# U ni te d S ta te s Co ur t of A pp ea ls

For the Eig hth Circu it

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No. 1 6- 17 53

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Uni te d S ta te s o f Am eri ca

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l Pla in ti

ff - App el le e

v.

Jo el Aug ut uk Mayoko k

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l Defe nd

an t - Ap pe ll an t

__ __ __ __ __ __
App eal fro m

Uni te d S ta te s Di st ric t Co ur t fo r th e Dis tri ct of M in ne so ta - St. Pa ul

__ __ __ __ __ __

Su bm it te d: Nov em

be r 18 , 20 16
Fil ed : Ap ril 24 , 20 17

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Befo re BENTON an d S HEPHERD, Circ ui t J ud ge s, an d EBI NGER, Dis tri ct 1

Ju dg e.

__ __ __ __ __ __
SHEPHERD, Cir cu it Ju dg e

In 20 1 3, ba se d up on a rep or t fro m th e Nati on al Cen te r fo r Mi ss in g an d
Exp lo it ed Ch il dr en th at an e-m ai l ad dr es s own ed by Ap p e l l a n t, Jo el Aug ut uk

The Hon or ab le Reb ecca Goo dg am e Ebi ng er, Uni te d St at es Dis tri ct Ju dg e fo r 1

th e So ut he rn Dis tri ct of I owa , si tt in g b y de si gn at io n.Mayok ok

, was be in g us ed to up lo ad ch il d po rn og rap hy vi a Goo gl e Pi cas a, a ph ot oup lo ad web si te

, th e Mi nn es ot a Bu reau of Cri m in al App reh en si on ob ta in ed a se arch

warra nt fo r Mayok ok ’s co m pu te rs an d fo un d 98 6 im ag es an d 16 5 vi de os co nt ai ni ng
ch ild por nogr ap hy. Mayok ok was ch arg ed by in di ct m en t wit h di st rib ut io n an d receipt

of ch il d po rn og rap hy, bo th in vi ol at io n of 18 U.S.C. § 22 52 (a)( 2)

, an d po ss es si on of

ch il d p or no gr ap hy in vi ol at io n of 18 U.S.C. § 22 52 (a)( 4) (B). Pu rs ua nt to a pl ea

ag reem en t, Mayok ok pl ed gu il ty to rece ip t of ch il d po rn og rap hy an d was se nt en ced

to 24 0 m on th s im

pr is on m en t an d 15 y ears su pe rv is ed rel eas e. The rem ai ni ng co un ts

of th e in di ct m en t wer e d is m is se d.

On ap pe al

, Mayok ok as se rts th at th e di st ric t co ur t co m m it te d pr oc ed ur al erro r

in cal cu la ti ng hi s of

fen se le ve l by ap pl y in g a fiv e-l ev el en ha nc em en t afte r th e co ur t

fo un d th at th e of

fen se in vo lv ed th e di st r i b u ti on of m at eri al in vo lv in g th e se xu al

ex pl oi ta ti on of a m in or for th e rec ei pt , or ex pe ct at io n of rece ip t, of a th in g of va lu e

un de r USSG § 2G2 .2(b )(3 )(B)

. He li ke wis e ch al le ng es t h e di st ric t co ur t’s

de te rm in at io n th at a 15 -y ear m an da to ry m in im um se nt en ce ap pl ie s un de r 18 U.S.C.
§ 22 52 (b )(1 ) ba se d up on Mayok ok ’s 20 03 Mi nn es ot a co nv ic ti on fo r po ss es si on of a

po rn og rap hi c wor k in vo lv in g m in or s. Hav in g juri sd ic ti on in th is ap pe al pu rs ua nt to

28 U.S.C. § 1 29 1, we re m an d t hi s m at te r to th e d is tri ct co ur t fo r res en te nc in g.

I.

In de sc rib in g th e cri m in al co nd uc t su pp or ti ng th e p le a of gu il ty to th e ch arg e

of rece ip t o f ch il d p or no gr ap hy, the pl ea ag reem en t s ta te d:

On or ab ou t Ja nu ary 7, 20 13

, in th e S t a t e an d Dis tri ct of Mi nn es ot a, Defen da nt di d kn owi ng ly rece iv e a vi su al de pi ct io n us in g a m ean s an d
faci li ty of in te rs t a t e a n d fo rei gn co m m erce an d th at ha d be en m ai le d,
sh ip pe d an d tra ns po rte d in in te rs t a te an d fo rei gn co m m erce , by

co m pu te r, whe re th e pr od uc ti on of su ch vi s u a l d e pi ct io n in vo lv ed th e

us e of a m in or en ga gi ng in se xu al ly ex pl ic it co nd uc t an d su ch de pi ct io n

-2

-was of su ch co nd uc t. Sp eci fic al ly, Defen da nt rece iv ed vi a em ai l a vi de o

fil e en ti tl ed

. . . , w h i c h i s a vi de o [s ic ] pr e-p ub es cen t fem al e who

ap pe ars to be 7 to 10 y ears of ag e. The ch il d is un cl ot he d an d is

pe rfo rm in g o ral in te rco ur se on an ad ul t m al e.

The pa rti es a l s o a g r e ed to a ba se of fen se le ve l of 22 wit h th e fo ll owi ng

en ha nc em en ts : two le ve ls fo r m at eri al in vo lv in g pr ep ub es cen t m in or s who ha d no t

at ta in ed th e ag e of 12 y ears ol d

, U S S G § 2G2 .2(b )(2 ); fo ur le ve ls fo r m at eri al

po rtr ay in g sa di st ic or m as oc hi st ic co nd uc t or ot he r de pi ct io ns o f vi ol en ce, USSG
§ 2G2 .2(b )(4 ); an d t w o l e v el s fo r m at eri al in vo lv in g th e us e of a co m pu te r or

in te ract iv e co m

pu te r se rv ic e, USSG § 2G2 .2(b )(6 ). The ag reem en t fu rth er no te d th at

th e go ve rn m en t b e l i e ve d “ th at th e of fen se le ve l sh ou ld be fu rth er in crea se d by 5

le ve ls be cau se th e of

fen se in vo lv ed 60 0 or m or e im ag es (USSG § 2G2 .2(b )(7 )), an d

5 le ve ls be cau se th e of

fen se in vo lv ed di st rib ut io n wit h th e ex pe ct at io n of [s ic ] a th in g

of va lu e (b ut no t fo r pe cu ni ary g ai n) (USSG § 2G2 .2(b )(3 )(B) ).” Mayok ok di d n ot

ag ree to th es e two en ha nc em en ts an d he res erv ed th e rig ht t o arg ue ag ai ns t th ei r

as se ss m en t

. On th e ot he r ha nd

, Mayok ok di d ag ree to th e st at em en t of fact s

co nt ai ne d i n t he pl ea ag reem en t.

In hi s pr es en te n c e rep or t (PSR ) to th e di st ric t co ur t, th e pr ob at io n of fic er

reco m m en de d bo th a fiv e-l ev el en ha nc em en t fo r an of fen se in vo lv in g m or e th an 60 0

im ag es an d a fiv e-l ev el en ha nc em en t be cau se th e of fen se in vo lv ed th e d is tri bu ti on

of ch il d po rn og rap hy wit h th e ex pe ct at io n of rece iv in g a th in g of va lu e. W it h res pe ct

to th e la tt er en ha nc em en t t he PSR s ta te d t ha t M ay ok ok :

di st rib ut ed th e im ag es wit h th e ex pe ct at io n of rece iv in g c hi ld

po rn og rap hy in ret ur n fo r th e im ag e u p l o a d ed on th e ph ot o- sh ari ng web si te Goo gl e Pi cas a

. . . . The na tu re of Goo gl e Pi cas a is to sh are ph ot os

. The refo re, th e n at ur e o f th e d efen da nt ’s con du ct of up lo ad in g ch il d po rn og rap hy on Goo gl e Pi cas a was wit h th e ex pe ct at io n to rece iv e ch il d p or no gr ap hy in re tu rn

.

-3

-Mayok ok su bm it te d ob jecti on s to th e PSR an d fil ed ob jecti on s wit h th e di st ric t

co ur t pr io r to se nt en ci ng as se rti ng th at th ere was a la ck of fact ua l su pp or t fo r th e

USSG § 2G2 .2(b )(3 )(B) en h a n c e men t. He al le ge d th at th ere was in su ffi ci en t

ev id en ce th at Mayok ok up lo ad ed ch il d po rn og rap hy to th e Goo gl e Pi cas a web si te or

th at it was up lo ad ed wit h th e ex pe ct at io n of rece iv in g ch il d po rn og rap hy in ret ur n.

He fu rth er ob

jecte d th at al th ou gh Goo gl e Pi cas a al lo ws ph ot os to be up lo ad ed

, th ere

was in su ffi ci en t pr oo f to al lo w t he Co ur t t o c o n c lu de th at Pi cas a op erat es as a fil esh ari ng pr og ram or in a way th at m ak es it reas on ab le to co n c l u d e th at th ere was
di st rib ut io n an d th at it was do ne wit h th e ex pe ct at io n of rece iv in g ch il d po rn og rap hy

in ret ur n. Mayok ok al so ob jecte d th at in su ffi ci en t pr oo f ex is ts th at e-m ai ls co nt ai ni ng
ch il d po rn og rap hy an d sen t to Mayok ok were so ug ht by Mayok ok or th at Mayok ok

di st rib ut ed ch il d p or no gr ap hy exp ect in g c hi ld po rn og rap hy in re tu rn

.

At se nt en ci ng , th e go ve rn m en t pr es e n t e d no ev id en ce in res po ns e to Mayok ok ’s ob

jecti on s wit h res pe ct to th e USSG § 2G2 .2(b )(3 )(B) en ha nc em en t.

Nev ert he le ss , th e di st ric t co ur t ov erru le d th e ob jecti on s an d ap pl ie d th e en ha nc em en t

to Mayoko k’s o ffen se lev el

.

The pl ea ag reem en t al so co nt ai ne d Mayok ok ’s ad m is si on th at in 20 03 he was

co nv ic te d in Red woo d Co un ty, Mi nn es ot a, of vi ol at in g Mi nn es ot a St at ut e § 61 7.2 47

,

su bd iv is io n 4, Po ss es si on of Po rn og rap hi c W or k In vo lv in g Mi no rs

. Bas ed up on th is

co nv ic ti on , th e Uni te d St at es as se rte d th at a m an da to ry m in im um se nt en ce of 15 y ears

an d a max i m

um se nt en ce of 40 y ears ap pl ie s to Mayok ok ’s cas e, as th e Mi nn es ot a

co nv ic ti on co ns ti tu te s a co nv ic ti on rel at in g to th e “ po ss es si on , rece ip t, m ai li ng , sa le

, di st rib ut io n, sh ip m en t, or tra ns po rta ti on of ch il d po rn og rap hy” pu rs ua nt to 18 U.S.C.
§ 22 52 (b )(1 ). Mayok ok ob jecte d to th e ap pl ic at io n of th is m an da to ry m in im um

se nt en ce. The di st ric t co ur t o ve rru le d M ay ok ok ’s ob jecti on

.

-4

-II.

Mayok ok as se rts

, an d t h e U n it ed St at es ag rees , th at Mayok ok m ad e ti m el y
ob jecti on s be fo re th e di st ric t co ur t th at th e fiv e-l ev el en ha nc em en t fo r di st rib ut io n of

ch il d po rn og rap hy fo r th e rece ip t or wit h th e ex pe ct at io n of rece iv in g a th in g of va lu e
is no t su pp or te d by th e reco rd

, t ha t th e se nt en ci ng reco rd do es no t su pp or t th e

en ha nc em en t, an d th at th e di st ric t co ur t erre d in ap pl y in g th e en ha nc em en t to Mayok ok ’s of

fen se le ve l. The go ve rn m en t th us joi ns Mayok o k in as ki ng th at th is

m at te r be rem an de d fo r res en te nc in g wit ho ut th e fiv e-l ev el USSG § 2G2 .2(b )(3 )(B)

en ha nc em en t. We agre e th at rem an d i s ap pr op ria te

.

In rev ie w i n g a se nt en ce, we fir st rev ie w fo r si gn ifi can t pr oc ed ur al erro r.
Uni te d St at es v. Mar ti n, 75 7 F.3 d 77 6, 77 9 (8 th Ci r. 20 14 ). Pro ced ur al erro r in cl ud es

im pr op erl y cal cu la ti ng th e Gui de li ne s ran ge

. Gall v. Uni te d St at es , 55 2 U.S. 38

, 51
(2 00 7) . Furt he r:

App li cat io n of se nt e n c in g en ha nc em en ts m us t be su pp or te d by a
pr ep on de ran ce of th e ev id en ce, an d th e go ve rn m en t ha s th e bu r d e n to

pr ov e th e fact ua l bas is for an en ha nc em en t. It is well -es ta bl is he d th at

,

w h en a de fen da nt di sp ut es m at eri al fact s in hi s PSR, th e se nt en ci ng

c o u r t m us t ei th er refu se to ta ke th os e fact s in to acco un t or ho ld a n

ev id en ti ary he ari ng

. If th e de fen da nt ob jects to th e fact ua l ba si s f o r a

se nt en ci ng en ha nc em en t, and th e go ve rn m en t fail s to pr es en t ev id en ce
to pr ov e th at fact ua l ba si s by a pr ep on de ran ce of th e ev id en ce, it is erro r
to ap pl y th e en ha nc em en t.

Uni te d St a t e s v. Mi tc he ll

, 82 5 F.3 d 42 2, 42 5 (8 th Ci r. 20 16 ) (ci ta ti on s om it te d)
(in te rn al qu ot at io n m ark s o m it te d)

.

M a y ok ok ob

jecte d to th e fact ua l ba si s fo r th e USSG § 2G2 .2(b )(3 )(B)

en ha nc em en t an d th e go ve rn m en t ack no wled ge s in it s b r i e f “ th at th e en ha nc em en t

was no t su ffi ci en tl y su pp or te d in th e reco rd .” The tra ns cri pt fro m th e s e n t e nc in g

-5

-he ari ng refl ect s th at ev id en ce was pr es en te d sh owi ng th at (1 ) on Nov em be r 12

, 20 13

, Mayok ok up lo ad ed an im ag e to Goo gl e Pi cas a, an d (2 ) Mayok ok ex ch an ge d e-m ai ls

c o n t a in in g ch il d po rn og rap hy in Ju ly of 20 13

. Bu t we ha ve “ no t co nd o n e d

ap pl ic at io n of th e en ha nc em en t si m pl y be cau se a de fe n d an t us es a fil e-s ha rin g

pr og ram ,” an d no ev id en ce was pr es en te d to es ta bl is h th e ne ces sa ry pr op os it io n th at Mayok ok act ua ll y en ga ge d in fil e sh ari ng aft er he up lo ad ed th is im ag e. See Uni te d

St at es v. Dol eh id e, 66 3 F. 3 d 34 3, 34 8 (8 th Ci r. 20 11 ) (“ [T]he Gov ern m en t m us t

pr es en t ev id en ce th at th e de fen da nt up lo ad ed an d do wnl oa de d fil es us in g

Lim eWire.”). Fu rth er, th e e-m ai ls di sc us se d by th e di st ric t c o u rt du rin g th e

se nt en ci ng he ari ng es ta bl is h on ly th at Mayok ok se nt an d rece i ve d fil es vi a e-m ai l.

The re is no ev id en ce, ho wev er, th at Mayok ok se nt th os e e-m ai ls wit h th e ex pe ct at io n

of rece iv in g a th in g of va lu e. Acco rd in gl y , it was erro r fo r th e di st ric t co ur t to ap pl y
th e en ha nc em en t. Uni te d St at es v. Po or Bea r, 35 9 F.3 d 1 03 8, 1 04 2 (8 th Cir . 20 04 )
(“ The ev id en ce th at th e di st ric t co ur t co ul d rel y on in m ak in g a fact ua l de te rm in at io n [as to a Gui de li ne s en ha nc em en t] in cl ud e[] th e un ob jecte d- to po rti on s of th e PSR, th e
writ te n fact ua l ba si s of [a] pl ea ag reem en t, an d [ev id en ce pr es en te d at an ev id en ti ary
he ari ng ]. ”).

III.

Mayok ok al so ap pe al s th e di st ric t co ur t’s im po si ti on of th e 15 -y ear m an da to ry

m in im um se nt en ce fo un d in 18 U.S.C. § 22 52 (b )(1 ). W e rev ie w de no vo a ch al le ng e

to th e ap pl ic at io n of a m an da to ry m in im um se nt en ce. Uni te d St at es v. So nn en be rg , 55 6 F.3 d 66 7, 66 9 (8 th Ci r. 20 09 ). An in di vi du al who vi ol at es § 22 52 (a)( 2) is su bjec t

to a 15 -y ear m in im

um se nt en ce if th at p e r s o n “h a s a pr io r co nv ic ti on

. . . u nd er th e

la ws of an y St at e r el at in g to

. . . th e pr od uc ti on , po ss es si on , rece ip t, m ai li ng , sa le

, di st rib ut io n, s hi pm en t, o r tr an sp or ta ti on of c hi ld po rn og rap hy.” § 22 52 (b )(1 ).

W e em pl oy a cat eg or ic al ap pr oa ch to de te rm in e whe t h e r a pr io r co nv ic ti on

tri gg ers a m an da to ry m in im um se nt en ce un de r § 2 2 5 2( b) (1 ). Uni te d St at es v.

-6

-Kno wles

, 81 7 F.3 d 10 95

, 10 97 -9 8 (8 t h C ir. 20 16 ). “ Und er th is ap pr oa ch

, th e

se nt en ci ng co ur t lo ok s to th e fact of co nv ic ti on an d t h e s t a t ut or y de fin it io n of th e

pr io r of fen se an d det erm in es whe th er the ful l ra ng e of co nd uc t enco m pa ss ed by th e

st at e st at ut e qu al ifi es to en ha nc e th e se nt en ce.” So nn en be rg , 55 6 F.3 d at 67 0 (ci ti ng Tay lo r v. Uni te d St at es , 49 5 U.S. 57 5, 60 0 (1 99 0) ). Thu s, ou r pr es en t ta sk is to

de te rm in e whe th er th e fu ll ran ge of co nd uc t pr os cri be d by Mi nn es ot a St at ut e se ct io n

617. 247, su bd iv is io n 4 (2 00 2)

, “ rel at [es ] to ” th e va rie ty of ch il d po rn og ra phy of fe nse s
de sc rib ed in § 2 25 2( b) (1 ).

At th e ti m e of Mayok ok ’s con vi ct io n, s ect io n 6 17 .24 7, s ub di vi si on 4 re ad as

fo ll ows : “ A pe rs on w h o p os se ss es a po rn og rap hi c wor k or a co m pu te r di sk or

co m pu te r

. . . c on ta in in g a po rn o g r a p h i c w o rk , k no win g or wit h reas on to kn ow it s

co nt en t an d ch arac te r, is gu il ty of a fel on y

. . . .” Fo r th e pu rp os e of th e ab ov e st at ut e,

su bd iv is io n 2 pr ov id ed t h a t th e te rm s “ Po rn og rap hi c wor k” an d “ Sex ua l co nd uc t”

were gi ve n th e de fin it io ns as cri be d to th em in se ct io n 61 7.2 46

. Tha t se ct io n, in tu rn , de fin ed “ Po rn og rap hi c wor k” as:

(1 ) an or ig in al or rep ro du ct io n of a pi ct ur e, fil m , ph ot og rap h, ne ga ti ve , sl id e, vi de ot ap e, vi de od is c, or dr awin g of a se xu al pe r f o rm an ce in vo lv in g a m in or ; o r

(2 ) an y vi su al de pi ct io n, in cl ud in g an y ph ot og rap h, fil m , vi de o, pi ct ur e, dr a w i ng , ne ga ti ve , sl id e, or co m pu te r-g en erat ed im ag e or pi ct ur e, whe th er m ad e or pr od uc ed by el ect ro ni c, m ech an ic al

, or ot he r m ean s th at :

(i) us es a m in or to de pi ct act ua l o r si m ul at ed sex ua l co nd uc t;

(ii ) ha s be en crea te d, ad ap te d, or m od ifi ed to ap pe ar th at an id en ti fia bl e

m in or is en ga gi ng in sex ua l co nd uc t; or

-7

-(ii i) is ad ve rti se d, pr om ot ed

, pr es en te d, de sc rib ed

, or di st rib ut ed in su ch

a m an ne r th at co nv ey s t he im pr es si on th at th e m at eri al is or co nt ai ns a vi su al de pi ct io n o f a m in or en ga gi ng in sex ua l co nd uc t.

Mi nn St at

. § 61 7.2 46

, su bd

. 1( f) (2 00 2)

. It th en de fin ed th e fo ll owi ng act s as “ se xu al

co nd uc t” :

(1 ) an act of se xu al in te rco ur se , no rm al or pe rv ert ed

, in cl ud in g ge ni ta lge nit al

, an al -g en ita l, or or al -g enit al in te rco ur se , whe th er be twee n hum an be in gs or b et ween a hu m an be in g a nd an an im al ;

(2 ) sa do m as oc hi st ic ab us e, m ean in g fla ge ll at io n, to rtu re, o r si m il ar de m ean in g act s in fli ct ed by or up on a pe r s o n who is nu de or cl ad in

un de rg arm en ts or in a rev eal i n g c o st um e, or th e co nd it io n of be in g fet te red

, bo un d or ot he rwis e ph y si cal ly res tra in ed on th e pa rt of on e so cl ot he d;

(3 ) m as tu rb at io n;

(4 ) le wd ex hi bi ti on s o f th e g en it al s; or

(5 ) ph y s i c a l c o nt act wit h th e cl ot he d or un cl ot he d pu bi c area s or bu tt oc ks of a h u man m al e or fem al e, or th e br eas ts of th e fem al e, whe th er al on e or be twee n m em be rs of th e sa m e o r op po si te se x or be twee n hu m an s an d an im al s in an act of ap pa ren t se xu al st im ul at io n or
gr at ifi cat io n.

Id . § 6 17 .24 6, s ub d. 1 (e).

Und er fed eral la w, “ ‘chi ld po rn og rap hy’ m ean s an y vi su a l d e p ic ti on

. . . o f a

m in or en ga gi ng in se xu a l l y e x p l i ci t co nd uc t.” 18 U.S.C. § 22 56 (8 )(A). “ Sex ua ll y

ex pl ic it co nd uc t” is fu rth er de fin ed as “ act ua l or si m ul at ed (i) se x u a l in te rco ur se , in cl ud in g ge ni ta l-g en it al

, or al -g en it al

, an al -g en it al

, or or al -an al

, whe th er be twee n

pe rs on s of th e sa m e or op po si te se x; (ii ) be st ia li ty; (ii i) m as tu rb at io n; (iv ) sa di st ic or

-8

-m as oc hi st ic ab us e; or (v ) la sc iv io us ex hi bi ti on of th e ge ni ta ls or pu bi c area of an y

pe rs on .” Id . § 2 25 6( 2) (A).

To b e su re, de sp it e th e m an y si m il ari ti es in th es e st at ut es , on e can co nju r e

sc en ari os th at vi ol at e on e s t a t ut e bu t no t th e ot he r. In de ed

, Mayok ok su ccee ds in

po in ti ng ou t a nu m

be r of ex am pl es in whi ch th is oc cu rs

. The qu es ti on , ho wev er, is

no t whe th er t he st at ut es cri m in al iz e ex act ly th e sa m e co nd uc t, bu t whe th er th e fu ll

ran ge of co nd uc t pr os cri be d un de r se ct io n 61 7.2 46

, su bd iv i si on 4 re la te s to th e

“ po ss es si on

. . . of c h i l d p or no gr ap hy” as th at te rm is de fin ed un de r fed eral la w. 2

“ The ph ras e ‘relat in g to ’ carr ie s a br oa d or di na ry m ean in g, i.e., to st an d in so m e
rel at io n to ; to ha ve be ari ng or co nc ern ; to pe rta in ; refer; to br in g in to as so ci at io n or

co nn ect io n wit h.” So nn en be rg , 55 6 F.3 d at 67 1 (in te rn al qu ot at io n m ark s om it te d)

. App lying th e cat eg or ic al ap pr oa ch

, it is cl ear fro m lo ok in g on ly at Mayok ok ’s 20 03

co nv ic ti on an d it s st at ut or y de fin it io n th at an y c o n du ct vi ol at in g se ct io n 61 7.2 47

,

su bd iv is io n 4, ne ces sa ril y rel at es to th e “ po ss es si on

. . . of ch il d po rn og rap hy” un de r
fed eral law. See Uni te d S ta te s v . Ben ne tt , 82 3 F .3d 13 16 , 13 25 (10 th Cir . 20 16 ).

Fo r th is reas on , m

uc h of th e di sc us si on fro m cas es li ke Mat hi s v. Uni te d 2

S t at es , 13 6 S. Ct

. 22 43 (2 01 6)

, is in ap po si te to § 22 52

. The 15 -y ear m an d a t o r y mi n i mum pr ov id ed by th e Arm ed Care er Cri m in al Act, 18 U.S.C. § 92 4( e)(1 )

, i s im po se d whe n an in di vi du al vi ol at es § 92 2( g) “ an d ha s th ree pr ev io us co nv ic ti on s by

an y co ur t refe rred to in se ct io n 92 2( g) (1 ) of th is ti tl e fo r a vi ol en t fel on y .” A “ vi ol en t fel on y ” is fu rth er de fin ed as , in te r al ia

, “ an y cri m e

. . . th at

. . . i s b u r g l a r y.” Id

. § 92 4( e)(2 )(B) (ii ). Giv en Co ng res s’s us e o f th e co nc ret e te rm s li ke “ fo r a vi ol en t fel on y ” an d “ is ,” th e Co ur t’s sp eci fic at io n th at “ [a] cri m e co un ts as ‘bur gl ary’ un de r th e Act if it s el em en ts are th e sa m e as , or na rro wer th an , th os e of th e ge ne ric of fen se ”
is le ss th an su rp ris in g. Mat hi s, 13 6 S. Ct

. at 22 48

. Here, by co nt ras t, Co ng res s us ed
th e m od ifi er “ rel at in g to ,” an d “ [w]e m us t as su m e” th at it di d so “ fo r a pu r p o se .”
So nn en be rg , 55 6 F

. 3 d at 67 1 (al te rat io n in or ig in al ) (in te rn al qu ot at io n m ark s

om it te d)

. Giv en th e Co ur t’s br oa d in te rp ret at io n of th is ph ras e in ot he r co nt ex ts

, se e,
e.g ., Mo ral es v. Tran s W or ld Airl in es , In c., 50 4 U.S. 37 4, 38 3 (1 99 2 ), th e Co ng res si on al pu rp os e was to su bjec t a w i d e r ran ge of pr io r co nv ic ti on s to th e § 2 25 2( b) (1 ) en ha nc em en t.

-9

-Th e di st ric t co ur t th us co rrec tl y ap pl ie d th e st at ut or y m an da to ry m in i mu m

se nt en ce.

IV.

Acco rd in gl y , we affi rm th e ap pl ic at i o n o f th e 15 -y ear m an da to ry m in im um

se nt en ce un d e r 1 8 U.S.C. § 22 52 (b )(1 ), bu t we va cat e Mayok ok ’s se nt en ce an d

rem an d fo r res en te nc in g wi th ou t t he USSG § 2 G2.2 (b )(3 )(B) en ha nc em en t.

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