[Federal Register Volume 89, Number 185 (Tuesday, September 24, 2024)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 78134-78198]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2024-21182]



[[Page 78133]]

Vol. 89

Tuesday,

No. 185

September 24, 2024

Part IV





Department of the Interior





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 Fish and Wildlife Service





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50 CFR Part 17





Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Critical Habitat 
Designations for Florida Manatee and Antillean Manatee; Proposed Rule

Federal Register / Vol. 89, No. 185 / Tuesday, September 24, 2024 / 
Proposed Rules

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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

Fish and Wildlife Service

50 CFR Part 17

[Docket No. FWS-R4-ES-2024-0073; FXES1111090FEDR-245-FF09E21000]
RIN 1018-BH47


Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Critical Habitat 
Designations for Florida Manatee and Antillean Manatee

AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior.

ACTION: Proposed rule.

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SUMMARY: We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service), propose to 
revise the critical habitat designation for the Florida manatee 
(Trichechus manatus latirostris) and to designate critical habitat for 
the Antillean manatee (T. m. manatus), under the Endangered Species Act 
of 1973, as amended (Act). In 1976, we designated critical habitat of 
approximately 965,394 acres (ac) (390,681 hectares (ha)) in Florida for 
the Florida manatee based on where large concentrations of manatees 
were known to occur at the time, but no critical habitat was ever 
designated for the Antillean manatee subspecies. After a review of the 
best scientific data available, we propose to revise the existing 
designated critical habitat for the Florida manatee and designate 
critical habitat for the Antillean manatee based on the physical or 
biological features essential to the conservation of each subspecies. 
The total proposed designation for Florida manatee is 1,904,191 ac 
(770,599 ha) and 78,121 ac (31,614 ha) for the Antillean manatee 
subspecies. We also announce the availability of an economic analysis 
of the proposed revised designation of critical habitat for the Florida 
manatee and proposed designation for the Antillean manatee.

DATES: We will accept comments received or postmarked on or before 
November 25, 2024. Comments submitted electronically using the Federal 
eRulemaking Portal (see ADDRESSES, below) must be received by 11:59 
p.m. eastern time on the closing date. We must receive requests for a 
public hearing, in writing, at the address shown in FOR FURTHER 
INFORMATION CONTACT by November 8, 2024.

ADDRESSES: You may submit comments by one of the following methods:
    (1) Electronically: Go to the Federal eRulemaking Portal: https://www.regulations.gov. In the Search box, enter FWS-R4-ES-2024-0073, 
which is the docket number for this rulemaking. Then, click on the 
Search button. On the resulting page, in the panel on the left side of 
the screen, under the Document Type heading, check the Proposed Rule 
box to locate this document. You may submit a comment by clicking on 
``Comment.''
    (2) By hard copy: Submit by U.S. mail to: Public Comments 
Processing, Attn: FWS-R4-ES-2024-0073, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 
MS: PRB/3W, 5275 Leesburg Pike, Falls Church, VA 22041-3803.
    We request that you send comments only by the methods described 
above. We will post all comments on https://www.regulations.gov. This 
generally means that we will post any personal information you provide 
us (see Information Requested, below, for more information).
    Availability of supporting materials: Supporting materials for the 
proposed critical habitat designations in this document are included in 
the decision file for this rulemaking and are available at https://www.regulations.gov at Docket No. FWS-R4-ES-2024-0073.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Nikki Colangelo, Acting Classification 
and Recovery Division Manager, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Florida 
Ecological Services Field Office, 777 37th Street, Suite D-101, Vero 
Beach, Florida 32960; telephone 772-226-8138. Individuals in the United 
States who are deaf, deafblind, hard of hearing, or have a speech 
disability may dial 711 (TTY, TDD, or TeleBraille) to access 
telecommunications relay Services. Individuals outside the United 
States should use the relay Services offered within their country to 
make international calls to the point-of-contact in the United States. 
Please see Docket No. FWS-R4-ES-2024-0073 on https://www.regulations.gov for a document that summarizes this proposed rule.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

Executive Summary

    Why we need to publish a rule. Under section 4(a)(3) of the Act, if 
we determine that a species is an endangered or threatened species, we 
must designate critical habitat to the maximum extent prudent and 
determinable. Revisions and designations of critical habitat 
designation can be completed only by issuing a rule through the 
Administrative Procedure Act rulemaking process (5 U.S.C. 551 et seq.).
    What this document does. This document proposes to revise the 
existing critical habitat designation for the Florida manatee and, for 
the reason described below, to add a critical habitat designation for 
the Antillean manatee. This proposed rule would remove 259,842 ac 
(105,154 ha) from the current Florida manatee critical habitat 
designation because the areas either do not meet the definition of 
critical habitat or they qualify for an exemption under the Act and 
would add 1,198,639 ac (485,072 ha) in Florida to that critical habitat 
designation because they meet the definition of critical habitat for 
the subspecies. The total proposed designation for Florida manatee is 
1,904,191 ac (770,599 ha). In addition, this proposed rule would 
designate 78,121 ac (31,614 ha) in Puerto Rico that meet the definition 
of critical habitat for the Antillean manatee subspecies.
    The basis for our action. Section 3(5)(A) of the Act defines 
critical habitat as (i) the specific areas within the geographical area 
occupied by the species, at the time it is listed, on which are found 
those physical or biological features (I) essential to the conservation 
of the species and (II) which may require special management 
considerations or protection; and (ii) specific areas outside the 
geographical area occupied by the species at the time it is listed, 
upon a determination by the Secretary that such areas are essential for 
the conservation of the species. Section 4(b)(2) of the Act states that 
the Secretary must make the designation on the basis of the best 
scientific data available and after taking into consideration the 
economic impact, the impact on national security, and any other 
relevant impacts of specifying any particular area as critical habitat.
    The current critical habitat designation for the Florida manatee 
was described before critical habitat regulations were developed; it 
did not identify specific physical or biological features that are 
essential to the conservation of the subspecies. Instead, it described 
specific waterways that were known to be important concentration areas 
for Florida manatees at that time. The geographic areas originally 
designated as critical habitat for the Florida manatee have been 
reevaluated based on recent scientific studies of the subspecies' 
distribution, habitat use, and habitat needs. We are proposing a 
revised critical habitat designation for the Florida manatee based on 
that reevaluation. We are also proposing a critical habitat designation 
for the Antillean manatee because we are reassessing the listing status 
of the West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus), and, based on the 
reassessment, we may propose to

[[Page 78135]]

reclassify the species or revise the listed entity. The West Indian 
manatee includes two recognized subspecies, the Antillean manatee, 
Trichechus manatus manatus, and the Florida manatee, Trichechus manatus 
latirostris (Rice 1998, p. 129). Each subspecies has distinctive 
morphological features and occurs in discrete areas with rare overlap 
between ranges (Hatt 1934, p. 538; Domning and Hayek 1986, p. 136; and 
Alvarez-Alem[aacute]n et al. 2010, p. 148). Therefore, for the purposes 
of this proposed rule, we have used the subspecies to differentiate 
between the proposed critical habitat areas.

Information Requested

    We intend that any final action resulting from this proposed rule 
will be based on the best scientific and commercial data available and 
be as accurate and as effective as possible. Therefore, we request 
comments or information from other governmental agencies, Native 
American Tribes, the scientific community, industry, or any other 
interested parties concerning this proposed rule. We particularly seek 
comments or information concerning:
    (1) The amount and distribution of Florida manatee and Antillean 
manatee habitat.
    (2) Any additional areas occurring within the range of either 
subspecies that are within the jurisdiction of the United States (the 
Gulf and Atlantic Coasts of the United States for the Florida manatee, 
and Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands for the Antillean manatee) 
that should be included in the designation because they (i) were 
occupied at the time of listing and contain the physical or biological 
features that are essential to the conservation of the subspecies and 
that may require special management considerations or protection, or 
(ii) were unoccupied at the time of listing and are essential for the 
conservation of the subspecies.
    (3) The criteria used to identify critical habitat, including the 
boundaries of specific areas.
    (4) Special management considerations or protection that may be 
needed in critical habitat areas we are proposing, including managing 
for the potential effects of climate change.
    (5) Whether areas not occupied at the time of listing qualify as 
habitat for the species and are essential for the conservation of the 
species.
    (6) Land use designations and current or planned activities in the 
areas proposed for designation and their possible impacts on proposed 
critical habitat.
    (7) Any probable economic, national security, or other relevant 
impacts of designating any area that may be included in the final 
designation, and the related benefits of including or excluding 
specific areas.
    (8) Information on the extent to which the description of probable 
economic impacts in the economic analysis is a reasonable estimate of 
the likely economic impacts and any additional information regarding 
probable economic impacts that we should consider. This may include 
information on changes in activities or behaviors due to the 
designation of critical habitat. Such activities might occur outside 
occupied areas that can affect critical habitat, such as upstream 
projects that may affect critical habitat through effects on the 
physical or biological features. The Service also requests comment on 
whether and how consultations and project modifications may change with 
the revised designation in Florida or new designation in Puerto Rico.
    (9) Whether any specific areas we are proposing for critical 
habitat designation should be considered for exclusion under section 
4(b)(2) of the Act due to economic, national security, or other 
relevant impacts, and whether the benefits of potentially excluding any 
such area outweigh the benefits of including that area, in particular 
for those based on a conservation program or plan, and why. These may 
include Tribal, State/Territory/Commonwealth, county, local, or private 
lands with permitted conservation plans covering the subspecies in the 
area such as habitat conservation plans, safe harbor agreements, 
conservation easements, or non-permitted conservation agreements and 
partnerships that would be encouraged by designation of, or exclusion 
from, critical habitat. If you think we should exclude any additional 
areas, please provide information supporting a benefit of exclusion.
    (10) Whether we could improve or modify our approach to designating 
critical habitat in any way to provide for greater public participation 
and understanding, or to better accommodate public concerns and 
comments.
    Please include sufficient information with your submission (such as 
scientific journal articles or other publications) to allow us to 
verify any scientific or commercial information you include.
    Please note that submissions merely stating support for, or 
opposition to, the action under consideration without providing 
supporting information, although noted, do not provide substantial 
information necessary to support a determination. Section 4(b)(2) of 
the Act directs that the Secretary shall designate critical habitat on 
the basis of the best scientific data available.
    You may submit your comments and materials concerning this proposed 
rule by one of the methods listed in ADDRESSES. We request that you 
send comments only by the methods described in ADDRESSES.
    If you submit information via https://www.regulations.gov, your 
entire submission--including any personal identifying information--will 
be posted on the website. If your submission is made via a hardcopy 
that includes personal identifying information, you may request at the 
top of your document that we withhold this information from public 
review. However, we cannot guarantee that we will be able to do so. We 
will post all hardcopy submissions on https://www.regulations.gov.
    Comments and materials we receive, as well as supporting 
documentation we used in preparing this proposed rule, will be 
available for public inspection on https://www.regulations.gov.
    Our final determinations may differ from this proposal because we 
will consider all comments we receive during the comment period, as 
well as any information that may become available after this proposal. 
Based on new information we may receive (and, if relevant, any comments 
on that new information), we may modify the proposed critical habitat. 
Our final designations may not include all areas proposed, may include 
some additional areas that meet the definition of critical habitat, or 
may exclude some areas if we find the benefits of exclusion outweigh 
the benefits of inclusion and exclusion will not result in the 
extinction of the species. In our final rule, we will clearly explain 
our rationale and the basis for our final decision, including why we 
made changes, if any, that differ from this proposal.

Public Hearing

    Section 4(b)(5) of the Act provides for a public hearing on this 
proposal, if requested. Requests must be received by the date specified 
in DATES. Such requests must be sent to the address shown in FOR 
FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT. We will schedule a public hearing on this 
proposal, if requested, and announce the date, time, and place of the 
hearing, as well as how to obtain reasonable accommodations, in the 
Federal Register and local newspapers at least 15 days before the 
hearing. We may hold the public hearing in person or virtually via 
webinar. We will announce any public hearing on our website, in 
addition to the Federal

[[Page 78136]]

Register. The use of virtual public hearings is consistent with our 
regulations at 50 CFR 424.16(c)(3).

Previous Federal Actions

    The Florida manatee was listed as endangered in 1967 (32 FR 4001, 
March 11, 1967) under the Endangered Species Preservation Act of 1966 
(Pub. L. 89-669; 80 Stat. 926). After adoption of the Endangered 
Species Conservation Act of 1969 (Pub. L. 91-135; 83 Stat. 275), the 
Florida manatee listing was amended in 1970 to include the West Indian 
manatee (Trichechus manatus) throughout its range, including in 
northern South America (35 FR 8491, June 2, 1970). A December 2, 1970, 
amendment then added the Caribbean Sea to the ``Where found'' 
information in the listing entry for the West Indian (Florida) manatee, 
which added the Antillean manatee to the listing (35 FR 18319). The 
West Indian manatee was subsequently grandfathered into the List of 
Endangered and Threatened Wildlife under the Act in 1973 (16 U.S.C. 
1531 et seq.). In 2017, the West Indian manatee, including both 
subspecies, was reclassified from endangered to threatened (82 FR 
16668, April 5, 2017). We are currently reassessing the listing status 
of the West Indian manatee. The status determination for this species 
will be based on the best available information as of the time of 
publication. Based on the reassessment, we may propose to reclassify 
the species or to revise the listed entity.
    Critical habitat for the Florida manatee was designated in 1976 
(see 41 FR 41914, September 24, 1976, and 42 FR 47840, September 22, 
1977). On December 19, 2008, we received a petition from Wildlife 
Advocacy Project, Save the Manatee Club, Center for Biological 
Diversity, and Defenders of Wildlife requesting that critical habitat 
be revised for the Florida manatee under the Act and the Administrative 
Procedure Act. On January 12, 2010, we published in the Federal 
Register a 12-month finding on the petition to revise the Florida 
manatee critical habitat designation stating that revisions were 
warranted (75 FR 1574). On February 1, 2022, we received a complaint 
filed by the Center for Biological Diversity, Defenders of Wildlife, 
and Save the Manatee Club for failure to take action on the December 
19, 2008, petition. On June 1, 2022, we entered into a stipulated 
settlement agreement resolving the litigation. Under the terms of the 
agreement, the Service agreed to submit a proposed rule to revise the 
critical habitat designation for the Florida manatee to the Office of 
the Federal Register on or before September 12, 2024. The timing of 
this proposed rule meets the stipulations of the settlement agreement.

Peer Review

    In accordance with our joint policy on peer review published in the 
Federal Register on July 1, 1994 (59 FR 34270), and our August 22, 
2016, memorandum updating and clarifying the role of peer review of 
listing and recovery actions under the Act (https://www.fws.gov/sites/default/files/documents/peer-review-policy-directors-memo-2016-08-22.pdf), we are soliciting independent scientific review of this 
proposed rule to ensure that our proposals are based on scientifically 
sound data and analysis. We have invited peer reviewers to comment on 
our specific assumptions, methodology, and science used in these 
critical habitat proposals during the public comment period for this 
proposed rule (see DATES, above). We will consider any comments we 
receive, as appropriate, before making a final agency determination.

Regulatory Framework

    Section 4 of the Act (16 U.S.C. 1533) and the implementing 
regulations in title 50 of the Code of Federal Regulations set forth 
the procedures for determining whether a species is an endangered 
species or a threatened species, issuing protective regulations for 
threatened species, and designating critical habitat for endangered and 
threatened species. On April 5, 2024, jointly with the National Marine 
Fisheries Service, we issued a final rule that revised the regulations 
in 50 CFR part 424 regarding how we add, remove, and reclassify 
endangered and threatened species and what criteria we apply when 
designating listed species' critical habitat (89 FR 24300). That final 
rule is now in effect and is incorporated into the current regulations. 
Our analysis for this proposed rule applied our current regulations.

Background

Species Information

    A thorough review of the taxonomy, life history, and ecology of 
each subspecies of the West Indian manatee (Florida and Antillean) is 
presented in the associated species status assessment (SSA) reports 
(Service 2024a, entire; Service 2024b, entire).
    West Indian manatees are large, elongated marine mammals with 
short, paired flippers and a distinct paddle-shaped tail. The species 
includes two recognized subspecies, the Florida manatee and the 
Antillean manatee (Hatt 1934, p. 538; Rice 1998, p. 129), that appear 
similar, share most common morphological characteristics, and can 
typically only be distinguished through skeletal measurements or 
genetic analysis (Hatt 1934, p. 538; Domning and Hayek 1986, p. 136; 
Alvarez-Alem[aacute]n et al. 2010, p. 148). The two subspecies can 
differ in size, with the Florida manatee often larger and heavier than 
the Antillean manatee; however, there is overlap with the sizes 
(Converse et al. 1994, p. 427; Wong et al. 2012, p. 5; Castelblanco-
Mart[iacute]nez et al. 2021, p. 7). Florida manatees may be larger as 
an adaptation for producing and retaining body heat, as they inhabit 
the northern limits (i.e., coldest temperatures) of the species' range 
(Johnson 2019, pp. 10-14).
    The West Indian manatee's range extends from southeastern North 
America to northern South America; their distribution is linked to the 
availability of foraging habitat and fresh water (and, for Florida 
manatees, warm water during the winter). The range of the Florida 
manatee includes the U.S. Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts, as well 
as northern portions of the Caribbean, from the Bahamas and Cuba to 
Turks and Caicos (Alvarez-Alem[aacute]n et al. 2010, p. 148; Melillo-
Sweeting et al. 2011, p. 505; Alvarez-Alem[aacute]n et al. 2018, 
entire; Rood et al. 2020, entire; Morales-Vela et al. 2021, entire). 
The Antillean manatee is found in portions of the Caribbean, including 
Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, and 
Jamaica; in Central America from Mexico's southeast Caribbean coast to 
the Caribbean coast of Panama; Trinidad and Tobago; and south to 
Brazil's Atlantic coastline (United Nations Environment Programme 
(UNEP) 2010, entire; 81 FR 1000, January 8, 2016).
    Within the United States, the Florida manatee occurs throughout the 
southeastern United States (i.e., the northern portion of the West 
Indian manatee's range). The Florida manatee's distribution varies 
greatly between the warmer and colder months. In winter, because they 
are endothermic and cannot tolerate colder temperatures, they typically 
concentrate around natural warm-water springs (primarily located in 
northwest Florida and the St. Johns River) and artificial warm-water 
industrial sites, mostly power plants (currently four on the Atlantic 
coast and six on the Gulf coast; Irvine 1983, p. 316; Valade et al. 
2020, pp. 2-3). During the warmer months (generally March through 
November), some Florida manatees disperse great distances and can be 
occasionally found as far west as Texas and as far north as 
Massachusetts while most remain in Florida year-

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round (Deutsch et al. 2003a, pp. 20, 43; Fertl et al. 2005, entire; 
Deutsch et al. 2008, unpaginated; Cummings et al. 2014, entire; Cloyed 
et al. 2019, entire). Seasonal temperature changes are a major factor 
in the timing of migratory movements (Deutsch et al. 2003a, entire). 
While Florida manatees have a wider summer range within the United 
States, summer sightings outside of Florida are most common between 
Georgia and the Carolinas, and between coastal Alabama and Louisiana 
(Pabody et al. 2009, pp. 52-61; Hieb et al. 2017, pp. 321-332).
    For management purposes, the Florida manatee is divided into four, 
relatively distinct, regional management units: an Atlantic Coast unit 
that occupies the east coast of Florida, including the Florida Keys and 
the Lower St. Johns River north of Palatka; an Upper St. Johns River 
unit that occurs in the river south of Palatka; a Northwest unit that 
occupies the Florida Panhandle south to Hernando County; and a 
Southwest unit that occurs from Pasco County south to Whitewater Bay in 
Monroe County (Service 2001, pp. 3, 12; Service 2023a, pp. 2-3; Service 
2024a, p. 22). Manatees in each of these management units tend to 
return to the same warm-water sites each winter and have similar non-
winter distribution patterns. The exchange of individuals between these 
units is generally limited during the winter months, but in the non-
winter months, movements commonly occur between the Northwest and 
Southwest units and between the Upper St. Johns River and Atlantic 
Coast units (Deutsch et al. 2003a, entire). Movements between the East 
Coast t and Gulf Coast of Florida are uncommon but have occurred in 
recent years (Service 2023a, p. 3; Service 2024a, p. 22). Throughout 
the rest of the document, these management units are referred to as 
Manatee Management Units so as not to be confused with the proposed 
revised critical habitat units.
    Within the U.S. Caribbean territories, Antillean manatees occur in 
Puerto Rico and the U.S Virgin Islands (USVI). However, Antillean 
manatees in the USVI are considered extremely rare and transient from 
Puerto Rico, with only a handful of sightings and no resident 
populations (Service 2023b, p. 1). Antillean manatees have been 
documented along the entire coast of Puerto Rico, but are detected less 
often along the northern coast, where seagrass beds are not as 
extensive (Powell et al. 1981, p. 642; Collazo et al. 2019, pp. 1345-
1346). Their distribution is dependent on available resources and 
habitat such as fresh water, seagrass, and areas that provide shelter 
and protection from strong waves (UNEP 2010, p. 69; Drew et al. 2012, 
p. 19; Service 2023b, p. 1). In general, Antillean manatees in Puerto 
Rico occur island-wide, but with relatively higher concentrations in 
several areas: Ceiba on the east coast, Jobos Bay area between Guayama 
and Salinas on the southeast coast, Guayanilla and Gu[aacute]nica Bay 
area on the southwest coast, and between Cabo Rojo and Mayag[uuml]ez 
(Guanajibo River mouth) on the west coast (Powell et al. 1981, pp. 644-
645; Rathbun et al. 1985, p. 9; Freeman and Quintero 1990, p. 15; 
Mignucci-Giannoni et al. 2004, p. 5; Service 2007, p. 27; Drew et al. 
2012, p. 12; Collazo et al. 2019, p. 1345).
    West Indian manatees use both freshwater and saltwater habitats 
throughout their range for survival and life-history needs, including 
feeding and drinking, traveling, resting, thermoregulation (i.e., 
maintaining steady internal body temperature), mating, and nursing 
(Husar 1977, p. 9; 81 FR 1000 at 1004, January 8, 2016). They are 
commonly found in a variety of habitats including estuaries, rivers, 
streams, and lagoons. In some parts of Florida, manatees exclusively or 
primarily inhabit freshwater habitats, while Antillean manatees in 
Puerto Rico are primarily within coastal marine habitats and river 
mouths. As herbivores, manatees feed on a large variety of aquatic 
vegetation, generally preferring submerged, floating, and emergent 
vegetation in that order (Hartman 1979, p. 44). In Puerto Rico, 
seagrass is the main component of the Antillean manatee's diet, but 
they may also occasionally ingest green algae, mangrove fragments, or 
emergent grasses (Mignucci-Giannoni and Beck 1998, pp. 394, 396; Alves-
Stanley et al. 2010, p. 265).
    Where West Indian manatees use estuarine or marine habitats, they 
require fresh water for drinking and often seek out freshwater sources 
including stormwater outfalls, riverine discharges, spring systems, and 
other areas where they can obtain fresh water. Although they are 
considered good osmoregulators (i.e., organisms that actively regulate 
the salt and water balance (osmotic balance) across membranes within 
the body's fluids) regardless of the environment (Ortiz et al. 1998, 
pp. 453-456), manatees still require fresh water to avoid dehydration. 
West Indian manatees seem to possess a cognitive map of a network of 
available freshwater sites for consumption (Flamm et al. 2005, p. 1423) 
that they access approximately every 3 to 16 days (Slone et al. 2018, 
p. 75). Since freshwater sources are less abundant in Puerto Rico than 
in Florida, the distribution of the Antillean manatee may be more 
affected by known freshwater sites and seasonal patterns of rainfall 
(Lefebvre et al. 2001, p. 430; Ross et al. 2020, p. 12).
    West Indian manatees tend to travel along the edges of foraging 
habitat (e.g., seagrass beds), along shoreline differential depth 
changes, and in and near channels (81 FR 1000 at 1004, January 8, 
2016). They use sheltered areas including bays, boat basins, and canals 
to rest and feed, and for mothers to give birth and nurse their 
offspring (Reid et al. 1995, pp. 183, 188; Deutsch et al. 2003a, p. 52; 
Drew et al. 2012, p. 24).

Critical Habitat

    Critical habitat is defined in section 3 of the Act as:

    (1) The specific areas within the geographical area occupied by 
the species, at the time it is listed in accordance with the Act, on 
which are found those physical or biological features
    (a) Essential to the conservation of the species, and
    (b) Which may require special management considerations or 
protection; and
    (2) Specific areas outside the geographical area occupied by the 
species at the time it is listed, upon a determination that such 
areas are essential for the conservation of the species.

    Our regulations at 50 CFR 424.02 define the geographical area 
occupied by the species as an area that may generally be delineated 
around species' occurrences, as determined by the Secretary (i.e., 
range). Such areas may include those areas used throughout all or part 
of the species' life cycle, even if not used on a regular basis (e.g., 
migratory corridors, seasonal habitats, and habitats used periodically, 
but not solely by vagrant individuals).
    Conservation, as defined under section 3 of the Act, means to use 
and the use of all methods and procedures that are necessary to bring 
an endangered or threatened species to the point at which the measures 
provided pursuant to the Act are no longer necessary. Such methods and 
procedures include, but are not limited to, all activities associated 
with scientific resources management such as research, census, law 
enforcement, habitat acquisition and maintenance, propagation, live 
trapping, and transplantation, and, in the extraordinary case where 
population pressures within a given ecosystem cannot be otherwise 
relieved, may include regulated taking.
    Critical habitat receives protection under section 7 of the Act 
through the requirement that each Federal action

[[Page 78138]]

agency ensure, in consultation with the Service, that any action they 
authorize, fund, or carry out is not likely to result in the 
destruction or adverse modification of designated critical habitat. The 
designation of critical habitat does not affect land ownership or 
establish a refuge, wilderness, reserve, preserve, or other 
conservation area. Such designation also does not allow the government 
or public to access private lands. Such designation does not require 
implementation of restoration, recovery, or enhancement measures by 
non-Federal landowners. Rather, designation requires that, where a 
landowner requests Federal agency funding or authorization for an 
action that may affect an area designated as critical habitat, the 
Federal agency consult with the Service under section 7(a)(2) of the 
Act. If the action may affect the listed species itself (such as for 
occupied critical habitat), the Federal agency would have already been 
required to consult with the Service even absent the designation 
because of the requirement to ensure that the action is not likely to 
jeopardize the continued existence of the species. Even if the Service 
were to conclude after consultation that the proposed activity is 
likely to result in destruction or adverse modification of the critical 
habitat, the Federal action agency and the landowner are not required 
to abandon the proposed activity, or to restore or recover the species; 
instead, they must implement ``reasonable and prudent alternatives'' to 
avoid destruction or adverse modification of critical habitat.
    Under the first prong of the Act's definition of critical habitat, 
areas within the geographical area occupied by the species at the time 
it was listed are included in a critical habitat designation if they 
contain physical or biological features (1) which are essential to the 
conservation of the species and (2) which may require special 
management considerations or protection. For these areas, critical 
habitat designations identify, to the extent known using the best 
scientific data available, those physical or biological features that 
are essential to the conservation of the species (such as space, food, 
cover, and protected habitat).
    Under the second prong of the Act's definition of critical habitat, 
we can designate critical habitat in areas outside the geographical 
area occupied by the species at the time it is listed, upon a 
determination that such areas are essential for the conservation of the 
species.
    Section 4 of the Act requires that we designate critical habitat on 
the basis of the best scientific data available. Further, our Policy on 
Information Standards Under the Endangered Species Act (published in 
the Federal Register on July 1, 1994 (59 FR 34271)), the Information 
Quality Act (section 515 of the Treasury and General Government 
Appropriations Act for Fiscal Year 2001 (Pub. L. 106-554; H.R. 5658)), 
and our associated Information Quality Guidelines provide criteria, 
establish procedures, and provide guidance to ensure that our decisions 
are based on the best scientific data available. They require our 
biologists, to the extent consistent with the Act and with the use of 
the best scientific data available, to use primary and original sources 
of information as the basis for recommendations to designate critical 
habitat.
    When we are determining which areas should be designated as 
critical habitat, our primary source of information is generally the 
information from the SSA report and information developed during the 
listing process for the species. Additional information sources may 
include any generalized conservation strategy, criteria, or outline 
that may have been developed for the species; the recovery plan for the 
species; articles in peer-reviewed journals; conservation plans 
developed by States and counties; scientific status surveys and 
studies; biological assessments; other unpublished materials; or 
experts' opinions or personal knowledge.
    Habitat is dynamic, and species may move from one area to another 
over time. We recognize that critical habitat designated at a 
particular point in time may not include all of the habitat areas that 
we may later determine are necessary for the recovery of the species. 
For these reasons, a critical habitat designation does not signal that 
habitat outside the designated area is unimportant or may not be needed 
for recovery of the species. Areas that are important to the 
conservation of the species, both inside and outside the critical 
habitat designation, will continue to be subject to: (1) Conservation 
actions implemented under section 7(a)(1) of the Act; (2) regulatory 
protections afforded by the requirement in section 7(a)(2) of the Act 
for Federal agencies to ensure their actions are not likely to 
jeopardize the continued existence of any endangered or threatened 
species; and (3) the prohibitions found in section 9 of the Act. 
Federally funded or permitted projects affecting listed species outside 
their designated critical habitat areas may still result in jeopardy 
findings in some cases. These protections and conservation tools will 
continue to contribute to recovery of the species. Similarly, critical 
habitat designations made on the basis of the best available 
information at the time of designation will not control the direction 
and substance of future recovery plans, habitat conservation plans 
(HCPs), or other species conservation planning efforts if new 
information available at the time of those planning efforts calls for a 
different outcome.

Physical or Biological Features Essential to the Conservation of the 
Subspecies

    In accordance with section 3(5)(A)(i) of the Act and regulations at 
50 CFR 424.12(b), in determining which areas we will designate as 
critical habitat from within the geographical area occupied by the 
species at the time of listing, we consider the physical or biological 
features that are essential to the conservation of the species, and 
which may require special management considerations or protection. The 
regulations at 50 CFR 424.02 define ``physical or biological features 
essential to the conservation of the species'' as the features that 
occur in specific areas and that are essential to support the life-
history needs of the species, including, but not limited to, water 
characteristics, soil type, geological features, sites, prey, 
vegetation, symbiotic species, or other features. A feature may be a 
single habitat characteristic or a more complex combination of habitat 
characteristics. Features may include habitat characteristics that 
support ephemeral or dynamic habitat conditions. Features may also be 
expressed in terms relating to principles of conservation biology, such 
as patch size, distribution distances, and connectivity. For example, 
physical features essential to the conservation of the species might 
include gravel of a particular size required for spawning, alkaline 
soil for seed germination, protective cover for migration, or 
susceptibility to flooding or fire that maintains necessary early-
successional habitat characteristics. Biological features might include 
prey species, forage grasses, specific kinds or ages of trees for 
roosting or nesting, symbiotic fungi, or absence of a particular level 
of nonnative species consistent with conservation needs of the listed 
species. The features may also be combinations of habitat 
characteristics and may encompass the relationship between 
characteristics or the necessary amount of a characteristic essential 
to support the life history of the species.

[[Page 78139]]

    In considering whether features are essential to the conservation 
of the species, we may consider an appropriate quality, quantity, and 
spatial and temporal arrangement of habitat characteristics in the 
context of the life-history needs, condition, and status of the 
species. These characteristics include, but are not limited to, space 
for individual and population growth and for normal behavior; food, 
water, air, light, minerals, or other nutritional or physiological 
requirements; cover or shelter; sites for breeding, reproduction, or 
rearing (or development) of offspring; and habitats that are protected 
from disturbance.
    Basic habitat needs of both subspecies of West Indian manatee 
include forage, fresh water, shelter, travel corridors, and warm water 
(Husar 1977, p. 9; Drew et al. 2012, p. 19; 81 FR 1000 at 1004, January 
8, 2016). However, the two subspecies of West Indian manatee inhabit 
different portions of the species' broader range and experience 
different habitat conditions; therefore, we have determined they 
require different physical or biological features for their 
conservation.
    Since the Florida manatee inhabits the northern portion of the 
species' range and the species is cold-intolerant, the most significant 
habitat features for the conservation of the subspecies are warm water 
and winter forage availability (81 FR 1000 at 1011, January 8, 2016), 
specifically the proximity of forage material to warm-water sites 
(Packard 1984, entire; Deutsch et al. 2003b, p. 3; Deutsch et al. 2006, 
p. 21; Provancha et al. 2012, p. 4; Deutsch and Barlas 2016, p. 7; 
Haase et al. 2020, entire). The Antillean manatee inhabits the warmer 
southern portion of the species' range and does not face the same cold-
stress risk as the Florida manatee. However, in Puerto Rico, freshwater 
sources and sheltered areas are less common than in Florida due to its 
island nature. Therefore, the key habitat features necessary for 
Antillean manatee conservation are seagrass, shelter, and fresh water, 
also within proximity of each other (Powell et al. 1981, p. 641; Drew 
et al. 2012, pp. 8, 19).

Florida Manatee

    Florida manatees require stable, long-term sources of warm water, 
such as natural springs, during colder months to survive. An ambient 
water temperature of 68 degrees Fahrenheit ([deg]F) (20 degrees Celsius 
([deg]C)) has been identified as a temperature threshold when many 
Florida manatees begin to migrate south or seek out warm-water refuges, 
such as natural springs, industrial outflows, and passive thermal 
basins (areas such as natural deep holes, canals, and basins, where 
thermoclines, inverted haloclines, and other physical conditions slow 
the localized water column cooling processes and temporarily retain 
pockets of relatively warm water (Hartman 1979, pp. 17, 23; Deutsch et 
al. 2003a, pp. 22-25; Laist and Reynolds 2005, p. 280; Stith et al. 
2006, entire; Valade et al. 2020, pp. 3, 33)). These warm-water sites 
act as a buffer to the lethal effects of cold temperatures.
    In the two southernmost Florida Manatee Management Units (Southwest 
and Atlantic Coast), Florida manatees depend most heavily on industrial 
warm-water outfalls, primarily power plant cooling systems; in the two 
northernmost management units (Upper St. Johns River and Northwest), 
Florida manatees rely almost exclusively on natural springs (Laist et 
al. 2013, p. 4). Passive thermal basins are more commonly used by 
larger aggregations in the south and central part of Florida since 
these thermal basins can cool during intense or long periods of cold 
weather (Valade et al. 2020, p. 3). Statewide, from 1999-2011, 48.5 
percent of all Florida manatees observed during winter counts were 
counted at power plant outfalls, 17.5 percent were at natural springs, 
and 11.7 percent were at passive thermal basins, leaving only 22.3 
percent that were at other locations with no known warm-water feature 
(Laist et al. 2013, p. 4). During extreme cold weather in 2010, the 
percentage of the manatee population using power plant outfalls and 
natural springs increased to 63.2 and 18.3 percent, respectively (Laist 
et al. 2013, p. 4). The potential future reduction of warm water output 
at both natural and industrial sites is one of the leading threats the 
Florida manatee faces in the future and is discussed in detail in the 
Florida Manatee Warm-Water Habitat Action Plan (WWHAP; Valade et al. 
2020, pp. 7-9) and our SSA report (Service 2024a, pp. 40-45).
    Florida manatees show strong site fidelity, often returning to the 
same warm-water refuge(s) each winter (Rathbun et al. 1990, pp. 11, 23; 
Reid et al. 1991, p. 185; Deutsch et al. 2003a, pp. 33-36). Most 
manatees are familiar with the location of multiple warm-water sites, 
mostly within single Manatee Management Units or smaller areas (e.g., 
northern Indian River Lagoon; Reid et al. 1991, p. 185; Langtimm et al. 
1998, p. 984; Deutsch et al. 2003a, pp. 37-38, 47). Power plants, which 
provide winter refuges for approximately one-half to two-thirds of the 
Florida manatee population (Laist et al. 2013, p. 4), are not permanent 
reliable sources of warm water. In the past, some industrial sources of 
warm water have been eliminated due to plant obsolescence, 
environmental permitting requirements, economic pressures, and other 
factors (Deutsch et al. 2003a, p. 66; 81 FR 1000 at 1015, January 8, 
2016). During temporary power plant shutdowns, manatees have been 
observed to use less preferred nearby sites (Packard et al. 1989, 
entire). However, in other cases where thermal discharges have been 
eliminated, manatees have died due to site fidelity and lack of other 
nearby significant warm-water sites (Deutsch et al. 1999, entire). 
Therefore, in response to potential future reductions of industrial 
warm-water outfalls, the WWHAP outlines management strategies and 
actions to establish a network of warm-water sources to meet Florida 
manatee conservation goals and reduce their dependence on industrial 
warm-water discharges (Valade et al. 2020, pp. 14-23). Likewise, 
enhancing existing natural refuges and investigating alternate warm-
water sources at or near important industrial warm-water refuges are 
actions identified in the Florida Manatee Recovery Plan (Service 2001, 
pp. 84-87).
    The WWHAP (Valade et al. 2020, entire) provides an inventory and 
classification system for all known warm-water sources in Florida. It 
identifies 75 warm-water sites throughout the State and classifies them 
as either primary, secondary, or potential warm-water refuges based on 
thermal quality and manatee use (Valade et al. 2020, pp. 25-32). 
Thermal quality is defined in the WWHAP as either high, medium, low, or 
unknown (Valade et al. 2020, p. 32). Refuges are considered to have 
high thermal quality if water temperatures stay at or above 72 [deg]F 
(22 [deg]C) during mild, cold, or severe cold weather. Refuges have 
medium thermal quality if water temperatures stay at or above 72 [deg]F 
(22 [deg]C) during mild weather, 68 [deg]F (20 [deg]C) during cold 
weather, and 64 [deg]F (18 [deg]C) during severe cold weather. Refuges 
have low thermal quality if water temperatures are at or above 68 
[deg]F (20 [deg]C) during mild weather, are at or above 61 [deg]F (16 
[deg]C) during cold weather and are unreliable during severe cold 
weather. If temperature data have not been collected or are 
insufficient for a site, then that site is considered a refuge with 
unknown thermal quality. Manatee use is also defined in the WWHAP as 
either established, unpredictable, or unknown (Valade et al. 2020, p. 
31). Refuges with established manatee use have consistent

[[Page 78140]]

or predictable manatee use throughout the winter and are regionally 
important. Unpredictable manatee use means that their use of the refuge 
is inconsistent, and unknown use means that the site has been reported 
to have some current or historical manatee use but there is little or 
no documentation.
    Twenty warm-water sites (9 springs, 5 passive thermal basins, and 6 
power plants) are classified as primary refuges, which indicates that 
they have reliable thermal quality throughout the winter (i.e., high or 
medium thermal quality) and most have established manatee use in all 
winter conditions (Valade et al. 2020, pp. 25-30). Forty-six warm-water 
sites (13 springs, 29 passive thermal basins, and 4 power plants) are 
classified as secondary refuges, meaning they typically have medium or 
low thermal quality and established or unpredictable manatee use 
(Valade et al. 2020, pp. 25-30). Six warm-water sites (4 springs, 1 
passive thermal basin, and 1 power plant) are classified as potential 
warm-water refuges due to little, no, or unknown current manatee use; 
unknown thermal attributes; limited or no access; or discontinued 
discharges, in the case of the power plant. For each of these six warm-
water sites, there may be historical records of manatee use or the 
site's thermal attributes are known and suggest the site has potential 
as a warm-water refuge (Valade et al. 2020, pp. 25-30).
    Because Florida manatees require reliable sources of warm water 
with ambient water temperature above 68 [deg]F (20 [deg]C), we 
determined all natural warm-water sites classified as primary refuges 
in the WWHAP (Valade et al. 2020, pp. 25-30) are essential to the 
conservation of the Florida manatee. We also determined that natural 
warm-water sites classified as secondary refuges with either reliable 
(high or medium) thermal quality or established manatee use in the 
WWHAP (Valade et al. 2020, pp. 25-30) are essential to the conservation 
of the Florida manatee.
    During the winter months, hundreds of manatees can gather at some 
warm-water sites and limit their movements until water temperatures 
begin to rise. They become central-place foragers using warm-water 
sites as their starting points to make feeding trips, generally within 
18.6 miles (mi) (30 kilometers (km)) (Packard 1984, entire; Deutsch et 
al. 2003b, p. 3; Deutsch et al. 2006, p. 21; Provancha et al. 2012, p. 
4; Deutsch and Barlas 2016, p. 7; Haase et al. 2020, entire). As water 
temperatures decrease below about 68 [deg]F (20 [deg]C), time spent 
foraging away from warm-water refuges decreases (Deutsch et al. 2006, 
p. 26; Deutsch and Barlas 2016, pp. 30-52, 92; Haase et al. 2020, p. 
275). As water temperatures warm, the distance Florida manatees travel 
to forage increases.
    As herbivores, Florida manatees forage on a large variety of 
aquatic vegetation in freshwater, estuarine, and marine systems, 
including submerged, floating, and emergent vegetation (Hartman 1979, 
p. 44). In freshwater systems, manatees commonly forage on submerged 
aquatic vegetation such as the native eel grass (Vallisneria americana; 
also known as wild celery or tape grass), coontail (Ceratophyllum 
demersum), and widgeongrass (Ruppia maritima); nonnative, invasive 
submerged species such as hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata; also known 
as waterthyme) and Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum); and 
the nonnative, invasive floating common water hyacinth (Eichhornia 
crassipes) (Best 1981, pp. 8-9). In marine and estuarine systems, 
Florida manatees forage on all seven species of seagrasses, with 
manatee grass (Syringodium filiforme), shoal grass (Halodule wrightii), 
turtle grass (Thalassia testudinum), and widgeongrass being common 
forage species (Hartman 1979, p. 46; Reich and Worthy 2006, p. 306). 
With the exception of widgeongrass, seagrasses are largely absent in 
northeast Florida, and the emergent species smooth cordgrass 
(Sporobolus alterniflorus; previously Spartina alterniflora) is the 
primary forage (Baugh et al. 1989, entire).
    The depth at which manatees feed is reliant upon tides and depth of 
vegetation. In Florida, manatees predominantly feed on seagrass in 
near-shore, shallow waters averaging 3.3 to 9.8 feet (ft) (1 to 3 
meters (m)) in depth (Smith 1993, p. 12). Although some areas have seen 
some increases or stability in forage for manatees, the total acreage 
of seagrass in Florida today is less than what it was in the 1950s 
(Yarbro and Carlson 2016, p. 3). The loss of foraging habitat, 
especially in the Indian River Lagoon on Florida's east coast, is a 
significant threat to the Florida manatee and is discussed in more 
detail in the Florida Manatee Stock Assessment Report and our SSA 
report (Service 2023a, pp. 16-17; Service 2024a, pp. 38-40).
    Therefore, based on the information above, we identify natural 
warm-water refuges with either reliable thermal quality throughout the 
winter or established manatee use each year as a physical or biological 
feature essential to the conservation of the Florida manatee. We also 
identify foraging areas (i.e., areas that support submerged, emergent, 
or floating aquatic vegetation) within 18.6 mi (30 km) of the above 
identified natural warm-water refuges as a physical or biological 
feature essential to the conservation of the subspecies. Since Florida 
manatees have a strong site fidelity to warm-water refuges (Rathbun et 
al. 1990, pp. 11, 23; Reid et al. 1991, p. 185; Deutsch et al. 2003a, 
pp. 33-36), approximately one-half to two-thirds of all manatees 
observed during winter counts were aggregated at power plant outfalls 
(Laist et al. 2013, p. 4), and forage availability near winter manatee 
aggregations is essential (Packard 1984, entire; Deutsch et al. 2003b, 
p. 3; Deutsch et al. 2006, p. 21; Provancha et al. 2012, p. 4; Deutsch 
and Barlas 2016, p. 7; Haase et al. 2020, entire), we also identify 
foraging areas within 18.6 mi (30 km) of other established winter 
manatee aggregations areas (i.e., power plants with established manatee 
use) as a physical or biological feature essential to the conservation 
of the Florida manatee.

Antillean Manatee

    To address actions in the recovery plan for the Puerto Rico 
population of the Antillean manatee (Service 1986, pp. 13, 17) and 5-
year status review (Service 2007, p. 37), the Service identified 
potential manatee protection areas in the ``Science Summary in Support 
of Manatee Protection Area Design in Puerto Rico'' (Drew et al. 2012, 
entire). Even though these areas were not designated as manatee 
protection areas, the habitat models and methodology used to identify 
areas of importance to the survival of the subspecies (Drew et al. 
2012, entire) provide significant insight into the physical or 
biological features essential to the conservation of the subspecies in 
Puerto Rico.
    Since fresh water is a limiting factor for manatees in Puerto Rico, 
local movement patterns are defined by freshwater resources. More than 
85 percent of manatees detected during aerial and telemetry surveys in 
Puerto Rico were within 3 mi (5 km) of natural or artificial freshwater 
sources (Powell et al. 1981, p. 642; Slone et al. 2006; pp. 2, 8; Drew 
et al. 2012, p. 8). Manatees have been documented using a variety of 
freshwater sources in Puerto Rico, including mouths of streams and 
rivers, coastal groundwater springs, industrial wastewater (e.g., 
wastewater treatment plants, hydroelectric power plants), storm sewer 
outflows, natural intermittent drainages through coastal forests, and 
watering stations set out on boats or docks by locals and tourists 
(Powell et al. 1981, pp. 642, 644; Rathbun et al. 1985, pp. 19-20; Drew 
et al. 2012, pp. 23-24). Watering stations at boats or docks are not 
static or

[[Page 78141]]

reliable sources of fresh water and are therefore difficult to model 
spatially. Groundwater discharge, though it has not been confirmed, may 
be a significant source of fresh water for manatees, but is also 
difficult to model spatially as it is likely not a point source 
discharge (Drew et al. 2012, p. 56).
    Seagrass is the main component of the Antillean manatee's diet in 
Puerto Rico (Mignucci-Giannoni and Beck 1998, pp. 394, 396; Alves-
Stanley et al. 2010, p. 265). Of the four species of seagrass found in 
Puerto Rico, only three were found to be common forage (turtle grass, 
shoal grass, and manatee grass; Mignucci-Giannoni and Beck 1998, p. 
396), as star grass (Halophila decipiens) predominantly occurs in 
deeper water (33-98 ft (10-30 m); Drew et al. 2012, p. 20). Although 
manatees in Puerto Rico regularly travel through deep water when moving 
between local resources, they typically do not feed or rest in waters 
deeper than 43 ft (13 m) and spend most of their time in waters less 
than 16 ft (5 m) deep (Drew et al. 2012, p. 19).
    Due to its island nature, Puerto Rico's coastline has limited areas 
that provide shelter and calm waters for manatees to feed, rest, calve, 
and provide parental care. Sheltered water in Puerto Rico has been 
identified as shallow bays and coves (less than 9.8 ft (3 m) deep) with 
low wave energy (less than 0.98 ft (0.3 m) wave height) (Drew et al. 
2012, p. 8). Wave energy was modeled based on a function of prevailing 
wind speed and direction in relation to coastal landforms (Drew et al. 
2012, p. 8).
    Available tracking data in Puerto Rico confirmed that manatees may 
have both restricted movement patterns (i.e., movement within a single 
bay area) and move longer distances as well throughout several coastal 
municipalities (Slone et al. 2006, p. 3). For example, manatees were 
documented moving from the east coast of Puerto Rico in Naguabo to 
Vieques Island (approximately 8.7 mi (14 km)) and from Guanajibo on the 
west coast to Gu[aacute]nica on the southwest and back, a distance 
greater than 37.3 mi (60 km) one way (Slone et al. 2006, p. 3). More 
localized movement patterns were typically movements between freshwater 
and seagrass resources (Slone et al. 2006, p. 3). In addition, 85.8 
percent of manatees detected during aerial surveys in Puerto Rico were 
within 3 mi (5 km) of a natural or artificial freshwater resource 
(Powell et al. 1981, p. 642). Based on that information, a 3-mi (5-km) 
radius was used to identify the potential manatee protection areas in 
Puerto Rico (Drew et al. 2012, p. 8). This value was confirmed as 
reasonable based on preliminary telemetry data of manatees along the 
Puerto Rican coastline (Slone et al. 2006, entire) and expert 
elicitation (Drew et al. 2012, p. 8).
    Using the available geospatial modeling (Drew et al. 2012, entire) 
with the addition of updated manatee observations (Atkins Caribe, LLP 
2012, 2013, 2014a, and 2014b, entire; Mignucci-Giannoni 2021, entire) 
and seagrass data (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 
(NOAA) 2022, entire), we identified that manatees along the Puerto 
Rican coastline aggregate in areas that contain at least two of the 
three resources discussed (fresh water, seagrass, and shelter). While 
the shelter model should still be accurate, we recognize that not all 
freshwater sources are represented in the freshwater resources model 
due to the difficulty in spatial modelling (e.g., groundwater seepage, 
intermittent stream discharges, etc.) and potential changes in 
freshwater output locations or flows (Drew et al. 2012, entire). We 
also recognize that the seagrass data layers could also be slightly 
inaccurate due to potential misidentification of benthic signatures 
from aerial imagery (e.g., misidentifying coral or rocky bottom as 
seagrass or vice versa) and fluctuations in seagrass coverage over 
time.
    Therefore, based on the information above, we identify as the 
physical or biological feature essential to the conservation of the 
Puerto Rican population of the Antillean manatee nearshore marine 
waters with at least two of the following resources within a 3-mi (5-
km) radius: seagrass in waters less than 43 ft (13 m) deep; freshwater 
sources; and calm waters, such as shallow bays and coves, with water 
depths less than 9.8 ft (3 m) and wave heights less than 0.98 ft (0.3 
m).

Summary of Essential Physical or Biological Features

    We derive the specific physical or biological features essential to 
the conservation of Florida manatee and Antillean manatee from studies 
of the subspecies' habitat, ecology, and life history as described 
below. Additional information can be found in the WWHAP (Valade et al. 
2020, entire), ``Science Summary in Support of Manatee Protection Area 
Design in Puerto Rico'' (Drew et al. 2012, entire), and the SSA reports 
(Service 2024a, pp. 17-33; Service 2024b, pp. 15-34). Since the two 
subspecies of West Indian manatee live in different areas of the 
species' range and experience different habitat conditions, we have 
determined they require different physical or biological features for 
their conservation. We have determined that the following physical or 
biological features are essential to the conservation of Florida 
manatee:

    (1) Areas of water warmed by natural processes (e.g., spring 
discharges, passive thermal basins) that have either:
    (a) Reliable thermal quality throughout the winter (i.e., having 
at least a medium thermal quality as defined by the Florida Manatee 
WWHAP (Valade et al. 2020, pp. 25-32)), which consists of water 
temperatures that stay at or above:
    (i) 72 degrees Fahrenheit ([deg]F) (22 degrees Celsius ([deg]C)) 
during mild weather,
    (ii) 68 [deg]F (20 [deg]C) during cold weather, and
    (iii) 64 [deg]F (18 [deg]C) during severe cold weather; or
    (b) Established manatee use throughout the winter each year (see 
the Florida Manatee WWHAP (Valade et al. 2020, pp. 25-32)).
    (2) Areas supporting submerged, emergent, or floating aquatic 
vegetation within 18.6 miles (30 kilometers) of:
    (a) The natural warm-water sources described in paragraph (1), 
above; or
    (b) Other established winter manatee aggregation areas (i.e., 
power plants with established manatee use.

    We have determined that the following physical or biological 
feature essential to the conservation of Antillean manatee is nearshore 
marine waters with at least two of the following resources within a 3-
mile (5-kilometer) radius:

    (1) Freshwater sources, such as streams and wastewater outfalls;
    (2) Seagrass in waters less than 43 ft (13 m) deep; and
    (3) Calm waters, such as shallow bays and coves, with water 
depths less than 9.8 ft (3 m) and wave heights less than 0.98 ft 
(0.3 m).

Special Management Considerations or Protection

    When designating critical habitat, we assess whether the specific 
areas within the geographical area occupied by the species at the time 
of listing contain features which are essential to the conservation of 
the species and which may require special management considerations or 
protection. The features essential to the conservation of manatees may 
require special management considerations or protection. Threats to 
Florida and Antillean manatees are described in detail in the SSA 
reports (Service 2024a, pp. 33-65; Service 2024b, pp. 35-47). The 
threats and associated special management considerations or protection 
addressed in this document are specific to the physical or biological 
features essential to the conservation of the subspecies. For Florida 
and Antillean manatee habitat, we grouped primary threats into the 
following six

[[Page 78142]]

threat categories. Each of these threats and associated special 
management considerations or protection are summarized below.
    (1) Warm-water habitat loss. Florida's natural springs have had 
substantial declines in flows and water quality, and many springs have 
been altered (dammed, silted in, and otherwise obstructed) to the point 
that they are no longer accessible to manatees (Laist and Reynolds 
2005, p. 287; Taylor 2006, pp. 5-6; Florida Fish and Wildlife 
Conservation Commission (FWC) 2007, p. 10). Threats to passive thermal 
basins and other warm-water features used by manatees in winter include 
the loss of thermal capacity due to human activities such as 
development and restoration activities and changes to physical or 
hydrological features integral to individual thermal basins (Valade et 
al. 2020, p. 10). Examples of special management considerations or 
protection that could reduce the threat of warm-water habitat loss may 
include (but not be limited to): establishing and maintaining minimum 
flows and levels for springs, lakes, and rivers; conducting spring run 
restoration projects (e.g., remove excess sediment, stabilize creek 
banks) and removing or modifying dams and locks to improve access; and 
enhancing existing warm-water refuges or creating alternate warm-water 
refuges.
    (2) Habitat loss, modification, and degradation other than warm-
water habitat loss. Human activities that can result in the loss of 
aquatic vegetation as food resources include dredging, filling, 
boating, anchoring, eutrophication, siltation, coastal development, and 
invasive or nuisance aquatic vegetation treatments (Zieman and Zieman 
1989, pp. 88-96; Duarte 2002, p. 194; Orth et al. 2006, p. 991; Puerto 
Rico Department of Natural and Environmental Resources (PRDNER) 2008, 
entire; PRDNER 2012, entire). Harbor deepening and other dredging 
projects can also impact areas used as shelter habitat. Examples of 
special management considerations or protection that could reduce the 
threat of foraging and other habitat loss, modification, or degradation 
may include (but not be limited to): improving water quality through 
reductions in nutrient inputs from stormwater, septic tanks, and 
fertilizers; restoring aquatic vegetation, living shorelines, and 
filter feeders to prevent and mitigate habitat loss and improve water 
quality; coordinating with the Service prior to treatments of invasive 
or nuisance aquatic vegetation and limiting treatments that could 
reduce vegetation availability during the cold season; establishing and 
enforcing boat speed zones, marked navigation channels, and exclusion 
areas; and developing or revising and implementing standardized 
construction conditions for in-water construction projects such as 
marinas, boat ramps, or dredging to avoid or minimize direct impacts to 
vegetation and indirect effects such as from shading by structures.
    (3) Algal blooms. Persistent and repeated green and brown algal 
blooms have resulted in significant losses of seagrasses on the east-
central coast of Florida due to decreased water clarity and quality 
(St. Johns River Water Management District (WMD) 2012, pp. 2-3; Service 
2023a, p. 16). Red tide events, caused by blooms of the toxic 
microalgae Karenia brevis, most frequently occur on the Gulf Coast of 
Florida. These blooms are typically associated with direct mortality of 
manatees due to the ingestion of neurotoxins released by K. brevis that 
accumulate in seagrass (Landsberg et al. 2009, p. 600; Steidinger 2009, 
p. 555); however, large and prolonged events have the potential to 
cause seagrass loss due to light reduction (Lee et al. 2007, entire; 
Kim et al. 2015, entire). Examples of special management considerations 
or protection that could reduce the threat of algal blooms may include 
(but not be limited to): improving water quality through reductions in 
nutrient inputs from stormwater, septic tanks, and fertilizers; 
restoring aquatic vegetation and filter feeders to improve water 
quality; and removing nutrient-laden sediments from inshore waters.
    (4) Climate change, including water temperature increases, sea 
level rise, and changes in amount and seasonality of rainfall. 
Potential impacts of climate change to manatee habitat include loss and 
degradation of foraging habitat and changes in warm-water and 
freshwater availability. Increasing water temperatures will likely 
affect estuarine and freshwater systems and the seagrass and other 
forage plant communities by influencing photosynthetic rates and 
biomass, changing plant communities and growth of competitors, changing 
aspects of life history, and/or shifting the distribution if 
physiological tolerances are exceeded (Short and Neckles 1999, pp. 172-
175; Bj[ouml]rk et al. 2008, pp. 21-23). Sea level rise may influence 
the flow of coastal springs, the springs' salinity, and nearby forage 
(Edwards 2013, pp. 731-734; Marsh et al. 2017, pp. 337). Examples of 
special management considerations or protection that could reduce the 
threat of climate change may include (but not be limited to): 
establishing and maintaining minimum flows and levels for springs, 
lakes, and rivers; and restoring submerged and emergent aquatic 
vegetation and living shorelines to prevent and mitigate habitat loss.
    (5) Contaminants. Direct and indirect exposure to contaminants in 
aquatic and benthic habitats is another factor that may have adverse 
effects on manatees and their habitat (Bonde et al. 2004, p. 258). 
Contaminants generated from agriculture, human wastewater, oil and gas 
production or spills, and general urban runoff are among those 
discharged into waterways and sediments. Examples of special management 
considerations or protection that could reduce the threat of 
contaminants may include (but not be limited to): improving water 
quality through reductions in nutrient inputs from stormwater, septic 
tanks, and fertilizers; and developing or revising and implementing oil 
spill response with manatee and aquatic vegetation considerations.
    (6) Tropical storms and hurricanes. Aquatic vegetation can be 
impacted by scouring and sedimentation from waves, storm surge, and/or 
vessels or other debris during tropical storms and hurricanes (NOAA 
2007, pp. 94-96). Post-storm effects include increased freshwater 
runoff and nutrient loading that in some cases contribute to algal 
blooms that can limit light to submerged aquatic vegetation and in turn 
diminish seagrasses (NOAA 2007, pp. 94-96). Debris from storms or 
erosion from nearby areas also can limit or completely block access to 
foraging and warm-water sites. Examples of special management 
considerations or protection that could reduce the threat of tropical 
storms and hurricanes may include (but not be limited to): restoring 
submerged and emergent aquatic vegetation and living shorelines to 
mitigate and prevent habitat loss; and developing or revising and 
implementing marine debris removal guidance with manatee and aquatic 
vegetation considerations.

Criteria Used To Identify Critical Habitat

    As required by section 4(b)(2) of the Act, we use the best 
scientific data available to designate critical habitat. In accordance 
with the Act and our implementing regulations at 50 CFR 424.12(b), we 
review available information pertaining to the habitat requirements of 
the subspecies and identify specific areas within the geographical area 
occupied by the subspecies at the time of listing and any specific 
areas outside the geographical

[[Page 78143]]

area occupied by the subspecies to be considered for designation as 
critical habitat. We are not currently proposing to designate any areas 
outside the geographical area occupied by the subspecies because we 
have not identified any unoccupied areas that meet the definition of 
critical habitat. No unoccupied areas were determined to be essential 
to the conservation of either subspecies.
    As stated above under Physical or Biological Features Essential to 
the Conservation of the Subspecies, since the two subspecies of West 
Indian manatee live in different portions of the species' range and 
experience different habitat conditions, we have determined they 
require different physical or biological features for their 
conservation. Therefore, we also used different criteria and methods 
for identifying critical habitat for each subspecies, as described 
below.

Florida Manatee

    In general, for areas within the geographical area occupied by the 
Florida manatee subspecies at the time of listing (i.e., currently 
occupied), we delineated critical habitat boundaries within the 
accessible waters where manatees have consistently aggregated around 
warm-water refuges during the colder months, and foraging habitat near 
the warm-water refuges. Data sources included the West Indian Manatee 
One Range Map Geographical Information System (GIS) layer (Service 
2022, entire); the WWHAP refuge classifications, attributes, and GIS 
location data (Valade et al. 2020, entire); seagrass data from 1970 to 
2022 (South Florida WMD 1970, entire; South Florida WMD 2004, entire; 
Suwannee River WMD 2004, entire; South Florida WMD 2007, entire; St. 
Johns River WMD 2017, entire; FWC 2022, entire; NOAA 2022, entire); 
floating and emergent aquatic vegetation coverage from the Florida 
Cooperative Land Cover Map version 3.5 (FWC and Florida Natural Areas 
Inventory (FNAI) 2021, entire); salt marsh data from FWC (FWC 2015, 
entire); FWC and other sources for manatee aerial survey, telemetry, 
and FWC mortality data from 1984 to 2022 (FWC 1984-2022, unpublished 
data); and bathymetry data (General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans 
(GEBCO) 2023, entire) and Environmental Systems Research Institute's 
(Esri) ArcGIS online basemap aerial imagery from 2021. For the Florida 
manatee, we delineated critical habitat boundaries using the following 
criteria:
    (1) We reviewed the WWHAP (Valade et al. 2020, entire) to determine 
which natural warm-water sites (i.e., springs, passive thermal basins) 
have reliable (medium or high) thermal quality throughout the winter or 
established manatee use throughout the winter each year. All natural 
warm-water sites classified as primary refuges in the WWHAP meet this 
criterion. Some of the natural warm-water sites classified as secondary 
refuges also meet this criterion but others do not (i.e., because they 
do not have medium or high thermal quality or established manatee use).
    (2) We reviewed the WWHAP (Valade et al. 2020, entire) to determine 
which industrial warm-water sites (i.e., power plants) contain the 
physical or biological feature of supporting established winter manatee 
aggregation areas. Areas supporting aquatic vegetation within 18.6 mi 
(30 km) of power plants meet this criterion only if they have 
established manatee use (Valade et al. 2020, pp. 25-32).
    (3) We delineated all accessible waters within 18.6 mi (30 km) of 
the natural warm-water sites and power plants meeting criteria 1 and 2. 
The 18.6-mi (30-km) distance is based on the typical distance manatees 
travel from warm-water sites to forage in the winter (Packard 1984, 
entire; Deutsch et al. 2003b, p. 3; Deutsch et al. 2006, p. 21; 
Provancha et al. 2012, p. 4; Deutsch and Barlas 2016, p. 7; Haase et 
al. 2020, entire). This distance was delineated using stream or 
waterway miles instead of a straight-line radius from the site to 
represent the path manatees would travel. Waters accessible to manatees 
were determined when developing the West Indian Manatee One Range Map, 
which uses the U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS) National Hydrography 
Dataset, expert knowledge on access, and Florida manatee telemetry, 
sightings, and mortality datasets (Endries and Moskwik 2023, pers. 
comm.).
    (4) We evaluated the 1970 to 2022 seagrass (South Florida WMD 1970, 
entire; South Florida WMD 2004, entire; Suwannee River WMD 2004, 
entire; South Florida WMD 2007, entire; St. Johns River WMD 2017, 
entire; FWC 2022, entire; NOAA 2022, entire) and aquatic vegetation, 
including salt marsh, coverage data (FWC 2015, entire; FWC and FNAI 
2021, entire) to ensure that the areas delineated under criterion 3 
have the ability to support forage material for manatees.
    (5) When the critical habitat unit extended into the open waters of 
the Gulf of Mexico or Atlantic Ocean, we brought the offshore boundary 
in from the 18.6-mi (30-km) distance from the warm-water site or power 
plant to the 9.8-ft (3-m) bathymetry line, as Florida manatees 
typically feed in waters 3.3 to 9.8 ft (1 to 3 m) in depth (Smith 1993, 
p. 12).
    (6) In areas where the outer boundaries of the critical habitat 
unit were located in the middle of a bay, lagoon, river, canal, or 
other inland waterbody, we either extended the unit boundary beyond the 
18.6-mi (30-km) distance to include the entire waterbody (if it is less 
than a 6-mi (10-km) extension and the area has contiguous forage or 
high manatee use during the winter) or brought the unit boundary in to 
the nearest landmark such as a bridge, lock, dam, or canal entrance.

Antillean Manatee

    In general, for areas within the geographical area occupied by the 
Antillean manatee subspecies at the time of listing (i.e., currently 
occupied), we delineated critical habitat boundaries under U.S. 
jurisdiction within accessible waters where manatees have consistently 
aggregated around freshwater, forage, and shelter habitat. Data sources 
included the West Indian Manatee One Range Map GIS layer (Service 2022, 
entire); manatee aerial survey data from 1976 to 2021 (Powell et al. 
1981, entire; Rathbun et al. 1985, entire; Mignucci-Giannoni et al. 
2004, entire; Mignucci-Giannoni 2006, entire; Service 1984-2011, 
unpublished data; Atkins Caribe, LLP 2012, 2013, 2014a, and 2014b, 
entire; Mignucci-Giannoni 2021, entire); freshwater, seagrass, and 
shelter GIS raster data and models from the ``Science Summary in 
Support of Manatee Protection Area Design in Puerto Rico'' (NOAA 2001, 
entire; USGS and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 2005, entire; 
Drew et al. 2012, entire); updated seagrass coverage GIS layers (NOAA 
2022, entire); bathymetry data (GEBCO 2023, entire); and Esri's ArcGIS 
online basemap aerial imagery from 2021. We followed the methodology 
used to design potential manatee protection areas (Drew et al. 2012, 
entire), but did not include the watercraft threat data and added 
updated seagrass data (NOAA 2022, entire) and manatee aerial survey 
data (Atkins Caribe, LLP 2012, 2013, 2014a, and 2014b, entire; 
Mignucci-Giannoni 2021, entire). We delineated critical habitat 
boundaries for the Antillean manatee using the following criteria:
    (1) After calculating the geometric mean of the available or 
updated seagrass, freshwater, and shelter model (Drew et al. 2012, 
entire), we selected all habitat areas from this model that fell within 
the upper 50th percentile (the median value or higher) for seagrass, 
freshwater, and shelter. We then

[[Page 78144]]

overlapped these habitat areas with those areas that have a high 
frequency of observed manatees (Drew et al. 2012, p. 36).
    (2) Then, we selected and added habitat areas that scored below the 
50th percentile of the seagrass, freshwater, and shelter model if those 
areas had at least two of the three resources (seagrass, fresh water, 
or shelter) and also had a high frequency of observed manatees (i.e., 
were in the upper 50th percentile for number of manatees observed) 
(Drew et al. 2012, p. 36).
    (3) Within the areas selected in criteria 1 and 2, we delineated 
all accessible waters within 3 mi (5 km) of the documented freshwater 
sources (if present). This distance captures the local movements of 
most manatees during telemetry studies (Slone et al. 2006, entire). 
Additionally, most (86 percent) of the manatees detected during aerial 
surveys were within 3 mi (5 km) of a freshwater source (Powell et al. 
1981, p. 642). Waters accessible to manatees were determined when 
developing the West Indian Manatee One Range Map, which used the USGS 
National Hydrography Dataset, expert knowledge on access, and Antillean 
manatee telemetry, sightings, and mortality datasets (Endries and 
Moskwik 2023, pers. comm.). If documented freshwater sources are not 
present within the area, we selected:
    <bullet> Accessible waters within the entire bay or lagoon, or
    <bullet> Waters encompassing the highest densities of manatee 
observations and seagrass, or
    <bullet> Waters that provide shelter as described in the shelter 
model (Drew et al. 2012, pp. 24-25).
    (4) Offshore unit boundaries were constrained to the distance or 
feature closest to shore of the following: approximately 820 ft (250 m) 
beyond the outer edge of seagrass beds (to account for mapping errors 
and changes in coverage overtime); 1,640 ft (500 m) from shore if no 
seagrass was mapped (to allow manatees access to freshwater sources or 
shelter along the shoreline); the 49-ft (15-m) bathymetry line (since 
manatees spend most of their time in waters less than 43 ft (13 m) 
deep, and the 49-ft (15-m) bathymetry line is the closest line to that 
depth); or 3 mi (5 km) from the freshwater sources (since most (86 
percent) of manatees were found within 3 mi (5 km) of freshwater 
sources (Powell et al. 1981, p. 642) and this distance captures the 
local movements of most manatees during telemetry studies (Slone et al. 
2006, entire)). One exception to this rule was in Vieques, where we 
used the 26-ft (8-m) bathymetry line along the northern shore, then 
switched to 820 ft (250 m) beyond the outer edge of seagrass beds on 
the western shore. This was because the seagrass coverage and 49-ft 
(15-m) bathymetry line on the northern coast are much farther offshore 
than where the highest densities of manatee observations occur, but the 
outer edge of the seagrass coverage is closer to shore on the western 
coast of the island (Service 2023c, p. 4).
    The areas proposed as critical habitat only include waters up to 
the ordinary high-water line. There are no developed areas included 
within the proposed critical habitat boundaries except for 
transportation crossings, docks, or other features extending from shore 
over the water, which do not remove the suitability of these areas for 
either subspecies. When determining proposed critical habitat 
boundaries, we made every effort to avoid including areas of dry land 
such as small islands or rock outcrops. In addition, federally 
maintained navigational channels are excluded by text in the proposed 
rule and are not proposed for critical habitat designation. Federally 
maintained navigational channels, for the purposes of this proposed 
rule, are specific areas where the substrate has been persistently 
disturbed by planned management and maintenance dredging activities 
authorized by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers at the time of critical 
habitat designation, and expectations are that the areas will continue 
to be periodically disturbed by such management activities. The scale 
of the maps we prepared under the parameters for publication within the 
Code of Federal Regulations may not reflect the exclusion of such areas 
and these features can shift over time. Any such areas inadvertently 
left inside critical habitat boundaries shown on the maps of this 
proposed rule have been excluded by text in the proposed rule and are 
not proposed for designation as critical habitat. Therefore, if the 
critical habitat designations are finalized as proposed, a Federal 
action involving these areas would not trigger section 7 consultation 
with respect to critical habitat and the requirement of no adverse 
modification unless the specific action would affect the physical or 
biological features in the adjacent critical habitat.
    We propose to designate areas as critical habitat that we have 
determined were occupied at the time of listing (i.e., currently 
occupied) and that contain one or more of the physical or biological 
features that are essential to the conservation of the subspecies.
    Twelve units are proposed for designation based on one or more of 
the physical or biological features being present to support the 
Florida manatee's life-history processes. Thirteen units are proposed 
for designation based on the physical or biological feature being 
present to support the Antillean manatee's life-history processes. Some 
units contain all of the identified physical or biological features and 
support multiple life-history processes. Some units contain one or more 
of the physical or biological features necessary to support the 
subspecies' particular use of that habitat.

The Proposed Critical Habitat Designations Are Defined by the Maps, as 
Modified by Any Accompanying Regulatory Text, Presented at the End of 
This Document Under Proposed Regulation Promulgation

Proposed Critical Habitat Designation for the Florida Manatee

    We are proposing 12 units in Florida as revised critical habitat 
for the Florida manatee, totaling approximately 1,904,191 ac (770,599 
ha). The critical habitat areas we describe below constitute our 
current best assessment of areas that meet the definition of critical 
habitat for the Florida manatee. All of these areas are occupied, and 
we are not proposing any unoccupied areas. Table 1 shows the proposed 
revised critical habitat units, including unit names, land ownership, 
and approximate area of each unit.

                                            Table 1--Proposed Critical Habitat Units for the Florida Manatee
 [Area estimates reflect all land within critical habitat unit boundaries and do not include lands that are exempt under the Act's section 4(a)(3)(B)(i)
                                                           in Units FL-04, FL-10, and FL-11.]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                  Federal ownership    State ownership in   Local ownership in   Private ownership     Size of unit in
             Critical habitat unit               in acres (hectares)    acres (hectares)     acres (hectares)   in acres (hectares)    acres (hectares)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FL-01: Wakulla Springs.........................            936 (379)       21,598 (8,740)               1 (<1)              58 (23)       22,593 (9,143)
FL-02: Manatee and Fanning Springs.............             224 (91)        4,157 (1,682)               12 (5)              59 (24)        4,452 (1,802)
FL-03: Withlacoochee Bay to Anclote River......       21,131 (8,551)    335,064 (135,596)          1,670 (676)        6,716 (2,719)    364,584 (147,542)

[[Page 78145]]

 
FL-04: Tampa Bay...............................            682 (276)      68,347 (27,659)     108,805 (44,032)        3,181 (1,287)     181,015 (73,254)
FL-05: Venice to Estero Bay....................          2,048 (829)     191,975 (77,690)       16,821 (6,807)        8,373 (3,388)     219,217 (88,714)
FL-06: Rookery Bay to Florida Bay West.........    343,626 (139,061)     105,559 (42,718)               18 (7)            849 (344)    450,052 (182,130)
FL-07: Upper Florida Keys......................     161,201 (65,236)      76,635 (31,013)        2,762 (1,118)        3,656 (1,480)     244,254 (98,846)
FL-08: Biscayne Bay to Deerfield Beach.........      91,404 (36,990)      46,768 (18,926)        5,525 (2,236)        3,028 (1,225)     146,725 (59,378)
FL-09: Boynton Beach to Fort Pierce............             203 (82)      35,967 (14,555)            533 (216)          1,126 (456)      37,829 (15,309)
FL-10: Vero Beach to Northern Indian River           33,077 (13,386)     117,318 (47,477)          1,782 (721)          1,410 (571)     153,588 (62,155)
 Lagoon........................................
FL-11: Upper St. Johns River...................          1,815 (735)      76,984 (31,154)             150 (61)            495 (200)      79,444 (32,150)
FL-12: Silver Springs..........................                6 (2)            417 (169)                0 (0)               15 (6)            438 (177)
                                                --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Total......................................    656,356 (265,617)  1,080,797 (437,380)     138,080 (55,879)      28,969 (11,723)  1,904,191 (770,599)
    Ownership Percentage.......................                   34                   57                    7                    2  ...................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: Area sizes and percentages may not sum due to rounding.

    We present brief descriptions of all proposed revised units and 
reasons why they meet the definition of critical habitat for the 
Florida manatee, below.
Unit FL-01: Wakulla Springs
    Unit FL-01 consists of 22,593 ac (9,143 ha) of springs, rivers, and 
open water along the Gulf of Mexico in Wakulla County, Florida. The 
unit extends from Wakulla Springs in Edward Ball Wakulla Springs State 
Park down the Wakulla River out to the Gulf of Mexico where it fans out 
to approximately 5 mi (8 km) east and west. The unit also extends up 
the St. Marks River approximately 9 river mi (14.5 km) from the 
confluence of the Wakulla and St. Marks Rivers. The unit includes all 
inshore, manatee-accessible waters below the mean high water (MHW) line 
(Service 2022, entire) within approximately 18.6 mi (30 km) from the 
warm-water site of Wakulla Springs. Offshore, the unit extends to 
either 18.6 mi (30 km) from Wakulla Springs or the outer extent of 
seagrass beds in the Gulf of Mexico, whichever is closest to shore.
    Areas within this unit include approximately 936 ac (379 ha; 4 
percent) in Federal ownership, 21,598 ac (8,740 ha; 96 percent) in 
State ownership, 1 ac (less than 1 ha; less than 1 percent) in local 
government ownership, and 58 ac (23 ha; less than 1 percent) in 
private/other ownership. Federally owned lands in this unit include St. 
Marks National Wildlife Refuge (NWR), and State-owned lands include 
Edward Ball Wakulla Springs and San Marcos de Apalache Historic State 
Parks, as well as State-owned submerged lands. General land use within 
this unit includes parks, natural resource conservation, wildlife 
management, and recreational and commercial activities (e.g., swimming, 
fishing, and boating). Small areas of the unit also adjoin areas of 
residential and commercial development.
    Unit FL-01 is occupied by the subspecies and contains all of the 
physical or biological features essential to the conservation of the 
subspecies. This unit has one primary warm-water refuge, Wakulla 
Springs, that supports established manatee use and has medium thermal 
quality (Valade et al. 2020, p. 29). The unit also provides forage 
material within the Wakulla and St. Marks Rivers, as well as in the 
Gulf of Mexico. In addition, this unit provides the northernmost and 
westernmost primary warm-water refuge in the Florida manatee's range, 
thereby supporting expansion and refuge for manatees from other units 
or a stopover location for manatees migrating back to Florida for the 
winter, ensuring good spatial representation for the Northwest Manatee 
Management Unit.
    Approximately 18,940 ac (7,665 ha; 84 percent) of the unit overlap 
with proposed critical habitat for the threatened rufa red knot 
(Calidris canutus rufa) (see 88 FR 22530, April 13, 2023) and the North 
Atlantic distinct population segment (DPS) of the green sea turtle 
(Chelonia mydas) (see 88 FR 46572, July 19, 2023).
    Threats to the physical or biological features identified within 
Unit FL-01 include foraging and other habitat loss, modification, and 
degradation; warm-water habitat loss; algal blooms; climate change; 
contaminants; and tropical storms and hurricanes. Special management 
considerations or protection measures to reduce or alleviate threats 
may include improving water quality; establishing and maintaining 
minimum flows and levels; restoring aquatic vegetation, living 
shorelines, and filter feeders; conducting spring run restoration and 
improving access; enhancing existing or creating alternate warm-water 
refuges; establishing and enforcing boat speed zones, marked navigation 
channels, and exclusion areas; developing or revising and implementing 
standardized construction conditions for in-water construction; and 
developing or revising and implementing oil spill response and marine 
debris removal guidance with manatee and aquatic vegetation 
considerations.
Unit FL-02: Manatee and Fanning Springs
    Unit FL-02 consists of 4,452 ac (1,802 ha) of springs and river in 
the Big Bend of the Gulf Coast in Dixie, Levy, and Gilchrist Counties, 
Florida. The unit extends from approximately 18.6 mi (30 km) north of 
Fanning Springs near Log Landing Conservation Area downstream to the 
mouth of the Suwannee River at the Gulf of Mexico. The unit includes 
manatee-accessible waters below the MHW line (Service 2022, entire) 
within approximately 18.6 mi (30 km) from the warm-water sites of 
Fanning and Manatee Springs.
    Areas within this unit include approximately 224 ac (91 ha; 5 
percent) in Federal ownership, 4,157 ac (1,682 ha; 93 percent) in State 
ownership, 12 ac (5 ha; less than 1 percent) in local government 
ownership, and 59 ac (24 ha; 1 percent) in private/other ownership. 
Federally owned lands in this unit include Lower Suwannee NWR, and 
State-owned lands include Manatee Springs and Fanning Springs State 
Parks, Suwannee River WMD conservation areas, and State-owned submerged 
lands. General land use within this unit includes parks, natural 
resource conservation, wildlife management, and recreational and 
commercial activities (e.g., swimming, fishing, and boating). Small 
areas of the

[[Page 78146]]

unit also adjoin areas of residential and commercial development.
    Unit FL-02 is occupied by the subspecies and contains one or more 
of the physical or biological features essential to the conservation of 
the subspecies. This unit has two secondary warm-water refuges, Manatee 
Springs and Fanning Springs, that support established manatee use with 
high and medium thermal quality, respectively (Valade et al. 2020, p. 
28). This unit also provides forage material within the Suwannee River. 
In addition, this unit provides the two northernmost secondary warm-
water refuges on the west coast of Florida, thereby supporting refuge 
and an area for expansion for manatees from other units or a stopover 
location for manatees migrating back to Florida for the winter, 
ensuring good spatial representation for the Northwest Manatee 
Management Unit.
    Approximately 4,045 ac (1,637 ha; 91 percent) of the unit overlap 
with designated critical habitat for the threatened Atlantic sturgeon 
(Gulf subspecies) (Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi) (see 68 FR 13370, 
March 19, 2003) and Suwannee moccasinshell (Medionidus walker) (see 86 
FR 34979, July 1, 2021) and proposed critical habitat for the 
threatened North Atlantic DPS of the green sea turtle (see 88 FR 46572, 
July 19, 2023).
    Threats to the physical or biological features identified within 
Unit FL-02 include foraging and other habitat loss, modification, and 
degradation; warm-water habitat loss; algal blooms; climate change; 
contaminants; and tropical storms and hurricanes. Special management 
considerations or protection measures to reduce or alleviate threats 
may include improving water quality; establishing and maintaining 
minimum flows and levels; restoring aquatic vegetation, living 
shorelines, and filter feeders; conducting spring run restoration and 
improving access; enhancing existing or creating alternate warm-water 
refuges; establishing and enforcing boat speed zones, marked navigation 
channels, and exclusion areas; developing or revising and implementing 
standardized construction conditions for in-water construction; and 
developing or revising and implementing oil spill response and marine 
debris removal guidance with manatee and aquatic vegetation 
considerations.
Unit FL-03: Withlacoochee Bay to Anclote River
    Unit FL-03 consists of 364,584 ac (147,542 ha) of springs, rivers, 
and open water along the Gulf of Mexico in Levy, Citrus, Hernando, 
Pasco, and Pinellas Counties, Florida. The unit extends from 
approximately 6 mi (9.7 km) north of the mouth of the Withlacoochee 
River to Howard Beach Park, which is approximately 1.5 mi (2.4 km) 
south of the mouth of the Anclote River. The unit includes all inshore, 
manatee-accessible waters below the MHW line (Service 2022, entire) 
within approximately 18.6 mi (30 km) from the warm-water sites of the 
Crystal River Springs Complex, Homosassa Springs, the Chassahowitzka 
Springs Group, the Weeki Wachee Spring Complex, and Cow Creek Spring. 
Offshore, the unit extends to either 18.6 mi (30 km) from the warm-
water sites or the outer extent of seagrass beds in the Gulf of Mexico, 
whichever is closest to shore.
    Areas within this unit include approximately 21,131 ac (8,551 ha; 6 
percent) in Federal ownership, 335,064 ac (135,596 ha; 92 percent) in 
State ownership, 1,670 ac (676 ha; less than 1 percent) in local 
government ownership, and 6,716 ac (2,719 ha; 2 percent) in private/
other ownership. Federally owned lands in this unit include Crystal 
River and Chassahowitzka NWRs; State-owned lands include Anclote Key 
Preserve State Park, Marjorie Harris Carr Cross Florida Greenway State 
Recreation and Conservation Area, Withlacoochee State Forest, and 
State-owned submerged lands; and local government-owned lands include 
several county-owned parks and preserves. General land use within this 
unit includes parks, natural resource conservation, wildlife 
management, and recreational and commercial activities (e.g., swimming, 
fishing, and boating), and power generation. Some areas of the unit 
also adjoin areas of residential and commercial development.
    Unit FL-03 is occupied by the subspecies and contains one or more 
of the physical or biological features essential to the conservation of 
the subspecies. This unit has three primary warm-water refuges, the 
Crystal River Springs Complex, Homosassa Springs, and the Weeki Wachee 
Spring Complex, that support established manatee use and have high 
thermal quality and two secondary refuges, the Chassahowitzka Springs 
Group and Cow Creek Spring, that have unpredictable manatee use with 
medium thermal quality (Valade et al. 2020, pp. 28-29). This unit also 
provides forage material within the Withlacoochee, Crystal, Homosassa, 
Chassahowitzka, Weeki Wachee, Pithlachascotee and Anclote Rivers and 
tributaries, as well as in the Gulf of Mexico. In addition, this unit 
supports an important wintering area (Crystal River Springs Complex) 
for many of the manatees that travel west of Florida during the warmer 
months, ensuring good representation within the Northwest Manatee 
Management Unit and a connection to the Southwest Manatee Management 
Unit through its extension to the Anclote River.
    Approximately 326,379 ac (132,081 ha; 90 percent) of the unit 
overlap with the current critical habitat designation for the West 
Indian manatee (see 41 FR 41914, September 24, 1976, and 42 FR 47840, 
September 22, 1977) and proposed critical habitat for the threatened 
North Atlantic DPS of the green sea turtle (see 88 FR 46572, July 19, 
2023).
    Threats to the physical or biological features identified within 
Unit FL-03 include foraging and other habitat loss, modification, and 
degradation; warm-water habitat loss; algal blooms; climate change; 
contaminants; and tropical storms and hurricanes. Special management 
considerations or protection measures to reduce or alleviate threats 
may include improving water quality; establishing and maintaining 
minimum flows and levels; restoring aquatic vegetation, living 
shorelines, and filter feeders; removing nutrient-laden sediments; 
coordinating with the Service prior to treatments of invasive or 
nuisance aquatic vegetation and limiting invasive or nuisance aquatic 
vegetation treatments that could reduce vegetation availability during 
the cold season; conducting spring run restoration and improving 
access; enhancing existing or creating alternate warm-water refuges; 
establishing and enforcing boat speed zones, marked navigation 
channels, and exclusion areas; developing or revising and implementing 
standardized construction conditions for in-water construction; and 
developing or revising and implementing oil spill response and marine 
debris removal guidance with manatee and aquatic vegetation 
considerations.
Unit FL-04: Tampa Bay
    Unit FL-04 consists of 181,015 ac (73,254 ha) of Tampa Bay and the 
springs, rivers, and canals surrounding the bay in Pinellas, 
Hillsborough, and Manatee Counties, Florida. The unit includes all 
inshore waters of Tampa Bay east of the Skyway Bridge on Interstate 275 
and inshore waters from Fort De Soto Park to the Pinellas Bayway (State 
Road 682). The unit includes manatee-accessible waters below the MHW 
line (Service 2022, entire) within approximately 18.6 mi (30 km) from 
the established winter manatee aggregation areas near Duke

[[Page 78147]]

Energy's Bartow Power Plant, Tampa Electric Company's Bayside Power 
Plant, and Tampa Electric Company's Big Bend Station.
    Areas within this unit include approximately 682 ac (276 ha; less 
than 1 percent) in Federal ownership, 68,347 ac (27,659 ha; 38 percent) 
in State ownership, 108,805 ac (44,032 ha; 60 percent) in local 
government ownership, and 3,181 ac (1,287 ha; 2 percent) in private/
other ownership.
    Under section 4(a)(3)(B)(i) of the Act, we are exempting 4,415 ac 
(1,787 ha) of MacDill Air Force Base lands within this unit from the 
critical habitat designation because the U.S. Department of Defense 
(DoD) has an approved integrated natural resources management plan 
(INRMP) for this area that provides benefits to the manatee and its 
habitat (see Exemptions, below).
    Federally owned lands in this unit include Pinellas NWR. State-
owned lands in this unit include State Parks (Cockroach Bay Preserve, 
Terra Ceia Preserve, Little Manatee River, and Skyway Fishing Pier), 
Southwest Florida WMD restoration areas, and State-owned submerged 
lands. Local government-owned lands in this unit include several 
county-owned parks and preserves. General land use within this unit 
includes parks, natural resource conservation, wildlife management, 
recreational and commercial activities (e.g., swimming, fishing, and 
boating), power generation, military activities, and cargo and cruise 
port activities. Most of the unit also adjoins areas of residential and 
commercial development.
    Unit FL-04 is occupied by the subspecies and contains one or more 
of the physical or biological features essential to the conservation of 
the subspecies. This unit provides forage material within 18.6 mi (30 
km) of three established winter manatee aggregation areas: Duke 
Energy's Bartow Power Plant, Tampa Electric Company's Bayside Power 
Plant, and Tampa Electric Company's Big Bend Station (Valade et al. 
2020, pp. 29-30). In addition, this unit supports expansion and 
recovery of the regional warm-water network in the Southwest Manatee 
Management Unit due to several lower quality springs and other natural 
refuges or areas available to create new refuges within the unit.
    Approximately 168,976 ac (68,382 ha; 93 percent) of the unit 
overlap with the current critical habitat designation for the West 
Indian manatee (see 41 FR 41914, September 24, 1976, and 42 FR 47840, 
September 22, 1977); designated critical habitat for the wintering 
population of the endangered piping plover (Charadrius melodus) (see 66 
FR 36038, July 10, 2001); and proposed critical habitat for the 
threatened rufa red knot (see 88 FR 22530, April 13, 2023) and the 
North Atlantic DPS of the green sea turtle (see 88 FR 46572, July 19, 
2023).
    Threats to the physical or biological features identified within 
Unit FL-04 include foraging and other habitat loss, modification, and 
degradation; algal blooms; climate change; contaminants; and tropical 
storms and hurricanes. Special management considerations or protection 
measures to reduce or alleviate threats may include improving water 
quality; restoring aquatic vegetation, living shorelines, and filter 
feeders; removing nutrient-laden sediments; enhancing existing or 
creating alternate warm-water refuges; establishing and enforcing boat 
speed zones, marked navigation channels, and exclusion areas; 
developing or revising and implementing standardized construction 
conditions for in-water construction; and developing or revising and 
implementing oil spill response and marine debris removal guidance with 
manatee and aquatic vegetation considerations.
Unit FL-05: Venice to Estero Bay
    Unit FL-05 consists of 219,217 ac (88,714 ha) of Charlotte Harbor, 
Gasparilla Sound, Matlacha Pass, and Estero Bay, as well as the rivers, 
canals, and springs surrounding them, in Sarasota, Charlotte, Lee, 
Hendry, and Collier Counties, Florida. The unit includes inshore waters 
from the Boca Grande Causeway south to Vanderbilt Beach Road. From 
Charlotte Harbor, the unit extends up the Myakka River, then down Curry 
Creek to the Venice Inlet. The unit does not include the Peace River 
east of the Barron Collier Bridge on State Road 41. The Caloosahatchee 
River is included from its mouth near Cape Coral to near the 
Caloosahatchee and C-43 Basin Storage Reservoir. The unit includes 
manatee-accessible waters below the MHW line (Service 2022, entire) 
within approximately 18.6 mi (30 km) from the warm-water sites of Warm 
Mineral Springs, Matlacha Isles, North Cape Coral Canal, and Ten Mile 
Canal Borrow Pit; and the established winter manatee aggregation area 
near Florida Power and Light's Fort Myers Power Plant.
    Areas within this unit include approximately 2,048 ac (829 ha; 1 
percent) in Federal ownership, 191,975 ac (77,690 ha; 88 percent) in 
State ownership, 16,821 ac (6,807 ha; 8 percent) in local government 
ownership, and 8,373 ac (3,388 ha; 4 percent) in private/other 
ownership. Federally owned lands in this unit include Caloosahatchee, 
Matlacha Pass, Pine Island, Island Bay, and J.N. Ding Darling NWRs. 
State-owned lands in this unit include State Parks (Lovers Key, 
Charlotte Harbor Preserve, Estero Bay Preserve, Delnor-Wiggins Pass, 
and Cayo Costa), Myakka State Forest, Southwest Florida WMD's Deer 
Prairie Creek Preserve, South Florida WMD's C-43 Basin Storage 
Reservoir, and State-owned submerged lands. In this unit, local 
government-owned lands include several county-owned parks and 
preserves, and privately-owned preserves include the Calusa Land Trust 
and Nature Preserve of Pine Island and Sanibel-Captiva Conservation 
Foundation conservation lands. General land use within this unit 
includes parks, natural resource conservation, wildlife management, 
recreational and commercial activities (e.g., swimming, fishing, and 
boating), and power generation. Some areas of the unit also adjoin 
areas of residential and commercial development.
    Unit FL-05 is occupied by the subspecies and contains one or more 
of the physical or biological features essential to the conservation of 
the subspecies. This unit has one primary warm-water refuge, Warm 
Mineral Spring Creek/Salt Creek, that supports established manatee use 
and has high thermal quality and three secondary refuges, Matlacha 
Isles, North Cape Coral Canals (Ceitus Lake), and Ten Mile Canal-Borrow 
Pit, that have established manatee use with medium or low thermal 
quality (Valade et al. 2020, p. 30). In addition, this unit provides 
forage material within 18.6 mi (30 km) of the established winter 
manatee aggregation area near Florida Power and Light's Fort Myers 
Power Plant within the Caloosahatchee River (Valade et al. 2020, p. 
30), as well as within Roberts Bay, Curry Creek, Myakka River, 
Charlotte Harbor, Gasparilla Sound, Matlacha Pass, and Estero Bay. This 
unit also supports expansion and recovery of the regional warm-water 
network in the Southwest Manatee Management Unit due to several lower 
quality springs and other natural refuges or areas available to create 
new refuges within the unit.
    Approximately 215,477 ac (87,201 ha; 98 percent) of the unit 
overlap with the current critical habitat designation for the West 
Indian manatee (see 41 FR 41914, September 24, 1976, and 42 FR 47840, 
September 22, 1977); designated critical habitat for the wintering 
population of the endangered piping plover (see 66 FR 36038, July 10, 
2001), U.S. DPS of the smalltooth sawfish (Pristis pectinata) (see 74 
FR 45353,

[[Page 78148]]

September 2, 2009), and Northwest Atlantic Ocean DPS of the loggerhead 
sea turtle (Caretta caretta) (see 79 FR 39856, July 10, 2014); and 
proposed critical habitat for the threatened rufa red knot (see 88 FR 
22530, April 13, 2023) and the North Atlantic DPS of the green sea 
turtle (see 88 FR 46572, July 19, 2023).
    Threats to the physical or biological features identified within 
Unit FL-05 include foraging and other habitat loss, modification, and 
degradation; warm-water habitat loss; algal blooms; climate change; 
contaminants; and tropical storms and hurricanes. Special management 
considerations or protection measures to reduce or alleviate threats 
may include improving water quality; establishing and maintaining 
minimum flows and levels; restoring aquatic vegetation, living 
shorelines, and filter feeders; removing nutrient-laden sediments; 
conducting spring run restoration and improving access; enhancing 
existing or creating alternate warm-water refuges; establishing and 
enforcing boat speed zones, marked navigation channels, and exclusion 
areas; developing or revising and implementing standardized 
construction conditions for in-water construction; and developing or 
revising and implementing oil spill response and marine debris removal 
guidance with manatee and aquatic vegetation considerations.
Unit FL-06: Rookery Bay to Florida Bay West
    Unit FL-06 consists of 450,052 ac (182,130 ha) of inshore and 
coastal waters from Naples Bay to the western half of Florida Bay in 
Collier, Monroe, and Miami-Dade Counties, Florida. The unit includes 
inshore waters of Naples from the Golden Gate Parkway (County Road 886) 
bridge over Gordon River to Marco Island. From Ten Thousand Island to 
Florida Bay, the unit includes inshore waters and offshore waters 
ranging from 1 to 13 mi (1.6 to 21 km) offshore. The unit includes 
manatee-accessible waters below the MHW line (Service 2022, entire) 
within approximately 18.6 mi (30 km) from the warm-water sites of 
Henderson Creek, Marco Island Canals, Port of the Islands Canals, Port 
of the Islands Mitigation Site, Wooten's Pond, Big Cypress Preserve 
Canal, Mud Bay, and the Everglades Complex.
    Areas within this unit include approximately 343,626 ac (139,061 
ha; 76 percent) in Federal ownership, 105,559 ac (42,718 ha; 23 
percent) in State ownership, 18 ac (7 ha; less than 1 percent) in local 
government ownership, and 849 ac (344 ha; less than 1 percent) in 
private/other ownership. Federally owned lands in this unit include Ten 
Thousand Island NWR, Everglades National Park, and Big Cypress National 
Preserve; State-owned lands include Collier-Seminole and Fakahatchee 
Strand Preserve State Parks, Rookery Bay National Estuarine Research 
Reserve (NERR), and State-owned submerged lands. General land use 
within this unit includes parks, natural resource conservation, 
wildlife management, and recreational and commercial activities (e.g., 
swimming, fishing, and boating). Small areas of the unit also adjoin 
areas of residential and commercial development.
    Unit FL-06 is occupied by the subspecies and contains one or more 
of the physical or biological features essential to the conservation of 
the subspecies. This unit has two primary warm-water refuges, Port of 
the Islands Canals and Port of the Islands Mitigation Site, that have 
medium thermal quality with established manatee use (canals) and 
unpredictable manatee use (mitigation site) and six secondary refuges, 
Henderson Creek, Marco Island Canals, Wooten's Pond, Big Cypress 
Preserve Canal, Mud Bay, and the Everglades Complex, that have 
established manatee use with medium, low, or unknown thermal quality 
(Valade et al. 2020, pp. 29-30). In addition, this unit provides forage 
material within Naples Bay, Rookery Bay, Gullivan Bay, Florida Bay, the 
Gulf of Mexico, and the many small bays and creeks along the coast.
    This unit provides a connection between the Southwest and Atlantic 
Coast Manatee Management Units as it extends into both units, thereby 
supporting expansion and movements between the Gulf and Atlantic 
Coasts. Additionally, this unit supports the largest and most stable 
foraging area within the Atlantic Coast Manatee Management Unit, 
Florida Bay (Yarbro and Carlson 2016, entire).
    Approximately 448,908 ac (181,667 ha; 100 percent) of the unit 
overlap with the current critical habitat designation for the West 
Indian manatee (see 41 FR 41914, September 24, 1976, and 42 FR 47840, 
September 22, 1977); designated critical habitat for the threatened 
Florida DPS of the American crocodile (Crocodylus acutus) (see 41 FR 
41914, September 24, 1976, and 42 FR 47840, September 22, 1977), and 
for the endangered Everglade snail kite (Rostrhamus sociabilis 
plumbeus) (see 42 FR 40685, August 11, 1977), wintering population of 
the piping plover (see 66 FR 36038, July 10, 2001), U.S. DPS of the 
smalltooth sawfish (Pristis pectinata) (see 74 FR 45353, September 2, 
2009), and Northwest Atlantic Ocean DPS of the loggerhead sea turtle 
(see 79 FR 39856, July 10, 2014); and proposed critical habitat for the 
threatened rufa red knot (see 88 FR 22530, April 13, 2023) and the 
North Atlantic DPS of the green sea turtle (see 88 FR 46572, July 19, 
2023).
    Threats to the physical or biological features identified within 
Unit FL-06 include foraging and other habitat loss, modification, and 
degradation; warm-water habitat loss; algal blooms; climate change; 
contaminants; and tropical storms and hurricanes. Special management 
considerations or protection measures to reduce or alleviate threats 
may include improving water quality; establishing and maintaining 
minimum flows and levels; restoring aquatic vegetation, living 
shorelines, and filter feeders; removing nutrient-laden sediments; 
enhancing existing or creating alternate warm-water refuges; 
establishing and enforcing boat speed zones, marked navigation 
channels, and exclusion areas; developing or revising and implementing 
standardized construction conditions for in-water construction; and 
developing or revising and implementing oil spill response and marine 
debris removal guidance with manatee and aquatic vegetation 
considerations.
Unit FL-07: Upper Florida Keys
    Unit FL-07 consists of 244,254 ac (98,846 ha) of inshore and 
coastal waters of the Upper Florida Keys, from Islamorada north to Old 
Rhodes Key in Monroe and Miami-Dade Counties, Florida. The unit 
includes waters of Eastern Florida Bay to approximately 13 mi (21 km) 
offshore, inshore waters and canals of the Keys, and waters of the 
Atlantic Ocean approximately 0.5 to 1.5 mi (0.8 to 2.4 km) offshore. 
The unit also extends inland into the Glades Canal approximately 11 mi 
(17.7 km) and into the Florida Power and Light Everglades Mitigation 
Bank Canals approximately 7 mi (11 km). The unit includes manatee-
accessible waters below the MHW line (Service 2022, entire) within 
approximately 18.6 mi (30 km) from the warm-water sites of the Upper 
Keys Canals and Brown Street Canal.
    Areas within this unit include approximately 161,201 ac (65,236 ha; 
66 percent) in Federal ownership, 76,635 ac (31,013 ha; 31 percent) in 
State ownership, 2,762 ac (1,118 ha; 1 percent) in local government 
ownership, and 3,656 ac (1,480 ha; 1 percent) in private/other 
ownership. Federally owned lands in this unit include Crocodile Lake 
NWR, Everglades

[[Page 78149]]

National Park, and Biscayne National Park. State-owned lands in this 
unit include Lignumvitae Key Botanical, John Pennekamp Coral Reef, 
Windley Key Fossil Reef Geological, and Dagny Johnson Key Largo Hammock 
Botanical State Parks; South Florida WMD's Model Lands Basin; Florida 
Keys Wildlife and Environmental Area; and State-owned submerged lands. 
General land use within this unit includes parks, natural resource 
conservation, wildlife management, and recreational and commercial 
activities (e.g., swimming, fishing, and boating). Some areas of the 
unit also adjoin areas of residential and commercial development.
    Unit FL-07 is occupied by the subspecies and contains one or more 
of the physical or biological features essential to the conservation of 
the subspecies. This unit has two secondary warm-water refuges, Brown 
Street Canal and the Upper Keys Canals, that have established manatee 
use with medium and unknown thermal quality, respectively (Valade et 
al. 2020, pp. 26-27). In addition, this unit provides forage material 
within Florida Bay, the Atlantic Ocean, Card Sound, Barnes Sound, 
Manatee Bay, Blackwater Sound, Buttonwood Sound, and the many smaller 
bays, sounds, and basins of the Upper Florida Keys and the southeastern 
coast of Florida's mainland. This unit supports the largest and most 
stable foraging areas within the Atlantic Coast Manatee Management 
Unit, Florida Bay, and the Florida Keys (Yarbro and Carlson 2016, 
entire), contributing to the resiliency of the unit.
    Approximately 244,247 ac (98,843 ha; 100 percent) of the unit 
overlap with the current critical habitat designation for the West 
Indian manatee (see 41 FR 41914, September 24, 1976, and 42 FR 47840, 
September 22, 1977); designated critical habitat for the endangered 
U.S. DPS of the smalltooth sawfish (see 74 FR 45353, September 2, 
2009), threatened Florida DPS of the American crocodile (see 41 FR 
41914, September 24, 1976, and 42 FR 47840, September 22, 1977), 
elkhorn (Acropora palmata) and staghorn (A. cervicornis) corals (see 73 
FR 72210, November 26, 2008), Nassau grouper (Epinephelus striatus) 
(see 89 FR 126, January 2, 2024), and five threatened Caribbean coral 
species (Orbicella annularis, O. faveolata, O. franksi, Dendrogyra 
cylindrus, and Mycetophyllia ferox) (see 88 FR 54026, August 9, 2023, 
and 89 FR 19511, March 19, 2024); and proposed critical habitat for the 
threatened North Atlantic DPS of the green sea turtle (see 88 FR 46572, 
July 19, 2023).
    Threats to the physical or biological features identified within 
Unit FL-07 include foraging and other habitat loss, modification, and 
degradation; warm-water habitat loss; algal blooms; climate change; 
contaminants; and tropical storms and hurricanes. Special management 
considerations or protection measures to reduce or alleviate threats 
may include improving water quality; establishing and maintaining 
minimum flows and levels; restoring aquatic vegetation, living 
shorelines, and filter feeders; enhancing existing or creating 
alternate warm-water refuges; establishing and enforcing boat speed 
zones, marked navigation channels, and exclusion areas; developing or 
revising and implementing standardized construction conditions for in-
water construction; and developing or revising and implementing oil 
spill response and marine debris removal guidance with manatee and 
aquatic vegetation considerations.
Unit FL-08: Biscayne Bay to Deerfield Beach
    Unit FL-08 consists of 146,725 ac (59,378 ha) of inshore waters 
from Biscayne Bay to Deerfield Beach in Miami-Dade, Broward, and Palm 
Beach Counties, Florida. The unit includes inshore waters of Biscayne 
Bay and the intracoastal waterways, rivers, and canals (up to 24 mi 
(38.6 km) inland in some locations) along the southeastern Florida 
coast from the southern end of Biscayne National Park to Deerfield 
Beach. The unit includes manatee-accessible waters below the MHW line 
(Service 2022, entire) within approximately 18.6 mi (30 km) from the 
warm-water sites of the Coral Gables Waterway, Palmer Lake, and the 
Little River-S-27 structure; and the established winter manatee 
aggregation areas near Florida Power and Light's Dania Beach and Port 
Everglades Energy Centers.
    Areas within this unit include approximately 91,404 ac (36,990 ha; 
62 percent) in Federal ownership, 46,768 ac (18,926 ha; 32 percent) in 
State ownership, 5,525 ac (2,236 ha; 4 percent) in local government 
ownership, and 3,028 ac (1,225 ha; 2 percent) in private/other 
ownership. Federally owned lands in this unit include Biscayne National 
Park. State-owned lands in this unit include State Parks (Oleta River, 
Bill Baggs Cape Florida, and Dr. Von D. Mizell-Eula Johnson), South 
Florida WMD's Biscayne Coastal Wetlands, Everglades and Francis S. 
Taylor Wildlife Management Area, and State-owned submerged lands. Local 
government-owned lands in this unit include several county-owned parks 
and preserves. General land use within this unit includes parks, 
natural resource conservation, wildlife management, recreational and 
commercial activities (e.g., swimming, fishing, and boating), power 
generation, and cargo and cruise port activities. Most of the unit also 
adjoins areas of residential and commercial development.
    Unit FL-08 is occupied by the subspecies and contains one or more 
of the physical or biological features essential to the conservation of 
the subspecies. This unit has one primary warm-water refuge, the Coral 
Gables Waterway, with established manatee use and high thermal quality 
and two secondary warm-water refuges: Palmer Lake, with unpredictable 
manatee use and medium thermal quality; and Little River-S-27 
structure, with established manatee use and low thermal quality (Valade 
et al. 2020, pp. 26-27). In addition, this unit provides forage 
material within 18.6 mi (30 km) of the established winter manatee 
aggregation area near Florida Power and Light's Dania Beach and Port 
Everglades Energy Centers (Valade et al. 2020, p. 30), as well as 
within Biscayne Bay, the Miami River, Little River, Intracoastal 
Waterway, Stranahan River, New River, Middle River, and the many 
canals, lakes, and bays along the southeast coast of Florida. This unit 
also supports expansion and recovery of the regional warm-water network 
in the Atlantic Coast Manatee Management Unit due to several lower 
quality natural refuges or areas available to create new refuges within 
the unit.
    Approximately 139,942 ac (56,632 ha; 95 percent) of the unit 
overlap with the current critical habitat designation for the West 
Indian manatee (see 41 FR 41914, September 24, 1976, and 42 FR 47840, 
September 22, 1977); designated critical habitat for the endangered 
Everglade snail kite (see 42 FR 40685, August 11, 1977) and Florida 
bonneted bat (Eumops floridanus) (see 89 FR 16624, March 7, 2024); 
designated critical habitat for the threatened Florida DPS of the 
American crocodile (see 41 FR 41914, September 24, 1976, and 42 FR 
47840, September 22, 1977), elkhorn and staghorn corals (see 73 FR 
72210, November 26, 2008), Nassau grouper (see 89 FR 126, January 2, 
2024), and five threatened Caribbean coral species (Orbicella 
annularis, O. faveolata, O. franksi, Dendrogyra cylindrus, and 
Mycetophyllia ferox) (see 88 FR 54026, August 9, 2023, and 89 FR 19511, 
March 19, 2024); and proposed critical habitat for the threatened North 
Atlantic DPS of the green sea turtle (see 88 FR 46572, July 19, 2023).
    Threats to the physical or biological features identified within 
Unit FL-08

[[Page 78150]]

include foraging and other habitat loss, modification, and degradation; 
warm-water habitat loss; algal blooms; climate change; contaminants; 
and tropical storms and hurricanes. Special management considerations 
or protection measures to reduce or alleviate threats may include 
improving water quality; establishing and maintaining minimum flows and 
levels; restoring aquatic vegetation, living shorelines, and filter 
feeders; removing nutrient-laden sediments; enhancing existing or 
creating alternate warm-water refuges; establishing and enforcing boat 
speed zones, marked navigation channels, and exclusion areas; 
developing or revising and implementing standardized construction 
conditions for in-water construction; and developing or revising and 
implementing oil spill response and marine debris removal guidance with 
manatee and aquatic vegetation considerations.
Unit FL-09: Boynton Beach to Fort Pierce
    Unit FL-09 consists of 37,829 ac (15,309 ha) of inshore waters from 
approximately 1.3 mi (2 km) south of the Boynton Inlet to approximately 
4.7 mi (7.6 km) south of the Fort Pierce Inlet in Palm Beach, Martin, 
and St. Lucie Counties, Florida. The unit includes inshore waters (up 
to 18 mi (29 km) inland) of the intracoastal waterways, rivers, and 
canals along the eastern Florida coast even with Lake Okeechobee. The 
unit includes manatee-accessible waters below the MHW line (Service 
2022, entire) within approximately 18.6 mi (30 km) from the warm-water 
site of Willoughby Creek and the established winter manatee aggregation 
area near Florida Power and Light's Riviera Beach Energy Center.
    Areas within this unit include approximately 203 ac (82 ha; 1 
percent) in Federal ownership, 35,967 ac (14,555 ha; 95 percent) in 
State ownership, 533 ac (216 ha; 1 percent) in local government 
ownership, and 1,126 ac (456 ha; 3 percent) in private/other ownership. 
The majority of this unit consists of State-owned submerged lands. 
General land use within this unit includes parks, natural resource 
conservation, wildlife management, recreational and commercial 
activities (e.g., swimming, fishing, and boating), power generation, 
and cargo and cruise port activities. Most of the unit also adjoins 
areas of residential and commercial development.
    Unit FL-09 is occupied by the subspecies and contains one or more 
of the physical or biological features essential to the conservation of 
the subspecies. This unit has one secondary warm-water refuge, 
Willoughby Creek, with established manatee use and low thermal quality 
(Valade et al. 2020, p. 27). In addition, this unit provides forage 
material within 18.6 mi (30 km) of the established winter manatee 
aggregation area near Florida Power and Light's Riviera Beach Energy 
Center (Valade et al. 2020, p. 26), as well as within Lake Worth 
Lagoon, the North Palm Beach Waterway, Loxahatchee River, Indian River 
Lagoon, St. Lucie River, and the many canals and basins connected to 
them. This unit also supports expansion and recovery of the regional 
warm-water network in the Atlantic Coast Manatee Management Unit due to 
several lower quality natural refuges or areas available to create new 
refuges within the unit.
    Approximately 32,389 ac (13,107 ha; 86 percent) of the unit overlap 
with the current critical habitat designation for the West Indian 
manatee (see 41 FR 41914, September 24, 1976, and 42 FR 47840, 
September 22, 1977); designated critical habitat for the endangered 
wintering population of the piping plover (see 66 FR 36038, July 10, 
2001) and Northwest Atlantic Ocean DPS of the loggerhead sea turtle 
(see 79 FR 39856, July 10, 2014); and proposed critical habitat for the 
threatened North Atlantic DPS of the green sea turtle (see 88 FR 46572, 
July 19, 2023).
    Threats to the physical or biological features identified within 
Unit FL-09 include foraging and other habitat loss, modification, and 
degradation; warm-water habitat loss; algal blooms; climate change; 
contaminants; and tropical storms and hurricanes. Special management 
considerations or protection measures to reduce or alleviate threats 
may include improving water quality; establishing and maintaining 
minimum flows and levels; restoring aquatic vegetation, living 
shorelines, and filter feeders; removing nutrient-laden sediments; 
enhancing existing or creating alternate warm-water refuges; 
establishing and enforcing boat speed zones, marked navigation 
channels, and exclusion areas; developing or revising and implementing 
standardized construction conditions for in-water construction; and 
developing or revising and implementing oil spill response and marine 
debris removal guidance with manatee and aquatic vegetation 
considerations.
Unit FL-10: Vero Beach to Northern Indian River Lagoon
    Unit FL-10 consists of 153,588 ac (62,155 ha) of inshore waters 
from the Merrill P. Barber Bridge (on State Road 60) in Vero Beach to 
the northern tip of the Indian River Lagoon in Indian River, Brevard, 
and Volusia Counties, Florida. The unit includes rivers and canals 
along the Indian River Lagoon and Banana River on the central east 
coast of Florida. The unit includes manatee-accessible waters below the 
MHW line (Service 2022, entire) within approximately 18.6 mi (30 km) 
from the warm-water sites of the Sebastian River (C-54 Canal), DeSoto 
Canal, Berkeley Canal, and the Banana River Marine Service Marina, as 
well as the established winter manatee aggregation area near Florida 
Power and Light's Port Canaveral Energy Center. The unit does not 
extend all the way through the Haulover Canal or include Mosquito 
Lagoon because those areas are farther than 18.6 mi (30 km) from the 
nearest primary or secondary warm-water refuge or established winter 
manatee aggregation area.
    Areas within this unit include approximately 33,077 ac (13,386 ha; 
22 percent) in Federal ownership, 117,318 ac (47,477 ha; 76 percent) in 
State ownership, 1,782 ac (721 ha; 1 percent) in local government 
ownership, and 1,410 ac (571 ha; 1 percent) in private/other ownership. 
Under section 4(a)(3)(B)(i) of the Act, we are exempting 278 ac (112 
ha) of DoD lands (216 ac (87 ha) of Cape Canaveral Space Force Station 
lands and 62 ac (25 ha) of Patrick Space Force Base lands) within this 
unit from the critical habitat designation because the DoD has an 
approved INRMP for these areas that provides benefits to the manatee 
and its habitat (see Exemptions, below).
    Federally owned lands in this unit include Merritt Island, Pelican 
Island, and Archie Carr NWRs. State-owned lands in this unit include 
State Parks (Indian River Lagoon Preserve, St. Sebastian River 
Preserve, and Sebastian Inlet) and State-owned submerged lands. Local 
government-owned lands in this unit include several county- and city-
owned parks and preserves. General land use within this unit includes 
parks, natural resource conservation, wildlife management, recreational 
and commercial activities (e.g., swimming, fishing, and boating), power 
generation, military activities, cargo and cruise port activities, and 
space research and launch activities. Most of the unit also adjoins 
areas of residential and commercial development.
    Unit FL-10 is occupied by the subspecies and contains one or more 
of the physical or biological features essential to the conservation of 
the subspecies. This unit has one primary warm-water refuge, DeSoto 
Canal, with established manatee use and medium

[[Page 78151]]

thermal quality, and three secondary warm-water refuges, Sebastian 
River (C-54 Canal), Berkely Canal, and Banana River Marine Service 
Marina, with established manatee use and low to medium thermal quality 
(Valade et al. 2020, pp. 25-27). In addition, this unit provides forage 
material within 18.6 mi (30 km) of the established winter manatee 
aggregation area near Florida Power and Light's Cape Canaveral Energy 
Center (Valade et al. 2020, p. 26), as well as within the Indian River 
Lagoon, St. Sebastian River, Turkey Creek, Crane Creek, Eau Gallie 
River, Sykes Creek, Banana River, and the many canals connected to 
them. This unit also supports expansion and recovery of the regional 
warm-water network in the Atlantic Coast Manatee Management Unit due to 
several lower quality natural refuges or areas available to create new 
refuges within the unit.
    Approximately 151,293 ac (61,226 ha; 99 percent) of the unit 
overlap with the current critical habitat designation for the West 
Indian manatee (see 41 FR 41914, September 24, 1976, and 42 FR 47840, 
September 22, 1977) and proposed critical habitat for the threatened 
rufa red knot (see 88 FR 22530, April 13, 2023) and the North Atlantic 
DPS of the green sea turtle (see 88 FR 46572, July 19, 2023).
    Threats to the physical or biological features identified within 
Unit FL-10 include foraging and other habitat loss, modification, and 
degradation; warm-water habitat loss; algal blooms; climate change; 
contaminants; and tropical storms and hurricanes. Special management 
considerations or protection measures to reduce or alleviate threats 
may include improving water quality; establishing and maintaining 
minimum flows and levels; restoring aquatic vegetation, living 
shorelines, and filter feeders; removing nutrient-laden sediments; 
enhancing existing or creating alternate warm-water refuges; 
establishing and enforce boat speed zones, marked navigation channels, 
and exclusion areas; developing or revising and implementing 
standardized construction conditions for in-water construction; and 
developing or revising and implementing oil spill response and marine 
debris removal guidance with manatee and aquatic vegetation 
considerations.
Unit FL-11: Upper St. Johns River
    Unit FL-11 consists of 79,444 ac (32,150 ha) of springs, rivers, 
and lakes in the Upper St. Johns, Hontoon Dead, Ziegler Dead, Norris 
Dead, and Ocklawaha Rivers in Lake, Seminole, Volusia, Marion, and 
Putnam Counties, Florida. The unit extends from Lake Monroe north to 
Memorial Bridge (State Road 100) over the St. Johns River, east to the 
mouth of Dunns Creek at Crescent Lake, and west to the Rodman Reservoir 
through the Cross Florida Barge Canal. The unit also includes the 
section of the Ocklawaha River from the St. Johns River to the Rodman 
Dam. The unit includes manatee-accessible waters below the MHW line 
(Service 2022, entire) within approximately 18.6 mi (30 km) from the 
warm-water sites of Blue, Silver Glen, Salt, and Welaka Springs.
    Areas within this unit include approximately 1,815 ac (735 ha; 2 
percent) in Federal ownership, 76,984 ac (31,154 ha; 97 percent) in 
State ownership, 150 ac (61 ha; less than 1 percent) in local 
government ownership, and 495 ac (200 ha; 1 percent) in private/other 
ownership. Under section 4(a)(3)(B)(i) of the Act, we are exempting 8 
ac (3.2 ha) of Rodman Bomb Target, part of the Naval Air Station 
Jacksonville Complex, within this unit from the critical habitat 
designation because the DoD has an approved INRMP for these areas that 
provides benefits to the manatee and its habitat (see Exemptions, 
below).
    Federally owned lands in this unit include Lake Woodruff NWR and 
Ocala National Forest. State-owned lands in this unit include State 
Parks (DeLeon Springs, Blue Spring, Hontoon Island, Ravine Gardens, 
Lower Wekiva River Preserve and Dunns Creek), Marjorie Harris Carr 
Cross Florida Greenway State Recreation and Conservation Area, Welaka 
State Forest, Lake George State Forest, and State-owned submerged 
lands. Local government-owned lands in this unit include several 
county-owned parks and preserves. General land use within this unit 
includes parks, natural resource conservation, wildlife management, 
recreational and commercial activities (e.g., swimming, fishing, and 
boating), and military activities. Some areas of the unit also adjoin 
areas of residential and commercial development.
    Unit FL-11 is occupied by the subspecies and contains one or more 
of the physical or biological features essential to the conservation of 
the subspecies. This unit has three primary warm-water refuges, Blue 
Springs, Silver Glen Springs, and Salt Springs, with established 
manatee use and high thermal quality and one secondary warm-water 
refuge, Welaka Springs, with established manatee use and low thermal 
quality (Valade et al. 2020, p. 25). In addition, this unit provides 
forage material within the main stems and tributaries of the St. Johns, 
Hontoon Dead, Ziegler Dead, Norris Dead, and Ocklawaha Rivers, as well 
as within Lake Monroe, Lake Beresford, Lake Woodruff, Spring Garden 
Lake, Lake Dexter, Lake George, the Rodman Reservoir, and the many 
smaller lakes, rivers, and creeks connecting them. This unit also 
provides some of the farthest inland primary warm-water refuges in the 
Florida manatee's range and supports expansion and recovery of the 
regional warm-water network in the Upper St. Johns River Manatee 
Management Unit due to several lower quality natural refuges or areas 
available to create new refuges within the unit, thereby supporting 
expansion and refuge for manatees, and ensuring good spatial 
representation for the St. Johns River Manatee Management Unit.
    Approximately 65,961 ac (26,693 ha; 83 percent) of the unit overlap 
with the current critical habitat designation for the West Indian 
manatee (see 41 FR 41914, September 24, 1976, and 42 FR 47840, 
September 22, 1977).
    Threats to the physical or biological features identified within 
Unit FL-11 include foraging and other habitat loss, modification, and 
degradation; warm-water habitat loss; algal blooms; climate change; 
contaminants; and tropical storms and hurricanes. Special management 
considerations or protection measures to reduce or alleviate threats 
may include improving water quality; establishing and maintaining 
minimum flows and levels; restoring aquatic vegetation, living 
shorelines, and filter feeders; removing nutrient-laden sediments; 
coordinating with the Service prior to treatments of invasive or 
nuisance aquatic vegetation and limiting invasive or nuisance aquatic 
vegetation treatments that could reduce vegetation availability during 
the cold season; conducting spring run restoration and improving 
access; enhancing existing or creating alternate warm-water refuges; 
establishing and enforcing boat speed zones, marked navigation 
channels, and exclusion areas; developing or revising and implementing 
standardized construction conditions for in-water construction; and 
developing or revising and implementing oil spill response and marine 
debris removal guidance with manatee and aquatic vegetation 
considerations.
Unit FL-12: Silver Springs
    Unit FL-12 consists of 438 ac (177 ha) of springs and rivers in 
Marion County, Florida. The unit extends from Silver Springs down 
Silver River, then north and south into the Ocklawaha River 
approximately 13 mi (21 km) to Cedar Creek to the north and Southeast

[[Page 78152]]

Highway 464C to the south. The unit includes manatee-accessible waters 
below the MHW line (Service 2022, entire) within approximately 18.6 mi 
(30 km) from the warm-water site of Silver Springs.
    Areas within this unit include approximately 6 ac (2 ha; 1 percent) 
in Federal ownership, 417 ac (169 ha; 95 percent) in State ownership, 
and 15 ac (6 ha; 3 percent) in private/other ownership.
    Federally owned lands in this unit include the Ocala National 
Forest, and State-owned lands in this unit include Silver Springs State 
Park, Marjorie Harris Carr Cross Florida Greenway State Recreation and 
Conservation Area, St. Johns River WMD's Ocklawaha Prairie Restoration 
Area, and State-owned submerged lands. General land use within this 
unit includes parks, natural resource conservation, wildlife 
management, and recreational and commercial activities (e.g., swimming, 
fishing, and boating). Small areas of the unit also adjoin areas of 
residential and commercial development.
    Unit FL-12 is occupied by the subspecies and contains one or more 
of the physical or biological features essential to the conservation of 
the subspecies. This unit has one primary warm-water refuge, Silver 
Springs, with high thermal quality and unpredictable manatee use 
(Valade et al. 2020, p. 25), although recent studies have documented 
increased and consistent use of the spring and nearby waters (Ross et 
al. 2023, p. 2). In addition, this unit provides forage material within 
the Silver and Ocklawaha Rivers. This unit also provides the farthest 
inland primary warm-water refuge in the Florida manatee's range and 
supports expansion and recovery of the regional warm-water network in 
the Upper St. Johns River Manatee Management Unit due to several lower 
quality natural refuges or areas available to create new refuges within 
the unit, thereby supporting expansion and refuge for manatees, and 
ensuring good spatial representation for the St. Johns River Manatee 
Management Unit.
    Threats to the physical or biological features identified within 
Unit FL-12 include foraging and other habitat loss, modification, and 
degradation; warm-water habitat loss; algal blooms; climate change; 
contaminants; and tropical storms and hurricanes. Special management 
considerations or protection measures to reduce or alleviate threats 
may include improving water quality; establishing and maintaining 
minimum flows and levels; restoring aquatic vegetation, living 
shorelines, and filter feeders; coordinating with the Service prior to 
treatments of invasive or nuisance aquatic vegetation and limiting 
invasive or nuisance aquatic vegetation treatments that could reduce 
vegetation availability during the cold season; conducting spring run 
restoration and improving access; enhancing existing or creating 
alternate warm-water refuges; establishing and enforcing boat speed 
zones, marked navigation channels, and exclusion areas; developing or 
revising and implementing standardized construction conditions for in-
water construction; and developing or revising and implementing oil 
spill response and marine debris removal guidance with manatee and 
aquatic vegetation considerations.

Proposed Critical Habitat Designation for the Antillean Manatee

    We are proposing 13 units in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico as 
critical habitat for the Antillean manatee, totaling approximately 
78,121 ac (31,614 ha). The critical habitat areas we describe below 
constitute our current best assessment of areas that meet the 
definition of critical habitat for the Antillean manatee. All of these 
areas are occupied, and we are not proposing any unoccupied areas. All 
of these areas are also Commonwealth-owned. Table 2 shows the proposed 
critical habitat units, including unit names, land ownership, and 
approximate area of each unit.

   Table 2--Proposed Critical Habitat Units for the Antillean Manatee
      [Area estimates reflect all land within critical habitat unit
                              boundaries.]
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                       Commonwealth
       Critical habitat unit           ownership in     Size of unit in
                                     acres (hectares)   acres (hectares)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
PR-01: Boca Vieja.................      2,640 (1,068)      2,640 (1,068)
PR-02: Condado Lagoon.............            91 (37)            91 (37)
PR-03: R[iacute]o Grande..........        1,691 (685)        1,691 (685)
PR-04: Fajardo....................        2,065 (836)        2,065 (836)
PR-05: Ceiba......................      6,429 (2,602)      6,429 (2,602)
PR-06: Vieques....................      4,980 (2,015)      4,980 (2,015)
PR-07: Arroyo.....................     15,001 (6,071)     15,001 (6,071)
PR-08: Santa Isabel to Jobos Bay..     24,360 (9,858)     24,360 (9,858)
PR-09: Guayanilla.................      7,404 (2,996)      7,404 (2,996)
PR-10: Gu[aacute]nica.............        1,798 (728)        1,798 (728)
PR-11: Bah[iacute]a Sucia.........        1,732 (697)        1,732 (697)
PR-12: Boquer[oacute]n............        1,989 (805)        1,989 (805)
PR-13: Mayag[uuml]ez..............      7,949 (3,217)      7,949 (3,217)
    Total.........................    78,121 (31,614)    78,121 (31,614)
    Ownership Percentage..........                100  .................
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: Area sizes and percentages may not sum due to rounding.

    We present brief descriptions of all proposed units and reasons why 
they meet the definition of critical habitat for the Antillean manatee, 
below.
Unit PR-01: Boca Vieja
    Unit PR-01 consists of 2,640 ac (1,068 ha) of marine waters below 
the MHW line within the Ensenada Boca Vieja along the coastline of the 
Municipality of Toa Baja, Puerto Rico. The unit extends from the 
northernmost point of Isla de Cabra on the east and approximately 3 mi 
(5 km) across towards Punta Salinas to the west. The entire unit is 
within Commonwealth ownership. General land use within this unit 
includes natural resource conservation, wildlife management, and

[[Page 78153]]

recreational and commercial activities (e.g., swimming, fishing, 
boating). Small areas of this unit also adjoin areas of residential and 
commercial development.
    Unit PR-01 is occupied by the subspecies and provides all three of 
the resources defined as the physical or biological feature essential 
to the conservation of the Antillean manatee in Puerto Rico: freshwater 
sources, seagrass in shallow water, and calm waters for shelter. Unit 
PR-01 is one of the three units on the north coast, ensuring good 
spatial representation of critical habitat on the north coast of Puerto 
Rico. Approximately 2,631 ac (1,065 ha; 99.7 percent) overlap with 
designated critical habitat for the threatened elkhorn and staghorn 
corals (see 73 FR 72210, November 26, 2008) and five Caribbean coral 
species (Orbicella annularis, O. faveolata, O. franksi, Dendrogyra 
cylindrus, and Mycetophyllia ferox) (see 88 FR 54026, August 9, 2023, 
and 89 FR 19511, March 19, 2024); and proposed critical habitat for the 
threatened North Atlantic DPS of the green sea turtle (see 88 FR 46572, 
July 19, 2023).
    Threats to the physical or biological feature identified within 
Unit PR-01 include foraging and other habitat loss, modification, and 
degradation; climate change; contaminants; and tropical storms and 
hurricanes. Special management considerations or protection measures to 
reduce or alleviate threats may include improving water quality; 
restoring aquatic vegetation and living shorelines; establishing and 
enforcing boat speed zones, marked navigation channels, and exclusion 
areas; developing or revising and implementing standardized 
construction conservation measures for in-water constructions; and 
developing or revising and implementing oil spill response and marine 
debris removal guidance with manatee and aquatic vegetation 
considerations.
Unit PR-02: Condado Lagoon
    Unit PR-02 consists of 91 ac (37 ha) of marine waters below the MHW 
line within the Condado Lagoon and El Boquer[oacute]n along the 
coastline of the Municipality of San Juan, Puerto Rico. The Condado 
Lagoon is bounded by the Condado Peninsula to the north, the Baldorioty 
de Castro Expressway to the south, and the San Antonio and the Dos 
Hermanos bridges on the west and northwest respectively. This unit also 
includes the marine waters of El Boquer[oacute]n that connect with the 
Condado Lagoon and are geographically separated by the Dos Hermanos 
Bridge. This unit extends from the Condado Lagoon to El Boquer[oacute]n 
along the eastern coastline towards Playita del Condado, and 
approximately 705 ft (215 m) across towards the San Jer[oacute]nimo del 
Boquer[oacute]n Fort to the west. The entire unit is within 
Commonwealth ownership and overlaps with the Condado Lagoon Nature 
Reserve, co-managed between the PRDNER and the San Juan Bay National 
Estuary Program through its management plan (PRDNER 2016, entire). 
General land use within this unit includes natural resource 
conservation, wildlife management, and recreational and commercial 
activities (e.g., swimming, kayaking, paddleboarding). Small areas of 
this unit also adjoin areas of residential and commercial development.
    Unit PR-02 is occupied by the subspecies and provides at least two 
of the three resources defined as the physical or biological feature 
essential to the conservation of the Antillean manatee in Puerto Rico: 
seagrass in shallow water and calm waters for shelter. Unit PR-02 is 
one of the three units on the north coast, ensuring good spatial 
representation of critical habitat on the north coast of Puerto Rico. 
Approximately 88 ac (36 ha; 97 percent) overlap with designated 
critical habitat for the threatened elkhorn and staghorn corals (see 73 
FR 72210, November 26, 2008) and five Caribbean coral species 
(Orbicella annularis, O. faveolata, O. franksi, Dendrogyra cylindrus, 
and Mycetophyllia ferox) (see 88 FR 54026, August 9, 2023, and 89 FR 
19511, March 19, 2024); and proposed critical habitat for the 
threatened North Atlantic DPS of the green sea turtle (see 88 FR 46572, 
July 19, 2023).
    Threats to the physical or biological feature identified within 
Unit PR-02 include foraging and other habitat loss, modification, and 
degradation; climate change; contaminants; and tropical storms and 
hurricanes. Special management considerations or protection measures to 
reduce or alleviate threats may include improving water quality; 
restoring aquatic vegetation and living shorelines; establishing and 
enforcing boat speed zones, marked navigation channels, and exclusion 
areas; developing or revising and implementing standardized 
construction conservation measures for in-water constructions; and 
developing or revising and implementing oil spill response and marine 
debris guidance with manatee and aquatic vegetation considerations.
Unit PR-03: R[iacute]o Grande
    Unit PR-03 consists of 1,691 ac (685 ha) of marine waters below the 
MHW line along the coastline of the Municipality of R[iacute]o Grande 
and a small portion towards the west along the Municipality of 
Lo[iacute]za, Puerto Rico. The unit starts approximately 0.5 mi (0.8 
km) west of Punta Percha and extends farther west along Punta 
Pic[uacute]a, Punta Miquillo, and Punta San Agust[iacute]n, and ending 
approximately 492 ft (150 m) west of the mouth of the Herrera River. 
The offshore boundary of this unit extends approximately 3 mi (5 km) 
from the freshwater sources within the unit, 820 ft (250 m) from the 
outer edge of seagrass beds within the unit, 1,640 ft (500 m) from 
shore if no seagrass was mapped, or to the 49-ft (15-m) bathymetry 
line, whichever is closest to shore. The entire unit is within 
Commonwealth ownership and overlaps with 1,574 ac (626 ha) of the 
Marine Extent of the R[iacute]o Esp[iacute]ritu Santo Nature Reserve, 
managed by the PRDNER. However, there is no management plan in place 
for this reserve. General land use within this unit includes natural 
resource conservation, wildlife management, and recreational and 
commercial activities (e.g., swimming, fishing, boating). Some areas of 
this unit also adjoin areas of residential and commercial development.
    Unit PR-03 is occupied by the subspecies and provides all three of 
the resources defined as the physical or biological feature essential 
to the conservation of the Antillean manatee in Puerto Rico: freshwater 
sources, seagrass in shallow water, and calm waters for shelter. Unit 
PR-03 is one of the three units on the north coast, ensuring good 
spatial representation of critical habitat on the north coast of Puerto 
Rico. Approximately 1,666 ac (674 ha; 98 percent) overlap with 
designated critical habitat for the threatened elkhorn and staghorn 
corals (see 73 FR 72210, November 26, 2008) and five Caribbean coral 
species (Orbicella annularis, O. faveolata, O. franksi, Dendrogyra 
cylindrus, and Mycetophyllia ferox) (see 88 FR 54026, August 9, 2023, 
and 89 FR 19511, March 19, 2024).
    Threats to the physical or biological feature identified within 
Unit PR-03 include foraging and other habitat loss, modification, and 
degradation; climate change; contaminants; and tropical storms and 
hurricanes. Special management considerations or protection measures to 
reduce or alleviate threats may include improving water quality; 
restoring aquatic vegetation and living shorelines; establishing and 
enforcing boat speed zones, marked navigation channels, and exclusion 
areas; developing or revising and implementing standardized 
construction conservation measures for

[[Page 78154]]

in-water constructions; and developing or revising and implementing oil 
spill response and marine debris guidance with manatee and aquatic 
vegetation considerations.
Unit PR-04: Fajardo
    Unit PR-04 consists of 2,065 ac (836 ha) of marine waters below the 
MHW line along the coastline of the Municipality of Fajardo and a small 
portion of the Municipality of Ceiba towards the southern edge of the 
unit. This unit starts in Punta Fajardo and continues south along the 
coastline beyond the Fajardo River, Punta Barracas, and Bah[iacute]a 
Damajagua, ending on the north side of Punta Figueras. The offshore 
boundary of this unit extends approximately 820 ft (250 m) from the 
outer edge of seagrass beds within the unit, 1,640 ft (500 m) from 
shore if no seagrass was mapped, or to the 49-ft (15-m) bathymetry 
line, whichever is closest to shore. The entire unit is within 
Commonwealth ownership. General land use within this unit includes 
natural resource conservation, wildlife management, and recreational 
and commercial activities (e.g., swimming, fishing, boating). Some 
areas of this unit also adjoin areas of residential and commercial 
development.
    Unit PR-04 is occupied by the subspecies and provides all three of 
the resources defined as the physical or biological feature essential 
to the conservation of the Antillean manatee in Puerto Rico: freshwater 
sources, seagrass in shallow water, and calm waters for shelter. Unit 
PR-04 is one of the two units on the east coast, ensuring good spatial 
representation of critical habitat on the east coast of Puerto Rico. 
Approximately 2,040 ac (826 ha; 99 percent) overlap with designated 
critical habitat for the threatened elkhorn and staghorn corals (see 73 
FR 72210, November 26, 2008), Nassau grouper (see 89 FR 126, January 2, 
2024), and five Caribbean coral species (Orbicella annularis, O. 
faveolata, O. franksi, Dendrogyra cylindrus, and Mycetophyllia ferox) 
(see 88 FR 54026, August 9, 2023, and 89 FR 19511, March 19, 2024).
    Threats to the physical or biological feature identified within 
Unit PR-04 include foraging and other habitat loss, modification, and 
degradation; climate change; contaminants; and tropical storms and 
hurricanes. Special management considerations or protection measures to 
reduce or alleviate threats may include improving water quality; 
restoring aquatic vegetation and living shorelines; establishing and 
enforcing boat speed zones, marked navigation channels, and exclusion 
areas; developing or revising and implementing standardized 
construction conservation measures for in-water constructions; and 
developing or revising and implementing oil spill response and marine 
debris guidance with manatee and aquatic vegetation considerations.
Unit PR-05: Ceiba
    Unit PR-05 consists of 6,429 ac (2,602 ha) of marine waters below 
the MHW line along the coastline of the Municipalities of Ceiba and 
Naguabo. This unit starts just south of Punta Figuera and extends 
farther south along the coastline beyond Puerto Medio Mundo, Punta 
Medio Mundo, Pasaje Medio Mundo, Punta Puerca, Isla de Cabras, Ensenada 
Honda, Punta Algodones, and Bah[iacute]a Algodones, ending just north 
of Punta Lima. The offshore boundary of this unit extends approximately 
820 ft (250 m) from the outer edge of seagrass beds within the unit, 
1,640 ft (500 m) from shore if no seagrass was mapped, or to the 49-ft 
(15-m) bathymetry line, whichever is closest to shore. The entire unit 
is within Commonwealth ownership. General land use within this unit 
includes natural resource conservation, wildlife management, and 
recreational and commercial activities (e.g., swimming, fishing, 
boating). Some areas of this unit also adjoin areas of residential and 
commercial development.
    Unit PR-05 is occupied by the subspecies and provides all three of 
the resources defined as the physical or biological feature essential 
to the conservation of the Antillean manatee in Puerto Rico: freshwater 
sources, seagrass in shallow water, and calm waters for shelter. Unit 
PR-05 is one of the two units on the east coast, ensuring good spatial 
representation of critical habitat on the east coast of Puerto Rico. 
Approximately 6,271 ac (2,538 ha; 98 percent) overlap with designated 
critical habitat for the threatened elkhorn and staghorn corals (see 73 
FR 72210, November 26, 2008), Nassau grouper (see 89 FR 126, January 2, 
2024), and five Caribbean coral species (Orbicella annularis, O. 
faveolata, O. franksi, Dendrogyra cylindrus, and Mycetophyllia ferox) 
(see 88 FR 54026, August 9, 2023, and 89 FR 19511, March 19, 2024).
    Threats to the physical or biological feature identified within 
Unit PR-05 include foraging and other habitat loss, modification, and 
degradation; climate change; contaminants; and tropical storms and 
hurricanes. Special management considerations or protection measures to 
reduce or alleviate threats may include improving water quality; 
restoring aquatic vegetation and living shorelines; establishing and 
enforcing boat speed zones, marked navigation channels, and exclusion 
areas; developing or revising and implementing standardized 
construction conservation measures for in-water constructions; and 
developing or revising and implementing oil spill response and marine 
debris guidance with manatee and aquatic vegetation considerations.
Unit PR-06: Vieques
    Unit PR-06 consists of 4,980 ac (2,015 ha) of marine waters below 
the MHW line along the west-northwest coastline of the Municipality of 
Vieques. This unit starts approximately 1 mile (1.5 km) east of Punta 
Caballo within Ensenada Claque, continues west beyond the Puerto de la 
Libertad Davis S. Sanes Rodr[iacute]guez (Mosquito Pier) and towards 
Punta Arenas, and ends approximately 1 mi (1.7 km) south of Punta Boca 
Quebrada along the coastline. The offshore boundary of this unit 
extends approximately 820 ft (250 m) from the outer edge of seagrass 
beds within the unit, 1,640 ft (500 m) from shore if no seagrass was 
mapped, or to the 26-ft (8-m) bathymetry line, whichever is closest to 
shore. The entire unit is within Commonwealth ownership. The 
southwestern portion of Unit PR-06 has restricted access due to the 
potential presence of unexploded ordnances (U.S. Department of the Navy 
and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 2022, pp. 4, 15, 18). General 
land use within this unit includes natural resource conservation, 
wildlife management, recreational and commercial activities (e.g., 
swimming, fishing, boating), and unexploded ordnance management. Some 
areas of this unit also adjoin areas of commercial development and the 
Vieques NWR.
    Unit PR-06 is occupied by the subspecies and provides at least two 
of the three resources defined as the physical or biological feature 
essential to the conservation of the Antillean manatee in Puerto Rico: 
seagrass in shallow water and calm waters for shelter. Unit PR-06 is 
the only unit in Vieques Island off the southeast coast of Puerto Rico, 
ensuring good spatial representation of critical habitat in that area. 
Approximately 4,919 ac (1,991 ha; 99 percent) overlap with designated 
critical habitat for the threatened elkhorn and staghorn corals (see 73 
FR 72210, November 26, 2008), Nassau grouper (see 89 FR 126, January 2, 
2024), and five Caribbean coral species (Orbicella annularis, O. 
faveolata, O. franksi, Dendrogyra cylindrus, and Mycetophyllia ferox) 
(see 88 FR 54026,

[[Page 78155]]

August 9, 2023, and 89 FR 19511, March 19, 2024).
    Threats to the physical or biological feature identified within 
Unit PR-07 include foraging and other habitat loss, modification, and 
degradation; climate change; contaminants; and tropical storms and 
hurricanes. Special management considerations or protection measures to 
reduce or alleviate threats may include improving water quality; 
restoring aquatic vegetation and living shorelines; establishing and 
enforcing boat speed zones, marked navigation channels, and exclusion 
areas; developing or revising and implementing standardized 
construction conservation measures for in-water constructions; and 
developing or revising and implementing oil spill response and marine 
debris guidance with manatee and aquatic vegetation considerations
Unit PR-07: Arroyo
    Unit PR-07 consists of 15,001 ac (6,071 ha) of marine waters below 
the MHW line along the coastline of the Municipalities of Patillas, 
Arroyo, and Guayama. This unit starts approximately 738 ft (225 m) east 
of the mouth of the Jacaboa River; continues west along the coastline 
towards Punta Viento, Puerto Patillas, Punta Figuras, and Puerto 
Arroyo; and ends approximately 0.9 mi (1.5 km) west of Punta Ola 
Grande. The offshore boundary of this unit extends approximately 820 ft 
(250 m) from the outer edge of seagrass beds within the unit, 1,640 ft 
(500 m) from shore if no seagrass was mapped, or to the 49-ft (15-m) 
bathymetry line, whichever is closest to shore. The entire unit is 
within Commonwealth ownership and overlaps with approximately 897 ac 
(363 ha) of the Marine Extent of the Guayama Reef Nature Reserve, 
managed by the PRDNER. However, there is no management plan in place 
for this reserve. General land use within this unit includes natural 
resource conservation, wildlife management, and recreational and 
commercial activities (e.g., swimming, fishing, boating). Some areas of 
this unit also adjoin areas of residential and commercial development.
    Unit PR-07 is occupied by the subspecies and provides all three of 
the resources defined as the physical or biological feature essential 
to the conservation of the Antillean manatee in Puerto Rico: freshwater 
sources, seagrass in shallow water, and calm waters for shelter. Unit 
PR-07 is the second largest unit and one of the two units on the 
southeastern coast, ensuring good spatial representation of critical 
habitat on the south coast of Puerto Rico. Approximately 14,974 ac 
(6,060 ha; almost 100 percent) overlap with designated critical habitat 
for the threatened elkhorn and staghorn corals (see 73 FR 72210, 
November 26, 2008), and five Caribbean coral species (Orbicella 
annularis, O. faveolata, O. franksi, Dendrogyra cylindrus, and 
Mycetophyllia ferox) (see 88 FR 54026, August 9, 2023, and 89 FR 19511, 
March 19, 2024).
    Threats to the physical or biological feature identified within 
Unit PR-07 include foraging and other habitat loss, modification, and 
degradation; climate change; contaminants; and tropical storms and 
hurricanes. Special management considerations or protection measures to 
reduce or alleviate threats may include improving water quality; 
restoring aquatic vegetation and living shorelines; establishing and 
enforcing boat speed zones, marked navigation channels, and exclusion 
areas; developing or revising and implementing standardized 
construction conservation measures for in-water constructions; and 
developing or revising and implementing oil spill response and marine 
debris guidance with manatee and aquatic vegetation considerations.
Unit PR-08: Santa Isabel to Jobos Bay
    Unit PR-08 consists of 24,360 ac (9,858 ha) of marine waters below 
the MHW line along the coastline of the Municipalities of Juana 
D[iacute]az, Santa Isabel, Salinas, and Guayama. This unit starts 
approximately 1,213 ft (370 m) west of Descalabrado River and continues 
east along the coastline towards Punta Cayito, Punta Petrona, 
Bah[iacute]a de Rinc[oacute]n, and Punta Arenas, including the waters 
within Mar Negro and around Bah[iacute]a de Jobos towards Punta 
Pozuelo. The offshore boundary of this unit extends approximately 820 
ft (250 m) from the outer edge of seagrass beds within the unit, 1,640 
ft (500 m) from shore if no seagrass was mapped, or to the 49-ft (15-m) 
bathymetry line, whichever is closest to shore. The entire unit is 
within Commonwealth ownership and overlaps with approximately 881 ac 
(357 ha) of the Jobos Bay NERR, with approximately 4,239 ac (1,715 ha) 
of the Marine Extent of the Punta Petrona Nature Reserve, and with 
approximately 1,994 ac (807 ha) of the Marine Extent of Isla Caja de 
Muertos Nature Reserve, managed by the PRDNER. However, only the Jobos 
Bay NERR has an active management plan (PRDNER and NOAA 2017, entire). 
General land use within this unit includes natural resource 
conservation, wildlife management, and recreational and commercial 
activities (e.g., swimming, fishing, boating). Some areas of this unit 
also adjoin areas of residential and commercial development.
    Unit PR-08 is occupied by the subspecies and provides all three of 
the resources defined as the physical or biological feature essential 
to the conservation of the Antillean manatee in Puerto Rico: freshwater 
sources, seagrass in shallow water, and calm waters for shelter. Unit 
PR-08 is the largest unit and contains one of the greatest aggregations 
of Antillean manatees in Puerto Rico, ensuring good spatial 
representation of critical habitat on the south coast of Puerto Rico. 
Approximately 24,153 ac (9,774 ha; 99 percent) overlap with designated 
critical habitat for the threatened elkhorn and staghorn corals (see 73 
FR 72210, November 26, 2008), and five Caribbean coral species 
(Orbicella annularis, O. faveolata, O. franksi, Dendrogyra cylindrus, 
and Mycetophyllia ferox) (see 88 FR 54026, August 9, 2023, and 89 FR 
19511, March 19, 2024); and proposed critical habitat for the 
threatened North Atlantic DPS of the green sea turtle (see 88 FR 46572, 
July 19, 2023).
    Threats to the physical or biological feature identified within 
Unit PR-08 include foraging and other habitat loss, modification, and 
degradation; climate change; contaminants; and tropical storms and 
hurricanes. Special management considerations or protection measures to 
reduce or alleviate threats may include improving water quality; 
restoring aquatic vegetation and living shorelines; establishing and 
enforcing boat speed zones, marked navigation channels, and exclusion 
areas; developing or revising and implementing standardized 
construction conservation measures for in-water constructions; and 
developing or revising and implementing oil spill response and marine 
debris guidance with manatee and aquatic vegetation considerations.
Unit PR-09: Guayanilla
    Unit PR-09 consists of 7,404 ac (2,996 ha) of marine waters below 
the MHW line along the coastline of the Municipalities of 
Pe[ntilde]uelas and Guayanilla. This unit starts along the coastline of 
Pe[ntilde]on de Ponce; continues west towards the Tallaboa River, 
Bah[iacute]a Tallaboa, Punta Guayanilla, and Punta Pepillo, and around 
Bah[iacute]a de Guayanilla towards Punta Verraco; and ends 
approximately 984 ft (300 m) west of Cerro Toro in Punta Ventana beach. 
The offshore boundary of this unit extends approximately 820 ft (250 m) 
from the outer edge of seagrass beds within the

[[Page 78156]]

unit, 1,640 ft (500 m) from shore if no seagrass was mapped, or to the 
49-ft (15-m) bathymetry line, whichever is closest to shore. The entire 
unit is within Commonwealth ownership. General land use within this 
unit includes natural resource conservation, wildlife management, and 
recreational and commercial activities (e.g., swimming, fishing, 
boating). Some areas of this unit also adjoin areas of residential and 
commercial development.
    Unit PR-09 is occupied by the subspecies and provides all three of 
the resources defined as the physical or biological feature essential 
to the conservation of the Antillean manatee in Puerto Rico: freshwater 
sources, seagrass in shallow water, and calm waters for shelter. Unit 
PR-09 is one of the three units on the southwestern coast, ensuring 
good spatial representation of critical habitat on the south coast of 
Puerto Rico. Approximately 7,313 ac (2,960 ha; 99 percent) overlap with 
designated critical habitat for the threatened elkhorn and staghorn 
corals (see 73 FR 72210, November 26, 2008), and five Caribbean coral 
species (Orbicella annularis, O. faveolata, O. franksi, Dendrogyra 
cylindrus, and Mycetophyllia ferox) (see 88 FR 54026, August 9, 2023, 
and 89 FR 19511, March 19, 2024).
    Threats to the physical or biological feature identified within 
Unit PR-09 include foraging and other habitat loss, modification, and 
degradation; climate change; contaminants; and tropical storms and 
hurricanes. Special management considerations or protection measures to 
reduce or alleviate threats may include improving water quality; 
restoring aquatic vegetation and living shorelines; establishing and 
enforcing boat speed zones, marked navigation channels, and exclusion 
areas; developing or revising and implementing standardized 
construction conservation measures for in-water constructions; and 
developing or revising and implementing oil spill response and marine 
debris guidance with manatee and aquatic vegetation considerations.
Unit PR-10: Gu[aacute]nica
    Unit PR-10 consists of 1,798 ac (728 ha) of marine waters below the 
MHW line along the coastline of the Municipality of Gu[aacute]nica. 
This unit starts approximately 1,312 ft (400 m) west of Punta Jacinto 
along the coastline towards and around G[uacute]anica Bay, including 
Punta Meseta, Punta Pera, Punta Pescadores, and Ensenada Las Pardas, 
and ending in Punta Brea. The offshore boundary of this unit extends 
approximately 820 ft (250 m) from the outer edge of seagrass beds 
within the unit, 1,640 ft (500 m) from shore if no seagrass was mapped, 
or to the 49-ft (15-m) bathymetry line, whichever is closest to shore. 
The entire unit is within Commonwealth ownership and overlaps with 
approximately 581 ac (235 ha) of the Marine Extent of the 
Gu[aacute]nica Commonwealth Forest, managed by the PRDNER. However, 
there is no management plan in place for this forest or the Marine 
Extent. General land use within this unit includes natural resource 
conservation, wildlife management, and recreation and commercial 
activities (e.g., swimming, fishing, boating). Some areas of this unit 
also adjoin areas of residential and commercial development.
    Unit PR-10 is occupied by the subspecies and provides all three of 
the resources defined as the physical or biological feature essential 
to the conservation of the Antillean manatee in Puerto Rico: freshwater 
sources, seagrass in shallow water, and calm waters for shelter. Unit 
PR-10 is one of the three units on the southwestern coast, ensuring 
good spatial representation of critical habitat on the south coast of 
Puerto Rico. Approximately 1,766 ac (715 ha; 98 percent) overlap with 
designated critical habitat for the threatened elkhorn and staghorn 
corals (see 73 FR 72210, November 26, 2008), Nassau grouper (see 89 FR 
126, January 2, 2024), and five Caribbean coral species (Orbicella 
annularis, O. faveolata, O. franksi, Dendrogyra cylindrus, and 
Mycetophyllia ferox) (see 88 FR 54026, August 9, 2023, and 89 FR 19511, 
March 19, 2024).
    Threats to the physical or biological feature identified within 
Unit PR-10 include foraging and other habitat loss, modification, and 
degradation; climate change; contaminants; and tropical storms and 
hurricanes. Special management considerations or protection measures to 
reduce or alleviate threats may include improving water quality; 
restoring aquatic vegetation and living shorelines; establishing and 
enforcing boat speed zones, marked navigation channels, and exclusion 
areas; developing or revising and implementing standardized 
construction conservation measures for in-water constructions; and 
developing or revising and implementing oil spill response and marine 
debris guidance with manatee and aquatic vegetation considerations.
Unit PR-11: Bah[iacute]a Sucia
    Unit PR-11 consists of 1,723 ac (697 ha) of marine waters below the 
MHW line within Bah[iacute]a Sucia along the coastline of the 
Municipality of Cabo Rojo, Puerto Rico. Bah[iacute]a Sucia extends from 
Punta Molino on the east and approximately 2 mi (3 km) across to the 
southwest towards Cabo Rojo. The entire unit is within Commonwealth 
ownership and overlaps with the Marine Extent of the Boquer[oacute]n 
Commonwealth Forest, managed by the PRDNER. However, there is no 
management plan in place for this area. General land use within this 
unit includes natural resource conservation, wildlife management, and 
recreation activities (e.g., swimming, fishing, boating). Some areas of 
this unit also adjoin the Cabo Rojo NWR.
    Unit PR-11 is occupied by the subspecies and provides at least two 
of the three resources defined as the physical or biological feature 
essential to the conservation of the Antillean manatee in Puerto Rico: 
seagrass in shallow water and calm waters for shelter. Unit PR-11 is 
the farthest west along the south coast, ensuring good spatial 
representation of critical habitat on the south coast of Puerto Rico. 
Approximately 1,704 ac (690 ha; 99 percent) overlap with designated 
critical habitat for the threatened elkhorn and staghorn corals (see 73 
FR 72210, November 26, 2008), Nassau grouper (see 89 FR 126, January 2, 
2024), and five Caribbean coral species (Orbicella annularis, O. 
faveolata, O. franksi, Dendrogyra cylindrus, and Mycetophyllia ferox) 
(see 88 FR 54026, August 9, 2023, and 89 FR 19511, March 19, 2024).
    Threats to the physical or biological feature identified within 
Unit PR-11 include foraging and other habitat loss, modification, and 
degradation; climate change; contaminants; and tropical storms and 
hurricanes. Special management considerations or protection measures to 
reduce or alleviate threats may include improving water quality; 
restoring aquatic vegetation and living shorelines; establishing and 
enforcing boat speed zones, marked navigation channels, and exclusion 
areas; developing or revising and implementing standardized 
construction conservation measures for in-water constructions; and 
developing or revising and implementing oil spill response and marine 
debris guidance with manatee and aquatic vegetation considerations.
Unit PR-12: Boquer[oacute]n
    Unit PR-12 consists of 1,989 ac (805 ha) of marine waters below the 
MHW line within Bah[iacute]a de Boquer[oacute]n along the coastline of 
the Municipality of Cabo Rojo. This unit extends from approximately 394 
ft (120 m) east of

[[Page 78157]]

Punta Melones along the coastline of Bah[iacute]a de Boquer[oacute]n, 
including the waters inside Ca[ntilde]o Boquer[oacute]n, and towards 
Punta Guaniquilla to the north. The offshore boundary of this unit 
extends approximately 820 ft (250 m) from the outer edge of seagrass 
beds within the unit, 1,640 ft (500 m) from shore if no seagrass was 
mapped, or to the 49-ft (15-m) bathymetry line, whichever is closest to 
shore. The entire unit is within Commonwealth ownership. General land 
use within this unit includes natural resource conservation, wildlife 
management, and recreation and commercial activities (e.g., swimming, 
fishing, boating). Some areas of this unit also adjoin areas of 
residential and commercial development.
    Unit PR-12 is occupied by the subspecies and provides all three of 
the resources defined as the physical or biological feature essential 
to the conservation of the Antillean manatee in Puerto Rico: freshwater 
sources, seagrass in shallow water, and calm waters for shelter. Unit 
PR-12 is one of the two units on the west coast and the farthest south 
along the west coast, ensuring good spatial representation of critical 
habitat on the west coast of Puerto Rico. Approximately 1,784 ac (722 
ha; 90 percent) overlap with designated critical habitat for the 
threatened elkhorn and staghorn corals (see 73 FR 72210, November 26, 
2008), Nassau grouper (see 89 FR 126, January 2, 2024), and five 
Caribbean coral species (Orbicella annularis, O. faveolata, O. franksi, 
Dendrogyra cylindrus, and Mycetophyllia ferox) (see 88 FR 54026, August 
9, 2023, and 89 FR 19511, March 19, 2024).
    Threats to the physical or biological feature identified within 
Unit PR-12 include foraging and other habitat loss, modification, and 
degradation; climate change; contaminants; and tropical storms and 
hurricanes. Special management considerations or protection measures to 
reduce or alleviate threats may include improving water quality; 
restoring aquatic vegetation and living shorelines; establishing and 
enforcing boat speed zones, marked navigation channels, and exclusion 
areas; developing or revising and implementing standardized 
construction conservation measures for in-water constructions; and 
developing or revising and implementing oil spill response and marine 
debris guidance with manatee and aquatic vegetation considerations.
Unit PR-13: Mayag[uuml]ez
    Unit PR-13 consists of 7,949 ac (3,217 ha) of marine waters below 
the MHW line along the coastline of the Municipality of Cabo Rojo and a 
small portion of the Municipality of Mayag[uuml]ez. This unit starts 
approximately 0.9 mi (1.5 km) south of Punta Arenas and continues 
towards the north along the coastline of Bah[iacute]a Bramadero, 
including Punta Guanajibo, to approximately 1,640 ft (500 m) north of 
the mouth of the Guanajibo River. The offshore boundary of this unit 
extends approximately 820 ft (250 m) from the outer edge of seagrass 
beds within the unit, 1,640 ft (500 m) from shore if no seagrass was 
mapped, or to the 49-ft (15-m) bathymetry line, whichever is closest to 
shore. The entire unit is within Commonwealth ownership. General land 
use within this unit includes natural resource conservation, wildlife 
management, and recreation and commercial activities (e.g., swimming, 
fishing, boating). Some areas of this unit also adjoin areas of 
residential and commercial development.
    Unit PR-13 is occupied by the subspecies and provides all three of 
the resources defined as the physical or biological feature essential 
to the conservation of the Antillean manatee in Puerto Rico: freshwater 
sources, seagrass in shallow water, and calm waters for shelter. Unit 
PR-13 is the third largest and one of the two units on the west coast, 
ensuring good spatial representation of critical habitat on the west 
coast of Puerto Rico. Approximately 7,944 ac (3,215 ha; almost 100 
percent) overlap with designated critical habitat for the threatened 
elkhorn and staghorn corals (see 73 FR 72210, November 26, 2008), 
Nassau grouper (see 89 FR 126, January 2, 2024), and five Caribbean 
coral species (Orbicella annularis, O. faveolata, O. franksi, 
Dendrogyra cylindrus, and Mycetophyllia ferox) (see 88 FR 54026, August 
9, 2023, and 89 FR 19511, March 19, 2024).
    Threats to the physical or biological feature identified within 
Unit PR-13 include foraging and other habitat loss, modification, and 
degradation; climate change; contaminants; and tropical storms and 
hurricanes. Special management considerations or protection measures to 
reduce or alleviate threats may include improving water quality; 
restoring aquatic vegetation and living shorelines; establishing and 
enforcing boat speed zones, marked navigation channels, and exclusion 
areas; developing or revising and implementing standardized 
construction conservation measures for in-water constructions; and 
developing or revising and implementing oil spill response and marine 
debris guidance with manatee and aquatic vegetation considerations.

Effects of Critical Habitat Designation

Section 7 Consultation

    Section 7(a)(2) of the Act requires Federal agencies, including the 
Service, to ensure that any action they authorize, fund, or carry out 
is not likely to jeopardize the continued existence of any endangered 
species or threatened species or result in the destruction or adverse 
modification of designated critical habitat of such species. In 
addition, section 7(a)(4) of the Act requires Federal agencies to 
confer with the Service on any agency action which is likely to 
jeopardize the continued existence of any species proposed to be listed 
under the Act or result in the destruction or adverse modification of 
proposed critical habitat.
    Destruction or adverse modification means a direct or indirect 
alteration that appreciably diminishes the value of critical habitat as 
a whole for the conservation of a listed species (50 CFR 402.02).
    Compliance with the requirements of section 7(a)(2) is documented 
through our issuance of:

    (1) A concurrence letter for Federal actions that may affect, 
but are not likely to adversely affect, listed species or critical 
habitat; or
    (2) A biological opinion for Federal actions that may affect, 
and are likely to adversely affect, listed species or critical 
habitat.

    When we issue a biological opinion concluding that a project is 
likely to jeopardize the continued existence of a listed species and/or 
destroy or adversely modify critical habitat, we provide reasonable and 
prudent alternatives to the project, if any are identifiable, that 
would avoid the likelihood of jeopardy and/or destruction or adverse 
modification of critical habitat. We define ``reasonable and prudent 
alternatives'' (at 50 CFR 402.02) as alternative actions identified 
during formal consultation that:

    (1) Can be implemented in a manner consistent with the intended 
purpose of the action,
    (2) Can be implemented consistent with the scope of the Federal 
agency's legal authority and jurisdiction,
    (3) Are economically and technologically feasible, and
    (4) Would, in the Service Director's opinion, avoid the 
likelihood of jeopardizing the continued existence of the listed 
species or avoid the likelihood of destroying or adversely modifying 
critical habitat.

    Reasonable and prudent alternatives can vary from slight project 
modifications to extensive redesign or relocation of the project. Costs 
associated with implementing a

[[Page 78158]]

reasonable and prudent alternative are similarly variable.
    Regulations at 50 CFR 402.16 set forth requirements for Federal 
agencies to reinitiate consultation. Reinitiation of consultation is 
required and shall be requested by the Federal agency, where 
discretionary Federal involvement or control over the action has been 
retained or is authorized by law and: (1) if the amount or extent of 
taking specified in the incidental take statement is exceeded; (2) if 
new information reveals effects of the action that may affect listed 
species or critical habitat in a manner or to an extent not previously 
considered; (3) if the identified action is subsequently modified in a 
manner that causes an effect to the listed species or critical habitat 
that was not considered in the biological opinion or written 
concurrence; or (4) if a new species is listed or critical habitat 
designated that may be affected by the identified action. As provided 
in 50 CFR 402.16, the requirement to reinitiate consultations for new 
species listings or critical habitat designation does not apply to 
certain agency actions (e.g., land management plans issued by the 
Bureau of Land Management in certain circumstances).

Destruction or Adverse Modification of Critical Habitat

    The key factor related to the destruction or adverse modification 
determination is whether implementation of the proposed Federal action 
directly or indirectly alters the designated critical habitat in a way 
that appreciably diminishes the value of the critical habitat as a 
whole for the conservation of the listed species. As discussed above, 
the role of critical habitat is to support physical or biological 
features essential to the conservation of a listed species and provide 
for the conservation of the species.
    Section 4(b)(8) of the Act requires that our Federal Register 
notices ``shall, to the maximum extent practicable also include a brief 
description and evaluation of those activities (whether public or 
private) which, in the opinion of the Secretary, if undertaken may 
adversely modify [critical] habitat, or may be affected by such 
designation.''
    Activities that may be affected by designation of critical habitat 
for the Florida manatee and Antillean manatee include those that may 
affect the physical or biological features of the subspecies' critical 
habitat (see Physical or Biological Features Essential to the 
Conservation of the Species).

Exemptions

Application of Section 4(a)(3) of the Act

    The Sikes Act Improvement Act of 1997 (Sikes Act) (16 U.S.C. 670a) 
required each military installation that includes land and water 
suitable for the conservation and management of natural resources to 
complete an INRMP by November 17, 2001. An INRMP integrates 
implementation of the military mission of the installation with 
stewardship of the natural resources found on the base. Each INRMP 
includes:

    (1) An assessment of the ecological needs on the installation, 
including the need to provide for the conservation of listed 
species;
    (2) A statement of goals and priorities;
    (3) A detailed description of management actions to be 
implemented to provide for these ecological needs; and
    (4) A monitoring and adaptive management plan.

    Among other things, each INRMP must, to the extent appropriate and 
applicable, provide for fish and wildlife management; fish and wildlife 
habitat enhancement or modification; wetland protection, enhancement, 
and restoration where necessary to support fish and wildlife; and 
enforcement of applicable natural resource laws.
    The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2004 (Pub. 
L. 108-136) amended the Act to limit areas eligible for designation as 
critical habitat. Specifically, section 4(a)(3)(B)(i) of the Act (16 
U.S.C. 1533(a)(3)(B)(i)) provides that the Secretary shall not 
designate as critical habitat any lands or other geographical areas 
owned or controlled by the DoD, or designated for its use, that are 
subject to an INRMP prepared under section 101 of the Sikes Act (16 
U.S.C. 670a), if the Secretary determines in writing that such plan 
provides a benefit to the species for which critical habitat is 
proposed for designation.
    We consult with the military on the development and implementation 
of INRMPs for installations with listed species. We analyzed INRMPs 
developed by military installations located within the range of the 
proposed revised critical habitat designation for the Florida manatee 
to determine if they meet the criteria for exemption from critical 
habitat under section 4(a)(3) of the Act. There are no DoD lands with a 
completed INRMP within the proposed critical habitat designation for 
the Antillean manatee. The following areas are DoD-owned or controlled 
lands with completed, Service-approved INRMPs within the proposed 
revised critical habitat designation for the Florida manatee.

Approved INRMPs

MacDill Air Force Base
    We have determined that approximately 4,415 ac (1,787 ha) of 
submerged lands managed by MacDill Air Force Base are essential to the 
conservation of the Florida manatee. These specific lands are managed 
according to their INRMP (U.S. Department of the Air Force 2022a, 
entire; Borchert 2023, pers. comm.). The Florida manatee is a covered 
species, and the INRMP provides conservation and habitat management 
measures applicable to the subspecies. The Service has approved these 
conservation and management measures, and the INRMP has been signed.
    Some of the principles and guidelines listed in the MacDill Air 
Force Base INRMP to achieve the DoD's ecosystem management goal that 
benefit the Florida manatee include maintaining and improving 
sustainability and native diversity of ecosystems, developing 
coordinated approaches to achieve ecosystem health, and incorporating 
adaptive management techniques (U.S. Department of the Air Force 2022a, 
p. 13). Several management goals and objectives listed in the INRMP 
directly benefit the Florida manatee and its habitat, including to 
protect and improve recovery of listed species and their habitats, 
manage invasive species, and manage natural resources (U.S. Department 
of the Air Force 2022a, pp. 91-95). Ongoing and planned restoration 
activities at the installation that benefit manatee habitat include 
improving stormwater runoff to Tampa Bay, constructing living 
shorelines, experimentally restoring seagrass in tidal ponds, and 
potentially restoring seagrass in Tampa Bay (U.S. Department of the Air 
Force 2022a, pp. 65, 82; Borchert 2023, pers. comm.).
    Based on the above considerations, and in accordance with section 
4(a)(3)(B)(i) of the Act, we have determined that the identified lands 
are subject to the MacDill Air Force Base INRMP and that conservation 
efforts identified in the INRMP provide a benefit to the Florida 
manatee and its habitat. Therefore, lands within this installation are 
exempt from critical habitat designation under section 4(a)(3) of the 
Act. We are not including approximately 4,415 ac (1,787 ha) of habitat 
in Unit FL-04 of this proposed revised critical habitat designation 
because of this exemption.
U.S. Space Force Space Launch Delta 45
    We have determined that approximately 278 ac (112 ha) of submerged 
lands managed by the U.S.

[[Page 78159]]

Space Force Space Launch Delta 45 at Canaveral Space Force Station (216 
ac (87 ha)) and Patrick Space Force Base (62 ac (25 ha)) are essential 
to the conservation of the Florida manatee. These specific lands are 
managed according to their INRMP (U.S. Department of the Air Force 
2022b, entire; Gillikin and Chambers 2023, pers. comm.). The Florida 
manatee is a covered species, and the INRMP provides conservation and 
habitat management measures applicable to the subspecies. The Service 
has approved these conservation and management measures, and the INRMP 
has been signed.
    Some of the elements and principles listed in the Space Launch 
Delta 45 INRMP to achieve the DoD's ecosystem management goal that 
benefit the Florida manatee include using an ecosystem approach to 
management and restoration, adaptively managing natural resources for 
climate change, fostering sustainability of ecosystem services, and 
collaborating with regional partners to implement ecosystem management 
(U.S. Department of the Air Force 2022b, pp. 13-14). Several management 
goals and objectives listed in the INRMP directly benefit the Florida 
manatee and its habitat, including to protect listed species and their 
habitats, manage invasive species, and promote biodiversity and manage 
natural resources with an ecosystem approach (U.S. Department of the 
Air Force 2022b, p. 11). Ongoing and planned activities at these 
installations that benefit manatee habitat include restoring and 
enhancing wetlands to improve water quality and enhance connections 
between wetlands and the Banana River, constructing living shorelines, 
and educating base personnel and rental boat recreationists (U.S. 
Department of the Air Force 2022a, pp. 160, 813, 818).
    Based on the above considerations, and in accordance with section 
4(a)(3)(B)(i) of the Act, we have determined that the identified lands 
at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station and Patrick Space Force Base are 
subject to the Space Launch Delta 45 INRMP and that conservation 
efforts identified in the INRMP provide a benefit to the Florida 
manatee and its habitat. Therefore, lands within these installations 
are exempt from critical habitat designation under section 4(a)(3) of 
the Act. We are not including approximately 278 ac (112 ha) of habitat 
in Unit FL-10 of this proposed revised critical habitat designation 
because of this exemption.
Naval Air Station Jacksonville Complex
    We have determined that approximately 8 ac (3.2 ha) of submerged 
lands managed by the Naval Air Station Jacksonville Complex at the 
Rodman Bomb Target property are essential to the conservation of the 
Florida manatee. These specific lands are managed according to their 
INRMP (U.S. Department of the Navy 2019, entire; Jackson 2023a, pers. 
comm.). The Florida manatee is a covered species, and the INRMP 
provides conservation and habitat management measures applicable to the 
subspecies. The Service has approved these conservation and management 
measures, and the INRMP has been signed.
    Some of the goals and objectives listed in the Naval Air Station 
Jacksonville Complex INRMP to achieve the DoD's ecosystem management 
goal that benefit the Florida manatee include protecting, maintaining, 
and restoring natural resources, and implementing training, education, 
and stewardship initiatives for ecosystem management (U.S. Department 
of the Navy 2019, pp. ES-2-ES-3). Several strategies listed in the 
INRMP directly benefit the Florida manatee and its habitat, including 
minimizing pollutant load in stormwater runoff, managing invasive 
species, protecting and enhancing listed species and their habitats, 
and educating personnel and citizens in ecosystem management and 
stewardship (U.S. Department of the Navy 2019, pp. 4-3-4-7, 4-14, 4-
21). Ongoing and planned projects at the Rodman Bomb Target that 
benefit manatee habitat include installing education signs for manatee 
habitat protection and implementing various water quality protection 
actions (U.S. Department of the Navy 2019, pp. 5-86; Jackson 2023b, 
pers. comm.).
    Based on the above considerations, and in accordance with section 
4(a)(3)(B)(i) of the Act, we have determined that the identified lands 
at the Rodman Bomb Target property are subject to the Naval Air Station 
Jacksonville Complex INRMP and that conservation efforts identified in 
the INRMP provide a benefit to the Florida manatee and its habitat. 
Therefore, lands within this property are exempt from critical habitat 
designation under section 4(a)(3) of the Act. We are not including 
approximately 8 ac (3.2 ha) of habitat in Unit FL-11 of this proposed 
revised critical habitat designation because of this exemption.

Consideration of Impacts Under Section 4(b)(2) of the Act

    Section 4(b)(2) of the Act states that the Secretary shall 
designate and make revisions to critical habitat on the basis of the 
best available scientific data after taking into consideration the 
economic impact, national security impact, and any other relevant 
impact of specifying any particular area as critical habitat. The 
Secretary may exclude an area from designated critical habitat based on 
economic impacts, impacts on national security, or any other relevant 
impacts. Exclusion decisions are governed by the regulations at 50 CFR 
424.19 and the Policy Regarding Implementation of Section 4(b)(2) of 
the Endangered Species Act (hereafter, the ``2016 Policy''; 81 FR 7226, 
February 11, 2016), both of which were developed jointly with the 
National Marine Fisheries Service. We also refer to a 2008 Department 
of the Interior Solicitor's opinion entitled, ``The Secretary's 
Authority to Exclude Areas from a Critical Habitat Designation under 
Section 4(b)(2) of the Endangered Species Act'' (M-37016).
    In considering whether to exclude a particular area from the 
designation, we identify the benefits of including the area in the 
designation, identify the benefits of excluding the area from the 
designation, and evaluate whether the benefits of exclusion outweigh 
the benefits of inclusion. If the analysis indicates that the benefits 
of exclusion outweigh the benefits of inclusion, the Secretary may 
exercise discretion to exclude the area only if such exclusion would 
not result in the extinction of the species. In making the 
determination to exclude a particular area, the statute on its face, as 
well as the legislative history, are clear that the Secretary has broad 
discretion regarding which factor(s) to use and how much weight to give 
to any factor. In our final rules, we explain any decision to exclude 
areas, as well as decisions not to exclude, to make clear the rational 
basis for our decision. We describe below the process that we use for 
taking into consideration each category of impacts and any initial 
analyses of the relevant impacts.

Consideration of Economic Impacts

    Section 4(b)(2) of the Act and its implementing regulations require 
that we consider the economic impact that may result from a designation 
of critical habitat. To assess the probable economic impacts of a 
designation, we must first evaluate specific land uses or activities 
and projects that may occur in the area of the critical habitat. We 
then must evaluate the impacts that a specific

[[Page 78160]]

critical habitat designation may have on restricting or modifying 
specific land uses or activities for the benefit of the species and its 
habitat within the areas proposed. We then identify which conservation 
efforts may be the result of the species being listed under the Act 
versus those attributed solely to the designation of critical habitat 
for this particular species. The probable economic impact of a proposed 
critical habitat designation is analyzed by comparing scenarios both 
``with critical habitat'' and ``without critical habitat.''
    The ``without critical habitat'' scenario represents the baseline 
for the analysis, which includes the existing regulatory and socio-
economic burden imposed on landowners, managers, or other resource 
users potentially affected by the designation of critical habitat 
(e.g., under the Federal listing as well as other Federal, State, and 
local regulations). Therefore, the baseline represents the costs of all 
efforts attributable to the listing of the species under the Act (i.e., 
conservation of the species and its habitat incurred regardless of 
whether critical habitat is designated). The ``with critical habitat'' 
scenario describes the incremental impacts associated specifically with 
the designation of critical habitat for the species. The incremental 
conservation efforts and associated impacts would not be expected 
without the designation of critical habitat for the species. In other 
words, the incremental costs are those attributable solely to the 
designation of critical habitat, above and beyond the baseline costs. 
These are the costs we use when evaluating the benefits of inclusion 
and exclusion of particular areas from the final designation of 
critical habitat should we choose to conduct a discretionary section 
4(b)(2) exclusion analysis.
    Executive Order (E.O.) 14094 supplements and reaffirms E.O. 12866 
and E.O. 13563 and directs Federal agencies to assess the costs and 
benefits of available regulatory alternatives in quantitative (to the 
extent feasible) and qualitative terms. Consistent with the E.O. 
regulatory analysis requirements, our effects analysis under the Act 
may take into consideration impacts to both directly and indirectly 
affected entities, where practicable and reasonable. If sufficient data 
are available, we assess to the extent practicable the probable impacts 
to both directly and indirectly affected entities. To determine whether 
the designation of critical habitat may have an economic effect of $200 
million or more in any given year (which would trigger section 3(f)(1) 
of E.O. 12866, as amended by E.O. 14094), we used a screening analysis 
to assess whether a revised designation of critical habitat for the 
Florida manatee and a designation of critical habitat for the Antillean 
manatee are likely to exceed this threshold.
    For these particular designations, we developed an incremental 
effects memorandum (IEM) considering the probable incremental economic 
impacts that may result from the proposed revised and proposed 
designations of critical habitat. The information contained in our IEM 
was then used to develop a screening analysis of the probable effects 
of the revised designation of critical habitat for the Florida manatee 
and proposed designation for the Antillean manatee (Industrial 
Economics, Inc. (IEc) 2024, entire).
    We began by conducting a screening analysis of the proposed revised 
critical habitat designation for the Florida manatee and the proposed 
critical habitat designation for the Antillean manatee in order to 
focus our analysis on the key factors that are likely to result in 
incremental economic impacts. The purpose of the screening analysis is 
to filter out particular geographical areas of critical habitat that 
are already subject to such protections and are, therefore, unlikely to 
incur incremental economic impacts. In particular, the screening 
analysis considers baseline costs (i.e., no revision to critical 
habitat and the existing critical habitat designation remains in place 
for the Florida manatee and no critical habitat designation for the 
Antillean manatee) and includes any probable incremental economic 
impacts where land and water use may already be subject to conservation 
plans, land management plans, best management practices, or regulations 
that protect the habitat area as a result of the Federal listing status 
of the species. Ultimately, the screening analysis allows us to focus 
our analysis on evaluating the specific areas or sectors that may incur 
probable incremental economic impacts as a result of the designation.
    The presence of the listed species in occupied areas of critical 
habitat means that any destruction or adverse modification of those 
areas is also likely to jeopardize the continued existence of the 
species. Therefore, designating occupied areas as critical habitat 
typically causes little if any incremental impacts above and beyond the 
impacts of listing the species. As a result, we generally focus the 
screening analysis on areas of unoccupied critical habitat (unoccupied 
units or unoccupied areas within occupied units).
    Overall, the screening analysis assesses whether designation of 
critical habitat is likely to result in any additional management or 
conservation efforts that may incur incremental economic impacts. This 
screening analysis combined with the information contained in our IEM 
constitute what we consider to be our economic analysis of the proposed 
revised critical habitat designation for the Florida manatee and 
proposed critical habitat designation for the Antillean manatee and is 
summarized in the narrative below.
    As part of our screening analysis, we considered the types of 
economic activities that are likely to occur within the areas that 
would be likely to be affected by the proposed critical habitat 
designations. In our evaluation of the probable incremental economic 
impacts that may result from the proposed designations, first we 
identified, in the IEM dated September 15, 2023, probable incremental 
economic impacts associated with the following categories of 
activities: aquaculture, border protection, conservation, restoration, 
dredging, flood control, in-water construction, power generation, 
recreation, shoreline stabilization, transportation, unexploded 
ordnance management, utilities, and water quality management. We 
considered each industry or category individually. Additionally, we 
considered whether these activities have any Federal involvement. 
Critical habitat designation generally will not affect activities that 
do not have any Federal involvement; under the Act, designation of 
critical habitat only affects activities conducted, funded, permitted, 
or authorized by Federal agencies. Because the West Indian manatee 
species (Trichechus manatus) is the listed entity, in areas where 
either Florida or Antillean manatees are present, Federal agencies are 
required to consult with the Service under section 7 of the Act on 
activities they authorize, fund, or carry out that may affect the 
subspecies, regardless of whether we finalize these proposed critical 
habitat rules. If we finalize these proposed critical habitat 
designations, Federal agencies would be required to consider the 
effects of their actions on the designated habitat. If the Service 
finds that a particular Federal action is likely to result in jeopardy 
to the species or that the action will destroy or adversely modify the 
species' critical habitat, the Service will identify reasonable and 
prudent alternatives to avoid the jeopardy to the species or the 
destruction or adverse modification of its designated critical habitat.
    In our IEM, we attempted to clarify the distinction between the 
effects that would result from the subspecies being listed and those 
attributable to the

[[Page 78161]]

critical habitat designations (i.e., difference between the jeopardy 
and adverse modification standards) for each of the subspecies. The 
following specific circumstances help to inform our evaluation: (1) The 
essential physical or biological features identified for critical 
habitat are the same features essential for the life requisites for 
each of the subspecies, and (2) any actions that would likely adversely 
affect the essential physical or biological features of occupied 
critical habitat are also likely to adversely affect each of the 
subspecies itself. The IEM outlines our rationale concerning this 
limited distinction between baseline conservation efforts and 
incremental impacts of the revision and designation of critical habitat 
for these subspecies. This evaluation of the incremental effects has 
been used as the basis to evaluate the probable incremental economic 
impacts of these proposed designations of critical habitat.
    The proposed revised critical habitat designation for the Florida 
manatee includes 12 units totaling approximately 1,904,191 ac (770,599 
ha) and the proposed critical habitat designation for the Antillean 
manatee includes 13 units totaling approximately 78,121 ac (31,614 ha), 
all of which were occupied at the time of listing and are occupied now. 
Additionally, because 705,552 ac (285,527 ha) of the proposed revised 
critical habitat for the Florida manatee overlap with the existing 
critical habitat for the Florida manatee and all units in Florida and 
Puerto Rico are occupied, the economic costs of these designations will 
most likely be limited to additional administrative effort to consider 
effects to critical habitat during section 7 consultations only within 
the 1,198,639 ac (485,072 ha) proposed to be added in Florida and 
78,121 ac (31,614 ha) proposed in Puerto Rico. This finding is based on 
the following (IEc. 2024, pp. 3, 26):

    (1) All 12 proposed revised units in Florida and the 13 proposed 
units in Puerto Rico are considered occupied by the subspecies, and 
occupied units are afforded significant baseline protection under 
the Act due to the presence of the listed entity;
    (2) All projects with a Federal nexus would be subject to 
section 7 consultation regardless of the designation of critical 
habitat due to the presence of the listed entity;
    (3) Critical habitat is not likely to change the Service's 
recommendation for project modifications as part of future 
consultations considering the Florida manatee or Antillean manatee; 
and
    (4) Florida and Antillean manatees receive additional baseline 
protection from co-occurring listed species and their critical 
habitats, including existing critical habitat for the Florida 
manatee. Total overlap with existing critical habitat (for several 
species) is 60 percent in Florida, with 1,140,080 ac (458,119 ha) 
across 10 units; total overlap with existing critical habitat (for 
elkhorn and staghorn corals, as well as other species) is 95 percent 
in Puerto Rico, with 74,350 ac (30,088 ha) across 13 units (Service 
2023d, pp. 40-41).

    Based on the consultation history for the Florida manatee in 
proposed revised critical habitat areas, the number of future 
consultation actions is likely to be approximately 216 per year 
(approximately 129 informal consultations and 87 technical assistance 
efforts) in Florida (IEc 2024, p. 14-15). Based on the consultation 
history for the Antillean manatee in proposed critical habitat areas, 
the number of future consultation actions is likely to be approximately 
21 per year (approximately 5 informal consultations and 16 technical 
assistance efforts) in Puerto Rico (IEc 2024, p. 14-15). We expect 
formal consultations for each subspecies or their critical habitat to 
be infrequent due to the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 (16 
U.S.C. 1361 et seq.) prohibiting the authorization of take of marine 
mammals and due to many other Federal and State regulations that 
protect manatees and their habitat in both Florida and Puerto Rico 
(Service 2023d, pp. 48-51, 60-61). The incremental costs of considering 
effects to critical habitat, based on the number of future 
consultations multiplied by the cost of effort ($2,700 for informal 
consultations and $430 for technical assistance efforts) are expected 
to be approximately $170,000 per year (2023 dollars) for the additional 
critical habitat areas within the Florida manatee designation and 
$20,000 for the Antillean manatee designation (IEc 2024, p. 17). The 
screening analysis also calculated the incremental cost savings of 
removing 259,842 ac (105,154 ha) of the existing critical habitat 
designation in Florida. Based on the expected number of future 
consultations in those areas having a reduced effort (i.e., no longer 
considering effects to critical habitat; 34 consultations per year (19 
informal consultations and 14 technical assistance efforts)), the cost 
savings is estimated to be approximately $57,000 per year (2023 
dollars) (IEc 2024, pp. 18-19). Therefore, the expected net effect in 
the increase of annual administrative costs for the proposed revised 
critical habitat designation for the Florida manatee is approximately 
$110,000, and for the proposed critical habitat designation for the 
Antillean manatee is approximately $20,000 (2023 dollars (IEc 2024, pp. 
19-20).
    The proposed designations are not expected to trigger additional 
requirements under State, Commonwealth, or other local government 
regulations. Similarly, we do not anticipate the easing of any 
requirements where the proposed revised critical habitat removes areas 
previously designated in Florida. However, a new designation may cause 
developers or landowners to perceive that private lands within the 
previously undesignated areas would incur lower property values due to 
the perception that critical habitat will preclude, limit, or slow 
development, or somehow alter the highest and best use of the property 
(IEc 2024, p. 23). While perceptional effects on land values are 
possible, the likelihood and magnitude of such effects are uncertain, 
and data limitations also prevent the quantification of the possible 
incremental reduction in property values (IEc 2024, p. 24).
    In conclusion, the costs associated with the proposed revised 
critical habitat designation for the Florida manatee and proposed 
critical habitat designation for the Antillean manatee would be 
administrative in nature and are not anticipated to reach $200 million 
in any given year based on the anticipated number of consultations and 
associated consultation costs. Additionally, incremental economic 
benefits of adding new critical habitat areas and forgone benefits of 
removing existing critical habitat areas are not anticipated. 
Therefore, the Office of Management and Budget has determined, based on 
our screening analysis, that this is not a significant regulatory 
action under section 3(f)(1) of E.O. 12866, as amended by E.O. 14094.
    We are soliciting data and comments from the public on the economic 
analysis discussed above. During the development of the final 
designations, we will consider the information presented in the 
economic analysis and any additional information on economic impacts we 
receive during the public comment period to determine whether any 
specific areas should be excluded from the final critical habitat 
designations under the authority of section 4(b)(2) of the Act, our 
implementing regulations at 50 CFR 424.19, and the 2016 Policy. We may 
exclude an area from critical habitat if we determine that the benefits 
of excluding the area outweigh the benefits of including the area, 
provided the exclusion will not result in the extinction of either 
subspecies.

Consideration of National Security Impacts

    Section 4(a)(3)(B)(i) of the Act may not cover all DoD lands or 
areas that

[[Page 78162]]

pose potential national-security concerns (e.g., a DoD installation 
that is in the process of revising its INRMP for a newly listed species 
or a species previously not covered). If a particular area is not 
covered under section 4(a)(3)(B)(i), then national-security or 
homeland-security concerns are not a factor in the process of 
determining what areas meet the definition of ``critical habitat.'' 
However, we must still consider impacts on national security, including 
homeland security, on those lands or areas not covered by section 
4(a)(3)(B)(i) because section 4(b)(2) requires us to consider those 
impacts whenever we designate critical habitat. Accordingly, if DoD, 
Department of Homeland Security (DHS), or another Federal agency has 
requested exclusion based on an assertion of national-security or 
homeland-security concerns, or we have otherwise identified national-
security or homeland-security impacts from designating particular areas 
as critical habitat, we generally have reason to consider excluding 
those areas.
    However, we cannot automatically exclude requested areas. When DoD, 
DHS, or another Federal agency requests exclusion from critical habitat 
on the basis of national-security or homeland-security impacts, we must 
conduct an exclusion analysis if the Federal requester provides 
information, including a reasonably specific justification of an 
incremental impact on national security that would result from the 
designation of that specific area as critical habitat. That 
justification could include demonstration of probable impacts, such as 
impacts to ongoing border-security patrols and surveillance activities, 
or a delay in training or facility construction, as a result of 
compliance with section 7(a)(2) of the Act. If the agency requesting 
the exclusion does not provide us with a reasonably specific 
justification, we will contact the agency to recommend that it provide 
a specific justification or clarification of its concerns relative to 
the probable incremental impact that could result from the designation. 
If we conduct an exclusion analysis because the agency provides a 
reasonably specific justification or because we decide to exercise the 
discretion to conduct an exclusion analysis, we will defer to the 
expert judgment of DoD, DHS, or another Federal agency as to: (1) 
Whether activities on its lands or waters, or its activities on other 
lands or waters, have national-security or homeland-security 
implications; (2) the importance of those implications; and (3) the 
degree to which the cited implications would be adversely affected in 
the absence of an exclusion. In that circumstance, in conducting a 
discretionary section 4(b)(2) exclusion analysis, we will give great 
weight to national-security and homeland-security concerns in analyzing 
the benefits of exclusion.
    Under section 4(b)(2) of the Act, we also consider whether a 
national security or homeland security impact might exist on lands 
owned or managed by DoD or DHS. In preparing this proposal, we have 
determined that, other than the lands exempted under section 
4(a)(3)(B)(i) of the Act based upon the existence of an approved INRMP 
(see Exemptions, above), the lands within the proposed designations are 
not owned or managed by DoD or DHS. Therefore, we anticipate no impact 
on national security or homeland security.

Consideration of Other Relevant Impacts

    Under section 4(b)(2) of the Act, we consider any other relevant 
impacts, in addition to economic impacts and impacts on national 
security discussed above. To identify other relevant impacts that may 
affect the exclusion analysis, we consider a number of factors, 
including whether there are permitted conservation plans covering the 
species in the area--such as safe harbor agreements (SHAs), candidate 
conservation agreements with assurances (CCAAs), or ``conservation 
benefit agreements'' or ``conservation agreements'' (CBAs) (CBAs are a 
new type of agreement replacing SHAs and CCAAs in use after April 2024 
(89 FR 26070; April 12, 2024) or HCPs, or whether there are non-
permitted conservation agreements and partnerships that would be 
encouraged by designation of, or exclusion from, critical habitat. In 
addition, we look at whether Tribal conservation plans or partnerships, 
Tribal resources, or government-to-government relationships of the 
United States with Tribal entities may be affected by the designation. 
We also consider any State, local, social, or other impacts that might 
occur because of the designation.

Summary of Exclusions Considered Under Section 4(b)(2) of the Act

    At this time, we are not considering any exclusions from the 
proposed designations based on economic impacts, national security 
impacts, or other relevant impacts--such as partnerships, management, 
or protection afforded by cooperative management efforts--under section 
4(b)(2) of the Act. In preparing these proposed designations, we have 
determined that no HCPs, SHAs, or CCAAs currently exist, and the 
proposed designations do not include any Tribal lands or trust 
resources or any lands for which designation would have any economic or 
national security impacts. Most areas within the Florida manatee's 
proposed revised designation are included in Federal, State, and local 
management and conservation plans, as well as many county manatee 
protection plans, but only a few areas within the Antillean manatee's 
proposed designation are included in State marine reserve management 
plans (Service 2023d, pp. 41-61). These plans do not provide 
conservation equal to or more than the protections that result from a 
critical habitat designation and most are nonregulatory. In addition, 
implementation of these plans is not impacted where they overlap with 
the current Florida manatee critical habitat designation and is not 
expected to be impacted where they overlap with the new areas proposed 
in each subspecies' designation. Therefore, we are not considering 
areas covered by these plans for exclusion under section 4(b)(2) of the 
Act for the proposed critical habitat designations for either 
subspecies.
    However, if through the public comment period we receive 
information that we determine indicates that there are economic, 
national security, or other relevant impacts from designating 
particular areas as critical habitat, then as part of developing the 
final designations of critical habitat, we will evaluate that 
information and may conduct a discretionary exclusion analysis to 
determine whether to exclude those areas under the authority of section 
4(b)(2) of the Act and our implementing regulations at 50 CFR 424.19. 
If we receive a request for exclusion of a particular area and after 
evaluation of supporting information we do not exclude, we will fully 
explain our decision in the final rule for this action. Please see 
ADDRESSES, above, for instructions on how to submit comments.

Required Determinations

Clarity of the Rule

    We are required by E.O.s 12866 and 12988 and by the Presidential 
Memorandum of June 1, 1998, to write all rules in plain language. This 
means that each rule we publish must:

    (1) Be logically organized;
    (2) Use the active voice to address readers directly;
    (3) Use clear language rather than jargon;

[[Page 78163]]

    (4) Be divided into short sections and sentences; and
    (5) Use lists and tables wherever possible.

    If you feel that we have not met these requirements, send us 
comments by one of the methods listed in ADDRESSES. To better help us 
revise the rule, your comments should be as specific as possible. For 
example, you should tell us the numbers of the sections or paragraphs 
that are unclearly written, which sections or sentences are too long, 
the sections where you feel lists or tables would be useful, etc.

Regulatory Planning and Review (Executive Orders 12866, 13563, and 
14094)

    Executive Order (E.O.) 14094 amends and reaffirms the principles of 
E.O. 12866 and E.O. 13563 and states that regulatory analysis should 
facilitate agency efforts to develop regulations that serve the public 
interest, advance statutory objectives, and are consistent with E.O. 
12866, E.O. 13563, and the Presidential Memorandum of January 20, 2021 
(Modernizing Regulatory Review). Regulatory analysis, as practicable 
and appropriate, shall recognize distributive impacts and equity, to 
the extent permitted by law. E.O. 13563 emphasizes further that 
regulations must be based on the best available science and that the 
rulemaking process must allow for public participation and an open 
exchange of ideas. We have developed this proposed rule in a manner 
consistent with these requirements.
    E.O. 12866, as reaffirmed by E.O. 13563 and amended and reaffirmed 
by E.O. 14094, provides that the Office of Information and Regulatory 
Affairs (OIRA) in the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) will review 
all significant rules. OIRA has determined that this rule is 
significant.

Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.)

    Under the Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA; 5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.), 
as amended by the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 
1996 (SBREFA; title II of Pub. L. 104-121, March 29, 1996), whenever an 
agency is required to publish a notice of rulemaking for any proposed 
or final rule, it must prepare and make available for public comment a 
regulatory flexibility analysis that describes the effects of the rule 
on small entities (i.e., small businesses, small organizations, and 
small government jurisdictions). However, no regulatory flexibility 
analysis is required if the head of the agency certifies the rule will 
not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small 
entities. The SBREFA amended the RFA to require Federal agencies to 
provide a certification statement of the factual basis for certifying 
that the rule will not have a significant economic impact on a 
substantial number of small entities.
    According to the Small Business Administration, small entities 
include small organizations such as independent nonprofit 
organizations; small governmental jurisdictions, including school 
boards and city and town governments that serve fewer than 50,000 
residents; and small businesses (13 CFR 121.201). Small businesses 
include manufacturing and mining concerns with fewer than 500 
employees, wholesale trade entities with fewer than 100 employees, 
retail and Service businesses with less than $5 million in annual 
sales, general and heavy construction businesses with less than $27.5 
million in annual business, special trade contractors doing less than 
$11.5 million in annual business, and agricultural businesses with 
annual sales less than $750,000. To determine whether potential 
economic impacts to these small entities are significant, we considered 
the types of activities that might trigger regulatory impacts under 
this designation as well as types of project modifications that may 
result. In general, the term ``significant economic impact'' is meant 
to apply to a typical small business firm's business operations.
    Under the RFA, as amended, and as understood in light of recent 
court decisions, Federal agencies are required to evaluate the 
potential incremental impacts of rulemaking on those entities directly 
regulated by the rulemaking itself; in other words, the RFA does not 
require agencies to evaluate the potential impacts to indirectly 
regulated entities. The regulatory mechanism through which critical 
habitat protections are realized is section 7 of the Act, which 
requires Federal agencies, in consultation with the Service, to ensure 
that any action authorized, funded, or carried out by the agency is not 
likely to destroy or adversely modify critical habitat. Therefore, 
under section 7, only Federal action agencies are directly subject to 
the specific regulatory requirement (avoiding destruction and adverse 
modification) imposed by critical habitat designation. Consequently, 
only Federal action agencies would be directly regulated if we adopt 
the proposed critical habitat designations. The RFA does not require 
evaluation of the potential impacts to entities not directly regulated. 
Moreover, Federal agencies are not small entities. Therefore, because 
no small entities would be directly regulated by this rulemaking, the 
Service certifies that, if made final as proposed, the proposed 
critical habitat designations will not have a significant economic 
impact on a substantial number of small entities.
    In summary, we have considered whether the proposed designations 
would result in a significant economic impact on a substantial number 
of small entities. For the above reasons and based on currently 
available information, we certify that, if made final, the proposed 
critical habitat designations will not have a significant economic 
impact on a substantial number of small business entities. Therefore, 
an initial regulatory flexibility analysis is not required.

Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use--Executive Order 13211

    Executive Order 13211 (Actions Concerning Regulations That 
Significantly Affect Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use) requires 
agencies to prepare statements of energy effects ``to the extent 
permitted by law'' when undertaking actions identified as significant 
energy actions (66 FR 28355, May 22, 2001). E.O. 13211 defines a 
``significant energy action'' as an action that (i) is a significant 
regulatory action under E.O. 12866 or any successor order; and (ii) is 
likely to have a significant adverse effect on the supply, 
distribution, or use of energy. This rule is not a significant 
regulatory action under E.O. 12866 or E.O. 14094 (88 FR 21879, April 
11, 2023). Therefore, this action is not a significant energy action, 
and there is no requirement to prepare a statement of energy effects 
for this action.

Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (2 U.S.C. 1501 et seq.)

    In accordance with the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (2 U.S.C. 1501 
et seq.), we make the following finding:
    (1) This proposed rule would not produce a Federal mandate. In 
general, a Federal mandate is a provision in legislation, statute, or 
regulation that would impose an enforceable duty upon State, local, or 
Tribal governments, or the private sector, and includes both ``Federal 
intergovernmental mandates'' and ``Federal private sector mandates.'' 
These terms are defined in 2 U.S.C. 658(5)-(7). ``Federal 
intergovernmental mandate'' includes a regulation that ``would impose 
an enforceable duty upon State, local, or Tribal governments'' with two 
exceptions. It excludes ``a condition of Federal assistance.'' It also 
excludes ``a duty arising from participation in a voluntary

[[Page 78164]]

Federal program,'' unless the regulation ``relates to a then-existing 
Federal program under which $500,000,000 or more is provided annually 
to State, local, and Tribal governments under entitlement authority,'' 
if the provision would ``increase the stringency of conditions of 
assistance'' or ``place caps upon, or otherwise decrease, the Federal 
Government's responsibility to provide funding,'' and the State, local, 
or Tribal governments ``lack authority'' to adjust accordingly. At the 
time of enactment, these entitlement programs were: Medicaid; Aid to 
Families with Dependent Children work programs; Child Nutrition; Food 
Stamps; Social Services Block Grants; Vocational Rehabilitation State 
Grants; Foster Care, Adoption Assistance, and Independent Living; 
Family Support Welfare Services; and Child Support Enforcement. 
``Federal private sector mandate'' includes a regulation that ``would 
impose an enforceable duty upon the private sector, except (i) a 
condition of Federal assistance or (ii) a duty arising from 
participation in a voluntary Federal program.''
    The designation of critical habitat does not impose a legally 
binding duty on non-Federal Government entities or private parties. 
Under the Act, the only regulatory effect is that Federal agencies must 
ensure that their actions are not likely to destroy or adversely modify 
critical habitat under section 7. While non-Federal entities that 
receive Federal funding, assistance, or permits, or that otherwise 
require approval or authorization from a Federal agency for an action, 
may be indirectly impacted by the designation of critical habitat, the 
legally binding duty to avoid destruction or adverse modification of 
critical habitat rests squarely on the Federal agency. Furthermore, to 
the extent that non-Federal entities are indirectly impacted because 
they receive Federal assistance or participate in a voluntary Federal 
aid program, the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act would not apply, nor 
would critical habitat shift the costs of the large entitlement 
programs listed above onto State governments.
    (2) We do not believe that this rule would significantly or 
uniquely affect small governments because most (91 percent; see table 
1, above) lands within the proposed revised designation for the Florida 
manatee are within Federal or State ownership, and 100 percent (see 
table 2, above) of lands within the proposed designation for the 
Antillean manatee are within State ownership. The small percentage (7 
percent; see table 1, above) of local government lands included in the 
proposed revised designation for the Florida manatee will be affected 
only to the extent that any programs having Federal funds, permits, or 
other authorized activities must ensure that their actions will not 
adversely affect the critical habitat. Therefore, a small government 
agency plan is not required.

Takings--Executive Order 12630

    In accordance with E.O. 12630 (Government Actions and Interference 
with Constitutionally Protected Private Property Rights), we have 
analyzed the potential takings implications of revising critical 
habitat for the Florida manatee and proposing critical habitat for the 
Antillean manatee in a takings implications assessment. The Act does 
not authorize the Service to regulate private actions on private lands 
or confiscate private property as a result of critical habitat 
designation. Designation of critical habitat does not affect land 
ownership, or establish any closures, or restrictions on use of or 
access to the designated areas. Furthermore, the designation of 
critical habitat does not affect landowner actions that do not require 
Federal funding or permits, nor does it preclude development of habitat 
conservation programs or issuance of incidental take permits to permit 
actions that do require Federal funding or permits to go forward. 
However, Federal agencies are prohibited from carrying out, funding, or 
authorizing actions that would destroy or adversely modify critical 
habitat. A takings implications assessment has been completed for the 
proposed designations, and it concludes that, if adopted, these 
designations of critical habitat do not pose significant takings 
implications for lands within or affected by the proposed designations.

Federalism--Executive Order 13132

    In accordance with E.O. 13132 (Federalism), this proposed rule does 
not have significant Federalism effects. A federalism summary impact 
statement is not required. In keeping with Department of the Interior 
and Department of Commerce policy, we requested information from, and 
coordinated development of these proposed critical habitat designations 
with, appropriate State and Commonwealth resource agencies. From a 
federalism perspective, the designation of critical habitat directly 
affects only the responsibilities of Federal agencies. The Act imposes 
no other duties with respect to critical habitat, either for States and 
local governments, or for anyone else. As a result, the proposed rule 
does not have substantial direct effects either on the States, or on 
the relationship between the Federal government and the States, or on 
the distribution of powers and responsibilities among the various 
levels of government. The proposed designations may have some benefit 
to these governments because the areas that contain the features 
essential to the conservation of each subspecies are more clearly 
defined, and the physical or biological features of the habitat 
necessary for the conservation of each subspecies are specifically 
identified. This information does not alter where and what federally 
sponsored activities may occur. However, it may assist State and local 
governments in long-range planning because they no longer have to wait 
for case-by-case section 7 consultations to occur.
    Where State and local governments require approval or authorization 
from a Federal agency for actions that may affect critical habitat, 
consultation under section 7(a)(2) of the Act would be required. While 
non-Federal entities that receive Federal funding, assistance, or 
permits, or that otherwise require approval or authorization from a 
Federal agency for an action, may be indirectly impacted by the 
designation of critical habitat, the legally binding duty to avoid 
destruction or adverse modification of critical habitat rests squarely 
on the Federal agency.

Civil Justice Reform--Executive Order 12988

    In accordance with E.O. 12988 (Civil Justice Reform), the Office of 
the Solicitor has determined that the rule would not unduly burden the 
judicial system and that it meets the requirements of sections 3(a) and 
3(b)(2) of the Order. We have proposed revising and designating 
critical habitat in accordance with the provisions of the Act. To 
assist the public in understanding the habitat needs of each 
subspecies, this proposed rule identifies the physical or biological 
features essential to the conservation of each subspecies. The proposed 
areas of critical habitat are presented on maps, and the proposed rule 
provides several options for the interested public to obtain more 
detailed location information, if desired.

Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq.)

    This rule does not contain information collection requirements, and 
a submission to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) under the 
Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq.) is not 
required. We may not conduct or sponsor and you are not required to 
respond to a collection of information unless it

[[Page 78165]]

displays a currently valid OMB control number.

National Environmental Policy Act (42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.)

    Regulations adopted pursuant to section 4(a) of the Act are exempt 
from the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA; 42 U.S.C. 4321 et 
seq.) and do not require an environmental analysis under NEPA. We 
published a notice outlining our reasons for this determination in the 
Federal Register on October 25, 1983 (48 FR 49244). This includes 
listing, delisting, and reclassification rules, as well as critical 
habitat designations and species-specific protective regulations 
promulgated concurrently with a decision to list or reclassify a 
species as threatened. In a line of cases starting with Douglas County 
v. Babbitt, 48 F.3d 1495 (9th Cir. 1995), the courts have upheld this 
position.

Government-to-Government Relationship With Tribes

    In accordance with the President's memorandum of April 29, 1994 
(Government-to-Government Relations with Native American Tribal 
Governments; 59 FR 22951, May 4, 1994), E.O. 13175 (Consultation and 
Coordination with Indian Tribal Governments), the President's 
memorandum of November 30, 2022 (Uniform Standards for Tribal 
Consultation; 87 FR 74479, December 5, 2022), and the Department of the 
Interior's manual at 512 DM 2, we readily acknowledge our 
responsibility to communicate meaningfully with federally recognized 
Tribes and Alaska Native Corporations (ANCs) on a government-to-
government basis. In accordance with Secretary's Order 3206 of June 5, 
1997 (American Indian Tribal Rights, Federal-Tribal Trust 
Responsibilities, and the Endangered Species Act), we readily 
acknowledge our responsibilities to work directly with Tribes in 
developing programs for healthy ecosystems, to acknowledge that Tribal 
lands are not subject to the same controls as Federal public lands, to 
remain sensitive to Indian culture, and to make information available 
to Tribes. We have determined that no Tribal lands fall within the 
boundaries of the proposed revised critical habitat for the Florida 
manatee or the proposed critical habitat for the Antillean manatee, so 
no Tribal lands would be affected by the proposed designations.

References Cited

    A complete list of references cited in this rulemaking is available 
on the internet at https://www.regulations.gov and upon request from 
the Florida Ecological Services Field Office (see FOR FURTHER 
INFORMATION CONTACT).

Authors

    The primary authors of this proposed rule are the staff members of 
the Fish and Wildlife Service's Species Assessment Team and the Florida 
and Caribbean Ecological Services Field Offices.

List of Subjects in 50 CFR Part 17

    Endangered and threatened species, Exports, Imports, Plants, 
Reporting and recordkeeping requirements, Transportation, Wildlife.

Signing Authority

    Martha Williams, Director of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 
approved this action on August 21, 2024, for publication. On September 
12, 2024, Martha Williams authorized the undersigned to sign the 
document electronically and submit it to the Office of the Federal 
Register for publication as an official document of the U.S. Fish and 
Wildlife Service.

Proposed Regulation Promulgation

    Accordingly, we propose to amend part 17, subchapter B of chapter 
I, title 50 of the Code of Federal Regulations, as set forth below:

PART 17--ENDANGERED AND THREATENED WILDLIFE AND PLANTS

0
1. The authority citation for part 17 continues to read as follows:

    Authority: 16 U.S.C. 1361-1407; 1531-1544; and 4201-4245, unless 
otherwise noted.

0
2. In Sec.  17.95, amend paragraph (a) by:
0
a. Adding an entry for ``Antillean Manatee (Trichechus manatus 
manatus)'' after the entry for ``Canada Lynx (Lynx canadensis)''; and
0
b. Revising the entry, including the heading, for ``Florida Manatee 
(Trichechus manatus)''.
    The addition and revision read as follows:


Sec.  17.95  Critical habitat--fish and wildlife.

    (a) Mammals.
* * * * *
Antillean Manatee (Trichechus manatus manatus)
    (1) Critical habitat units are depicted for the Municipalities of 
Arroyo, Cabo Rojo, Ceiba, Fajardo, Gu[aacute]nica, Guayama, Guayanilla, 
Juana D[iacute]az, Lo[iacute]za, Mayag[uuml]ez, Naguabo, Patillas, 
Pe[ntilde]uelas, R[iacute]o Grande, Salinas, San Juan, Santa Isabel, 
Toa Baja, and Vieques in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico on the maps in 
this entry.
    (2) Within these areas, the physical or biological feature 
essential to the conservation of the Antillean manatee consists of 
nearshore marine waters with at least two of the following resources 
within a 3-mile (5-kilometer) radius:(i) Freshwater sources, such as 
streams and wastewater outfalls;
    (ii) Seagrass in waters less than 43 feet (ft) (13 meters (m)) 
deep; and
    (iii) Calm waters, such as shallow bays and coves, with water 
depths less than 9.8 ft (3 m) and wave heights less than 0.98 ft (0.3 
m).
    (3) Critical habitat includes waters up to the ordinary high-water 
line. Critical habitat does not include areas of dry land such as small 
islands or rock outcrops or federally maintained navigational channels.
    (4) Data layers defining map units were created using Esri ArcGIS 
mapping software along with various spatial data layers provided by 
multiple local and regional sources as available (e.g., published data, 
unpublished reports, databases, and data maintained by universities, 
the Puerto Rico Department of Natural and Environmental Resources, the 
U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and the 
National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration across the range 
of the subspecies). The projection used in mapping and calculating 
distances and locations was Puerto Rico State Plane, North American 
Datum of 1983. The maps in this entry, as modified by any accompanying 
regulatory text, establish the boundaries of the critical habitat 
designation. The coordinates or plot points or both on which each map 
is based are available to the public at https://www.regulations.gov at 
Docket No. FWS-R4-ES-2024-0073 and at the field office responsible for 
this designation. You may obtain field office location information by 
contacting one of the Service regional offices, the addresses of which 
are listed at 50 CFR 2.2.
    (5) Index map follows:
BILLING CODE 4333-15-P
Figure 1 to Antillean Manatee (Trichechus manatus manatus) paragraph 
(5)

[[Page 78166]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP24SE24.004

    (6) Unit PR-01: Boca Vieja; Toa Baja Municipality, Puerto Rico.
    (i) Unit PR-01 consists of 2,640 acres (ac) (1,068 hectares (ha)) 
of marine waters below the mean high water (MHW) line within the 
Ensenada Boca Vieja along the coastline of the Municipality of Toa 
Baja, Puerto Rico. The unit extends from the northernmost point of Isla 
de Cabra on the east and approximately 3 miles (mi) (5 kilometers (km)) 
across towards Punta Salinas to the west. The entire unit is within 
Commonwealth ownership.
    (ii) Map of PR-01 follows:

Figure 2 to Antillean Manatee (Trichechus manatus manatus) paragraph 
(6)(ii)

[[Page 78167]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP24SE24.005

    (7) Unit PR-02: Condado Lagoon; San Juan Municipality, Puerto Rico.
    (i) Unit PR-02 consists of 91 ac (37 ha) of marine waters below the 
MHW line within the Condado Lagoon and El Boquer[oacute]n along the 
coastline of the Municipality of San Juan, Puerto Rico. The Condado 
Lagoon is bounded by the Condado Peninsula to the north, the Baldorioty 
de Castro Expressway to the south, and the San Antonio and the Dos 
Hermanos bridges on the west and northwest respectively. This unit also 
includes the marine waters of El Boquer[oacute]n that connect with the 
Condado Lagoon and are geographically separated by the Dos Hermanos 
Bridge. This unit extends from the Condado Lagoon to El Boquer[oacute]n 
along the eastern coastline towards Playita del Condado, and 
approximately 705 feet (ft) (215 meters (m)) across towards the San 
Jer[oacute]nimo del Boquer[oacute]n Fort to the west. The entire unit 
is within Commonwealth ownership and overlaps with the Condado Lagoon 
Nature Reserve.
    (ii) Map of Unit PR-02 follows:


[[Page 78168]]


Figure 3 to Antillean Manatee (Trichechus manatus manatus) paragraph 
(7)(ii)
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP24SE24.006

    (8) Unit PR-03: R[iacute]o Grande; R[iacute]o Grande and 
Lo[iacute]za Municipalities, Puerto Rico.
    (i) Unit PR-03 consists of 1,691 ac (685 ha) of marine waters below 
the MHW line along the coastline of the Municipality of R[iacute]o 
Grande and a small portion towards the west along the Municipality of 
Lo[iacute]za, Puerto Rico. The unit starts approximately 0.5 miles (mi) 
(0.8 kilometers (km)) west of Punta Percha; extends farther west along 
Punta Pic[uacute]a, Punta Miquillo, and Punta San Agust[iacute]n; and 
ends approximately 492 feet (ft) (150 meters (m)) west of the

[[Page 78169]]

mouth of the Herrera River. The offshore boundary of this unit extends 
approximately 3 mi (5 km) from the freshwater sources within the unit, 
820 ft (250 m) from the outer edge of seagrass beds within the unit, 
1,640 ft (500 m) from shore if no seagrass was mapped, or to the 49-ft 
(15-m) bathymetry line, whichever is closest to shore. The entire unit 
is within Commonwealth ownership and overlaps with a portion of the 
Marine Extent of the R[iacute]o Esp[iacute]ritu Santo Nature Reserve.
    (ii) Map of Unit PR-03 follows:

Figure 4 to Antillean Manatee (Trichechus manatus manatus) paragraph 
(8)(ii)
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP24SE24.007

    (9) Unit PR-04: Fajardo; Fajardo and Ceiba Municipalities, Puerto 
Rico.
    (i) Unit PR-04 consists of 2,065 ac (836 ha) of marine waters below 
the MHW line along the coastline of the Municipality of Fajardo and a 
small

[[Page 78170]]

portion of the Municipality of Ceiba towards the southern edge of the 
unit. This unit starts in Punta Fajardo; continues south along the 
coastline by the Fajardo River, Punta Barracas, and Bah[iacute]a 
Damajagua; and ends on the north side of Punta Figueras. The offshore 
boundary of this unit extends approximately 820 ft (250 m) from the 
outer edge of seagrass beds within the unit, 1,640 ft (500 m) from 
shore if no seagrass was mapped, or to the 49-ft (15-m) bathymetry 
line, whichever is closest to shore. The entire unit is within 
Commonwealth ownership.
    (ii) Map of Unit PR-04 follows:

Figure 5 to Antillean Manatee (Trichechus manatus manatus) paragraph 
(9)(ii)
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP24SE24.008


[[Page 78171]]


    (10) Unit PR-05: Ceiba; Ceiba and Naguabo Municipalities, Puerto 
Rico.
    (i) Unit PR-05 consists of 6,429 ac (2,602 ha) of marine waters 
below the MHW line along the coastline of the Municipalities of Ceiba 
and Naguabo. This unit starts just south of Punta Figuera; extends 
farther south along the coastline by Puerto Medio Mundo, Punta Medio 
Mundo, Pasaje Medio Mundo, Punta Puerca, Isla de Cabras, Ensenada 
Honda, Punta Algodones, and Bah[iacute]a Algodones; and ends just north 
of Punta Lima. The offshore boundary of this unit extends approximately 
820 ft (250 m) from the outer edge of seagrass beds within the unit, 
1,640 ft (500 m) from shore if no seagrass was mapped, or to the 49-ft 
(15-m) bathymetry line, whichever is closest to shore. The entire unit 
is within Commonwealth ownership.
    (ii) Map of Unit PR-05 follows:

Figure 6 to Antillean Manatee (Trichechus manatus manatus) paragraph 
(10)(ii)
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP24SE24.009


[[Page 78172]]


    (11) Unit PR-06: Vieques; Vieques Municipality, Puerto Rico.
    (i) Unit PR-06 consists of 4,980 ac (2,015 ha) of marine waters 
below the MHW line along the west-northwest coastline of the 
Municipality of Vieques. This unit starts approximately 1 mile (1.5 km) 
east of Punta Caballo within Ensenada Claque, continues west by the 
Puerto de la Libertad Davis S. Sanes Rodr[iacute]guez (Mosquito Pier) 
and towards Punta Arenas, and ends approximately 1 mile (1.7 km) south 
of Punta Boca Quebrada along the coastline. The offshore boundary of 
this unit extends approximately 820 ft (250 m) from the outer edge of 
seagrass beds within the unit, 1,640 ft (500 m) from shore if no 
seagrass was mapped, or to the 26-ft (8-m) bathymetry line, whichever 
is closest to shore. The entire unit is within Commonwealth ownership.
    (ii) Map of Unit PR-06 follows:

Figure 7 to Antillean Manatee (Trichechus manatus manatus) paragraph 
(11)(ii)
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP24SE24.010


[[Page 78173]]


    (12) Unit PR-07: Arroyo; Guayama, Arroyo, and Patillas 
Municipalities, Puerto Rico.
    (i) Unit PR-07 consists of 15,001 ac (6,071 ha) of marine waters 
below the MHW line along the coastline of the Municipalities of 
Patillas, Arroyo, and Guayama. This unit starts approximately 738 ft 
(225 m) east of the mouth of the Jacaboa River; continues west along 
the coastline towards Punta Viento, Puerto Patillas, Punta Figuras, and 
Puerto Arroyo; and ends approximately 0.9 mi (1.5 km) west of Punta Ola 
Grande. The offshore boundary of this unit extends approximately 820 ft 
(250 m) from the outer edge of seagrass beds within the unit, 1,640 ft 
(500 m) from shore if no seagrass was mapped, or to the 49-ft (15-m) 
bathymetry line, whichever is closest to shore. The entire unit is 
within Commonwealth ownership and overlaps with a portion of the Marine 
Extent of the Guayama Reef Nature Reserve.
    (ii) Map of Unit PR-07 follows:

Figure 8 to Antillean Manatee (Trichechus manatus manatus) paragraph 
(12)(ii)
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP24SE24.011


[[Page 78174]]


    (13) Unit PR-08: Santa Isabela to Jobos Bay; Juana D[iacute]az, 
Santa Isabel, Salinas, and Guayama Municipalities, Puerto Rico.
    (i) Unit PR-08 consists of 24,360 ac (9,858 ha) of marine waters 
below the MHW line along the coastline of the Municipalities of Juana 
D[iacute]az, Santa Isabel, Salinas, and Guayama. This unit starts 
approximately 1,213 ft (370 m) west of Descalabrado River and continues 
east along the coastline towards Punta Cayito, Punta Petrona, 
Bah[iacute]a de Rinc[oacute]n, and Punta Arenas, including the waters 
within Mar Negro and around Bah[iacute]a de Jobos towards Punta 
Pozuelo. The offshore boundary of this unit extends approximately 820 
ft (250 m) from the outer edge of seagrass beds within the unit, 1,640 
ft (500 m) from shore if no seagrass was mapped, or to the 49-ft (15-m) 
bathymetry line, whichever is closest to shore. The entire unit is 
within Commonwealth ownership and overlaps with portions of the Jobos 
Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve and the Marine Extents of the 
Punta Petrona Nature Reserve and Isla Caja de Muertos Nature Reserve.
    (ii) Map of Unit PR-08 follows:

Figure 9 to Antillean Manatee (Trichechus manatus manatus) paragraph 
(13)(ii)

[[Page 78175]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP24SE24.012

    (14) Unit PR-09: Guayanilla; Guayanilla and Pe[ntilde]uelas 
Municipalities, Puerto Rico.
    (i) Unit PR-09 consists of 7,404 ac (2,996 ha) of marine waters 
below the MHW line along the coastline of the Municipalities of 
Pe[ntilde]uelas and Guayanilla. This unit starts along the coastline of 
Pe[ntilde]on de Ponce; continues west towards the Tallaboa River, 
Bah[iacute]a Tallaboa, Punta Guayanilla, and Punta Pepillo, and around 
Bah[iacute]a de Guayanilla towards Punta Verraco; and ends 
approximately 984 ft (300 m) west of Cerro Toro in Punta Ventana beach. 
The offshore boundary of this unit extends approximately 820 ft (250 m) 
from the outer edge of seagrass beds within the unit, 1,640 ft (500 m) 
from shore if no seagrass was mapped, or to the 49-ft (15-m) bathymetry 
line, whichever is closest to shore. The entire unit is within 
Commonwealth ownership.
    (ii) Map of Unit PR-09 follows:

Figure 10 to Antillean Manatee (Trichechus manatus manatus) paragraph 
(14)(ii)

[[Page 78176]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP24SE24.013

    (15) Unit PR-10: Gu[aacute]nica; Gu[aacute]nica Municipality, 
Puerto Rico.
    (i) Unit PR-10 consists of 1,798 ac (728 ha) of marine waters below 
the MHW line along the coastline of the Municipality of Gu[aacute]nica. 
This unit starts approximately 1,312 ft (400 m) west of Punta Jacinto; 
continues along the coastline towards and around G[uacute]anica Bay, by 
Punta Meseta, Punta Pera, Punta Pescadores, and Ensenada Las Pardas; 
and ends in Punta Brea. The offshore boundary of this unit extends 
approximately 820 ft (250 m) from the outer edge of seagrass beds 
within the unit, 1,640 ft (500 m) from shore if no seagrass was mapped, 
or to the 49-ft (15-m) bathymetry line, whichever is closest to shore. 
The entire unit is within Commonwealth ownership and overlaps with a 
portion of the Marine Extent of the Gu[aacute]nica Commonwealth Forest.
    (ii) Map of Unit PR-10 follows:

Figure 11 to Antillean Manatee (Trichechus manatus manatus) paragraph 
(15)(ii)

[[Page 78177]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP24SE24.014

    (16) Unit PR-11: Bah[iacute]a Sucia; Cabo Rojo Municipality, Puerto 
Rico.
    (i) Unit PR-11 consists of 1,732 ac (697 ha) of marine waters below 
the MHW line within Bah[iacute]a Sucia along the coastline of the 
Municipality of Cabo Rojo, Puerto Rico. Bah[iacute]a Sucia extends from 
Punta Molino on the east and approximately 2 mi (3 km) across to the 
southwest towards Cabo Rojo. The entire unit is within Commonwealth 
ownership and overlaps with the Marine Extent of the Boquer[oacute]n 
Commonwealth Forest.
    (ii) Map of Unit PR-11 follows:

Figure 12 to Antillean Manatee (Trichechus manatus manatus) paragraph 
(16)(ii)

[[Page 78178]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP24SE24.015

    (17) Unit PR-12: Boquer[oacute]n; Cabo Rojo Municipality, Puerto 
Rico.
    (i) Unit PR-12 consists of 1,989 ac (805 ha) of marine waters below 
the MHW line within Bah[iacute]a de Boquer[oacute]n along the coastline 
of the Municipality of Cabo Rojo. This unit extends from approximately 
394 ft (120 m) east of Punta Melones along the coastline of 
Bah[iacute]a de Boquer[oacute]n, including the waters inside 
Ca[ntilde]o Boquer[oacute]n, and towards Punta Guaniquilla to the 
north. The offshore boundary of this unit extends approximately 820 ft 
(250 m) from the outer edge of seagrass beds within the unit, 1,640 ft 
(500 m) from shore if no seagrass was mapped, or to the 49-ft (15-m) 
bathymetry line, whichever is closest to shore. The entire unit is 
within Commonwealth ownership.
    (ii) Map of Unit PR-12 follows:

Figure 13 to Antillean Manatee (Trichechus manatus manatus) paragraph 
(17)(ii)

[[Page 78179]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP24SE24.016

    (18) Unit PR-13: Mayag[uuml]ez; Cabo Rojo and Mayag[uuml]ez 
Municipalities, Puerto Rico.
    (i) Unit PR-13 consists of 7,949 ac (3,217 ha) of marine waters 
below the MHW line along the coastline of the Municipality of Cabo Rojo 
and a small portion of the Municipality of Mayag[uuml]ez. This unit 
starts approximately 0.9 mi (1.5 km) south of Punta Arenas; continues 
north along the coastline of Bah[iacute]a Bramadero and Punta 
Guanajibo; and ends approximately 1,640 ft (500 m) north of the mouth 
of the Guanajibo River. The offshore boundary of this unit extends 
approximately 820 ft (250 m) from the outer edge of seagrass beds 
within the unit, 1,640 ft (500 m) from shore if no seagrass was mapped, 
or to the 49-ft (15-m) bathymetry line, whichever is closest to shore. 
The entire unit is within Commonwealth ownership.
    (ii) Map of Unit PR-13 follows:

Figure 14 to Antillean Manatee (Trichechus manatus manatus) paragraph 
(18)(ii)

[[Page 78180]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP24SE24.017

BILLING CODE 4333-15-C
Florida Manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris)
    (1) Critical habitat units are depicted for Brevard, Broward, 
Charlotte, Citrus, Collier, Dixie, Gilchrist, Hendry, Hernando, 
Hillsborough, Indian River, Lake, Lee, Levy, Manatee, Marion, Martin, 
Miami-Dade, Monroe, Palm Beach, Pasco, Pinellas, Putnam, Sarasota, 
Seminole, St. Lucie, Volusia, and Wakulla Counties in the State of 
Florida on the maps in this entry.
    (2) Within these areas, the physical or biological features 
essential to the conservation of the Florida manatee consist of the 
following components:
    (i) Areas of water warmed by natural processes (e.g., spring 
discharges, passive thermal basins) that have either:
    (A) Reliable thermal quality throughout the winter consisting of 
water temperatures that stay at or above:
    (1) 72 degrees Fahrenheit ([deg]F) (22 degrees Celsius ([deg]C)) 
during mild weather,

[[Page 78181]]

    (2) 68 [deg]F (20 [deg]C) during cold weather, and
    (3) 64 [deg]F (18 [deg]C) during severe cold weather; or
    (B) Established manatee use throughout the winter each year.
    (ii) Areas supporting submerged, emergent, or floating aquatic 
vegetation within 18.6 miles (30 kilometers) of:
    (A) The natural warm-water sources described in paragraph (2)(i) of 
this entry; or
    (B) Other established winter manatee aggregation areas (e.g., power 
plants with established manatee use).
    (3) Critical habitat includes waters up to the ordinary high-water 
line. Critical habitat does not include areas of dry land such as small 
islands or rock outcrops or federally maintained navigational channels.
    (4) Data layers defining map units were created using Esri ArcGIS 
mapping software along with various spatial data layers provided by 
multiple State and regional sources as available (e.g., published data, 
unpublished reports, databases, and data maintained by the Florida Fish 
and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Florida's Water Management 
Districts, and the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric 
Administration across the range of the subspecies). The projection used 
in mapping and calculating distances and locations was Albers Conical 
Equal Area (Florida Geographic Data Library), North American Datum of 
1983 High Accuracy Reference Network. The maps in this entry, as 
modified by any accompanying regulatory text, establish the boundaries 
of the critical habitat designation. The coordinates or plot points or 
both on which each map is based are available to the public at https://www.regulations.gov at Docket No. FWS-R4-ES-2024-0073 and at the field 
office responsible for this designation. You may obtain field office 
location information by contacting one of the Service regional offices, 
the addresses of which are listed at 50 CFR 2.2.
    (5) Index map follows:

Figure 1 to Florida Manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) paragraph 
(5)
BILLING CODE 4333-15-P

[[Page 78182]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP24SE24.018

    (6) Unit FL-01: Wakulla Springs; Wakulla County, Florida.
    (i) Unit FL-01 consists of 22,593 acres (ac) (9,143 hectares (ha)) 
of springs, rivers, and open water along the Gulf of Mexico in Wakulla 
County, Florida. The unit extends from Wakulla Springs in Edward Ball 
Wakulla Springs State Park down the Wakulla River out to the Gulf of 
Mexico, where it fans out to approximately 5 miles (mi) (8 kilometers 
(km)) east and west. The unit also extends up the St. Marks River 
approximately 9 river mi (14.5 km) from the confluence of the Wakulla 
and St. Marks Rivers. The unit includes all inshore, manatee-accessible 
waters below the mean high water (MHW) line within approximately 18.6 
mi (30 km) of Wakulla Springs. Offshore, the unit extends to either 
18.6 mi (30 km) from Wakulla Springs or the outer extent of seagrass 
beds in the Gulf of Mexico. Areas within this unit include 
approximately 936 ac (379 ha) in Federal ownership, 21,598 ac (8,740 
ha) in State ownership, 1 ac (less than 1 ha) in local government 
ownership, and 58 ac (23 ha) in private/other ownership. Federally 
owned lands in this unit

[[Page 78183]]

include St. Marks National Wildlife Refuge (NWR), and State-owned lands 
include Edward Ball Wakulla Springs and San Marcos de Apalache Historic 
State Parks.
    (ii) Map of Unit FL-01 follows:

Figure 2 to Florida Manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) paragraph 
(6)(ii)
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP24SE24.019

    (7) Unit FL-02: Manatee and Fanning Springs; Dixie, Levy, and 
Gilchrist Counties, Florida.
    (i) Unit FL-02 consists of 4,452 ac (1,802 ha) of springs and river 
in the Big Bend of the Gulf Coast in Dixie, Levy, and Gilchrist 
Counties, Florida. The unit extends from approximately 18.6 mi (30 km) 
north of Fanning Springs near Log Landing Conservation Area downstream 
to the mouth of the Suwannee River at the Gulf of Mexico. The unit 
includes manatee-accessible waters below the MHW line within 
approximately 18.6 mi (30 km) of

[[Page 78184]]

Fanning and Manatee Springs. Areas within this unit include 
approximately 224 ac (91 ha) in Federal ownership, 4,157 ac (1,682 ha) 
in State ownership, 12 ac (5 ha) in local government ownership, and 59 
ac (24 ha) in private/other ownership. Federally owned lands in this 
unit include Lower Suwannee NWR, and State-owned lands include Manatee 
Springs and Fanning Springs State Parks and Suwannee River Water 
Management District (WMD) Conservation Areas.
    (ii) Map of Unit FL-02 follows:

Figure 3 to Florida Manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) paragraph 
(7)(ii)
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP24SE24.020


[[Page 78185]]


    (8) Unit FL-03: Withlacoochee Bay to Anclote River; Levy, Citrus, 
Hernando, Pasco, and Pinellas Counties, Florida.
    (i) Unit FL-03 consists of 364,584 ac (147,542 ha) of springs, 
rivers, and open water along the Gulf of Mexico in Levy, Citrus, 
Hernando, Pasco, and Pinellas Counties, Florida. The unit extends from 
approximately 6 mi (9.7 km) north of the mouth of the Withlacoochee 
River to Howard Beach Park, which is approximately 1.5 mi (2.4 km) 
south of the mouth of the Anclote River. The unit includes all inshore, 
manatee-accessible waters below the MHW line within approximately 18.6 
mi (30 km) of the Crystal River Springs Complex, Homosassa Springs, the 
Chassahowitzka Springs Group, the Weeki Wachee Spring Complex, and Cow 
Creek Spring. Offshore, the unit extends to either 18.6 mi (30 km) from 
the springs or to the outer extent of seagrass beds in the Gulf of 
Mexico. Areas within this unit include approximately 21,131 ac (8,551 
ha) in Federal ownership, 335,064 ac (135,596 ha) in State ownership, 
1,670 ac (676 ha) in local government ownership, and 6,716 ac (2,719 
ha) in private/other ownership. Federally owned lands in this unit 
include Crystal River and Chassahowitzka NWRs; State-owned lands in 
this unit include Anclote Key Preserve State Park, Marjorie Harris Carr 
Cross Florida Greenway State Recreation and Conservation Area, and 
Withlacoochee State Forest.
    (ii) Map of Unit FL-03 follows:

Figure 4 to Florida Manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) paragraph 
(8)(ii)

[[Page 78186]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP24SE24.021

    (9) Unit FL-04: Tampa Bay; Pinellas, Hillsborough, and Manatee 
Counties, Florida.
    (i) Unit FL-04 consists of 181,015 ac (73,254 ha) of Tampa Bay and 
the springs, rivers, and canals surrounding the bay in Pinellas, 
Hillsborough, and Manatee Counties, Florida. The unit includes all 
inshore waters of Tampa Bay east of the Skyway Bridge on Interstate 275 
and inshore waters from Fort De Soto Park to the Pinellas Bayway (State 
Road 682). The unit includes manatee-accessible waters below the MHW 
line within approximately 18.6 mi (30 km) from the established winter 
manatee aggregation areas near Duke Energy's Bartow Power Plant, Tampa 
Electric Company's Bayside Power Plant, and Tampa Electric Company's 
Big Bend Station. Areas within this unit include approximately 682 ac 
(276 ha) in Federal ownership, 68,347 ac (27,659 ha) in State 
ownership, 108,805 ac (44,032 ha) in local government ownership, and 
3,181 ac (1,287 ha) in private/other ownership. Federally owned lands 
in this unit include Pinellas NWR; State-owned lands in this

[[Page 78187]]

unit include Cockroach Bay Preserve, Terra Ceia Preserve, Little 
Manatee River, and Skyway Fishing Pier State Parks.
    (ii) Map of Unit FL-04 follows:

Figure 5 to Florida Manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) paragraph 
(9)(ii)
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP24SE24.022

    (10) Unit FL-05: Venice to Estero Bay; Sarasota, Charlotte, Lee, 
Hendry, and Collier Counties, Florida.
    (i) Unit FL-05 consists of 219,217 ac (88,714 ha) of Charlotte 
Harbor, Gasparilla Sound, Matlacha Pass, and Estero Bay, as well as the 
rivers, canals, and springs surrounding them, in Sarasota, Charlotte, 
Lee, Collier, and Hendry Counties, Florida. The unit includes inshore 
waters from the Boca Grande Causeway south to Vanderbilt Beach Road. 
From Charlotte Harbor, the unit extends up the Myakka River, then down 
Curry Creek to the Venice Inlet.

[[Page 78188]]

The unit does not include the Peace River east of the Barron Collier 
Bridge on State Road 41. The unit includes the Caloosahatchee River 
from its mouth near Cape Coral to near the Caloosahatchee and C-43 
Basin Storage Reservoir. The unit includes manatee-accessible waters 
below the MHW line within approximately 18.6 mi (30 km) from the warm-
water sites of Warm Mineral Springs, Matlacha Isles, North Cape Coral 
Canal, and Ten Mile Canal Borrow Pit, and the established winter 
manatee aggregation area near Florida Power and Light's Fort Myers 
Power Plant. Areas within this unit include approximately 2,048 ac (829 
ha) in Federal ownership, 191,975 ac (77,690 ha) in State ownership, 
16,821 ac (6,807 ha) in local government ownership, and 8,373 ac (3,388 
ha) in private/other ownership. Federally owned lands in this unit 
include Caloosahatchee, Matlacha Pass, Pine Island, Island Bay, and 
J.N. Ding Darling NWRs. State-owned lands in this unit include Lovers 
Key, Charlotte Harbor Preserve, Estero Bay Preserve, Delnor-Wiggins 
Pass, and Cayo Costa State Parks; Myakka State Forest; Southwest 
Florida WMD's Deer Prairie Creek Preserve; and the C-43 Basin Storage 
Reservoir.
    (ii) Map of Unit FL-05 follows:

Figure 6 to Florida Manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) paragraph 
(10)(ii)

[[Page 78189]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP24SE24.023

    (11) Unit FL-06: Rookery Bay to Florida Bay West; Collier, Monroe, 
and Miami-Dade Counties, Florida.
    (i) Unit FL-06 consists of 450,052 ac (182,130 ha) of inshore and 
coastal waters from Naples Bay to the western half of Florida Bay in 
Collier, Monroe, and Miami-Dade Counties, Florida. The unit includes 
inshore waters of Naples from the Golden Gate Parkway (County Road 886) 
bridge over Gordon River to Marco Island. From Ten Thousand Island to 
Florida Bay, the unit includes inshore waters and offshore waters 
ranging from 1 to 13 mi (1.6 to 21 km) offshore. The unit includes 
manatee-accessible waters below the MHW line within approximately 18.6 
mi (30 km) from the warm-water sites of Henderson Creek, Marco Island 
Canals, Port of the Islands Canals, Port of the Islands Mitigation 
Site, Wooten's Pond, Big Cypress Preserve Canal, Mud Bay, and the 
Everglades Complex. Areas within this unit include approximately 
343,626 ac (139,061 ha) in Federal ownership, 105,559 ac (42,718 ha) in 
State ownership, 18 ac (7 ha) in local government ownership, and 849 ac 
(344 ha) in private/other ownership.

[[Page 78190]]

Federally owned lands in this unit include Ten Thousand Island NWR, 
Everglades National Park, and Big Cypress National Preserve; State-
owned lands in this unit include Collier-Seminole and Fakahatchee 
Strand Preserve State Parks, and Rookery Bay National Estuarine 
Research Reserve.
    (ii) Map of Unit FL-06 follows:

Figure 7 to Florida Manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) paragraph 
(11)(ii)
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP24SE24.024

    (12) Unit FL-07: Upper Florida Keys; Miami-Dade and Monroe 
Counties, Florida.
    (i) Unit FL-07 consists of 244,254 ac (98,846 ha) of inshore and 
coastal waters of the Upper Florida Keys, from Islamorada north to Old 
Rhodes Key, in Monroe and Miami-Dade Counties, Florida. The unit 
includes waters of Eastern Florida Bay to approximately 13 mi (21 km) 
offshore, inshore waters and

[[Page 78191]]

canals of the Keys, and waters of the Atlantic Ocean approximately 0.5 
to 1.5 mi (0.8 to 2.4 km) offshore. The unit also extends inland into 
the Glades Canal approximately 11 mi (17.7 km) and into the Florida 
Power and Light Everglades Mitigation Bank Canals approximately 7 mi 
(11 km). The unit includes manatee-accessible waters below the MHW line 
within approximately 18.6 mi (30 km) from the warm-water sites of the 
Upper Keys Canals and Brown Street Canal. Areas within this unit 
include approximately 161,201 ac (65,236 ha) in Federal ownership, 
76,635 ac (31,013 ha) in State ownership, 2,762 ac (1,118 ha) in local 
government ownership, and 3,656 ac (1,480 ha) in private/other 
ownership. Federally owned lands in this unit include Crocodile Lake 
NWR, Everglades National Park, and Biscayne National Park. State-owned 
lands in this unit include Lignumvitae Key Botanical, John Pennekamp 
Coral Reef, Windley Key Fossil Reef Geological, and Dagny Johnson Key 
Largo Hammock Botanical State Parks, and the Florida Keys Wildlife and 
Environmental Area.
    (ii) Map of Unit FL-07 follows:

Figure 8 to Florida Manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) paragraph 
(12)(ii)

[[Page 78192]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP24SE24.025

    (13) Unit FL-08: Biscayne Bay to Deerfield Beach; Miami-Dade, 
Broward, and Palm Beach Counties, Florida.
    (i) Unit FL-08 consists of 146,725 ac (59,378 ha) of inshore waters 
from Biscayne Bay to Deerfield Beach in Miami-Dade, Broward, and Palm 
Beach Counties, Florida. The unit includes inshore waters of Biscayne 
Bay and the intracoastal waterways, rivers, and canals (up to 24 mi 
(38.6 km) inland) along the southeastern Florida coast from the 
southern end of Biscayne National Park to Deerfield Beach. The unit 
includes manatee-accessible waters below the MHW line within 
approximately 18.6 mi (30 km) from the warm-water sites of the Coral 
Gables Waterway, Palmer Lake, and the Little River-S-27 structure, as 
well as the established winter manatee aggregation areas near Florida 
Power and Light's Dania Beach and Port Everglades Energy Centers. Areas 
within this unit include approximately 91,404 ac (36,990 ha) in Federal 
ownership, 46,768 ac (18,926 ha) in State ownership, 5,525 ac (2,236 
ha) in local government ownership, and 3,028 ac (1,225 ha) in private/
other ownership. Federally owned lands in

[[Page 78193]]

this unit include Biscayne National Park. State-owned lands in this 
unit include Oleta River, Bill Baggs Cape Florida, and Dr. Von D. 
Mizell-Eula Johnson State Parks, and the Everglades and Francis S. 
Taylor Wildlife Management Area.
    (ii) Map of Unit FL-08 follows:

Figure 9 to Florida Manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) paragraph 
(13)(ii)
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP24SE24.026

    (14) Unit FL-09: Boynton Beach to Fort Pierce; Palm Beach, Martin, 
and St. Lucie Counties, Florida.
    (i) Unit FL-09 consists of 37,829 ac (15,309 ha) of inshore waters 
from approximately 1.3 mi (2 km) south of the Boynton Inlet to 
approximately 4.7 mi (7.6 km) south of the Fort Pierce Inlet in Palm 
Beach, Martin, and St. Lucie Counties, Florida. The unit includes 
inshore waters (up to 18 mi (29 km)

[[Page 78194]]

inland) of the intracoastal waterways, rivers, and canals along the 
eastern Florida coast even with Lake Okeechobee. The unit includes 
manatee-accessible waters below the MHW line within approximately 18.6 
mi (30 km) from the warm-water site of Willoughby Creek and the 
established winter manatee aggregation area near Florida Power and 
Light's Riviera Beach Energy Center. Areas within this unit include 
approximately 203 ac (82 ha) in Federal ownership, 35,967 ac (14,555 
ha) in State ownership, 533 ac (216 ha) in local government ownership, 
and 1,126 ac (456 ha) in private/other ownership.
    (ii) Map of Unit FL-09 follows:

Figure 10 to Florida Manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) paragraph 
(14)(ii)
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP24SE24.027


[[Page 78195]]


    (15) Unit FL-10: Vero Beach to Northern Indian River Lagoon; Indian 
River, Brevard, and Volusia Counties, Florida.
    (i) Unit FL-10 consists of 153,588 ac (62,155 ha) of inshore waters 
from the Merrill P. Barber Bridge (on State Road 60) in Vero Beach to 
the northern tip of the Indian River Lagoon in Indian River, Brevard, 
and Volusia Counties, Florida. The unit includes rivers and canals 
along the Indian River Lagoon and Banana River on the central east 
coast of Florida. The unit includes manatee-accessible waters below the 
MHW line within approximately 18.6 mi (30 km) from the warm-water sites 
of the Sebastian River (C-54 Canal), DeSoto Canal, Berkeley Canal, and 
Banana River Marine Service Marina, as well as the established winter 
manatee aggregation area near Florida Power and Light's Port Canaveral 
Energy Center. The unit does not extend all the way through the 
Haulover Canal or include Mosquito Lagoon. Areas within this unit 
include approximately 33,077 ac (13,386 ha) in Federal ownership, 
117,318 ac (47,477 ha) in State ownership, 1,782 ac (721 ha) in local 
government ownership, and 1,410 ac (571 ha) in private/other ownership. 
Federally owned lands in this unit include Merritt Island, Pelican 
Island, and Archie Carr NWRs; State-owned lands in this unit include 
Indian River Lagoon Preserve, St. Sebastian River Preserve, and 
Sebastian Inlet State Parks.
    (ii) Map of Unit FL-10 follows:

Figure 11 to Florida Manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) paragraph 
(15)(ii)

[[Page 78196]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP24SE24.028

    (16) Unit FL-11: Upper St. Johns River; Lake, Seminole, Volusia, 
Marion, and Putnam Counties, Florida.
    (i) Unit FL-11 consists of 79,444 ac (32,150 ha) of springs, 
rivers, and lakes in the Upper St. Johns, Hontoon Dead, Ziegler Dead, 
Norris Dead, and Ocklawaha Rivers in Lake, Seminole, Volusia, Marion, 
and Putnam Counties, Florida. The unit extends from Lake Monroe north 
to Memorial Bridge (State Road 100) over the St. Johns River, east to 
the mouth of Dunns Creek at Crescent Lake, and west to the Rodman 
Reservoir through the Cross Florida Barge Canal. The unit also includes 
the section of the Ocklawaha River from the St. Johns River to the 
Rodman Dam. The unit includes manatee-accessible waters below the MHW 
line within approximately 18.6 mi (30 km) from the warm-water sites of 
Blue, Silver Glen, Salt, and Welaka Springs. Areas within this unit 
include approximately 1,815 ac (735 ha) in Federal ownership, 76,984 ac 
(31,154 ha) in State ownership, 150 ac (61 ha) in local government 
ownership, and 495 ac (200 ha) in private/other ownership. Federally 
owned lands in this unit include Lake

[[Page 78197]]

Woodruff NWR and Ocala National Forest. State-owned lands in this unit 
include DeLeon Springs, Blue Spring, Hontoon Island, Ravine Gardens, 
Lower Wekiva River Preserve, and Dunns Creek State Parks; Marjorie 
Harris Carr Cross Florida Greenway State Recreation and Conservation 
Area; Welaka State Forest; and Lake George State Forest.
    (ii) Map of Units FL-11 and FL-12 follows:

Figure 12 to Florida Manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) paragraph 
(16)(ii)
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP24SE24.029

    (17) Unit FL-12: Silver Springs; Marion County, Florida.
    (i) Unit FL-12 consists of 438 ac (177 ha) of springs and rivers in 
Marion County, Florida. The unit extends from Silver Springs down 
Silver River, then north and south into the Ocklawaha River 
approximately 13 mi (21 km) to

[[Page 78198]]

Cedar Creek to the north and Southeast Highway 464C to the south. The 
unit includes manatee-accessible waters below the MHW line within 
approximately 18.6 mi (30 km) from the warm-water site of Silver 
Springs. Areas within this unit include approximately 6 ac (2 ha) in 
Federal ownership, 417 ac (169 ha) in State ownership, and 15 ac (6 ha) 
in private/other ownership. Federally owned lands in this unit include 
the Ocala National Forest; State-owned lands in this unit include 
Silver Springs State Park, Marjorie Harris Carr Cross Florida Greenway 
State Recreation and Conservation Area, and the Ocklawaha Prairie 
Restoration Area.
    (ii) Map of Unit FL-12 is provided at paragraph (16)(ii) of this 
entry.
* * * * *

Madonna Baucum,
Regulations and Policy Chief, Division of Policy, Economics, Risk 
Management, and Analytics of the Joint Administrative Operations, U.S. 
Fish and Wildlife Service.
[FR Doc. 2024-21182 Filed 9-23-24; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4333-15-C