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    Hot Topics
Hot Topics came from corrections professionals like you. People who wrote in and had the same questions that had not been answered by the field before. NIC's expert researchers and CPS's put together the best answers based on evidence-based and data-driven information from the field. There are many questions that have been answered, so please use the search function to help you find what you're looking for.
Can't find an answer to your question? Ask a LibrarianSearch in Question Title
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  The History of Corrections in America
  View the full content of this Hot Topic
   Published: 2013-02-13
Brief History of the Federal Prison SystemThe United States government established the prison system in 1891. The Three Prison Act established funding for Leavenworth, McNeil Island and UPS Atlanta. It appears the first Federal prison was Leavenworth in Kansas. It started housing prisoners in 1906; however, prior to it opening federal prisoners were held at Fort Leavenworth military prison. Prisoners were used to build the facility.Before the U.S. government passed the Three Prison Act, federal prisoners were held in state prisons. Today the Federal Bureau of Prisons houses inmates convicted of federal crimes. As of today the total number of inmates held in BOP operated facilities is 183,820 in 122 institutions, 27 residential reentry management offices and 11 privately managed facilities.BOP Timeline1891 - Federal Prison System EstablishedCongress passes the "Three Prisons Act," which established the Federal Prison System (FPS). The first three prisons – USP Leavenworth,USP Atlanta, and USP McNeil Island – are operated with limited oversight by the Department of Justice.BOP HistoryPursuant to Pub. L. No. 71-218, 46 Stat. 325 (1930), the Bureau of Prisons was established within the Department of Justice and charged with the "management and regulation of all Federal penal and correctional institutions." This responsibility covered the administration of the 11 Federal prisons in operation at the time.USP Leavenworth was one of three first generation federal prisons which were built in the early 1900s. Prior to its construction, federal prisoners were held at state prisons. In 1895, Congress authorized the construction of the federal prison system.[5] From an article at this link: LeavenworthThe other two were Atlanta and McNeil Island (although McNeil dates to the 1870s the major expansion did not occur until the early 1900s)1896 June 10: the Congress authorized a new federal penitentiary.1897 March: Warden French marched prisoners every morning two and one-half miles (4 km) from Ft. Leavenworth to the new site of the federal penitentiary. Work went on for two and one-half decades.1906 February 1: All prisoners had been transferred to the new facility, and the War Department appreciatively accepted the return of its prison.This medium-security prison for men opened in 1902 after President William McKinley signed off on the construction of a new federal prison in Atlanta. Along with USP Leavenworth and McNeil Island, it is one of the oldest federal prisons in the United States. From United States Penitentiary, AtlantaLife Goes On: The Historic Rise in Life Sentences in America**Nellis, Ashley, and Jean Chung. The Sentencing Project, 2013**“This analysis documents long-term trends in the use of life imprisonment as well as providing empirical details for the offenses that comprise the life-sentenced population” (p. 1). An appendix provides a graph for each state showing their trends in the use of life sentences.**Document ID:** 0276351980 New Mexico State Penitentiary Prison Riot**BBC (London, England), 2009**This video documentary covers the February 2 and 3, 1980 riot at the New Mexico State Penitentiary. During this riot, the worst in the history of corrections in the United States, 33 inmates were killed with over 200 injured, and seven of the 12 officers taken hostage hurt.Document ID: 026908Correctional Photo Archives**Eastern Kentucky University, Special Collections and Archives**Access to the American Prison Society Photographic Archive collected by William Bain is provided at this website include: about the collection; access the collection; access the inventory; search this site; other links; other resources; and contact information.**New York Correction History Society**This website serves to pursue, preserve, and promote the history of Correction Services in New York. Areas covered include Probation, Parole, Juvenile Justice, Alternatives to Incarceration, and Transitional Services.A Brief History of Alcatraz - Federal Bureau of Prisons**Federal Bureau of Prisons**Describes before the prison was built, the rock, birdman, escape attempts, and the closure of the facility. Compiled by the Federal Bureau of Prisons.
          Are there benefits to providing yoga classes in jail or prison?
  View the full content of this Hot Topic
   Published: 2013-07-17
          Do you have resources for compassionate release of inmates?
  View the full content of this Hot Topic
   Published: 2013-03-26
COMPASSIONATE RELEASE: THE IMPACT OF THE FIRST STEP ACT AND COVID-19 PANDEMIC

**U.S. Sentencing Commission, 2022**

U.S. Sentencing Commission Compassionate Release Data Report

**U.S. Sentencing Commission, 2021**

Everywhere and Nowhere: Compassionate Release in the States

**Price, Mary, 2018**

The High Costs of Low Risk: The Crisis of America’s Aging Prison Population

**The Osborne Association, 2018**

A Question of Compassion: Medical Parole in New York State

**Vera Institute of Justice, 2018**

CA Inmates Can Appeal Compassionate Release Denials: Court Ruled 'Substantial Rights' of Inmates Affected by Adverse Rulings [Article]

**The Associated Press, 2015**

An Informational Guide to Compassionate Release in Pennsylvania

**Pennsylvania Institutional Law Project, 2014**

**Aging Prisoners: A Brief Report of Key Legal and Policy Dilemmas**

**Doron, Israel Issi and Helene Love, 2013.**

The problems surrounding the imprisonment of elderly offenders are examined. The key legal and policy challenges concerning older prisoners covered are: early and compassionate release; segregation or integration; the meaning of imprisonment in old age and its legal implications; fixed versus tailored sentences; and if prison is the right place to confine older offenders. The authors conclude with a discussion of whether there is a need for “age specific” legal policy for older inmates.

Resource ID: 027574

Compassionate Release/Reduction of Sentence: Procedures for Implementation of 18 U.S.C. 3582(c)(A) and 4205(g)

**United States Bureau of Prisons (BOP), 2013**

This Program Statement explains how the United States Bureau of Prisons (BOP) determines and implements requests from inmates for compassionate release or reduction in sentence.

Document ID: 027562

The Federal Bureau of Prisons' Compassionate Release Program

**U.S. Department of Justice, Office of the Inspector General, Evaluation and Inspections Division, 2013**

Dying to be Free: An Analysis of Wisconsin's Restructured Compassionate Release Statute

**Murphy, Nicole M. Marquette Law Review, 2012**

Balancing Punishment and Compassion for Seriously Ill Prisoners [Article]

**Williams, Brie A., Rebecca L. Sudore, Robert Greifinger and Sean R. Morrison, 2011**

Anyone involved with the compassionate release process needs to read this article.

Document ID: 025212

Compassionate Release for the Terminally Ill

**Hawaii Department of Public Safety, Corrections Administration Policy and Procedures, 2011**

An Act Regarding the Operation of County Jails and the State Board of Corrections

**Maine Legislature, 2009**

This act covers the release from prison or jail of terminally ill inmates into supervised community confinement.

Document ID: 023951
          State Departments of Corrections Web-Based Policy and Procedure Manuals
  View the full content of this Hot Topic
   Published: 2012-05-23
          Can you direct me to jail policy development resources and examples of jail policy and procedure manuals?
  View the full content of this Hot Topic
   Published: 2013-07-01
**Question:**I need to revise our jail policy and procedure manual. Can you direct me to resources that will help me? I'd also like to see any jail policy manuals that are available.**Answer:**Some jail-specific policy examples and resources are provided below. As always, there are no such things as ideal or perfect polices, so you can review examples but make sure the revision you build in to your manual reflect your needs, statutes, prevailing case law, and prevailing professional practices. The American Correctional Association (ACA) Standards for Adult Local Detention Facilities as well as their Core Jail Standards, make a good basis for jail policies.
          Where can I find guidelines for infectious disease management in prisons?
  View the full content of this Hot Topic
   Published: 2013-05-29
Hepatitis C elimination among people incarcerated in prisons: challenges and recommendations for action within a health systems framework**Akiyama, Matthew J., Kronfli, Nadine, Cabezas, Joaquin, Sheehan, Yumi, Thurairajah, Prem H., Lines, Richard, Lloyd, Andrew, 2021**Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): Recommendations and Guidance [Website]**Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2017**Clinical Care of Incarcerated People with HIV, VIRAL Hepatitis, or Tuberculosis**Rich, Josiah D., Curt G. Beckwith, Alexandria Macmadu, Brandon D.L. Marshall, Lauren Brinkley-Rubinstein, Joseph J. Amon, M-J Milloy, Maxmillian R.F. King, Jorge Sanchez, Lukoye Atwoli, and Frederick L. Altice, 2016**Monitoring HIV, HCV, TB and Harm Reduction in Prisons: A Human Rights-Based Tool to Prevent Ill Treatment**Sander, Gen, 2016**Management of HIV Infection**Federal Bureau of Prisons Clinical Guidance, 2016**Prevention of Hepatitis C by Screening and Treatment in United States Prisons**He, Tiamhua, Kan Li, Mark S. Roberts, Anne C. Spaulding, Turgay Ayer, John J. Grefenstette, and Jagpreet Chhatwal, 2016**Evaluation and Management of Chronic Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Infection**Federal Bureau of Prisons, Clinical Practice Guidelines, 2016**Infectious Diseases and the Criminal Justice System: A Public Health Perspective**Nijhawan, Ank E., 2016**Hepatitis C in Corrections: Innovations in Treatment and Management of a Public Health Challenge [Internet Broadcast]**Grant, Anita, James Greer, Sheila M. Guilfoyle, Newton Kendig, Kathleen Maurer, Olugbenga Ojo, and Chad Zawitz, 2015**Hepatitis C Virus Infection and Prisoners: Epidemiology, Outcome and Treatment**Zampino, Rosa, Nicola Coppola, Caterina Sagnelli, Giovanni Di Caprio, and Evangelista Sagnelli, 2015**
          Recruitment and Retention of Women and Minorities
  View the full content of this Hot Topic
   Published: 2012-06-13
An Examination of Factors Contributing to the Effectiveness of Female Administrators in Corrections [Dissertation]

**Crockett, Daisy Lee, Walden University, 2017**

Diversity in Law Enforcement: A Literature Review

**U.S. Department of Justice, Civil Rights Division, Office of Justice Programs, 2015**

How to Stand Tall in a Man's World: The Five E's to Cause Your Money and Influence to Rise

**McDonald, Dalonika, Texas Department of Criminal Justice/Parole Division, 2013**

"An experienced female correctional officer provides valuable lessons to assist other female staff in achieving their professional goals."

Document ID: 027720

Correctional Officers: Strategies to Improve Retention

**Nink, Carl, Management & Training Corporation (MTC) Institute, 2010**

Document ID: 024306

The Future is Now: Recruiting, Retaining, and Developing the 21st Century Jail Workforce

**Stinchcomb, Jeanne B., Susan W. McCampbell, and Leslie Leip, 2009**

Document ID: 023688

Women Professionals in Corrections: A Growing Asset

**Nink, Carl, 2008**

Document ID: 023348
          Co-Occurring Disorders in the Criminal Justice System
  View the full content of this Hot Topic
   Published: 2016-03-10
Resources on justice-involved people who have substance use disorders as well as mental health disorders.
Implementing Specialized Caseloads to Reduce Recidivism for People with Co-Occurring Disorders

**Haneberg, Risë, 2021**

Arrest, Release, Repeat: How police and jails are misused to respond to social problems

**Jones, Alexi., and Sawyer, Wendy,  2019**

Jail-To-Community Treatment Continuum for Adults with Co-Occurring Substance Use and Mental Disorders: Study Protocol for a Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial

**VanDorn, Richard A., et al., 2017**

Improving Outcomes for People with Serious Mental Illness and Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorders in Contact with the Criminal Justice System

**Wrenn, Glenda L., Brian McGregor, and Mark R. Munetz, 2017**

A Review of Treatment Programs for Offenders with Co-Occurring Addictive and Mental Disorders: Support for Booster Interventions

**Maruca, Annette T., and Deborah Shelton, 2017**

Screening and Assessment of Co-occurring Disorders in the Criminal Justice System [Webinar]

**The Council of State Governmments Justice Center, 2016**

Screening and Assessment of Co-occurring Disorders in the Justice System

**Peters, Roger H., Elizabeth Rojas, and Marla G. Bartoi, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), 2016**

Document ID: 031543

Interventions for Drug-Using Offender with Co-Occurring Mental Health Problems: A Systematic Review and Economic Appraisal

**Woodhouse, Rebecca, et.al., 2016**

Co-Occurring Substance Use and Mental Disorders in the Criminal Justice System: A New Frontier of Clinical Practice and Research

**Peters, Roger H., Arthur Lurigio, and Harry Wexler, 2015**

Motivational Interviewing and Co-Occurring Disorders: Minnesota Correctional Agents' Perceptions

**Kalmon, Elizabeth J., 2015**

Co-Occurring Disorders Treatment Guide

**American Addiction Centers, 2015**

The Processing and Treatment of Mentally Ill Persons in the Criminal Justice System: A Scan of Practice and Background Analysis

**Kim, KiDeu k, Miriam Becker-Cohen, and Maria Serakos, 2015**
          How can I get information on incentives and sanctions/contingency management?
  View the full content of this Hot Topic
   Published: 2013-03-11
Rewards and sanctions, or contingency management programs, are based on the theory of operant learning, which
    explains that human behavior is learned through the consequences that result from our actions. Behaviors that result
    in positive consequence will be repeated. Therefore, behaviors that are reinforced or rewarded are more likely to
    increase, and behaviors that are punished are more likely to decrease over time.

**Robina Institute of Criminal Law and Criminal Justice, 2020**

**Revision
        of Probation Violation Guidelines Update****Virginia Criminal Sentencing Commission, 2017**
    **An Evidence-Based
            Approach to Promoting & Enforcing Compliance with Conditions of Probation Supervision**Center for Sentencing Initiatives/National Center for State Courts, 2017
    **First
            Evaluation of a Contingency Management Intervention Addressing Adolescent Substance Use and Sexual Risk
            Behaviors: Risk Reduction Therapy for Adolescents**
            Letourneau, Elizabeth J., Michael R. McCart, Ashli J. Sheidow, and Pia M. Mauro, 2017
    **Missouri
            Policy Shortens Probation and Parole Terms, Protects Public Safety Individuals on Community Supervision Can
            Earn Credits to Reduce Their Sentences**Pew Charitable Trusts, 2016
    **Get Smart About ... Rewards and Sanctions: The Facts about Contingency Management**
    National Institute of Corrections (NIC), 2013Document ID: 027244
    **Adaptability of Contingency Management in
            Justice Settings: Survey Findings on Attitudes Towards Using Rewards**
    Murphy, Amy, Anne Giuranna Rhodes and Faye S. Taxman, 2012
    Contingency management (CM) is widely recognized as an evidence-based practice, but it is not widely used in either treatment settings or justice settings. CM is perceived as adaptable in justice settings given the natural inclination to use contingencies to improve compliance to desired behaviors.
    **A
            Treatment Manual for Implementing Contingency Management: Using Incentives to Improve Parolee Enrollment and
            Attendance in Community Treatment**
            Prendergast, Michael and Elizabeth Hall, 2011
    **Utilizing
            Behavioral Interventions to Improve Supervision Outcomes in Community-Based Corrections**
            Wodahl, Eric J., Brett Garland, Scott E. Culhane, and William P. McCarty, 2011
    **Implementation
            of a Contingency
            Management-Based Intervention in a Community Supervision Setting: Clinical Issues and Recommendations**
    Trotman, Adria J. and Faye E. Taxman, 2011Document ID: 025627
          Do you have examples of orientation handbooks for offenders?
  View the full content of this Hot Topic
   Published: 2013-05-29
Offender Orientation Handbook**Texas Department of Criminal Justice, 2017**Inmate Admission & Orientation Handbook**Bureau of Prisons, 2017**Prisoner Handbook**Goose Creek (AK) Correctional Center, 2017**Inmate Handbook**Pennsylvania Department of Corrections, 2017**Female Inmate Handbook**Alabama Department of Corrections, 2017**Male Inmate Handbook**Alabama Department of Corrections, 2017**Inmate Guidelines​**Monroe County (FL) Sheriff's Office, 2017**Inmate Handbook: Rules, Regulations and General Information**Leon County (FL) Sheriff's Office, 2017**Offender Orientation Handbook**Georgia Department of Corrections, 2016**
          Censorship and Banned Book Lists in Correctional Facilities
  View the full content of this Hot Topic
   Published: 2014-11-06
In general, censorship is not supported by the First Amendment to the US Constitution nor by the ALA Bill of Rights in Libraries in the US. Of course, prison libraries are under very different conditions. According to Geary, Mike. "Trends in Prison Library Service." Bookmobile and Outreach Services 6, (2003) "It is important to keep in mind that prison librarians are part of the organization that locks up the prisoners. They are professionals who serve the institution as well as the inmates. Basic beliefs in intellectual freedom, censorship, and public service may all be compromised."

The Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) regulations state that publications can only be rejected if they are found to be "detrimental to the security, good order, or discipline of the institution or if it might facilitate criminal activity." That description is generally understood to include content such as explanations on how to make explosives, martial arts training manuals and books containing maps of the prison and its surrounding area. Each prison governor has the discretion to ban access to any reading material if he or she considers that the content presents a threat to good order or discipline, or that possession of the material is likely to have an adverse effect on the prisoner’s physical or mental condition. More at Cornell University Law Schoolonline.

In addition, books can be harder to access inside for numerous reasons. Also, some restrictions are also placed on buying and where to buy items as well as other factors surrounding vending/acquisitions. Many prisons use the IEP (earned privileges) or similar schemes as well. Most prisons also prohibit obscene or explicit materials. However, it is fairly difficult to find express polices around this topic due to the controversy surrounding this topic. You may of course contact each DOC separately to find out more about what they do in each state or jurisdiction that you are interested in. Banned lists are not always easily accessible or publically available but may be available to you upon further request. You may also share them with us later if you do find any more comprehensive lists yourself. The ACLU has filed motions in a US district courts that argue an existing policy at places like the Berkeley County Detention Center in Moncks Corner, S.C., is unconstitutional. Thepolicy currently bans all reading material — save the Bible — from inmates. Read more:

Some states do supposedly maintain lists of banned items. The Texas Department of Criminal Justice is unique in that it supposedly maintains a statewide database of banned books. "The Texas Department of Criminal Justice (TDCJ) arbitrarily censors books and magazines sent to Texas prisoners. Though cultivating literacy has obvious rehabilitative benefits, TDCJ prevents prisoners from reading many books, including works by award-winning authors, literary classics, and books about civil rights and prison conditions. Many feel that it is in violation of prisoners’ First Amendment rights that TDCJ prohibits the of reading important books."

Banned Books in the Texas Prison System (2011)

The Virginia Department of Corrections (DOC) also allegedly maintained a list of books partially named on this site.

It is important to note that in 2013, a pair of civil rights organizations sued the Virginia Department of Corrections after the groups’ inmate legal guide to challenging prison mistreatment reportedly was banned. The suit, which was filed in Charlottesville’s federal court by the National Lawyers Guild and Center for Constitutional Rights, said that the “Jailhouse Lawyer’s Handbook” was banned without the required notice to the publisher. The groups also accused the department officials of violating their First Amendment rights.

**In any case, there certainly isn't any one single nationwide list of books or magazines banned from prisons, but here is a list of resources which may help you explore this topic further:**

American Correctional Association/American Library Association Joint Committee on Institution Libraries (ACSLA)

Collection Development and Circulation Policies in Prison Libraries: An Exploratory Survey of Librarians in US Correctional Institutions

Prisoners Rights Resources Resources for Legal Research: Prisoners' Rights

ACLU and Colorado DOC Settle Lawsuit Challenging Censorship Practices

Annotated Bibliography: Library Services to the Incarcerated

Guidelines for Library Services to Prisoners

Prison Books Ban: The Censorship Scandal Inside America's Jails

Prison Libraries Ban Literature, Raise Controversy
          Policies and Procedures for Juvenile Facilities
  View the full content of this Hot Topic
   Published: 2015-04-16
ARJuvenile Detention Facility StandardsAZState of Arizona Juvenile Detention StandardsCADivision of Juvenile Justice Policies and ProceduresTitle 15 Minimum Standards for Juvenile FacilitiesRiverside County Juvenile Halls Orientation HandbookCOThe Colorado Department of Human Services Division of Youth Corrections Youth HandbookCTJuvenile Publications including Juvenile Probation Handbook, Legal Rights in DetentionFLFlorida Department of Juvenile Justice Policies and ProceduresFlorida Department of Juvenile Justice Facility Operating ProcedureGAGeorgia Department of Juvenile Justice PoliciesIAIowa State Juvenile FacilitiesIDRules of the Department of Juvenile Corrections, Secure Juvenile Detention FacilitiesILPolicies and Procedures of the Illinois Juvenile Justice SystemKSInternal Management Policies and Procedures of the Juvenile Justice AuthorityKYKentucky Department of Juvenile Justice Policy ManualLAState of Louisiana Youth Services Office of Juvenile Justice PoliciesMADepartment of Youth Services Policies & RegulationsMIJuvenile Justice Residential Policy ManualsSaginaw County Juvenile Detention Policy BookMOStandards for Operation of a Secure Juvenile Detention FacilityNVJuvenile Detention Facility StandardsNJManual of Standards for Juvenile Detention FacilitiesNMNew Mexico Juvenile Detention StandardsNCJuvenile Crime Prevention Council Policy and Requirements and Procedures (R & P) DocumentNDNorth Dakota Facility (Detention) Rules, Division of Juvenile ServicesOROregon Juvenile Detention Facility GuidelinesPABureau of Juvenile Justice Services Policy and ProceduresRIState of Rhode Island Juvenile Justice Guidelines for the Handling of Youthful Offenders and Non-OffendersSCMinimum Standards for Local Juvenile Detention Facilities in South CarolinaSDSouth Dakota DOC Frequent Questions JuvenilesTNTennessee Department of Children's Services Minimum Standards for Juvenile Detention Centers and Temporary Holding ResourcesJuvenile Court of Memphis and Shelby County Detention Services Bureau Policy Procedure ManualTXTexas Juvenile Justice Department StandardsTarrant County Juvenile Services PolicyUTJuvenile Jail StandardsVTVermont Juvenile Justice PoliciesVAVirginia Department of Juvenile Justice RegulationsWIJuvenile Justice CodeOtherJuvenile Federal Performance-Based Detention Standards HandbookADR State Links | NCSC.orgGuidance Manual for Monitoring Facilities Under the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 2002Emergency Planning for Juvenile Justice Residential Facilities
          Correctional Officer Life Expectancy
  View the full content of this Hot Topic
   Published: 2010-06-11

Health Risks of Practicing Correctional Medicine

**Hart,Dionne, MD, 2019**

Correctional staff suffer high rates of posttraumatic stress disorder compared to military veterans, and the suicide rate among correctional 
officers is twice as high as that of both police officers and the general population and higher than that of all other professions combined. 
Correctional facilities’ physician employees are at risk of not only burnout but also other adverse mental health effects related to working in a 
correctional facility. Prison reform efforts should address the needs of both inmates and clinical staff.;

The Prison Experience for Corrections Staff

**The Vera Institute of Justice, 2018**

The people who work inside prisons are largely responsible for the environment that is created behind the walls. Although corrections staff may not dictate standards and policies, they must interpret them and put them into practice. This takes its own toll. Corrections officers, who work inside these facilities for 40 or more hours per week over the course of 20 or more years are also subject to the restrictive nature of prison and the negative effects that has on mental health.;

Prevalence of Trauma-related Health Conditions in Correctional Officers: A Profile of Michigan Corrections Organization Members

**Denhof, Michael D., and Caterina G. Spinaris, 2016**

A formal research inquiry was performed into the prevalence of various health status conditions among Michigan Corrections Organization members, primarily white male Corrections Officers, working in prison environments. The relationship between magnitude of exposure to work-related events involving violence, injury and death (VID), and several health conditions was examined.

Improving Correctional Officer Wellness Through a Multifaceted Approach

**Office** **of Justice Programs , Diagnostic Center, 2015**

Seven staff fatalities including three suicides in just three years (2010-2012). For professionals who operate correction facilities, stress can be a significant issue with fatal consequences. The Middlesex Sheriff’s Office (MSO) had 45 staff fatalities over the past 30 years. Twenty-four percent of these deaths were suicide. MSO believes the other deaths are tied to stress and wellness related health issues such as heart attack, stroke, diabetes and high blood pressure.

Document ID: 030026

Correctional Officer Wellness and Safety Literature Review

**Brower, Jaime, 2013**

Moreover, data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics indicate that, from 1999 to 2008, there were 113 occupational fatalities among civilian COs; a fatality rate of 2.7 per 100,000 full time employees. Of these deaths, 40 percent were intentional fatalities, meaning not accidents or suicides.

Document ID:  028104

Occupational Injuries Among U.S. Correctional Officers, 1999-2008

**Konda, Srinivas, Audrey A. Reichard, and Hope M. Tiesman, 2012**

This study describes fatal and nonfatal occupational injuries among U.S. correctional officers.

Florida Mortality Study: Florida Law Enforcement and Corrections Officers Compared to Florida General Population

**Florida State Lodge, 2011**

On average, law enforcement and correctional officers died 12 years earlier than the general population. In other words, law enforcement and corrections officers lived 62.4 years compared to 74.2 years for the general population.

Document ID: 025403

Rhode Island Corrections Union President David Mellon Says Correctional Officers' Life Expectancy is 58 Years

**Emery, C. Eugene Jr., 2011**

A lower life expectancy seems plausible, but age 58 seemed extraordinarily low when a 35-year-old male is predicted to live to age 77. We decided to track down the truth. It turned out to be as easy as handcuffing a ghost.

NIC Suicide in Corrections Project Page

The resources provided will help give an overview of the problems surrounding correctional suicides and the ways one can implement strategies to turn around the alarming upward trajectory of suicide rates.
          What are trauma-informed practices with justice-involved women?
  View the full content of this Hot Topic
   Published: 2014-02-24
What Does it Mean to Be a Trauma Informed Organization?**SCAN of Northern Virginia, 2018**Continuing Care and Trauma in Women Offenders' Substance Use, Psychiatric Status, and Self Efficacy Outcomes**Saxena, Preeta, Christine E. Grella, and Nena P. Messina, 2016**Findings support the importance of a continuing care treatment model for women offenders exposed to multiple forms of traumatic events, and provide evidence of the effectiveness of integrating trauma-informed treatment into women’s substance abuse treatment.Trauma-Informed Care: Principles & Practices for Justice-Involved Women with Serious Mental Illness and Co-Occurring Substance Use**Center for Applied Behavioral Health Policy, Arizona State University, 2015**According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office on Women’s Health, 55-99% of women in substance use treatment, and 85-95% of women in the public mental health system, report a history of trauma.Becoming Trauma-Informed: A Core Element in Women's Treatment**Covington, Stephanie S., 2015**This article discusses the rationale for gender-responsive, trauma-informed practice and describes seven evidence-based and best practices curricula that service providers may find helpful when advocating for and designing treatment and other programs.Using Trauma-Informed Practices to Enhance Safety and Security in Women's Correctional Facilities**Benedict, Alyssa, National Resource Center on Justice Involved Women (NRCJIW), 2014**This document provides a brief overview of trauma and its effects on women offenders, and specifically defines trauma-informed practices for women's correctional facilities.Document ID: 028184Addressing the Intersection of Trauma, Mental Health Challenges, and Substance Use**Federal Partners Committee on Women and Trauma, National Association of State Mental Health Program Directors (NASMHPD), 2014**The past, present, & future of federal government's commitment to addressing the impact of trauma on women.Document ID: 028239Trauma Annotated Bibliography**National Institute of Corrections Information Center (NICIC), 2014**This bibliography attempts to offer a compilation of information on trauma-informed care by reviewing general information about trauma as well as focusing on the criminal justice system and corrections (women, adults, and younger people), peer support, and screening/assessment for trauma.Document ID: 028314SAMHSA's Concept of Trauma and Guidance for a Trauma-Informed Approach**Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA),Office of Policy, Planning and Innovation, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2014**The purpose of this paper is to develop a working concept of trauma and a trauma-informed approach and to develop a shared understanding of these concepts that would be acceptable and appropriate across an array of service systems and stakeholder groups.Document ID: 028436Creating A Place of Healing and Forgiveness: The Trauma-Informed Care Initiative at the Women's Community Correctional Center of Hawaii**Penney, Darby, National Center for Trauma-Informed Care (NCTIC), National Association of State Mental Health Program Directors (NASMHPD), Advocates for Human Potential (AHP), Inc., 2013**Document ID: 028152Trauma-Informed Approaches: Federal Activities and Initiatives: A Working Document, Second Report**Federal Partners Committee on Women and Trauma, 2013**This document reflects how the Federal Partners Committee on Women and Trauma’s efforts to promote, adopt, and implement trauma-informed approaches have enhanced the effectiveness of a wide range of government services and supports. It also demonstrates the impact of the Committee’s coordinated cross-agency efforts.Document ID: 027657Trauma Matters Guidelines for Trauma-Informed Practices in Women's Substance Use Services**Jean Tweed Centre (Canada), 2013**The guidelines set out in this document focus specifically on the intersections of trauma and substance use issues among adult women.
          Where can I find a listing of all the prisons and jails in the United States?
  View the full content of this Hot Topic
   Published: 2013-02-05
Question:Where can I find information (address, phone numbers, warden, etc.) for all the prisons/jails in the U.S. by state?Answer:The information is more thorough for states that have individual webpages or summary pages for their prisons on-line. You will need to check each linked site for specific information beyond just facility name.2013-2014 National Jail and Adult Detention DirectoryList of U.S. Bureau of Prisons - Federal Prison FacilitiesThere is no easily accessible, no-cost, comprehensive list of prisons with actual addresses and phone numbers all in one site or document.The **American Correctional Association (ACA)** has an annual directory of all the state DOCs ($100) which includes all prisons (as well as other correctional services) by state and very often the private prisons as well. If you contact the American Correctional Association, they can provide you a mailing list/contact list for prisons (for a fee). **American Correctional Association (ACA)** general number: (703) 224-0000Juvenile Agency Directory**Council of Juvenile Correctional Administrators (CJCA)****Department of Corrections Facilities by State:****Alabama****Alaska****Arizona****Arkansas****California****Colorado****Connecticut****Delaware****Florida****Georgia****Hawaii****Idaho****Illinois****Indiana****Iowa****Kansas****Kentucky****Louisiana****Maine****Maryland****Massachusetts****Michigan****Minnesota****Mississippi****Missouri****Montana****Nebraska****Nevada****New Hampshire****New Jersey****New Mexico****New York****North Carolina****North Dakota****Ohio****Oklahoma****Oregon****Pennsylvania****Rhode Island****South Carolina****South Dakota****Tennessee****Texas****Utah****Vermont****Virginia****Washington****West Virginia****Wisconsin****Wyoming**Other on-line inmate locator resources:General inmate locator resource: (This may require a fee for a public record check)
          How can I find someone who is incarcerated?
  View the full content of this Hot Topic
   Published: 2013-09-30
**Question:** I have a relative in custody somewhere. I need to find where he is. Is there a way to locate inmates?**Answer:**If you think this person is in the Federal system, here are links to the US Bureau of Prisons inmate locator (BOP).The Federal Marshal's Service basically contracts for detention services, and there is no inmate locator for the Federal Marshal's Service detainees.For people held in local jails, try:Local Jail Inmate SearchInmate Search from Jail GuideFor people held in state DOC's, try:**Department of Corrections Facilities by State****Alabama****Alaska** (AK does not have an inmate locator at this time)**Arizona****Arkansas****California****Connecticut****Delaware****Florida****Georgia****Hawaii****Idaho****Illinois****Indiana****Iowa****Kansas****Kentucky****Louisiana****Maine****Maryland****Massachusetts****Michigan****Minnesota****Mississippi****Missouri****Montana****Nebraska****New Hampshire****New Jersey****New Mexico****New York****North Carolina****North Dakota****Ohio****Oklahoma****Oregon****Pennsylvania****Rhode Island** (Interested parties must call to locate an offender)**South Carolina****South Dakota****Tennessee****Texas****Utah****Vermont****Virginia****Washington****West Virginia****Wisconsin****Wyoming**Other on-line inmate locator resources:General inmate locator resource: (This may require a fee for a public record check)
          Do you have lesson plans on verbal de-escalation techniques?
  View the full content of this Hot Topic
   Published: 2013-03-20
De-escalation Training for Correctional OfficersOur colleagues at NAMI Tennessee have developed a training for correctional officers working with mentally ill inmates. The film features national experts and footage shot in Tennessee prisons of mentally ill inmates and their COs. “Code” was developed with the cooperation of the Tennessee Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services and the Tennessee Department of Corrections. It is available for a nominal cost.Verbal De-escalation: The Most Important Skill an Officer Can Have, Part 1**Porche, Chris. 2013**Verbal De-escalation: Closing the Deal, Part 2**Porche, Chris. 2013**An Integrated Approach to De-Escalation and Minimizing Use of Force**Police Executive Research Forum. 2012**
          What are the effects of long-term isolation/segregation?
  View the full content of this Hot Topic
   Published: 2014-06-09
See related Knowledgebase: **Do you have examples of operational procedures for segregation units?**

Exploring the Causes and Consequences of Restrictive Housing in America’s Prisons and Jails

**Vera Institute of Justice, NIJ sponsored, 2020**

Restricting the Use of Solitary Confinement

**Haney, Craig, 2017**

The Human Imperative: Ending Solitary Confinement Webinar

**Fettig, Amy, Terry A. Kupers, and Ron Honberg, 2017**

**Reflections on Colorado's Administrative Segregation Study**

**O'Keefe, Maureen, 2017**

Unlocking Youth: Legal Strategies to End Solitary Confinement in Juvenile Facilities

**Feierman, Jessica, Karen U. Lindell, and Natane Eaddy, 2017**

Designed to Break You: Human Rights Violations on Texas' Death Row

**University of Texas School of Law, 2017**

Aiming to Reduce Time-In-Cell: Reports from Correctional Systems on the Numbers of Prisoners in Restricted Housing and the Potential of Policy Changes to Bring about Reforms

**Association of State Correctional Administrators (ASCA), The Arthur Liman Public Interest Program, Yale Law School, 2016**

Nature Imagery in Prisons Project at the Oregon Department of Corrections

**Oregon Youth Authority, 2016**

**Locked up and Locked Down: Segregation of Inmates with Mental Illness**

**Guy, Anna, 2016**

**Solitary Confinement (Isolation)**

**National Commission of Correctional Health Care, 2016**

Public Health and Solitary Confinement in the United States

**Cloud, David H., Ernest Drucker, Angela Brwone, and Jim Parsons, 2015**
          Racial Disparities and Dynamics in the Criminal Justice System
  View the full content of this Hot Topic
   Published: 2016-11-15
Research exploring the racial disparities and dynamics of incarceration.Racial Disparities Persist in Many U.S. Jails**The Pew Charitable Trusts, 2023**Despite narrowed gap in incarceration rates, Black people remain overrepresented in jail populations, admissions—and stay longer on average.Racial Inequality in the Prevalence, Degree, Extension, and Permeation of Incarceration in Family Life**Yi, Youngmin, 2023**Using data from the Family History of Incarceration Study, a nationally representative survey of U.S. adults, this study introduces novel descriptive measures that provide a more comprehensive picture of the demography and racially unequal distribution of family incarceration: degree, generational extension, and permeation. This analysis shows that Black adults in the United States are not only more likely to have experienced family incarceration but are also more likely to have had more family members incarcerated and to have had family members from more generations ever incarcerated.Structural racism and the impact on incarcerated midlife women**Hutchinson-Colas Juana, Mary Cathryn Earnhardt, Afsara Mannan, James McGreevy & Gloria A Bachmann, 2022**Women are the fastest growing prison population and most incarcerated women are from Black and Latinx groups.Research exploring the racial disparities and dynamics of incarceration**Close, Melanie, Olive Lu, Shannon Tomascak, Preeti Chauhan, Erica Bond, Data Collaborative for Justice, 2021**This report documents the rates of incarceration for white, Black and Latinx Americans in each state, identifies three contributors to racial and ethnic disparities in imprisonment, and provides recommendations for reform.The Color of Justice: Racial and Ethnic Disparity in State Prisons;**The Sentencing Project, 2021**This report documents the rates of incarceration for white, Black and Latinx Americans in each state, identifies three contributors to racial and ethnic disparities in imprisonment, and provides recommendations for reform.Enhancing Equity in the Criminal Justice System: A Self-Reflection Tool;**SAMHSA, 2021**To build a supportive system that respects the dignity and humanity of all individuals served, criminal justice system stakeholders should enhance their understanding of criminogenic needs and criminal thinking. Use this checklist to explore how your agency can become more equitable.Evidence-Based and Culturally Relevant Behavioral Health Interventions in Practice: Strategies and Lessons Learned from NNEDLearn;**SAMHSA, 2021**This report provides findings from a qualitative analysis of evidence-based and culturally relevant behavioral health practices offered at NNEDLearn, a SAMHSA training, offered from 2011 to 2020. It includes an overview of NNEDLearn, case studies, strategies and lessons learned, and conclusion.Racial Equity and Criminal Justice Risk Assessment;**Freeman, Kelly R., Cathy Hu, Jesse Jannetta, 2021**Racial and ethnic disparity is a pervasive characteristic of the American criminal justice system.Community Supervision Marked by Racial and Gender Disparities;**Horowitz, Jake, Connie Utada, 2018**African-Americans and men are overrepresented in probation and parole population.Trends in Correctional Control by Race and Sex;**Caccavale, Alexander, Thaddeus L. Johnson, William J.Sabol, Council on Criminal Justice, 2019**American prison populations have long been characterized by racial and ethnic disparities.Bias In, Bias Out;**Mayson, Sandra, 2019**Police, prosecutors, judges, and other criminal justice actors increasingly use algorithmic risk assessment to estimate the likelihood that a person will commit future crime. As many scholars have noted, these algorithms tend to have disparate racial impacts.Reimagining Prison Report;**Dulaney, Ruth, Ram Subramanian, Alison Shames, Nicholas Turner, The Vera Institute of Justice, 2018**In this report, the Vera Institute of Justice (Vera) reimagines the how, what, and why of incarceration and asserts a new governing principle on which to ground prison policy and practice: human dignity.Examining Race and Gender Disparities in Restrictive Housing Placements;**Tasca, Melinda, Jillian Turanovic, 2018**Overall, this study found significant racial and ethnic disparities in restrictive housing placements for men and women, compared to legally relevant and administratively relevant factors and other inmate characteristics.Ban the Box, Criminal Records, and Racial Discrimination: A Field Experiment;**Agan, Amanda, Sonja Starr, The Quarterly Journal of Aconomics, 2018**“Ban the Box” (BTB) policies restrict employers from asking about applicants’ criminal histories on job applications and are often presented as a means of reducing unemployment among black men, who disproportionately have criminal records.An Unjust Burden: The Disparate Treatment of Black Americans in the Criminal Justice System;**Hinton, Elizabeth Kai, LeShae Henderson, Cindy Reed, The Vera Institute of Justice, 2018**This brief presents an overview of the ways in which America’s history of racism and oppression continues to manifest in the criminal justice system, and a summary of research demonstrating how the system perpetuates the disparate treatment of black people.Divided Justice: Trends in Black and White Jail Incarceration 1990-2013;**Subramanian, Ram, Kristi Riley, Chris Mai, The Vera Institute of Justice, 2018**This report dives into the data on black and white incarceration trends from 1990 to 2013, and poses several questions for further exploration that might explain why these rates are shifting.Pretrial Risk Assessment Can Produce Race-Neutral Results;**Pretrial Justice Institute (PJI), 2017**Validated risk assessment tools are fairer and safer than money bail and can protect against racial and ethnic disparities in the criminal justice system.Examining Racial Disparities in Criminal Case Outcomes Among Indigent Defendants in San Francisco;**Owens, Emily, Eric M. Kerrison, and Bernardo Santos DaSilveira, 2017**In this report, we document that Black, White and Latinx indigent defendants in San Francisco have substantially different experiences during the criminal adjudication process. Specifically, defendants of color are more likely to be held in custody during their cases, which tend to take longer than the cases of White defendants.The Implicit Racial Bias in Sentencing: The Next Frontier;**Bennett,Mark W., The Yale Law Journal, 2017**Cutting edge empirical studies of inmate populations in several states strongly suggest implicit racial bias contributes to increases in the length of sentences based on offenders’ darker skin tone and more pronounced Afrocentric features.Risk, Race, & Recidivism: Predictive Bias and Disparate Impac;**Skeem, Jennifer, Christopher T. Lowenkamp, 2016**Based on a sample of 34,794 federal offenders, we empirically examine the relationships among race (Black vs. White), actuarial risk assessment (the Post Conviction Risk Assessment [PCRA]), and re-arrest (for any/violent crime).In Our Own Backyard: Confronting Growth and Disparities in American Jails;**Subramanian, Ram, Christian Henrichson, Jacob Kang-Brown, The Vera Institute of Justice, 2015**Vera researchers developed a data tool that includes current and historical jail incarceration rates for every U.S. county.Black Lives Matter: Eliminating Racial Inequality in the Criminal Justice System;**Ghandnoosh, Nazgol, The Sentencing Project, 2015**This briefing paper identifies four key features of the justice system that contribute to its disparate racial impact, and presents recent best practices for targeting these inequities drawn from adult and juvenile justice systems around the country.Federal Sentencing Disparity: 2005–2012;**Rhodes, William, Ryan Kling, Jeremy Luallen, and Christina Dyous, Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS), 2015**Federal Sentencing Disparity, 2005-2012, examines patterns of federal sentencing disparity among white and black offenders, by sentence received, and looks at judicial variation in sentencing since Booker vs. United States, regardless of race.Examining Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Probation Revocation Summary Findings and Implications from a Multisite Study;**Janetta, Jesse, Justin Breaux, Helen Ho, and Jeremy Porter, Urban Institute, 2014**This brief discusses Urban’s study examining the degree of disparity in probation revocation outcomes and the drivers of that disparity.The Changing Racial Dynamics of Women’s Incarceration;**Mauer, Marc Mauer, The Sentencing Project , 2013**This study examined the changing racial dynamics of incarcerated persons, especially as they pertain to women.
          Do you have examples of RFPs (requests for proposals) and guidelines for monitoring contracts?
  View the full content of this Hot Topic
   Published: 2013-04-15
RFP 5226-0-2017/DH, Comprehensive Medical, Dental and Mental Health Services for Inmates of the Norfolk City Jail

Norfolk Sheriff’s Administration Building, 2017

Request for Proposals: Court-Based Substance Abuse Assessment Services for Adults in Baltimore City District Court, Baltimore City Circuit Court, and Baltimore City Detention Center

**Baltimore Substance Abuse Systems, Inc., 2013**

"This is an example of a request for proposal (RFP) covering court-based substance abuse assessment services."

Pennsylvania and MacArthur's Models for Change: The Story of a Successful Public-Private Partnership

**Schwartz, Robert G., 2013**

"This publication includes a sample request for proposal (RFP)--aftercare pilot counties entitled Development of Comprehensive Model Aftercare Approaches."

Document ID: 027622
          Do you have information on anger management?
  View the full content of this Hot Topic
   Published: 2013-09-09
Anger is an emotion that ranges from mild irritation to intense rage. Anger is a learned behavior that can be changed. Angry people need to be aware of the events, circumstances, and behaviors of others that trigger their anger. They need to understand the negative consequences that result from anger and develop strategies to effectively manage anger and stop the escalation before they lose control.Closely related to anger are aggression and hostility. Whereas anger is an emotion and does not necessarily lead to aggression, aggression is behavior intended to cause harm to another person or property. Hostility involves disliking others and evaluating them negatively.Examination of a Violence Prevention Program for Female Offenders**Messina, Nena P., et al., 2016**This study examines results from the intervention, Beyond Violence, a trauma-informed and gender-responsive approach to violence prevention that was provided to women serving sentences for violent crimes (n = 91) in two California prisons.Anger Management Essentials [Understanding Anger, Managing and Controlling Anger]**National Institute of Corrections, NIC Learning Center, 2013**NIC has added ten Skill Soft courses to its catalog. These online courses are aimed at helping corrections staff navigate the professional, ethical, and psychological components to handling stressful situations in the workplace.The NIC Learning Center is available to corrections professionals whose jobs are categorized as executive management, middle management, firstline supervision, offender programming, or training/staff development.In addition, NIC is offering the Frontline Learning Centerto correctional officers, detention officers, probation and parole officers, reentry specialists, correctional health professionals, and other correctional line staff. There are currently over 70 e-courses available on corrections topics, communication, ethics, team skills, and leadership.The new essential skills courses include:Anger Management Essentials: Understanding AngerAnger Management Essentials: Managing and Controlling AngerBusiness Grammar: The Mechanics of WritingBusiness Writing: How to Write Clearly and ConciselyEthical Decision making in the WorkplaceIntroduction to Workplace EthicsProject Management FundamentalsWorking with Difficult People: Dealing with MicromanagersWorking with Difficult People: How to Work with Self-Serving PeopleWorking with Difficult People: How to Work with Manipulative PeopleAnger Management for Substance Abuse and Mental Health Clients:A Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Manual [and] Participant Workbook [Lesson Plan and Participant's Manual]**Reilly, Patrick M. and Michael S. Shopshire. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, 2012**Edition: Revised [edition]' Despite the connection of anger and violence to substance abuse, few treatments have been developed to address anger and violence problems among people who abuse substances. Clinicians have found the dearth of treatment approaches for this important issue disheartening. To provide clinicians with tools to help deal with this important issue, the Center for Substance Abuse Treatment of the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration is pleased to present 'Anger Management for Substance Abuse and Mental Health Clients: A Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Manual' (p. iii) ' This manual was designed for use by qualified substance abuse and mental health clinicians who work with substance abuse and mental health clients with concurrent anger problems. The manual describes a 12-week cognitive behavioral anger management group treatment. Each of the 12 90-minute weekly sessions is described in detail with specific instructions for group leaders, tables and figures that illustrate the key conceptual components of the treatment, and homework assignments for the group participants' (p. 1). This manual is divided into 12 sessions: overview of group anger management treatment; events and cues'a conceptual framework for understanding anger; anger control plans; how to change the aggression cycle; cognitive restructuring 'the A-B-C-D Model and thought stopping; Review Session #1'reinforcing learned concepts; assertiveness training and the Conflict Resolution Model' alternatives for expressing anger (two sessions); anger and the family' how past learning can influence present behavior (two sessions); Review Session #2'reinforcing learned concepts; and closing and graduation. A participant workbook is also included. *2 volumes (volume 1 - 68 pages, volume 2 - 49 pages)*Document ID: 026782Intimate Partner Violence Risk Assessment Tools: A Review**Northcott, Melissa. Canada. Dept. of Justice, Research and Statistics Division, 2012**“The purpose of this report is to provide an understanding of intimate partner violence risk assessment tools and of the issues that assessors should consider when choosing an assessment instrument” (p. 1). It is an excellent resource for individuals looking for an introduction to the process of assessing the risk of another violent encounter by an intimate partner. The beginning of this report provides a clear description of what risk assessment and intimate partner violence are. This is followed by an explanation of how a risk assessment tool is used following a violent attack by an intimate partner. The majority of this publication is taken up by a discussion of: the types of intimate partner violence risk assessment instruments based on either unstructured clinical decision making, structured clinical judgment, actuarial approaches or other approaches involving the consultation of the victim or the use of general risk assessment tool; factors to consider when choosing a risk assessment too; and the strengths and weaknesses of these tools. An appendix presents a very nice overview of the various tools according to: structured clinical judgment tools—the Spousal Assault Risk Assessment Guide (SARA), the Domestic Violence Screening Inventory (DVSI), and the Danger Assessment (DA); actuarial tools—the Ontario Domestic Assault Risk Assessment (ODARA), and the Domestic Violence Risk Appraisal Guise (DVRAG); and risk assessment tools for general and violent offending—the Violence Risk Appraisal Guide (VRAG), and the Level of Service Inventory-Revised (LSI-R).Document ID: 027310
          Do you have any information on human trafficking?
  View the full content of this Hot Topic
   Published: 2015-12-28
VHHA Human Trafficking Resource Manual

**The Virginia Hospital & Healthcare Association has developed a human trafficking resource manual, Human Trafficking: Care and Response, in collaboration with clinicians from its member hospitals and health systems with experience in forensic nursing, human trafficking, sexual assault care, and related disciplines.**

Capturing Human Trafficking Victimization Through Crime Reporting

**Farrell, Amy, Dank, Meredith, Kafafian, Matthew, Lockwood, Sarah, Pfeffer, Rebecca, Hughes, Andrea, Vincent, Kyle, 2019**

The Economic Drivers and Consequences of Sex Trafficking in the United States

**Institute for Women's Policy Research, 2017**

NIC Sex Offenders Project Page

This collection of resources is intended to provide a broad overview of current research and trends in the management and treatment of sex offenders.

Trafficking in Persons Report 2017

**U.S. Department of State, 2017**

National Strategy to Combat Human Trafficking

**U.S. Department of Justice, 2017**

Consequences of Policing Prostitution: An Analysis of Individuals Arrested and Prosecuted for Commercial Sex in New York City

**Dank, Meredith, Jennifer Yahner, and Lilly Yu, 2017**

Urban researchers gathered data from both groups of the Legal Aid Society’s Exploitation Intervention Project (EIP) clients to describe who is facing arrest in New York City for prostitution and who has faced arrest and prosecution for prostitution in the past. This study explores the background and needs of EIP clients, in addition to the challenges these clients face within the criminal legal system.

**"Faces of Human Trafficking" Video Series**

****Office for Victims of Crime****

The series is intended to be used for outreach and education efforts of service providers, law enforcement, prosecutors, and others in the community. The series includes information about sex and labor trafficking, multidisciplinary approaches to serving victims of human trafficking, effective victim services, victims' legal needs, and voices of survivors.

**Identifying Effective Counter-Trafficking Programs and Practices in the U.S.: Legislative, Legal, and Public Opinion Strategies that Work**

****Bouche, Vanessa, Amy Farrell, and Dana Wittmer, 2016****

**Inside the FBI: Human Trafficking [Podcast]**

****Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI), 2015****

**Responding to Sex Trafficking in Your Jurisdiction: A Planning Toolkit**

****Center for Court Innovation, Human Trafficking and the State Courts Collaborative, State Justice Institute, 2015****

This planning toolkit was designed as a guide to help courts and communities assess their current approaches to human trafficking and prositution, and develop or enhance a court-based response.

**Integrating a Trauma-Informed Response in Violence Against Women and Human Trafficking Prosecutions**

****Kristiansson, Viktoria, and JD and Charlene Whitman-Barr, 2015****

This will describe a trauma-informed approach to responding to these crimes and discuss practices where such an approach has already been incorporated, highlighting areas where continued, additional integration is necessary.

**Document ID: 030094**

**What You Need to Know: Sex Trafficking and Sexual Exploitation A Training Tool for Parole Officers**

****ASU School of Social Work, Office of Sex Trafficking Intervention Research (STIR), 2015****

This training brochure will explore both victimization and the criminal act of sexually exploiting another person for profit.
          How can I manage and communicate effectively with problem employees?
  View the full content of this Hot Topic
   Published: 2020-06-07
The National Institute of Corrections offers several self-study e-courses on Working with Difficult People through the NIC Learning Center (for supervisors and managers) and Frontline Learning Center (for correctional line staff.) Course offerings include Dealing with Micromanagers, How to Work with Aggressive People, How to Work with Manipulative People, How to Work with Negative People, How to Work with Procrastinators, How to Work with Self-serving People, and Identifying Difficult People.click on e-courses and then the working with difficult people icon.

Access is available to corrections professionals whose jobs are categorized as executive management, middle management, first line supervision, offender programming, or training/staff development through the NIC Learning Center.



Combating Unprofessional Behavior in Corrections: 4 Signs of Trouble [Part 1]

When Unprofessionalism Undermines Safety and Security [Part 2]

**Atherton, Gene. *Corrections.com*. 2011**

This article defines some common signs of unprofessional behavior in the corrections environment and how that behavior has a negative effect within the organization.

Managing Problem Employees: A Model Program and Practical Guide

**Miller, Laurence. *International Journal of Emergency Mental Health*. Vol.12, No.4. 2010**

This article presents a model program for managing problem employees that includes a description of the basic types of problem employees and employee problems, as well as practical recommendations for selection and screening, education and training, coaching and counseling, discipline, psychological fitness for duty evaluations, mental health services, termination, and leadership and administrative strategies.
          Recidivism
  View the full content of this Hot Topic
   Published: 2022-01-31
Recidivism of Federal Offenders Released in 2010**United States Sentencing Commission, September 2021**Implementing Specialized Caseloads to Reduce Recidivism for People with Co-Occurring Disorders**Haneberg, Risë, 2021**Does in-prison physical and mental health impact recidivism?**Danielle Wallace, Xia Wang, August 2020**Length of Incarceration and Recidivism**United States Sentencing Commission, 2020**Does specialized psychological treatment for offending reduce recidivism? A meta-analysis examining staff and program variables as predictors of treatment effectiveness**Theresa A. Gannon, Mark E. Olver, Jaimee S. Mallion, Mark James, 2019**Evaluating the Impact of Probation and Parole Home Visits**Abt Associates, 2019**Recidivism of Felony Offenders in California**Public Policy Institute of California, 2019**CONFINED AND COSTLY How Supervision Violations Are Filling Prisons and Burdening Budgets**The Council of State Governments (CSG) Justice Center (2019)**Unemployment shocks for individuals on the margin: Exploring recidivism effects**Siwach, Garima, 2018**Strengthening Correctional Culture: Eight Ways Corrections Leaders Can Support Their Staff to Reduce Recidivism**National Reentry Resource Center (2018)**The Changing State of Recidivism: Fewer People Going Back to Prison**Gelb, Adam, Velázquez, Tracy (2018)**The Effectiveness of Education and Employment Programming for Prisoners**Duwe, Grant, 2018**Recidivism Reconsidered: Preserving the Community Justice Mission of Community Corrections**Butts, Jeffrey A., Schiraldi, Vincent, 2018**The accuracy, fairness, and limits of predicting recidivism**Dressel, Julia, Farid, Hany, 2018**Information on Inmates with Serious Mental Illness and Strategies to Reduce Recidivism**GAO, 2018**Comparison of Recidivism Studies: AOUSC, USSC, and BJS**Johnson, James L., 2017**Mentoring Best Practices Research: Effectiveness of Juvenile Mentoring Programs on Recidivism**Duriez, Stephanie A., Sullivan, Carrie, Sullivan, Christopher J., Manchak, Sarah M., Latessa, Edward J., 2017**

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