If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to 

revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.

-1-

S T A T E O F M I C H I G A N

C O U R T O F A P P E A L S

UNEEKA GREEN RILEY, Personal Representative 

of the ESTATE OF TA,

Plaintiff,

UNPUBLISHED

August 22, 2024

v No. 365282

Genesee Circuit Court

HURLEY MEDICAL CENTER, LC No. 2020-114830-NH

Defendant,

and

FIEGER, FIEGER, KENNEY AND 

HERRINGTON, PC,

Appellant/Cross-Appellee,

and

LAW OFFICES OF COURTNEY MORGAN, 

PLLC,

Appellee/Cross-Appellant.

Before: MALDONADO, P.J., and M.J. KELLY and RICK, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

Fieger, Fieger, Kenney, and Herrington, PC (Fieger firm), appeals as of right the trial 

court’s order dividing a contingency fee by granting 55% of the fee to Fieger firm and 45% of the 

fee to Law Offices of Courtney Morgan, PLLC (Morgan firm). Fieger firm argues that the trial 

court improperly divided the contingency fee according to a proportionate-percentage method 
-2-

rather than the lodestar method1and that the evidence did not support the trial court’s division of 

the award. On cross appeal, Morgan firm argues that the trial court should have held an evidentiary 

hearing and allowed discovery on the issue of possible misconduct by Fieger firm. For the reasons 

stated in this opinion, we affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand for discovery and, if necessary, 

an evidentiary hearing.

I. BASIC FACTS

Plaintiff, Uneeka Green Riley, retained Morgan firm to represent her on behalf of her minor 

daughter in a medical malpractice action against defendant, Hurley Medical Center. The case was 

assigned to Ronald S. Bowling, who appears to be the only Morgan firm lawyer to work on 

plaintiff’s case. Bowling sent Hurley Medical Center a notice of intent to file the lawsuit in 

accordance with MCL 600.2912b. One hundred eighty-two days later, Bowling filed the 

complaint with the accompanying affidavits of merit in accordance with MCL 600.2912b(1) and

MCL 600.2912d.

In 2021, after working on plaintiff’s case for approximately 27 months while employed at 

the Morgan firm, Bowling resigned his employment and accepted employment at Fieger firm. In 

correspondence dated April 16, 2021, Bowling informed plaintiff that he was leaving Morgan firm 

on May 7, 2021, to join the Fieger firm. He stated that she had the choice of continuing to retain 

Bowling, accepting representation by another lawyer of the Morgan firm, or choosing a third, 

unrelated lawyer. He requested her reply by mail or e-mail notification at his comcast.net e-mail 

address. Plaintiff responded by checking the option stating, “I wish Ronald S. Bowling to continue 

to represent me,” and signed her name. Bowling submitted his resignation notice to Courtney 

Morgan in an e-mail dated May 21, 2021.

Morgan and Bowling executed a stipulated order providing that Morgan firm “shall have a 

lien upon any judgment or settlement achieved in this case.” The lien “shall include case costs 

incurred on or before May 21, 2021, and reasonable attorney’s fees.” Fieger firm moved for a 

determination of the amount of Morgan firm’s attorney lien before the case was resolved. It stated 

that Morgan firm was entitled to compensation for the reasonable value of its services on the basis 

of quantum merit using the lodestar method. The trial court denied the motion as premature.

Later, Fieger firm brought a renewed motion to determine the attorney’s lien based upon

the lodestar method. Morgan firm responded that it was entitled to 66% of the contingency fee 

because it performed the most valuable services by retaining the case and initiating the lawsuit. 

Morgan firm also argued that Bowling and Fieger firm committed misconduct by soliciting 

plaintiff while she was represented by Morgan firm. Fieger firm denied any misconduct and 

argued that the lodestar method was the only permissible method for dividing the fee. The trial 

court concluded that the proportionate-percentage method was appropriate and granted Morgan 

firm 45% of the fee. The trial court stated that Morgan firm performed the valuable “front load” 

work in accepting plaintiff as a client, and filing the complaint and affidavits of merit. Although 

 

1

“Determining a reasonable attorney fee by multiplying the reasonable number of hours expended 

on the case with a reasonable hourly rate is known as the ‘lodestar method.’ ” Burton v State, 340 

Mich App 633, 638 n 4; 987 NW2d 879 (2022).
-3-

the court did not allow discovery on Morgan firm’s allegations of misconduct and no evidentiary 

hearing was held, the court determined that Bowling’s conduct did not “cross” into the area of 

misconduct even though “the letter written by Mr. Bowling and the timing of it certainly sneaks 

right up to the line of [MRPC] 7.1 and 7.3.”

Fieger firm moved for reconsideration, arguing that the trial court erred by finding that the 

“front load” work was of comparable or near-comparable value to the services Fieger firm 

performed in conducting discovery, deposing experts, and negotiating a settlement. Fieger firm 

also argued that the trial court failed to give due weight to what they called the “Fieger factor” 

created by Geoffrey Fieger’s reputation as a litigator, which it contended was a significant factor 

in obtaining the settlement. The trial court denied the motion.

II. METHOD OF DETERMINING REASONABLE ATTORNEY FEES

A. STANDARD OF REVIEW

Fieger firm argues that the lodestar method was the only proper approach to dividing the 

attorney fee in this case. The amount awarded as reasonable attorney fees is reviewed for abuse 

of discretion. McNeel v Farm Bureau Gen Ins Co of Mich, 289 Mich App 76, 97; 795 NW2d 205 

(2010). “An abuse of discretion occurs when the trial court’s decision is outside the range of 

reasonable and principled outcomes.” Pirgu v United Servs Auto Ass’n, 499 Mich 269, 274; 884 

NW2d 257 (2016). Legal questions are reviewed de novo. Holmes v Holmes, 281 Mich App 575, 

587; 760 NW2d 300 (2008).

B. ANALYSIS

The law imposes an attorney’s lien upon the judgment or funds resulting from the 

attorney’s services. Reynolds v Polen, 222 Mich App 20, 23; 564 NW2d 467 (1997). An attorney 

charging lien is “an equitable right to have the fees and costs due for services secured out of the 

judgment or recovery in a particular suit.” Souden v Souden, 303 Mich App 406, 411; 844 NW2d 

151 (2013) (quotation marks and citation omitted). “MCR 8.121 provides that if an attorney enters 

into a contingency fee agreement, the receipt, retention, or sharing of the compensation which is 

equal to or less than one-third the net amount recovered is deemed fair and reasonable.” Morris v 

City of Detroit, 189 Mich App 271, 278; 472 NMW2d 43 (1991). Thus, a discharged law firm 

may receive a portion of a contingency fee earned as the result of the successor law firm obtaining 

a settlement or judgment on behalf of its client. See Reynolds, 222 Mich App at 30-31 (reversing 

the trial court order denying a portion of the contingency fee agreement to the discharged law firm 

and remanding for the trial court to “determine the percentage of the one-third fee that represents 

[the discharged law firm’s] overall contribution to the settlement.”).

At issue in this case is whether the trial court erred by dividing the contingency fee using 

a proportional-percentage method as opposed to using the lodestar method. Caselaw reflects that

“quantum meruit is generally determined by simply multiplying the number of hours worked by a 

reasonable hourly fee.” Reynolds, 222 Mich App at 28. However, that is only one permissible 

method of dividing a contingency fee between a discharged law firm and the successor law firm.

Indeed, despite recognizing the lodestar approach as being generally applicable to 

determine the quantum meruit award of an attorney fee, the Reynolds Court remanded to the trial 
-4-

court to follow Morris, 189 Mich App 271 and “determine the percentage of the one-third fee that 

represents [the discharged law firm’s] overall contribution to the settlement.” Reynolds, 222 Mich 

App at 30-31 (emphasis added). In Morris, this Court vacated the trial court order awarding the 

successor lawyer the entire one-third contingency fee and remanded for the court to enter an order 

awarding the discharged lawyer a percentage of the contingency fee equal to the percentage of 

services completed by that lawyer. Morris, 189 Mich App at 279-280.

The Morris Court explained that “there is no precise formula for assessing the 

reasonableness of an attorney’s fee.” Id. at 278. However, it recognized that the following 

“nonexclusive factors” may be considered when making such a determination:

(1) the professional standing and experience of the attorney; (2) the skill, time and 

labor involved; (3) the amount in question and the results achieved; (4) the 

difficulty of the case; (5) the expenses incurred; and (6) the nature and length of the 

professional relationship with the client. [Id. at 278-279 (quotation marks and 

citation omitted).]

Additional factors include whether the original fee agreement was on a contingency basis because 

that determination “would allow the court to consider the degree of risk undertaken by an attorney 

who was prematurely discharged.” Id. at 279. The Morris Court upheld the trial court’s finding 

that the discharged lawyer performed 99.44 percent of the services contemplated by the 

contingency fee agreement and that, as a result, he was entitled to 99.44 percent of the one-third 

fee using the proportional-percentage method. Id. at 280. In Reynolds, this Court concluded that 

the use of the proportional-percentage approach to quantum meruit as set forth in Morris

“compensates an attorney for completed work on the basis of evaluating as closely as possible the 

actual deal struck between the client and the attorney rather than an assessment of reasonable 

compensation in the abstract.” Reynolds, 222 Mich App at 30. In doing so, the Reynolds Court 

noted that the trial court “is in the best position to assess an attorney’s contribution to a case” 

because trial courts are aware of the variable factors, such as “the strengths and weaknesses of 

cases before them, the time and effort expended by the attorneys, and changes in the parties’ 

leverage resulting from changes in counsel.” Id. at 30. As noted above, the Reynolds Court 

employed the proportional-percentage approach as opposed to the lodestar approach. Id. at 31.

Fieger firm contends that the use of the proportional-percentage method should be limited 

to cases like Morris, 189 Mich App at 280, where the discharged law firm performed 99.44 percent 

of the work, but that the lodestar method should be used where the successor law firm performed 

a “significant amount of the work” after the first lawyer was discharged. In support, Fieger firm 

directs this Court to Johnson v Mich Dep’t of Corrections, unpublished per curiam opinion of the 

Court of Appeals, issued April 16, 2019 (Docket No. 341436). Unpublished opinions are not 

binding precedent, but they may be considered persuasive. Micheli v Mich Auto Ins Placement 

Facility, 340 Mich App 360, 370, 986 N.W.2d 451 (2022). The Johnson Court concluded that it 

was “appropriate” for the trial court to choose the lodestar method. The trial court determined that 

Morris and Reynolds did not control because the lawyer “had performed a significant amount of 

work after the case went with him to his new firm (indeed, the record suggests that the lion’s share 

of the work on this matter occurred after [the lawyer] changed employment).” Id. unpub op at 4. 

Fieger firm contends that, like the lawyer in Johnson, Bowling performed the “vast majority” of 

the work while he was employed by Fieger Law. That matter, however, was disputed. And the 
-5-

work that Bowling performed while he was employed by Morgan firm was crucial to the successful 

resolution of the case given the time-constraints imposed in medical-malpractice cases. Johnson, 

therefore, stands only for the proposition that a trial court, depending upon the circumstances of 

the case, has discretion to use either the lodestar method or the proportional-percentage method 

when dividing a contingency fee.

Finally, Fieger firm argues that use of the proportional-percentage method is contrary to 

public policy. Fieger firm first raised this issue below in its motion for reconsideration, but issues 

raised in that manner are not properly preserved for appellate review. In re Schroeder Estate, 335 

Mich App 107, 119; 966 NW2d 209 (2020). Michigan generally recognizes the “raise or waive” 

rule of appellate review, in which a party’s failure to raise an issue in the trial court waives review 

of the issue on appeal. Walters v Nadell, 481 Mich 377, 387; 751 NW2d 431 (2008). This Court 

may address an unpreserved issue if failure to address it would cause manifest injustice, or if 

consideration of the issue is necessary to the proper determination of the case, or if the issue 

presents a question of law and the facts necessary for resolution are on the record. Tolas Oil & 

Gas Exploration Co v Bach Servs & Mfg, LLC, ___ Mich App ___, ___; ___ NW3d ___ (2023) 

(Docket No. 359090); slip op at 6. In this case, we overlook the preservation requirement because 

this issue presents a question of law and the facts necessary for its resolution are available in the 

existing record. See id.

A client “has an absolute right to discharge an attorney and is therefore not liable under the 

contract for exercising that right.” Reynolds, 222 Mich App at 25. Fieger firm argues that the 

proportional division of an attorney fee, in which the discharged attorney receives a percentage of 

the contingency fee, would impair the client’s right to discharge an attorney because such a fee 

division would disincentivize substitute counsel from accepting a case. However, as indicated in 

Part II of this opinion, Michigan caselaw has approved proportional divisions of contingency fees 

between different firms who represented the plaintiff in different phases of the proceedings. 

Michigan has not initiated a public policy of restricting a discharged law firm’s entitlement to fees 

on the ground that the restriction is necessary to protect a client’s right to discharge counsel and 

select new counsel. Michigan’s policy allows the trial court discretion and a range of options to 

balance a client’s right to choose and discharge counsel, and both counsels’ right to compensation. 

Fieger firm’s argument, therefore, is without merit.

In sum, Morris and Reynolds provide that, when dividing a contingency fee, a trial court is 

not limited to using the lodestar method and may instead use the proportional-percentage method 

to determine a quantum meruit award for a discharged law firm. Morris, 189 Mich App at 280; 

Reynolds, 222 Mich App at 30-31. The use of the proportional-percentage method, which is 

supported by binding caselaw is not violative of Michigan public policy. Accordingly, reversal is 

not warranted based upon the trial court’s decision to use the proportional-percentage method 

rather than the lodestar method.

III. EVIDENTIARY SUPPORT FOR TRIAL COURT’S 45%-55% DIVISION

A. STANDARD OF REVIEW

Next, Fieger firm argues that if the proportional-percentage method is permissible, the trial 

court’s 45%-55% division is not supported by the evidence. A trial court’s findings of fact 
-6-

pertaining to a discharged attorney’s petition for attorney fees are reviewed for clear error. Morris, 

189 Mich App at 278. “A finding is clearly erroneous when, although evidence supports it, this 

Court is left with a firm conviction that the trial court made a mistake.” Featherston v Steinhoff, 

226 Mich App 584, 588; 575 NW2d 6 (1997).

B. ANALYSIS

As explained above, the trial court may consider the following nonexclusive factors the 

trial court may consider in determining an attorney fee award under quantum meruit principles:

(1) the professional standing and experience of the attorney; (2) the skill, time and 

labor involved; (3) the amount in question and the results achieved; (4) the 

difficulty of the case; (5) the expenses incurred; and (6) the nature and length of the 

professional relationship with the client. [Morris, 189 Mich App at 278-279 

(quotation marks and citation omitted).]

Additionally, the court may consider the reasons that the plaintiff changed lawyers and determine 

which party should bear the costs of duplicated work. Reynolds, 222 Mich App at 30. The trial 

court “may also properly consider that the attorney originally agreed to render services on a 

contingency basis,” which “would allow the court to consider the degree of risk undertaken by an 

attorney who was prematurely discharged.” Id. at 29 (quotation marks and citation omitted).

In its renewed motion to determine the amount of the lien, Fieger firm characterized 

Morgan firm’s period of representation as “the initial stage of a medical malpractice case,” when 

“there is not much legal work to be performed.” Fieger firm remarked that this is “a time for 

requesting medical records, sometimes waiting for months for the same to appear.” In contrast, 

Fieger firm conducted 25 depositions, all other discovery, all motions, and facilitation and 

settlement discussions. In response, Morgan firm asserted that its achievements in retaining a new 

and valuable client and in assuming the risks of initiating the case were the most important 

contributions, “irrespective of the work performed thereafter.” Morgan firm relied substantially 

on Fieger firm’s alleged misconduct in soliciting Green to discharge Morgan firm and on 

insinuations that Fieger firm’s opposition to a proportionate distribution was unprincipled 

opportunism.

The trial court applied the six enumerated factors identified in Morris, 189 Mich App at 

278-279 and restated in Reynolds, 222 Mich App at 29. The trial court found that “professional 

standing and experience of the attorney,” was “a wash” because both firms are long-standing and 

well-known. The court also found that the attorneys were approximately equal in regard to skill, 

time, and labor. The court remarked that the amount involved “is a significant amount.” The 

settlement was a substantial benefit to the client. Regarding difficulty of the case, the court 

remarked that it was a complex medical malpractice case, in which both law firms demonstrated 

skill. Fieger firm “demonstrated skill in retaining additional experts and conducting depositions 

leading up to” the settlement, while Morgan firm “demonstrated skill with regard to the intake of 

the case, assessment of the matter.” The court further stated:

[A]s has been pointed out by other cases in the past, a lot of that work if [sic] front 

loaded with regard to cases of this type where an analysis needs to be made and 
-7-

the—for lack of a better term second attorney on the case does enjoy the benefit of 

that analysis and as Mr. Morgan pointed out, his notice of intent and his complaint 

does serve as the basis of the settlement that was approved by the Court earlier this 

morning.

The trial court agreed with Morgan firm about the work being “front loaded,” but it disagreed with 

its proposed distribution of the contingency fee, with Morgan firm receiving 66 percent of the onethird fee. The trial court instead opted to split the fee 55% and 45%, in Fieger firm’s favor.

Thus, the trial court essentially found that Morgan firm and Fieger firm were equal with 

respect to skill and reputation, and nearly equal with respect to the value they contributed to the 

settlement. The trial court weighed Morgan firm’s contribution of initiating the lawsuit and 

preparing the notices of intent, the complaint, and the affidavits of merit against Fieger firm’s 

contribution of managing the case through the discovery and negotiation of settlement phases, with 

the Fieger firm’s contributions outweighing the Morgan firm’s contribution by 10%.

Fieger firm argues that the trial court did not consider the value of the respective firms’ 

services. In its renewed motion to determine the lien, Fieger firm made conclusory assertions that 

its work in taking 25 depositions and representing plaintiff in settlement negotiations was the key 

contribution that resulted in a favorable outcome. Morgan firm responded with conclusory 

statements regarding the importance of the “front-loaded” tasks of investigating a potential claim 

and retaining a potential client. Neither party made specific factual arguments regarding the 

comparative value of these contributions, such as addressing how a theory of liability evolved over 

the course of proceedings. Fieger firm did not request an evidentiary hearing, and Morgan advised 

the trial court that he believed the evidence was sufficient to justify his firm receiving 66 percent 

of the one-third fee.

Given this record, the trial court’s finding that Morgan firm’s early work on the case 

justified awarding it almost half of the contingency fee was not supported by evidence. The trial 

court’s finding that Fieger firm benefited from Morgan firm’s “front loaded” work and that 

Morgan firm’s work formed the basis of the settlement did not cite any facts related to the specific 

case before it. The trial court erred by basing the division of the fee on general assumptions about 

the importance of the work to initiate a medical malpractice action rather than on the specific 

course of this particular action. Neither party’s evidence was sufficient to determine the 

appropriate allocation of the contingency fee. We therefore remand this case to the trial court for 

proper consideration of the comparative value of the firms’ contributions to the settlement, based 

upon the parties’ submissions and, if the trial court deems it appropriate, an evidentiary hearing.2

 

2 Given our determination that an evidentiary hearing is necessary, we decline to address Fieger 

firm’s unpreserved argument regarding the effect of the so-called “Fieger factor,” which it 

contends resulted in a higher settlement amount. The question of whether and to what extent an 

individual lawyer’s reputation influenced a settlement is a fact-based inquiry that cannot be 

resolved without an evidentiary record. The matter, therefore, is best left for the trial court to 

resolve on remand.
-8-

IV. CROSS-APPEAL

On cross appeal, Morgan firm argues that Bowling violated MRPC 4.2 and MRPC 7.3 

when he sent the plaintiff a letter on April 16, 2021, advising her that he was leaving Morgan firm 

on May 7, 2021, so that he could join Fieger law and directing her to inform him whether she 

desired to (1) continue to have him represent her, (2) have a different Morgan firm lawyer represent 

her, or (3) choose a lawyer unrelated to him, Morgan firm, or Fieger firm.

MRPC 4.2, Communication With a Person Represented by Counsel, provides in relevant 

part:

(a) In representing a client, a lawyer shall not communicate about the 

subject of the representation with a person whom the lawyer knows to be 

represented in the matter by another lawyer, unless the lawyer has the consent of 

the other lawyer or is authorized by law to do so.

MRPC 7.3, Solicitation, provides:

(a) A lawyer shall not solicit professional employment from a person with 

whom the lawyer has no family or prior professional relationship when a significant 

motive for the lawyer’s doing so is the lawyer’s pecuniary gain. The term “solicit” 

includes contact in person, by telephone or telegraph, by letter or other writing, or 

by other communication directed to a specific recipient, but does not include letters 

addressed or advertising circulars distributed generally to persons not known to 

need legal services of the kind provided by the lawyer in a particular matter, but 

who are so situated that they might in general find such services useful, nor does 

the term “solicit” include “sending truthful and nondeceptive letters to potential 

clients known to face particular legal problems” as elucidated in Shapero v 

Kentucky Bar Ass’n, 486 US 466, 468; 108 S Ct 1916; 100 L Ed 2d 475 (1988).

(b) A lawyer shall not solicit professional employment from a person by 

written or recorded communication or by in-person or telephone contact even when 

not otherwise prohibited by paragraph (a), if:

(1) the person has made known to the lawyer a desire not to be solicited by 

the lawyer; or

(2) the solicitation involves coercion, duress or harassment.

Nothing in the face of Bowling’s letter to plaintiff violated Rule 7.3. He explained that 

plaintiff had the choice to follow him to Fieger firm, remain with Morgan firm, or choose a 

different lawyer and firm. He did not disparage Morgan firm.

Nevertheless, Morgan firm argues that Fieger firm violated MRPC 4.2(a) by 

communicating with plaintiff, a person whom Fieger firm knew to be represented by a lawyer, 

because Bowling had already accepted employment with Fieger firm and was therefore contacting 

plaintiff as Fieger’s agent. It also argues that Fieger firm violated MRPC 7.3(a) by soliciting 

employment from plaintiff despite having no prior relationship with her. Again, Morgan firm 
-9-

imputes Bowling’s conduct to Fieger firm on the theory that Bowling’s acceptance of employment 

from Fieger firm rendered him an agent. Morgan firm has no hard evidence that Bowling had any 

agreement or understanding with Fieger firm to solicit his Morgan firm clients. However, the 

timing of Bowling’s letter, and his failure to inform Morgan firm of his plans before he contacted 

clients, create a suspicion of collusion.

Although Morgan firm raises suspicions that Bowling and Fieger firm may have engaged 

in misconduct in order to solicit plaintiff to follow Bowling to Fieger firm, the record is not 

sufficient to prove or disprove Morgan firm’s suggestions of collusion. The trial court found that 

Bowling’s letter to plaintiff pressed the boundaries of MRPC 7.3, but the court did not address the 

possibility of collusion. The present record is not sufficient to determine if misconduct occurred. 

We therefore remand to the trial court for further findings of fact, including discovery and an

evidentiary hearing if appropriate.

3

V. CONCLUSION

We conclude in Fieger firm’s appeal that the trial court erred by granting Morgan firm a 

45% share of the attorney fee because the evidence was not sufficient to support this division. We 

conclude that Morgan firm established a suspicion of improper solicitation in its cross appeal.

In both of these matters, we remand to the trial court for further findings and an evidentiary 

hearing if the trial court deems it appropriate. The parties also should be allowed to conduct 

discovery.

Reversed and remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. Neither party 

having prevailed in full, no taxable costs are awarded. MCR 7.219(A). We do not retain 

jurisdiction.

/s/ Allie Greenleaf Maldonado

/s/ Michael J. Kelly

/s/ Michelle M. Rick

 

3 Fieger firm argues that Morgan firm forfeited its right to request an evidentiary hearing and 

discovery because it declined the opportunity when the trial court inquired about it. The record 

reflects that Morgan firm requested 66% of the one-third fee. In connection, with that request, 

Morgan stated, “If this Court wishes to hold an evidentiary hearing, [Morgan firm] asks that this 

court permit discovery in advance of the evidentiary hearing on both the issue of the improper 

solicitation of Lienholder clients and also the extent of the work performed on the file by the 

respective firms.” At a subsequent hearing, the trial court reminded Morgan that he requested an 

evidentiary hearing and discovery. Morgan replied that there was sufficient evidence to support

his request for 66% of the one-third fee. He stated: “You can award on the record you have today 

the 66 percent. If the Court wishes to engage in that further perhaps the percentages will change 

depending on what we find out about what was being done here by the Fieger firm.” Thus, in 

context, it is clear that he was not withdrawing his request for an evidentiary hearing. Rather, he 

was leaving it to the discretion of the trial court. The matter, therefore, was not forfeited.