2007 Decisions

Opinions of the United

States Court of Appeals

for the Third Circuit

6-8-2007

Keitt v. US Parole Comm

Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential

Docket No. 06-3802

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Recommended Citation

"Keitt v. US Parole Comm" (2007). 2007 Decisions. Paper 972.

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DLD-248 

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

________________

No. 06-3802

________________

JAMES KEITT,

Appellant

v.

U.S. PAROLE COMMISSION; DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA BOARD OF PAROLE

________________

On Appeal From the United States District Court

For the Western District of Pennsylvania

(D.C. Civ. No. 04-cv-00362E)

District Judge: Honorable Sean J. McLaughlin 

________________

Submitted For Possible Summary Action Under Third Circuit LAR 27.4 and I.O.P. 10.6

or Request For A Certificate of Appealability Under 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2)

May 24, 2007

Before: BARRY, AMBRO and FISHER, Circuit Judges

(Filed : June 8, 2007)

________________

OPINION

________________

PER CURIAM

James Keitt, a prisoner, appeals pro se from an order of the United States District

Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania denying his habeas petition filed under 28
1 At the time Keitt filed his § 2241 petition, he was incarcerated in a federal

correctional institution in Pennsylvania. 

2 In July 2000, Keitt was transferred back to the jurisdiction of the Commission.

The Commission assumed jurisdiction over D.C. offenders on August 5, 1998, pursuant

to the National Capital Revitalization and Self-Government Improvement Act of 1997

(“Revitalization Act”). See Pub. L. No. 105-33, § 11231(a)(1), 111 Stat. 712 (1997)

(codified as amended at D.C. Code § 24-131 (2001)). Under the Revitalization Act, the

Commission is given exclusive jurisdiction over all D.C. felony prisoners and authorized

to amend or supplement the 1987 D.C. parole regulations. See D.C. Code § 24-131(c).

Upon assuming the authority of the D.C. Board, the Commission revised the regulations

pursuant to this authority and they now appear at 28 C.F.R. § 2.80. 

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U.S.C. § 2241.1 We will deny a certificate of appealability.

Keitt has been either incarcerated or on parole since 1979 when he was sentenced

by the District of Columbia Superior Court to, inter alia, 15 years imprisonment for

burglary while armed and 20 years imprisonment for armed robbery. Keitt was paroled

from this sentence in September 1988, to remain under parole supervision until June

2013. In February 1996, the U.S. Parole Commission (“Commission”) revoked Keitt’s

parole and subsequently transferred jurisdiction over Keitt back to the D.C. Board of

Parole (“D.C. Board”). In September 1996, the D.C. Board issued a warrant charging

Keitt with violating the conditions of his parole. In July 1997, the District of Columbia

Superior Court sentenced Keitt to an additional 15 years imprisonment for armed robbery. 

Later, the Commission conducted a combined dispositional revocation hearing and

rehearing (“hearing”) on Keitt’s new sentence ultimately revoking Keitt’s parole on

October 4, 2004.2

 The Commission determined that Keitt’s offense exhibited a high-level
3

 Under the 2004 version of the guidelines for D.C. Code offenders, a salient factor

score, a tool used to predict recidivism, was combined with pre- and post-incarceration

factors to establish a base point score guideline range. See 28 C.F.R. § 2.80(h). One of

the pre-incarceration factors in the base point score was whether the underlying offense

involved death of a victim or a high level of violence. See 28 C.F.R. 2.80(f). In the

instant case, the Commission set Keitt’s base point score at nine (a higher total score

translates to a lower likelihood of parole) which was calculated as follows: three points

for risk of recidivism, four points for “violence in the current offense,” and two points

because the current offense involved attempted murder or willful violence in which death

of the victim was a likely result—Keitt challenges the last award. Id.

4 In a reply brief filed in the district court, Keitt conceded that the Commission’s

action did not result in double jeopardy; thus, Keitt conceded his first and fourth claims. 

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of violence and assigned him a higher base point score premised upon that finding.3 See

28 C.F.R. § 2.80(f) (2004) (providing for an addition of two points to a base score in the

case of a “[c]urrent offense [that] involved attempted murder . . . or any willful violence

in which the victim survived despite death having been the most probable result at the

time the offense was committed.”) At the hearing, Keitt admitted to pleading guilty to

armed robbery, but asserted that he did so only to avoid a life-sentence as a three-time

offender. Keitt, however, denied robbing, assaulting or threatening his victim. 

 In December 2004, Keitt filed the instant petition for writ of habeas corpus under §

2241. Keitt claims that: (1) the Commission denied him due process; (2) the Commission

relied upon erroneous information in finding that he attempted to murder his victim; (3)

the application of Commission guidelines rather than D.C. Board regulations violated the

Ex Post Facto Clause; and (4) the Commission’s action violated double jeopardy.4

 The

magistrate judge concluded that Keitt’s claims are meritless. First, the magistrate judge

determined that the Commission’s findings regarding the level of violence in Keitt’s
5 To obtain a certificate of appealability, Keitt must make a substantial showing of

a denial of a constitutional right. See 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2). To show such a denial,

Keitt must demonstrate that reasonable jurists could disagree about whether the district

court’s resolution of his claims was correct. See Miller-El v. Cockrell, 537 U.S. 322, 335

(2003). Under this standard, a threshold inquiry into Keitt’s claims is appropriate. 

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underlying conviction had a rational basis in the record. Second, the magistrate judge

rejected Keitt’s Ex Post Facto Clause claim because under Simmons v. Shearin, 295 F.

Supp. 2d 599, 603-04 (D. Md. 2003), the Commission’s guidelines did not constitute

“laws” within the meaning of the Ex Post Facto Clause itself. In July 2006, the district

court adopted the magistrate judge’s report and recommendation, denying Keitt’s petition. 

Keitt filed a timely notice of appeal. 

 For purposes of federal habeas relief, because Keitt is in custody pursuant to a

District of Columbia court judgment, he is a state prisoner. See Madley v. U.S. Parole

Comm’n, 278 F.3d 1306, 1309 (D.C. Cir. 2002). Given that Keitt seeks to challenge his

continued detention, he must obtain a certificate of appealability to pursue this appeal.5

See 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(1)(A); see also Madley, 278 F.3d at 1310. For the purposes of

this opinion, Keitt’s timely notice of appeal serves as his request for a certificate of

appealability. See Coady v. Vaughn, 251 F.3d 480, 486-87 (3d Cir. 2001).

Both this and the district court’s review of a Commission decision is limited to

whether there is a rational basis in the record for the Commission’s statement of reasons

for denial of parole. See Furnari v. Warden, Allenwood Fed. Correctional Inst., 218 F.3d

250, 254 (3d Cir. 2000). Federal courts should also consider whether the Commission

“‘followed criteria appropriate, rational and consistent’ with its enabling statutes so that
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its ‘decision is not arbitrary and capricious, nor based on impermissible considerations.’” 

Id. (citation omitted). “To this end, ‘the Commission may not base its judgment as to

parole on an inaccurate factual predicate.’” Id. (citation omitted). 

The Commission had a rational basis to conclude that the level of violence in

Keitt’s underlying offense involved attempted murder or violence in which the death of

the victim would have been a probable result. See 28 C.F.R. § 2.80(f). Relying on

evidence contained in a pre-hearing assessment, which was based on Keitt’s guilty plea,

the Commission found that Keitt assaulted an 80-year-old woman with a knife and

threatened to kill her while robbing her. As the magistrate judge noted, “[t]he

Commission [wa]s not required to credit Keitt’s version of the events, nor [wa]s it

required to discount the victim’s testimony concerning what occurred.” Keitt stated he

was going to kill, and in fact stabbed, his elderly victim. Thus, at least some evidence

supports the Commission’s determination that Keitt engaged in willful violence that had a

probability of leading to death. See § 2.80(f). We do not assess the credibility of the

evidence upon which the Commission relied unless those credibility determinations were

arbitrary or capricious. See Furnari, 218 F.3d at 254. After a review of the record, we

conclude that the Commission’s decision was rationally supported and, particularly in

light of the limited review permitted the district court in this case, reasonable jurists

would not debate whether the district court properly denied Keitt’s petition.

Keitt’s ex post facto claim likewise fails. Keitt argues that the Commission’s use

of its own guidelines violated the Ex Post Facto Clause because had his parole eligibility
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been scored under previous D.C. Board parole regulations, extant when he first came

under its jurisdiction, his parole outcome would have been more lenient. The Ex Post

Facto Clause prohibits the enactment of any law that “retroactively alter[s] the definition

of crimes or increase[s] the punishment for criminal acts.” Collins v. Youngblood, 497

U.S. 37, 43 (1990). Keitt must satisfy two prongs for a successful Ex Post Facto Clause

claim—he must show not only a change in law or policy which has been given retroactive

effect, but also that its retroactive application to him created a real risk of increasing the

measure of his punishment. See Richardson v. Pa. Bd. of Prob. & Parole, 423 F.3d 282,

287-88 (3d Cir. 2005); see also Garner v. Jones, 529 U.S. 244, 255 (2000).

Keitt’s argument is predicated upon the assumption that the parole guidelines are

“laws” as that term is set forth in the Ex Post Facto Clause. In this court whether the

Commission’s guidelines constitute laws is determined by the flexibility with which they

are applied, as the United States District Court for the District of Columbia explained:

Most courts of appeals addressing the question have held that Parole

Commission guidelines, which simply provide guides for the exercise of

discretion, cannot be considered “laws” for purpose of the Ex Post Facto

Clause of the Constitution. . . . However, the Courts of Appeals for both the

District of Columbia Circuit and the Third Circuit have suggested that

guidelines that are “administered without sufficient flexibility” might

constitute “laws” for Ex Post Facto Clause purposes. . . . United States ex

rel. Forman v. McCall, 776 F.2d 1156, 1158 (3d Cir.1985) [(“Forman II”)];

see Allston v. Gaines, 158 F. Supp. 2d 76, 82 (D.D.C. 2001).

Pindle v. Poteat, 360 F. Supp. 2d 17, 20 (D.D.C. 2003) (some internal citations omitted). 

Thus, our precedent dictates that “[i]f applied without substantial flexibility, the parole

guidelines constitute ‘laws’ within the meaning of the ex post facto clause.” United
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States ex rel. Forman v. McCall, 709 F.2d 852, 862 (3d Cir. 1983) (“Forman I”). 

“Substantial flexibility” is shown where the Commission departs (either above or below)

from the applicable guidelines in 25% of the cases before it. Forman II, 776 F.2d at 1163. 

Here, Keitt has presented no evidence regarding the degree of inflexibility with which the

Commission’s guidelines are currently applied. Cf. Allston, 158 F. Supp. 2d at 76

(applying our statistical evaluation approach as outlined in Forman I and concluding that

“under the analytical framework announced by the Third Circuit, the statistical evidenceif statistical evidence by itself is enough to demonstrate substantially limited discretiondoes not prove that the Parole Commission’s discretion is substantially limited in this

case.”) 

Assuming, arguendo, that the Commission’s guidelines are “laws” for the purposes

of the Ex Post Facto Clause, Keitt has failed to meet his burden of showing a “significant

risk” of increased punishment. “[A] ‘speculative and attenuated possibility . . . of

increasing the measure of punishment’ is not enough.” Richardson, 423 F.3d at 288

(quoting Cal. Dep’t of Corr. v. Morales, 514 U.S. 499, 509 (1995)). The prisoner carries

the ultimate burden of establishing that the measure of punishment itself has changed and

that the law, as applied to his own sentence, created a significant risk of increasing his

punishment. Id. Keitt’s assertion that the previous regulations used by the D.C. Board

would have provided him more lenient parole treatment is, at best, gratuitous. Given that

Keitt has failed to advance any specific allegation that the Commission’s revision of the

guidelines caused a more onerous penalty to be applied in his case, reasonable jurists
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would not debate whether the district court properly denied his petition. 

Jurists of reason, therefore, could not debate the correctness of the district court’s

decision. See Miller-El, 537 U.S. at 335. We will, therefore, deny Keitt’s request for a

certificate of appealability. Given our decision, appellees’ motion for summary

affirmance is denied as moot.