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CHAPTER 13. EMPLOYMENT IMPACT ANALYSIS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

13.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 13-1

13.2 METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................ 13-1
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CHAPTER 13. EMPLOYMENT IMPACT ANALYSIS

13.1 INTRODUCTION

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) utilizes the employment impact analysis to 

estimate national job creation or elimination resulting from proposed new energy efficiency 

standards. New standards may result in the reallocation of expenditures for purchasing and 

operating products. DOE will conduct this analysis in preparation for the notice of proposed 

rulemaking. DOE will estimate national employment impacts on major sectors of the U.S. 

economy, using publicly available data and incorporating various energy price scenarios. DOE

will make all methods and documentation available for review.

The imposition of standards can affect employment both directly and indirectly. Direct 

employment effects are changes in the numbers of employees at the plants that produce the 

covered products, along with affiliated distribution and service companies. DOE will evaluate 

direct employment effects as part of its manufacturer impact analysis, as described in Chapter 12.

Indirect employment effects from the imposition of standards may reflect expenditures that are 

shifted between goods (the substitution effect) and changes in income and overall expenditure 

levels (the income effect). 

DOE expects new product standards to decrease energy consumption, and therefore to 

reduce expenditures for energy. The savings in energy expenditures may be spent on new 

investment and other items. The standards also may increase the purchase price of products, 

including the retail price plus sales tax, and may increase installation costs.

Using an input-output model of the U.S. economy, the employment impact analysis seeks 

to estimate the year-to-year effect of expenditure impacts on net economic output and 

employment. A simple model might involve reduced expenditures for energy and reallocation of 

that money toward other sectors of the economy. DOE intends the employment impact analysis 

to quantify the indirect employment effects of changes in expenditures. It will evaluate direct 

employment effects in the manufacturer impact analysis (Chapter 12).

13.2 METHODOLOGY

To investigate combined direct and indirect employment impacts from new standards, 

DOE will use the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory’s (PNNL’s) Impact of Sector Energy 

Technologies (ImSET) model.1 PNNL developed ImSET, a spreadsheet model of the U.S. 

economy that focuses on 188 sectors most relevant to industrial, commercial, and residential 

building energy use, for DOE’s Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. ImSET is a 

special-purpose version of the U.S. benchmark national input-output (I-O) model, designed to 

estimate the national employment and income effects of energy saving technologies that are 

deployed by DOE’s Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. In comparison with 
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versions of the model used in earlier rulemakings, the current version allows for more complete 

and automated analysis of the essential features of energy efficiency investments in buildings, 

industry, transportation, and the electric power sectors. The ImSET software includes a 

computer-based I-O model that has structural coefficients to characterize economic flows among 

the 188 sectors. ImSET’s national economic I-O structure is based on the 1997 Benchmark U.S. 

table,2

DOE intends to use the ImSet model to estimate changes in employment, industry output, 

and wage income in the overall U.S. economy resulting from standards-related changes in 

expenditures in various sectors of the economy. For example, standards for residential clothes 

washers may reduce energy expenditures and increase product prices for consumers. Those 

expenditure changes are likely to reduce energy sector employment. At the same time, the 

standards may increase investment. DOE designed the employment impact analysis to estimate 

the year-to-year net national employment effect of the various expenditure flows associated with 

each potential new efficiency standard.

specially aggregated to 188 sectors. 
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REFERENCE

 1 Roop, J.M., M.J. Scott, and R.W. Schultz. ImSET: Impact of Sector Energy Technologies.

2005. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Richland WA. Report No. PNNL-15273.

2 Lawson, A.M., K.S. Bersani, M. Fahim-Nader, and J. Guo. Benchmark Input-Output 

Accounts of the United States, 1997. Survey of Current Business. December 2002. pp. 19-

110. (Last accessed March 29, 2010.) 

<http://www.bea.gov/scb/pdf/2002/12December/1202I-OAccounts2.pdf >