IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI

NO. 2001-CT-01088-SCT

GARY W. MORRISON

v.

MISSISSIPPI DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN SERVICES

ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI

DATE OF JUDGMENT: 06/12/2001

TRIAL JUDGE: HON. JOHN C. ROSS, JR.

COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: ALCORN COUNTY CHANCERY COURT

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: TERRY LYNN WOOD

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE: VICKIE R. MITCHELL

NATURE OF THE CASE: CIVIL - DOMESTIC RELATIONS

DISPOSITION: THE JUDGMENT OF THE COURT OF APPEALS IS

AFFIRMED IN PART AS TO THE EDUCATIONAL

EXPENSES ISSUE AND REVERSED IN PART AS

TO ALL OTHER ISSUES; THE JUDGMENT OF

THE CHANCERY COURT OF ALCORN COUNTY

OF WILLFUL CONTEMPT OF COURT IS

VACATED; AND THE JUDGMENT OF THE

CHANCERY COURT OF ALCORN COUNTY IS

REVERSED AND RENDERED AS TO THE

EDUCATIONAL EXPENSES ISSUE - 01/15/2004

MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:

MANDATE ISSUED:

EN BANC.

CARLSON, JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:

¶1. Gary W. Morrison was found in contempt of a child support modification order by the Alcorn

County Chancery Court. He appealed on the basis that he had not been served with process. The appeal
1Southwick, P.J., wrote for the Court of Appeals. McMillin, C.J., Thomas, Irving, Myers and

Chandler, JJ., concurred. Brantley, J., dissented with separate written opinion joined by King, P.J.,

Bridges and Lee, JJ.

2

was assigned to the Court of Appeals, which affirmed as to the general validity of the judgment and

reversed and rendered as to the portion of the judgment requiring Morrison to pay educational expenses

for a master's degree. Morrison v Miss. Dep't of Human Servs., 852 So. 2d 578 (Miss. Ct. App.

2002).1 This Court granted certiorari to consider whether Morrison's due process rights were violated and

whether the Court of Appeals erred in determining his attack on the 1994 order was a collateral attack as

opposed to a direct attack.

FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS IN 

THE TRIAL COURT AND THE COURT OF APPEALS

¶2. Gary W. Morrison and Annie Windom had a child, Christopher, in 1974. Pursuant to an order

of filiation entered in 1988, Morrison admitted paternity and agreed to pay child support of $25 per week,

increased to $50 per week several months later. Morrison also agreed to share educational expenses,

including those incurred in Christopher's obtaining a four-year college degree.

¶3. In 1993 and after Christopher had begun attending college, Windom filed a petition for contempt

and modification. A summons for Morrison was issued by the chancery court clerk on January 4, 1994,

but the record does not contain a return of service and the certified copy of the docket book does not

contain an entry indicating there was such a return.

¶4. A hearing was held, in the absence of both Morrison and his counsel, on January 19, 1994. The

chancellor found Morrison in willful contempt; awarded a judgment of $11,683.04 to Windom for past-due

child support, medical expenses and tuition arrearages; increased child support to $125 per week until
2The Court of Appeals cites the amount as $46,693. Morrison, 852 So. 2d at 580 (¶ 7).

3

Christopher obtained a master's degree or ceased to be enrolled full-time; "sentenced" Morrison to ninety

(90) days in jail, held in abeyance with a lump sum payment; and ordered Morrison to pay attorney's fees

and costs. That order contains the language "process having been served on the Defendant [Morrison] in

the manner and for the time required by law and the Defendant appearing not. . . ." In February 1994, the

Mississippi Department of Human Services (MDHS) filed a petition in Georgia under the Uniform

Reciprocal Enforcement of Support Act. 

¶5. Christopher apparently left college in April 1999, without obtaining his degree. In October 1999,

a notice was issued to Morrison for the hearing on amending the order for withholding to set out arrearages

only in the amount of $50 per week. In 2000, a second petition for contempt was filed and Morrison, who

was apparently this time served with process, responded with a motion to dismiss, asserting that the

previous judgment was void because he was never served. The chancellor denied the motion to dismiss

and later entered an order finding Morrison in contempt; awarding a judgment of $49,693.052 for

arrearages, to be paid off at $500 per month; and "sentenced" Morrison to ninety (90) days in jail, held in

abeyance upon payment of a $1,500 lump sum. Morrison appealed, and the appeal was assigned to the

Court of Appeals, which affirmed as to the general validity of the judgment, but reversed and rendered as

to the requirement that Morrison pay for expenses related to Christopher obtaining a master's degree.

Subsequently, Morrison filed a petition for writ of certiorari, which was granted by this Court.

ANALYSIS
4

¶6. Morrison asserts that the Court of Appeals’ decision is erroneous and is in conflict with prior

decisions of this Court. Specifically, Morrison argues that his due process rights have been violated and

that the Court of Appeals erred in determining his attack on the 1994 order was a collateral attack as

opposed to a direct attack.

¶7. Child support modification and contempt actions fall under Miss. R. Civ. P. 81(d) and are "triable

7 days after completion of service of process in any manner other than by publication. . . ." Miss. R. Civ.

P. 81(d)(2). Further, a Rule 81 summons must set out a specific time and place the defendant is to appear.

Miss. R. Civ. P. 81(d)(5). A Rule 81 summons was issued in this case directing Morrison to appear at a

time and date certain, but there is no proof he was ever served. 

¶8. Service of a Rule 81 summons by mail can be done either under Miss. R. Civ. P. 4(c)(3) or (5).

(c) Service.

(3) By Mail.

(A) A summons and complaint may be served upon a defendant of any class 

referred to in paragraph (1) or (4) of subdivision (d) of this rule by mailing a copy of the

summons and of the complaint (by first-class mail, postage prepaid) to the person to be

served, together with two copies of a notice and acknowledgment conforming substantially

to Form 1-B and a return envelope, postage prepaid, addressed to the sender.

(B) If no acknowledgment of service under this subdivision of this rule is

received by the sender within 20 days after the date of mailing, service of

such summons and complaint may be made in any other manner permitted by

this rule. 

(C) Unless good cause is shown for not doing so, the court shall order the payment of the

costs of personal service by the person served if such person does not complete and return

within 20 days after mailing, the notice and acknowledgment of receipt of summons.

(D) The notice and acknowledgment of receipt of summons and complaint shall be

executed under oath or affirmation.

. . .
5

(5) Service by Certified Mail on Person Outside State. In addition to service by any other

method provided by this rule, a summons may be served on a person outside this state by

sending a copy of the summons and of the complaint to the person to be served by

certified mail, return receipt requested. Where the defendant is a natural person, the

envelope containing the summons and complaint shall be marked "restricted delivery."

Service by this method shall be deemed complete as of the date of delivery

as evidenced by the return receipt or by the returned envelope marked

"Refused."

Miss. R. Civ. P. 4(c)(3),(5) (emphasis added).

¶9. Additional return requirements are set out in Rule 4(f):

(f) Return. The person serving the process shall make proof of service thereof to the court

promptly. If service is made by a person other than a sheriff, such person shall make

affidavit thereof. If service is made under paragraph (c)(3) of this rule, return shall be made

by the sender's filing with the court the acknowledgment received pursuant to such

subdivision. If service is made under paragraph (c)(5) of this rule, the return shall be made

by the sender's filing with the court the return receipt or the returned envelope marked

"Refused". Failure to make proof of service does not affect the validity of the service.

Miss. R. Civ. P. 4(f). 

¶10. There is no return for proof of service in the record, only the blank proof of service form. The

clerk's docket book does not indicate any return ever being received or filed. Also, the record is unclear

as to which provision of Rule 4 under which service was even attempted.

¶11. Morrison asserts that since he attacked the 1994 order upon first learning in 2000 of its existence,

his action is a direct attack on the order. The Court of Appeals found differently:

Morrison waited six years to attack the 1994 contempt and modification

order. This constitutes a collateral attack on the former judgment.

In a direct attack on a decree it is, of course, competent to show that

there was no service of summons, but in a collateral attack, as is here

made, unless the record affirmatively shows to the contrary, all

jurisdictional facts are conclusively presumed to have existed, including the

proper service of process. It is not enough that the return of service is

merely missing from the record -- and that is all that is shown here.
6

Morrison, 852 So. 2d at 581 (¶ 11) (citing Bray v. City of Meridian, 723 So. 2d 1200, 1204 (Miss.

Ct. App. 1998), quoting Whitley v. Towle, 163 Miss. 418, 425-26, 141 So. 571, 572 (1932)).

¶12. The Court of Appeals further found that Morrison could not successfully make a collateral attack.

To set aside the six-year old judgment in 2000, Morrison needed to make an affirmative

showing of failure to serve. Among such affirmative showings would be a returned

envelope with the summons showing that it was undeliverable, or a return of service from

a process server that the defendant could not be found or that the address was incorrect.

An "affirmative" showing of failure to serve as required for a collateral attack does not

mean simple silence in the record. That is not an "affirmative" -- defined as "that which

declares positively, . . . the opposite of negative." BLACK'S LAW DICTIONARY 60

(6th ed. 1990). If declaring affirmatively is the opposite of declaring negatively, then

silence is in the precise middle. Nothing is declared at all. The sounds of silence are not

the equivalents of declarations.

Morrison, 852 So. 2d at 581(¶ 12). The Court of Appeals likewise pointed out that the issue would be

moot if the docket entry had revealed a return. Further, the Court of Appeals’ majority opinion stated that

"as the passage of time from a judgment continues, it may become increasingly difficult to prove the validity

of such matters as service." Id. at 582 (¶ 16). Both Morrison and the Court of Appeals cite various other

cases, some of which are addressed herein.

¶13. The Court of Appeals cited Bray and Whitley as controlling. However, we disagree. In Bray,

the Court of Appeals held that Mr. Bray received adequate notice where his wife was served, as evidenced

by a certified mail return receipt, in a matter concerning their joint property. There is no evidence of a

return of any kind in the case sub judice, which clearly distinguishes this case from Bray. Further, the

emphasis in Whitleyand other cases regarding the collateral vs. direct attack issue is somewhat misplaced.

The record supports Morrison's assertion that he attacked the judgment upon learning of it. To then

conclude that because Morrison waited so long that he could not successfully challenge service of process
7

is improper. Morrison could not have been waiting to attack a judgment of which he was unaware.

Further, even if the attack is collateral, the standard is that jurisdictional facts are presumed to have existed

unless the record affirmatively shows to the contrary. See Whitley, 141 So. at 572. See also In the

Matter of the Will of Case v. Case, 246 Miss. 750, 150 So. 2d 148 (1963); Federal Reserve

Bank of St. Louis v. Wall, 138 Miss. 204, 105 So. 5 (1924) . Also, the nature of the attack does not

preclude a finding that a judgment is void. What is

present

ed in

the

instant

case is

a

collater

a l

attack

on the

decree

under

Rule

6 0 .

The

claim is

that the

judgme

nt is

void as

against

public

policy.

This

Court

has

stated

that a

judgme

nt is

void
8

only if

the

court

that

rendere

d it

lacked

jurisdict

ion of

the

subject

matter,

or of

the

parties,

or if it

acted in

a

manner

inconsis

tent

with

due

process

of law.

Miss. Dep't of Human Servs. v. Shelby, 802 So.2d 89, 96 (Miss. 2001) (citations omitted).

¶14. There exists a constitutional right to due process. However, the Court of Appeals’ majority opinion

evidently concludes that the lack of a return cannot constitute an affirmative showing of failure to serve.

If that were the case, a defendant would never need to actually be served so long as no return was filed.

Also, as stated by Judge Brantley in his dissent, the fact that the proper summons was issued in no way

indicates that the defendant was served. Further, the majority's analysis contradicts Miss. R. Civ. P.

4(c)(3) and (5), which are quoted above and establish that no acknowledgment or return receipt of service

by mail means no service and that the service can then be attempted by other means.
9

¶15. The record clearly reveals that here the return was not received and then lost or misplaced. Not

only is there no return in the record, but there is no entry in the docket book indicating that there ever was

a return. At the May 29, 2001, hearing which resulted in the chancellor’s subsequent entry of the judgment

which is the subject of today’s appeal, Morrison testified that he was not served with process. The plaintiff

did not introduce any evidence to contradict that evidence other than a copy of the order containing the

standard form language of "process having been served on the Defendant in the manner and for the time

required by law and the Defendant appearing not. . ." without specifying how or when the defendant was

served. No money was ever collected on the judgment. Windom testified that she had never contacted

Morrison's mother, who lived near her, to inquire as to Morrison's address; and, there were several

discrepancies in the addresses which Windom asserted as belonging to Morrison. Thus, unlike the record

in Whitley, the record before us today affirmatively shows the existence of facts more than sufficient to

rebut the presumption of jurisdiction. In other words we are unable to find that “all jurisdictional facts are

conclusively presumed to have existed,” because indeed the record “affirmatively shows to the contrary.”

¶16. This Court has found a violation of due process where a Rule 4 alias summons was served rather

than a Rule 81 summons. See Powell v. Powell, 644 So. 2d 269 (Miss. 1994). This Court has also held

that jurisdiction is not obtained by a defendant's informally becoming aware that a suit has been filed and

that a complete absence of service of process offends due process and cannot be waived. Mansour v.

Charmax Indus., Inc., 680 So. 2d 852, 854-55 (Miss. 1996). 

¶17. This Court has previously addressed a similar issue in Hamm v. Hall, 693 So. 2d 906 (Miss.

1997). InHamm, the out-of-state defendant, Hamm, was served by publication in a divorce action with
10

a copy of the summons mailed by first-class mail to his supposed out-of-state address. Hamm did not file

an answer or enter an appearance, and a judgment was entered against him imposing child support. Later,

the plaintiff filed a contempt and modification action, which Hamm moved to strike, asserting that the trial

court lacked personal jurisdiction over him in the original action and that the child support order was void.

The chancellor denied the motion, and on appeal this Court held that (1) the trial court lacked jurisdiction

over Hamm in the original action; (2) the fact that Hamm made child support payments after he received

the divorce decree did not result in waiver of his objection that such order was void; and, (3) that Hamm

was not required to take an interlocutory appeal. Hamm had an additional factor of service by publication,

but it was service by publication and the mailing of the summons. Here, Morrison did not even get the

benefit of service by publication. In Hamm, this Court found service by publication under Miss. R. Civ.

P. 4(c)(4)(C) did not authorize the rendition of a personal judgment against the defendant without his

appearance. See Noble v. Noble, 502 So. 2d 317 (Miss. 1987). A valid judgment imposing a personal

obligation or duty in favor of the plaintiff may only be entered by a court having personal jurisdiction over

the defendant. Personal jurisdiction depends on the presence of reasonable notice to the defendant and

a sufficient connection between the defendant and the forum. See Kulko v. California Superior

Court, 436 U.S. 84, 91, 98 S.Ct. 1690, 56 L. Ed. 2d 132 (1978).

¶18. In the case sub judice, there is no suggestion that Morrison waived any due process violation. The

trial court alluded to the fact that Morrison must have had knowledge of the judgment because repeated

attempts were made to enforce it. We disagree with that suggestion. The record indicates those repeated

attempts were unsuccessful, so there is no logical way that these unsuccessful efforts could establish notice.
11

However, even if Morrison knew about the judgment or even paid child support during that time period,

it would be of no moment inasmuch as the judgment is void.

¶19. The Court of Appeals’ decision conflicts not only with the aforementioned cases, but also with

previous decisions of the Court of Appeals. The majority "merely notes" the inconsistency with Reichert

v. Reichert, 807 So. 2d 1282 (Miss. Ct. App. 2002), which is also relied upon in the dissent. In

Reichert, a petition for contempt was filed against the out-of-state defendant, Wallace Reichert, in a

divorce action. Reichert was personally served with a notice of hearing, indicating the date and time of the

hearing, and a copy of the petition. Reichert denied that he received the notice. The record did not reflect

that a summons was issued, but the sworn return stated that Reichert was served with a copy of the

summons and complaint. In its analysis, the Court of Appeals found that the lack of a summons in the

record "affirmatively contradicts the existence of a summons. . . ." Id., at 1288. The Court of Appeals

held there that, although the chancery court had personal jurisdiction over Reichert in the contempt matter,

sufficient evidence contradicted any presumption that Reichert had been served with a summons; the notice

of hearing did not satisfy the requirements for a summons; and, the judgment was void.

¶20. Another Court of Appeals decision, Sanghi v. Sanghi, 759 So. 2d 1250 (Miss. Ct. App.

2000), is also noteworthy. In Sanghi, the court held that the former husband did not receive adequate

notice of a petition of contempt when he only received a notice of court setting from the court administrator.

There was no question that Sanghi received the notice because he contacted the court administrator and

successfully changed the date of the hearing, but the Court of Appeals held that such notice did not meet

the requirement that the defendant be served with a Rule 81 summons.
12

¶21. This Court and the Court of Appeals have found due process violations where, absent waiver,

service was made or notice was provided, but not under Rule 81. Here, Morrison argues that he received

no notice of any kind. Under the applicable law, we find that the record supports Morrison's claim that

his due process rights were violated and that the judgment of contempt is thus void. We further find that

the Court of Appeals' decision affirming the Chancery Court of Alcorn County's judgment of contempt,

as to all issues except the educational expenses, was improper and is reversed. We vacate the chancery

court's contempt judgment and reverse and render its judgment requiring Morrison to pay educational

expenses for a master's degree.

¶22. THE JUDGMENT OF THE COURT OF APPEALS IS AFFIRMED IN PART AS

TO THE EDUCATIONAL EXPENSES ISSUE AND REVERSED IN PART AS TO ALL

OTHER ISSUES; THE JUDGMENT OF THE CHANCERY COURT OF ALCORN

COUNTY OF WILLFUL CONTEMPT OF COURT IS VACATED; AND THE

JUDGMENT OF THE CHANCERY COURT OF ALCORN COUNTY IS REVERSED

AND RENDERED AS TO THE EDUCATIONAL EXPENSES ISSUE. 

PITTMAN, C.J., SMITH AND WALLER, P.JJ., COBB, EASLEY, GRAVES AND

DICKINSON, JJ., CONCUR. DIAZ, J., NOT PARTICIPATING.