United States Court of Appeals,

Fifth Circuit.

No. 92-7753

Summary Calendar.

Corliss MOODY, Phillip Moody, et al., Plaintiffs.

Corliss Moody and Phillip Moody, Plaintiffs-Appellants,

v.

FMC CORPORATION, Defendant-Appellee.

July 9, 1993.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas.

Before JOLLY, BARKSDALE, and EMILIO M. GARZA, Circuit Judges.

E. GRADY JOLLY, Circuit Judge:

In this products liability case, the plaintiffs attempted to amend their pleadings on the third

day of the trial. Noting the delay and prejudice to the defendants, the magistrate judge refused to

allow the amendment and refused to submit the question on the new issue to the jury. After the jury

found for the defendants, the plaintiffs brought this appeal challenging the magistrate judge's rulings

on the amendment and the jury question. Because the magistrate judge did not abuse her discretion,

we affirm.

I

In 1988, Corliss Moody worked as an apprentice boilermaker for Joy Manufacturing. In

October of 1988, Moody was installing ductwork between two buildings at the Houston Power &

Lighting plant in Fort Bend County, Texas. The ductwork was approximately five stories above the

ground. Joy Manufacturing used a linkbelt HC-218A crane with a personnel basket attached to

transport Moody to and fromthe area where she was working. FMC Corporation ("FMC") designed

and manufactured the linkbelt HC-218A crane.

On October 31, 1988, Moody stepped into the personnel basket so that the crane operator

could lower her to the ground. The crane operator pulled the wrong lever and sent the personnel
basket into a free fall. After letting the basket fall thirty feet, the crane operator stopped it, suddenly

slamming Moody to the bottom of the basket. Moody injured her foot, ankle, and back in the

accident.

II

On April 19, 1990, Moody and her husband sued FMC alleging that FMC's crane was

defective because the control levers were so close to each other that they were easily confused. The

Moodys' complaint asserted two causes of action: design defect and negligence. The parties tried

the case to a jury between August 31 and September 3, 1992. At trial, the Moodys tried to introduce

a new issue concerning the adequacy of the warningsthat FMC provided. FMC first brought up the

warnings in its opening statement and both parties introduced evidence relating to the warnings.

FMC, however, contended that the evidence was directly relevant to its affirmative defenses and that

it did not consent to try a new issue. Based on FMC's objections, the district court denied the

Moodys'motion to amend their pleadings and also refused to submit their proposed juryinterrogatory

regarding the adequacy of the warnings.

After deliberating for approximately fifteen minutes, the jury rejected both of the Moody's

theories of liability and returned a verdict in favor of FMC. On September 25, 1992, the magistrate

judge denied the Moodys' motion for a new trial and entered a take nothing judgment in favor of

FMC. The Moodys appeal.

III

A

We begin with the Moodys' contention that the magistrate judge erred when she denied their

motion to amend their pleadings pursuant to Rule 15(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.

Whether a party should be allowed to amend his pleadings is a decision that we leave to the sound

discretion of the district court, and we review only for an abuse of that discretion. Union Planters

Nat. Leasing v. Woods, 687 F.2d 117, 121 (5thCir.1982); Addington v. Farmer's Elevator Mut. Ins.

Co., 650 F.2d 663 (5th Cir.1981).

Rule 15(b) provides:
 

1The magistrate judge clearly believed that the evidence about the warnings was relevant to

FMC's affirmative defenses because the magistrate judge commented that "I'm not sure adequacy

really is the issue here.... [FMC] is trying to blame Joy Technologies for not behaving in a safe

and prudent manner in light of those items." 

When issues not raised by the pleadings are tried by express or implied consent of the

parties, they shall be treated in all respects as if they had been raised in the pleadings. Such

amendment of the pleadings as may be necessary to cause them to conform to the evidence

and to raise these issues may be made upon motion of any party at any time, even after

judgment; but failure so to amend does not affect the result of the trial of these issues. If

evidence is objected to at the trial on the ground that it is not within the issues made by the

pleadings, the court may allow the pleadings to be amended and shall do so freely when the

presentation of the merits of the action will be subserved thereby and the objecting party fails

to satisfy the court that the admission of such evidence would prejudice the party in

maintaining the party's action or defense on the merits. The court may grant a continuance

to enable the objecting party to meet such evidence.

The Moodys argue that FMC impliedly consented to try the adequacy of the warnings when

FMC introduced its own evidence about the warnings and failed to object to plaintiffs' evidence

relating to the warnings. We disagree. The evidence on the warnings was relevant to issues already

in the case. A party does not consent to try new issues unless he could reasonably be expected to

recognize that a new issue entered the case. Domar Ocean Transport v. Independent Refining Co.,

783 F.2d 1185, 1188 (5th Cir.1986). Nor does a party consent to try a new issue by introducing

evidence or failing to object to evidence when the evidence is relevant to pleaded issues in the case.

Jimenez v. Tuna Vessel Granada, 652 F.2d 415, 422 (5thCir.1981); International Harvester Credit

Corp. v. East Coast Truck and R.V. Sales, Inc., 547 F.2d 888, 890 (5th Cir.1977).

The evidence on warnings wasrelevant to FMC's defenses. In its pleadings and at trial, FMC

contended that Joy Manufacturing and its personnel were solely responsible for Moody's injuries.

FMC introduced the evidence on the warnings to show that Joy Manufacturing and its personnel, by

disregarding the warnings, were negligent and that their negligence caused the accident. When the

Moodys tried to interject an issue about the adequacy of the warningsinto the trial, FMC vigorously

objected.1 Thus, it was not an abuse of discretion for the district court to conclude that FMC did not

consent to try as an issue in the case the legal adequacy of the warnings.

Despite FMC's objection, the magistrate judge still might have abused her discretion if

allowing the amendment would have promoted justice without prejudicing FMC's interests. In
deciding whether to allow an amendment over a party's objection, the district court should consider,

inter alia, 1) the interests of justice, 2) potential prejudice to the objecting party, and 3) whether the

requesting party unduly delayed itsrequest. Foman v. Davis, 371 U.S. 178, 182, 83 S.Ct. 227, 230,

9 L.Ed.2d 222 (1962); Daves v. Payless Cashways, Inc., 661 F.2d 1022, 1024 (5thCir.1981). Here,

there is no question that the Moodys unduly delayed their request to amend their pleadings. The

parties had been litigating this case for over two years. The parties had conducted extensive

discovery, hired expert witnesses, and the trial was already underway. The Moodys did not move to

amend their pleadings until the third day of the trial. This delay alone might be enough to justify the

magistrate judge's decision. See Daves, 661 F.2d at 1025 ("Considering a motion on the eve of trial

after discovery and aft er an unexplained nineteen-month delay, the trial court acted within its

discretion in refusing to allow appellant to amend her complaint.")

Furthermore, we think that allowing the amendment would not have served the interests of

justice; it would have prejudiced FMC because FMC did not know that the legal adequacy of its

warnings was going to be litigated as an issue. The issue did not come up during discovery and the

Moodys' expert did not refer to it in his report. Indeed, before trial, the Moodys did not include a

question relating to the adequacy of the warnings in their proposed questions to be submitted to the

jury. It was only after the trial had begun that the Moodys asked the magistrate judge to submit a jury

question on this issue. These circumstances convince us that FMC simply had no opportunity to

prepare a defense on the legal adequacy of its warnings; and this was true even though, as part of

its affirmative defenses, FMC introduced some evidence relating to the content of the warnings.

Thus, the magistrate judge did not abuse her discretion when she refused to allow the Moodys to

amend their pleadings.

B

We now turn to the Moodys' contention that the magistrate judge erred when she refused to

submit to the jury their proposed jury question relating to the adequacy of the FMC's warnings.

Whether to submit a proposed interrogatory to the jury is—asin the case of pleading amendments—a

decision left to the district court's sound discretion. Trinity Carton Co. v. Falstaff Brewing Corp.,
767 F.2d 184, 192 (5th Cir.1985).

The Moodys' argument that the magistrate judge erred in this respect assumes that she erred

when she refused to allow the Moodys to amend their pleadings. We have just held that the

magistrate judge did not abuse her discretion in refusing the amendment. Given this ruling, the

adequacy of the warnings was not an issue in the case. It follows that the magistrate judge did not

abuse her discretion when she refused to submit such a question to the jury.

IV

For the foregoing reasons, the decision of the district court is

AFFIRMED.