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APPENDIX 12-A. GOVERNMENT REGULATORY IMPACT MODEL ( GRIM) OVERVIEW

TABLE OF CONTENTS 12A.1 Introduction and Purpose ....................

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LIST OF TABLES Table 12A.2.1 Detailed Cash Flow Example...........

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APPENDIX 12-A. GOVERNMENT REGULATORY IMPACT MODEL ( GRIM) OVERVIEW
12-A.1 INTRODUCTION AND PURPOSE The purpose of the Government Regulatory Impact Mod el (GRIM) is to help quantify the impacts of energy conservation standards and other regulations on manufacturers. The basic mode of analysis is to estimate the change in the v alue of the industry or manufacturers(s) following a regulation or a series of regulations. The model structure also allows an analysis of multiple equipment types with regulations taking ef fect over a period of time, and of multiple regulations on the same equipment. Industry net present value is defined, for the purp ose of this analysis, as the discounted sum of industry free cash flows plus a discounted t erminal value. The model calculates the actual cash flows by year and then determines the present value of those cash flows both without an energy conservation standard ( i.e. , the base case) and under different trial standard levels ( i.e. , the standards case). Outputs from the model consists of summary financia l metrics, graphs of major variables, and, when appropriate, access to the complete cash flow calculation.
12-A.2 MODEL DESCRIPTION
The basic structure of the GRIM is a standard annua l cash flow analysis that uses manufacturer selling prices, manufacturing costs, a shipments forecast, and financial parameters as inputs and accepts a set of regulatory condition s as changes in costs and investments. The cash flow analysis is separated into two major blocks: i ncome and cash flow. The income calculation determines net operating profit after taxes. The ca sh flow calculation converts net operating profit after taxes into an annual cash flow by incl uding investment and non-cash items. Below are definitions of listed items on the printout of the output sheet of the GRIM. (1) Unit Sales: Total annual shipments for the industry were obtai ned from the National Impact Analysis Spreadsheet. (2) Revenues: Annual revenues – computed by multiplying equipmen t unit prices at each efficiency level by the appropriate manufacturer ma rkup. (3) Material: The portion of COGS that includes materials. (4) Labor: The portion of cost of goods sold (COGS) that incl udes direct labor, commissions, dismissal pay, bonuses, vacation, sick leave, socia l security contributions, fringe, and assembly labor up-time. (5) Depreciation: The portion of overhead that includes an allowance for the total amount of fixed assets used to produce that one unit. Annual depreciation is computed as a percentage of COGS. While included in overhead, the depreciation is sho wn as a separate line item.12-A-2

(6) Overhead: The portion of COGS that includes indirect labor, indirect material, energy use, maintenance, depreciation, property taxes, and insu rance related to assets. While included in overhead, the depreciation is shown as a separat e line item. (7) Standard SG&A: Selling, general, and administrative costs are com puted as a percentage of Revenues (2)

. (8) R&D: GRIM separately accounts for ordinary research and development (R&D) as a percentage of Revenues (2)

. (9) Product Conversion Costs: Product conversion costs are one-time investments in research, development, testing, marketing, and other costs fo cused on making equipment designs comply with the new energy conservation standard. T he GRIM allocates these costs over the period between the standard’s announcement and compliance dates. (10) Stranded Assets: In the year the standard becomes effective, a one- time write-off of stranded assets is accounted for. (11) Earnings Before Interest and Taxes (EBIT): Includes profits before deductions for interest paid and taxes. (12) EBIT as a Percentage of Sales (EBIT/Revenues): GRIM calculates EBIT as a percentage of sales to compare with the industry’s average rep orted in financial statements. (13) Taxes: Taxes on EBIT (11) are calculated by multiplying the tax rate contain ed in Major Assumptions by EBIT (11)

. (14) Net Operating Profits After Taxes (NOPAT): Computed by subtracting Cost of Goods Sold ((3) to (6)) , SG&A (7) , R&D (8) , Product Conversion Costs (9) , and Taxes (13) from Revenues (2)

. (15) NOPAT repeated : NOPAT is repeated in the Statement of Cash Flows. (16) Depreciation repeated : Depreciation and Stranded Assets are added back i n the Statement of Cash Flows because they are non-cash expenses. (17) Change in Working Capital : Change in cash tied up in accounts receivable, in ventory, and other cash investments necessary to support operati ons is calculated by multiplying working capital (as a percentage of revenues) by th e change in annual revenues. (18) Cash Flow From Operations : Calculated by taking NOPAT (15) , adding back non-cash items such as a Depreciation (16) , and subtracting the Change in Working Capital (17)

. (19) Ordinary Capital Expenditures: Ordinary investments in property, plant, and equip ment to maintain and replace existing production assets, co mputed as a percentage of Revenues (2)

. (20) Capital Conversion Costs: Capital conversion costs are one-time investments in property, plant, and equipment to adapt or change existing pr oduction facilities so that new12-A-3

equipment designs can be fabricated and assembled u nder the new regulation. The GRIM allocates these costs over the period between the s tandard’s announcement and compliance dates. (21) Capital Investment: Total investments in property, plant, and equipmen t are computed by adding Ordinary Capital Expenditures (19) and Capital Conversion Costs (20)

. (22) Free Cash Flow: Annual cash flow from operations and investments; computed by subtracting Capital Investment (21) from Cash Flow from Operations (18)

. (23) Terminal Value: Estimate of the continuing value of the industry a fter the analysis period. Computed by growing the Free Cash Flow at a constan t rate in perpetuity. (24) Present Value Factor: Factor used to calculate an estimate of the presen t value of an amount to be received in the future. (25) Discounted Cash Flow: Free Cash Flows (22) multiplied by the Present Value Factor (24) . For the end of 2048, the discounted cash flow inc ludes the discounted Terminal Value (23)

. (26) Industry Value thru the end of 2048: The sum of Discounted Cash Flows (25)

.12-A-4Table 12-A.2.1 Detailed Cash Flow Example