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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

)

DUNKIN’ DONUTS FRANCHISING,

LLC,

)

)

)

Plaintiff, )

)

v. ) Civil Action No. 15-cv-519 (TSC)

)

14th STREET EATERY, INC., et al., )

)

)

Defendants. )

)

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Plaintiff Dunkin’ Donuts Franchising, LLC (“Dunkin’ Donuts”) brings this action against 

14th Street Eatery, Inc., Mohammad Hoque, and Yasmin Parveen (collectively, the 

“Defendants”) for breach of contract and trademark infringement. Dunkin’ Donuts alleges that 

Defendants failed to pay franchise and other fees, and as a result Dunkin’ Donuts terminated the 

franchise agreement between the parties. Despite this termination, Defendants continue to 

operate an eatery holding itself out as a Dunkin’ Donuts franchise, thereby infringing Dunkin’

Donuts’ trademarks and violating the terms of a covenant not to compete. Before the Court is 

Dunkin’ Donuts’ motion for a preliminary injunction, which Defendants have failed to oppose. 

Upon consideration of the uncontested motion, the entire record, and for the following reasons, 

the motion is granted.1

I. BACKGROUND

Dunkin’ Donuts is an international franchisor of eateries that sell doughnuts, coffee, 

bagels, and other related products. (Mot. 1-2). Dunkin’ Donuts and its franchisees currently 

 

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In an exercise of its discretion, the court finds that the motion can be decided without a hearing. LCvR 65.1(d).
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operate over 3,700 stores in the United States and over 1,400 stores outside the United States. 

(Id. at 3). As part of its franchise model, Dunkin’ Donuts has developed a standardized system 

of operating and maintaining its restaurants. This system includes the use of registered Dunkin’

Donuts trademarks. 

Dunkin’ Donuts and Defendants entered a franchise agreement in 2011 that permitted 

Defendants to operate a Dunkin’ Donuts franchise at 2001 14th Street NW in the District of 

Columbia. As part of the franchise agreement, Defendants were required to pay periodic 

franchise and advertising fees to Dunkin’ Donuts, calculated as a percentage of gross sales. 

(Compl. Ex. A). 

In early 2015, Defendants apparently failed to make the necessary payments. As a result, 

Dunkin’ Donuts notified Defendants in writing that Defendants were in breach of the franchise 

agreement and were required to immediately pay the outstanding fees. After receiving no 

response, in April 2015 Dunkin’ Donuts terminated the franchise agreement with Defendants. 

Defendants nonetheless continue to operate a restaurant purporting to be a Dunkin’ Donuts 

franchise. According to Dunkin’ Donuts, this infringes their trademarks and also violates a 

provision in the franchise agreement restricting Defendants right to operate a competing 

restaurant. As a result, Dunkin’ Donuts filed the instant lawsuit and moved for a preliminary 

injunction enjoining the Defendants from continuing to operate an unauthorized Dunkin’ Donuts 

franchise. The Court entered a scheduling order on the motion for a preliminary injunction 

which Dunkin’ Donuts served on Defendants, but Defendants have failed to respond in the three 

weeks since service was made.
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II. LEGAL STANDARD

In order to prevail on a motion for a preliminary injunction, the movant must show “that 

he is likely to succeed on the merits, that he is likely to suffer irreparable harm in the absence of 

preliminary relief, that the balance of equities tips in his favor, and that an injunction is in the 

public interest.” Winter v. Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc., 555 U.S. 7, 20 (2008). A preliminary 

injunction is an “extraordinary and drastic remedy” that is “never awarded as of right.” Munaf v. 

Geren, 553 U.S. 674, 689-90 (2008) (citations omitted). The moving party must demonstrate a 

likelihood of success on the merits, id., and some injury, as “the basis of injunctive relief in the 

federal courts has always been irreparable harm.” Sampson v. Murray, 415 U.S. 61, 88 (1974) 

(quoting Beacon Theatres, Inc. v. Westover, 359 U.S. 500, 506-07 (1959)).

III. ANALYSIS

a. Jurisdiction

Because Defendants have not responded or appeared, the court will briefly address its 

jurisdiction to decide the motion. Dunkin’ Donuts brings claims for trademark infringement, 

therefore the court has subject matter jurisdiction pursuant to 15 U.S.C. §§ 1114 and 1116 and 28 

U.S.C. § 1338, and may assert jurisdiction over additional state and common law claims pursuant 

to 28 U.S.C. § 1367. Dunkin’ Donuts has also made a prima facie showing that the court has 

personal jurisdiction with respect to the Defendants. Mwani v. bin Laden, 417 F.3d 1, 7 (D.C.

Cir. 2005). Defendant 14th Street Eatery, Inc. is a corporation organized under the laws of the 

District of Columbia with its principal place of business in the District, thus establishing personal 

jurisdiction. D.C. Code § 13–422. Defendants Hoque and Parveen are residents of the 

Commonwealth of Virginia; however, Dunkin’ Donuts avers that both defendants regularly 

conduct business in the District via their operation of the Dunkin’ Donuts franchise in the 
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District. (Compl. ¶¶ 4-5). This is enough to make a prima facie showing of personal jurisdiction 

under the District of Columbia’s long-arm statute. That statute allows a court in the District to 

exercise personal jurisdiction over a non-resident defendant with respect to claims arising from 

the defendant’s conduct in, inter alia, transacting business in the District of Columbia and 

contracting to supply services in the District of Columbia. D.C. Code § 13–423(a). Exercising 

personal jurisdiction over the individual defendants here comports with the requirements of due 

process, as Hoque and Parveen’s operation of the franchise shows that they have purposefully 

availed themselves of the benefits of conducting business in the District, thereby establishing the 

“minimum contacts” necessary to confirm that the “the maintenance of the suit does not offend 

traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice.” Int’l Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 

310, 316 (1945) (internal quotation marks omitted).

b. Likelihood of Success on the Merits

Dunkin’ Donuts has shown a likelihood that it will succeed on the merits of its claims. 

According to the uncontested facts, Defendants failed to timely pay franchise, advertising, and

other fees according to the terms of the franchise agreement. (Zullig Aff. ¶ 17). As a result, 

Dunkin’ Donuts notified Defendants of their breach and gave them an opportunity to cure (as 

was required under the agreement).2 When Defendants failed to cure (or apparently to respond at 

all), Dunkin’ Donuts exercised their contractual right to terminate the franchise agreement. After 

the termination, Defendants were no longer authorized to operate a Dunkin’ Donuts franchise or 

use Dunkin’ Donuts trademarks in the operation of their restaurant.

 

2 The franchise agreement required the parties to provide specific cure periods. These included a 30-day period and 

a 7-day period. (Compl. Ex. A). Dunkin’ Donuts sent Defendants two notices: the first provided a 15-day cure 

period, the second provided a 7-day cure period. (Id. Exs. B & C). It is not clear why Dunkin’ Donuts included a 

15-day cure period rather than a 30-day period in the first notice, but in any event Dunkin’ Donuts waited more than 

30 days until it sent the second notice.
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Dunkin’ Donuts first basis for a preliminary injunction is that Defendants are infringing 

Dunkin’ Donuts’ trademarks by continuing to use those marks despite termination of the 

franchise agreement. To make out a claim for trademark infringement, a plaintiff must show

“(1) that it possesses a mark; (2) that the defendant used the mark; (3) that the defendant’s use of 

the mark occurred ‘in commerce’; (4) that the defendant used the mark ‘in connection with the 

sale, offering for sale, distribution, or advertising’ of goods and services; and (5) that the 

defendant used the mark in a manner likely to confuse customers.” Newborn v. Yahoo!, Inc., 391 

F. Supp. 2d 181, 189 (D.D.C. 2005) (citations omitted). Most of these elements are self-evident 

in this case. Dunkin’ Donuts possesses registered trademarks, which is prima facie evidence of 

the marks’ validity and ownership. 15 U.S.C. § 1115(a). It alleges that Defendants are using 

these trademarks in commerce to sell goods—e.g., doughnuts, coffee, etc. Dunkin’ Donuts 

further alleges that Defendants unauthorized use of its marks creates customer confusion because 

Defendants are operating what appears to be a Dunkin’ Donuts franchise, even though the 

franchise has been terminated and Defendants have no right to continue using Dunkin’ Donuts’

trademarks. Given that a consumer would have no way of differentiating between an authorized 

and unauthorized franchise, it is likely that confusion will occur. See Burger King Corp. v. 

Mason, 710 F.2d 1480, 1492-93 (11th Cir. 1983) (“Common sense compels the conclusion that a 

strong risk of consumer confusion arises when a terminated franchisee continues to use the 

former franchisor’s trademarks . . . Consumers automatically would associate the trademark user 

with the registrant and assume that they are affiliated. Any shortcomings of the franchise

therefore would be attributed to [the franchisor].”). 

Dunkin’ Donuts is also likely to succeed on its contract claims regarding the covenant not 

to compete. Pursuant to the terms of the franchise agreement, the covenant is governed by 
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Massachusetts law, which permits covenants not to compete as long as the limits are reasonable 

in nature and not aimed at restricting ordinary competition. Boulanger v. Dunkin’ Donuts Inc., 

815 N.E.2d 572, 576-77 (Mass. 2004) (“A covenant not to compete is enforceable only if it is 

necessary to protect a legitimate business interest, reasonably limited in time and space, and 

consonant with the public interest.”); Marine Contrs. Co. v. Hurley, 310 N.E.2d 915, 921 (Mass. 

1974) (100-mile limit coincides with the area in which the plaintiff performs almost all of its 

work and was precisely drawn to protect its goodwill). In this case, the Defendants agreed that 

for a period of two years following the termination of the franchise agreement they would not 

operate a competing business within a five-mile radius of the former franchise location. The 

scope, length, and geographic restriction of the covenant are reasonable to prevent a former 

franchisee from opening a competing doughnut business in the vicinity of its prior location. 

Because it is likely this covenant not to compete would be upheld, and it is uncontested that 

Defendants violated the franchise agreement and are no longer franchisees, Dunkin’ Donuts is 

likely to succeed in enforcing the terms of the covenant. See Boulanger v. Dunkin’ Donuts Inc., 

815 N.E.2d at 581 (upholding an identical covenant not to compete).

c. Irreparable Harm

Dunkin’ Donuts has shown that it is likely to suffer irreparable harm absent the issuance 

of a preliminary injunction because “trademark infringement raises a presumption of irreparable 

harm.” Cerveceria Modelo, S.A. de C.V. v. Cuvee, 227 F. Supp. 2d 39, 40 (D.D.C. 2002). 

Courts have found that infringement may lead to “the dilution of the distinctiveness of [a]

trademark, the loss of control of [] reputation and the diminishment of [] good will,” all of which 

cause irreparable harm. Sears, Roebuck & Co. v. Sears Fin. Network, 576 F. Supp. 857, 864 

(D.D.C. 1983).
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As Dunkin’ Donuts explains, “[d]espite the fact that the Franchise Agreement has been 

terminated, Defendant continues to operate a donut [restaurant] based at the former franchise 

location, the very same location[] as its former franchise, and it continues to use the Dunkin’

Donuts Marks in connection with th[is] location[]. DD no longer exercises any control over the 

conditions in this store or the nature and quality of the products served therein. Thus, while 

customers of Defendant’s stores may believe they are dealing with an authorized DD franchisee, 

and may believe they are purchasing authentic DD products, they are not.” (Mot. 8). This is 

enough to establish a likelihood of irreparable harm—Defendants are operating an unauthorized 

Dunkin’ Donuts location and depriving Dunkin’ Donuts of the ability to control the use of its 

trademarks and assure the quality control necessary to protect the integrity of its reputation and 

goodwill. In addition, the possibility of consumer confusion (discussed above) is likely to cause

irreparable harm. See Opticians Ass’n of Am. v. Indep. Opticians of Am., 920 F.2d 187, 196 (3d 

Cir. 1990) (collecting cases). 

Dunkin’ Donuts has also shown a likelihood of irreparable injury with respect to the 

covenant not to compete for many of the same reasons. As it stands, Defendants are operating an 

unauthorized Dunkin’ Donuts location within five miles (and in fact in the exact same location) 

of the previously authorized franchise. Defendants are competing with authorized franchises, 

and are doing so without the limitations (and protections) normally required by Dunkin’ Donuts. 

This endangers Dunkin’ Donuts’ goodwill and reputation. Absent relief, other franchisees may 

be incentivized to disregard their franchise agreements if they believe there are no adverse 

consequences to violating the covenant not to compete. This is further evidence that Dunkin’

Donuts is likely to suffer irreparable harm absent a preliminary injunction.
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d. Balance of Equities

The balance of equities favors an injunction. A preliminary injunction here would merely 

reinforce what is already the case—that Defendants are not authorized to operate a Dunkin’

Donuts location absent a valid franchise agreement, which they do not have. Based on the 

uncontested facts, Defendants brought this fate upon themselves by not paying contractually 

obligated fees. Therefore, any harm to Defendants in enjoining them from operating their 

restaurant is outweighed by the harm to Dunkin’ Donuts in allowing Defendants to continue 

operating an unauthorized franchise. 

e. Public Interest

The public interest will be served by the issuance of an injunction. As already discussed, 

Defendants are currently operating a restaurant which for all intents and purposes appears to be 

an authorized Dunkin’ Donuts franchise, even though it is not. This deception may ultimately 

hurt the public not only by causing confusion over whether the location is actually a Dunkin’

Donuts, but also because the quality and integrity of the product may suffer without the 

supervision of the franchisor.

IV. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, Dunkin’ Donuts’ Motion for a Preliminary Injunction is 

granted. Defendants are enjoined during the pendency of this matter from using Dunkin’

Donuts’ trademarks or operating a competing business within a five mile radius of the former 

franchise. Within 30 days, Defendants must file with the court a report in writing under oath 

setting forth in detail the manner and form in which the defendant has complied with the 

injunction. An appropriate Order accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.
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Date: May 5, 2015

Tanya S. Chutkan 

TANYA S. CHUTKAN

United States District Judge