J-A21014-18

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA

v.

THOMAS JOHN DOWDNEY, 

Appellant

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 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

 PENNSYLVANIA

 No. 3928 EDA 2017

Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence November 8, 2017

In the Court of Common Pleas of Montgomery County

Criminal Division at No(s): CP-46-CR-0006175-2016

BEFORE: PANELLA, J., OLSON, J., and McLAUGHLIN, J.

MEMORANDUM BY PANELLA, J. FILED MARCH 25, 2019

Thomas John Dowdney, (“Appellant”), appeals from the judgment of 

sentence imposed following his conviction, after a stipulated trial, of 

possession with intent to deliver (marijuana). Appellant challenges the denial 

of his motion to suppress physical evidence. Specifically, he maintains that 

the suppression court erred in concluding that the Pennsylvania State Police 

had probable cause to conduct a traffic stop of his vehicle. We affirm. 

After the hearing on the motion to suppress, the Honorable Todd. D.

Eisenberg made the following finding of facts: 

The record establishes that, shortly after midnight on May 13, 

2016, Pennsylvania State Troopers Nicholas Scrivani and Richard 

Hawkins were on duty and in full uniform, travelling westbound in 

a marked patrol vehicle on I-76 near the Philadelphia/Montgomery 

County border. 

During the course of the May 26, 2017 suppression hearing, 

Trooper Scrivani testified that he observed a Toyota Prius leave 
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Route 1 and merge into the left lane of westbound I-76 ahead of 

the troopers' patrol car. Trooper Scrivani testified that the Prius 

remained in the left lane for approximately a mile and a half 

without overtaking any other vehicles. Trooper Scrivani further 

testified that, using the speedometer of his patrol car, he timed 

the speed of the Prius for approximately one half of a mile at 65 

miles per hour in what was a 55 miles per hour zone. Trooper 

Scrivani testified that he then observed the Prius drift onto the left 

shoulder and then make an abrupt swerve before merging into the 

right lane.

The troopers effected a traffic stop of the Prius. A video of this 

traffic stop was recorded on the dash cam of the patrol vehicle. A 

copy of this video was entered into evidence as C-1. The video 

reflects that, after stopping the Prius, the troopers asked the

driver - [Appellant] - for his identification and informed him that 

he had been going 65 miles per hour in a 55 mile per hour zone. 

[Appellant] acknowledged that he had been speeding, but 

asserted that he had only been going 60 miles per hour. The 

troopers also requested and were given identification by the other 

occupant of the Prius, a male who was sitting in the front 

passenger seat.

The troopers then returned to their patrol car to “run” the

identification, leaving [Appellant] and the passenger in the Prius. 

The video reflects that, in the patrol car, the troopers commented 

to each other that the Prius “reeked” of marijuana. Trooper 

Scrivani testified during [Appellant’s] suppression hearing that the 

smell of marijuana was “overwhelming.” 

The troopers returned to the Prius and [Appellant] was removed

from the vehicle, Trooper Scrivani administered a field sobriety 

check, which [Appellant] passed. Trooper Scrivani told 

[Appellant] that the Prius smelled of marijuana, and [Appellant]

admitted that he had smoked some marijuana that night and 

asserted that he had been at a concert where many people had 

been smoking marijuana. [Appellant] first told Trooper Scrivani 

that there was no marijuana in the car. When the trooper told 

him that the car smelled of marijuana and he was going to search 

it, [Appellant] stated that he had a marijuana grinder on the front 

seat that contained a small amount of marijuana. 

Trooper Scrivani conducted a brief pat down search of 

[Appellant]−which revealed nothing−and told [Appellant] that, 
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because of the smell of marijuana, he was going to search the 

Prius. The video depicts Trooper Hawkins retrieving what appears 

to be the marijuana grinder from the car. Trooper Scrivani told 

the Appellant that he was still going to search the Prius but that, 

if the grinder and small amount of marijuana was all there was, 

[Appellant] would be on his way in twenty minutes.

Upon opening the trunk of the Prius, Trooper Scrivani observed a

backpack. The trooper initially was unable to open the backpack. 

[Appellant] volunteered an explanation as to how the backpack 

opened. When the trooper opened the backpack, he discovered 

bags of what the trooper estimated to be approximately two 

pounds of marijuana.

Trooper Scrivani then−without first apprising [Appellant] of his

rights under Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 

(1966)−proceeded to question [Appellant] concerning the 

marijuana. During the course of this questioning, [Appellant]

made a number of incriminating statements, including, inter alia, 

that he was, selling marijuana in order to pay off his student loan 

debts. Trooper Scrivani told [Appellant] that, if he told the trooper 

who his source was for the marijuana, he might be able to go 

home that night, otherwise, he was facing a felony charge. When 

[Appellant] continually refused to reveal the source of the 

marijuana, Trooper Scrivani ultimately placed [Appellant] in 

handcuffs, took him to the patrol vehicle, and only then gave the 

[Appellant] his Miranda warnings.

Order Sur [Appellant’s] Motion to Suppress Physical Evidence and 

[Appellant’s] Statements (“Order Sur Motion”); 6/14/17, at 1-4 (quotation 

marks in original); see also Trial Court Opinion, 3/20/18, at 1-3 (adopting 

factual findings of suppression court)). 

At the hearing on the motion to suppress, the defense did not present 

any evidence. See N.T. Motion to Suppress, 5/26/17, at 45. Judge Eisenberg 

denied Appellant’s motion to suppress the physical evidence of the marijuana. 

See Order Sur Motion, at 4. However, he granted suppression of all 
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statements made by Appellant after the discovery of the two pounds of 

marijuana in the trunk, before the troopers informed Appellant of his Miranda

rights. See id., at 6. 

After the suppression decision, Judge Eisenberg recused himself. The 

case was reassigned to the Honorable Gail Weilheimer. On November 8, 2017,

after a stipulated bench trial, Judge Weilheimer found Appellant guilty of 

possession with intent to deliver and imposed the agreed-on sentence of five 

years’ probation. See N.T. Stipulated Bench trial, 11/08/17. This timely 

appeal followed.1 

In his brief, Appellant originally presented two questions for our review: 

I. Whether the [suppression] court erroneously ruled, pursuant to 

Article I, Section 8 of the Pennsylvania constitution, that the 

Pennsylvania state police had probable cause to conduct a traffic 

stop of the Appellant’s vehicle?

II. Whether the [suppression] court erroneously ruled pursuant to 

the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States

constitution, that the Pennsylvania state police had probable

cause to conduct a traffic stop of the Appellant’s vehicle?

(Appellant’s Brief, at 3) (unnecessary capitalization removed). However, on 

appeal Appellant has abandoned his second question. See id., at 15. 

Therefore, it is unnecessary to review Appellant’s second claim, and we decline 

to do so. 

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1 Appellant filed a court-ordered statement of errors on February 2, 2018. 

Judge Weilheimer filed a trial court opinion on March 20, 2018. See Pa.R.A.P. 

1925.
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Appellant’s sole remaining claim asserts that the trial court erred under 

the Pennsylvania Constitution in concluding that Trooper Scrivani had 

probable cause for the traffic stop. See Appellant’s Brief, at 3, 8-13. We 

disagree.

Preliminarily, although Appellant invokes Article I Section 8 of the 

Pennsylvania Constitution, he fails to perform the analysis required when a 

claim implicates a provision of the Pennsylvania Constitution. See id.; see 

also Commonwealth v. Edmunds, 586 A.2d 887 (Pa. 1991);

2 accord, 

Commonwealth v. Arter, 151 A.3d 149, 156 (Pa. 2016). Therefore, 

Appellant’s failure to develop an argument which addresses the Edmunds

factors waives his claim under the Pennsylvania Constitution. 

Our standard of review for the denial of a motion to suppress is well 

settled: 

Our standard of review in addressing a challenge to a trial court’s 

denial of a suppression motion is whether the factual findings are 

supported by the record and whether the legal conclusions drawn 

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2

In pertinent part, Edmunds provides: 

Accordingly, as a general rule it is important that litigants brief 

and analyze at least the following four factors:

1) text of the Pennsylvania constitutional provision;

2) history of the provision, including Pennsylvania case-law;

3) related case-law from other states;

4) policy considerations, including unique issues of state and 

local concern, and applicability within modern Pennsylvania 

jurisprudence.

Edmunds, 586 A.2d at 895.
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from those facts are correct. When reviewing the ruling of a 

suppression court, we must consider only the evidence of the 

prosecution and so much of the evidence of the defense as 

remains uncontradicted when read in the context of the record as 

a whole. Where the record supports the findings of the 

suppression court, we are bound by those facts and may reverse 

only if the legal conclusions drawn therefrom are in error. 

Commonwealth v. Eichinger, 915 A.2d 1122, 1134 (Pa. 2007) (citations 

omitted). “In appeals from suppression orders, our scope of review is limited 

to the evidence presented at the suppression hearing.” Commonwealth v. 

Caple, 121 A.3d 511, 517 (Pa. Super. 2015) (citation omitted).

“It is within the suppression court’s sole province as factfinder to pass 

on the credibility of witnesses and the weight to be given to their testimony. 

The suppression court is free to believe all, some or none of the evidence 

presented at the suppression hearing.” Commonwealth v. Elmobdy, 823 

A.2d 180, 183 (Pa. Super. 2003) (citations omitted).

Here, Appellant asserts the suppression court erred in finding the 

troopers had probable cause to stop his vehicle.

Probable cause is made out when the facts and circumstances 

which are within the knowledge of the officer at the time of the 

arrest, and of which he has reasonably trustworthy information, 

are sufficient to warrant a [person] of reasonable caution in the 

belief that the suspect has committed or is committing a crime.

Commonwealth v. Thompson, 985 A.2d 928, 931 (Pa. 2009) (internal 

quotation marks and citation omitted).

The question we ask is not whether the officer’s belief was 

correct or more likely true than false. Rather, we require 

only a probability, and not a prima facie showing, of 
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criminal activity. In determining whether probable cause 

exists, we apply a totality of the circumstances test.

Id. (emphasis in original) (internal citations and quotation marks omitted). 

Our Supreme Court has further explained that if there is a legitimate 

stop for a traffic violation based on probable cause, additional suspicion may 

arise before the initial stop’s purpose has been fulfilled, and detention may be 

permissible to investigate the new suspicions. See Commonwealth v. 

Chase, 960 A.2d 108, 115 n.5 (Pa. 2008) (collecting cases). 

Applying these principles to the totality of the circumstances in this case, 

we have no hesitation in concluding that the suppression court properly 

determined that Trooper Scrivani had probable cause to stop Appellant for 

speeding and the other cited violations of the Vehicle Code. We note that the 

suppression court “fully credit[ed]” Trooper Scrivani’s testimony on the use of 

his speedometer to determine that Appellant was speeding. Order Sur Motion, 

at 4. 

The record, specifically the testimony of Trooper Scrivani, supports the 

factual findings of the suppression court. The suppression court properly 

found that Trooper Scrivani had probable cause to stop Appellant for violation 

of 75 Pa.C.S.A. § 3362(a)(2), speeding over 55 miles per hour, and 75 

Pa.C.S.A. § 3313(d)(1), driving in right lane except when overtaking and 

passing another vehicle. See, N.T., 5/26/17, at 8 (Trooper Scrivani testifying 

that he followed Dowdney’s vehicle for approximately one half mile in the left 

lane, while passing no vehicles and traveling at 65 m.p.h. in a 55 m.p.h. zone).
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Appellant purports to challenge the factual findings of the suppression 

court by offering more favorable interpretations of the dash cam video and 

adding pure speculation about whether Trooper Scrivani actually intended to 

effect a traffic stop for speeding. See Appellant’s Brief, at 8-10. However, 

such musings, in addition to being obviously self-serving, are beyond the 

scope of our review, which is confined to the evidence presented at the 

suppression hearing. See Caple, 121 A.3d at 517. 

Moreover, the trooper was not required to bring a certificate of 

calibration to the suppression hearing. Probable cause is determined as of the 

time of the stop, not at the subsequent hearing. See Thompson, 985 A.2d 

at 931. Further, the trooper’s uncorroborated opinion that Appellant was 

speeding was sufficient to establish probable cause. See Commonwealth v. 

McElroy, 630 A.2d 35 (Pa. Super. 1993).

We find no basis to disturb the suppression court’s finding of probable 

cause. The court properly denied Appellant’s motion to suppress physical 

evidence

Judgment of sentence affirmed. 

Judge McLaughlin joins the memorandum.

Judge Olson concurs in the result.
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Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 3/25/19