Pest List for the Importation of Averrhoa carambola (L.), 

Starfruit, Fruit with Stems from Malaysia into the 

Continental United States

August 31, 2010

Rev. 04

Agency Contact

Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory

Center for Plant Health Science and Technology

United States Department of Agriculture

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Plant Protection and Quarantine

1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300

Raleigh, NC 27606 
Pest List for Papaya from Malaysia

Rev. 04 August 31, 2010 2

1. Introduction

This pest list was prepared by the Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory of the 

United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant 

Protection and Quarantine, Center for Plant Health Science and Technology. Our purpose in 

creating this pest list was to examine pest risks associated with the importation of Averrhoa 

carambola (carambola or starfruit) as fresh fruit from Malaysia into the continental United 

States. This assessment was based in part upon a pest list completed by Yusof Othman and 

Ahmad Kamil.

The Malaysia Department of Agriculture has proposed using irradiation as a mitigation measure 

for starfruit. All of the insects except pupae and adult Lepidoptera will be effectively neutralized 

with a minimum absorbed dose of 400 Gy (PPQ, 2007), but neither pupae nor adults are 

expected to be associated with harvested fruit. Other measures besides irradiation will be 

required to mitigate the risk from the following pests: Phoma averrhoae, and Cryptophlebia sp.

Since the genus Cryptophlebia does not occur in the continental United States, all members of 

the genus are classified as quarantine pests. Thus, we addressed Cryptophlebia sp. host 

association reports for commodities requested for exportation to the United States. When only an 

incomplete identification for a species within this genus is available, potential biological 

characteristics can be extrapolated from other members of the genus. Such data indicates that the 

genus Cryptophlebia is variable as to the locality of pupation. For example, C. ombrodelta pupae 

are present on the surface of fruit (Meijerman and Ulenberg, 2000) while the pupae of C. illepida

are frequently found inside fruit (CABI, 2007). Irradiation may not cause mortality of all 

Cryptophlebia sp. pupae (i.e., unidentified species of Cryptophlebia). Other proposed 

postharvest treatments include culling during harvest and at the packinghouse (Omar et al., 

2004).

2. Pest list

This pest list (Table 1) includes pests reported on starfruit (in any country) and present in 

Malaysia (on any host). We identified the presence or absence of these pests in the United States, 

the quarantine status of the pest with respect to the United States, the generally affected plant 

part or parts, if the pest is likely to follow the pathway and enter the United States on 

commercially exported starfruit, and pertinent citations for either the distribution or the biology

of the pest. We highlighted quarantine pests considered likely to follow the pathway with a gray

background (Table 1), and summarized these pests in a separate table (Table 2). Quarantine pests 

not included can be detrimental to U.S. agriculture or ecosystems, but were not subjected to 

further analysis for a variety of reasons. For example, they were associated mainly with plant 

parts other than the commodity; may be associated with the commodity, but would not 

reasonably remain with the commodity during harvest and packing; or have been intercepted as 

biological contaminants of this commodity during U.S. agricultural port of entry inspection, but 

would not be present in commercial shipments.
Pest List for Starfruit from Malaysia

Rev. 04 August 31, 2010 3

Table 1. Pests associated with carambola (Averrhoa carambola) anywhere in the world which are 

present in Malaysia on any host.

Pest Distribution Reference for 

Host Assoc.

Quarantine pestPlant part 

association 1

Follow 

pathway 1

ARTHROPODA

Acarina (Prostigmata)

Tetranychidae

Eutetranychus orientalis

(Klein)

MY (Bolland et al., 

1998)

Bolland et al., 

1998

Yes Leaf (CABI, 

2006)

No

Panonychus citri

McGregor 

MY (Bolland et al., 

1998)

US (Baker and Tuttle, 

1994; Hare and 

Phillips, 1992)

Wu and Lo, 

1989

No NA NA

Tetranychus kanzawai 

Kishida

MY (Bolland et al., 

1998)

Bolland et al., 

1998

No NA NA

Tetranychus 

neocaledonicus Andre 

MY (Bolland et al., 

1998)

Bolland et al., 

1998

No NA NA

Tetranychus urticae Koch MY (Waterhouse, 

1993). US (Tuttle and 

Baker, 1968).

Shin and Wang, 

1996; Chin et 

al., 2004

No NA NA

Coleoptera: Nitidulidae

Carpophilus foveicollis 

(Murray) 

MY (Yunus and Ho, 

1980) 

US (Williams et al., 

1983)

Yunus and Ho, 

1980

No NA NA 2

Haptoncus luteolus

(Erichson) 

MY (Yunus and Ho, 

1980) 

US (Vincent and 

Lindgren, 1972)

Yunus and Ho, 

1980

No NA NA

Lasiodactylus pictus (Mcl) MY (Yunus and Ho, 

1980)

Yunus and Ho, 

1980

Yes Fruit3(Yunus 

and Ho, 1980)

No

Coleoptera: Cerambycidae

Rhytidodera simulans

White

MY (Waterhouse, 

1993)

Khoo et al., 

1991

Yes Branches 

(Khoo et al., 

1991)

No

Diptera: Tephritidae

Bactrocera carambolae

Drew and Hancock 

MY (CABI, 2006; 

Dhawan et al., 1980)

Plant Health 

Australia, 2004; 

Sauers-Muller, 

2005

Yes Fruit (CABI, 

2006; SauersMuller, 2005)

Yes

 

1 NA = Not Applicable. Even if non-quarantine pests can follow the pathway, phytosanitary measures against these pests 

would not be justified because the pest already occurs in the United States. Thus, information on the plant parts with which 

the pest is associated and whether or not the pest is likely to follow the pathway is not needed for non-quarantine pests.

2 Members of this genus primarily feed on over-ripe fruit and grain (Myers, 2008).

3 This beetle feeds on spoiled or damaged fruit (DAFF, 2001)
Pest List for Starfruit from Malaysia

Rev. 04 August 31, 2010 4

Pest Distribution Reference for 

Host Assoc.

Quarantine pestPlant part 

association 1

Follow 

pathway 1

Bactrocera cucurbitae

(Coquillet)

MY (White and ElsonHarris, 1992; 

Vijaysegaren, 1987; 

Drew, 1982).

Armstrong et al., 

1995; White and 

Elson-Harris, 

1992

Yes Inflorescence, 

Leaf, Fruit 

(White and 

Elson-Harris, 

1992; Yunus 

and Ho, 1980)

Yes

Bactrocera latifrons

(Hendel) 

MY (EPPO, 2007; 

White and ElsonHarris, 1992; Yunus 

and Ho, 1980), 

US-Hawaii (White and 

Marlene, 1992)

White and 

Elson-Harris, 

1992; Yunus and 

Ho, 1980

Yes Fruit (CABI, 

2006; Yunus 

and Ho, 1980)

Yes

Bactrocera occipitalis 

(Bezzi) (= Strumeta 

pedestris var. occiitalis

(Bezzi))

MY (CABI, 2006; 

Carroll et al., 2002; 

Drew and Hancock, 

1994)

CABI, 2006; 

Plant Health 

Australia, 2004.

Yes Fruit (CABI, 

2006)

Yes

Bactrocera papayae Drew 

& Hancock 

MY (Carroll et al., 

2002; Drew & 

Hancock, 1994)

CABI, 2006 Yes Fruit (Drew & 

Hancock, 

1994)

Yes

Drosophila ananassae

(Dol) 

MY (Yunus and Ho, 

1980)

Yunus and Ho, 

1980

Yes Fruit (Yunus 

and Ho, 1980)

No4

Diptera: Muscidae

Myospila propinqua Stein

(= Spilogaster 

propinqua) (= Helina 

propinqua) (Stein)

MY (Yunus and Ho, 

1980)

Yunus and Ho, 

1980

Yes Fruit (Yunus 

and Ho, 1980)

No5

Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae

Aleurocanthus woglumi 

Ashby

MY (EPPO, 2007; 

Mound and Halsey, 

1978) 

US (FL) (Mossler et 

al., 2006; Nguyen et 

al., 1983)

CABI, 2006 Yes Leaf (CABI. 

2007)

No

Hemiptera: Coccidae

Coccus hesperidum (L.) MY, US (Ben-Dov, 

1993) 

CABI, 2006; 

Sepiah et al., 

2003

No NA NA

Drepanococcus chiton 

(Green)

MY (Ghani, 1994; Ali, 

1971)

Ghani, 1994 Yes Leaf, Flower

(Ghani, 1994)

No

Kilifia acuminata

(Signoret)

MY (Hodgson, 1994; 

Ali, 1971) 

US (Peña, 2003; BenDov et al., 2001)

Hodgson, 1994; 

Nakahara, 1981; 

Ali, 1971

No NA NA

 

4 This fly infests rotting fruit, which will be culled during post-harvest processing.

5 Little information is available on this genus; however, Skidmore (1985) reports that M. meditabunda larvae are dung 

feeders, while the adults feed on sources ranging from dung to nectaries. 
Pest List for Starfruit from Malaysia

Rev. 04 August 31, 2010 5

Pest Distribution Reference for 

Host Assoc.

Quarantine pestPlant part 

association 1

Follow 

pathway 1

Hemiptera: Diaspididae

Aspidiotus destructor

Signoret

MY, US: [(CT (?), FL, 

GA, HI, PA, VI]

(Watson, 2007a)

(Watson, 2007a) No NA NA

Duplaspidiotus claviger

(Cockerell)

Indonesia, US:

Florida (Dekle and 

Kuitert, 1975; 

Davidson, 1990); 

Hawaii (Davidson, 

1990, Watson, 2007b)

(Watson, 2007b) No NA NA

Hemiberlesia lataniae

(Signoret)

MY, US: continental 

and HI (Watson, 

2007c)

Watson, 2007c No NA NA

Hemiberlesia palmae

(Cockerell)

MY (Nakahara, 1982)

US (McKenzie, 1956)

Nakahara, 1982 No NA NA

Morganella longispina

(Morgan)

Indonesia, Philippines, 

US: Florida, Hawaii 

(Watson, 2007d)

(Watson, 2007d) No NA NA

Selenaspidus articulatus 

(Morgan)

Philippines, US: FL, 

VI (Watson, 2007e)

(Watson, 2007e) No NA NA

Hemiptera: Margarodidae

Icerya seychellarum

(Westwood)

MY (CABI, 2006; 

Waterhouse, 1993)

CABI, 2006 Yes Leaf, Stem, 

whole plant

(dwarfing)

(CABI, 2006)

No

Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae

Dysmicoccus brevipes 

(Cockerell)

MY (Ben-Dov, 1994; 

Waterhouse, 1993)

US (CA, FL, LA, HI) 

(Ben-Dov, 1994; Lim, 

1973)

Ben-Dov, 1994, 

PestID, 2008

No NA NA

Dysmicoccus neobrevipes 

Beardsley

MY (Kessing and 

Mau, 1992; Lim, 1973)

US (HI) (CABI, 2006; 

Miller and Miller, 

2002)

PestID, 2008 Yes Roots, flower, 

fruit, leaf, 

stem (Kessing 

and Mau, 

1992).6

Yes

Maconellicoccus hirsutus

(Green)

MY (CABI, 2006; 

Williams, 1996; 

Williams, 2004)

US (CA and FL) 

(CABI, 2006; 

Meyerdirk and DeChi, 

2005; Matile et al., 

2000

CABI, 2006 Yes Leaf, Stem, 

Fruit (CABI, 

2006; Dhawan

et al., 1980)

Yes

 

6 Dysmicoccus neobrevipes was described on mangosteen fruits by Kessing and Mau (1992)
Pest List for Starfruit from Malaysia

Rev. 04 August 31, 2010 6

Pest Distribution Reference for 

Host Assoc.

Quarantine pestPlant part 

association 1

Follow 

pathway 1

Maconellicoccus multipori 

(Takahashi)

MY (Ben-Dov, 2008) Ben-Dov, 2008 Yes Roots (Malsch 

et al., 2001)

No

Nipaecoccus viridis 

(Newstead)

MY, US (CABI, 2006) CABI, 2006; 

Ben-Dov, 1994

No NA NA

Planococcus citri (Risso) MY (Williams, 2004; 

Waterhouse, 1993; 

Lim et al., 1992) 

US (Ben-Dov, 1994; 

Hickman, 1981)

CABI, 2006; 

Martin and Mau, 

2007

No NA NA

Planococcus lilacinus

(Cockerell)

MY (CABI, 2006; 

Williams, 1982)

CABI, 2006 Yes Leaf, Stem, 

Fruit (CABI, 

2006)

Yes

Planococcus minor 

(Maskell)7

MY (Ben-Dov, 1994; 

Cox, 1989; Williams, 

2004)

US-Virgin Island 

(Ben-Dov, 1994; Cox, 

1989; Williams, 1992)

US (PestID, 

2008)

Yes Fruit (PestID, 

2008)

Yes

Pseudococcus aurantiacus 

Williams 

MY (Williams, 2004) Williams, 2004 Yes Fruit 

(DEFRA, 

2006)8

Yes

Pseudococcus comstocki 

(Kuwana)7

MY (William, 2004a)

US (Ben-Dov, 1994)

US (PestID, 

2008)

No NA NA

Pseudococcus 

jackbeardsleyi Gimpel &

Miller 

MY (Williams, 1988) 

US (FL, TX, HI) 

(CABI. 2006; Gimpel 

Jr. and Miller., 1996; 

Nakahara, 1981)

Williams, 1988;

Nakahara, 1981; 

Gimpel Jr. and 

Miller., 1996

No NA NA

Pseudococcus longispinus

(Targioni Tozzetti) 

MY (CIE, 1984; 

Williams, 2004) 

US (Ben-Dov, 1994)

CABI, 2006 No NA NA

Lepidoptera: Crambidae

Conogethes punctiferalis

(Guenẽe)

MY (Waterhouse, 

1993; Tan, 1992)

Tan, 1992 Yes Fruit (Tan, 

1992)

Yes9

Lepidoptera: Limacodidae

Altha nivea (Walker) MY (Tan, 1992) Tan, 1992 Yes Leaf (Tan, 

1992)

No

Chalcoscelis albiguttatus

(Snellen)

MY (Tan, 1992) Tan, 1992 Yes Leaf (Tan, 

1992)

No

Cheromettia lahor (Moore) MY (Tan, 1992) Tan, 1992 Yes Leaf (Tan, 

1992)

No

 

7 All these pests are listed on carambola in the U.S. intercepted list but we found no other records.

8 Pseudococcus aurantiacus is found at Garcinia mangostana which is listed in UK Plant Health Interception & Outbreak 

Chart (DEFRA, 2006).

9 Conogethes punctiferalis larvae feed internally in the fruit then migrate to the surface and pupate in the soil, or sometimes 

on fallen leaves (Pena et al., 2002). 
Pest List for Starfruit from Malaysia

Rev. 04 August 31, 2010 7

Pest Distribution Reference for 

Host Assoc.

Quarantine pestPlant part 

association 1

Follow 

pathway 1

Darna diducta (Snellen) MY (Tan, 1992) Tan, 1992 Yes Leaf (Tan, 

1992)

No

Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae

Athene emolus miya 

(Fruhstorfer)

MY (Tan, 1992) Tan, 1992 Yes Flower (Tan, 

1992)

No

Rapala pheretima sequeira 

Distant 

MY (Yunus and Ho, 

1980)

(Yunus and Ho, 

1980)

Yes Leaf (Yunus 

and Ho, 1980)

No

Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae

Dasychira brunneipicta

(Collenette) 

MY (Tan, 1992) Tan, 1992 Yes Leaf (Tan, 

1992)

No

Calliteara horsfieldii (= 

Dasychira horsfieldii 

(Saunders))

MY (Tan, 1992) Tan, 1992 Yes Fruit (Tan, 

1992)

No10

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

Asota heliconia Linnaeus MY, (Robinson et al., 

2008)

(Robinson et al., 

2008)

Yes Leaf 11 (Wu 

and Gao, 

2005)

No

Characoma curiosa

(Swinhoe)

MY (Tan, 1992) Tan, 1992 Yes Fruit (Tan, 

1992)

No12

Eudocima fullonia (Clerck) MY, US (HI) (CABI, 

2006)

CABI, 2006 Yes Fruit (CABI, 

2006)

13

No

Lepidoptera: Nolidae

Celama analis (Wileman & 

West)

MY (Tan, 1992) Tan, 1992 Yes Flower (Tan, 

1992)

No

Lepidoptera: Pieridae

Delias hyparete metarete

(Butler) 

MY (Tan, 1992) Tan, 1992 Yes Leaf (Tan, 

1992)

No

Lepidoptera: Psychidae

Animula sumatrensis

(Heylaerts) (=Chalioides 

sumatrensis Heylaerts)

MY (Yunus and Ho, 

1980)

Yunus and Ho, 

1980

Yes Leaf (Yunus 

and Ho, 1980)

No

 

10 The fruit-feeding record for Calliteara horsfieldii (Tan, 1992) has an “X” in a column for ‘feeding on fruit;’ the adjacent 

column is for leaf-feeding. Tang (1992) describes another species in the same genus, C. brunneipicta, as being a leaffeeder. Closely related species are leaf feeders on plants (Gupta, et al., 1986). Thus, we believe the report by Tang (1992) 

to be in error regarding the feeding site for C. horsfieldii. In the absence of additional information, we considered the 

larvae to not follow the pathway.

11 We found no detailed information about the feeding location(s) for Asota heliconia, but A. carica larvae feed on leaves 

(Wu and Gao, 2005).

12 Tan (1992) reports C. curiosa feeding on fruit but not burrowing into it. Thus, this pest would most likely be discovered 

and removed during one of the two culling processes.

13 Adults feed nocturnally on fruit and then fly away (Fay and Halfpapp, 1999)
Pest List for Starfruit from Malaysia

Rev. 04 August 31, 2010 8

Pest Distribution Reference for 

Host Assoc.

Quarantine pestPlant part 

association 1

Follow 

pathway 1

Lepidoptera: Pterophoridae

Diacrotricha fasciola

Zeller 

MY (Sepiah et al., 

2003; Tan, 1992; 

Waterhouse, 1993)

Sepiah et al., 

2003; Tan, 1992

Yes Flower 

(Sepiah et al., 

2003), Leaf, 

Flower (Tan, 

1992)

No

Lepidoptera: Pyralidae

Culladia sp. MY (Tan, 1992) Tan, 1992 Yes Flower (Tan, 

1992)

No

Lepidoptera: Saturniidae

Attacus atlas (Linnaeus) MY (Tan, 1992; 

Holloway, 1987; 

Lampe, 1984) 

Tan, 1992 Yes Leaf (Tan, 

1992)

No

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae

Adoxophyes privatana MY (Ithnin et al., 

1992; Sepiah et al., 

2003; Tan, 1992; 

Waterhouse, 1993)

Sepiah et al., 

2003; Tan, 1992; 

Ithnin et al., 

1992

Yes Leaf (Ithnin et 

al., 1992; Tan, 

1992)

No

Archips machlopis

(Meyrick) 

MY (Robinson et al., 

2008; Tuck, 1990)

(Robinson et al.,

2008)

Yes Leaf (CABI, 

2006)

No

Archips micaceana

(Walker) 

MY (Tan, 1992; 

Waterhouse, 1993)

Tan, 1992 Yes Fruit (Tan, 

1992), Leaf

(Sepiah et al., 

2003)

No14

Archips tabescens

(Meyrick) 

MY (Ithnin et al., 

1992; Sepiah et al., 

2003; Waterhouse, 

1993)

Ithnin et al., 

1992; Sepiah et 

al., 2003

Yes Leaf, Fruit 

(Ithnin et al., 

1992; Sepiah

et al., 2003)

No14

Cacoecia machlopis 

(Meyrick) 

MY (Waterhouse, 

1993; Yunus and Ho, 

1980)

Tan, 1992 Yes Fruit (Tan, 

1992), Leaf 

(Yunus and 

Ho, 1980)

No15

Cryptophlebia averrhoae

(Tuck & Tan) 

MY (Robinson et al., 

2008; Tuck, 1990) 

(Robinson et al., 

2008)

Yes Fruit (rotten) 

(Robinson et 

al., 2008)

No

Cryptophlebia encarpa

(Meyrick) 

MY (Ithnin et al., 

1992; Waterhouse, 

1993)

Ithnin et al., 

1992

Yes Fruits (Ithnin

et al., 1992)

Yes16

 

14 We found no detailed information about A. micaceana or A. tabescens feeding on fruit. However, information about the 

feeding behavior of other members of the genus indicates that feeding is external and the larvae do not burrow into the 

fruit (CABI, 2006). 

15 Tan (1992) reports C. machlopis feeding on fruit, but not burrowing into it. Thus, this pest would most likely be discovered 

and removed during one of the two culling processes.

16 Cryptophlebia encarpa is distributed in plant hardiness zones 12 and 13, which are not present in the continental United 

States. Thus, C. encarpa is highly unlikely to become established in the continental United States.
Pest List for Starfruit from Malaysia

Rev. 04 August 31, 2010 9

Pest Distribution Reference for 

Host Assoc.

Quarantine pestPlant part 

association 1

Follow 

pathway 1

Cryptophlebia sp. MY (Tan, 1992) Tan, 1992 Yes Fruit (Tan, 

1992)

Yes

WEEDS

Eleusine indica (L.) 

Gaertner

MY (Ithnin et al., 

1992), US (Lorenzi 

and Jeffery, 1987)

Ithnin et al., 

1992 

No NA NA

Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) 

Koel. (Hoz)

MY (Ithnin et al., 

1992), US (Gilreath et 

al., 1999)

Ithnin et al., 

1992 

No NA NA

Imperata cylindrica 

(Linnaeus) Raeuschel

MY (Ithnin et al., 

1992), US (CABI, 

2007)

Ithnin et al., 

1992 

No NA NA

Melastoma malabathricum 

L.

MY (Ithnin et al., 

1992), US (limited to 

Hawaii) (NRCS, 2008; 

Haselwood and 

Motter, 1966)

Ithnin et al., 

1992

Yes17 NA NA

Mikania micrantha Kunth MY (Holm et al., 

1991; Ismail, 2001; 

Waterhouse, 1993), US 

(limited distribution 

PR, DC) (Gunn and 

Ritchie, 1982; NRCS, 

2008)

PestID, 2008 Yes18 NA NA

Mimosa diplotricha 

Sauvalle

MY (Ithnin et al., 

1992), US (limited to 

PR, HI) (CABI, 2007; 

NRCS, 2008)

Ithnin et al., 

1992 

Yes19 NA NA

PLANT PATHOGENS

Nematodes

Helicotylenchus sp. MY (Reddy, 1998) Reddy, 1998 Yes Soil (Reddy, 

1998)

No

Macroposthonia sp. MY (Reddy, 1998) Reddy, 1998 Yes Soil (Reddy, 

1998)

No

Meloidogyne sp. MY (Reddy, 1998) Reddy, 1998 Yes Root (Reddy, 

1998; 

Holtsmann 

and McSorley, 

1993)

No

Pratylenchus sp. MY (Reddy, 1998) Reddy, 1998 Yes Soil (Reddy, 

1998)

No

 

17 Melastoma malabathricum is a Federal Noxious Weed, limited to Hawaii (NRCS, 2008).

18 Mikania micrantha is a Federal Noxious Weed distributed only in Puerto Rico and the District of Columbia (NRCS, 2008).

19 Mimosa diplotricha is a Federal Noxious Weed distributed only in Hawaii and Puerto Rico (NRCS, 2008).
Pest List for Starfruit from Malaysia

Rev. 04 August 31, 2010 10

Pest Distribution Reference for 

Host Assoc.

Quarantine pestPlant part 

association 1

Follow 

pathway 1

Rotylenchulus reniformis, 

(Linford & Oleivera, 

1940) (Hoplolaimidae)

MY (CABI, 2007; 

Reddy, 1998; 

Suatmadji and Sauer, 

1982)

US (CABI, 2007; 

Linford and Oliveira, 

1940)

Reddy, 1998 No Soil (Reddy, 

1998)

No

Tylenchorhynchus sp. MY (Reddy, 1998) Reddy, 1998 Yes Soil (Reddy, 

1998)

No

Xiphinema sp. MY (Reddy, 1998) Reddy, 1998 Yes Root (CABI, 

2007), Soil 

(Reddy, 1998)

No

FUNGI AND CHROMISTANS 20

Alternaria alternata (Fr.: 

Fr.) Keissl.

(Ascomycetes: 

Pleosporales)

MY (Jain and Saksena, 

1984; Lenne, 1990; 

Sepiah et al., 2003; 

Tandon and Verma, 

1964), US (Alfieri et 

al., 1984; Chase, 1982; 

Farr et al., 2008)

Sepiah et al., 

2003

No NA NA

Aspergillus niger Tiegh.

(Ascomycetes:

Eurotiales)

MY (Sepiah et al., 

2003; Abu-Bakar and 

Abdul-Karim, 1990; 

Liu, 1977), US 

(Chilvers et al., 2007; 

Sepiah et al., 2003)

Sepiah et al., 

2003 

No NA NA

Aspergillus sp.21 MY (Rajagopalan, 

1974)

Rajagopalan, 

1974

Yes Fruit (Cynthia 

and Ralph, 

2001; Tindall, 

1994)

Yes

Asterina venustula Syd. 

(Ascomycetes: 

Capnodiales)

MY (Peregrine and 

Ahmad, 1982; Singh, 

1980; Turner, 1971; 

Williams and Liu, 

1976)

Singh, 1980; 

Turner, 1971; 

Williams and 

Liu, 1976

No 22 Leaf, fruit 

(sooty mold) 

Sepiah et al., 

2003)

Yes

 

20 Fungal nomenclature and taxonomy are provided according to Farr et al. (2008) and CABI (2008). 

21 Pests identified only to genus or higher taxa are not analyzed unless the Genus is not present in the United States. In this 

case, the genus Aspergillus is present in the United States. Genera can contain many species and analyzing an entire genus 

that may contain many non-pest species is unrealistic. Sometimes intercepted pests are not identified to the species level 

because the current taxonomic knowledge is limited, the pest is too immature, or the specimen is in poor condition. Pest 

risk assessments focus on organisms for which biological information is available. An intercepted pest (not identified to 

the species level) may or may not be a quarantine pest. If pests identified only to higher taxa are intercepted in the future, 

we may re-evaluate their risk.

22 Although this fungus is not reported in the United States, it causes a sooty mold (Sepiah et al., 2003) which is the 

superficial growth of the fungus on exudates of insect feeding, rather than true parasitism of the plant host. Since it is not a 

true pathogen it is not considered a quarantine species. 
Pest List for Starfruit from Malaysia

Rev. 04 August 31, 2010 11

Pest Distribution Reference for 

Host Assoc.

Quarantine pestPlant part 

association 1

Follow 

pathway 1

Botryosphaeria ribis

Grossenb. & Duggar 

(Ascomycetes: 

Dothideales)

MY (Sepiah et al., 

2003), US (Morgan 

and White, 1987; 

Smith and Stanosz, 

2001; Stevens, 1926)

Sepiah et al., 

2003 

No NA NA

Ceratocystis paradoxa

(Dade) C. Moreau 

(Ascomycetes: 

Microascales)

MY (Sepiah et al., 

2003; Turner, 1971; 

Williams and Liu, 

1976), US (Farr et al., 

2008; Alfieri et al., 

1984; Upadhyay, 

1981)

Sepiah et al., 

2003

No NA NA

Cercospora averrhoae 

(Petch) (Ascomycetes: 

Mycosphaerellales) 

MY (Sepiah et al., 

2003; Singh, 1980; 

Ting and Tai, 1971), 

US (Limited to 

Florida) (Alfieri et al., 

1984; Crane, 2002; 

Sepiah et al., 2003)

CABI, 2007; 

Ithnin et al., 

1992; Sepiah et 

al., 2003; Singh, 

1980

Yes Leaf (Ithnin et 

al., 1992; 

Singh, 1980)

No

Cercospora wellesiana 

(Chupp) (Ascomycetes:

Mycosphaerellales)

MY (Singh, 1980; 

Williams and Liu, 

1976)

Singh, 1980; 

Williams and 

Liu, 1976 

Yes Leaf (Singh, 

1980; Sepiah 

et al., 2003)

No

Cladosporium 

cladosporioides 

(Fresen.) G.A. De Vries 

(Ascomycetes:

Mycosphaerellales)

MY (Sepiah et al., 

2003), US (Farr et al., 

2008)

Sepiah et al., 

2003

No NA NA

Colletotrichum acutatum

J.H. Simmonds 

(Ascomycetes: Incertae 

sedis)

MY (Sepiah et al., 

2003), US (Guerber et 

al., 2003; Strandberg, 

2001)

Sepiah et al., 

2003

No NA NA

Colletotrichum capsici 

(Syd.) (Butler & Bisby) 

(Ascomycetes: 

Phyllachorales)

MY (Liu, 1977; Sepiah 

et al., 2003; Singh, 

1980), US (Farr et al., 

2008; Miller, 1990; 

Miller, 1991)

Liu, 1977; 

Sepiah et al., 

2003; Singh, 

1980

No NA NA

Colletotrichum crassipes 

(Speg.) Arx 

(Ascomycetes: 

Phyllachorales)

MY (Sepiah et al., 

2003; Williams and 

Liu, 1976), US (Miller, 

1991)

Sepiah et al., 

2003 

No NA NA
Pest List for Starfruit from Malaysia

Rev. 04 August 31, 2010 12

Pest Distribution Reference for 

Host Assoc.

Quarantine pestPlant part 

association 1

Follow 

pathway 1

Colletotrichum 

gloeosporioides (Penz.) 

Penz. & Sacc. 

(Teleomorph: 

Glomerella cingulata 

(Stoneman) Spauld. & H. 

Schrenk) (Ascomycetes: 

Incertae sedis)

MY (Sepiah et al., 

2003; Lenne, 1990; 

Tan et al., 1992; Kueh, 

1990), US (Crane, 

2002; Farr et al., 2008;

French, 1989; Tidwell, 

1990)

Sepiah et al., 

2003; Singh, 

1980

No NA NA

Corynespora cassiicola 

(Berk. & M.A. Curtis) 

C.T. Wei (Ascomycetes: 

Pleosporales)

MY (Boa and Lenne, 

1994; Turner, 1971)

US (Crane, 2002; Farr 

et al., 2008; 

McGovern, 1994; 

Miller, 1991)

Sepiah et al., 

2003 

No NA NA

Davidiella tassiana (De 

Not.) Crous & U. Braun 

Syn: Mycosphaerella 

tassiana (De Not.) 

Johans. (Anamorph: 

Cladosporium herbarum

(Pers. : Fr.) Link 

(Ascomycetes:

Mycosphaerellales)

MY (Campbell, 1989; 

Sepiah et al., 2003; 

Singh, 1992; Sharma 

and Khan, 1978)

US (Farr et al., 2008)

Sepiah et al., 

2003

No NA NA

Erythricium salmonicolor

(Berk. & Broome) 

Burds. Syn: Corticium 

salmonicolor (Berk. & 

Br.) (Basidiomycetes: 

Polyporales) 

MY (Liu, 1977; 

Peregrine and Ahmad,

1982; Singh, 1980)

US (Florida, Puerto 

Rico, Virgin Islands) 

(Alfieri et al., 1984; 

Wellman, 1977)

Sepiah et al., 

2003; Singh, 

1980

No NA NA

Fusarium incarnatum 

(Desm.) Sacc. Syn:

Fusarium pallidoroseum

(Cooke) Sacc.

(Ascomycetes, 

Hypocreales)

MY (Sepiah et al., 

2003)

US (CABI, 2006)

Sepiah et al., 

2003

No NA NA

Fusarium moniliforme J. 

Sheld. (Ascomycetes: 

Hypocreales)

MY (CABI, 2006; 

Sepiah et al., 2003)

US (Farr et al., 2008; 

CABI, 2006)

Sepiah et al., 

2003 

No NA NA

Geotrichum candidum Link

(Saccharomycetes:

Saccharomycetales)

MY, US (Farr et al., 

2008)

Farr et al., 2008 No NA NA

Khuskia oryzae H.J. 

Hudson (Ascomycetes: 

Trichosphaeriales)

MY, US (Farr et al., 

2008)

Jain and 

Saksena, 1984

No NA NA
Pest List for Starfruit from Malaysia

Rev. 04 August 31, 2010 13

Pest Distribution Reference for 

Host Assoc.

Quarantine pestPlant part 

association 1

Follow 

pathway 1

Lasiodiplodia theobromae 

(Pat.) Griffon & Maubl. 

(Teleomorph: 

Botryosphaeria rhodina

(Berk. & M.A. Curtis) 

Arx) (Ascomycetes: 

Dothideales)

MY (Sepiah et al., 

2003; Taylor and 

Hyde, 2003), US 

(Alfieri et al., 1984; 

Farr et al., 2008; 

French, 1989)

Sepiah et al., 

2003

No NA NA

Marasmiellus scandens 

(Massee) Dennis & D.A. 

Reid (Basidiomycetes:

Agaricales)

MY (CABI, 2006; 

Singh, 1980; Turner 

and Shepherd, 1980)

CABI, 2006; 

Singh, 1980

Yes leaves, twigs, 

branches (Lim 

and 

Sangchote, 

2003)

No

Melanographium citri

(Gonz. Frag. & Cif.) 

M.B. Ellis 

(Ascomycetes: Incertae 

sedis)

MY (Farr et al., 2008) Farr et al., 2008 Yes decaying 

leaves, stems 

(Goh and 

Hyde, 1997)

No

Penicillium expansum Link 

(Ascomycetes: 

Eurotiales)

MY (Sepiah et al., 

2003), US (Farr et al., 

2008)

Sepiah et al., 

2003

No NA NA

Pestalotiopsis guepinii 

(Desm.) Steyaert 

(Ascomycetes: 

Xylariales)

MY (Sepiah et al., 

2003), US (Farr et al., 

2008)

Sepiah et al., 

2003 

No NA NA

Phellinus noxius (Corner) 

G. Cunn.

(Basidiomycetes:

Hymenochaetales)

MY, US (limited 

Puerto Rico) (Farr et 

al., 2008)

Farr et al., 2008 Yes Roots, trunk 

(Ann et al., 

2002)

No

Phoma averrhoae 

Subramon. & V.G. Rao 

(Ascomycetes: 

Pleosporales)

MY (Sepiah et al., 

2003)

Sepiah et al., 

2003 

Yes Fruit (Sepiah 

et al., 2003)

Yes

Phomopsis sp. 23 MY (Campbell, 1989; 

Mukerji and Bhasin, 

1986; Sepiah et al., 

2003; Singh, 1992; 

Watson et al., 1988)

Sepiah et al., 

2003 

Yes Fruit and Leaf 

(Sepiah et al., 

2003)

Yes

 

23

 Pests identified only to genus or higher taxa are not analyzed unless the genus is not present in the United States. The 

genus Phomopsis is present in the United States. Genera can contain many species and analyzing an entire genus that may 

contain many non-pest species is unrealistic. Sometimes intercepted pests are not identified to the species level because the 

current taxonomic knowledge is limited, the pest is too immature, or the specimen is in poor condition. Pest risk 

assessments focus on organisms for which biological information is available. An intercepted pest (not identified to the 

species level) may or may not be a quarantine pest. If pests identified only to higher taxa are intercepted in the future, the 

we re-evaluate their risk.
Pest List for Starfruit from Malaysia

Rev. 04 August 31, 2010 14

Pest Distribution Reference for 

Host Assoc.

Quarantine pestPlant part 

association 1

Follow 

pathway 1

Phytophthora citrophthora 

(R.E. Sm. & E.H. Sm.) 

Leonian (Kingdom 

Chromista, Oomycetes: 

Pythiales)

MY (Sepiah et al., 

2003), US (Erwin and 

Ribeiro, 1996; Mchau 

and Coffey, 1994)

Alfieri et al., 

1994; Ho, 1983; 

Sepiah et al., 

2003

No NA NA

Phytophthora nicotianae 

Breda de Haan Syn:

Phytophthora nicotianae

var. parasitica (Dastur) 

G.M. Waterhouse 

(Kingdom Chromista, 

Oomycetes: Pythiales)

MY (Sepiah et al., 

2003; Tindall, 1994) 

US (continental and 

Hawaii) (Erwin and 

Ribeiro, 1996; Hall, 

1993)

Sepiah et al., 

2003; Alfieri et 

al., 1994; Ho, 

1983

No NA NA

Pythium splendens H. 

Braun (Kingdom 

Chromista,Oomycetes: 

Pythiales)

MY (Farr et al., 2008), 

US (Crane, 2002; Farr 

et al., 2008)

Crane, 2002; 

Sepiah et al., 

2003

No NA NA

Rhizopus sp. 24 MY (Sepiah et al., 

2003) 

Sepiah et al., 

2003 

Yes Fruit (Sepiah 

et al., 2003)

Yes

Rhizopus stolonifer 

(Ehrenb.: Fr.) Vuill. 

(Zygomycetes: 

Mucorales)

MY, US (Farr et al., 

2008)

Farr et al., 2008 No NA NA

Rhizoctonia solani J.G. 

Kühn Teleomorph: 

Thanatephorus 

cucumeris (A.B. Frank) 

Donk Syn: Corticium 

solani (Prill. & Delacr.) 

Bourd. & Galz. 

(Basidiomycetes: 

Ceratobasidiales) 

MY (Sepiah et al., 

2003; Singh, 1980; 

Turner, 1971)

US (Alfieri et al., 

1984; Farr et al., 2008; 

Ou, 1985)

Sepiah et al., 

2003; Singh, 

1980; Turner, 

1971

No NA NA

 

24 Pests identified only to genus or higher taxa are not analyzed unless the Genus is not present in the United States. The 

genus Rhizopus is present in the United States. Genera can contain many species and analyzing an entire genus that may 

contain many non-pest species is unrealistic. Sometimes intercepted pests are not identified to the species level because the 

current taxonomic knowledge is limited, the pest is too immature, or the specimen is in poor condition. Pest risk 

assessments focus on organisms for which biological information is available. An intercepted pest (not identified to the 

species level) may or may not be a quarantine pest. If pests identified only to higher taxa are intercepted in the future, we

may re-evaluate their risk.
Pest List for Starfruit from Malaysia

Rev. 04 August 31, 2010 15

Pest Distribution Reference for 

Host Assoc.

Quarantine pestPlant part 

association 1

Follow 

pathway 1

Rigidoporus microporus

(Sw.: Fr.) Overeem Syn: 

Rigidoporus lignosus 

(Klotzsch) Imazeki

(Basidiomycetes: 

Polyporales)

MY (Boa and Lenne, 

1994; Ithnin et al., 

1992; Lim, 1977; 

Sepiah et al., 2003)

US (Hawaii) 

(Gilbertson et al., 

2002; Gilbertson and 

Adaskaveg, 1993), 

Puerto Rico and Virgin 

Islands (Farr et al., 

2008)

Sepiah et al., 

2003; Ithnin et 

al., 1992 

Yes 25 Root (Ithnin et 

al., 1992)

No

Rhytidhysteron rufulum 

(Spreng.: Fr.) Speg. Syn: 

Tryblidiella rufula

(Ascomycetes: 

Patellariales) 

MY, US (Farr et al., 

2008)

Farr et al., 2008 No NA NA

Schizothyrium pomi (Mont. 

& Fr.) Arx (Anamorph):

Zygophiala jamaicensis

E.W. Mason 

(Ascomycetes: 

Microthyriales) 

Brunei (Peregrine and 

Ahmad, 1982), US 

(Farr, et al., 2008)

Farr et al., 2008 No NA NA

Stomiopeltella nubecula 

(Berk. & Curt.) Theiss. 

Syn. Asterina nubecula 

Berk. & M.A. Curtis 

(Ascomycetes:

Capnodiales)

MY (Singh, 1980; 

Turner, 1971)

Singh, 1980; 

Turner, 1971

No26 Fruit, leaf 

(sooty mold) 

(Sepiah et al., 

2003)

Yes

ALGAE

Cephaleuros virescens, 

(Künze)

MY (Ithnin et al., 

1992), US (Crane, 

2002)

Crane, 2002; 

Ithnin et al., 

1992 

No NA NA

3. Quarantine pests following the pathway

The following quarantine pests are likely to follow the pathway when importing starfruit, Averrhoa 

carambola, from Malaysia (Table 2). If these pests cannot be mitigated by the irradiation treatment 

proposed by Malaysia, further analysis will be needed to evaluate the potential consequences associated 

with their introduction and their likelihood of introduction and explore alternative mitigation options. 

 

25 Rigidoporus microporus is reportable from the Continental United States, but non-reportable for Hawaii, Puerto Rico and 

the U.S. Virgin Islands.

26 Although this fungus is not reported in the United States, it causes a sooty mold (Sepiah, et al., 2003) which is the 

superficial growth of the fungus on exudates of insect feeding, rather than true parasitism of the plant host. Since it is not a 

true pathogen it is not considered a quarantine species. 
Pest List for Starfruit from Malaysia

Rev. 04 August 31, 2010 16

We did not list Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) in the pest list above because despite some earlier reports 

(e.g., CABI, 2005, Waterhouse, 1993), it is not known to occur in Malaysia. Records for the species in 

that country probably involve one or more closely related, sibling species (Drew & Hancock, 1994; 

Clarke et al., 2001).

Table 2. Summary of quarantine pests likely to follow the pathway of fresh carambola fruit imported 

from Malaysia into the United States

Type Taxonomy Organism

Arthropods Diptera, Tephritidae Bactrocera carambolae

Bactrocera cucurbitae

Bactrocera latifrons

Bactrocera occipitales

Bactrocera papayae

Hemiptera, Pseudococcidae Dysmicoccus neobrevipes

Maconellicoccus hirsutus

Planococcus lilacinus 

Planococcus minor

Pseudococcus aurantiacus

Lepidoptera, Crambidae Conogethes punctiferalis

Lepidoptera, Tortricidae Cryptophlebia encarpa

Cryptophlebia sp. 

Pathogens Fungi and Chromistans Phoma averrhoae

4. Authors and Reviewers

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Plant Protection and Quarantine, Center for Plant Health Science and Technology

Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory

Authors

Kenneth R. Lakin, Entomologist

Lisa M. Ferguson, Plant pathologist

Reviewers

Jessica Engle, Plant pathologist

Shawn Robertson, Entomologist

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