Filed 11/6/23 In re Sean F.H. CA2/7

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION SEVEN

In re SEAN F. II ., a Person Coming Under the Juvenile Court Law. B325 170

LOS ANGELES COUNTY DEPARTMENT OF CHILDREN AND FAMILY SERVICES,

Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.

S EAN F

.,
Defendant and Appellant. (Los Angeles County Super. Ct. No. 2 0CCJP05311E )

APPEAL from an order of the Superior Court of
Los Ang eles Coun ty, Robin R. Kesler

, Ju venile Court Referee

. Affirmed

. David M. Thompson

, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and Appellant

.2 Dawyn R. Harrison , County Counsel, K im Nemoy

, Assistant Count y Counsel

, and Jane Kwon, Principal Deputy County Counsel

, for Plaintiff and Respondent.

____________________________________

INTRODUCTION

A few months a fter sustaining a petition under Welfare and
Institutions Code section 300 and declar ing Sean F. II (Sean) a dependent child of the court, the juvenile court terminated its jurisdiction and issued a custody and visitation order granting Sean’s mother, April Z., sole custody of Sean

. 1 Sean ’s father,
Sean F.

, appeals from the jurisdiction findings

, arguing substantial evidence did not support them. We conclude that Sean F.’s appeal is not moot and that substantial evidence supported the court’s findings Sean F.’s physical abuse of Sean’s
mother and two half

- siblings placed Sea n at substantial risk of serious physical harm

. Therefore, w e affirm.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

Sean’s parents are April and Sean F. April has two other
children

, Lennon , born in 2011, and Zoe, born in 20 10 , whose
father is not Sean F

. 2

1 Undesignated s tatutory references are to the Welfare and Institutions Code.

2 Neither April, Lennon, nor Zoe is a party to this appeal.3 In May 2022

, when Sean was only a few months old

, t he Los Angeles County Department of Children and Family Services filed a petition under section 300 on behalf of the three children

. The Department alleg ed Sean F. and April had “a history of engaging in vio lent physical altercations ,” including an incident
where Sean F. threatened to kill April with a knife and a n incident where Sean F. hit April in her eye with his fist, pushed
her onto a bed

, and “straddled” her. The Department also alleged
Sean F. physically abused Lennon by gra bbing his hair and push ing him into a wall and physically abused Zoe by striking
her face

. In addition, the Department alleged Sean F. was “a current abuser of marijuana” and “used and was under the
influence of marijuana ” in the presence of Lennon and Zoe

. The Department asserted nine counts against Sean F

. on behalf of
Sean : three under section 300, subdivision (a) (one based on engaging in domestic violence with April, one based on abusing
Zoe , and one based on abusing Lennon ) , alleging the re wa s a substantial risk Sean would suffer serious physical harm inflicted
nonaccidentall y ; four under section 300, subdivision (b) ( one based on engaging in domestic violence with April, one based on
abusin g Zoe , one based on abusing Lennon , and one based on

u sing cannabis ) , alleging there was a substantial risk Sean would suffer serious physical harm because Sean F. failed and was unable to supervise , protect
, or provide regular care for Sean ; and

two under section 300, subdivision (j) (one based on abusing Lennon and one based on abusing Zoe ) , alleging there was a
substantial risk Sean F. would also abuse Sea n

. The juvenile court found the allegation s true, s ustained the petition and each count against Sean F.

, declared Sean a dependent child of the court

, and removed Sean from Sean F

. and4

released Sean to April

. Sean F. appeal ed from the jurisdiction findings and disposition order

. A few months after the disposition order, however, the
court terminat ed its jurisdiction and issued an order under
section 36 2. 4 granting April sole legal and physical custody of Sean, with monitored visit s for Sean F. at least once per week. 3
Sean F. appealed from the court’s order terminating its jurisdiction and the custody and visitation order

.

DISCUSSION

A. Sean F. ’s Appeal I s Not Moot “Juvenile dependency appeals raise unique mootness
concerns becau se the parties have multiple opportunities to appeal orders even as the proceedings in the juvenile court proceed.” ( In re N.S. (2016) 245 Cal.App.4th 53, 59.) An appeal

“ becomes moot when events ‘ “ render[ ] it impossible for [a] court,
if it should decide the case in favor of [the appellant] , to grant him any effect[ive] relief. ” ’

. . . [¶]

. . . A reviewing court must

‘“ decide on a case

- by

- case basis whether subsequent events in a juvenile depend ency matter make a case moot and whether [its] decision would affect the outcome in a subsequent proceeding. ”’ ” ( In re D.P. ( 2023 ) 14 Cal.5th 266 , 276; see In re Damian L. ( 2023 )
90 Cal.App.5th 357 , 369.)

3 “ When terminating its jurisdiction over a child who has been declared a dependent child of the court, section 362.4 authorizes the juvenile court to issue a custody and visitation order (commonly referred to as an ‘ exit order ’ ) that will become part of the relevant family law file and remain in effect in the family law action ‘ until modified or terminated by a subsequent order. ’ ” ( In re T.S. ( 2020 ) 52 Cal.App.5th 503 , 513.)5 “ An order terminating juvenile court jurisdictio n generally renders an appeal from an earlier order moot. ” ( In re Rashad D. (2021) 63 Cal.App.5th 156, 164; see In re G.Z. ( 2022 )
85 Cal.App.5th 857 , 874 ; In re C.C. ( 2009 ) 172 Cal.App.4th 1481

, 1488.) However, “ w hen a juvenile court ’ s finding forms the basis for an order that continues to impact a parent ’ s rights

— for instance, by restricting visitation or custody

— that jurisdictional finding remains subject to challenge, even if the juvenile court has terminated its jurisdiction. [Citation.] Because reversal of the jurisdictional finding calls into question the validity of orders based on the finding, review of the jurisdictional finding can grant the parent effective relief. ” ( In re D.P.

, supra , 14 Cal.5th
at p p. 276

- 277 ; see In re J.K. ( 2009 ) 174 Cal.App.4th 142 6, 1431

- 1432 ; In re A.R. ( 2009 ) 170 Cal.App.4th 733 , 740 .)
T he juvenile court ’s jurisdiction findings were the bas e s of
the custody and vis i tation order that gave April sole physical and legal custody of Sean and that requir ed Sean F. ’s visits with Sean
to be monitored

. And because Sean F. appealed from the juvenile
court’s order terminating its jurisdiction and the custody and
visitation order

, we can grant Sean F. effective relief if his appeal from the jurisdiction findings were su ccessful

. ( See In re
Rashad D.

, supra , 63 Cal.App.5th at p. 164 , fn. omitted [“ to the extent an appellant argues

. . . the challenged jurisdiction finding resulted in an adverse juvenile custody order and seeks to have that custody order set aside, in add ition to the appeal from the jurisdiction finding, an appeal from the orders terminating jurisdiction and awarding custody is necessary ”].)6 B. Substantial Evidence Supported the Juvenile Court’s
Jurisdiction Findings Based on Sean F.’s Abuse of April, Lennon, and Zoe

1. Applicable Law and Standard of Review “The purpose of section 300 ‘is to provide maximum safety and protection for children who are currently being physically, sexually, or emotionally abused, being neglected, or being exploited, and t o ensure the safety, protection, and physical and
emotional well

- being of children who are at risk of that harm.’” ( In re Cole L. (2021) 70 Cal.App.5th 591, 601; see § 300.2,
subd. (a) ; In re I.J. (2013) 56 Cal.4th 766 , 773 .) “Although
section 300 require s proof the child is subject to the defined risk of harm at the time of the jurisdiction hearing [citations], the court need not wait until a child is seriously abused or injured to assume jurisdiction and take steps necessary to protect the child. [Citat ions.] The court may consider past events in deciding whether a child presently needs the court ’ s protection.” ( Cole L., at pp. 601

- 602 ; see In re L.B . (2023) 88 Cal.App.5th 402 , 411 .)

“ Section 300, subdivision (a), provides that jurisdiction may
be assu med if the child has suffered, or there is a substantial risk the child will suffer, serious physical harm inflicted nonaccidentally by the child ’ s parent or guardian. ” ( In re Cole L.

, supra , 70 Cal.App.5th at p. 601 ; see § 300, subd. (a) .)

“ ‘ Nonaccidental ’ generally means a parent or guardian ‘ acted intentionally or willfully. ’ ” ( Cole L. , at p. 601; see In re R.T. (2017) 3 Cal.5th 622, 629.) Section 300, subdivision (b), authorizes the juvenile court to assert jurisdiction where “ the ‘ child has suffered, or there is a substantial risk that the child will suffer, serious physical harm7

or illness, as a result of t he failure or inability of the child’s parent or guardian to adequately supervise or protect the child

. ’ ” (See In re S.F

. (2023) 9 1 Cal.App.5th 696 , 712.) “ A jurisdiction finding under section 300, subdivision (b)(1), requires the Department to prove three elements: (1) the parent’s or guardian ’ s neglectful conduct or failure or inability to protect the child; (2) causation; and (3) serious physical harm or illness or a substantial risk of serious physical harm or illness.” ( In re
Cole L.

, supra , 70 Cal.App.5th at p. 601 ; see S.F

. , at p. 713.)

“‘ “ ‘ In reviewing a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the jurisdictional findings

. . . , we determine if substantial evidence, contradicted or uncontradicted, supports
them. “ In making this determination, we draw all reasonable
inference s from the evidence to support the findings and orders of the dependency court; we review the record in the light most
favorable to the court ’ s determinations; and we note that issues of fact and credibility are the province of the trial court. ” [Citation. ] “ We do not reweigh the evidence or exercise independent judgment, but merely determine if there are sufficient facts to support the findings of the trial court. ” ’” [Citations.] However, “[s]ubstantial evidence is not synonymous with any evidence. [Cit ation.] To be substantial, the evidence must be of ponderable legal significance and must be reasonable in nature, credible, and of solid value.” ’ ” ( In re S.F.

, supra , 91 Cal.App.5th at p. 713; see In re Cole L

., supra , 70 Cal.App.5th at p. 602.)8 2

. Substantial Evidence Support ed the
Jurisdiction Finding s Sean F. contends s ubstantial evidence did not support the jurisdiction findings under section 300, subdivisions (a), (b), and (j). But it did

, at a minimum for the findings under
subdivisions (a) an d (b) , and substantial evidence need only support one valid ground of jurisdiction. ( In re D.P.

, supra , 14 Cal.5th at p. 283.)
The evidence was that Sean F. abused April on multiple
occasions and abused or physically harmed Lennon and Zoe . I n November 2020 April called law enforcement a n d reported that
Sean F. had “threatened to kill her” with a knife. In March 2022 law enforcement officers responded to a report of domestic
violence involving Sean F. and April

. April told a respondi n g officer that Sean F. yelled at her

, called her a “fucking bitch” for “taking too long” in th e bath room , and pu nched her in the face with a closed fist. When April tried to get awa y , Sean F. pushed
her onto a bed and got on top of her. T he responding officer
observed that , consistent with April’s statement, April ’s cheek
was swollen and red. Sean was in the home during the incident. April said that th e incident was the first time Sean F. had hit her, but that previously he had pushed and shoved her and thrown objects at her face.
A few weeks later a case social worker interviewed Lennon
and Zoe

— then eight years old and 10 years old

— at t he i r school

. Lennon said that he was “very scared” of Sean F. because Sean F. was a violent person and that Sea n F. had once “grabbed [his] hair and pushed [his] head into [a] wall.” Lennon also said he
had seen Sean F. hit his mom and throw keys at her. Zoe told the9

social worker she was afraid of Sean F. because Sean F. had slapped her on the cheek and would ofte n yell at her and Lennon.
When a Department investigator interviewed Zoe and
Lennon some months later , the children repeated their

statements

. The Department also interviewed Lennon and Zoe’s father, Abraha m Z. , who stated Sean F. had “smashed [Lennon’s]
head into a wall

, ” which caused bruises that would not g o away. Zoe confirmed that Sean F. had “slammed” Lennon into a wall
and that Lennon had “ a bruise or something ” on his forehead. Based on this evidence, the court could reasonably find that
there was a substantial risk Sean F. would inflict serious physical harm non accidentally on Sean ( section 300,
subd ivision (a) ) and th at Sean would suffer serious physical harm
because Sean F. was unable to protect him (section 300, subdivision (b)) . (S ee § 300, subd. (a) [“[f]or purposes of this subdivision, a court may find there is a substantial risk of serious future injury based on

. . . a history of repeated inflictions of injuries on

. . . the child’s siblings

, o r a combination of these and other actions by the parent or guardian that indicate the child is at risk of serious physical harm ”]; In re L.B.

, supra , 88 Cal.App.5th at p. 411 [“[i] t is well settled that physical
violence between a child ’ s parents may support the exercise of jurisdiction under subdivision (b)(1) of section 300 where there is
evidence that the domestic violence has placed the child at risk of physical harm and the violence is ongoing or likely to recur ”];
In re L.O. (2021) 67 Cal.App.5th 227, 23 9 [because “ ‘ “[c] hildren
can be ‘ put in a position of physical danger from [spousal]
violence ,’”’” the “

juvenile court may invoke jurisdiction under section 300, subdivision (b), even if a child has emerged physically unscathed from an instance of domestic violence ”];10

In re Marquis H. (2013) 212 Cal.App.4th 718, 727 [although the parents had not abused the child, their abuse of their grandchildren supported jurisdiction under section 300, subdivision (a)] ; cf. In re D.B. (2018) 26 Cal.App.5th 320, 3 32 [ multiple injuries suffered by an infant’s sibling permitted
reasonable inference the infant was at a s ubstantial risk of serious physical harm because “e ven a single episode of corporal punishment could have devastating consequences to [ the infant’ s] physical health and safety ”]

. ) Sean F. had been violent with each
member of the family and had seriously injured April and
Lennon

. The court could reasonabl y find it was only a matter of
time before Sean suffered the same fate . (See In re Mariah T. (2008) 159 Cal.App.4th 428, 439 [“a reasonable trier of fact was
free to

. . . conclude that without intervention, the severity of punishment could escalate even furthe r”] .) Moreover, Sean F. refused to take responsibility for his
actions. ( See In re D.B. (2020) 48 Cal.App.5th 613, 622 [“ ‘[o]ne cannot correct a problem one fails to acknowledge’”]; In re
A.F. (2016) 3 Cal.App.5th 283, 293 [“‘[d]enial is a factor often relevant to determining whether persons are likely to modify their behavior in the future without court supervision’”] .) Sean F. repeatedly told social workers and investigators from the Department that he had n ever abus ed anyone in the famil y

. Indeed, a t the combined jurisdiction and disposition hearing,
Sean F. testifie d: “I have never laid a hand on any of these
children or the mother.” Sean F. ’s denial he ever injured April or her children only increased the risk he would at some point injure
Sea n

. (See In re V.L. (2020) 54 Cal.App.5th 147, 156 [“ A parent ’ s denial of domestic violence increases the risk of it recurring. ”].)11 Sean F. argues “a single incident of re cent domestic
violence” that does “not harm the children” cannot support a jurisdiction finding under section 300 where there is no risk of ongoing harm

. He further argues he had been out of April’s home for “months” by the time of the jurisdiction hearing. Sean F. ’s
statement of th e law is generally correct (see In re M.W. (2015)
238 Cal.App.4th 1444, 1453 [“ domestic violence between a child ’ s parents may support the exercise of jurisdiction only if there is evidence that the violence harmed the children or placed them at
risk of ha rm, and ‘ the violence is ongoing or likely to continue ’” ] ),
but his application of the law to the facts of this case is not

. There was more than one incident of domestic violence between
him and April. While April told law enforcement officers that the
March 2022 incident was the first time Sean F. had hit her, she
also state d that he had previously shoved her and thrown things
at her

. In addition, she had called law enforcement within the previous year to report Sean F. had threatened to kill her w ith a
knife. 4 (See In re T.V. (2013) 217 Cal.App.4th 126, 134 [ parents’ “lengthy history of domestic violence” placed the child at a

4 Sean F. asserts , without citing any authority, his threat to kill April with a knife “certainly” does not constitute domestic violence. The law is to the contrary

. ( See Vinson v. Kinsey (2023) 93 Cal.App.5th 1166 , 1170
, 117 8

- 1179 [ father’s threat he would beat the mother’s face in and kill her was domestic violence under Dom estic Violence Prevention Act ]; People v. Caceres ( 2019 ) 39 Cal.App.5th 917

, 920 [ defendant who threatened to use a knife to “chop” up his daughter’s mother committed domestic violence for purposes of Domestic Violence Prevention Act ] ; see also Fam. Code, § 62 03, subd. (a) (3) [for purposes of the A ct, “abuse” includes “p lac [ing] a person in reasonable apprehension of imminent serious bodily i njur y ”]. )12

substantial risk of physical harm].) And April was not the only person Sean F. had abused in the household

. He physical ly
assaulted Lennon and he hit Zoe, which evidenced a propensity for violence against family members. ( S ee In re M.W.

, supra , 238 Cal.App.4th at p. 1454 [“past abuse o r violent behavior may predict future abuse”] ; see also In re Cole L.

, supra , 70 Cal.App.5th at p. 602 [“A parent ’ s ‘ “ [p]ast conduct may be probative of current conditions ” if there is reason to believe that
the conduct will continue. ’ ” ].)
Sean F. also asserts substantial evidence did not support the findings he abused or harmed L ennon and Zoe because
neither child described the “details” o f the abuse and their injuries

. The record does not support that assertion

. Lennon told
a social worker that Sean F. rammed his head into a wall causing
him to bleed

, and Abraham and Zoe confirmed Lennon had a
bruise on his forehead. (See In re David H. (2008)
165 Cal.App.4th 1626, 1644 [serious physical harm includes

“ bruises, red marks, welts, and broken skin ”].) The incident was

so traumatic for Lennon that he said he never wanted to see Sean F. again. Zoe similarly reported that Sean F. hit her in the
face. While Zoe’s injury was perhaps not as serious as the head injury Sean F. inflicted on Lennon, the incident was yet another example of Sean F.’s long history of vi olen t conduct toward his family , for which he refused to take accountability . T he juvenile
court could reasonably conclude Sean was a t a substantial risk of
serious future injury under both subdivisions (a) and (b) of
section 300. (See § 300, subd. (a) [“a court may find there i s a substantial risk of serious future injury based on the manner in which a less serious injury was inflicted, a history of repeated inflictions of injuries on

. . . the child’s siblings, and a13

combination o f these and other actions”] ; In re Mariah T.

, supra , 159 Cal.App.4th at p p. 438

- 439 [ substantial evidence supported jurisdiction finding s under section 300, subdivision (b)

, where
mother repeatedly us ed corporal punishment on children and

“ den[ ied ] and min imize[ d] what she had done” .) 5

DISPOSITION

The juvenile court’s jurisdiction find ing is affirmed

.

SEGAL, J.

We concur:

PERLUSS, P. J. MARTINEZ , J.

5 Because we affirm the jurisdiction findings under subdivisions (a) and (b) based on domestic violence between Sean F. and April and on Sean F. ’s abuse of Lennon and Zoe , we need not consider whether substantial evidence supported the jurisdiction finding s based on Sean F. ’s use of cannabis or the jurisdiction findings under subdivision (j)

. (See In re D.P.

, supra , 14 Cal.5th at p. 293 ; In re I.J.

, supra , 56 Cal.4th at p. 773 ; In re J.N. ( 2021 ) 62 Cal.App.5th 767 , 774 .)