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^ 'Wfc ^ 

U.S. NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION 

Revision 1 

.July 1977 

»*• * 

REGULATORY GUIDE 

OFFICE OF STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT 

/Q^Q-/?A(~5* V/7 

REGULATORY GUIDE 1.111 

METHODS FOR ESTIMATING ATMOSPHERIC 

TRANSPORT AND.DISPERSION OF GASEOUS EFFLUENTS 

IN-ROUTINE RELEASES FROM LIGHT-WATER-COOLED REACTORS 

V 

USNRC REGULATORY GUIDES 

Regulatory Guides are issued to describe and make available to the public methods 

acceptable tt\th e NR C staff of implementing specific parts of the Commission's 

regulations, to delineate techniques used by the staff in evaluating specific problems 

or postulated accidents, or to provide guidance to applicants. Regulatory Guides 

are not substitutes for regulations, and compliance with them is not required. 

Methods »nd solutions different from those set out in the guides will be acceptable if they provide a basis for the findings requisite to the issuance or continuance 

of a permit or license by the Commission. 

Comments and suggestions for improvements in these guides are encouraged at all 

times, and guides will be revised, as appropriate, to accommodate comments and 

to reflect new information or experience. This guide was revised as a result of 

substantive comments received from the public and additional staff review. 

Comments should be sent to the Secretary of the Commission, US . Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, DC , 20555, Attention: Docketing and Service 

Branch. 

The guides are issued in the following ten broad divisions 

1. Power Reactors 

2. Research and Test Reactors -

3. Fuels and Materials Facilities 

4. Environmental and Siting 

5. Materials and Plant Protection 

6. Products 

7. Transportation 

8. Occupational Health 

9. Antitrust Review 

10. General 

Reguests for single copies of issued guides (which may be reproduced) or for plac*-

ment on an automatic distribution list for single copies of future guides in specific 

divisions should be made in writing to the US . Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 

Washington, D.C. 20555 , Attention: Oirector, Division of Document Control. 
P.3 

» * » «0</ ^ 

U.S. NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION 

Revision 1 

July 1977 

***** 

REGULATORY GUIDE 

OFFICE OF STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT 

REGULATORY Gl 

METHODS FOR EST 

TRANSPORT AND DISPE 

-IN ROUTINE RELEASES Fl 

TMOSPHERIC 

GASEOUS EFFLUENTS 

WATER-COOLED REACTORS 

USNRC REGULATORY GUIDES 

Regulatory Guides arc issued to describe and make available to the public methods 

acceptable to the NR C staff of implementing specific parts of the Commission's 

regulations, to delineate techniques used by tne staff in evaluating specific problems 

or postulated accidents, or to provide guidance to applicants. Regulatory Guides 

are- not substitutes for regulations, and compliance with them is not required. 

Methods and solutions different from those set out in the guides will be acceptable it they provide a basis for the findings requisite to the issuance or continuance 

of a permit or license bv trie Commmion . 

Comments and lugpesttam for improvements in those guides are encouraged at all 

times, and guides will be revised, as appropriate, to accommodate comments end 

to reflect new information or experience. This guide waa revised as a result of 

substantive comments received from the public and additional staff 

Comments should be sent to the Secretary of the Commission, US . Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington. D.C . 20555 , Attention: Docketing and Service 

Branch. 

The guides are issued in the following ten broad divisions: 

1 . Power Reactors 

2. Research and Test Reactors 

3. Fusts and Materials Facilities 

4. Environmental and Siting 

5. Materials and Plant Protection 

6 . Products 

7. Transportation 

8. Occupational Health 

9. Antitrust Review 

10. General 

Requests for single copies of issued guides (which may be reproduced) or for placement on &n automatic distribution list for single copies ol future guides in specific 

divisions should be made in writing to the US . Nuclear Regulatory Commttsmn. 

Washington. O.C. 20555 . Attention: Director, Division of Document Control. 
P.4 

/ 

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

Page .. . 

A. INTRODUCTION.,....' .;...'. ,'.' 1.111-5 

B. DISCUSSION , 1.111-5 

1. Diffusion Models.... 1.111-5 

a. Variable Trajectory Models. ...................1.111- 6 

b. Constant Mean Mind Direction Models..... ^..'...." , 1.111-6 

2. Release Mode 1.111-6 

3. Removal Mechanisms 1.111-7 

C. REGULATORY POSITION.... .1.111-7 

1. Atmospheric Transport and Diffusion Models... 1.111-7 

a. Part1cle-1n-Cell (PIC) Model....."........ z 1.1T1-7 

b. Plume Element Models a';l.. ..." ,.. . *............- .1.111-8-

c. Constant Mean Hind Direction Models r. 1.111-9 

'•'' 1 • ' • 

2. Source Configuration Consldenrtfons ^ -1.111-10 

- a. Elevated Releases.... ........-/.:.......... "1.111-10 

b. Releases Other Than Elevated f. 111-11 

c. Building Wake Correction •..,;' 1.111-11 

3. Removal Mecbanlsm Considerations : 1.111-12 

a. Radioactive Decay 1.111-12 

b. Dry Deposition ^ 1.111-12 

c. Wet Deposition X ,..-. 1.111-12 

d. Deposition Over Water ... ..."....... 1.111^1-3 

4. Meteorological Data for Models _..:.,... 1.111-13 

D. IMPLEMENTAT ION 1-111-14 

REFERENCES 1.111-15 

1.111-3 
P.5 

LIST OF FIGURES 

Figure Page 

1. .Vertical Standard Deviation of Material in a Plume 1.111-16 

2. Plume Depletion Effect for Ground-Level Releases 1.111-17 

3. Plume Depletion Effect for 30-m Releases. 1.111-18 

4". Plume Depletion Effect for 60-m Releases : ..... 1.111-19 

5." Plume Depletion Effect for 10Q-nr Releases... 1.111-20 

6. Relative Deposition for Ground-Level Releases...'-.. ..;...;; 1.111-21 

7. . Relative Deposition for. 30-m Releases ". 1.111-22 

8. Relative Deposition for 60-m Releases ......'. 1.111-23 

9. Relative Deposition for 100-m Releases. 1.111-24 

1.111-4 
P.6 

y 

A. INTRODUCTION 

Section 20.106, "Radioactivity in Effluents to Unrestricted Areas," of 10 CFR Part 20, 

"Standards for Protection Against Radiation," establishes limits on concentrations of radioactive material in effluents to unrestricted areas. Paragraph 20.1(c) of 10 CFR Part 20 states 

that licensees should, in addition to complying with the limits set forth in that part, make 

every reasonable effort to maintain radiation exposures, and releases of radioactive materials 

"in effluents to unrestricted areas, as far below the limits specified in that part as is reasonably achievable. 

Section 50.34a, "Design Objectives for Equipment to Control Releases of Radioactive Material 

in Effluents - Nuclear Power Reactors," of 10 CFR Part 50, "Licensing of Production and Utilization Facilities," sets forth design objectives for equipment to control releases of radioactive 

material in effluents from nuclear power reactors. Section 50.36a, "Technical Specifications on 

Effluents from Nuclear Power Reactors," of 10 CFR Part 50 further provides that, in order to 

keep power reactor effluent releases as low as is reasonably achievable, each license authorizing operation of such a facility will include technical specifications that require establishment of operating procedures for effluent control, installation and maintenance of effluent 

control equipment, and reporting of actual releases. 

Appendix I, "Numerical Guides for Design Objectives and Limiting Conditions for Operation 

to Meet the Criterion 'As Low As Is Reasonably Achievable' for Radioactive Material in LightWater-Cooled Nuclear Power Reactor.Effluents," to 10 CFR Part 50 provides numerical guidance for 

those design objectives and limiting conditions for operation for light-water-cooled nuclear : 

power plants. To implement Appendix I, the.NRC staff has developed a series of guides providing 

acceptable methods for the calculation of effluent releases, dispersion of the effluent In the. 

atmosphere and water bodies, and associated radiation doses to man. This guide describes basic 

features of calculational models and-assumptions for the estimation of atmospheric transport and ~ 

dispersion of gaseous effluents in routine releases from land-based light-water-cooled reactors. 

The procedures and models provided in this guide will be subject to continuing review by 

the staff with the aim of providing greater flexibility to the applicant In meeting the requirements of Appendix I. As a result of such review, it is expected that alternative acceptable 

methods for calculation will be made available to applicants and that calculational procedures 

found to be unnecessary will be eliminated. 

This guide supersedes portions of Regulatory Guide 1.42; Revision 1, "interim Licensing 

Policy on As Low As-Practicable for Gaseous Radioiodine Releases from Light-Water-Cooled Nuclear 

Power Reactors,." which has beeh withdrawn (see 41 FR 1189.1, 3/22/76). j * 

. . - --•";. - •-' B. DISCUSSION. 

The transport and dilution of >adioact1ve materials in the form of aerosols, vapors, or 

gases released into the.atmosphere from a nuclear power station are a function of the state of 

the atmosphere along the plume path, the topography of the region, and the characteristics of 

the effluents themselves. For a routine airborne release, the concentration of radioactive 

material in the surrounding region depends on the amount of effluent released; the height of the 

release; the momentum and buoyancy of the emitted plume; the windspeed, atmospheric stability, 

and airflow patterns of the site; and various effluent removal mechanisms. Geographic features 

such as hills, valleys, and large bodies of water greatly Influence dispersion and airflow 

patterns. Surface roughness, including vegetative cover, affects the degree of turbulent mixing.. 

Sites with similar topographical and cllmatologlcal features can have similar dispersion and 

airflow patterns, but detailed dispersion patterns are usually unique for each site. 

Most gaseous effluents are released from nuclear power plants through tall stacks or vents 

near the tops of buildings. Certain plant designs can result in other release pathways. For 

example, auxiliary equipment and major components such as turbines may be housed outside buildings; releases from these components could occur near ground level. 

1. Diffusion Models 

Atmospheric diffusion modeling has developed along two basic approaches: gradient-transport 

theory and statistical theory. Gradient-transport theory holds that diffusion at a fixed point 

*L1nes indicate substantive changes from previous issue. 

1.111-5 
P.7 

in the atmosphere is proportional to the local concentration gradient; this theory attempts to 

determine momentum or material fluxes at fixed points. The statistical (e.g., Gaussian) approach 

attempts ito determine the histories of Individual particles and the statistical properties 

necessary to represent diffusion. Input data for models based on either approach include windspeed, atmospheric stability, and airflow patterns in the region of interest. Several basic 

models have been developed using these approaches. These models vary according to their treatment of the spatial changes of input data and the consideration of either a variable trajectory 

.nodel orlla constant mean wind direction model. 

l! *....-• • . . 

a.1; Variable Trajectory Models 

; Variable trajectory models allow conditions to vary spatially and temporally over the 

region of Interest; thus, they require regional data. The number of sampling locations needed 

to approximate the regional airflow depends on the meteorological and topographical character-? 

isties olf that region. 

The part1cle-1n-cell model is a variable trajectory model based'on the gradient- . 

transport approach. In this model, "particles." representing the effluent mass are released 1n 

groups oyer the time period of Interest. The particles move at the effective transport velocity 

of the windflow field Into which the effluent Is released. The effective velocity* 1s determined 

by the mean and turbulent wlndflows within the field. The number of particles located at any 

given time 1n each cell (volume) of a fixed coordinate grid determines the effluent concentration.! Concentration averages are determined from the total number of particles that pass 

through a cell during the time of Interest. ~ \ 

The plume element models, another class of variable trajectory models, are based, on 

the statistical approach to diffusion. These models approximate a continuous release by dividing 

a plume Into a sufficient number of plume elements to represent a continuous plume. These 

elements are/teleased at specified Intervals and are tracked over the region of Interest. The 

advective transport of these elements and the diffusion of the elements about their "Individual 

centers cause "the dispersion of the plume effluent. Concentration averages are calculated by 

determining- tqe contribution each- element-makes to the grid of points over which it passes.. . 

b. Constant Mean Wind Direction Models 

Constant mean wind direction models assume that a constant mean wind transports and" . 

diffuses effluents, within the entire region of Interest, 1n the direction of airflow at -the 

release;point. A conmonly used version of this model 1s the Gaussian straight-line-trajectory" 

model. In this model, the wlndspeed and atmospheric stability at the release point are assuned 

to determine the atmospheric dispersion characteristics in the direction of the mean wind at 

all distances. 

These basic models can be modified to account for various modes of effluent release and for 

effluent removal mechanisms. - " •:'".. 

2. . Release Mode . : - -

V At ground-level locations beyond several miles from the plant, the annual average concentrations of effluents are essentially Independent of the release mode; however, for groundlevel concentrations within a few miles, the release mode 1s very: Important.. " 

. For a typical nuclear power plant, gaseous effluents released from tall stacks generally 

producejpeak ground-level air concentrations near or beyond the site boundary; near-groundlevel releases usually produce concentrations that monotonically decrease from the release 

point to all locations downwind. Under certain conditions, the effluent plume may become 

entrained In the aerodynamic wake of the building and mix rapidly down to ground level; under . 

other conditions, the full effect of the elevation of the release may be realized. -

Methods have been developed to estimate the effective release height'for calculations of 

effluent concentrations at all downwind locations. The Important parameters 1n these methods 

Include!the initial release height, the location of the release point in relation to obstructions, Ithe size and shape of the release point, the Initial vertical velocity of the effluent, 

the heat content of the effluent, ambient wlndspeed and temperature, and atmospheric stability. 

Foir those effluents that are entrained Into the aerodynamic wake of a building, mixing of 

the effluent Into the wake Is usually assumed. This mixing zone can constitute a plume with an 

Initial cross section of one-half or more of the cross-sectional area of the building. 

1.111-6 
P.8 

V 

3. Removal Mechanisms 

As the effluent travels from Its release point, several mechanisms can work to reduce Its 

concentration beyond that achieved by diffusion alone. Such removal mechanisms include radioactive decay and dry and wet deposition. 

Radioactive decay Is dependent on the half-Ufe and the travel time of the radioactive 

effluent. All effluents can undergo dry deposition by sorption onto the ground.surface; 

however, the dry deposition rate for noble gases, tritium, carbon-14, and nonelemental radioiodines 1s so slow that depletion 1s negligible within 50 miles of the release point. Elemental 

radioiodines and other particulates are much more readily deposited. The transfer of elemental 

radioiodinesand particulates to a surface can be quantified as a transfer velocity (where concentration x transfer velocity" deposition rate). There Is evidence that the transfer velocity 

is directly proportional to wlndspeed and, as a consequence, the rate of deposition 1s Independent of wlndspeed since concentration In air is Inversely proportional to wlndspeed. 

. Dry deposition Is a continuous.process while wet deposition only occurs during periods of 

precipitation. However, the dry removal process is not as efficient as the wet removal process. 

At most sites, precipitation occurs during a small percentage of the hours in a year so that, 

despite the greater efficiency of the wet removal process, dose calculations for long-term 

averages considering only dry deposition should not be significantly changed by the consideration of wet deposition. However, wet deposition can be a significant factor In dose 

calculations for releases from stacks at sites where a well-defined rainy season corresponds to 

the local grazing season. 

Deposition of radionuclides over large bodies of water 1s not considered in this guide. 

Such deposition will be analyzed on a case-by-case basis. 

C. REGULATORY POSITION 

: This section identifies^types of atmospheric, transport and diffusion models, source configuration and removal mechanism modifications, and Input data that-are acceptable to the NRC 

staff for use in providing assessment's .'"of" potential, annual radiation doses to the public resulting from routine releases of radioactive materials in gaseous effluents. 

The listing of the atmospheric transport and diffusion models below is presented in order 

of decreasing model complexity and should not be construed as Indicating the preference of any 

one type of model over another. The preferred model is that which best simulates atmospheric 

transport and diffusion 1n the region of interest from source to the receptor location, considering the meteorological characteristics of the region, the topography, the characteristics of 

the effluent source and the effluent as well as the receptor, the availability and representativeness of Input data, the distance from source to receptor, and the ease of application. 

Models proposed by the applicant and accepted by the NRC staff will .be used by the staff 

in determining environmental technical specifications. 

1. Atmospheric Transport and Diffusion Models ~ ••"."_ 

The following types of atmospheric transport and diffusion models can be modified for 

elevated sources and for effective area sources created when effluent'1s trapped in the building 

wake cavity in accordance with the source configuration considerations presented in regulatory 

position 2. Plume rise due to momentum or buoyancy effects can also be incorporated into the 

calculations. Radiological decay and dry and wet deposition, consistent with the guidelines 

presented in regulatory position 3, should also be considered. 

a. Particle-ln-Cell (PIC) Model 

The basic equation for each "particle" group in this variable trajectory model, 

modified from Sklarew (Ref. 1), 1s: 

«Q/«t + v-V(7) =0 0) 

where 

t Is the travel time; 

V Is the velocity vector for effective mean wind transport, which Includes 

the mean flow component, V, and the turbulent flow component, V , such that 

V => 7+V ; and 

1.111-7 
P.9 

(7) is the average atmospheric concentration produced by a group of-particles. 

Concentration averages for long time intervals are obtained by summing all "particles" 

passing through each grid cell during the period of interest. 

The PIC model uses spatial and temporal variations of wind direction, wlndspeed, 

atmospheric stability, and topography as input parameters to define airflow and atmospheric 

diffusion! rates. The representativeness of the input data determines the accuracy of estimates 

(I.e., fewer data acquisition locations tend to Increase the uncertainty of the estimates);, 

therefore, detailed discussion of the applicability and accuracy of the model and input data 

used should be provided. 

b. Plume Element Models 

In these types of models, the transport and dispersion of an effluent plume are determined by using a horizontal wind field that can vary 1n time and space. The diffusion of 

individual plume elements, according to Gifford (Ref. 2) , can be determined from the general 

Gaussian diffusion model. Commonjy used plume segment elements are vertical "disk" segnents -" 

and three-dimensional "puffs." In using the "puff" version, if it 1s assumed that the plume 

spread within a puff along the direction of; flow is equal to the spread in the lateral direction, 

the "disk segment" and "puff" versions of this model would be expected to yield similar results. 

An equation for a "puff" version of a fluctuating plume model, as presented by Start 

and Wendel (Ref. 3) , is: 

X/Q = 2[(21r)3/2a20zr

1exp[-l/2(r2/cJ +.h2/o2)] 

where 

(2) 

r

2 = (x - ut)2 + y2 and_ 

and where 

y °x 

1s the effective release height; 

is the effluent emission over the time interval; 

is the travel time; 

is the mean wlndspeed at the height of the effective release point; 

is the distance_from center of puff along the direction of flow; 

is the distance-from center of puff in the crossflow direction; 

is the plume spread along the direction-of flow; 

is the lateral plume spread; 

is the vertical plume spread; and 

is the atmospheric concentration of effluent in a puff at ground level and 

at distance x from the puff center. - . 

Concentration averages for long time intervals should be calculated by summing the 

concentrations of individual elements for the grid of points over which they pass. 

The number of elements and the plume.spread parameters (ox, o , and o ) should be 

selected such that the resulting concentration estimate 1s representative of the concentration 

from a continuous point source release. Elements should be followed in the computational 

scheme until they are beyond the region of interest or until their peak concentration falls 

below a specified value. 

1.111-8 
P.10 

The plume segment model uses spatial and temporal variations of wind direction, 

wlndspeed, and atmospheric stability as Input parameters to define the transport and diffusion 

rate of each element. The effectiveness of the meteorological Input data in defining atmospheric 

transport and diffusion conditions is dependent on the representativeness of these data and the 

complexity of the topography 1n the site region; therefore, a detailed discussion of the applicability and accuracy of the model and Input data used should be provided. 

c. Constant Mean Wind Direction Models 

The equation for this model, as presented by Sagendorf (Ref. 4) , 1s: 

OT^o = 2.032 T nj^NXu^Wr 1 exp[-h2/2a^(X)] 

J 

(3) 

where 

'lj 

az j(X) 

*zj<X> 

W)r 

is the effective release height (see regulatory position 2); 

Is the length of time (hours of valid data) weather conditions are observed 

to be at a given wind direction, wlndspeed class, 1, and atmospheric 

stability class, J; 

1s the total hours of valid data; 

1s the midpoint of wlndspeed class, 1, at a height representative of release; 

1s the distance downwind of the source; 

1s the vertical plume spread without volumetric correction at distance, X, 

for stability class, J (see Figure 1); 

is the vertical plume spread with a volumetric correction (see regulatory ~ 

position 2.c) for V rel ease within the building; wake cavity, at a distance, 

-X, for stability class, j; otherwise E,.|(X) o^X); 

is the average effluent concentration, x» normalized by source strength, 

Q', at.distance, X, In a given downwind direction, D; and 

» V2 2.032 Is (2/ir)"c divided by the width 1n radians of a 22.5° sector. 

Effects of spatial and temporal variations 1n airflow 1n the region of the site are 

not described by the constant mean wind direction model. .Unlike the variable trajectory models, 

the constant mean wind direction model can only use meteorological data from a single station to 

represent diffusion conditions within the region of Interest. For Appendix 1 considerations, . 

the region of Interest can extend to a distance of 50 miles from the site. Therefore, if the 

constant mean wind direction model 1s to be used, airflow characteristics 1n the. vicinity o.f anysite should be examined to determine the spatial and temporal variations of atmospheric transport 

and diffusion conditions and the applicability of single station meteorological data to represent: 

and 

(1) Conditions between the site and the nearest receptors (generally within 5 miles) 

(2) Conditions out to a distance of 50 miles from the site. 

Examples of spatial and temporal variations of airflow to consider for three basic 

categories of topography are: 

(1) At Inland sites In open terrain, Including gently rolling hills, wlthairflow 

dominated almost entirely by large-scale weather patterns, recirculation of airflow and directional biases during periods of prolonged atmospheric stagnation; 

(2) At sites In pronounced river valleys, with airflow patterns largely dominated by 

terrain, restrictions to lateral and vertical spread of the effluent plume, and the diurnal 

distributions of downvalley and upvalley circulation, with particular attention to the period 

of flow reversal; and 

(3) At sites along and near coasts of large bodies of water, with significant landwater boundary layer effects on airflow, sea (or lake) land breeze circulation (Including 

1.111-9 
P.11 

distance of penetration, vertical development, temporal variations of wind direction, and conditions during periods of flow reversal), variation of the mixing layer height with time and 

distance from the shore (e.g., fumigation and plume trapping), and the effects of shoreline 

bluffs and dunes. 

therefore, adjustments to Equation (3) may be necessary to prevent misrepresentation 

of actual atmospheric transport and diffusion characteristics that could result In substantial 

underestimates pf actual exposure to an Individual or population. Adjustments to Equation (3) 

should be based on data (e.g., comparison to other sites in the region) or studies that characterize airflow patterns 1n the region of the site out to a distance of 50 miles. 

For all sites, a detailed discussion of the applicability and accuracy of the model 

and Input data should be provided. Use of Equation (3) will be acceptable only 1f a welldocumented and substantiated discussion of the effects of spatial and temporal variations in 

airflow In the region df the site out to a distance of 50 miles Is provided. 

2. Source Configuration Considerations 

The actual height above ground of the gaseous effluent plume should be considered in making 

estimates of average effluent concentrations downwind from the release points. An acceptable 

method to determine the effective plume height 1s described below. In addition, for effluent 

plumes traversing Irregular terrain under stable or neutral atmospheric conditions, the model 

described by Egan (Ref. 5) may be used. On the other hand, the model described by Burt (Ref. 6) 

may be used when stable atmospheric conditions exist. 

Source configuration evaluations may consider the effluent release point(s) and adjacent 

or nearby solid structure(s) in conjunction with the Individual direction sector (as described 

In fegulatojy position 4) 1n which the downwind receptor of interest Is located. 

a. Elevated Releases 

For effluents exhausted from release.points that are higher than twice the height of 

adjacent solid structures, the effective" release height (h ) is determined (Ref. 4) from: 

where 

h e " \ + h pr- h t - c <«> 

c is the correction for low relative exit velocity (see below); 

h 1s the effective release height; 

h Is the rise of the plume above.the release point, according to Sagendorf 

p (Ref. 4) , whose treatment is based on Briggs (Ref. 7) ; 

h is the physical height of the release-point (the elevation of the stack 

s base should be assumed to be zero); and 

ht 1s the maximum terrain height (above the stack base) between the release 

point.and the point for which the calculation 1s made (h. must be greater 

than or equal to zero). 

Note that the effective release height Is a function of the distance between the 

release point and the location where the concentration is being calculated. 

When the vertical exit velocity is less than 1.5 times the horizontal wlndsbeed, a 

correction for downwash is subtracted from Equation (4), according to Gifford (Ref. 8):. 

where 

c = 3(1.5 - W0/u)d (5) 

c 1s the dcMiwash correction; 

d 1s the Inside diameter of the stack or other release point; 

u" 1s the mean wlndspeed at the height of release; and 

W 1s.the vertical exit velocity of the plume. 

1.111-10 
P.12 

b. Releases Other Than Elevated 

For effluents released from points less than the height of adjacent solid structures, 

i ground-level release should be assumed (h =» 0). 

For effluents released from vents or other points at the level of or above adjacent 

solid structures, but lower than elevated release points, the effluent plume should be considered 

as an elevated release whenever the vertical.exit velocity of the plume, W , 1s at least five 

times the horizontal wlndspeed, IT, at the height of release; I.e., as modified from Johnson 

et al. (Ref: 9): 

W0/u > 5.0 (6) 

In this case, the release should be evaluated as described 1n regulatory position 2.a. 

If W0/u" is less than 1.0 or unknown, a ground-level release should be assumed (h • 0) 

For cases where the ratio of plume exit velocity to horizontal wlndspeed 1s between 

one and five, a mixed release mode should be assumed. In which the plume Is considered as an -

elevated release during a part of the time and as a ground-level release (h - 0) during the 

remainder of the time. An entralnment coefficient, Et , modified from Reference 9, Is determined for those cases In which W0/a Is between one and five: 

and 

Et - 2.58 - 1.58(W0/u) for 1 < W0/u < 1.5. (7) 

Et - 0.3 - 0.06(Wo/u) for 1.5 < W0/u < 5.0. . "' |(8) 

The release should be considered to occur as an" elevated release 100(1 - E.) percent 

of the" time and. as a ground release 100Et percent of the time.- Each of these cases should then 

be evaluated separately and the. concentration calculated according to the fraction of time each 

type of release occurs. Windspeeds representative of conditions at the actual release heights 

should be used for the times when the release Is considered to be elevated. Windspeeds measured 

at the 10-meter level should be used for those times when the effluent plume 1s considered to 

be a ground release. If Equation (3) Is used, the adjustment described In regulatory position 

2.c may be made for the ground release portion of the calculation. 

c. Building Wake.Correction 

For ground-level releases only (hfi = 0) , an adjustment-may be made 1n Equation (3) 

that takes into consideration initial-mixing of the effluent plume within the building wake. 

This adjustment, according to Yanskey et al. (Ref. 10), should be In the form of: 

z 

where 

z j ( X ) " (ozj"2fX)."* °- 5 ^A5 V 2 1 ^zj W (9) 

D is the maximum adjacent building height either up- or downwind from the 

release point; 

X. is the distance from the release point to the receptor, measured from the 

lee edge of the complex of adjacent buildings; 

a AX) Is the vertical standard deviation of the materials In the plume at 

J distance, X, for atmospheric stability class, j; and 

£-j(X) Is the vertical standard deviation of plune material as above, with the 

^ correction for additional dispersion within the building wake cavity, 

restricted by the condition that 

V ZzjOO " ^(X ) 

1.111-11 
when 

(o2j(X) + 0.5D2 /TT)1 / 2 > /Jaz j(X). 

3. Removal Mechanism Considerations 

Radioactive decay and dry and wet deposition should be considered 1n radiological impact 

evaluations. Acceptable methods of considering these removal mechanisms are described below. 

a. Radioactive Decay 

For conservative estimates of radioactive decay, an overall half-Ufe of 2.26 days is 

acceptable for short-lived noble gases and of 8 days for all iodines released to the atmosphere. 

Alternatively, the actual half-life of each radionuclide may be used. The decay time used should 

be the calculated time of travel between the source and receptor based on the airflow model used. 

b; Dry Deposition •'.". • 

Dry deposition of elemental radioiodines and other particulates and attendant plume 

depletion should be considered for all releases. 

Acceptable plume depletion correction factors and relative deposition rates^are presented in Figures 2 through 9. These figures are based on measurements of deposition velocity as 

a function of wlndspeed as presented in Reference 11 and on a diffusion-deposition model as 

presented In Reference 12.; . 

Figures 2 through 5 Illustrate an acceptable method for considering plume depletion 

effects fpr all distances, from the source.and-atmospheric stability classes for ground and -

elevated release modes. After.a .given concentration is calculated by using the models 1n 

-regulatory position 1,"the concentration should be corrected by multiplying by the fraction 

remaining in the plume, as determined'from these figures. - - _ 

|.' .Figures 6 through 9 show acceptable values of relative deposition rate (meters ) as.a 

function of distance from the source and atmospheric stability for ground and elevated release 

modes. Tlie relative deposition rate is'the'deposition rate per unit downwind distance (C1/.sec. 

per meter) divided by the source strength (C1/sec). 

To obtain the relative deposition per unit area (meters ) at a given point in a given 

sector, the relative deposition rate must be (1) multiplied by the fraction of the release 

transported into the sector, determined according to the distribution of wind direction and (2) 

divided by an appropriate crosswind distance (meters), as discussed below. 

| Figures 6 through 9 are based on the assumption that the. effluent concentration in a " 

given secjtor is uniform across the sector at a given distance. Therefore, for the straight-line 

trajectory model, or for any model that assumes uniform concentration across the sector at a_ 

given distance, the relative deposition rate should be divided by the arc length of- the sector at 

the point being considered. In addition, for the straight-line trajectory model, the relative 

deposition rate should be multiplied by the appropriate correction factor discussed in regulatory 

"position i.e. 

For models"where concentration at a given distance is not uniform across the sector, 

the. relative deposition at a given point should be calculated as above, but then multiplied by 

the ratio of the maximum effluent concentration 1n the sector at the distance being considered to 

the average concentration across the sector at the same distance. 

c. Wet Deposition 

For long-term averages, dose calculations considering dry deposition only are not 

usually changed significantly by the consideration of wet deposition. However, the effects of 

wet deposition and attendant plume depletion should be considered for plants with predominantly 

elevated releases and at sites that have a well-defined rainy season corresponding to the 

grazing season. Consideration of wet deposition effects should Include examination of total 

precipitation, number of hours of precipitation, rainfall rate distributions, and the precipitation wind rose. If the precipitation data Indicate that wet deposition may be significant, 

washout rates and attendant plume depletion should be calculated in accordance with the relationships identified by Engelmann (Ref. 13). 

1.111-12 
P.14 

d. Deposition Over Water 

For'dispersion over small bodies*of water., deposition may be assumed to occur at the 

same rate as over land. For calculations Involving radionuclide transpprt over large bodies of 

water, deposition should be considered on a case-by-case basis. 

4. Meteorological Data for Models 

Sufficient meteorological Information should be obtained to characterize transport processes (I.e., airflow trajectory, diffusion conditions, deposition characteristics) out to a 

distance df 50 miles (approximately 80,000 meters) from the plant. The primary source of 

meteorological information should be the onsite meteorological program (see Regulatory Guide . 

1.23, Ref. 14). Other sources should include nearby National Weather Service (NWS) stations,, 

other well-maintained meteorological facilities (e.g., other nuclear facilities, universities, 

or private meteorological programs), and satellite facilities. 

Adequate characterization of transport processes within 50 miles of the plant may Include 

examination of meteorological- data "from stations further than 50 miles when this information, 

can provide additional clarification of the meSoscale transport processes. To augment the 

assessment of atmospheric transport to distances of 50 miles from the.plant, the following 

regional meteorological data, based on periods of record specified in Regulatory Guide 4.2 

(Ref. 15), from as many relevant stations as practicable should be used: 

a. Wlndspeed • 

b. Wind direction 

c. Atmospheric stability 

d. Mixing height 

e. Precipitation T" 

For input to variable trajectory"Ttmospher1c transport models,- measured hourly values of 

wlndspeed should be used. Calms* should be assigned a windspeed ;of one-half ot the appropriate 

starting speed, as described in"the footnote, for Instruments conforming to the recomnendations"or 

intent of Regulatory Guide 1.23 (Ref.. 14). Otherwise, a: windspeed of 0.1 meter/second should be 

assigned to calms. Hourly wind directions should be classed into at least the 16 compass point 

sectors (i.e., 22.5-degree sectors, centered on true north, north-northeast, etc.) according to. 

measured values averaged over the time interval. 

For Input to the constant mean wind direction model, windspeed data should be presented as 

(1) hourly measured values or (2) windspeed classes divided In accordance with the Beaufort wind 

scale or other suitable class division (e.g., a greater number of light wlndspeed classes should 

be used for sites with high frequencies of Tight winds). Wind-directions-should be divided into 

the 16 compass directions (22.5-degree. sectors .reentered on true north, north-northeast, etc.). 

If joint frequency distributions of wind direction and speed by atmospheric stability class, 

rather than hourly values, are used in this model, calms* should be assigned to wind directions 

in proportion to the directional distribution, within an atmospheric stability class of the lowest 

noncalm windspeed class. :If hourly data are used, calms should be assigned to the recorded wind 

direction averaged over the time interval.. The windspeed "to be assumed for calms is one-half of 

the starting speed of the vane or anemometer, whichever is higher, for instruments conforming to 

the.recommendations or intent of Regulatory Guide 1.23. Otherwise, the windspeed to be assumed 

for calms is 0.1 meter/second. 

Atmospheric stability should be determined by vertical temperature difference UT ) between 

the release point and the 10-meter level, or by other well-documented parameters that have been 

substantiated by diffusion data. Acceptable stability classes are given 1n Reference 14. 

Appropriate time periods for meteorological data utilization should be based on constancy 

of the source term (rate of release) and potential availability of the receptor (e.g., man or 

cow). If emissions are continuous, annual data sunrnaries should be used. If releases are intermittent, consideration should be given to frequency and duration of release. If emissions are 

Calms are defined as hourly average windspeeds below the starting speed of the vane or anemometer, 

whichever 1s higher. 

1.111-13 
Infrequent and of short duration, atmospheric dispersion models and meteorological data 

applicable to the time of release should be considered. Use of annual average conditions for 

consideration of intermittent releases will be acceptable only 1f It is established that 

releases will be random in time. Otherwise the method of evaluation of Intermittent releases 

should follow the methodology outlined 1n Section 2.3.4 of NUREG-75/087 (Ref. 16). This method 

uses an appropriate x/Q probability level, as well as the.annual average x/Q. for the direction 

and point of interest being evaluated to provide the basis for adjustments reflecting more 

adverse diffusion conditions than indicated by the annual average. These adjustments are 

applied to the annual average x/Q and D/Q for the total number of hours associated with intermittent releases per year. Detailed Information for.this calculation Is given by Sagendorf 

and Goll (Ref. 17). However, 1f intermittent releases are limited by technical specifications 

to periods when atmospheric conditions are more favorable than average for the site, annual 

average data and annual average dispersion models could be used. For calculations of doses 

through Ingestion pathways, particularly through the cow-milk pathway, meteorological data for 

only the grazing or growing season should be used. 

D. IMPLEMENTATION 

The purpose of this section is to provide Information to license applicants and licensees 

regarding the NRC staff's plans for Implementing this regulatory guide. 

This guide reflects current.NRC"staff practice. Therefore, except 1n those cases 1n which 

the license applicant or licensee proposes an acceptable alternative method, the method described 

herein for complying with'specifled.portions of the Connission's regulations will continue to be 

used 1n the evaluation of submittals for operating license, or construction permit applications 

until this guide is revised as a result of suggestions from the public or additional staff 

review. 

1.111-14 
/ 

REFERENCES 

P.16 

1. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

7. 

. 8. 

9. 

10. 

11. 

12. 

13. 

14. 

15. 

16. 

17. 

R. C. Sklarew et al., "A Part1cle-1n-Cell Method for Numerical Solution of the 

Atmospheric Diffusion Equation and Applications to Air Pollution Problems," 

Final Report 3SR-844, Vol. 1, EPA Contract 68-02-0006, 1971. 

F. A. Gifford, "Statistical Properties of a Fluctuating Plume Dispersion Model," in 

Advances in Geophysics. Vol.. 6, F. N. Franklel and P. A. Sheppard, Editors, Academic Press, 

Inc., Hew York. pp. 117-138, 1959. 

G. E. Start and L. L. Wendell. "Regional Effluent Dispersion Calculations Considering 

Spatial and Temporal Meteorological Variations," NOAA Tech Memo ERL-ARL-44, 1974. 

J. F, Sagendorf, "A Program for Evaluating Atmospheric Dispersion From a Nuclear Power 

Station," NOAA Tech Memo ERL-ARL-42, 1974. 

B. A. .Egan, "Turbulent Diffusion In Complex Terrain" In Lectures on A1r Pollution and 

Environmental Impact Analyses - AMS Workshop on Meteorology and Environmental Assessment. -

Boston 1975, Dwayne Haugen, Workshop Coordinator, American Meteorological Society, ~ 

Boston, MA, pp. 123-124, 1975. 

E..W. Burt, "Description of Valley Model-Version C9M3D," U.S..Environmental Protection.. 

Agency Dispersion Program, available from-the United States Environmental Protection -

Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, ResearchTrlaogle Park, NC 27711, -

p p . 4-6 . •—'-•'"'"_ . 

G. A. Briggs, "Plume Rise," AEC GfUical Review Series, TID-25075, 1969. ' M. 

F. A. Gifford, "Atmospheric Transport and Dispersion Over Cities.".Nuclear Safety; Vol. 13, 

pp. 391-402, Sept.-Oct. 1972. 

W. B..Johnson et al., "Gas Tracer Study of Roof-Vent Effluent Diffusion at Millstone 

Nuclear Power Station," AIF/NESP-007b, Atomic Industrial Forum, Inc., 1975. 

G. R. Yanskey et al., "Climatography of National Reactor Testing Station," 

Idaho Operations Office, USAEC, ID0-12048, 1966. 

E. H. Markee, Jr., "A Parametric Study of Gaseous Plume Depletion by Ground Surface Adsorp-

>n," 1n Proc '" " 

AECL-2787, pp. 

tion," 1n Proceedings of USAEC Meteorological Information Meeting, C. A. Mawson, Editor; 

— • 602-613, 1567. 

C. A. Pelletier and J. D. Zimbrick, "Kinetics of Environmental Radioiodine Transport 

Through the M1lk-Food Chain," 1n Environmental Surveillance in the Vicinity of Nuclear. 

Facilities, W." C. Re1n1g, Editor, Charles C. Thomas Publishers, Springfield,-111., 1970. 

R. J. Englemann, "The Calculation of Precipitation Scavenging," in Meteorology and Atomic -

Energy-1968. D. H. Slade, Editor, USAEC TID-24190, pp. 203-221, 1965: '. : '_ 

Regulatory Guide 1.23 (Safety Guide 23), "Onsite Meteorological Programs," U. S. Nuclear 

Regulatory Commission, Washington, D.C. 

Regulatory Guide 4.2, "Preparation of Environmental Reports for Nuclear Power Stations," 

U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, D.C. 

"Standard Review Plan for the Review of Safety Analysis Reports for Nuclear Power Plants," 

NUREG-75/087, September 1975, Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory 

Commission, Washington, D.C. 

J. Sagendorf and J. Goll, "XOQDOQ-Program for the Meteorological Evaluation of Routine 

Effluent Releases at Nuclear Power Stations," Draft, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Conuiission, 

Washington, D.C , 1976. 

1.111-15 
P.17 

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NOTE: THESE ARE STANDARD RELATIONSHIPS AND MAY HAVE TO BE 

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1.111-16 
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P.22 

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1.111-21 
RELATIV

E DEPOSITION RATE (PER METER) 

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1.111-23 
P.25 

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1.111-24 
P.26 

, ^ M , \ 

>*• + 

UNITED STATES 

NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION 

WASHINGTON. D. C. 20665 

January 1977 

£RRATA 

Regulatory Guide 1.111, March 1976 . 

"Methods for Estimating Atmospheric Transpprt.and 

Dispersion of Gaseous Effluents in Routine Releases 

from Light-Water-Cooled Reactors" 

A computer programming error that effected the depletion and deposition 

curves in Figures 3. through 10 ofyRegul atqry Guide-l.l 11, "Methods 

for Estimating Atmospheric Transport and Dispersion-of Gaseous Effluents 

in Routine 

discovered 

and 

Releases from CfgR't-Water-Cooled Reactors," has been 

The corrected figures transmitted herewith should be used in future 

assessments of potential annual radiation doses to the public 

resulting from routine releases of radioactive materials in gaseous 

effluents. A comparison of the revised depletion and deposition curves 

to the original ones has shown that, in the. region.where highest, 

individual doses are usually calculated (i.e. , l->ji km), the-relative 

concentrations (X/Q), including depletion/wil l be about 10% higher 

than before and the relative deposition values (D/JQ) .wil l be about 

30% lower. Therefore, since D/Q is usually controlling:, application 

of the new curves to plants that have already been evaluated and 

found to be in compliance with Appendix I wil l not be required 

because there would be no change in the conclusion of acceptability. 
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January 1977 

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' • • 

; . • . 

<t 

' • • i. i 

• ~ f w r 

1 

, 

• 

• y 

:-.-: 

'i 

:--:-: 

Corrected 

lanuary 1977 

^L 

* 

• • 

0.1 1.0 10.0 

• I ' 

PLUME TRAVEL DISTANCE (KILOMETERS) 

Figure 4. Plume Depletion Effect for 30m Releases (Letters denote Pasquill 

Stability Class) 

100.0 200.0 

ho 
y 

y 

i 

to 

UJ 

2 

- J 

a. 

Z 

o 

z 

z 

< 

s 

ui 

OC 

rO 

< 

OC 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

0.6 

0.5 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

' 

1

' '. 

,'• 

• . 

' 

'. 

' 

' 

1 

• i 

' ' 

1 ' 

1 

' 

1 

1 

• 

; 

' 

'• 

AJ 

: 

t 

"V^r^J 

1 

' 

1 

\ 

, 

LV 

1 1 

• 

' 

^ k . '^^^^^ . MEUTI 

S^-( 

UNSTABLE 

(A.B.C 

• 

i 

t 

*AL 

ni XJ) 

.• 

Correcteu 

January 1977 

STABLE 

* s (E.F.G) 

^ 

l 

0.1 1.0 10.0 

PLUME TRAVEL DISTANCE (KILOMETERS) 

100.0 200.0 

Figure 5. Plume Depletion Effect for 60m Releases (Letters denote 

Pasquill Stability Class) 

I 
Corrected 

January 1977 

i 

ro 

O 

1.0 

0.9 

UJ 0.8 

Z 

D 

_ j 

a. 

Z 

O 

z 

7 0.6 

0.7 

< 

Z 

UJ 

oc 

z 

g 

0C 

0.5 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

1 

1 

'. 

...': 

• ' 

1 

' 

' 

1 

' 

' 

1 

STABLE (E,F,G] 

NO DEPLETION 

i 

(FRACTIC 

* 

y 

'i 

' . ' ' ': ' 

_.. . 

1 

NREfi 

i 

1 

i 

• 

• • 

iA*ir 

\ • 

.' 

i 

HM 

' 1 II 

' 

, 1 ( 

5r,i,.o) 

I 

1

 i 

i • 

» • 

• 

^ „ ^NEUTRAL(D) 

UNSTABLE 

(A.B,C) 

• ' ' . 

p 

• 

• . • 

' . ' , 

i • . 

• ' 

< • 

• • . . 

• - • - :---

' 

=--r,.: r 

1 

= r • . 

\ 

0.1 1.0 10.0 

PLUME TRAVEL DISTANCE (KILOMETERS) 

100.0 200.0 

Figure 6. Plume Depletion Effect for 100m Releases (Letters denote Pasquill Stability Class) 

I o 
P.31 

OC 

UJ 

rui 

Z 

oc 

ui 

& 

ui 

I-

< 

OC 

co 

2 

Ul 

Q 

ui 

> 

UJ 

oc 

10-3 

10"4 

10^5 

10-6 

10-7 

i 

^ 

• 

> 

. 

-

-

• 

. 

-

" 

_ 

^ 

" 

" " 

_

 ' 

" 

-" 

" 

-..-.-

" 

" 

-

. - • 

-.-' 

-

-

^ ^ 

-

-

~ 

~ 

' _ 

~ 

- .. 

-

-

'-

- „ 

-

Corrected 

January 1977 

-

-

• 

• 

.^ 

-

0.1 1.0 10.0 

PLUME TRAVEL DISTANCE (KILOMETERS) 

100.0 200.0 

Figure 7. Relative Deposition for Ground Level Releases (All Atmospheric 

Stability Classes) 

1.111-21 
P.32 

10" 

Corrected 

January 1977 

10^ 

OC 

Ul 

hui 

Z 

QC. 

Ul 

CL 

Ul 

< 

CC 

z 

o 

V) 

O 

Q. 

Ul 

O 

Ul 

> 

r-

< 

-J 

Ul 

ac 

lO^i 

10"6 

10-7 

• 

' L 

-

- -

, 

/ 

/ 

/ 

7 

§ 

• # ~ , — 

/ 

/-

|r 

-" • 

NST 

- • 

-• 

- / 

-

. -

•. -

\B 

-

NE 

• 

_ 

~ 

.E 

Ul 

-

" 

(/ 

"R 

^,B,< 

-

ALI 

-

• -

• 

:) 

D) 

-— 

- _ — 

-

\ 

-

- . . 

'-' • 

NEUTRAL 

/ -

STA 

. 

BLE (E,F, 

-

_ 

STAB 

G) 

-

-

i i 11 1 in 

• 

~ 

-

• -

- • 

• -

_ • * 

. 

. 

-

-, " 

^s. \ -

:_. - -

0.1 1.0 10.0 

PLUME TRAVEL DISTANCE (KILOMETERS) 

100.0 200.0 

Figure 8. Relative Deposition for 30m Releases (Letters denote Pasquill 

Stability Class) 

1.111-22 
P.33 

r 

IO-^ 

10-5 

Ul 

Z. 

oc 

111 

Q. 

< 

cc 

o 10"6 

CO O 

a. 

ui 

Q 

ui 

> 

Ul 

cc 

\trT10-8 

' > 

f~ 

- • .. . 

' . - '• 

-' 

"-

- - J. 

~l 

1 

/ -

. 

_ 

-

t 

-' 

1 1 

1 1 1 1 

- j 1 

1 1 

v UNSTABLE (A. 

MEUTF 

,

: 

• 

-

. •-*»_ - - a-

. -

AL( 

-

_ 

D) 

• 

B,C) 

• 

1 1 

-

-^^ 

is 

-

EUT 

-

RA L 

Corrected 

January 1977 

- • 

-

K UNSTABLE 

/STAB 

'•• ' 

\ 

J 

LE (E,F,G) 

~~ 

-

-" • 

0.1 1.0 10.0' 

PLUME TRAVEL DISTANCE (KILOMETERS) 

100.0 200.0 

Figure 9. Relative Deposition for 60m Releases (Letters denote Pasquill 

Stability Class) 

1.111-23 
P.34 

10-^ 

10-5 

oc 

UJ 

r- • 

ui 

Z 

OC 

Ul 

ih 

Ul 

r— 

<• 

OC 

i 10"« CO 

2 

UJ 

Q 

UJ 

> 

UJ 

oc 

10-7 

10-8 

0.1 

Corrected 

January 1977 

_ ; 

1 

. J 

'; 

:! 

" 

'! 

- • • J 

a 

1 M 

m 

a

 u 

M 

1 

— J . 

]• 

F 

-

-

1 

/ 

/ 

* 

; 

-

* 

_mn UNSTABLE (A,B.C) 

" j NEu i MAL \u 

M 

. 

-• 

-

s 

-

. 

_ t • 

"* ^^ . " 

• " --

-

- -

TABLE (E.l 

NODE 

. . - • — 

.•••; . 

•_ -

" ' 

-

^ 

-

=,G) 

PLE 

— 

~ 

TIC 

"•> 

-

N 

- _ 

. - . 

>^-

- . 

_ 

1.0 10.0 

PLUME TRAVEL DISTANCE (KILOMETERS) 

100.0 200.0 

Figure 10. Relative Deposition for 100m Releases (Letters denote Pasquill 

Stability Class) 

1.111-24