Filed 9/10/15 Eldridge v. Village Trailer Park, Inc. CA2/3

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for 

publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication 

or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION THREE

CATHERINE ELDRIDGE,

Plaintiff, Cross-defendant and 

Respondent,

v.

VILLAGE TRAILER PARK, INC., et al.,

Defendants, Cross-complainants and 

Appellants.

 B252841

 (Los Angeles County

 Super. Ct. No. BC465320)

APPEAL from an order of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County, Cesar C. 

Sarmiento, Judge. Reversed.

Horvitz & Levy, David M. Axelrad, Felix Shafir; McKenna, Long & Aldridge, 

David R. Krause-Leemon and Michelle K. Sugihara for Defendants, Cross-complainants 

and Appellants.

Campbell & Farahani, Frances M. Campbell and Nima Farahani for Plaintiff, 

Cross-defendant and Respondent.

_________________________
2

INTRODUCTION

Defendants Village Trailer Park, Inc., Village Trailer Park LLC, and Marc 

Luzzatto (together, defendants) appeal from the post-judgment order awarding attorney’s

fees to Catherine Eldridge, the prevailing party in a declaratory relief action concerning a 

dispute over the terms of a settlement agreement between the parties in an earlier lawsuit. 

(Civ. Code, § 1717, subd. (a).)1 We hold that the award of attorney’s fees was error 

because, as a matter of law, the settlement agreement sued on did not authorize an award 

of attorney’s fees. Although Eldridge’s lease did contain an attorney’s fee clause, she did 

not sue for breach of her lease. Accordingly, we reverse the order.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

1. Eldridge’s lawsuit against defendants

Eldridge is a tenant in the Village Trailer Park (the park), a mobile home park 

located in the City of Santa Monica and owned by defendants. She entered into a 60-

month lease commencing February 1, 1999. The lease included in paragraph 33 a 

provision for the recovery of attorney’s fees by the prevailing party “incurred in the event 

of litigation between us.”

Eldridge was a plaintiff, along with numerous other park residents, in an action 

alleging Village Trailer Park, Inc. failed to maintain electrical, water, sewage, gas, and 

other facilities in the park. (McNama v. Village Trailer Park, Inc. (Super. Ct. L.A.

County, 2003, No. SC062254).) That action was resolved in 2003 by a settlement, much 

of which was placed on the record in the trial court. (The McNama settlement.) Portions 

of the oral part of the McNama settlement concerned Eldridge only. 

In 2011, Eldridge filed the instant action seeking declaratory and injunctive relief 

because of concerns that defendants planned to develop the park and evict her. She 

sought “declaratory relief regarding her rights under [the] 2003 Settlement Agreement

entered into in the case of McNama v. Village Trailer Park, Inc.” (Italics added.) In 

particular, Eldridge’s complaint requested a declaration, based on the oral portion of the 

 

1 All further statutory references are to the Civil Code, unless otherwise noted.
3

McNama settlement, that defendants had no right to, and were precluded from, taking any 

action that would change her lot line or cause her to move her home. Eldridge’s 

complaint makes no mention of her lease. 

Defendants cross-complained against Eldridge seeking a declaration that they 

were not obligated by any agreement with Eldridge. 

Trial involved the interpretation of the McNama settlement and the scope of its 

provisions as applied to Eldridge, and whether defendants were bound by that agreement. 

After trial to the bench, the court ruled in favor of Eldridge. The court found that the 

McNama settlement language was not ambiguous and based thereon, declared that 

defendants could not terminate Eldridge’s lease absent some legal requirement by an 

appropriate government agency. 

2. Eldridge’s attorney’s fee motion 

Eldridge moved for an award of attorney’s fees against defendants in the amount

of $325,680 on the ground that she was the prevailing party in the declaratory relief 

action. The sole basis relied on by Eldridge for the award was paragraph 33 of her lease 

and section 1717. 

Defendants opposed the motion on the ground that Eldridge’s declaratory relief 

action was based on the McNama settlement rather than on her lease, and that the 

McNama settlement did not authorize recovery of attorney’s fees. That settlement 

expressly required the parties to bear their own fees in the McNama litigation, and was 

silent about the recovery of fees in later litigation on that agreement. 

Recognizing that the McNama settlement did not provide for an award of 

attorney’s fees, the trial court stated at the hearing, “The issue really is, does this action 

arise out of the lease.” The court stated that the “only way that attorney fees are going to 

be recoverable” would be based on an interpretation that this lawsuit “arose out of the 

lease agreement between the two parties” because the lease contained an attorney’s fees 

clause. 

The trial court resolved the issue in Eldridge’s favor and granted her motion based 

on the lease’s attorney’s fee provision. Quoting from Boyd v. Oscar Fisher Co. (1989) 
4

210 Cal.App.3d 368 (Boyd), the court construed the McNama settlement together with 

the lease, reasoning that together the two agreements governed Eldridge’s rights as 

defendants’ tenant. The court found that the lease’s fee provision was “extremely broad 

and applies to litigation between the landlord and tenant without any express limitation” 

and that “[t]his action was asserted to vindicate [Eldridge’s] rights as a tenant.” On that 

basis, the court ruled that Eldridge was entitled to attorney’s fees and fixed the amount at 

$146,970. Defendants appeal. 

CONTENTION

Defendants contend that the trial court erred as a matter of law in awarding 

Eldridge attorney’s fees under the authority of Civil Code section 1717 and Boyd. They 

do not challenge the amount of the fee award.

DISCUSSION

Code of Civil Procedure section 1033.5, subdivision (a)(10) allows the recovery of 

attorney’s fees as part of costs if such fees are authorized by a contract or statute. Section 

1717, subdivision (a) reads in relevant part, “In any action on a contract, where the 

contract specifically provides that attorney’s fees and costs, which are incurred to enforce 

that contract, shall be awarded either to one of the parties or to the prevailing party, then 

the party who is determined to be the party prevailing on the contract, whether he or she 

is the party specified in the contract or not, shall be entitled to reasonable attorney’s fees 

in addition to other costs.” (Italics added.)

Section 1717 “ ‘covers only contract actions, where the theory of the case is 

breach of contract, and where the contract sued upon itself specifically provides for an 

award of attorney fees incurred to enforce that contract.’ [Citation.]” (Federal Deposit 

Ins. Corp. v. Dintino (2008) 167 Cal.App.4th 333, 357, second italics added.) To 

determine which contract was sued upon, we look to the gravamen of the action and the 

evidence, and the grounds of recovery articulated in the trial court’s ruling. (Hyduke’s 

Valley Motors v. Lobel Financial Corp. (2010) 189 Cal.App.4th 430, 435-436.) 

Eldridge’s motion premised her right to attorney’s fees on her lease, and on appeal, she 

insists that the “underlying action involved [her] right to remain a tenant under her lease.” 
5

Looking at Eldridge’s complaint however, and at the evidence adduced at trial, there is no 

question but that her declaratory relief action was on the McNama settlement and not on 

the lease. The gravamen of Eldridge’s action was that the McNama settlement prevented 

defendants from moving her or evicting her. Stated otherwise, Eldridge was suing 

defendants to prevent their breach of the McNama settlement. That she sought in this 

litigation to remain a tenant in the park does not convert her action to one “on” the lease 

because her right to stay in the park was based on the words of the McNama settlement

alone.

2

Recognizing the problem, the trial court relied on the authority of Boyd to construe 

the McNama settlement together with Eldridge’s lease so as to invoke the lease’s broad 

attorney’s fee provision. In Boyd, the trial court awarded a manufacturer attorney’s fees 

on a written dealership agreement with a dealer despite the absence of an attorney’s fee 

provision. However, the manufacturer’s invoices did provide for attorney’s fees. (Boyd, 

supra, 210 Cal.App.3d at pp. 372-375, 378.) Boyd recited the rule that “Courts will 

construe together several documents concerning the same subject and made as part of the 

same transaction (Civ. Code, § 1642; [citation]) even though the documents were not 

executed contemporaneously [citations] and do not refer to each other [citations]. It is 

generally a factual question whether several documents were intended to govern the same 

transaction. [Citations.] However, ‘[i]nterpretation of a contract presents a question of 

law unless it depends on conflicting evidence, and an appellate court is not bound by a 

trial court’s interpretation which does not depend on the credibility of extrinsic evidence.’ 

 

2

In her brief on appeal, Eldridge argues she is entitled to recover attorney’s fees 

under Code of Civil Procedure section 1021 because her lease allows the prevailing party 

to recover attorney’s fees “incurred in the event of litigation between us.” However, 

apart from the fact that Eldridge raises this basis for fees for the first time on appeal and 

so has forfeited it (In re Marriage of Modnick (1983) 33 Cal.3d 897, 913, fn. 15; 

Santantonio v. Westinghouse Broadcasting Co. (1994) 25 Cal.App.4th 102, 113), her 

“contractual right to attorney fees must come from the agreement that was entered and 

was breached,” not from an unrelated one that was not breached. (Khajavi v. Feather 

River Anesthesia Medical Group (2000) 84 Cal.App.4th 32, 61, italics added.)
6

[Citations.]” (Boyd, supra, at p. 378.) The Boyd court read the dealership agreement 

together with the manufacturer’s invoices to affirm the fee award. (Id. at pp. 379-380.) 

Neither Boyd nor Civil Code section 1642 authorizes the construction of 

Eldridge’s lease together with the McNama settlement agreement as part of a single 

transaction. The Boyd dealership agreement and subsequent invoices were considered 

related to each other by the California Uniform Commercial Code sales provisions 

governing dealership contracts. (Boyd, supra, 210 Cal.App.3d at p. 379, quoting from 

Cal. U. Com. Code, § 1201, subd. (b)(12).) Also, the dealer never suggested that the 

dealership agreement, the first contract, was intended to be a final and exclusive 

expression of the parties’ agreement. (Boyd, supra, at p. 379.) Finally, the conduct of the 

parties supported the conclusion that they added terms to the dealership agreement by 

subsequent invoices. (Ibid.) 

Here, no statute that operates like the Uniform Commercial Code applies to read 

the lease and the McNama settlement as part of the same transaction. Nothing in the 

McNama settlement indicates that it was meant to be construed together with the lease. 

Neither agreement refers to the other. Merely because these two contracts concern 

Eldridge’s presence at defendants’ park does not transform the two agreements into a 

single transaction. Rather, unlike Boyd, the lease here contains an integration clause and 

so the lease was the final and exclusive expression of the parties’ agreement at the time. 

Thus, the McNama settlement created an entirely new right to stay in the park. These

uncontradicted facts preclude us from inferring that the parties intended that the McNama

settlement would add terms to the lease so as to justify construing the two agreements 

together as part of the same transaction.

“The general rule under the code section [1642] . . . is that two or more separately 

executed instruments may be considered and construed as one contract ‘only when upon 

their face they deal with the same subject matter and are by reference to one another so 

connected that they may be fairly said to be interdependent.’ [Citations.]” (Coons v. 

Henry (1960) 186 Cal.App.2d 512, 517.) The lease and the McNama settlement provide 

for contradictory bases for their termination. The lease, which has long since expired, 
7

could be terminated in accordance with the requirements of the Mobilehome Residency 

law, whereas the McNama settlement prohibits termination “absent some legal 

requirement by an appropriate government entity.” Thus, Eldridge’s right to remain at 

the park is premised solely on the McNama settlement. Civil Code section 1642 does not 

apply to warrant extension of the lease’s attorney’s fee provision to this lawsuit to 

enforce the McNama settlement. 

Where the evidence is not in dispute, interpretation of the contracts to determine 

whether they were intended to govern the same transaction presents a question of law. 

(Boyd, supra, 210 Cal.App.3d at p. 378.) As a matter of law these documents are not 

intended to govern the same transaction. Therefore, neither section 1717 nor section 

1642, nor Boyd allows Eldridge to recover fees on the basis of an attorney’s fee provision 

in her lease, which was never at issue, or for vindication of the McNama settlement 

which had no attorney’s fees clause. There is no legal basis for the award of attorney’s 

fees to Eldridge. 
8

DISPOSITION

The order appealed from is reversed. Appellant is to recover costs on appeal.

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS

ALDRICH, J.

We concur:

KITCHING, Acting P. J.

JONES, J.

 



Judge of the Los Angeles Superior Court, assigned by Chief Justice pursuant to 

article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.