Importation of Unshu Orange Fruit, Citrus reticulata Blanco var. 

unshu Swingle, from Korea into the Continental United States 

A Qualitative, Pathway-Initiated Risk Analysis

December 23, 2009

Rev. 003

Agency Contact:

Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory

Center for Plant Health Science and Technology

United States Department of Agriculture

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Plant Protection and Quarantine

1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300

Raleigh, NC 27606
Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Oranges from Korea

Rev. 003 December 23, 2009 ii

Executive Summary

This risk assessment was initially prepared by the staff at the United States Department of Agriculture 

(USDA), Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ), 

Center for Plant Health Science and Technology (CPHST), Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis 

laboratory (PERAL) for Cheju Island of the Republic of Korea for the importation of Unshu orange, 

Citrus reticulata Blanco var. unshu Swingle, into Alaska in 2006. Here, we examined the risks associated 

with the importation of fresh Unshu orange fruit from Cheju Island of the Republic of Korea into the 

continental United States. This update incorporates important new research, experience, and other 

evidence. We analyzed pests using the methodology described in our pest risk assessments guidelines, 

examining pest biology related to the Likelihood and Consequences of Introduction.

We identified Elsinoë australis and Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri as quarantine pests likely to 

follow the pathway. These pests pose a phytosanitary risk to U.S. agriculture. We gave both a 

Pest Risk Potential of Medium.

Specific phytosanitary measures may be necessary for pests rated Medium, as port-of-entry inspection 

might not provide phytosanitary security. We provided risk mitigation options for the quarantine pests of 

concern. Although APHIS has already approved several quarantine treatments for this pest on other 

commodities, no single approved treatment for these pests exist for Unshu orange from Korea. 
Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Oranges from Korea

Rev. 003 December 23, 2009 iii

Table of Contents

Executive Summary...................................................................................................................... ii

1. Introduction............................................................................................................................... 1

1.1. Background......................................................................................................................1

1.2. Standard Post-Harvest Processing Measures...................................................................1

2. Risk Assessment ........................................................................................................................ 2

2.1. Initiating Event: Proposed Action....................................................................................2

2.2. Assessment of Weediness Potential.................................................................................2

2.3. Decision History, Previous Risk Assessments, Current Status and Pest Interceptions...2

2.4. Pest Categorization: Identification of Quarantine Pests and Quarantine Pests Likely to 

Follow the Pathway........................................................................................................5

2.5. Quarantine Pests Likely to Follow the Pathway............................................................33

2.6. Consequences of Introduction........................................................................................35

2.7. Likelihood of Introduction.............................................................................................39

2.8. Pest Risk Potential / Conclusion....................................................................................44

3. Risk Management Options..................................................................................................... 44

3.1. Measures for Pest Risk Reduction .................................................................................44

3.2. Phytosanitary Options....................................................................................................45

4. Contributors & Reviewers..................................................................................................... 47

5. References................................................................................................................................ 48

6. Appendices............................................................................................................................... 57

Appendix A. Pests Intercepted on Citrus spp. and C. reticulata from Korea.......................57
Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Oranges from Korea

Rev. 003 December 23, 2009 1

1. Introduction

1.1. Background

We examined the risks associated with the importation of Unshu orange, Citrus reticulata Blanco var. 

unshu Swingle, from Cheju Island of the Republic of Korea into the entire continental United States. We 

updated a risk assessment prepared in 2006 by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), 

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), Plant Protection and Quarantine Program (PPQ), 

Center for Plant Health Science and Technology (CPHST), Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis 

Laboratory (PERAL) for the importation of Korea Unshu orange into Alaska (PERAL, 2006). We used 

the previous assessment as a baseline for pest listing and incorporated new evidence gained over the past 

two years. The pest list has been substantially updated. In this analysis, we express risk ratings as High, 

Medium, and Low, rather than in numerical terms, such as probabilities or frequencies. The details of the 

methodology and rating criteria can be found in Guidelines for Pathway-Initiated Pest Risk Assessments, 

Version 5.02 (PPQ, 2000). 

International plant protection organizations such as the North American Plant Protection Organization 

(NAPPO) and the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) provide standards for conducting pest 

risk analyses. The methods used to initiate, conduct, and report this assessment, as well as the use of 

biological and phytosanitary terms, are based on these standards (IPPC, 2007). The IPPC standards 

describe three stages of pest risk analysis: Stage 1, Initiation; Stage 2, Risk Assessment; and Stage 3, Risk 

Management. This document satisfies the requirements of Stages 1 and 2, and provides mitigation options 

for Stage 3.

1.2. Standard Post-Harvest Processing Measures

The current regulations governing Korean Unshu oranges contain two parts that describe specific 

practices designed to remove pests from the pathway (7 CFR § 319.28, 2008). Currently, Unshu oranges 

are produced on Cheju Island of the Republic of Korea; we did not assess the pest risk posed by Unshu 

oranges produced elsewhere in Korea.

First, the protocol requires culling diseased or damaged fruit, and cleaning fruit with ―high-pressure air or 

water spray in combination with brushing.‖

Second, mandatory inspection is directed at the armored scale, Unaspis yanonensis, and the pathogen 

Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri, citrus canker. Each shipment must be accompanied by a phytosanitary 

certificate stating that ―These oranges were inspected and are considered to be free from citrus canker 

(Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri) and arrowhead scale (Unaspis yanonensis).‖

In addition, Korea has indicated (NPQS, 2008) that in the packinghouse, fruit will be washed in detergent, 

and in disinfectant with one of the following: 200 ppm chlorine (Cl) (2 minutes), sodium 

orthophenylphenate (SOPP) (1 minute), or 85ppm peroxy acid (1 minute). Finally, the fruit is dried and 

waxed.
Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Oranges from Korea

Rev. 003 December 23, 2009 2

2. Risk Assessment 

2.1. Initiating Event: Proposed Action

In this commodity-based, pathway-initiated risk assessment we evaluate the pest risks associated 

with the commercial importation of fresh Unshu orange fruit from Cheju Island of the Republic 

of Korea into the continental United States. In 1994, PPQ assessed the risks posed by the 

proposed importation of fresh Unshu orange fruit from the Cheju Island production area of the 

Republic of Korea. After that review, the USDA approved the entry of fruit that met the 

requirements of 7 CFR § 319.28 (2009). Commercial shipments began in 1995. The U.S. market 

for Unshu oranges is small (around $1-2 million annually). 

During the Korean Unshu orange pre-clearance inspections of November 2002, APHIS 

Preclearance Officers intercepted Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri Vauterin et al. [or 

Xanthomonas campestris pv. citri Dye, now Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri], the causal organism 

of citrus canker, several times at various packinghouses in Korea. Each interception came from 

fruit that originated from different approved export groves. Due to these interceptions, 

monitoring activities were increased at the U.S. ports-of-entry. This increased monitoring 

resulted in the detection of two additional groves infected with citrus canker.

In an effort to take the least trade restrictive action, a statistically based sampling regime was 

implemented at the U.S. ports-of-entry as an emergency measure. When this measure was 

implemented, it was believed that the X. citri subsp. citri detections represented an isolated 

problem. Since the implementation of this inspection regime, infected fruit from at least two 

additional groves were intercepted. The national plant protection organization (NPPO) of Korea 

conducted investigations and concluded that some groves may have applied pest control 

treatments for citrus canker too late in the season. The NPPO also acknowledged that some 

packinghouses commingled fruit for export with fruit from non-approved groves. It became 

apparent that serious problems existed in the management of this program. Effective December 

10, 2002, APHIS suspended the import of Unshu oranges from Korea. 

2.2. Assessment of Weediness Potential 

Below we examine the potential of Unshu orange to become a weed after entering the United 

States (Table 1). If the assessment indicates significant weed potential, then a ―pest initiated‖ risk 

assessment is considered. The weediness screening for Unshu orange did not prompt a pestinitiated risk assessment.

2.3. Decision History, Previous Risk Assessments, Current Status and Pest Interceptions

2.3.1. Decision History

Several countries have requested exports of Citrus aurantium L. (sour orange), C. aurantifolia 

Swingle (key lime), C. limetta Risso (bitter orange), and C. limon L. Burm (lemons) to the 

United States (Table 2; CPHST, 2009). Prior to 1932, six countries—Bermuda, Chile, French 

Guyana, Italy, Liberia, and Turkey —were approved. Since then, requests for exportation of 

these Citrus species have been denied shipment for various reasons. In 1995, the United States 
Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Oranges from Korea

Rev. 003 December 23, 2009 3

accepted Unshu oranges from Japan into all states except Arizona, California, Florida, Louisiana, 

and Texas.

In 1994, the USDA approved entry of Korean Unshu oranges produced only in Cheju island to 

any state in the United States. This was revoked in 2002 due to interceptions of citrus canker. In 

2007, Korea Unshu oranges were again allowed in, but only to Alaska.

Table 1. The weediness potential of Citrus reticulata.

Plant Species: Citrus reticulata Blanco var. unshu Swingle (Rutaceae)

Synonyms: Citrus nobilis Swingle (USDA-ARS, 2009)

Common names: Mandarin, tangerine, mikan, pokan

Phase 1: Distribution in the United States

It has been introduced into Hawaii, where it is in limited production. (NRCS, 2007). It is grown 

in Arizona, California, and Florida (NASS, 2007; NRCS, 2007).

Phase 2: Is the genus or species or subspecies or variety listed as a weed in: 

No Geographical Atlas of World Weeds (Holm et al., 1979) or World Weeds: Natural Histories 

and Distribution (Holm et al., 1997)

No World‘s Worst Weeds (Holm et al., 1977) 

No Report of the Technical Committee to Evaluate Noxious Weeds, Exotic Weeds for Federal 

Noxious Weed Act (Gunn and Ritchie, 1982).

No Economically Important Foreign Weeds (Reed, 1977)

No Weed Science Society of America‘s Weed list (WSSA, 2007)

Yes Is there any reference in the scientific literature indicating potential weediness (e.g., 

AGRICOLA, CAB, Biological Abstracts, AGRIS; Internet search")? Randall (2002) listed the 

species with the following status: C. reticulata: weed, naturalized, garden escape, cultivation 

escape, casual alien (Randall, 2002; NRCS, 2007).

Phase 3: Conclusion: Various species of Citrus, including C. sinensis, C. x paradisi, C. limon, and C. 

reticulata, are grown throughout the United States. Citrus reticulata Blanco is prevalent in the 

United States and there is no indication of weediness; therefore, the pathway risk assessment 

proceeds.

Table 2. Prior decisions made by the United States about requests to import Citrus spp. 

Year Country Citrus spp. Decision Reason/Conditions

1932 Curacoa C. aurantium Denied No acceptable treatment available

1949 Turkey C. limon Approved North Atlantic/not in citrus-growing states

1951 Liberia C. aurantifolia Approved

1961 Japan C. aurantifolia Denied No acceptable treatment available

1961 Japan Citrus limon Denied No acceptable treatment available

1962 Chile C. aurantifolia Denied No acceptable treatment available

1962 Chile Citrus limon Denied No acceptable treatment available

1971 Ceylon C. aurantifolia Denied No acceptable treatment available

1971 Chile C. limon Denied No acceptable treatment available

1971 Australia C. limon Denied No treatment available

1977 Niue Island C. aurantifolia Denied Exotic fruit flies attacking limes

1977 Bermuda C. limon Approved Inspection and treatment if warranted
Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Oranges from Korea

Rev. 003 December 23, 2009 4

Year Country Citrus spp. Decision Reason/Conditions

1982 Chile C. limon Approved Inspection and fumigation [T101 (a)]

1984 Turkey C. limon Approved Inspection and treatment if warranted

1988 Solomon Island C. aurantifolia Denied No acceptable treatment available

1988 Jordan C. aurantifolia Denied No acceptable treatment available

1988 Jordan C. limon Denied No treatment available

1988 Mexico C. limettioides Denied No acceptable treatment

1988 Jordan C. limettioides Denied No acceptable treatment

1989 Bermuda C. aurantifolia Approved Inspection and treatment

1989 Bermuda C. aurantium Approved All ports

1989 Bermuda C. limon Approved Inspection and treatment if warranted

1990 Cook Island C. aurantifolia Denied No acceptable treatment for Dacus melanotus

1990 Sierra Leone C. aurantium Denied No approved treatment 

1991 Mexico C. aurantifolia Approved Subject to inspection

1992 Chile C. aurantifolia Approved Subject to treatment T101 (a) at 50°C

1994 French Guyana C. aurantifolia Denied PPQ lacks approved treatment for Bactrocera 

tryoni

Italy C. aurantium Approved All ports

French Guyana C. limon Approved

1994 Korea C. reticulata Approved All ports

1995 Japan C. reticulata Approved Enterable into all states except Arizona, 

California, Florida, Louisiana, and Texas

2001 Argentina C. limon Approved Enterable into all states except Arizona, 

California, Florida, Louisiana, and Texas

2007 Korea C. reticulata Approved Alaska

2008 Japan C. reticulata Approved Enterable into all states except Arizona, 

California, Florida, Louisiana, and Texas

2.3.2. Previous Risk Assessments 

In 1994, the USDA approved entry of Unshu oranges—Citrus reticulata Blanco var. unshu, 

Swingle—also known as Satsuma mandarin, grown in the Republic of Korea. They were subject 

to the safeguards outlined in 7 CFR §319.28(b), and could enter any area of the United States 

except Arizona, California, Florida, Louisiana, Texas, American Samoa, Puerto Rico, Northern 

Mariana Islands, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. The 1994 assessment stated, ―Permit entry of clean 

fruit subject to preclearance inspection and the safeguards [specified in an operational work 

plan].‖ Subsequent site visits by PPQ officials did not detect G. citricarpa on Cheju Island. 

In 1995, USDA also approved entry of Unshu oranges from Japan into all States in the continental United 

States except Arizona, California, Florida, Louisiana, and Texas (these States are hereby defined as the 

citrus-producing States) (PPQ, 1995) (Fig. 1). The quarantine pests that could follow the unshu fruit 

pathway were Bactrocera tsuneonis Miyake, Candidatus ―Liberobacter asiaticum,‖ Diaphorina citri 

Kuway, Eotetranychus kankitus Ehara, Eotetranychus asiaticus Ebara, Parlatoria cinerea Hadden, 

Planococcus lilacinus (Cockerell), P. kraunhiae Kuwana, Pseudococcus cryptus Hempl., Tetranychus 

kanzawai Kishida, Toxoptera citricida Kirkaldy, Unaspis yanonensis Kuwana, and Xanthomonas citri

subsp. citri. 
Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Oranges from Korea

Rev. 003 December 23, 2009 5

The mitigation options recommended in the 1995 risk assessment for unshu oranges were: 

1. Presented a work plan with mandatory treatments (methyl bromide) for microarthropods and with 

options for Bactrocera tsueonis which include: 

a) mandatory treatment (methyl bromide), 

b) fruit fly free zone (by definition 319.562(f)), and 

c) systems approach. 

2. Biometric sampling. 

3. Full preclearance at origin. 

4. Optional treatments such as oil soapy water dips. 

5. Port-of-entry inspection.

Figure 1. Citrus production in the continental United States [Source: NAPPFAST generated plant 

hardiness zone using climate data from 1997-2006].

2.3.3. Current Status and Pest Interceptions 

Pest interceptions on citrus (Citrus spp., C. reticulata, C. unshu, and C. sinensis) from the Republic of 

Korea from January 1985 to May 2009 are listed in Appendix A. During this time, inspectors intercepted 

quarantine pests 6,729 times on Citrus spp. from Korea (PestID, 2009). These include 682 interceptions 

of citrus canker (Xanthomonas citri subsp. Citri); 389 interceptions of Guignardia citricarpa Kiely 

(Loculoascomycetes: Dothideales); 815 interceptions of Parlatoria ziziphi Lucas (Hemiptera: 

Pseudococcidae); and 2,126 interceptions of Unaspis yanonensis Kuwana (Homoptera: Diaspididae) 

(PestID, 2009).

2.4. Pest Categorization: Identification of Quarantine Pests and Quarantine Pests Likely to 

Follow the Pathway

Below we list the pests associated with Citrus spp. (in any country) that occur in Korea on any host 

(Table 3). We identify 1) the pest‘s scientific name, 2) the presence of pests in Korea and in the United 

States, 3) the reference(s) that report the pest on the host, 4) the quarantine status of the pest in the United 

States, 5) the generally affected plant part or parts, and 6) if the pest is likely to follow the pathway. Each 

pest report has the pertinent citation for the distribution, record on the host, and plant part association. 

Scientific names in bold text are currently accepted.
Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Oranges from Korea

Rev. 003 December 23, 2009 6

Many organisms are phytosanitary risks but they do not satisfy the definition of a quarantine pest. A 

quarantine pest is defined as ―a pest of potential economic importance to the area endangered thereby and 

not yet present there, or present but not widely distributed and being officially controlled‖ (IPPC, 2007). 

When ―Yes‖ appears in brackets in the Quarantine Pest column, it, indicates that the pest has a limited 

distribution in the United States.

Even if non-quarantine pests are able to follow the pathway, phytosanitary measures against these pests 

would not be justified considering the pest already occurs in the continental United States. Therefore, 

information on plant part association and whether the pest is likely to follow the pathway is not needed 

for non-quarantine pests. For non-quarantine pests in Table 3, we put N/A (Not Applicable) in the 

columns for ―Plant part(s) affected‖ and ―Follow pathway.‖ 

Pest risk analyses must focus on organisms for which biological information is available. Lack of specific 

information or identification to the specific level does not indicate that a pest is not a phytosanitary risk to 

U.S. agriculture. It may reflect the poor quality of the specimen or the limits of current taxonomic 

identification. If pests identified to higher taxa are intercepted in the future, APHIS may take action at the 

port-of-entry and we may reevaluate their risk.

Table 3. Pests reported on Citrus reticulata (Unshu orange) in any country and present in Korea on any host. 

Pests highlighted in gray were selected for further analysis.

Pest Scientific Name Distribution1 Reported on 

Unshu 

Quarantine pest2Plant part(s) 

affected3

Follow 

pathway2

ARTHROPODA

Acari: Eriophyidae

Aculops pelekassi (Keifer) KR (CABI, 2007), 

US (Villanueva 

and Childers, 

2007)

CABI, 2007; Lee 

et al., 1992

No N/A N/A

Acari: Tarsonemidae

Polyphagotarsonemus 

latus Banks

KR, US (CABI, 

2007)

CABI, 2007; No N/A N/A

Tarsonemus sp. KR (PestID, 2009) PestID, 2009 Yes F (PestID, 2009) Yes

Acari: Tenuipalpidae

Brevipalpus obovatus

Donnadieu

KR (Anonymous, 

1986b), US 

(CABI, 2007)

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Acari: Tetranychidae

Bryobia praetiosa Koch KR, US (Migeon 

and Dorkeld, 

2009)

Migeon and 

Dorkeld, 2009

No N/A N/A

 

1 KR = Korea, US = United States, AL = Alabama, CA = California, FL = Florida, HI = Hawaii, IA = Iowa, LA = Louisiana, 

MS = Mississippi, TX = Texas, WA = Washington. Individual U.S. states are listed only if the pest species is considered a 

quarantine pest for the United States.

2

For non-quarantine pests, we used N/A (Not Applicable) in the columns for ―Plant part(s) affected‖ and ―Follow pathway.‖ 

3

Plant Parts:, F = Fruit, I = Inflorescence/Flower, L = Leaf or foliage, R = Root, Sd = Seed; S = Shoot or Stem, , Tr = Trunk, 

and WP = Whole plant.
Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Oranges from Korea

Rev. 003 December 23, 2009 7

Pest Scientific Name Distribution1 Reported on 

Unshu 

Quarantine pest2Plant part(s) 

affected3

Follow 

pathway2

Bryobia rubrioculus 

Scheuten

KR, US (Migeon 

and Dorkeld, 

2009)

Migeon and 

Dorkeld, 2009

No N/A N/A

Eotetranychus 

sexmaculatus (Riley)

KR (Migeon and 

Dorkeld, 2009), 

US (CABI, 2007)

CABI, 2007; 

Migeon and 

Dorkeld, 2009

No N/A N/A

Panonychus citri

McGregor

KR, US (CABI, 

2007; Migeon and 

Dorkeld, 2009)

CABI, 2007; 

Migeon and 

Dorkeld, 2009

No N/A N/A

Panonychus elongatus

Manson

KR (Migeon and 

Dorkeld, 2009)

Migeon and 

Dorkeld, 2009

Yes F, L, S (CABI, 

2007)4

No5

Panonychus ulmi (Koch) KR, US (CABI, 

2007; Migeon and 

Dorkeld, 2009)

CABI, 2007; 

Migeon and 

Dorkeld, 2009

No N/A N/A

Petrobia harti Ewing KR, US (Migeon 

and Dorkeld, 

2009)

Migeon and 

Dorkeld, 2009

No N/A N/A

Petrobia latens Müller KR, US (Migeon 

and Dorkeld, 

2009)

Migeon and 

Dorkeld, 2009

No N/A N/A

Tetranychus kanzawai 

Kishida (Syn: T. 

hydrangea)

KR, US (Migeon 

and Dorkeld, 

2009)

Migeon and 

Dorkeld, 2009; 

No N/A N/A

Tetranychus urticae

(Koch) (Syn: 

T.cinnabarinus)

KR, US (CABI, 

2007)

CABI, 2007; Lee 

et al., 1992

No N/A N/A

Coleoptera: Anthribidae

Araecerus fasciculatus

DeGeer (Syn: A. 

coffeae)

KR, US (CABI, 

2007)

CABI, 2007; No N/A N/A

Coleoptera: Buprestidae

Chalcophora japonica

(Gory)

KR (Anonymous, 

1994; Lee et al., 

1992)

Lee et al., 1992 Yes S/Tr (Hill, 2002) No

Chrysochroa fulgidissima

Schonherr

KR (Anonymous, 

1990)

Anonymous, 1990 Yes S/Tr (Hill, 2002) No

Coleoptera: Cantharidae

Athemus suturellus

Motschulsky

KR (Anonymous, 

1990)

Anonymous, 1990 Yes I (Gillott, 1995) No

 

4 Panonychus elongatus is commonly misidentified as P. citri (Manson, 1968). We found limited information on plant part 

association for P. elongatus. We assume that P. elongatus will affect hosts similarly to P. citri.

5 Panonychus elongatus is an external feeder that is likely to be removed from the commodity during standard post-harvest 

procedures and washing of the fruit. Panonychus sp. has been intercepted only one time on permitted fruit from Mexico 

(1987) (PestID, 2009). 
Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Oranges from Korea

Rev. 003 December 23, 2009 8

Pest Scientific Name Distribution1 Reported on 

Unshu 

Quarantine pest2Plant part(s) 

affected3

Follow 

pathway2

Coleoptera: Cerambycidae

Anoplophora chinensis

(Forster) 

KR(CABI, 2007), 

US (eradicated) 

(CABI, 2007)

CABI, 2007 Yes L, R, S (CABI, 

2007)

No

Anoplophora macularia 

(Thomson)

KR (FFTC, 2003) FFTC, 2003 Yes S/Tr (FFTC, 

2003)

No

Anoplophora malasiaca

(Thomson)

KR (EPPO, n.d.-a; 

Lee et al., 1992)

EPPO, n.d.-a; Lee 

et al., 1992

Yes L, S/Tr (EPPO, 

n.d.-a)

No

Apriona germari Hope KR (Anonymous, 

1994)

Anonymous, 1990 Yes S/Tr (Hill, 1987) No

Chlorophorus annularis

(Fabricius)

KR, US (HI) 

(CABI, 2007)

Anonymous, 

1990; CABI, 2007

Yes S (CABI, 2007) No

Mesosa myops (Dalman) KR (Anonymous, 

1994)

Anonymous, 1990 Yes S/Tr (Duffy, 

1960)

No

Pterolophia jugosa

(Bates)

KR (Anonymous, 

1994)

Anonymous, 1990 Yes I, L, S/Tr (Gillott, 

1995)

No

Pterolophia zonata Bates KR (Anonymous, 

1990; 

Anonymous, 

1997)

Anonymous, 1990 Yes I, L, S/Tr (Gillott, 

1995)

No

Trichoferus campestris 

Faldermann

KR (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 Yes R, S CABI, 2007 No

Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae

Aulacophora femoralis

(Motschulsky) (Syn: 

Rhaphidopalpa 

femoralis)

KR (Anonymous, 

1990)

Anonymous, 1990 Yes L (Livia, 2006) No

Aulacophora nigripennis

Motschulsky

KR (Anonymous, 

1994)

Anonymous, 1990 Yes L (Livia, 2006) No

Exosoma flaviventre

(Motschulsky) (Syn: 

Coptocephala 

flaviventre)

KR (Anonymous, 

1990)

Anonymous, 1990 Yes L (Livia, 2006) No

Luperomorpha funesta

Baly

KR (Anonymous, 

2009b)

Umeya and 

Okada, 2003

Yes L (Livia, 2006) No

Physauchenia bifasciata

Jacoby

KR (Anonymous, 

1990

Anonymous, 1990 Yes L (Livia, 2006) No

Coleoptera: Curculionidae

Ornatalcides trifidus

(Pascoe) (Syn: 

Mesalcidodes trifidus)

KR (Anonymous, 

1994)

Anonymous, 1990 Yes L, S (Frye et al., 

2007)

No

Scepticus insularis

Roelofs

KR (Anonymous, 

1990)

Anonymous, 1990 Yes L, R (NPQS, 

1998)

No

Sympiezomias lewisii 

Roelofs

KR (Catling et al., 

1977)

Catling et al., 

1977

Yes L (Remadevi et 

al., 2005)

No
Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Oranges from Korea

Rev. 003 December 23, 2009 9

Pest Scientific Name Distribution1 Reported on 

Unshu 

Quarantine pest2Plant part(s) 

affected3

Follow 

pathway2

Coleoptera: Dermestidae

Anthrenus verbasci

(Linnaeus)

KR (Anonymous, 

1994), US (CABI, 

2007)

Anonymous, 1990 No N/A N/A

Coleoptera: Elateridae

Agrypnus binodulus

Motschulsky (Syn: 

Lacon binodulus)

KR (Anonymous, 

1990)

Anonymous, 1990 Yes R (Jedlicka and 

Frouz, 2007)

No

Cardiophorus vulgaris

Motschulsky

KR (Anonymous, 

1994)

Anonymous, 1990 Yes R (Jedlicka and 

Frouz, 2007)

No

Ectinus sericeus Candèze KR (Anonymous, 

1994)

Anonymous, 1990 Yes R (Jedlicka and 

Frouz, 2007)

No

Melanotus annosus

Candèze

KR (Anonymous, 

1994)

Anonymous, 

1990; 

Anonymous, 1997

Yes R (Jedlicka and 

Frouz, 2007)

No

Melanotus legatus

Candèze

KR (Anonymous, 

1990; Shiraki, 

1952a)

Anonymous, 1990 Yes R (Jedlicka and 

Frouz, 2007)

No

Paracardiophorus 

pullatus (Candeze)

KR (Anonymous, 

1990)

Anonymous, 1990 Yes R (Jedlicka and 

Frouz, 2007)

No

Coleoptera: Nitidulidae

Epuraea domina Reitter KR (NISA-KR, 

2009)

NISA-KR, 2009 Yes I, F (Ewing and 

Cline, 2005)

No6

Epuraea fallax Grouvelle KR (NISA-KR, 

2009)

NISA-KR, 2009 Yes F (Ewing and 

Cline, 2005)

No6

Coleoptera: Oedemeridae

Xanthochroa waterhousei

Harold

KR (Anonymous, 

1994)

Anonymous, 1990 Yes I (Anonymous, 

1990)

No

Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae

Adoretus sinicus

Burmeister (Syn: A. 

tenuimaculatus

Waterhouse)

KR (Anonymous, 

1990, US (HI) 

(CABI, 2007)

Anonymous, 1990 Yes L (Mau and 

Kessing, 1991)

No

Anomala albopilosa Hope KR (Anonymous, 

1994)

Anonymous, 1990 Yes L, R (Muraji et 

al., 2008)

No

Anomala cuprea Hope KR (CABI, 2007) Anonymous, 1990 Yes L, R (Hill, 1987; 

Mitsuhashi, 2003)

No

Anomala daimiana

Harold

KR (Anonymous, 

1994; Lee et al., 

1992)

Lee et al., 1992 Yes L, R (Hill, 1987) No

Anomala rufocuprea

Motschulsky

KR (CABI, 2007; 

Lee et al., 1992)

Lee et al., 1992 Yes L, R (Hill, 1987) No

 

6 Epuraea species are pests of stored products and may attack overripe or rotting fruit (Ewing and Cline, 2005). They are 

unlikely to be associated with harvestable fruit for consumption.
Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Oranges from Korea

Rev. 003 December 23, 2009 10

Pest Scientific Name Distribution1 Reported on 

Unshu 

Quarantine pest2Plant part(s) 

affected3

Follow 

pathway2

Ectinohoplia obducta

Motschulsky

KR (Anonymous, 

1994)

Anonymous, 1990 Yes I, L, R 

(Anonymous, 

1990)

No

Eucetonia pilifera

(Motschulsky) (Syn: 

Cetonia pilifera)

KR (Anonymous, 

1994)

Anonymous, 1990 Yes I, L, R 

(Anonymous, 

1990)

No

Exomala orientalis 

Waterhouse (Syn: 

Anomala orientalis; 

Blitopertha orientalis)

KR, US (CABI, 

2007)

Anonymous, 1990 No N/A N/A

Glycyphana fulvistemma

Motschulsky

KR (Anonymous, 

1990)

Anonymous, 1990 Yes I, L, R (Hill, 

1987)

No

Holotrichia kiotoensis 

Brenske (Syn: H. 

kiotonensis)

KR (Anonymous, 

1994)

Anonymous, 1990 Yes I, L, R 

(Anonymous, 

1990)

No

Maladera orientalis

Motschulsky

KR (CABI, 2007) Anonymous, 1990 Yes I, L, R (Borror et 

al., 1989)

No

Mimela flavilabris

Waterhouse

KR (Anonymous, 

1994)

Anonymous, 1990 Yes F, L, R (Borror et 

al., 1989)

No7

Mimela splendens 

Gyllenhal

KR (NISA-KR, 

2009)

NISA-KR, 2009 Yes F, L, R (Borror et 

al., 1989)

No7

Mimela testaceipes

Motschulsky

KR (Anonymous, 

1994; CABI, 

2007)

Anonymous, 1990 Yes F, L, R (Borror et 

al., 1989)

No7

Miridiva coreana Mijima 

& Kinoshita

KR (Anonymous, 

1986b)

Anonymous, 1990 Yes F, L, R (Borror et 

al., 1989)

No7

Nipponovalgus 

angusticollis

Waterhouse

KR (Anonymous, 

1994)

Anonymous, 1990 Yes I, R (Borror et al., 

1989)

No

Oxycetonia jucunda

Faldermann (Syn: 

Gametis jucunda)

KR (Lee et al., 

1992)

Lee et al., 1992 Yes I, L, R (Umeya 

and Okada, 2003)

No

Poecilophilides rusticola

(Burmeister)

KR (Anonymous, 

1994; Lee et al., 

1992)

Lee et al., 1992 Yes I, R (Borror et al., 

1989)

No

Protaetia brevitarsis

Lewis

KR (Anonymous, 

1986b)

Anonymous, 1990 Yes F, L, R (Gillott, 

1995; Hill, 1987)

No7

Protaetia orientalis Gory 

& Percheron

KR (Anonymous, 

1990; Lee et al., 

1992)

Anonymous, 

1990; Lee et al., 

1992

Yes F, I, L, R 

(Anonymous, 

1990; Lee et al., 

1992; (Wen et al., 

2002)

No7

 

7 Bright-colored adult shining leaf chafers (subfamily Rutelinae) frequently feed on foliage and fruits. Larvae feed on plant 

roots (Borror et al., 1989). Any adults present at harvest are unlikely to remain with the commodity. Furthermore, no 

records of interception of Mimela sp., Miridiva sp., or Protaetia sp. on any kind of permitted fruit for consumption have

been recorded since 1985 (PestID, 2009).
Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Oranges from Korea

Rev. 003 December 23, 2009 11

Pest Scientific Name Distribution1 Reported on 

Unshu 

Quarantine pest2Plant part(s) 

affected3

Follow 

pathway2

Diptera: Cecidomyiidae

Contarinia okadai 

(Miyoshi) (Mispelled: 

Contarnia okadai)

KR (NISA-KR, 

2009)

Kato, 1984; 

NISA-KR, 2009

Yes I, L (Kato, 1984) No

Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae

Aleurocanthus spiniferus

(Quaintance)

KR, US (HI) 

(CABI, 2007)

CABI, 2007; Lee 

et al., 1992

Yes L, S (CABI, 

2007)

No

Bemisia afer Priesner & 

Hosny

KR (Evans, 2008) Evans, 2008 Yes L (Hill, 1987) No

Bemisia tabaci Gennadius KR, US (Evans, 

2008)

Anonymous, 

2009a; Hamon 

and Hodges, 2006

No N/A N/A

Dialeurodes citri

Ashmead

KR (Anonymous, 

1994), US (CABI, 

2007)

CABI, 2007; 

Evans, 2008; Lee 

et al., 1992

No N/A N/A

Trialeurodes 

vaporariorum 

Westwood

KR, US (Evans, 

2008)

Hamon and 

Hodges, 2006

No N/A N/A

Trialeurodes variabilis 

Quaintance

KR, US (Evans, 

2008)

Evans, 2008 No N/A N/A

Hemiptera: Alydidae

Megalotomus costalis Stal KR (Anonymous, 

1990)

Anonymous, 1990 Yes L (NPQS, 1998) No

Hemiptera: Aphididae

Aphis craccivora Koch KR, US (CABI, 

2007)

Anonymous, 

1990; CABI, 2007

No N/A N/A

Aphis gossypii Glover KR, US (CABI, 

2007)

CABI, 2007; 

NPQS, 2000

No N/A N/A

Aphis spiraecola Patch 

(Syn: A. citricola van 

der Goot)

KR, US (CABI, 

2007)

CABI, 2007; Lee 

et al., 1992

No N/A N/A

Aulacorthum magnoliae

Essig and Kuwana (Syn: 

Acyrthosiphon 

magnoliae)

KR (Anonymous, 

1986b)

CABI, 2007 Yes L (Anonymous, 

1986b)

No

Aulacorthum solani

(Kaltenbach)

KR (Lee et al., 

1992), US (Miller 

and Stoetzel, 

1997)

CABI, 2007; Lee 

et al., 1992

No N/A N/A

Macrosiphum euphorbiae

(Thomas)

KR, US (CABI, 

2007)

CABI, 2007; 

NPQS, 2000

No N/A N/A

Macrosiphum ibarae

Matsumura

KR (Lee et al., 

1992)

Lee et al., 1992 Yes L (Hill, 1987) No

Myzus persicae (Sulzer) KR, US (CABI, 

2007)

CABI, 2007; 

NPQS, 2000

No N/A N/A
Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Oranges from Korea

Rev. 003 December 23, 2009 12

Pest Scientific Name Distribution1 Reported on 

Unshu 

Quarantine pest2Plant part(s) 

affected3

Follow 

pathway2

Sarucallis 

kahawaluokalani 

(Kirkaldy) (Syn:

Tinocallis 

kahawaluckalani)

KR (Anonymous, 

1994), US (CABI, 

2007)

Anonymous, 1990 No N/A N/A

Sinomegoura citricola 

(van der Goot)

KR (NISA-KR, 

2009)

NISA-KR, 2009 Yes L, S (Borror et al., 

1989)

No

Tinocallis zelkowae

(Takahashi)

KR (Anonymous, 

1994)

Anonymous, 1990 Yes L (Hill, 1987) No

Toxoptera aurantii (Boyer 

de Fonscolombe)

KR (Anonymous, 

1994), US (CABI, 

2007)

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Toxoptera citricida

Kirkaldy (Syn: T. 

citricidus)

KR (Anonymous, 

1994), US (FL, 

HI, PR) (CABI, 

2007; Michaud, 

1999)

CABI, 2007; 

FFTC, 2003; Lee 

et al., 1992

[Yes] L (CABI, 2007) No

Toxoptera odinae van der 

Goot

KR (Anonymous, 

1994; CABI, 

2007)

Anonymous, 

1990; CABI, 2007

Yes F, I, L, S (CABI, 

2007)

No8

Hemiptera: Cercopidae

Aphrophora intermedia

Uhler

KR (Anonymous, 

1994)

(Anonymous, 

1994)

Yes L, S (Thompson, 

1999)

No

Hemiptera: Cicadidae

Cryptotympana atrata 

Fabricius (Syn: C. 

dubia, C. coreana)

KR (Anonymous, 

1994; Catling et 

al., 1977)

Anonymous, 

1990; Catling et 

al., 1977

Yes R, S (Borror et 

al., 1989)

No

Meimuna mongolica

(Distant)

KR (Anonymous, 

1994; Lee, 2008)

Anonymous, 1990 Yes R, S (Borror et 

al., 1989)

No

Meimuna opalifer 

(Walker) (Syn: M. 

opalifera)

KR (An, 2000; 

Lee, 2008)

An, 2000 Yes R, S (Borror et 

al., 1989)

No

Platypeura kaempferi

(Fabricius)

KR (Anonymous, 

1990, 1997)

(Anonymous, 

1990, 1997)

Yes R, S (Borror et 

al., 1989)

No

Hemiptera: Cicadellidae

Bothrogonia japonica

Ishihara

KR (Anonymous, 

1990)

Anonymous, 1990 Yes L, S (Borror et al., 

1989)

No

Cicadella viridis Linnaeus KR (Anonymous, 

1994; CABI, 

2007)

NPQS, 1998 Yes L, S (Hill, 1987) No

Empoasca arborescens 

Vilbaste

KR (Anonymous, 

1994)

Umeya and 

Okada, 2003

Yes L, S (Borror et al., 

1989)

No

 

8

Toxoptera odinae generally feeds on the undersides of young leaves, petioles, and branches (CABI, 2007), and infestations 

of T. odinae are easily detected. This species is highly unlikely to remain on harvested fruit for consumption. Toxoptera

odinae has only been intercepted one time on Citrus fruit for consumption, and never on permitted cargo (PestID, 2009).
Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Oranges from Korea

Rev. 003 December 23, 2009 13

Pest Scientific Name Distribution1 Reported on 

Unshu 

Quarantine pest2Plant part(s) 

affected3

Follow 

pathway2

Empoasca vitis (Gothe) KR (CABI, 2007) Anonymous, 1990 Yes L (CABI, 2007) No

Epiacanthus stramineus

(Motschulsky) (Syn: 

Epicanthus stramineus)

KR (Anonymous, 

1994)

Anonymous, 1990 Yes L, S (Borror et al., 

1989)

No

Hishimonus sellatus

Uhler

KR (Anonymous, 

1994)

Anonymous, 1990 Yes L, S (Borror et al., 

1989)

No

Kolla atramentaria

(Motschulsky)

KR (Anonymous, 

1994)

Anonymous, 1990 Yes L, S (NPQS, 

1998)

No

Ledra auditura Walker KR (Anonymous, 

1990, 1998a)

Anonymous, 1990 Yes L, S (NPQS, 

1998)

No

Nephotettix cincticeps

(Uhler)

KR (CABI, 2007) Anonymous, 1990 Yes L, S (CABI, 

2007)

No

Recilia dorsalis

(Motschulsky)

KR (Anonymous, 

1994; CABI, 

2007)

Anonymous, 1990 Yes L (CABI, 2007) No

Strongylocephalus 

agrestis (Fallen)

KR (Anonymous, 

1990)

Anonymous, 1990 Yes L (Borror et al., 

1989)

No

Hemiptera: Coccidae

Ceroplastes ceriferus

(Fabricius)

KR (Anonymous, 

1994), US (CABI, 

2007)

CABI, 2007; 

Shiraki, 1952b

No N/A N/A

Ceroplastes floridensis

(Comstock)

KR, US (CABI, 

2007)

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Ceroplastes japonicus

Green

KR (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 Yes F, L, S (CABI, 

2007)

No9

Ceroplastes 

pseudoceriferus Green

KR (CABI, 2007) Anonymous, 1990 Yes F, L, S (CABI, 

2007)

No9

Ceroplastes rubens

Maskell

KR, US (FL, HI, 

TX) (Burke et al., 

1994; CABI, 

2007; von 

Ellenrieder, 2003.)

Anonymous, 

1990; CABI, 2007

[Yes] F, L, S (CABI, 

2007)

No9

Coccus hesperidum

Linnaeus

KR, US (CABI, 

2007)

CABI, 2007; Lee 

et al., 1992

No N/A N/A

Coccus 

pseudomagnoliarum 

(Kuwana)

KR, US (Ben-Dov 

et al., 2009)

Ben-Dov et al., 

2009

No N/A N/A

Eucalymnatus tessellatus

(Signoret)

KR, US (BenDov, 1993)Ben-Dov, 1993 No N/A N/A

 

9 Ceroplastes species are surface feeders that are occasionally associated with fruit, but more frequently feed on leaves or 

stems (CABI, 2007). Those remaining on the fruit after harvest will be removed from the pathway by fruit 

immersion/wash/brush/pressure rinse. No Ceroplastes species have been intercepted on permitted Citrus fruit for 

consumption (PestID, 2009). 
Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Oranges from Korea

Rev. 003 December 23, 2009 14

Pest Scientific Name Distribution1 Reported on 

Unshu 

Quarantine pest2Plant part(s) 

affected3

Follow 

pathway2

Parasaissetia nigra

(Neitner)

KR (Anonymous, 

1994), US (CABI, 

2007)

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Parthenolecanium corni

(Bouché)

KR, US (CABI, 

2007)

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Pulvinaria sp. KR (Catling et al., 

1977)

Catling et al., 

1977

Yes L, S (CABI, 

2007)

No

Saissetia coffeae Walker KR, US (CABI, 

2007)

Anonymous, 

1990; CABI, 2007

No N/A N/A

Takahashia japonica

Cockerell

KR (Anonymous, 

1994)

Anonymous, 

1990, 1998a

Yes S (NPQS, 1998) No

Hemiptera: Coreidae

Anacanthocoris 

striicornis (Scott)

KR (Anonymous, 

1994)

Anonymous, 1994 Yes F, S (NPQS, 

1998)

No10

Leptocorisa chinensis 

Dallas

KR (Anonymous, 

1990)

Anonymous, 1990 Yes L, Sd (CABI, 

2007)

No

Hemiptera: Diaspididae

Aonidiella aurantii

Maskell

KR, US (Watson, 

2005)

Umeya and 

Okada, 2003; 

Watson, 2005

No N/A N/A

Aonidiella citrina Craw KR, US (CABI, 

2007)

Anonymous, 

1990; CABI, 

2007; 

No N/A N/A

Aspidiotus destructor

Signoret

KR, US (CABI, 

2007)

Anonymous, 

1990; CABI, 2007

No N/A N/A

Chrysomphalus aonidum

Linnaeus

KR, US (CABI, 

2007)

CABI, 2007; No N/A N/A

Chrysomphalus 

bifasciculatus Ferris

KR (Anonymous, 

1994)

Anonymous, 1990 Yes L, S 

(Anonymous, 

1990; 

Anonymous, 

1994)

No

Chrysomphalus 

dictyospermi (Morgan)

KR, US (CABI, 

2007)

CABI, 2007; No N/A N/A

Diaspidiotus perniciosus 

(Comstock) (Syn: 

Comstockaspis 

perniciosa)

KR, US (Ben-Dov 

et al., 2009)

Ben-Dov et al., 

2009

No N/A N/A

Hemiberlesia lataniae

(Signoret)

KR (Anonymous, 

1994), US (CABI, 

2007)

Anonymous, 

1990; CABI, 2007

No N/A N/A

 

10 These are large-bodied true bugs with piercing/sucking mouthparts that feed on fruit. They are highly unlikely to be 

associated with fruit during harvest.
Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Oranges from Korea

Rev. 003 December 23, 2009 15

Pest Scientific Name Distribution1 Reported on 

Unshu 

Quarantine pest2Plant part(s) 

affected3

Follow 

pathway2

Lepidosaphes beckii 

Newman

KR (Catling et al., 

1977), US (CABI, 

2007)

CABI, 2007; 

Catling et al., 

1977

No N/A N/A

Lepidosaphes gloverii

(Packard)

KR, US (CABI, 

2007)

Anonymous, 

1990; CABI, 2007

No N/A N/A

Lepidosaphes ulmi

(Linnaeus)

KR (Anonymous, 

1990, US (CABI, 

2007)

Anonymous, 1990 No N/A N/A

Lopholeucaspis japonica

Cockerell

KR, US (CABI, 

2007)

Anonymous, 

1990; CABI, 2007

No N/A N/A

Octaspidiotus stauntoniae

(Takahashi)

KR (Anonymous, 

1994), US (HI) 

(Ben-Dov et al., 

2009)

Anonymous, 1994 Yes L (Ben-Dov et al., 

2009)

No

Parlatoria pergandii

Comstock

KR (Anonymous, 

1994), US (CABI, 

2007)

Anonymous, 

1990; CABI, 2007

No N/A N/A

Parlatoria proteus

(Curtis)

KR, US (CABI, 

2007; Ben-Dov et 

al., 2009)

Anonymous, 

1990; CABI, 2007

No N/A N/A

Parlatoria theae Cockerell KR, US 

(Anonymous, 

1994; Ben-Dov et 

al., 2009)

Anonymous, 1990 No N/A N/A

Parlatoria ziziphi Lucas KR, US (FL, HI, 

MS) (CABI, 2007)

CABI, 2007 [Yes] F, L, S (CABI, 

2007)

Yes11

Pinnaspis aspidistrae

Signoret

KR, US 

(Anonymous, 

1994; Ben-Dov et 

al., 2009)

Anonymous, 1990 No N/A N/A

Pinnaspis strachani 

(Cooley)

KR (Anonymous, 

1994), US (BenDov et al., 2009) 

Anonymous, 1990 No N/A N/A

Pseudaonidia duplex

(Cockerell)

KR, US (CABI, 

2007; Lee et al., 

1992; Ben-Dov et 

al., 2008)

CABI, 2007; Lee 

et al., 1992

No N/A N/A

Pseudaulacaspis 

pentagona (Targioni & 

Tozzetti) (Syn: 

Sasakiaspis pentagona)

KR (Anonymous, 

1990), US (CABI, 

2007)

Anonymous, 1990 No N/A N/A

Quadraspidiotus 

perniciosus Comstock

KR, US (CABI, 

2007)

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

 

11 Armored scales may enter on commercial fruit for consumption, but are highly unlikely to become established via this 

pathway. Please see the discussion below for a detailed explanation.
Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Oranges from Korea

Rev. 003 December 23, 2009 16

Pest Scientific Name Distribution1 Reported on 

Unshu 

Quarantine pest2Plant part(s) 

affected3

Follow 

pathway2

Unaspis euonymi

Comstock (Syn: 

Chionaspis euonymi)

KR (Anonymous, 

1994), US (CABI, 

2007)

Anonymous, 1990 No N/A N/A

Unaspis yanonensis

Kuwana

KR (Anonymous, 

1990, 1997; 

CABI, 2007)

Anonymous, 

1990; CABI, 2007

Yes F, L, S (CABI, 

2007)

Yes11

Hemiptera: Dictyopharidae

Dictyophara patruelis

(Stal)

KR (CABI, 2007) Anonymous, 1990 Yes S (NPQS, 1998) No

Hemiptera: Flatidae

Geisha distinctissima

Walker

KR (Anonymous, 

1990, 1998a)

Anonymous, 

1990, 1998a

Yes L, S (NPQS, 

1998)

No

Hemiptera: Largidae

Physopelta gutta

(Burmeister)

KR (Anonymous, 

1994)

(Anonymous, 

1994)

Yes L (Montagnini 

and Jordan, 1983)

No

Hemiptera: Margarodidae

Drosicha corpulenta

(Kuwana)

KR (Anonymous, 

1994)

Anonymous, 1990 Yes F, L (NPQS, 

1998)

No12

Drosicha howardii

(Kuwana)

KR (Anonymous, 

1994)

Anonymous, 1990 Yes S/Tr (NPQS, 

1998)

No

Icerya purchasi Maskell KR, US (CABI,

2007)

CABI, 2007; No N/A N/A

Hemiptera: Meenoplidae

Nisia nervosa

(Motschulsky) (Syn: N. 

atrovenosa Leithierry)

KR (Anonymous, 

1990)

Anonymous, 1990 Yes L (NPQS, 1998) No

Hemiptera: Membracidae

Gargara genistae

Fabricius

KR (Anonymous, 

1994), US (Syrett 

et al., 1999)

Anonymous, 1990 No N/A N/A

Machaerotypus sibiricus

(Lethierry)

KR (Anonymous, 

1994)

Anonymous, 1990 Yes L (Borror et al., 

1989)

No

Orthobelus flavipes Uhler KR (Anonymous, 

1986b)

Anonymous, 1990 Yes L, S (NPQS, 

1998)

No

Hemiptera: Miridae

Lygocoris lucorum 

(Meyer)

KR (NISA-KR, 

2009)

NISA-KR, 2009 Yes L (Borror et al., 

1989)

No

Hemiptera: Pentatomidae

Carbula humerigera

(Uhler)

KR (Anonymous, 

1994)

Anonymous, 1994 Yes F [cat-facing13], L 

(Borror et al., 

1989)

No14

 

12 Soft scales (Hemiptera: Margarodidae) are unlikely to follow the pathway of commercial export-quality Citrus due to the 

washing and brushing as standard post-harvest treatment (7 CFR § 319, 2008). Furthermore, Drosicha sp. has not been 

intercepted with permitted Citrus in the United States (PestID, 2009).

13 ―Cat-facing‖ describes the results of feeding attempts by certain piercing/sucking insects. These insects leave blackened 
Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Oranges from Korea

Rev. 003 December 23, 2009 17

Pest Scientific Name Distribution1 Reported on 

Unshu 

Quarantine pest2Plant part(s) 

affected3

Follow 

pathway2

Dolycoris baccarum L. KR (NISA-KR, 

2009)

NISA-KR, 2009 Yes F [cat-facing], L 

(Borror et al., 

1989)

No14

Eucorysses grandis

Thunberg

KR (Anonymous, 

1994)

Anonymous, 1994 Yes F [cat-facing], L 

(Borror et al., 

1989)

No14

Glaucias subpunctatus

Walker

KR (Anonymous, 

1994)

(Anonymous, 

1990, 1997

Yes F [cat-facing] 

(NPQS, 1998), L 

(Borror et al., 

1989)

No14

Halyomorpha halys (Stal) KR (Anonymous, 

1994; Lee et al., 

1992), US (CABI, 

2007)

Lee et al., 1992 No N/A N/A

Homalogonia obtusa

(Walker)

KR (Lee et al., 

1992)

Lee et al., 1992 Yes F , L (Funayama, 

2002)

No14

Megymenum gracilicorne

Dallas

KR (NISA-KR, 

2009)

NISA-KR, 2009 Yes F [cat-facing], L 

(Borror et al., 

1989)

No14

Nezara antennata Scott KR (CABI, 2007; 

Lee et al., 1992)

Lee et al., 1992 Yes F [cat-facing], L 

(Borror et al., 

1989)

No14, 15

Nezara viridula Linnaeus KR, US (CABI, 

2007)

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Palomena angulosa 

(Motschulsky)

KR (NISA-KR, 

2009)

NISA-KR, 2009 Yes F, L, S (Schaefer 

and Panizzi, 

2000)

No14

Plautia stali Scott KR (Anonymous, 

1994), US (HI) 

(Schaefer and 

Panizzi, 2000)

(Anonymous, 

1994

Yes F (NPQS, 1998; 

Schaefer and 

Panizzi, 2000)

No14

Hemiptera: Penthimiidae

Penthimia nitida Lithierry KR (Anonymous, 

1994)

Anonymous, 

1990, 1998a

Yes L (NPQS, 1998) No

 

spots that may slightly sink into the fruit skin. They often make three feeding attempts, and someone called the resulting 

triangular sunken shape a ―cat face.‖ Cat-facing occurs most often on soft-skinned fruits such as peach.

14 Stink bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) are large, active, winged insects that may feed on fruit for sap, causing cat-facing, 

but are highly unlikely to be associated with fruit at harvest. With the exception of N. antennata (see below), no 

interceptions of the quarantine Pentatomidae listed here have been recorded associated with permitted Citrus fruit for 

consumption in the United States since 1985 (PestID, 2009).

15 A single N. antennata adult was intercepted with permitted Citrus reticulata from Korea in 1995 (PestID, 2009), but N. 

antennata is highly unlikely to follow the pathway. Mandatory inspection and brushing/washing is likely to remove any 

individuals from the fruit.
Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Oranges from Korea

Rev. 003 December 23, 2009 18

Pest Scientific Name Distribution1 Reported on 

Unshu 

Quarantine pest2Plant part(s) 

affected3

Follow 

pathway2

Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae

Antonina crawii Cockerell KR (Anonymous, 

1994)

Anonymous, 1990 Yes L (Anonymous, 

1990; 

Anonymous, 

1994)

No

Nipaecoccus nipae

(Maskell)

KR, US (CABI, 

2007)

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Phenacoccus pergandei

Cockerell

KR (Anonymous, 

1994; Lee et al., 

1992)

Lee et al., 1992 Yes L (Hill, 1987) No

Planococcus citri (Risso) KR, US (CABI, 

2007)

CABI, 2007; Lee 

et al., 1992

No N/A N/A

Planococcus kraunhiae

(Kuwana)

KR (Anonymous, 

1994), US (CA) 

(Miller et al., 

2005)

Anonymous, 

1990; 

Anonymous, 1997

[Yes] F, L, S (NPQS, 

1998)

No16

Pseudococcus sp. KR (PestID, 2009) PestID, 2009 Yes I, F, L, S (PestID, 

2009)

No16

Pseudococcus comstocki

Kuwana

KR, US (CABI, 

2007)

CABI, 2007; 

Catling et al., 

1977

No N/A N/A

Pseudococcus cryptus 

Hempel

KR, US (HI) 

(Ben-Dov et al., 

2009; Kwon et al., 

2002)

Ben-Dov et al., 

2009; Umeya and 

Okada, 2003

Yes F, L, S (PestID, 

2009)

No16

Pseudococcus longispinus 

(Targioni Tozzetti)

KR, US (Ben-Dov 

et al., 2009)

Ben-Dov et al., 

2009

No N/A N/A

Hemiptera: Ricaniidae

Ricania japonica

Melichar

KR (Anonymous,

1986b)

Anonymous, 1990 Yes S (NPQS, 1998) No

Hymenoptera: Formicidae

Formica japonica

Motschulsky

KR (Anonymous, 

1994; CABI, 

2007)

Anonymous, 1990 Yes Predaceous on 

plant pests

No17

Hymenoptera: Vespidae

Vespa crabro Linnaeus KR (Anonymous, 

1990), US 

(Anonymous, 

2009c)

Anonymous, 1990 No N/A N/A

 

16 Mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) are unlikely to remain with the commodity through standard pressure washing 

and brushing of the fruit. See text following the pest list for a detailed explanation.

17 Formicidae are generalist predators and protectors of honeydew-secreting insects such as scales and aphids. Ants other than 

isolated (sterile) workers are not expected to be associated with fruit at harvest (Borror et al., 1989).
Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Oranges from Korea

Rev. 003 December 23, 2009 19

Pest Scientific Name Distribution1 Reported on 

Unshu 

Quarantine pest2Plant part(s) 

affected3

Follow 

pathway2

Vespa mandarina Smith KR (Anonymous, 

1990)

Yes F (Anonymous, 

2009c), 

Predaceous 

(Borror et al., 

1989)

No18

Lepidoptera: Arctiidae

Amsacta lactinea

(Cramer)

KR (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 Yes L (Hill, 1987) No

Hyphantria cunea (Drury) KR, US (CABI, 

2007)

Anonymous, 1990 No N/A N/A

Lepidoptera: Cossidae

Cossus cossus Linnaeus KR (Anonymous, 

1986b)

CABI, 2007; 

Robinson et al., 

2001

Yes R, S (CABI, 

2007)

No

Lepidoptera: Geometridae

Apochima juglansiaria

(Graeser)

KR (Anonymous, 

1994)

Anonymous, 1990 Yes L (Borror et al., 

1989)

No

Ascotis selenaria (Denis 

& Schiffermüller)

KR (Anonymous, 

1990; CABI, 

2007)

(Anonymous, 

1990, 1997

Yes L (Borror et al., 

1989)

No

Chariaspilates formosaria

(Eversmann)

KR (Anonymous, 

1994)

Anonymous, 1990 Yes L (Borror et al., 

1989)

No

Ectropis bistortata

(Goetze)

KR (Anonymous, 

1986b)

Anonymous, 1990 Yes L (Borror et al., 

1989)

No

Ectropis excellens

(Butler)

KR (Anonymous, 

1994)

Anonymous, 

1990; Shiraki, 

1952d

Yes L (Borror et al., 

1989)

No

Hemithia aestivaria

Hübner

KR (Anonymous, 

1990)

Anonymous, 1990 Yes L (Borror et al., 

1989)

No

Ophthalmitis irrorataria

Bremer & Grey

KR (Anonymous, 

1990)

Anonymous, 1990 Yes L (Borror et al., 

1989)

No

Pylargosceles 

steganioides (Butler) 

(Syn: Pylarge 

steganioides)

KR (Anonymous, 

1994)

Anonymous, 

1990; Shiraki, 

1952a

Yes L (Borror et al., 

1989)

No

Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae

Phyllocnistis citrella

Stainton

KR, US (AL, CA, 

FL, LA, TX) 

(CABI, 2007; 

Guillen and 

Heraty, 2002;

Lapointe and Leal, 

2007)

CABI, 2007; 

Catling et al., 

1977

[Yes] L (CABI, 2007; 

Catling et al., 

1977)

No

 

18 Vespa species are large, external wasps that are generally predaceous on other insects or animals (Borror et al., 1989). They 

are unlikely to remain with the commodity through standard post-harvest procedures.
Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Oranges from Korea

Rev. 003 December 23, 2009 20

Pest Scientific Name Distribution1 Reported on 

Unshu 

Quarantine pest2Plant part(s) 

affected3

Follow 

pathway2

Lepidoptera: Hepialidae

Endoclita excrescens

Butler (Syn: Endoclyta 

excrescens)

KR (CABI, 2007; 

Lee et al., 1992)

Lee et al., 1992 Yes L (Lee et al., 

1992)

No

Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae

Parnara guttatus Bremer 

& Grey (Syn: P. guttata

Bremer & Grey)

KR (CABI, 2007) Anonymous, 1990 Yes L (CABI, 2007) No

Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae

Dendrolimus spectabilis

(Butler)

KR (CABI, 2007) Anonymous, 1990 Yes L (Borror et al.,

1989)

No

Lepidoptera: Limacodidae

Monema flavescens

Walker (Syn: 

Cnidocampa flavescens

Walker)

KR (Lee et al., 

1992), US 

(Lammers and 

Stigter, 2004)

Lee et al., 1992 No N/A N/A

Parasa consocia (Walker) 

(Syn: Latoia consocia

(Walker)

KR (Lee et al., 

1992)

Lee et al., 1992 Yes L (Lill et al., 

2006)

No

Parasa sinica Moore

(Syn: Latoia sinica

Moore)

KR (CABI, 2007; 

Lee et al., 1992; 

Shiraki, 1952c)

Lee et al., 1992 Yes L (Lill et al., 

2006)

No

Thosea sinensis coreana

Okano & Park

KR (Anonymous, 

1994)

Anonymous, 1990 Yes L (Lill et al., 

2006)

No

Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae

Euproctis piperita

Oberthür

KR (Anonymous, 

1994; Lee et al., 

1992)

Lee et al., 1992 Yes L (Borror et al., 

1989)

No

Euproctis 

pseudoconspersa Strand

KR (Anonymous, 

1994; CABI, 

2007)

Anonymous, 1990 Yes L (CABI, 2007) No

Euproctis pulverea

(Leech)

KR (Lee et al., 

1992)

Lee et al., 1992 Yes L (Anonymous, 

1990, 1997)

No

Lymantria dispar

Linnaeus

KR (Anonymous, 

1994), US (CABI, 

2007)

Zhang, 1994 Yes19 S (CABI, 2007) No

Sphrageidus similis 

Fuessly (Syn: Euproctis 

similis Fuessly)

KR (CABI, 2007; 

Lee et al., 1992)

Lee et al., 1992 Yes L (Borror et al., 

1989)

No

 

19 Asian gypsy moth is reportable, according to PestID (2009). Pest has limited distribution in the United States and is under 

official control. When discovered in the western United States, it is eradicated.
Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Oranges from Korea

Rev. 003 December 23, 2009 21

Pest Scientific Name Distribution1 Reported on 

Unshu 

Quarantine pest2Plant part(s) 

affected3

Follow 

pathway2

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae20

Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) KR, US (CABI, 

2007)

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Amata germana (Felder & 

Felder)

KR (Anonymous, 

1994)

Anonymous, 1990 Yes L (Sun et al., 

2006)

No

Anomis mesogona

(Walker)

KR (Anonymous, 

1994; CABI, 

2007)

Anonymous, 1990 Yes L (Anonymous, 

1990; Poole, 

1989)

No

Apamea aquila Donzel KR (Anonymous, 

1994)

Anonymous, 1990 Yes L (Opler et al., 

2009)

No

Arcte coerula (Guenée) KR (CABI, 2007) Anonymous, 1990 Yes F, L 

(Anonymous, 

1990; Poole, 

1989)

No20

Artena dotata (Fabricius) KR (Anonymous, 

1994)

Anonymous, 1990 Yes L, S 

(Anonymous, 

1990; Poole, 

1989)

No

Bastilla maturata Walker

(Syn.: Dysgonia

maturata (Walker); 

Parallelia maturata

(Walker))

KR (Anonymous, 

1994)

Anonymous, 1990 Yes F, L 

(Anonymous, 

1990; Poole, 

1989)

No20

Calyptra lata (Butler) 

(Syn: Calyptera lata)

KR (Anonymous, 

1994)

Anonymous, 1990 Yes F (CABI, 2007) No20

Calyptra thalictri

(Borkhousen) (Syn: 

Calyptera thalictri)

KR (Anonymous, 

1994)

Anonymous, 1990 Yes F (CABI, 2007) No20

Chrysodeixis eriosoma

Doubleday

KR, US (HI, CA) 

(CABI, 2007; LACounty, 2005; 

CDFA, 2008)

Robinson et al., 

2009

[Yes] F, L (CABI, 

2007)

No20

Dysgonia arctotaenia

(Guenée) (Syn: Ophiusa 

arctotaenia; Parallelia 

arctotaenia (Guenée))

KR (Anonymous, 

1994)

Anonymous, 1990 Yes L, S 

(Anonymous, 

1990)

No

Eudocima fullonia

(Clerck) (Syn: Othreis 

fullonia)

KR, US (HI) 

(CABI, 2007)

CABI, 2007; Yes F (CABI, 2007) No20

 

20 Fruit-piercing moths typically do not present a phytosanitary risk themselves but rather increase the risk of secondary 

invasions (CABI, 2007). Most Lepidoptera are generalist foliage feeders that are not associated with fruit at harvest, and 

would likely be removed through pressure washing and brushing of the fruit. Those that feed on or mine the fruit cause 

scarring that would cause the fruit to be culled during the inspection and packing process (Borror et al., 1989). Since 1985 

none of the quarantine significant Noctuidae found associated with Citrus fruit and in Korea have been intercepted with 

permitted Citrus in the United States (PestID, 2009).
Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Oranges from Korea

Rev. 003 December 23, 2009 22

Pest Scientific Name Distribution1 Reported on 

Unshu 

Quarantine pest2Plant part(s) 

affected3

Follow 

pathway2

Eudocima tyrannus

Guenée (Syn: Adrias 

tyrannus; Adris 

tyrannus)

KR Anonymous, 

1990

Anonymous, 

1990; Shiraki, 

1952a

Yes L, S 

(Anonymous, 

1990; Poole, 

1989)

No

Eudocima tyrannus 

amurensis Staudinger 

(Syn: Adris tyrannus

amurensis)

KR (Anonymous, 

1986b)

Anonymous, 1990 Yes L, S 

(Anonymous, 

1990)

No

Helicoverpa armigera

(Hübner)

KR (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 Yes F, I, L (CABI, 

2007)

No20

Mocis undata (Fabricius) KR (Anonymous, 

1986b)

Robinson et al., 

2001

Yes F, L (Holloway, 

n.d.)

No20

Ophiusa tirhaca Cramer KR (Anonymous, 

1994)

CABI, 2007 Yes F, L (Walker, 

2007)

No20

Oraesia emarginata

Fabricius

KR (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 Yes F, L 

(Anonymous, 

1990, 1997)

No20

Oraesia excavata (Butler) KR (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 Yes F, L

(Anonymous, 

1990, 1997)

No20

Spodoptera exigua

(Hübner)

KR, US (CABI, 

2007)

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Spodoptera litura

(Fabricius)

KR, US (HI) 

(CABI, 2007)

CABI, 2007; 

NPQS, 2000

Yes L (CABI, 2007) No

Thyas juno (Dalman) 

(Syn: Dermaleipa juno; 

Lagoptera juno)

KR (Anonymous, 

1990; CABI, 

2007)

Anonymous, 

1990; Shiraki, 

1952a

Yes L (Anonymous, 

1990)

No

Xestia c-nigrum

(Linnaeus)

KR, US (CABI, 

2007)

Anonymous, 

1990; CABI, 2007

No N/A N/A

Xanthodes transversa

Guenée

KR (Anonymous, 

1986b)

Robinson et al., 

2001

Yes L (HerbisonEvans and 

Crossley, 2006)

No

Xylena formosa Butler KR (NISA-KR, 

2009)

NISA-KR, 2009 Yes S, R (Borror et 

al., 1989)

No

Lepidoptera: Notodontidae

Phalera assimilis Bremer 

& Grey

KR (Lee et al., 

1992)

Lee et al., 1992 Yes L (EPPO, n.d.-b; 

Lee et al., 1992)

No

Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae

Polygonia c-aureum

Linnaeus

KR (Anonymous, 

1986b)

Robinson et al., 

2001

Yes L (Borror et al., 

1989)

No

Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae

Psorosticha 

malanocrepida Clarke

KR (Anonymous, 

1994)

Anonymous, 1990 Yes L (Anonymous, 

1986a)

No
Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Oranges from Korea

Rev. 003 December 23, 2009 23

Pest Scientific Name Distribution1 Reported on 

Unshu 

Quarantine pest2Plant part(s) 

affected3

Follow 

pathway2

Lepidoptera: Papilionidae

Papilio bianor Cramer KR (Anonymous, 

1986a; Shiraki, 

1952c)

Robinson et al., 

2001

Yes L (Reuther, 1989) No

Papilio helenus Linnaeus KR (Anonymous, 

1994)

(Anonymous, 

1990, 1997

Yes L (Anonymous, 

1990, 1997; 

Reuther, 1989)

No

Papilio maackii Menetries KR (Anonymous, 

1990, 1997

Robinson et al., 

2001(Anonymous, 

1990, 1997

Yes L (Anonymous, 

1990, 1997; 

Reuther, 1989)

No

Papilio macilentus Janson KR (Anonymous, 

1986b)

Robinson et al., 

2001

Yes L (Reuther, 1989) No

Papilio protenor (Cramer) KR Shiraki, 

1952c)

Robinson et al., 

2001

Yes L (Anonymous, 

1990, 1997; 

Reuther, 1989

No

Papilio sp. KR (Catling et al., 

1977)

Catling et al., 

1977

Yes L (Reuther, 1989) No

Papilio xuthus Linnaeus KR (Lee et al., 

1992), US (HI) 

(CABI, 2007)

CABI, 2007; Lee 

et al., 1992

Yes L (Reuther, 1989) No

Lepidoptera: Psychidae

Bambalina sp. KR (Lee et al., 

1992)

Lee et al., 1992 Yes L, S (Lee et al., 

1992)

No

Lepidoptera: Pyralidae

Cadra cautella (Walker) KR (Anonymous, 

1994), US (CABI, 

2007)

Robinson et al., 

2001

No N/A N/A

Conogethes punctiferalis

(Guenée) (Syn: 

Dichocrocis 

punctiferalis)

KR (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 Yes F, L, S (CABI, 

2007)

No21

Glyphodes pyloalis

Walker

KR (Anonymous, 

1994)

Anonymous, 1990 Yes L (Anonymous, 

1990; 

Anonymous, 

1994)

No

Lepidoptera: Saturniidae

Dictyoploca japonica

(Moore)

KR (Anonymous, 

1994; Lee et al., 

1992)

Lee et al., 1992 Yes L (Lee et al., 

1992)

No

Samia cynthia walkeri C 

& R Felder

KR (Anonymous, 

1986b)

Anonymous, 1990 Yes L (Pittaway, 

2009)

No

 

21 Conogethes punctiferalis larvae bore into the fruit, leaves, and stem of the host plant, and its presence in fruit can easily be 

determined by these boreholes (CABI, 2007). Since 1985, C. punctiferalis has not been intercepted at U.S. ports-of-entry 

except in baggage or on plants for propagation (PestID, 2009).
Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Oranges from Korea

Rev. 003 December 23, 2009 24

Pest Scientific Name Distribution1 Reported on 

Unshu 

Quarantine pest2Plant part(s) 

affected3

Follow 

pathway2

Lepidoptera: Sesiidae

Synanthedon hector

Butler

KR (Anonymous, 

1994; Lee et al., 

1992)

Lee et al., 1992 Yes Tr (EPPO, n.d.-b) No

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae

Adoxophyes orana

Fischer von 

Röeslerstamm (Syn: A. 

fasciata)

KR (Anonymous, 

1994; CABI, 

2007)

Anonymous, 

1990; Robinson et

al., 2001)

Yes F, I, L (CABI, 

2007)

No22

Archips breviplicanus 

Walsingham (Syn: A. 

breviplicana; Archippus 

breviplicanus)

KR (Anonymous, 

1990; CABI, 

2007)

Anonymous, 1990 Yes I, F, L (NPQS, 

1998)

No23

Archips crataeganus

(Hübner)

KR (Anonymous, 

1994)

Anonymous, 1990 Yes L (NPQS, 1998) No

Archips fuscocupreanus 

Walsingham

KR (Anonymous, 

1994), US (CABI, 

2007)

Umeya and 

Okada, 2003

No N/A N/A

Archips ingentana

Christopher (Syn: 

Archippus ingentanus)

KR (Anonymous, 

1994)

Anonymous, 1990 Yes L (NPQS, 1998) No

Archips xylosteana

Linnaeus

KR (Meijerman 

and Ulenberg, 

2004)

Meijerman and 

Ulenberg, 2004)

Yes L (Meijerman and 

Ulenberg, 2004)

No

Homona magnanima

Diakonoff

KR (Anonymous, 

1994; Lee et al., 

1992)

CABI, 2007; Lee 

et al., 1992

Yes L, S (CABI, 

2007)

No

Orthoptera: Acrididae

Chondracris rosea (De 

Geer)

KR (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 Yes L, S (CABI, 

2007)

No

Oxya chinensis 

formosana Shiraki

KR (Anonymous, 

1986b)

Anonymous, 1990 Yes L (Hill, 1987) No

Oxya yezoensis Shiraki 

(Syn: O. japonica

Thunberg)

KR (CABI, 2007) Anonymous, 1990 Yes L (Hill, 1987) No

Orthoptera: Pyrogomorphidae

Atractomorpha bedeli

Bolivar

KR (Anonymous, 

1990, 1997)

Anonymous, 1990 Yes L (Borror et al., 

1989)

No

 

22 Most Lepidoptera are generalist foliage feeders and are not associated with fruit at harvest. Those that feed on or mine the 

fruit cause scarring that would cause the fruit to be culled during the inspection and packing process (Borror et al., 1989).

Since 1985, none of the quarantine significant Tortricidae listed in this document have been intercepted in the United 

States associated with Citrus (PestID, 2009).

23 The Asiatic leafroller, A. breviplicanus, is a minor pest of Citrus and is unlikely to be associated with fruit (NPQS, 1998). 

Archips sp. primarily affect leaves, but may feed externally on fruit (Hill, 1987). Such pests are likely to be removed 

during standard post-harvest washing and brushing of the fruit. Commercial fruit are highly unlikely to transport A. 

breviplicanus (CABI, 2007).
Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Oranges from Korea

Rev. 003 December 23, 2009 25

Pest Scientific Name Distribution1 Reported on 

Unshu 

Quarantine pest2Plant part(s) 

affected3

Follow 

pathway2

Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae

Gampsocleis sedakovi 

abscura Walker (Syn: 

G. sedakovi abscura)

KR (Anonymous, 

1990)

(Anonymous, 

1990, 1997)

Yes L (Borror et al., 

1989)

No

Holochlora japonica

Brunner von Watten

KR (Anonymous, 

1994)

(Anonymous, 

1990, 1997)

Yes L (Anonymous, 

1990, 1997)

No

Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae

Haplothrips chinensis

Priesner

KR (Anonymous, 

1994)

NPQS, 1998 Yes I 

(Ananthakrishnan

, 1993)

No

Thysanoptera: Thripidae

Frankliniella intonsa

Trybom

KR, US (CABI, 

2007)

NPQS, 2000 No N/A N/A

Frankliniella occidentalis

(Pergande)

KR (NISA-KR, 

2009), US (CABI, 

2007)

NISA-KR, 2009 No N/A N/A

Heliothrips 

haemorrhoidalis

Bouché

KR, US (CABI, 

2007)

CABI, 2007; Hill, 

1983 

No N/A N/A

Megalurothrips distalis

Karny

KR (Anonymous, 

1994; CABI, 

2007)

Anonymous, 

1997, 1998b

Yes I, L (CABI, 2007) No

Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood KR, US (FL, GA, 

HI ) (CABI, 2007; 

Diffie et al., 2008)

CABI, 2007; 

FFTC, 2003

[Yes] I, F, L (CABI, 

2007)

No24

Thrips hawaiiensis

(Morgan)

KR, US (CABI, 

2007)

CABI, 2007; 

NPQS, 2000

No N/A N/A

Thrips nigropilosus Uzel KR (NISA-KR, 

2009), US (CABI, 

2007)

NISA-KR, 2009 No N/A N/A

Thrips palmi Karny KR, US (FL, GA, 

HI, PR) (CABI, 

2007; Diffie et al, 

2008)

CABI, 2007; 

NPQS, 2000

[Yes] I, F, L, S (CABI, 

2007)

No

Thrips tabaci Lindeman KR (Catling et al., 

1977), US (CABI, 

2007)

Catling et al., 

1977

No N/A N/A

 

24 Thrips are highly unlikely to remain with the fruit after harvest. Thrips typically attack growing points of plants, which 

include leaves, shoots, and young fruits. Given their mobility and lack of adhesion to the fruit surface, pressure washing 

and brushing of the fruit will remove active organisms. Since 1985, none of the quarantine significant thrips listed in this 

document have been intercepted at U.S ports-of-entry (PestID, 2009).
Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Oranges from Korea

Rev. 003 December 23, 2009 26

Pest Scientific Name Distribution1 Reported on 

Unshu 

Quarantine pest2Plant part(s) 

affected3

Follow 

pathway2

BACTERIA

Agrobacterium 

tumefaciens (Smith & 

Town.) Conn (= 

Rhizobium radiobacter

(Beij. & v. Deld.) 

Pribam

[Alphaproteobacteria: 

Rhizobiales]

KR, US (CABI, 

2007) 

Bradbury, 1986; 

CABI, 2007

No N/A N/A

Pseudomonas fluorescens

(Trevisan) Migua 

(Gammaproteobacteria: 

Pseudomoniales)

KR, US (CABI, 

2007)

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A 

Pseudomonas syringae

pv. syringae van Hall 

(Gammaproteobacteria: 

Pseudomoniales) 

KR, US (CABI, 

2007)

Bradbury, 1986; 

CABI, 2007 

No N/A N/A 

Xanthomonas citri subsp.

citri 25 (ex Hasse 1915) 

Gabriel et al. 1989 [= X. 

axonopodis pv. citri

(Vauterin et al.), X. 

campestris pv. citri

(Hasse) Dye] (Citrus 

canker A)

[Gammaproteobacteria: 

Xanthomoniales]

KR, US (FL) 

(CABI, 2007)

CABI, 2007 Yes26 F, L, S/Tr (CABI, 

2007)

Yes

FUNGI 

Aithaloderma citri (Briosi 

& Pass) Woron 1926 (= 

Capnodium citri Berk. 

and Desm.) 

[Ascomycetes: 

Capnodiales]

KR, US (Farr et 

al., 2009; NisaKR, 2009)

Farr et al., 2009; 

Nisa-KR, 2009

No N/A N/A

Alternaria alternata Keisi

[Ascomycetes: 

Pleosporales]

KR, US (CABI, 

2007)

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Alternaria citri Ellis & N. 

Pierce (Fungi 

Imperfecti: 

Hyphomycetes) 

KR, US (CABI, 

2007)

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

 

25 The classification of Xanthomonads was revised in 2006. The proper taxonomic designation for the pathogen that causes 

citrus canker is now Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Euzeby, 2007; Schaad et al., 2006).

26 This is a quarantine significant species with limited distribution in the United States and is under official control (NIS, 

2006): § 301.75-1 through § 301.75-14.
Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Oranges from Korea

Rev. 003 December 23, 2009 27

Pest Scientific Name Distribution1 Reported on 

Unshu 

Quarantine pest2Plant part(s) 

affected3

Follow 

pathway2

Alternaria sp. (Fungi 

Imperfecti: 

Hyphomycetes)

KR (CABI, 2007) Anonymous, 

1986, 1990, 1993, 

1998b; Knorr, 

1973; Reuther et 

al., 1978; Timmer 

et al., 2000

Yes F (Timmer et al., 

2000)

Yes

Antennella citrina Hara 

(Loculoascomycetes: 

Dothideales)

KR (Anonymous, 

1986b)

Anonymous, 

1986b

Yes L (Anonymous, 

1986b)

No

Armilleria mellea

(Vahl:FFr) P. Kumm

KR, US (CABI, 

2007)

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Ascochyta citri Penz. 

(Ascomycetes: 

Dothideales)

KR (PestID, 2009) PestID, 200927 Yes N/A N/A

Ascochyta pisi Lib. (= 

Ascochyta pisicola

(Berk.) Sacc. (Fungi 

Imperfecti: 

Coelomycetes)

KR, US (CABI, 

2007)

CMI, 1985; 

CABI, 2007

No N/A N/A

Aspergillus niger Tiegh. 

(Fungi Imperfecti: 

Hyphomycetes)

KR, US (CABI, 

2007; Timmer et 

al., 2000)

Onions, 1966; 

Timmer et al., 

2000

No N/A N/A

Botryophaeria dothidea 

(Moug.:Fr.) Ces. & De 

Not. [Ascomycetes: 

Dothidiales]

KR, US (Farr et 

al., 2009; NisaKR, 2009)

Farr et al., 2009; 

Nisa-KR, 2009

No N/A N/A

Botryosphaeria rhodina

(Cook) Arx (= 

Lasiodiplodia 

theobromae (Pat.) 

Griffiths & Maubl.; = 

Diplodia natalensis) 

(Fungi Imperfecti: 

Hyphomycetes)

KR, US 

(Anonymous, 

1998b; Farr et al., 

2008)

Anonymous, 

1998b; Farr et al., 

2008; Santacroce, 

1993

No N/A N/A

Botryosphaeria ribis 

Grossenb. & Duggar 

(=Dothiorella gregaria

Sacc.) [Ascomycetes: 

Dothidiales]

KR, US (CABI, 

2007)

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Botryotinia fuckeliana (de 

Bary) Whetzel Botrytis 

cinerea Pers. ex Fr. 

(Ascomycetes:Helotiale

s) 

KR, US (CABI, 

2007)

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

 

27 The only evidence that Unshu orange is a host of A. citri is one interception at a U.S. port-of-entry (PestID, 2008). This is 

insufficient evidence for a host association, and therefore we did not analyze it further.
Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Oranges from Korea

Rev. 003 December 23, 2009 28

Pest Scientific Name Distribution1 Reported on 

Unshu 

Quarantine pest2Plant part(s) 

affected3

Follow 

pathway2

Capnodium tanakae

Shirai & Hara (= 

Neocapnodium tanakae

(Shirai & Hara) 

Yanamoto) 

[Loculoascomycetes: 

Dothideales]

KR (Cho and 

Shin, 2004)

Cho and Shin, 

2004 

Yes F, L, S/Tr (Cho 

and Shin, 2004) 

No28

Capnophaeum 

fuliginodes (Rehm) 

Yamamoto 

(Loculoascomycetes: 

Dothideales) 

KR (Anonymous, 

1986b)

Anonymous, 

1986b

Yes F (Anonymous, 

1986b)

No28

Chaetothyrium 

spinigerum (Hohnel) 

Yamamoto 

(Loculoascomycetes: 

Dothideales) 

KR (Anonymous, 

1986b, 1990) 

Anonymous, 

1986b, 1990

Yes L (Anonymous, 

1986b, 1990)

No28

Cladosporium herbarum

(Pers.:Fr) Link. var. 

citricola Farl. (Fungi 

imperfecti)

KR, US (IA, WA) 

(CABI, 2007) 

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Cladosporium sp. (Fungi 

Imperfecti: 

Hyphomycetes) 

KR (PestID, 2009) PestID, 2009 Yes F (PestID, 2009) Yes

Colletotrichum acutatum

(Simmonds ex 

Simmonds) 

[Teleomorph:

Glomerella acutata

Guerber & J.C. Correll] 

[Ascomycetes: Incertae 

sedis]

KR, US (CABI, 

2007)

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Colletotrichum coccodes

(Wallr.) S. Hughes. [= 

Gloeosporium foliicola

(Nishida) Sawada (as 

'foliicolum')] 

[Ascomycetes: Incertae 

sedis]

KR, US (CABI, 

2007)

CABI, 2007; 

CMI, 1985

No N/A N/A

Colletotrichum 

gloeosporioides (Penz.) 

Penz. & Sacc. in Penz. 

(Fungi Imperfecti: 

Coelomycetes) 

KR, US (CABI, 

2007)

CABI, 2007) No N/A Yes

 

28 Capnodium tanakae, Capnophaeum fuliginodes, and Chaetothyrium spinigerum are sooty mold fungi, which generally are 

minor leaf pathogens that grow superficially on plant tissue (Agrios, 1997). They are unlikely to follow the pathway 

because they will be culled or washed off when fruit is surface disinfested during post-harvest processing.
Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Oranges from Korea

Rev. 003 December 23, 2009 29

Pest Scientific Name Distribution1 Reported on 

Unshu 

Quarantine pest2Plant part(s) 

affected3

Follow 

pathway2

Colletotrichum sp. (Fungi 

Imperfecti: 

Coelomycetes) 

KR (PestID, 2009) PestID, 2009 Yes F (PestID, 2009) Yes

Coprinus micaceous

(Bull.: Fr.) FR. 1838

KR, US (Farr et 

al., 2009; NisaKR, 2009)

Farr et al., 2009; 

Nisa-KR, 2009 

No N/A N/A

Corticium rolfsii Curzi (= 

Sclerotium rolfsii

Sacc.) (Basidiomycetes: 

Corticiaceae) 

KR, US (CABI, 

2007) 

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Diaporthe citri F. A. Wolf 

(Pyrenomycetes: 

Diaporthales) 

KR, US (CABI, 

2007) 

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Diaporthe faginea (Curr.) 

Sacc. 1882 [= 

Diaporthe medusaea 

Nit.] [Ascomycetes: 

Diaportales]

KR, US (Farr et 

al., 2009; NisaKR, 2009)

Farr et al., 2009; 

Nisa-KR, 2009

No N/A N/A

Elsinoë australis Bit. & 

Jenkins 

(Loculoascomycetes: 

Dothideales) 

KR (Hyun and K.-

S, 2001; Hyun and 

M., 2007; Hyun et 

al., 2009)29

Hyun and K.-S, 

2001; Hyun and 

M., 2007; Hyun et 

al., 2009)

Yes F, L, S (PestID, 

2009; Hyun and 

K.-S, 2001; Hyun 

and M., 2007; 

Hyun et al., 2009) 

Yes 

Elsinoë fawcetti Bit. & 

Jenkins 

(Loculoascomycetes: 

Dothideales) 

KR, US (CABI, 

2007)

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Elsinoë sp.

(Loculoascomycetes: 

Dothideales) 

KR (PestID, 2009) PestID, 2009 Yes F, L, S (PestID, 

2009)

Yes

Erythricium salmonicolor 

(Berk. & Broome) 

Burdsall (= Corticium 

salmonicolor Berk. & 

Broome; anamorph: 

Necator decret Massee) 

[Basidiomycetes: 

Polyporales]

KR, US (Farr et 

al., 2009; NisaKR, 2009)

Farr et al., 2009; 

Nisa-KR, 2009

No N/A N/A

 

29 Hyun et al (2009) confirmed the occurrence of the natsudaidai pathotype of E. australis in Korea but found no new 

pathotypes or regions of occurrence for this species. The host range of E. australis has not been thoroughly investigated on 

fruit. A preliminary host range of E. australis can be ascertained by molecular means only. However, fruit inoculations 

will have to be performed to confirm the susceptibility of different species of citrus. Consequently, we will analyze this 

fungus in this assessment.
Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Oranges from Korea

Rev. 003 December 23, 2009 30

Pest Scientific Name Distribution1 Reported on 

Unshu 

Quarantine pest2Plant part(s) 

affected3

Follow 

pathway2

Geotrichum citri-aurantii

(Feiraris) E. E. Butler 

(Fungi Imperfecti: 

Hyphomycetes) 

KR, US 

Anonymous, 

1986b; Farr et al., 

2008

Anonymous, 

1986b; Farr et al., 

2008

No N/A N/A

Guignardia bidwellii

(Ellis) Viala & Ravaz 

[Anamorph: 

Phyllosticta ampelicida

(Engelm) Aa.] 

[Ascomycetes: 

Dothideales]

KR, US (CABI, 

2007)

CABI, 2007; 

CMI, 1991

No N/A N/A

Guignardia mangiferae

(A. J. Roy) [Anamorph: 

Phyllosticta capitalensis

= Phoma citricarpa 

McAlpine var. mikan 

Hara] [Ascomycetes: 

Dothideales]

KR, US (CABI, 

2007)

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Guignardia sp. 

(Anamorph: Phoma 

citricarpa McAlpine 

var. mikan Hara) (Fungi 

Imperfecti: 

Coelomycetes) 

KR, US (CABI, 

2007) 

CABI, 2007 Yes F, L, S (CABI, 

2007)

Yes

Helicobasidium mompa

Tanaka 

(Basidiomycetes: 

Ceratobasidiaceae) 

KR (Anonymous, 

1986b)

Anonymous, 

1986b

Yes R, S/Tr 

(Anonymous, 

1986b)

No 

Hypocrea lixii (Pat.)

[Anamorph:

Trichoderma 

harzianum Rifai] 

[Ascomycetes: 

Hypocreales]

KR, US (CABI, 

2007)

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Limacinia japonica Hara 

[Loculoascomycetes: 

Dothideales] 

KR (Anonymous, 

1986b, 1990; 

PestID, 2009)

Anonymous, 

1986b, 1990; 

PestID, 2009

Yes F (Anonymous, 

1986b, 1990; 

PestID, 2009)

No30

Macrophomina 

phaseolina (Tassi) 

Goidanich (Fungi 

Imperfecti: 

Coelomycetes) 

KR, US (CABI, 

2007) 

CABI, 2007; Farr 

et al., 1989 

No N/A N/A

 

30 Limacinia japonica, a sooty mold fungus, generally is a minor leaf pathogen that grows superficially on plant tissue 

(Agrios, 1997). This fungus is unlikely to follow the pathway, because it is likely to be brushed/washed off.
Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Oranges from Korea

Rev. 003 December 23, 2009 31

Pest Scientific Name Distribution1 Reported on 

Unshu 

Quarantine pest2Plant part(s) 

affected3

Follow 

pathway2

Microsphaeropsis sp.

(Fungi Imperfecti: 

Coelomycetes) 

KR (PestID, 2009) PestID, 2009 Yes F (PestID, 2009) Yes 

Mycosphaerlla citri

Whiteside 

[Ascomycetes: 

Mycosphaerellales]

KR, US (Farr et 

al., 2009; NisaKR, 2009)

Farr et al., 2009;

Nisa-KR, 2009

No N/A N/A

Nectria haematococca

(Wollenw.) Gerlah (= 

Fusarium solani

(Martius) Sacc.) 

[Ascomycetes: 

Hypocreales]

KR, US (CABI, 

2007)

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Nematospora coryli

Peglion [= 

Eremothecium coryli 

(Peglion) Kurtzman]

[Saccharomycetes: 

Saccharomycetales]

KR, US (CABI, 

2007)

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Penicillium digitatum

Sacc. (Ascomycetes: 

Eurotiales)

KR ,US (CABI, 

2007) 

(CABI, 2007) No N/A N/A

Penicillium italicum

Wehmer (Ascomycetes: 

Eurotiales) 

KR, US (CABI, 

2007)

Anonymous, 

1998; Bai, 1977; 

Hong et al., 1991; 

Timmer et al., 

2000; CABI, 2007

No N/A N/A

Penicillium ulaiensi. 

[Ascomycetes: 

Eurotiales]

KR, US (Farr et 

al., 2009; NisaKR, 2009)

Farr et al., 2009;

Nisa-KR, 2009

No N/A N/A

Phaeopeltis japonica

Yamamoto 

(Loculoascomycetes: 

Dothideales) 

KR (Anonymous, 

1986b, 1990)

Anonymous, 

1986b, 1990

Yes F (Anonymous, 

1986b, 1990) 

No31

Phyllosticta beltranii

Penzig (Fungi 

Imperfecti: 

Coelomycetes) 

KR (Anonymous, 

1986b, 1990, 

1998b)

Anonymous, 

1986b, 1990, 

1998b

Yes L (Anonymous, 

1986b, 1990, 

1998b)

No 

Phyllosticta erratica Ellis 

& Everh. (Fungi 

Imperfecti: 

Coelomycetes) 

KR, US 

(Anonymous, 

1986b; Farr et al., 

2008) 

Anonymous, 

1986b; Farr et al., 

2008

No N/A N/A

 

31 Phaeopeltis japonica, a sooty mold fungus, generally is a minor leaf pathogen that grows superficially on plant tissue 

(Agrios, 1997). This fungus is unlikely to follow the pathway, because it is likely to be brushed/washed off.
Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Oranges from Korea

Rev. 003 December 23, 2009 32

Pest Scientific Name Distribution1 Reported on 

Unshu 

Quarantine pest2Plant part(s) 

affected3

Follow 

pathway2

Phytophthora boehmeriae

(Sawada) [Oomycetes: 

Pythiales]

KR (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 Yes L, S, R (CABI, 

2007; 

SeungBeom et al., 

1999)

N/A

Phytophthora cactorum

(Lebert & Cohn) Schröt. 

[Oomycetes: Pythiales]

KR, US (CABI, 

2007)

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Phytophthora 

citrophthora (R.E. Sm. 

& E.H. Sm.) Leonian

(Oomycetes: 

Pythiaceae) 

KR, US (CABI, 

2007) 

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Phytophthora cryptogea

(Pethybr. & Laff.) 

[Oomycetes: Pythiales]

KR, US (CABI, 

2007)

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Phyophthota nicotianae 

Breda de Haan 1896 [=

Phytophthota parisitica

Dastur (1913)] 

[Oomycetes: Pythiales]

KR, US (Farr et 

al., 2009; NisaKR, 2009)

Farr et al., 2009;

Nisa-KR, 2009

No N/A N/A

Pythium debaryanum

(Auct. non.) R. Hesse 

[Oomycetes: Pythiales]

KR, US (CABI, 

2007)

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Pythium ultimum (Trow) 

[Oomycetes: Pythiales] 

KR, US (CABI, 

2007) 

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Rhizoctonia solani J. G. 

Kuhn [Teleomorph:

Thanatephorus 

cucumeris (A.B. Frank) 

Donk [Basidiomycetes: 

Ceratobasidiales]

KR, US (CABI, 

2007)

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Rosellinia necatrix Prill. 

(Ascomycetes: 

Xylariales) 

KR, US (CABI, 

2007)

CABI, 2007 No N/A No 

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

(Lib.) deBary 

(Ascomycetes: 

Helotiales) 

KR, US (CABI, 

2007) 

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

NEMATODA 

Criconematidae 

Criconemoides informis

(Micoltzdy) 

KR (Anonymous, 

1984, 1990)

Anonymous, 

1984, 1990

Yes R (Anonymous, 

1984, 1990)

No 

Hemicriconemoides 

mangiferae Siddiqi 

KR, US (CABI, 

2007) 

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A
Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Oranges from Korea

Rev. 003 December 23, 2009 33

Pest Scientific Name Distribution1 Reported on 

Unshu 

Quarantine pest2Plant part(s) 

affected3

Follow 

pathway2

Longidoridae 

Xiphinema americanum

Cobb

KR, US (CABI, 

2007) 

Anonymous, 

1984; CABI, 2007

No N/A N/A

Xiphinema insigne Loos 

(Longidoridae)

KR (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 Yes R No 

Pratylenchidae

Pratylenchus penetrans

(Cobb) Filipjev & 

Schuurmans Stekhoven 

KR, US (CABI, 

2007) 

Anonymous, 

1984; CABI, 2007

No N/A N/A

Trichordoridae

Paratrichodorus porosus

(Allen) Siddiqi 

KR, US (CABI, 

2007)

CABI, 2007; 

Umeya and 

Okada, 2003

No N/A N/A

Tylenchidae

Tylenchulus 

semipenetrans Cobb 

KR, US (CABI, 

2007)

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

VIRUSES 

Citrus tatter leaf virus

(Capillovirus)

KR, US (CA, FL) 

(CABI, 2007)

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Citrus tristeza virus

(Closteroviridae: 

Closterovirus) 

KR, US (CABI, 

2007) 

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Satsuma dwarf virus

(Bromoviridae: 

Nepovirus) 

KR (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 Yes WP (CABI, 2007) No 

MOLLUSCA 

Bradybaenidae

Acusta despecta (Grey) KR (An, 2000) An, 2000 Yes L, S (An, 2000) No 

2.5. Quarantine Pests Likely to Follow the Pathway

The two quarantine pests likely to follow the pathway that we analyzed further were Elsinoë australis, 

sweet orange scab, and Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri, citrus canker. Following, we discuss some pests 

that were not further analyzed.

2.5.1. Insects

Mealybugs. The mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) are unlikely to be associated with commercial 

export-quality unshu oranges due to pressure washing and brushing of the fruit that will occur before 

export to the United States. Any mealybugs on the fruit at harvest would likely be removed by this postharvest practice, given their mobility and lack of adhesion to the fruit surface. Interception records for 

commercial shipments of Citrus fruit corroborate this.

Armored scales. We identified three species of armored scales (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), Octaspidiotus 

stauntoniae, Parlatoria ziziphi, and Unaspis yanonensis, as quarantine pests. We did not further analyze 

them because although armored scales may enter on commercial fruit for consumption, they are highly 
Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Oranges from Korea

Rev. 003 December 23, 2009 34

unlikely to become established via this pathway (Miller, 1985; PERAL, 2007b). A recent critical review 

of the literature, APHIS-PPQ operational data, and expert opinion concludes that, even assuming high 

quantities of imported fruit infested with armored scale species that could be parthenogenic, highly 

fecund, polyphagous, invasive, theoretically able to survive in most of the United States, and capable of 

causing high-level consequences, the specific pathway represented by commercially produced fruit 

shipped without leaves, stems or contaminants constitutes an extremely low risk (PERAL, 2007a). This 

low risk is explained by poor ability of armored scales to disperse to new host plants from fruits for 

consumption, and consequently, by their low probability of establishment. The following characteristics 

of armored scales contribute to their poor dispersal capabilities:

Legs and wings are absent in females and in feeding immature forms. Males possess wings but are 

short-lived, do not feed, and tend to mate with nearby females. 

Self-dispersal of armored scales occurs by immature forms, or ―crawlers.‖ They are the most 

vulnerable life stage; their survival decreases with long-distance wind dispersal. Crawlers can be 

passively dispersed by wind from one plant to another only during a period of approximately 24 

hours. No further dispersal is possible after the crawlers start feeding as they lose their legs during the 

first molt and their mouthparts are deeply inserted in the host, anchoring them firmly to the substrate.

Dispersal from fruit discarded in the environment is considered very unlikely because of low wind 

speeds at ground level and low survival rate of crawlers on the ground or on decaying fruit or fruit 

peel. Active dispersal of crawlers by walking from their natal host is highly unlikely since they are 

not capable of rapid movement over bare soil or rough surfaces.

Organisms removed from the pathway. Organisms removed from the Unshu oranges pathway during 

standard post-harvest processing do not require further analysis. The following quarantine significant 

species found associated with citrus and in Korea (Table 3) will be mitigated through culling, pressure 

washing, and brushing of the fruit: Panonychus elongatus (Acari: Tetranychidae), Arcte coerula, Bastilla 

maturate, Calyptra lata, C. thalictri, Dysgonia stuposa, Eudocima fullonia , E. salaminia, Helicoverpa 

armigera, Ophiusa tirhaca, Oraesia emarginata, O. excavate, Serrodes campana (Lepidoptera: 

Noctuidae), Ceroplastes japonicus, C. pseudoceriferus, C. rubens (Hemiptera: Coccidae), Drosicha 

corpulenta (Hemiptera: Margarodidae), Nezara antennata (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), Planococcus 

kraunhiae, Pseudococcus cryptus, Pseudococcus sp. (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), Scirtothrips dorsalis, 

Thrips coloratus, and T. palmi (Thysanoptera: Thripidae).

2.5.2. Fungi

Guignardia citricarpa. This pathogen is the causal agent of citrus black spot disease (Sutton and 

Waterston, 1966), and is a quarantine pest (Sutton and Waterston, 1996). The pest risk assessment 

conducted by PPQ in 1994 noted that Korean officials were unable to detect citrus black spot disease 

during several years of survey in the citrus-growing areas in Korea. A list of citrus pests submitted by 

Korea (Anonymous, 1990) included Phoma citricarpa McAlpine var. mikan Hara as a causal agent of 

storage rot of citrus. Phoma citricarpa McAlpine is an anamorph of G. citricarpa (EPPO, 1997). The 

same situation was described in Japan, where a low percentage of stored Unshu fruit developed a decay 

caused by G. citricarpa var. mikan (anamorph: P. citricarpa var. mikan) (McOnie, 1967). McOnie (1967) 

concluded that G. citricarpa var. mikan was actually the nonpathogenic strain of G. citricarpa, that small 

irregular markings on fruit thought to be caused by G. citricarpa were due to mechanical or insect injury, 

and that the G. citricarpa isolated from those fruit was the nonpathogenic Guignardia sp. Based on this 

information, PPQ believes that the Guignardia present in Korea is nonpathogenic. This concurs with 

reports of G. citricarpa in Korea as being either doubtful or reports of the non-pathogenic Guignardia sp. 

(CABI, 2007). Baldassari et al. (2008) and Baayen et al. (2002) used symptomology, pathogen 

morphology, and molecular techniques to differentiate the non-pathogenic species from G. citricarpa. 

The ―non-pathogenic strain‖ is now designated G. mangiferae and the citrus black spot pathogen is 

designated as G. citricarpa (Baayen et al., 2002; Baldassari et al., 2008). The non-pathogenic Guignardia
Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Oranges from Korea

Rev. 003 December 23, 2009 35

was reported in Florida (Alfieri et al., 1994) and Texas (Okamura and Davis, 1987). Based on this 

information, we believe that the Guignardia present in Korea is G. mangiferae, which is not a quarantine 

pest. That is also why G. citricarpa does not appear above.

2.6. Consequences of Introduction

The negative impacts resulting from the introduction and establishment of quarantine pests are considered 

in this assessment. The potential consequences of introduction are rated using five risk elements described 

in the Guidelines for the Pathway-Initiated Pest Risk Assessments Version 5.02 (PPQ, 2000).

For each risk element, we rated the pest Low (1 point), Medium (2 points), or High (3 points).

We summed all the risk element values to calculate a cumulative risk rating score, which is a biological 

indicator of the potential of the pest to establish, spread, and cause economic and environmental impacts 

(PPQ, 2000). We summarized the ratings for the Consequences of Introduction below (Table 4).

Elsinoë australis, Sweet orange scab Risk ratings

Risk Element 1: Climate-Host Interaction 

The sweet orange scab occurs in Italy, India, Ethiopia, Dominican Republic, 

Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, Paraguay, Uruguay, Cook Islands, Fiji, Niue, 

Samoa (CABI, 2007), and Korea (Hyun et al., 2001; Hyun et al., 2007; Hyun et 

al., 2009). Thayer et al. (2003) examined the likely areas that Elsinoë australis

could establish in the United States. The pathogen requires moderately warm 

temperatures (4-25 °C) and a minimum wet period of 2.5-3.5 h for infections to 

occur. The suitable climate for E. australis development is limited to the state of 

Florida, where there are suitable hosts. That area includes two plant hardiness 

zones, therefore the rating for Climate-Host Interaction is Medium.

Medium (2)

Risk Element 2: Host Range

Elsinoë australis infects many species of citrus, including sweet orange (C. sinensis), 

lemon (C. limon), mandarin (C. reticulata), tangerine (C. reticulata), satsuma orange (C. 

reticulata), kumquat (Fortunella margarita), lime (C. latifolia), grapefruit (C. paradisi), 

and pointed leaf papeda (C. hystrix) (CMI, 1998). Sour orange, C. aurantium, is relatively 

resistant to E. australis (EPPO/CABI, 1997h). The host range of sweet orange scab 

includes multiple species within a single genus, so the rating for this element is Low.

Low (1)

Risk Element 3: Dispersal 

The primary window for infection is the early spring, when the tree puts out new shoot 

growth and  ̳petal fall‘ commences (Timmer et al., 2000). Leaves are susceptible as they 

emerge from the bud; thereafter they become immune to infection (Timmer et al., 2000); 

however, when lesions do develop on leaves, they typically remain small (2 mm 

diameter) (Bitancourt and Jenkins, 1937). During the six to eight weeks after  ̳petal fall,‘ 

fruits are highly susceptible to E. australis (Timmer et al., 2000). 

Conidia dispersal depends on rain and/or irrigation (CMI, 1998; EPPO/CABI, 1997h; 

Timmer et al., 2000), and may disperse in air over short distances (Chung and Timmer, 

2005). The dispersal gradient is short. The estimated spread rate in Florida groves was 

100 to 300 m per year (Whiteside, 1975).

From this information, we rated citrus canker Low for Dispersal Potential.

Low (1)
Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Oranges from Korea

Rev. 003 December 23, 2009 36

Elsinoë australis, Sweet orange scab Risk ratings

Risk Element 4: Economic Impact 

Elsinoë australis is a fungal pathogen that causes fruit disfigurement and reduces fresh 

market value (Bitancourt and Jenkins, 1937; EPPO/CABI, 1997h). Culling diseased fruit 

increases handling costs and decreases export volume. Most oranges in Florida are grown 

for processing, therefore finding sweet orange scab in an orange grove would likely not 

majorly disrupt either the processed or fresh market. Elsinoë australis may also affect 

grapefruit, lime, or tangerine groves; a large portion of these crops goes to the fresh 

market (USDA, 2002c). Expenses associated with sweet orange scab include field control 

(to reduce disease symptoms), post-harvest treatments, grove surveys, and the loss in 

export market of fresh citrus from all states. The estimated cost of its permanent 

establishment in Florida—not considering post-harvest treatment costs— about $55 

million annually, which includes a loss in export revenue of $32 million annually (USDA, 

2002c). We rated E. australis Low for this element.

Low (1)

Risk Element 5: Environmental Impact 

The introduction of E. australis into a new area may require specific chemical control 

programs, which can negatively impact non-target pests and the environment. Copper 

oxychloride sprays during new spring growth and flowering protect the young leaves and 

fruit by preventing the spores from germinating and causing infection (Timmer et al., 

2000; Whiteside, 1975). The three sprays recommended for areas highly infested with 

citrus scab (Timmer and Chung, 2007b; Timmer et al., 2000). Growers in Florida are 

most likely already employing these chemicals to control E. fawcettii, therefore there 

would likely be little additional environmental impacts for controlling E. australis. No 

threatened or endangered species of citrus in the United States would be impacted by the 

pathogen (USFWS, 2008). We rated the pathogen Low for this element.

Low (1)

Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri , Citrus canker Risk ratings

Risk Element 1: Climate-Host Interaction 

Citrus canker disease occurs in Asia, Africa, Central America, the Caribbean, South 

America, Oceania, and the United States (Florida). In Florida, citrus canker has 

successfully established several times. The last occurrence in Florida was in Miami in 

1995. Citrus canker is now widespread throughout citrus-producing areas in Florida. To 

date, citrus canker has not spread from Florida to other U.S. citrus-producing areas. Citrus 

is grown in U.S. Plant Hardiness Zones 8-10 (Bright Leaf Citrus Nursery, 2008; Wright, 

2001). Citrus canker could establish in three Plant Hardiness Zones (PERAL, 2008a) 

(Figure 2). Thus, our rating for this element is Medium.

Medium (2)

Risk Element 2: Host Range 

Citrus spp. are the main hosts of economic importance. Natural infections only occur on 

Citrus spp., hybrids, and cultivars and on Aegle marmelos (golden apple), Casimiroa 

edulis (white sapote), Citrus aurantiifolia (lime), C. aurantium (sour orange), C. hystrix

(mauritius bitter orange), C. junos (yuzu), C. limetta (sweet lemon tree), C. limon

(lemon), C. madurensis (calamondin), C. maxima (pummelo), C. medica (citron), C. 

natsudaidai (natsudaidai), C. reshni (Cleopatra mandarin), C. reticulata (mandarin), C. 

reticulata x Poncirus trifoliata (citrumelo), C. sinensis (navel orange), C. sunki (sour 

mandarin), C. tankan (tankan mandarin), C. unshiu (satsuma), Citrus x paradisi

(grapefruit), Eremocitrus glauca (Australian desert lime), Limonia acidissima (elephant 

apple), Poncirus trifoliata (Trifoliate orange), Fortunella japonica (round kumquat), and 

Fortunella margarita (oval kumquat) (Pruvost et al., 2002; CABI, 2007). The degree of 

susceptibility of these citrus species to citrus canker varies: most C. reticulata cultivars 

Medium (2)
Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Oranges from Korea

Rev. 003 December 23, 2009 37

Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri , Citrus canker Risk ratings

are moderately resistant to citrus canker (Gottwald et al., 1993; Graham et al., 1992; 

Canteros, 2004). The natural host range of citrus canker includes multiple species within 

one plant family, which means a risk rating of Medium.

Risk Element 3: Dispersal 

Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri can survive in diseased plant tissues, as an epiphyte on 

host and non-host plants, and as a saprophyte on straw mulch or in soil (Goto, 1992). 

However, overwintering lesions, particularly those formed on angular shoots, are the most 

important source of inoculum for the following season (Pruvost et al., 2002). Bacteria 

produced in leaf and twig lesions are significant for secondary infections. The amount of 

citrus canker bacteria present within active lesions decreases as the lesions age, and stem 

lesions can act as reservoirs of inoculum for longer periods than fruits and leaves (Leite 

Jr. and Moham, 1990; Verniere et al., 2003). In the first 48 hours of wetting, laboratory 

studies demonstrated that 4-6 week-old lesions exuded 100 to 1000 times more cfu/ml 

(cfu = colony forming unit) than 4-6 month-old lesions (Timmer et al. 1991). Viable 

bacteria have been isolated from 5-7 year-old stem lesions (Schubert et al., 2001). Lateseason lesions are capable of sustaining bacteria from one season into the next season, 

and asymptomatic citrus leaves still attached to the tree are believed to harbor citrus 

canker bacteria for several months.

Bacteria may also survive for a few weeks to several months on decomposing plant litter 

(fallen fruit, leaves, and limbs), on the soil surface (Civerolo, 1984; Gottwald et al., 

2002a; Graham et al., 1987; Leite Jr. and Moham, 1990; Schubert et al., 2001), or on 

plant material in the soil for as long as four years (Goto, 1992; Goto et al., 1975; Pereira 

et al., 1976). That allows citrus canker bacteria to persist, providing inoculum for further 

spread of the pathogen (Graham et al., 1987). Survival in decomposing leaves, both in 

and on the soil surface, depends on moisture and temperature (Goto, 1992). Citrus canker 

bacteria do not survive for long periods in the soil in the absence of host material 

(Graham, 1989; Graham et al., 1987, Leite Jr. and Moham, 1984). 

In wind-driven rain, bacteria dispersal can occur within trees and from tree to tree (Bock, 

2005; Gottwald and Graham, 2000). Pathogen spread has been recorded from 32 meters 

to several miles (Gottwald and Graham, 2000; Gottwald et al., 1988; Gottwald et al., 

2002b; Stall et al., 1980). In Florida, pathogen spread was detected within 579 m (1900 ft) 

from the source 95 percent of the time (Compton and Fagan, 2000; Gottwald et al., 

2002a; Gottwald et al., 2001). Citrus canker spread from an initial 50 square miles to 

1,265 square miles area in the first five years following detection in Florida. 

Long-distance spread of the pathogen can also occur via the movement of infected 

planting and propagating material, such as budwood, rootstock seedlings or budded trees 

from nurseries (Gottwald et al., 2002a; Graham et al., 2004; Smith et al., 1997; Timmer et 

al., 2005). There is no confirmed record of seed transmission (Smith et al., 1997). 

Contaminated personnel, clothing, equipment, tools, field boxes, and other items 

associated with harvesting and post-harvest handling of fruit may also provide a means of 

long-distance dissemination, especially when trees are wet (Civerolo, 1984; Timmer et 

al., 2005; USDA, 2002). Bacteria can survive in plant debris in the soil for long periods 

(Goto et al., 1978; Graham et al., 1987); thus, the removal of leaves, fruit, and limbs from 

the grove floor and the removal of infected trees, help reduce inoculum and diminish 

spread potential.

Medium (2)
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Rev. 003 December 23, 2009 38

Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri , Citrus canker Risk ratings

The movement of diseased fruit has often been considered a potential means of longdistance pathogen spread, but despite a long global history of commercial trade in citrus 

fruit, no authenticated record exists of this (Smith et al., 1997),. Likewise, infected culled 

fruit and processed fruit pulp possibly facilitate long-distance pathogen spread, but the 

likelihood of this is unknown (Smith et al., 1997). We do not know if asymptomatic fruit 

or fruit with lesions are epidemiologically significant with respect to the initiation of new 

infections (Canteros, 2004; Jetter et al., 2000). Based on the above, we rated citrus canker 

Medium for Dispersal Potential.

Risk Element 4: Economic Impact 

Severe infections of citrus canker can result in dieback, defoliation, fruit deformation, and 

premature fruit drop (CABI, 2007; Civerolo, 1981; Gottwald and Graham, 2000; Stall and 

Seymour, 1983). When the fruits and leaves of young, susceptible trees are infected, the 

development and the achievement of full growth may be delayed by several years in 

severely infected young trees (CABI, 2007). The most significant effect of citrus canker is 

the loss of commercial markets due to unmarketable fruit. Blemished fruit are still 

suitable for the juice market (Stall and Seymour, 1983), but do not meet the market 

standard for fresh fruit (Gottwald et al., 2001; Muraro et al., 2001). We rated citrus canker 

High for Economic Impacts.

High (3)

Risk Element 5: Environmental Impact 

The introduction of citrus canker in a new area may require specific control programs that

could negatively impact non-target pests and the environment. Prophylactic sprays of 

copper oxychloride or other copper-containing compounds are commonly used to provide 

protection against initial infection in canker-endemic areas during growth flushes and 

fruit development (2-6 cm diameter) (Das, 2003; Graham et al., 2004; Koizumi, 1977b; 

Kuhara, 1978; Leite Jr. and Moham, 1990; Medina-Urrutia and Stapleton, 1985; Muraro 

et al., 2001; Stall et al., 1980; Timmer, 1988). Additional copper fungicide sprays are 

often necessary to avoid symptoms in generally infected areas because the initial spray 

usually wears off, reducing its efficacy in limiting pathogen spread potential (Gottwald et 

al., 2002b; Leite Jr. and Moham, 1990; Stall et al., 1980). In Japan, susceptible hosts are 

often sprayed 5 to 7 times, while moderately susceptible cultivars are only sprayed four 

times throughout the growing season. Five to six copper sprays during the susceptible 

rainy season in Brazil result in a disease incidence decrease of 90 percent in moderately 

susceptible cultivars (Leite Jr. et al., 1987). In addition, the age of the citrus tree, 

environmental conditions, and the application of other control methods may alter the 

effectiveness of copper sprays (Leite Jr., 2000). Graham and Gottwald (1991) stated that 

―in the absence of windbreaks, copper applied at 1-month intervals slightly reduced 

canker spread during wind-blown rain events.‖ However, they found that copper 

applications did not affect disease incidence when used in conjunction with windbreaks 

and applied at one-month intervals (Graham and Gottwald, 1991). APHIS has considered 

the potential effects of citrus eradication program on endangered and threatened species 

and their habitats. Generally, the controlled nature of the citrus canker infestations and the 

program treatments preclude any effects on those species and their habitats (USDA, 

1999). Overall, we rated citrus canker Medium for Environmental Impact.

Medium (2)
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Rev. 003 December 23, 2009 39

Figure 2. Plant hardiness zones for the continental United States (PERAL, 2008).

Table 4. Risk ratings for Consequences of Introduction.

Pest Risk elements Risk ratinga

Climate- Host 

Interaction

Host 

Range

Dispersal 

Potential

Economic 

Impact

Environmental 

Impact

Elsinoë australis Med (2) Low (1) Low (1) Low (1) Low (1) Low (6)

Xanthomonas citri 

subsp. citri

Med (2) Med (2) Med (2) High (3) Med (2) Medium (11)

a Low = 5-8, Medium = 9-12, High = 13-15

2.7. Likelihood of Introduction

This portion of the assessment considers two separate components. First, we estimate the amount of 

commodity likely to be imported, which is the same for all quarantine pests considered. Second, we 

consider five biological factors concerning the pest and its interactions with the commodity. The resulting 

risk ratings are specific to each pest. For each pest, the sum of the sub elements produces a cumulative 

risk rating for likelihood of introduction. The cumulative risk rating for introduction is considered to be 

an indicator of the likelihood that a particular pest would be introduced. These ratings and the value for 

the Likelihood of Introduction are summarized below (Table 7).

2.7.1. Quantity Imported Annually. 

The likelihood that an exotic pest will be introduced depends on the amount of potentially infested 

commodity imported. For qualitative pest risk assessments, the amount of commodity imported is 

estimated in units of standard 40-foot shipping containers.
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Rev. 003 December 23, 2009 40

Korea began exporting Unshu oranges to the United States in 1995, and that ended in 2002 (Table 5) 

(NASS, 2005). The annual number of 40-foot shipping containers fell within the range of 10 to 100 

containers. Given this, we assumed that less than 100 containers would be imported annually from Korea, 

so the rating was Medium.

Table 5. Shipping volumes of Korean Unshu fruit, in approximate number of 40-foot containers (NASS, 

2005).

Year Volume (metric tons) Containers (no.)

1995 50 2.5

1996 220 11

1997 1,190 59.5

1998 40 2

1999 380 19

2000 240 12

2001 1,434 71.7

2002 1,601 80

2.7.2. Harvested Fruit is Infested/Infected and Survives Post-Harvest Treatment

Citrus canker. Standard post-harvest treatments were summarized above (1.2). The presence of the 

organism on fruit may be associated with lesions, injuries, or blemishes, or it may be epiphytic 

(contamination). A ten-year research project in Argentina confirmed the very low susceptibility (zero 

percent) of Unshu mandarin fruit to citrus canker, especially in comparison to grapefruit (Canteros, 2004). 

Disease incidence on vegetative plant parts was slightly above zero on fruit, with the Unshu mandarin the 

least susceptible to citrus canker of all cultivars that were tested under high inoculum pressure (Canteros, 

2004). Small fruit (<20 mm) are not susceptible to infection as the stomata are not fully open at this stage. 

Above this size susceptibility is inversely related to fruit age: younger fruit are more susceptible (Graham 

et al., 1992). 

Epiphytic populations of citrus canker on citrus tissue drop 3-5 orders of magnitude in 24 hours in 

experiments (Timmer et al., 1996). In Brazil, asymptomatic fruit were sprayed with a bacterial 

suspension, but after five days at room temperature under laboratory conditions the bacteria could not be 

recovered (Belasque Jr. and Rodriguez Neto, 2000). Harsher environmental conditions outside the 

laboratory would likely further reduce the survival of epiphytic citrus canker populations on 

asymptomatic fruit. 

This fruit will be washed, brushed, and dried as a normal part of the packing process (Section 1.2).

Brushing increases the exposure of citrus canker to toxicants (Brown and Schubert, 1987). Drying further 

reduces epiphytic citrus canker populations (Schubert et al., 1999). Disinfectants reduced populations of 

the closely related species, Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria, to undetectable levels (Brown and 

Schubert, 1987; Graham and Gottwald, 1991). Using 200 ppm chlorine for two minutes reduces natural 

bacterial populations on citrus fruits 77-99 percent (Stapleton, 1986). Similarly, exposing fruit from 

infected citrus trees to a prewash with SOPP detergent, followed by a chlorine wash reduced the survival 

of surface bacteria (Gottwald et al., 2009). A packinghouse wash with disinfectants can practically 

remove all epiphytic citrus canker from fruits without symptoms (Canteros, 2004, n.d.; Canteros et al., 

2000). Post-harvest treatment in Uruguay reduced bacterial populations on inoculated fruit by 99.5 

percent, and by 99.8 percent on naturally infested fruit (Verdier et al., 2005, 2006). Finally, two different 

chlorine-wash protocols reduced (by approximately 50 percent) the ability of lesions to produce viable 

bacteria (Gottwald et al., 2009).
Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Oranges from Korea

Rev. 003 December 23, 2009 41

If a small epiphytic population of citrus canker did survive post-harvest treatments, it would not survive 

long on the surface of the fruit (Goto, 1969; Timmer et al., 1991). Under natural conditions, epiphytic 

citrus canker survives on fruit surfaces for only about three days (Goto, 1962, 1969; Shiotani et al., 2009), 

and they do not multiply in water, on leaf surfaces, or on dry leaves (Timmer et al., 1991; Timmer et al., 

1996). Because bacterial survival on non-attached citrus fruit is significantly reduced (Koizumi, 1972), 

the likelihood of citrus canker spread via commercial fruit is very low, but not zero (Golmohammadi et 

al., 2007).

We can conclude that symptomatic fruit are unlikely to pass through the standard packinghouse 

procedures and that the post-harvest treatments will likely remove and/or devitalize epiphytic populations 

of the pathogen to the extent that they become epidemiologically insignificant. For these reasons, we 

rated this risk element Low for Citrus canker.

Sweet orange scab. Infection by E. australis can start in the early spring, when there is new shoot growth 

and  ̳petal fall‘ commences (Timmer et al., 2000). Leaves are only susceptible as they emerge; thereafter 

they become immune to infection. Lesions on leaves typically remain small (2 mm diameter) (Bitancourt 

and Jenkins, 1937). Tissue susceptibility decreases as fruit mature. Fruits become susceptible to E. 

australis six to eight weeks after petal fall (Timmer et al., 2000). Rind symptoms of initial infections 

typically display slightly raised and pink to light brown scab prostulates. As the scab or prostulates 

develop they become warty and cracked, and yellowish brown to dark gray (Bitancourt and Jenkins, 

1937; Timmer et al., 2000). Prophylactic sprays of copper oxychloride or other copper-containing 

compounds provided protection against initial infection in canker-endemic areas during growth flushes 

and fruit development (2-6 cm diameter) (Das, 2003; Graham et al., 2004; Muraro et al., 2001). Welltimed field treatments significantly reduce the incidence of disease, the level of inoculum, and the number 

of symptomatic fruit in the field. Combinations of prophylactic sprays and cultural control practices, such 

as windbreaks and pruning diseased shoots, further reduce disease incidence (Das, 2003; Kuhara, 1978; 

Leite Jr., 2000; Leite Jr. and Moham, 1990). 

As with citrus canker, symptomatic oranges infected by sweet orange scab are unlikely to pass through 

the standard packinghouse procedures and the post-harvest treatments. Therefore, we rated this risk 

element Low for sweet orange scab.

2.7.3. Quarantine Pests Survive Shipment

This sub-element evaluates the survival of inoculum in fruit during shipping. Shipments of unshu oranges 

are likely to be refrigerated and spend several days in transit to the United States. Recommended shipping 

and storage temperatures for Unshu oranges are between 4 and 7°C for two to four weeks (Cantwell, 

2002).

Citrus canker. Bacteria that survive the packing process on the surface of citrus fruit are unlikely to 

survive the shipping process. Bacterial populations in existing lesions decreased by several orders of 

magnitude when the average maximum temperature was below 20°C and average minimum temperature 

was below 10°C (Koizumi, 1977a). Stall et al. (1980) noted ―the populations of viable cells in lesions 

decreased about 100-fold during the winter months.‖ As mentioned above, under natural conditions 

epiphytic citrus canker survives on fruit surfaces only up to three days (Goto, 1962, 1969; Shiotani et al., 

2009). Therefore, epiphytic populations pose an epidemiological threat for only a very limited window of 

time.

After processing, bacteria have not been shown to occur on the surface of citrus fruit or under the wax 

coating applied to the fruit, and are unlikely to cause disease development under these circumstances. 

Fruit-to-fruit post-harvest spread of bacteria has not been documented. Citrus canker latent populations do 

not produce symptoms in harvested fruit (Civerolo, 1997), and there is no evidence of epiphytic growth 
Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Oranges from Korea

Rev. 003 December 23, 2009 42

by citrus canker (Brunings and Gabriel, 2003). Our rating for Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri is Low for 

this risk element.

Sweet orange scab. Harvested fruit is visually inspected for Sweet orange scab symptoms. Fruits are 

infected early in their development, grow misshapen, and can fall prematurely (EPPO/CABI, 1997h). 

Lesions on young fruit are round to irregular, 2 to 6 mm in diameter, raised and slightly convex 

(Bitancourt and Jenkins, 1937). Rind symptoms of older scabs are warty and cracked and yellowish 

brown to dark gray in color (Bitancourt and Jenkins, 1937; Timmer et al., 2000). Culling procedures used 

in Argentina to remove symptomatic Xcc fruit (Ploper et al., 2004) should effectively remove fruit 

symptomatic for E. australis.

Routine packing house treatments used to control Citrus black spot (CBS) such as chlorine dip, warm

water bath, or chemical tank dip (1000 μg ml-1guazatine, 503 μg ml-1 imazalil sulphate, 500 μg ml-1 2,4-D 

sodium salt) and combinations of these treatments (Korf et al., 2001a), should reduce the viability of E. 

australis. Wax treatments used to reduce the viability of Guignardia citricarpa conidia (Korf et al., 2001; 

Seberry, 1967) should also reduce the viability of E. australis conidia. Due to the packing process, the 

rating is Medium for E. australis to survive packing and post harvest treatment.

2.7.4. Quarantine Pest is not Detected at Port-of-Entry

In this sub-element we assess the likelihood of a pest not being detected during port inspections.

Citrus canker. Groves in infested areas may have citrus canker infected fruit at varying levels depending 

on the prevalence of inoculum, the susceptibility of the variety, and climatic, environmental, and cultural 

conditions. The presence of the organism on fruit may be associated with lesions, injuries, or blemishes, 

or it may be epiphytic (contamination). Epiphytic populations would be difficult to detect, but are much 

less likely to introduce the disease (above). Lesions on infected fruit are distinctive and have been 

detected at ports multiple times. Therefore, we rated this sub-element Low. 

Sweet orange scab. We found no information about the ability of E. australis to survive shipping. The 

fungus overwinters in the tree canopy on limbs and fruit that had been infected during the previous 

season. The pathogen will survive if existing scab pustules retain the infectious conidia (propagules) 

(EPPO/CABI, 1997h). Citrus scab can generally survive for periods of time without susceptible tissue in 

pustules on old leaves and fruit (Timmer et al., 2000). Since E. australis can overwinter, it can likely 

survive low temperatures during shipment. Thus, we rated E. australis as High.

2.7.5. Infested/Infected Fruit is Moved to Suitable Habitat

This sub-element involves shipment of infested/infected fruit to a suitable habitat for 

establishment/disease development; for this, we consider the geographic location of likely markets. 

Imported fruit normally arrive at multiple ports and are distributed according to market demand. 

Three of the four most populous states in the United States (Florida, Texas, and California; US Census 

Bureau, 2000) are in the southern United States, where the climate best matches the native climates for 

Citrus canker and sweet orange scab. Assuming that citrus is distributed across the United States 

proportional to population, then fruit is likely to be shipped to these states. Based on the above 

information, we rated this risk element Medium for both pests.

2.7.6. Pests Find Suitable Host and Establish or Incite Disease

This sub-element examines the risk that imported infested fruit will encounter a suitable host within the 

suitable habitat, and a viable reproductive unit of the insect pest or plant pathogen associated with the 

fruit is able to complete its life cycle. The following events must occur for the disease to develop:
Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Oranges from Korea

Rev. 003 December 23, 2009 43

A susceptible host must be available

The host must be exposed when infection can occur (varies with cultivar)

Free water must be available on the surface of the citrus plants from rain

Sufficient force (i.e., wind) must be present to drive the bacteria into natural openings, or wounds 

must be present

The causal organism must be in sufficient amount and at stage that can cause disease onset

Enough time must elapse for key interactions to occur

Citrus canker. Viable bacteria from infected fruit are unlikely to encounter suitable hosts under the 

conditions required for disease development for several reasons. First, citrus canker has only fifteen 

known hosts, in Citrus spp. (see above). Second, hosts must be susceptible, which lasts 90-120 days after 

petal fall. Most leaf infections occur during enlargement (Civerolo, 1984), over a short interval, often 

within the first six weeks (Gottwald and Graham, 2000). Mature, unwounded fruit are not susceptible to 

infection (Civerolo, 1984; Gottwald and Graham, 2000), because they (and leaves) are protected by the 

buildup of a waxy cuticle (Albrigo, 1976; Gottwald and Graham, 2000; Graham et al., 1992; NPB, 2002). 

Third, infiltration of bacteria into stomata on unwounded fruit or leaves is aided by wind-driven rain, with 

wind speeds exceeding 8 m/s (Gottwald et al., 2002a; Graham and Leite Jr., 2004). Such weather 

conditions will be relatively rare. Finally, diseased fruit have not been shown to affect epidemiology of 

citrus canker disease (Smith et al., 1997; Gottwald et al., 2009), whether with lesions or asymptomatic 

fruit (Anonymous, 2005; Canteros, 2004; Jetter et al., 2000; PERAL, 2007aa; Verdier et al., 2005).

Gottwald et al. (2009) demonstrated that actively growing citrus plants exposed to infected, packinghouse 

treated fruit, did not become infected. Discarded canker-infected fruit in cull piles were also not effective 

sources of inoculum for dispersal to nearby plants under natural conditions. Overall, citrus fruit with 

canker lesions are an unlikely pathway through which citrus canker inoculum might lead to infection and 

citrus canker establishment in new areas (Gottwald et al., 2009). We rated this sub-element Low.

Sweet orange scab. The suitable climate for E. australis development is limited to the state of Florida 

(Thayer, 2003), where hosts of E. australis are present. Infection only occurs when there is new shoot 

growth and  ̳petal fall‘ commences (Timmer et al., 2000). Leaves are only susceptible as they emerge; 

thereafter they become immune to infection (Timmer et al., 2000). Tissue susceptibility decreases as fruit 

mature. Six to eight weeks after petal fall fruits are susceptible to E. australis (Timmer et al., 2000). The 

pathogen will survive if existing scab pustules retain the infectious conidia (propagules) (EPPO/CABI, 

1997h). Conidia are formed abundantly on wet scabs (CABI, 2006). Germination of conidia and infection 

do not require rainfall, but a minimum wet period, via dew, fog, or other high moisture conditions of 2.5-

3.5 hours, is necessary for conidial infection (CABI, 2006; EPPO/CABI, 1997h). When these favorable 

conditions are present, infection and further conidial production can occur within 4-6 hours (Whiteside, 

1975). As the closely related species E. fawcetti, is already established in Florida it is likely that E. 

australis encounter suitable conditions for disease development. The rating is High for this risk element.

Table 6. Risk rating for Likelihood of Introduction.

Pest Quantity 

imported 

annually

Harvested 

fruit is 

infected

Survive post 

harvest 

treatment

Survive 

shipments

Fruit 

sent to 

suitable 

habitat

Find suitable 

host/

incite disease

Cumulative 

risk 

ranking1

Elsinoë australis Med (2) Low (1) Medium (2) High (3) Med (2) High (3) Medium (13)

Xanthomonas 

citri subsp. citri

Med (2) Low (1) Low (1) Low (1) Med (2) Low (1) Low (8)

1Low = 6-9, Medium = 10-14, High = 15-18
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Rev. 003 December 23, 2009 44

2.8. Pest Risk Potential / Conclusion 

The sum of the values for the Consequences of Introduction and the Likelihood of Introduction equal the 

Pest Risk Potential (Table 7). Sweet orange scab and citrus canker had Medium Pest Risk Potentials

(Table 7). A very low incidence of any symptomatic fruit infested with citrus canker may enter on 

occasion, but the pathogen is unlikely to establish in new areas via this fruit as a pathway. The same 

seems true for sweet orange scab.

Low risk pests typically do not require specific mitigations measures beyond port-of-entry inspection. For 

medium risk pests, specific phytosanitary measures may be necessary, and for high risk pests, specific 

phytosanitary measures are strongly recommended, and port-of-entry inspection is not considered 

sufficient to provide phytosanitary security. Identification and selection of appropriate sanitary and 

phytosanitary measures to mitigate risk for pests with particular Pest Risk Potential ratings is undertaken 

as part of the risk management phase is not discussed in this document. The appropriate risk management 

strategy for a particular pest depends on the risk posed by that pest.

Table 7. Pest Risk Potential.

Pest Consequences of 

Introduction 

Likelihood of 

Introduction

Pest Risk Potentiala

Elsinoë australis Low (6) Medium (13) Medium (19)

Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri Medium (11) Low (8) Medium (19)

a Low = 11-18, Medium = 19-26, High = 27-33

3. Risk Management Options 

3.1. Measures for Pest Risk Reduction

A systems approach to mitigate risks involved with Unshu oranges, Citrus reticulata, from Korea might 

combine a variety of measures. Several of these management measures are being used to mitigate several 

pest of quarantine significance, as follows (and see 1.2): 

Certification of pest-free areas, pest-free places of production, or areas of low pest prevalence for 

certain quarantine pests, such as fruit flies; programs (e.g., mechanical, chemical, cultural) to control 

pests within orchards; preclearance oversight by USDA-APHIS officials

Standard post-harvest processing procedures (e.g., washing with detergent, brushing, inspection of 

fruit) to eliminate external pests; quarantine treatments to disinfest fruit of internal and external pests

Consignments inspected and certified by the National Plant Quarantine Service (NPQS) of Korea and 

APHIS-PPQ to be free of quarantine pests; fruit traceable to state of origin, packing facility, grower, 

and orchard; consignments subject to sampling and inspection after arrival in the United States; and 

limits on distribution and transit within the United States

We identified two pests of quarantine significance that could follow the unshu fruit pathway, Elsinoë 

australis, the causal agent of sweet orange scab, and Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri, the causal agent of 

citrus canker disease. The Pest Risk Potential of both pests was Medium, so specific phytosanitary 

measures may be necessary.
Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Oranges from Korea

Rev. 003 December 23, 2009 45

3.2. Phytosanitary Options

In this section we describe risk mitigation options and discuss application, and efficacy, if known. 

Options for risk mitigation are summarized below (Table 8).

In this document we do not purport to establish specific work plans or to evaluate the quality of a specific 

program or systems approach. We identify risks and provide information regarding known mitigation 

measures. The specification and implementation of measures, as would be present in an operational work 

plan, is beyond the scope of this document.

3.2.1. Pest Freedom & Areas of Low Pest Prevalence

Pest-free areas. As a sole mitigative measure, the establishment of pest-free areas or pest-free places of 

production may be completely effective in satisfying an importing country‘s appropriate level of 

phytosanitary protection (IPPC, 2007: ISPM #s 4, 10, 29). This option has proven to be successful in 

practice, eliminating the need for post-harvest commodity treatments to achieve probit-9-level security 

(e.g., TDOA, 2003). Establishment and maintenance of pest-free areas or production sites should comply 

with international standards (e.g., IPPC, 2007: ISPM #s 4, 10, 29; NAPPO, 2004). Various survey 

methods to establish pest-free areas for citrus canker exist. 

Areas of low pest prevalence. An area of low pest prevalence may comprise all of a country, part of a 

country, or all or parts of several countries, in which a particular pest species occurs at low population 

densities and which is or are subject to effective surveillance and control or eradication measures (IPPC, 

2007: ISPM #5). Procedures for the establishment and maintenance of areas of low pest prevalence 

should comply with international standards (e.g., NAPPO, 2004; IPPC, 2007: ISPM #29). For example, 

elements of an operational plan for establishment and maintenance of such areas might include a 

geographic description to delimit the area; specification of an upper limit to pest densities; means to 

document and verify all necessary procedures and maintain records; specification of phytosanitary 

procedures (e.g., survey, pest control); and movement controls to prevent pest entry or re-entry into the 

area. The international standards recommend that the exporting country consult with the importing 

country in the early stages of implementation to ensure that importing country requirements are met. In 

particular, target or threshold population densities defining an area of low pest prevalence should be 

established in consultation with the importing country.

3.2.2. Control program

Cultural, chemical, or mechanical means (e.g., grove sanitation, pruning of dead and diseased branches, 

pre-harvest application of pesticides, fruit bagging) may be used to eliminate pests from groves or prevent 

fruit infestation. Sanitation and pesticide applications, as essential components of best management 

practices, are mainstays of commercial fruit production (e.g., Kirk et al., 2001). 

Well-timed field treatments significantly reduce the incidence of citrus canker, the level of inoculum, and 

the number of symptomatic fruit in the field. Combinations of prophylactic sprays and cultural control 

practices, such as windbreaks and pruning diseased shoots, further reduce disease incidence (Das, 2003; 

Leite Jr., 2000; Leite Jr. and Moham, 1990). 

3.2.3. Phytosanitary certification inspections and monitoring

If pest-free areas are established, Unshu orange fruit should be sampled and inspected periodically during 

the growing season and after harvest for quality control and for phytosanitary precautionary measures. 

Production areas also should be subject to scheduled audits and periodic, unannounced inspections by 
Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Oranges from Korea

Rev. 003 December 23, 2009 46

certified inspectors from PPQ and NPQS. These inspections should insure that production areas meet 

stipulated requirements for the issuance of a phytosanitary certificates required for each consignment. 

This measure is useful for detecting pests present during the growing season that may be more difficult to 

detect post-harvest. Detection methods need to be combined with other measures to ensure the absence of 

pests of concern. Fruit should be sampled and inspected periodically during the growing season and after 

harvest. These measures are useful for detecting pests present in the field that may be more difficult to 

detect post-harvest, but it must be combined with other measures to ensure the absence of pests of 

concern. Statistical procedures are available to verify, to a specified confidence level, the pest-free status 

of an area, given negative survey or trapping results (e.g., Venette et al., 2002; Barclay and Hargrove, 

2005).

3.2.4. Post-harvest safeguards and packinghouse procedures

Containers of harvested fruit could be covered with tarpaulins or other covers and moved to the 

packinghouse in a timely manner (e.g., within three hours of harvest) (USDA, 2005). Practices in the 

grove such as selective harvesting, in which harvesters select only fruit visually free of disease symptoms 

and blemishes, can reduce levels of infested or infected harvested fruit (PERAL, 2007a). In the 

packinghouse, fruit gets sanitized and washed with detergent, mechanical brushing, rinsing, waxing, and 

drying. It also gets visual inspection or other treatment to remove external pests and to cull damaged or 

symptomatic fruit. Consignments could be transported in sealed, refrigerated vehicles.

Packinghouse processes that cull out fruit with citrus canker lesions can reduce numbers of infected fruit 

packaged. Packinghouse requirements in Uruguay for cleaning fruit which include mechanical brushing, 

detergent, sanitizing agents or disinfectants, followed by drying, cumulatively reduce levels of citrus 

canker present on the exterior of the fruit (Schubert et al., 1999; Brown and Schubert, 1987). 

Disinfectants for use in the washing process, such as sodium hypochlorite or SOPP (sodium 

orthophenylphenate) or both are currently approved by USDA for citrus canker decontamination of fresh 

citrus fruit moved interstate from areas quarantined for citrus canker within the United States and various 

studies demonstrated the effectiveness of these disinfectants in reducing numbers of citrus canker cells or 

similar bacteria to low or undetectable levels (Brown and Schubert, 1987; Canteros et al., 2000; Obata et 

al., 1969; Parra, 2007; Rybak and Canteros, 2001). A new surface disinfectant treatment using 

peroxyacetic acid (PAA) was recently added to U.S. regulations (7 CFR § 301.75-11, 2008). Based on 

PAA‘s characteristics as a general disinfectant and the results of testing on X. axonopodis pv. citrumelo, 

APHIS determined that PAA will be effective on citrus canker and added PAA as an option for surface 

disinfection treatment of fruit (7 CFR § 301.75-11, 2008)

3.2.5. Point-of-entry sampling and inspection

Upon arrival in the United States, consignments should be inspected, with particular attention given to

paperwork and seals on vehicles, to ascertain that the chain of custody has remained intact. A random 

sample of fruit from each consignment should be inspected to detect a pest infestation rate of 10 percent 

or greater (PPQ, 2008).

3.2.6. Limits on distribution and transit within the United States

Under § 412(a) of the Plant Protection Act (7 U.S.C. § 7701-7786, 2000) the Secretary of Agriculture 

may prohibit or restrict the movement in interstate commerce of any plant or plant product if the 

Secretary determines that the prohibition or restriction is necessary to prevent the dissemination of a plant 

pest within the United States. The actions the Secretary may take under this paragraph include limiting 

the importation or distribution of a plant or plant product to certain States. For example, the regulations 

governing the interstate movement of citrus fruit from an area quarantined for citrus canker in § 301.75-6 

prohibit the distribution of citrus fruit to commercial citrus-producing States other than Florida, where 

citrus canker is present. Along with requirements for treatment and inspection for citrus canker, the 
Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Oranges from Korea

Rev. 003 December 23, 2009 47

provisions limiting the distribution of citrus fruit help to mitigate the risk of introduction of citrus canker 

to unaffected areas. Limiting distribution of citrus fruit imported or moved from areas where citrus 

diseases are present prevents the introduction of the diseases into those States that have the highest 

likelihood for introduction of the diseases, due to the density of citrus plantings in those States. Outside of 

commercial citrus-producing States, conditions under which citrus diseases could be introduced or 

established are far less likely to prevail. Therefore, in combination with other measures designed to 

prevent the introduction of citrus canker, the systems approach would prohibit the importation or 

distribution of Unshu oranges from Japan to commercial citrus-producing States within the continental 

United States, i.e., Arizona, California, Florida, Louisiana, and Texas.

3.2.7. Oversight

Pre-shipment programs. Inspection, treatment, or other mitigation measures performed in the orchard 

and packinghouse should be under the direct supervision of qualified APHIS and NPQS personnel, and in 

accordance with specified phytosanitary procedures. Such programs require monitoring all aspects of the 

application of any required phytosanitary measures and also aim to identify shortcomings or opportunities 

for program modifications (ISPM #14: IPPC, 2007). Provision should be made for the formal recognition 

of approved areas, sites, or producers, as well as the specification of conditions for revoking approvals or 

refusing certification for export to the United States.

Shipments traceable to place of origin in Korea. A requirement that C. reticulata be packed in 

containers with identification labels indicating the specific place of origin is necessary to ensure 

traceability to each production site.

Table 8. Summary of risk mitigation options for Unshu oranges from Korea.

Measure(s) Pests Efficacy

Pest-free areas or places of 

production 

Citrus canker

Sweet orange scab

Satisfies requirements for appropriate level of 

protection

Packinghouse procedures: 

Cleaning/washing

Citrus canker

Sweet orange scab

Research required to demonstrate efficacy. Cleaning 

fruit with either detergent, sanitizing, drying etc. in a 

prescribed program shows effective removal 

Packinghouse procedures: 

Culling/inspection

Citrus canker

Sweet orange scab

Obvious symptomatic or damaged fruit can be 

removed, but internal pests or latent pathogens would 

be difficult to detect and remove.

Limited distribution Citrus canker

Sweet orange scab

Prevents the introduction of the diseases into States 

that have the highest likelihood for introduction of the 

diseases

4. Contributors & Reviewers

Kayimbi M. Tubajika, Plant Pathologista

Cynthia Landry, Ecologista

Walter Gutiérrez, Plant Pathologista

Gary Cave, Entomologista

Scott Redlin, Plant Pathologista

aUSDA APHIS PPQ CPHST PERAL
Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Oranges from Korea

Rev. 003 December 23, 2009 48

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6. Appendices

Appendix A. Pests Intercepted on Citrus spp. and C. reticulata from Korea 

Scientific Name (taxonomic affiliation) Interceptions (no.)

Abgrallaspis sp. (Diuaspididae) 1

Acari species of 3

Aleurotrachelus sp. (Aleyrodidae) 1

Aleurotuberculatus aucubae (Aleyrodidae) 4

Aleurodidae species of 2

Aonidiella aurantii Maskell (Diaspididae) *Non-Rep* 7

Aonidiella spp (Daispididae) *Non-Rep* 4

Aphididae, Species of 1

Brevipalpus phonicis Geijkes (Tenuipalpidae) *Non-Rep* 1

Chrysompalus aonidium (Linneus) (Phlaeothripidae) *Non-Rep* 1

Cladosporium sp. (Hypomycetes) 2

Coccidae species of 6

Colletotrichium acutatum (Coelomycertes) 1

Colletotrichium gloeosporioides (Penz) Penz & Sacc. (Coelomycetes) 3

Dialeurodes citri (Aleyrodidae) *Non-Rep* 3

Dialeurodes kirkaldyi (Kotinsky) (Aleyrodidae) *Non-Rep* 1

Diaporthe citri Wolf (Valsaceae) *Non-Rep* 1

Diaspididae, Species of 167

Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock) (Diaspididae) *Non-Rep* 1

Diaspidotus species of (Diaspididae) 1

Diptera, Species of 2

Drosophilidae species of *Non-Rep* 1

Elsinoe australis Bitanc. & Jenkins (Elsinoaceae) 1

Elsinoe fawcetti Bitanc. & Jenkins (Elsinoaceae) *Non-Rep* 2

Elsinoe sp. (Elsinoaceae) 2

Graphiola sp.(Graphiolaceae) 2

Guignardia citricarpa Kiely (Botryosphaeriaceae) 389

Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret) (Diaspididae) *Non-Rep* 2

Hemiberlesia sp. (Diaspididae) 2

Homoptera, Species of 1

Hypogeococcus festerianus (Lizer y Trelles) (Pesudococcidae) 1

Irceya purchasi Maskell. (Margarodidae) *Non-Rep* 2

Insecta, Species of 1

Lepidosptera, species of 1

Lepidosaphes beckii (Newman) (Diaspididae) *Non-Rep* 1

Macrophoma sp. (Coelomycete) 1

Megalurothrips sp. (Thripidae) 1

No identifiable insecta found *Non-Rep* 1

No identifiable pathogen found *Non-Rep* 1

Olethreutinae, Species of (Tortricidae) 1

Panonichus citri (Mc Gregor) (Tetranichidae) *Non-Rep* 4

Parlatoria pergandii Comstock (Diaspididae) *Non-Rep* 3

Parlatoria poteus (Curtis) (Diaspididae) *Non-Rep* 1

Parlatoria sp. (Diaspididae) 4
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Rev. 003 December 23, 2009 58

Scientific Name (taxonomic affiliation) Interceptions (no.)

Parlatoria ziziphi (Lucas) (Diaspididae) 816

Pentarthrum huttoni Wollaston (Cuculionoidae) 2

Pestalotiopsis sp. (Coelomycetes) 2

Phyllosticta citricarpa (McAlpine) Aa (Coelomycetes) 6

Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret) (Diaspididae) *Non-Rep* 5

Pinnaspis sp. (Diaspididae) 1

Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley) (Diaspididae) *Non-Rep* 2

Planococcus kraunhiae (Kawana) (Pseudococcidae) 12

Planaococcus minor (Maskell) (pseudococcidae) 1

Planococcus sp. (Pseudoccoidae) 5

Pseudaonidia duples (Cockerell) (Diaspididae) *Non-Rep* 12

Pseudaoniodia trilobitiformis (Green) (Diaspididae) 2

Pseudaulacaspis sp. (Diaspididae) 1

Pseudococcidae, Species of 58

Pseudococcus citriculus Green (Pseudococcidae) 16

Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni-Tozzetti) (Pseudococcidae) 1

Pseudococcus sp. (Pseudococcidae) 18

Psylliodes sp (Chrysomelidae) 1

Pyralidae, Species of 3

Quadraspodotus perniciosus (Comstock) (Diaspididae) *Non-Rep* 1

Sitophilus sp. (Driophthoridae) *Non-Rep* 1

Sitophilus zeamais. Motschulsky (Driophthoridae) *Non-Rep* 1

Succinea CF Horticola Reinhardt (Succiniaceae) 1

Tetranychidae, Species of 3

Thips flavus Schrank (Thripidae) 1

Tysanoptera , Species of 1

Tortricidae, Species of 2

Trioza anceps Tuthill (Psyllidae) 1

Ulixes sp. (Issidae) 6

Unaspis citri (Comstock) (Diaspididae) *Non-Rep* 9

Unaspis sp. (Diaspididae) 3

Unaspis yanonensis (Kuwana) (Diaspididae) 4183

Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Hasse) Dye (Xanthomonadaceae) 633

Xanthomonas campestris (Pam.) Dows. (Xanthomonadaceae) *Non-Rep* 230

Xanthomonas campestris pv. citri (Hasse) Dye (Xanthomonadaceae) 50

Xanthomonas sp. (Xanthomonadaceae) 1

Source: AQAS, 2009). Pests intercepted from 1985 to 2009. *Non-Rep* indicates that the pest was nonreportable.