UNPUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

AARON E. MICHEL, 

Appellant,

v.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,  No. 00-6905

and

EDWIN BROOKS LINVILLE, JR., a/k/a

Bones,

Defendant. 

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Western District of North Carolina, at Statesville.

Richard L. Voorhees, District Judge.

(CR-99-57)

Argued: June 4, 2001

Decided: August 16, 2004

Before WIDENER, TRAXLER, and GREGORY, Circuit Judges.

Reversed by unpublished per curiam opinion. Judge Widener wrote

a dissenting opinion. 

COUNSEL

ARGUED: Randolph Marshall Lee, Charlotte, North Carolina, for

Appellant. Clifford Carson Marshall, Jr., Assistant United States
Attorney, Asheville, North Carolina, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Mark

T. Calloway, United States Attorney, Asheville, North Carolina, for

Appellee. 

Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. See

Local Rule 36(c). 

OPINION

PER CURIAM: 

Aaron Michel served as a court-appointed defense attorney for

defendant Edwin Linville on drug-related charges. After a magistrate

judge denied Michel’s request to withdraw as Linville’s counsel,

Michel filed a motion to remove the prosecutor from the case, alleging prosecutorial misconduct in the government’s failure to advise

Linville of the status of plea negotiations with his co-conspirator. The

district court found that Michel’s motion to remove the prosecutor

was frivolous and granted the government’s motion for sanctions.

Michel appeals the imposition of sanctions. We have jurisdiction

under 28 U.S.C.A. § 1291 (West 1993), and for the reasons expressed

below, we reverse. 

I.

Internal Revenue Service agents in North Carolina arrested defendant Linville on Friday, August 27, 1999, on drug distribution and

money laundering charges. Upon arrest, Linville waived his right to

remain silent and indicated his desire to cooperate with the authorities. On Monday, August 30, Linville made his initial appearance

before a magistrate, and on Wednesday, September 1, the court

appointed Michel to represent him. On the same day, Michel sent to

Assistant United States Attorney Robert Higdon, Jr., a letter expressing Linville’s desire to continue his cooperation. 

The next day, September 2, Michel and Higdon discussed

Linville’s case prior to the start of Linville’s detention hearing. Hig2 MICHEL v. UNITED STATES
don told Michel that the government could use Linville’s testimony

in the upcoming trial of Linville’s co-conspirator, Eliseo Vargas, who

was scheduled for trial on September 13. Higdon conveyed to Michel

that day a draft of a Bill of Information for Linville and the government’s plea offer, but no commitment was made at the time by

Michel and Linville, presumably because Michel believed there was

time to consider the offer and because he wanted time to review the

government’s evidence. 

Michel went back to his office, called Higdon’s assistant, and

sought permission to review the evidence. Higdon’s assistant told

Michel that he could not have discovery until Linville’s arraignment.

Michel also asked for an explanation of the money laundering count,

a request that Higdon’s assistant said she would pass along to Higdon.

The next day, September 3, 1999, Michel faxed his request in writing

to Higdon. 

On September 11, 1999, Michel received a letter from Higdon. In

the letter, which was dated September 9, Higdon expressed his regret

that Linville had not moved as quickly as the government had wanted

and his disappointment that the government would not receive the full

benefit of Linville’s professed willingness to cooperate. Higdon then

gave Michel the information Michel had requested concerning discovery and details regarding the money laundering count. 

Michel wrote back the next day, September 12, 1999, reiterating

Linville’s unconditional availability to cooperate and to testify against

Vargas and proposing that plea negotiations be postponed until after

Linville’s testimony in Vargas’s trial. Included with the letter was a

Garfield cartoon of dubious humor. 

On September 13, Higdon responded, expressing his dismay at the

tone and wording of Michel’s letter. In the course of his response,

Higdon informed Michel that Vargas had already pleaded guilty and

that Linville’s opportunity to cooperate had passed. Vargas had

signed the plea agreement on September 2 (the day that Higdon told

Michel the government was interested in having Linville testify

against Vargas), and the government signed it on September 9, the

day that Vargas pleaded guilty. 

MICHEL v. UNITED STATES 3
The record does not reflect when Michel received this letter. However, on September 17, 1999, Michel moved to withdraw as Linville’s

counsel, alleging personal animosity against him by Higdon and

attaching the correspondence between the two of them. When he filed

the motion to withdraw, Michel did not know the details surrounding

the timing of Vargas’s plea. 

On September 28, Magistrate Judge McKnight held a hearing,

reviewed the correspondence at issue, found Michel’s concerns to be

groundless, and denied the motion to withdraw. Michel appealed the

decision of Magistrate Judge McKnight to the district court and for

the first time requested Higdon’s removal from the case. In his motion

to recuse, Michel stated: 

Mr. Linville is entitled to effective assistance of counsel

and to freedom from prosecutorial misconduct. . . . The due

process requirements of full disclosure recognized in Brady

are based upon the law against misrepresentation. Failure to

disclose material matters, such as the plea of Mr. Vargas,

and the false representation that Mr. Linville could testify

against Vargas as part of his plea bargain, violate due process and the North Carolina Rules of Conduct. . . . For those

reasons, the prosecutor should be removed from the case. 

J.A. 56. 

While Michel’s appeal was pending before the district court,

Michel moved to reopen Linville’s detention hearing, arguing that his

client had successfully completed the county jail’s drug treatment

program. Chief United States Magistrate Judge Horn held a bond

review hearing on October 14 to address Michel’s motion, which was

unopposed by the government, and ordered Linville released. At the

beginning of the October 14 hearing, Higdon alerted Magistrate Judge

Horn to Michel’s pending motion to remove Higdon from the case for

prosecutorial misconduct, and Judge Horn questioned the defendant

and both attorneys. Defendant Linville replied that he was satisfied

with Michel’s services and had not been aware of a problem between

the attorneys. Higdon maintained that, although he had no personal

animosity toward Michel, he took strong exception to being accused

of misconduct and was preparing a detailed response to Michel’s

4 MICHEL v. UNITED STATES
motion. Higdon also informed the court that he would recommend

that Michel be removed from the case. Michel acknowledged that he

had twice before sought and been granted the court’s permission to

withdraw from cases in which Higdon represented the government,

maintaining that in the prior cases, as in Linville’s, Higdon had

become more focused on Michel than on Michel’s clients. Judge Horn

decided to allow Michel to withdraw, noting that his decision should

moot that portion of Michel’s appeal to the district court. Judge Horn

announced that, because of concerns about efficiency, he would

instruct the clerk’s office no longer to appoint Michel to cases that

Higdon was prosecuting. 

On October 21, 1999, the government filed with the district court

a response to Michel’s notice of appeal and motion to recuse the prosecutor. The government alleged that Michel’s motion to recuse was

frivolous and the government requested that the district court impose

sanctions on Michel. Even though he had been relieved as counsel by

Magistrate Judge Horn, Michel filed a response to the sanctions

request. Michel contended that he acted in good faith with regard to

all of his dealings with the government, and he reiterated his belief

that Higdon’s failure to disclose the status of Vargas’s plea agreement

was improper and thus provided an appropriate basis for his motion

to remove Higdon from the case. In this same response, Michel submitted a list of questions about the details and timing of the plea

negotiations between Vargas and the government that Linville’s new

counsel should get answers to before moving forward on the motion

to remove the prosecutor. Michel proposed that the court resolve first

the question of removal of the prosecutor before reaching the government’s motions for sanctions against him, and he requested an evidentiary hearing on the motion for sanctions. 

The government thereafter filed a statement of costs in support of

its motion for sanctions, requesting attorney’s fees and transcript costs

associated with responding to Michel’s motion to recuse. Michel filed

a pro se response to the government’s statement of costs, objecting

to certain copying and transcript costs as excessive. 

On January 5, 2000, the district judge, without holding a hearing,

ruled on the various motions pending before it—Michel’s appeal of

the denial of his motion to withdraw as Linville’s counsel, Michel’s

MICHEL v. UNITED STATES 5
motion to remove the prosecutor, and the government’s motion seeking sanctions against Michel. The district court (1) denied Michel’s

appeal of Judge McKnight’s denial of his motion to withdraw as Linville’s counsel; (2) vacated Judge Horn’s order allowing Michel to

withdraw, concluding that a magistrate lacks authority to review the

order of another magistrate judge; (3) allowed, on its own motion,

Michel to withdraw in the interests of justice; (4) denied Michel’s

motion to remove Higdon from the case; (5) vacated, on its own

motion, Judge Horn’s order limiting the cases to which Michel could

be appointed; and (6) granted the government’s motion for sanctions

against Michel. As to the sanctions, the district court ordered Michel

to personally satisfy the excess costs, amounting to $680.75, incurred

by the government in responding to the motion to remove Higdon. On

appeal, Michel challenges only the issuance of the sanctions order

against him. 

II.

The district court imposed sanctions under 28 U.S.C.A. § 1927

(West 1994) and under its inherent powers. We review the district

court’s decision to grant sanctions for abuse of discretion. See Chambers v. NASCO, Inc., 501 U.S. 32, 55 (1991); Chaudhry v. Gallerizzo,

174 F.3d 394, 410 (4th Cir. 1999). A court abuses its discretion when

its ruling is based "on an erroneous view of the law or on a clearly

erroneous assessment of the evidence." Cooter & Gell v. Hartmarx

Corp., 496 U.S. 384, 405 (1990). 

A.

Section 1927 of Title 28 provides as follows: 

Any attorney or other person admitted to conduct cases in

any court of the United States or any Territory thereof who

so multiplies the proceedings in any case unreasonably and

vexatiously may be required by the court to satisfy personally the excess costs, expenses, and attorneys’ fees reasonably incurred because of such conduct. 

Because the "unambiguous text of § 1927 [is] aim[ed] only at attorneys who multiply proceedings," DeBauche v. Trani, 191 F.3d 499,

6 MICHEL v. UNITED STATES
511 (4th Cir. 1999), we have previously held that section 1927 does

not authorize sanctions based on the filing of a single complaint. See

id. at 511-12. Given this authority, we conclude that the filing of a

single motion by Michel, which necessitated only a routine response,

did not so "multiply the proceedings" as to violate section 1927.

Accordingly, the district court erred by sanctioning Michel under section 1927. 

B.

A judge also has the inherent authority to impose sanctions against

a party who "has acted in bad faith, vexatiously, wantonly, or for

oppressive reasons." Chambers, 501 U.S. at 45-46 (internal quotation

marks omitted). This inherent power "extends to a full range of litigation abuses." Id. at 46. In this case, the district judge found Michel’s

motion to remove the prosecutor to be frivolous, in bad faith, and an

abuse of the judicial process. His understanding of Michel’s grievance

was reflected in his order as follows: 

Mr. Michel’s complaint with the handling of . . . Mr. Vargas’s plea appears to be that the Government’s failure to

give Michel sufficient advance notice of the Vargas guilty

plea deprived Mr. Michel of a prompting which might have

affected Michel’s judgment in advising the Defendant,

thereby culminating in a better result for Defendant. 

J.A. 205. Certainly this is one logical interpretation of the documents

before the district judge. Unfortunately, this was not the only construction. 

Michel argues that the intent of his motion was also to convey his

belief that Higdon already had Vargas’s commitment to plead guilty

when Higdon was soliciting Linville’s plea and holding out the prospect of Linville getting a downward departure motion for substantial

assistance.1 Because Vargas’s plea agreement turned out to have been

1Section 5K1.1 of the United States Sentencing Guidelines permits a

district court to depart downward from a normal guideline sentence if the

defendant has been of substantial assistance in the investigation or prosecution of another criminal. The amount of reduction is to be determined

by, among other things, the usefulness of the assistance and its timeliness. 

MICHEL v. UNITED STATES 7
signed by Vargas on the same day Higdon was proposing a plea

agreement to Linville, Michel’s view was that Higdon’s promise of

a substantial assistance motion for Linville’s testimony against Vargas was an empty one. Higdon knew that Vargas was not going to

trial, that Linville’s testimony would not be needed, and that if Linville would plead quickly, Linville would not have time to investigate

the strength of the government’s case, saving the government the

expense and burden of a trial. In short, the only advantage to Linville

in pleading quickly was the hope of providing substantial assistance.

If that was in reality nonexistent, then Linville would have everything

to lose and the government everything to gain by a quick plea. 

This, of course, may have turned out to be a completely false

assumption on Michel’s part. The reality of the situation could have

been completely the opposite. Unfortunately, because the district

court never held a hearing on Michel’s motion nor on the prosecutor’s

motion for sanctions before ruling, this understanding of Michel’s

position was never obtained and a determination in this regard was

not made. 

Ordinarily, we would remand this case to the district court for consideration of this additional issue. However, since we have had the

benefit ourselves of briefing and oral argument, we are able to say

that the motion had a sufficiently colorable legal basis to preclude an

award of sanctions. In so ruling, we hasten to state that this decision

in no way reflects adversely upon the integrity of the prosecutor

whose letters, pleadings, and presentation in court were models of

decorum. Nevertheless, Michel made allegations which were objectively logical based on the facts known to Michel and which, if true,

might have entitled him to the relief sought. For this reason an award

of sanctions was inappropriate.2

REVERSED

2Given the result we reach, we need not address Michel’s due process

claim, his free speech claim, or his assertion of rights under Brady v.

Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963). 

8 MICHEL v. UNITED STATES
WIDENER, Circuit Judge, dissenting: 

I respectfully dissent. 

The case entirely depends on whether, on September 2nd, Higdon

knew that Vargas had signed a plea agreement at the time Higdon

spoke to Michel. 

I agree with the suggestion in the majority opinion, that remand

would ordinarily have been an acceptable solution. But in reversing,

absent facts which we do not have, we are holding that the district

judge should not have entered the sanction order that he did on the

ground that an attorney ought not to file motions disqualifying opposing attorneys unless he has more definite information than the record

shows was in the hands of Michel when he made the motion to disqualify Higdon. I cannot agree with that proposition.

MICHEL v. UNITED STATES 9