FILED

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

FEBRUARY 23, 2009

THOMAS K. KAHN

CLERK

 [DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

__________________________

No.08-10954

Non-Argument Calendar

__________________________

D. C. Docket No. 06-60325-CV-WPD

THOSE CERTAIN UNDERWRITERS AT LLOYD’S LONDON,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

LONDON MARKET INSURANCE COMPANIES,

Plaintiff,

versus

GMC LAND SERVICES, INC., et al.,

a Florida corporation doing business as Richmond Abstract,

Defendants,

OLD REPUBLIC NATIONAL TITLE INSURANCE COMPANY,

a Minnesota corporation,

Defendant-Appellant.

__________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Southern District of Florida

___________________________

(February 23, 2009)
Before EDMONDSON, Chief Judge, TJOFLAT and BLACK, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

Defendant-Appellant Old Republic National Title Insurance Company (“Old

Republic”) appeals the grant of summary judgment in favor of PlaintiffsAppellees, Those Certain Underwriters at Lloyd’s, London (“Lloyd’s”), in a

declaratory judgment suit seeking to determine insurance coverage under a

professional liability policy issued by Lloyd’s. No reversible error has been

shown; we affirm. 

The facts largely are undisputed. Old Republic is a title insurance

underwriter. GMC Land Services of Florida, Inc. (“GMC”) operated as a policy

issuing agent for Old Republic; GMC received and processed applications for title

insurance and issued title insurance policies for Old Republic. Lloyd’s issued a

professional services liability policy to GMC. 

On 28 December 2004, GMC closed a real estate sale on a parcel of

property in Pembroke Pines, Florida (the “Property”); by warranty deed filed in the

Broward County Recorder’s Office, the Property was transferred from Jacquelin

Jones Thom to Shekinal Awofadeju. Awofadeju had obtained a mortgage loan of

$456,000 from Aegis Funding Corporation (“Aegis”); GMC issued a title

2
insurance policy through Old Republic insuring title to the Property on behalf of

Aegis in the amount of the mortgage.

As of 28 December 2004, the Recorder’s Office reflected that a quitclaim

deed for the Property had been issued on 19 July 2004 and recorded on 28

September 2004; the quitclaim deed purported to transfer the Property from Steven

E. Tovar to Jacquelyn Jones Thom. Tovar later filed an action to clear title.

According to Tovar, his signature on the 19 July 2004 quitclaim deed was forged,

and Thom obtained no title from the purported transfer. Aegis made a claim

against Old Republic on the title insurance policy; and Old Republic paid Aegis

$456,000, the full amount of the title insurance policy. Old Republic then sought

to recover this payment from GMC claiming that GMC had failed to follow

applicable agent guidelines and procedures: specifically, GMC had failed to alert

Old Republic to the existence of the quitclaim deed in the chain of title to the

Property. GMC, in turn, reported the claim to Lloyd’s, its professional services

liability insurer. Lloyd’s disclaimed coverage under the Policy; and Lloyd’s

initiated this declaratory judgment action to determine what obligation, if any, it

had under the professional liability policy to indemnify GMC against claims made

by Old Republic for GMC’s alleged negligence.

Both parties moved for summary judgment below; each advanced the same

3
provision of the professional liability policy in support of the motion. That

provision -- entitled “Land Flip Exclusion” -- reads:

This Policy does not apply to Loss in connection with any

Claim:

Based upon or directly or indirectly arising out of or

resulting from: (a) any transaction involving real

property that occurs within six months after a sale,

assignment, transfer or change in ownership involving

such real property, or (b) any failure to comply with

closing instructions relating to a prior sale, assignment,

transfer or change in ownership involving the property

that is the subject of closing.

Applying Florida law, the district court determined that the plain language

1

of the policy excluded coverage: the 28 December 2004 purported sale of the

Property occurred within six months of the 19 July 2004 purported transfer from

Tovar. We agree.

Old Republic argues on appeal -- as it did before the district court -- that the

exclusion has no application because it is triggered only when a valid or legitimate

or actual “sale, assignment, transfer or change in ownership” occurs within the

preceding six-month period. According to Old Republic, the claimed forgery of

the Tovar quitclaim deed was void ab initio; it was a legal nullity and, as a matter

This matter is in federal court under diversity jurisdiction; the parties agreed that Florida 1

law applies.

4
of law, was no transaction for purposes of the Land Flip Exclusion.

Whatever may be the status of the Tovar quitclaim deed under principles of

Florida real estate law -- and we assume arguendo that the quitclaim deed was

void ab initio -- the question at the heart of this appeal is one of insurance

coverage and principles of Florida law applicable to the construction of an

insurance policy. As the district court noted correctly, insurance policies must be

read as a whole, Fla. Stat. § 627.419(1). “[I]nsurance contracts are construed

according to their plain meaning,” Taurus Holdings Inc. v. U.S. Fidelity and

Guaranty Co., 913 So.2d 528, 532 (Fla. 2005); and every term should be given “its

full meaning and operative effect.” Auto-Owners Insurance Co. v. Anderson, 756

So.2d 29, 34 (Fla. 2000). “If the relevant policy language is susceptible to more

than one reasonable interpretation, one providing coverage and another limiting

coverage, the insurance policy is considered ambiguous,” id.; and ambiguities are

construed in favor of the insured and strictly against the insurer. Swire Pacific

Holdings, Inc. v. Zurich Insurance Co., 845 So.2d 161, 165 (Fla. 2003). But the

Florida Supreme Court has cautioned that this rule of construction only applies

when a provision is actually ambiguous; “‘if a policy provision is clear and

unambiguous, it should be enforced according to its terms whether it is a basic

policy provision or an exclusionary provision.’” Garcia v. Federal Insurance Co.,

5
969 So.2d 288, 291 (Fla. 2007), quoting Taurus Holdings, 913 So.2d at 532.

The insurance provision at issue is time-focused: only property transactions

within a six-month-time-frame are addressed by the Land Flip Exclusion. Taken

in context, we agree with the district court that the plain language of the exclusion

is unambiguous; the policy excludes coverage of any claim directly or indirectly

arising out of any transaction (here, the sale by Thom of the Property to

Awofadeju) within six months after another “sale, assignment, transfer or change

in ownership” (here, the transfer of the Property from Tovar to Awofadeju by

quitclaim deed as recorded in the County Recorder’s Office). Under ordinary

rules of construction -- construing the plain language of the Policy as bargained

for by the parties, see Auto-Owners, 756 So.2d at 33 -- the Policy is susceptible to

only one reasonable interpretation. We reject Plaintiff’s efforts to engraft further

limitations on the plain language of the Policy; the Policy excludes coverage of

claims arising from a sale, assignment, transfer, or change in ownership within the

six-month-time frame whether the sale, assignment, transfer, or change in

ownership is determined later to have been illegitimate, fraudulent, forged or

otherwise of no legal consequence. See Excelsior Insurance Co. v. Pomona Park

Bar & Package Store, 369 So.2d 938, 942 (Fla. 1979) (courts are not to “rewrite

contracts, add meaning that is not present, or otherwise reach results contrary to

6
the intentions of the parties”).

AFFIRMED. 

2

Because we conclude the district court granted summary judgment correctly under clause 2

(a) of the Land Flip Exclusion, we do not consider Lloyd’s argument that clause (b) also would

support summary judgment in its favor.

7