No 

No. 98-105

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA

1998 MT 315

STATE OF MONTANA, 

Plaintiff and Respondent, 

v.

PAUL GLEN AILPORT, 

Defendant and Appellant. 

APPEAL FROM: District Court of the Twentieth Judicial District, 

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In and for the County of Lake. 

Honorable C. B. McNeil, Judge Presiding.

COUNSEL OF RECORD:

For Appellant:

Lane K. Bennett, Attorney at Law, Kalispell, Montana

For Respondent:

Honorable Joseph P. Mazurek, Attorney General; C. Mark Fowler, 

Assistant Attorney General, Helena, Montana

Kim Christopher, County Attorney; Robert J. Long, Deputy County 

Attorney, Polson, Montana

Submitted on Briefs: November 19, 1998

Decided: December 23, 1998

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Filed:

__________________________________________

Clerk

Chief Justice J. A. Turnage delivered the Opinion of the Court. 

¶1. Paul Glen Ailport (hereinafter Ailport) appeals his conviction and the order of 

the Twentieth Judicial District Court, Lake County, denying his motion to dismiss a 

felony charge of driving a motor vehicle while under the influence of alcohol (felony 

DUI). We affirm the decision of the District Court.

¶2. The issue presented on appeal is whether the District Court erred in failing to 

dismiss the DUI charge against Ailport on the grounds that his 1983 DUI conviction 

in the State of North Dakota could not properly be used to enhance his current 

charge to a felony. 

¶3. Ailport was arrested on December 9, 1996, and charged with DUI, fourth offense, 

a felony. One of the prior convictions used for the purpose of enhancing the charge 

against Ailport was a 1983 conviction for DUI in Williston, North Dakota. Ailport 

filed a motion before the District Court to have his current DUI charge dismissed on 

the grounds that during the proceedings on the 1983 conviction, he had not been 

represented by counsel and had not executed a waiver of his right to counsel at the 

time he plead guilty. Ailport asserted that because his 1983 conviction had been 

obtained in derogation of his constitutional right to counsel, the State could not use it 

to increase his current DUI charge to a felony. 

¶4. The District Court denied Ailport's motion, and in a subsequent trial on the 

merits, a jury found Ailport guilty as charged. Ailport appealed the order of the 

District Court denying his motion to dismiss, as well as his resulting conviction.

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¶5. The sole question before this Court is whether the District Court erred in denying 

Ailport's motion to dismiss his felony DUI charge on the grounds that his 1983 North 

Dakota conviction could not properly be used to support the enhanced felony charge. 

¶6. Whether a prior conviction can be used to enhance a criminal sentence is a 

matter of law. State v. LaPier, 1998 MT 174, ¶ 8, 961 P.2d 1274, ¶ 8, 55 St.Rep. 707, ¶ 

8. We review a district court's conclusions of law to determine if they are correct. 

State v. McKee, 1998 MT 110, ¶13, 958 P.2d 700, ¶ 13, 55 St.Rep. 433, ¶ 13. We 

review a district court's findings of fact to determine if they are clearly erroneous. 

State v. Okland (1997), 283 Mont. 10, 14, 941 P.2d 431, 433. A court's findings are 

clearly erroneous if they are not supported by substantial evidence, the court has 

misapprehended the effect of the evidence, or our review of the record convinces us 

that a mistake has been committed. Interstate Prod. Credit Ass'n v. De Saye (1991), 

250 Mont. 320, 323, 820 P.2d 1285, 1287. 

¶7. It is the law in Montana that once the fact of a prior conviction is established, a 

presumption of regularity attaches to that conviction and the burden is upon the 

defendant to demonstrate by direct evidence that the conviction was constitutionally 

infirm. Okland, 283 Mont. at 18, 938 P.2d at 436. If the defendant produces sufficient 

evidence to successfully rebut the presumption of regularity, the burden of proof 

shifts to the State to demonstrate by a preponderance of the evidence that the prior 

conviction was not obtained in violation of the defendant's rights. LaPier, ¶ 11; 

Okland, 283 Mont. at 18, 941 P.2d at 436. 

¶8. At the trial level, the State established the fact of Ailport's 1983 North Dakota 

DUI conviction with a copy of a written citation from the Williston City Court 

indicating Ailport pled guilty to the charge of DUI. Ailport did not contest the 

sufficiency of this evidence to prove the existence of the prior conviction, and the 

conviction was therefore presumptively valid. 

¶9. To rebut this presumption, Ailport submitted an affidavit in which he stated he 

did not recall being advised of his right to an attorney during the 1983 proceedings 

nor did he recall waiving his right to counsel prior to offering a plea of guilty. Ailport 

also submitted the affidavit of a North Dakota attorney who had regularly practiced 

before the Williston City Court during the same period in which Ailport's DUI 

conviction occurred. The affidavit of this attorney stated with regard to the practices 

of the Williston City Court that "whether defendants were consistently advised of 

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their right to an attorney at city expense is highly speculative," and that while the 

attorney had no personal knowledge of the proceedings in Ailport's case, "the 

advising and reading of rights was not necessarily done with the same consistency on 

each occasion." 

¶10. Ailport's testimony that he did not recall being advised of his right to counsel is 

not, by itself, sufficient to overcome the presumption of validity which attaches to his 

prior conviction. State v. Big Hair, 1998 MT 61, ¶ 18, 955 P.2d 1352, ¶ 18, 55 St.Rep. 

257, ¶ 18. However, we have previously held that testimony regarding the routine 

practices of the convicting court in advising defendants of their constitutional rights 

constitutes substantive evidence on the issue of whether a particular defendant was 

advised of his right to counsel on a particular occasion. State v. Olson (1997), 283 

Mont. 27, 32, 938 P.2d 1321, 1325 (citing Rule 406, M.R.Evid.). We therefore 

conclude that the affidavits submitted by Ailport constituted direct evidence of a 

constitutional infirmity and were sufficient to rebut the presumption of regularity. 

The burden was thereafter upon the State to show that the conviction was not 

obtained in derogation of Ailport's constitutional rights. 

¶11. We therefore turn next to the question of whether the State successfully met its 

burden of proof in demonstrating that Ailport was adequately advised and 

knowingly waived his right to counsel at the 1983 DUI proceeding in North Dakota. 

In support of its contention that the underlying conviction was obtained upon a 

proper waiver of Ailport's right to counsel, the State submitted the affidavit of the 

clerk of Williston City Court stating that it had been the habit of the presiding judge 

of the Williston City Court in 1983 to advise every defendant of his right to an 

attorney and to document that a defendant had been so informed by hand-writing 

the term "advised" on the back of the defendant's citation. The clerk further testified 

that it was the court's practice to refuse to accept a guilty plea from a defendant 

unless he had been advised of and waived his constitutional right to counsel. In 

addition to the affidavit of the Williston City Court clerk, the State submitted a copy 

of the citation issued in conjunction with Ailport's 1983 DUI conviction, on the back 

of which was written the word "advised," along with the signature of the presiding 

judge.

¶12. Ailport contends that this evidence is insufficient to establish that he was, in 

fact, advised of his right to counsel or that he knowingly waived that right before 

pleading guilty to the DUI charge. In particular, he argues that the content of the 

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clerk's affidavit constitutes hearsay as to what the presiding judge meant when he 

indicated "advised" on the back of Ailport's citation, that the State had the burden 

of documenting his waiver of right to counsel and the absence of such a waiver 

appearing in the record precludes a finding that his rights had been waived, and that 

the clerk's testimony does not support the inference that Ailport was properly 

advised of his rights because the assertions made by the clerk are clearly refuted by 

the testimony of the North Dakota attorney. 

¶13. We disagree with each of these contentions. Rule 801(c), M.R.Evid., defines 

hearsay as "a statement, other than one made by the declarant while testifying at the 

trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted." The 

testimony of the Williston City Court clerk was that it was the practice of the 

presiding judge to indicate that a defendant had been advised of and waived his right 

to counsel by hand-writing the term "advised" on the back of the citation. This 

testimony does not constitute hearsay, because the clerk is not testifying as to what 

the presiding judge said on a particular occasion, but only as to what the customary 

practice of that court was at the time. Evidence of such a custom is allowable for the 

purpose of establishing that the convicting court performed its advisory duties on the 

occasion of Ailport's conviction in conformity with its usual habit of doing so. Olson, 

283 Mont. at 32, 938 P.2d at 1325; see Rule 406(b), M.R.Evid.

¶14. Likewise, Ailport's contention that the absence of a valid waiver in the record of 

the 1983 proceedings precludes a finding that he knowing and intelligently waived his 

right to counsel is also unpersuasive. To support this argument, Ailport cites our 

opinion in State v. Grey (1995), 274 Mont. 206, 907 P.2d 951, in which we expressed a 

strong preference for recording, where feasible, the fact that a defendant has been 

apprised of and waived his constitutional rights and held that where the record was 

silent, a waiver of rights could not be presumed. Ailport's reliance on Grey is 

misplaced, however, because our holding in Grey was predicated upon the fact that 

the conviction, which had been obtained through an improper confession, was being 

challenged on direct appeal, not by collateral attack in a recidivist proceeding, as it is 

in the case at bar. 

¶15. When a prior conviction is under collateral attack and the record is silent as to 

whether the defendant was advised of and knowingly waived his right to 

representation of counsel, the State may rely upon evidence outside the record to 

satisfy its burden of demonstrating that the conviction was constitutionally sound. 

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See Olson, 283 Mont. at 31-32, 938 P.2d at 1324-25. That the record itself does not 

contain evidence of such a waiver is not determinative of whether the prior 

conviction may be used to enhance Ailport's current DUI charge to a felony. As we 

stated in Okland: "'On collateral review, we think it defies logic to presume from the 

mere unavailability of a transcript (assuming no allegation that the unavailability is 

due to governmental misconduct) that the defendant was not advised of his rights.'" 

Okland, 283 Mont. at 18, 941 P.2d at 435-36 (quoting Parke v. Raley, 506 U.S. 20, 30, 

113 S.Ct. 517, 524, 121 L.Ed.2d 391); see also LaPier, ¶ 18. 

¶16. Finally, we reject Ailport's contention that the testimony of the attorney from 

North Dakota regarding the inconsistent practices of the Williston City Court in 

advising defendants of their constitutional rights necessarily quells any inference that 

could otherwise be drawn from the testimony of the Williston City Court clerk and 

the indication on the back of Ailport's citation that he had been advised of his right 

to counsel. Where there is conflicting evidence presented at the trial level, it is within 

the province of the trier of fact to weigh the evidence based on the credibility of the 

witnesses and determine which shall prevail. State v. Bower (1992), 254 Mont. 1, 8, 

833 P.2d 1106, 1111. The District Court determined that the testimony of the clerk of 

the Williston City Court, in conjunction with the fact that Ailport's citation indicated 

he had been advised of his rights, was ultimately more reliable on the issue of 

whether Ailport was, in fact, advised of and knowingly waived his constitutional 

right to counsel in the 1983 proceeding. Because there was sufficient, competent 

evidence to support the trial court's determination of a valid prior conviction at 

which defendant was advised of and waived his right to counsel, and because the 

lower court's finding is not otherwise clearly erroneous, we will not disturb this 

finding on appeal.

¶17. Ailport also argues that the State of Montana may not use his 1983 North 

Dakota conviction to enhance his current DUI charge, because under North Dakota 

law, unless the record of conviction affirmatively demonstrates that the defendant 

was either represented by counsel or waived his right to counsel, the conviction is 

presumptively void. Because a void conviction may not be used for the purpose of 

enhancing punishment on a subsequent offense, the conviction may not be used to 

support a felony charge unless the State proves by parol or other evidence that the 

defendant was, in fact, either represented by counsel or expressly waived his right to 

counsel. State v. Orr (N.D. 1985), 375 N.W.2d 171, 180. It is Ailport's contention that 

the evidence presented by the State was insufficient to prove that Ailport did in fact 

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waive his right to counsel at the 1983 proceeding. 

¶18. We agree with Ailport's statement that the North Dakota judgment could not be 

used to enhance a charge in Montana if the judgment were void as a matter of North 

Dakota law. "The judgment of a state court should have the same credit, validity, 

and effect, in every other court of the United States, which it had in the state where it 

was pronounced." Carr v. Bett, 1998 MT 266, ¶ 39, ____ P.2d ___, 55 St.Rep. 1098, ¶ 

39, (quoting Underwriters Nat. Assur. Co. v. North Carolina Life and Acc. and Health 

Ins. Guaranty Ass'n (1982), 455 U.S. 691, 704, 102 S.Ct. 1357, 1365, 71 L.Ed.2d 558, 

570); see also U.S. Const. Art. IV, § 1; § 26-3-203, MCA; Thoring v. LaCounte (1987), 

225 Mont. 77, 80, 733 P.2d 340, 342. 

¶19. However, we disagree with Ailport's contention that the requirements for using 

a prior conviction under North Dakota law have not been met in this instance. In 

addition to the testimony of the clerk of the Williston City Court that it was the 

customary practice of the presiding judge of that court to advise defendants of their 

constitutional right to counsel, the citation from Ailport's 1983 North Dakota 

conviction contains an indication that Ailport was advised of those rights on that 

particular occasion. Additionally, it was the testimony of the Williston City Court 

clerk that it was the customary practice of the presiding judge to accept a plea of 

guilty only where a defendant had indicated that he was waiving his right to an 

attorney and wished to enter a guilty plea. Such evidence was sufficient, as a matter 

of North Dakota law, to overcome the presumption against the validity of an 

uncounseled conviction and shift the burden of going forward onto Ailport. See State 

v. Haverluk (N.D. 1988), 432 N.W.2d 871; City of Fargo v. Christiansen (N.D. 1988), 

430 N.W.2d 327. 

¶20. In weighing the testimony of the North Dakota attorney and the affidavit in 

which Ailport asserts he cannot recall being advised of his right to counsel, the 

District Court determined that there was not sufficient evidence to rebut the State's 

evidence that Ailport's prior conviction was constitutionally sound. We hold that this 

finding is supported by substantial evidence and that the District Court has not 

misapprehended the effect of the evidence before it. We therefore affirm the ruling of 

the District Court in denying Ailport's motion to dismiss. 

/S/ J. A. TURNAGE

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We concur:

/S/ WILLIAM E. HUNT, SR.

/S/ JIM REGNIER 

/S/ KARLA M. GRAY

/S/ W. WILLIAM LEAPHART

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