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Air Pollutant Emission Inventories Rhode Island Airport Corporation Executive Summary
In accordance with the federal Clean Air Act, the Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management (RIDEM) is prep aring a State Implementation Plan (SIP) that will address the new eight-hour National Ambient Air Quality Standard for ozone (O 3 ). This action is in response to Rhode Is land being declared a “non-attainment” area for this pollutant. The principle aim of the SI P is to control emissions of nitrogen oxides (NO x ) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) st ate-wide; the two primary precursors to the formation of O 3 . The Rhode Island Airport Corp oration (RIAC) operates six airports in Rhode Island. These include Block Island Stat e Airport, Newport State Ai rport, North Central State Airport, Quonset State Airport, T.F. Green Ai rport and Westerly Stat e Airport. Aircraft, aircraft auxiliary power un its (APUs) and ground support equipment (GSE) at these airports are potential sources of NO x and VOCs. The purpose of this document is to quantify the amounts of NO x and VOC emissions associated with the RIAC airports thr ough conducting an emission inventory at each airport. Consistent with the RIDEM SIP development process, the information is provided for the years 2002, 2009 and 2012 in terms of annual and summer-day emissions. For completeness, annual emissi ons of carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur oxides (SO x ) and particulate matter (PM) are also pr ovided, even though the area is declared attainment for these pollutants The emission inventories were developed using Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)- required and currently approved methods, models and materials. These include the latest version of the FAA’s Emissions and Disper sion Modeling System (version 4.5) and airport–specific operational data compiled and reported by RIAC and the FAA. The emissions inventory for T.F. Green Airport is consistent with the T.F. Green Airport Improvement Program Draft Environmental Impact Statement currently prepared by the FAA for RIAC’s proposed Airport Improveme nt Program at T.F. Green Airport. This information is provided to RIDEM as a means of accurate ly incorporating the emissions associated with the RIAC airports in the SIP. Supporting information and data developed during the course of the asse ssment are included in the Appendix.i
Air Pollutant Emission Inventories Rhode Island Airport Corporation TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section Page

1 Introduction and Purpose....... ..................................................................................1 2 Background Air Qu ality Information.......................................................................1 A Attainment/Nonattainment.............................................................................2 B State Implementation Plan .............................................................................2 3 RIAC Airport Descriptions......................................................................................4 4 Assessment Methodology......... ...............................................................................7 A Approach........................................................................................................7 B Aircraft Fleet Mi x and Activity Levels..........................................................8 C Emissions Factors ..........................................................................................8 D Operational Profiles .......................................................................................9 5 Emission Inventories..................................................................................................10 A Annual Conditions .........................................................................................10 B Summer Day Conditions................................................................................10 6 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 10

References .................................................................................................................... ....15 List of Preparers.............................................................................................................. .......16 Appendix - Supplemental Data and Informationii
Air Pollutant Emission Inventories Rhode Island Airport Corporation LIST OF TABLES No. Title Page

1 RIAC Airports Included in Emissions Inventory 1 2 Current Attainment/Nonattainment Status for Rhode Island 2 3 Rhode Island State Implementation Plan Summary 3 4 Sources of Data Used in Support of th e RIAC Airports Emissions Inventory 7 5 Annual Emissions Inventory for RIAC Airports - 2002 11 6 Annual Emissions Inventory for RIAC Airports - 2009 12 7 Annual Emissions Inventory for RIAC Airports - 2012 13 8 Summer Day Emissions Inventory for RIAC Air ports – 2002, 2009, and 2012 14

LIST OF FIGURES No. Title Page

1 RIAC Airports 51
Air Pollutant Emission Inventories Rhode Island Airport Corporation I. Introduction and Purpose
In accordance with the federal Clean Air Ac t (CAA), the Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management (RIDEM) is prepari ng a State Implementation Plan (SIP) for the new eight-hour National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for ozone (O 3 ). 1 All of Rhode Island is designated as a “non-attainment” area for this pollutant by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The Rhode Island Airport Corporation (RIAC) operates six airports within this O 3 nonattainment area. These airports are listed in Table 1

.

Table 1 RIAC Airports Included in the Emissions Inventory

The purpose of this report is to document the am ounts of air pollutant emi ssions associated with the six RIAC airports in order to provide accurate data to RIDEM for incorporation into the SIP. This information is provided in the form of emissions inventories and focuses on the emissions of nitrogen oxides (NO x ) and volatile organic compounds ( VOCs) – the two primary precursors to the formation of O 3 . Consistent with the SIP-specifi ed analysis years and development process, emissions are provided for the years 2002, 2009 and 2012. In the sections that follow, additional b ackground information is provided on the SIP development process in Rhode Island; the ove rall approach and methodology for preparing the airport emissions inventories; and the results of the analyses. Other supporting information and materials are provided in the Appendix.

II. Background Air Quality Information The following section provides background informati on on air quality conditions in Rhode Island related to the SIP.

1 National Ambient Air Quality Standards are set by the U.S. EPA for six “criteria” air pollutants: carbon monoxide (CO), lead (Pb), nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), ozone (O 3 ), particulate matter (PM 10/2.5 ) and sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ). These standards are designed to protect public health and welfare and the environment with a margin of safety. [http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html] No. Name

1 Block Island State Airport 2 Newport State Airport 3 North Central State Airport 4 Quonset State Airport 5 T.F. Green Airport 6 Westerly State Airport2
Air Pollutant Emission Inventories Rhode Island Airport Corporation A. Attainment/Non-Attainment Designations In compliance with the federal CAA, all areas within Rhode Island are designated, with respect to the NAAQS, as attainment or non-attainment . By definition, an area with air quality better than the NAAQS is designated as attainment and an area with air quality worse than the NAAQS is designated as non-attainment. 2 Non-attainment areas for O 3 are further classified as extreme, severe, serious, moderate, and marginal by the degree of non-compliance with the standards. The current attainment/non-attainment designa tions for Rhode Island are summarized in Table 2

. As shown, the area is designated as attainment for all of the EPA criteria air pollutants, with the exception of O 3 for which the classification is non- attainment (moderate). The term “non-attainment” signifies that violations of the NAAQS for this pollutant have occurred and “moderate” denotes that the elevated levels we re not extraordinarily high nor did they occur frequently.
Table 2 Current Attainment/Non-Attainme nt Status in Rhode Island Pollutant Designation Carbon monoxide (CO) Attainment Lead (Pb) Attainment Nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) Attainment Ozone (O 3 ) Non-attainment (moderate) Sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) Attainment Particulate matter (PM 10 ) Attainment Particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) Attainment

Source: EPA Greenbook, http://www.epa.gov/oar/oaqps/greenbk/

B. State Implementation Plan
Because the entire state of R hode Island was classified as non-attainment for the former one-hour NAAQS for O 3 , a SIP is in place. However, anothe r SIP is being prepared to bring the area into compliance wi th the eight-hour O 3 NAAQS. The SIP is the cumulative record of all air pollution control strategies, emission budgets, a nd the timetables implemented or adopted by RIDEM and other state agencies to bring the non-attainment area into compliance with the NAAQS. Recent efforts to develop the SIP a nd implementation process in Rhode Island are summarized in Table 3

.

2 Two other classifications include unclassifiable and maintenance. An area may be designated as unclassifiable when there is a temporary lack of data to form a basis of attainment status and areas that are reclassified from non-attainment to attainment are designated as maintenance . There are no such designations in Rhode Island at this time.3
Air Pollutant Emission Inventories Rhode Island Airport Corporation Table 3 Rhode Island State Implementation Plan Summaries State Implementation Plan Status Comments
One Hour Ozone Attainment Demonstration for the Rhode Island Ozone Nonattainment Area (called the “2003 Attainment Plan” ). This is considered the currently approved SIP. Developed by RIDEM as a revision to the SIP. Approved by the EPA April 7, 2003. Demonstrates attainment of the former one hour NAAQS for O 3 by 2007. Calls for the reduction and control of NOx and VOCs: the two primary precursors to O 3 formation.

Mid-Course Review of the Rhode Island Attainment Plan for the One Hour Ozone National Ambient Air Quality Standard (called the “ 2004 Rate of Progress Plan” ) Submitted to EPA by RIDEM December 2004. Demonstrates that Rhode Island remains on track to attain the one-hour NAAQS for O 3 by 2007.

Eight-Hour Ozone Attainment Demonstration for the Rhode Island Ozone Non-attainment Area (called the “2007 Attainment Plan” ) Currently under development by RIDEM. To be submitted to EPA by June 2007

. Must demonstrate attainment of the new eight-hour NAAQS for O 3 by 2010. Will call for the reduction and control of NOx and VOCs-the two primary precursors to O 3 formation.

Source: KB Environmental Sciences, Inc., 2007.

Before the adoption in 2001 of th e new eight-hour standard for O 3 by the EPA, the State of Rhode Island was previously designated as no n-attainment (serious) for the former one-hour standard. The original SIP required attainme nt of the NAAQS by 1999, which was achieved. However, due to ensuing viola tions of the one-hour standard in 2000/2001, the One Hour Ozone SIP (called the 2003 Attainment Plan ) was revised. This revised pl an requires the attainment of the one-hour standard by 2007 and is the SIP that is currently enforced by RIDEM. A Rate of Progress Plan , also prepared by RIDEM in 2004, shows th at the area is on track to meet the 2007 deadline. With the promulgation and subsequent violat ions of the new eight-hour standard for O 3 in Rhode Island, a new eight-hour Ozone SIP (called the 2007 Attainment Plan ) is being prepared by RIDEM. This plan will be sent to EPA in 200 7 for approval and will require attainment of the eight-hour standard by 2010. In both cases (i.e., the 2003 and 2007 Attainment Plans ), the SIPs call for reducing and controlling NO x and VOC emissions. Most of these reduc tions are expected to occur from new emission standards for on-road and non-road vehicles as well as reduced NO x and VOC emissions transported from nei ghboring and other up-wind states.4
Air Pollutant Emission Inventories Rhode Island Airport Corporation III. RIAC Airport Descriptions RIAC owns and operates six airports in Rhode Island. Each airport is included in this assessment. The location of the airports is illustrated on Figure 1. The following provides an illustration of each airport and a brief description of the facilities.

• Block Island State Airport (BID) is located about 12 miles off-shore in Block Island Sound. BID is primarily a genera l aviation (GA) airport, but there is also sche duled airline service to Westerly State Airport. The airport has one active runway and serves approximately 18,000 operations (e.g., landings and take-offs) annually.

• Newport State Airport (UUU), is located in Middleton, two m iles northeast of the city of Newport. Th e airport is primarily a GA airport, used by the Army National Guard and there is no scheduled airline service. The airport has two active runways and approximately 16,000 operations annually.

• North Central State Airport (SFZ) is located in the towns of Lincoln and Smithfield in Providence County. SFZ generally caters to private pilots and GA, and the aircraft are either of the single- or twin-e ngine propeller class, although a limited number of jet aircraft operations also occur. The airport has two active runways and approximately 48,000 operations annually. Newport State Airport

North Central State Airport Block Island State Airport5
Air Pollutant Emission Inventories Rhode Island Airport Corporation Figure 1 - RIAC Airports6
Air Pollutant Emission Inventories Rhode Island Airport Corporation • Quonset State Airport (OQU) is located on Quonset Point, in northeastern North Kingstown, adjacent to Narragansett Bay. Formerly a U.S. Navy Base, it remains the home of the 143 rd Airlift Wing of the Rhode Island Air National Guard which uses the facility for training and aviation operations. Th e aircraft fleet includes both GA and military. The airport has two active runways and services approximately 18,000 operations annually.

• T. F. Green Airport (PVD), also known as Theodore Francis Green State Airport, is located in Warwick, six miles south of Providence, in Kent County. T.F. Green is classified as a medium-hub commercial service airport currently serving over five million passengers annually with over 125,000 operations. The FAA is preparing a Draft Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS) for an airport Improvement Program, which includes an assessment of the potential air quality impacts in both the short- and long-terms. 3

• Westerly State Airport (WST) is located two miles southeast of downtown Westerly, in Washington County. WST is primarily a GA airport, but there is also scheduled airline service to Block Island (as discussed above). The airport has two active runways and approximately 15,000 operations annually.

3 T.F. Green Airport Improvement Program Environmental Impact Statement website, http://www.vhb.com/pvd/eis/ Quonset State Airport

T.F. Green Airport

Westerly State Airport7
Air Pollutant Emission Inventories Rhode Island Airport Corporation IV. Assessment Methodology The methodology for preparing the em ission inventories for the RIAC airports is described in the following section. For T.F. Green Airport, the in formation and data was obtained directly from the Draft EIS Air Quality Assessment which is currently under development and review. Information and data for the other five airports was assembled and/or developed from a variety of other sources. The emission sources and sources of data used to prepare the inventories are provided in Table 4 and discussed within the following sections.
Table 4 Sources of Data Used in Support of th e RIAC Airports Emission Inventories Emission Source Source of Data and Information Aircraft Total operations & fleet mix – For T.F. Green the Airport Master Plan Update and updated EIS forecast information for 2012 and 2020). For the other five airports, RIAC Annual Operations, FAA Terminal Area Forecast, and, Landmark Aviation RI (the fixed-base operator (FBO). Times-in-mode – Emissions and Dispersion Modeling System [FAA 2006] (EDMS) default data and F AA reports of taxi-in and taxi-out periods. Ground Support Equipment (GSE) GSE fleet mix and operating time s – For T.F. Green, RIAC GSE population data, EDMS default data and in-the-field survey. For the other five airports, EDMS default data. Auxiliary Power Units (APU) APU type and operating times – For T.F Green, EDMS default data, FAA guidance and in-the-field survey. Not applicable for the other five airports. Other supporting information Temporal profiles – Reported annual and monthly operations in 2002 for all airports. Meteorological data - NCDC data co llected at T.F. Green Airport and Chatham, MA for the years 2000 – 2005.

Source: KB Environmental Sciences, Inc., 2007

A. Approach Consistent with FAA and EPA guidelines, the em ission inventories were prepared using the latest version (Versi on 4.5) of FAA’s EDMS is the F AA’s required model and the EPA’s preferred guideline model for performing analys es of airport-related emissions [FAA, 1998, EPA, 2005] 4

. The sources of emissions included in the analyses were aircraft, aircraft APU and GSE. To avoid double-counting, emissions from airport-relate d motor vehicles were not included as they

4 The EPA identifies certain computer models as preferred to promote consistency in model selection and application. When a single model is found to perform better than others, it is recommended for application as a preferred model. If no one model is found to clearly perform better through the evaluation exercise, then the preferred model is selected on the basis of other factors such as past use, public familiarity, cost or resource requirements, and availability.8
Air Pollutant Emission Inventories Rhode Island Airport Corporation are part of the surface traffic traveling on th e regional and local road way networks, which are addressed separately in the SIP. Similarly, stationary sources of emissions (e.g., boilers, emergency generators, fuel facilities, etc.) at the airports are not included as they are individually permitted by the RIDEM and also included in the SIP. The results are reported in both units of tons per year (tpy) for all of the pollutants and in tons per summer day (tpsd) e.g., (June through August) for NO x and VOCs. 5 B. Aircraft Fleet Mix and Activity Levels The years 2002, 2009 and 2012 aircraft fleets and corresponding annual operations (by aircraft type) for the six RIAC airports addressed in this assessment are summarized in Table A1 of the Appendix. These data were obtained from RI AC, the Rhode Island Aviation System Plan Update, T.F. Green Airport Master Plan updated for 2012 and 2020, the FAA Terminal Area Forecasts (TAF) and the FBO for the GA airports. The EDMS aircraft engine assignments used in the analysis are also listed in Table A1

. C. Emission Factors Emission factors used in this assessment are considered the most appropriate and up-to-date for this application. These fact ors are discussed in the follo wing section, by emission source. 1. Aircraft Engines
The FAA’s EDMS contains a database of airc raft engine-specific em ission factors based on engine manufacturer, model, and operational mode. The level of aircraft-related emissions is reflective of the time that an aircraft operates in each of four operationa l modes with the entire cycle referred to as a landing/takeoff cycle (LTO ). A LTO cycle consists of the following four operational modes:

• “Taxi/idle” includes the time an aircraft taxis between the runway and a terminal, and all ground-based delay incurred thr ough the aircraft route.

• “Approach” begins when an aircraft desce nds below the atmospheric mixing height and ends when an aircraft touches down on a runway.

• “Takeoff” begins when full power is applied to an aircraft and ends when an aircraft reaches approximately 500 to 1,000 feet. At this altitude, pilots typically power back for a gradual ascent.

• “Climbout” begins when an aircraft powers back from the takeoff mode and ascends above the atmospheric mixing zone height. For this analysis, the ambient temperature is based on the 30-year (e.g., 1971 to 2000) annual mean temperature in Providence, R hode Island of 50.4 degrees Fahrenheit. 6 The atmospheric mixing height of 2,226 feet represents average afternoon conditions and is based on the most recent five years of meteorological data from PVD and Chatham, Massachusetts. The data is published by the National Climatic Data Center [NCDC, 2006].

5 The EPA criteria pollutant lead (Pb) was not included as airports are not considered to be significant sources of this compound.
6 Northeast Regional Climate Center, http://www.nrcc.cornell.edu/

.9
Air Pollutant Emission Inventories Rhode Island Airport Corporation Aircraft operational times for takeoff, climbout and approach are based on the EDMS default operating times. For the five GA airports, the EDMS default taxi/idle and ground delay times were used. In the case of T.F. Green, operational data developed in support of the Draft EIS air quality assessment was used. Taxi/idle and gr ound delay times are further documented in the Appendix. PM emissions were estimated (within EDMS) using a formula that relates aircraft engine-specific smoke numbers to PM. 7 This First Order Approximation developed by the FAA takes into account the formation of secondary PM and assumes th at 100 percent of the PM is PM 2.5 . 8 Turboprop and piston aircraft-related PM em issions were estimated from a turboprop engine emission index provided in the EPA publication AP-42. 9 Military aircraft-related PM emissions are based on U.S. Air Force documentation [USAF, 1999]. 2. Ground Support Equipment
EDMS also contains a database of emission fact ors for GSE which vary depending on the type of equipment (e.g., tow tug, fuel truck, etc.), fuel ty pe (e.g., gasoline, diesel, propane, electric, etc.) and the time of operation (e.g., engine run time). Moreover, the type of GSE used depends on the aircraft type (e.g., turbo-jet, prop., etc. ) and category (e.g., passenger, GA, cargo). For instance, while each passenger air carrier arrival requires baggage tugs and cabin service, general aviation aircraft (privately owned airc raft) do not require these services. For the T.F. Green emissions inventory, the GSE fleet and operational data developed in support of the Draft EIS air quality assessment was used. For the other five RIAC airports, EDMS GSE default data were used. 3. Auxiliary Power Units APUs are small turbine engines used on some ai rcraft (e.g., mostly co mmercial aircraft) to generate electricity and compressed air when the ai rcraft is on the ground. For this analysis and when applicable, the EDMS de fault APU data was assumed. D. Operational Profiles In EDMS, operational profiles represent varying le vels of aircraft activity (or operations) as a fraction of a peak or baseline period (e.g., day, month and year). For this assessment, annual conditions were converted to summer-day cond itions based upon 2002 operational profiles for each airport (see Table A2 of the Appendix).

V. Emission Inventories
The results of the emissions inventories are provided for both annual and summer-day conditions. The former is used to assess the total amounts of EPA crite ria pollutants generated on a yearly basis and th e latter are used to assess the amounts of O 3 precursors generated during the peak season for this pollutant.

7 ICAO Annex 16, Volume 2, Part III, A ppendix 3, July 1993 with Amendments V13 ( www.QinetiQ.com/aviatio n_emissions_databank ) 8 FAA Memorandum, Use of the First Order Approximation to Estimate Aircraft Engine Particulate Matter Emissions in NEPA Documents and Clean Air Act General Conf ormity Analyses, May 24, 2005. 9 Procedures for Emission Inventory Preparation, Volume IV : Mobile Sources. U.S. Environm ental Protection Agency, Office of Mobile Sources, Ann Arbor, MI. 1992.10
Air Pollutant Emission Inventories Rhode Island Airport Corporation A. Annual Conditions The 2002, 2009 and 2012 annual emissi on inventories for the six RIAC airports are presented in Tables 5 through 7 , respectively. The data are listed by airport (e.g., Block Island, Newport, T.F. Green, etc.), pollutant type (e.g., NO x , VOCs, etc.), emission source (e.g., aircraft, GSE/APU) and are summed for each pollutant.
As shown in Table 5 , T.F. Green represents the largest s ource of emissions among all the RIAC airports due to the higher numbe r of aircraft operations at th is facility. Quonset and North Central airports follow in order of decrea sing magnitudes with Block Island, Newport and Westerly airports being the lowest.

As shown in Table 6 , emissions from all RIAC airports ar e expected to increase over 2002 levels (shown in Table 5 ) due to the forecasted increases in operations at these facilities over the analysis timeframe.
Finally, as shown in Table 7 , emissions from all RIAC airports are again expected to increase over 2002 and 2009 levels (shown in Tables 5 and 6 ). As with previous conditions, these increases are due to the forecasted increases in ope rations at these facilities over this timeframe.

B. Summer Day Conditions The emissions inventory for NO x and VOCs, are provided in Table 8 for summer day conditions. The data are listed by airport and for 2002, 2009 and 2020 conditions. The same trends described for the annual emission inventories also apply to the summer day inventories.

VI. Conclusions This report provides emissions i nventories for the six RIAC airports located within the Rhode Island O 3 non-attainment area. The sources of emi ssions included in the analyses consist of aircraft, APUs and GSE. The data are provided for the years 2002, 2009 and 2012. The emission inventories were developed usin g the most appropriate and up-to-date methods, models and materials. These include the la test version of EDMS and individual airport operational data developed by RIAC. This information is provided to RIDEM as a means of accurately incorporating the emissions associated with the RIAC airports as the agency develops the SIP for the O 3 non-attainment area.11
Air Pollutant Emission Inventories Rhode Island Airport Corporation Table 5 Annual Emissions Inventory for RIAC Airports – 2002 Annual Emissions (tons) Airport Source NO x VOC CO SO x PM 10 PM 2.5 Aircraft 1 2 96 <1 1 1 GSE/APU 1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 Block Island

Total 2 3 96 <1 1 1

Aircraft 1 2 84 <1 1 1 GSE/APU 1 <1 2 <1 <1 <1 Newport

Total 2 2 87 <1 1 1

Aircraft 17 19 246 2 7 7 GSE/APU 6 3 75 1 <1 <1 North Central

Total 23 22 321 3 7 7

Aircraft 32 20 71 3 5 5 GSE/APU 10 4 95 1 <1 <1 Quonset

Total 42 24 166 4 6 6

Aircraft 237 52 411 23 6 6 GSE/APU 31 18 470 3 1 1 T.F. Green

Total 268 70 881 26 7 7

Aircraft 2 3 79 <1 1 1 GSE/APU 1 <1 6 <1 <1 <1 Westerly

Total 3 3 86 <1 1 1 Source: KB Environmental Sciences, Inc, 2007. Notes: VOC – Volatile organic compounds NO x – Nitrogen oxides GSE – Ground support equipment CO – Carbon monoxide SO x – Sulfur oxides APU – Auxiliary power units PM 10 – Particulate matter equal to or less than 10 microns PM 2.5 – Particulate matter equal to or less than 10 microns12
Air Pollutant Emission Inventories Rhode Island Airport Corporation Table 6 Annual Emissions Inventory for RIAC Airports – 2009 Annual Emissions (tons) Airport Source NO x VOC CO SO x PM 10 PM 2.5 Aircraft 2 3 118 <1 1 1 GSE/APU 1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 Block Island

Total 2 3 118 <1 2 2

Aircraft 2 3 116 <1 2 2 GSE/APU 1 <1 3 <1 <1 <1 Newport

Total 2 3 119 <1 2 2

Aircraft 29 33 435 4 12 12 GSE/APU 8 5 132 1 <1 <1 North Central

Total 38 38 568 5 12 12

Aircraft 48 19 62 4 4 4 GSE/APU 12 3 71 2 1 1 Quonset

Total 60 22 133 5 5 4

Aircraft 288 61 483 27 7 7 GSE/APU 29 21 551 3 2 2 T.F. Green

Total 317 82 1,034 31 8 8

Aircraft 3 5 120 <1 2 2 GSE/APU 1 <1 9 <1 <1 <1 Westerly

Total 4 5 129 1 2 2 Source: KB Environmental Sciences, Inc, 2007. Notes: VOC – Volatile organic compounds NO x – Nitrogen oxides GSE – Ground support equipment CO – Carbon monoxide SO x – Sulfur oxides APU – Auxiliary power units PM 10 – Particulate matter equal to or less than 10 microns PM 2.5 – Particulate matter equal to or less than 10 microns13
Air Pollutant Emission Inventories Rhode Island Airport Corporation Table 7 Annual Emissions Inventory for RIAC Airports – 2012 Annual Emissions (tons) Airport Source NO x VOC CO SO x PM 10 PM 2.5 Aircraft 2 3 126 <1 2 2 GSE/APU 1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 Block Island

Total 2 3 127 <1 2 2

Aircraft 2 3 125 <1 2 2 GSE/APU 1 <1 3 <1 <1 <1 Newport

Total 2 4 129 <1 2 2

Aircraft 32 35 467 4 13 13 GSE/APU 8 5 142 1 1 <1 North Central

Total 40 41 609 5 13 13

Aircraft 49 20 64 4 4 4 GSE/APU 10 3 75 2 1 1 Quonset

Total 59 23 139 5 5 5

Aircraft 318 66 527 30 7 7 GSE/APU 28 23 599 4 2 2 T.F. Green

Total 346 88 1,126 33 9 9

Aircraft 3 5 128 <1 2 2 GSE/APU 1 <1 10 <1 <1 <1 Westerly

Total 4 5 138 1 2 2 Source: KB Environmental Sciences, Inc, 2007. Notes: VOC – Volatile organic compounds NO x – Nitrogen oxides GSE – Ground support equipment CO – Carbon monoxide SO x – Sulfur oxides APU – Auxiliary power units PM 10 – Particulate matter equal to or less than 10 microns PM 2.5 – Particulate matter equal to or less than 10 microns14
Air Pollutant Emission Inventories Rhode Island Airport Corporation Table 8 Summer Day Emissions Inventory for RIAC Airports – 2002, 2009, and 2012

Source: KB Environmental Sciences, Inc, 2007. Notes: VOC – Volatile organic compounds NO x – Nitrogen oxides GSE – Ground support equipment CO – Carbon monoxide SO x – Sulfur oxides APU – Auxiliary power units PM 10 – Particulate matter equal to or less than 10 microns PM 2.5 – Particulate matter equal to or less than 10 microns Daily Emissions (tons per summer day) 2002 2009 2012 Airport Source NO x VOC NO x VOC NO x VOC Aircraft 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 GSE/APU <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Block Island

Total 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02

Aircraft 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 GSE/APU <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Newport

Total 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02

Aircraft 0.07 0.08 0.12 0.14 0.13 0.15 GSE/APU 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.02 North Central

Total 0.09 0.09 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.17

Aircraft 0.13 0.08 0.20 0.08 0.20 0.08 GSE/APU 0.04 0.02 0.05 0.01 0.04 0.01 Quonset

Total 0.17 0.10 0.25 0.09 0.25 0.10

Aircraft 0.75 0.16 0.91 0.19 1.00 0.21 GSE/APU 0.10 0.06 0.09 0.07 0.09 0.07 T.F. Green

Total 0.85 0.22 1.00 0.26 1.09 0.28

Aircraft 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.02 GSE/APU <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Westerly

Total 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.0215
Air Pollutant Emission Inventories Rhode Island Airport Corporation REFERENCES
Rhode Island Aviation System Plan Update (dated December 2004), T.F. Green Airport Master Plan updated for 2012 and 2020, and the FAA TAF.

FAA, Emissions and Dispersion Modeling System User ’s Manual with Sup plements, September 2004 and EDMS Version 4.5, 2006.

FAA, Derivation of a First Order Approximatio n of Particulate Matter from Aircraft , Roger Wayson, Gregg Fleming, and Julie Draper, July 2004, Proceedings for the Annual Air and Waste Management Conference.

FAA Memorandum, Use of the First Order Approxima tion to Estimate Aircraft Engine Particulate Matter Emissions in NEPA Docu ments and Clean Air Act General Conformity Analyses , May 24, 2005.
FAA, T.F. Green Airport Improvement Program Draft Environmental Impact Statement
, prepared for the Federal Aviation Administ ration and Rhode Island Airport Corporation, prepared by Vanasse Hangen Brust lin, Inc. (under development).

EPA, Procedures for Emission Inventory Preparation , Volume IV: Mobile Sources. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Mobile Sources, Ann Arbor, MI. 1992.

EPA, 40 CFR Chapter 1, Part 51, Appendix W ( Guideline of Air Quality Models ), November 9, 2005.

ICAO Annex 16, Volume 2, Part III, Appe ndix 3, July 1993 with Amendments V13 (www.QinetiQ.com/aviation_emissions_databank)
18068 Federal Register/Volume 63, No. 70, Emissions and Dispersion Modeling System Policy for Airport Air Quality Analysis ; Interim Guidance to FAA Orders 1050.1D and 5050.4A, April 13, 1998.

RIAC, T.F. Green Airport Master Plan Update , December 2002.

RIDEM, One-Hour Ozone Attainment Dem onstration for the Rhode Island Ozone Non-Attainment Area, 2003.
Steven Tibbets, General Manager, Landmark Aviation RI., communications with M. Kenney, KB Environmental Sciences, Inc. 2006.

USAF, Aircraft Engine and Auxiliary Power Unit Emissions Testing; Volume 2, Detailed Sampling Approach and Results. March 1999 (Gerstle, Virag, Wade, Kimm)16
Air Pollutant Emission Inventories Rhode Island Airport Corporation LIST OF PREPARERS

Rhode Island Airport Corporation

Brenda Pope, CHMM, REM , Vice President of Environmental Management Systems

Vanasse Hangen Brustlin, Inc.

Carol Lurie, AICP, LEED AP, Senior Planner

Susan Moberg, PWS, Project Manager

KB Environmental Sciences Inc.

Mike Kenney, CIH, QEP, CHMM, Air Quality Scientist

Carrol Bryant, Air Quality Specialist

Mike Ratte, Air Quality Specialist / Meteorologist