP ( CABI, 2007 ; Evans, 2007 ; Osamu, 2008 ) US [HI] ( CABI, 2007 ) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003 ; Evans, 2007 Yes St, L ( CABI, 2007 ) No

**Aleuroclava aucubae** (Kuwana, 1911) syn.: Aleurotuberculatus aucubae (Kuwana) JP ( Evans, 2007 ; Osamu, 2008 ) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003 ; Evans, 2007 Yes St, L ( CABI, 2007 ) No

**Aleurolobus marlatti** (Quaintance) syn.: A. niloticus Preisner & Hosny JP ( Evans, 2007 ; Osamu, 2008 ) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003 ; Evans, 2007 Yes St, L ( CABI, 2007 No

**Aleurothrixus floccosus** Maskell JP (Kanmiya and Sonobe, 2002 ); US [CA, FL, TX] ( CABI, 2007 ) Citrus: Evans,

2007 No N/A N/A

**Bem isia giffardi**  (Kotinsky) JP ( CABI, 2007 ; Evans, 2007 ; Osamu, 2008 ) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003 ; Evans, 2007 Yes St, L ( CABI, 2007 ) No

**Dialeurodes citri** (Ashmead, 1885) JP ( CABI, 2007 ; Evans, 2007 ); US ( CABI, 2007 ; Evans, 2007 ) Umeya and

Okada, 2003 ; Evans, 2007 No N/A N/A

**Orchamoplatus mammaeferus**  (Quaintance & Baker) JP ( CABI, 2007 ; Evans, 2007 ); US [HI] ( CDFA, 2003 ) Citrus: CDFA,

2003 ,; Evans, 2007 ; Suh et al., 2008 Yes St, L ( CABI, 2007 ) No

**Parabemisia myricae** (Kuwana, 1927) JP ( CABI, 2007 ; Evans, 2007 ; Osamu, 2008 ); US [CA, FL, HI ] ( CABI, 2007 ; Evans, 2007 ) Citrus: CABI,

2007 Yes St, L ( CABI, 2007 ) No

**Siphoninus phillyreae** Haliday JP (Kanmiya and Sonobe, 2002 ; Evans, 2007 ); US [AZ, CA, NV] (Nyugen and Hamon, 2000 ; CABI, 2007 ; Evans, 2007 ) Citrus: Nyugen

and Hamon, 2000 Yes St, L ( CABI, 2007 ) NoPest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange from Japan



### Ver. 5 April 23, 2013 11 **Pest Scientific Name Geographic**  **Distribution 1**  **Reported on**

**Unshu 2**  **Quaran**
 

** tine pest** **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Foll ow** 

**pathway Hemiptera** 

–**Aphididae Aphis craccivora**  Koch syn. A. citricola van der Goot JP ( CABI, 2007 ; Osamu, 2008 ); US [widespread] ( CABI, 2007 ) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003 ; CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

**Aphis gossypii** Glover JP ( Imura, 2003 ; CABI, 2007 ); US [widespread] ( CABI, 2007 ) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003 ; CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

**Aphis spiraecola** JP ( 

### Index In formation Center, 2001b ) 

### Index

In formation Center, 2001b No 7 N/A N/A
**Aulacorthum magnoliae** Essig & Kuwana JP ( Imura, 2003 ; Fukunaga and Aki moto, 2006 ; CABI, 2007 ) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003 ; CABI, 2007 Yes L (Umeya and Okada, 2003 ) No

**Aulacorthum solani** (Kaltenbach, 1843) JP ( Takahashi et al., 2002 ; Imura, 2003 ; CABI, 2007 ); US ( CABI, 2007 ) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003 ; CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

**Macrosiphum euphorbiae** (Thomas) JP [introduced] ( CABI, 2007 ; Osamu, 2008 ); US ( CABI, 2007 ) Citrus:

Denmark, 1990 ; Halbert and Brown, 2001 No N/A N/A

**Myzus persicae** (Sulzer) JP ( CABI, 2007 ; Osamu, 2008 ); US [widespread] ( CABI, 2007 ) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003 ; CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

**Rhopalosiphum maidis** (Fitch) JP ( CABI, 2007 007; Osamu, 2008 ); US [widespread] ( CABI, 2007 ) minor host:

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

**Sinomegoura citricola**  van der Goot JP ( Osamu, 2008 ) EPPO, 2006 Yes St, L ( DEWHA, 2008 ) No
**Toxoptera aurantii** (Boyer de Fonscolombe) JP ( CABI, 2007 ; Osamu, 2008 ); US ( CABI, 2007 ) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003 ; CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

**Toxoptera citricida** Kirkaldy; syn
. : T. citricidus (Kirkaldy) JP ( CABI, 2007 ; Osamu, 2008 ) US [FL, HI] ( CABI, 2007 ) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003 ; CABI, 2007 Yes L, Sh (new growth only) ( CABI, 2007 ) NoPest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange from Japan



### Ver. 5 April 23, 2013 12 **Pest Scientific Name Geographic**  **Distribution 1**  **Reported on**

**Unshu 2**  **Quaran**
 

** tine pest** **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Foll ow** 

**pathway Toxoptera odinae**  (Van der Goot) JP ( CABI, 2007 ; Osamu, 2008 ) Lu et al., 2008;

Tao and Tan, n.d. ; Sunil and Poorani, 2003 Yes underside of L, young Sh, Is ( CABI, 2007 ) No

**Hemiptera**

– **Aphrophoridae; also classified as Cercopidae Aphrophora intermedia**  Uhler syn.: Obiphora intermedia Uhler (Liang 2000) JP (Yamaguchi, 2003; Osamu, 2008; Morishima, 2008; ZCZ, 2008) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003 ; largely confined to conifers Yes St, twigs ( Thompson, 1999 ) No

**Hemiptera**

– **Cerococcidae Asterococcus muratae**  (Kuwana) JP (Ben

- Dov et al., 2001) Citrus: Ben

- Dov

et al., 2001 Yes St (Yang et al., 2006 ) No **Hemiptera**

- **Cicadellidae Apheliona ferruginea**  (Matsumura) JP (Yamaguchi, 2003 ; Osamu, 2008 ) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003 Yes St, L ( Borror et al., 1989 ) No **Bothrogonia ferruginea** (Fabricius) JP (Umeya and Okada, 2003 ; ZCZ, 2008 ) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003 Yes St, L ( Borror et al., 1989 ) No
**Chlorita flavovitella** Matsumura; syn.: Empoasca arborescens Vilbaste JP ( McKamey, 2008 ; Osamu, 2008 ) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003 Yes St, L ( Borror et al., 1989 ) No

**Em poasca formosana**  Paoli JP ( CABI, 2007 ; McKamey, 2008 ) minor host,

CABI, 2007 Yes St, L ( Borror et al., 1989 ) No **Em poasca onukii**  Masuda JP ( CABI, 2007 ; McKamey, 2008 ; Osamu, 2008 ) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003 Yes St, L ( Borror et al., 1989 ) No

**Em poasca sakaii**  Dworakowska syn.: E. sasakaii Dworakowska JP ( McKamey, 2008 ; Osamu, 2008 ; Atsushi, 1977 ) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003 Yes St, L ( Borror et al., 1989 ) No

**Hishimonus sellatus** (Uhler) syn.: Thamnotettix sellatus Uhler JP ( McKamey, 2008 ; Osamu, 2008 ; ZCZ, 2008 ) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003 Yes St, L ( Borror et al., 1989 ) No

**Penthimia nitida** Lethierry 1876; Penthimiinae in Cicadellidae; alternately listed as Penthimiidae; Kamitani 1998 lists as Cicadellidae JP ( McKamey, 2008 ; Takano and Takano, 2008 ; ZCZ, 2008 ) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003 Yes St, L ( Borror et al., 1989 ) NoPest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange from Japan



### Ver. 5 April 23, 2013 13 **Pest Scientific Name Geographic**  **Distribution 1**  **Reported on**

**Unshu 2**  **Quaran**
 

** tine pest** **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Foll ow** 

**pathway Hemiptera** 

- **Cicadidae Cryptotympana facialis**  (Walker, 1858) JP ( Osamu, 2008 ; ZCZ, 2008 ) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003 Yes Rts (immatures), St (adults) ( Borror et al., 1989 ) No

**Graptopsaltria nigrofuscata** (Motschulsky, 1866) JP ( Shiozawa and Tsuchizaki, 1992 ; Kubo

- Irie et al., 2003 ; Morishima, 2008 ; Anonymous, 2008b ) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003 Yes Rts (immatures), St (adults) ( Borror et al., 1989 ) No

**Meimuna opalifera** (Walker, 1850) JP ( Morishima, 2008 ; Osamu, 2008 ; ZCZ, 2008 ) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003 Yes Rts (immatures), St (adults) ( Borror et al., 1989 ) No

**Platypleura kaempferi** (Fabricius) JP ( Morishima, 2008 ; Uchiyama, 2008 ) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003 Yes Rts (immatures), St (adults) (v) No
**Hemiptera**

- **Coccidae** 9 **Ceroplastes ceriferus** (Fabricius, 1798)] JP (Ben

- Dov et al., 2001; CABI, 2007; ZCZ, 2008) US (Ben

Dov et al., 2001; CABI, 2007; ZCZ, 2008) Citrus: Ben

- Dov

et al., 2001; Umeya and Okada, 2003 No N/A N/A

**Ceroplastes floridensis** Comstock, 1881 JP (Ben

- Dov et al., 2001; CABI, 2007) US (Ben

- Dov et al., 2001; CABI, 2007) Citrus: Ben

- Dov

et al., 2001; Umeya and Okada, 2003 No N/A N/A

**Ceroplastes japonicus** Green, 1921 JP (Ben

- Dov et al., 2001; CABI, 2007) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003; C. unshiu : Ben

- Dov et al., 2001; CABI, 2007 Yes WP (CABI, 2007) Yes 9

**Ceroplastes pseudoceriferus** Green JP (Ben

- Dov et al., 2001; CABI, 2007) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2001 Yes St (CABI, 2007) No

9 Surface

- feeding insects occas ionally associated with fruit. T hose remaining on the fruit are highly likely to be removed from the pathway by the postharvest treatment of washing, scrubbing, and pressure

- rinsing ( 7 CFR § 305.42, 2005 ; 7 CFR § 319, 2008 ).Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange from Japan



### Ver. 5 April 23, 2013 14 **Pest Scientific Name Geographic**  **Distribution 1**  **Reported on**

**Unshu 2**  **Quaran**
 

** tine pest** **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Foll ow** 

**pathway Ceroplastes rubens**  Maskell, 1893 JP (Ben

- Dov et al., 2001; CABI, 2007) US [FL] (CABI, 2007) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003; C. unshiu : Ben

- Dov et al., 2001; CABI, 2007 Yes F, L, St (CABI, 2007) Yes 9

**Coccus discrepans** (Green, 1904) JP (Ben

- Dov et al., 2001) Citrus: Ben

- Dov

et al., 2001 Yes Rt (attended by ants) No **Coccus hesperidum** Linnaeus, 1758 JP (Ben

- Dov et al., 2001; Umeya and Okada, 2003) ;US (Ben

- Dov et al., 2001; CABI, 2007) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2001 No N/A N/A

**Coccus longulus** (Douglas, 1887) JP (Ben

- Dov et al., 2001; Umeya and Okada, 2003US (Ben

Dov et al., 2001) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2001 No N/A N/A

**Coccus pseudomagnoliarum** (Kuwana, 1914) JP US (Ben

- Dov et al., 2001; CABI, 2007) Citrus: Ben

- Dov

et al., 2001; Umeya and Okada, 2003 No N/A N/A

**Coccus viridis** (Green, 1889) JP (Umeya and Okada, 2003; Ben

Dov et al., 2001 has it absent from Japan); US (Ben

- Dov et al., 2001; Dekle and Fasulo, 2007) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2001 No N/A N/A

**Eucalymnatus tessellatus** (Signoret) JP US (Ben

- Dov et al., 2001) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2001 No N/A N/A **Howardia biclavis** (Comstock, 1883) JP US (Ben

- Dov et al., 2001) Citrus: Ben

- Dov

et al., 2001 No N/A N/A **Kilifia acuminate** (Signoret, 1873) JP US (Ben

- Dov et al., 2001) Citrus: Ben

- Dov

et al., 2001 No N/A N/A **Milviscutulus mangiferae** (Green) JP ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2001 ; Umeya and Okada, 2003 ) US [FL, TX] ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2001 ) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003 ; C. sinensis: Ben

Dov et al., 2001 No N/A N/A

**Parasaissetia nigra** (Nietner, 1861) JP US ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2001 ; CABI, 2007 ) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2001 ; Citrus: Umeya and Okada, 2003 No N/A N/A

**Parthenolecanium persicae** (Fabricius) JP US ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2001 ) Citrus: Ben

- Dov

et al., 2001 No N/A N/APest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange from Japan



### Ver. 5 April 23, 2013 15 **Pest Scientific Name Geographic**  **Distribution 1**  **Reported on**

**Unshu 2**  **Quaran**
 

** tine pest** **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Foll ow** 

**pathway Protopulvinaria pyriformis**  (Cockerell, 1894) JP US ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2001 ) Citrus: Ben

- Dov

et al., 2001 ; Umeya and Okada, 2003 No N/A N/A

**Pulvinaria aurantii** Cockerell, 1896; syn.: Chloropulvinaria aurantii (Cockerell) (Ume ya and Okada, 2003 ) JP (Ben

- Dov et al., 2001; CABI, 2007) Citrus: Ben

- Dov

et al., 20 01 ; Umeya and Okada, 2003 ; Hashemi et al., 2008 Yes L, St ( Hashemi et al., 2008 ; Reuther et al., 1989 ) No

**Pulvinaria citricola** Kuwana, 1914; syn.: Chloropulvinaria citricola (Kuwana) (Umeya and Okada, 2003) JP US [CA, MD, VA] (Ben

- Dov et al., 2001) Citrus: Ben

- Dov

et al., 2001 ; Umeya and Okada, 2003 No N/A N/A

**Pulvinaria floccifera** (Westwood) JP (Ben

- Dov et al., 2001) Citrus: Ben

- Dov

et al., 2001 No 7 N/A N/A **Pulvinaria okitsuensis** Kuwana, 1914; syn.: Chloropulvinaria okitsuensis (Kuwana) (Umeya and Okada, 2003) JP (Ben

- Dov et al., 2001) Citrus: Ben

- Dov

et al., 2001; Umeya and Okada, 2003 Yes L, St 10 (CABI, 2007) No

**Pulvinaria polygonata** Cockerell, 1905; syn.: Chloropulvinaria polygonata Borchsenius JP (Ben

- Dov et al., 2001) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2001; Citrus: Umeya and Okada, 2003 Yes L, St 1 0 (CABI, 2007) No

**Pulvinaria psidii** Maskell JP US (Ben

- Dov et al., 2001; CABI, 2007) Citrus: Ben

- Dov

et al., 2001; Umeya and Okada, 2003 No N/A N/A

**Saissetia citricola** (Kuwana, 1909) JP (Ben

- Dov et al., 2001) Citrus: Ben

- Dov

et al., 2001 ; Umeya and Okada, 2003 Yes L, St ( CABI, 2007 ) No

**Saissetia coffeae** (Walker, 1852) JP US ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2001 ; CABI, 2007 ) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2001 ; Citrus: Umeya and Okada, 2003 No N/A N/A

**Saissetia oleae** (Olivier, 1791) JP US ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2001 ; CABI, 2007 ) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2001 ; Citrus: Umeya and Okada, 2003 No N/A N/A

10 Based on P. psidii biology

.Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange from Japan



### Ver. 5 April 23, 2013 16 **Pest Scientific Name Geographic**  **Distribution 1**  **Reported on**

**Unshu 2**  **Quaran**
 

** tine pest** **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Foll ow** 

**pathway Takahashia japonica**  (Cockerell); syn.: Pulvinaria japonica Cockerell (Cockerell, 1896) JP US [CA] ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2001 ) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003 No N/A N/A

**Hemiptera**

- **Coreidae Anacanthocoris striicornis**  Scott JP (Akira and Tomokuni, 1981; ZCZ, 2008) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003 Yes St, F (Umeya and Okada, 2003) No 11
**Cletus punctiger** (Dallas) JP (Muramoto, 1978; Akira and Tomokuni, 1981; CABI, 2007; ZCZ, 2008) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003 Yes St, F (Umeya and Okada, 2003) No 1 1

**Hygia opaca** (Uhler) JP (Muramoto, 1978; ZCZ, 2008) Citrus:

Murakami et al., 2000 Yes St, F No 11
**Leptocorisa acuta** (Thunberg); syn.: L. varicornis Fabricius (CABI, 2007) JP (Takeuchi, 2006; ZCZ, 2008) Alternate “host”:

utilizes for hibernation (CABI, 2007) Yes L, St, F (CABI, 2007) No 11

**Hemiptera**

- **Diaspididae Andaspis hawaiiensis**  Maskell, 1895 JP US [FL] ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2001 ) Citrus: Ben

- Dov

et al., 2001 ; Umeya and Okada, 2003 No N/A N/A

**Aonidiella aurantii** (Maskell, 1878) JP US ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2001 ; CABI, 2007 ) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2001; CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

**Aonidiella citrina** (Coquillett) JP US [CA, FL, TX] (Ben

- Dov et al., 2001; CABI, 2007) C. unshiu : Ben

Dov et al., 2001; CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A
**Aonidiella comperei** McKenzie JP (Ben

- Dov et al., 2001) Citrus: Ben

- Dov

et al., 2001 Yes F (Martins et al., 2004) Yes 12
**Aonidiella inornata** McKenzie JP US [TX] (Ben

- Dov et al., 2001) Citrus: Ben

- Dov

et al., 2001 Yes F (Pantoja and Peña, 2006) Yes 1 2 **Aspidiotus destructor** (Denis & Schiffermiller) JP US [CA, FL, GA] (Ben

- Dov et al., 2001; CABI, 2007) Citrus: Ben

- Dov

et al., 2001; CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A
**Aspidiotus excisus** Green JP US [FL] (Ben

- Dov et al., 2001) Citrus: Ben

- Dov

et al., 2001 No N/A N/A **Aspidiotus nerii** Bouché JP US (Ben

- Dov et al., 2001) Citrus: Ben

- Dov

et al., 2001; CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

11 Large

-bodied true bugs with piercing/sucking mouthparts that feed on fruit and cause cat

- facing damage (see footnote #18). They are highly unlikely to be associated with fruit during harvest. 12 Armored scale s may enter on commercial fruit for consumption, but are highly unlikely to become established via this pathway . Please see discussion following this table for a detailed explanation.Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange from Japan



### Ver. 5 April 23, 2013 17 **Pest Scientific Name Geographic**  **Distribution 1**  **Reported on**

**Unshu 2**  **Quaran**
 

** tine pest** **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Foll ow** 

**pathway Aulacaspis crawii**  (Cockerell) JP (Ben

- Dov et al., 2001) Citrus: Ben

- Dov

et al., 2001 Yes St, L, F (Suh and Hodges, 2007) Yes 1 2
**Aulacaspis tubercularis** Newstead JP (Ben

- Dov et al., 2001) Citrus: Ben

- Dov

et al., 2001 Yes St, L, F (Suh and Hodges, 2007) Yes 1 2
**Chrysomphalus aonidum** (L.) syn.: C. ficus (Ashmead) JP US ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2001 ; CABI, 2007 ) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2001 ; Citrus: Umeya and Okada, 2003 No N/A N/A

**Chrysomphalus bifasciculatus**  Ferris; syn.: C. ficus Ferris (misidentification) JP US ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2001 ) Citrus Ben

- Dov

et al., 2001 No N/A N/A

**Chrysomphalus dictyospermi** (Morgan, 1889) JP US ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2001 ; CABI, 2007 ) C. unshiu : Ben

Dov et al., 2001 ; CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A
**Diaspidiotus perniciosus** (Comstock, 1990) syn.: Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock, 1990); Comstockaspis perniciosa Comstock, 1990) JP US ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2001 ; CABI, 2007 ) C. unshiu : Ben

Dov et al., 2001 ; Citrus: Umeya and Okada, 2003 No N/A N/A

**Duplaspidiotus claviger** (Cockerell) JP ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2001 ; Umeya and Okada, 2003 ) US [FL] ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2001 ;) Citrus: Ben

- Dov

et al., 2001 ; Umeya and Okada, 2003 No N/A N/A

**Fiorinia fioriniae** (Targioni Tozzetti) JP US (Ben

- Dov et al., 2001) Citrus: Ben

- Dov

et al., 2001 No N/A N/A **Fiorinia proboscidaria** Green JP (Ben

- Dov et al., 2001) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2001 Yes Bk, F, St (CARIB, 2008) Yes 12

**Fiorinia randiae** Takahashi JP (Ben

- Dov et al., 2001) Citrus: Ben

- Dov

et al., 2001 Yes Bk, F, St 13 Yes 12
**Fiorinia theae** Green JP US (Ben

- Dov et al., 2001) Citrus: Ben

- Dov

et al., 2001 No N/A N/A **Fioronia turpiniae** Takahashi JP (Ben

- Dov et al., 2001) Citrus: Ben

- Dov

et al., 2001 Yes Bk, F, St 1 3 (CARIB, 2008) Yes 12

13 Based on F. proboscidaria biology.Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange from Japan



### Ver. 5 April 23, 2013 18 **Pest Scientific Name Geographic**  **Distribution 1**  **Reported on**

**Unshu 2**  **Quaran**
 

** tine pest** **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Foll ow** 

**pathway Hemiberlesia lataniae**  (Signoret) JP US ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2001 ; CABI, 2007 ) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2001Citrus: CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A
**Hemiberlesia rapax** (Comstock, 1881) JP US ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2001 ); CABI, 2007 ) Citrus: Ben

- Dov

et al., 2001 No N/A N/A

**Howardia biclavis** (Comstock) JP US ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2001 ) Citrus: Ben

- Dov

et al., 2001 No N/A N/A **Ischnaspis longirostris** (Signoret) JP US ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2001 ) Citrus: Ben

- Dov

et al., 2001 No N/A N/A **Lepidosaphes beckii** (Newman, 1869) JP US ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2001 ; CABI, 2007 ) C. unshiu : Ben

Dov et al., 2001 Citrus: Umeya and Okada, 2003 No N/A N/A

**Lepidosaphes conchiformis** (Gmelin) JP US (Ben

- Dov et al., 2001) Citrus: Ben

- Dov

et al., 2001 No N/A N/A **Lepidosaphes gloverii** (Packard, 1869) JP US (Ben

- Dov et al., 2001; CABI, 2007) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003; C. unshiu : Ben

- Dov et al., 2001 No N/A N/A

**Lepidosaphes laterochitinosa** Green JP (Ben

- Dov et al., 2001) Citrus: Ben

- Dov

et al., 2001 Yes WP; F = low risk (Hamon, 1988; Biosecurity Australia, 2005 ) Yes 12

**Lepidosaphes pallida** (Maskell) JP US (Ben

- Dov et al., 2001) Citrus: Ben

- Dov

et al., 2001 No N/A N/A **Lepidosaphes pinnaeformis** (Bouché) JP US (Ben

- Dov et al., 2001) Citrus: Ben

- Dov

et al., 2001 No N/A N/A **Lepidosaphes takahashii** (Borchsenius) JP (Ben

- Dov et al., 2001) Citrus: Ben

- Dov

et al., 2001 Yes WP; F = low risk 14 (Hamon, 1988; Biosecurity Australia, 2005 ) Yes 12

**Lepidosaphes tokionis** (Kuwana) JP US [MS] (Ben

Dov et al., 2001) Citrus: Ben

- Dov

et al., 20011 Yes WP; F = low risk 1 4 (Hamon, 1988; Biosecurity Australia, 2005 ) Yes 12

14 B ased on L. laterochitinosa biology.Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange from Japan



### Ver. 5 April 23, 2013 19 **Pest Scientific Name Geographic**  **Distribution 1**  **Reported on**

**Unshu 2**  **Quaran**
 

** tine pest** **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Foll ow** 

**pathway Lepidosaphes ulmi**  (L); sy n. L. conchiformis (CABI, 2007, but Ben

- Dov et al., 2001, do not agree) JP US (Ben

- Dov et al., 2001; CABI, 2007) Citrus: Ben

- Dov

et al. , 2001 No N/A N/A

**Lopholeucaspis cockerelli** (Grandpre & Charmoy, 1899) JP (Ben

- Dov et al., 2001) US (Ben

- Dov et al., 2001) Citrus: Ben

- Dov

et al., 2001; Umeya and Okada, 2003 No N/A N/A

**Lopholeucaspis japonica** (Cockerell, 1897) JP US (Ben

- Dov et al., 2001; CABI, 2007) Citrus: Ben

- Dov

et al., 2001; Umeya and Okada, 2003 No N/A N/A

**Melanaspis sulcata** Ferris JP (Ben

- Dov et al., 2001) Citrus: Ben

- Dov

et al., 2001 Yes Bk, St, L (Deitz and Davidson, 1986) No

**Morganella longispina** (Morgan) JP US [FL] (Ben

- Dov et al., 2001) Citrus: Ben

- Dov

et al., 2001; Umeya and Okada, 2003 No N/A N/A

**Oceanaspidiotus spinosus** (Comstock) JP US (Ben

- Dov et al., 2001) Citrus: Ben

- Dov

et al., 2001 No N/A N/A **Octaspidiotus stauntoniae** (Takahashi) JP (Ben

- Dov et al., 2001) Citrus: Ben

- Dov

et al., 2001; Umeya and Okada, 2003 Yes L, young Sh (Ben

- Dov et al., 2001) No

**Parlatoria camelliae** Comstock JP US (Ben

- Dov et al., 2001) Citrus: Ben

- Dov

et al., 2001 No N/A N/A **Parlatoria cinerea** Doane & Hadden, 1909 JP US [DC, MD] (Ben

- Dov et al., 2001) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003; Ben

- Dov et al., 2001 Yes L, F (EPPO, 2005; EPPO, 1999 ) Yes 12

**Parlatoria pergandii** (Comstock, 1881); poss. syn.: P. camelliae (Umeya and Okada, 2003) JP US (Ben

- Dov et al., 2001; CABI, 2007) C. unshiu : Ben

Dov et al., 2001; CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

**Parlatoria proteus** (Curtis, 1843) JP US (Ben

- Dov et al., 2001) Citrus: Ben

- Dov

et al., 2001; CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

**Parlatoria theae** Cockerell JP US (Ben

- Dov et al., 2001) Citrus: Ben

- Dov

et al., 2001 No N/A N/A **Parlatoria ziziphi** (Lucas, 1853) JP US [FL, MS] (Ben

Dov et al., 2001; CABI, 2007) C. unshiu : Ben

Dov et al., 2001; CABI, 2007 Yes L, F (Watson, 2008) Yes 12Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange from Japan



### Ver. 5 April 23, 2013 20 **Pest Scientific Name Geographic**  **Distribution 1**  **Reported on**

**Unshu 2**  **Quaran**
 

** tine pest** **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Foll ow** 

**pathway Pinnaspis aspidistrae**  (Signoret, 1869) JP US (Ben

- Dov et al., 2001) Citrus: Ben

- Dov

et al., 2001; Umeya and Okada, 2003 No N/A N/A

**Pinnaspis buxi** (Bouché) JP US (Ben

- Dov et al., 2001) Citrus: Ben

- Dov

et al., 2001 No N/A N/A **Pinnaspis strachani** JP US (Ben

- Dov et al., 2001; CABI, 2007) C. unshiu : Ben

Dov et al., 2001 Citrus: Umeya and Okada, 2003 No N/A N/A

**Pseudaonidia duplex** (Cockerell) JP US (Ben

- Dov et al., 2001) Citrus: Ben

- Dov

et al., 2001; Umeya and Okada, 2003 No N/A N/A

**Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis** (Green) JP US [FL] (Ben

- Dov et al., 2001) Citrus: Ben

- Dov

et al., 2001; Umeya and Okada, 2003 Yes 15 L vein, undersides (Watson, 2008) No

**Pseudaulacaspis cockerelli** (Cooley) JP US (Ben

- Dov et al., 2001) CitrusBen

- Dov

et al., 2001 No N/A N/A **Pseudaulacaspis pentagona** (Targioni Tozzetti) JP US ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2001 ) Citrus: Ben

- Dov

et al., 2001 No N/A N/A **Quadraspidiotus perniciosus** Comstock; junior synonym of Diaspidiotus perniciosus JP US ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2001 ; CABI, 2007 ) C. unshiu : Ben

Dov et al., 2001 ; Citrus: CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

**Selenaspidus articulatus** (Morgan) JP US [FL] ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2001 ) Citrus: Ben

- Dov

et al., 2001 No N/A N/A **Unaspis citri** (Comstock) JP US ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2001 ) Citrus: Ben

- Dov

et al., 2001 No N/A N/A **Unapsis euonymi (**  Comstock) JP US ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2001 ) Citrus: Ben

- Dov

et al., 2001 No N/A N/A **Unaspis yanonensis** (Kuwana, 1923) JP (Ben

- Dov et al., 2001; CABI, 2007) C. unshiu : Ben

Dov et al., 2001; CABI, 2007 Yes L, Br, F (under outbreak conditions) (CABI, 2007) Yes 12

**Hemiptera**

- **Errhomenellidae Epiacanthus stramineus**  (Motschulsky) JP ( McKamey, 2008; ZCZ, 2008) Citrus leaves:

Biosecurity Australia, 2002 Yes L (Biosecurity Australia, 2002) No
**Hemiptera**

- **Flatidae Geisha distinctissima**  (Walker); planthopper JP ( Imura, 2003 ; Morishima, 2008 ; ZCZ, 2008 ) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003 Yes St, L ( Borror et al., 1989 ) No

15 Actionable unless destined for Puerto Rico.Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange from Japan



### Ver. 5 April 23, 2013 21 **Pest Scientific Name Geographic**  **Distribution 1**  **Reported on**

**Unshu 2**  **Quaran**
 

** tine pest** **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Foll ow** 

**pathway Hemiptera** 

- **Largidae Physopelta gutta**  (Burmeister) JP ( Tokajar, 2008 ; ZCZ, 2008 ) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003 Yes St, L ( Biosecurity Australia, 2002 ) No

**Hemiptera**

- **Lygaeidae Geocoris varius**  (Uhler, 1860); syn.: Piocoris varius (Uhler); generalist predator (Weeden et al 2008); subfamily Anthocorinae JP (Moriya et al., 2002; Imura, 2003 ; ZCZ, 2008) ( Biosecurity

Australia, 2002 ; predator per Moriya et al., 2002

. Yes predator, L juice ( Biosecurity Australia, 2002 ) No

**Nysius plebejus** Distant JP ( Muramoto, 1978 ; Anonymous, 2008d ; ZCZ, 2008 ) ( Biosecurity

Australia, 2002 Yes Sd ( Biosecurity Australia, 2002 ) No

**Hemiptera**

- **Margarodidae Drosicha corpulenta**  (Kuwana) JP (Ben

- Dov et al., 2001) Nohara et al.,

2000 Yes Bk, buds ( Biosecurity Australia, 2002 ) No

**Drosicha howardi** (Kuwana, 1922) syn: Warajicoccus howardi Kuwana, 1922 JP (Ben

- Dov et al., 2001) Citrus: Ben

- Dov

et al., 2001 Yes L, twig, bud (Biosecurity Australia, 2002) No

**Drosicha maskelli** (Cockerell) JP (Ben

- Dov et al., 2001) Citrus: Ben

- Dov

et al., 2001 Yes WP (CABI, 2007) Yes 16 **lcerya aegyptiaca** (Douglas) JP (Ben

- Dov et al., 2001) Citrus: Ben

- Dov

et al., 2001; CABI, 2007 Yes WP 17 (CABI, 2007) Yes 1 6
**Icerya purchasi** Maskell, 1879 JP US (Ben

- Dov et al., 2001; CABI, 2007) Citrus: Ben

- Dov

et al., 2001; Umeya and Okada, 2003; CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

**Icerya seychellarum** (Westwood, 1855) JP (Ben

- Dov et al., 2001; CABI, 2007) Citrus

reticulata : Ben

Dov et al., 2001,Citrus: Umeya and Okada, 2003; CABI, 2007 Yes lower L veins (CABI, 2007) No

16 Pests on fruit are highly likely to be removed from the pathway by wash/pressure rinse/wax, mandatory inspection f or mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), or by fumigation if pests are found associated with fruit ( 7 CFR § 305.42, 2005 ). 17 Based on Icerya purchas i biology.Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange from Japan



### Ver. 5 April 23, 2013 22 **Pest Scientific Name Geographic**  **Distribution 1**  **Reported on**

**Unshu 2**  **Quaran**
 

** tine pest** **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Foll ow** 

**pathway Hemiptera** 
**- Ortheziidae**  **Insignorthezia insignis** (Browne) syn.: Orthezia insignis Browne JP (Ben

- Dov et al., 2001) US (Ben

- Dov et al., 2001) Citrus: Ben

- Dov

et al., 2001 No N/A N/A

**Nipponorthezia ardisiae** Kuwana, 1916 JP (Ben

- Dov et al., 2001) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003 Yes Rt (Umeya and Okada, 2003) No
**Hemiptera**

- **Pentatomidae Carbula humerigera**  (Uhler) JP (Umeya and Okada, 2003) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003 Yes L, F [cat

facing 18 ] (Borror et al., 1989) No 19

**Eucorysses grandis** (Thunberg, 1783) JP (Akira and Tomokuni, 1981; Umeya and Okada, 2003; ZCZ, 2008) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003 Yes L, F [cat

facing] (Borror et al., 1989) No 19

**Glaucias subpunctatus** (Walker) JP (Masahiko et al., 2001; ZCZ, 2008) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003 Yes L, F [cat

facing] (Borror et al., 1989) No 19
**Halyomorpha halys** (Stal, 1855) JP US (CABI, 2007; ZCZ, 2008) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003; CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

**Nezara antennata** Scott JP (CABI, 2007; ZCZ, 2008) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003 Yes L, F [cat

facing] (Borror et al., 1989) No 19

**Nezara viridula** (Linnaeus, 1758) JP US (CABI, 2007; ZCZ, 2008) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003; CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

**Plautia stali** Scott syn.: P. crossota stali Scott; synonymy Ohno 1999 JP (Imura, 2003; CABI, 2007; ZCZ, 2008) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003 Yes L, F [cat

facing] (Borror et al., 1989) No 19
**Rhynchocoris humeralis** Thunberg JP (Umeya and Okada, 2003) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003 Yes L, F [cat

facing] (Borror et al., 1989) No 19

18 “C at
- facing ” describes the results of feeding attempts by certain piercing

- sucking insect s. These insects leave blackened spots that may slightly sink into the fruit skin . They often make three feeding attempts , and someone called the resulting triangular sunken shape a “cat face.” Cat

- facing occurs most often on soft

- skinned fruits such as peach. 19 Large, active winged insects that may feed on fruit for sap and cause cat

- facing, but are highly unlikely to be associated with fruit at harvest or to follow the pathway.Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange from Japan



### Ver. 5 April 23, 2013 23 **Pest Scientific Name Geographic**  **Distribution 1**  **Reported on**

**Unshu 2**  **Quaran**
 

** tine pest** **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Foll ow** 

**pathway Hemiptera** 
**- Pseudococcidae**  20 **Crisicoccus matsumotoi** (Siraiwa) JP (Ben

- Dov et al., 2001) Citrus: Ben

- Dov

et al., 2001 Yes L, St21 (Miller, 2005) No **Dysmicoccus boninsis** (Kuwana) JP US (Ben

- Dov et al., 2001) Citrus: Ben

- Dov

et al., 2001 No N/A N/A **Dysmicoccus brevipes** (Cockerell) JP US (Ben

- Dov et al., 2001) Citrus: Ben

- Dov

et al., 2001 No N/A N/A **Ferrisia virgata** (Cockerell) JP (Ben

- Dov et al., 2001; Umeya and Okada, 2003) US (Ben

- Dov et al., 2001v) Citrus: Ben

- Dov

et al., 2001; Umeya and Okada, 2003 No N/A N/A

**Geococcus citrinus** Kuwana, 1923 JP (Ben

- Dov et al., 2001) Citrus: Ben

- Dov

et al., 2001; Umeya and Okada, 2003 Yes Rt (Umeya and Okada, 2003) No

**Maconellicoccus hirsutus** (Green) JP (Ben

- Dov et al., 2001) US [CA, FL] (CABI, 2007) Citrus: Ben

- Dov

et al., 2001 Yes WP (USDA, 1996) Yes 2 0
**Nipaecoccus viridis** (Newstead) syn.: N. vastator Maskell, 1895 JP (Ben

- Dov et al., 2001; CABI, 2007) US [HI] (CABI, 2007) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2001Citrus: Umeya and Okada, 2003 Yes twig, Sh, L, F (CABI, 2007) Yes 2 0

**Planococcus citri** (Risso, 1813) JP US (Ben

- Dov et al., 2001; CABI, 2007) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2001; Umeya and Okada, 2003 No N/A N/A

**Planococcus kraunhiae** (Kuwana, 1902); syn.: P. kuraunhiae (Kuwana) JP US [CA] (Ben

- Dov et al., 2001) Citrus: Ben

- Dov

et al., 2001; Umeya and Okada, 2003 Yes L, F (CABI, 2007) Yes 2 0

**Planococcus lilacinus** (Cockerell, 1905) JP (Ben

- Dov et al., 2001; CABI, 2007) Citrus: Ben

- Dov

et al., 2001; Umeya and Okada, 2003 Yes L, F (CABI, 2007) Yes 2 0

**Pseudococcus comstocki** (Kuwana, 1902); poss. syn.: P. odermatti (Umeya & Okada 2003); poss. syn.: P. ogasawarensis (Umeya and Okada, 2003) JP US (Ben

- Dov et al., 2001; CABI, 2007) Citrus: Ben

- Dov

et al., 2001; Umeya and Okada, 2003 No N/A N/A

20 Three mealybug species

– Planococcus kraunhiae , P

. lilacinus , and Pseudococcus cryptus

–have a mandatory inspection and fumigation (if found) according to the work pl an ( Im portation of Unshu Oranges from Japan , 2008; (7 CFR § 319. 28, 2008). All mealybugs are highly likely to be mitigated by these practices. 21 Based on C. azaleae biology.Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange from Japan



### Ver. 5 April 23, 2013 24 **Pest Scientific Name Geographic**  **Distribution 1**  **Reported on**

**Unshu 2**  **Quaran**
 

** tine pest** **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Foll ow** 

**pathway Pseudococcus cryptus**  Hempel, 1918 syn.: Pseudococcus citriculus Green, 1922 JP (Ben

- Dov et al., 2001; CABI, 2007) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2001; Umeya and Okada, 2003 Yes L, F (CABI, 2007) Yes 2 0

**Pseudococcus longispinus** (Targioni Tozzetti, 1867) JP US (Ben

- Dov et al., 2001; CABI, 2007) Citrus: Ben

- Dov

et al., 2001; Umeya and Okada, 2003 No N/A N/A

**Pseudococcus odermatti** Miller & Williams JP US [FL] ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2001 ) Citrus: Ben

- Dov

et al., 2001 No N/A N/A **Ripersiella kondonis** (Kuwana) syn.: **Rhizoecus kondonis**  Kuwana, 1923 JP ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2001 ; Kawai and Takagi, 1971 ) US [CA] ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2001 ) Citrus: Ben

- Dov

et al., 2001 ; Umeya and Okada, 2003 Yes Rt ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2001 ) No

**Hemiptera**
**- Psyllidae**  **Diaphorina citri** Kuwayama, 1908 JP ( Mead, 1998 ; CABI, 2007 ) US [AL, FL, GA, MS, SC, TX] ( CABI, 2007 ; NAPPO, 2008 ) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003 Yes 22 Sh, L ( CABI, 2007 ; Mead, 2008 ,) No

**Hemiptera**

**– Tartessidae**  **Kolla atramentaris** (Motschulsky); syn.: K. atramentaria (Motschulsky) JP ( Imura, 2003 ; Morishima, 2008 ) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003 Yes St, L ( Borror et al., 1989 ) No

**Hymenoptera**
**- Formicidae**  Formica japonica Motschulsky JP (CABI, 2007; ZCZ, 2008; Kaneko, 2003b) Kaneko, 2003b Yes predaceous on plant pests No 23
Lasius niger Linneaus JP (Kaneko, 2003a) Kaneko, 2003a Yes Aphid

- ants association No 2 3 Pristomyrmex pungens Mayr JP (Kaneko, 2003a, Kaneko, 2003b) Kaneko, 2003a,

Kaneko, 2003b Yes Aphid

- ants association No 2 3 **Isoptera**

- **Termitidae Nasutitermes costalis**  (Holmgren) JP (Miura et al., 2000; CABI, 2007) US [eradicated] (Lockette, 2004) Citrus: CABI,

2007 Yes associated with T No

22 D isease and vector are under official control

. 23 Formicidae are generalist predators and protectors of honeydew secreting insects such as scales and aphids. Ants other than isolated (sterile) workers are highly unlikely associated with fruit at harvest (Borror et al., 1989).Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange from Japan



### Ver. 5 April 23, 2013 25 **Pest Scientific Name Geographic**  **Distribution 1**  **Reported on**

**Unshu 2**  **Quaran**
 

** tine pest** **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Foll ow** 

**pathway Lepidoptera** 
**- Arctiidae**  **Lemyra imparilis** (Butler, 1877) syn.: Spilarctia imparilis FUNET, 2008 JP (Anonymous, 2008cc; CABI, 2007) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003 Yes L No

**Lemyra inaequalis** (Butler) syn.: **Spilarctia inequalis** Butler (FUNET, 2008) JP (Anonymous, 2008c ; ZCZ, 2008 ) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003 Yes L No
**Spilosoma lubricipeda** (Linnaeus, 1758) syn.: S. lubricipedum (Linnaeus, 1758) JP (Anonymous, 2008c ; FUNET, 2008 ; ZCZ, 2008 ZCZ, 2008 ) US [TX] ( ZCZ, 2008 ) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003 Yes L No

**Lepidoptera**

- **Geometridae Ascotis selenaria**  (Denis & Schiffermuller, 1775) JP ( CABI, 2007 ; ZCZ, 2008 ) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003 Yes Bk, L (Ascher et al., 1978 ) No **Biston robustus** Butler, 1879 syn.: B. robustum (Bisby et al. 2008) JP ( Matsui and Nonaka, 1997 ; ZCZ, 2008 ) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003 Yes L (Akino et al., 2004 ) No
**Cusiara stipitaria** (Oberthür, 1880) poss. syn.: Cusiala stipitalia (Oberthür) [misspelling] JP ( Biosecurity Australia, 2002 ; Hokkaido

- Insects, 2008 ) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003 Yes L No

**Descoreba simplex** Butler, 1878 JP (Anonymous, 2008c ; ZCZ, 2008 ) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003 Yes L No **Megabiston plumosaria** Leech, 1891 JP (ZCZ, 2008) Citrus: Umeya and Okada, 2003 Yes L No **Pylargosceles steganioides** (Butler, 1878) JP (Anonymous, 2008c; ZCZ, 2008) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003 Yes L No **Lepidoptera**

- **Gracillariidae Phyllocnistis citrella**  Stainton, 1856 JP US [AL, FL, LA, TX] (CABI, 2007; Bisby et al., 2008) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003; CABI, 2007 Yes L, F (rarely; mines rind) (CABI, 2007; Heppner, 2008) No 24

**Lepidoptera**

- **Hepialidae Endoclyta excrescens**  (Butler) JP (Umeya and Okada, 2003) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003 Yes L (Umeya and Okada, 2003) No

24 Most Lepidoptera are generalist foliage feeders and are not associated with fruit at harvest. Those that feed on or mine the fruit cause scarring that would cause the fruit to be culled during the inspection and packing process (Borror et al., 1989).Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange from Japan



### Ver. 5 April 23, 2013 26 **Pest Scientific Name Geographic**  **Distribution 1**  **Reported on**

**Unshu 2**  **Quaran**
 

** tine pest** **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Foll ow** 

**pathway Lepidoptera** 

- **Limacodidae** Cnidocampa flavescens Walker 1985 syn.: Monema flavescens Walker JP ( Lammers and Stigter, 2004 ; ZCZ, 2008 ) US [MA] ( Lammers and Stigter, 2004 ) Citrus: Lammers

and Stigter, 2004 No N/A No

**Lepidoptera**

- **Lymantriidae Euproctis pulverea**  Leech, 1889 JP ( Matsui and Nonaka, 1997 ; ZCZ, 2008 ) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003 Yes L (Umeya and Okada, 2003 ) No
**Lepidoptera**

- **Noctuidae Anomis flava**  (Fabricius, 1775) JP ( Hiramatsu et al., 2001 ; CABI, 2007 ; ZCZ, 2008 ) US [FL, SC] ( Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, 2006 ; Opler et al., 2006 ) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003 No N/A No

**Anomis mesogona** (Walker, 1858) syn.: Gonitis mesogona Walker JP (Holloway, 2008; ZCZ, 2008) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003 Yes L (Umeya and Okada, 2003) No

**Arcte coerula** (Guenée) JP (Umeya and Okada, 2003) CitrusUmeya

and Okada, 2003 Yes L, F (Umeya and Okada, 2003) No 2 4

**Artena dotata**  (Fabricius, 1794) JP (Holloway, 2008; ZCZ, 2008) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003 Yes L, St (Umeya and Okada, 2003) No

**Bastilla maturata** Walker syn.: Dysgonia maturata (Walker, 1858) , **Parallelia maturata**  (Walker, 1858) JP (Holloway, 2008; ZCZ, 2008) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003 Yes L, F (Umeya and Okada, 2003) No 2 4

**Dysgonia arctotaenia** Gueneé; syn.: Ophiusa arctotaenia JP (KRC, 2008 ; ZCZ, 2008 ) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003 Yes L, St (Umeya and Okada, 2003 ) No
**Dysgonia stuposa** (Fabricius) JP (Umeya and Okada, 2003) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003 Yes L, St, F (Umeya and Okada, 2003) No 2 4

**Ercheia umbrosa** Butler, 1881 JP (Anonymous, 2008c; ZCZ, 2008) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003 Yes L, St (Umeya and Okada, 2003) No
**Erebus ephesperis** (Hübner) JP (Umeya and Okada, 2003) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003 Yes L, St (Umeya and Okada, 2003) NoPest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange from Japan



### Ver. 5 April 23, 2013 27 **Pest Scientific Name Geographic**  **Distribution 1**  **Reported on**

**Unshu 2**  **Quaran**
 

** tine pest** **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Foll ow** 

**pathway Eudocima fullonia**  (Clerck ) syn.: Othreis fullonia (Clerck) JP (CABI, 2007; Anonymous, 2008c; FUNET, 2008) US [HI] (CABI, 2007) Citrus, Umeya

and Okada, 2003; CABI, 2007 Yes F (Herbison

Evans and Crossley, 2008

- ) No 2 4

**Eudocima salaminia** (Cramer, 1777) JP (Anonymous, 2008c) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003; CABI, 2007 Yes F (Umeya and Okada, 2003) No 2 4

**Eudocima tyrannus** (Guenée, 1852) syn.: Adris tyrannus (Guenée); Ophideres tyrannus Guenée; Othreis tyrannus (Guenée) JP (Anonymous, 2008c; ZCZ, 2008) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003 Yes L, St (Umeya and Okada, 2003) No

**Helicoverpa armigera** HibDet JP (CABI, 2007; ZCZ, 2008) CABI, 2007 Yes nursery stock, cut flowers (Umeya and Okada, 2003) No

**Oraesia emarginata** (Fabricius, 1794) JP (Anonymous, 2008c; ZCZ, 2008 Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003; CABI, 2007 Yes L, F (Umeya and Okada, 2003) No 2 4

**Oraesia excavata** (Butler, 1878) JP (Anonymous, 2008c; ZCZ, 2008) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003; CABI, 2007 Yes L, F (Umeya and Okada, 2003) No 2 4

**Plusiodonta casta** (Butler, 1878) JP (Anonymous, 2008c ; ZCZ, 2008 ) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003 Yes L (Umeya and Okada, 2003 ) No **Plusiodonta coelonota** (Kollar, 1844) JP (Kisti, 2005 ; Anonymous, 2008c ) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003 Yes L (Umeya and Okada, 2003 ) No **Spodoptera litura** (Fabricius, 1775) JP ( CABI, 2007 ; EPPO, 1997c ) US [HI] ( CABI, 2007 ) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003 ; CABI, 2007 Yes L, St, cut flowers, nursery stock (Ume ya and Okada, 2003 ; CABI, 2007 ) No

**Thyas juno** Dalman poss. syn.: Lagoptera juno (Dalman) JP ( CABI, 2007 ; Holloway, 2008 ) Citrus Umeya

and Okada, 2003 Yes L (Umeya and Okada, 2003 ; CABI, 2007 ) No
**Xylena formosa**  Butler, 1878 JP ( FUNET, 2008 ; ZCZ, 2008 ) Citrus:

Murakami et al., 2000 Yes L ( Murakami et al., 2000 ) NoPest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange from Japan



### Ver. 5 April 23, 2013 28 **Pest Scientific Name Geographic**  **Distribution 1**  **Reported on**

**Unshu 2**  **Quaran**
 

** tine pest** **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Foll ow** 

**pathway Lepidoptera** 

- **Oecophoridae Psorosticha melanocrepida**  Clarke, 1962 JP (Yoshitsugu et al., 1999 ; 

### Index In formation Center, 2001b ) Citrus:

Yoshitsugu et al., 1999 ; Umeya and Okada, 2003 Yes L (Yoshitsugu et al., 1999 ; Umeya and Okada, 2003 ) No

**Stathmopoda auriferella** (Walker, 1864) JP ( Moriuti, 1975 ; ZCZ, 2008 ) Citrus: CABI,

2007 Yes L ( CABI, 2007 ) No **Lepidoptera**

- **Papilionidae Papilio bianor**  C. & R. Felder JP (Neubauer, 2008 ) Citrus: Neubauer, 2008 Yes L (Neubauer, 2008 ) No **Papilio dehaani** C. & R. Felder; also classified as a subspecies of P. bianor JP (Neubauer, 2008 ) Citrus: Neubauer, 2008 Yes L (Neubauer, 2008 ) No
Papilio helenus Linnaeus subspecies **P. helenus nicconicolens**  Butler, sometimes listed as a separate species JP ( ZCZ, 2008 ) Citrus: CABI, 2007 Yes L ( CABI, 2007 ) No

**Papilio maackii tutanus** Fenton; subspecies P. m. tutanus is sometimes treated as P. tutan us (ZCZ, 2008) JP (Neubauer, 2008 ) wild Rutaceae: Neubauer, 2008 Yes L No

**Papilio macilentus** Janson, 1877 JP ( FUNET, 2008 ) Citrus FUNET, 2008 Yes L ( FUNET, 2008 ) No Papilio memnon Linnaeus subspecies **P. memnon thunbergii**  von Siebold sometimes listed as a separate species JP ( ZCZ, 2008 ) Citrus: Umeya and Okada, 2003 ; CABI, 2007 Yes L (Umeya and Okada, 2003 ; CABI, 2007 ) No

Papilio polytes Linnaeus, 1758 syn.: **P. polytes polytes** (Linnaeus); **P. polytes polycritos**  Fruhstorfer; synonymy (Bisby et al., 2008) JP ( CABI, 2007 ; ZCZ, 2008 ) Citrus: CABI,

2007 ; Neubauer, 2008 Yes L (Umeya and Okada, 2003 ) No

**Papilio protenor** Cramer; **P. protenor**  **demetrius** Cramer JP (Kusigemati, 1976 ; ZCZ, 2008 ) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003 mandarin orange: Sumio and Isamu, 1969 Yes L (Umeya and Okada, 2003 ; Sumio and Isamu, 1969 ) No

**Papilio xuthus** Linnaeus, 1767 JP (CABI, 2007; Neubauer, 2008 ) US [HI] ( CABI, 2007 ) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003 ; CABI, 2007 Yes L (Umeya and Okada, 2003 ; CABI, 2007 ) NoPest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange from Japan



### Ver. 5 April 23, 2013 29 **Pest Scientific Name Geographic**  **Distribution 1**  **Reported on**

**Unshu 2**  **Quaran**
 

** tine pest** **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Foll ow** 

**pathway Lepidoptera** 

- **Psychidae Acanthopsyche nigraplaga**  (Wileman, 1911) JP (Anonymous, 2008c ) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003 Yes L, twig (Ume ya and Okada, 2003 ) No

**Bam balina**  sp. JP (Anonymous, 2008c ; NARO, 2008 ) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003 Yes L, St (Umeya and Okada, 2003 ) No

**Chalioides kondonis** Kondo, 1822 JP ( Seino, 1980 ) Citrus: Umeya and Okada, 2003 Yes L, St (Umeya and Okada, 2003 ) No

**Eum eta japonica**  (Heylaerts, 1884) prob. syn.: **Cryptothelea japonica**  Heylaerts JP ( Leech, 1898 ; Nishida, 1983 ) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003 Yes L, St (Umeya and Okada, 2003 ) No

**Eum eta minuscula**  ( Butler, 1881) syn.: Clania minuscula Butler JP ( Leech, 1898 ; Momoi et al., 1965 ; CABI, 2007 ; ZCZ, 2008 ) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003 Yes L, St (Umeya and Okada, 2003 ) No

**Lepidoptera**

- **Pyralidae Conogethes punctiferalis**  (Guenée, 1854) JP (CABI, 2007; ZCZ, 2008) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003; CABI, 2007 Yes

(USDA, 2000) L, St, F, Bk

(Umeya and Okada, 2003) No 2 4

**Lepidoptera**

- **Tortricidae Adoxophyes honmai**  Yasuda JP (Umeya and Okada, 2003) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003 Yes L, F No 2 4 **Archips fuscocupreanus** Walsingham JP (Umeya and Okada, 2003) US (ZCZ, 2008) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003 No N/A N/A
**Archips xylosteana** (L) JP (Meijerman and Ulenberg, 2000; P PERAL, 2006,) Citrus:

Meijerman and Ulenberg, 2000; PERAL, 2006 Yes St, L, F (Meijerman and Ulenberg, 2000; PERAL, 2006) No 2 4

**Homona magnanima** Diakonoff, 1948 JP (CABI, 2007;ZCZ, 2008) Citru: Umeya

and Okada, 2003; CABI, 2007 Yes St, L (Umeya and Okada, 2003; CABI, 2007) No

**Homona coffearia** Nietner JP (Matsui and Nonaka, 1997; CABI, 2007) Citrus: CABI,

2007 Yes St, L (CABI, 2007) No
**Lobesia aeolopa** Meyrick JP (Umeya and Okada, 2003) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003 Yes F (Umeya and Okada, 2003) No 2 4 **Pandemis chlorograpta** Meyrick, 1921 JP Byun et al., 2003 ) Byun et al., 2003 Yes L (Byun et al., 2003) NoPest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange from Japan



### Ver. 5 April 23, 2013 30 **Pest Scientific Name Geographic**  **Distribution 1**  **Reported on**

**Unshu 2**  **Quaran**
 

** tine pest** **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Foll ow** 

**pathway Orthoptera** 
**- Acrididae**  **Nom adacris japonica**  Bolivar syn.: N. immaculata (Sjöstedt); Patanga japonica (Bolivar, 1898) JP (Umeya and Okada, 2003 ; Bisby et al., 2008 ; ) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003 Yes L (Umeya and Okada, 2003 ) No

**Orthoptera**

- **Gryllidae Ornebius kanetataki**  (Matsumura, 1904) JP (Umeya and Okada, 2003 ; Bisby et al., 2008 ; Eades and Otte, 2008 ; Takano and Takano, 2008 ) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003 Yes L, F (Umeya and Okada, 2003 ) No 25

**Teleogryllus emma** (Ohmachi & Matsuura) JP (Umeya and Okada, 2003 ; Eades and Otte, 2008 Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003 Yes L ( Umeya and Okada, 2003 ) No
**Orthoptera**

- **Tettigoniidae Holochlora japonica**  Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 JP ( Bisby et al., 2008; Umeya and Okada, 2003 ; Eades and Otte, 2008 ; ZCZ, 2008 ) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003 Yes L (Umeya and Okada, 2003 ) No

**Thysanoptera**

- **Thripidae Frankliniella**  **occidentalis** (Pergande, 1895); synonymy Mound 2005 JP (CABI, 2007) US [widespread] ( Mound, 2005 ; CABI, 2007 ; Diffie et al., 2008 ) Citrus: CABI,

2007 No N/A N/A

**Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis** (Bouché, 1833); synonymy Mound 2005 JP (Umeya and Okada, 2003 ; CABI, 2007 ) US [widespread] ( CABI, 2007 ; Diffie et al., 2008 ) Citrus: Lewis,

1997 ; CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

**Megalurothrips distalis** (Karny); synonymy Mound 2005 JP (Okada and Kudo, 1982; Imura, 2003; Mound, 2005; CABI, 2007) Umeya and

Okada, 2003 Yes L (Umeya and Okada, 2003; CABI, 2007) Yes 26

25 Large -bodied insects that feed on foliage and may occasionally che w on fruit for moisture. Damage to fruit would blemish the surface and result in culling of damaged fruit at harvest (Borror et al., 1989). They are highly unlikely to follow the pathway. 26 A s in the previous risk assessment, thrips are highly unlikely to remain with the fruit after harvest . First, thrips typically attack growing points of plants, which includes leaves, shoots and young fruit. Second, the fruit wash/scrub/pressure

- rinse is highly likely to remove active organisms present on the fruit ( 7 CFR § 305.42, 2005 ; 7 CFR § 319, 2008 ).Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange from Japan



### Ver. 5 April 23, 2013 31 **Pest Scientific Name Geographic**  **Distribution 1**  **Reported on**

**Unshu 2**  **Quaran**
 

** tine pest** **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Foll ow** 

**pathway Scirtothrips dorsalis**  Hood, 1919; synonymy Mound 2005 JP [widespread] (Okada and Kudo, 1982 ; Hoddle and Mound, 2003; CABI, 2007; Matsumoto and Okajima, 2007) US [FL, GA, HI] (CABI, 2007; Diffie et al., 2008) Citrus: Palmer et

al., 1989; Lewis, 1997; Umeya and Okada, 2003; CABI, 2007 Yes L, I, F (CABI, 2007) Yes 26

**Thrips coloratus** Schmutz, 1913 syn.: T. japonicus Bagnall; synonymy Mound 2005 JP (Okada and Kudo, 1982; Mound, 2005; CABI, 2007) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003 Yes L, I, F (Umeya and Okada, 2003) Yes 26

**Thrips flavus** Schrank, 1776; synonymy Mound 2005 JP (Okada and Kudo, 1982; Mound, 2005; CABI, 2007) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003; CABI, 2007 Yes L, I (Umeya and Okada, 2003; CABI, 2007) No 26

**Thrips hawaiiensis** Morgan 1913; synonymy Mound 2005 JP (Okada and Kudo, 1982; Imura, 2003; Mound, 2005; CABI, 2007) US (Mound, 2005; CABI, 2007; Diffie et al., 2008) Citrus:

Nakahara, 1994; Lewis, 1997; Umeya and Okada, 2003; CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

**Thrips palmi**  Karny, 1925; synonymy Mound 2005 JP [widespread] (Mound, 2005; CABI, 2007) US [FL, HI] (CABI, 2007; Diffie et al., 2008) Citrus:

Nakahara, 1994; CABI, 2007 Yes L, F (Nakahara, 1994; CABI, 2007) Yes 26

**Thrips tabaci** Lindemann, 1888; synonymy Mound 2005 JP [widespread] (Okada and Kudo, 1982; Mound, 2005; CABI, 2007) US [widespread] (CABI, 2007; Diffie et al., 2008) Tsuchida, 2002 No N/A N/A

**MOLLUSCA Acusta despecta sieboldiana**  (Pfeiffer, 1850) [Eulotidae] JP ( Dundee and Cancienne, 1978 ; Sumikawa and Koyomiya, 1997 ; Machiko, 2004 ) 

### Index

In formation Center, 2001b Yes L, St ( 

### Index In formation Center, 2001b ) NoPest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange from Japan



### Ver. 5 April 23, 2013 32 **Pest Scientific Name Geographic**  **Distribution 1**  **Reported on**

**Unshu 2**  **Quaran**
 

** tine pest** **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Foll ow** 

**pathway Bradybaena similaris**  (Ferussac) [Helicidae] JP (Kaneda et al., 1992 ; Umeya and Okada, 2003 ; CABI, 2007 ) US [HI, five Gulf states AL, FL, LA, MS, TX, ] ( GSMFC, 2003 ; CABI, 2007) Citrus:

(occasional) Chiu et al., 1985 No N/A N/A

**Meghimatium bilineatum** (Benson) syn.: Incilaria bilineatum (Benson) [Philomycidae] JP (Umeya and Okada, 2003 ) US [HI] ( Cowie, 1997 ) Citrus: Umeya

and Okada, 2003 Yes L, F (Umeya and Okada, 2003 ) No 27

**FUNGI 28**  **and CHROMISTAS Alternaria alternata**  (Keissl) [Ascomycetes: Pleosporales] JP US ( CABI, 2007 ) dos Reis, 2006; dos Reis et al., 2007 No N/A N/A

**Alternaria citri** (Ellis & Pierce) [Ascomycetes: Pleosporales] JP US ( CABI, 2007 ) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

**Arm illarila mellea**  (Vahl:Fr.) P. Kumm. [Basidiomycetes: Agaricales] JP US ( CABI, 2007 ) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A
**Aspergillus niger** (Tiegh) [Ascomycetes: Eurotiales] JP US ( CABI, 2007 ) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A **Athelia rolfsii**  (Curzi) Tu & Kim br. [= Corticium rolfsii] [Anamorph: **Scerotium rolfsii**  (Sacc.)] [Basidiomycetes: Polyporales] JP US ( CABI, 2007 ) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

**Aureobasidium pullulans** (de Bary) G. Arnaud [= Pellularia pollulans ] [Ascomycetes: Dothideales] JP (JSCC, 2008b ,) US ( Farr and Rossman, 2009 ) Farr and

Rossman, 2009 No N/A N/A

27 Mollusca are indiscriminate feeders that damage all parts of the plant, including fruit. Fruit is damaged by removal of rind on overripe fruit, appearing as scraped rind, and the damaged fruit would be discarded as unfit due to mucus and secondary rots (Reuther et al., 1989; Barker, 2002). 28 Taxonomy according to Farr and Rossman (2009).Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange from Japan



### Ver. 5 April 23, 2013 33 **Pest Scientific Name Geographic**  **Distribution 1**  **Reported on**

**Unshu 2**  **Quaran**
 

** tine pest** **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Foll ow** 

**pathway Bionectria ochroleuca**  (Schwein) Schroers & Samuels [= Sphaeria ochroleuca ] [Anamorph: Clonostachys rosea f. rosea (Link: Fr.) Schroers et al.] [= Gliocladium roseum ] [Ascomycetes: Hypocreales] JP US ( CABI, 2007 ) Farr and Rossman, 2009 No N/A N/A

**Botrytis cinerea** (Pers. Fr.) [Teleomorph : Botryotinia fuckeliana (de Bary) Whetzel] [Ascomycetes: Helotiales] JP US ( CABI, 2007 ) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

**Capnodium citri** Berk. & Desm **.** [ **=** Limacinia citri ( Briosi & Pass.)] [Ascomycetes: Capnodiales] JP ( Farr and Rossman, 2009 ) Farr and

Rossman, 2009 No N/A N/A

**Capnodium salicinum** Mont. [Anamorph: Fumagospora capnodioides G. Arnaud

. ] [Ascomycetes: Capnodiales] JP ( Tanaka, 1920 ) US ( Farr and Rossman, 2009 ) Farr and

Rossman, 2009 No N/A N/A

**Capnophaeum fuliginoides** (Rhem) Yamamoto [= Capnodium fuliginodes Rehm] [Ascomycetes: Capnodiales] JP (Kishi, 1998; Miyakawa and Yamaguchi, 1981) Farr and

Rossman, 2009; Kishi, 1998; Miyakawa and Yamaguchi, 1981 Yes L, St. Agrios, 1997 No 29

**Chaetoscorias vulgaris** Yamamoto [Ascomycetes: Capnodiales] JP (Hughes, 1976; Kishi, 1998) Kishi, 1998;

Miyakawa and Yamaguchi, 1981 Yes L , St. Agrios, 1997 No 29

**Ceratocystis fimbriata** Ellis and Halst. JP US (CABI, 2007) Citrus: CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A **Colletotrichum acutatum** (Simmonds ex Simmonds) [ Teleomorph: Glomerella acutata Guerber & J.C. Correll] [Ascomycetes: Incertae sedis] JP US ( CABI, 2007 ) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

29 Sooty mold fungi generally are considered minor leaf pathogens that grow superficially on plant tissue ( Agrios, 1997 )

. Sooty moulds proliferate in abundance on the foliage of guava, subsisting on the honeydew secreted by scale insects aphids, whiteflies, and mealy

bugs. T hese fungi are unlikely to follow the pathway b ecause the fruit surface is disinfested as part of the control measures in the packinghous e.Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange from Japan



### Ver. 5 April 23, 2013 34 **Pest Scientific Name Geographic**  **Distribution 1**  **Reported on**

**Unshu 2**  **Quaran**
 

** tine pest** **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Foll ow** 

**pathway Colletotrichum coccodes**  (Wallr.) S. Hughes. [ = Gloeosporium foliicola (Nishida) Sawada [as
' foliicolum '] [Ascomycetes: Incertae sedis ] JP US ( CABI, 2007 ) CABI, 2007 ; Petrak, 1920 , No N/A N/A

**Colletotrichum gloeosporioides**  (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc. In Penz. [teleomorph: Glomerella cingulata (Stoneman) Spauld. & H. Schrenk] [Ascomycetes: Incertae sedis ] JP US ( CABI, 2007 ; Farr and Rossman, 2009 ) Farr and

Rossman, 2009 No N/A N/A

**Cylindrocladium citri** (H. Fawc. & L.J. Klotz) Boedijn & Reitsma. [Ascomycetes: Hypocreales] JP ( Watanabe and Nakamura, 2004 ) US ( Farr and Rossman, 2009 ) Farr and

Rossman, 2009 No N/A N/A

**Diaporthe citri** F.A. Wolf (anamorph: Phomopsis citri H.Fawc. non (Sacc.) Traverso & Spessa) [Ascomycetes: Diaportales] JP US ( CABI, 2007 ) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

**Diaporthe faginea** (Curr.) Sacc. [ = **D. medusaea** Nitschke] **[** Anamorph **:** Phomopsis rudis (Fr. : Fr.) Höhn] [Ascomycetes: Diaportales] JP ( CABI, 2007 ; Farr and Rossman, 2009 ) US ( Farr and Rossman, 2009 ) CABI, 2007 ;

Farr and Rossman, 2009 No N/A N/A

**Dothiorella gregaria**  Sacc. [Ascomycetes: Dothidiales] JP ( CABI, 2007 ) US ( CABI, 2007 ; Farr and Rossman, 2009 ) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A
**Elsinoë fawcettii** (Bitancourt & Jenk.) [Anamorph: Sphaceloma fawcettii var. fawcettii Jenkins] [Ascomycetes: Myriangiales] JP US ( CABI, 2007 ) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

**Erythricium salmonicolor** (Berk. & Broome) Burdsall [= Corticium salmonicolor Berk. & Broome; anamorph: Necator decret Massee] [Basidiomycetes: Polyporales] JP US ( CABI, 2007 ; Farr and Rossman, 2009 ) CABI, 2007 ;

Farr and Rossman, 2009 No N/A N/APest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange from Japan



### Ver. 5 April 23, 2013 35 **Pest Scientific Name Geographic**  **Distribution 1**  **Reported on**

**Unshu 2**  **Quaran**
 

** tine pest** **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Foll ow** 

**pathway Fusarium oxysporum**  (Schlechtendahl) f. sp. citri [Ascomycetes: Hypocreales] JP US ( CABI, 2007 ) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

**Fusarium solani** (Mart.) Sacc. [Teleomorph: Haematonectria haematococca (Berk. & Broome) Samuels & Rossman] [Ascomycetes: Hypocreales] JP US ( CABI, 2007 ; Farr and Rossman, 2009 ) CABI, 2007 ;

Farr and Rossman, 2009 No N/A N/A

**Galactomyces geotrichum** (E. E. Butler & L. J. Petersen) Redhead & Malloch (Anamorph: **Geotrichum candidum**  Link] [Saccharomycetes: Saccharomycetales] JP ( Suprapta et al., 1995 ) US ( Farr and Rossman, 2009 ) Suprapta et al.,

1995 ; Farr and Rossman, 2009 No N/A N/A

**Ganoderma applanatum** (Pers.) Pat. [= Elfvingia applanata (Person) Karsten] [Basidiomycetes: polyporales] JP US ( Farr and Rossman, 2009 ) Farr and

Rossman, 2009 No N/A N/A

**Ganoderma lucidum** (Curtis) P. Karst. [Basidiomycetes: Polyporales] JP ( Seo et al., 1995 ) US ( Farr and Rossman, 2009 ) Farr and

Rossman, 2009 No N/A N/A
**Guignardia bidwellii** (Ellis) Viala & Ravaz [Anamorph: Phyllosticta ampelicida (Engelm) Aa.] [Ascomycetes: Dothideales] JP US ( CABI, 2007 ) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

**Guignardia mangiferae** (A. J. Roy) [Anamorph: Phyllosticta capitalensis = Phoma citricarpa McAlpine var. mikan Hara] [Ascomycetes: Dothideales] JP US ( Farr and Rossman, 2009 ) Foligata et al.,

2004 No N/A N/A

**Helicobasidium mompa** Tanaka [= Septobasidium mompa (Tanaka) Racib] [Ustilaginomycetes: Incertae cedis] JP (Farr and Rossman, 2009; CABI, 2007; Nakamura et al., 2001) Farr and

Rossman, 2009; JSCC, 2008a Yes Rts (Cree, 2005, ) NoPest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange from Japan



### Ver. 5 April 23, 2013 36 **Pest Scientific Name Geographic**  **Distribution 1**  **Reported on**

**Unshu 2**  **Quaran**
 

** tine pest** **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Foll ow** 

**pathway Hypocapnodium japonicum**  (Hara) Yamamoto [= Limacinia japonica Hara] [Loculoascomycetes: Dothideales] JP (Kishi, 1998) Kishi, 1998 Yes F, L, St (Kishi, 1998) No 29

Hypocrea lixii ( Pat .) [Anamorph: **Trichoderma harzianum**  Rifai] [Ascomycetes: Hypocreales] JP US (Farr and Rossman, 2009) Farr and

Rossman, 2009 No N/A N/A

**Lasiodiplodia theobromae**  (Pat.) Griffon & Maubl. [= Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat.; Teleomorph: Botryosphaeria rhodina (Berk & M.A. Curtis) Arx ] [Ascomycetes: Dothideales] JP US ( CABI, 2007; Farr and Rossman, 2009 ) CABI, 2007 ;

Farr and Rossman, 2009 No N/A N/A

**Limacinia harai** Yamamoto [Loculoascomycetes: Dothideales] JP (Kishi, 1998) Kishi, 1998; Yes F, L, St (Kishi, 1998) No 29
**Limacinula javanica** (Zimm.) Höhnel [= Capnodium javanicum Zimm.] [Loculoascomycetes: Dothideales] JP (Kishi, 1998) Kishi, 1998 Yes F, L, St (Kishi, 1998) No 29

**Meliola butleri** Sydow [Pyrenomycetes: Meliolales] JP (Tsukiboshi et al., 2007; Kishi, 1998) Farr and

Rossman, 2009; Kishi, 1998 Yes F, L, St (Farr and Rossman, 2009) No 29
**Mycosphaerella citri** (Whiteside) [Anamorph: Stenella citri

-grisea (F. E. Fisher)] [Ascomycetes: Mycosphaerellales] JP (CABI, 2007) US (CABI, 2007; Farr and Rossman, 2009) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

**Mycosphaerella horii** K. Hara [Loculoascomycetes: Dothideales] JP (CABI, 2007) US (Farr and Rossman, 2009) 30 CABI, 2007;

Farr and Rossman, 2009 Yes L (Amador, n.d.; Tanaka, 1917; Morton, 1987b, ) No

30 This species was thought to cause greasy spot in the United States but apparently does not occur outside Japan (Farr and Rossman, 2009 )

.Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange from Japan



### Ver. 5 April 23, 2013 37 **Pest Scientific Name Geographic**  **Distribution 1**  **Reported on**

**Unshu 2**  **Quaran**
 

** tine pest** **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Foll ow** 

**pathway Mycosphaerella pinodes**  (Berk. & Bloxam) Vestergr. (= Didymella pinodes (Berk. & Bloxam) Petr.; anamorph: Ascochyta pinodes L.K. Jones) [Loculoascomycetes: Dothideales] JP ( CABI, 2007 ; Kishi, 1998 , Miyakawa and Yamaguchi, 1981 US ( CABI, 2007 ) Kishi, 1998 ;

Miyakawa and Yamaguchi, 1981 No N/A N/A

**Nectria haematococca** (Berk & Broome) Samuels & Rossman [Anamorph: Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc.] [Ascomycetes: Hypocreales] JP US ( CABI, 2007 ) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

**Nem atospora coryli**  Peglion [= Eremothecium coryli (Peglion) Kurtzman] [Saccharomycetes, Saccharomycetales] JP US (CABI, 2007) Farr and Rossman, 2009; Shivas, 2007 No N/A N/A

**Neocapnodium tanakae** (Shirai & Hara) Yamamoto [= Capnodium tanakae Shirai & Hara] [Loculoascomycetes: Dothideales] JP (Tanaka, 1920) Tanaka, 1920 Yes L, Br, F (Tanaka, 1920) No 29

Corticium koleroga (Cooke) Höhnel [= **Pellicularia koleroga**  **(** Cooke)] [Basidiomycetes: Ceratobasidiales] JP ( CABI, 2007 ) US ( CABI, 2007 ; Farr and Rossman, 2009 ) CABI, 2007 ;

Farr and Rossman, 2009 No N/A N/A

**Penicillium digitatum** (Pers.:Fr.) Sacc. [Ascomycetes: Eurotiales] JP US ( CABI, 2007 ) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

**Penicillium italicum** (Wehmer) [Ascomycetes: Eurotiales] JP US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

**Phaeosaccardinula javanica**  (Zimmermann) Yamamoto [Loculoascomyctes: Dothideales] JP (Yamamoto, (n.d.) Farr and Rossman, 2009 Yes L, Br, F (Farr and Rossman, 2009) No 29

**Phoma erratica** (Ellis & Everh.) Hara var. mikan Hara (= P. citricarpa McAlpine var. mikan Hara) [Ascomycetes, Dothideales] See Guignardia mangiferaPest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange from Japan



### Ver. 5 April 23, 2013 38 **Pest Scientific Name Geographic**  **Distribution 1**  **Reported on**

**Unshu 2**  **Quaran**
 

** tine pest** **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Foll ow** 

**pathway Phoma pinodella**  (L.K. Jones) Morgan

- Jones & K.B. Burch (= Ascochyta pinodella L.K. Jones; P. medicaginis Malbr. & Roum. var. pinodella (L.K.Jones) Boerema) [Ascomycete : Pleosporales] JP US ( CABI, 2007 ) Timmer et al., 2000 No N/A N/A

**Phyllosticta beltranii** Penzig [Ascomycetes: Dothideales] JP ( 

### Index In formation Center, 2001a ; Kishi, 1998 ) 

### Index

In formation Center, 2001a ; NIAST, 2008 ; Kishi, 1998 , Yes L ( 

### Index In formation Center, 2001a ; NIAST, 2008 ; Kishi, 1998 ) No

**Phyllosticta erratica** Ellis & Everh. [Ascomycetes: Dothideales] JP (Kishi, 1998 ; Tsukiboshi et al., 2007 ) US ( Farr and Rossman, 2009 ) Farr and

Rossman, 2009 ; Kishi, 1998 ; Tsukiboshi et al., 2007 ; Tsukiboshi et al., 2007 No N/A N/A

**Phyllosticta hesperidearum** (Cattaneo) Penz. [Ascomycetes: Dothideales] JP ( Tsukiboshi et al., 2007 ) US ( Morton, 1987a) Tsukiboshi et al.,

2007 No N/A N/A
**Phyllosticta longispora**  McAlpine [Ascomycetes: Dothideales] JPUS ( Farr and Rossman, 2009 ) Farr and

Rossman, 2009 No N/A N/A
**Phyllosticta nakayamai**  [Ascomycetes: Dothideales] JP (Kishi, 1998 ) Kishi, 1998 Yes 31 N/A N/A **Phytophthora cactorum** (Lebert & Cohn) Schröt. [Oomycetes: Pythiales] JP US ( CABI, 2007 ) CABI, 2007 ; Farr and Rossman, 2009 No N/A N/A
**Phytophthora citricola** (Sawada) [Oomycetes: Pythiales] JP US ( CABI, 2007 ; Farr and Rossman, 2009 ) CABI, 2007 ;

Farr and Rossman, 2009 No N/A N/A
**Phytophthora citrophthora** (R. E. Sm. & E. H. Sm.) Leonian [Oomycetes: Pythiales] JP US ( CABI, 2007 ; Farr and Rossman, 2009 ) CABI, 2007 ;

Farr and Rossman, 2009 No N/A N/A

**Phytophthora cryptogea** (Pethybr. & Laff.) [Oomycetes: Pythiales] JP US ( CABI, 2007 ; Farr and Rossman, 2009 ) Vial and Latorre,

2004 No N/A N/A

31 Although Phyllosticta nakayamai is listed in Kishi (1998) as a pest from Japan, wefound no evidence confirming an association on Unshu oranges.Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange from Japan



### Ver. 5 April 23, 2013 39 **Pest Scientific Name Geographic**  **Distribution 1**  **Reported on**

**Unshu 2**  **Quaran**
 

** tine pest** **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Foll ow** 

**pathway Phytophthora nicotianae**  (Breda de Haan) [= P. nicotianae var. parasitica (Dastur) G. M. Waterhouse] [Oomycetes: Pythiales] JP US ( CABI, 2007 ) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

**Phytophthora palmivora var.**  **palmivora** (E. J. Butler) [Oomycetes: Pythiales] JP US ( CABI, 2007 ) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

**Pseudocochliobolus pallescens**  Tsuda & Ueyama, 1983 JP US ( Sivanesan, 1990 ) Citrus:

Sivanesan, 1990 No N/A N/A
**Pythium debaryanum** (Auct. non.) R. Hesse [Oomycetes: Pythiales] JP US ( CABI, 2007 ; Farr and Rossman, 2009 ) CABI, 2007 ;

Farr and Rossman, 2009 No N/A N/A
**Pythium ultimum** (Trow) [Oomycetes: Pythiales] JP US ( CABI, 2007 ; Farr and Rossman, 2009 ) Farr and

Rossman, 2009 No N/A N/A
**Pythium vexans** (de Bary) [Oomycetes: Pythiales] JP ( CABI, 2007 ) US ( CABI, 2007 ) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A **Rhizoctonia solani**  J. G. Kuhn [Teleomorph: Thanatephorus cucumeris (A.B. Frank) Donk [Basidiomycetes: Ceratobasidiales] JP US ( CABI, 2007; Farr and Rossman, 2009 ) CABI, 2007 ;

Farr and Rossman, 2009 No N/A N/A

**Rosellinia necatrix** (Prill) [Anamorph: Dematophora necatrix R. Hartig] [Ascomycetes: Xylariales] JP US ( CABI, 2007 ) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

**Schizothyrium pomi** (Mont. & Fr.) Arx ( synonym: Leptothyrium pomi (Mont. & Fr.) Sacc.) [Loculoascomycetes: Dothideales] JP ( CABI, 2007 ; Miyakawa and Yamaguchi, 1981 ) US ( CABI, 2007 ) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

**Sclerotinia sclerotiorum** (Lib.) de Bary [Anamorph: S. varium Pers. Fr.] [Ascomycetes: Helotiales] JP US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

**Scorias citrina** (Hara) Yamamoto [Loculoascomyctes: Dothideales] JP (Kishi, 1998) Kishi, 1998 Yes L, St (Kishi, 1998) No 29

**Septobasidium bogoriense** Potouillard [Basidiomycetes: Septobasidiales] JP (Kishi, 1998; Miyakawa and Yamaguchi, 1981) Farr and

Rossman, 2009; Kishi, 1998; Yes Rt, St (Farr and Rossman, 2009) NoPest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange from Japan



### Ver. 5 April 23, 2013 40 **Pest Scientific Name Geographic**  **Distribution 1**  **Reported on**

**Unshu 2**  **Quaran**
 

** tine pest** **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Foll ow** 

**pathway Sporobolomyces roseus**  Kluyver & Niel [‘Mitosporic fungi’: Hyphomycetes] JP ( CABI, 2007 ; Kishi, 1998 ) US ( Farr and Rossman, 2009 ) Kishi, 1998 ; No N/A N/A

**Thielaviopsis basicola** (Berk. & Broome) Farraris [Ascomycetes: Microascales] JP US ( CABI, 2007 ; Farr and Rossman, 2009 ) CABI, 2007 ;

Farr and Rossman, 2009 No N/A N/A

**BACTERIA** 32 Agrobacterium tumefaciens (Smith & Town.) Conn [ Alphaproteobacteria: Rhizobiaceales ] JP US ( CABI, 2007 ) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

**“Candidatus Liberobacter**  **asiaticus"** 33 Jagoueix et al

. 1994. (Citrus greeening) [Alphaproteobacteria: Rhizobiales] JP US [FL, LA, GA, SC] 34 (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 Yes Vascular tissues and part plants including Sd ( CABI, 2007 ; Tatineni et al., 2008 ) Yes 35

**Erwinia rhapontici** (Millard 1924) Burkholder, 1948 JP US ( CABI, 2007 ) Citrus: Huang and Erickson, 2003 No N/A N/A
**Pseudomonas fluorescens** (Trevisan) Migula [Gammaproteobacteria: Pseudomonales] JP US ( CABI, 2007 ) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

**Pseudomonas syringae pv.**  **syringae** (van Hall) [Gammaproteobacteria: Pseudomonales] JP US ( CABI, 2007 ) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

32 Taxonomy according to Euzéby (2007). 33 According to the "Committee for the re

- evaluation of the species definition in bacteriology" (Stackebrandt et al., 2002) the use of the " Candidatus " concept for well characterized but as yet uncultured organisms is recommended. 34 This pathogen is under quarantine regulation in the United States. 35 C itrus seeds in fruit for consumption are highly unlikely to introduc e this pathogen into the United States (7 CFR § 301.76, 2011 )

. Although the pathogen may be vectored by Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Insecta: Hemiptera: Psyllidae) , the Asian Citrus Psyl lid(ACP) , fruit is not known to be a host article of ACP (e.g., Mead, 1998) . Accordingly, we are not further analyzing either citrus greening or ACP. See discussion below for further information.Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange from Japan



### Ver. 5 April 23, 2013 41 **Pest Scientific Name Geographic**  **Distribution 1**  **Reported on**

**Unshu 2**  **Quaran**
 

** tine pest** **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Foll ow** 

**pathway Xanthomonas citri**  **subsp. citri**  (ex Hasse 1915) Gabriel et al . 1989 [= X. axonopodis pv. citri (Vauterin, et al. ), X. campestris pv. citri (Hasse) Dye] (Citrus canker A) [Gammaproteobacteria: xanthomonales] JP US [FL] ( CABI, 2007 ) CABI, 2007 Yes St, L, F ( CABI, 2007 ; Timmer et al., 2000 ) Yes

**VIRUSES and**  **VIRUS**
**- LIKE AGENTS**  36 **Citrus cachexia viroid** (= Xyloporosis, Hop stunt viroid ) JP US ( CABI, 2007 ) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

**Citrus exocortis viroid** [Pospiviroidae: pospiviroid] JP ( CABI, 2007 ; Miyakawa and Yamaguchi, 1981 ) US ( CABI, 2007 ) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

**Citrus leaf rugose ilarvirus**  (= Citrus crinkly leaf ilarvirus ) [Bromoviridae: Ilavirus] JP ( CABI, 2007 ; Brunt et al., 1996 ) CABI, 2007 ;

Brunt et al., 1996 No N/A N/A

**Citrus mosaic virus** 37 See: Satsuma dwarf nepovirus **Citrus tatter leaf capillovirus**  JP US ( Brunt et al., 1996 ; CABI, 2007 ) CABI, 2007 ;

Brunt et al., 1996 No N/A N/A

**Citrus tristeza closterovirus** [Closteroviridae: Closterovirus] JP US ( Brunt et al., 1996 ; CABI, 2007 ) CABI, 2007 ;

Brunt et al., 1996 No N/A N/A

**Citrus vein enation**

– woody gall associated luteovirus JP US (CABI, 2007; EPPO, 1997a) CABI, 2007;

EPPO, 1997a No N/A N/A **Hassaku dwarf virus** 38 See: Citrus tristeza virus **Natsudaidai dwarf virus** 38 See: Satsuma dwarf nepovirus **Navel orange infectious mottling**  **virus** 38 See: Satsuma dwarf nepovirus **Satsuma dwarf nepovirus**  [Secoviridae: Sadwavirus] JP (Brunt et al., 1996; CABI, 2007) Brunt et al.,

1996; CABI, 2007 Yes WP (Brunt et al., 1996; CABI, 2007) No 39

36 Taxonomy according to AAB (2009). 37 P art of the Satsuma dwarf complex

. 38 Recogniz ed as a form of CTV stem

-pitting affecting the pummelo hybrid Hassaku

. 39 Satsuma dwarf nepovirus is transmitted by grafting. An experimental seed transmission (up to 9 percent) was reported to occur in Phaseolus vulgaris (Brunt et al., 1996t), but we found no reports of seed transmission in citrus.Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange from Japan



### Ver. 5 April 23, 2013 42 **Pest Scientific Name Geographic**  **Distribution 1**  **Reported on**

**Unshu 2**  **Quaran**
 

** tine pest** **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Foll ow** 

**pathway NEMATODES**  40 **Helicotylenchus dihystera** (Cobb, 1893) [Tylenchida: Hopolaimidae JP ( CABI, 2007 ) US ( CABI, 2007 ) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A
**Paratrichodorus porosus** Allen, 1957 [Dorylaimida: Trichodoridae] JP ( CABI, 2007 ) US ( CABI, 2007 ) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A
**Pratylenchus coffeae** (Zimmermann, 1898) [Tylenchida: Pratylenchidae] JP ( CABI, 2007 ) US ( CABI, 2007 ) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

**Pratylenchus loosi** Loof [Tylenchida: Pratylenchidae] JP ( CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A
**Pratylenchus penetrans** (Cobb) Filipjev & Schuurmans Stekhoven JP ( CABI, 2007 ) US ( CABI, 2007 ) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A
**Tylenchulus semipenetrans** (Cobb) JP ( CABI, 2007 ) US ( CABI, 2007 ) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

40 Taxonomy according to Ferris (2006 ).Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange from Japan



### Ver. 5 April 23, 2013 43 2.5.2. Selected Pests Not Considered in this Assessment **Elsinoë australis**

. We did not list o ne citrus pathogen, Elsinoë australis (Bitancourt & Jenk.) [Anamorph: Sphaceloma australis Bitancourt & Jenk.] [Ascomycetes: M yriangiales] , in the pest list because the onl y evidence that it is present in Japan is one interception on citrus fruit in passenger baggage at a U.S. port
- of

- entry (PestID, 2009 ) . This i s insufficient evidence that the pest occurs in Japan. **Phytophthora boehmeriae** . Frezzi (19 41 ) reported P. boehmeria e (Sawada) as a pathogen causing brown rot on fruit of citrus in Argentina. Artificial inoculations on sweet oranges fruit yi elded infection s , but no infections occurred wh en the base s of the stems of sweet orange s and other citrus were inoculat ed (Frezzi, 19 41 )

. That is the only record of P. boehmeriae infecting orange fruits, and no subsequent records in the literature link this pathogen to citrus, either in the field or in trade. Moreover , the author indicates that the only plant part affected by

this pathogen is the fruit. Because c itrus is a widely cultivated plant and P. boehmeriae has a large global distribution and occurs in citrus areas (Farr and Rossman, 2009) , any impacts or occurrence of P. boehmeriae in citrus would likely have been reported if it were a significant host. Thus, we found the single record of P. boehmeriae on citrus was insufficient evidence for a host association . If additional evidence of the n atural occurrence of this pathogen infecting citrus is reported, we may reevaluate the status of this pest

. Likewise, we concluded that available evidence was not sufficient to confirm the presence of Citrus L eprosis Virus (CiLV) in Japan. Therefore, we did not include CiLV on the pest list, nor did list its vector, Brevipalpus mites, as quarantine pests, because, in the absence of CiLV in Japan, the mites are not quarantine significant. Finally , despite 130 interceptions of Guignardia citrica rpa from Jap an on citrus, those interceptions in baggage were of uncertain origin. CABI (2010) confirmed the absence of the pathogen in Japan. Therefore, we did not list it. Moreover , we recentl y assess ed the risk of fresh and dried fruit of Citrus spp. as a pathway f or the introduction of G

. citricarpa (Citrus Black Spot, or CBS)

. We conclude d that those commodities are not epidemiologically significant pathways for the introduction of CBS. 2.5. 3 . Quarantine Pests Likely to Follow the Pathway Some quarantine pests that were reasonabl y expected to follow the pathway, i.e., be included in commercial shipments of Unshu orange , were analyzed in detail (Steps 5

- 7; PPQ, 2000 ). Other plant pests, not chosen for further scrutiny, may be potentially detrimental to U.S. ecos ys tems, but were not subjected to further anal ys is for a variety of reasons. For example, they were associated mainl y with plant parts other than the commodity ; may be associated with the commodity , but would not reasonabl y remain with the commodity during processing; or have been intercepted as biological contaminants of these commodities during U.S. agricultural port

of

- entry inspection, but would not be present in commercial shipments. The various pests and reasons for not anal yz ing them further are summarized below (Table 4). **Citrus greening.** C itrus fruit for consumption are highl y unlikely to introduc e “ Ca

. L

. asiaticus” into the United States (7 CFR § 301.76, 2011) , for several reasons . First, fruit is not known to be a host article of the vector, Asian Citrus Psyllid ( Diaphorina citri Kuwayama; In secta:Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange from Japan



### Ver. 5 April 23, 2013 44 Hemiptera: Psyllidae)

. Second, infected citrus fruit cannot spread " Ca. L. asiaticus” (EPPO, 1997b), as no mechanism exists for this phloem

- limited bacterium to be transmitted from fruit. Third , although some evidence indicates that “ Ca. L. asiaticus” may be seed

- transmitted (ARS

USDA et al., 2007, Tirtawidjaja, 1981), it has not been demonstrated that the organism persists in seedlings grown fro m infected seed, or that the disease is expressed (e.g., ARS

- USDA et al., 2007; Shatters, 2008). Fourth , the likelihood of propagation of plants from seed is very low , since most Unshu cultivars are considered seedless, with at most six seeds (Ladani ya, 2007; Federal Register, 2003), and those are mostly inviable (Rouse and Zekri, 2002). Moreover, of mandaring seeds survive for shorter period stored under ambient conditions after that germination is reduced from 95 to 65 perc ent (Doijode, 2001). Therefore, we did not further anal yz e this pest; its Pest Risk Potential on this commodity is **Negligible**

. **Pests analyzed previously but not in this assessment** . The prior pest risk assessment identified 11 arthropod pests of quarantine significance ( Eotetranychus kankitus, E. sexmaculatus , Tetranychus kanzawai, Bactrocera tsuneonis , Toxoptera citricida, Parlatoria cinerea, Unaspis yanonensis, Planococcus kraunhiae, P. lilacinus Pseudococcus cryptus, and Diaphorina citri) that could follow the Unshu orange fruit pathway (PERAL , 1995). Two of these, Diaphorina citri and Toxoptera citricida , are vectors of citrus diseases, and were anal yzed previously (PERAL , 1995) despite not being likel y to follow the pathway (Table 2). Two other mites, Eotetranychus asiaticus (now E. sexmaculatus ), and Tetranychus kanzawai , are no longer quarantine pests. We did not analyze these pests here. **Armored scales** . The armored scales (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) identified in this risk assessment as quarantine pests

—

Aonidiella comperei, A. inornata, Aulacaspis crawii, A. tubercularis , Fiorinia proboscidaria, F. randiae, F. turpiniae, Lepidosaphes laterochitinosa, L. takahashii, L. tokionis, Melanaspis sulfata, Octaspidiotus stauntoniae, Parlatoria cin erea, and P. ziziphi

— were not further anal yz ed because, although armored scales may enter on commercial fruit for consumption, they

are not expected to become established, and therefore introduced, via this pathway (Miller, 1985; PERAL , 2007b). A recent critical review of the literature, APHIS

- PPQ operational data, and expert opinion concludes that, even assuming high quantities of imported fruit infested with armored scale species that could be parthenogenic, highly fecund, poly phagous, invasive, theoretic all y able to survive in most of the United States, and cause high level consequences, the specific pathway represented by

commerciall y produced fruit shipped without leaves, stems or contaminants constitutes an extremely low risk (PERAL , 2007b). This low risk is explained by

poor ability

of armored scales to disperse to new host plants from fruits for consumption, and consequently , by their low probability

of establishment. The following characteristics of armored scales contribute to their poor dispersal c apabilities:
 Legs and wings are absent in females and in feeding immature forms. Males possess wings but are short

- lived, do not feed, and tend to mate with nearby females.
 Self

- dispersal of armored scales occurs b y immature forms, or “crawlers”. They are the most vulnerable life stage, survival of which decreases with long distance wind dispersal. Crawlers can be passively

dispersed by

wind from one plant to another only during a time period of approximately

24 hours. No further dispersal is possible after the crawlers start feeding as they lose their legs during the first molt and the mouth parts are deepl y inserted in the host, anchoring them firml y to the substrate.Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange from Japan



### Ver. 5 April 23, 2013 45  Dispersal from fruit discarded in the environment is considered very unlikely because of low wind speeds at ground level and low survival rate of crawlers on the ground or on decaying fruit or fruit peel. Active dispersal of crawlers b y walking from their natal host is highly unlikely since they

are not capable of rapid movement over bare soi l or rough surfaces. **Non**
**- intercepted organisms**  . A second group of organisms that do not require further anal ys is are those that have not been intercepted from Japan or on citrus, rendering them Low risk. This includes the soft scale , Ceroplastes japonicas, and the meal ybugs , Crisicoccus matsumotoi , Drosicha maskelli , Icerya aegyptiaca , Nipaecoccus viridis , and Pseudococcus cryptus (Table 3). \ **Organisms removed from the pathway** . A third group of organisms that do not require further anal ys is are those removed from the pathway via the systems approach for Unshu oranges. The remaining pests from the lists above, specifically Ceroplastes rubens , Coccus viridis , Maconellicoccus hirsutus , Planococcus kraunhiae , and P. lilacinus , will be mitigated b y the systems approach that is in place for Japanese Unshu oranges as outlined below (Table 4). 2.5.4 . Quarantine Pests Likely to Follow the Pathway and Further Analy zed We identified on e quarantine pest pathogen for further anal ys is : the bacteria, Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri , or Citrus canker A

.
**Table 3** . Interceptions of quarantine pests identified in the 1995 Unshu orange risk assessment, from January

1985 to November 2008 (PestID, 2008 ). Ty pe Organism Interceptions Total From Japan On citrus Mealy bug Crisicoccus matsumotoi 0 0 0 Mealy bug Icerya aegyptiaca 9 0 0 Mealy bug Nipaecoccus viridis 31 0 3 Mealy bug Drosicha sp. 36 0 1 Mealy bug Planococcus kraunhiae 166 140 6 a 

### Mealy bug Pseudococcus cryptusb 

### 595 20 33 Mealy bug Maconellicoccus hirsutus 1,117 2 c 

### 5 Mealy bug Planococcus lilacinus 1,978 5 d 

### 26 Soft scale Ceroplastes japonicus 27 1 0 Soft scale Ceroplastes rubens 4,776 0 279 Soft scale Coccus viridis 10,475 1 1,410 Mite Tetranychus sp. 2,454 21 71 Mite Eotetranychus sp. 50 0 3 Aphid Toxoptera citricida 368 0 360 Fruit fl y Bactrocera sp. 6,623 3 255
a 

### The six interceptions on citrus were from Japan, on C. reticulata and C. unshiu b 

### In cludes s ynonym s c 

### Not on citrus d 

### Sixty

- five other times from “Asia country unknown”Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange from Japan



### Ver. 5 April 23, 2013 46 **Table 4** . Mitigations that keep some quarantine pests from being likel y to follow the pathway

. **Type Organism**  **Mitigation/Rationale** Mites Eotetranychus kankitus Lack of interceptions a 

### Phyllocoptruta citri Systems approach Fruit Fl y [ Diptera

– Tephritidae **]** Bactrocera tsuneonis Armored scales Aonidiella comperei , A. inornata Low likelihood of establishment (PERAL , 2007b) Low likelihood of establishment (PERAL , 2007b) [Hemiptera

–Diaspididae] Aulacaspis crawii , A. tubercularis Fiorinia proboscidaria , F. randiae, F. turpiniae Lepidosaphes laterochitinosa, L. takahashii, L. tokionis Parlatoria cinerea, P. ziziphi Unaspis yanonensis Mealy bugs [ Hemiptera Crisicoccus matsumotoi Lack of interceptions a



### - Pseudococcidae ] Maconellicoccus hirsutus Systems approach Nipaecoccus viridis Planococcus kraunhiae, P.liliacinus Pseudococcus cryptus Scales [Hemiptera

– Drosicha maskelli Lack of interceptions a 

### Margarodidae] Icerya aegyptiaca Soft scales [Hemiptera

– Ceroplastes japonicus; C

. rubens Systems approach Coccidae ] Coccus viridis Thrips [ Thysanoptera
- Scirtothrips dorsalis Systems approach Thripidae] Thrips coloratus, T. palmi
a 

### Systems approach also likely to be effective.
**2.6. Analysis of Quarantine Pests** In this risk assessment we identify and characterize the main sources of uncertainty . These include the use of a developing or evolving process (PPQ, 2000 ; Orr et al., 1993 ), the approach used to combine risk elements (Bier, 1999 ; Morgan and Henrion, 1990 ), and the evaluation of risk by comparisons to lists of factors within the guidelines ( Kaplan, 1992; Orr et al., 1993 ). To address this last source of uncertainty , the list s of factors were interpreted as illustrative and not exhaustive, implying that additional biological information, even if not explicitly part of the criteria, can be used when relevant to a rating. Other sources of uncertainty include the quality

of the b iological information and the amount of information available on the regional flora and fauna. Inherent biological variation within a population of organisms introduces uncertainty as well (Morgan and Henrion, 1990 ). 2.6.1. Consequences of Introduction In this part of the analysis we consider the negative outcomes that may occur when the identified quarantine pests are associated with Unshu oranges from Japan and are introduced into thePest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange from Japan



### Ver. 5 April 23, 2013 47 continental United States. We rated the consequences of introduction f or each pest according to the following five risk elements (PPQ, 2000 ): Climate

–Host Interaction, Host Range, Dispersal Potential, Economic Impact, and Environmental Impact. These risk elements reflect the biology of the pest and its hosts. For each risk e lement, we assigned pests a rating of Low (1), Medium (2), or High (3). We then calculate a cumulative risk value as the sum of the ratings for each pest. These ratings are helpful in interpreting detailed results; however, the ratings are considered suppl emental information within the context of the overall risk anal ys is document. We summarized these ratings below for the two pests (T able 5 ). **Xanthomonas citri subsp.**  **c itri**  **Risk Element #1: Climate**
**- Host Interaction.**  Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri , or citrus canker, has successfully

established several times in the United States . Citrus canker is now widespread throughout citrus

-producing areas in Florida. To date, citrus canker has not spread from Florida to other U.S. citrus

-producing areas. Citr us canker could establish in three Plant Hardiness Zones (PERAL , 2007a), and c itrus is grown in U.S. Plant Hardiness Zones 8

- 10 ( Bright Leaf Citrus Nursery , 2008 ; Wright, 2001 ). Our rating for this element is **Medium**

. **Risk Element #2: Host Range.** Citrus canker primary hosts belong to the Rutaceae family , with Citrus spp. having primary economic importance. Grapefruits ( C. paradisi), limes ( C. aurantifolia ), and trifoliate orange ( Poncirus trifoliata ) are highl y susceptible. Sour oranges ( C. aurantium ), lemons ( C. limon ), and most sweet oranges ( C. sinensis ) are moderatel y susceptible ( Civerolo, 1984 ; Gottwald et al., 1993 ; Gottwald et al., 2002a ; Graham et al., 1992b ; Smith et al., 1997 ), and most mandarin cultivars ( C. reticulata ) are moderatel y re sistant ( Gottwald et al., 1993 ; Graham et al., 1992b). In addition , plants in several other plant families (Asteraceae, Convolvulaceae, Meliaceae, Poaceae, and Solanaceae) have been artificially inoculated with c itrus canker ( CABI, 2007 

### ; Goto, 1970 ; Goto et al., 1975 ; Goto et al., 1978 ). Because the natural host range onl y include s species in one family , our rating is **Medium**

. **Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential.** Citrus canker can survive on non

- citrus weed and grass hosts, although the epidemiological s ignificance (i.e., the minimum conditions required for introduction of a disease into a new area) of this source is unclear ( Goto, 1970 ; Goto et al., 1975 ; Goto et al., 1978 ; Pereira et al., 1978 ; Pereira et al., 1976 ; Serizawa, 1981 ; Stall et al., 1980 ). Bacteria survive in lesions formed on aboveground parts of susceptible hosts, including fruit attached to the tree, leaves, twigs, stems, and the bark of the trunk ( Leite Jr. and Moham, 1990 ). Bacteria produced in leaf and twig lesions are significant for secondary infections (Pruvost et al., 2002 ). The amount of citrus canker bacteria present within active lesions decreases as the lesions age ( Timmer et al., 1991 ), and stem lesions can act as reservoirs of inoculum for longer periods than fruits and leav es ( Leite Jr. and Moham, 1990 ; Schubert et al., 2001 ; Verniere et al., 2003 ). Viable bacteria have been isolated from 5

- 7 year- old stem lesions ( Schubert et al., 2001 ), and asy mptomatic citrus leaves on the tree likel y harbor citrus canker bacteria for sev eral months. Bacteria may

also survive for a few weeks to several months on decomposing plant litter (fallen fruit, leaves, and limbs), on the soil surface ( Civerolo, 1984 ; Gottwald et al., 2002a ; Graham et al., 1987 ; Leite Jr. and Moham, 1990 ; Schubert et al., 2001 ), or on plant material in the soil , for as long as four ye ars ( Goto, 1992 ; Goto et al., 1975 ; Pereira et al., 1976 ). Citrus canker bacteriaPest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange from Japan



### Ver. 5 April 23, 2013 48 do not survive for long periods in the soil in the absence of host material ( Graham et al., 1989 ; Graham et al., 1987 ; Leite Jr. and Moham, 1984 ). In wind

- driven rain, bacteria dispersal can occur within trees and from tree to tree ( Bock, 2005 ; Gottwald and Graham, 2000 ). Pathogen spread has been recorded from 32 meters to several miles ( Gottwald and Graham, 2000 ; Gottwald et al., 1988 ; Gottwald et al., 2002b ; Stall et al., 1980 ). In Florida, pathogen spread was detected within 579 m (1900 ft) from the source 95 percent of the time ( Compton and Fagan, 2000 ; Gottwald et al., 2002a ; Gottwald et al., 2001 ). Citrus canker spread from an initial 50 square miles to 1,265 square miles area in the first five ye ars following detection in Florida. Long

- distance spread of the pathogen can also occur via the movement of infected planting and propagating material, such as budwood, rootstock seedlings or budded trees from nurseries ( Gottwald et al., 2002a ; Graham and Leite Jr., 2004 ; Smith et al., 1997 ; Timmer et al., 2005 ). There is no confirmed record of seed transmission ( Smith et al., 1997 ). Contaminated personn el, clothing, equipment, tools, field boxes, and other items associated with harvesting and post

harvest handling of fruit may also provide a means of long

- distance dissemination, especiall y when trees are wet ( Civerolo, 1984 ; Timmer et al., 2005 ). Bacteri a can survive in plant debris in the soil for long periods ( Goto et al., 1978 ; Graham et al., 1987 ); thus, the removal of leaves, fruit, and limbs from the grove floor and the removal of infected trees, help reduce inoculum and diminish spread potential. The movement of diseased fruit has often been considered a means of long

- distance pathogen spread, but despite a long global history of commercial trade in citrus fruit, no authenticated record exists of this for this pathogen ( Smith et al., 1997)

. Infected culled fruit and processed fruit pulp may facilitate long

- distance pathogen spread, but the likelihood of this is unknown ( Smith et al., 1997 ). We do not know if asy mptomatic fruit or fruit with lesions can initiate new infections ( Canteros, 2004 ; Jetter et al., 2000 ). Based on the above, we rated citrus canker **Medium** for Dispersal Potential. **Risk Element #4: Economic Impact.** Severe infections of citrus canker can result in dieback, defoliation, fruit deformation, and premature fruit drop ( Civerolo, 198 1 ; Gottwald and Graham, 2000 ; Stall and Sey

mour, 1983 ). The most significant effect of citrus canker is the loss of commercial markets due to unmarketable fruit. Blemished fruit are still suitable for the juice market ( Stall and Sey

mour, 1983 ), but do not meet the market standard for fresh fruit ( Gottwald et al., 2001 ; Muraro et al., 2001 ). We rated citrus canker **High** for Economic Impact

. **Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact.** The introduction of citrus canker in a new area may require specific control programs that may negatively

impact non

- target pests and the environment. Prophylactic sprays of copper oxyc hloride or other copper

- containing compounds are commonl y used to provide protection against initial infection (Das, 2003 ; Graham and Leite Jr., 200 4 ; Koizumi, 1977a ; Kuhara, 1978 ; Leite Jr. and Moham, 1990 ; Medina

- Urrutia and Stapleton, 1985 ; Muraro et al., 2001 ; Stall et al., 1980 ; Timmer, 1988 ). Additional copper fungicide sprays are often necessary to avoid s ymptoms in generally infected areas bec ause the initial spray

usuall y wears off ( Gottwald et al., 2002b ; Leite Jr. and Moham, 1990 ; Stall et al., 1980 ). In Japan, susceptible hosts are often sprayed 5 to 7 times, while moderatel y susceptiblePest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange from Japan



### Ver. 5 April 23, 2013 49 cultivars are onl y sprayed four times throughout the growing season (Appendix C). Five to six copper sprays during the susceptible rainy season in Brazil decrease disease incidence by 90 percent in moderatel y susceptible cultivars ( Leite Jr. et al., 1987 ). Citrus canker is rated **Medium** for Environmental Impa cts.

**Table 5**  **.** Risk ratings for consequences of introduction. **Pest Risk elements**  **Cumulative risk rating**  **a Climate** 
**- host**  **interaction Host** 

**range Dispersal** 

**potential Economic** 

**impact Environ** 
****

**mental impact**  

### Xanthomonas citri subsp . citri Med (2) Med (2) Med (2) High (3) Med (2) Medium (11)
a 

### Lo w=5 to 8; Medium=9 to 12; High=13 to 15.
2.6.2. Likelihood of Introduction In this portion of the assessment, we consider two components. First, we estimate the amount of commodity

likely to be imported (which is the same for all quarantine pests considered). Second, we consider five biological features (i.e., sub

- elements) concerning each pest and its interactions with the commodity . We sum the sub

- elements to get a cumulative risk rating for Likelihood of Introduction. We summarized these ratings below ( Table 6 )

. **Sub**
**- Element 1: Quantity Imported Annually.**  The likelihood that an exotic pest will be introduced depends on the amount of potentially infested commodity

imported. For qualitative pest risk assessments, the amount of commodity imported is estimated in units of standard 40

- foot shipping containers. Production of “Unshu mikan” tangerines in Japan seems likely to increase to more than one million metric tons (FAS, 2007 ). Unshu orange imports from Japan between 1995 and 2005 averaged 238 metric tons per year. The best information available estimates that a bout 500 metric tons of Unshu orange fruit will be imported from Japan (Federal Register, 2002 ). In total, 13 to 25 containers are expected annually , based on a conversion factor of 20 metric tons per 40

- foot shipping containers. Based on import quantity less than 100 containers per year, we rated this sub

- element **Medium** for X. citri subsp . citri

. **Sub**
**- Element 2: Harvested Fruit is Infested/Infected and Survives Post** 
**- Harvest Treatment.**  This sub

- element is the likelihood of pest/inoculum surviving the packing process and post

harvest treatment. We assume field culling would remove s ymptomatic and damaged fruit. We also try to account for the expected prevalence of each pest under standard production practices in Japan. We assumed that infestation/infection is likely if fruit originates in areas where the pest/disease occurs, but the magnitude of the hazard at this stage depends in large part on the proportion of infested/infected fruit and the nature of the infestation or cont amination. The incidence of infested/infected fruit will depend primarily on variety, environmental conditions, and field management.Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange from Japan



### Ver. 5 April 23, 2013 50 **Xanthomonas citri subsp** **. Citri** . The presence of the organism on fruit may be associated with lesions, injuries, or blemi shes, or it may be epiphytic (contamination). Research does not indicate the existence of endophytic infection inside the fruit or any plant part that does not develop sy mptoms. A ten

- year research project in Argentina confirmed the very low susceptibility (zero percent) of Unshu mandarin fruit to citrus canker, especiall y in comparison to grapefruit (Figure 4) ( Canteros, 2004 ). Disease incidence on vegetative plant parts was slightl y above zero on fruit, with the Unshu mandarin the least susceptible to c itrus canker of all tested cultivars ( Canteros, 2004 ) (Figure 5). Small fruit (<20 mm) are not susceptible to infection as the stomata are not fully open at this stage. Above this size susceptibility is inversely

related to fruit age: younger fruit are more susceptible ( Graham et al., 1992a). Well

- timed field treatments reduce the incidence of disease, the level of inoculum, and the number of s ymptomatic fruit in the field. Prophylactic sprays (Das, 2003 ; Graham and Leite Jr., 2004 ; Koizumi, 1977b ; Kuhara, 1978 ; Leite Jr. and Moham, 1990 ; Medina

- Urrutia and Stapleton, 1985 ; Muraro et al., 2001 ; Stall et al., 1980 ; Timmer, 1988 ) and cultural control practices, such as windbreaks and pruning diseased shoots, further reduce disease incidence (Das, 2003 ; Kuhara, 1978 ; Leite Jr., 2000 ; Leite Jr. and Moham, 1990 ). Epiphy tic populations of citrus canker on citrus tissue drop 3

- 5 orders of magnitude in 24 hours in experiments ( Timmer et al., 1996 ). In Brazil, asy mptomatic fruit were sprayed with a bacterial susp ension, and after five days at room temperature under laboratory conditions the bacteria could not be recovered ( Belasque Jr. and Rodriguez Neto, 2000 ). Harsher environmental conditions outside the laboratory would likel y further reduce the survival of epiphytic citrus canker populations on asymptomatic fruit.

**Figure 4.** Citrus canker incidence on citrus fruit without control treatments ( Canteros, 2 004 ). **Fr uit r**  **esp ons**  **e to**  **C it**  **ru s**  **Can ker** 

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

May-95 May-96 Mar-97 97/ 98 Jan-99 May- 00 Ma r-01 Jul-02 Feb-03 Ju n-04 **Da te**  **s D** **i s** **e a** **s e** **I n** **c i** **d e** **n c** **e (** **% )**  Grapefru it Lemon Oran ge Mu rcott ta ng or Sat su ma Av eragePest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange from Japan



### Ver. 5 April 23, 2013 51 **Figure 5.** Citrus canker incidence on plant foliage of citrus cultivar without control treatment. Unshu oranges had the lowest disease incidence on leaves ( Canteros, 2004 ).
Commercially

packed citrus fruit is washed as a normal part of the packing process. This usuall y includes mechanical brushing and detergent, which removes organic and other contaminants, such as soil ( Schubert et al., 1999 ). Brushing increases the exposure of citrus canker to detergents or other toxins (Brown and Schubert, 1987 ) . The drying process (i.e., hot air at 58 °C for 2.5 minutes) further reduces epiphytic citrus canker populations ( Schubert et al., 1999 ). When disinfectants are used, populations of the closely related species, Xanthomonas campestris pv. Vesicatoria, are reduced to undetectable levels (Brown and Schubert, 1987 ; Graham and Gottwald, 1991 ). Using 200 ppm chlorine for two minutes reduces natural bacterial populations on citrus fruits 77

- 99 percent ( Stapleton, 1986 ). Similarly , exposing fruit from infected citrus trees to a prewash with SOPP detergent, followed by a chlorine wash reduced the survival of surface citrus canker ( Gottwald et al., 2009 ). A packinghouse wash with disinfectants can practicall y remove all epiphytic citrus canker from fruits without sy mptoms ( Canteros, 2004, n.d. ,.; Canteros et al., 2000 ). Post

- harvest treatment in Uruguay reduced bacterial populations on inoculated fruit b y 99.5 percent, and b y 99.8 percent on naturally infested fruit (Verdier et al., 2005, 2006 ). Finall y, two different chlorine

- wash protocols reduced (by approximately

50 percent) the ability

of lesions to produce viable bacteria Gottwald ( 2009 ). If a small epiphytic population of citrus canker did survive post

- harvest treatments, it would not survive long on the surfac e of the fruit ( Goto, 1969 ; Timmer et al., 1991 ). Under natural conditions, epiphy

tic citrus canker survives on fruit surfaces for onl y about three days ( Goto, 1969 ; Goto, 1962 ; Shiotani et al., 2009 ), and they do not multiply in water, on leaf surfaces, or on dry leaves ( Timmer et al., 1991 ; Timmer et al., 1996 ). Because bacterial survival on non

attached citrus fruit is significantly reduced (Koizumi, 1972), the likelihood of citrus canker spread via commercial fruit is very low, but not zero ( Golmohammadi et al., 2007 ) . **Pla nt R** **esp ons**  **e to Citr**  **us C**  **an ker** 

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Dec

91 Jun92 Dec

92 Aug93 Dec

93 Jun94 Jan95 M ay 95 Ja n96 Ju n96 Dec

96 Jan97 Jun97 Dec

97 May98 Jan99 Jun99 Dec

99 M ay 00 Dec

01 Jan02 Ma r02 Fe b03 Nov

03 Ja n04 **Da tes** **D i** **s e** **a s** **e I** **n c** **i d** **e n** **c e** **( %** **)** Gra pef ru it Lemon Ora ng e Mu rcott tangor Satsu ma Av er agePest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange from Japan



### Ver. 5 April 23, 2013 52 Overall, then, s ymptomatic fruit are unlikel y to pass through the packinghouse process standard packinghouse procedures. Post

- harvest treatments prescribed b y the s ys tems approach will likely remove and/or devitalize epiphy tic populations of the pathogen to the extent that they become epidemiologically

insignificant. For these reasons, we rated this risk element **Low**

. **Sub**
**- Element 3: Quarantine Pests Survive Shipment**  . In this sub

- element we ass ess the likelihood of inoculum surviving in fruit during shipping. Shipments of Unshu oranges are likel y to be refrigerated and spend several days in transit to the United States. Recommended shipping and storage temperatures fo r Unshu oranges are between 4 and 7 °C , for two to four weeks ( Cantwell, 2002 ). Bacteria that survive the packing process on the surface of citrus fruit are unlikely to survive the shipping process. Bacterial populations in existing lesions decreased b y several orders of magnitude when the average maximum temperature was below 20 °C and average minimum temperature was below 10 °C (Koizumi, 1977a ,). Stall ( 1980 ) noted “the populations of viable cells in lesions decreased about 100

- fold during the winter months.” As mentioned above, under natural conditions epiphytic citrus canker survives on fruit surfaces onl y up to three days ( Goto, 1969 ; Goto, 1962 ; Shiotani et al., 2009 ). Therefore, epiphytic populations pose an epidemiological threat for only a very limited window of time. After processing, bacteria have not been shown to occur on the surface of citrus fruit or under the wax coating applied to the fruit, and are unlikel y t o cause disease development under these circumstances. Fruit

- to
- fruit post

- harvest spread of bacteria has not been documented. Citrus canker latent populations do not produce s ymptoms in harvested fruit ( Civerolo, 1997 ), and there is no evidence of epiphyt ic growth b y citrus canker (Brunings and Gabriel, 2003 ). Our rating is **Low** for this risk element. **Sub**
**- Element**  **4: Quarantine Pest is not Detected at Port**
**- of** 
**- Entry**  . In this sub

- element we assess the likelihood of a pest not being detected during port inspections. Groves in infested areas may have citrus canker infected fruit at varying levels depending on the prev alence of inoculum, the susceptibility of the variety, and climatic, environmental, and cultural conditions. The presence of the organism on fruit may be associated with lesions, injuries, or blemishes, or it may be epiphy

tic (contamination). Epiphy tic populations would be difficult to detect, but are much less likely to introduce the disease (above). L esions on infected fruit are distinctive and have been detected at ports multiple times. Therefore, we rated this sub

element **Low. Sub** 
**- Element 5: Infested/** **Infected Fruit is Moved to Suitable Habitat** . This sub

- element involves shipment of infested/infected fruit to a suitable habitat for establishment/disease development; for this, we consider the geographic location of likely markets. Fruit arriving in the United States normally

arrive at multiple ports and is distributed according to market demand. Three of the four most populous states in the United States

—Florida, Texas, and California (US Census, 2000)

—are in the southern United States where the climate b est matches the native climates for citrus canker and “ Ca. L. asiaticus

. ” Assuming that citrus is distributed across thePest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange from Japan



### Ver. 5 April 23, 2013 53 United States proportional to population, then fruit is likely to be shipped to these states. Onl y a small portion of each state actual ly produces citrus, however. Like G. citricarpa , this pathogen needs citrus plants, and o nly small portions of the citrus

producing states have climates suitable for disease development. Therefore , we rated this risk element **Medium. Sub** 
**- Element 6: Pest**  **Fi nd Suitable Host and Establish or Incite Disease**  . The sixth sub

element examines the risk that imported infected fruit will encounter a suitable host within the suitable habitat, and a viable reproductive unit of the insect pest or the plant pest associ ated with the fruit is able to complete its life cycle. This a ssessment must take into account not only the availability , in time and space, of host plants and of the particular plant parts fed upon or used for reproduction, but also the pests’ abilities to find , reach, and colonize hosts successfull y. The following events must occur for the disease to develop:
 A susceptible host must be available
 The host must be exposed when infection can occur (varies with cultivar)
 Free water must be available on the surface of the citrus plants from rain
 Sufficient force (i.e., wind) must be present to drive the bacteria into natural openings, or wounds must be present
 The causal organism must be in sufficient amount and at stage that can cause disease onset
 Enough time must elapse for key interactions to occur Viable bacteria from infected fruit are unlikel y to encounter suitable hosts under the conditions required for disease development for several reasons. First, citrus canker has only fifteen known hosts, in Citrus spp. (see above). Second, hosts must be susceptible, which lasts 90

- 120 days after petal fall. Most leaf infections occur during enlargement ( Civerolo, 1984 ), over a short interval, often within the first six weeks ( Gottwald and Graham, 2000 ). Mature, unwounded fruit and leaves are not susceptible to infection ( Civerolo, 1984 ; Gottwald and Graham, 2000 ), because they are protected by the build up of a waxy

cuticle (Albrigo, 1976 ; Gottwald and Graham, 2000 ; Graham et al., 1992b ; National Plant Board, 2002 ). Third, infiltration of bacteria into stomata on unwounded fruit or leaves is aided by wind

- driven rain, with wind speeds exceeding 8 m/s ( Gottwald et al., 2002a ; Graham and Leite Jr., 2004 ). Such weather conditions will be relativel y rare. Finally, diseased fruit have not been shown to affect epidemiology of citrus canker disease ( Smith et al., 1997 ; Gottwald et al., 2009 ), whether with lesions or asy mptomatic (Anonym ous, 2005 ; Canteros, 2004 ; Jetter et al., 2000 ; USDA, 2007 ; Verdier et al., 2005 ). Gottwald ( 2009 ) demonstrated that activel y growing citrus plants exposed to infected, packinghouse treated fruit, did not become infected. Discarded canker

- infected fruit in cull piles were also not effective sources of inoculum for dispersal to nearb y plants under natural conditions. Overall, citrus fruit with canker lesions are an unlikel y pathway for establishment in new areas ( Gottwald et al., 2009 ). We rated this sub

- element **Low**

.Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange from Japan



### Ver. 5 April 23, 2013 54 **Table 6 .**  Risk Rating for Likelihood of Introduction. **Pest Quantity**  **imported annually**  **Survive post**

**harvest treatment**  **Survive**

**shipments Not detected** 

**at port -**  **of**

  ** entry** **Move to**

**suitable habitat**  **Find**

**suitable host**  **Cumulative**

**risk rating a**  

### Xanthomonas citri subsp . citri Med (2) Low (1) Low (1) Low (1) Med (2) Low (1) Low (8)

a 

### Lo w = 6 to 9; Medium = 10 to 14; High = 15 to 18

**2.7. Pest Risk Potential/Conclusion** We found three quarantine pest plant pathogens likely to follow the pathway , and summed the values for each for the Consequences of Introduction and the Likelihood of Introduction to find the baseline Pest Risk Potential ( Table 7 )

. Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri had **Medium** pest risk potential. For m edium risk pests , specific phy tosanitary measures may

be necessary

. Gottwald ( 2009 ) demonstrated that activel y growing citrus plants exposed to Xcc infected, packinghouse treated fruit, did not become infected. Moreover, discarded canker

- infected fruit in cull piles were also not effective sources of inoculum for dispersal to nearby plants under natural conditions. Thus citrus fruit with canker lesions are an unlikel y pathway for establishment in new areas . Id entification and selection of appropriate sanitary and phy tosanitary measures to mitigate risk for pests with particular Pest Risk Potential ratings is undertaken as part of the risk management phase is not discussed in this document. The appropriate risk management s trategy for a particular pest depends on the risk posed b y that pest.

**Table 7**  **.** Pest Risk Potential for quarantine pests associated with Unshu oranges from Japan **Pest Consequences of**  **Introduction Likelihood of** 

**Introduction Pest Risk Potential**  **a** 

### Xanthomonas citri subsp . citri Medium (11) Low (8) Medium (19)
a 

### Lo w = 11 to 18; Medium = 19 to 26; High = 27 to 33


## 3. Risk **Management Options 3.1. Measures for Pest Risk Reduction**  The appropriate level of protection for an importing country can be achieved by

the application of a single phytosanitary

measure, such as inspection or a quarantine treatment, or a combination of measures. The combination of specific phytosanitary measure s that provide overlapping or redundant safeguards is distinctly different from the use of a single risk mitigation technique.Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange from Japan



### Ver. 5 April 23, 2013 55 Such combinations vary

in complexity ; however, all require the integration of two or more measures that act independently of each other, with the cumulative effect of achieving the desired level of phytosanitary protection (i.e., a s ystems approach; IPPC, 2009 : I SPM #14). Specific mitigations may be selected from a range of pre

- harvest and post
- harvest options, and may include other safeguarding measures. Measures may be added or the strength of measures increased to compensate for uncertainty . At a minimum, for a measure to be considered for use in a systems approach, it must be 1) clearl y defined, 2) efficacious, 3) officially required (mandated), and 4) subject to monitoring and control by the responsible national plant protection organization ( IP PC, 2009 ). Systems approaches to risk mitigation have been specified in recent work plans for the importation of commodities, such as citrus from Chile (Fernandez, 2004 ) and avocado from Mexico (USDA, 2005 ). A systems approach to mitigating risks involved with Unshu oranges ( C. reticulata Blanco) from Japan might combine a variety of measures. Several of these management measures are being implemented to mitigate several pest of quarantine significance and include: 1) certification of pest
- free areas, pest

- free places of production, or are as of low pest prevalence for certain quarantine pests, such as fruit flies; 2) programs (e.g., mechanical, chemical, cultural) to control pests within orchards; 3) preclearance oversight by USDA

- APHIS officials; 4) packinghouse procedures (e.g., washing with detergent, brushing, inspection of fruit) to eliminate external pests; 5) quarantine treatments to disinfest fruit of internal and external pests; 6) consignments inspected and certified by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry

and Fisheries of Japan and APHI S

- PPQ to be free of quarantine pests; 7) fruit traceable to state of origin, packing facility , grower, and orchard; 8) consignments subject to sampling and inspection after arrival in the United States; and 9) limits on distribution and transit within the United States. We identified a total 26 arthropod pests of quarantine significance that could potentially follow the Unshu orange fruit pathway . They are one mite, eight mealy bugs, three soft scales, thirteen armored scale, and one tephritid fruit fly . Because all organisms that carry significant risks of importation are targeted for inspection or treatment or both, the mitigated risk for these organisms is considered low. and one quarantine pathogen that could be introduced with fresh commerciall y produced Unshu oranges are Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (the causal agent of citrus canker disease) . Since quarantine plant pests are likel y to be present, a risk management strategy is required to mitigate the phytosanitary risks posed by

these pests. W e outline options available to mitigate risk of introduction of these quarantine pests. **3.2. Phytosanitary Options** In this section we describe risk mitigation options with discussion of efficacy, if known, and application. 3.2.1. Pest

-

free areas As a sole mitigative measure, the establishment of pest

- free areas or pest

- free places of production may

be completely

effective in satisfying an importing country ’s appropriate level of phy tosanitary protection ( IP PC, 2 009 : I SPM #s 4, 10, 29). This option has proven to be successful in practice, eliminating the need for post

- harvest commodity treatments to achieve probit

- 9

- level security

(e.g., TDOA, 2003 ). Establishment and maintenance of pest

- free areas orPest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange from Japan



### Ver. 5 April 23, 2013 56 productio n sites should comply with international standards ( IPPC, 2009 : ISPM #s 4, 10, 29; NAPPO, 2004 ). There are various methods available for survey of Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri , and and “ Ca

. L

. asiaticus , ” to establish pest free areas

. Any protocol for establishing and maintaining a pest

free area should include a pest

- reporting procedure and emergency action plan to address target pest detections in the pest

- free or low

-prevalence zones ( IP PC, 2009 : I SPM #s 4, 10; NAPPO, 2004 ). Under this option, groves producing fruit for export to the United States would be restricted to areas where pest

- free status could be established. 3.2.2. Areas of low pest prevalence Accordin g to the IPPC, an area of low pest prevalence may comprise all of a country , part of a country , or all or parts of several countries, in which a particular pest species occurs at low population densities and which is or are subject to effective surveillanc e and control or eradication measures ( IP PC, 2009 : I SPM #5). Procedures for the establishment and maintenance of areas of low pest prevalence should compl y with international standards (e.g., NAPPO, 2004 ; IPPC, 2009 : I SPM #29). For example, elements of an operational plan for establishment and maintenance of such areas might include a geographic description to delimit the area; specification of an upper limit to pest den sities; means to document and verify all necessary procedures and maintain records; specification of phy tosanitary procedures (e.g., survey , pest control); and movement controls to prevent pest entry or re - entry

into the area. The international standards recommend that the exporting country consult with the importing country in the early stages of implementation to ensure that importing country requirements are met. In particular, target or threshold population densities defining an area of low pest prevalence should be established in consultation with the importing country

. Any protocol for establishing and maintaining an area of low pest prevalence also should include a pest
- reporting procedure and emergency action plan to address target pest detections in the pest
- free or low

-prevalence zones ( IPPC, 2009 : I SPM #s 4, 10, 22, 29; NAPPO, 2004 ). Under this option, groves producing fruit for export to the United States would be restricted to areas where low

-prevalence could be established. 3.2.3. Control program Cultural, chemical, or mechanical means (e.g., grove sanitation, pruning of dead and diseased branches, pre

- harvest application of pesticides, fruit bagging) (Appendix C) may be used to eliminate pests from groves or prevent fruit infection. Sanitation and pesticide applications, as essential components of best management practices, are mainstays of commercial fruit production (e.g., Kirk et al., 2001 ). Well

- timed field treatments significantl y reduce the incidence of citrus canker, the level of inoculum, and the number of s ymptomatic fruit in the field. Combinations of prophylactic sprays and cultural control practices, such as windbreaks and pruning diseased shoots, further reduce disease incidence (Das, 2003 ; Leite Jr., 2000 ; Leite Jr. and Moham, 1990 ).Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange from Japan



### Ver. 5 April 23, 2013 57 3.2.4. Phytosanitary certification inspections and monitoring If pest

- free areas are established, fruit of Citrus reticulata should be sampled and inspected periodicall y during the growing se ason and post

- harvest for quality control and for phytosanitary precautionary

measures. Production areas also should be subject to scheduled audits and periodic, unannounced inspections by certified inspectors from PPQ and the Japanese NPPO. These inspecti ons should insure that production areas meet requirements for the issuance of a phy tosanitary certificates required for each consignment. This measure is useful for detecting pests present during the growing season that may be more difficult to detect post

- harvest. Detection methods need to be combined with other measures to ensure the absence of pests of concern. Fruit should be sampled and inspected periodicall y during the growing season and after harvest. These measures are useful for detecting pests pre sent in the field that may be more difficult to detect post

- harvest, but it must be combined with other measures to ensure the absence of pests of concern. Statistical procedures are available to verify , to a specified confidence level, the pest

- free statu s of an area, given negative survey or trapping results (e.g., Venette et al., 2002 ; Barclay and Hargrove, 2005 ). The National Pest Outbreak Forecasting Program operates under Japan’s Plant Protection Law and Regulations Relevant to Plant Quarantine of 19 50 (version 1 April 1997). These regulations refer to Japan’s legislation pertaining to inspection, movement of plants and plant material, emergency

control of pests and pest forecasting for high risk designated pests (Chapters 3, 4, and 5 of Japan’s Plant Protection Law), which must be adhered to b y all Prefectures to keep Japan free of, or to control, these pests (Appendix D ). The pre

- harvest inspection for the United States consists of a joint field inspection of MAFF and APHI S personnel. According to in formation provided b y J apan, there has been no detection of citrus canker in the export areas since trade in Unshu mandarins commenced to the United States in 1968 (Appendix D ). 3.2.5. Post

- harvest safeguards and packinghouse procedures Containers of harvested fruit should be covered with tarpaulins or other covers and moved to the packinghouse in a fruit fly

- proof conveyance in a timely manner (e.g., within three hours of harvest) (USDA, 2005 ). Practices in the grove such as selective harvesting, in which harvesters select only

fruit visually

free of disease s ymptoms and blemishes, can reduce levels of infested or infected harvested fruit (USDA, 2007 ). In the packinghouse, fruit should undergo sanitizing, washing, with detergent, mechanical brushing, rinsing, waxing, and drying, as well as visual inspection or other treatment to remove external pests and to cull damaged or sy mptomatic fruit. Consignments should be transported in sealed, refrigerated vehicles. Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri : Packinghouse processes that cull out fruit with citrus canker lesions can reduce numbers of infected fruit packaged. Packinghouse requirements in Uruguay for cleaning fruit, which include mechanical brushing, detergent, sanitizing agents or disinfectants, followed by drying, cumulatively reduce levels of citrus canker present on the exterior of the fruit ( Schubert et al., 1999 ; Brown and Schubert, 1987 orthophenylphenate) or both are currentl y approved by the USDA for citrus canker decontamination of fresh citrus fruit moved interstate from areas quarantined for citrus canker within the United States and various studies demonstrated the effectiveness of these disinfectants in reducing numbers of citrus canker cells or similar bacteria to low or undetectable levels (Brown and Schubert, 1987 ; Canteros et al., 2000 ; Obata et al., 1969 ; Parra, 2007 ; Ry bak and Canteros, 2001 ).Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange from Japan



### Ver. 5 April 23, 2013 58 A new surface disinfectant treatment using peroxyacetic acid (PAA) was recentl y added to U.S. regulations (Brown and Schubert, 1987 )

. Based on PAA’s characteristics as a general disinfectant and the results of testing on X. axonopodis pv . citrumelo , APHIS determined that PAA will be effective on citrus canker and added PAA as an option for surface disinfection treatment of fruit (Brown and Schubert, 1 987 ). The citrus canker regulation has been amended effective October 22, 2009. The citrus canker regulations modify

the conditions under which fruit may be moved interstate from a quarantined area. We continue to require fruit moved interstate from a qu arantined area to be treated with an approved disinfectant and to be packed in a commercial packinghouse that operates under a compliance agreement. These changes relived some restrictions on the interstate movement of fresh citrus fruit from quarantined areas while maintaining conditions that will prevent the artificial spread of citrus canker (7CFR Part 30 1 ) (7 CFR § 301.75, 2011)

. 3.2.6. Quarantine treatments There are several quarantine treatment schedules for citrus fruit specified in the APHI S, PPQ Treatment Manual (PPQ, 2008e ). Several treatment protocols, employing heat (e.g., forced air, vapor, or hot water: T103

- a - 1, T103

-b

- 1, T106a, T102

- a) cold (e.g

. , T107

- a - 1, T107

-b

- 1, T107

- c, T107

- k), irradiation (T101

- i

- 1

- 1) and methyl bromide fumigation (e .g
. , T101

- w - 1

- 2, T101

- n 2

- 1, T101

-

j

- 2

- 1, T101

-

j

- 2), have been tested and found to be effective in disinfesting Citrus fruit of pests. For Citrus canker fruits must be treated with either (a) CC1 for citrus canker. The fruit must be thoroughl y wetted for at least 2 minutes with a solution containing 200 parts per million sodium hy pochlorite. (b) CC2 for citrus canker. The fruit must be thoroughl y wetted with a solution containing sodium o

-phenyl phenate (SOPP) at a concentration of 1.86 to 2.0 percent of th e total solution, for 45 seconds if the solution has sufficient soap or detergent to cause a visible foaming action or for 1 minute if the solution does not contain sufficient soap to cause a visible foaming action ( 7 CFR § 305, 2010 )

. Methyl bromide (CH 3 

### Br) fumigation is effective in killing eggs and larvae of internal Diptera and Lepidoptera, as well as some scale insects and mites, infesting fresh fruit (Bond, 1984 ), and thus is an option for disinfesting guava of these pests. In one study, for example, methyl bromide produced 100 percent mortality in A

. suspensa at all dosages tested (16, 32, and 48 g/m 3 

### at 24° and 30°C); by

the ninth day

of storage under ideal conditions (10°C at 85

- 90 percent relative humidity ), fumigated guava fruit had suffered no l oss of market quality (Witherell, 1983 ). Further research is needed to determine the efficacy of fumigation for the control of the Anastrepha spp. and other quarantine

- significant citrus fruit pests in Uruguay

. The probit

- 9

- level security afforded by

a qu arantine treatment may be overwhelmed by

a large volume of infested fruit ( Powell, 2003 ). For this reason, adoption of a particular quarantine treatment should be in conjunction with efforts to maintain pest populations in production zones below specified densities [e.g., 0.01 fruit fl y trap - 1 

### day- 1 

### ; (DeHaven, 2006 , as would satisfy requirements for the establishment of areas of low pest prevalence ( IP PC, 2009 : I SPM #22)].Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange from Japan



### Ver. 5 April 23, 2013 59 3.2.7. Point

- of

- entry sampling and inspe ction Upon arrival in the United States, consignments should be inspected, with particular attention given to paperwork and seals on vehicles, to ascertain that the chain of custody has remained intact. A random sample of fruit from each consignment should be inspected to detect a pest infestation rate of 10 percent or greater (Page 4

- 3; PPQ, 2008c ). 3.2.8. Limits on distribution and transit within the United States Under § 412(a) of the Plant Protection Act ( 7 U.S.C. § 7701

- 7786, 2000 ) the Secretary of Agriculture may

prohibit or restrict the movement in interstate commerce of any plant or plant product if the Secretary

determines that the prohibition or restriction is necessary to prevent the dissemination of a plant pest within the United States. The actions the Secretary may take under this paragraph include limiting the importation or distribution of a plant or plant product to certain States. For example, the regulations governing the interstate movement of citrus fruit from an are a quarantined for citrus canker in § 301.75

- 6 prohibit the distribution of citrus fruit to commercial citrus

-producing States other than Florida, where citrus canker is present. Along with requirements for treatment and inspection for citrus canker, the provisions limiting the distribution of citrus fruit help to mitigate the risk of introduction of citrus canker to unaffected areas. Limiting distribution of citrus fruit imported or moved from areas where citrus diseases are present prevents the introduction of the diseases into those States that have the highest likelihood for introduction of the diseases, due to the density of citrus plantings in those States. Outside of commercial citrus

-producing States, conditions under which citrus diseases could be introduced or established are far less likely to prevail. Therefore, in combination with other measures designed to prevent the introduction of citrus canker the s ys tems approach would prohibit the importation or distribution of Unshu oranges from Japan to commercial citrus

-producing States within the continental United States, i.e., Arizona, California, Florida, Louisiana, and Texas. **3.3 .**  **Oversight** 3.3.1. Pre

-shipment programs Inspection, treatment, or other mitigation measures performed in the orchard and packinghouse should be under the direct supervision of qualified APHI S and MAFF personnel, and in accordance with specified phy tosanitary procedures. Such programs require monitoring all aspects of the application of any required phytosanitary measure s and also aim to identify shortcomings or opportunities for program modifications ( IPPC, 2009 : I SPM #14). Provision should be made for the formal recognition of approved areas, sites, or producers, as well as th e specification of conditions for revoking approvals or refusing certification for export to the United States. 3.3.2 Shipments traceable to place of origin in Japan A requirement that Citrus reticulata be packed in containers with identification labels indicating the specific place of origin is necessary to ensure traceability

to each production site.Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange from Japan



### Ver. 5 April 23, 2013 60 **3.4 .**  **Conclusions** The number and diversity of pests potentially infesting Citrus imports make it unlikely that a single mitigation measure will be adequate to reduce risk of their introduction into the United States. For this reason, a combination of measures in a sy stems approach, including orchard monitoring and management programs to achieve and maintain area pest freedom or low pest prevalence, packinghouse inspection and treatments, quarantine treatments, and maintenance of consignment security and traceability in transit, is most feasible. Options for risk mitigation are summarized below ( Table 8)

. This document does not purport to establish specific work plans or to evaluate the quality of a specific program or s ys tems approach. Itidentifies risks and provides information regarding known mitigation measures. The specification and implementation of measures, as would be present in an operational work p lan, is beyond the scope of this document.

**Table 8**  **.** Summary

of risk mitigation options for Citrus reticulata from Japan. **Measure(s) Pests**  **Efficacy** Pest

- free areas or places of production Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (citrus canker) Satisfies requirements for appropriate level of protection. Control program All Research required to demonstrate efficacy Packinghouse procedures Fruit cleaning: Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (citrus canker), when washing either detergent, sanitizing, drying etc. are done in a prescribed required program that shows effective removal of pests Culling/inspection: obvious sy mptomatic fruit for citrus canker Research required comparing efficacy of different treatment protocols. Obvious sy

mptomatic or damaged fruit can be removed, but internal pests or latent pathogens would be difficult to detect and remove. Methyl bromide fumigation combined with low pest prevalence Recommended external feeders APHI S

- recognized quarantine treatment Limited distribution Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (citrus canker) ” Prevents the introduction of the diseases into States that have the highest likelihood for establishment and introduction of the diseases.Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange from Japan



### Ver. 5 April 23, 2013 61 

## 4. **APHIS Contributors and Reviewers** Walter Gutiérrez a 

### James Smith a 

### Larry Brown a 

### Kenneth Lakin a

a 

### USDA

- APHI S

- PPQ

- CPHST

- PERAL , Raleigh, NC


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– Phy tosanitary treatments ). 7 CFR § 319. 2008. U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 7, Part 319 (7 CFR § 319

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### Ver. 5 April 23, 2013 81 

## 6. Appendices **Appendix A. Production areas of Unshu oranges in Japan**

**Source:** Draft import risk analys is report for fresh Unshu mandarin fruit from Japan ( Biosecurity Australia, 2008 ).Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange from Japan



### Ver. 5 April 23, 2013 82 **Appen dix B. Pests Intercepted on**  **Citrus spp. and**  **C. reticulata from Japan**  Source: PestID, 2009 (Pests Intercepted from 1985 to 2007). Non

- reportable pests are not listed.
**Scientific Name (taxonomic affiliation) Interceptions (no.)**  Abgrallaspis sp. (Diuaspididae) 1 Acari species of 3 Aleurotrachelus sp. (Aley rodidae) 1 Aleurotuberculatus aucubae (Aley rodidae) 4 Aleurodidae species of 2 Aphididae, Species of 1 Cladosporium sp. (Hy

pomycetes) 2 Coccidae species of 6 Colletotrichium acutatum (Coelomycertes) 1 Colletotrichium gloeosporioides (Penz) Penz & Sacc. (Coelomyc etes) 3 Diaspididae, Species of 41 Diaspidotus species of (Diaspididae) 1 Diptera, Species of 2 Elsinoe australis Bitanc. & Jenkins (Elsinoaceae) 1 Elsinoe sp. (Elsinoaceae) 2 Graphiola sp. (Graphiolaceae) 2 Guignardia citricarpa Kiely (Botryosphaeriaceae) 130 Hemiberlesia sp. (Diaspididae) 2 Homoptera, Species of 1 Hypogeococcus festerianus (Lizer y Trelles) (Pesudococcidae) 1 Insecta, Species of 1 Lepidosptera, species of 1 Macrophoma sp. (Coelomycete) 12 Megalurothrips sp. (Thripidae) 1 Olethreutinae, Species of (Tortricidae) 1 Parlatoria sp. (Diaspididae) 4 Parlatoria ziziphi (Lucas) (Diaspididae) 275 Pentarthrum huttoni Wollaston (Cuculionoidae) 2 Pestalotiopsis sp. (Coelomycetes) 2 Phyllosticta citricarpa (McAlpine) Aa (Coelomycetes) 6 Pinnaspis sp. (Diaspididae) 1 Planococcus kraunhiae (Kawana) (Pseudococcidae) 12 Planaococcus minor (Maskell) (pseudococcidae) 1 Planococcus sp. (Pseudoccoidae) 5 Pseudaoniodia trilobitiformis (Green) (Diaspididae) 2 Pseudaulacaspis sp. (Diaspididae) 1 Pseudococcidae, Species of 58 Pseudococcus citriculus Green (Pseudococcidae) 16 Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni

- Tozzetti) (Pseudococcidae) 1 Pseudococcus sp. (Pseudococcidae) 18Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange from Japan



### Ver. 5 April 23, 2013 83 **Scientific Name (taxonomic affiliation) Interceptions (no.)**  Psylliodes sp (Chrysomelidae) 1 Py ralidae, Species of 3 Succinea CF Horticola Reinhardt (Succiniaceae) 1 Tetranychidae, Species of 3 Thips flavus Schrank (Thripidae)) 1 Tysanoptera , Species of 1 Tortricidae, Species of 2 Trioza anceps Tuthill (Psyllidae) 1 Ulixes sp. (Issidae) 6 Unaspis sp. (Diaspididae) 1 Unaspis yanonensis (Kuwana) (Diaspididae) 5024 Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Hasse) Dye (Xanthomonadaceae) 212 Xanthomonas campestris pv. citri (Hasse) Dye (Xanthomonadaceae) 72 Xanthomonas sp. (Xanthomonadaceae) 1Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange from Japan



### Ver. 5 April 23, 2013 84 **Appendix C. Unshu production areas and spray calendar (2007) for Japan Cultivars**  Unshu oranges is a selection of Satsuma mandarin, which originates in Japan. The large number of satsuma cultivars is broadl y classified into four groups, based on their time of fruit maturity : very

earl y (goko wase), earl y (wase), mid

- season, and late (Unshu) (Harty and Anderson, 19 97 ). The citrus production in the export areas is limited to Unshu mandarins, consisting of the Aoshima and Miyagawa Wase varieties grafted on trifoliate orange ( Poncirus trifoliata ) rootstock. Both of these seedless varieties are grown in about equal proportion in the export areas. Trees are relatively small (about 2 meters in height) and thornless. Leaf flush of mature trees occurs once per ye ar, during earl y spring, prior to flowering. Fruit ripen during December (Biosecurity

Australia, 2008 ) **Produc tion areas**  : Unshu mandarin is a selection of satsuma mandarin, which originates in Japan. The large number of satsuma cultivars is broadly classified into four groups, based on their time of fruit maturity: very early (goko wase), earl y (wase), and mid

- sea son and late (Unshu) (Harty and Anderson, 1997 ).
**Unshu mandarin spray calendar (2007) for Japan Spray period**  **Applicable pest(s) Active ingredient**  Late December to mid

- January

or March Scale insects, citrus red mite

Citrus canker, Melanose Machine oil Copper sulphate and copper carbonate Mid to end April Citrus red mite

Citrus scab Machine oil Imibenconazole Mid to end May

(early petal fall period) Botry tis rot, Grey

mould Citrus canker Citrus scab Cy prodinil, Fludioxonil Copper sulphate and copper carbonate Kresoxim

- methyl Earl y to mid June Scirtothrips dorsalis

Melanose, Black spot Citrus red mite, Arrowhead scale Citrus scab Imidacloprid Mancozeb Machine oil Diethofencarb, Thiophanate

methyl Earl y July Scirtothrips dorsalis

Melanose, Black spot Chloropenable Mancozeb Mid

- July Melanose, Black spot

White

- spotted longicorn beetle Mancozeb Acetamprid Late July Scirtothrips dorsalis

Melanose, Black spot Citrus leafminer Citrus red mite Thiamethoxam Mancozeb Acephate BifenazatePest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange from Japan



### Ver. 5 April 23, 2013 85 **Spray period Applicable pest(s)**  **Active ingredient**

Scale insects, including Ceroplastes spp. Methidathion Mid to late August Scirtothrips dorsalis

Melanose, Black spot Scale insects Acetamprid Mancozeb Methidathion Mid

- September Scirtothrips dorsalis

Shield bugs Leafroller moths Melanose, Black spot Brown rot Acephate, Bifenthrin, Spirodiclofen, Etoxazole Bifenthrin, Fenpropathrin Dichlorvos Mancozeb Kresoxim

- methyl After mid

- October Citrus red mite

Leafhoppers Acequinocyl, Milbemectin Fenpropathrin Before harvesting Post

- harvest disease (e.g., Blue

mould, Green mould, White mould) Iminoctadine acetate, Benomyl, Thiophanatemethyl

**Source:** Biosecurity Australia ( 2008 ) Draft import risk analysis report for fresh Unshu mandarin fruit from Japan. Biosecurity Australia, Canberra. www.biosecurityaustralia.govPest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange from Japan



### Ver. 5 April 23, 2013 86 **Appendix D**  **. Monitoring for citrus canker in the Shizuoka Prefecture**  **Source:** Draft import risk anal ys is report for fresh Unshu mandarin fruit from Japan (Biosecurity Australia, 2008 ). The Shizuoka Prefecture is part of the National Pest Outbreak Forecasting Program that undertakes pest and disease forecasting for specified agricultural crops, including Unshu mandarins and other mid

- season citrus. The National Pest Outbreak Forecasting Program operates under Japan’s Plant Protection Law and Regulations Relevant to Pla nt Quarantine of 1950 (version 1 April 1997). These regulations refer to Japan’s legislation pertaining to inspection, movement of plants and plant material, emergency control of pests and pest forecasting for high risk designated pests (Chapters 3, 4, and 5 of Japan’s Plant Protection Law), which must be adhered to by all Prefectures to keep Japan free of, or to control, these pests. Chapter 6 of Japan’s Plant Protection Law provides a list of injurious animals and plants for which Prefectural governments have special powers to ensure freedom from (or control of) those pests that are of concern to a particular Prefecture. This list includes citrus canker. The Prefectural Pest Forecasting Program is based on 30 sentinel inspection points where specified pes t and disease levels are regularly monitored. The sentinel inspection points consist of ten sites each in the eastern (Numatzu City ), central (Shizuoka City) and western (Hamamatzu City) districts within the Prefecture. Japan advised that the two closest inspection points in relation to the designated export areas are Shizuoka City and Umatzu City, which of both of which are 25

– 50 km from the export areas. The Pest Forecasting Program for citrus canker at the Shizuoka Prefectural level consists of monthly m onitoring during the growing season from March to October. Each month a combined, random sample of 100 leaves (old leaves and new leaves) and fruit is collected from one citrus tree at each of the 30 sentinel stations. This sampling is conducted for two categories of citrus: Unshu mandarins and other mid

- season citrus. The following equation is used for obtaining monthl y s tatistics that report on the absence/presence of citrus canker from Unshu mandarin and other mid

- season citrus at the Prefecture level: 100 x 7A + 5B + 3C + D10 7 x leaf No A = 21 and more lesions/leaf (or fruit) B = 11

–20 lesions per/leaf (or fruit) C = 4

– 10 lesions/leaf (or fruit) D = 1

–3 lesions/leaf (or fruit) at the 30 monitoring points. Forecasting information is issued once per m onth and covers the status of the pest, the predicted level of an emerging pest, and evidence and proportion of fields (orchards) requiring controls. Forecasting information will include information on how to control the pest (e.g., pesticide dosage and timing). This information is disseminated speedil y and appropriately to institutions, organizations, and stakeholders that engage in the planning,Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange from Japan



### Ver. 5 April 23, 2013 87 provision of guidance and publicizing of controls, to the national government offices in the affected prefecture and surrounding prefectures. In addition, MAFF officers monitor Unshu mandarin orchards exporting fruit from four designated export areas near Fujieda City to the United States and New Zealand twice through the production cycle. Monitoring is conducted immediately after petal fall and prior to harvest. MAFF inspectors inspect half of all orchards at petal fall and the other half of the orchards at the pre - harvest inspection, which includes inspection of export orchards and buffer orchards. MAFF assistant inspectors inspect the other half of orchards at petal fall and at pre

- harvest. Within each orchard, 30 percent of all Unshu trees are inspected at random at both the petal fall and the pre

harvest inspection. The pre

- harvest inspection for the United States consists of a joint field inspection of MAFF and the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHI S) personnel. According to information provided b y J apan, there has been no detection of citrus canker in the export areas since trade in Unshu mandarins commenced to the United States in 1968. New Zealand does not require a joint field inspection.