UNPUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

No. 19-4618

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff – Appellee,

v.

RAYCO BETHEA,

Defendant – Appellant. 

Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of South Carolina, at 

Columbia. Joseph F. Anderson, Jr., Senior District Judge. (3:14-cr-00430-JFA-11)

Argued: October 30, 2020 Decided: January 21, 2021

Before GREGORY, Chief Judge, FLOYD, and QUATTLEBAUM, Circuit Judges.

Vacated and remanded by unpublished opinion. Judge Floyd wrote the opinion in which 

Chief Judge Gregory joined. Judge Quattlebaum wrote a dissenting opinion.

ARGUED: Andrew Mackenzie, BARRETT MACKENZIE, Greenville, South Carolina, 

for Appellant. Andrew Robert de Holl, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES 

ATTORNEY, Charleston, South Carolina, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Peter M. McCoy, 

Jr., United States Attorney, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Columbia, 

South Carolina, for Appellee.

Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.
2

FLOYD, Circuit Judge:

Defendant-Appellant Rayco Bethea appeals from the imposition of a mandatory 

minimum sentence of life imprisonment without release pursuant to 21 U.S.C. 

§§ 841(b)(1)(A), 846. Bethea was originally sentenced in 2015, but the district court 

vacated and reimposed his judgment in 2019 to allow Bethea to file a direct appeal. Bethea 

now argues that amendments to § 841 made by the First Step Act of 2018 should have 

applied to the district court’s reentry of judgment following the vacatur of his 2015 

sentence. We agree.

I.

In June 2014, a federal grand jury indicted Bethea for conspiracy to distribute 

cocaine in excess of five kilograms and cocaine base in excess of 280 grams pursuant to

the Controlled Substances Act (CSA), 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(A), and 21 U.S.C. 

§ 846.

1 At that time, the CSA carried specific, enhanced sentences for individuals with

prior felony drug convictions who violated these provisions. § 841(b)(1)(A) (2015)

(amended Dec. 21, 2018). Importantly, individuals with two or more prior felony drug 

convictions faced a mandatory minimum sentence of “life imprisonment without release.”

Id. (emphasis added). 

1 Section 841(a)(1) criminalizes the distribution of controlled substances. Section 

841(b)(1)(A) then sets forth sentencing ranges for the distribution of five kilograms or more 

of cocaine or 280 grams or more of cocaine base. Section 846 criminalizes and sets forth 

the same sentencing ranges for conspiring to engage in this conduct.
3

Bethea suffered from kidney disease, and he was released on bail in November 2014 

in the hope that he would receive a kidney donation while awaiting trial. In 2015, the 

government filed an Information pursuant to 21 U.S.C. § 851 declaring its intent to seek 

an enhanced sentence based on Bethea’s three prior drug convictions.

2 Bethea and the 

government ultimately reached a plea agreement. Bethea agreed to plead guilty to the 

conspiracy charge, cooperate with the government, follow all state and federal laws, and 

comply with his bond requirements. Bethea also agreed to partially waive his appellate 

rights. Specifically:

[Bethea], in exchange for the concessions made by the Government in this 

Plea Agreement, waive[d] the right to contest either the conviction or the 

sentence in any direct appeal or other post-conviction action, including any 

proceedings under 28 U.S.C. § 2255. (This waiver does not apply to claims 

of ineffective assistance of counsel or prosecutorial misconduct raised 

pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255.)

J.A. 39. In exchange, the government agreed to file an amended Information dismissing 

two of Bethea’s § 851 predicate convictions. This would have reduced Bethea’s mandatory 

minimum sentence to twenty years. § 841(b)(1)(A) (2015). The government also agreed 

to seek a downward departure from that mandatory minimum sentence.

In March 2015, Bethea formally pled guilty to conspiracy to distribute cocaine in 

excess of five kilograms and cocaine base in excess of 280 grams. During his plea 

2 Bethea contends that two of those predicates should only count as one prior 

conviction under § 841(b)(1)(A), but he stipulated to the Information’s accuracy in his plea 

agreement. We take no position on whether the Information accurately set forth three valid 

predicates under the 2015 version of the statute. Today, enhanced sentences only apply to 

individuals with “prior conviction[s] for a serious drug felony.” § 841(b)(1)(A) (emphasis 

added).
4

colloquy, Bethea made clear that he understood he was partially waiving his appellate 

rights. Bethea remained on bond pending sentencing because of his kidney disease. J.A. 

65. 

At Bethea’s August 21, 2015 sentencing hearing, the government informed the 

district court that Bethea had continued to prepare cocaine base after his plea hearing. The 

government therefore withdrew its prior agreement to dismiss two of Bethea’s § 851 

predicates. Describing the case as “one of the saddest cases I’ve had in a long time,” J.A. 

78, the district court concluded that it was obligated to sentence Bethea to the “statutorily 

required” mandatory minimum sentence of life imprisonment without release. J.A. 84.

3

Addressing Bethea, the district court observed that “there’s a lot of movement in 

Washington to do away with these mandatory sentences and if that ever happens you may 

benefit from it.” J.A. 84. The district court also informed Bethea that—notwithstanding 

his appeal waiver—he “should discuss with [counsel] whether [he] ha[d] any grounds for 

appeal and also whether an appeal would be in [his] best interest or not.” J.A. 87.

No direct appeal was ever filed. Approximately one year after sentencing, Bethea 

filed a pro se motion under 28 U.S.C. § 2255 asserting multiple claims of ineffective 

assistance by his trial counsel, including failure to file an appeal. Notably, while Bethea’s 

§ 2255 motion was pending, Congress enacted the First Step Act of 2018 (FSA), which—

3 The district court never explicitly stated it was sentencing Bethea to life 

imprisonment without release but made clear that it was imposing the required mandatory 

minimum sentence for individuals with two prior felony drug convictions under 

§ 841(b)(1)(A). Therefore, it could only have sentenced him to “life imprisonment without 

release.” § 841(b)(1)(A) (2015).
5

among other reforms—reduced criminal sentences under § 841(b)(1)(A). Pub. L. No. 115-

391, § 401, 132 Stat. 5194, 5220–21. In 2019, the district court determined that Bethea’s 

ineffective assistance of counsel claim could not be resolved without an evidentiary 

hearing. Bethea was being held in a federal prison in Missouri and declined to waive his

appearance at that hearing. Instead of transporting Bethea, the district court decided to 

simply vacate its original judgment and reimpose that judgment with a new date to restart 

the deadline for Bethea to appeal his sentence. The district court made no other changes

to Bethea’s sentence. Bethea’s other claims were dismissed without prejudice. The district 

court also directed the clerk to enter a notice of appeal on Bethea’s behalf, which brought 

the case before this Court for the first time.

II.

While this appeal was pending, the government filed a motion to dismiss,

contending that Bethea’s claims are barred by the terms of his appeal waiver. We deferred 

ruling on that motion until after hearing Bethea’s appeal on the merits. We now conclude 

that the waiver does not entirely bar Bethea’s appeal, but it does curtail the scope of our

review.

A.

Typically, “a defendant who pleads guilty, and expressly waives the statutory right 

to raise objections to a sentence, may not then seek to appeal the very sentence which itself 

was part of the agreement.” United States v. Wiggins, 905 F.2d 51, 53 (4th Cir. 1990). We 
6

examine the enforceability of an appeal waiver de novo, asking whether it is valid and 

covers the issue on appeal. United States v. Blick, 408 F.3d 162, 167–68 (4th Cir. 2005). 

For his appeal waiver to be valid, Bethea must have “knowingly and intelligently 

agreed to waive the right to appeal” as part of his plea. Id. at 169. Bethea does not contest 

that he knowingly and intelligently agreed to partially waive his appellate rights, so his

appeal must be dismissed if it is covered by the scope of the waiver. Bethea’s challenge to 

his sentence is plainly covered by the waiver’s text. However, defendants may not bargain 

away their right to contest a small category of fundamental errors that—by definition—fall 

outside the waiver’s scope. See United States v. Johnson, 410 F.3d 137, 151 (4th Cir. 

2005). For instance, defendants may not waive their right to contest an illegal sentence. 

United States v. Thornsbury, 670 F.3d 532, 539 (4th Cir. 2012). Not all sentencing errors 

create an illegal sentence, even if they increase the sentencing range; to qualify, the 

sentence must be “beyond the authority of the district court to impose.” Id. (citing United 

States v. Broughton-Jones, 71 F.3d 1143, 1147 (4th Cir. 1995)). Thus, we consider whether 

Bethea’s appeal presents a question of sentence illegality rather than mere sentencing error.

B.

In both his opening brief and response to the government’s motion to dismiss, 

Bethea contends that the FSA’s amendments to § 841(b)(1)(A) rendered his sentence

illegal when the district court vacated his 2015 sentence and reimposed judgment 

containing that same sentence. The government argues that the FSA’s amendments to 
7

§ 841(b)(1)(A) do not apply to Bethea’s 2019 corrected sentence.

4 Generally, the validity 

of a plea waiver is not disturbed by a subsequent change in law. See Blick, 408 F.3d at 

169–73; United States v. Archie, 771 F.3d 217, 221–23 (4th Cir. 2014). However, this 

Court has held that when a change in law impacts sentence legality and is made retroactive 

to the time that sentence was imposed, a sentence made illegal by that change is not subject 

to waiver. See United States v. Cornette, 932 F.3d 204, 209–10 (4th Cir. 2019). Bethea 

argues that the FSA’s amendments to § 841(b)(1)(A) applied at the time his sentence was 

corrected by the district court. Therefore, he does not seek to void an “otherwise valid 

appeal waiver” through the post-hoc application of a “non-retroactive change” in the 

sentencing structure. Id. at 210. He instead argues that his actual sentence was in excess 

of § 841(b)(1)(A) at the time it was imposed. Accordingly, to determine if the FSA made 

Bethea’s sentence illegal, we must resolve whether the FSA applied to his 2019 corrected 

sentence.

Section 401(c) of the FSA makes its amendments to § 841(b)(1)(A) applicable only 

under certain circumstances. Specifically, that provision reads:

APPLICABILITY TO PENDING CASES.—This section, and the 

amendments made by this section [to § 841(b)(1)(A)], shall apply to any 

offense that was committed before the date of enactment of this Act, if a 

sentence for the offense has not been imposed as of such date of enactment.

FSA § 401(c), 132 Stat. at 5221 (emphasis added). The government contends that, because 

Bethea was originally sentenced in 2015, “a sentence” was imposed prior to the FSA’s 

4 The government makes this argument on the merits, but as we explain below, this 

claim is also essential to resolving the validity of Bethea’s appeal waiver.
8

enactment and its amendments to § 841(b)(1)(A) do not apply to his 2019 corrected 

sentence. We disagree, because we conclude that the text, structure, and purpose of the 

Act suggest this applicability provision covers Bethea’s 2019 sentence.

1.

This Court has, on two occasions, considered this statutory language and held that 

it does not cover individuals challenging a sentence on direct appeal who were sentenced 

before the FSA’s enactment. See United States v. Brunson, 968 F.3d 325, 335–36 (4th Cir. 

2020); United States v. Jordan, 952 F.3d 160, 171–74 (4th Cir. 2020).5

 The Third, Sixth, 

and Seventh Circuits have split on whether this language covers a sentence imposed before 

the FSA’s enactment that is subsequently vacated. The Third Circuit has held that so long 

as any initial sentence was ever imposed prior to the FSA’s enactment—notwithstanding 

its later vacatur—this statutory language precludes application of the FSA at any future 

resentencing. See United States v. Hodge, 948 F.3d 160, 162 (3d Cir. 2020). By contrast, 

the Sixth and Seventh Circuits have held that individuals whose sentences were vacated 

before enactment of the FSA and who were still awaiting resentencing on the date of 

enactment have not had a sentence imposed as of the enactment date. United States v. 

5 We note that the FSA contains several applicability provisions that make certain 

sentencing reforms more broadly applicable than others. Two applicability provisions—

Sections 401(c) and 403(b)—use identical language and circuit courts have construed them 

to have the same meaning. See, e.g., Brunson, 968 F.3d at 335. This opinion assumes both 

provisions have the same meaning and therefore does not distinguish case law based on 

which of those two sections is at issue.
9

Henry, --- F.3d ---, 2020 U.S. App. LEXIS 39799, at *30–32 (6th Cir. 2020); United States 

v. Uriarte, 975 F.3d 596, 602 (7th Cir. 2020). However, both courts have left open whether 

a sentence that was vacated after enactment of the FSA would satisfy the language of this 

applicability provision. Henry, 2020 U.S. App. LEXIS 39799, at *17 & n.2; Uriarte, 975 

F.3d at 602 & n.3.

6

 

This Court has not previously considered how vacated sentences fit within the 

meaning of Section 401(c). In this case, the district court vacated Bethea’s 2015 sentence 

and reimposed its judgment in 2019 for the purpose of correcting Bethea’s sentencing date. 

We conclude that Bethea’s sentence is best understood as “imposed” for purposes of the 

FSA on the date of its reimposition, because the district court’s vacatur rendered his 2015 

sentence a legal nullity. Bethea’s sentence accordingly falls within the ambit of Section 

401(c), because he is a pre-FSA offender serving a post-FSA sentence. The FSA’s

amendments to § 841(b)(1)(A) therefore applied to his corrected sentence.

The government argues that the plain language of Section 401(c) favors the opposite 

conclusion. In so doing, it emphasizes Section 401(c)’s use of an indefinite article to ask 

whether “a sentence” was imposed before the FSA’s enactment, rather than “the sentence.” 

Cf. Hodge, 948 F.3d at 163. In effect, the government asks us to determine that Congress 

intended the phrase “a sentence” to mean “any pre-FSA sentence.”

6 Multiple circuits acknowledge this is still an open question. See United States v. 

Voris, 964 F.3d 864, 875 n.12 (9th Cir. 2020); United States v. Gomez, 960 F.3d 173, 177 

n.8 (5th Cir. 2020); United States v. Brown, 935 F.3d 43, 46 n.1 (2d Cir. 2019).
10

But it does not follow from Congress’s use of an indefinite article that “a sentence” 

means any sentence, even if later vacated. As the Seventh Circuit has persuasively 

reasoned, the government’s construction places far too much emphasis on the use of an 

indefinite article. See Uriarte, 975 F.3d at 604. Although true that Congress did not use a 

phrase such as “the sentence,” “the ultimate sentence,” or “the final sentence”—any one of 

which would suggest courts look to the latest sentence imposed—neither did it use a phrase 

such as “any sentence,” “the first sentence,” “the initial sentence,” or “the original 

sentence”—any one of which would be more suggestive of the government’s proposed 

interpretation. See id.; Henry, 2020 U.S. App. LEXIS 39799, at *18. Indeed, Congress 

made Section 401 applicable to “any offense” where “a sentence . . . has not been imposed.”

See FSA § 401(c), 132 Stat. at 5221. “Had Congress intended the phrase ‘a sentence’ to 

convey a very broad meaning, it could have used the word ‘any,’ as it did earlier in the 

same sentence . . . .” Uriarte, 975 F.3d at 604 (discussing the identically worded Section

403(b)).

This case ultimately turns on whether a pre-FSA sentence that is vacated after 

enactment “has not been imposed as of such date of enactment.” FSA § 401(c), 132 Stat. 

at 5221.7

 The government argues that the past tense construction of Section 401(c)—that 

is, its requirement that a sentence “has not been imposed”—suggests that this provision

asks the purely factual question of whether a district court ever imposed a sentence before 

7 The meaning of this clause has been left open by this Court. See Jordan, 952 F.3d 

at 173 n.6 (“[W]e need not address today the precise moment at which a district court 

sentence is ‘imposed’ for purposes of [the identically worded] § 403(b) . . . .”). 
11

enactment. Ultimately, the government reads the FSA to distinguish individuals “initially

sentenced before December 21, 2018[] from those who were not.” Resp. Br. at 18 

(emphasis added). 

We decline to draw this inference from the verb tense used in the Act. Instead, we 

construe the requirement that a sentence “has not been imposed as of such date of 

enactment,” FSA § 401(c), 132 Stat. at 5221, to merely preclude the use of the FSA to 

challenge a pre-FSA sentence on direct appeal. Our prior case law makes clear that district 

courts, not appellate courts, impose sentences, and therefore “a sentence” on appeal has 

already been “imposed” for purposes of the FSA. Brunson, 968 F.3d at 335–36; Jordan,

952 F.3d at 173. This construction is sensible: it gives individuals the benefit of the FSA 

when being sentenced but does not permit appellate courts to disturb sentences validly 

imposed by the district court under the earlier statutory scheme. But this describes how we 

understand only a sentence pending on appeal, not a sentence vacated before ever reaching 

appeal. See Jordan, 952 F.3d at 172 (“[I]n common usage in federal sentencing law, a 

sentence is ‘imposed’ when the district court announces it, not when appeals are 

exhausted.”).

We do not read Section 401(c) to further prohibit application of the FSA to 

individuals whose sentences have been vacated after the FSA’s enactment. “We must 

‘assume that our elected representatives, like other citizens, know the law.’” Smith v. 

Regan, 844 F.2d 195 (4th Cir. 1988) (quoting Cannon v. Univ. of Chi., 441 U.S. 677, 696–

97 (1979)). And “[n]othing in the text of the statute suggests that Congress intended to 
12

create an exception to the ordinary effect of the vacatur of a sentence.” Uriarte, 975 F.3d 

at 602. 

In this case, the district court’s vacatur and reentry of judgment nullified Bethea’s 

original sentence such that a sentence cannot legally be said to have been imposed until 

2019. As this Court explained in United States v. Hadden, § 2255 contemplates specific 

types of remedies if a criminal judgment is infirm. 475 F.3d 652, 667–68 (2007). “[T]he 

end result of a successful § 2255 proceeding must be the vacatur” of a sentence followed 

by a remedy (1) granting release, (2) granting a new trial, or (3) granting “a new sentence, 

be it imposed by (a) a resentencing or (b) a corrected sentence.” Id. at 661 (emphasis 

added). A corrected sentence “is an entirely new sentence,” which permits a direct appeal 

from its imposition as part of the individual’s original, criminal case. Id. at 664. And a 

“‘new’ sentence” is imposed by correction even if that correction merely changes the date 

to permit appeal. Id. at 661 n.9. 

The general, legal understanding of vacatur is that it renders the original judgment 

null and void. See United States v. Muhammad, 478 F.3d 247, 250 (4th Cir. 2007) (“[W]e 

vacated [the appellant’s] original sentence and remanded for resentencing . . . . As a result, 

the prior sentencing proceedings were nullified . . . .”); United States v. Martin, 378 F.3d 

353, 358 (4th Cir. 2004) (“‘Vacate’ means ‘[t]o render an act void; as, to vacate an entry 

of record, or a judgment.’” (alteration in original) (quoting Black’s Law Dictionary 1548 

(6th ed. 1990)); accord Pepper v. United States, 562 U.S. 476, 507 (2011) (noting that 
13

vacatur of a sentence “wipe[s] the slate clean”).8

 Therefore, the district court’s action 

nullified the judgment containing the original sentence and then reimposed judgment after

the FSA’s passage. And it necessarily did so for the precise reason of setting the date of 

sentencing in 2019 to permit Bethea’s direct appeal as if the 2015 judgment had never 

occurred. This conclusion is reinforced by the fact that, even had he wanted to, Bethea 

could not appeal from the original judgment.

We recognize that the Sixth and Seventh Circuits have not decided whether this 

statutory language covers individuals whose sentences are vacated after enactment, 

because those individuals would have been sentenced on the date of enactment. Henry, 

2020 U.S. App. LEXIS 39799, at *17 & n.2; Uriarte, 975 F.3d at 602 & n.3. But if 

Bethea’s vacated sentence is a legal nullity, it matters not when that vacatur occurred, 

because his only legally effective sentence was imposed after the FSA’s enactment. 

Therefore, the requirement that “a sentence for the offense [have] not been imposed 

as of such date of enactment,” FSA § 401(c), 132 Stat. at 5221 (emphasis added), is best 

understood to preclude an appellant from using the FSA to challenge a pre-FSA sentence 

on appeal—a reading that comports with our prior case law. See Brunson, 968 F.3d at 335. 

Indeed, Congress “elected not to reopen sentences in place on the date of enactment.” 

8 To appreciate the legal effect of vacatur on Bethea’s original sentence, consider 

the Fifth Circuit’s alternative approach to remedying ineffective assistance of counsel 

claims. In United States v. West, 240 F.3d 456, 460 (5th Cir. 2001), the court instructed 

that the proper procedure for permitting an out-of-time appeal is to dismiss the § 2255 

petition and simply “re-enter[]” judgment without vacating the original judgment. By 

doing so, individuals may appeal from the district court’s “earlier, underlying criminal 

judgment.” Id. at 458–59 (emphasis omitted). 
14

Uriarte, 975 F.3d at 606. But when individuals, like Bethea, have their original sentence 

nullified by the district court, it is not the FSA that reopens their sentence. Any new 

sentence imposed after enactment must comply with the FSA’s requirements. Congress 

designed Section 401 to reduce mandatory drug sentences. This Court’s construction of 

Section 401(c) gives effect to the congressional intent that “its new policy determination 

effectively control[s] every sentence after” the date of enactment. See id. (emphasis 

added).9

 

2.

The government next contends that the structure of the FSA supports its reading, 

because the applicability provisions for other sentencing reforms make use of different 

language. In particular, the government examines the following applicability provisions. 

Section 401(a)(2), (b) makes certain enhancements applicable “after a prior conviction for 

a serious drug felony or serious violent felony has become final.” 132 Stat. at 5220–21.

9 Senators Richard Durbin, Charles Grassley, and Cory Booker—the FSA’s lead 

sponsors and the “principal drafters” of Section 401—recently submitted an amici curiae 

brief in the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals arguing that Congress intended Section 401(c) 

to capture both “individuals facing an initial sentencing proceeding and individuals facing 

resentencing following vacatur of a prior sentence.” Brief for Amici Curiae United States 

Senators Richard J. Durbin, Charles E. Grassley, and Cory A. Booker in Support of 

Defendant-Appellant and Vacatur at 2, United States v. Mapuatuli (9th Cir. May 12, 2020) 

(No. 19-10233). Accordingly, “[a]lthough Congress did not intend that Section 401 serve 

as a vehicle for reopening or vacating sentences,” id. at 10, neither did it “intend[] to give 

legal effect to sentences that otherwise are void,” id. at 3. See also Henry, 2020 U.S. App. 

LEXIS 39799, at *22–23 (describing same and noting that this brief “clearly shows 

Congress’s intent to apply [§ 401] to persons whose sentences were vacated after the law’s 

enactment.” (emphasis added)).
15

Section 402(b) asks whether a “conviction [was] entered on or after the date of enactment.”

Id. at 5221. And Section 404(b) makes certain amendments retroactively applicable “as if 

[they] . . . were in effect at the time the covered offense was committed.” Id. at 5222.

“Where Congress includes particular language in one section of a statute but omits 

it in another section of the same Act, it is generally presumed that Congress acts 

intentionally . . . .” Russello v. United States, 464 U.S. 16, 23 (1983). The government 

argues that Section 404(b) demonstrates that Congress knows how to make amendments 

retroactive to all cases. And Section 401(a)(2), (b) demonstrates that Congress knows how 

to make certain consequences applicable only to final sentences. True, but Congress’s use 

of this language does not prove the government’s conclusion: that Section 401(c) can only 

be read to “dr[aw] a line separating pre-Act offenders who were initially sentenced before 

December 21, 2018[] from those who were not.” Resp. Br. at 18. 

Again, the government’s argument runs into the plain language of the Act: had 

Congress intended to draw the line at individuals “initially sentenced” before the FSA’s 

enactment, it surely could have said so. And Section 401(c) can be read consistently with 

these other applicability provisions without requiring the government’s proposed 

interpretation. Section 401(c), as we construe it, covers Bethea’s post-enactment sentence 

without requiring application of the FSA to any case pending on appeal or the reopening 

of finalized cases. Whereas Section 401(a)(2) applies after a sentence is final and Section 

404(b) permits the reopening of finalized sentences, Section 401(c) applies only to 

sentences imposed after enactment. It therefore captures certain pre-Act conduct—unlike 

Section 402(b)—while retaining a limiting principle lacking in Sections 401(a)(2) and 
16

404(b): an appellant may not make use of Section 401’s amendments to § 841(b)(1)(A) for 

the first time on appeal to disturb an otherwise valid sentence under the earlier version of 

the statute.

10 

3.

The government finally contends that this construction would produce inequitable 

results. For instance, two co-defendants could be sentenced for the same offense. The first 

defendant may win a resentencing and then receive that sentence prior to the enactment of 

the FSA. The second defendant may—through a procedural quirk—win a resentencing 

after the FSA is enacted. According to the government, Congress could not have intended 

that second defendant to receive the windfall of a reduced sentence.

“[D]isparities, reflecting a line-drawing effort, will exist whenever Congress enacts 

a new law changing sentences.” Dorsey v. United States, 567 U.S. 260, 280 (2012). In 

this case, Congress drew that line against the backdrop of how courts understand the legal 

10 The government also argues that the savings statute, 1 U.S.C. § 109, precludes 

our interpretation of Section 401(c). Section 109, enacted prior to the FSA, provides that 

“[t]he repeal of any statute shall not have the effect to release or extinguish any 

penalty . . . incurred under such statute, unless the repealing Act shall so expressly 

provide.” Id. However, Section 401(c) explicitly applies to individuals whose conduct 

predated its enactment so long as no sentence “has . . . been imposed as of such date of 

enactment.” FSA § 401(c), 132 Stat. at 5221. This provision is thus a clear exception to 

the general rule codified in the savings statute. See Uriarte, 975 F.3d at 602. And as our 

analysis above makes clear, the FSA’s “language, structure, and basic objectives” all 

support the conclusion that Section 401(c) covers Bethea’s sentence. See United States v. 

Ward, 770 F.3d 1090, 1096 (4th Cir. 2014) (quoting Dorsey v. United States, 567 U.S. 260, 

264 (2012)).
17

effect of vacatur. We will not read the otherwise plain import of the statute to exclude 

Bethea from a sentence in keeping with congressional intent simply because that sentence 

is not available to some other defendant. 

* * *

Having determined the FSA’s amendments to § 841(b)(1)(A) applied to Bethea’s 

2019 corrected sentence, we must still determine whether those amendments rendered his 

sentence illegal. The government contends that even after the FSA was enacted, 

§ 841(b)(1)(A) still contained a maximum sentence of life imprisonment. Accordingly, 

even if the FSA applied to his 2019 corrected sentence, Bethea was still sentenced within 

the statutory maximum. The government is correct that Bethea’s waiver bars consideration 

of whether the district court was required to impose a different minimum sentence in 2019. 

See United States v. Copeland, 707 F.3d 522, 529–30 (4th Cir. 2013) (holding that appeal 

was barred by waiver when challenge implicated only mandatory minimum sentence). But 

Bethea’s sentence of life imprisonment without release—which was the mandatory 

minimum sentence in 2015—was no longer included in the text of § 841 in 2019—which 

only permitted a maximum sentence of “life imprisonment.” Compare § 841(b)(1)(A) 

(2015), with § 841(b)(1)(A) (2019). We conclude that this change in the statutory language 

implicates not just the minimum sentence Bethea could have received, but also the 

maximum sentence. We therefore turn to the merits of whether the district court erred by 

sentencing Bethea to life imprisonment without release rather than life imprisonment.
18

III.

A.

Typically, this Court examines the substantive and procedural reasonableness of a 

sentence, United States v. Mendoza-Mendoza, 597 F.3d 212, 216 (4th Cir. 2010), but the 

sentence from which Bethea appeals was imposed as a remedy following his § 2255 

motion. We review § 2255 remedial relief in the form of a corrected sentence for abuse of 

discretion. Hadden, 475 F.3d at 667.

The government contends, however, that this Court may only review Bethea’s claim 

for plain error, because Bethea never raised this sentencing error with the district court. 

But “[t]he plain-error standard applies only if a defendant has an opportunity to object in 

the trial court.” United States v. Rogers, 961 F.3d 291, 295 (4th Cir. 2020) (holding that

plain error did not apply when claim “arose, almost by definition, only after [the 

appellant’s] sentencing hearing and after the judgment was entered and final”); United 

States v. Bolden, 964 F.3d 283, 287 (4th Cir. 2020) (noting lack of “meaningful 

opportunity to object” when district court adopted a sentencing position sua sponte); Fed. 

R. Crim. P. 51(b) (“If a party does not have an opportunity to object to a ruling or order, 

the absence of an objection does not later prejudice that party.”).

In this case, Bethea could not have contested the legality of his sentence until it was 

imposed by written judgment in 2019. Bethea’s various § 2255 filings requested various 

forms of relief: a plenary resentencing, leave to withdraw his guilty plea, and an evidentiary 

hearing on his ineffective assistance of counsel claims. The district court instead reentered 

judgment without any opportunity for a hearing at which Bethea could have objected. We 
19

recognize, of course, that vacatur and reimposition of sentence is a “common remedy” for 

this sort of claim. Hadden, 475 F.3d at 661 n.9. But that common remedy as imposed in 

this case precluded Bethea from objecting to the entry of that sentence, such that any error 

in the sentence itself “arose, almost by definition” after his remedy was finalized. Rogers, 

961 F.3d at 295. We therefore will not hold Bethea to the more stringent plain error 

standard.

B.

Finally, we conclude that the district court abused its discretion by imposing a 

sentence of life imprisonment without release, because that sentence was no longer 

permitted in 2019. To see why, we turn to the statutory language:

In 2015, individuals convicted of conspiracy to distribute five kilograms or more of 

cocaine or 280 grams or more of cocaine base faced the following sentencing structure:

[S]uch person shall be sentenced to a term of imprisonment which may 

not be less than 10 years or more than life and if death or serious bodily 

injury results from the use of such substance shall be not less than 20 years 

or more than life . . . . If any person commits such a violation after a prior 

conviction for a felony drug offense has become final, such person shall be 

sentenced to a term of imprisonment which may not be less than 20 years 

and not more than life imprisonment and if death or serious bodily injury 

results from the use of such substance shall be sentenced to life 

imprisonment . . . . If any person commits a violation of this 

subparagraph . . . after two or more prior convictions for a felony drug 

offense have become final, such person shall be sentenced to a mandatory 

term of life imprisonment without release . . . . 
20

§ 841(b)(1)(A) (2015) (emphasis added). The FSA then amended this sentencing structure. 

FSA § 401(a)(2)(A), 132 Stat. at 5220. At the time the district court reimposed judgment

in 2019, that section read:

[S]uch person shall be sentenced to a term of imprisonment which may 

not be less than 10 years or more than life and if death or serious bodily 

injury results from the use of such substance shall be not less than 20 years 

or more than life . . . . If any person commits such a violation after a prior 

conviction for a serious drug felony or serious violent felony has become 

final, such person shall be sentenced to a term of imprisonment of not less 

than 15 years and not more than life imprisonment and if death or serious 

bodily injury results from the use of such substance shall be sentenced to

life imprisonment . . . . If any person commits a violation of this 

subparagraph . . . after 2 or more prior convictions for a serious drug felony 

or serious violent felony have become final, such person shall be sentenced 

to a term of imprisonment of not less than 25 years . . . .

§ 841(b)(1)(A) (2019) (emphasis added). 

In 2015, the district court sentenced Bethea as “statutorily required” to the 

mandatory minimum sentence for individuals with two or more felony drug convictions. 

See J.A. 84 (noting that sentence was based on “the statutory provisions for a mandatory 

sentence in this case”). Under § 841(b)(1)(A) (2015), that mandatory sentence was life 

imprisonment without release. But at the time the district court vacated and then reimposed 

its judgment, the statute only permitted a maximum sentence of life imprisonment. See 

§ 841(b)(1)(A) (2019).11

11 The written judgment as entered in 2015 and 2019 omits the phrase “without 

release.” However, this Court has made clear that when there is a conflict between the 

orally pronounced sentence and the judgment, the orally pronounced sentence controls. 

See Rakes v. United States, 309 F.2d 686, 687–88 (4th Cir. 1962). The district court made 

clear in 2015 that Bethea was being sentenced to the required mandatory minimum, which 
21

Multiple canons of construction support the conclusion that the distinction between 

life imprisonment and life imprisonment without release is one with legal import. “The 

plain language of a statute controls where it is not ambiguous and not unconstitutional.” 

United States v. Luskin, 926 F.2d 372, 376 (4th Cir. 1991). As a corollary to that rule, we 

must presume Congress intends different meaning when it uses different language across 

a statute. Russello, 464 U.S. at 23. We must also construe statutes to “avoid any 

interpretation that may render statutory terms meaningless or superfluous.” Scott v. United 

States, 328 F.3d 132, 139 (4th Cir. 2003).

The 2015 version of § 841(b)(1)(A) clearly distinguished between individuals who 

may be sentenced to life imprisonment and individuals—like Bethea—who were subject 

to a mandatory sentence of life imprisonment without release. We presume that Congress’s 

use of this distinct language to describe a sentence for one specific category of offenders 

created a distinct sentence. See Russello, 464 U.S. at 23. Indeed, § 841(b)(1)(A) (2015)

referred to “life” or “life imprisonment” consistently throughout the statute before 

switching, at the very end, to “life imprisonment without release.” This presumption is 

further supported by the plain meaning of the two phrases. See Luskin, 926 F.2d at 376. 

Examined side-by-side, life imprisonment without release is read most naturally as a more 

severe sentence than life imprisonment, because it contemplates a punishment more total 

in its effects. Finally, alternative readings would produce superfluity issues. See Scott, 

at the time was life imprisonment without release. The district court then reentered its 

judgment without changing that sentence in 2019, thereby reimposing the same sentence. 
22

328 F.3d at 139. “Life imprisonment without release” cannot be read as the equivalent of

“life imprisonment” without rendering the words “without release” superfluous. Nor can 

it be read to mean “life imprisonment without parole,” because a separate clause already 

made clear that no individual sentenced under § 841 was eligible for parole. See 

§ 841(b)(1)(A) (2015).12 Thus, to avoid superfluity, the words “without release” must 

denote a more severe punishment than “life imprisonment,” which forecloses access to 

non-parole sentencing relief.

13

In addition to the language itself, the statute’s structure supports this reading. We 

“interpret the statute as a symmetrical and coherent regulatory scheme, and fit, if possible, 

all parts into a harmonious whole.” FDA v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp., 529 U.S. 

120, 132–33 (2000). Read as a whole, § 841(b)(1)(A) (2015) created a scheme that 

increased the criminal penalties for conspiracy to distribute cocaine as the number of 

aggravating factors increased. Indeed, “Congress . . . mandated a progressive, 

incremental, ‘stairstep’ approach to punishment of repeat offenders,” the “final step” of 

which required life imprisonment without release. United States v. Blackwood, 913 F.2d 

139, 147 (4th Cir. 1990).

12 Congress also abolished parole in 1984, Richmond v. Polk, 375 F.3d 309, 316 (4th 

Cir. 2004), and therefore “life” and “life without possibility of parole” mean the same thing 

in the federal system, United States v. Under Seal, 819 F.3d 715, 719 n.4 (4th Cir. 2016).

13 We do not decide today whether a sentence of life imprisonment without release 

precludes applications for compassionate release under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c). We note that 

under the current version of that statute, compassionate release can be considered “in any 

case” in which a prisoner satisfies certain conditions. Id. § 3582(c)(1).
23

Once Congress stripped this language from § 841, courts were no longer empowered 

to impose this separate sentence. The practical consequences for Bethea may be minimal; 

but this does not alter the conclusion that, in 2019, the district court was without authority 

to impose a sentence of life imprisonment without release.

14 Nor is the distinction pure 

formalism. For instance, Congress could pass a law retroactively reducing “sentences of 

life imprisonment” for nonviolent drug offenders. Alternatively, Congress could make 

nonviolent drug offenders sentenced to life imprisonment eligible for supervised release. 

Bethea would be ineligible for either reform, because he received the distinct, more severe 

sentence of life imprisonment without release. We hold that Congress’s clear distinction 

between the two sentences had legal significance and his 2019 corrected sentence was 

illegal.

IV.

The procedural posture of this case defies easy categorization. This is a classic close 

case and our holding is a narrow one: because Bethea’s sentence was nullified following a 

§ 2255 motion—the very purpose of which was to change the date of his sentencing 

14 We previously held in United States v. Surratt, 797 F.3d 240, 255–57 (4th Cir. 

2015), that an appellant could not seek relief from an illegal sentence under the savings 

clause based on a mandatory sentence of life imprisonment without release, because 

§ 841(b)(1)(A) still provided for life imprisonment. That ruling was vacated by this 

Court’s decision to rehear the case en banc and does not control. United States v. Surratt, 

No. 14-6851, 2015 U.S. App. LEXIS 20881 (4th Cir. Dec. 2, 2015); 4th Cir. R. 35(c) 

(“Granting of rehearing en banc vacates the previous panel judgment and opinion . . . .”). 

The appeal was ultimately rendered moot while en banc consideration was pending. United 

States v. Surratt, 855 F.3d 218, 219 (4th Cir. 2017). 
24

judgment to permit a direct appeal—the FSA applied to his sentence as imposed in 2019. 

In so holding, we look to the unique remedy imposed by the district court and its legal 

import. 

We also recognize that Bethea’s waiver of his appellate rights truncates the scope 

of the remedy we may impose. Because the FSA in 2019 did not permit life imprisonment 

without release, his sentence was illegal. We therefore vacate the district court’s judgment 

and instruct it to correct Bethea’s sentence, consistent with this opinion. We note, however, 

that § 2255 remedies are within the district court’s equitable discretion, and it may decide 

instead that plenary resentencing is appropriate.15

VACATED AND REMANDED

15 We also note this Court’s recent opinion in United States v. McCoy, 981 F.3d 271

(4th Cir. 2020). In that case, we recognized that individuals in Bethea’s position may also 

be eligible for compassionate release under 18 U.S.C. § 3582, as amended by the FSA. Id.

at 284–88.
25

QUATTLEBAUM, Circuit Judge, dissenting:

To me, this is a simple case of statutory construction. The outcome turns on the 

unambiguous text of Section 401(c) of the First Step Act. There, Congress mandated 

amended sentences for certain drug offenses but limited retroactivity of the provision “to 

any offense that was committed before the date of enactment of [the] Act, if a sentence for 

the offense has not been imposed as of such date of [the Act’s] enactment.” FSA § 401(c), 

132 Stat. at 5221. The Act went into effect on December 21, 2018. All parties acknowledge 

that Bethea was sentenced for a drug offense in 2015—nearly three years prior to the Act’s 

effective date. Therefore, under its plain language, the Act’s amendments do not apply to 

Bethea. 

The majority concludes, however, that, under § 401(c), the district court should have 

applied § 841(b)(1)(A)—as amended by the Act—to Bethea’s 2019 judgment.* For that 

reason, the majority vacates the district court’s judgment and instructs the district court to 

*

As the majority notes, the district court vacated and reentered its judgment as a 

result of Bethea’s claim that his trial counsel was constitutionally ineffective for failing to 

file a direct appeal, among other issues. The district court took this approach—in large 

part—due to logistical issues related to Bethea’s medical condition and Bethea’s refusal to 

consent to video conferencing technology for a hearing on the ineffective assistance of 

counsel claim of his § 2255 petition. Having considered Bethea’s unique circumstances, 

the district court’s efforts were aimed at providing Bethea with the relief he sought in his 

claim for ineffective assistance of counsel, the ability to appeal. Thus, it provided Bethea 

with a new appeal window and otherwise reentered the same judgment. Despite having 

obtained that relief, the only claim Bethea pursues on appeal now is whether the district 

court abused its discretion in reimposing a sentence upon Bethea without regard to the First 

Step Act. Of course, this is not a claim that his trial counsel could have pursued on appeal 

in 2015. The Act did not exist.
26

correct Bethea’s sentence. It reasons that, although a sentence for Bethea’s drug offense 

had already been imposed as of the time of the Act’s enactment, that sentence was vacated 

and the district court reentered its judgment in 2019, after the enactment date. In those 

circumstances, the majority concludes the prior sentence has no effect on the Act’s 

applicability.

The problem with this reasoning, in my view, is that it rewrites this portion of the 

Act. The amendments set forth in the Act do not apply if a sentence for the offense had 

been imposed before the Act’s enactment date. And whether or not Bethea’s sentence had 

been vacated, it does not change the historical fact that a sentence for his offense had been 

imposed by a district court. Under the plain language of the Act, that is fatal to Bethea’s 

claim. 

Congress had a variety of options in determining when the amended drug sentences 

should apply. It chose to draw that line of application only where “a sentence for the offense 

has not been imposed as of such date of [the Act’s] enactment.” Id. As a matter of policy, 

we might have different views of that line-drawing exercise. But it is not our role to wade 

into those matters of policy. In my view, we should simply apply the text as written. 

I do not deny that Congress could have been more clear prescribing the Act’s 

amended sentences not to apply when, like here, a prior sentence has been vacated. It could 

have, for example, written the Act as follows: “if any sentence, whether vacated or not, for 

the offense has not been imposed as of such date of enactment.” But almost any statutory 

language can be made clearer. Unambiguity does not require perfection. When language is 
27

unambiguous, as I believe the pertinent language of the Act is, we should not reject it just 

because it could be made even more clear. 

For these reasons, I would affirm the district court. I respectfully dissent.