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**ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 40 CFR Part 60**  **[EPA -**  **HQ -**  **OAR -**  **2010 -**  **0505 ;**  **FRL -**  **9929 -**  **75 -**  **OAR ]**  **RIN 2060 -**  **A S30**  **Oil and Natural Gas Sector: Emission Standards for New and**  **Modified Sources** 
**AGENCY:** Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
. **ACTION:** Proposed rule; notice of public hearing.
**SUMMARY:** This action proposes to amend the new source performance standards (NSPS) for the oil and natural gas source category by setting standards for both methane and volatile organic compounds (VOC) for certain equipment, processes and activities across this source category . The Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) is including requirements for methane emissions in this proposal because methane is a greenhouse gas (GHG) , and the oil and natural gas category is currently one of the country's largest emitters of methane

. I n 2009 , the EPA found that by causing or contributing to climate change, GHGs endanger both the public health an d the public welfare of current and future generations. The EPA is proposing to amend***E.O. 12866 Review

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the NSPS to include standards for reducing methane as well as
VOC emissions across the oil and natural gas source category. Specifically, we are proposing both methane an d VOC standards for several emission sources not currently covered by the NSPS ( i.e. , hydraulically fractured oil well completions, fugitive emissions from well sites and compressor stations, and pneumatic pumps). In addition, we are proposing methane standards for certain emission sources that are currently regulated for VOC ( i.e. , hydraulically fra ctured gas well completions, equipment leaks at natural gas processing pla n t s )
. With respect to certain equipment that are used across the source ca tegory, the current NSPS regulates only a subset of these equipment (pneumatic controllers, centrifugal compressors, reciprocating compressors) . T he prop o sed amendents would establish methane standards for these equipment across the source category and
ext end the current VOC standards to the remaining unregulated equipment. Lastly, amendments to the current NSPS are being proposed that improve implementation of several aspects of the
current standards

. These improvements result from reconsideration of certain issues raised in petitions for reconsideration that were received by the Administrator on the***E.O. 12866 Review

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August 16, 2012 , final NSPS for the oil and natural gas sector and related amendments . Except for the implementation improvements and the setting of standards for methane, these amendments do not change the requirements for operations already covered by the current standards.
**DATES** : Comments
. Comments must be received on or before **[ insert date**  **6 0 days after**  **date of publication in the f**  **ederal register**  **] .**  Under the Paperwork Reduction Act (PRA) , comments on the information collection provisions are best assured of consideration if the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) receives a copy of your comments on or before **[insert date 60 days**  **after date of publication in the federal register]**

. The EPA will hold public hearings on the proposal. Details will be announced in a separate notice.
**ADDRESSES** : Submit your comments, identified by Docket ID Number

EPA

- HQ

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- 2010

- 0505, to the Federal eRul emaking Portal: http://www.regulations.gov. Follow the online instructions for submitting comments. Once submitted, comments cannot be edited or withdrawn. The EPA may publish any comment received to its public docket. Do not submit electronically any info rmation you consider to be Confidential Business Information (CBI) or other***E.O. 12866 Review

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information whose disclosure is restricted by statute. Multimedia submissions (audio, video, etc.) must be accompanied by a written comment. The written comment is considered the

o fficial comment and should include discussion of all points you wish to make. The EPA will generally not consider comments or comment contents located outside of the primary submission (i.e. on the web, cloud, or other file sharing system). For additional submission methods, the full EPA public comment policy, information about CBI or multimedia submissions, and general guidance on making effective comments, please visit http://www2.epa.gov/dockets/commenting

- epa - dockets

. Instructions : All submissions must include agency name and respective docket number or Regulatory Information Number (RIN) for this rulemaking. Direct your comments to Docket ID Number

EPA

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- 0 505 . The EPA's policy is that all comments received will be included in the public docke t without change and may be made available online at www.regulations.gov , including any personal information provided, unless the comment includes information claimed to be confidential business information (CBI) or other information whose disclosure is

re stricted by statute. Do not submit information that you***E.O. 12866 Review

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consider to be CBI or otherwise protected through www.regulations.gov or email. (See section I II.B below for instructions on submitting information claimed as CBI.) The www.regulations.gov Web site is an "anonymous access" system, which means the EPA will not know your identity or contact information unless you provide it in the body of your comment. If you submit an electronic comment through www.regulations.gov , the EPA recommends that you include your name and other contact information in the body of your comment and with any disk or CD

ROM you submit. If the EPA cannot read your comment due to technical difficulties and cannot contact you for clarification, the EPA may not be able to consider you r comment. If you send an email comment directly to the EPA without going through www.regulations.gov, your email address will be automatically captured and included as part of the comment that is placed in the public docket and made available on the Inter net. Electronic files should avoid the use of special characters , any form of encryption and be free of any defects or viruses. For additional information about the EPA’s public docket, visit the EPA Docket Center homepage at: www.epa.gov/epahome/dockets.h tm.***E.O. 12866 Review

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Docket : The EPA has established a docket for this rulemaking under Docket ID Number EPA

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. All documents in the docket are listed in the www.regulations.gov index. Althoug h listed in the index, some information is not publicly available,
e.g. , CBI or other information whose disclosure is restricted by statute. Certain other material, such as copyrighted material, is no t placed on the Internet and will be publicly available only in hard copy. Publicly available docket materials are availab le either electronically in www.regulations.gov or in hard copy at the EPA Docket Center, EPA WJC West Building , Room Number 3334, 1301 Constitution Avenue, NW, Washington, D.C. The Public Reading Room is open from 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m., Monday through Fr iday, excluding legal holidays. The telephone number for the Public Reading Room is (202) 566

- 1744, and the telephone number for the EPA Docket Center is (202) 566

- 1742.
**FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:** For information concerning this action, or for other information concerning the EPA’s Oil and Natural Gas Sector regulatory program, contact Mr. Bruce Moore , Sector Policies and Programs Division (E143

- 05), Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, telephone number:***E.O. 12866 Review

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(919) 541

- 5460 ; facsimile number: (919) 541

- 3470 ; email address:

moore . bruce @epa.gov . **SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION** : Outline

. The information presented in this preamble is organized as follows:
I. Preamble Acronyms and Abbreviations II. Executive Summary A. Purpose of the Regulatory Action B. Summary of the Major Provisions of the Regulatory Action C. Costs and Benefits I II . General Information A. Does this reconsideration notice apply to me? B . What should I consider as I prepare my comments to the EPA? C. How do I obtain a copy of this document and other related information? I V . Background A. Statutory Background B. What are the regulatory history and litigation background regarding perform ance standards for the oil and natural gas source category ? C. Events Leading to This Action V. Why i s the EPA Proposing to Establish Methane Standards in the Oil and Natural Gas NSPS ? V I . T he Oil and Natural Gas Source Category Listing U nder Clean Air Act S ection 111(b)(1)(A) A. Impacts of GHG, VOC, and SO 2 Emissions on Public Health and Welfare B . Stakeholder Input V I I . Summary of Proposed Standards A. Control of Methane and VOC Emissions in the Oil and Natural Gas Source Category B. Centrifugal Compressors C
. Reciprocating Compressors D . Pneumatic Controllers E . Pneumatic Pumps F. Well Completions G. Fugitive Emissions from Well Sites and Compressor Stations H. Equipment Leaks at Natural Gas Processing Plants I. Liquids Unloading Oper ations***E.O. 12866 Review

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J. Recordkeeping and Reporting VI I I . Rationale for Proposed Action for NSPS A. How does EPA e valuate c ontrol c osts in t his a ction ? B. Proposed Standards for Centrifugal Compressors C. Proposed Standards for Reciprocating Compressors D. Proposed Sta ndards for Pneumatic Controllers E. Proposed Standards for Pneumatic Pumps F. Proposed Standards for Well Completions G. Proposed Standards for Fugitive Emissions from Well Sites and Compressor Stations H. Proposed Standards for Equipment Leaks at Natural Gas Processing Plants I. Liquids Unloading Operations I X . Implementation Improvements A. Storage Vessel Control Device Monitoring and Testing Provisions B. Other Improvements X. Next Generation Compliance and Rule Effectiveness A. Independent Third

- Party Verification B. Fugitives Emissions Verification C
. Third

- Party Information Reporting D . Electronic R eporting and T ransparency X I . Impacts of This Proposed Rule A. What are the air impacts? B. What are the energy impacts? C. What are the compliance costs? D. What are the economic and employment impacts? E. What are the benefits of the proposed standards? X I I . Statutory and Executive Order Reviews A. Executive Order 12866: Regulatory Planning and Review and Executive Order 13563: Improvi ng Regulation and Regulatory Review B. Paperwork Reduction Act (PRA) C. Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA) D. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (UMRA) E. Executive Order 13132: Federalism F. Executive Order 13175: Consultation and Coordination with Ind ian Tribal Governments G. Executive Order 13045: Protection of Children from Environmental Health Risks and Safety Risks H. Executive Order 13211: Actions Concerning Regulations that Significantly Affect Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use***E.O. 12866 Review

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I. National Tech nology Transfer and Advancement Act (NTTAA) and 1 CFR part 51 J. Executive Order 12898: Federal Actions to Address Environmental Justice in Minority Populations and Low

Income Populations
**I. Preamble Acronyms and Abbreviations**  Several acronyms and terms are included in this preamble. While this may not be an exhaustive list, to ease the reading of this preamble and for reference purposes, the following terms and acronyms are defined here : ANGA America’s Natural Gas Alliance API American Petroleum Institute bbl Barrel BID Background Information Document BOE Barrels of Oil Equivalent bpd Barrels Per Day BSER Best System of Emissions Reduction BTEX B enzene, T oluene, E thylbenzene and X ylenes CAA Clean Air Act CFR Code of Fe deral Regulations CPMS Continuous Parametric Monitoring Systems EIA Energy Information Administration EPA Environmental Protection Agency GOR Gas to Oil Ratio HAP Hazardous Air Pollutant s HPDI HPDI, LLC LDAR Leak Detection and Repair Mcf Thousand Cubic Feet NEI National Emissions Inventory NEMS National Energy Modeling System NESHAP National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants NSPS New Source Performance Standards NTTAA National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act of 1995 OAQPS Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards***E.O. 12866 Review

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OGI Optical Gas Imaging OMB Office of Management and Budget OVA Olfactory, Visual and Auditory PRA Paperwork Reduction Act PTE Potential to Emit REC Reduced Emissions Completion RFA Regulatory Flexibility Act RIA Regulatory Impact Analysis scfh Standard Cubic Feet per Hour scfm Standard Cubic Feet per Minute SISNOSE S ignificant E conomic I mpact on a S ubstantial N umber of S mall E ntities tpy Tons per Year TSD Technical Support Document TTN Technology Trans fer Network UMRA Unfunded Mandates Reform Act VCS Voluntary Consensus Standards VOC Volatile Organic Compounds VRU Vapor Recovery Unit
**II .**  **Executive Summary**
A. Purpose of the Regulatory Action The purpose of this action is to propose amendments to the
NSPS for the oil and natural gas source category. T o date the EPA has established standards for emissions of VOC and sulfur dioxide ( SO 2 ) for several operations in the source category . In this action, the EPA is proposing to amend the NSPS to include standards for reducing methane as well as VOC emissions across the oil and natural gas source category ( i.e. , production, processing, transmission and storage)

. The EPA is including requirem ents for methane emissions in this proposal because***E.O. 12866 Review

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methane is a GHG and the oil and natural gas categor y is currently one of the country's largest emitters of methane. In 2009, the EPA found that by causing or contributing to climate change, GHGs endanger both the public health and the public welfare of current and future generations. 1 The proposed amendme nts would require reduction of methane as well as VOC across the source category. In addition, the proposed amendments include improve ments
to several aspects of the existing standard s related to implementation. These improvements and the setting of standards for methane are a result of reconsideration of certain issues raised in petitions for reconsideration that were received by the Administrat or on the August 16, 2012, NSPS (77 FR 49490) and on the September 13, 2013, amendments (78 FR 58416)
. Except for these implementation improvements, these proposed amendments do not change the requirements for operations and equipment already covered by th e current standards.
B. Summary of the Major Provisions of the Regulatory Action

1 “Endangerment and Cause or Contribute Findings for Greenhouse Gases Under Section 202(a) of the Clean Air Act,” 74 Fed. Reg. 66496 (Dec. 15, 2009) (“Endangerment Finding”).***E.O. 12866 Review

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The proposed amendments include standards for methane and
VOC for certain new, modified and reconstructed equipment, processes and activities across the oil and natural gas source category . Th ese emission sources include those that are currently unregulated under the current NSPS (hydraulically fractured oil well completions , p neumatic pumps and fugitive emissions from well sites and compressor stations ); those that

are curre ntly regulated for VOC but not for methane ( hydraulically fracture d gas well completions, equipment leaks at natural gas processing plants ) ; and certain equipment that are used across the source category, but which the current NSPS regulates VOC emissions from only a subset of these equipment (pneumatic controllers, centrifugal compressors, reciprocating
compressors ) , with the exception of c ompressors located at well sites

. Based on the EPA’s analysis (see section VIII) , we believe it is impo rtant to regulate methane from the oil and gas sources already regulated for VOC emissions to provide more consistency across the category, and that the b est system of emission reduction (BSER) for methane for all these sources is the same

as the BSER for VOC
. Accordingly, the current VOC standards also***E.O. 12866 Review

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reflect the BSER for methane reduction for the same emission

sources. In addition, w ith respect to equipment used category

wide of which only a subset of those equipment are covered under the NSPS VOC standa rds ( i.e. , pneumatic controllers , and
compressors located other than at well sites ) , EPA’s analysis shows that the BSER for reducing VOC from the remaining unregulated equipment to be the same as the BSER for those currently regulated. The EPA is therefore proposing to extend the current VOC standards for these equipment to the remaining unregulated equipment. The additional sources for which we are proposing methane and VOC standards were evalu a ted in the 2014 white papers (EPA Docket Number EPA

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- 0557) . The papers summarized the EPA’s understanding of VOC and methane emissions from these sources and also presented the EPA’s understanding of mitigation techniques (practices and equipment) available to reduce these emissions, including the efficacy and cost of the technologies and the prevalence of use in the industry. The EPA received 26 submissions of peer review comments on these papers, and more than 43,000 comments from the public. The information gained throug h this process has improved the EPA’s understanding of the***E.O. 12866 Review

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methane and VOC emissions from these sources and the mitigation techniques available to control them. The EPA has also received extensive and helpful input from state, local and tribal governments experienced in these operations, industry organizations, individual companies and others with data and experience. This information has been immensely helpful in determining appropriate standards for the various sources we are proposing to regulate. It ha s also helped the EPA design this proposal so as to complement, not complicate, existing state requirements. EPA acknowledges that a state may have more stringent state requirements (e.g. , fugitives monitoring and repair program). We believe that affected sources already complying with more stringent state requirements may also be in compliance with this rule. We solicit comment on how to determine whether existing state requirements (i.e. , monitoring , record keeping, and reporting) would demonstrate compli ance with this federal rule. Following are brief summaries of these sources and the proposed standards. During development of the se proposed requirements, we were mindful that some facilities that will be subject to the proposed EPA standards will also be subject to current or future***E.O. 12866 Review

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requirements of the Department of Interior’s Bureau of Land Management (BLM) rule s covering production of natural gas on Federal lands. We believe, to minimize confusion and unnecessary burden on the part of owners and opera tors, it is important that the EPA requirements not conflict with BLM requirements. As a result, EPA and BLM have maintained an ongoing dialogue during development of this action to identify opportunities for alignment and ways to minimize potential confli cting requirement s and will continue to coordinate through the agencies’ respective proposals and final rulemakings

. Following are brief summaries of these sources and the proposed standards. Compressors. The EPA is proposing a 95 percent reduction of methane and VOC emissions from wet seal centrifugal compressors across the source category (except for those located at well sites)

. 2 For reciprocating compressors across the source category (except for those located at well sites ) , the EPA is proposing
t o reduce methane and VOC emissions by requiring that o wners

2 During the development of the 2012 NSPS, ou r data indicated that there were no centrifugal compressors located at well sites. Since the 2012 NSPS, we have not received information that would change our understanding that there are no centrifugal compressors in use at well sites.***E.O. 12866 Review

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and/or operators of these compressors replace the rod packing based on specified hours of operation or elapsed calendar months or route emissions from the rod packing to a process through a closed vent system under negative pressure

. See sections VIII.B and C of this preamble for further discussion. Pneumatic controllers. The EPA is proposing a natural gas bleed rate limit of 6 standard cubic feet per hour ( scfh ) to reduce methane and VOC emissions from individual, continuous bleed, natural gas - driven pneumatic controllers at locat ions across the source category other than natural gas processing plants

. At natural gas processing plants, the proposed rule regulates methane and VOC emissions by requir ing natural gas

operated pneumatic controllers to have a zero natural gas bleed rate, as in the current NSPS. See section VIII.D of this preamble for further discussion. Pneumatic pumps. The proposed standards for pneumatic pumps would apply to certain typ es of pneumatic pumps across the entire source category. At locations other than natural gas processing plants, we are proposing that the methane and VOC emissions from natural gas

- driven chemical/methanol pumps and diaphragm pumps be reduced by 95 percent if a control device is***E.O. 12866 Review

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already available on site. At natural gas processing plants , the proposed standards would require the methane and VOC emissions from natural gas

- driven chemical/methanol pumps and diaphragm pumps to be zero. See section VIII.E of this preamble for further discussion. Hydraulically fractured oil well completions

. For subcategory 1 wells (non

- wildcat, non

- delineation wells) , w e are proposing that for hydraulically fractured oil well completions , owners and/or operators use reduce d emissions completions, also known as ” RECs ” or ” green completions, ” to reduce methane and VOC emissions and maximize natural gas recovery from well completions. To achieve these reductions, owners and operators of hydraulically fractured oil wells must u se RECs in combination with a completion combustion device. As is specified in the rule for hydraulically fractured gas well completions,
t he rule proposed here does not require RECs where their use is not feasible ( e.g. , if it technically infeasible for a separator to function). For subcategory 2 wells (wildcat and delineation wells), we are proposing that for hydraulically fractured oil well completions, owners and/or operators use a completion combustion device to redu ce methane and VOC emissions. The***E.O. 12866 Review

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proposed standards for hydraulically fractured oil well completions are the same as the requirements finalized for hydraulically fractured gas well completions in the 2012 NSPS and a s amended in 2014 (see 79 FR 79018, Dece mber 31, 2014 )
. See section VIII .F of this preamble for further discussion. Fugitive emissions from well sites and compressor stations. We are proposing that new and modified well sites and compressor stations (which include the transmission and storage segment and the gathering and boosting segment) conduct fugitive emissions
surveys semiannually with optical gas imaging (OGI) technology and repair the sources of fugitive emission s within 15 days that are found during those surveys. We are also co - propo sing OGI monitoring survey s on an annual basis for new and modified well sites , and requesting comment on OGI monitoring surveys on a quarterly basis for both well sites and compressor stations

. Fugitive emissions can occur immediately on startup of a newly constructed facility as a result of improper makeup of connections and other installation issues. In addition, during ongoing operation and aging of the facility, fugitive emissions
may occur . Under this proposal, t he required survey frequency

w ould decrease from semiannually to annually for sites that find***E.O. 12866 Review

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fugitive emissions from fewer than one percent of their fugitive emission components during a survey, while the frequency would increase fro m semiannually to quarterly for sites that find fugitive emissions from five three percent or more of their fugitive emission components during a survey. We recognize that subpart W already requires annual fugitives reporting for certain compressor stations that exceed the 25,000 Metric Ton
CO 2 e threshold , and request comments on the overlap of these reporting requirements. Building on the 2012 NSPS, the EPA intends to continue to
encourage corporate

- wide voluntary efforts to achieve emission reductions through responsible, transparent and verifiable action s that would obviate the need to meet obligations associated with NSPS applicability , as well as avoid creating disruption for operators following advanced respons ible corporate practices

. Based on this concept, we solicit comment on criteria we can use to determine whether and under what conditions well sites and other emission sources operating under corporate LDAR regimes fugitive monitoring plans can be deemed to be meeting the equivalent of the NSPS standards for well site fugitive emissions such that we can define those regimes as***E.O. 12866 Review

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constituting alternative methods of compliance or otherwise provide appropriate regulatory streamlining. We also solicit comment on h ow to address enforceability of such alternative approaches (i.e., how to assure that these well sites are achieving, and will continue to achieve, equal or better emission reduction than our proposed standards). Other reconsideration issues being address ed. The EPA is granting reconsideration of a number of issues raised in the administrative reconsideration petitions and, where appropriate, is proposing amendments to address such issues. These issues are as follows: storage vessel control device monitori ng and testing provisions, initial compliance requirements in §60.5411(c)(3)(i)(A) for a bypass device that could divert an emission stream away from a control device, recordkeeping requirements of § 60.5420(c) for repair logs for control devices failing a visible emissions test, clarification of the due date for the initial annual report under the 2012 NSPS, flare design and operation standards, leak detection and repair ( LDAR ) for
open - ended valves or lines, compliance period for LDAR for newly affected u nits, exemption to notification requirement for reconstruction, disposal of carbon from control devices , the***E.O. 12866 Review

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definition of capit a l expenditure and initial compliance clarification

. We are proposing to address these issues to clarify the rule, improve implementation and updat e procedures , as fully detailed in section IX.
C
. Costs and Benefits The EPA has estimated emissions reductions, costs and benefits for two years of analysis: 2020 and 2025. Actions taken to comply with the proposed NSPS are anticipated to prevent signifi cant new emissions, including 170,000 to 18 0,000 tons of methane, 120,000 tons of VOC and 310 to 400 tons of hazardous air pollutants (HAP) in 2020 . The emission reductions are 340,000 to 400,000 tons of methane, 170,000 to 1 80,000 tons of
VOC , and 1,900 to 2,500 tons of HAP in 2025. The methane

- related monetized climate benefits are estimated to be $ 200 to $210 million in 2020 and $ 460 to $550 million in 2025 using a 3 percent discount rate (model average)

. 3

3 We estimate methane benefits associated with four different values of a one ton CH 4 reduction (model average at 2.5 percent discount rate, 3 percent, and 5 percent; 95th percentile at 3 percent). For the purposes of this summary , we present the benefits associated wit h the model average at 3 percent discount rate, however we emphasize the importance and value of considering the full range of social cost of methane values. We provide estimates based on additional discount rates in preamble section XI and in the RIA.***E.O. 12866 Review

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In addition to the benefits of methane reductions,

s takeholders and members of local communities across the country have reported t o the EPA their significant concerns regarding potential adverse effects resulting from exposure to air toxics emitted from oil and natural gas operations. Importantly, this includes disadvantaged populations. The measures proposed in this action achieve methane and VOC reductions through direct regulation. T he hazardous air pollutant (HAP) reductions from these proposed standards will be

mea ningful in local communities. In addition, reduction of VOC emissions will be very beneficial in areas where ozone levels approach or exceed the N ational A mbient A ir Q uality S tandards for ozone. There have been measurements of increasing ozone levels in ar eas with concentrated oil and natural gas activity, including Wyoming and Utah. Several VOC s that commonly are emitted in the oil and natural gas source category are HAPs listed under Clean Air Act ( CAA ) section 112(b ), including benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (this group is commonly referred to as “BTEX”) and n

- hexane. These pollutants and any other HAP included in the VOC emissions controlled under the NSPS, including requirements for additional sources b eing***E.O. 12866 Review

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proposed in this action, are controlled to the same degree. The

co - benefit HAP reductions for the measures being proposed are discussed in the Regulatory Impact Analysis ( RIA ) and in the Background Technical Support Document (TSD) which are included i n the public docket for this action. The EPA estimates the total capital cost of the proposed NSPS will be $ 170 to $180 million in 2020 and $ 280 to $330 million in 2025. The estimate of total annualized engineering costs of the propo sed NSPS is $180 to $2 00 million in 2020 and $370 to $500 million in 2025 when using a 7 percent discount rate. When estimated revenues from additional natural gas are included, the annualized engineering costs of the proposed NSPS are estimated to be $ 150 to $ 170 million in 20 20 and $ 320 to $ 420 million in 2025 , assuming a wellhead natural gas price of $4/thousand cubic feet (Mcf). These compliance cost estimates include revenues from recovered natural gas as the EPA estimates that about 8 billion cubic feet in 2020 and 16 to 19 billion cubic feet in 2025 of natural gas will be recovered by implementing the NSPS

. Considering all the costs and benefits of this proposed rule, including the resources from recovered natural gas that***E.O. 12866 Review

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would otherwise be vented, this rule results in a net benefi t . T he quantified net benefits (the difference between monetized benefi ts and compliance costs) are estimated to be $ 35 to $42 million in 2020 using a 3 percent discount rate (model average) for climate benefits

. 4 The quantified net benefits are estimated to be $ 120 to $150 million in 2025 using a 3 percent discount rate (model average) for climate benefits. All dollar amounts are in 20 1 2 dollars.

The EPA was unable to monetize all of the benefits anticipat ed to result from this proposal. The only benefits monetized for this rule are methane

- related climate benefits. However, there would be additional benefits from reducing VOC and HAP emissions, as well as additional benefits from reducing methane emissions because m ethane is a precursor to global background concentrations of oz one . A detailed discussion of these unquantified benefits are discussed in section XI of this document as well as in the RIA available in the docket.

**I I**  **I. General Information**
A. Does this reconsideration notice apply t o me?

4 Fi gures may not sum due to rounding.***E.O. 12866 Review

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C ategories and entities potentially affected by today’s notice include:

TABLE 1 . INDUSTRIAL SOURCE CATEGORIES AFFECTED BY THIS ACTION

**Category NAICS**  **code 1**  **Examples of regulated entities** Industry . . . . 211111 Crude Petroleum and Natural Gas Extraction
211112 Natural Gas Liquid Extraction
221210 Natural Gas Distribution

486110 Pipeline Distribution of Crude Oil

486210 Pipeline Transportation of Natural Gas Federal government

. . . . Not affected State/local/tribal government . . . . Not affected

1 North American Industry Classification System. This table is not intended to be exhaustive, but rather is meant to provide a guide for readers regarding entities likely to be affected by this action. If you have any questions regarding th e applicability of this action to a particular***E.O. 12866 Review

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entity, consult either the air permitting authority for the entity or your EPA regional representative as listed in 40 CFR 60.4 or 40 CFR 63.13 (General Provisions). B. What should I consider as I prepare my c omments to the EPA? We seek comment only on the aspects of the new source performance standards for the oil and natural gas source category for the equipment, processes and activities specifically identified in this document . We are not opening for reconsi deration any other provisions of the new source performance standards at this time. Do not submit information containing CBI to the EPA through www.regulations.gov or email. Send or deliver information identified as CBI only to the following address: OAQPS Document Control Officer (C404

- 02), Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, Attenti on: Docket ID Number
EPA

- HQ

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- 20 10

- 0 505 . Clearly mark the part or all of the information that you claim to be CBI. For CBI information in a disk or CD

- ROM that you mail to the EPA, mark the outside of the disk or CD

- ROM as CBI and then identify electroni cally within the disk or CD

- ROM the specific information that is claimed as***E.O. 12866 Review

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CBI. In addition to one complete version of the comment that includes information claimed as CBI, a copy of the comment that does not contain the information claimed as CBI must be submitted for inclusion in the public docket. Information so marked will not be disclosed except in accordance with procedures set forth in 40 CFR part 2. C. How do I obtain a copy of this document and other related information? In addition to being available in the docket, electronic copies of these proposed rules will be available on the Worldwide Web through the Technology Transfer Network ( TTN )
. Following signature, a copy of each proposed rule will be posted on the TTN's poli cy and guidance page for newly proposed or promulgated rules at the following address: http://www.epa.gov/ttn/oarpg/ . The TTN provides information and technology exchange in various areas of air pollution control.
**IV .**  **Background**
A. Statutory Background
S ection 111 of the CAA requires the EPA Administrator to list categories of stationary sources that, in his or her judgment , cause or contribute significantly to air pollution***E.O. 12866 Review

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which may reasonably be anticipated to endanger public health or welfare. The EPA must then issue “standards of performance ” for new sources in such source categories. The EPA has the authority to define the source categories, determine the pollutants for which standards should be developed, and identify within each source category the facilities for which standards of performance would be established

. CAA Section 111(a)(1) defines “a standard of performance” as “a standard for emissions of air pollutants which reflects the degree of emission limitation achievable through the applicati on of the best system of emission reduction which ( taking into account the cost of achieving such reduction and any nonair quality health and environmental impact and energy requirement) the Administrator determines has been adequately demonstrated. ” This definition makes clear that the standard of performance must be based on controls that constitute "the best system of emission reduction

... adequately demonstrated ". The standard that the EPA develops, based on the BSER, is commonly a numerical emissions lim it, expressed as a performance level ( e.g. , a rate

- based standard). Generally, the EPA does not prescribe a particular technological system that must be used to***E.O. 12866 Review

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comply with a standard of performance. Rather, sources generally can select any measure or comb ination of measures that will achieve the e missions level of the standard.
S tandards of performance under section 111 are issued for

new , modified and reconstructed stationary sources. These standards are referred to as “ new source performance standards .” The EPA has the authority to define the source categories, determine the pollutants for which standards should be developed, identify the facilities within each source category to be covered and set the emission level of the standards. CAA section 111(b)(1)(B) requires the EPA to “at least every 8 years review and, if appropriate, revise” performance standards unless the “Administrator determines that such review is not appropriate in light of readily available information on the efficacy” of the st andard. When conducting a review of an existing performance standard, the EPA has discretion to revise that standard to add emission limits for pollutants or emission sources not currently regulated for that source category.
B . What are the regulatory hist ory and litigation background regarding performance standards for the oil and natural gas
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In 1979, the EPA published a list of source categories, including “crude oil and natural gas production,” for which the EPA would promulgate standards of perf ormance under section 111(b) of the CAA. See Priority List and Additions to the List of Categories of Stationary Sources , 44 FR 49222 (August 21, 1979) (“1979 Priority List”). That list included, in the order

o f priority for promulgating standards, source categories that the EPA Administrator had determined, pursuant to section 111(b)(1)(A), contribute significantly to air pollution that may reasonably be anticipated to endanger public health or welfare. See 44 FR at 49223; see also, 49 FR 2636, 2637. In 19 79, the EPA listed crude oil and natural gas production on its priority list of source categories for promulgation of NSPS (44 FR 49222, August 21, 1979). On June 24, 1985 (50 FR 26122), the EPA promulgated an NSPS for the source category that addressed VOC emissions from leaking components at onshore natural gas processing plants (40 CFR part 60, subpart KKK). On October 1, 1985 (50 FR 40158), a second NSPS was promulgated for the source category that regulates sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) emissions from natural gas processing plants (40 CFR part 60, subpart LLL). In 2012,***E.O. 12866 Review

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pursuant to its authority under section 111(b)(1)(B) to review and, if appropriate, revise NSPS, the EPA published the final rule, “Standards of Performance for Crude Oil and Natural Gas Produc tion , Transmission and Distribution ” (40 CFR part 60, subpart OOOO)(“2012 NSPS”). The 2012 NSPS updated the VOC standards for equipment leaks at onshore natural gas processing plants. In addition, it established VOC standards for several oil and natural ga s - related operations not covered by subpart
KKK , including gas well completions, centrifugal and reciprocating compressors, natural gas

- operated pneumatic controllers and storage vessels. In 2013 and 2014 , the EPA made certain amendments to the 2012 NSPS i n order to improve implementation of the standards (78 FR 58416 and 79 FR 79018)
. The 2013 amendments focused on storage vessel implementation issues; the 2014 amendments provided clarification of well completion provisions which became fully effective on January 1, 2015. The EPA received petitions for both judicial review and administrative reconsiderations for the 2012 NSPS as well as the subsequent amendments in 2013 and 2014. The litigations are stayed pending the EPA’s reconsideration process.***E.O. 12866 Review

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In this rulemaking, t he EPA is granting reconsideration of a number of issues raised in the administrative reconsideration petitions and, where appropriate, is proposing amendments to address such issues. These issues , which mostly address implementation, are as follows: s torage v essel c ontrol d evice

m onitoring and t esting p rovisions , i nitial compliance requirements in § 60.5411(c)(3)(i)(A) for a bypass device that could divert an emission stream away from a control device ,

r ecordkeeping requirements of §60.5420(c) for repair logs for control devices failing a visible emissions test , clarification of the due date for the initial annual report under the 2012 NSPS, e mergency flare exemption from routine compliance tests , LDAR for open

- ended valves or lines , c ompliance period for LDAR for newly affected process units , e xemption to notification requirement for reconstruction of most types of facilities , and disposal of c arbon from control devices

. C. Events Leading to Today’s Action Several factors have led to today’s proposed action. First,
t he EPA in 2009 found that six well

- mixed GHGs

- carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, and sulfur hexafluoride

- endanger both the public health and***E.O. 12866 Review

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the public welfare of current and future ge nerations by causing or contributing to climate change

. Oil and gas operations are significant emitters of methane. According to Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program (GHGRP) data , oil and gas operations are the second largest emitter of GHGs in the U.S. ( when considering both methane emissions and combustion

- related GHG emissions at oil and gas facilities) , second only than fossil

- fueled electricity generation. This endangerment finding is described in more detail in section VI. Second, o n August 16, 2012 , the EPA published the 2012 NSPS (77 FR 49490)
. The 2012 NSPS included VOC standards for a number of emission sources in the oil and natural gas source category . Based on information available at the time, the EPA also evaluated methane emissions and reduc tions during the 2012 NSPS rulemaking as a potential co

- benefit from regulating VOC
. Although information at the time indicated that methane emissions could be significant, the EPA did not take final action in the 2012 NSPS with respect to the regulation o f methane; the EPA noted the impending collection of a large amount of GHG data for this industry through the GHGRP (40 CFR part 98) and expressed its intent to continu e its evaluation of***E.O. 12866 Review

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methane. As stated previously, t he 2012 NSPS is the subject of a

num ber of petitions for judicial review and administrative reconsideration. The litigation is currently stayed pendin g the
EPA ’s reconsideration process. Regulation of methane is an issue raised in several of the administrative petitions fo r the EPA ’s reconsideration. Third, i n June 2013, President Obama issued his Climate Action Plan which, among other actions , directed the EPA and five other federal agencies to develop a comprehensive interagency strategy to reduce methane emissions. The plan recognized that methane emissions constitute a significant percentage of domestic GHG emissions, highlighted reductions in methane emissions since 1990, and outlined specific actions that could be taken to achieve additional progress. Specifically, the fed eral agencies were instructed to focus on “assessing current emissions data, addressing data gaps, identifying technologies and best practices for reducing emissions and identifying existing authorities and incentive

- based opportunities to reduce methane e missions.” Forth Fo u rth , a s a follow

- up to the 2013 Climate Action Plan, the Climate Action Plan: Strategy to Reduce Methane***E.O. 12866 Review

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Emissions (the Methane Strategy) was released in March 2014. The focus on reducing methane emissions reflects the fact that methane is a potent GHG with a 100

- year global warming potential (GWP) that is 28

- 36 times greater than that of carbon dioxide. 5 Methane has an atmospheric life of about 12 years, and because of its potency as a GHG and its atmospheric life, reducing methane emissions is an important step that can be taken to achieve a near - term beneficial impact in mitigating global climate change. The Methane Strategy instructed the EPA to release a series of white papers on several potentially significant sources of methane in the oil and natural gas sector and to solicit input from independent experts. The papers were released in April 2014 . They focus ed on technical issues, covering em issions and control technologies that reduce both VOC and methane , with particular focus on completions of hydraulically fractured oil wells , liquids unloading, leaks,

5 IPCC, 2013: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.

- K. Plattner, M. Ti gnor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 1535 pp. Note that for purposes of inventories and reporting, GWP values from the 4 th Assessment Report may be used.***E.O. 12866 Review

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pneumatic devices and compressors. The peer review process was completed on June 16, 201 4
. The EPA received 26 submissions of peer review comments on these papers, and more than 43,000 comments from the public. The comments received from the peer reviewers are available on EPA’s oil and natural gas white paper
W eb site ( http://www.epa.gov/airquality/oilandgas/methane.html )
. Public comments on the white papers are available in EPA’s nonregulatory docket at www.regulations.gov , docket ID # EPA

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- 2014

- 0557. The Methane Strategy also instructed the EPA to complete any ne w oil and natural gas regulations pertaining to the sources addressed in the white papers by the end of 2016. Finally, f ollowing the Climate Action Plan and Methane Strategy, in January 2015, the Administration announced a new goal to cut methane emissions from the oil and gas sector (by 40

– 45 percent from 2012 levels by 2025) and steps to put the U.S. on a path to achieve this ambitious goal. These actions encompass both commonsense standards and cooperative engagement with states, tribes and industry. B uilding on prior actions by the Administration, and leadership in states and industry, the announcement laid out a plan for EPA to address, and if appropriate, propose and set commonsense standards for methane***E.O. 12866 Review

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and ozone forming emissions from new and modif ied sources and issue Control Technique Guidelines ( CTG s ) to assist states in reducing ozone

- forming pollutants from existing oil and gas systems in areas that do not meet the health

- based standard for

ozone. Building on the 2012 NSPS, the EPA inten ds to encourage corporate

- wide efforts to achieve emission reductions through transparent and verifiable voluntary action that would obviate the burden associated with NSPS applicability

. Throughout this proposal, we solicit comment on specific approaches that coul d provide incentive for owners and operators to design and implement programs to reduce fugitive emissions at their facilities.
**V .**  **Why i s**  **the EPA Proposing to Establish Methane Standards in**  **the Oil and Natural**  **Gas NSPS ?**  In a petit i on for reconsideration of the 2012 NSPS, the petitioners urged that “EPA must reconsider its failure adopt standards for the methane pollution released by the oil and gas
sector.” 6 Upon reconsidering the issue, and on the basis of the

6 Sierra Club et al., Petition for Reconsideration, In the Matter of: Final Rule Published at 77 Fed. Reg. 49490 (Aug. 16, 2012),***E.O. 12866 Review

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wealth of additional information now available to us, the EPA is proposing to establish methane standards for facilities throughout the oil and natural gas source category .
The EPA has discretion under CAA section 111(b) to determine which pollutants emitted from a listed source category warrant regulation. 7 In making such determination , we have generally consider ed a number of factors to help inform our decision ( We d iscuss considerations specific to indiv id ual emission source types in section VIII as part o f the BSER analyses and rationale for regulating the sources )
. These factors include the amount such pollutant is being emitted from the source category , the avaibilty of technically feasible
contro l optio ns and the costs of such control options. As we
pre viously explai n ed, “we have h istorically decli n ed to propose standards for a pollutant where it is emitting (sic) in low
amounts or where we determined that a [control analysis] would result in no control” device being used. 75 Fed. Reg. 54970,

titled “Oil and Gas Sector: New Source Performance Standards and National Emission Standards for Hazardou s Air Pollutants Reviews; Final Rule,” Docket No. EPA

- HQ

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- 2010

- 0505, RIN 2060

- AP76 (2012). 7 See 42 U.S.C. **§** 7411(b)***E.O. 12866 Review

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54997 (Sep. 9, 2010). Our consideration of these factors are provided below and in more detail in sections VI and VIII. The oil and natural gas industry is one of the largest emitter s of methane, a GHG with a global warming potential more than 25 times greater than that of carbon dioxide

. During the 2012 oil and natural gas NSPS rulemaking, while we had considerable amount of data and understanding on VOC emissions from the oil and natural gas industry and the available control options, data on methane emission s were just emerging

. I n light of the rapid expans ion of this industry and the growing concern with the associated emissions , the EPA proceeded to establish a

nu m ber of VOC standards in the 2012 NSPS but indicated in that rulemaking an intent to revisit methane at a later date when additional information was available from the GHGRP
. We have since received and evaluated such data, which confirm that t he oil and natural gas industry is one of the largest emitters of methane. As discuss ed in section VI, t he current methane emissions from this industry contribute substantially to nationwide GHG emissions. These emissions are expected to increase as a result of the rapid growth of this industry. While the VOC standards in the 2012 NSPS als o reduce methane***E.O. 12866 Review

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emissions, i n light of the current and projected future methane emissions from the oil and natural gas industry , r educing methane emissions from this source category cannot be treated simply as an incidental benefit to VOC reduction ; r ather , it is something that should be directly addressed through standards for methane under section 111(b) based on direct evaluation of the extent and impact of methane emissions from this source category and the best system for their reduction

. Such
sta ndards , which would be reviewed and, if appropriate, revised at least every eight years, would achieve meaningful methane reductions and , as such, would be an important step towards mitigat ing the impact of GHG emissions on climate change. In addition, while many of the currently regulated emis si on sources are equipment used throughout the oil and natural gas industry ( e.g. , pneumatic controllers, compressors) and emit both VOC and methane , the current VOC standards apply only to a subset of these equipm ent based on VOC

- only evaluation

. However , as shown in section VIII, there are cost

- effective controls that can simulatenously simultaneously reduce both methane and VOC emsisions emissions from these equipment across the industry , which in some instances would not occur were we to focus solely***E.O. 12866 Review

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on VOC reductions . R evising the NSPS to establish both methane and VOC standards for all such equipment across the industry would also promote consistency by providing the same regulatory regime for these equipment t hroughout the oil and natural gas source category , thereby facilitating implementation and enforcement. 8 As mention e d above, we also w e consider whether there are technically feasiable control options that can be applied nationally to sources to mitigate emissions of a pollutant and whether the cost s of such controls are reasonable

. As discussed in detail in section VIII, we have identified technically feasible controls that can be applied nationally to reduce methane emissions and thus GHG emissions from the oil and natural gas source category. We consider whether the costs

8 The EPA often revises standards even where the revision will not lead to any additional reductions of a pollutant because another standard regulates a different pollutant using the same control equipment. For example, i n 2014, the EPA revised the Kraft Pulp Mill NSPS in Part 60 Subpart BB (published at 70 FR 18952 (April 4, 2014) to align the NSPS standards with the NESHAP standards for those sources in Part 63 Subpart S. Although no previously unregulated sources were added to the Kraft Pulp Mill NSPS, several emission limits were adjusted downward. The revised NSPS did not achieve additional reduction s beyond those achieved by the N ESHAP, but ease d compliance burden for the so urces .***E.O. 12866 Review

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( e.g. , capital costs, operating costs ) are reasonable considering the emission reductions achieved through application of the con trols that would be required by the proposed rule. As discussed in detail in section VIII, for the oil and natural gas source category, the available controls for reducing methane emissions simultaneously control VOC emissions and vice versa. Accordingly, the available controls are the same for reducing methane and VOC from the individual oil and natural gas emission sources. For a detailed discussion on how we evaluated control costs and our cost analysis for individual emission sources, please see section VIII. As shown in that section, there are
cost

- effective controls for reducing metane emissions from the oil and natural gas source category.

Based on our consideration of the three factors, the EPA is proposing to revise the NSPS to regulate directly GHG emissions in addition to VOC emissions across the oil and natural gas source category . The proposed standards include adding methane standards to certain sources currently regulated for VOC, as well as methane an d VOC standards for additional emission

sources . Specifically,***E.O. 12866 Review

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• Well completion s : we are proposing to revise the current NSPS to regulate both methane and VOC emissions from well completions of all hydraulically fractured wells ( i.e. , gas wells and oil wells);

• Fugitive emissions: we are proposi n g standards to reduce methane and VOC emissions from fugitive emission components
at well sites and compressor stations ;

• Pneumatic pumps: we are proposing methane and VOC standards;

• P n e umatic controllers, centrif ugal compressors, and reciprocating compressors ( industry

- wide , except for well site compressors , of which only a subset of those equipment

are regulated currently ) : we are propo s ing to establish methane and VOC standards across the industry by adding methane standards to those currently subject to VOC standard and VOC and methane standards fo r all the others.

• Equipment leaks at n atural g as p rocessing p lants: we are proposing to add methane standards

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For a detailed description of the proposed standards, please see section VII

. For the BSER analyses that serve as the bases for the proposed standards, pl e ase see section VIII.
**VI. T**  **he Oil and Natural Gas Source Category Listing**  **U nder**  **CAA**
**S ection 111(b)(1)(A)**  Section 111(b)(1)(A) of the CAA , which Congress enacted as part of the 1970 CAA Amendments, requires the EPA to promulgate a list of categories of stationary sources that the Administrator, in his or her judgment, finds “causes, or contributes significantl y to, air pollution which may reasonably be anticipated to endanger public health or welfare.” In 1979, the EPA published a list of source categories, including “crude oil and natural gas production,” for which the EPA would promulgate standards of perform ance under section 111(b) of the
CAA. Priority List and Additions to the List of Categories of Stationary Sources , 44 FR 49222 (August 21, 1979) (“1979 Priority List”). That list included, in the order o f priority for promulgating standards, source categor ies that the EPA Administrator had determined, pursuant to section 111(b)(1)(A), to contribute significantly to air pollution that may reasonably***E.O. 12866 Review

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be anticipated to endanger public health or welfare. See 44 FR 4922 2 ; see also, 49 FR 2636, 2637. As mention ed above, o ne of the source categories listed in that 1979 rulemaking related to the oil and natural gas industry. The EPA interprets the listing that resulted from that rulemaking as generally covering the oil and natural gas industry . Specifically, with respect to the natural gas industry , it includes production, processing, transmission, and storage . The EPA believes that the intent of the 1979 listing was to broadly cover the natural gas industry. 9 This intent was evident i n the EPA ’s analysis at the ti me of listing

. 10 For example, the priority list analysis indicated that the EPA evaluated emissions beyond the natural gas production segment to include emissions from natural gas processing plants

. The analysis also showed tha t the EPA evaluated equipment, such as stationary pipeline compressor engines, that are used in various

9 The process of producing natural gas for distribution involves operations in the various segments of the natural gas industry described above. In contrast, oil production involves drilling/extracting oil, which is immediately followed by distribution offsite to be made into different products. 10 See Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources , 43 FR 38872, August 31, 1978, and Priority List and Additions to the List of Categories of Station ary Sources , 44 FR 49222, August 21, 1979.***E.O. 12866 Review

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segments of the natural gas industry

. The EPA’s interpretation of the 1979 listing is further supported by the Agency’s pronouncements during the NSPS rulemaking that followed the li sting. Specifically, in its description of this listed source category in the 1984 preamble to the proposed NSPS for equipment leaks at natural gas processing plants, the EPA described the major emission points of this source category to include
process, s torage and equipment leaks; these emissions can be found throughout the various segments of the natural gas industry . 49 FR at 2637. T here are also good reasons for treating various segments of the natural gas industry as one source category. O perations a t production, processing, transmission and storage facilities are a sequence of functions that are interrelated and necessary for getting the recovered
gas ready for distribution

. 11 Because they are interrelated, segments that follow others are faced with increases in

11 The crude oil production segment of the source category, which includes the well and extends to the point of custody transfer to the crude oil transmission pipeline, is more limited in scope than the segments of the natural gas value chain included in the source category. However, increases in production at the well and/or increases in the number of wells coming on line, in turn increase throughput and resultant emissions, similarly to the natural gas segments in the source category.***E.O. 12866 Review

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throughput caused by growth in throughput of the segments preceding ( i.e. , feeding) them . For example, the relatively recent substantial increases in natural gas production brought about by hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling result in increases in the amount of natural gas needing to be processed and moved to market or stored. These increases in production and throughput can cause increases in emissions across the entire natural gas industry

. We also note that s o me equipment ( e.g. , storage vessels, compressors) are used across the oil and natural gas industry , which further supports considering the industry as one source category

. For the reasons stated above, the EPA interprets the 1979 listing broadly to include the various segments of the natural gas industry (production, processing, transmission, and storage)

. Since the 1979 listing, EPA has promulgated performance standards to regulate SO 2 emissions from natural gas processing and VOC emissions from the oil and na tural gas industry. In this action , the EPA is proposing to further regulate VOC emissions as well as proposing performance standard s for methane emissions from this industry. With respect to the latter, the EPA identifies the air pollutant that it proposes to regulate as the***E.O. 12866 Review

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pollutant GHGs (which consist of the six well

- mixed gases, consistent with other actions the EPA has taken under the CAA ), although only methane will be reduced directly by the proposed standards

. As mentioned above, in the 1979 category listing, section 111(b)(1)(A) does not require another determination as a
p rere quisite for regulating a particular pollutant. Rather, once the EPA has determined that the source category causes, or
contr ibutes significantly to , air pollution that may reasonably be anticipated to endanger public health or welfare, and has listed the source category on that basis, the EPA interprets section 111(b)(1)(A) to provide authority to establish a standard for performance for any pollutant emitted by that source category as long as the EPA has a rational basis for setting a standard for the pollutant

. 12 The EPA believes that the information included below in this section provide s a rational basis for the methane standards it is proposing in this action. First, because the EPA is not listing a new source category in this rule, the EPA is not required to make a new endangerment fi nding with regard to oil and natural gas source category in

12 See additional discussion at 79 FR 1430, 1452 (Jan 8, 2014).***E.O. 12866 Review

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order to establish standards of performance for the methane from those sources. Under the plain language of CAA section 111(b)(1)(A), an endangerment finding is required only to list a
source cate gory. Further, though the endangerment finding is based on determinations as to the health or welfare impacts of the pollution to which the source category’s pollutants contribute, and as to the significance of the amount of such contribution, the statute is clear that the endangerment finding is made with respect to the source category; section 111(b)(1)(A) does not provide that an endangerment finding is made as to specific pollutants. This contrasts with other CAA provisions that do require the EPA to ma ke endangerment findings for each particular pollutant that the EPA regulates under those provisions. E.g., CAA sections 202(a)(1), 211(c)(1), 231(a)(2)(A). See American Electric Power v. Connecticut , 131 S. Ct. 2527, 2539 (2011) (“the Clean Air Act direct s EPA to establish emissions standards for categories of stationary sources that, ‘in [the Administrator's] judgment,’ ‘caus[e], or contribut[e] significantly to, air pollution which may reasonably be anticipated to endanger public health or welfare.’ § 74 11(b)(1)(A) .”) (emphasis added).***E.O. 12866 Review

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Second, once a source category is listed, the CAA does not specify what pollutants should be the subject of standards from that source category. The statute, in section 111(b)(1)(B), simply directs the EPA to propose and th en promulgate regulations “establishing Federal standards of performance for new sources within such category.” In the absence of specific direction or enumerated criteria in the statute concerning what pollutants from a given source category should be the subject of standard, it is appropriate for EPA to exercise its authority to adopt a reasonable interpretation of this provision. Chevron
U.S.A. Inc. v. NRDC , 467 U.S. 837, 843

- 44 (1984). The EPA has previously interpreted this provision as granting it t he discretion to determine which pollutants should be regulated. See Standards of Performance for Petroleum Refineries, 73 Fed. Reg. 35838, 35858 (col. 3)(June 24, 2008)(concluding the statute provides “the Administrator with significant flexibility in det ermining which pollutants are appropriate for regulation under section 111(b)(1)(B)” and citing cases). Further, in directing the Administrator to propose and promulgate regulations under section 111(b)(1)(B), Congress provided that the Administrator shoul d take comment and***E.O. 12866 Review

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then finalize the standards with such modifications “as he deems appropriate.” The D.C. Circuit has considered similar statutory phrasing from CAA section 231(a)(3) and concluded that “[t]his delegation of authority is both explicit and extraordinarily broad.” National Assoc. of Clean Air Agencies v. EPA , 489 F.3d 1221, 1229 (D.C. Cir. 2007). In exercising its discretion with respect to which pollutants are appropriate for regulation under section 111(b)(1)(B), the EPA has in the past pro vided a rational basis for its decisions. See National Lime Assoc. v. EPA , 627 F.2d 416, 426 & n.27 (D.C. Cir. 1980) (court discussed, but did not review, the EPA’s reasons for not promulgating standards for NO X , SO 2 and CO from lime plants”); Standards of Performance for Petroleum Refineries, 73 Fed. Reg. at 35859

- 60 (June 24, 2008) (providing reasons why the EPA was not promulgating GHG standards for petroleum refineries as part of that rule). Though these previous examples involved the EPA providing a ra tional basis for not setting standards for a given pollutant, a similar approach is appropriate where the EPA determines that it should set a standard for an additional pollutant for a source category that was previously listed and regulated for other poll utants.***E.O. 12866 Review

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While the EPA believes that the 1979 listing of this source category provides sufficient authority for this action, to the extent that there is any ambiguity in the prior listing, the information provided here should be considered to constitute the requisite conclusions related to the category listing. Were EPA to formally seek to revise the category listing to broadly include the oil and natural gas industry ( i.e. , production, processing, transmission, and storage ) 13 , we believe this information discussed here fully suffices to support it as a source category that , in the Administrator’s judgment, contributes significantly to air pollution which may reasonably be anticipated to endanger public health or welfare

. Furth er more , for the reason stated below, EPA’s previous determination under section 111(b)(1)(A) is sufficient to support th e proposed revision to the category listing as well as the proposed standards in this action

. During the 1979 listing, EPA had determined that , at least a part of the oil and natural gas industry contributes significantly to air pollution which may reasonably be anticipated to endanger public health or

13 For the oil industry, the listing includes production, as explained above in footnote 10.***E.O. 12866 Review

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welfare. Such health and welfare impacts could only increase when considering t he broader ind ustry (assuming it had not already been considered in the 1979 listing). To further support the conclusion related to this category listing , EPA has included below in this section information and analyses

re garding the public health and welfare impacts from GHG, VOC and SO 2 emissions, three of the primary pollutants emitted from the oil and natural gas industry , and the estimated emissions of these pollutants from the oil and natural gas source category

. It is evident from this informatio n and analyses that the oil and natural gas source category contributes significantly to air pollution which may reasonably be anticipated to endanger public health or welfare. Provided below are the supporting information and analyses. Specifically, section VI.A describes the public health and welfare impacts from GHG, VOC and SO 2 . Section VI.B analyzes the emission contribution of these three pollutants by the oil and natural gas industry.
A. Impacts of GHG, VOC and SO 2 Emissions on P ublic Health and Welfare The oil and natural gas industry emits a wide range of pollutants, including GHG s ( such as methane and CO 2 ), VOC, SO 2 ,***E.O. 12866 Review

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NO x , H 2 S, CS 2 and COS. See 49 FR 2636, at 2637 (Jan 20, 1984). Although all of these pollutants have significant impacts on public health and welfare, an analysis of every one of these pollutants is not necessary for the Administrator to make a determination under section 111(b)(1)(A); as shown below, the EPA’s analysis of GHG , VOC, and SO 2 , three of the primary emissions from the oil and natural gas source category, alone are sufficient for the Administrator to determine under section 111(b)(1)(A) that the oil and natural gas source category contributes significantly to air pollution which may reasonably be anticipated to endanger public health and welfare. 14
1
. Climate Change Impacts from GHG Emissions In 2009, based on a large body of robust and compelling scientific evidence, the EPA Administrator issued the Endangerment Finding under CAA section 202(a)(1). 15 In the Endangerment Finding, the Administrator found that the current,

14 We note that EPA’s focus on GHG (in particular methane), VOC and SO 2 in these analyses, does not in any way limit the EPA’s authority to promulgate standards that would apply to other pollutants emitted from the oil and natural gas source category, if the EPA determines that such action is appropriate. 15 “Endangerment an d Cause or Contribute Findings for Greenhouse Gases Under Section 202(a) of the Clean Air Act,” 74 Fed. Reg. 66496 (Dec. 15, 2009) (“Endangerment Finding”).***E.O. 12866 Review

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elevated concentrations of GHGs in the atmosphere

— already at levels unprecedented in human history

—may reasonably be anticipated to endanger public health and welfare of current and future generations in the United States. We summarize these adverse effects on public health and welfare briefly here.

a . Public h ealth i mpacts d etailed in the 2009 Endangerment Finding Climate change caused by human emissions of GHGs threatens the health of Americans in multiple ways. By raising average temperatures, climate change increases the likelihood of heat waves, whi ch are associated with increased deaths and illnesses. While climate change also increases the likelihood of reductions in cold

- related mortality, evidence indicates that the increases in heat mortality will be larger than the decreases in cold mortality i n the United States. Compared to a future without climate change, climate change is expected to increase ozone pollution over broad areas of the U.S., especially on the highest ozone days and in the largest metropolitan areas with the worst ozone problems , and thereby increase the risk of morbidity and mortality. Climate change is also expected to cause more intense hurricanes and more frequent and intense***E.O. 12866 Review

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storms and heavy precipitation, with impacts on other areas of public health, such as the potential fo r increased deaths, injuries, infectious and waterborne diseases, and stress

- related disorders. Children, the elderly, and the poor are among the most vulnerable to these climate

- related health effects. b . Public w elfare i mpacts d etailed in the 2009 Endang erment Finding Climate change impacts touch nearly every aspect of public welfare. Among the multiple threats caused by human emissions of GHGs, climate changes are expected to place large areas of the country at serious risk of reduced water supplies, inc reased water pollution, and increased occurrence of extreme events such as floods and droughts. Coastal areas are expected to face a multitude of increased risks, particularly from rising sea level and increases in the severity of storms. These communities face storm and flooding damage to property, or even loss of land due to inundation, erosion, wetland submergence and habitat loss. Impacts of climate change on public welfare also include threats to social and ecosystem services. Climate change is expect ed to result in an increase in peak electricity demand, Extreme weather from climate change threatens energy,***E.O. 12866 Review

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transportation, and water resource infrastructure. Climate change may also exacerbate ongoing environmental pressures in certain settlements, part icularly in Alaskan indigenous communities, and is very likely to fundamentally rearrange U.S. ecosystems over the 21st century. Though some benefits may balance adverse effects on agriculture and forestry in the next few decades, the body of evidence poin ts towards increasing risks of net adverse impacts on U.S. food production, agriculture and forest productivity as temperature continues to rise. These impacts are global and may exacerbate problems outside the U.S. that raise humanitarian, trade, and nati onal security issues for the U.S.

c . New s cientific a ssessments and observations Since the administrative record concerning the Endangerment Finding closed following the EPA’s 2010 Reconsideration Denial, the climate has continued to change, with new recor ds being set for a number of climate indicators such as global average surface temperatures, Arctic sea ice retreat, CO 2 concentrations, and sea level rise. Additionally, a number of major scientific assessments have been released that improve understandin g of the climate system and strengthen the case that GHGs endanger public***E.O. 12866 Review

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health and welfare both for current and future generations

. These assessments , from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) , the U.S. Global Change Research Program (USG CRP), and the National Research Council of the National Academies (NRC), include: IPCC’s 2012 Special Report on Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation (SREX) and the 2013

- 2014 Fifth Assessment Report (AR5), USGCRP’s 2014 National Climate Assessment, Climate Change Impacts in the United States ( NCA3 ), and the NRC’s 2010 Ocean Acidification: A National Strategy to Meet the Challenges of a Changing Ocean (Ocean Acidification), 2011 Report on Climate Stabilizatio n Targets: Emissions, Concentrations, and Impacts over Decades to Millennia (Climate Stabilization Targets), 2011 National Security Implications for U.S. Naval Forces (National Security Implications), 2011 Understanding Earth’s Deep Past: Lessons for Our C limate Future (Understanding Earth’s Deep Past), 2012 Sea Level Rise for the Coasts of California, Oregon, and Washington: Past, Present, and Future , 2012 Climate and Social Stress: Implications for Security Analysis (Climate and Social Stress), and 2013 Abrupt Impacts of Climate Change (Abrupt Impacts) assessments.***E.O. 12866 Review

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The EPA has carefully reviewed these recent assessments in keeping with the same approach outlined in S ection VIII.A. of the 2009 Endangerment Finding, which was to rely primarily upon the maj or assessments by the USGCRP, IPCC, and the NRC to provide the technical and scientific information to inform the Administrator’s judgment regarding the question of whether GHGs endanger public health and welfare. These assessments addressed the scientific issues that the EPA was required to examine were comprehensive in their coverage of the GHG and climate change issues, and underwent rigorous and exacting peer review by the expert community, as well as rigorous levels of U.S. government review. The find ings of the recent scientific assessment s confirm and strengthen the conclusion that GHGs endanger public health, now and in the future. The NCA3 indicates that human health in the United States will be impacted by “increased extreme weather events, wildfi re, decreased air quality, threats to mental health, and illnesses transmitted by food, water, and disease

carriers such as mosquitoes and ticks.” The most recent
assessments now have greater confidence that climate change will influence production of poll en that exacerbates asthma and other***E.O. 12866 Review

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allergic respiratory diseases such as allergic rhinitis, as well as effects on conjunctivitis and dermatitis. Both the NCA3 and the IPCC AR5 found that increasing temperature has lengthened the allergenic pollen season for ragweed, and that increased CO 2 by itself can elevate production of plant

- based allergens. The NCA3 also finds that climate change, in addition to chronic stresses such as extreme poverty, is negatively affecting indigenous peoples’ health in the Uni ted States through impacts such as reduced access to traditional foods, decreased water quality, and increasing exposure to health and safety hazards. The IPCC AR5 finds that climate change

- induced warming in the Arctic and resultant changes in environment ( e.g. , permafrost thaw, effects on traditional food sources) have significant impacts, observed now and projected , on the health and well

- being of Arctic residents, especially indigenous peoples. Small, remote, predominantly

- indigenous communities are
esp ecially vulnerable given their “strong dependence on the environment for food, culture, and way of life; their political and economic marginalization; existing social, health, and poverty disparities; as well as their frequent close proximity***E.O. 12866 Review

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to exposed lo cations along ocean, lake, or river shorelines.” 16 In addition, increasing temperatures and loss of Arctic sea ice increases the risk of drowning for those engaged in traditional hunting and fishing. The NCA3 concludes that children’s unique physiology and developing bodies contribute to making them particularly vulnerable to climate change . Impacts on children are expected from heat waves, air pollution, infectious and waterborne illnesses, and mental health effects resulting from extreme weather events. T he IPCC AR5 indicates that children are among those especially susceptible to most allergic diseases, as well as health effects associated with heat waves, storms, and floods. The IPCC finds that additional health concerns may arise in low income household s, especially those with children, if climate change reduces food availability and increases prices, leading to food insecurity within households.

16 IPCC, 2014: Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part B: Regional Aspects . Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Barros, V.R., C.B. Field, D.J. Dokken, M.D. Mastrandrea, K.J. Mach, T.E. Bilir, M. Chatterjee, K.L. Ebi, Y.O. Estrada, R.C. Genova, B. Girma , E.S. Kissel, A.N. Levy, S. MacCracken, P.R. Mastrandrea, and L.L. White (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 1581.***E.O. 12866 Review

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Both the NCA3 and IPCC AR5 conclude that climate change will increase health risks facing the elderly. Older people are at much higher risk of mortality during extreme heat events.
Pre

- existing health conditions also make older adults susceptible to cardiac and respiratory impacts of air pollution and to more severe consequences from infectious and waterborne dis eases. Limited mobility among older adults can also increase health risks associated with extreme weather and floods. The new assessments also confirm and strengthen the conclusion that GHGs endanger public welfare, and emphasize the urgency of reducing GH G emissions due to their projections that show GHG concentrations climbing to ever

- increasing levels in the absence of mitigation. The NRC assessment Understanding Earth’s Deep Past projected that, without a reduction in emissions, CO 2 concentrations by th e end of the century would increase to levels that the Earth has not experienced for more than 30 million years. 17 In fact, that assessment stated that “the magnitude and rate of the present GHG increase place the climate system in what could be one of the most severe increases

17 National Research Council, Understanding Earth’s Deep Past , p. 1.***E.O. 12866 Review

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in radiative forcing of the global climate system in Earth history.” 18 Because of these unprecedented changes, several assessments state that we may be approaching critical, poorly understood thresholds: as stated in the NRC assessment Understanding Earth’s Deep Past, “As Earth continues to warm, it may be approaching a critical climate threshold beyond which rapid and potentially permanent

— at least on a human timescale

— changes not anticipated by climate models tuned to modern condition s may occur.” The NRC Abrupt Impacts report analyzed abrupt climate change in the physical climate system and abrupt impacts of ongoing changes that, when thresholds are crossed, can cause abrupt impacts for society and ecosystems. The report considered de stabilization of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (which could cause 3

- 4 m of potential sea level rise) as an abrupt climate impact with unknown but probably low probability of occurring this century. The report categorized a decrease in ocean oxygen content ( with attendant threats to aerobic marine life); increase in intensity, frequency, and duration of heat waves; and increase in frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation events (droughts, floods, hurricanes, and major

18 Id

. , p.138.***E.O. 12866 Review

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storms) as climate impacts with m oderate risk of an abrupt change within this century. The NRC Abrupt Impacts report also analyzed the threat of rapid state changes in ecosystems and species extinctions as examples of an irreversible impact that is expected to be exacerbated by climate ch ange. Species at most risk include those whose migration potential is limited, whether because they live on mountaintops or fragmented habitats with barriers to movement, or because climatic conditions are changing more rapidly than the species can move or adapt. While the NRC determined that it is not presently possible to place exact probabilities on the added contribution of climate change to extinction, they did find that there was substantial risk that impacts from climate change could, within a few de cades, drop the populations in many species below sustainable levels thereby committing the species to extinction. Species within tropical and subtropical rainforests such as the Amazon and species living in coral reef ecosystems were identified by the
NRC as being particularly vulnerable to extinction over the next 30 to 80 years, as were species in high latitude and high elevation regions. Moreover, due to the time lags inherent in the Earth’s climate, the NRC Climate Stabilization Targets***E.O. 12866 Review

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assessment note s that the full warming from increased GHG concentrations will not be fully realized for several centuries, underscoring that emission activities today carry with them climate commitments far into the future. Future temperature changes will depend on what emission path the world follows. In its high emission scenario, the IPCC AR5 projects that global temperatures by the end of the century will likely be 2.6 °C to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) warmer than today. Tempe ratures on land and in northern latitudes will likely warm even faster than the global average. However, according to the NCA3, significant reductions in emissions would lead to noticeably less future warming beyond mid

- century, and therefore less impact t o public health and welfare. While rainfall may only see small globally and annually averaged changes, there are expected to be substantial shifts in where and when that precipitation falls. According to the NCA3, regions closer to the poles will see more precipitation, while the dry subtropics are expected to expand (colloquially, this has been summarized as wet areas getting wetter and dry regions getting drier). In particular, the NCA3 notes that the western U.S., and especially the Southwest, is expect ed to become drier.***E.O. 12866 Review

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This projection is consistent with the recent observed drought trend in the West. At the time of publication of the NCA, even before the last 2 years of extreme drought in California, tree ring data were already indicating that the regi on might be experiencing its driest period in 800 years. Similarly, the NCA3 projects that heavy downpours are expected to increase in many regions, with precipitation events in general becoming less frequent but more intense. This trend has already been o bserved in regions such as the Midwest, Northeast, and upper Great Plains. Meanwhile, the NRC Climate Stabilization Targets assessment found that the area burned by wildfire is expected to grow by 2 to 4 times for 1 °C (1.8 °F) of warming. For 3 °C of

warm ing, the assessment found that 9 out of 10 summers would be warmer than all but the 5 percent of warmest summers today, leading to increased frequency, duration, and intensity of heat waves. Extrapolations by the NCA also indicate that Arctic sea ice in su mmer may essentially disappear by mid

- century. Retreating snow and ice, and emissions of carbon dioxide and methane released from thawing permafrost, will also amplify future warming.***E.O. 12866 Review

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Since the 2009 Endangerment Finding, the USGCRP NCA3, and multiple NRC assessments have projected future rates of sea level rise that are 40 percent larger to more than twice as large as the previous estimates from the 2007 IPCC 4 th Assessment Report due in part to improved understanding of the future rate of melt of the Anta rctic and Greenland i ce sheets. The NRC Sea Level Rise assessment projects a global sea level rise of 0.5 to 1.4 meters (1.6 to 4.6 feet) by 2100, the NRC National Security Implications assessment suggests that “the Department of the Navy should expect rou ghly 0.4 to 2 meters (1.3 to 6.6 feet) global average sea

- level rise by 2100,” 19 and the NRC Climate Stabilization Targets assessment states that an increase of 3°C will lead to a sea level rise of 0.5 to 1 meter (1.6 to 3.3 feet) by 2100. These assessments continue to recognize that there is uncertainty inherent in accounting for ice sheet processes. Additionally, local sea level rise can differ from the global total depending on various factors: the east coast of the U.S. in particular is expected to see higher rates of sea level rise than the global average. For co mparison, the NCA3

19 NRC, 2011: National Security Implications of Climate Change for U.S. Naval Forces . The National Academies Press, p. 28.***E.O. 12866 Review

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states that “five million Americans and hundreds of billions of dollars of property are located in areas that are less than four feet above the local high

- tide level,” and the NCA3 finds that “[c]oastal infrastructure, including roads, r ail lines, energy infrastructure, airports, port facilities, and military bases, are increasingly at risk from sea level rise and damaging storm surges.” 20 Also, because of the inertia of the oceans, sea level rise will continue for centuries after GHG conc entrations have stabilized (though more slowly than it would have otherwise). Additionally, there is a threshold temperature above which the Greenland ice sheet will be committed to inevitable melting: according to the NCA, some recent research has suggest ed that even present day carbon dioxide levels could be sufficient to exceed that threshold. In general, climate change impacts are expected to be unevenly distributed across different regions of the United States and have a greater impact on certain popul ations, such as indigenous peoples and the poor. The NCA3 finds climate change

20 Melillo, Jerry M., Terese (T.C.) Richmond, and Gary W. Yohe, Eds., 2014: Climate Change Impacts in the United States: The Third National Climate Assessment. U.S. G lobal Change Research Program, p. 9.***E.O. 12866 Review

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impacts such as the rapid pace of temperature rise, coastal erosion and inundation related to sea level rise and storms, ice and snow melt, and permafrost thaw are affecting ind igenous people in the United States. Particularly in Alaska, critical infrastructure and traditional livelihoods are threatened by climate change and, “[i]n parts of Alaska, Louisiana, the Pacific Islands, and other coastal locations, climate change impact s (through erosion and inundation) are so severe that some communities are already relocating from historical homelands to which their traditions and cultural identities are tied.” 21 The IPCC AR5 notes, “Climate

- related hazards exacerbate other stressors, o ften with negative outcomes for livelihoods, especially for people living in poverty (high confidence). Climate

- related hazards affect poor people’s lives directly through impacts on livelihoods, reductions in crop yields, or destruction of homes and indir ectly through, for example, increased food prices and food insecurity .” 22

21 Melillo, Jerry M., Terese (T.C.) Richmond, and Gary W. Yohe, Eds., 2014: Climate Change Impacts in the United States: The Third National Climate Assessment. U.S. Global Change Research Program, p. 17. 22 IPCC, 2014: Cl imate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution***E.O. 12866 Review

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Events outside the United States, as also pointed out in the 2009 Endangerment Finding, will also have relevant
consequences . T he NRC Climate and Social Stress assessment concluded that it is prudent to expect that some climate events “will produce consequences that exceed the capacity of the affected societies or global systems to manage and that have global security implications serious enough to compel international response.” Th e NRC National Security Implications assessment recommends preparing for increased needs for humanitarian aid; responding to the effects of climate change in geopolitical hotspots, including possible mass migrations; and addressing changing security needs in the Arctic as sea ice
retreats. In addition to future impacts, the NCA3 emphasizes that climate change driven by human emissions of GHGs is already happening now and it is happening in the United States. According to the IPCC AR5 and the NCA3, there are a number of

of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Field, C.B., V.R. Barros, D.J. Dokken, K.J. Ma ch, M.D. Mastrandrea, T.E. Bilir, M. Chatterjee, K.L. Ebi, Y.O. Estrada, R.C. Genova, B. Girma, E.S. Kissel, A.N. Levy, S. MacCracken, P.R. Mastrandrea, and L.L. White (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, p. 796.***E.O. 12866 Review

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climate

- related changes that have been observed recently, and these changes are projected to accelerate in the future. The planet warmed about 0.85 °C (1.5 °F) from 1880 to 2012. It is extremely likely (>95% probability) that human influence w as the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid

- 20 th century, and likely (>66% probability) that human influence has more than doubled the probability of occurrence of heat waves in some locations. In the Northern Hemisphere, the last 30 years were likely the warmest 30 year period of the last 1400 years. U.S. average temperatures have similarly increased by 1.3 to 1.9 degrees F since 1895, with most of that increase occurring since 1970. Global sea levels rose 0.19 m (7.5 inches) from 1901 to
2 010. Contributing to this rise was the warming of the oceans and melting of land ice. It is likely that 275 gigatons per year of ice melted from land glaciers (not including ice sheets) since 1993, and that the rate of loss of ice from the Greenland and An tarctic ice sheets increased substantially in recent years, to 215 gigatons per year and 147 gigatons per year respectively since 2002. For context, 360 gigatons of ice melt is sufficient to cause global sea levels to rise 1 millimeter (mm) . Annual mean Ar ctic sea ice has been declining at 3.5 to***E.O. 12866 Review

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4.1 percent per decade, and Northern Hemisphere snow cover extent has decreased at about 1.6 percent per decade for March and 11.7 percent per decade for June. Permafrost temperatures have increased in most regions since the 1980s, by up to 3 °C (5.4 °F) in parts of Northern Alaska. Winter storm frequency and intensity have both increased in the Northern Hemisphere. The NCA3 states that the increases in the severity or frequency of some types of extreme weather and climate events in recent decades can affect energy production and delivery, causing supply disruptions, and compromise other essential infrastructure such as water and transportation systems. In addition to the changes documented in the assessment literatu re, there have been other climate milestones of note. According to the IPCC, methane concentrations in 2011 were about 1803 parts per billion, 150 percent higher than concentrations were in 1750

. After a few years of nearly stable concentrations from 1999 to 2006, methane concentrations have resumed increasing at about 5 parts per billion per year. Concentrations today are likely higher than they have been for at least the past 800,000 years. Arctic sea ice has continued to decline, with September of 2012 m arking a new record low in terms of***E.O. 12866 Review

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Arctic sea ice extent, 40 percent below the 1979

- 2000 median. Sea level has continued to rise at a rate of 3.2 mm per year (1.3 inches/decade) since satellite observations started in 1993, more than twice the average rat e of rise in the 20 th century prior to 1993

. 23 And 2014 was the warmest year globally in the modern global surface temperature record, going back to 1880; this now means 19 of the 20 warmest years have occurred in the past 20 years, and except for 1998, the ten warmest years on record have occurred since 2002. 24 The first months of 2015 have also been some of the warmest on record. These assessments and observed changes make it clear that reducing emissions of GHGs across the globe is necessary in order to a void the worst impacts of climate change, and underscore the urgency of reducing emissions now. The NRC Committee on America’s Climate Choices listed a number of reasons “why it is imprudent to delay actions that at least begin the process of substantially reducing emissions.” 25 For example:

23 Blunden, J., and D. S. Arndt, Eds., 2014: State of the Climate in 2013. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 95 (7), S1

- S238. 24 http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/global/2014/13

. 25 NRC, 2011: America’s Climate Choices , The National Academies Press.***E.O. 12866 Review

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• The faster emissions are reduced, the lower the risks posed by climate change. Delays in reducing emissions could commit the planet to a wide range of adverse impacts, especially if the sensitivity of the climate
to GHGs is on the higher end of the estimated range.

• Waiting for unacceptable impacts to occur before taking action is imprudent because the effects of GHG emissions do not fully manifest themselves for decades and, once manifest, many of these changes will persist for hundreds or even thousands of years.

• In the committee’s judgment, the risks associated with doing business as usual are a much greater concer n than the risks associated with engaging in strong response efforts. Methane is also a precursor to ground

- level ozone, a health

- harmful air pollutant. Additionally, ozone is a short

lived climate forcer that contributes to global warming. In
remote areas , methane is a dominant precursor to tropospheric ozone formation. 26 Approximately 50 percent of the global annual

26 U.S. EPA. 2013. “ Integrated Science Assessment for Ozone and Related Photochemical Oxidants (Final Report).” EPA

- 600

- R

- 10

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mean ozone increase since preindustrial times is believed to be due to anthropogenic methane. 27 Projections of future emissions also indicate t hat methane is likely to be a key contributor to ozone concentrations in the future. 28 Unlike nitrogen oxide (NOX) and VOC, which affect ozone concentrations regionally and at hourly time scales, methane emissions affect ozone concentrations globally and on decadal time scales given methane’s relatively long atmospheric lifetime compared to these other ozone precursors. 29 Reducing methane emissions, therefore, may contribute to efforts to reduce global background ozone concentrations that contribute to the in cidence of ozone

- related

076F. National Center for Environmental Assessment

— RTP Division. Available at http://www.epa.gov/ncea/isa/

. 27 Myhre, G., D. Shindell, F.

- M. Bréon, W. Collins, J. Fuglestvedt, J. Huang, D. Koch, J.

- F. Lamarque, D. Lee, B. Mendoza, T. Nakajima, A. Robock, G. Stephens, T. Takemura and H. Zhang, 2013: Anthropog enic and Natural Radiative Forc ing. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessme nt Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.

- K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, N Y, USA. Pg. 680. 28 Ibid

. 29 Ibid

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health effects. 30 , 31 These benefits are global and occur in both urban and rural areas. 2
. VOC Tropospheric, or ground

- level, ozone is formed through reactions of VOC and NOx in the presence of sunlight. Ozone formation can be contr olled to some extent through reductions in emissions of ozone precursor VOC and NOx. A significantly expanded body of scientific evidence shows that ozone can cause a number of harmful effects on health and the environment. Exposure to ozone can cause resp iratory system effects such as difficulty breathing and airway inflammation. For people with lung diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD ), these effects can lead to emergency room visits and hospital admissions. Studies have also found that ozone exposure is likely to cause premature death from lung or heart diseases. In addition, evidence indicates that long

- term exposure to ozone is likely to result in harmful respiratory

30 West, J.J., Fiore, A.M. 2005. “Management of tropospheric ozone by reducing methane emissions.” Environ. Sci. Technol. 39:4685

- 4691. 31 Anenberg, S.C., et al. 2009. “Intercontinental impacts of ozone pollution on human mortality,” Environ. Sci. & Technol. 43: 6482

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effects, including respiratory symptoms and the development of asthma. People most at risk from breathing air containing ozone include: children; people with asthma and other respiratory diseases; older adults; and people who are active outdoors, especially outdoor workers. An estimated 25.9 million peo ple have asthma in the U.S., including almost 7.1 million children. Asthma disproportionately affects children, families with lower incomes, and minorities, including Puerto Ricans, Native Americans/Alaska Natives and African

- Americans. 32 Scientific evidenc e also shows that repeated exposure to ozone reduces growth and has other harmful effects on plants and trees. These types of effects have the potential to impact ecosystems and the benefits they provide. 3 . SO 2 Current scientific evidence links short

- ter m exposures to
SO 2 , ranging from 5 minutes to 24 hours, with an array of adverse respiratory effects including bronchoconstriction and increased asthma symptoms. These effects are particularly important for

32 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) Data, 2011 http://www.cdc.gov/asthma/nhis/2011/data.htm***E.O. 12866 Review

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asthmatics at elevated ventilation rates ( e.g. , w hile exercising or playing)

. Studies also show a n association between short

- term exposure and increased visits to emergency departments and hospital admissions for respiratory illnesses, particularly in
at

- risk populations including children, the elderly, and asthmatics.
SO 2 in the air can also damage the leaves of plants, decrease their ability to produce food

– photosynthesis

– and decrease their growth. In addition to directly affecting plants,
SO 2 when deposited on land and in estuaries, lakes and streams, can acidify sensitive ecosystems resulting in a range of harmful indirect effects on plants, soils, water quality, and fish and wildlife ( e.g. , changes in biodiversity and loss of habitat, reduced tree growth, loss of fish species). Sulfur deposition to waterways also plays a causal role in the methylation of

me rcury. 33
4
. Emission Estimates

33 U.S. EPA. Integrat ed Science Assessment (ISA) for Oxides of Nitrogen and Sulfur Ecological Criteria (2008 Final Report). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, EPA/600/R

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Section VI.A above explains how GHG s , VOC , and SO 2 emissions are “air pollution” that may reasonably be anticipated to endanger public health and welfare. This section provides estimated emissions that the oil and natural gas source category contributes to this air pollution. As shown below, the contribution from this industry is quite significant.

a . GHG E missions Atmospheric concentrations of GHGs are now at essentially unprecedented levels compared to the distant and recent past. 34 This is the unambiguous result of emissions of these gases from human activities . Global emissions of well

- mixed GHGs have been increasing, and are projected to continue increasing for the foreseeable future. According to IPCC AR5, total glob al emissions of GHGs in 2010 were about 49,000 million metric tons 35 of CO 2 equivalent (MMT CO 2 eq). 36 This represents an increase in

34 IPCC, 2013: Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2013 : The Physi cal Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.

- K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley (eds.) ]. Cambridge University Press, p. 11. 35 One MMT = 1 million metric tons = 1 megatonne (Mt). 1 metric ton = 1,000 kg = 1.102 short tons = 2,205 lbs. 36 IPCC, 2014: Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report***E.O. 12866 Review

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global GHG emissions of about 29 percent since 1990 and 23 percent since 2000. In 2010, total U.S. GHG emissions were
respons ible for about 14 percent of global GHG emissions (and about 12 percent when factoring in the effect of carbon sinks from U.S. land use and forestry). Based on t he Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks Report 37 (hereinafter “U.S. GHG Invent ory”), in 2013 total U.S. GHG emissions increased by 5.9 percent from 1990 (or by about 4.8 percent when including the effects of carbon sinks), and increased from 2012 to 2013 by 2.0 percent. This increase was attributable to multiple factors including in creased carbon intensity of fuels consumed to generate electricity, a relatively cool winter leading to an increase in heating requirements, an increase in industrial production across

of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Edenhofer, O., R. Pichs

- Madruga, Y. Sokona, E. Farahani, S. Kadner, K. Seyboth, A. Adler, I. Baum, S. Brunner, P. Eickemeier, B. Kriemann, J. Savolainen, S. Schlömer, C. von Stechow, T. Zwickel and J.C. Minx (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, 1435 pp. 37 U.S. EPA, 2014: Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990

– 2012 . Available at http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/usinventoryreport. html#fullreport (Last accessed January 29, 2015).***E.O. 12866 Review

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multiple sectors and a small increase in vehicle miles traveled (VMT) a nd fuel use across on

- road transportation modes. Because 2010 is the most recent year for which IPCC emissions data are available, we provide 2011 estimates from the World Resources Institute’s (WRI) Climate Analysis Indicators Tool (CAIT) 38 for comparison . According to WRI/CAIT, the total global GHG emissions in 2011 were 43,816 MMT of CO 2 E q., representing an increase in global GHG emissions of about 42 percent since 1990 and 30 percent since 2000 (excluding land use, land use change and forestry). These estimates are generally consistent with those of IPCC. In 2011, WRI/CAIT data indicate that total U.S. GHG emissions were responsible for almost 15.5 percent of global emissions, which is also generally in line with the percentages using IPCC’s 2010 estima te described above. According to WRI/CAIT, current U.S. GHG emissions rank only behind China’s, which was responsible for 24 percent of total global GHG emissions.

38 World Resources Institute (WRI) Climate Analysis Indicators Tool (CAIT) Data Explorer (Version 2.0). Available at http://cait.wri.org . (Last accessed October 31, 2014

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i

. M ethane E missions in the United States and from the Oil and Natural G as Industry The GHGs addressed by the 2009 Endangerment Finding consist of six well

- mixed gases, including methane. M ethane is a potent GHG with a 100 year GWP that is 28

- 36 times greater than that of carbon dioxide. 39 Methane has an atmospheric life of about 12 years
. Official U.S. estimates of national level GHG emissions and sinks are developed b y the EPA for the U.S. GHG Inventory to comply with commitments under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The U.S. inventory, which includes r ecent trends, is organized by industrial sectors. Natural gas and petroleum systems are the largest emitters of methane in the U.S. These systems emit 29 percent of U.S. anthropogenic methane

. Table 2 below presents total U.S. anthropogenic methane emissions for the years 1990, 2005 and 2013.

39 IPCC, 2013: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Scienc e Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.

- K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambrid ge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 1535 pp. Note that for purposes of inventories and reporting, GWP values from the 4 th Assessment Report may be used.***E.O. 12866 Review

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T able 2

— U.S. METHANE EMISSIONS BY SECTOR (MILLION METRIC TON CARBON DIOXIDE EQUIVALEN T (MMT CO 2 Eq .))

**Sector 1990**  **2005 2013**  Oil and Natural Gas Production, and Natural Gas Processing and Transmission 170.0 163.5 148.3

**Enteric Fermentation**  164.2 168.9 164.5 **Landfills** 186.2 165.5 114.6 **Coal Mining** 96.5 64.1 64.6 **Manure Management**  37.2 56.3 61.4 **Other Methane Sources**  **40** 91.4 89.5 82.9 **Total Methane**  **Emissions 745.5**  **707.8 636.3**  Emissions from the U.S. GHG Inventory, calculated using GWP of 25. Oil and natural gas production and natural gas processing and transmission systems encompass wells, natural gas gathering and processing facilities, storage, and transmission pipelines. These components are all important aspects of the natural gas cycle

— the process of getting natural gas out of the ground and

40 Other sources include remaining natural gas distribution, petroleum transport and petroleum refineries, forest land, wastewater treatment, rice cultivation, stationary combustion, abandoned coal mines, petrochemical production, mobile combustion, composting, and several sources emitting less than 1 MMT CO 2 - e in 2013.***E.O. 12866 Review

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to the end user. In the oil industry, some underground crude oil contains natural gas that is entrained in the oil at high reservoir pressures. When oil is removed from the reservoir, associated natural gas is produced. Methane emissions occur throughout the natural gas industry. They primarily result from normal operations, routine maintenance, fu gitive leaks and system upsets. As gas moves through the system, emissions occur through intentional venting and unintentional leaks. Venting can occur through equipment design or operational practices, such as the continuous bleed of gas from pneumatic co ntrollers (that control gas flows, levels, temperatures, and pressures in the equipment), or venting from well completions during production. In addition to vented emissions, methane losses can occur from leaks (also referred to as fugitive emissions) in a ll parts of the infrastructure, from connections between pipes and vessels, to valves and equipment. In petroleum systems, methane emissions result primarily from field production operations, such as venting of associated gas from oil wells, oil storage ta nks, and production

- related equipment such as gas dehydrators, pig traps, and pneumatic devices.***E.O. 12866 Review

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Table 3 (a and b) below present total methane emissions from natural gas and petroleum systems, and the associated segments of the sector, for years 1990, 2005 and 2013 , in million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (Table 3(a)) and kilotons (or thousand metric tons) of methane (Table 3(b))

.

TABLE 3 (a)

— U.S. METHANE EMISSIONS FROM NATURAL GAS AND PETROLEUM SYSTEMS (MMT CO 2 Eq .)

**Sector 1990**  **2005 2013**  Oil and Natural Gas Production and Natural Gas Processing and Transmission (Total) **170 163**  **148**

**Natural Gas Production**  59 75 47 **Natural Gas Processing**  21 16 23 **Natural Gas Transmission**  **and Storage** 59 49 54

**Petroleum Production**  31 23 24 Emissions from the 2015 U.S. GHG Inventory, calculated using GWP of 25. TABLE 3 (b)

— U.S. METHANE EMISSIONS FROM NATURAL GAS AND PETROLEUM SYSTEMS ( kt CH 4 )

**Sector 1990**  **2005 2013** ***E.O. 12866 Review

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Oil and Natural Gas Production and Natural Gas Processing and Transmission (Total) **6,802 6,539**  **5,930**

**Natural Gas Production**  2,380 3,018 1,879 **Natural Gas Processing**  852 655 906 **Natural Gas Transmission**  **and Storage** 2,343 1,963 2,176 **Petroleum Production**  1,227 903 969 Emissions from the 2015 U.S. GHG Inventory, in kt (1,000 tons) of CH 4 .
ii

. U.S. O il and Natural Gas Production and N atural G as
P rocessing and T ransmission GHG Emissions Relative to Total U.S.
GHG Emissions
Relying on data from the U.S. GHG Inventory, we compare d
U.S. oil and natural gas production and natural gas processing and transmission GHG emissions to total U.S. GHG emissions as an indication of the role this source plays in the total domestic contribution to the air pollution that is causing climate change. In 2013, total U.S. GHG emissions from all sources were 6,673 MMT CO 2 E q.***E.O. 12866 Review

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For purposes of the proposed revision to the categ o ry listing , the EPA is includ ing oil and natural gas production sources, and natural gas processing transmission sources. In 2013, emissions from oil a nd natural gas production sources and natural gas processing and transmission sources accounted for 148 MMT CO 2 eq methane emissions and oil completions for another 3

MMT CO 2 eq (using a GWP of 25 for methane). The sector also emitted 44 MMT of CO 2 , mainly from acid gas removal during natural gas processing (22 MMT) and flaring in oil and natural gas production (16 MMT ). In total, these emissions account for 3.0 percent of total U

. S
. domestic emissions.

In regard to the six well

- mixed GHGs (CO 2 , me thane, nitrous oxide, hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, and sulfur hexafluoride), only two of these gases

- CO 2 and methane

– are reported as non

- zero emissions for the oil and natural gas production sources and natural gas processing and transmission sources that are being addressed within this rule.

TABLE 4

- COMPARISONS OF U.S. OIL AND NATURAL GAS PRODUCTION AND NATURAL GAS PROCESSING AND TRANSMISSION GHG EMISSIONS TO TOTAL U.S. GHG EMISSIONS

**2010 2011**  **2012 2013** 

**Total U.S. Oil & Gas**  **Production** 147 147 146 148***E.O. 12866 Review

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**and Natural Gas**  **Processing & Transmission**  **GHG Emissions**  **(MMT CO 2**  **Eq)**

**Share of Total U.S.**  **GHG Inventory**  2.13% 2.18% 2.23% 2.22%

**Total U.S. GHG**  **Emissions (MMT CO**  **2 Eq)**  6,899 6,777 6,545 6,673

iii

. U.S. Oil and Natural G as P roduction and N atural G as
P rocessing and T ransmission GHG Emissions Relative to Total Global GHG Emissions

TABLE 5

- COMPARISONS OF U.S. OIL AND NATURAL GAS PRODUCTION AND NATURAL GAS PROCESSING AND TRANSMISSION GHG EMISSIONS TO TOTAL GLOBAL GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS IN 2010 2010 ( MMT CO 2 eq) Total U.S. Oil and Natural Gas Production and Natural Gas Processing and Transmission

Share (%) Total Global GHG E missions 49,000 0. 3 %

For additional background information and context, we used 2011 WRI/CAIT and IEA data to make comparisons between U.S. oil***E.O. 12866 Review

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and natural gas production and natural gas processing and transmission emissions and the emissions inventories of entire countries an d regions. Ranking U.S. emissions of GHGs from oil and natural gas production and natural gas processing and transmission against total GHG emissions for entire countries, show that these emissions would be more than the national

- level emissions totals for all anthropogenic sources for Greece, the Czech Republic, Chile, Belgium, and about 140 other countries. As illustrated by the data summarized above, the collective GHG emissions from oil and natural gas production and natural gas processing and transmi ssion sources are significant, whether the comparison is domestic (3.0 percent of total U.S. emissions) or global (0.3 percent of all global GHG emissions ). The EPA believes that consideration of the global context is important. GHG emissions from U.S. oil and natural gas production and natural gas processing and transmission will become globally well

- mixed in the atmosphere, and thus will have an effect on the U.S. regional climate , as well as the global climate as a whole for years and indeed many decades to come. Based on the data above, GHG emissio ns from the oil and natural gas source category is significiant whether only the domestic context is***E.O. 12866 Review

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considered, only the global context is considered, or both the domestic and global GHG emissions comparisons are viewed in combination. As was the case in 2009, no single GHG source category dominates on the global scale, and many (if not all) individual
GHG source cate gories could appear small in comparison to the total, when, in fact, they could be very important contributors in terms of both absolute emissions or in comparison to other source categories, globally or within the U.S. Contributions of GHG to the global p roblem should not be compared to contributions associated with local air pollution problems. The
EPA continues to believe that these unique, global aspects of the climate change problem

— including that from a percentage perspective there are no dominatin g sources emitting GHGs and fewer sources that would even be considered to be close to dominating

— tend to support consideration of contribution to the air pollution at lower percentage levels tha n the EPA typically encounters when analyzing contribution towards a more localized air pollution problem. Thus, the EPA , similar to the approach taken in the 2009 Finding, is placing significant weight on the fact that oil and natural gas production and***E.O. 12866 Review

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natural gas processing and transmission sources contribute 3 percent of total U.S. GHG emissions for the contribution finding. b . VOC E missions The EPA National Emissions Inventory (NEI) estimated total VOC emissions from th e oil and natural gas sector to be 2,782 , 000 tons in 2011. This ranks second of all the sectors estimated by the NEI and first of all the anthropogenic sectors in the NEI.

c. SO 2 E missions

The NEI estimated total SO 2 emissions from the oil and natural gas sector to be 74,000 tons in 2011. This ranks 13th of the sectors estimated by the NEI.

5
. Conclusion In summary, EPA interprets the 1979 category listing to broadly cover the oil and natural gas industry, including all
segme nts of the natural gas industry (production, processing, transmission, and storage). To the extent there is ambiguity to the prior listing, EPA is proposing to revise the category listing to include the various segments of the natural gas***E.O. 12866 Review

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industry . In support, EPA notes its previous determination under section 111(b)(1)(A) for the oil and natural gas source category. In a ddition, EPA provides in this section information and analyses detailing the public health and welfare impacts of GHG, VOC and SO 2 emissi ons and the amount of these emission from the oil and natural gas source category ( in particular from the various segme nts of the natural gas industry ). Although EPA does not believe the proposed revision to the category l i sting is required for the standards we are proposing in this action, even assuming it is, the proposal is well justified.

B . Stakeholder Input 1. White papers As a follow up to the 2013 Climate Action Plan, the Climate Action Plan: Strategy to Reduce Methane Emissions (the Methane Strategy) was released in March 2014. The Methane Strategy instructed the EPA to release a series of white papers on several p otentially significant sources of methane in the oil and natural gas sector and solicit input from independent experts. The papers were released in April 2014, and focus ed on technical issues, covering emissions and control technologies that target both VO C and methane with particular focus on***E.O. 12866 Review

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completion s of hydraulically fractured oil wells , liquids unloading, leaks, pneumatic devices and compressors. The peer review process was completed on June 16, 2014

. The peer review and public comments on the white p apers included additional technical information that provided further clarification of our understanding of the emission sources and emission control options. The comments also provided additional data on emissions and number of sources, and pointed out ne wly published studies that further informed our emission rate estimates. Where appropriate, we used the information and data provided to adjust the control options considered and the impacts estimates presented in the 2015 TSD. The EPA us ed an ad hoc external peer review process, as outlined i n the EPA ’s Peer Review Handbook, 3rd Edition. Under that process, the A gency submitted names recommended by industry and environmental groups, along with state, tribal, and academic organizations to an outside contractor . To avoid any conflict of interest, the contractor did not work on the white papers and is not working o n the EPA ’s oil and natural gas regulations or voluntary programs. The contractor built a list of qualified reviewers from these nam es and their own research, reviewed***E.O. 12866 Review

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appropriate credentials and selected reviewers from the list. A different set of reviewers was selected for each white paper, based on the reviewers’ expertise. A total of 26 sets of comments from peer reviewers were sub mitted to the EPA. Additionally, the EPA solicited technical information and data from the public. The EPA received o ver 43,000 submissions from the public. The comments received from the peer reviewers are available on EPA’s oil and natural gas white pape r Web site ( http://www.epa.gov/airquality/oilandgas/methane.html ) . Public comments on the white papers are available in EPA’s nonregulatory docket at www.regulations.gov , docket ID # EPA

- HQ

OAR

- 2014

- 0557

. 2. Outreach to state, local and tribal governments Th e EPA spoke with state, local and trib al governments to hear how they have managed issues, and to get feedback that would help us as we develop the rule. In February 2015 , the EPA asked states and tribes to nominate themselves to participate in discussions. Twelve states , three tribes and several local air districts participated. We conducted several teleconferences in March and April 2015 to discuss such questions as: Formatted: Indent: Left: 0", First line: 0.5"***E.O. 12866 Review

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• Whether these governments are, or have considered, regulating the sources iden tified in the white papers

• Factors considered in determining whether to regulate them

• Use of innovative compliance options

• Experiences implementing c ontrol t echniques g uidelines (CTGs) 41

• Information and features that would be helpful to include in a CTG

• W hether any sources of emissions are particularly suitable to voluntary rather than regulatory action

In addition to the outreach described above, t he EPA consulted with tribal officials under the “ EPA Policy on Consultation and Coordination with Indian Tribes ” early in the process of developing this regulation to provide them with the opportunity to have meaningful and timely input into its development. Additionally, the EPA has conducted meaningful involvement with tribal stakeholders throughout the rul emaking
process and provided an update on the methane strategy to the
N ational Tribal Air Association . Consistent with previous

41 Control techniques guidelines are not part of this action.***E.O. 12866 Review

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actions affecting the oil and natural gas sector, there is significant tribal interest because of the growth of the oil and
natu ral gas production in Indian country. The EPA specifically solicits additional comment on this proposed action from tribal officials.
**V I**  **I .**  **Summary of Proposed Standards** 
A. Control of Methane and VOC Emissions in the Oil and Natural Gas Source Category In this action, we propose to set emission standards for methane and VOC for certain new, modified and reconstructed emission sources across the oil and natural gas source category. For some of the se sources, there are VOC requirements currently in place t hat were established in the 2012 NSPS

. , that we are expanding to include methane

. For others, for which there are no current requirements , we are proposing methane and VOC standards

. We are also proposing improvements to enhance implementation of the current standards. For the reasons explained in section V, EPA believes that the proposed methane standards are warranted, even for those already subject to VOC standards under the 2012 NSPS. Further, as shown in the analyses in section VIII, there are cost***E.O. 12866 Review

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effective controls that achieve simultaneous reductions of methane and VOC emission. That said, EPA acknowledges that there is are no additional methane reductions from the proposed met hane standards for those already subject to VOC standards. EPA is also aware that, depending on the segment of the industry, the VOC emissions may be high while methane emissions are low and vice versa. In light of the above, The the EPA is soliciting

comme nt on whether it is appropriate to evaluate the emissions of the two pollutants separately rely on VOC standards, as established in 2012, for each emission source within each segment of sources in the oil production and gas category. processing segment. For e xample, based on methane and VOC emissions from pneumatic controllers, this approach could result in just a VOC standard for pneumatic controllers in the production segment and a VOC and methane standard in the transmission and storage segment.
Pursuant to CAA section 111(b), we a re proposing to amend subpart OOOO and to create a new subpart OOOOa which will include the standards and requirements summarized in this section. Subpart OOOO would be amended to apply to facilities constructed, modified or reconstructed after August 23, 2011,***E.O. 12866 Review

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( i.e. , the original proposal date of subpart OOOO) and before **[date of publication in the Federal Register]** ( i.e. , the proposal date of the new subpart OOOOa) and would be amended only to include the revisions reflectin g implementation improvements in response to issues raised in petitions for reconsideration. Subpart OOOOa would apply to facilities constructed, modified or reconstructed after **[date of publication in the Federal Register**  **]** and would include current
VOC re quirements already provided in subpart OOOO as well as new provisions for methane and VOC across the oil and natural gas source category as highlighted below in this section

. More details of the rationale for these proposed standards and requirements are p rovided in section V II I of this preamble. We note that t he term s “emission source , ” “source type” and “source,” as used in this preamble , refer to equipment, processes and activities that emit VOC and/or methane . T his term does not refer to specific faci lities , in contrast to usage of the term “source” in the contexts of permitting and section 112 actions

. As summarized below and discussed in more detail in section V III , the BSER for methane is the same as that for VOC for all emission sources, including those currently subject to***E.O. 12866 Review

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VOC standards and for which we are proposing to establish methane standards in this action. Accordingly , t he current requirements reflect the BSER for both VOC and methane for these

sources . W e are , therefore , not proposing any change to the current requirements for emission sources addressed under the 2012 NSPS
. Both VOC and methane are hydrocarbon compounds and behave essentially the same when emitted together or separately

. Accordingly, th e available controls for methane are the same as those for VOC and achieve the same levels of reduction for both VOC and methane. For example, combustion

- based control technolog ies ( e.g. , flares and enclosed combustors) that reduce VOC emissions by 95 percent can be expected to also reduce methane emissions by 95 percent. Similarly, work practice and operational standards ( e.g. , leak detection and reduced emission completion of wells) that reduce emissions of VOC can be expected to have the same effect on methane emissions. Because VOC control technologies perform the same when used to control methane emissions, the BSER for methane is the same as the BSER for VOC . Therefore, we are proposing performance and operational

s tandards to control methane and VOC emissions for certain***E.O. 12866 Review

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emission sources across the source category . These proposed methane standards would require no change to the requirements for currently regulated affected facilities

. Please note that there are mino r differences in some values presented in various documents supporting this action . This is because some calculations have been performed independently ( e.g. , TSD calculations focused on unit

- level cost

- effectiveness and RIA calculations focused on nationa l impacts) and include slightly different rounding of intermediate values.

B . Centrifugal Compressors We are proposing standards to reduce methane and VOC emissions from new, modified or reconstructed centrifugal compressors located across the oil and natural gas source category , except those located at well sites . As discussed in detail in section VIII .B , the proposed standards are the same as those currently required to control VOC from centrifugal compressors in the production segment. Specifically, we are proposing to require 95 percent reduction of the emissions from each wet seal centrifugal compressor affected facility. The standard can be achieved by capturing and routing the emissions utilizing a cover and closed vent system to a control device***E.O. 12866 Review

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that achieves an emission reduction of 95 percent , or routing the captured emissions to a process

. Consistent with the current
VOC provisions for centrifugal compressors in the production segment , dry seal centrifugal compressors are inherently low

emittin g and would not be affected facilities. These proposed standards are the same as for centrifugal compressors regulated in the 2012 final rule.
C . Reciprocating Compressors For the reasons discussed in section VIII .C , w e are proposing an operational standa rd for affected reciprocating
compressors across the oil and natural gas source category , except those located at well sites, that require s either replacement of the rod packing based on usage or routing of rod packing emissions to a process via a closed v ent system under negative pressure. The owner or operator of a reciprocating compressor affected facility would be required to monitor the duration (in hours) that the compressor is operated, beginning on the date of initial startup of the reciprocating co mpressor affected facility. When the hours of operation reach 26,000 hours, the owner or operator would be required to immediately change the rod packing. Owners or operators can elect to change***E.O. 12866 Review

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the rod packing every 36 months in lieu of monitoring compres sor operating hours. As an alternative to rod packing replacement, owners and operators may route the rod packing emissions to a process via a closed vent system operated at negative pressure. These proposed standards are the same as for reciprocating
comp ressors regulated in the 2012 rule.

D . Pneumatic Controllers For the reasons presented in section VIII .D , consistent with VOC standards in the 2012 NSPS for pneumatic controllers in the production segment , we are proposing to control methane and VOC emissions by requir ing use of low

- bleed controllers in place of high

- bleed controllers ( i.e. , natural gas bleed rate not to exceed 6 scfh) 42 at locations within the source category except for natural gas processing plants

. For natura l gas processing plants, consistent with the VOC emission standards in the 2012 NSPS, we are proposing to control methane and VOC emissions by

r equiring that pneumatic controllers have zero natural gas bleed rate ( i.e. , they are operated by means other tha n natural gas, such as being driven by compressed instrument air). We are

42 Bleed rate can be documented through information provided by the controller manufacturer.***E.O. 12866 Review

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proposing that these standards apply to each newly installed, modified or reconstructed pneumatic controller (including replacement of an existing controller). Consistent with the

cu rrent requirements under the 2012 NSPS for control of VOC emissions from pneumatic controllers in the production segment and at natural gas processing plants , the proposed standards provide exemptions for certain critical applications based on functional c onsiderations. These proposed standards are the same as for pneumatic controllers regulated in the 2012 rule.

E . Pneumatic Pumps For the reasons detailed in section VIII .E , w e are proposing standards for natural gas

- driven chemical/methanol pumps and diaphragm pumps. The proposed standards would require the methane and VOC emissions from new, modified and reconstructed natural gas

- driven chemical/methanol pumps and diaphragm pumps located at any location ( except for natural gas processing plants ) throu ghout the source category to be reduced by 95 percent if a control device is already available on site

. For pneumatic pumps located at a natural gas processing plant , the proposed standards would require the methane and VOC***E.O. 12866 Review

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emissions from natural gas

- drive n chemical/methanol pumps and diaphragm pumps to be zero.

F . Well Completions We are proposing operational standards for well completions at hydraulically fractured (or refractured) wells, including oil wells. The 2012 NSPS regulated well completions to c ontrol VOC emissions from hydraulically fractured or refractured gas wells. These proposed standards are the same as for natural gas wells regulated in the 2012 rule. We identified two subcategories of hydraulically fractured wells for which well completi ons are conducted: (1) non

- wildcat and non

- delineation wells; and (2) wildcat and delineation wells. A w ildcat well , also referred to

as an exploratory well , is a well drilled outside known fields or are the first well drilled in an oil or gas field where no other oil and gas production exists . A delineation well is a well drilled to determine the boundary of a field or producing reservoir

. As discussed in detail in section VIII.F, we are proposing operational standards for subcategory 1 (non

- wildcat , non delineation wells) requiring a combination of REC and combustion

. Compared to combustion alone, we believe that the***E.O. 12866 Review

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combination of REC and combustion will maximize gas recovery and minimize venting to the atmosphere. Furthermore, the use of traditional com bustion control devices ( i.e. , flares and enclosed combustion control devices), present local emissions impacts

. The proposed standards for subcategory 2 wells (wildcat and delineation wells) require only combustion. For sub category 1 wells, we are proposi ng to define the flowback period of an oil well completion as consisting of two distinct stages, the “i nitial flowback stage ” and the “ separation flowback stage. ” The initial flowback stage begins with the onset of flowback and ends when the flow is routed to a separator. During the initial flowback stage, any gas in the flowback is not subject to control. However, the operator must route the flowback to a separator unless it is technically infeasible for a separator to function. The point at which the sepa rator can function marks the beginning of the separation flowback stage. During this stage, the operator must route all salable quality gas from the separator to a flow line or collection system, re

- inject the gas into the well or another well, use the gas as an on - site fuel source or use the gas for another useful purpose. If it is technically infeasible to route the gas as described above, or***E.O. 12866 Review

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if the gas is not of salable quality, the operator must combust the gas unless combustion creates a fire or safety hazard or can damage tundra, permafrost or waterways. No direct venting of gas is allowed during the separation flowback stage. The separation flowback stage ends either when the well is shut in and the flowback equipment is permanently disconnected from the well, or

on startup of production. This also marks the end of the flowback period. The operator has a general duty to safely maximize resource recovery safely and minimize releases to the atmosphere over the duration of the flowback period. The operato r is also required to document the stages of the completion operation by maintaining records of (1) the date and time of the onset of flowback; (2) the date and time of each attempt to route flowback to the separator; (3) the date and time of each occurrence in which the operator reverted to the initial flowback stage; (4) the date and time of well shut in; and (5) date and time that temporary flowback equipment is disconnected. In addition, the operator must document the total duration of venting, combustion and flaring over the flowback period. All flowback liquids during the initial flowback period***E.O. 12866 Review

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and the separation flowback period must be routed to a well completion vessel, a storage vessel or a collection system.
For sub category 2 wells , we ar e proposing an operational standard that requires routing of the flowback into well completion vessels and commencing operation of a separator unless it is technically infeasible for the separator to function. Once the separator can function , recovered gas must be captured and directed to a completion combustion device unless combustion creates a fire or safety hazard or can damage tundra, permafrost or waterways. Operators would be required to maintain the same records described above for category 1 wells. Consistent with the current VOC standards for hydraulically fractured gas wells, we are proposing that “low pressure” wells would remain affected facilities and would have the same requirements as subcategory 2 wells (wildcat and delineation wells). The term “low pressure gas well” is unchanged from the currently codified definition in the NSPS; however , we solicit comment on whether this definition appropriately indicates hydraulically fractured oil wells for which conducting an REC would be technologically infeasible and whether the term should be revised to address all wells rather than just gas wells

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We are also retaining the provision from the 2012 NSPS, no w at §60.5365a(a)(1), that a well that is refractured, and for which the well completion operation is conducted according to the requirements of §60.5375a(a)(1) through(4), is not considered a modified well and therefore does not become an affected facilit y under the NSPS. We point out that such an exclusion of a “well” from applicability under the NSPS has no effect on the affected facility status of the “well site” for purposes of the proposed fugitive emissions standards at §60.5397a. Further, we are proposing that wells with a gas

- to

- oil ratio (GOR) of less than 300 scf of gas per barrel of oil produced would not be affected facilities subject to the well completion provisions of the NSPS. We solicit comment on whether a GOR of 300 is the appropriate applicability threshold. Rationale for this threshold is discussed in de tail in section
VIII.F.
G . Fugitive Emissions from Well Sites and Compressor Stations 1. Fugitive Emissions from Oil and Natural Gas Production Well Sites***E.O. 12866 Review

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We are proposing standards to reduce fugitive methane and VOC emissions from new and modified oil and natural gas production well sites. The proposed standards would require locating and repairing sources of fugitive emissions ( e.g. , visible emissions from fugitive emissio ns component component s observed using OGI) at well sites. Under the proposed standards, the affected facility would be “ the collection of fugitive emissions components at a well site ”; where “well site” is defined in subpart OOOO as “one or more areas that are directly disturbed during the drilling and subsequent operation of, or affected by, production facilities directly associated with any oil well, gas well, or injection well and its associated well pad.” This definition is intended to include all ancillary equipment in the immediate vicinity of the well that are necessary for or used in production , and may include such items as separators, storage vessels, heaters, dehydrators, or other equipment at the site. Some well sites , especially in areas with very dry gas or where centralized gathering facilities are used, consist only of

one or more wellhead s , or “Christmas tree s ,” and have no ancillary equipment such as storage vessels, closed vent***E.O. 12866 Review

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systems, control devices, compressors, separators and pneumatic controllers. Because the magnitude of fugitive emissions depends on how many of each type of component ( e.g. , valves, connectors and pumps) are present, fugitive emissions from these well sites

are ex tremely low. For that reason, we are proposing to exclude from the fugitive emissions requirements those well sites that

con tain only wellheads

. Therefore, we are proposing to add the following sentence to the definition of “well site” above: “For the purp oses of the fugitive emissions standards at §60.5397a, a well site that only contains one or more wellheads is not subject to these standards.” Also, w e are proposing to exclude low production well site s ( i.e. , a low production site is defined by the average combined oil and natural gas production for the wells at the site being less than 15 barrels of oil equivalent (boe) per day average d over the first 30 days of production ) from the standards for fugitives emis sions from well sites. Please refer to section VIII.G. for further discussion. We are proposing that owners or operators of well site

affected facilities conduct an initial survey of “fugitive emissions components , ” which we are proposing to define in***E.O. 12866 Review

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§ 60 .5430 a t o include , among other things, valves, connectors,
open - ended lines, pressure relief devices, closed vent systems and thief hatches on tanks using either OGI technology. For new well sites, the initial survey would have to be conducted within 30 days of the end of the first well completion or upon the date the site begins production , whichever is later . For modified well sites, the initial survey would be required to be conducted within 30 days of the site modification. We soli cit comment on whether 30 days is an appropriate period for the first survey following startup or modification

. For the purposes of these fugitive emissions standards, a modification would occur when a new well is added to a well site (regardless of whethe r the well is fractured) or an existing well on a well site is fractured or refractured. See section VII.G. 3 below for a discussion of modifications in the context of fugitive emission requirements for well sites and compressor stations. After the initial monitoring survey, monitoring surveys would be required to be conducted semiannually for all new and modified well sites

. We are also co

- proposing monitoring surveys on an annual basis for new and modified well sites.***E.O. 12866 Review

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The proposed standards would require replacement or repair of components if ev idence of fugitive emissions is detected during the monitoring survey through vis ible confirmation from
OGI
. As discussed in section VIII. G , we solicit comment on whether to allo w EPA Method 21 as an alternative to OGI for monitoring, including the appropriate EPA Method 21 level repair threshold

. We are proposing that t he source of emissions be repaired or replaced , and resurveyed, as soon as practicable, but no later than 15 calendar days after detection of the fugitive emissions. We expect that the majority of the repair s can be made at the time the initial monitoring survey is conducted. However, we understand that more time may b e necessary to repair more complex components. We have historically allowed 15 days for repair /resurvey in the LDAR program, which has appeared to be sufficient time. We are proposing to allow the use of either Method 21 or OGI for resurvey s that cannot be performed during the initial monitoring survey and repair

. As explained above, there may be some components that cannot not be repaired right
away and in some instances not until after the initial OGI personnel are no longer on site. In that event, resurv ey with***E.O. 12866 Review

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OGI would require rehiring OGI personnel, which would make the resurvey not cost effective. For those components that have been repaired, we believe that the no fugitive emissions would be detected above 500 ppm above background using Method 21. Th is has been historically used to ensure that there are no emissions from components that are required to operate with no detectable emissions. We solicit comments on whether either optical gas imaging or Method 21 should be allowed for the resurvey of the repaired components when fugitive emissions are detected with
OGI . We estimate that the majority of operators will need to hire a contractor to come back to conduct the optical gas imaging resurvey. While there will also be costs associated with resurveying using Method 21, we estimate that many companies own Method 21 instruments ( e.g. , OVA/TVA ) and would be able to perfor m the resurvey at a minimal cost. To verify that the repair has been made using OGI, no evidence of visible emissions must be seen during the survey. For Method 21, we are proposing that the instrument show a reading of less than 500 ppm above background from any of the repaired components. We solicit
comment whether 500 ppm above background is the appropriate repair resurvey thr eshold when Method 21 instruments are used or***E.O. 12866 Review

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if not, what the appropriate repair resurvey threshold is for Method 21

. If the repair or replacement is technically infeasible or unsafe during unit operations, the rep air or replacement must be completed duri ng the next scheduled shutdown or within six months, whichever is earlier

. Equipment is unsafe to repair or replace if personnel would be exposed to an immediate danger in conduct ing the repair or replacement

. All sources of fugitive emissions that are repaired must be resurveyed within 15 days of repair completion to ensure the repair has been successful ( i.e. , no fugitive emissions are imaged using OGI or less than 500 ppm above background when using Method 21 )
. The EPA is proposing that the se fugitive emission requirements be carried out through the development and implementation of a monitoring plan , which would specify the measures for locating sources of fugitive emissions and the detection technology to be used. A company would be able to develop a corporate

- wide monitoring plan, although there may be specific information needed that pertains to a single site, such as number and identification of fugitive emission components.

T he monitoring plan must also i nclude a description of how the***E.O. 12866 Review

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OGI survey will be conducted that ensures that fugitive emissions can be imaged effectively. In a ddition, we solicit comment on whether other techniques could be required elements of the monitoring plan in conjunction with O GI, such as visual inspections, to help identify signs such as staining of storage vessels or other indicators of potential leaks or improper operation. If fugitive emissions are detected at less than one percent of the fugitive emission components at a well site during two consecutive semiannual monitoring surveys, then the monitoring survey frequency for that well site may be reduced to annually. If, during a subsequent monitoring survey, fugitive emissions are detected at between one percent and five three percent of the fugitive emission components , then the monitoring survey frequency for that well site must be increased to semiannually

. If fugitive emissions are detected from five three percent or more of the fugitive emission components at a well s ite during two consecutive semiannual monitoring, then the monitoring survey frequency for that well site m ust be increased
to quarterly . If, during a subsequent monitoring survey, fugitive emissions are detected from one to five three percent of***E.O. 12866 Review

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the fugiti ve emission components , then the monitoring survey f requency for that well site may be reduced to semiannually. If fugitive emissions are detected from less than one percent of the fugitive emission components, then the monitoring survey frequency for that well site may be reduced to annually. We solicit comment on the proposed metric s of one percent and five three percent and whether these threshold s sho uld be specific number s of components rather than percentage s of components for triggering change in survey frequency discussed in this action. We also solicit comment on whether a performance

- based frequency or a fixed frequency is more appropriate. As di scussed in more detail in se c tion VIII. G below and the
TSD for this action available in the docket , we have identified OGI technology with semiannual survey monitoring as the BSER for detecting fugitive emissions from new and modified well sites. The proposed standards would apply to new well sites and to modified well sites . As explained in more detail in section VIII.B below, for purposes of this proposed standard, a well site is modified when a new well is completed (regardless of whether it is fractured) or an existing well is fra c tured or***E.O. 12866 Review

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refractured after **[effective date of final rule**  **]**
. The standards would not apply to existing well sites where additional drilling activities were conducted on an existing well but those activities did not inclu de fracturing or refracturing ( e.g. , well workovers that do not include fracturing or refracturing)

. 2 . Fugitive Emissions from Compressor Station s We are proposing standards to reduce fugitive methane and VOC emissions from new and modified natural gas compressor stations throughout the oil and natural gas source category . The proposed standard s would require affect ed facilities to locate sources of fugitive emissions and to repair those sources

. We are proposing that owners or operators of t he affected facilities conduct an initial survey of the collection of fugitive emissions components ( e.g. , valves, connectors, open

ended lines, pressure relief devices, closed vent systems and thief hatches on tanks ) using OGI technology. For new compressor stations , the initial survey would have to be conducted within 30 days of site startup . For modified compressor stations , the initial survey would be required within 30 days of the site modification. After the initial survey, surveys would be***E.O. 12866 Review

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re quired semiannually. We solicit comment on whether 30 days is an appropriate period for the first survey following startup. The proposed standards would require replacement or repair of any fugitive emissions component that has ev idence of fugitive emissio ns detected during the survey through vis ible confirmation from OGI

. As discussed in section VIII. G , we solicit comment on whether to allow EPA Method 21 as an alternative to OGI for monitoring, including the appropriate EPA Method 21 level repair threshol d

. We are proposing that t he source of emissions be repaired or replaced, and resurveyed, as soon as practicable, but no later than 15 calendar days after detection of the fugitive emissions. We expect that the majority of the repairs can be made at the ti me the initial monitoring survey is conducted. However, we understand that more time may be necessary to repair more complex components. We have historically allowed 15 days for repair/resurvey in the LDAR program, which has appeared to be sufficient time. We are proposing to allow the use of either Method 21 or OGI for resurveys that cannot be performed during the initial monitoring survey and repair. As explained above, there may be some components that cannot not be repaired right***E.O. 12866 Review

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away and in some instan ces not until after the initial OGI personnel are no longer on site. In that event, resurvey with OGI would require rehiring OGI personnel, which would make the resurvey not cost effective. For those components that have been repaired, we believe that the no fugitive emissions would be detected above 500 ppm above background using Method 21. This has been historically used to ensure that there are no emissions from components that are required to operate with no detectable emissions. We solicit comments on whether either optical gas imaging or Method 21 should be allowed for the resurvey of the repaired components when fugitive emissions are detected with OGI. We estimate that the majority of operators will need to hire a contractor to come back to conduct t he optical gas imaging resurvey. While there will also be costs associated with resurveying using Method 21, we estimate that many companies own Method 21 instruments ( e.g. , OVA/TVA) and would be able to perform the resurvey at a minimal cost. To verify that the repair has been made using OGI, no evidence of visible emissions must be seen during the survey. For Method 21, we are proposing that the instrument show a reading of less than 500 ppm above background from any of the repaired components. We solicit***E.O. 12866 Review

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comment whether 500 ppm above background is the appropriate repair resurvey threshold when Method 21 instruments are used or if not, what the appropriate repair resurvey th reshold is for Method 21.
T he source of emissions must be repaired or replaced as soon as practicable, but no later than 15 calendar days after detection of the fugitive emissions. If the repair or replacement is technically infeasible or unsafe during uni t operations, the rep air or replacement must be completed during the next scheduled shutdown or within six months, whichever is earlier

. Equipment is unsafe to repair or replace if personnel would be exposed to an immediate danger in conduct ing monitoring

. All sources of fugitive emissions that are repaired must be resurveyed to ensure the repair has been successful ( i.e. , no fugitive emissions are imaged using OGI or less than 500 ppm above background when using Method 21 ). The EPA is proposing that these fugitive emission requirements be carried out through the development and implementation of a monitoring plan, which would specify the measures for locating sources of fugitive emissions and the detection technology to be used. T he monitoring plan must also***E.O. 12866 Review

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include a description of how the OGI survey will be conducted that ensures that fugitive emissions can be imaged effectively. In addition, we solicit comment on whether other techniques could be required elements of the monitoring plan in conjunction with OGI, such as visual inspections, to help identify signs such as staining of storage vessels or other indicators of potential leaks or improper operation. If fugitive emissions are detected during two consecutive semi

- annual monitoring surveys at less than one percent of the fugitive emission components , then the monitoring survey frequency for that compressor station may be reduced to annually. If, during a subsequent monitoring survey, visible fugitive emissions are detected using OGI from one to five three percent of the fugitive emission components , then the monitoring survey frequency for that compressor station must be increased to semiannually. If fugitive emissions are detected from five three percent or more of the fugitive emission components during two consecutive semiannual monitoring surveys with OGI technology , then the monitoring survey frequency for that compressor station must be increased to quarterly. If, during a subsequent***E.O. 12866 Review

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monitoring survey, fugitive emissions are detected from one to five three percent of the fugitive emission components using OGI technology , then the monitoring survey frequency for that compressor station may be reduced to semiannually. If fugitive emissions are detected from less than one percent of the fugitive emission components, then the monitoring survey frequency for that well site may be reduced to annually. We solicit comment on the proposed metric s of one percent and five three percent and whether these threshold s should be specific number s of components r ather than percentages of components for triggering change in survey frequency discussed in this action. We also solicit comment on whether a performance

- based frequency or a fixed frequency is more appropriate. As discussed in more detail in section VIII .G below and the
TSD for this action available in the docket , we have identified OGI technology as the BSER for detecting fugitive emissions from new and modified compressor stations. The proposed standards apply to new and modified compressor stations thr oughout the oil and natural gas source category

. As explained in section VII.G. 3 below, c ompressor stations are***E.O. 12866 Review

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considered modified for the purposes of these fugitive emission standard s when one or more compressors is added to the station after **[effective date**  **of final rule ]** 
. 3. Modification of the Collection of Fugitive Emissions Components at Well Sites and Compressor Stations For the purposes of the fugitive emission standards at well sites and compressor stations, we are proposing definitions of “modifi cation” for those facilities that are specific to these provisions and for this purpose only

. As provided in section 60.14(f) , such provisions in the specific subparts would supersede any conflicting provisions in §60. 14 of the General Provisions. This def inition does not affect other standards under this subpart for wells, other equipment at well sites or
compressors.
For purposes of the proposed fugitive emissions standards
at well sites, we propose that a modification to a well site

occur s only when a ne w well is added to a well site (regardless of whether the well is fractured) or an existing well on a well site is fractured or refractured. When a new well is added or a well is fractured or refractured , there is an increase in emissions to the fugitive e missions components because of the***E.O. 12866 Review

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addition of piping and ancillary equipment to support the well, along with potentially greater pressures and increased production brought about by the new or fractured well. Other than these events , w e are not aware of any other physical change
to a well site that would result in an increase in emissions from the collection of fugitive components at such well site. T o clarify and ease implementation, we propose to define “modification” to include only these two events for purposes of the fugitive emissions provisions at well sites

. We note that under §60.53 6 5a( a)(1) a well that is refractured , and for which the well completion operation is conducted according to the requirements of §60.5375a(a)(1) throu gh(4), is not considered a modified well and therefore do es not become an affected facilit y under the NSPS. We would like to clarify that such an exclusion of a “well” from applicability under the NSPS would have no effect on the affected facility status o f the “ well site ” for purposes of the proposed fugitive emissions standards

. Accordingly, a well at an existing well site that is refractured constitutes a modification of the well site, which then would be an affected facility for purposes of the fugitive emission***E.O. 12866 Review

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standards at §60.5397a, regardless of whether the well itself is

a n affected facility. In the 2012 NSPS, we provided that completion requirements do not apply to refracturing of an existing well that is completed responsibly (i.e. green completions). Building on the 2012 NSPS, the EPA intends to continue to encourage co rporate

wide voluntary efforts to achieve emission reductions through responsible, transparent and verifiable action s that would obviate the need to meet obligations associated with NSPS applicability , as well as avoid creating disruption for operators fol lowing advanced responsible corporate practices

. To encourage companies to continue such good corporate policies and encourage advancement in the technology and practices, we solicit comment on criteria we can use to determine whether and under what condi tions well sites operating under corporate LDAR regimes fugitive monitoring programs can be deemed to be meeting the equivalent of the NSPS standards for well site fugitive emissions such that we can define those regimes as constituting alternative methods of compliance or otherwise provide appropriate regulatory streamlining. We also solicit comment on how to address enforceability of such alternative approaches***E.O. 12866 Review

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(i.e., how to assure that these well sites are achieving, and will continue to achieve, equal or better emission reduction than our proposed standards). For the reasons stated above, we are also soliciting comments on criteria we can use to determine whether and under what conditions all n ew or modified well sites or compressor stations operating und er corporate fugitive monitoring programs can be deemed to be meeting the equivalent of the NSPS standards for well sites or compressor stations fugitive emissions such that we can define those regimes as constituting alternative methods of compliance or o therwise provide appropriate regulatory streamlining. We also solicit comment on how to address enforceability of such alternative approaches (i.e., how to assure that these well sites and compressor stations are achieving, and will continue to achieve, eq ual or better emission reduction than our proposed standards).
For purposes of the proposed standards for fugitive emission at compressor stations, we propose that a modification

occur s only when a compressor is added to the compressor station or when physical change is made to an existing compressor at a compressor station that increase s the compression capacity of***E.O. 12866 Review

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the compressor station

. S ince fugitive emissions at compressor stations are from compressor s and their associated piping, connections and o ther ancillary equipment, expansion of compression capacity at a compressor station, either through addition of a compressor or physical change to the an existing
compressor, would result in an increase in emissions to the fugitive emissions components

. Ot her than these events , we are not aware of any other physical change to a compressor station that would result in an increase in emissions from the collection of fugitive components at such compressor station. T o clarify and ease implementation, we define “modification” as the addition of a compressor for purposes of the fugitive emissions provisions at compressor stations

. H . Equipment Leaks at Natural Gas Processing Plants We are proposing standards to control methane and VOC emissions from equipment leaks at natural gas processing plants. These requirements are the same as the VOC equipment leak requirements in the 2012 NSPS and would require NSPS part 60, subpart VVa level of control, including a detection level of 500
ppm as in the 2012 NSPS

. As discussed further in section VIII. H , we p ropose that the subpart VVa level of control applied plant

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wide is the BSER for controlling methane emissions from equipment leaks at onsho re natural gas processing plants. We believe it provides the greatest emission reductions of the options we considered in our analysis in Section VIII. H , and that the costs are reasonable

. I . Liquids Unloading Operation s For the reasons discussed in sec tion VIII . I , at this time the EPA does not have sufficient information to propose a standard for liquids unloading. However, w e are requesting comment on nationally applicable technologies and techniques that reduce methane and VOC emissions from these events. Specifically, we request comment on technologies and techniques that can be applied to new gas wells that can reduce emissions from liquids unloading in the future.
J . Recordkeeping and Reporting
W e are proposing recordkeeping and reporting requir ements that are consistent with those required in the current NSPS for natural gas well completions, compressors and pneumatic controllers. O wners or operators would be required to submit initial notifications (except for wells, pneumatic controllers,
pneu matic pumps and compressors, as provided in §60.5420(a)(1) )***E.O. 12866 Review

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and annual reports, and to retain records to assist in documenting that they are complying with the provisions of the
NSPS.
For new, modified or reconstructed pneumatic controllers, owners and op erators would not be required to submit an initial notification ; they would simply need to report the installation of these affected facilities in their facility’s first annual report following the compliance period during which they were installed . Owners or operators of well

- affected facilities (consistent with current requirements for gas well affected facilities) would be required to submit an initial notification no later than two days prior to the commencement of each well completion operation

. This notification would include contact information for the owner or operator , the American Petroleum Institute ( API ) well number, the latitude and longitude coordinates for each well , and the planned date of the beginning of flowback

. In addition, an i nitial annual report would be due no later than 90 days after the end of the initial compliance period , which is established in the rule . Subsequent annual reports would be due no later than the same date each year as the***E.O. 12866 Review

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initial annual report. The annual reports would include information on all affected facilities owned or operated of

sources that were constructed , modified or reconstructed during the reporting period. A single report may be submitted covering multiple affected facilities, provided that th e report contains all the information required by 40 CFR 60.5420(b). This information would include general information on the facility ( i.e. , company name and address, etc.), as well as information specific to individual affected facilities. For well aff ected facilities, the information required in the annual report would include the location of the well, the API well number, the date and time of the onset of flowback following hydraulic fracturing or refracturing, the date and time of each attempt to dir ect flowback to a separator , the date and time of each occurrence of returning to the initial flowback stage , and the date and time that the well was shut in and the flowback equipment was permanently disconnected or the startup of production , the duration of flowback , the duration of recovery to the flow line , duration of combustion , duration of venting , and specific reasons for venting in lieu of capture or combustion . For each oil well for which an exemption is claimed***E.O. 12866 Review

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for conditions in whic h combustion may result in a fire hazard or explosion or where high heat emissions from a completion combustion device may negatively impact tundra, permafrost or waterways, the report would include the location of the well , the API well number , the specif ic exception claimed , the starting date and ending date for the period the well operated under the exception , and an explanation of why the well meets the claimed exception. The annual report would also include records of deviations where well completions were not conducted according to the applicable standards. For centrifugal compressor affected facilities, information in the annual report would include an identification of each centrifugal compressor using a wet seal system constructed, modified or recon structed during the reporting period, as well as records of deviations in cases where the centrifugal compressor was not operated in compliance with the applicable standards

. For reciprocating compressors, information in the annual report would include t he cumulative number of hours of operation

or the number of months since initial startup or the previous reciprocating compressor rod packing replacement, whichever is***E.O. 12866 Review

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later, or a statement that emissions from the rod packing are being routed to a process through a closed vent system under negative pressure

. Information in the annual report for pneumatic controller affected facilities would include location and documentation of manufacturer specifications of the natural gas bleed rate of each pneumatic con troller installed during the compliance period. For pneumatic controllers for which the owner is claiming an exemption to the standards, the annual report would include documentation that the use of a pneumatic controller

w ith a natural gas bleed rate greater than 6 scfh is required and the reasons why . The annual report would also include records of deviations from the applicable standards. For pneumatic pump affected facilities, information in the annual report would inclu de an identification of each pneumatic pump constructed, modified or reconstructed during the compliance period, as well as records of deviations in cases where the pneumatic pump was not operated in compliance with the applicable standards

. The proposed rule includes new requirements for monitoring and repairing sources of fugitive emissions at well sites and***E.O. 12866 Review

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compressor stations

. T he owner or operator would be required to keep one or more digital photographs of each affected well site
or compressor statio n . A photograph of every component that is surveyed during the monitoring survey is not required. The photograph must include the date the photograph was taken and the latitude and longitude of the well site imbedded within or stored with the digital file and must identify the affected facility. This could include a “still” image taken using OGI technology or a digital photograph taken of the survey being performed. As an alternative to imbedded latitude and longitude within the digital photograph, the digi tal photograph may consist of a photograph of the affected facility with a photograph of a separately operating G eographic I nformation
S ystems (GIS) device within the same digital picture, provided the latitude and longitude output of the GIS unit can be c learly read in the digital photograph . The o wner or operator would also be required to keep a log for each affected facility . The log must include the d ate monitoring survey s were performed, the technology used to perform the survey, the monitoring frequen cy required at the time of the survey, the n umber and types of equipment found to have fugitive emissions , the d ate or dates of***E.O. 12866 Review

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first attempt to repair the source of fugitive emissions, the final repair of each source of fugitive emissions , any source of fugitive emissions found to be technically infeasible or u nsafe to repair during unit operation and the date that source is scheduled to be repair ed. These digital photographs and logs must be available at the affected facility or the field office

. We soli cit comment on whether these records also should be sent directly to the permitting agency electronically to facilitate review remotely

. The owner or operator would also be required to develop and maintain a corporate

- wide and site specific monitoring plan enabling the fugitive emissions monitoring
program. Annual reports for each fugitive emissions affected facility would have to be submitted that include the d ate monitoring survey s were performed, the technology used to perform the survey, the monitoring frequency required at the time of the survey, the n umber and types of component found to have fugitive emissions , the d ate of first attempt to repair the source of fugitive emissions, the date of final repair of each source of fugitive emissions , any sour ce of fugitive emissions found to be technically infeasible or u nsafe to repair during***E.O. 12866 Review

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unit operation and the date that source is scheduled to be repair ed. Consistent with the current requirements of subpart OOOO, records must be retained for 5 years and generally consist of the same information required in the initial notification and annual reports. The records may be maintained either onsite or at the nearest field office. We solicit comment on whether these records also should be sent directly to the p ermitting agency electronically to facilitate review remotely. Lastly, the EPA realizes that duplicative recordkeeping and reporting requirements may exist between the NSPS, Subpart W, and other state and local rules, and is trying to minimize overlapping requirements on operators

. W e solicit comment on ways to minimize recordkeeping and reporting burden.
**VI II**  **. Rationale for Proposed Action for NSPS**  The following sections provide our BSER analyses and the resulting proposed new source performance standards to reduce methane and VOC emissions from across the oil and natural gas source category . Our general process for evaluating BSER for the emission sources discussed below included: (1) i dentification of available control measures; (2) evaluation o f these measures to***E.O. 12866 Review

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determine emission reductions achieved, associated costs, nonair environmental impacts, energy impacts and any limitations to their application; and (3) selection of the control techniques that represent BSER.
As mentioned previously an d discussed in more detail below , the control technologies available for reducing methane and VOC emissions are the same for the emissions sources in this source category . T his observation was made in the 2014 white papers and confirmed by the comments received on the 2014 white papers , as well as state regulations, including those of Colorado, that require methane and VOC mitigation measures from these sources of emissions.
CAA Section 111 also requires that EPA considers cost in determining BSER. Section VIII.A below describes how EPA evaluates the cost of control for purposes of this rulemaking. Sections VIII. B through VIII. I provide the BSER analysis and the resulting proposed standards for individual emission sources contemp lated in this action. Please note that there are minor differences in some values presented in various documents supporting this action . This is because some calculations have been performed independently***E.O. 12866 Review

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( e.g. , TSD calculations focused on unit

- level cost

- effectiveness and RIA calculations focused on national impacts) and include slightly different rounding of intermediate values.
A. How does EPA e valuate c ontrol c osts in t his a ction?
S ection 111 requires that EPA consider a number of factors, including co st, in determining “ the best system of emission reduction ... adequately demonstrated

. ” While section 111 requires that EPA consider cost in determining such system ( i.e. , “BSER”) , it does not prescribe any criteria for such consideration

. However, i n severa l cases, the D.C. Circuit has shed light on how EPA is to consider cost under CAA section 111(a)(1)
. For example, i n Essex Chemical Corp. v. Ruckelshaus, 486 F.2d 427, 433 (D.C. Cir. 1973), the D.C. Circu it stated that to be "adequately demonstrated , " the system must be "reasonably reliable, reasonably efficient, and . . . reasonably expected to serve the interests of pollution control without becoming exorbitantly costly in an economic or environmental wa y." The Court has reiterated this limit in subsequent case law, including Lignite Ene rgy Council v. EPA, 198 F.3d 930, 933 (D.C. Cir. 1999), in which it stated: "EPA's choice will be sustained unless the environmental or economic costs of using the***E.O. 12866 Review

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technology are exorbitant." In Portland Cement Ass'n v. EPA, 513 F.2d 506, 508 (D.C. Cir. 1975), the Court elaborated by explaining that the inquiry is whether the costs of the standard are "greater than the industry could bear and survive." 43 In Sierra Club v. Costle, 657 F.2d 298, 343 (D.C. Cir. 1981), the Court provided a substantially similar formulation of the cost standard when it held: "EPA concluded that the Electric Utilities ' forecasted cost was not excessive and did not make the cost of compliance with the standard unreasonable. This is a judgment call with which we are not inclined to quarrel." We believe that these various formulations of the cost standard

-- "exorbitant," " greater than the industry could bear and survive," "excessive," and "unreasonable"

-- are synonymous; the

43 The 1977 House Committee Report noted: In the [1970] Congress [sic: Congress's] view, it was only righ t that the costs of applying best practicable control technology be considered by the owner of a large new source of pollution as a normal and proper expense of doing business. 1977 House Committee Report at 184. Similarly, the 1970 Senate Committee Report stated: The implicit consideration of economic factors in determining whether technology is "available" should not affect the usefulness of this section. The overridin g purpose of this section would be to prevent new air pollution problems, and toward that end, maximum feasible control of new sources at the time of their construction is seen by the committee as the most effective and, in the long run, the least expensiv e approach. S. Comm. Rep. No. 91

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D.C. Circuit has made no attempt to distinguish among them. For convenience, in this rulemaking, we will use reasonableness as the standard, so that a c ontrol technology may be considered the "best system of emission reduction . . . adequately demonstrated" if its costs are reasonable , but cannot be considered the best system if its costs are unreasonable. to describe our evaluation of costs well within t he boundaries established by this case law. In evaluting whether the cost of a control is reasonable, EPA considers various costs associated with such control, including capital costs and operating costs, and the emission reductions that the control can achieve. A cost

- effectiveness analysis is one means of evaluting whether a given control achieves emission reduction at a reasonable cost. Cost

effectiveness anal ysis also allows comparisons of relative costs and outcomes (effects) of two or more options. In general, cost

effectiveness is a measure of the benefit produced by resources spent. In the context of air pollution control options, cost

effectiveness typica lly refers to the annualized cost of implementing an air pollution control option divided by the amount of pollutant reductions realized annually. A cost

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effectiveness analysis is not intended to constitute or approximate a cost

- benefits analysis but rathe r provides a metric of the relative cost to reduction ratios of various control options.
The estimation and interpretation of cost

- effectiveness values is relatively straightforward when an abatement measure controls a single pollutant. Increasingly, howev er, air pollution reduction programs require reductions in emissions of multiple pollutants, and in such programs multipollutant controls may be employed. Consequently, there is a need for determining cost

- effectiveness for a control option across multiple pollutants (or classes of multiple pollutants). This is the case for this proposal where , for the reasons explained in section V , we are proposing to directly regulate both methane and VOC . Further, as discussed in more detail below, both methane and VOC are simultaneously and equi

- proportionally reduced when controlled.

W e have evaluated a number of approaches for considering the cost s of the available multipollutant controls for reducing both methane and VOC emissions. One approach is to assign the entire annualized cost to the reduction in emissions of a single***E.O. 12866 Review

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pollutant reduced by the multipollutant control option and treat the simultaneous reductions of the other pollutants as incidental or co - benefits. This was the approach we took in the 2012 NS PS but no longer believe to be appropriate for the reasons explained in section V. U nder the current proposal, methane and VOCs are both directly regulated ; therefore, reductions of each pollutant must be properly considered benefits, not co

- benefits , and consideration of only one of the regulated pollutants is not appropriate.
Alternatively, all annualized costs can be allocated to each of the pollutant emission reductions addressed by the multipollutant control option. Unlike the approach above, no emissi on reduction is treated as co - benefit ; each emission reduction is assessed based on the full cost of the control. However, this approach , which is often used for assessing single pollutant controls, evaluates emission reduction of each pollutant separately, assuming that each bears the entire cost, and thus inflates the control cost in the multiple of the number of additional pollutants being reduced. This type of approach therefore over - estimates the cost of obtaining emissions reductions with a multipollutant control as it does not***E.O. 12866 Review

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recognize the simultaneity of the reductions achieved by the application of the control option.

Another type of approach allocates the annualized cost to the sum of the individual pollutant emission reductions addressed by the multipollutant control option. The multipollutant cost

- effectiveness approach may be appropriate when each of the pollutant reductions is si milar in value or impact. However, methane and VOC have quite different health and environmental impacts. Summing the pollutants to derive the denominator of the cost

- effectiveness equation is inappropriate for this reason. Similarly, if the multiple pollu tants could be combined with like units

— for example, via economic valuation

— the pollutants could be summed. We also think that this approach would be inappropriate here.
For purposes of this proposal, w e have identified and are proposing to use two ty pes of approaches for considering the
cost of reducing emissions from multiple pollutants using one control. One approach assign s all costs to the emission reduction of one pollutant and zero to all other concurrent reductions; if the cost is reasonable for reducing any of the targeted emissions alone , the cost of such control is c lear ly***E.O. 12866 Review

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reasonable for the concurrent emission reduction of all the other pollutants because they are being reduced at no additional
cost. T his approach acknow ledges the reductions as intended as opposed to incidental or co

- benefits. It also reflects the actual overall cost of the control. W hile this approach assigns all costs to only a portion of the emission reduction and thus may overstate the cost for that a ssigned portion , it does not overstate the overall cost. It also does not require evaluating in aggregate the benefits of met hane and VOC emission reduction , which is not appropriate as discussed in the option immediately above. In addition, t his approach is simple and straightforward in application. If the multipollutant control is cost

- effective for reducing emissions of either of the targeted pollutant, it is clearly cost

- effective for reducing all other targeted emissions that are being achieved simultaneously.

A second approach , which we term for the purpose of this rulemaking a “multipollutant cost

- effectiveness” approach, apportions the annualized cost across the p ollutant reductions addressed by the control option in proportion to the relative percentage reduction of each pollutant controlled. For example, in this proposal both methane and VOC emissions are reduced in***E.O. 12866 Review

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equal proportion by the multipollutant control option. As a result, half of the control costs are allocated to methane, the other half to VOC. This approach similarly does not inflate the control cost nor requires evaluating in aggregate the benefits of methane and VOC emission reduction.

We believe that both approaches discussed above are appropriate for assessing the reasonableness of the multipollutant controls considered in this action. As such, in our analyses below, if a device is cost

- effective under either of these two approaches , we find it t o be cost

- effective

. EPA has considered similar approaches in the past when considering multiple pollutants that are controlled by a given control option

. 44 The EPA recognize s , however, not all situations where multipollutant controls are applied are the sa me, and that other types of approaches , including those described above as inappropriate for this action, might be appropriate in other instances. The EPA solicits comments on th e approach es to

44 See e.g. 73 FR 64079

- 64083 and EPA Document I.D. EPA

- HQ

- OAR

2004

- 0022

- 0622, EPA

- HQ

- OAR

- 2004

- 0022

- 0447, EPA

- HQ

- OAR

- 2004

- 0022

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estimat e cost

- effectiveness for emissions reductions using multipollutant controls assessed in this action

. In considering control costs, t he EPA takes into account any expected revenues from the sale of natural gas product that would be realized as a result of av oided emissions . Altho ugh no D.C. Circuit case addresses how to account for revenue generated from the byproducts of pollution control, or product saved as a result of control, it is logical and a reasonable interpretation of the statute that any expected revenues from the sale of recovered product may be considered when determining the overall costs of implementation of the control technology. Clearly, such a sale would offset regulatory costs and so must be included to accurately assess the costs of the s tandard. In our analysis we consider any natural gas that is either recovered or that is not emitted as a result of a control option as being "saved

. " We estimate that one thousand standard cubic feet (Mcf) of natural gas is valued at $4.00. 45 Our cost anal ysis then applies the

45 The Energy Information Administration’s 2014 Annual Energy Outlook forecast ed wellhead prices paid to lower 48 state producers to be $4.46/Mcf in 2020 and $5.06/Mcf in 2025. The $4/Mcf price assumed in the RIA is intended to reflect the AEO estimate but simultaneously be conservatively low.***E.O. 12866 Review

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monetary value of the saved natural gas as an offset to the control cost. This offset applies where, in our estimation, the monetary savings of the natural gas saved can be realized by the affected facility owner or operator and not where the owner or operator does not own the gas and would not likely realize the monetary value of the natural gas saved ( e.g. , transmission stations and storage facilities). Detailed discussions of these assumptions are presented in Chapter 3 of the RIA associated with this action, which is in the Docket.
We also completed two additio nal analyses to further inform our determination of whether the cost of control is reasonable , similar to compliance cost analyses we have completed for other
NSPS 46 . First, we compared the capitals costs that would be incurred to comply with the proposed s tandards to the industry’s estimated new annual capital expenditures. This analysis allowed us to compare the capital costs that would be incurred to comply with the proposed standards to the level of new capital expenditures that the industry is incurring in the absence of

46 For example, see our compliance cost analysis in “Regulatory Impact Analysis (RIA) for Residential Wood Heaters NSPS Revision. Final Report.” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. EPA

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the proposed standards. We then determined whether the capital costs appear reasonable in comparison to the industry’s current level of capital spending. Second, we compared the annualized costs that would be incurred to comply with the standards to the industry’s estimated annual revenues. This analysis allowed us to evaluate the annualized costs as a percentage of the revenues being generated by the industry.
EPA evaluated incremental capital cost in prior new source performance standar ds, and its determinations that the costs were reasonable were upheld by the courts. For example, t he EPA estimated that the costs for the 1971 NSPS for coal

- fired electric utility generating units were $19 million for a 600 MW plant, consisting of $3.6 mi llion for particulate matter controls, $14.4 million for sulfur dioxide controls, and $1 million for nitrogen oxides controls, representing a 15.8 percent increase in capital costs above the $120 million cost of the plant. See 1972 Supplemental Statement, 37 FR 5767, 5769 (March 21, 1972). The D.C. Circuit upheld the EPA’s determination that the costs associated with the final 1971 standard were reasonable, concluding that the EPA had properly taken costs into consideration. Essex Cement v. EPA , 486 F. 2d***E.O. 12866 Review

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a t 440. Similarly, i n Portland Cement Association , the D.C. Circuit upheld the EPA’s consideration of costs for a standard of performance that would increase capital costs by about 12 percent, although the rule was remanded due to an unrelated procedural is sue. 486 F.2d at 387

- 88. Reviewing the EPA’s final rule after remand, the court again upheld the standards and the EPA’s consideration of costs, noting that “[t]he industry has not shown inability to adjust itself in a healthy economic fashion to the end s ought by the Act as represented by the standards prescribed.” Portland Cement v. Ruckelshaus , 513 F. 2d 506, 508 (D.C. Cir. 1975). As shown below in the BSER analysis for each of the proposed standards, the associated increase in capital cost is well below the percentage increase previously upheld by the Court, and the annualized cost is but less than 1 percent of the annual revenue. Capital expenditure data for relevant NAICS codes were obtained from the U.S. Census 2013 Annual Capital Expenditures
Surve y 47 . Annual revenue data for relevant NAICS codes were obtained from the U.S. Census 2012 County Business Patterns and

47 http://www.census.gov/econ/aces /xls/2013/full_report.html***E.O. 12866 Review

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2012 Economic Census 48 . For both the capital expenditures and annual revenues, we obtained the Census data and performed the analyses on an affected facility basis rather than an industry

wide basis. We did this to better reflect the fact that different owners or operators are generally involved in the different industry segments. Thus, an industry

- wide analysis would likely not be representa tive of the cost impacts on owners and operators within each segment. Although there is not a one

to

- one correspondence between NAICS codes and the industry segments we used in the development of the cost impacts, we believe there is enough similarity to d raw accurate conclusions from our analysis.
For the capital expenditures analysis, we determined the estimated nationwide capital costs incurred by each type of affected facility to comply with the proposed standards, then divided the nationwide capital co sts by the new capital expenditures (Census data) for the appropriate NAICS code(s) to determine the percentage that the nationwide capital costs

48 For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, and nonsam pling error, see http://www.census.gov/econ/susb/methodology.html

. For definitions of estimated receipts and other definitions, see http://www.census.gov/ econ/susb/definitions.html.***E.O. 12866 Review

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represent of the capital expenditures. Similarly, for the annual revenues analysis, we determined the estimate d nationwide annualize costs incurred by each type of affected facility to comply with the proposed standards, then divided the nationwide annualized costs by the annual revenues (Census data) for the appropriate NAICS code(s) to determine the percentage t hat the nationwide annualized costs represent of annual revenues. These percentages are presented below in this section for each affected facility.

B. Proposed Standards for Centrifugal Compressors In the 2012 NSPS, we established VOC standards for wet seal centrifugal compressors in the production segment of the oil and natural gas source category. Specifically, the standards apply to centrifugal compressors located after the well site and before tr ansmission and storage segments because o ur data indicate that there are no centrifugal compressors in use at well sites 49

. In this action, we are proposing to extend these VOC standards to the remaining wet seal centrifugal compressors in the source catego ry. We are also proposing methane standards

49 Since the 2012 NSPS, we have not received information that would change our understanding that there are no centrifugal compressors in use at well sites.***E.O. 12866 Review

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for all wet seal centrifugal compressors in the oil and natural gas source category. Based on the analysis below, the proposed VOC and methane standards described above are the same as the wet seal centrifugal co mpressor standards currently in the NSPS.
C entrifugal compressors are used throughout t he natural gas industry 50 to move natural gas along the pipeline. They are a source of methane and VOC emissions. These compressors are powered by t urbine s. They use a small portion of the natural gas that they compress to fuel the turbine. Sometimes an electric motor is used to turn a centrifugal compressor. Centrifugal compressors require seals around the rotating shaft to minimize gas leakage from the point at whi ch the shaft exits the compressor casing. There are two types of seal systems: w et seal systems and mechanical dry seal systems. Wet seal systems use oil, which is circulated under high pressure between three or more rings around the compressor shaft, fo rming a barrier to minimize compressed gas leakage. Very little gas escapes through the oil barrier, but considerable gas is absorbed by the oil. The amount of gas

50 See previous footnote regarding centrifugal compressors at well sites.***E.O. 12866 Review

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absorbed and entrained by the oil barrier is affected by the operating pressure of the gas b eing handled; higher operating pressures result in higher absorption of gas into the oil. Seal oil is purged of the absorbed and entrained gas (using heaters, flash tanks and degassing techniques) and recirculated to the seal area for reuse. Gas that is pu rged from the seal oil is commonly vented to the atmosphere. Degassing of the seal oil emits an average of 47.7 standard cubic feet per minute (scfm) of methane 51 , depending on the operating pressure of the compressor. Based on the average gas composition, which var ies among segments of the natural gas industry, we estimate methane emission during the venting process of an uncontrolled wet seal system to be, on average, 228 tpy in the production segment, 157 tpy in the transmission segment and 117 tpy in the storage segment. We estimate the VOC emissions to be, on average, approximately 4.34 tpy VOC in the transmission segment and 3.24 tpy of VOC in the storage segment. 52

51 Factors came from U.S Environmental Protection Agency. Methodology for Estimating CH 4 and CO 2 Emissions from Natural Gas Systems. Greenhouse Gas Inventory: Emission and Sinks 1990

- 20 12. Washington, DC. Annex 3.5. Table A

- 129. 52 Estimated uncontrolled VOC emissions from a wet seal compressor in the processing segment is not included here***E.O. 12866 Review

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D ry seal systems do not use any circulating seal oil. Dry seals operate mechanically unde r the opposing force created by hydrodynamic grooves and springs. Fugitive emissions occur from dry seals around the compressor shaft. Based on manufacturer studies and engineering design estimates, fugitive emissions from dry seal systems are approximatel y 6 scfm of gas, much lower than wet seal systems. A dry seal system can have fugitive methane emissions of, on average, approximately 28.6 tpy in the processing segment, and 19.7 tpy in the transmission segment and 14.7 tpy in the storage segment. Likewis e, VOC emissions are estimated to be 0. 5 tpy in the transmission segment and 0.4 tpy in the storage segment. 53 In the 2012 NSPS, we did not regulate fugitive VOC emissions from dry seal compressors because we did not identify any control device suitable to capture and control such emissions. For the same reasons we explained in the 2012
NSPS , we are not proposing methane standards for dry seal
compressors. The available control techniques for reducing methane and
VOC emissions from degassing of wet seal systems are the same

.

because these emissions are already subject to subpart OOOO and are not included in this proposed r ule. 53 IBID.***E.O. 12866 Review

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These include routing the gas to a process and routing the gas
to a combustion device

. We also consider replacing wet seal system with a dry seal system due to its inherent low emissions. These are the same options we previousl y identified for controlling fugitive VOC emissions from degassing of wet seal compressors. We did not find other available control options from our white paper process or information review. During the rulemakings for the 2012 NSPS and subsequent amendm ents, we found that the dry seal system had inherently low VOC emissions and the option of routing to a process had at least 95 percent control efficiency

. However, the integration of a centrifugal compressor into an operation may require a certain
compres sor size or design that is not available in a dry seal model, or in the case of capture of emissions with routing to a process, there may not be down

- stream equipment capable of handling a low pressure fuel source. As such, these two options not technicall y feasible in all instances and, therefore, neither was the BSER for reducing fugitive VOC emissions from wet seal centrifugal compressors. Available information since then continues to show that that these two options cannot be used in all circumstances. For the same reasons, these optio n s***E.O. 12866 Review

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do not qualify as BSER for reducing methane emissions from wet seal centrifugal compressors. In the 2012 NSPS rulemaking, we found that a capture and combustion device (option 3) had a 95 percent VOC emission reduction efficiency. Available information since then continues to support that such device can achieve 95 percent control efficiency and f or both methane and VOC emissions. Based on the average uncontrolled emissions of wet seal systems discussed above and a capture and combustion device system efficiency of 95 percent, we determined that methane emissions from a wet seal system in the processing segment would be reduced by 217 tpy, by 149 tpy in the transmission segment and by 111 tpy in the storage segment. The VOC emissions would be reduced by 4.12 tpy in the transmission segment and by 3 tpy in the storage segment . 54
For purposes of this action, we have identified in section VIII.A two approaches for evaluating whether the cost of a multipollutant control, such as option 3 (routing to a

54 Estimated VOC emissions reductions from a wet seal compressor in the processing segment is not included here because these emissions are already subject to the NSPS are not included in this proposed rule.***E.O. 12866 Review

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combustion device), is reasonable. As explained in that section, we believe that both approaches are appropriate for assessing the reasonableness of the multipollutant controls considered in this action. Therefore, we propose to find the cost of control to be reasonable as long as it is such under either of these two approaches. Under t he single pollutant approach , we assign all costs to the reduction of one pollutant and zero to all other pollutants simultaneously reduced . For this approach , we would find the cost of control reasonable if it is reasonable for reducing one pollutant alon e . As shown in the evaluation below, which assigns all the costs to methane reduction alone, and based on an annualized cost per compressor of $114,146 to install and operate a new combustion device for the processing , transmission and storage segments, we estimate the cost of control for reducing methane emissions from a wet seal centrifugal compressor to be $ 478 per ton for the processing segment, $767 per ton in the transmission segment and $1,028 per ton in the storage segment. The cost of the simultane ous VOC reduction is zero because all the costs have been attributed to methane***E.O. 12866 Review

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reduction. 55 It is important to note that these costs are likely

over - estimates for most because they assume that each compressor requires a new, individual control device, which is not the case in most instances. It is our general understanding that multiple compressors can and do get routed to one common control. The estimates also do not reflect situations where installation of a control is not required bec ause one is already available for use on site. For the reasons stated above, we believe that these estimates represent a conservative scenario and that the cost of this control (routing to a combustion control device) is lower in most instances. We also evaluate the cost of methane reduction by assigning all costs to VOC and zero to methane red u ction

. I n the 2012 NSPS rulemaking we already found the cost of this control to be reasonable for reducing VOC emissions from wet seal centrifugal compressors in t he production segment . Therefore, the cost of

55 In 2012, we already found that th e cost of this control to be reasonable for reducing VOC emissions from wet seal centrifugal compressors in the production segment. We are not reopening that decision in this action. Therefore, this cost finding is relevant only to VOC reduction from wet seal centrifugal compressors in the transmission and storage segments.***E.O. 12866 Review

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methane reduction is reasonable for centrifugal compressors in the production segment if we assign all costs to VOC under the single pollutant approach. Although we propose to find the cost of control to be reasonable because it is reasonable under the above approach, w e also evaluate the cost of this control under the multipollutant approach. Under th e multipollutant approach, the costs are allocated based on the percentage reductio n expected for each pollutant. Because option 3 reduces both methane and VOC by 95 percent, we attribute 50 percent of the costs to methane reduction and 50 percent of the cost to VOC reduction. Based on this formulation, the costs for methane reduction ar e half of the estimated costs under the first approach above and therefore we believe these
costs are reasonable for the same reasons discussed above . For VOC, we estimate the multipollutant approach costs to be $13,853 per ton in the transmission segment and $18, 553 per ton in the storage segment. 56 While these costs may seem high, as explained

56 In the 2012 rulemaking, w e already concluded that the cost of this control to be reasonable for reducing VOC emissions from wet seal centrifugal compressors in the production segment and set standards for such reduction. We are not reopening that***E.O. 12866 Review

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above, they are based on the assumption that a control device is required for each compressor, which is not the case in most instances. The estimates also do not ref lect situations where installation of a control is not required because one is already available for use on site. For the reasons stated above, we believe the cost of VOC reduction with this control to be to lower than the above estimates in most instances . Because the operators of facilities in the transmission and storage segment typically do not own the gas they are handling, these costs do not account for gas savings in those segments

. Although these reductions may not result in a direct financial benef it to the operator, we believe it is worthwhile to note that overall these standards save a non

- renewable resource. As discussed above in section VIII.A two additional approaches, based on new capital expenditures and annual revenues, for evaluating whet her the costs are reasonable. For the capital expenditure analysis, we used the capital expenditures for 2012 for NAICS 4862 as reported in the U.S. Census data, which we believe is representative of the

decision here. Accordingly, we are not addressing VOC reduction in the production segment here.***E.O. 12866 Review

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transmission and storage segment. The total capital costs for complying with the proposed standards for centrifugal compressors is 0.011 percent of the total capital expenditures, which we believe is reasonable. For the total revenue analysis, we used the revenues for 2012 for NAICS 486210, which we believe is representative of the transmission and storage segment. The total annualized costs for complying with the proposed standards is 0.001 percent of the total revenues, which we believe is reasonable. For all types of affected facilities in the transmissi on and storage segment, t he total capital costs for complying with the proposed standards is 0.24 percent of the total capital expenditures , which is well below the percentage capital increase that courts have previously upheld as reasonable as discussed in Section VIII.A.. Similarly, t he total annualized costs for complying with the proposed standards is also very low, at 0.11 percent of the total revenues

. With this control option, there would be secondary air impacts from combustion. However w e did not identify any nonair quality or energy impacts associated with this control technique.***E.O. 12866 Review

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In light of the above, we find that the BSER for reducing VOC emissions from wet seal centrifugal compressors in the transmission and storage segment and for reducing methane emissions from all wet seal centrifugal compressors in the oil and natural gas source category are the same, i.e. , to capture and route the emissions to a combustion control device. As discussed above, this option results in a 95 percent reduction of emissions for both methane and VOC. The 2012 NSPS requires that VOC emissions from wet seal centrifugal compressors in the natural gas production segment be reduced by 95 percent, which similarly reflects the reduction that can be achieved by capturing and routing to a combustion control device. We are , therefore , proposing to extend the existing 95 percent VOC reduction standard to all other wet seal centrifugal compressors in the oil and natural gas source category ( i.e. , natural gas transmission and storage segments). We are also proposing to require 95 percent reduction of methane emissions from all wet seal centrifugal compressors in the oil and natural gas source category. As in the 2012 NSPS , our proposal would allow dry seal systems and routing e missions to a process as alternative s to routing to a combustion device to***E.O. 12866 Review

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meet the proposed 95 percent emission reduction standards. We hope that by such provisions, owners and operators would be encouraged to employ these effective emission control optio ns where feasible. As described above, the proposed VOC and methane standards would be the same as the current VOC standards for wet seal centrifugal compressors in the NSPS. C. Proposed Standards for Reciprocating Compressors In the 2012 NSPS, we established VOC standards for reciprocating compressors in the production ( located other than at well sites) and processing segments of the oil and natural gas source category. In this action, we are proposing VOC standards for the remaining reciprocating compressors in the source category that are not located at a well site . We are also proposing methane standards for all reciprocating compressors in the oil and natural gas source category except for those that are located at well sites 57 . Based on the anal ysis below, the proposed VOC and methane standards described above are the same as the reciprocating compressor standards currently in the NSPS.

57 As discussed later in this section, the control cost for reciprocating compressors at well site is not reasonable.***E.O. 12866 Review

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R eciprocating compressors are used throughout the oil and natural gas industry and are a source of methane and VOC emissions. Emissions occur when natural gas leaks around the piston rod when pressurized natural gas is in the cylinder. The most significant volumes of gas loss and resulting fugitive methane and VOC emissions are associated with piston rod packing
sy stems. Rod p acking systems are used to maintain a tight seal around the piston rod, preventing the high pressure gas in the compressor cylinder from leaking, while allowing the rod to move freely. This leakage rate is dependent on a variety of factors, inc luding physical size of the compressor piston rod, operating speed and operating pressure. Higher leak rates are a consequence of improper fit, mis alignment of the packing parts and wear. We estimate that reciprocating compressors have emissions of 0.198 t py methane and 0.055 tpy VOC in the production segment (well sites ) , 12.3 tpy methane and 3.42 tpy VOC in the production segment ( other than located at well site ) , 23.3 tpy methane and 6.48 tpy VOC in the processing segment, 27.1 tpy methane and 0.75 tpy VOC in transmission segment, and 28.2 tpy methane and 0.78 tpy VOC in the storage segment.***E.O. 12866 Review

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In developing the 2012 NSPS, we examined two options to reduce VOC emissions from reciprocating compressors . One approach was based on ro uting emission to a combustion device, as is used with wet seal centrifugal compressors. The other option was based on regular replacement of piston rod packing. Upon reconsideration of the standards in 2014, we evaluated a third option, routing of emissio ns to a process through a closed vent system under negative pressure. Information since the 2012 NSPS development have not identified other control options for reciprocating compressors

. We rejected combustion as the BSER because, as detailed in the 2011 TSD, routing of emissions to a control device can cause positive back pressure on the packing, which can cause safety issues due to gas backing up in the distance piece area and engine crankcase in some designs. While considering the option of routing of emissions to a process through a closed vent system under negative pressure, we determined that the negative pressure requirement not only ensures that all the emissions are conveyed to the process, it also avoids the issue of inducing back pressure on the rod packing and the resultant safety concerns. Although this option can be used in some***E.O. 12866 Review

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circumstances, it cannot be applied in every installation. As a result, this option was not further considered for the determination of the BSER. As noted above, the m ost significant volumes of gas loss are associated with piston rod packing systems. We found that

u nder the best conditions, new packing systems properly installed on a smooth, well

- aligned shaft can be expected to leak a minimum of 11.5 scfh of natural ga s . We determined that regular rod packing replacement, when carried out approximately every three years, effectively controls emissions and helps prevent excessive rod wear and determined that the BSER is regular replacement of rod packing. The control mea sures discussed above also reduce methane emissions. We are not aware of any other methods for controlling methane and VOC emissions from the rod packing of reciprocating compressors. We estimate that replacement of the compressor rod packing every 26,000 hours reduces methane emissions by 0.16 tpy in the production segment (well site ) 6.84 tpy in the production segment (excluding the well site ), 18.6 tpy in the processing segment, 21.7 tpy in the transmission segment, and 21.8 tpy in the storage segment. Likewise, replacement of rod packing is***E.O. 12866 Review

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estimated to reduce VOC emissions by 0.6 tpy in the transmission and storage segments. 58 See the 2011 TSD and 2015 TSD for details of these calculations. For the 2012 NSPS , w e estimated the annual costs of replacing the rod packing to be $ 2,493 for the production segment (well sites ) , $ 1,669 for the production segment (excluding well sites ), $1,413 for processing plants, $1,748 for transmission stations, and $2,077 for storage facilities without considering the cost s avings realized from the recovered gas

. Considering gas savings , the annual cost of replacing the rod packing was $ 2,457 for the production segment (well sites), $83 for the production segment and a net savings for the processing segment. We did not consid er gas savings for transmission and storage segments because owners and operators of these facilities do not necessarily own the gas they are handling and therefore would not realize gas savings.

58 Estimated VOC emissions reductions from reciprocating compressors in the production segment (at well sites and other than well sites) and the processing segment are not included here because these emissions are already subject to the NSPS are not included in this proposed rule. Under the 2012 NSPS we found the cost of control for VOC emissions from reciprocating compressors at well sites to be unreasonable and final rule did not set standards for reciprocating compressors locate d at well sites.***E.O. 12866 Review

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As explained in section VIII.A, for purposes of this action, we have identified two approaches for evaluating whether the cost of a multipollutant control, such as rod packing replacement described above, is reasonable. As explained in that section, we bel ieve that both approaches are appropriate for assessing the reasonableness of the multipollutant controls considered in this action. Therefore, we propose to find the cost of control to be reasonable as long as it is such under either of these two approach es. Under the single pollutant approach, which attributes all
cost to one pollutant and zero to the other pollutant, we would find th e cost of control reasonable if it is reasonable for reducing one pollutant alone . When assigning all cost s to methane alone and zero to the simultaneous VOC reduction , the cost of control is $15,802 per ton for the production segment (well sites ) , $244 per ton of methane for the production segment (excluding well sites), $76 per ton of methane for the processi ng segment, $81 per ton of methane in the transmission segment and $95 per ton of methane in the storage segment. When assigning all cost s to VOC alone and zero to the simultaneous methane reduction , t he cost of control under this approach is***E.O. 12866 Review

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$2,910 per to n of VOC reduced in the transmission segment , and $3,434 per ton of VOC reduced in the storage segment. 59 In light of the above, we find the cost s of rod

- packing replacement are reasonable for reducing methane and VOC emissions across the industry (except a t well sites ) under the single pollutant approach irrespective of which pollutant bears all of the costs

. U nder th e multipollutant approach, because the control achieves the same reduction for both methane and VOC, we would apportion the cost equally between methane and VOC

. Rod Packing replacement reduces the amount of natural gas emitted by the compressor. This natural gas contains both methane and VOC; therefore, reducing the amount of natural gas emitted will reduce methane and VOC in equal propor tion. Using the multipollutant approach, the cost of control for methane is $7,901 per ton for the production segment (well sites), $122 per
ton for the production segment (excluding well sites), $ 38 per ton for the processing segment, $40 per ton for the transmission segment, and $48 per ton for the storage segment. The cost of

59 VOC emissions reductions from reciprocating compressors in the production segment (at well sites and other than well sites) and the processing segment are already subject to the 2012 NSPS. We are not reopening those standards in this ac tion.***E.O. 12866 Review

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control for VOC under the multipollutant approach is $1,455 per ton for the transmission segment and $1,717 per ton for the storage segment. 60 In light of the above, with the excepti on of compressors located at well sites , w e consider the costs to be reasonable for the estimated methane reductions across the source category and the estimated VOC reductions for the currently unregulated compressors under both approaches

. In the 2012 NSPS rulemaking, we found the cost of rod packing not reasonable for reducing VOC emissions from reciprocating compressors at well sites . This finding remains unchanged under the two cost approaches discussed in section VIII.A. W e also found the cost of control for methane emissions to not be reasonable for the amount of methane emissions achieved under either approach

. As discussed in section VIII.A , we also identified two additional approaches, based on new capital expenditures and annual reve nues, for evaluating whether the costs are reasonable. For the capital expenditure analysis, we used the capital expenditures for 2012 for NAICS 4862 as reported in the U.S. Census data, which we believe is representative of the

60 See footnote 56.***E.O. 12866 Review

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transmission and storage se gment. The total capital costs for complying with the proposed standards for reciprocating compressors is 0.022 percent of the capital expenditures, which is well below the percentage capital increase that courts have previously upheld as reasonable as dis cussed in Section VIII.A.. For the total revenue analysis, we used the revenues for 2012 for NAICS 486210, which we believe is representative of the transmission and storage segment. The total annualized cost for complying with the proposed standards is 0 .003 percent of the total revenues, which is also very low

. For all types of affected facilities in the transmission and storage segment, t he total capital cost for complying with the proposed standards is 0.24 percent of the capital expenditures , and t he total annualized cost for complying with the proposed standard s is also very low, at 0.11 percent of the total revenues. We did not identify any nonair quality health or environmental impacts or energy impacts associated with replacement of rod packing and therefore, no analyses was conducted. In light of the above, we propose that rod packing replacement is the BSER for reducing methane and VOC emission s***E.O. 12866 Review

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from compressors in the oil and natural gas sector, with the exception of reciprocating compressors loc ated at well sites

. See the 2011 and 2015 TSDs , available in the docket, for detail
on met hodology used for emissions and cost of cont rol estimation. Because the VOC and methane emissions from reciprocating compressors are fugitive emissions that occur whe n natural gas leaks around the piston rod when pressurized natural gas is in the cylinder , it is technical ly infeasib le capturing and routing emissions to a control device

. Therefore , we are unable to set a numerical emission limit for reciprocating compressors . Pursuant to section 111(h), we are proposing an operation standard based on rod packing replacement. The proposed standards are the same as the current VOC standard in the NSPS for reciprocating compressors, which was also based on rod packing replacement

. Specifically we propose to replace rod packing every 3 years of operation. However, to account for segments of the industry in which reciprocating compressors operate in pressurized mode for a fraction of the calendar year (ranging from appro ximately 68 percent up to approximately 90 percent), we determined that 26,000 hours of operation would be, on average, comparable to 3***E.O. 12866 Review

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years of continuous operation. As a result, we are proposing a work practice standard based on our determination that

re placement of rod packing no later than after 26,000 hours of operation or after 36 calendar months represents the BSER. The owner or operator would be required to monitor the hours of operation beginning with the installation of the reciprocating
compresso r affected facility. Cumulative hours of operation would be reported each year in the facility’s annual report. Once the hours of operation reached 26,000 hours, the owner or operator would be required to change the rod packing immediately, although unexpe cted shutdowns could be avoided by tracking hours of operation and planning for packing replacement at scheduled maintenance shutdowns before the hours of operation reached 26,000. Alternatively, owners and operators may replace rod packing every 36 months and would not be required to track operating hours of the compressor. As with the current requirement for controlling VOC from these reciprocating compressors, we are allowing routing of emissions from the rod packing to a process through a closed
vent s ystem under negative pressure as an alternative to rod packing replacement. As mentioned above, i t is our understanding***E.O. 12866 Review

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that this technology can capture all emissions; however, it may not be applicable to every compressor installation and situation and, th erefore, it would be within the operator’s discretion to choose whichever option is most appropriate for the application and situation at hand. Following the December 31, 2014 , amendments to the NSPS, which added the alternative of routing of emissions from the rod packing to a process through a closed vent system under negative pressure, we received a petition for administrative reconsideration of the standard for reciprocating compressors. 61 The petitioner requested that EPA provide an additional alternative to the rod packing replacement intervals of 26,000 hours or 36 months

. The alternative suggested by the petitioner would consist of monitoring of rod packing leakage to iden tify when the rate of rod packing leakage indicates that packing replacement is needed. We have requested additional information from the petitioner on the technical details of the petitioner’s concept. As a result , we are unable at this time to evaluate t he alternative suggested by the petitioner.

61 Letter from John P. Miguez, Founder and Sr. Partner, M

- Squared Products & Services, Inc., to Gina McCarthy, EPA Administrator, Petition for Reconsideration, January 20, 2015.***E.O. 12866 Review

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D. Proposed Standards for Pneumatic Controllers In the 2012 NSPS, we established VOC standards for pneumatic controllers in the production and processing segments of the oil and natural gas source category. In t his action, we are proposing VOC standards for the remaining pneumatic controllers in the source category. We are also proposing methane standards for all pneumatic controllers in the oil and natural gas source category. Based on the analysis below, the
BS ER for reducing the methane and VOC emissions from the pneumatic controllers described above are the same as the BSER for those that are currently subject to the VOC standards. Accordingly, the proposed VOC and methane standards described above are the sam e as the pneumatic controller standards currently in the NSPS.

P neumatic controllers are automated instruments used for maintaining a process condition, such as liquid level, pressure, pressure differential and temperature that typically operate by using available high

- pressure natural gas. In these “gas

- driven” pneumatic controllers, natural gas may be released with every valve movement or continuously from the valve control pilot. The rate at which this release occurs***E.O. 12866 Review

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is referred to as the device bleed rate. Bleed rates are dependent on the design of the device. Similar designs will have similar steady

- state rates when operated under similar conditions. Gas

- driven pneumatic controllers are typically characterized as “high

- bleed” or “low

- bleed,” where a h igh

- bleed device releases more than 6 scfh of gas. There are two basic designs: (1) c ontinuous bleed devices (high or low

- bleed) are used to modulate flow, liquid level or pressure , and gas is vented at a steady

- state rate; and (2) intermittent devices
per form quick control movements and only release gas when they open or close a valve or as they throttle the gas flow. 62 Not all pneumatic controllers are gas driven. These “non

gas driven” pneumatic controllers use sources of power other than pressurized nat ural gas, such as compressed “instrument ” air. Because these devices are not gas driven, they do not release natural gas ( or methane or VOC emissions ) , but they do have energy impacts because electrical power is required to drive the instrument air compressor system.

62 We did not address intermittent controllers in the 2012 NSPS, and we are not addressing them in this action. Intermittent controllers are inherently low emitting sources because they vent only when actuating and the total emissions are dependent on the applications in which they are used.***E.O. 12866 Review

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As we explained for the 2012 NSPS, because manufacturers’ technical specifications for pneumatic controllers are stated in terms of natural gas bleed rate rather than methane or VOC, we used natural gas as a surrogate for VOC. We evaluat ed the impact of a high

- bleed pneumatic controller emission rate ( 37 scfh of natural gas for the production and processing segments and 18 scfh of natural gas for the transmission and storage segments ) contrasted with the emission rate of a low

- bleed unit ( 1.39 scfh of natural gas for the production and processing segments and 1. 3 7 scfh of natural gas for the transmission and storage segment ). 63 We determined per - controller high

- bleed pneumatic controller methane emissions to be 6.91 tpy in the production

se gment , 1 tpy in the processing segment and 3.01 tpy in the transmission and storage segment

. W e estimate high

- bleed pneumatic controller emissions to be 0. 08 tpy VOC in the

63 Emiss ion factors and emissions data for production and processing segments are from TSD for the 2011 proposed rule, available in the docket. Emission factors for transmission and storage are from Subpart W Continuous Bleed Controller Emission Factors (Table W

- 1 A of 40 CFR Part 98, Subpart W). Available at http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi

- bin/text

idx?SID=dda4d1715e9926ee3517ac08e6258817&node=40:21.0.1.1.3.23&r gn=div6#ap40.21.98_1238.1.***E.O. 12866 Review

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transmission and storage segments. 64 In contrast, we estimate the
per - controller low

- bleed pneumatic controller methane emissions to be 0.26 tpy in the production segment , 1 tpy in the processing segment, and 0.23 tpy in the transmission and storage segments. We estimate the low

- bleed pneumatic controller VOC emissions to be 0.006 tpy in the transmission and storage segment. We are not aware of any add

- on controls that are or can be used to reduce methane or VOC emissions from gas

- driven pneumatic controllers

. Therefore, the available control techniques for reducing methane and VOC emissions from pneumatic controllers are the same, which are : (1) use of a low

- bleed controllers; or (2) use of non

- gas driven controllers ( i.e. , instrument air systems). These are the same control options we previously identified in the 2012 NSPS for controlling VOC emissions from pneumatic controllers. We did not find other available control options from our white paper process or information review.

64 Estimated VOC emissions from pneumatic controllers in the production and processing segments are not included here because these emissions are already subject to the NSPS are not included in this proposed rule.***E.O. 12866 Review

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As in the 2012 NSPS, our curren t analysis indicate s that in order to use an instrument air system, a constant reliable electrical supply would be required to run the compressors for the system. At sites without available electrical service sufficient to power an instrument air compresso r, only gas driven pneumatic devices are technically feasible in all situations. Therefore, f or the production and transmission and storage segment s , where electrical service sufficient to power an instrument air system is likely unavailable, we evaluated only the option to use low

- bleed controllers in place of high

bleed controllers

. During the development of the 2012 NSPS, we estimated methane emissions along with VOC emissions from pneumatic controllers. W e estimated that for an average high

- bleed
pneu matic controller located in the production segment, the difference in emissions between a high

- bleed controller and a low

- bleed controller is 6.65 tpy methane. 65 We also estimated that replacing a natural gas

- driven pneumatic controller in the

65 W e note that VOC emissions from pneumatic controllers in the production and processing segments are already subject to subpart OOOO. We are not reopening those standards in this rulemaking.***E.O. 12866 Review

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processing se gment with an instrument air system would reduce methane emissions by 1 tpy. Further , we estimate that the emission reductions of replacing a high

- bleed with a low

- bleed pneumatic controller in the transmission and storage segment would be 2.79 tpy of meth ane and 0.077 tpy of VOC per controller. For purposes of this action, we have identified in section VIII.A two approaches for evaluating whether the cost of a multipollutant control, such as replacing a high

- bleed controller with a low

- bleed controller, is reasonable. As explained in that section , we believe that both the single and multipollutant approaches are appropriate for assessing the reasonableness of the multipollutant controls considered in this action. Therefore, we find the cost of control to be reasonable as long as it is such under e ither of these two approaches. Under the single pollutant approach, we assign all costs to the reduction of one pollutant and zero to all other pollutants simultaneously reduced. For this approach, we would find the cost of control reasonable if it is reas onable for reducing one pollutant alone. The evaluation below for pneumatic controllers in the production, transmission and storage segments first***E.O. 12866 Review

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assigns all the costs to methane reduction alone, and uses an incremental capital cost difference between a n ew high

- bleed controller and a new low

- bleed controller of $165 for the production segment and $227 for the transmission and storage segment, which results in cost of control of $24 for the production segment and $25 for the transmission and storage
segmen t. We estimate the cost of replacing high

- bleed controllers with low

- bleed controllers to be $4 per ton of methane reduced in the production segment and $ 9 per ton of methane reduced in the transmission and storage segment. We find these costs to be

reaso nable for the amount of methane reduction it can achieve. Also, because all the costs have been attributed to methane reduction, the cost of simultaneous VOC reduction is zero and therefore reasonable. We also evaluated the cost by attributing all the cost s to VOC reduction and estimated the cost to be $13
per ton of VOC reduction in the production segment and $ 323 per ton of VOC reduction in the transmission and storage segment. 66 We also find these costs to be reasonable.

66 W e note that during the 2012 NSPS rulemaking, we already determined the costs of VOC reduction from pneumatic controllers***E.O. 12866 Review

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Although we propose to find the co st of control to be reasonable because it is reasonable under the above approach, we also evaluated the cost on this control under the multipollutant approach. Under this approach, the costs are allocated based on the percentage reduction expected for each pollutant. Because replacing a high

- bleed controller with a low

- bleed controller reduces the natural gas emitted by the controller, both methane and VOC are reduced equally, we attribute 50 percent of the costs to methane reduction and 50 percent of the c osts to VOC reduction. Based on this formulation, the costs for methane and VOC reduction are half of the estimated costs under the first approach and are therefore reasonable. We also identified in section VIII.A two additional approaches, based on new c apital expenditures and annual revenues, for evaluating whether the costs are reasonable. For the capital expenditure analysis, we used the capital expenditures for 2012 for NAICS 4862 as reported in the U.S. Census data, which we believe is representative of the

at the production and processing segments to be reasonable. Acc ordingly, under the single

- pollutant approach, the costs would also be reasonable for methane reduction as well for those pneumatic controllers.***E.O. 12866 Review

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transmission and storage segment. The total capital cost for complying with the proposed standards for pneumatic controllers is 0.0022 percent of the total capital expenditures , which is well below the percentage capital increase that courts have previously upheld as reasonable as discussed in Section VIII.A.. For the total revenue analysis, we used the revenues for 2012 for NAICS 486210, which we believe is representative of th e transmission and storage segment. The total annualized cost for complying with the proposed standards is 0.0001 percent of the total revenues, which is also very low

. For all types of affected facilities in the transmission and storage segment, t he total capital costs for complying with the proposed standards is 0.24 percent of the total capital expenditures , and t he total annualized costs for complying with the proposed standards is 0.11 percent of the total revenues , which is also very low

. With this op tion, we do not anticipate any secondary air impacts. We also did not identify any nonair quality or energy impacts associated with this control technique, therefore, these impacts were not analyzed.***E.O. 12866 Review

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In light of the above, we find that the BSER for reducin g methane emissions from continuous bleed natural gas

- driven pneumatic controllers in the production and transmission and storage segment and VOC emissions from the remaining unregulated pneumatic controllers ( i.e. , those in the transmission and storage se gment) would be the installation of low

- bleed pneumatic controllers. This is the same BSER we identified in the 2012 final rule for reducing VOC emissions from pneumatic controllers in the production and processing segment s . Accordingly, we are proposing a methane emission standard for continuous

- bleed, natural gas

- driven pneumatic controllers in the production and transmission and storage segment to be a natural gas bleed rate of less than or equal to 6 scfh. We are also proposing a VOC emissions standard for continuous

- bleed, natural gas

- driven pneumatic controllers in the transmission and storage segment to be a natural gas bleed rate of less than or equal to 6 scfh. As described above, the proposed methane and VOC standards would be the same as the curre nt VOC standards for pneumatic controllers in the production segment in the NSPS. It is important to note that these costs are most likely

over - estimates because they do not take into account the cost***E.O. 12866 Review

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savings that would result based on the value of natural gas saved. Therefore, the above cost estimated, which we have already found to be reasonable, represent a conservative scenario and that the cost of these controls are lower in most instances.
For the processing segment, which comprises pneumatic controllers at natural gas processing plants, we identified instrument air systems and replacement of high

- bleed controllers with low

- bleed controllers as control options for reducing methane emissions fro m pneumatic controllers. 67 These are the same options we identified for the 2012 rule to reduce VOC emissions from these pneumatic controllers. As described below, we first evaluated the cost of an instrument air system to reduce methane emissions. Since we found these costs to be reasonable (as discussed below) , we did not evaluate the costs of replacing the high

- bleed pneumatic controllers with low

- bleed controllers because the replacement option would result in less methane emission reduction than the ins trument air option.

67 In the 2012 NSPS, EPA established VOC standards for pneumatic controllers at natural gas processing plan ts. We are not reopening up those standards in this proposed rule.***E.O. 12866 Review

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The annual costs of the instrument air system per gas processing plant without considering the cost savings realized from the recovered gas are $11,090, and $7,676 when considering these savings. See the 2012 Supplemental TSD 68 for deta ils of these calculations. We evaluate the cost of using an instrument air system to reduc e methane emissions from the pneumatic controllers at gas processing plants based on the two approaches identified earlier in this section for considering the cost o f a multipollutant control (in this case the instrument air system). Under the single pollutant approach, which assigns all costs to the reduction of one pollutant and zero to all other pollutants simultaneously reduced, we would find the cost of control

r easonable if it is reasonable for reducing one pollutant alone. In the 2012 NSPS rulemaking , we already determined that the cost of this control for reducing VOC emissions alone is reasonable for pneumatic controllers at gas processing plants (76 FR 52760) . Having assigned all the cost to VOC, the cost of methane

68 Oil and Natural Gas Sector: Standards of Performance for Crude Oil and Natural Gas Production, Transmission, and Distribution

— Background Supplemental Technical Support Document for the F inal New Source Performance Standards, USEPA, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, April 2012.***E.O. 12866 Review

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reduction would be zero and therefore clearly reasonable. If we assign all the cost to methane instead, it is $738 per ton without considering cost savings and $506 per ton considering cost savin gs . These costs do not appear excessive, nor do we have reason to believe that they are beyond what the industry can bear. In light of the above, we find the cost of reducing methane emissions from the pneumatic controllers at gas processing plants to be reasonable under the single pollutant approach. The second approach is to evaluate the cost on a multipollutant basis, based on the percentage reduction expected of VOC and methane. We estimate that replacing high

- bleed pneumatic controller s with a non - natural gas driven pneumatic controller ( i.e. , instrument air

- powered) reduces methane emissions by 15 tpy and VOC emissions by 4.2 tpy at gas processing plants. Refer to the 2012 TSD for details of these calculations. Because the control achieves th e same reduction for both methane and VOC, under this approach, we apportion the cost equally, resulting in a cost of control of $ 369 per ton of methane reduced without considering gas savings. Considering gas savings, the cost of control is $ 253 per ton of methane. These***E.O. 12866 Review

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costs do not appear excessive, nor do we have reason to believe that they are beyond what the industry can bear. With respect to the VOC control cost under this approach,

a s mentioned above, i n the 2012 NSPS rulemaking, we alread y determined that the cost of this control for reducing VOC emissions alone is reasonable for pneumatic controllers at gas processing plants (76 FR 52760). The cost of VOC reduction under the multiple pollutant approach would be half of that cost and there fore clearly reasonable. In light of the above, we find the cost of reducing methane emissions from pneumatic controllers at gas processing plants to be reasonable as well under the multi

pollutant approach. As mentioned above, we did not identify any

nona ir quality or energy impacts associated with this control option, therefore no impacts were analyzed

. Based on the above considerations, w e propose that pneumatic controllers powered by an instrument air system are the BSER for reducing methane emission from pneumatic controllers at gas processing plants. This is the same BSER we identified for reducing VOC emissions from pneumatic controllers at gas processing plants in the 2012 final rule.***E.O. 12866 Review

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F or the reasons discussed above and in the TSD, we have determin ed that BSER for reducing methane emissions from pneumatic controllers in the processing segment to be instrument air

- activated controllers which represent an emission rate of zero for methane. Accordingly, we are proposing a methane standard for pneumatic controllers in the processing segment to be a natural gas bleed rate of zero. This is the same as the VOC standard for these pneumatic controllers in the 2012 NSPS. We have identified situations where high

- bleed controllers are necessary due to functiona l requirements, such as positive actuation or rapid actuation. An example would be controllers used on large emergency shutdown valves on pipelines entering or exiting compression stations. The current NSPS takes this into account by exempting pneumatic co ntrollers from meeting the applicable emission standards if compliance would pose a functional limitation due to their actuation response time or other operating characteristics. We propose to similarly exempt pneumatic controllers from meeting the propose d methane standard if compliance would pose a functional limitation due to their actuation response time or other operating characteristics

. E. Proposed Standards for Pneumatic Pumps***E.O. 12866 Review

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In the 2012 NSPS, we did not establish standards for pneumatic pumps. Pneumatic pumps are devices that use gas pressure to drive a fluid by raising or reducing the pressure of the fluid by means of a positive displacement, a piston or set of rotating impel lers. Gas powered pneumatic pumps are generally used at oil and natural gas production sites where electricity is not readily available and can be a significant source of methane and VOC emissions. 69 As discussed previously, in April 2014 , the EPA published a white paper titled “Oil and Natural Gas Sector Pneumatic Devices.” The paper summarized the EPA’s understanding of methane and VOC emissions from pneumatic pumps and also presented the EPA’s understanding of mitigation techniques (practices and equipmen t) available to reduce these emissions, including the efficacy and cost of the technologies and the prevalence of use in the industry. During our review of the public and peer review comments on the white paper and the Wyoming state rules, we identified different types of pneumatic pumps that are commonly used in the oil and natural gas sector. Wyoming is the only state of which

we are aw are that has air emission standards for pneumatic

69 GRI/EPA, 1996d

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pumps. Pneumatic chemical and methanol injection pumps are generally used to pump fairly small volumes of chemicals or methanol into well

- bores, surface equipment, and pipelines. Typically, these pumps incl ude plunger pumps with a diaphragm or large piston on the gas end and a smaller piston on the liquid end to enable a high discharge pressure with a varied but much lower pneumatic supply gas pressure. They are typically used semi

- continuously with some sea sonal variation. Pneumatic diaphragm pumps are another type used widely in the oil and natural gas sector to move larger volumes of liquids per unit of time at lower dis charge pressures than chemical and methanol injection pumps. The usage of these pumps i s episodic including transferring bulk liquids such as motor oil, pumping out sumps, and circulation of heat trace medium at well sites in cold climates during winter months.

E missions from pneumatic pumps occur when the gas used in the pump stroke is ex hausted to enable liquid filling of the liquid chamber side of the diaphragm. Emissions are a function of the amount of fluid pumped, the pressure of the pneumatic supply gas, the number of pressure ratios between the pneumatic***E.O. 12866 Review

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supply gas pressure and the fluid discharge pressure, and the mechanical inefficiency of the pump. Based on emission factors obtained from an EPA/GRI report 70 we estimate e missions from natural gas

- driven piston pumps ( i.e. , p neumatic chemical and methanol injection pumps ) and diap hragm pumps in both the production and processing segments
to be 2.48 scf natural gas per hour and 22.45 scf natural gas per hour respectively

. Based on these emission rates, and using the gas composition developed during the 2012 NSPS for the production a nd processing segment s ( i.e. , natural gas is 82.9 percent methane and VOC constitutes 0.27797 pounds of VOC per pound of methane), we estimate the baseline emissions from a natural gas - driven piston pump in either the production or processing segment to be 0.38 tpy of methane and 0.11 tpy of
VOC , and a gas - driven diaphragm pump to be 3.46 tpy of methane and 0.96 tpy of VOC. We estimate that e missions in the transmission and storage segment are 2.21 scf natural gas per hour for a pneumatic piston pump and 20.05 scf natural gas per hour for a diaphragm pump

.

70 EPA/GRI. Methane Emissions from the Natural Gas Industry, Volume 13: Chemical Injection Pumps. June 1996 (EPA

- 600/R

- 96

- 080m), Sections 5.1

– Diaphragm Pumps and 5.2

– Piston Pumps.***E.O. 12866 Review

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Based on these emissions rates, and using the gas composition developed during the 2012 NSPS for the transmission and storage segment ( i.e. , natural gas is 92.8 percent methane and VOC constitu tes 0.0277 pounds of VOC per pound of methane), we estimate the baseline emissions from a natural gas - driven piston pump to be 0.38 tpy of methane and 0.01 tpy of VOC , and a gas driven diaphragm pump to be 3.46 tpy of methane and 0.10 tpy of
VOC in the tra nsmission and storage segment . These emission estimates are explained in detail in the TSD for this action available in the docket. As discussed in the white paper, we identified several options for reducing methane and VOC emissions from natural gas

driv en pumps: replace natural gas

- driven pumps with instrument air pumps, replace natural gas

- driven pumps with solar

- powered direct current pumps (solar pumps), replace natural gas

- driven pumps with electric pumps, and route natural gas

- driven pump emissions to a control device. In some applications, chemical injection pumps can be retrofitted with instrument air to drive the pumps. 71 During our review of the Wyoming state rule covering pneumatic pumps, we identified an additional mitigation option

71 U.S. EPA, 2011b

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for reducing emission from piston and diaphragm natural gas

driven pumps, which involves routing the gas to a process 72 or routing the gas to a combustor (often done as part of the storage vessel control system). As with the BSER for wet seal centrifugal compressors di scussed earlier in this section, the emission reduction potential for this option is estimated at 95 percent based on the efficiencies of the capture system and the combustion device. No further control options were identified from our white paper process or information review. Instrument air systems and electric pumps require a reliable, constant supply of electrical power. Because of their remote locations, well site s, gathering and boosting stations and potentially transmission stations and storage facil ities may not necessarily have a constant, reliable electrical power supply . Therefore, we do not believe the use of instrument air systems and electric pumps are feasible at all facilities in the production and transmission and storage segments. However , we

72 Subpart OOOOa defines “route to a process” to mean that “the emissions are conveyed via a closed vent system to any enclosed portion of a process where the emissions are predominantly recycled and/or consumed in the same manner as a material that fulfills the same function in the process and/or transformed by chemical reaction into materials that are not regulated materials and/or incorporated into a product; and/or recove red.”***E.O. 12866 Review

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take comment on is the availability of a constant, reliable source of electrical power at facilities throughout the oil and natural gas source category. Natural gas processing plants are known to have a constant and reliable source of electrical powe r. Therefore, instrument air systems are technically feasible at natural gas processing plants. Because pumps powered by instrument air systems release no natural gas, the methane and VOC emissions are reduced by 100 percent under this control option.
For natural gas processing plants, the potential emission reduction for the instrument air option is 3.46 tpy of methane and 0.96 tpy of VOC for each diaphragm pump, and 0.38 tpy of methane and 0.11 tpy of VOC for each piston pump replaced.
W hile solar pumps c an be installed in certain situations, these pumps are not technically feasible in all situations for which piston pumps and diaphragm pumps are needed. Specifically,

w eather conditions in certain areas can limit the effectiveness of solar pumps and t he ca pacity of solar pumps is also limited, so they cannot be used in all situations where larger pumps are needed. Therefore , solar pumps are not universally feasible***E.O. 12866 Review

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control option for the production and transmission and storage segments . As a result, we fu rther analyzed the remaining potential control option for the production and transmission and storage segments, which is routing of natural gas

- driven pump emissions to a process ( e.g. , used as fuel for a combustion source) or control device. Assuming that emissions are routed through a closed vent system to a control device or process, w e believe these control option s achieve a 95 percent reduction in emissions of methane and VOC. Based on a 95 percent reduction, we estimate the reduction in emissions in the production segment to be 0.36 tpy methane and 0.10 tpy VOC per piston pump and 3.29 tpy of methane and 0.91 tpy of VOC per diaphragm pump. In the transmission and storage segment, we estimate the reduction in emissions to be 0.36 tpy of methane and 0.0 1 tpy VOC per piston pump and 3.29 tpy of methane and 0.09 tpy of VOC per diaphragm pump. For purposes of this action, we have identified in section VIII.A two approaches for evaluating whether the cost of a multipollutant control, such as routing emissio ns to a combustion device, is reasonable. As explained in that section,***E.O. 12866 Review

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we believe that both approaches are appropriate for assessing the reasonableness of the multipollutant controls considered in this action. Therefore, we find the cost of control to be reasonable as long as it is such under either of these two approaches. Under the single pollutant approach, we assign all costs to the reduction of one pollutant and zero to all other pollutants simultaneously reduced

. For this approach, we would find the cost of control reasonable if it is reasonable for reducing one pollutant alone . In the evaluation below, we assign all the costs to methane reduction alone and then to VOC reduction alone. For installing a new control device in the produ ction segment we estimate the cost of control for reducing methane emissions using a combustion device to be $60,602 per ton for piston pumps and $6,656 per ton for diaphragm pumps. The cost of control for reducing VOC emissions for the production segment is $218,017 per ton for piston pumps and $23,944 for diaphragm pumps. For both the transmission and storage segment we estimate the cost of control for reducing methane emissions using a new combustion device to be $60,602 per ton for piston pumps and $6,6 56 per ton for diaphragm pumps. The cost of control for***E.O. 12866 Review

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reducing VOC emissions for both the transmission and storage segment is $2,187,805 per ton for piston pumps and $240,279 for diaphragm pumps. We do not consider these cost to be reasonable. Under the multipollutant approach we attributed half the cost to the methane reduction and half to the VOC reduction. For the production segment, we estimate the cost of reducing methane emissions using a new combustion device for piston pumps to be $30,301 per ton and the cost of reducing VOC emissions to be $109,009 per ton . For diaphragm pumps, the cost of reducing methane emissions is $3,328 per ton and the cost of reducing VOC emissions is $11,972 per ton . For both the transmission and storage segment, we estim ate the cost of reducing methane emissions for piston pumps to be $30,301 per ton and the cost of reducing VOC emissions to be $1,093,903 per ton . For diaphragm pumps, the cost of reducing methane emissions is $3,328 per ton and the cost of reducing VOC em issions is $120,140 per ton . We also do not consider these cost to be reasonable. While the use of a new combustion device is not cost

effective , the costs appear reasonable when using an existing combustion control d e vice that is already on site. For rout ing the emissions in the production segment to an existing***E.O. 12866 Review

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combustion control device, under the single pollutant approach , if we assign all costs to reducing methane emissions and zero to VOC reduction, the cost is $789 per ton of methane reduced for pisto n pumps and $87 per ton of methane reduced for diaphragm
pumps. 73 If we assign all costs to VOC reduction and zero to methane reduction, t he cost of reducing VOC emissions using an existing combustion control device in the production segment is $2, 840 for p iston pumps and $312 for diaphragm pumps. For both the transmission and storage segment, if we assign all costs to methane reduction and zero to VOC reduction, the cost of reducing methane emissions is $ 789 per ton for piston pumps and $ 87 per ton for diaphragm pumps. 74 If we assign all costs to VOC reduction and zero to methane reduction, t he cost of reducing VOC emissions in the transmission and storage segment is $ 28,501 for piston pumps and $ 3,130 for diaphragm pumps. As shown above , under the s ingle pollutant approach ( i.e. , all costs are assigned to one pollutant and zero to the other), the cost s are

73 This is well below the amount we find reasonable for reducing fugitive methane emissions at well site (see Section VIII.G.1 below). 74 This is well below the amount we find reasonable for reducing fugitive methane emissions at well site (see Sect ion VIII.G.1 below).***E.O. 12866 Review

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reasonable regardless of which pollutant bears all the costs , except for the piston pump at the transmission and storage segment if all costs are assigned to VOC . In that case, while the cost is high if it is all assigned to VOC reduction, the
cost is reasonable when assigned to methane reduction

. W e also evaluated the cost of control for routing emissions to an existing control device under the multipollutant approach

. For the production segment, we estimate the cost of reducing methane emissions for piston pumps to be $395 per ton and the cost of reducing VOC emissions to be $1, 420 per ton. For diaphragm pumps, the cost of reducing methane emiss ions is $ 43 per ton and the cost of reducing VOC emissions is $156 per ton . For both the transmission and storage segment, we estimate the cost of reducing methane emissions for piston pumps to be $395 per ton and the cost of reducing VOC emissions to be $14,250 per
ton . For diaphragm pumps, the cost of reducing methane emissions is $ 43 per ton and the cost of reducing VOC emissions is $1,565
per ton. With respect to piston pumps at transmission and storage seg ments, we note that the control is cost

- effective under the single pollutant approach.***E.O. 12866 Review

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We further evaluated the cost of control for routing the emissions to a process by installing a new VRU or utilizing an existing VRU and found these costs to be si milar to the costs presented above for new and existing combustion devices, respectively . We determined that the cost of control for routing to a process is similar to the costs presented above for an existing combustion device (see the TSD for this action for details of this analysis). The option of routing emissions to a control device would result in secondary impacts from combustion. However, we did not identify any nonair quality or energy impacts associated with this option. For natural gas processin g plants, we evaluated instrument air systems based on a 100 percent emissions reduction potential resulting in a n atural gas emission rate of zero s tandard cubic feet per hour . We estimated the potential reduction in emissions to be 0.38 tpy of methane and 0.11 tpy of VOC s per piston pump and 3.46 tpy of methane and 0.96 tpy of VOC per diaphragm pump. Because instrument air systems are known to be used at natural gas processing plants, we evaluated this option based on the incremental additi onal cost of routing the natural gas

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driven pumps to an existing instrument air system , assuming all natural gas processing plants currently use instrument air systems . We determined that the incremental cost would be the cost of aligning the capacity of t he existing instrument air system to that needed after the addition of the pumps. We determined that the facility would likely either replace an existing compressor or add a compressor to address any needed additional capacity. Because we do not have data on the number and distribution of types of natural gas

- driven pumps at a typical natural gas processing plant, we developed several model plant scenarios. We varied the size of the plant ( i.e. , the total number of natural gas

- driven pumps) from small, cons isting of 4 natural gas

- driven pumps per plant to large, consisting of 100 natural gas

- driven pumps per plant. We also, within the size of the plant, varied the distribution of the type of pumps using three distribution scenarios ( i.e. , 50 percent diaphrag m and 50 percent piston, 25 percent diaphragm and 75 percent piston, and 75 percent diaphragm and 25 percent piston). For each model plant, we evaluated the cost of an appropriately sized compressor based on the required additional capacity needed by***E.O. 12866 Review

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numbe r and types of pumps. Details of this analysis are included in the TSD for this action. Under the single pollutant approach , which assigns all costs to the reduction of one pollutant and zero to all other pollutants, the cost of control for the model plan ts range s from $374 to $2,185 per ton of methane reduced when assigning all
costs to alone to methane reduction, and ranges from $1,344 to $7,861 per ton of VOC reduced when assigning all the costs alone to VOC reduction. Under the multipollutant approach, we assigned half the cost of control to the methane reduction and half the cost to the VOC reduction. The cost of control under the second approach for the model plants ranges from $187 to $1,093 per ton of methane reduced and $672 and $3,930 per ton of V OC reduced

. We find the control to be cost

- effective under either approach

. We also identified in section VIII.A two additional approaches, based on new capital expenditures and annual revenues, for evaluating whether the costs are reasonable. For the capital expenditure analysis, we used the capital expenditures for 2012 for NAIC S 2111, 213111 and 213112 as reported in the U.S. Census data, which we believe are***E.O. 12866 Review

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representative of the production segment. The total capital cost for complying with the proposed standards for pneumatic pumps is 0.02 percent of the total capital expendit ures, which is well below the percentage capital increase that courts have previously upheld as reasonable as discussed in Section VIII.
A.. For the total revenue analysis, we used the revenues for 2012 for NAICS 211111, 211112 and 213112 , which we believe are representative of the production segment. The total annualized costs for complying with the proposed standards is 0.001 percent of the total revenues, which is also very low

. For all types of affected facilities in the production segment, t he total ca pital costs for complying with the proposed standards is 0.16 percent of the capital expenditures , and t he total annualized costs for complying with the proposed standards is 0.13 percent of the total revenues , which is also very low

. In light of the above , we find that the BSER for reducing methane and VOC emissions from natural gas

- driven piston and diaphragm pumps in the production and transmission and storage segments to be the same, which is to route the emissions to an existing control device or route the emissions to a process. As***E.O. 12866 Review

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discussed above, this option results in a 95 percent reduction of emissions for both methane and VOC. We find that the BSER for reducing methane and VOC emissions from natural gas

- driven piston and diaphragm pumps at
gas pro cessing plants is to use an instrument air system in place of natural gas to drive the pumps. This option results in a 100 percent reduction of emissions for both methane and VOC. We are, therefore, proposing to require 95 percent methane and VOC control from all natural gas

- driven pneumatic pumps in the production and transmission and storage segments. For gas processing plants, we are proposing to require 100 percent methane and V OC control from all pneumatic pumps. As discussed above in this section, solar

- powered, electrically

- powered and air

- driven pumps cannot be employed in all applications. However, we encourage operators to use other than natural gas

- driven pneumatic pumps where their use is technically feasible. To incentivize the use of such alternatives, we propose that “pneumatic pump affected facility” be defined in §60.5365(h) to include only natural gas

- driven
pumps. As a result, pumps which are driven by means other than***E.O. 12866 Review

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natural gas would not be affected facilities subject to the pneumatic pump provisions of the proposed NSPS. Public and peer review comments on the white paper noted that, i n addition to piston inje ction pumps and diaphragm pumps, gas assist glycol dehydrator pumps are used to pump lean glycol through glycol dehydrator systems. The glycol dehydrator pumps tend to be more complex because they “scavenge” energy from the high pressure (rich) glycol flow ing from the contactor to the regenerator to provide the bulk of the energy needed to pump the lean glycol into the contactor. These types of pumps are used continuously when the glycol dehydrator is in use. Emissions from gas assist pumps are a function o f the lean glycol circulation rate, the pressure of the contactor, and the model of the pump. Commenters of the white paper indicate that the emissions profile of all three types of pumps are very different. Commenters note that data for the EPA/GRI report for gas assisted glycol pumps is calculated based on two assumptions of process conditions, water removal, and information from the pump manufacturer which result in significant limitations for the calculated emission factor derived in the report. Further more, commenters discuss the NEI have activity factors***E.O. 12866 Review

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and emissions separated from the glycol process emissions for gas assist lean glycol pumps, however commenters believe that it is not clear whether the estimate is valid. 75 Our understanding is that emi ssions from glycol dehydrator pumps are not separately quantified because these emission s are released from the same stack as the rest of the emissions from the dehydrator system , which are regulated under the NESHAP at 40 C.F.R. part 63 HH and HHH

. It is also our understanding from commenters that replacing the natural gas in gas

- assisted lean glycol pumps with instrument air is not feasible and would create significant safety concerns. Commenters state that the only option for these types of pumps a re to replace them with electric motor driven
pumps however, solar and battery systems large enough to power these types of pumps are not feasible. The EPA is requesting
comment and additional information on the level of uncontrolled emissions from these p umps , how the se pumps are vented through the dehydrator system , and the amount and characteristics of VOC and methane emissions from uncontrolled glycol dehydrators. F. Proposed Standards for Well Completions

75 June 13, 2014, API comments on EPA’s white paper on oil and natural gas sector pneumatic devices.***E.O. 12866 Review

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For the 2012 NSPS and this action, we have ide ntified two subcategories of hydraulically fractured wells: (1) Non

exploratory and non

- delineation wells, also known as development wells; and (2) exploratory (also known as wildcat wells) and delineation wells. An exploratory well is the first well drill ed to determine the presence of a producing reservoir and the well’s commercial viability. A delineation well is a well drilled to determine the boundary of a field or producing reservoir. In the 2012 NSPS analysis, we determined that the emissions profile for subcategory 2 wells is the same as subcategory 1 wells as described above. In our review of white paper comment s and other information for this action, we found no information that would indicate this conclusion is not still valid. 1. Proposed Standards for Hydraulically Fractured Non

Wildcat and Non

- Delineation Wells (Subcategory 1 Wells) In the 2012 NSPS, we established VOC standards for subcategory 1 hydraulically fractured gas well completions and recompletions in the oil and natural gas sou rce category. In this action, we are proposing VOC standards for subcategory 1 oil well completions and recompletions and methane standards for***E.O. 12866 Review

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all subcategory 1 well completions and recompletions in the oil and natural gas source category. Based on the an alysis below, the proposed VOC and methane standards are the same as the gas well completion standards currently in the NSPS. As explained in the 2012 NSPS, well completions with hydraulic fracturing are a significant source of VOC and methane emission s, which occur when natural gas and non

- methane hydrocarbons are vented to the atmosphere during flowback of a hydraulically fractured well. Flowback emissions are short

- term in nature and occur over a period of several days following fracturing or refract uring of a well. Well completions include multiple steps after the well bore hole has reached the target depth. These steps include inserting and cementing

- in well casing, perforating the casing at one or more producing horizons, and often hydraulically fr acturing one or more zones in the reservoir to stimulate production. Hydraulic fracturing is one technique for improving oil or gas production where the reservoir rock is fractured with very high pressure fluid, typically water emulsion with a proppant (ge nerally sand) that “props open” the fractures after fluid pressure is reduced. Emissions are a result of the flowback of the fracture fluids***E.O. 12866 Review

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and reservoir gas at high volume and velocity necessary to lift excess proppant and fluids to the surface. This mul ti

- phase mixture is often directed to a surface impoundment or to vented tanks (“frac tanks”), where methane and VOC vapors escape to the atmosphere during the collection of water, sand and hydrocarbon liquids. For oil wells, as the fracture fluids are dep leted, the flowback eventually contains more volume of crude oil from the formation. Wells that are fractured generally have greater amounts of VOC and methane emissions than conventional wells because of the extended length of the flowback period require d to purge the well of the fluids and sand that are associated with the fracturing operation. Along with the fluids and sand from the fracturing operation, the flowback period may also result in emissions of methane and VOC that would not occur in large

qu antities at wells that are not fractured. There are a variety of factors that will determine the length of the flowback period and actual volume of emissions from a well completion such as the number of zones, depth, pressure of the reservoir, gas compos ition, etc. This***E.O. 12866 Review

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variability means there will be variability in the emissions from well completions. For the 2012 NSPS, we estimated that the emissions from a n uncontrolled gas well completion w ere 155.5 ton of methane and 22.7 tons of VOC per completion e vent. We also evaluated oil well completions emissions for the 2012 NSPS; however, based on that evaluation, we found oil well completion emissions to be very low and, therefore, no standard was set for oil well completions. For this action, we reviewed n ew emissions studies and information for oil well completions, as described in the 2014 white paper titled “Oil and Natural Gas Sector Hydraulically Fractured Oil Well Completions and Associated Gas during Ongoing Production.” 76 While there was a wide varia tion in the results of these studies and analyses, even in the lowest estimates the potential methane and VOC emissions from hydraulically fractured oil well completions were significant. This conclusion is consistent with the Federal Implementation Plan ( FIP) for the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation (FBIR) (78 FR 17836), in which

76 Available at http://www.epa.gov/airquality/oilandgas/2014papers/20140415compl etions.pdf

.***E.O. 12866 Review

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the EPA found that the emissions from oil well completions are significant. One difference identified in our review of comments from the 2014 white paper process was that the aver age duration of an oil well completion is on the lower end of the duration identified in our 2012 analysis, or 3 days. Therefore, for this action, based on our review of these estimates and the methodologies used and in consideration of these comments, we estimate the potential emissions from hydraulically fractured oil well completions to be 9.72 tons methane and 8.14 tons VOC per 3

- day completion event. These estimates are explained in detail in the 2012 TSD and the TSD for this action which are both avai lable in the docket. For the 2012 NSPS, we evaluated three options for reducing methane and VOC emissions from hydraulically fractured well completions: RECs, combustion ( e.g. , flaring) , and the combination of REC with combustion. For this action, we revi ewed public and peer comments on the white paper as well as state***E.O. 12866 Review

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( i.e. , Colorado 77 and Wyoming 78 ) and other federal regulations ( i.e. , FBIR FIP). We found that the available control techniques for reducing methane and VOC emissions from well completion are the same, and they were the same as the control options we previously identified for controlling VOC emissions: use of a REC, combustion, and the combination of REC with combustion. We did not find any other available control options from our white
paper p rocess or information review. RECs are performed by separating the flowback water, sand, hydrocarbon condensate and natural gas to reduce the portion of natural gas and VOC vented to the atmosphere, while maximizing recovery of salable natural gas and cond ensate and routing the salable gas to a sales line and routing the recovered condensate to a completion or storage vessel for collection. Equipment required to conduct RECs may include tankage ( e.g. , “frac tanks”), special gas

- liquid

- sand separator traps and gas dehydration.

77 Colorado Oil and Gas Conservation Comm ission (COGCC) 805 Series Rules (805.b.(3)A) at: http://cogcc.state.co.us/ and the Colorado Code of Regulations at: http://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/Welcome.do

. 78 WY BACT permitting guidance available at http://deq.state.wy.us/aqd/Oil%20and%20Gas/September %202013%20FI NAL_Oil%20and%20Gas%20Revision_UGRB.pdf.***E.O. 12866 Review

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Control by combustion is achieved through the use of a completion combustion device. Based on our review, we believe that traditional combustion control devices, ( i.e. , flares o r enclosed combustion control devices), are infeasible for use on completion emissions because the flowback following hydraulic fracturing consists of liquids, gases and sand in a high

- volume, multiphase slug flow. We evaluated RECs, completion combustion devices and the combination of RECs with completion combustion devices in order to determine the BSER for subcategory 1 wells. See the 2012 TSD and the TSD for this action, available in the docket, for further details on this evaluation. Our evaluation in dicates that REC alone provides for a 90 percent control of emissions where gas emitted from the well is of suitable quality to be routed to a gathering line. However, in some cases, the initial gas produced from the well does not meet quality specificatio ns for entering gathering lines, and as a result, the gas must be either vented or combusted. Due to the potential for gas to be emitted, even during the use of a REC, we determined that the use of a REC alone, would not be the BSER for control of emission s from well completions. Our evaluation of REC combined***E.O. 12866 Review

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with a completion combustion device indicated that this option resulted in a 95 percent control of both methane and VOC emissions. We believe this option maximizes gas recovery and minimizes venting t o the atmosphere. Under the last option, combustion, we determined that a completion combustion device would achieve a 95 percent reduction in both methane and VOC emissions. However, we determined that combustion alone would not represent the BSER for we ll completions because, although the emissions reduction would be equal to the REC and completion combustion device combination ( i.e. , 95 percent control), the opportunity to realize gas recovery would be minimized and the generation of secondary combustio n - related emissions would be increased. Based on the 95 percent emission reduction of a REC combined with a combustion device, in the 2012 NSPS, the emission reductions for a hydraulically fractured gas well completion event were estimated to be 147.4 ton s of methane per completion. 79 In this analysis, w e estimate the emission reductions for a hydraulically fractured oil well completion

79 Emissions of VOC from hydraulically fractured subcategory 1 gas wells are subject to the current NSPS and are not included in this action.***E.O. 12866 Review

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event to be 9.23 tons of methane and 7.73 tons of VOC per completion based on a 3

- day completion event. Equipment costs as sociated with RECs will vary from well to well. C osts of performing REC are projected to be between $700 and $6,500 per day , varying based on if key pieces of equipment are readily available on site or temporarily brought on site

. Based on the 2012 NSPS ev aluation, the average cost of a REC combined with completion combustion device for a 7

- day completion event was $33,327. Under our evaluation in this action, we estimate the cost for a REC combined with a completion combustion device for a 3

- day completion event to be $17,183. However, in both cases , there are savings associated with the use of RECs because the gas recovered can be incorporated into the production stream and sold. With the consideration of gas savings, the cost of a REC combined with a
comp letion combustion device for a 7

- day completions event for a gas well was estimated to have a net savings. With the consideration of gas savings, the cost of a REC combined with a completion combustion device for a 3

- day completions event for an oil well w as estimated to be $ 13,586
.***E.O. 12866 Review

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We determined that the completion combustion device option for well completions also reduces both methane and VOC emissions by 95 percent. Therefore, the emissions reductions would be the same as those cited above for the REC co mbined with a completion combustion device. The annual cost for a completion combustion device alone was estimated be $3,523 for the 2012 NSPS for gas wells and $3,723 under this action for oil wells. For purposes of this action, we have identified in sect ion VIII.A two approaches ( single pollutant approach and multipollutant approach ) for evaluating whether the cost of a multipollutant control is reasonable. As explained in that section, we believe that both approaches are appropriate for assessing the reasonableness of the multipollutant controls considered in this action. Therefore, we find the cost of control to be reasonable as long as it is such under either of these two approaches. Under the single pollutant approach, we assign all costs to the reduction of one pollutant and zero to all other pollutants simultaneously reduced. For this approach, we would find the cost of control reasonable if it is reasonable for reducing one pollutant alone. As shown in the evaluation below, which assigns***E.O. 12866 Review

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all the costs to methane reduction alone, and b ased on an average cost of $33,327 per complet ion event for a gas well 80 , a REC combined with a completion combustion device, would cost $226 per ton of methane reduced per gas well completion without cost savings

. 81 As noted above, this option maximizes gas recovery and minimizes venting to the atmosph ere. Thus, w hen the value of the natural gas recovered (approximately 1,609 Mcf of natural gas) is considered, there is a net savings realized for this option for a subcategory 1 gas well completion or recompletion. We find these costs to be reasonable for the amount of methane reduction it can achieve. Also, because all the costs have been attributed to methane reduction, the cost of the simultaneous VOC reduction is zero and therefore reasonable. Based on the $17,183 annual cost of a REC combined with a

c ompletion combustion device for a 3

- day completion event for an oil well completion, with the cost attributed only to methane and zero cost attributed to VOC, the cost of control would be

80 A s was determined for the 2012 NSPS

. 81 In 2012 we already f ound that the cost of this control to be reasonable for reducing VOC emissions from subcategory 1 gas well completions and recompletions

. We are not reopening that decision in this action. Therefore, this cost finding is relevant only to methane reduction from subcategory 1 hydraulically fractured gas well completions.***E.O. 12866 Review

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$ 1,861 per ton of methane reduced per oil well completion without co nsidering cost savings attributable to recovery of natural gas. As noted above, this option maximizes gas recovery and minimizes venting to the atmosphere. Thus, w hen the value of the natural gas recovered (approximately 999 Mcf of natural gas) is consider ed, the cost of control would be $ 1, 471 per ton of methane reduced. Under this approach, the cost of control with all cost attributed to VOC would be $ 2,222 per ton of VOC reduced without considering natural gas savings and $ 1, 757 with savings realized from natural gas recovery. Although t he c ost of control for a 3

- day completion event at an oil well is higher than the cost at a gas well , we believe that the emissions reducti on s collectively are significant to justify the cost.
Fur thermore, we believ e that the industry can bear the cost and survive

. Under the multipollutant approach , we assign 50 percent of the cost to methane and 50 percent to VOC. The cost of a REC with completion combustion for a gas well under this approach would be $ 930 per ton of methane and $ 1,111 per ton of VOC reduced without considering natural gas savings. With consideration of natural gas savings, the cost of control is***E.O. 12866 Review

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$ 736 per ton of methane and $ 879 per ton of VOC reduced. Base d on this formulation, the costs for pollutant reduction are half of the estimated costs under the single pollutant approach above and therefore we believe these costs are not excessive for the same reasons discussed above. Under the single pollutant appr oach , b ased on the $3,723 annual cost of a completion combustion device alone, with the cost attributed only to methane and zero attributed to VOC, the cost of control would be $ 403 per ton of methane reduced per oil well completion. Under this approach, the cost of control with cost attributed to VOC would be $ 481 per ton of VOC reduced. Under the multipollutant approach , we assign 50 percent of the cost to methane and 50 percent to VOC. The cost of control under this approach would be $ 202 per ton of met hane and $ 241 per ton of VOC reduced. We think that these costs are reasonable. See the TSD, available in the docket for this action, for a detailed description of the cost of control analysis. We believe that the cost for both options, a REC combined

w ith combustion and combustion alone, are reasonable, given the emission reduction that would be achieved. However, given that the reductions in emissions are equal between the two control***E.O. 12866 Review

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options, the REC combined with combustion option provides a better e nvironmental benefit with the recovery of natural gas and reduced secondary combustion

- related emissions. Aside from the potential hazards (in some cases) associated with combustion devices, we did not identify any nonair environmental impacts, health or e nergy impacts associated with REC combined with combustion , therefore these impacts were not analyzed

. The use of a completion combustion device with this option would produce secondary impacts in the form of combustion

related emissions. We estimate that , for subcategory 1 oil well s completed using a combination of REC and co m bustion for the year 2020, the combustion control

- related emissions would be approximately 26 tons of total hydrocarbons, 69 tons of carbon monoxide, 2 4,846 tons of carbon dioxide, a nd 13 tons of nitrogen oxides

. 82 This is based on the assumption that 5 percent of the flowback gas is combusted for subcategory 1 oil wells (controlled with a REC combined with a completion combustion device).

82 Because the current NSPS requires control of gas well completions using this option, we do not include the secondary emissions for control of methane from gas well completions.***E.O. 12866 Review

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We estimate that this option of control for s ubcategory 1 oil well completions, for the projected year 2020, will result in estimated emission reductions of 127,478 tons of methane and 106,750 tons of VOC. Thus, we believe that the benefit of the methane and VOC reductions far outweigh the secondary impact s of combustion emissions formation during use of the completion combustion operation. Further, should only combustion be considered for all oil well completions, including the subcategory 1 wells, the secondary impacts would be far greater than those shown above. Secondary impacts of combustion alone are presented in the discussion of subcategory 2 wells below in this section. We also identif ied in section VIII.A two additional approaches, based on new capital expenditures and annual revenues, for evaluating whether the costs are reasonable. For the capital expenditure analysis, we used the capital expenditures for 2012 for NAICS 2111, 213111 and 213112 as reported in the U.S. Census data, which we believe are representative of the production segment. The total capital costs for complying with the proposed standards for subcategory 1 wells is 0081 0
. 081 percent of the total capital expenditures,***E.O. 12866 Review

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which is well below the percentage capital increase that courts have previously upheld as reasonable as discussed in Section
VIII.A.. For the total revenue analysis, we used the revenues for 2012 for NAICS 211111, 211112 and 213112, which we believe

are r epresentative of the production segment. The total annualized costs for complying with the proposed standards is 0.033 percent of the total revenues, which is also very low

. For all types of affected facilities in the production segment, t he total capital costs for complying with the proposed standards is 0.16 percent of the total capital expenditures , and
t he total annualized costs for complying with the proposed standards is 0.13 percent of the total revenues , which is also very low

. For the reasons stated above, we determine the BSER for subcategory 1 (developmental wells) is the combination of REC and the use of a completion combustion device. We considered setting a numerical performance standard; however, we determined that it is n ot feasible to prescribe or enforce a numerical performance standard in this case because the gas can be discharged at multiple locations along with water and sand in a multiphase slug flow during the flowback process and , therefore,***E.O. 12866 Review

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may not always be emit ted at the same specific location in the process or through one conveyance designed and constructed to emit or capture such pollutant. Therefore, pursuant to section 111(h)(2) of the CAA, we are proposing an operational standard for subcategory 1 wells tha t would require a combination of gas capture and recovery and completion combustion devices to minimize venting of gas and condensate vapors to the atmosphere, with provisions for venting in lieu of combustion for situations in which combustion would prese nt safety hazards or for periods when the flowback gas is noncombustible. For the purposes of these standards we have separated the flowback period into two stages, the “initial flowback stage” and the “separation flowback stage.” The initial flowback sta ge begins with the first flowback from the well following hydraulic fracturing or refracturing and is characterized by high volumetric flow water, containing sand, fracturing fluids and debris from the formation with very little gas being brought to the su rface, usually in multiphase slug flow. Due to the high volume of the flowback and the small amounts of gas in the initial flowback, operation of a separator may be initially technically infeasible, and there may not be sufficient gas for***E.O. 12866 Review

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combustion. Durin g these conditions, the emissions cannot be controlled from the flowback. During this stage, liquids are collected and routed to completion vessels. For the reasons explained above, during the initial flowback stage, we propose that the flowback be routed to a storage vessel or to a well completion vessel that can be a frac tank, a lined pit or any other vessel. The purpose of this requirement is to avoid having operators route the flowback to an unlined pit or onto the ground. During the initial flowback stage, there is no requirement for controlling emissions from the vessel, and any gas in the flowback during this stage may be vented. However, the operator must route the flowback to a separator unless it is technically infeasible for a separator to funct ion. Conditions that could prevent proper operation of the separator include insufficient gas concentration, low pressure gas, and multiphase slug flow containing solids that could clog the separator. We stress that operators have the responsibility to dir ect the flowback to a separator as soon as conditions allow a separator to function and in accordance with the General Provision requirements to operate the affected facility in a***E.O. 12866 Review

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manner consistent with good air pollution control practices for minimizing e missions. The second stage is defined as the “separation flowback stage.” The point at which the separator can function marks the beginning of the separation flowback stage. This stage is characterized by the separator operating with a gaseous phase and on e or more liquid phases in the separator. The end of the separation flowback stage marks the end of the flowback period and is defined as the point at which the well is shut in and the flowback equipment is permanently disconnected from the well, or the st artup of production. The end of the separation flowback stage ( i.e. , the end of flowback) is characterized by certain indicators. Permanent disconnection of the temporary equipment used during flowback can be an indicator of flowback having ended. For exam ple, during flowback, skid

- mounted choke manifolds are used to limit flowback and assist in directing the flow. Temporary lines laid on the ground from the wellhead to the choke manifold and to the flowback separators and frac tanks are connected with “hammer unions” which are pipe unions that are designed for ease of making temporary connections and are characterized by “ears” that allow the joint to be made up***E.O. 12866 Review

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quickly by striking with a hammer. After flowback has subsided and the well has cleaned up suffi ciently, the well is temporarily shut in to disconnect the temporary flowback equipment. We believe that when the operator permanently disconnects choke manifolds, temporary separators, sand traps and other equipment connected with temporary lines and hamm er unions, it is a reliable indicator that flowback has ended and the well is ready for production. At that point, we believe that operators will remove these temporary equipment used during flowback to avoid incurring unnecessary charges for additional da ys the equipment remains onsite. The well could start production immediately or it could remain shut in until permanent equipment is installed. During the separation flowback stage, the operator must route all salable quality natural gas from the separato r to a gas flow line or collection system, re

- inject the gas into the well or another well, use the gas as an on

- site fuel source or use the gas for another useful purpose that a purchased fuel or raw material would serve. If, during the separation flowbac k stage, it is technically infeasible to route the recovered gas to a flow line or collection system, re

- inject the gas or use***E.O. 12866 Review

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the gas as fuel or for other useful purpose, the recovered gas must be combusted. No direct venting of recovered gas is allowed d uring the separation flowback stage except when combustion creates a fire or safety hazard or can damage tundra, permafrost or waterways. With regard to infeasibility of collecting the salable quality gas, we believe that owners and operators plan their op erations to extract a target product and evaluate whether the appropriate infrastructure access is available to ensure their product has a viable path to market before completing a well. However, there may be cases in which, for reason(s) not within an ope rator’s control, the well is completed and flowback occurs without a suitable flow line available. We are aware that this situation may be more common for wells that are primarily drilled to produce oil. In those instances, §60.5375(a)(3) requires the comb ustion of the gas unless combustion poses an unsafe condition as described above. During the separation flowback stage, all liquids from the separator must be directed to a storage vessel or to a well completion vessel, routed to a collection system or be re injected into the well or another well.***E.O. 12866 Review

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The proposed operational standard would be accompanied by requirements for documentation of the overall duration of the completion event, duration of recovery using REC, duration of combustion, duration of venting , and specific reasons for venting in lieu of combustion. 2. Proposed Standards for Hydraulically Fractured Exploratory and Delineation Wells (Subcategory 2 Wells) In the 2012 NSPS, we established VOC standards for subcategory 2 hydraulically fractured exp loratory and delineation gas well completions. In this action, we are proposing VOC standards for the hydraulically fractured exploratory and delineation oil well completions and we are also proposing methane standards for all hydraulically fractured explo ratory and delineation well completions in the oil and natural gas source category. Based on the analysis below, the proposed VOC and methane standards described above are the same as the current standards for hydraulically fractured exploratory and deline ation gas well completion standards currently in the
NSPS. As noted above, for the 2012 NSPS analysis, we determined that the emissions profile for subcategory 2 wells is the same***E.O. 12866 Review

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as subcategory 1 wells as described above. In our review of white paper comm ent and other information for this action, we found no information that would indicated this conclusion is not still valid. Specifically, we determined the emissions from a hydraulically fractured oil well were 9.72 tons of methane and 8.14 tons of VOC per 3

- day completion event. 83 In our analysis for the 2012 NSPS, we determined that a REC is not an option for subcategory 2 wells because there is no infrastructure in place to get the recovered gas to market or further processing. Typically, these types of w ells generally are not in proximity to existing gathering lines at the time the well is completed. Therefore, for these wells, the only potential control option identified (both under the 2012 NSPS and under this action) is combustion of gases using a comp letion combustion device, as described above. Also as explained above, because of the high

- volume, multiphase slug flow nature of the flowback gas, water and sand, control by a traditional flare or other control devices, such as vapor recovery units, is in feasible, since these devices would be overcome by the erratic

83 Emissions of VOC from hydraulically fractured subcategory 2 gas wells are subject to the current NSPS and are not included in this action.***E.O. 12866 Review

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high

- volume flow of liquids, which leaves combustion as the only available control system for s ubcategory 2 wells. As also discussed above, combustion can present a fire hazard or other undesir able impacts in some situations. In our review of white paper comment and other information for this action, we found no information that would indicate this conclusion is not still valid. Based on the 95 percent emission reduction of a completion combust ion device, the emission reductions for a subcategory 2 hydraulically fractured gas well completion or recompletion are estimated to be 147.4 tons of methane per completion event. 84 The emission reductions for a subcategory 2 hydraulically fractured oil well completion or recompletion event are estimated to be around 9.23 tons of methane and 7.73 tons of VOC per 3

- day completion. As noted above, for purposes of this action, we have identified in section VIII.A two approaches (single pollutant and multipollutant approaches) for evaluating whether the cost of a multipollutant control is reasonable. As explained in that

84 Emissions of VOC from hydraulically fractured subcategory 2 gas wells are subject to the current NSPS and are not included in this action.***E.O. 12866 Review

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section, we believe that both approaches are appropriate for

assess ing the reasonableness of the multipollutant controls considered in this action. Therefore, we find the cost of control to be reasonable as long as it is such under either of these two approaches. Under the single pollutant approach, we assign all costs to the reduction of one pollutant and zero to all other pollutants simultaneously reduced. For this approach, we would find the cost of control reasonable if it is reasonable for reducing one pollutant alone. As shown in the evaluation below, which assigns

a ll the costs to methane reduction alone, b ased on an average annual cost of $3,723 per completion, the cost of control for a completion combustion device is estimated to be $ 2 4 per ton of methane for subcategory 2 gas well completion event. We find these c osts to be reasonable for the amount of methane reduction it can achieve. Also, because all the costs have been attributed to methane reduction, the cost of the simultaneous VOC reduction is zero and therefore reasonable. 85 We estimate the cost of

85 In 2012 we already found that the cost of this control to be reasonable for reducing VOC emissions from hydraulically fractured subcategory 2 gas well completions. We are not reopening that decision in this action. Therefore, this cost***E.O. 12866 Review

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control f or subcategory 2 oil wells to be $ 403 per ton of methane and $ 481 per ton of VOC per oil well completion. We consider these costs to be reasonable considering the level of emissions reductions. We also evaluated the cost of this control under the multipoll utant approach. Under this approach, the costs would be allocated based on the estimated percentage reduction expected for each pollutant. Because completion combustion devices reduces both methane and VOC by 95 percent, we attributed 50 percent of the costs to methane reduction and 50 percent of the cost to VOC reductio n. The costs for methane reduction would be half of the estimated costs under the first approach above, for both gas and oil wells, which we have found to be reasonable. See the TSD , available in the docket for this action, for a detailed description of th e cost of control analysis. Aside from the potential hazards associated with use of a completion combustion device in some cases, we did not identify any nonair environmental impacts, health or energy impacts associated with completion combustion devices , therefore no

find ing is relevant only to methane from hydraulically fractured subcategory 2 gas well completions.***E.O. 12866 Review

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analysis was completed . However, completion combustion devices would produce combustion

- related air pollutants. For 870 subcategory 2 oil well completions 86 for the projected year 2020, we estimated that 6 6 tons of total hydrocarbons, 1 7 5 tons of carbon monoxide, 62,628 tons of carbon dioxide, 3 2 tons of nitrogen oxides and 1 ton of particulate matter would be produced as secondary emissions. This is based on the assumption that 95 percent of flowback gas is combusted by the combustion device. This control option is estimated to reduce emissions for the projected year 2020 by 135,51 6 tons of methane and 113,481 tons of VOC. Thus, we believe that the benefit of the methane and VOC reduction far outweighs the secondary impact of combustion

- related pollutants as a result of completion combustion control. We also identified in section VIII.A two additional approaches, based on new capital expenditures and annual revenues, for evaluating whether the costs are reasonable. For the capital expenditure analysis, we used the capital

86 Because subcategory 2 hydraulically fractured gas well completions are subject to the current NSPS, we do not consider secondary impacts for the destruction of methane under this action.***E.O. 12866 Review

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expenditures for 2012 for NAIC S 2111, 213111 and 213112 as reported in the U.S. Census data, which we believe are representative of the production segment. The total capital cost for complying with the proposed standards for subcategory 2 wells is 0.002 percent of the capital expenditures, which is well below the percentage capital increase that courts have previously upheld as reasonable as discussed in Section VIII.A.. For the total revenue analysis, we used the revenues for 2012 for NAICS 211111, 2111 12 and 213112, which we believe are representative of the production segment. The total annualized cost for complying with the proposed standards is 0.001 percent of the total revenues, which is also very low

. For all types of affected facilities in the pr oduction segment, t he total capital costs for complying with the proposed standards is 0.16 percent of the total capital expenditures , and
t he total annualized costs for complying with the proposed standards is 0.13 percent of the total revenues , which is also very low

. In light of the above, we propose to determine that the BSER for subcategory 2 wells would be use of a completion combustion device. As we explained above, the gas is discharged***E.O. 12866 Review

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at multiple locations during flowback and is mixed with water

a nd sand in multiphase slug flow and therefore we determined that it is not feasible to set a numerical performance standard. Pursuant to CAA section 111(h)(2), we are proposing an operational standard for subcategory 2 well completions that would require m inimization of venting of gas and hydrocarbon vapors during the completion operation through the use of a completion combustion device, with provisions for venting in lieu of combustion for situations in which combustion would present safety hazards or for periods when the flowback gas is noncombustible. The owners and operators of these wells also have a general duty to safely maximize resource recovery and minimize releases to the atmosphere during flowback and subsequent recovery. As with subcategory 1 w ells, for the purposes of these standards we have separated the flowback period into two stages, the “initial flowback stage” and the “separation flowback stage.” During the initial flowback stage, the requirements for the s ubcategory 2 wells would be the same as the s ubcategory 1 wells. The flowback must be routed to a storage vessel or to a well completion vessel that can be a frac tank, a lined pit or***E.O. 12866 Review

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any other vessel. During the initial flowback stage, there is no requirement for controlling emissions f rom the vessel, and any gas in the flowback during this stage may be vented. During the separation flowback stage, the operator must route all salable quality gas from the separator to a gas flow line or collection system, combust the gas, re

- inject the g as into the well or another well, use the gas as an on

- site fuel source or use the gas for another useful purpose that a purchased fuel or raw material would serve. No direct venting of recovered gas is allowed during the separation flowback stage except w hen combustion creates a fire or safety hazard or can damage tundra, permafrost or waterways. During the separation flowback stage, all liquids from the separator must be directed to a storage vessel or to a well completion vessel, routed to a collection s ystem or re

- injected into the well or another well. Consistent with requirements for subcategory 1 wells, owners or operators of subcategory 2 wells would be required to document completions and provide justification for periods when gas was vented in lieu of combustion. We estimate that these control options for these sources would reduce the total emissions from all hydraulically***E.O. 12866 Review

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fractured and refractured oil well completions for the projected year 2020 by 135,51 6 tons of methane and 113,4 81 tons of VOC. Thus, we believe that the benefit of the methane and VOC reductions far outweigh the secondary impact of combustion emissions formation during use of the completion combustion operation. Several public and peer reviewer comments on the white paper noted t hat these technologies are currently in regular use by industry to control oil well completion and recompletion emissions. 87 In addition, these control technologies are the same as those required in the 2012 NSPS to control completion emissions from hydraulically fractured gas well completions. The EPA is aware that oil wells cannot perform a REC if there is not sufficient wel l pressure or gas content during the well completion to operate the surface equipment required for a
REC . In the 2012 NSPS the EPA did not require low pressure gas wells to perform REC, but operators were required to control

87 The EPA received six peer review comments and several submissions of technical information and data on this paper, available for review at http://www.epa.gov/airquality/oilandgas/whitepapers.html.***E.O. 12866 Review

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those well completions using co mbustion. 88 We solicit comment on the types of oil wells that will not be capable of performing a REC or combusting completion emissions due to technical considerations such as low pressure or low gas content , or other physical characteristics such as locat ion, well depth, length of hydraulic fracturing, or drilling direction ( e.g. , horizontal, vertical, directional)

. 89 Additionally, we solicit comment on all aspects of our proposal to regulate methane and VOC emissions from hydraulically fractured oil well c ompletions. As shown in the analyses presented above, the BSER for hydraulically fractured oil wells is the same as that for gas wells. Accordingly, we are proposing to apply the current requirements for hydraulically fractured gas well completions to hyd raulically fractured oil well completions. It is logical that

88 Following publication of the 2012 NSPS, EPA received a joint petition for administrative reconsideration of the rule . The petitioners questioned the technical merits of the low pressure well definition and asserted that the public had not had an opportunit y to comment on the definition . EPA re

- proposed the definition of ”low pressure gas well,” on March 23, 2015 (80 FR 15180), and took comment on IPAA’s alternative definition. EPA has finalized this definition in a separate action. 89 Many of these data are available in the DrillingInfo database

. More information is available at: http://info.drillinginfo.com

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the BSER analyses would result in the same BSER determinations for hydraulically fractured gas and oil wells, because the available options for controlling emissions and their current use in the field are the same. Several public and peer reviewer comments on the white paper noted that the control technologies used for controlling emissions from hydraulically fractured oil well completions are the same as those used for completions of hydraulical ly fractured gas wells. The commenters further noted that in many cases it is difficult to distinguish gas wells from oil wells, because many wells produce both gas and oil. Consistent standards for completions of hydraulically fractured gas wells and comp letions of hydraulically fractured oil wells will remove the need for operators to distinguish a gas well completion from an oil well completion for the purposes of complying with subpart OOOO. This change will improve the implementation of the standards b y providing greater certainty as to which well completions must comply with the standards. We are requesting comment on excluding low production wells ( i.e. , those with an average daily production of 15 barrel***E.O. 12866 Review

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equivalents or less) 90 from the standards for w ell completions. It is our understanding that low production wells have inherently low emissions from well completions and many are owned and operated by small businesses. We are concerned about the burden of the well completion requirement on small busine sses, in particular where there is little emission reduction to be achieved. We recognize that identification of these wells prior to completion events is difficult. We believe that drilling of a low production well is may be unintentional and may be infrequent, but production may nevertheless proceed due to economic reasons. We solicit comment and information on emissions associated with low production wells, characteristics of these wells and supporting information that would help owners/operators and enforcement personnel identify these wells prior to completion. In addition, we understand that a daily average of 15 barrel equivalents is representative of low production wells for some purposes, we solicit comment on the

90 For the purposes of this discussion, we define ‘low production well’ as a well with an average daily production of 15 barrel equivalents or less. T his reflects the definition of a stripper well property in IRC 613A(c)(6)(E).***E.O. 12866 Review

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appropriateness of this thr eshold for applying the standards for well completions.
Further, we are proposing that wells with a gas

- to

- oil ratio (GOR) of less than 300 scf of gas per barrel of oil produced would not be affected facilities subject to the well completion provisi ons of the NSPS. 91 We solicit comment on whether a GOR of 300 is the appropriate applicability threshold , and if the GOR of nearby wells would be a reliable indicator in determining the GOR of a new or modified well . The reason for the proposed threshold GO R of 300 is that separators typically do not operate at a GOR less than 300, which is based on industry experience rather than a vetted technical specification for separator performance. Though, in theory, any amount of free gas could be separated from the liquid, the reality is that this is not practical given the design and operating parameters of separation units operating in the field.

91 On February 24, 2015, API submitted a comment to EPA stating that oil wells with GOR values less than 300 do not have sufficient gas to operate a separator. http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=EPA

- HQ

- OAR

- 2014

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We believe that having no threshold may create a significant burden for operators to control emissions for these wells with just a trace of gas. EIA data show that the number of "oil only" wells drilled from 2007

- 2012 was less than 20 percent. 92 The potential emission characteristic of oils with a GOR of 300 is relevant when deciding whether this is a reasonable threshold. Primarily, the concern is volatility. The threshold must be low enough that the oil produced is considered

non - volatile. Non

- volatile "black oils" (oil likely to not have gases or light hydrocarbons associated with it) are generally defined as having GOR values in the range of 200 to 900. 93 Therefore, oil wells with GORs less than 300 are at the lower end of this range, and will not likely have enough gas associated that it can be separated. Therefore, the EPA is proposing that the NSPS requirements for wel l completions do not apply to completions wells with hydraulic fracturing that have a GOR of less than 300 scf/barrel. We are soliciting comment on w hether the well completion provisions of the proposed rule can be implemented on the

92 http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=13571# 93 http://petrowiki.org/Oil_fluid_characteristics***E.O. 12866 Review

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effective date of the rule in the event of potential shortage of REC equipment and, if not , how a phase in could be structured. We believe that there will be a sufficient supply of REC equipment available by the time the NSPS becomes effective. However, we request comment on wh ether sufficient supply of this equipment and personnel to operate it will be available to accommodate the increased number of RECs by the effective date of the NSPS. We also request specific estimates of how much time would be required to get enough equip ment in operation to accommodate the full number of RECs performed annually. In the event that public comments indicate that available equipment would likely be insufficient to accommodate the increase in number of REC performed, we are considering phasing in requirements for well completions in the final rule

. Such a phased in approach could be structured to provide for control of the highest emitting wells first, with other wells being included at a later date. We solicit comment on whether GOR of the wel l and production level of the well should be bases for the phasing of requirements for RECs

. We also solicit suggestions for other ways to address a potential short

- term REC equipment shortage that may hinder operators’ compliance with***E.O. 12866 Review

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the proposed NSPS. Additionally, we solicit comment on what an appropriate threshold should be for low production wells. Finally, we solicit comment on criteria that could help clarify availability of gathering lines . Availability of a gathering line is one consideration affecting feasibility of recovery of natural gas during completion of hydraulically fractured wells. There are se veral factors that can affect availability of a gathering line including, but not limited to, the capacity of an existing gathering line to accept additional throughput, the ability of owners and operators to obtain rights of way to cross properties, and t he distance from the well to an existing gathering line. We are aware that some states require collection of gas if a gat hering line is present within a specific distance from the well. For example, Montana allows gas from wells to be flared only in cases where the well is farther than one

- half mile from a gas pipeline. 94 We solicit comment on whether distance from a gathering line is a valid criterion on

94 Administrative Rules of Montana (ARM) Title 17 Chapter 8 Air Quality Subchapter 16

– Emission Control Requirements for Oil and Gas Well Facilities Operating Prior to Issuance of a Montana Air Quality Permit. Emission Control Requirements, 17.8.1603 Available at: http://www.deq.mt.gov/dir/legal/Chapters/Ch08

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which to base requirements for gas recovery and, if so, what would an appropriate distance for such a th reshold. In addition, we solicit comment on any other factors that could be specified in the NSPS for requiring recovery of gas from well completions. 3. Use of a separator during flowback For subcategory 1, subcategory 2 and low pressure gas wells, the c urrent NSPS at §60.5375(a) and (f) requires routing of flowback to a separator unless it is technically infeasible for a separator to function. The NSPS also provides in §60.5375(f) that subcategory 2 and low pressure wells are required to control emission s through combustion using a completion combustion device (which can include a pit flare) rather than being required to perform a REC. It was our understanding that a separator could be used at some point during the flowback period of every well completion . Recent information indicates that some wells, because of certain characteristics of the reservoir , do not need to employ a separator. In those cases, we understand that operators direct the flo wback to a pit and can combust gas contained in the flowback as it emerges from the pipe. At some point, after the well has flowed sufficiently to clean up the wellbore and the***E.O. 12866 Review

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gas is of salable quality, production begins or the well is temporarily shut in. As a result of this new information, our initial understanding may not apply. We solicit comment on (1) the role of the separator in well completions and whether a separator can be employed for every well completion ; and (2) the appropriate relationship of the separator in the context of our requirements that cover a very broad spectrum of wells. We solicit further information that would help inform our consideration of this issue as we seek to

ensure we have adequat ely established appropriate requirements for all well completions subject to the NSPS.
G. Proposed Standards for Fugitive Emissions from Well Sites and Compressor Stations In April 2014, the EPA published the white paper titled “Oil and Natural Gas Secto r Leaks” 95 which summarized the EPA’s current understanding of fugitive emissions of methane and VOC at onshore oil and natural gas production, processing, and transmission and storage facilities. The white paper also outlined our understanding of the mitig ation techniques

95 Available at http://www.epa.gov/airquality/oilandgas/2014papers/20140415leaks .pdf

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(practices and technology ) available to reduce these emissions along with the cost and effectiveness of these practices and technologies. The detection of fugitive emissions from oil and natural
gas well sites and compressor stations , whi ch are comprised of compressors at natural gas transmission, storage, gathering and boosting stations, can be determined using several technologies. Historically, fugitive emissions were detected using sensory monitoring ( e.g. , visual, olfactory or sound) or EPA Method 21 to determine if a leak exceeded a set threshold ( e.g. , the leak concentration was greater than the leak definition for the component). As described in the white paper, we found that many fugitive emission surveys are now conducted using OG I in the oil and natural gas source category, a technology that provides a visible image of gas emissions or leaks to the atmosphere. The OGI instrument works by using spectral wavelength filtering and an array of infrared detectors to visualize the infrar ed absorption of hydrocarbons and other gaseous compounds. As the gas absorbs radiant energy at the same waveband that the filter transmits to the detector, the gas and motion of the gas is imaged. The OGI instrument can be used for monitoring a large***E.O. 12866 Review

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arra y of components at a facility and is an effective means of detecting fugitive emissions when the technology is used appropriately. Several studies in the white paper estimated that OGI can monitor 1,875

- 2,100 components per hour. In comparison, the
averag e screening rate using a Method 21 instrument ( e.g. , organic vapor analyzer, flame ionization detector, flow measurement devices) is roughly 700 components per day. However, the EPA’s recent work with OGI instruments suggests these studies underestimate th e amount of time necessary to thoroughly monitor components for fugitive emissions using OGI instruments

. Even though the amount of time may be underestimated, we believe the use of OGI can reduce the amount of time necessary to conduct fugitive emissions monitoring since multiple fugitive emissions components can be surveyed simultaneously, thus reduc ing the cost of identifying fugitive emissions in upstream oil and natural gas facilities when compared to using a handheld
TVA or OVA , which requires a manua l screening of each fugitive emissions component

. 1. Fugitive Emissions from Well Sites***E.O. 12866 Review

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Fugitive emissions may occur for many reasons at well sites such as when connection points are not fitted properly, thief hatches are not properly weighted or sealed o r when seals and gaskets start to deteriorate. Changes in pressure or mechanical stresses can also cause fugitive emissions. Potential sources of fugitive emissions , fugitive emissions components , include agitator seals, connectors, pump diaphragms, flange s, instruments, meters, open

- ended lines, pressure relief devices, pump seals, valves or open thief hatches or holes in storage vessels , pressure vessels, separators, heaters and meters

. For purposes of this proposed rule, fugitive emissions do not include venting emissions from devices that vent as part of normal operations, such as gas

- driven pneumatic controllers or
gas - driven pneumatic pumps. Based on our review of the public and peer review comments on the white paper and the Colorado and Wyoming state rules, we believe that there are two options for reducing methane and VOC fugitive emissions at well sites : (1) a fugitive emissions monitoring program based on individual component monitoring using EPA Method 21 for detection combined with repairs, or (2 ) a fugitive emissions monitoring program based on the use of OGI***E.O. 12866 Review

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detection combined with repairs. Several public and peer reviewer comments on the white paper noted that these technologies are currently used by industry to reduce fugitive emissions from t he production segment in the oil and natural gas industry. Each of these control options are evaluated below based on varying the frequency of conducting the survey and fugitive emissions repair threshold ( e.g. , the specified concentration when using Meth od 21 or vi sible identification of methane or VOC when an OGI instrument is used ). For our analysis, we considered quarterly, semiannual and annual survey frequency. F or Method 21 monitoring and repair, w e considered 10,000 ppm, 2,500 ppm and 500 ppm fugit ive repair thresholds

. The leak definition concentrations for other NSPS referencing Method 21 range from 500

– 10,000 ppm. Therefore, we selected 500 ppm, 2,500 ppm and 10,000 ppm. For OGI, we considered v isible emissions as the fugitive repair threshold ( i.e

. , emissions that can be seen using OGI instrumentation )
. EPA’s recent work with OGI indicate s that fugitive emissions at a concentration of 10,000 ppm are generally detectable using OGI instrumentation provided that the right operating conditions ( e. g. , wind speed and background***E.O. 12866 Review

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temperature) are present . Work is ongoing to determine the lowest concentration that can be reliably detected using OGI. 96 In order to estimate fugitive methane and VOC emissions from well sites, we used fugitive emissions component counts from the GRI/EPA report 97 for natural gas production well sites, and fugitive emissions component counts from the GHG inventory and API for oil production well sites. The types of production equipment located at natural gas production well pads include: gas wellheads, separators, meters/piping, heaters, and dehydrators. The types of oil well production equipment include: oil well heads, separators, headers and heater/treaters. The types of fugitive emissions components that are associated w ith both oil and natural gas wells include but are not limited to : valves, connectors, open - ended lines and valves ( OEL ) , and pressure relief device ( PR D )
. Fugitive emissions c omponent counts for each piece of equipment in the gas production segment were calculated using the average fugitive emissions component

96 Draft Technical Support Document Appendices, Optical Gas Imaging Protocol (40 CFR Part 60, Appendix K), August 11, 2015 97 Gas Research Institute/U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research and Development, Methane Emission Factors from the Natural Gas Industry, Volume 8, Equipment Leaks, June 1996 (EPA

600/R

- 96

- 080h)

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counts in the Eastern U.S

. and the Western U.S. from the EPA/GRI report. These data were us ed to develop a natural gas well site model plant. Fugitive emissions components counts for these
equ ipment types in the oil production segment were obtained from an American Petroleum Institute (API) workbook

. 98 These d ata were used to develop an oil production well site model plant

. Since we have emission factors for only a subset of the components which are possible sources for fugitive emissions,

our emission estimates are believed to be lower than the emissions profile for the entire set of fugitive emissions components that would typically be found at a well site

. The fugitive emission factors from AP

- 42, 99 which provided a single source of total organic compounds (TOC) emission factors that include non

- VOCs , such as methane and ethane , were used to estimate emissions and evaluate the cost of control of a fugitive emissions program for oil and natural gas production well sites. Using the AP

- 42 factors , the methane and VOC fugitive emissions from a natural gas well site are estimated to

98 API Workbook 4638, 1996. 99 U.S. En vironmental Protection Agency, Protocol for Equipment Leak Emission Estimates, Table 2

- 4, November 1995 (EPA

- 453/R

- 95

- 017)
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be 4.5 tpy and 1.3 tpy , respectively. For an oil production well site, the estimated fugitive methane and VOC emission s are 1.1 tpy and 0.3 tpy , respectively. The calculation of these emission estimates are explained in detail in the b ackground TSD for this proposal available in the docket. Information in the white paper related to the potential emission reductions from the implementation of an OGI monitoring program varied from 40 to 99 percent. The causes for this range in reduction efficiency were the frequency of monitoring surveys performed and different assumptions made by the study authors.

A ccording to the calculations , which are based on uncontrolled emission factors for well pads contained within the EPA Oil and Natural Gas Sector Technical Support Document (2011), the Colorado Air Quality Control Commission, Initial Economic Impact Analysis for Proposed R evisions to Regulation Number 7 (5 CCR
1001

- 9) and the FINAL ECONOMIC IMPACT ANALYSIS For Industry’s Proposed Revisions to Colorado Air Quality Control Commission Regulation Number 3, 6, and 7 (5 CCR 1001

- 9) (January 30, 2014 ) ,

a quarterly monitoring progr am in combination with a repair program can reasonably be expected to reduce fugitive methane and VOC emissions at well sites by 80 percent. Although***E.O. 12866 Review

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information in the white paper indicated emission reductions as high as 99 percent may be achievable with OGI, we do not believe such levels can be consistently achieved for all of types of components that may be subject to a fugitive emissions monitoring program. Therefore, using engineering judgement and experience obtained through our existing programs for finding and repairing leaking components, we selected 80 percent as an emission reduction level that can reasonably be expected to be achieved with a quarterly monitoring program. Due to the increased amount of time between each monitoring survey and subsequent repair, we believe that the level of emissions

re duction achieved by less frequent monitoring surveys will be reduced from this level. Therefore, we assigned an emission reduction of 60 percent to semiannual monitoring survey and repair frequenc y and 40 percent to annual frequency , consistent with the reduction levels used by the Colorado Air Quality Control Commission in their initial and final economic impacts analyses

. We solicit comment on the appropriateness of the percentage of emission red uction level that can be reasonably expected to be achieved with quarterly, semiannual, and annual monitoring program frequencies.***E.O. 12866 Review

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For Method 21, we estimated emissions reductions using The EPA Equipment Leaks Protocol document , which provides emissions factor data based on leak definition and monitoring frequencies primarily for the Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Industry (SOCMI) and Petroleum Refining Industry along with the emissions rates contained within the Technology Review for Equipment Leaks document

. 100 We used these data along with the monitoring frequency ( e.g. , annual, semiannual, and quarterly) at fugitive repair thresholds at 500, 2,500 and 10,000 ppm to determine uncontrolled emissions. Using this information we calculated an expect ed emissions reduction percentage for each of the combinations of monitoring frequency and repair threshold

. We also look ed at the costs of a monitoring and repair program under various monitoring frequencies and repair thresholds (for Method 21) , including the cost of OGI monitoring
survey , repair, monitoring plan development , and the cost

effectiveness of the various options

. 101 F or purposes of this

100 Memorandum to Jodi Howard, EPA/OAQPS from Cindy Hancy, RTI International, Analysis of Emission Reduction Techniques for Equipment Leaks, December 21, 2011. EPA

- HQ

- OAR

- 2002

- 0037

- 0180 101 See pages 68

- 69 of the TSD.***E.O. 12866 Review

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action, we have identified in section VIII.A two approaches (single and multipollutant approaches) for evaluating the cost

effectiveness of a multipollutant control, such as the fugitive emissions monitoring and repair programs identified above for reducing both methane and VOC emissions . As explained in that section, we believe that both the single and multipollutant approaches are appropriate for assessing the reasonableness of the multipollutant controls considered in this action. Therefore, we find the cost of control to be warranted as long as it is such under either of these two approaches. Under t he first approach (single pollutant approach) , we assign all costs to the reduction of one pollutant and zero to all other pollutants simultaneously reduced. Under the second approach (multipollutant approach) , we allocate the annualized cost across the po llutant reductions addressed by the control option in proportion to the relative percentage reduction of each pollutant controlled. In the multipollutant approach , since methane and VOC emissions are controlled proportionally equal, half the cost is apportioned to the methane emission reductions and half the cost is apportioned to the VOC emission reductions. In this evaluation, we evaluated both approaches across the***E.O. 12866 Review

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range of identified monitoring survey options: OGI monitorin g and repair performed quarterly, semiannually and annually; and Method 21 performed quarterly, semiannually and annually, with a fugitive emissions repair threshold of 500, 2,500 and 10,000 ppm at each frequency. The calculation of the costs, emission red uctions, and cost of control for each option are explained in detail in the TSD
. As shown in the TSD, w hile the costs for repairing components that are found to have fugitive emissions during a fugitive monitoring survey remain the same, the annual repair costs will differ based on monitoring frequency

. As shown in our TSD , both OGI and Method 21 monitoring survey methodologies costs generally increase with increasing monitoring frequency ( i.e. , quarterly monitoring has a higher cost of control tha n annual monitoring) . For EPA Method 21 specifically , the cost also increase s with decreasing fugitive emissions repair threshold ( i.e. , 500 ppm results in a higher cost of control than 10,000 ppm). However, as shown in the TSD, the cost of control based on the OGI methodology for annual, semiannual, and quarterly monitoring frequencies for a model well site are estimated to be more cost

- effective than Method 21***E.O. 12866 Review

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for those same monitoring frequencies. 102 We therefore focus our BSER analysis based on the use of OGI. For the reasons stated below, we find that the control cost based on quarterly monitoring using OGI may not be cost

effective based on the information available . As shown in the TSD, under the single pollutant approach, if all costs are assigned to methane and zero to VOC reduction, the cost is $3 , 753 per ton of methane reduced, and $3,521 per ton if savings of the natural gas recovered is taken into account. If all cost s are assigned to VOC and zero to methane reduction, the cost is $13,502 per ton of VOC reduced, and $12,668 per ton if savings of the natural gas recovered is taken into account. Under the multipollutant approach, the cost of control for VOC based on quarterly monitoring is $6,751 per ton, and $6,334 per ton of VOC reduced if savings are considered. I n a previous NSPS rulemaking [72 FR 64864 (November 16, 2007)], we had concluded that a VOC control option was not cost

- effective at a cost of $5,700 per ton . In light of the above, we find that the cost of

m onitoring/repair based on quart erly monitoring at well sites using OGI is not cost

- effective for reducing VOC and methane

102 See the 2015 TSD for full comparison.***E.O. 12866 Review

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emissions under either approach. Having found the control cost using OGI based on quarterly monitoring not to be cost

effective, we now evaluate the control cost bas ed on annual and semi

- annual monitoring using OGI. As shown in the TSD, the costs between annual and semi

- annual monitoring are comparable. Because semi

- annual monitoring achieves greater emissions reduction, w e focus our analysis on the cost based on semi

annual monitoring.
W h ile the cost appear s high under the single pollutant approach, w e find the costs to be reasonable under the multipollutant approach for the following reasons

. As shown in the TSD , for VOC reduction, the cost is $4,979 per ton; when savings of the natural gas recovered are taken into account, the
cost is reduced to $4,562 per ton. For methane reduction, t he control cost is $1,384 per ton ; w hen cost savings of the natural gas recovered is taken into account, the cost is reduced to $1, 2 68 per ton. As explained above, w e believe that we have underestimated the emissions from these well sites; therefore, we believe the use of OGI is more cost

- effective than the amount presented here. Furthermore , while being used to survey fugitive components at a well site, the OGI may potentially help an owner***E.O. 12866 Review

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and operator detect and repair other sources of visible emissions not covered by the NSPS. One example would be an intermittently acting pneumatic controller that is stuck open. The OGI could help the owner and operator detect and address and reduce such inadvertent emissions , resulting in more cost saving from more natural gas recovered

. We also identified in section VIII.A two additional approaches, based on new capital expenditur es and annual revenues, for evaluating whether the costs are reasonable. For monitoring and repair of fugitive emissions at well sites, we believe that the total revenue analysis is more appropriate than the capital expenditure analysis and therefore we di d not perform the capital expenditure analysis. For the total revenue analysis, we used the revenues for 2012 for NAICS 211111, 211112 and 213112, which we believe are representative of the production segment. The total annualized costs for complying with the proposed standards is 0.085 percent of the total

revenues, which is very low

. For all types of affected facilities in the production, t he total annualized costs for complying with the proposed standards is 0.13 percent of the total revenues , which is also very low

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For the reasons stated above, we find the cost of monitoring and repairing fugitive emissions at well sites based on semi

- annual monitoring using OGI to be reasonable. To ensure that no fugitive emissions remain, a resurvey of the repaired

c omponents is necessary. W e expect that most of the repair and resurveys are conducted at the same time as the initial monitoring survey while OGI personnel are still on

- site

. However, there may be some components that cannot not be repaired right away and in some instances not until after the initial OGI personnel are no longer on site . In that event, resurvey with OGI would require rehiring OGI personnel, which would make the resurvey not cost effective. On the other hand, as shown in TSD, the cost of cond ucting resurvey using Method 21 is $2 per component, which is reasonable. We did not find any nonair quality health and environmental impacts, or energy requirements associated with the use of OGI or Method 21 for monitoring, repairing and resurvey fug itive components at well site s. Based on the above analysis, we believe that the BSER for reducing fugitive methane and VOC emissions at well sites is a monitoring and repair standard***E.O. 12866 Review

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based on semi

- annual monitoring using OGI and resurvey using Method 21

. As mentioned above, OGI monitoring requires trained OGI personnel and OGI instruments . Many owners and operators, in particular small businesses, may not own OGI instruments or have staff who are trained and qualified to use such instrument s ; some may not have the capital to acquire the OGI instrument or provide training to their staff. While our cost analysis takes into account that owners and operators may need to hire contractors to perform the monitoring survey using OGI, we do not have information on t he number of available contractors and OGI instruments . In light of our estimated 20,000 active wells in 2012 and that the number will increase annually, we are concerned that some owners and operators, in particular small businesses, may have difficulty s ecuring the requisite OGI contractors and/or OGI instrumentation to perform monitoring surveys on a semi

- annual basis. Larger companies , due to the economic clout they have by offering the contractors more work due to the higher number of wells they own, m ay preferentially retain the services of a large portion of the available contractors. This may result in small businesses experiencing a***E.O. 12866 Review

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longer wait time to obtain contractor services. In light of the potential concern above, we are co

- proposing monitorin g survey on an annual basis at the same time soliciting comment and supporting information on the availability of trained OGI contractors and OGI instrumentation to help us evaluate whether owners and operators would have difficulty acquiring the
necessary equipment and personnel to perform a semi

- annual monitoring and, if so, whether annual monitoring would alleviate such problem s . Recognizing that additional data may be available, such as emissions from super emitters that may have higher emission factor s than those considered in this analysis, we are also taking comment on requiring monitoring survey on a quarterly basis. CAA section 111(h)(1) states that the Administrator may promulgate a work practice standard or other requirements, which refle cts the best technological system of continuous emission reduction when it is not feasible to enforce an emission standard. CAA section 111(h)(2) defines the phrase “not feasible to prescribe or enforce an emission standard” as follows:***E.O. 12866 Review

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[A]ny situation in which the Administrator determines that (A) a hazardous air pollutant or pollutants cannot be emitted through a conveyance designed and constructed to emit or capture such pollutant, or that any requirement for, or use of, such a conveyance would be incons istent with any Federal, State, or local law, or (B) the application of measurement methodology to a particular class of sources is not practicable due to technological and economic limitations. The work practice standards for fugitive emissions from well sites are consistent with CAA section 111(h)(1)(A), because no conveyance to capture fugitive emissions exist for fugitive emissions components at a well site . In addition, OGI does not measure the extent the fugitive emissions from fugitive emissions comp onents. For the reasons stated above , pursuant to CAA section 111(h)(1)(b), we are proposing work practice standards for fugitive emissions from the collection of fugitive emission components at well sites. The proposed work practice standards include details for development of a fugitive emissions monitoring plan, repair requirements and recordkeeping and reporting requirements. The***E.O. 12866 Review

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fugitive emissions monitoring plan includes operating parameters to ensure consistent and effective ope ration for OGI such as procedures for determining the maximum viewing distance and wind speed during monitoring. The proposed standards would require a source of fugitive emissions to be repaired or replaced as soon as practicable, but no later than 15 cal endar days after detection of the fugitive emissions. We have historically allowed 15 days for repair/resurvey in LDAR program s , which
appear s to be sufficient time. Further, i n light of the number of components at a well site and the number that would nee d to be repaired, we believe that 15 days is also sufficient for conducting the required repairs under the proposed fugitive emission standards

. 103 That said, w e are also soliciting comment on whether 15 days is an appropriate amount of time for repair of so urces of fugitive emissions at well sites. 104

M any recent studies have shown a skewed distribution for emissions related to leaks, where a majority of emissions come

103 In our TSD we estimate the number of fugitive emissions components to be around 700 and of those components we estimate that about 1 percent would need to be repaired. 104 This timelines is consistent with the timeline originally established in 1983 under 40 C.F.R. part 60 subpart VV.***E.O. 12866 Review

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from a minority of sources. 105 Commenters on the white papers agreed that emissions from equ ipment leaks exhibit a skewed distribution, and pointed to other examples of data sets in which the majority of fugitive methane and VOC emissions come from a minority of components ( e.g. , gross emitters)

. Based on this information, we solicit comment on w hether the fugitive emissions monitoring program should be limited to “ gross emitter s. ”
W e believe that a properly maintained facility would likely detect very little to no fugitive emissions at each monitoring survey, while a poorly maintained facility would continue to detect fugitive emissions

. As shown in our TSD, we estimate the number of fugitive emission components at a well site to be around 700 . We believe that a facility with proper operation would likely find one to five three percent of compone nts to have fugitive emissions. To encourage proper maintenance, we are proposing that the owner or operator may go to annual monitoring if the initial two consecutive semiannual monitoring surveys show that less than one percent of the collection of fugit ive emissions components at the well site has fugitive emissions.***E.O. 12866 Review

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For the same reason, we are proposing that the owner or operator conduct quarterly monitoring if the initial two semi

- annual monitoring surveys show that more than five three percent of the collection of fugitive emissions components at the well site has fugitive emissions

. We believe the first year to be the tune

- up
year to allow owners and operators the opportunity to refine the requirements of their monitoring /repair plan . After that initi al
year , the required monitoring frequency would be annual if a monitoring survey shows less than one percent of components to have fugitive emissions; semi

- annual if one to five three percent of total components have fugitive emissions ; and quarterly if

ov er five three percent of total components have fugitive emissions

. We solicit comment on this approach, including the percentage used to adjust the monitoring frequency. We also solicit comment on the appropriateness of performance based monitoring frequencies

. We also solicit comment on the appropriateness of tri ggering different moni toring frequencies based on the percentage of components with fugitive emissions. Under the proposed standards, the affected facility would be defined as the collectio n of fugitive emissions components at a well site

. To clarify which components are subject to the***E.O. 12866 Review

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fugitive emissions monitoring provisions, we propose to add a definition to §60.5430 for “fugitive emissions component” as follows: Fugitive emissions component means any component that has the potential to emit fugitive emissions of methane or VOC at a well site or compressor station site , including but not limited to valves, connectors, pressure relief devices,
open - ended lines, access doors, flanges, closed vent systems, thief hatches or other openings on a storage vessels, agitator seals, distance pieces, crankcase vents, blowdown vents, pump seals or diaphragms, compressors, separators, pressure vessels, dehydrators, heaters, instruments, and meters. Devices that vent as part of normal operations, such as a natural gas - driven pneumatic controller s or natural gas - driven pump s , are not fugitive emissions components, insofar as the natural gas discharged from the device’s vent is not considered a fugitive emission. Emissions originating from other than the vent, such as the seals around the bellows of a diaphragm pump would be considered fugitive emissions.***E.O. 12866 Review

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Thus, all fugitive emissions compo nents at the affected facility would be monitored for fugitive emissions of methane and VOC. For the reasons stated in section VII.G
. 1 , for purposes of the proposed standards for fugitive emissions at well sites, modification of a well site is defined as when a new well is drilled or a well at the well site (where collection of fugitive emissions components are located) is hydraulically fractured or refractured. As explained in that section, other than these events, we are not aware of any other physical c hange to a well site that would result in an increase in emissions from the collection of fugitive components at such well site. To clarify and ease implementation, we propose to define “modification” to include only these two events for purposes of the fu gitive emissions provisions at well sites. In the 2012 NSPS, we provided that completion requirements do not apply to refracturing of an existing well that is completed responsibly (i.e. green completions). Building on the 2012 NSPS, the EPA intends to co ntinue to encourage corporate

wide voluntary efforts to achieve emission reductions through responsible, transparent and verifiable action s that would obviate the need to meet obligations associated with NSPS***E.O. 12866 Review

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applicability , as well as avoid creating disrup tion for operators following advanced responsible corporate practices

. It has come to our attention that some owners and operators may already have in place, and are implementing, corporate

- wide fugitive emissions monitoring and repair programs at their well sites that are equivalent to, or more stringent than our proposed standards. Such corporate efforts present the potential to further the development of LDAR technologies. To encourage companies to continue such good corpor ate policies and encourage advancement in the technology and practices, we solicit comment on criteria we can use to determine whether and under what conditions well sites operating under corporate LDAR regimes fugitive monitoring programs can be deemed to be meeting the equivalent of the NSPS standards for well site fugitive emissions such that we can define those regimes as constituting alternative methods of compliance or otherwise provide appropriate regulatory streamlining. We also solicit comment on ho w to address enforceability of such alternative approaches (i.e., how to assure that these well sites are achieving, and will continue to achieve, equal or better emission reduction than our proposed standards). We recognize that meeting an NSPS***E.O. 12866 Review

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performanc e level should not, standing alone, be a basis for a source not becoming an affected facility. For the reasons stated above, we are also soliciting comments on criteria we can use to determine whether and under what conditions all n ew or modified well site s operating under corporate fugitive monitoring programs can be deemed to be meeting the equivalent of the NSPS standards for well sites fugitive emissions such that we can define those regimes as constituting alternative methods of compliance or otherwise provide appropriate regulatory streamlining. We also solicit comment on how to address enforceability of such alternative approaches (i.e., how to assure that these well sites are achieving, and will continue to achieve, equal or better emission reduction than our proposed standards). We are requesting comment on whether the fugitive emissions requirements should apply to all fugitive emissions components at modified well sites or just to those components that are connected to the fractured, refractured or added well. For some modified well sites , the fractured or refractured or added well may only be connected to a subset of the fugitive emissions components on site. We are soliciting comment on whether the***E.O. 12866 Review

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fugitive emission requirements should only apply to that subset. However, we are aware that the added complexity of distinguishing covered and non

- covered sources may create difficulty in implementing these requirements. However, we note that it may be advantageous to the operator from an operational perspective to monitor all the components at a well site since the monitoring equipment is already onsite. As explained above, Method 21 is not as cost

- effective as
OGI for m onitoring

. That said , there may be reasons why and owner and operator may prefer to use Method 21 over OGI

. While we are confident with the ability of Method 21 to detect fugitive emissions and therefore consider it a viable alternative to OGI , w e solicit comment on the appropriate fugitive emissions repair threshold for M ethod 21 monitoring
surveys . As mentioned above, EPA’s recent work with OGI indicates that fugitive emissions at a concentration of 10,000 ppm is generally detectable using OGI instrumenta tion provided that the right operating conditions ( e.g. , wind speed and background temperature) are present. Work is ongoing to determine the lowest concentration that can be reliably detected using OGI As mentioned above, we believe that OGI

. In light of***E.O. 12866 Review

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the above, we solicit comment on whether the fugitive emissions repair threshold for Method 21 monitoring surveys should be set at 10,000 ppm or whether a different threshold is more appropriate (including information to support such threshold)

. While we did not identify OGI as the BSER for resurvey because of the potential cost associated with rehiring OGI personnel, there is no such additional cost for those who either own the OGI instrument or can perform repair/resurvey at the same time. There fore, the proposed rule would allow the use either OGI or Method 21 for resurvey. When Method 21 is used to resurvey components , we are proposing that the component is repaired if the Method 21 instrument indicates a concentration less than 500 ppm above b ackground

. This has been historically used in other LDAR programs as an indicator of no detectable emissions. The proposed standards would require that operators begin monitoring fugitive emissions components at a well site within 30 days of the initia l startup of the first well completion for a new well or within 30 days of well site modification. We are proposing a 30 day period to allow owners and operators the opportunity to secure qualified contractors and equipment***E.O. 12866 Review

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necessary for the initial monito ring survey. We are requesting comment on whether 30 days is an appropriate amount of time to begin conducting fugitive emissions monitoring.
W e receive d new information indicating that some companies could experience logistical challenges with the availa bility of OGI instrumentation and qualified OGI technicians and operators to perform monitoring survey s and in some instances repairs

. We solicit comment on both the availability of OGI instruments and the availability of qualified OGI technicians and operators to perform surveys and repairs

. We are proposing to exclude low production well site s ( i.e. , a low production site is defined by the average combined oil and natural gas production for the wells at the site being less than 15 barrels of oil equiv alent (boe) per day average d over the first 30 days of production ) 106 from the standards for fugitives emissions from well sites

. We believe the lower production associated with these wells would generally result in lower fugitive emissions. It is our unders tanding that fugitive

106 For the purposes of this discussion, we define ‘low production well’ as a well with an average daily production of 15 barrel equivalents or less. This reflects the definition of a stripper well property in IRC 613A(c)(6)(E).***E.O. 12866 Review

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emissions at low production well site s are inherently low and that such well sites are mostly owned and operated by small businesses. We are concerned about the burden of the fugitive emission requirement on small businesses, in parti cular where there is little emission reduction to be achieved. To more fully evaluate the exclusion, we solicit comment on the air emissions associated with low production wells, and the relationship between production and fugitive emissions. Specifically, we solicit comment on the relationship between production and fugitive emissions over time. While we have learned that a daily average of 15 barrel per day is representative of low production wells, we solicit comment on the appropriateness of this thresh old for applying the standards for fugitive emission at well sites. Further, we solicit comment on whether EPA should include low production well sites for fugitive emissions and if these types of well sites are not excluded, should they have a less frequent monitoring requirement.
We are also requesting comment on whether there are well sites that have inherently low fugitive emissions , even when a new well is drilled or a well site is fractured or refractured and, if so, descriptions of such type(s) of well sites . The***E.O. 12866 Review

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proposed standards are not intended to cover well sites with no fugitive emissions of methane or VOC. We are aware that some sites may have inherently low fugitive emissions due to the characteristics of the site, such as t he gas to oil ratio of the wells or the specific types of equipment located on the well site. We solicit comment on these characteristics and data that would demonstrate that these sites have low methane and VOC fugitive emissions.
We are requesting comme nt on whether there are other fugitive emission detection technologies for fugitive emissions monitoring, since this is a field of emerging technology and major advances are expected in the near future. We are aware of several types of technologies that ma y be appropriate for fugitive emissions monitoring such as Geospatial Measurement of Air Pollutants using OTM

- 33 approaches ( e.g. , Picarro Surveyor), passive sorbent tubes using EPA Methods 325A and B, active sensors, gas cloud imaging ( e.g. , Rebellion pho tonics), and Airborne Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL). Therefore, we are specifically requesting comments on details related to these and other technologies such as the detection capability; an equivalent fugitive emission repair threshold to what is***E.O. 12866 Review

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required in the proposed rule for OGI; the frequency at which the fugitive emissions monitoring survey s should be performed and how this frequency ensures appropriate levels of fugitive emissions detection; whether the technology can be used as a stand

- alo ne technique or whether it must be used in conjunction with a less frequent (and how frequent) OGI monitoring survey; the type of restrictions necessary for optimal use; and the information that is important for inclusion in a monitoring plan for these tec hnologies. 2. Fugitive Emissions f rom Compressor Station s Fugitive emissions at compressor stations in the oil and natural gas source category may occur for many reasons ( e.g. , when connection points are not fitted properly, or when seals and gaskets start to deteriorate ) . Changes in pressure and mechanical stresses can also cause fugitive emissions. Potential sources of fugitive emissions include agitator seals, distance pieces , crank case vents, blowdown vents, connectors, pump seals or diaphragms, flanges, instruments, meters, open

- ended lines, pressure relief devices, valves, open thief hatches or holes in storage vessels, and similar items on glycol dehydrators ( e.g. , pumps, valves, and pressure relief devices ). Equipment that***E.O. 12866 Review

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vent s as part of normal operations, such as gas driven pneumatic controllers , gas driven pneumatic pumps or the normal operation of blowdown vents are not considered to be sources of fugitive emissions

. Based on our review of the public and peer review comments on the white paper and the Colorado and Wyoming state rules, we believe that there are two options for reducing methane and VOC fugitive emissions at compressor stations : (1) a fugitive emissions monitoring program based on individual component monitoring using EPA Method 21 for detection combined with repairs, or (2) a fugitive emissions monitoring program based on the use of OGI detection combined with repairs. Several public and peer reviewer c omments on the white paper noted that these technologies are currently used by industry to reduce fugitive emissions from the production segment in the oil and natural gas industry. Each of these control options are evaluated below based on varying the fr equency of conducting the monitoring survey and fugitive emissions repair threshold ( e.g. , the specified concentration when using Method 21 or visible identification of methane or VOC when an OGI instrument is used) . For our***E.O. 12866 Review

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analysis, we considered quarter ly, semiannual and annual monitoring frequenc ies

. F or Method 21 , w e considered 10,000 ppm, 2,500 ppm and 500 ppm fugitive repair thresholds . The leak definition s for other NSPS referencing Method 21 range from 500

– 10,000 ppm. Therefore, we selected 500 ppm, 2,500 ppm and 10,000 ppm. For OGI, we considered visible emissions as the fugitive repair threshold ( i.e. , emissions that can be seen using OGI). EPA’s recent work with OGI indicate that fugitiv e emissions at a concentration of 10,000 ppm are generally detectable using OGI instrumentation , provided that the right operating conditions ( e.g. , wind speed and background temperature) are present . Work is ongoing to determine the lowest concentration t hat can be reliably detected using OGI

. 107 In order to estimate fugitive emissions from compressor stations, we used component counts from the GRI/EPA report 108 for each of the compressor station segments. Fugitive emission

107 Draft Technical Support Document Appendices, Optical Gas Imaging Protocol (40 CFR Part 60, Appendix K), August 11, 2015 108 Gas Research Institute/U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research and Development, Methane Emission Factors from the Natural Ga s Industry, Volume 8, Equipment Leaks, June 1996 (EPA

600/R

- 96

- 080h)

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factors from AP

- 42 109 were used to estimate emissions from gathering and boosting stations in the production segment and emission factors from the GRI/EPA report were used to estimate fugitive emission from transmission and storage compressor stations and evaluate the cost of control for these segments. Since we have emission factors for only a subset of the components which are possible sources for fugitive emissions,

our emission estimates are believed to be lower than the emissions profile for the entire set of components t hat would typically be found at a compressor station

. The fugitive emission factors from AP

- 42, 110 which provided a single source of TOC emission factors that include non

- VOCs, such as methane and ethane , were used to estimate emissions and evaluate the cost of control of a fugitive emissions program for compressor stations. Using the GRI/EPA and AP

- 42 data, fugitive emissions from gathering and boosting stations were estimated to be 35.1 tpy of methane and 9.8 tpy of VOC. Fugitive emissions

109 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Protocol for Equipment Leak Emission Estimates, Table 2

- 4, November 1995 (EPA

- 453/R

- 95

- 017)
. 110 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Protocol for Equipment Leak Emission Estimates, Table 2

- 4, November 1995 (EPA

- 453/R

- 95

- 017)
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from natural gas transmission stations were estimated to be 62.4 tpy of methane and 1.7 tpy of VOC. Fugitive emissions from natural gas storage facilities were estimated to be 164.4 tpy of methane and 4.6 tpy of VOC. The calculation of these emission estimates are explaine d in detail in the TSD available in the docket. Information in the white paper related to the potential emission reductions from the implementation of an OGI monitoring program varied from 40 to 99 percent. The causes for this range in reduction efficienc y were the frequency of monitoring surveys performed and different assumptions made by the study authors. According to the calculations, which are based on uncontrolled emission factors for well pads contained within the EPA Oil and Natural Gas Sector Tec h nical Support Document (2011), the Colorado Air Quality Control Commission, Initial Economic Impact Analysis for Proposed Revisions to Regulation Number 7 (5 CCR
1001

- 9) and the FINAL ECONOMIC IMPACT ANALYSIS For Industry’s Proposed Revisions to Colorado Air Quality Control Commission Regulation Number 3, 6, and 7 (5 CCR 1001

- 9) (January 30, 2014 ) ,

a - quarterly monitoring program in combination with a repair program can reasonabl y be expected to reduce fugitive methane***E.O. 12866 Review

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and VOC emissions at well sites by 80 percent. Although information in the white paper indicated emission reductions as high as 99 percent may be achievable with OGI, we do not believe such levels can be consistentl y achieved for all of types of components that may be subject to a fugitive emissions monitoring program. Therefore, using engineering judgement and experience obtained through our existing programs for finding and repairing leaking components, we selected 80 percent as an emission reduction level that can reasonably be expected to be achieved with a quarterly monitoring program. Due to the increased amount of time between each monitoring survey and subsequent repair, we believe that the level of emissions reduction achieved by less frequent monitoring surveys will be reduced from this level. Therefore, we assigned an emission reduction of 60 percent to semiannual monitoring survey and repair frequency and 40 percent to annual frequency, consistent with the reduction levels used by the Colorado Air Quality Control Commission in their initial and final economic impacts analyses. We solicit comment on the appropriateness of the percentage of emission reduction level that can be reasonably***E.O. 12866 Review

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expected to be achieve d with quarterly, semiannual, and annual monitoring program frequencies. For Method 21, we estimated emissions reductions using The EPA Equipment Leaks Protocol document , which provides emissions factor data based on leak definition and monitoring frequ encies primarily for the Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Industry (SOCMI) and Petroleum Refining Industry along with the emissions rates contained within the Technology Review for Equipment Leaks document. 111 We used these data along with the monito ring frequency ( e.g. , annual, semiannual, and quarterly) at fugitive repair thresholds at 500, 2,500 and 10,000 ppm to determine uncontrolled emissions. Using this information we calculated an expected emissions reduction percentage for each of the combina tions of monitoring frequency and repair threshold which range from We also looked at the costs of a monitoring and repair program under various monitoring frequencies and repair thresholds (for Method 21), including the cost of OGI monitoring

111 Memorandum to Jodi Howard, EPA/OAQPS from Cindy Hancy, RTI International, Analysis of Emission Reduction Techniques for Equipment Leaks, December 21, 2011. EPA

- HQ

- OAR

- 2002

- 00 37

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survey, rep air, monitoring plan development, and the cost

effectiveness of the various options. 112 For purposes of this action, we have identified in section VIII.A two approaches (single pollutant and multipollutant approaches) for evaluating whether the cost of a mu ltipollutant control, such as the fugitive emissions monitoring and repair programs identified above, is reasonable. As explained in that section, we believe that both approaches are appropriate for assessing the reasonableness of the multipollutant contro ls considered in this action. Therefore, we find the cost of control to be reasonable as long as it is such under either of these two approaches. Under the first approach (single pollutant approach) , we assign all costs to the reduction of one pollutant an d zero to all other pollutants simultaneously reduced. Under the second approach (multipollutant approach) , we apportion the annualized cost across the pollutant reductions addressed by the control option in proportion to the relative percentage reduction of each pollutant controlled. In the multipollutant approach , since methane and VOC are controlled equally, half the cost is apportioned to the methane emission reductions and half the cost

112 See pages 68

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is apportioned to the VOC emission reductions. In this evaluation, we evaluated both approaches across the range of identified monitoring survey options: OGI monitoring and repair performed quarterly, semiannually and annually; and Method 21 monitoring performed quarterly, semiannually and annually, with

a fugitive emissions repair threshold of 500, 2,500 and 10,000 ppm at each f requency. The calculation of the costs, emission reductions, and cost of control for each option are explained in detail in the TSD. As shown in the TSD, while the costs for repairing components that are found to have fugitive emissions during a fugitive m onitoring survey remain the same, the annual repair costs will differ based on monitoring frequency. As shown in our TSD, both OGI and Method 21 monitoring survey methodologies costs generally increase with increasing monitoring frequency ( i.e. , quarterly monitoring has a higher cost of control than annual monitoring). For EPA Method 21 specifically, the cost also increases with decreasing fugitive emissions repair threshold ( i.e. , 500 ppm results in a higher cost of control than 10,000 ppm). However, as sh own in the TSD , the cost of control based on the OGI methodology for annual, semiannual, and quarterly monitoring frequencies are estimated***E.O. 12866 Review

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to be more cost

- effective than Method 21 for those same monitoring frequencies. 113 We therefore focus our BSER analysis based on the use of OGI. As shown in the TSD, the c osts are comparable for all three monitoring frequencies using OGI. For the reasons explained below, we find the monitoring/repair program using OGI at compressor stations to be cost

- effective fo r all three monitoring frequencies. Under the single pollutant approach, if we assign all control costs to VOC and zero to methane reduction , the costs range from $3,110 to $4,273 per ton of VOC reduced ($2,338 to $3,502 with gas saving) and zero for meth ane , which indicate that the control is cost

- effective

. Even if we assign all of the costs to methane and zero to VOC reduction, the costs, which range from $686 to $930 per ton of methane reduced ($471 to $715 per ton with gas savings), are well below

ou r cost

- effectiveness estimates for the semi

- annul monitoring and repair option for reducing fugitive emissions at compressor stations , which we find to be reasonable for the reasons stated above. Under the multipollutant approach, the costs for VOC reduct ion range from $1,555 to $2,136 ($1,169 to $1,751 with gas

113 See the 2015 TSD for full comparison.***E.O. 12866 Review

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saving). The costs for methane reduction range from $343 to $465 per ton ($236 to $358 per ton with gas savings). Again
t hese cost estimates for methane reductions are well below our estimates for the monitoring/repair program at compressor stations using OGI based on semiannual monitoring, which we find to be reasonable for the reasons stated above. Further, a s
pre viously explained , we believe the emission reduction values used in these calculations underestimate the actual emission reductions that would be achieved by a fugitives monitoring and repair program, so these cost of control values likely represent a high end cost assumptio n . T herefore, we believe the use of OGI is more cost

- effective than the amounts presented here. The calculation of the costs, emission reductions, and cost of control calculations for each option are explained in detail in the TSD for this action available in the docket. While the costs are comparable for all three monitoring frequencies using OGI, for the reasons stated below, we have concerns with the potential compliance burdens, in particular on small businesses, associated with quarterly monitoring , and we believe that semi

- annual monitoring could achieve meaningful reduction without such potential issues.***E.O. 12866 Review

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Further practical aspects we considered for the methodology of each monitoring survey include the likeliness that many owners and operators will hire a contractor to conduct the monitoring survey due to the cost of the specialized equipment needed to perform the monitoring survey and the training necessary to properly operate the OGI equipment. We also believe that small businesses are most likely to hire such contractors because they are less likely to have excess capital to purchase monitoring equipment and train operators. We are concerned that the limited supply of qualified contractors to perform monitoring surveys may lead to disadvantages for small businesses. Larger businesses, due to the economic clout they have by offering the contractors more work due to the higher number of compressor stations they own, may preferentially retain the services of a large portion of the available
contractors . This may result in small businesses experiencing a longer wait time to obtain contractor services. Specifically for conducting OGI monitoring surveys, w e believe that many operators will hire OGI contractors to conduct the OGI surveys. The proposed fugitive emissions monitoring plan requires that operators verify the capability of OGI***E.O. 12866 Review

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instrumentation, determine viewing distance, and determine the maximum wind speed. Additionally, there are specific requirements for conducting the survey such as how t o operate OGI in adverse monitoring conditions or how to deal with interferences such as steam. Each corporate

- wide plan will need to include these requirements and will require OGI contractors and operators to be trained to meet these requirement. The

mon itoring plan requirements will also cause the surveys to take more time, thus affecting the availability of OGI equipment and contractors. Therefore, if we specify quarterly monitoring surveys, we are concerned that the available supply of qualified
contra ctors and OGI instruments may not be sufficient for small businesses to obtain timely monitoring surveys. For the reasons stated above, w e have concerns with the potential compliance burdens, in particular on small businesses, associated with quarterly mon itoring, and we believe that semi

- annual monitoring could achieve meaningful reduction without such potential issues. We also identified in section VIII.A two additional approaches, based on new capital expenditures and annual revenues, for evaluating whet her the costs are reasonable. For***E.O. 12866 Review

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monitoring and repair of fugitive emissions at compressor stations, we believe that the total revenue analysis is more appropriate than the capital expenditure analysis and therefore we did not perform the capital expendit ure analysis. For the total revenue analysis, we used the revenues for 2012 for NAICS 486210 , which we believe is representative of the production segment. The total annualized costs for complying with the proposed standards is 0.103 percent of the total r evenues, which is very low

. For all types of affected facilities in the transmission and storage segment, t he total annualized costs for complying with the proposed standards is 0.13 percent of the total

revenues , which is also very low

. For the reasons st ated above, we find the cost of monitoring and repairing fugitive emissions at compressor stations based on semi

- annual monitoring using OGI to be reasonable. To ensure that no fugitive emissions remain, a resurvey of the repaired components is necessary. W e expect that most of the repair and resurveys are conducted at the same time as the initial monitoring survey while OGI personnel are still

on - site

. However, there may be some components that cannot be***E.O. 12866 Review

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repaired right away and in some instances not until after the initial OGI personnel are no longer on site. In that event, resurvey with OGI would require rehiring OGI personnel, which would make the res urvey not cost effective. On the other hand, as shown in the TSD, the cost of conducting a resurvey using Method 21 is $2 per component, which is reasonable. We did not find any nonair quality health and environmental impacts, or energy requirements associ ated with the use of OGI or Method 21 for monitoring, repairing and resurveying fugitive emissions components at compressor stations . Based on the above analysis, we believe that the BSER for reducing fugitiv e methane and VOC emissions at compressor statio ns is a monitoring and repair standard based on semi

- annual monitoring using OGI and resurvey using Method 21

. Although we identified OGI with semiannual monitoring as the BSER, we acknowledge that some states have promulgated rules that allow for annual monitoring of fugitive emission sources. In addition, EPA regulates GHGs in 40 CFR part 98 subpart W and requires annual fugitive emissions surveys for emissions reporting. As previously discussed we believe that we have underestimated our baseline fugitiv e emissions estimate for well***E.O. 12866 Review

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sites and compressors and the emission reductions may be greater than we have estimated. However, because we continue to support efforts by states to establish fugitive emissions monitoring programs and to establish efficienci es across programs, we solicit comment on an alternate option for the fugitive emission monitoring program based on setting the initial monitoring frequency to an annual or quarterly frequency. CAA section 111(h)(1) states that the Administrator may
promu lgate a work practice standard or other requirements, which reflects the best technological system of continuous emission reduction when it is not feasible to enforce an emission standard. CAA section 111(h)(2) defines the phrase “not feasible to prescribe or enforce an emission standard” as follows: [A]ny situation in which the Administrator determines that (A) a hazardous air pollutant or pollutants cannot be emitted through a conveyance designed and constructed to emit or capture such pollutant, or that any requirement for, or use of, such a conveyance would be inconsistent with any Federal, State, or local law, or (B) the application of measurement methodology to a particular***E.O. 12866 Review

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class of sources is not practicable due to technological and economic limitatio ns. The work practice standards for fugitive emissions from compressor stations are consistent with CAA section 111(h)(1)(A), because no conveyance to capture fugitive emissions exist for fugitive emissions components. In addition, OGI does not measure the extent the fugitive emissions from fugitive emissions components. For the reasons stated above, pursuant to CAA section 111(h) ( 1)(b), we are proposing work practice standards for fugitive emissions from compressor stations

. The proposed work practice standards include details for development of a fugitive emissions monitoring plan, repair requirements and recordkeeping and reporting requirements. The fugitive emissions monitoring plan includes operating parameters to ensure consistent and effective ope ration for OGI such as procedures for determining the maximum viewing distance and wind speed during monitoring. The proposed standards would require a source of fugitive emissions to be repaired or replaced as soon as practicable, but no later than 15 cal endar days after detection of the fugitive emissions. We have historically***E.O. 12866 Review

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allowed 15 days for repair/resurvey in LDAR programs, which appears to be sufficient time. Further, in light of the number of components at a compressor station and the number that would need to be repaired, we believe that 15 days is also sufficient for conducting the required repairs under the proposed fugitive emission standards. That said, w e are also soliciting comment on whether 15 days is an appropriate amount of time for repa ir of sources of fugitive emissions at compressor stations

. 114

M any recent studies have shown a skewed distribution for emissions related to leaks, where a majority of emissions come from a minority of sources. 115 Commenters on the white papers agreed that emi ssions from equipment leaks exhibit a skewed distribution, and pointed to other examples of data sets in which the majority of methane and VOC fugitive emissions come from a minority of components ( e.g. , gross emitters). Based on this information, we solic it comment on whether the fugitive emissions monitoring program should be limited to “gross emitters.”

114 This timeline is consistent with the timeline originally established in 1983 under 40 CFR part 60 subpart VV. 115 See 2015 TSD.***E.O. 12866 Review

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W e believe that a properly maintained facility would likely detect very little to no fugitive emissions at each monitoring survey, while a poorly maint ained facility would continue to detect fugitive emissions

. We believe that a facility with proper operation would likely find one to five three percent of components to have fugitive emissions. To encourage proper maintenance, we are proposing that the owner or operator may go to annual monitoring if the initial two consecutive semiannual monitoring surveys show that less than one percent of the collection of fugitive emissions components at the compressor station has fugitive emissions. For the sam e reason, we are proposing that the owner or operator conduct quarterly monitoring if the initial two semi

- annual monitoring surveys show that more than five three percent of the collection of fugitive emissions components at the compressor station has fugi tive emissions. We believe the first year to be the tune

- up year to allow owners and operators the opportunity to refine the requirements of their monitoring/repair plan. After that initial year, the required monitoring frequency would be annual if a monit oring survey shows less than one percent of components to have fugitive emissions; semi

- annual if one to five three percent***E.O. 12866 Review

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of total components have fugitive emissions ; and quarterly if

over five three percent of total components have fugitive emissions . We solicit comment on this approach, including the percentage used to adjust the monitoring frequency. We also solicit comment on the appropriateness of performance based monitoring frequencies. We also solicit comment on the appropriateness of triggering different monitoring frequencies based on the percentage of components with fugitive emissions. Under the proposed standards, the affected facility would be defined as the collection of fugiti ve emissions components at

a compressor station

. To clarify which components are subject to the fugitive emissions monitoring provisions, we propose to add a definition to §60.5430 for “fugitive emissions component” as follows: Fugitive emissions component means any component that has the potential to emit fugitive emissions of methane or VOC at a well site or compressor station site , including but not limited to valve s , connector s , pressure relief devices,
open - ended line s , access doors , flanges, closed ve nt system s , thief hatch es or other openings on a storage vessel s, agitator seals, distance pieces, crankcase vents,***E.O. 12866 Review

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blowdown vents, pump seals or diaphragms, compressors, separators, pressure vessels, dehydrators, heaters, instruments, and meters. Devices that vent as part of normal operations, such as a natural gas - driven pneumatic controller or a natural gas - driven pump, are not fugitive emissions components, insofar as the natural gas discharged from the device’s vent is not considered a fugitive emissio n. Emissions originating from other than the vent, such as the seals around the bellows of a diaphragm pump, would be considered fugitive emissions. Thus, all fugitive emissions components at the affected facility would be monitored for fugitive emissions of methan e and VOC. For the reasons stated in section VII.G. 2 , for purposes of the proposed standards for fugitive emission at compressor stations, we propose that a modification occurs only when a compressor is added to the compressor station or when physical change is made to an existing compressor at a compressor station that increase s the compression capacity of the compressor station . As explained in that section, since fugitive emissions at compressor stations are from compressors and their associ ated***E.O. 12866 Review

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piping, connections and other ancillary equipment, expansion of compression capacity at a compressor station, either through addition of a compressor or physical change to the an existing
compressor , would result in an increase in emissions to the fug itive emissions components. Other than these events, we are not aware of any other physical change to a compressor station that would result in an increase in emissions from the collection of fugitive components at such compressor station. To provide clari ty and ease of implementation, f or the purposes of the proposed standards for fugitive emissions at compressor stations, we are proposing to define modification as the addition of a compressor at an existing compressor station or when a physical change is made to an existing compressor at a compressor station that increases the compression capacity of the compressor station. To encourage broadly applied fugitive emissions monitoring,

we solicit comment on the are also soliciting comments on criteria we can use to determine whether and under what conditions all n ew or modified compressor stations should not be affected facilities subject to the operating under corporate fugitive emission standards monitoring programs can be deemed to***E.O. 12866 Review

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be meeting the equivalent of the NSPS , if , at that time such standards are promulgated , the owner or operator has a corporate

- wide standards for compressor stations fugitive emissions monitoring plan in place and is implementing such that we can define those regimes as constituting alternative methods of compliance or otherwise provide appropriate regulatory streamlining. We also solicit comment on how to address enforceability of such a plan through legally and practically enforceable requirements in an operating permit or other
req uirement established under a Federal, State, local or tribal authority alternative approaches (i.e., how to assure that meets the NSPS standards , including the repair and recordkeeping requirements. these compressor stations are achieving, and will continue to achieve, equal or better emission reduction than our proposed standards). We are requesting comment on whether the fugitive emissions requirements should apply to all of the fugitive emissions sources at the compressor station for modified compressor station s or just to fugitive sources that are connected to the added compressor . For some modified compressor stations, the added compressor may only be connected to a subset of the***E.O. 12866 Review

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fug i tive emissions sources on site. We are soliciting comment on whether t he fugitive emission requirements should only apply to that subset. However, we are aware that the added complexity of distinguishing covered and non

- covered sources may create difficulty in implementing these requirements. However, we note that it may be advantageous to the operator from an operational perspective to monitor all the components at a compressor station since the monitoring equipment is already onsite. As explained above, Method 21 is not as cost

- effective as
OGI for monitoring . That said, there may be reasons why and owner and operator may prefer to use Method 21 over OGI

. While we are confident with the ability of Method 21 to detect fugitive emissions and therefore consider it a viable alternative to OGI, we solicit comment on the appropr iate fugitive emissions repair threshold for Method 21 monitoring surveys. As mentioned above, EPA’s recent work with OGI indicates that fugitive emissions at a concentration of 10,000 ppm is generally detectable using OGI instrumentation provided that the right operating conditions ( e.g. , wind speed and background temperature) are present. Work is ongoing to determine the lowest concentration that can be reliably detected***E.O. 12866 Review

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using OGI As mentioned above, we believe that OGI. In light of the above, we solicit comment on whether the fugitive emissions repair threshold for Method 21 surveys should be set at 10,000 ppm or whether a different threshold is more appropriate (including information to support such threshold). While we did not identify OGI as the BSER f or resurvey because of the potential cost associated with rehiring OGI personnel, there is no such additional cost for those who either own the OGI instrument or can perform repair/resurvey at the same time. Therefore, the proposed rule would allow the use either OGI or Method 21 for resurvey. When Method 21 is used to resurvey components, we are proposing that the component is repaired if the Method 21 instrument indicates a concentration of less than 500 ppm above background. This has been historically used in other LDAR programs as an indicator of no detectable emissions.
The proposed standards would require that operators begin monitoring fugitive emissions components at compressor stations with 30 days of the initial startu p of a new compressor station or within 30 days of a modification of a compressor station. We are proposing 30 day period to allow owners and operators the***E.O. 12866 Review

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opportunity to secure qualified contractors and equipment necessary for the initial monitoring surve y. We are requesting comment on whether 30 days is an appropriate amount of time to begin conducting fugitive emissions monitoring.
We received new information indicating that some companies could experience logistical challenges with the availability of
OGI instrumentation and qualified OGI personnel to perform monitoring surveys and in some instances repairs. We solicit comment on both the availability of OGI instruments and the availability of qualified OGI personnel to perform monitoring surveys and re pairs.
We are requesting comment on whether there are other fugitive emission detection technologies for fugitive emissions monitoring, since this is a field of emerging technology and major advances are expected in the near future. We are aware of

severa l types of technologies that may be appropriate for fugitive emissions monitoring such as Geospatial Measurement of Air Pollutants using OTM

- 33 approaches ( e.g. , Picarro Surveyor), passive sorbent tubes using EPA Methods 325A and B, active sensors, gas clo ud imaging ( e.g. , Rebellion photonics), and Airborne Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL). Therefore, we are***E.O. 12866 Review

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specifically requesting comments on details related to these and other technologies such as the detection capability; an equivalent fugitive emissi on repair threshold to what is required in the proposed rule for OGI; the frequency at which the fugitive emissions monitoring survey should be performed and how this frequency ensures appropriate levels of fugitive emissions detection; whether the technol ogy can be used as a stand

- alone technique or whether it must be used in conjunction with a less frequent (and how frequent) OGI monitoring survey; the type of restrictions necessary for optimal use; and the information that is important for inclusion in a monitoring plan for these technologies. H. Proposed Standards for Equipment Leaks at Natural Gas Processing Plants In the 2012 NSPS, we established VOC standards for equipment leaks at onshore natural gas processing plants in the oil and natural gas sour ce category. In this action, we are proposing methane standards for onshore natural gas processing plants. Based on the analysis below, the proposed methane standards are the same as the VOC standards currently in the
NSPS.***E.O. 12866 Review

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N atural gas is primarily made u p of methane. However, whether natural gas is associated gas from oil wells or non

associated gas from gas or condensate wells, it commonly exists in mixtures with other hydrocarbons. These hydrocarbons are often referred to as natural gas liquids (NGL). T hey are sold separately and have a variety of different uses. The raw natural gas often contains water vapor, H 2 S, CO 2 , helium, nitrogen and other compounds. Natural gas processing consists of separating certain hydrocarbons and fluids from the natural gas to produced

“ pipeline quality ” dry natural gas. While some of the processing can be accomplished in the production segment, the complete processing of natural gas takes place in the natural gas processing segment. Natural gas processing ope rations separate and recover NGL or other nonmethane gases and liquids from a
stream of produced natural gas through components performing one or more of the following processes: o il and condensate separation, water removal, s eparation of NGL, sulfur and C O 2 removal, fractionation of natural gas liquid and other processes, such as the capture of CO 2 separated from natural gas streams for delivery outside the facility.***E.O. 12866 Review

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In the analysis for the 2012 NSPS, we estimated nationwide methane emissions from equipme nt leaks at onshore natural gas processing plants to be 51.4 tpy. We identified four control options for reducing methane emissions from these equipment leaks in the 2012 TSD: (1) subpart VVa level of control; (2) monthly survey using optical gas imaging ( OGI) and an annual Method 21 survey; (3) monthly OGI survey without the annual Method 21 survey; and (4) annual OGI survey. In April 2014, the EPA published the white paper titled “Oil and Natural Gas Sector Leaks” 116 which summarized the EPA’s current und erstanding of fugitive emissions of methane and VOC at onshore oil and natural gas production, processing, and transmission and storage facilities. The white paper also outlined our understanding of the available mitigation techniques (practices and equipm ent) available to reduce these emissions along with the cost and effectiveness of these practices and technologies. Based on our review of the public and peer review comments on the white paper and our additional

116 Available at http://www.epa.gov/airquality/oilandgas/2014papers/20140415leaks .pdf

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research, we did not identify any additiona l control options beyond those that we identified for the 2012 NSPS. For purposes of this action, we have identified two approaches in section VIII.A for evaluating whether the cost of a multipollutant control, such as the leak detection and repair programs described above, is reasonable. As explained in that section above , we believe that both approaches are appropriate for assessing the reasonableness of the multipollutant controls considered in this action. Therefore, we find the cost of control t o be reasonable as long as it is such under either of these two approaches. Under the first approach (single pollutant approach) , which assigns all costs to the reduction of one pollutant and zero to all other pollutants simultaneously reduced, we find th e cost of control reasonable if it is reasonable for reducing one pollutant alone. The annualized costs for option 1 (subpart V V a level of control) is $45,160 without considering the cost savings of the recovered natural gas, and $33,915 considering the co st savings. We estimate the cost of reducing methane emissions from equipment leaks at natural gas processing plants under this option to be $931 per ton. The annualized costs for***E.O. 12866 Review

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option 2 (monthly survey using OGI and annual Method 21 survey) is $87,059 w ithout considering the cost savings of the recovered natural gas, and $75,813 considering the cost savings. We estimate the cost of reducing methane emissions from equipment leaks at natural gas processing plants under this option to be $1,795 per ton . At the time of the analysis for the 2012 NSPS, we were unable to estimate the methane emission reduction of options 3 (monthly OGI survey) and 4 ( annual OGI survey - only programs) since OGI currently does not have the capability to quantify emissions

. We fin d the costs for methane emission reductions for option 1 (subpart V V a level of control) to be reasonable for the amount of methane emissions it can achieve. Also, because all of the costs have been attributed to methane reduction, the cost of simultaneous VOC reduction is zero and therefore reasonable. 117 Although we propose to find the cost of control to be reasonable because it is reasonable under the above approach, we also evaluated the cost of option 1 (subpart V V a level of

117 In 2012 we already found that the cost of this control to be reasonable for reducing VOC emissions from natural gas processing plants. We are not reopening that decision in this actio n.***E.O. 12866 Review

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control) under the second app roach ( mutlipollutant approach). Under the second approach, we apportion the annualized cost across the pollutant reductions addressed by the control option in proportion to the relative percentage reduction of each pollutant controlled. In this case, since methane and VOC are controlled equally, half the cost is apportioned to the methane emission reductions and half the cost is apportioned to the VOC emission reductions. Under this approach, the costs are allocated based on the percenta ge reduction expected for each pollutant. Because option 1 (subpart V V a level of control) reduces the fugitive emission of natural gas from equipment components, emissions of methane and VOC will be reduced equally. Therefore, we attribute 50 percent of th e costs to methane reduction and 50 percent to VOC reduction. Based on this formulation, the costs for methane reduction are half of the estimated costs under the first approach above and are therefore reasonable. With option 1 (subpart V V a level of contr ol) there would be no secondary air impacts , therefore no impacts were assessed

. Also, we did not identify any nonair quality or energy impacts***E.O. 12866 Review

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associated with this control technique , therefore no impacts were assessed

. In light of the above, we find that the BSER for reducing methane emissions from equipment leaks at natural gas processing plants is a leak detection and repair program at the subpart VVa level of control, and we are proposing to require such a program at natural gas processing plants. As d escribed above, the proposed methane standard would be the same as the current VOC standard for natural gas processing plants in the NSPS.

I . Liquids Unloading Operations Liquids unloading is an operation that is conducted at natural gas wells to remove ac cumulated liquids that can impede or even halt production of natural gas due to insufficient gas flow within the wellbore. Fluid accumulation is a common problem in both aging and newer natural gas wells. The typical industry practices used to accomplish l iquids unloading include using plunger lifts, beam pumps, remedial treatments, or venting the well to atmosphere (also referred to as blowing down the well). The emissions from liquids unloading result from the intentional venting of gas from the wellbore during activities conducted on or near equipment associated with the removal of accumulated***E.O. 12866 Review

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fluids. The volume of gas vented is presumed to be the total volume of gas in the casing and tubing minus the volume of water accumulated in the well. Wells can re quire multiple unloading events per year; however, the number and frequency of unloading events and volume of emissions generated vary widely

. Some wells conduct liquids unloading without venting, through use of closed

- loop systems and other technologies. Based on the information and data available to the EPA during development of the 2012 NSPS , the EPA conducted a preliminary screening of emissions sources with the goal of maximizing emission reductions for new sources. At the time, there was not suff icient data available to determine whether liquids unloading was an issue for hydraulically fractured wells, which represent the majority of projected future production and new sources. In petitions on the 2012 NSPS, some petitioners asserted that the EPA should have regulated the methane and VOC emissions from liquids unloading operations because these emissions are significant and there are data that demonstrate that cost

- effective mitigation technologies are available to address the emissions.***E.O. 12866 Review

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Data on liquids unloading operations supplied to the EPA subsequent to the 2012 rule finalization provided significantly better insight into emissions from liquids unloading. Data were provided in a study conducted by members of the American Petroleum Institute (A PI) and America’s Natural Gas Alliance (ANGA) and published in a report titled “ Characterizing Pivotal Sources of Methane Emissions from Natural Gas Production, Summary and Analysis of API and ANGA Survey Responses” , hereafter referred to the API/ANGA stud y, available in the docket. These data demonstrate that venting for liquids unloading can and does result in significant increases in emissions for the well in comparison to wells that do not vent for liquids unloading operations. In addition, data reporte d to the GHGRP show emissions from venting for liquids unloading similar in magnitude to those calculated using API/ANGA study data. The 2014 white paper on liquids unloading discuss ed the most recent information and data available for the analysis of emi ssions (including the API/ANGA survey and GHGRP data) and industry practices or control technologies available to address these emissions. Commenters on the white paper noted that***E.O. 12866 Review

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venting for liquids unloading is a significant source of emissions and that these emissions are highly skewed, with a minority of sources being responsible for a large fraction of total emissions. As a result, commenters urged the EPA to further study these operations and that regulation of those operations at this time would be p remature. Since publication of the white paper, additional data have become available on liquids unloading emissions from Allen et al. , 2014. The Allen et al. data confirm the findings of previous studies, that venting for liquids unloading is a significant source of emissions and that emissions are highly skewed. Data reviewed also show that liquids unloading events are highly variable a nd often well

- specific. Furthermore,
q uestions remain concerning the difficulty of effective control for these high

- emitting events in many cases and the applicability and limitations of specific control technologies such as plunger lift systems for suppor ting a new source performance standard

. For analysis conducted in the development of this proposal, we revised our estimate of methane and VOC emissions from liquids unloading based on the API/ANGA study data and Allen et al . Based on the emissions data di scussed in***E.O. 12866 Review

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the white paper, and on new data available from Allen et al., we believe that the emissions from liquids unloading operations are significant . However, as noted in section VII.I, the EPA does not have sufficient information to propose standards for liquids unloading. T he EPA is continuing to study this issue and is solicit ing information and data on control technologies or practices for reducing these emissions. Specifically, we are soliciting comment on the level of methane and VOC emissions p er unloading event, the number of unloading events per year, and the number of wells that perform liquids unloading. In addition, we solicit comment on (1) characteristics of the well that play a role in the frequency of liquids unloading events and the l evel of emissions, (2) demonstrated techniques to reduce the emissions from liquids unloading events, including the use of smart automation, and the effectiveness and cost of these techniques, (3) whether there are demonstrated techniques that can be emplo yed on new wells that will reduce the emissions from liquids unloading events in the future, and (4) whether emissions from liquids unloading can be captured and routed to a control device and whether this has been demonstrated in practice.***E.O. 12866 Review

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**IX . Implementat**  **ion Improvements** A. Storage Vessel Control Device Monitoring and Testing Provisions We are proposing regulatory text changes that address

p erformance t esting and m onitoring of control devices used for

new s torage v essel installations and c entrifugal c ompressor emissions , specifically relating to in

- field p erformance t esting of enclosed combustors. Industry reconsideration p etitioners assert that the compliance demonstration and monitoring requirements finalized in the 2012 NSPS were overly complex and stringent given the large number of affected storage vessels each year and the remoteness of the well sites at which they are installed. The petitioners argue that the well sites are unmanned for periods of time up to a month. The additional information pr ovided by petitioners raised significant concerns that the compliance monitoring provisions and field testing provisions of the 2012 NSPS may not have been appropriate for the large number of affected storage vessels, which was much greater than we had expected , and of which many are in remote locations.

I n the reconsideration of the NSPS that was finalized in 2013 , we streamlined certain monitoring and continuous***E.O. 12866 Review

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compliance demonstration requirements , while we more fully evaluated the proper requiremen ts . I nstead of the detailed Method 21 monitoring requirements, the revised requirements include d monthly sensory ( i.e. , OVA) inspections of: (1) c losed

vent system joints, seams and other sealed connections ( e.g. , welded joints); (2) other closed

- vent system components such as peak pressure and vacuum valves; and (3) the physical integrity of tank thief hatches, covers, seals and pressure relief devices

. I nstead of the continuous parameter monitoring system ( CPMS ) requirements, the revised requirements include d the following inspection requirements: (1) m onthly observation for visible smoke emissions employing section 11 of EPA Method 22 for a 15 minute period; (2) monthly visual inspection of the physical integrity of the control device; and (3) monthly check of the pilot flame and signs of improper operations. Lastly, instead of the field performance testing requirements in § 60.5413 , w e require d that, where controls are used to reduce emissions, sources use control devices that by design can achieve 95 percent or more emission reduction and operate such devices according to the manufacturer’s instructions, procedures***E.O. 12866 Review

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and maintenance schedule, including appropriate sizing of the combustor for the application

. After evaluating these streamlined requirements and other potential options , we believe that performance testing of enclosed combustors is necessary to assure that they are achieving the required 95 percent control. However, p etition ers also assert that the previous performance testing requ irements were unreasonably strenuous for a control device needing to demonstrate 95 percent control efficiency. They assert that in order for an enclosed combustor to meet a requirement of 20 parts per million volume (ppmv) it would have to be achieving
gr eater than the required 95 percent control. After an evaluation of the requirement we agree with the comment and are proposing to revise this requirement from 20 ppmv to 6 00 ppmv; a value that more appropriately reflects 95 percent control of VOC inflow to these control devices. The EPA solicits comment on the appropriateness of this level of control and invites commenters to provide data that demonstrates the VOC composition of field gas from a variety of oil and gas field well sites across the nation.***E.O. 12866 Review

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As proposed, i nitial and ongoing performance testing will be required for a ny enclosed combustors used to comply with the emissions standard for an affected facility and whose make and model are not listed on the EPA Oil and Natural Gas W eb site (http://www.epa.gov/airquality/oilandgas/implement.html) as those having already met a Manufacturer’s Performance Test demonstration . Performance t esting of combustors not listed at the above site would also be conducted on an ongoing basis,
every 60 months of service, and monthly monitoring of visible emissions fro m each unit is also required.
We are proposing amendments to make the requirements for monitoring of visible emissions consistent for all enclosed combustion units . Currently enclosed combus tors that have met the Manufacturer’s Performance Test requirement must conduct quarterly observation for visible smoke emissions employing section 11 of EPA Method 22 for a 60 minute period

. 40 CFR 60.5413(e)(3). Certain p etitioners have suggested it may ease implementation to adjust the frequency and duration to monthly 15 minute EPA Method 22 tests , which is currently required for continuous monitoring of enclosed combustors that are not manufacturer tested

. 40 CFR 60. 5417(h)(1). If this change were***E.O. 12866 Review

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made then all enclosed combustors would have the same monitoring requirements which could potentially make compliance easier for owners and operators

. Because both monitoring requirements assure compliance of the enclosed combustors, and having the same requir ement would ease implementation burden, we propose to amend 40 CFR 60.5413(e)(3) to require monthly 15 minute

- period observation using EPA Method 22 Test, as suggested by the petitioner.
B. Other Improvements Following publication of the 2012 NSPS and the 2013 storage vessel amendments, we subsequently determined, following review of reconsideration petitions and discussions with affected parties, that the final rule warrants correction and clarification in cer tain areas. Each of these areas is discussed below. 1. Initial Compliance Requirements for Bypass Devices Initial compliance requirements in §60.5411(c)(3)(i)(A) for a bypass device that could divert an emission stream away from a control device were prev iously amended to allow for initiating a notification via remote alarm to the nearest field office indicating that the bypass device was activated. However, the***E.O. 12866 Review

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previous amendments did not address parallel requirements for continuous compliance in § 60.541 6. In order to maintain consistency with the previously amended §60.5411, we are proposing to amend §60.5416(c)(3)(i) to include notification via remote alarm to the nearest field office. W e are proposing to require both an alarm at the bypass device and a remote alarm. This is important in this source category due to the great number of unmanned sites, especially well sites. Previously, the

o nl y option was an al arm at the device location . We believe th is change will ensure that personnel will be alerted to a potential uncontrolled emissions release whether they ar e in the vicinity of the bypass device when it is activated or at a remote monitoring location. Finally, we are proposing similar amendments to parallel requirements at §60.5411(a)(3)(i)( A) for closed vent systems used with reciprocating compressors and centrifugal compressor wet seal degassing systems. 2. Recordkeeping Requirements Petitioners noted that the recordkeeping requirements of §60.5420(c) do not include the repair logs for con trol devices failing a visible emissions test required by §60.5413(c). We***E.O. 12866 Review

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agree that these recordkeeping requirements should be listed and are proposing to add them at §60.5420(c)(14). 3. Due Date for Initial Annual Report Petitioners pointed out that the preamble to the 2013 final rule stated that the initial annual report is due on January 15, 2014; however, §60.5420(b) states that initial annual report is due 90 days after the end of the initial compliance period. The pet itioners correctly contend that this equates to a due date of January 13, 2014. Although we inadvertently stated a date three months after the end of the initial compliance period (rather than 90 days after) in the preamble, we are not proposing to amend t he rule at this time. Rather, we will consider any initial annual report submitted no later than January 15, 2014 to be a timely submission . All subsequent annual reports must be submitted by the correct date of January 13 of the year.
4
. Flare D esign and O peration S tandards The petitioners requested tha t the EPA clarify the regulatory compliance requirements for storage vessel affected facilities with respect to flares. Currently subpart OOOO contains conflicting references to the NSPS general provisions
t hat obscure s the EPA’s intent to require compliance with the***E.O. 12866 Review

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requirements for the design and operation of flares under §60.18 of the General Provisions

. To clarify EPA’s intent, the EPA is proposing to remove the provision of Table 3 in subpart OOOO that e xempts flares from complying with the requirements for the design and operation of flares under 40 CFR 60.18 of the General Provisions . By removing the exemption from the G eneral
P rovisions from subpart OOOO, this clarifies that flares used to comply with subpart OOOO are subject to the design and operation requirements in the general provisions. It has recently come to EPA’s attention that that there may be affected facilities which use pressure assisted

- flares ( e.g. , sonic flares) to control emissions during periods of startup, shutdown, emergency and/or maintenance activities. While compliance with the NSPS emission limits can be achieved using such flares, when designed and operated properly, it is EPA’s understanding that pressure

- assisted flares can not meet the maximum exit velocity of 400 feet per second as required by 40 CFR 60.18(b). Pressure

- assisted flares are designed to operate with a high velocities up to sonic velocity conditions ( e.g. , 700 to 1,400 feet per second) for common hydrocarbon ga ses.***E.O. 12866 Review

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In order to evaluate the use of pressure

- assisted flares by the oil and natural gas industry and determine whether to develop operating parameters for pressure

- assisted flares for purposes of subparts OOOO (and subpart OOOOa should it be finalized), t he EPA is soliciting comment on where in the source category, under what conditions ( e.g. , maintenance), and how frequently pressure

- assisted flares are used to control emissions from an affected facility, as defined within this subpart. In addition, we re quest information on : (1) the importance of, and assessment of flame stability; (2) the importance of , and ranges of the heat content of flared gas; (3) the importance and ranges of gas pressure and flare tip pressure; (4) the importance of and examples of appropriate flare head design; (5) a cross

- country review of waste gas composition; (6) and appropriate methodology to measure the resultant flare destruction efficiency. The EPA also requests comment on the appropriate parameters to monitor to ensure

con tinuous compliance. This information is critical for the potential development of operating parameters for pressure

assisted flares given the limited to no information currently***E.O. 12866 Review

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available for this type of flare in the oil and natural gas industry.
5
. Exem ption to N otification R equirement for R econstruction The petitioners asked fo r the EPA to consider whether a single remaining notification of reconstruction required under §60.15(d) of the General Provisions was necessary, given tha t the EPA had already provided an e xemption to parallel requirements for construction, startup, and modific ation. The EPA agrees with the petitioner that the notification of reconstruction requirements under § 60.15(d) i s unnecessary. The EPA considers it unnecessar y because subpart OOOO specif ies notification of reconstruction for affected unit pneumatic controllers, centrifugal compressors, and storage vessels under
§ 60.5410 and § 60.5420 in lieu of the general notification requirement in § 60.15(d). The EPA , therefore , propos e s to add in Table 3 that § 60.15(d) does not apply to affected facility pneumatic controllers, centrifugal compressors, and storage vessels subject to subpart OOOO. 6
. Disposal of Carbon from C ontrol D evices
We are re - proposing the provis ions for management of waste from spent c arbon canisters that were finalized in***E.O. 12866 Review

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§ 60.5412(c)(2) of the 2012 NSPS to allow for comment. Petitioners assert that the requirements for RCRA

- level management of waste from spent carbon canisters are unnecessary and overly burdensome. Further, they assert that those provisions were not in the proposal which exc luded them from review and comment. We do not agree that these provisions are overly burdensome because RCRA hazardous waste units are not the only options made available to manage the spent carbon. In the scenario where the carbon is to be burned, the EPA sought a means to assure that sufficient precaution was taken to assure complete destruction of the carbon and adsorbed compounds. These same requirements apply to spent carbon from units subject to NESHAP subpart HH in oil and natural gas production, fu rther supporting our decision to seek consistent and appropriate levels of control for burning spent carbon from an adsorption system. We are re

- proposing the provisions here to allow for review and comment. Petitioners may submit alternatives that would a llow for consistent treatment of spent carbon from the oil and natural gas sector, and tha t assure destruction of the compounds adsorbed in carbon adsorption control units.
7
. Definition of Capital Expenditure***E.O. 12866 Review

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Petitioners requested that the EPA clarify the definition of “capital expenditure” in subpart OOOO. The term is used in section § 60.5365(f), which describes the applicability of the equipment leaks provisions for onshore natural gas processing plants. Spec ifically, 40 CFR 60.5365(f)(1) states that “addition or replacement of equipment for the purpose of process improvement that is accomplished without a capital expenditure shall not by itself be considered a modification under this subpart.” Subpart OOOO do es not define “capital expenditure” but states in 40 CFR 60.5430 (definition section) that “all terms not defined herein shall have the meaning given them in the Act, in subpart A or subpart VVa of part 60.” The term “capital expenditure” is defined in the General Provisions subpart A, as well as in subpart VVa. However, this definition in subpart VVa is currently stayed. The EPA agrees with the commenter that this capital expenditure approach applies to onshore natural gas processing plants that are subjec t to subpart OOOO. The EPA had previously adopted this method for determining modification in subpart KKK. In fact, the capital expenditure provision in subpart OOOO, 40 CFR 60.5365(f)(1) was carried over from subpart KKK 40 CFR 60.630(c). Subpart KKK does not specifically define***E.O. 12866 Review

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“capital expenditure;” it states in 40 CFR 60.631 that “as used in this subpart, all terms not defined herein shall have the meaning given them in the Act, in subpart A or subpart VV of part 60...” This means that the definition of capital expenditure in subpart KKK is the current definition in VV. In conductin g the EPA ’s 8

- year review of subpart KKK, the EPA promulgated subpart OOOO, which includes certain revisions to subpart KKK. T he EPA revised the existing NSPS r equirements for LDAR to reflect the procedures and leak definition established by 40 CFR part 60, subpart VVa (77 FR 49498)
. Specifically, the revision to subpart KKK, which is codified in subpart OOOO, includes a lower leak definitions for valves and
pum ps and requires monitoring of connectors. The EPA’s 8

- year review and revision of subpart KKK did not include any change to the capital expenditure provision as it applies to oil and natural gas processing plants. This means that the technique used to dete rmine whether there is a modification based on capital expenditure under OOOO remains the same technique as in subpart KKK ( i.e. , based on the definition of “capital expenditure” in subpart VV).***E.O. 12866 Review

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However, as the petitioner correctly noted, the year tha t is the basis for calculating Y (the percent of replacement cost) is designed to reflect the year of the proposed standards for the relevant subpart at issue; as such, the definition of “capital expenditure” in subpart VV does not reflect the year subpart OOOO was proposed ( i.e. , 2011) and is therefore inaccurate for application to subpart OOOO as is. To address this issue, the EPA is proposing to provide in subpart OOOO a definition for “capital expenditure” that essentially mirrors 118 the definition in subpart VV but with the year revised to reflect the year subpart OOOO was proposed ( i.e. , 2011). The EPA disagrees with the petitioner that the appropriate applicable basic annual asset guideline repair allowance, designated “B” in the formula, is 12.5, which is the B value for Subpart VVa. Since “capital expenditure” method was not among the updates the EPA made in its review of the subpart KKK (and subpart OOOO is the updated version of KKK), the allowance in KKK ( i.e. , 4.5 according to subpart VV) rema ins applicable to onshore gas affected facilities. Further, B values are based on

118 The proposed definition does not include B values listed in subpart VV for other subparts because those values are irrelevant to subpart OOOO.***E.O. 12866 Review

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the annual asset guideline repair allowance specified in IRS Revenue Procedure 83

- 35. The specified allowance value is 4.5 for exploration and production of petroleum and nat ural gas deposits. Also, as evident from the “capital expenditure” definitions in both subparts VV and VVa, the B values are subpart

- specific and therefore the EPA has promulgated specific B values for different subparts. Whereas subpart VV includes a
spec ific B value for natural gas processing plants covered by subpart KKK ( natural gas processing plants ), there is no such value in subpart VVa referencing subpart KKK. For the reasons stated above, the EPA clarifies that the B value for purposes of subpart O OOO is 4.5; it is not 12.5, as the petitioner suggests. In sum, to provide clarity the EPA is proposing to specifically define the term “capital expenditure” in subpart OOOO. In this proposed definition, EPA is updating the formula to reflect the calendar year that subpart OOOO was proposed, as well as specifying that the B value for subpart OOOO is 4.5. These updates are necessary for proper calculation of capital expenditure under subpart OOOO. 8. Initial Compliance Clarification***E.O. 12866 Review

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An issue was raised in a n administrative petition that EPA did not adequately respond to a comment on the 2011 proposed NSPS regarding compliance period for the LDAR requirements for
On

- Shore Natural Gas Processing Plants. The comment at issue 119 requested that EPA include in subpa rt OOOO a provision similar to subpart KKK, 40 CFR § 60.632(a), which allows a compliance period of up to 180 days after initial start

- up. The commenter was “concerned that a modification at an existing facility or a subpart KKK regulated facility could s ubject the facility to Subpart OOOO LDAR requirements without adequate time to bring the whole process unit into compliance with the new regulation.” 120 We clarify that subpart OOOO, as promulgated in 2012, already includes a provision similar to subpart KKK, §60.632(a), as requested in the comment . Specifically, §60.5400(a) requires

119 Comments of the Gas Processors Association Regarding the Proposed Rule, Oil and Natural Gas Sector: New Source Performance Standards and National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants Reviews, 76 Fed. Reg. 52,738 (Aug. 23, 2011). Pp. 3, 32

- 33. 120 Comments of the Gas Processors Association Regarding the Proposed Rule, Oil and Natural Gas Sector: New Source Performance Standards and National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants Reviews, 76 Fed. Reg. 52,738 (Aug. 23, 2011). Pp. 33.***E.O. 12866 Review

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compliance with 40 CFR §60.482

- 1a (a), which provides that “[e]ach owner or operator subject to the provisions of this subpart shall demonstrate compliance ... within 180 days o f initial startup.” This provision applies to all new, modified, and reconstructed sources. With respect to modification, which was of specific concern to the commenter, a change to a unit sufficient to trigger a modification and thus application of the

su bpart OOOO LDAR requirements for on

- shore natural gas processing plants would be followed by startup, which would mark the beginning of the 180 day compliance period provided in 40 CFR §60.482

- 1a (a) (incorporated by reference in subpart OOOO §60.5400(a)). 9. Tanks Associated with Water Recycling Operations In many cases, flowback water from well completion s and water produ ced during ongoing production is collected, treated and recycled to reduce the volume of potable water withdrawn from wells or other so urces. L arge, non - earthen tanks are used to collect the water for recycling following separation to

remove crude oil, condensate , intermediate hydrocarbon liquids and natural gas. These collection tanks used for water recycling are very large vessels havin g capacities of 25,000 barrels or***E.O. 12866 Review

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more , with annual throughput of millions of barrels of water

. In contrast, i ndustry standard storage vessels commonly found in well site tank batteries and used to contain crude oil, condensate, intermediate hydrocarbon liquids and produced water typically have capacities in the 500 barrel range. In the 2012 NSPS, we had envisioned the storage vessel provisions as regulating the vessels in well site tank batteries and no t these large tanks primarily used for water recycling. It was never our intent to cover these large water recycling tanks. It recently came to our attention that these water recycling tanks could be inadvertently subject to the NSPS due to the extremely l ow VOC content combined with the millions of barrels of throughput each year, which could result in a potential to emit VOC exceeding the NSPS storage vessel threshold of 6 tpy. 121 The EPA encourages efforts on the part of owners and operators to maximize r ecycling of flowback and produced water. We are concerned that the inadvertent coverage of these tanks under the NSPS could discourage recycling. It is our understanding that,

121 Letter from Obie O’Brien, Vice President

– Government Affairs/Corporate Outreach, Apache Corporation, to EP A Docket, Docket ID Number EPA

- HQ

- OAR

- 2010

- 4755, April 20, 2015. Similar letters from Rockwater Energy Solutions (EPA

- HQ

- OAR

- 2010

- 4756) and Permian Basin Petroleum Association (EPA

- HQ

- OAR

- 2010

- 4757).***E.O. 12866 Review

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due to the size and throughput of these tanks, combined with the
trace amounts o f VOC emissions that are difficult to control, that operators may choose to discontinue recycling to avoid noncompliance with the NSPS. As a result, we are considering changes in the final rule to remove tanks that are used for water recycling from potenti al NSPS applicability. We solicit comment on approaches that could be taken to amend the definition of “storage vessel” or other change s to the NSPS that would resolve this issue without excluding storage vessels appropriately covered by the NSPS . In addit ion, we solicit comment on location, capacity or other criteria that would be appropriate for such purpose.
**X. Next Generation Compliance and Rule Effectiveness**  A. Independent Third

- Party Verification The EPA is taking comment on establishing a t hird

- p arty verification program as discussed below. Third

- p arty verification is when an independent third

- party verifies to a regulator that a regulated entity is meeting one or more of its compliance obligations. The regulator retains the ultimate responsibility to monitor and enforce compliance but, as a practical matter, gives significant weight to the third

- party verification provided in the context of a regulatory program***E.O. 12866 Review

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with effective standards, procedures, transparency and oversight. While requiring regulated entities to monitor and report should improve compliance by establishing minimum requirements for a regulated entity’s employees and managers, well

- structured third

- party compliance monitoring and reporting may further improve compliance. The t hird

- p art y verification program would be designed to ensure that the third

- party reviewers are competent, independent, and accredited, apply clear and objective criteria to their design plan reviews, and report appropriate information to regulators. Additionally, t here would need to be mechanisms to ensure regular and effective oversight of third

- party reviewers b y the EPA and/or states which may include public disclosure of information concerning the third parties and their performance and determinations, such as l icensing or registration. The EPA is considering a broad range of possible design features for such a program under the following two scenarios: A) Third

- Party Verification of Closed Vent System Design and B) Third

- Party Verification of IR Camera Fugitive s Monitoring***E.O. 12866 Review

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Program. These include those discussed or included in the following articles, rules, and programs: (1) Lesley K. McAllister, Regulation by Third

- Party Verification, 53 B.C. L. REV. 1, 22

- 23 (2012); (2) Lesley K. McAllister, THIRD

- PARTY PROGRAMS FINAL REPORT (2012) (prepared for the Administrative Conference of the United States), available at http://www.acus.gov/report/third

- party

- programs - final

report ; (3 ) Esther Duflo et al., Truth

- Telling By Third

- Party Auditors and the Response of Polluting Firms: Experimental Evidence From India, 128 Q. J. OF ECON. 4 at 1499

- 1545 (2013); (4) EPA CAA Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) program: The RFS regulations include re quirements for obligated parties to, in relevant part, submit independent third

- party engineering reviews t o the EPA before generating Renewable Identification Numbers (RINs)

. 122

122 EPA, Renewable Fuel Standards (RFS), http://www.epa.go v/OTAQ/fuels/renewablefuels/

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( 5 ) Massachusetts Underground Storage Tank (UST) third

party inspection program: The owners/operators of most underground storage tanks in Massachusetts are required to have their USTs inspected by third

- party inspectors every three years. While the third

- pa rty inspectors are hired directly by the tank owners and operators, they report to the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection (MassDEP). The third parties conduct and document detailed inspections of USTs and piping systems, review facility

r ecordkeeping to ensure it meets UST program requirements, and submit reports on their findings electronically to
MassDEP . 123 ( 6 ) Massachusetts licensed Hazardous Waste Site Cleanup Professional program: Private parties who are financially responsible under Massachusetts law for assessing and cleaning up confirmed and suspected hazardous waste sites must retain a licensed Hazardous Waste Site Cleanup Professional (commonly called a "Licensed Site

123 MassDEP, Third

- Party Underground Storage Tank (UST) Inspection Program, http://www.mass.gov/eea/agencies/massdep/toxics/ust/third

- party

ust

- inspection

- program.html

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Professional" or simply an "LSP") to oversee the assessment

an d cleanup work

. 124 We have identified one potential area for t hird

- p arty verificati on under this rule. **Professional Engineer C**  **ertification of C**  **losed V**  **ent S**  **ystem and**  **C ontrol**  **D evice**  **D esign and**  **I nstallation**  When produced liquids from oil and natural gas operations are routed from the separator to the condensate storage tank, a drop in pressure from operating pressure to atmospheric pressure

occurs. This results in “flash emissions” as gases are liberated from the condensate stream due to the change in pr essure. The magnitude of flash emissions can dwarf normal working and breathing losses of a storage tank. If the control system (closed vent system and control device, including pressure relief devices and thief hatches on storage vessels) cannot accommoda te the peak instantaneous flow rate of flash emissions, working losses, breathing losses and any other additional vapors, this may cause pressure relief devices and thief hatches to “pop” and they may not properly reseat, resulting in

124 http://www.mass.gov/eea/agencies/massdep/cleanup/license d

site

- professionals.html

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immediate and potenti ally continuing excess emissions. Through our energy extraction enforcement initiative, we have seen this to be the case, due in large part to undersized control systems that may have been inadequately designed to accommodate only working and breathing los ses of a storage tank. We have worked in conjunction with states, including Colorado, in conducting inspection campaigns associated with storage vessels. In two inspection campaigns, in two different regions, we recorded venting from thief hatches or other parts of the control system at over 60 percent of the tank batteries inspected. Another inspection campaign resulted in a much higher leak rate, with of 23 of 25 tank batteries experiencing fugitive emissions. One potential remedy for the inadequate de sign and sizing of the closed vent system would be to require an independent third

- party (independent of the well site owner/operator and control device manufacturer), such as a professional engineer, to review the design and verify that it is designed to accommodate all emissions scenarios, including flash emissions episodes. Another element of the professional engineer verification could be that the professional engineer verifies***E.O. 12866 Review

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that the control system is installed correctly and that the design criteria is properly utilized in the field. Another approach to detecting overpressure in a closed vent system would be to require a continuous pressure monitoring device or system, located on the thief hatches, pressure relief devices and other bypasses from the closed vent system. Through our inspections, we have seen thief hatch pressure settings below the pressure settings of the storage tanks to which they are affixed. This results in emissions escaping from the thief hatch and not making it to the control de vice. The EPA requests comment on these approaches. Specifically, we request comment as to whether we should specify criteria by which the PE verifies that the closed vent system is designed to accommodate all streams routed to the facility’s control sy stem, or whether we might cite to current engineering codes that produce the same outcome. We also request comment as to what types of cost

- effective pressure monitoring systems can be utilized to ensure that the pressure settings on relief devices is not lower than the operating pressure in the closed vent to the control device and what types of reporting from such systems***E.O. 12866 Review

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should be required, such as through a supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system.

B . Fugitives E missions V erification

As discussed in section s VII .G and VIII.G , the EPA is proposing the use of OGI as a low cost way to find leaks. While we believe we are proposing a robust method to ensure that OGI surveys are done correctly, we have ample experience from our enhanced leak detection and repair (LDAR) efforts under our Air Toxics Enforcement Initiative, that even when methods are in place, routine monitoring for fugitives may not be as effective in practice as in design. Similar to the audits included as part of consent decr ees under the Initiative ( See U.S. et. Al. v. BP Products North America Inc. ) , we are soliciting comment on a n audit program of the collection of fugitive emissions components at well site s and compressor station s . For this rule, we are anticipating a structure in which the facilities themselves are responsible for determining and documenting that their auditors are competent and independent pursuant to specified criteria. The Agency seeks comment as to whether this approach is appropriate for the type of auditing we describe below, or whether an alternative approach, such as***E.O. 12866 Review

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requiring auditors to have accreditation from a recognized auditing body or EPA, or other potentially relevant and applicable consensus standard s and protocols ( e.g. , American National Standards Institute (ANSI), ASTM International (ASTM), European Committee for Standardization (CEM), International Organization for Standardization (ISO), and National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) st andards ), would be preferable

. In order to ensure the competence and independence of the auditor, certain criteria should be met. Competence of the auditor can include safeguards such as licensing as a

P rofessional Engineer (PE), knowledge with the requi rements of rule and the operation of monitoring equipment ( e.g. , optical gas imaging) , experience with the facility type and processes being audited and the applicable recognized and generally accepted good engineering practices, and train ing or certifi cation in auditing techniques

. Independence of the auditor can be ensured by provisions and safeguards in the contracts and relationships between the owner and operator of the affected facility with auditors. These can include: the auditor and its perso nnel must not have***E.O. 12866 Review

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conducted past research, development, design, construction services, or consulting for the owner or operator within the last 3 years; the a uditor and its personnel must not provide other business or consulting services to the owner or op erator, including advice or assistance to implement the findings or recommendations in the Audit report, for a period of at least 3 years following the Auditor’s submittal of the final Audit report; and all auditor personnel who conduct or otherwise partic ipate in the audit must sign and date a conflict of interest statement attesting the personnel have met and followed the auditors’ policies and procedures for competence, impartiality, judgment, and operational integrity when auditing under this section; a nd must receive no financial benefit from the outcome of the Audit, apart from payment for the auditing services themselves. In addition, owners or operators cannot provide future employment to any of the auditor’s personnel who conducted or otherwise part icipated in the Audit for a period of at least 3 years following the Auditor’s submittal of its final Audit report and must be empowered to direct their auditors to produce copies of any of the audit

- related reports and records specified in those sections. B oth the owners and operators and***E.O. 12866 Review

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their auditors should sign supporting certifications statements

. To further minimize audit bias, an audit structure might require that audit report drafts and final audit reports be submitted to EPA at the same time, or b efore, they are provided to the owners and operators . Furthermore, the audits conducted by the auditors under this rule should not be claimed as a confidential attorney work products even if the auditors are themselves, or managed by or report to, attorney s . There may be other options, in addition to the approaches above , that may increas e owner or operator flexibility , but these options also present risks of introducing bias into the program, resulting in less robust and effective audit reports. EPA inv ites comment on the structure above as well as alternative auditor/auditing approaches with less rigorous independence criteria. For example, EPA could, in the final rule, allow for audits to be performed by auditors with some potential conflicts of intere st ( e.g. , employees of parent company, affiliates, vendors/contractors that participated in developing source master plan(s) and/or site

- specific plan(s ), etc.) and/or allow a person at the facility itself who is a registered PE or who has the requisite tr aining in conducting***E.O. 12866 Review

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optical gas imaging monitoring to conduct the audit. If such approaches are adopted in the final rule, the Agency could seek to place appropriate restrictions on auditors and auditing with less than full independence from their client facilities in an effort to increase confidence that the auditors will act accurately when performing their activities under the rule. Such provisions could include ones addressed to ensuring that auditor personnel who assess a facility’s compliance with t he fugitives monitoring requirements do not receive any financial benefit from the outcome of their auditing decisions, apart from their basic salaries or remuneration for having conducted the audits. Additional example s of the types of restrictions that could be placed on such self

- auditing to potentially improve auditor impartiality and auditing outcomes appear in the U.S. and CARB v. Hyundai Motor Company, et al. Consent Decree (CD) . Until the CDs corrective measures are fully implemented, the defendants must audit their fleets to ensure that vehicles sold to the public conform to the vehicles’ certification. The CD provides that the audit team will be in the United States, will be i ndependent from the group that performed the original***E.O. 12866 Review

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certification work, and must perform their audits without access to or knowledge of the defendants’ original certification test data which the CD

- required audits are intended to backcheck. EPA seeks co mment as to whether similar restrictions could be effective for any potential enhanced self

- auditing conducted under the rule. Finally, EPA seeks comment on whether, and to what extent, the public should have access to the compliance reports, portion s or summaries of them and/or any other information or documentation produced pursuant to the auditing provisions. EPA is also considering the approach it should take to balanc e public access to the audits and the need to protect Confidential Business Info rmation (CBI). To balance these potentially competing interests, EPA is reviewing a variety of approaches that may include limiting public access to portions of the audits and/or posting public audit grades or scores to inform the public of the auditing ou tcomes without compromising confidential or sensitive information. EPA seeks comment on these transparency and public access to information issues in the context of the proposed a uditing provisions.***E.O. 12866 Review

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A suggested structure which incorporates concepts from the discussion above, and relevant to an audit of the fugitives monitoring program of the collection of fugitive emissions components at well site s and compressor station s could include the following structure: Within the first year of applicability to the rule , an OGI trained auditor , experience d with the facility type and processes being audited and the applicable recognized and generally accepted good engineering practices, and train ed or certifi ed in auditing techniques , and who has not :

a. serve d as a fugitive emissions monitoring technician at the source , b. conducted past research, development, design, construction services, or consulting for the owner or operator within the last 3 years or ;

c. provide d other business or consulting services to the

owner o r operator, including advice or assistance to implement the findings or recommendations in the Audit report, for a period of at least 3 years following the Auditor’s submittal of the final Audit report;***E.O. 12866 Review

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shall:

a. Verify that the source has established a mast er and site specific monitoring plan; b. Verify that the master and site specific monitoring plan includes the elements described in the rule ;

c . Verify that the fugitive components were monitored in accordance with the master and site specific monitoring pla n and at the appropriate frequency under the plan(s) and the rule ; d

. Verify that proper documentation and sign offs have been recorded for all fugitive components placed on the delay of repair list;

e . Ensure that repairs have been performed in the requir ed periods under the rule ; f

. Review monitoring data for feasibility ( e.g. , do the survey results reflect a feasible timeframe in which to conduct the monitoring survey) and unusual trends;
g . Verify that proper calibration records and monitoring instrument maintenance information are maintained; h

. Verify that other fugitives emissions monitoring records are maintained as required; and***E.O. 12866 Review

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i

. Observe in the field each technician who is conducting fugitive emissions monitoring to ensure that monitoring is being conducted as described in the rule and the master and site specific plan ; j. Submit a report to the EPA and the facility outlining the findings of the audit with deficiencies and corrective actions provided

. k. Sign a certification statement that the report was prepared by the auditor conducting the audit (or under his/her direction or supervision), that the report is true, accurate, and complete , that the Audit was prepared pursuant to, and meets the requirements of, 40 CFR Part 60 subpart OO OOa, and any other applicable auditing, competency, and independence/impartiality/conflict of interest standards and protocols. Upon the receipt of the auditor’s report, the source should correct any deficiencies detected or observed within four months

. T he source would be required to maintain a record that: (i) records the auditor’s report ; and (ii) describes the nature and timing of any corrective actions taken. The source would be required to submit in their periodic compliance report, a***E.O. 12866 Review

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summary of the findings of the auditor’s report and a description and timing of any corrective actions taken. EPA envisions that the audit would be repeated with some frequency and requests comment on the appropriate frequency, and any actions, trends or compliance trig gers which might require or allow deviation from the frequency.
C . Third

- Party Information Reporting Third

- party information reporting occurs when a third

- party reports information on a regulated source’s performance, directly to the regulator. To promote improved compliance, third

- party information reporting reduces information asymmetries between what the regulated entities know about themselves and the regulat ors’ knowledge about the entities. An example of third

- party information reporting involves federal income tax law where certain income must be independently reported to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) by payers of the income. Because the information is required to be identical to that report ed by taxpayers, the government can compare the dual disclosures for consistency. Taxpayers know this and are deterred from failin g to report or underreporting. We outlined a potential third

- party information r eporting structure for oil and natural gas in our 2013 proposed***E.O. 12866 Review

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amendments. We continue to believe that application of such a reporting structure is a natural outgrowth for implementation of the manufacturer performance testing requirements under subpart
O OOO and subpart s HH/HHH. As previously discussed in the 2013 proposal, an owner or operator that purchases a specific model of control device that the manufacturer has demonstrated achieves the combustion control device performance requirements in NSPS sub part OOOO (a “listed device”) is exempt from conducting their own performance test and submitting performance test results. To provide further incentive to use such a listed device, the EPA can “level the playing field” by ensuring that exemption claims ar e valid. Using the framework of third

- party information reporting, the owner or operator would demonstrate initial compliance by providing proof of purchase of the listed device, reporting certain information, such as device model, serial number, geospatia l coordinates and date of installation in their annual report following the end of the compliance period during which the device was installed. In the final rule,
t he EPA c ould conceivably supplement the owner/operator reporting requirement with a manufact urer reporting requirement providing the names of entities that had purchased the listed***E.O. 12866 Review

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device. The manufacturer report t o the EPA could be very simple, such as a “notice and go” or “post card” type report. This could allow a simple cross check of the own er ’s or operator ’ s report with the manufacturer’s sales confirmation, making compliance checks easy and provide assurance to the A gency that the source has in fact purchased and installed a manufacturer performance tested device, impr oving compliance with the rule

. As noted above, we have currently evaluated and posted 1 5 enclosed combustor model s, allaying concerns that it would take “years of work” to avoid compliance complications with the
process. The EPA continues to encourage the option to use listed devices and believe that operators have an incentive to do so, in lessened initial and on

- going compliance demonstration costs. Third

- party information reporting c ould lessen any lingering concerns with implementation and potential compliance complications. However, we understand the issues for this sector, with making the “postcard” model work as we envisioned. One of the issues i s related to the granularity of the reporting by the manufacturer as compa red to the reporting by the source to the EPA or delegated authority. For example, the manufacturer may only know that they sold 500 units of a particular control***E.O. 12866 Review

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device, but may not know where it is actually installed. Lack of a unique “user ID” being rep orted by both sides can limit the utility of the postcard model in this instance. We solicit comment on potential third

- party approaches such as the “post card” reporting described above that could be implemented to streamline and enhance compliance.

As stated above, a primary concern is that an owner or operator would install a control device, and not conduct a performance test, claiming that they installed a device listed on the Oil and Gas page. We believe that we can build on the success of GIS i mbedd ed digital photos for green completions (“REC PIX”), already in the rule, by developing a similar requirement for installed manufacturer tested control devices. Enhancing the records and reports by requiring specifics of the control device (make, model a nd serial number) and requiring the digital picture, will allow us to match a particular control device at a specific location with control device models listed on the Oil and Gas page

. 125 Having this information

125 see www.epa.gov/oilandgas***E.O. 12866 Review

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electronically reported to CEDRI will further enhance our ability to evaluate compliance with the rule. While we are soliciting comment on third

- party reporting by combustor vendors directly to the EPA, we propose to require that owners or operators include information regarding purchase of a pre

- tested combustor model in their Notice of Compliance
Status as part of the first annual report following the compliance period in which the combustor commences operation. The information would include (1) make, model and serial number of the purchased device; (2) date of purchase; (3) inlet gas flow rate; (4) latitud e and longitude of the emission source being controlled by the combustor; (5) digital GIS and date stamp

- imbedded photo of the combustor once it is installed; and (6) certification of continuous compliance . The owner or operator would be required to submit information to CEDRI in lieu of a field performance test.

D . Electronic R eporting and T ransparency 1. Include R obust F ederal R eporting with E asy A ccess to I nformation We have the opportunit y to expand transparency by making the information we have today m ore accessible, and making new information, obtained from advanced emissions monitoring and***E.O. 12866 Review

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electronic reporting, publicly available. This approach will empower communities to play an active role in compliance oversight and improve the performance of both the government and regulated entities. On September 30, 2013, the EPA established that the default assumption for all new EPA rules is to use e

reporting, absent a compelling reason to use paper reporting. 126 Current reporting requirements in most rules and permits direct regulated entities to submit paper reports and forms t o the EPA , states, and tribes. Under electronic, or e

- reporting, paper reporting is replaced by standardized, I nternet

- based, electroni c reporting to a central repository using specifically developed forms, templates and tools. E

- reporting is not simply a regulated entity emailing an electronic copy of a document ( e.g. , a PDF file) to the government, but also a means to make collected inf ormation easily accessible to the public and other stakeholders.
On March 20, 2015, the EPA proposed the “ Electronic Reporting and Recordkeeping Requirements for New Source Performance Standards” (80 FR 15099, March 20, 2015) . If

126 EPA, Policy Statement on E

- Reporting in EPA Regulations (September 30, 2013)

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adopted, the rule would re vise the part 60 General Provisions and various NSPS subparts in part 60 of title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) to require affected facilities to submit specified air emissions data reports to the EPA electronically and to allow affected faci lities to maintain electronic records of these reports. T his proposed rule focuses on the submission of electronic reports to the EPA that provide direct measures of air emissions data such as summary reports, excess emission reports, performance test repo rts and performance evaluation reports. Subpart OOOO is one of the rules potentially affected by this rulemaking. When promulgated, § 60.5420(c)(9) would be amended to require the submittal of reports to the EPA via the CEDRI. (CEDRI can be accessed through the EPA’s CDX (https://cdx.epa.gov/).) The owner or operator would be required to use the appropriate electronic report in CEDRI for this subpart or an alternate electronic file format consistent with the extensible markup language (XML) schema lis ted on the CEDRI Web site ( http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/cedri/index.html ). If the reporting form specific to this subpart is not available in CEDRI at the time that the report is due, the owner or operator***E.O. 12866 Review

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would submit the report to the Administrator at th e appropriate address listed in §60.4 of the General Provisions . The owner or operator must begin submitting reports via CEDRI no later than 90 days after the form becomes available in CEDRI. The EPA is currently working to develop the form for subpart OOO O. 2. Potential to E nhance P ublic T ransparency through W eb site

P osting on C ompany M aintained W eb site The public disclosure of compliance information by regulated entities to customers, ratepayers, or stakeholders has been shown to reduce pollution and improve compliance. This disclosure will empower communities and other stakeholders to play an active role in compliance oversight and improve the performance of both the government and regulated entities. A study of the Safe Drinking Water Act’s (SDWA) Co nsumer Confidence Reports (CCR) requirements linked direct disclosures of compliance information to drinking water customers to statistically significant compliance improvements and reduced pollution. 127 Additional studies have linked public information

127 Lori S. Bennear and Sheila M. Olmstead, Impacts of the “Right to Know”: Information Disclosure and the Violation of Dri nking Water Standards , 56 J. ENVT’L ECON. & MGMT. 117 (2008) (finding that when larger utilities were required to mail annual Consumer***E.O. 12866 Review

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disc losure to pollution reductions 128 , improved water pollution control practices, 129 reduced air emissions and improved

Confidence Reports on water

- supplier compliance pursuant to the 1998 Safe Drinking Water Act amendments, those utilities’ total violations were reduced by 30

- 44% and more severe health violations by 40

- 57%). 128 Using a micro

- level data set linking Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) releases to plant

- level Census data, one researcher found, among other things, that state and loca l government use of TRI disclosures helped induce firms to become cleaner. Linda T.M. Bui, Public Disclosure of Private Information as a Tool for Regulating Environmental Emissions: Firm

- Level Responses by Petroleum Refineries to the Toxics Release Invento ry (Brandeis Univ. Working Paper Series, Working Paper No. 05

- 13, 2005), available at ftp://ftp2.census.gov/ces/wp/2005/CES

- WP

- 05

- 13.pdf

. See also , Shameek Komar & Mark A. Cohen, Information As Regulation: The Effect of Community Right to Know Laws on Toxi c Emissions , 32 J. ENVT’L ECON. & MGMT. 109 (1997), available at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S00950696969095 59 (finding that the top 40 firms with the largest drop in stock price following their disclosure of TRI emissions subsequently reduced their average emissions more than other firms in their industry, including the top 40 firms with the largest TRI emissions per thousand dollars in revenue [TRI/$]; these firms both significantly reduced their average emissions and made significant attempts to improve their environmental performance by reducing the frequency and severity of chemical and oil spills). 129 DAVID WHEELER, WORLD BANK REPORT NO. 16513

- BR, INFORMATION IN POLLUTION MANAGEMENT: THE NEW MODEL 14 (1997), available at http://we b.worldbank.org/archive/website01004/WEB/IMAGES/BRAZILI N.PDF (finding that Indonesia’s Program for Pollution Control, Evaluation and Rating improved the studied facilities’ ratings pursuant to a color

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environmental regulatory compliance, 130 and health and safety improvements in the automobile and restaurant markets.

A 2014 study specific to the oil and natural gas industry 131 relied solely on publicly available information that companies provide on their web sites, or in publicly released financial statements or other reports linked from their web sites . T he report focus ed on promoting improved operational practices among oil and natural gas companies engaged in horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing. According to the report, “[f]ollowing the maxim of what gets measured, gets managed,” this report

130 In 1990, the Ministry of Environment , Lands and Parks of British Columbia, Canada (MOE) employed a public disclosure strategy releasing a list of industrial operations that were not in compliance with their waste management permits or were deemed to be a potential pollution concern. Simultan eously, the Government of British Columbia introduced revised regulations to its pulp and paper regulations setting stricter standards and also increasing the maximum amount of fines under the Waste Management Act. Results indicated that the public disclos ure strategy had a larger impact on both emissions levels and compliance status than traditional enforcement strategies, including fines, orders, and penalties. The results also indicated that the adoption of stricter standards and higher penalties also ha d a significant impact on decreasing emissions levels. Jérôme Foulon et al., Incentives for Pollution Control: Regulation and Public Disclosure 5 (World Bank Pol’y Res., Working Paper No. 2291, 2000), available at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abs tract_id=629138

. 131 Richard Liroff, D. F. (2014). Disclosing the Facts: Transparency and Risk in Hydraulic Fracturing.***E.O. 12866 Review

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encourages oil and natural gas companies to increase disclosures about their use of current best practices to minimize the environmental risks and community impacts of their “fracking” activities. A k ey finding of the report was that across the industry, “companies are fail ing to provide investors and other key stakeholders with quantitative, play

- by

- play disclosure of operational impacts and best management practices” (while noting an increase in any level of reporting over 2013)

. The EPA solicits comment on requiring own ers and operators of affected facilities to report quantitative environmental results on their corporate maintained web sites. Such results might include monitoring data (including fugitives), quantification of excess emissions and corrective actions,

resu lts of performance tests, affected facility status with respect to a standard contained in a rule, and third

- party certifications. The EPA requests comment on whether all owner and operators should be required to do this, or only a subset ( e.g. , based on s ize of entity, complexity or number of operations, web presence, etc.) and what data we should require them to report; keeping in mind that monitoring and reporting requirements that may be sufficient for government regulators***E.O. 12866 Review

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may be insufficient for the p ublic. G overnment regulators may be satisfied with a regulation that requires a facility to monitor specified parameters ( e.g. , operating temperature) to generally assure that the facility is operating properly, and to perform a formal compliance test ( e.g. , measuring actual smokestack emissions) only upon the government’s request. 3. Potential to P romote A dvances in D ata C apture (e.g., “Check

- in App” with location and photos) One of the advances of the digital age is the ability to “check

- in” with geos patial accuracy at any location. For example, in the 2012 NSPS, we provided a mechanism by which owners and operators could streamline annual reporting of well completions by using a digital camera to document that a well completion was performed in compli ance with the NSPS. In lieu of submitting voluminous hard copies of well completion records in their annual report, the owner or operator could document the completions with a digital photograph of the REC equipment in use, with the date and geospatial coo rdinate s shown on the photographs. These photographs would be submitted digitally or in hard copy form with the next annual report, along with a list of well completions performed with identifying information for***E.O. 12866 Review

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each well completed. This option has been r eferred to as “REC
PIX.” Building on the success of REC P IX , the EPA would like to explore this opportunity as it relates to advances in data capture to ensure that other compliant practices are in effect. For example, pictures of storage vessels could pro vide visual evidence of staining relat ed to excess emissions events. As discussed previously, digital pictures and frame captures can help ensure that optical gas imaging for fugitive emissions is being performed properly. The EPA requests comments on viab ility and benefits of this approach, and to which areas it might be expanded.
**X I**  **. Impacts of This Proposed Rule** A. What are the air impacts?
For this action , the EPA estimated the emission reductions that will occur due to the implementation of the proposed emission limits. The EPA estimated e mission reductions based on the control technologies proposed as the BSER

. This analysis estimates regulatory impacts for the analysis years of 2020 and 2025. The analysis of 2020 is a ssumed to represent the first year the full suite of proposed standards is in effect and thus represents a single year of potential impacts. We estimate***E.O. 12866 Review

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impacts in 2025 to illustrate how new and modified sources accumulate over time under the proposed NSPS . The regulatory impact estimates for 2025 include sources newly affected in 2025 as well as the accumulation of affected sources from 2020 to 2024 that are also assumed to be in continued operation in 2025, thus incurring compliance costs and emissions re ductions in 2025. While the EPA is proposing an exclusion from fugitive emission requirements for low production well sites, there is uncertainty in how many well sites this exclusion might affect in the future. As a result, the analyses analys i s in this R IA presents a “low” impact case and “high” impact case for fugitive emissions requirements at well sites. The low impact case excludes from analysis an estimate of low production sites, based on the first month of production data from wells newly completed or modified in 2012. The high impact case inc ludes these well sites. National

- level results for the proposed NSPS, then, are presented as ranges. In 2020, we have estimated th at the proposed NSPS would reduce about 170,000 to 18 0 , 000 tons of methane emissions and 12 0 , 000 tons of VOC emissions from affected facilities. In 2025,***E.O. 12866 Review

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we have estimated th at the proposed NSPS would reduce about 340,000 to 400,000 tons of methane emissions and 170,000 to 180,000 tons of VOC emissions from affected facilities. T he NSPS is also exp ected to concurrently reduce about 310 to 400 tons
HAP in 2020 and 1,900 to 2, 5 00 tons HAP in 2025

. As described in the TSD and RIA for this proposal, the EPA projected affected facilities using a combination of historical data from the U.S. GHG Inventory, and projected activity levels, taken from the Energy Information Administration (EIA’s) Annual Energy Outlook (AEO). The EPA also considered state regulations with sim ilar requirements to the proposed NSPS in projecting affected sources for impacts analysis analyses supporting this proposed rule. The EPA solicits comments on these projection methods as well as solicits information that would improve our estimate of the t urnover rate s and rates of modification of relevant sources and the number of wells on multi

- well well sites

. B. What are the energy impacts? Energy impacts in this section are those energy requirements associated with the operation of emission control de vices. Potential impacts on the national energy economy from***E.O. 12866 Review

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the rule are discussed in the economic impacts section. There would be little national energy demand increase from the operation of any of the environment al controls proposed in this action

. The proposed NSPS encourage s the use of emission controls that recover hydrocarbo n products, such as methane that can be used on

- site as fuel or reprocessed within the production process for sale. We estimated that the proposed standards will result in a total cost of about $ 150 to $ 170 million in 2020 and $ 320 to $ 420 million in 2025 (in 2012 dollars). C. What are the compliance costs? The EPA estimates the total capital cost of the proposed NSPS will be $ 170 to $ 18 0 million in 2020 and $ 280 to $ 330 mill ion in 2025. The estimate of total annualized engineering costs of the propo sed NSPS is $ 180 to $200 million in 2020 and $ 370 to $ 500 million in 2025

. This annual cost estimate includes the cost of capital, operating and maintenance costs, and monitoring, reporting, and recordkeeping costs. This estimated annual cost does not take into account any producer revenues associated with the recovery of salable natural gas. The EPA estimates that about 8 million Mcf in 2020 and 16 to 19 million***E.O. 12866 Review

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Mcf of natural gas in 2025 will be recovered by implementing the proposed NSPS. In the engineering cost analysis, we assume that producers are paid $4 per thousand cubic feet (Mcf) for the recovered gas at the wellhead. After accounting for these revenues, the estimate of total annualized engineering costs of the proposed NSPS are estimated to be $ 150 to $ 170 million in 2020 and $ 320 to $ 420 million in 2025

. The price assu mption is influential on estimated annualized engineering costs. A simple sensitivity analysis indicates $1/Mcf change in the wellhead price causes a change in estimated engineering compliance costs of about $8 million in 2020 and $ 16 to $19 million in 202 5. D. What are the economic and employment impacts? The EPA used the National Energy Modeling System (NEMS) to estimate the impacts of the proposed rule on the United States energy system. The NEMS is a publically

- available model of the United States energy economy developed and maintained by the Energy Inf ormation Administration of the DOE and is used to produce the Annual Energy Outlook, a reference publication that provides detailed forecasts of the United States energy economy. The EPA modeled the high impact case of the proposed NSPS with respect the low production exemption from the well site***E.O. 12866 Review

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fugitive emissions requirements. As such the NEMS

- based estimates of energy system impacts are likely high end estimates. The NEMS

- based analysis estimates natural gas and crude oil production lev els remain es sentially unchanged under the proposed rule in 2020, while slight declines are estimated for 2020 202 5 for both natural gas (about 4 billion cubic feet (bcf) or about 0.01 percent) and crude oil production (about 2,000 barrels per day or 0.03 percent). Wellhead natural gas prices for onshore lower 48 production are not estimated to change in 2020 under the proposed rule, but are estimated to increase about $0.007 per Mcf or 0.14 percent in 2025. Meanwhile, well crude oil prices for onshore lower 48 produ ction are not estimated to change, despite the incidence of new compliance costs from the proposed NSPS. Meanwhile, net imports of natural gas are estimated to decline slightly in 2020 (by about 1 bcf or 0.05 percent) and in 2025 (by about 3 bcf or 0. 09 pe rcent). Crude oil imports are estimated to not change in 2020 and increase by about 1,000 barrels per day (or 0.02 percent) in 2025.***E.O. 12866 Review

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Executive Order 13563 directs federal agencies to consider the effect of regulations on job creation and employment.
Acco rding to the Executive Order, “our regulatory system must protect public health, welfare, safety, and our environment while promoting economic growth, innovation, competitiveness, and job creation. It must be based on the best available science.” (Executiv e Order 13563, 2011) Although standard benefit

- cost analyses have not typically included a separate analysis of regulation

- induced employment impacts, we typically conduct employment analyses. During the current economic recovery, employment impacts are of particular concern and questions may arise about their existence and magnitude. EPA estimated the labor impacts due to the installation, operation, and maintenance of control equipment, control activities, and labor associated with new reporting and

reco rdkeeping requirements. We estimate d up - front and continual, annual labor requirements by estimating hours of labor required for compliance and converting this number to full

- time equivalents (FTEs) by dividing by 2,080 (40 hours per week multiplied by 52 weeks). The up

- front labor requirement to comply with the proposed NSPS is estimated at about 50 to 70***E.O. 12866 Review

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FTEs in 2020 and 50 to 70 FTEs in 2025. The annual labor requirement to comply with proposed NSPS is estimated at about 470 to 530 FTEs in 2020 and 1, 100 to 1,400 FTEs in 2025. We note that this type of FTE estimate cannot be used to identify the specific number of people involved or whether new jobs are created for new employees, versus displacing jobs from other sectors of the economy. E. What are the be nefits of the proposed standards? The proposed rule is expected to result in significant reductions in emissions . In 2020, the proposed rule is anticipated to reduce 170,000 to 18 0,000 tons of methane (a GHG and a precursor to global ozone formation ), 120 , 000 tons of VOC (a precursor to both PM (2.5 microns and less) (PM 2.5 ) and ozone formation) , and 310 to 400 tons of HAP

. In 2025, the proposed rule is anticipated to reduce 340,000 to 40 0,000 tons of methane , 170,000 to 180 , 000 tons of VOC , and 1,900 to 2 ,50 0 tons of HAP

. These pollutants are associated with substantial health effects, climate effects , and other welfare effects

. The proposed standards are expected to reduce methane emissions annually by about 3.8 to 4. 0 million metric tons CO 2 E q. in 2020 and by about 7.7 to 9. 0 million metric tons CO 2 Eq.***E.O. 12866 Review

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in 2025 . The methane reductions represent about 2 percent in 2020 and 4 to 5 percent in 2025 of the baseline methane emissions for this sector reported in the U.S. GHG Inventory for 2013 (about 182 million metric tons CO 2 Eq. when petroleum refineries and petroleum transportation are excluded because these sources are not examined in this proposal). However, it is important to note that the emission reductions are based upon predicted act ivities in 2020 and 2025 ; the EPA did not forecas t
sector

- level emissions in 2020 and 2025 for this rulemaking. Methane is a potent GHG that, once emitted into the atmosphere, absorbs terrestrial infrared radiation that contributes to increased global war ming and continuing climate change. Methane reacts in the atmosphere to form tropospheric ozone and stratospheric water vapor, both of which also contribute to global warming. When accounting for the impacts changing methane, tropospheric ozone, and strato spheric water vapor concentrations, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 5th Assessment Report (2013) found that historical emissions of methane accounted for about 30 percent of the total current warming influence (radiative forcing) due t o historical emissions of GHGs . Methane is therefore a major contributor to***E.O. 12866 Review

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the climate change impacts described previously. I n 2013 , t otal methane emissions from the oil and natural gas industry represent ed nearly 29 percent of the total methane emissions from all sources and account for about 3 percent of all CO 2 - equivalent emiss ions in the United States, with the combined petroleum and natural gas systems being the largest contributor to U.S. anthropogenic methane e missions

. We calculated the global social benefits of methane emission reductions expected from the proposed NSPS standards for oil and natural gas sites using estimates of the social cost of methane (SC

- CH 4 ), a metric that estimates the monetary value of impacts associated with marginal changes in methane emissions in a given year. The SC

- CH 4 estimates applied in this analysis were developed by Marten et al. (2014) and are discussed in greater detail below. A similar metric, the social cost of CO 2 (SC

- CO 2 ), provides important context for understanding the Marten et al. SC

- CH 4 estimates. 132 The SC

- CO 2 is a metric that estimates the monetary

132 Previous analyses have commonly referred to the social cost of carbon dioxide emissions as the social cost of carbon or SCC. To more easily facilitate the inclusion of non

- CO 2 GHGs in the discussion and analysis the more specific SC

- CO 2 nomenclature is us ed to refer to the social cost of CO 2 emissions.***E.O. 12866 Review

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value of impacts associated with marginal changes in CO 2 emissions in a given year. Similar to the SC

- CH 4 , it includes a wide range of anticipated climate impacts, such as net changes in agricultural productivity, property damage from increased flood risk, and changes in energy system costs, such as reduced costs for heating and increased costs for air conditioning. Estimat es of the SC

- CO 2 have been used by the EPA and other federal agencies to value the impacts of CO 2 emissions changes in benefit cost analysis for GHG

- related rulemakings since 2008. The SC

- CO 2 estimates were developed over many years, using the best science available, and with input from the public. Specifically, an interagency working group (IWG) that included EPA and other executive branch agencies and offices used three integrated assessment models (IAMs) to develop the SC

- CO 2 estimates and recommended four global values for use in regulatory analyses. The SC

- CO 2 estimates were first released in February 2010 and updated in 2013 using new versions of each
IAM. The 2010 SC

- CO 2 Technical Suppor t Document (2010 TSD) provides a complete discussion of the methods used to develop these estimates and the current SC

- CO 2 TSD presents and discusses***E.O. 12866 Review

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the 2013 update (including recent minor technical corrections to the estimates )
. 133 The SC

- CO 2 TSD s discuss a number of limitations to the SC

CO 2 analysis, including the incomplete way in which the IAMs capture catastrophic and non

- catastrophic impacts, their incomplete treatment of adaptation and technological change, uncertainty in the extrapolation of damage s to high temperatures, and assumptions regarding risk aversion.
Current ly, IAMs do not assign value to all of the important physical, ecological, and economic impacts of climate change recognized in the climate change literature due to a lack of precise i nformation on the nature of damages and because the science incorporated into these models understandably lags behind the most recent research. Nonetheless, these estimates and the discussion of their limitations represent the best available information ab out the social benefits of CO 2 reductions to inform benefit

- cost analysis

. EPA and other agencies continue to engage in research on modeling and valuation of climate impacts with the goa l to improve these estimates , and continue

133 Both the 2010 SC

- CO 2 TSD and the current TSD are available at: https://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/ oira/social

- cost

- of

- carbon

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to consider feedback on the SC

- CO 2 estimates from stakeholders through a range of channels, including public comments on Agency rulemakings a separate recent OMB public comment solicitation, and through regular interactions with stakeholders and research analysts implementing the SC

- CO 2 methodology. See the RIA of this rule for additional details. A challenge particularly relevant to this proposal is that the IWG did not estimate the social costs of non

- CO 2 GHG emissions at the time the SC

- CO 2 estimates were developed. In addition, the directly modeled estimates of the social costs of

non - CO 2 GHG emissions previously found in the published literature were few in number and varied considerably in terms of the models and input assumptions they employed 134 ( EPA 2012 ). As a result , benefit

- cost analyses informing U.S. federal rulemakings to date have not fully considered the monetized benefits associated with CH 4 emissions mitigation. To understand the potential importance of monetizing non

- CO 2 GHG emissions

134 U.S. EPA. 2012. Regulatory Impact Analysis Final New Source Performance Standards and Amendments to the National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for the Oil and Natural Gas Industry. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Health and Environmental Impacts Division. April. http://www.epa.gov/ttn/ecas/regdata/RIAs/ oil_natural_gas_final_n eshap_nsps_ria.pdf . Accessed March 30, 2015.***E.O. 12866 Review

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changes , EPA has conducted sensi tivity analysis in some of its past regulatory analyses using an estimate of the GWP of CH 4 to
convert emission impacts to CO 2 equivalents , which can then be valued using the SC

- CO 2 estimates. This approach approximates the social cost of methane (SC

- CH 4 ) using estimates of the SC

- CO 2 and the GWP of CH 4 . 135

T he published literature documents a variety of reasons that directly modeled estimates of SC

- CH 4 are an analytical improvement over the estimates from the GWP appro ximation approach . Specifically, several recent studies found that GWP

weighted benefit estimates for methane are likely to be lower than the estimates derived using directly modeled social cost estimates for these gases. 136 The GWP reflects only the relative integrated radi ative forcing of a gas over 100 years in

135 For example, see (1) U.S. EPA. (2012). “Regulatory impact analysis supporting the 2012 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency final new source performance standards and amendments to the n ational emission standards for hazardous air pollutants for the oil and natural gas industry.” Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/ttn/ecas/regdata/RIAs/oil_na tural_gas_final_n eshap_nsps_ria.pdf and (2) U.S. EPA. (2012). “Regulatory impact analysis: Final rulemaking for 2017

– 2025 light

- duty vehicle greenhouse gas emission standards and corporate average fuel economy standards.” Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/otaq/climate/documents/420r12016.pd f 136 See Waldhoff et al

. (2011); Marten and Newbold (2012); and Marten et al. (2014).***E.O. 12866 Review

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comparison to CO 2 . T he directly modeled social cost estimates differ from the GWP

- scaled SC

- CO 2 because the relative differences in timing and magnitude of the warming between gases are explicitly modeled, the non

- l inear effects of temperature change on economic damages are included, and rather than treating all impacts over a hundred years equally, the modeled damages over the time horizon considered (2300 in this case) are discounted to present value terms. A d etai led discussion of the limitations of the GWP approach can be found in the RIA. In general, the commenters on previous rulemakings strongly encouraged the EPA to incorporate the monetized value of non

- CO 2 GHG impacts into the benefit cost analysis . H owever they noted the challenges associated with the GWP approach, as discussed above, and encouraged the use of directly modeled estimates of the SC

- CH 4 to overcome those challenges. Since then, a paper by Marten et al. (2014) has provided the first set of publ ished SC

- CH 4 estimates in the peer

- reviewed literature that are consistent with the modeling assumptions***E.O. 12866 Review

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underlying the SC

- CO 2 estimates. 137 , 138 Specifically, the estimation approach of Marten et al. used the same set of three IAMs, five socioeconomic and emissions scenarios, equilibrium climate sensitivity distribution, three constant discount rates, and aggregation approach used by the IWG to de velop the SC

- CO 2 estimates. The SC

- CH 4 estimates from Marten et al. (2014) are presented below in Table 6
. More detailed discussion of the SC

- CH 4 estimation methodology, results and a comparison to other published estimates can be found in the RIA and in Marten et al.

137 Marten et al. (2014) also provided the first set of SC

- N 2 O estimates that are consistent with the assumptions underlying the IWG SC

- CO 2 estimates. 138 Marten, A. L., E. A. Kopits, C. W. Griffiths, S. C. Newbold & A. Wolverton (2014 , online publication; 2015, print publication ). Incremental CH 4 and N 2 O mitigation benefits consistent with the U.S. Government's SC

- CO 2 estimates, Climate Policy, DOI: 10.108 0/14693062.2014.912981.***E.O. 12866 Review

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TABLE 6 : SOCIAL COST OF CH 4 , 2012

– 2050 a [in 2012$ per metric ton] (Source: Marten et al., 2014 b )

Year SC

- CH 4 5% Average 3% Average 2.5% Average 3% 95 th percentile 2012 $4 3 0 $1000 $1400 $2800 2015 490 1100 1500 3000 2020 580 1300 1700 3500 2025 700 1500 1900 4000 2030 820 1700 2200 4500 2035 970 1900 2500 5300 2040 1100 2200 2800 5900 2045 1300 2500 3000 6600 2050 1400 2700 3300 7200 Notes:
a The re are four different estimates of the SC

- CH 4 , each one emissions

- year specific. The first three shown in the table are based on the average SC

- CH 4 from three integrated assessment models at discount rates of 5, 3, and 2.5 percent. The fourth estimate is the 95 th percentile of the SC

- CH 4 across all three models at a 3 percent discount rate. See RIA for details. b The estimates in this table have been adjusted to reflect the minor technical corrections to the SC

- CO 2 estimates described above. See the Corrigendum to Marten et al. (2014), http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14693062.2015.1070550 . The application of these directly modeled SC

- CH 4 estimates from Marten et al. (2014) in a benefit

- cost analysis of a regulatory action is analogous to the use of the SC

- CO 2 estimates. In addition, the limitations for the SC

- CO 2 estimates discussed above likewise apply to the SC

- CH 4 estimates, given the consistency in the methodology. The EPA recently conducted a peer review of the application of the Marten et al. (2014) non

- CO 2 social cost estimates in***E.O. 12866 Review

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regulatory analysis and received responses that supported this application. See the RIA for a detailed discussion. In light of the favorable p eer review and past comments urgin g the EPA to value non

- CO 2 GHG impacts in its rulemakings, the Agency has used the Marten et al. (2014) SC

- CH 4 estimates to value methane impacts expected from this proposed rulemaking and has included those benefits in th e main benefits analysis. The EPA seeks comments on the use of these directly modeled estimates, from the peer

- reviewed literature, for the social cost of non

- CO 2 GHGs in today’s rulemaking. The methane benefits calculated using Marten et al. (2014)

are presented for years 2020 and 2025 . Applying this approach to the methane reductions estimated for the NSPS proposal, the 20 20 methane benefits vary by discount rate and range from about $ 88 million to approximately $ 550 million ; the mean SC

- CH 4 at the 3

- pe rcent discount rate results in an estimate of about $ 200 to $ 21 0 million in 20 20
. The methane benefits increa se in the 2025, ranging from $ 220 million to $1

. 4 b illion, depending on discount rate used; the mean SC

- CH 4 at the 3

- percent discount rate res ults in an estimate of about $ 460 to $5 5 0 million in 2025.

TABLE 7 : ESTIMATED GLOBAL BENEFITS OF METHANE REDUCTIONS (in millions, 2012$)***E.O. 12866 Review

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**Discount rate and statistic**  Year 2020 2025 Million metric tonnes

of methane reduced 0.15 to 0.16 0.31 to 0. 36 Million metric tonnes of CO 2 Eq. 3.8 to 4. 0 7.7 to 9. 0 5% (average) $88 to $9 3 $220 to $2 5 0 3% (average) $200 to $210 $460 to $5 5 0 2.5% (average) $260 to $280 $600 to $70 0 3% (95 th percentile) $520 to $55 0 $1,200 to $1, 4 00

In addition to the limitation discussed above, and the referenced documents, there are additional impacts of individual
GHGs that are not currently captured in the IAMs used in the directly modeled approach of Marten et al. (2014), and therefore not quanti fied for the rule. For example, in addition to being a
GHG , methane is a precursor to ozone. The ozone generated by methane has important non

- climate impacts on agriculture, ecosystems, and human health. The RIA describes the specific impacts of methane as an ozone precursor in more detail and discusses studies that have estimated monetized benefits of these methane generated ozone effects . The EPA continues to monitor developments in this area of research and seeks comment on the potential inclusion of hea lth impacts of ozone generated by methane in future regulatory analysis. Formatted Table***E.O. 12866 Review

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With the data available, we are not able to provide credible health benefit estimates for the reduction in exposure to HAP, ozone and PM 2.5 for these rules, due to the differences in the locations of oil and natural gas emission points relative to existing information and the highly localized nature of air quality responses associated with HAP and VOC reductions. This is not to imply that the re are no benefits of the rules; rather, it is a reflection of the difficulties in modeling the direct and indirect impacts of the reductions in emissions for this industrial sector with the data currently available. 139 In addition to health improvements, th ere will be improvements in

139 Previous studies have estimated the monetized benefits

- per ton of reducing VOC emissions associated with the effect that those emissions have on ambient PM 2.5 levels and the health effects associated with PM 2.5 exposure (Fann, Fu lcher, and Hubbell, 2009). While these ranges of benefit

- per - ton estimates can provide useful context, the geographic distribution of VOC emissions from the oil and gas sector are not consistent with emissions modeled in Fann, Fulcher, and Hubbell (2009). In addition, the benefit

- per - ton estimates for VOC emission reductions in that study are derived from total VOC emissions across all sectors. Coupled with the larger uncertainties about the relationship between VOC emissions and PM 2.5 and the highly locali zed nature of air quality responses associated with HAP and VOC reductions, these factors lead us to conclude that the available VOC benefit

- per - ton estimates are not appropriate to calculate monetized benefits of these rules, even as a bounding exercise.***E.O. 12866 Review

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visibility effects, ecosystem effects and climate effects, as well as additional product recovery. Although we do not have sufficient information or modeling available to provide quantitative estimates for this rulemaking, we i nclude a qualitative assessment of the health effects associated with exposure to HAP, ozone and PM 2.5 in the RIA for this rule. These qualitative effects are briefly summarized below, but for more detailed information, please refer to the RIA, which is av ailable in the docket. One of the HAP s of concern from the oil and natural gas sector is benzene, which is a known human carcinogen. VOC emissions are precursors to both

PM 2.5 and ozone formation. As documented in previous analyses (U.S. EPA, 2006 140 , U.S. E PA, 2010 141 , and U.S. EPA, 2014 142 ),

140 U.S. EPA. RIA. National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Particulate Matter , Chapter 5. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC. October 2006. Available on the Internet at < http://www.epa.gov/ttn/ecas/regdata/RIAs/Chapter%205

-- Benefits.pdf>. 141 U.S. EPA. RIA. National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Ozone . Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC. January 2010. Available on the Internet at <ht tp://www.epa.gov/ttn/ecas/regdata/RIAs/s1

- supplemental_analysis_full.pdf>.
142 U.S. EPA. RIA. National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Ozone . Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research***E.O. 12866 Review

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exposure to PM 2.5 and ozone is associated with significant public health effects. PM 2.5 is associated with health effects, including premature mortality for adults and infants, cardiovascular morbidity such as heart attacks , and respiratory morbidity such as asthma attacks, acute bronchitis, hospital admissions and emergency room visits, work loss days, restricted activity days and respiratory symptoms, as well as visibility impairment. 143 Ozone is associated with health effec ts, including hospital and emergency department visits, school loss days and premature mortality, as well as injury to vegetation and climate effects. 144 Finally, the control techniques to meet the standards are anticipated to have minor secondary emissions impacts, which may partially offset the direct benefits of this rule. T he magnitude

Triangle Park, NC. December 2014. Available on the Internet at <http://www.epa.gov/ttnecas1/regdata/RIAs/20141125ria.pdf>.

143 U.S. EPA. Integrated Science Assessment for Particulate Matter (Final Report) . EPA

- 600

- R

- 08

- 139F. National Center for Environmental Assessment

— RTP Division. December 2009. Available at <http ://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/cfm/recordisplay.cfm?deid=216546>.
144 U.S. EPA. Air Quality Criteria for Ozone and Related Photochemical Oxidants (Final) . EPA/600/R

- 05/004aF

- cF. Washington, DC: U.S. EPA. February 2006. Available on the Internet at http://cfpub.epa.go v/ncea/CFM/recordisplay.cfm?deid=149923.***E.O. 12866 Review

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of these secondary air pollutant impacts is small r elative to the direct emission reduct ions anticipated from this rule

. In particular, EPA has estimated that an increase in flaring of methane in response to this rule will produce a variety of emissions, including 6 1 0,000 tons of CO 2 in 2020 and 750,000 tons of CO 2 in 2025 . EPA has not estimated the monetized value of the se condary emissions of CO 2 because much of the methane that would have been released in the absence of the flare would have eventually oxidized into CO 2 in the atmosphere. Note that the CO 2 produced from the methane oxidizing in the atmosphere is not include d in the calculation of the SC

- CH 4 . However, EPA recognize s that because the growth rate of the SC

CO 2 estimates are lower than their associated discount rates, the estimated impact of CO 2 produced in the future from oxidized methane would be less than the estimated impact of CO 2 released immediately from flaring, which would imply a small disbenefit associated with flaring. Assuming an average methane oxidation period of 8.7 years, consiste nt with the lifetime used in IPCC AR4, the disbenefits associated with destroying one ton of methane and releasing the CO 2 emissions in 2020 instead of being released in the future via the methane oxidation process is***E.O. 12866 Review

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estimated to be $ 6 to $25, depending o n the SC

- CO 2 value or 0.7 percent to 1.0 percent of the SC

- CH 4 estimates for 2020. The analogous estimates for 2025 are $ 7 to $34 or 0.8 percent to 1. 0 percent of t he SC

- CH 4 estimates for 2025. While EP A is not accounting for the CO 2 disbenefits at this ti me, we request comment on the appropriateness of the monetization of such impacts using the SC

- CO 2 and aspects of the calculation. See RIA for further details about the calculation.
**X I**  **I . Statutory and Executive Order Reviews**  Additional information about these statutes and Executive Orders can be found at http://www2.epa.gov/laws

regulations/laws

- and

- executive

- orders.
A. Executive Order 12866: Regulatory Planning and Review and Executive Order 13563: Improving Regulation and R egulatory Review This action is an economically significant regulatory action that was submitted to the OMB for review. Any changes made in response to OMB recommendations have been documented in the docket. The EPA prepared an analysis of the potential costs and benefits associated with this action.***E.O. 12866 Review

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In addition, the EPA prepared a Regulatory Impact Analysis (RIA) of the potential costs and benefits associated with this action. The RIA available in the docket describes in detail the empirical basis for t he EPA’s assumptions and characterizes the various sources of uncertainties affecting the estimates below. Table 8 shows the results of the cost and benefits analysis for these proposed rules.
TABLE 8 . SUMMARY OF THE M ONETIZED BENEFITS, SOCIAL COSTS AND N ET BENEFITS FOR THE PROPOSED OIL AND NATURAL GAS NSPS IN 2020 AND 2025 (MILLIONS OF 2012 $) **2020 2025**  Total Monetized Benefits 1 $200 to $ 21 0 million $460 to $ 5 5 0 million

Total Costs 2 $150 to $ 170 million $320 to $ 420 million Net Benefits 3 $ 35 to $ 42 million $ 120 to $150 million

Non

monetized Benefits Non

- monetized climate benefits Health effects of PM 2.5 and ozone exposure from 12 0,000 tons of VOC in 2020 and 170,000 to 180,000 tons of VOC in 2025 Health effects of HAP exposure from 310 to 400 tons of HAP in 2020 and 1,900 to 2,500 tons of HAP in 2025 Health effects of ozone exposure from 170,000 to 18 0,000 tons of methane in 2020 and 340,000 to 40 0,000 tons methane in 2025 Visibility impairment Vegetation effects 1 We estimate methane benefits associated with four different values of a one ton C H 4 reduction (model average at 2.5 percent discount rate, 3 percent, and 5 percent; 95th percentile at 3***E.O. 12866 Review

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percent). For the purposes of this table, we show the benefits associated with the model average at 3 percent discount rate, however we emphasize the imp ortance and value of considering the full range of social cost of methane values. We provide estimates based on additional discount rates in preamble section XI and in the RIA. Also, t h e specific control technologies for the proposed NSPS are anticipated t o have minor secondary disbenefits. The net CO 2 - equivalent (CO 2 Eq.) methane emission reductions are 3.8 to 4.0 million metric tons in 2020 and 7.7 to 9. 0 million metric tons in 2025. 2 The engineering compliance costs are annualized using a 7 percent dis count rate and include estimated revenue from additional natural gas recovery as a result of the NSPS. When rounded, the cost estimates are the same for the 3 percent discount rate as they are for the 7 percent discount rate cost estimates, so rounded net benefits do not change when using a 3 percent discount rate. 3 Figures may not sum due to rounding. B. Paperwork Reduction Act (PRA) The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) has previously approved the information collection activities contained in 40 CFR part 60, subpart OOOO under the PRA and has assigned OMB control number 2060

- 0673 and ICR number 2437.01 ; a summary can be found at 77 F.R. 49537. The information collection requirements in today’s proposed rule titled, Standards of Performance for Cru de Oil and Natural Gas Facilities for Construction, Modification, or Reconstruction ( 40 CFR part 60 subpart OOOOa ) have been submitted for approval to the OMB under the PRA . The ICR document prepared by the EPA has been assigned***E.O. 12866 Review

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EPA ICR Number 2523
. 01 . You can find a copy of the ICR in the docket for this rule , and is briefly summarized below

. The information to be collected for the proposed NSPS is based on notification, performance tests, recordkeeping and reporting requirements which will be mandat ory for all operators subject to the final standards. R ecordkeeping and reporting requirements are specifically authorized by section 114 of the CAA (42 U.S.C. 7414). The information will be used by the delegated authority ( s tate agency , or Regional Admini strator if there is no delegated s tate agency) to ensure that the standards and other requirements are being achieved. Based on review of the recorded information at the site and the reported information, the delegated permitting authority can identify fac ilities that may not be in compliance and decide which facilitie s, records, or processes may need inspection. All information submitted to the EPA pursuant to the recordkeeping and reporting requirements for which a claim of confidentiality is made is safe guarded according to Agency policies set forth in 40 CFR part 2, subpart B. Potential respondents under s ubpart OOOOa are owners or operators of new, modified or reconstructed oil and natural gas***E.O. 12866 Review

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affected facilities as defined under the rule. None of the facilities in the United States are owned or operated by state, local, tri bal or the Federal government. All facilities are privately owned for

- profit business es. The requirements in this action result in industry recording keeping and reporting burden

ass ociated with review of the requirements for all affected entities, gathering relevant information, performing initial performance tests and repeat performance tests if necessary, writing and submitting the notifications and reports, developing systems for the purpose of processing and maintaining information , and train personnel to be able to respond to the collection of information. The estimated average annual burden ( averaged over the first 3 years after the effective date of the standards ) for the recordkeeping and reporting requirements in subpart OOOOa for the 2,552 owners and operators that are subject to the rule is 92,658 labor hours, with an annual average cost of $ 3,163,699. The annual public reporting and recordkeeping burden for th is collection of information is estimated to average 3.9 hours per
response. Respondents must monitor all specified criteria at***E.O. 12866 Review

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each affected facility and maintain these records for 5 years . Burden is defined at 5 CFR 1320.3(b). An agency may not conduct or sponsor, and a person is not required to respond to, a collection of information unless it displays a currently valid OMB control number. The OMB control numbers for the EPA’s regulations in 40 CFR are listed in 40 CFR part 9. Submit your comments on the Agency’s need for this information, the accuracy of the provided burden estimates and any suggested methods for minimizing respondent burden to the EPA using the docket identified at the beginning of this rule. You may also sen d your ICR

- related comments to OMB’s Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs via email to RIA_submissions@omb.eop.gov , Attention: Desk Officer for the EPA. Since OMB is required to make a decision concerning the ICR between 30 and 60 days after receip t, OMB must receive comments no later than **[insert date 30 days after publication in the Federal Register]**  . The EPA will respond to any ICR

- related comments in the final rule. C. Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA)***E.O. 12866 Review

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The RFA generally requires an agency to pr epare a regulatory flexibility analysis of any rule subject to notice and comment rulemaking requirements under the Administrative Procedure Act or any other statute unless the agency certifies that the rule will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. Small entities include small businesses, small organizations, and small governmental jurisdictions. For purposes of assessing the impacts of t his rule on small entities, a small entity is defined as: (1) A small busi ness in the oil or natural gas industry whose parent company has no more than 500 employees (or revenues of less than $7 million for firms that transport natural gas via pipeline); (2) a small governmental jurisdiction that is a government of a city,
count y, town, school district, or special district with a population of less than 50,000; and (3) a small organization that is any not

- for

- profit enterprise which is independently owned and operated and is not dominant in its field. Pursuant to section 603 of the RFA, the EPA prepared an initial regulatory flexibility analysis (IRFA) that examines the impact of the proposed rule on small entities along with***E.O. 12866 Review

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regulatory alternatives that could minimize that impact. The complete IRFA is available for review in the docket and is summarized here. The IRFA describes the reason why the proposed rule is being considered and describes the objectives and legal basis of the proposed rule, as well as discusses related rules affecting the oil and natural gas sector. The IRF A describes the EPA’s examination of small entity effects prior to proposing a regulatory option and provides information about steps taken to minimize significant impacts on small entities while achieving the objectives of the rule. The EPA also summarize d the potential regulatory cost impacts of the proposed rule and alternatives in Section 3 of th e RIA. The analysis in the IRFA drew upon the same analysis and assumptions as the analyses presented in the RIA. The IRFA analysis is presented in its entirely in Section 7.3 of the RIA. Identifying impacts on specific entities is challenging because of the difficulty of predicting potentially affected new or modified sources at the firm level. To identify potentially affected entities under the proposed NSPS, t he EPA combined information from industry databases to identify firms drilling***E.O. 12866 Review

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and completing wells in 2012, as well as identified their oil and natural gas production levels for that year. The EPA based the analysis in the IRFA on impacts estimates for t he proposed requirements for hydraulically fractured and

re - fractured oil well completions and well site fugitive emissions

. While the IRFA does not incorporate potential impacts from other provisions of the proposed NSPS, the completions and fugitive emis sions provisions represent a large majority of the estimated compliance costs of the proposed NSPS in 2020 and 2025. Note incorporating impacts from other provisions in this analysis is a limitation and underestimates impacts, but the EPA believes that det ailed analysis of the two provisions impacts on small entities is illustrative of impacts on small entities from the proposed rule in its entirety. We projected the 2012 base year estimates of incrementally affected facilities to 2020 and 2025 levels based on the same growth rates used to project future activities as described in the TSD and consistent with other analyses in th e RIA. This approach assumes that no other firms perform potentially affected activities and firms performing oil and natural gas

ac tivities in 2012 will continue to do so in 2020 and 2025.***E.O. 12866 Review

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While likely true for many firms, this will not be the case for all firms. For some firms, we estimated their 2012 sales levels by multiplying 2012 oil and natural gas production levels reported in an industry database by assumed oil and natural gas prices at the wellhead. For natural gas, we assumed the $4/Mcf for natural gas. For oil prices, we estimated revenues using two alternative prices, $70/bbl and $50/bbl. In the results, we call the case

u sing $70/bbl the “primary scenario” and the case using the $50/bbl as the “low oil price scenario”. For projected 2020 and 2025 potentially affected activities, we allocated compliance costs across entities based upon the costs estimated in the TSD and use d in the RIA. The RIA and IRFA also estimates the potential implications of the proposed exclusion for low producing sites from the fugitive emission requirements. Fewer sites in the program due to this exclusion will likely lead to lower costs and emissio ns. The analysis indicates about 1,200 to 2,100 small entities may be subject to the requirements for hydraulically fractured and re

- fractured oil well completions and fugitive emissions requirements at well sites. The low end of this range reflects***E.O. 12866 Review

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an es timate of how many entities might be excluded as a result of the low production fugitive emissions exemption. Also the
cost

- to

- sales ratios with ratios greater than 1 percent and 3 percent increase from 2020 to 2025 as affected sources accumulate under the proposed NSPS. Cost

- to

- sales ratios exceeding 1 percent and 3 percent are also reduced from the case without the entities that might be excluded from fugitive emissions requirements as a result of the low production exemption. The analysis above is subje ct to a number of caveats and limitations. These are discussed in detail in the IRFA, as well as in Section 3 of the RIA. As required by section 609(b) of the RFA, the EPA also convened a Small Business Advocacy Review (SBAR) Panel to obtain advice and reco mmendations from small entity representatives that potentially would be subject to the rule's requirements. The SBAR Panel evaluated the assembled materials and small

- entity comments on issues related to elements of an IRFA. A copy of the full SBAR Panel R eport is available in the rulemaking docket. D. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (UMRA)***E.O. 12866 Review

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This action does not contain any unfunded mandate as described in UMRA, 2 U.S.C. 1531

– 1538, and does not significantly or uniquely affect small governments. The action imposes no enforceable duty on any state, local or tribal
go vernments or the private sector. E. Executive Order 13132: Federalism This action does not have federalism implications. It will not have substantial direct effects on the states, on the relationship between the national government and the states, or on the distribution of power and responsibilities among the various levels of government. These final rules primarily affect private industry and would not impose significant economic costs

on state or local governments. F. Executive Order 13175: Consultation and Coordination with Indian Tribal Governments This action has tribal implications. However, it will neither impose substantial direct compliance costs on federally recognized tribal gov ernments, nor preempt tribal law. The majority of the units impacted by this rulemaking on tribal lands are owned by private entities, and tribes will not be directly impacted by the compliance costs associated with this***E.O. 12866 Review

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rulemaking. There would only be tri bal implications associated with this rulemaking in the case where a unit is owned by a tribal government or a tribal government is given delegated authority to enforce the rulemaking. The EPA consulted with tribal officials under the “ EPA Policy on Consu ltation and Coordination with Indian Tribes ” early in the process of developing this regulation to permit them to have meaningful and timely input into its development. Additionally, the EPA has conducted meaningful involvement with tribal stakeholders thr oughout the rulemaking process. We provided an update on the methane strategy on the January 29, 2015 , NTAA and EPA Air Policy call. As required by section 7(a), the EPA’s Tribal Consultation Official has certified that the requirements of the Executive Or der have been met in a meaningful and timely manner. A copy of the certification is included in the docket for this action. Consistent with previous actions affecting the oil and natural gas sector, there is significant tribal interest because of the growt h of the oil and natural gas production in Indian country. The EPA specifically solicits additional comment on this proposed action from tribal officials.***E.O. 12866 Review

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G. Executive Order 13045: Protection of Children from Environmental Health Risks and Safety Risks This action is subject to Executive Order 13045 (62 FR 19885, April 23, 1997) because it is an economically significant regulatory action as defined by Executive Order 12866, and the EPA believes that the environmental health or safety risk addressed by th is action has a disproportionate effect on children. Accordingly, the agency has evaluated the environmental health and welfare effects of climate change on children.
GHGs including methane contribute to climate change and are emitted in significant quantities by the oil and gas sector. The EPA believes that the GHG emission reductions resulting from implementation of these final guidelines will further improve children’s health. The assessment literature cited in the EPA’s 2009 Endangerment Finding concluded that certain populations and life stages, including children, the elderly, and the poor, are most vulnerable to climate

- related health effects. The assessment literature since 2009 strengthens these conclusions by providing***E.O. 12866 Review

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more detailed findings regarding these groups’ vulnerabilities and the projected impacts they may experience. These assessments describe how children’s unique physiological and developmental factors contribute to making them particularly vulnerable to climate change. Impacts to children are expected from heat waves, air pollution, infectious and waterborne illnesses, and mental health effects resulting from extreme weather events. In addition, children are among those especially susceptible to most allergic diseases, as well

as health effects associated with heat waves, storms, and floods. Additional health concerns may arise in low income households, especially those with children, if climate change reduces food availability and increases prices, leading to food insecurity withi n households. More detailed information on the impacts of climate change to human health and welfare is provided in Section V of this preamble.
H. Executive Order 13211: Actions Concerning Regulations That Significantly Affect Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use Executive Order 13211 (66 FR 28355, May 22, 2001) provides that agencies will prepare and submit to the Administrator of***E.O. 12866 Review

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the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs, Office of Management and Budget, a Statement of Energy Effects for certain

ac tions identified as “significant energy actions.” Section 4(b) of Executive Order 13211 defines “significant energy actions” as any action by an agency (normally published in the Federal Register) that promulgates or is expected to lead to the promulgation of a final rule or regulation, including notices of inquiry, advance notices of proposed rulemaking, and notices of proposed rulemaking: (1)(i) that is a significant regulatory action under Executive Order 12866 or any successor order, and (ii) is likely to have a significant adverse effect on the supply, distribution, or use of energy; or (2) that is designated by the Administrator of the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs as a significant energy action

. This action is not a “significant energy action” as defined in Executive Order 13211 (66 FR 28355, May 22, 2001), because it is not likely to have a significant adverse effect on the supply, distribution, or use of energy. The basis for these determinations follows. The EPA used the National Ene rgy Modeling System (NEMS) to estimate the impacts of the proposed rule on the United States***E.O. 12866 Review

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energy system. The NEMS is a publically

- available model of the United States energy economy developed and maintained by the Energy Information Administration of th e DOE and is used to produce the Annual Energy Outlook, a reference publication that provides detailed forecasts of the United States energy economy. The EPA modeled the high impact case of the proposed NSPS with respect the low production exemption fro m the well site fugitive emissions requirements. As such the NEMS

- based estimates of energy system impacts are likely high end estimates. The NEMS

- based analysis estimates natural gas and crude oil production levels remain essentially unchanged under the proposed rule in 2020, while slight declines are estimated for 2020 for both natural gas (about 4 billion cubic feet (bcf) or about 0.01 percent) and crude oil production (about 2,000 barrels per day or 0.03 percent). Wellhead natural gas prices for onsho re lower 48 production are not estimated to change in 2020 under the proposed rule, but are estimated to increase about $0.007 per Mcf or 0.14 percent in 2025. Meanwhile, well crude oil prices for onshore lower 48 production are not estimated to change, de spite the incidence of new compliance***E.O. 12866 Review

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costs from the proposed NSPS. Meanwhile, net imports of natural gas are estimated to decline slightly in 2020 (by about 1 bcf or 0.05 percent) and in 2025 (by about 3 bcf or 0.09 percent). Crude oil imports are estimat ed to not change in 2020 and increase by about 1,000 barrels per day (or 0.02 percent) in 2025. Additionally, the NSPS establishes several performance standards that give regulated entities flexibility in determining how to best comply with the regulation. In an industry that is geographically and economically heterogeneous, this flexibility is an important factor in reducing regulatory burden. For more information on the estimated energy effects of this proposed rule, please see the Regulatory I mpact Analysis which is in the docket for this proposal. I. National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act (NTTAA) and 1 C.F.R. part 51 Section 12(d) of the National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act of 1995 (NTTAA), Public Law No. 104

– 113 (15
U.S .C. 272 note) directs the EPA to use voluntary consensus***E.O. 12866 Review

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standards (VCS) in its regulatory activities unless to do so would be inconsistent with applicable law or otherwise impractical. VCS are technical standards ( e.g. , materials specifications, test meth ods, sampling procedures, and business practices) that are developed or adopted by VCS bodies. NTTAA directs the EPA to provide Congress, through OMB, explanations when the Agency decides not to use available and applicable VCS. The proposed rule involves technical standards. Therefore, the EPA conducted searches for the Oil and Natural Gas Sector: Emission Standards for New and Modified Sources through the Enhanced National Standards Systems Network (NSSN) Database managed by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI)

. Searches were conducted for EPA Methods 1, 1A, 2, 2A, 2C, 2D, 3A, 3B, 3C, 4, 6, 10, 15, 16, 16A, 21, 22, and 25A of 40 C.F.R. part 60 Appendix A. No applicable voluntary consensus standards were identified for EPA Methods 1A, 2A, 2D, 21, and 22. All potential standards were reviewed to determine the practicality of the VCS for this rule. In this rule, the EPA is proposing to include in a final EPA rule regulatory text for 40 CFR part 60, subpart OOOOa that includ es incorporation by reference. In accordance with requirements of 1 CFR 51.5, the EPA is proposing***E.O. 12866 Review

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to incorporate by reference ANSI/ASME PTC 19

- 10

– 1981, Flue and Exhaust Gas Analyses (Part 10) to be used in lieu of EPA Methods 3B, 6, 6A, 6B, 15 A and 16A manual portions only and not the instrumental portion. This standard is available from the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), Three Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016

– 5990. The EPA welcomes comments on this aspect of the proposed

ru lemaking and, specifically, invites the public to identify potentially

- applicable VCS and to explain why such standards should be used in this regulation. J. Executive Order 12898: Federal Actions to Address Environmental Justice in Minority Populations a nd Low

- Income Populations The EPA believes the human health or environmental risk addressed by this action will not have potential disproportionately high and adverse human health or environmental effects on minority, low

- income or indigenous populations. The EPA has determined this because the rulemaking increases the level of environmental protection for all affected populations without having any disproportionately high and adverse human health or environmental effects on any population,***E.O. 12866 Review

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including any m inority, low

- income or indigenous populations. The EPA has provided meaningful participation opportunities for minority, low

- income, indigenous populations and tribes during the pre

- proposal period by conducting community calls and webinars. Additionally, the EPA will conduct outreach for communities after the rulemaking is finalized.***E.O. 12866 Review

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**List of Subjects in 40 CFR Part 60** Administrative practice and procedure, Air pollution control, Incorporation by reference, Intergovernmental relations, Reporting and recordkeeping.

Dated: ___________________________.

___________________________

___________________________ . Gina McCarth y , Administrator. Formatted: Tab stops: 2.71", Left***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **405** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic For the reasons set out in the preamble, title 40, chapter I of the Code of Federal Regulations is proposed to be amended as follows:

**PART 60 -**  **STANDARDS OF PERFORMANCE FOR NEW STATIONARY SOURCES** 1. The authority citation for part 60 continues to read as follows: **Authority** : 42 U.S.C. 4701, et seq . **Subpart OOOO —**  **Standards of Performance for Crude Oil and Natural Gas Production, Transmission and Distribution for which**  **Construction, Modification or Reconstruction Commenced after**

**A ugust 23, 2011, and on or before [date of publication in the**  **Federal Register ]** 
2. The heading for Subpart OOOO is revised to read as set forth above. 3. Section 60.5360 is revised to read as follows: **§60.5360 What is the purpose of this subpart?** This s ubpart establishes emission standards and compliance schedules for the control of volatile organic compounds (VOC) and sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) emissions from affected facilities that commence construction, modification or reconstruction after August 23, 2011, and on or before **[date of publication in the*****E.O. 12866 Review

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. 4. Section 60.5365 is amended by: a. Revising the introductory text; and b. Revising paragraph (h)(4). The revisions read as follows: **§60.5365 Am I subject to this subpart?** You are subject to the applicable provisions of this subpart if you are the owner or operator of one or more of the onshore affected facilities listed in paragraphs (a) through (g) of this section for which you commence construction, modification or recons truction after August 23, 2011, and on or before **[date of publication in the Federal Register]**

. * * * * * (h) * * * (4) A gas well facility initially constructed after August 23,

2011, and on or before **[date of publication in the Federal Registe**  **r]** is considered an affected facility regardless of this provision. 5. Section 60.5370 is amended by adding paragraph (d) read as follows: **§60.5370 When must I comply with this subpart?*****E.O. 12866 Review

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* * * * * (d) You are deemed to be in compliance with this s ubpart if you are in compliance with all applicable provisions of subpart OOOOa of this part. 6 . Section 60.5411 is amended by: r evising paragraph s (a)(3)(i)(A) and (c)(3)(i)(A) to read as follows: **§60.5411 What additional requirements must I meet to det ermine**  **initial compliance for my covers and closed vent systems routing materials from storage vessels and centrifugal compressor wet**  **seal degassing systems?**
* * * * * (a) * * * (3) * * * (i) * * * (A) You must properly install, calibrate, maintain, and operate a flow indicator at the inlet to the bypass device that could divert the stream away from the control device or process to the atmosphere. Set the flow indicator to trigger an audible alarm, and initiate notification via remote alarm to the nearest field office, when the bypass device is open such that the stream is being, or could be, diverted away from the control device or process to the atmosphere. You must maintain records***E.O. 12866 Review

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* * * * * (c) * * * (3) * * * (i) * * * (A) You must properly install, calibrate, maintain, and operate a flow indicator at the inlet to the bypass device that could divert the stream away from the control device or process to the atmosp here. Set the flow indicator to trigger an audible alarm and initiate notification via remote alarm to the nearest field office, when the bypass device is open such that the stream is being, or could be, diverted away from the control device or process to the atmosphere. You must maintain records of each time the alarm is activated according to §60.5420(c)(8).
* * * * *
7 . Section 60.5412 is amended by: a. Revising paragraph s (a)(1)(ii) and (d)(1) introductory
text ; and b . Adding paragraph (d)(1) (iv). The revisions and addition read as follows: **§60.5412 What additional requirements must I meet for determining initial compliance with control devices used to** ***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **4 09**  of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic **comply with the emission standards for my storage vessel or centrifugal compressor affected**  **facility?**
* * * * * (a) * * * (1) * * * (ii) You must reduce the concentration of TOC in the exhaust gases at the outlet to the device to a level equal to or less than 600 parts per million by volume as propane on a dry basis corrected to 3 per cent oxygen as determined in accordance with the requirements of §60.5413.
* * * * * (d) * * * (1) Each enclosed combustion device ( e.g. , thermal vapor incinerator, catalytic vapor incinerator, boiler, or process heater) must be designed to reduc e the mass content of VOC emissions by 95.0 percent or greater. You must follow the requirements in paragraphs (d)(1)(i) through (iv) of this section.
* * * * * (iv) Each combustion control device ( e.g. , thermal vapor incinerator, catalytic vapor i ncinerator, boiler, or process heater) must be designed and operated in accordance with one of***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **410** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic the performance requirements specified in paragraphs (A) through (D) of this section. (A) You must reduce the mass content of methane and VOC in the gases vented to the device by 95.0 percent by weight or greater as determined in accordance with the requirements of §60.5413. (B) You must reduce the concentration of TOC in the exhaust gases at the outlet to the device to a level equal to or less than 600 parts per million by volume as propane on a dry basis corrected to 3 percent oxygen as determined in accordance with the requirements of §60.5413. (C) You must operate at a minimum temperature of 760°C for a control device that can demonstrate a uniform combustion zone temperature during the performance test conducted under §60.5413. (D) If a boiler or process heater is used as the control device, then you must introduce the vent stream into the flame zone of the boiler or process heater.
* * * * * 8 . Section 60.5413 is amended by revising paragraph (e)(3) to read as follows: **§60.5413 What are the performance testing procedures for control*****E.O. 12866 Review

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* * * * * (e) * * * (3) Devices must be operated with no visible emissions, except for periods not to exceed a total of 1 minute during any 15

- minute period. A visible emissions test conducted according to section 11 of EPA Method 22, 40 CFR part 60 , appendix A, must be performed at least once every calendar month, separated by at least 15 days between each test. The observation period shall be 15 minutes.
* * * * * 9 . Section 60.5415 is amended by revising paragraph (b)(2)(vii)(B) to read a s follows: **§60.5415 How do I demonstrate continuous compliance with the standards for my gas well affected facility, my centrifugal**  **compressor affected facility, my stationary reciprocating compressor affected facility, my pneumatic controller affected**  **fac ility, my storage vessel affected facility, and my affected**  **facilities at onshore natural gas processing plants?**
* * * * * (b) * * ****E.O. 12866 Review

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(2) * * * (vii) * * * (B) Devices must be operated with no visible emissions, except for periods not to exceed a total of 1 minute during any 15

- minute period. A visible emissions test conducted according to section 11 of Method 22, 40 CFR part 60, appendix A, must be performed at least once every calendar month, separated by at least 15 days between each test. The observation period shall be 15 minutes.
* * * * * 1 0 . Section 60.5416 is amended by revising paragraph (c)(3)(i) to read as follows: **§60.5416 What are the initial and continuous cover and closed vent system inspection and monitoring requirements**  **for my storage vessel and centrifugal compressor affected facility?** 
* * * * * (c) * * * (3) * * * (i) You must properly install, calibrate and maintain a flow indicator at the inlet to the bypass device that could divert the stream away from th e control device or process to the atmosphere. Set the flow indicator to trigger an audible alarm,***E.O. 12866 Review

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and initiate notification via remote alarm to the nearest field office, when the bypass device is open such that the stream is being, or could be, diverted a way from the control device or process to the atmosphere. You must maintain records of each time the alarm is activated according to §60.5420(c)(8).
* * * * * 1 1 . Section 60.5417 is amended by adding paragraph (h)(4) to read as follows: **§60.5417 W hat are the continuous control device monitoring**  **requirements for my storage vessel or centrifugal compressor affected facility?** 
* * * * * (h) * * * (4) Conduct a periodic performance test no later than 60 months after the initial performance test as specified in §60.5413(b)(5)(ii) and conduct subsequent periodic performance tests at intervals no longer than 60 months following the previous periodic performance test.
1 2 . Section 60.5420 is amended by: a. Revising paragraph (c) introductory te xt; and b. Adding paragraph (c)(14). The revision and addition reads as follows:***E.O. 12866 Review

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**§60.5420 What are my notification, reporting, and recordkeeping**  **requirements?**
* * * * * (c) Recordkeeping requirements. You must maintain the records identified as specified in §60.7(f) and in paragraphs (c)(1) through (14) of this section. All records required by this subpart must be maintained either onsite or at the nearest local field office for at least 5 years.
* * * * * (14) A log of records as specif ied in §§60.5412(d)(1)(iii) and 60.5413(e)(4) for all inspection, repair and maintenance activities for each control devices failing the visible emissions test.
1 3 . Section 60.5430 is revised by: a. Adding, in alphabetical order, a definition for the ter m “capital expenditure;” and b. Revising the definition for “group 2 storage vessel.” The addition and revision read as follows: **§60.5430 What definitions apply to this subpart?**
* * * * ****E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **415** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic Capital expenditure means, in addition to the definition i n 40 CFR 60.2, an expenditure for a physical or operational change to an existing facility that: (1) Exceeds P, the product of the facility's replacement cost, R, and an adjusted annual asset guideline repair allowance, A, as reflected by the following equ ation: P = R × A, where (i) The adjusted annual asset guideline repair allowance, A, is the product of the percent of the replacement cost, Y, and the applicable basic annual asset guideline repair allowance, B, divided by 100 as reflected by the following equation: A = Y × (B ÷ 100); (ii) The percent Y is determined from the following equation: Y = 1.0 − 0.575 log X, where X is 2011 minus the year of construction; and (iii) The applicable basic annual asset guideline repair allowance, B, is 4.5.
* * * * * Group 2 storage vessel means a storage vessel, as defined in this section, for which construction, modification or reconstruction has commenced after April 12, 2013, and on or before **[date of publication in the Federal Register]**

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* * * * * 1 4 . Amend Table 3 to Subpart OOOO by revising entries “§60.15” and “§60.18” to read as follows: Table 3 to Subpart OOOO of Part 60

– Applicability of General Provisions to Subpart OOOO

General Provisions Citation Subject of Citation Applies to subpart? Explanation * * * * * * * §60.15 Reconstruction Yes Except that §60.15(d) does not apply to pneumatic controllers, centrifugal compressors or storage vessels. * * * * * * * §60.18 General control device requirements Yes

* * * * * * *

15. Add subpart OOOOa, consisting of sections 60.5360a through 60.5430a, to part 60 to read as follows:

**Subpart OOOOa —**  **Standards of Performance for Crude Oil and Natural Gas Facilities for which Construction, Modification, or** ***E.O. 12866 Review

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Sec. 60.5360a What is the purpose of this subpart? 60.5365a Am I subject to this subpart? 60.5370a When must I comply with this subpart? 60.5375a What methane and VOC standards apply to well affected facilities? 60.5380a What methane and VOC standards apply to centrifugal compressor affected facilities? 60.5385a What methane and VOC standards apply to reciprocating compressor affected facilities? 60.5390a What methane and VOC sta ndards apply to pneumatic controller affected facilities? §60.5393a What methane and VOC standards apply to pneumatic pump affected facilities? 60.5395a What VOC standards apply to storage vessel affected facilities? 60.5397a What fugitive emissions methan e and VOC standards apply to the collection of fugitive emissions components at a***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **418** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic well site and the collection of fugitive emissions components at a compressor station? 60.5400a What equipment leak methane and VOC standards apply to affected facilities at an onshore natural gas processing plant? 60.5401a What are the exceptions to the equipment leak methane and VOC standards for affected facilities at onshore natural gas processing plants? 60.5402a What are the alternative emission limitations for equipment leaks from onshore natural gas processing plants? 60.5405a What standards apply to sweetening unit affected facilities at onshore natural gas processing plants? 60.5406a What test methods and procedures must I use for my sweetening unit affected facilitie s at onshore natural gas processing plants? 60.5407a What are the requirements for monitoring of emissions and operations from my sweetening unit affected facilities at onshore natural gas processing plants? 60.5408a What is an optional procedure for measu ring hydrogen sulfide in acid gas

— Tutwiler Procedure? 60.5410a How do I demonstrate initial compliance with the standards for my well, centrifugal compressor, reciprocating compressor, pneumatic controller, pneumatic pump, storage***E.O. 12866 Review

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vessel, collection of fugitive emissions components at a well site, and collection of fugitive emissions components at a compressor station, and equipment leaks and sweetening unit affected facilities at onshore natural gas processing plants? 60.5411a What additional requiremen ts must I meet to determine initial compliance for my covers and closed vent systems routing emissions from centrifugal compressor wet seal fluid degassing systems, reciprocating compressors, pneumatic pump and storage vessels? 60.5412a What additional req uirements must I meet for determining initial compliance with control devices used to comply with the emission standards for my centrifugal compressor, pneumatic pump and storage vessel affected facilities? 60.5413a What are the performance testing procedu res for control devices used to demonstrate compliance at my centrifugal compressor, pneumatic pump and storage vessel affected facilities? 60.5415a How do I demonstrate continuous compliance with the standards for my well, centrifugal compressor, reciproc ating compressor, pneumatic controller, pneumatic pump, storage vessel, collection of fugitive emissions components at a well***E.O. 12866 Review

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site, and collection of fugitive emissions components at a compressor station affected facilities, and affected facilities at onsh ore natural gas processing plants? 60.5416a What are the initial and continuous cover and closed vent system inspection and monitoring requirements for my centrifugal compressor, reciprocating compressor, pneumatic pump, and storage vessel affected facilit ies? 60.5417a What are the continuous control device monitoring requirements for my centrifugal compressor, pneumatic pump, and storage vessel affected facilities? 60.5420a What are my notification, reporting, and recordkeeping requirements? 60.5421a What are my additional recordkeeping requirements for my affected facility subject to methane and VOC requirements for onshore natural gas processing plants? 60.5422a What are my additional reporting requirements for my affected facility subject to methane and VOC requirements for onshore natural gas processing plants? 60.5423a What additional recordkeeping and reporting requirements apply to my sweetening unit affected facilities at onshore natural gas processing plants? 60.5425a What parts of the General Provi sions apply to me?***E.O. 12866 Review

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60.5430a What definitions apply to this subpart? 60.5431a

– 60.5499a [Reserved] Table 1 to Subpart OOOOa of Part 60

– Required Minimum Initial
SO 2 Emission Reduction Efficiency (Z i ) Table 2 to Subpart OOOOa of Part 60

– Required Minimum SO 2 Emission Reduction Efficiency (Zc) Table 3 to Subpart OOOOa of Part 60

– Applicability of General Provisions to Subpart OOOOa **Subpart OOOOa —**  **Standards of Performance for Crude Oil and Natural Gas Facilities for which Construction, Modification or** 
**Recons truction Commenced After**  **[date of publication in the Federal Register]**  **§60.5360a What is the purpose of this subpart?** This subpart establishes emission standards and compliance schedules for the control of methane, volatile organic compounds (VOC) and sul fur dioxide (SO 2 ) emissions from affected facilities in the crude oil and natural gas source category that commence construction, modification or reconstruction after **[date of publication in the Federal Register]**  . The effective date of the rule is **[date 60 days after publication of final rule in the**  **Federal Register]**

. **§60.5365a Am I subject to this subpart?*****E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **422** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic You are subject to the applicable provisions of this subpart if you are the owner or operator of one or more of the onshore affected facilities list ed in paragraphs (a) through (j) of this section for which you commence construction, modification or reconstruction after **[date of publication in the Federal Register]** 

. (a) Each well affected facility, which is a single well that conducts a well completi on operation following hydraulic fracturing or refracturing and has a gas

- to

- oil ratio of greater than 300 scf of gas per barrel of oil produced. The provisions of this paragraph do not affect the affected facility status of well sites for the purposes of §60.5397a. The provisions of paragraphs (a)(1) through (4) of this section apply to wells that are hydraulically refractured: (1) A well that conducts a well completion operation following hydraulic refracturing is not an affected facility, provided that the requirements of §60.5375a(a)(1) through (4)
are met. However, hydraulic refracturing of a well constitutes a modification of the well site for purposes of §60.5397a, regardless of affected facility status of the well itself.***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **423** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic (2) A well completion ope ration following hydraulic refracturing not conducted pursuant to §60.5375a(a)(1) through (4) is a modification to the well. (3) Refracturing of a well does not affect the modification status of other equipment, process units, storage vessels,
compressor s, pneumatic pumps, or pneumatic controllers. (4) A well initially constructed after **[date of publication in the Federal Register]**  , that conducts a well completion operation following hydraulic refracturing is considered an affected facility regardless o f this provision. (b) Each centrifugal compressor affected facility, which is a single centrifugal compressor using wet seals. A centrifugal compressor located at a well site, or an adjacent well site and servicing more than one well site, is not an affec ted facility under this subpart. (c) Each reciprocating compressor affected facility, which is a single reciprocating compressor. A reciprocating compressor located at a well site, or an adjacent well site and servicing more than one well site, is not an affected facility under this subpart. (d)(1) Each pneumatic controller affected facility not located at a natural gas processing plant, which is a single***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **424** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic continuous bleed natural gas

- driven pneumatic controller operating at a natural gas bleed rate greate r than 6 scfh. (2) Each pneumatic controller affected facility located at a natural gas processing plant, which is a single continuous bleed natural gas

- driven pneumatic controller. (e) Each storage vessel affected facility, which is a single storage ves sel with the potential for VOC emissions equal to or greater than 6 tpy as determined according to this section, except as provided in paragraphs (e)(1) through (4) of this section. The potential for VOC emissions must be calculated using a generally accep ted model or calculation methodology, based on the maximum average daily throughput determined for a 30

- day period of production prior to the applicable emission determination deadline specified in this section. The determination may take into account requ irements under a legally and practically enforceable limit in an operating permit or other requirement established under a Federal, State, local or tribal authority. (1) For each new, modified or reconstructed storage vessel receiving liquids pursuant to the standards for well affected facilities in §60.5375a, including wells subject to***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **425** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic §60.5375a(f), you must determine the potential for VOC emissions within 30 days after startup of production. (2) A storage vessel affected facility that subsequently has i ts potential for VOC emissions decrease to less than 6 tpy shall remain an affected facility under this subpart. (3) For storage vessels not subject to a legally and practically enforceable limit in an operating permit or other requirement established und er Federal, state, local or tribal authority, any vapor from the storage vessel that is recovered and routed to a process through a VRU designed and operated as specified in this section is not required to be included in the determination of VOC potential to emit for purposes of determining affected facility status, provided you comply with the requirements in paragraphs (e)(3)(i) through (iv) of this section. (i) You meet the cover requirements specified in §60.5411a(b). (ii) You meet the closed vent sys tem requirements specified in §60.5411a(c). (iii) You maintain records that document compliance with paragraphs (e)(3)(i) and (ii) of this section.***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **426** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic (iv) In the event of removal of apparatus that recovers and routes vapor to a process, or operation that i s inconsistent with the conditions specified in paragraphs (e)(3)(i) and (ii) of this section, you must determine the storage vessel's potential for VOC emissions according to this section within 30 days of such removal or operation. (4) For each new, rec onstructed, or modified storage vessel with startup, startup of production, or which is returned to service, affected facility status is determined as follows: If a storage vessel is reconnected to the original source of liquids or is used to replace any s torage vessel affected facility, it is a storage vessel affected facility subject to the same requirements as before being removed from service, or applicable to the storage vessel affected facility being replaced, immediately upon startup, startup of prod uction, or return to service. (f) The group of all equipment, except compressors, within a process unit is an affected facility. (1) Addition or replacement of equipment for the purpose of process improvement that is accomplished without a capital expend iture shall not by itself be considered a modification under this subpart.***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **427** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic (2) Equipment associated with a compressor station, dehydration unit, sweetening unit, underground storage vessel, field gas gathering system, or liquefied natural gas unit is

cove red by §§60.5400a, 60.5401a, 60.5402a, 60.5421a, and 60.5422a of this subpart if it is located at an onshore natural gas processing plant. Equipment not located at the onshore natural gas processing plant site is exempt from the provisions of §§60.5400a, 6 0.5401a, 60.5402a, 60.5421a, and 60.5422a of this subpart. (3) The equipment within a process unit of an affected facility located at onshore natural gas processing plants and described in paragraph (f) of this section are exempt from this subpart if they are subject to and controlled according to subparts VVa, GGG or GGGa of this part. (g) Sweetening units located at onshore natural gas processing plants that process natural gas produced from either onshore or offshore wells. (1) Each sweetening unit th at processes natural gas is an affected facility; and (2) Each sweetening unit that processes natural gas followed by a sulfur recovery unit is an affected facility.***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **428** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic (3) Facilities that have a design capacity less than 2 long tons per day (LT/D) of hydro gen sulfide (H 2 S) in the acid gas (expressed as sulfur) are required to comply with recordkeeping and reporting requirements specified in §60.5423a(c) but are not required to comply with §§60.5405a through 60.5407a and §§60.5410a(g) and 60.5415a(g) of this subpart. (4) Sweetening facilities producing acid gas that is completely reinjected into oil

- or - gas - bearing geologic strata or that is otherwise not released to the atmosphere are not subject to §§60.5405a through 60.5407a, 60.5410a(g), 60.5415a(g), and 60.5423a of this subpart. (h)(1) For natural gas processing plants, each pneumatic pump affected facility, which is a single natural gas

- driven chemical/methanol pump or natural gas

- driven diaphragm pump. (2) For locations other than natural gas processi ng plants, each pneumatic pump affected facility, which is a single natural
gas - driven chemical/methanol pump or natural gas

- driven diaphragm pump for which a control device is located on site. (i) Except as provided in §60.5365a (i)(1) through (i)( 2 ) , t he collection of fugitive emissions components at a well site, as defined in §60.5430a, is an affected facility.***E.O. 12866 Review

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(1) A well site with average combined oil and natural gas production for the wells at the site being less than 15 barrels of oil equivalent (boe) per day averaged over the first 30 days of production , is not an affected facility under this subpart. (2) A well site that only c ontains one or more wellheads is
not an affected facility under this subpart

. ( 3 ) For purposes of §60.5397a, a “modification” to a well site occurs when: ( i ) a new well is drilled at an existing well site; ( ii ) a well at an existing well site is hydraulically fractured ; or (iii) a well at an existing well site is hydraulically refractured. (j) The collection of fugitive emissions components at a compressor station, as defined in §60.5430a, is an affected facility. For purposes of §60.5397a, a “modification” to a compressor station occurs when: (1) A new compressor is constructed at an existing compressor station; or (2) A physical change is made to an existing compressor at a compressor station that increase s the compression capacity of the c ompressor station.***E.O. 12866 Review

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(3) Reserved **§60.5370a When must I comply with this subpart?** (a) You must be in compliance with the standards of this subpart no later than **[date 60 days after publication of final rule in the Federal Register]**  or upon startup, whiche ver is later. (b) The provisions for exemption from compliance during periods of startup, shutdown and malfunctions provided for in 40 CFR 60.8(c) do not apply to this subpart. (c) You are exempt from the obligation to obtain a permit under 40 CFR part 7 0 or 40 CFR part 71, provided you are not otherwise required by law to obtain a permit under 40 CFR 70.3(a) or 40 CFR 71.3(a). Notwithstanding the previous sentence, you must continue to comply with the provisions of this subpart. **§60.5375a What methane an d VOC standards apply to well affected**  **facilities?** If you are the owner or operator of a well affected facility, you must reduce methane and VOC emissions by complying with paragraphs (a) through (f) of this section. (a) Except as provided in paragraph ( f) of this section, for each well completion operation with hydraulic fracturing you***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **431** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic must comply with the requirements in paragraphs (a)(1) through (4) of this section. You must maintain a log as specified in paragraph (b) of this section. (1) For each st age of the well completion operation, as defined in §60.5430a, follow the requirements specified in paragraphs (a)(1)(i) and (ii) of this section. (i) During the initial flowback stage, route the flowback into one or more well completion vessels or storag e vessels and commence operation of a separator unless it is technically infeasible for a separator to function. Any gas present in the initial flowback stage is not subject to control under this section. (ii) During the separation flowback stage, route a ll recovered liquids from the separator to one or more well completion vessels or storage vessels, re

- inject the recovered liquids into the well or another well or route the recovered liquids to a collection system. Route the recovered gas from the separat or into a gas flow line or collection system, re

- inject the recovered gas into the well or another well, use the recovered gas as an on

- site fuel source, or use the recovered gas for another useful purpose that a purchased fuel or raw material would serve. If it is technically infeasible to route***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **432** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic the recovered gas as required above, follow the requirements in paragraph (a)(3) of this section. If, at any time during the separation flowback stage, it is not technically feasible for a separator to function, yo u must comply with (a)(1)(i) of this section. (2) All salable quality recovered gas must be routed to the gas flow line as soon as practicable. In cases where salable quality gas cannot be directed to the flow line due to technical infeasibility, you must follow the requirements in paragraph (a)(3) of this section. (3) You must capture and direct recovered gas to a completion combustion device, except in conditions that may result in a fire hazard or explosion, or where high heat emissions from a completi on combustion device may negatively impact tundra, permafrost or waterways. Completion combustion devices must be equipped with a reliable continuous ignition

source. (4) You have a general duty to safely maximize resource recovery and minimize releases t o the atmosphere during flowback and subsequent recovery. (b) You must maintain a log for each well completion operation at each well affected facility. The log must be***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **433** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic completed on a daily basis for the duration of the well completion operation and must contain the records specified in §60.5420a(c)(1)(iii). (c) You must demonstrate initial compliance with the standards that apply to well affected facilities as required by §60.5410a. (d) You must demonstrate continuous compliance with the standards that apply to well affected facilities as required by §60.5415a. (e) You must perform the required notification, recordkeeping and reporting as required by §60.5420a. (f)(1) For each well affected facility specified in paragraphs (f)(1)(i) and (ii) of this se ction, you must comply with the requirements of paragraphs (f)(2) and (3) of this section. (i) Each well completion operation with hydraulic fracturing at a wildcat or delineation well. (ii) Each well completion operation with hydraulic fracturing at a non - wildcat low pressure well or non

- delineation low pressure well. (2) Route the flowback into one or more well completion vessels and commence operation of a separator unless it is***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **434** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic technically infeasible for a separator to function. Any gas present in t he flowback before the separator can function is not subject to control under this section. You must capture and direct recovered gas to a completion combustion device, except in conditions that may result in a fire hazard or explosion, or where high heat emissions from a completion combustion device may negatively impact tundra, permafrost or waterways. Completion combustion devices must be equipped with a reliable continuous ignition source. You must also comply with paragraphs (a)(4) and (b) through (e) of this section. (3) You must maintain records specified in §60.5420a(c)(1)(iii) for wildcat, delineation and low pressure wells. **§60.5380a What methane and VOC standards apply to centrifugal compressor affected facilities?**  You must comply with the methane and VOC standards in paragraphs (a) through (d) of this section for each centrifugal compressor affected facility. (a)(1) You must reduce methane and VOC emissions from each centrifugal compressor wet seal fluid degassing system by 95.0 percent or greater.***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **435** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic (2) If you use a control device to reduce emissions, you must equip the wet seal fluid degassing system with a cover that meets the requirements of §60.5411a(b). The cover must be connected through a closed vent system that meets the requiremen ts of §60.5411a(a) and the closed vent system must be routed to a control device that meets the conditions specified in §60.5412a(a), (b) and (c). As an alternative to routing the closed vent system to a control device, you may route the closed vent system to a process. (b) You must demonstrate initial compliance with the standards that apply to centrifugal compressor affected facilities as required by §60.5410a(b). (c) You must demonstrate continuous compliance with the standards that apply to centrifuga l compressor affected facilities as required by §60.5415a(b). (d) You must perform the required notification, recordkeeping, and reporting as required by §60.5420a. **§60.5385a What methane and VOC standards apply to reciprocating compressor affected facili**  **ties?** You must reduce methane and VOC emissions by complying with the standards in paragraphs (a) through (d) of this section for each reciprocating compressor affected facility.***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **436** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic (a) You must replace the reciprocating compressor rod packing according to either paragraph (a)(1) or (2) of this section or you must comply with paragraph (a)(3) of this section. (1) Before the compressor has operated for 26,000 hours. The number of hours of operation must be continuously monitored beginning upon initial startu p of your reciprocating compressor affected facility, or the date of the most recent reciprocating compressor rod packing replacement, whichever is later. (2) Prior to 36 months from the date of the most recent rod packing replacement, or 36 months from t he date of startup for a new reciprocating compressor for which the rod packing has not yet been replaced. (3) Collect the methane and VOC emissions from the rod packing using a rod packing emissions collection system which operates under negative pressur e and route the rod packing emissions to a process through a closed vent system that meets the requirements of §60.5411a(a). (b) You must demonstrate initial compliance with standards that apply to reciprocating compressor affected facilities as required by §60.5410a.***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **437** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic (c) You must demonstrate continuous compliance with standards that apply to reciprocating compressor affected facilities as required by §60.5415a. (d) You must perform the required notification, recordkeeping, and reporting as required by § 60.5420a. **§60.5390a What methane and VOC standards apply to pneumatic controller affected facilities?**  For each pneumatic controller affected facility you must comply with the methane and VOC standards, based on natural gas as a surrogate for methane and V OC, in either paragraph (b)(1) or (c)(1) of this section, as applicable. Pneumatic controllers meeting the conditions in paragraph (a) of this section are exempt from this requirement. (a) The requirements of paragraph (b)(1) or (c)(1) of this section are not required if you determine that the use of a pneumatic controller affected facility with a bleed rate greater than the applicable standard is required based on functional needs, including but not limited to response time, safety and positive actuation. However, you must tag such pneumatic controller with the month and year of installation, reconstruction or modification, and identification information***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **438** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic that allows traceability to the records for that pneumatic controller, as required in §60.5420a(c)(4)(i i). (b)(1) Each pneumatic controller affected facility at a natural gas processing plant must have a bleed rate of zero. (2) Each pneumatic controller affected facility at a natural gas processing plant must be tagged with the month and year of installat ion, reconstruction or modification, and identification information that allows traceability to the records for that pneumatic controller as required in §60.5420a(c)(4)(iv). (c)(1) Each pneumatic controller affected facility at a location other than at a natural gas processing plant must have a bleed rate less than or equal to 6 standard cubic feet per hour. (2) Each pneumatic controller affected facility constructed, modified or reconstructed on or after October 15, 2013, at a location other than at a na tural gas processing plant must be tagged with the month and year of installation, reconstruction or modification, and identification information that allows traceability to the records for that controller as required in §60.5420a(c)(4)(iii).***E.O. 12866 Review

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(d) You must demonstrate initial compliance with standards that apply to pneumatic controller affected facilities as required by §60.5410a. (e) You must demonstrate continuous compliance with standards that apply to pneumatic controller affected facilities as require d by §60.5415a. (f) You must perform the required notification, recordkeeping, and reporting as required by §60.5420a, except that you are not required to submit the notifications specified in §60.5420a(a). **§60.5393a What methane and VOC standards apply to pneumatic pump**  **affected facilities?** For each pneumatic pump affected facility you must comply with the methane and VOC standards, based on natural gas as a surrogate for methane and VOC, in either paragraph (a)(1) or (b)(1) of this section, as applicab le. (a)(1) Each pneumatic pump affected facility at a natural gas processing plant must have a natural gas emission rate of

zero. (2) Each pneumatic pump affected facility at a natural gas processing plant must be tagged with the month and year of insta llation, reconstruction or modification, and identification***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **440** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic information that allows traceability to the records for that pneumatic pump as required in §60.5420a(c)(16)(i). (b)(1) Each pneumatic pump affected facility at a location other than a natural gas processing plant must reduce natural gas emissions by 95.0 percent, except as provided in paragraph (b)(2) of this section. (2) You are not required to install a control device solely for the purposes of complying with the 95.0 percent reduction of
parag raph (b)(1) of this section . If you do not have a control device installed on

- site by the compliance date, then you must comply instead with the provisions of paragraphs (b)(2)(i) and (ii) of this section. (i) Submit a certification in accordance with §6 0.5420(b)(8)(i). (ii) If you subsequently install a control device, you are no longer required to submit the certification in §60.5420(b)(8)(i) and must be in compliance with the requirements of paragraph (b)(1) of this section within 30 days of installat ion of the control device. Compliance with this requirement should be reported in the next annual report in accordance with §60.5420(b)(8)(iii).***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **441** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic (3) Each pneumatic pump affected facility at a location other than a natural gas processing plant must be tagged with the month and year of installation, reconstruction or modification, and identification information that allows traceability to the records for that pump as required in §60.5420a(c)(16)(i). (4) If you use a control device to reduce emissions, y ou must connect the pneumatic pump affected facility through a closed vent system that meets the requirements of §60.5411a(a) and route emissions to a control device that meets the conditions specified in §60.5412a(a), (b) and (c) and performance tested in accordance with §60.5413a. As an alternative to routing the closed vent system to a control device, you may route the closed vent system to a process. (c) You must demonstrate initial compliance with standards that apply to pneumatic pump affected facili ties as required by §60.5410a. (d) You must demonstrate continuous compliance with standards that apply to pneumatic pump affected facilities as required by §60.5415a. (e) You must perform the required notification, recordkeeping, and reporting as requir ed by §60.5420a, except***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **442** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic that you are not required to submit the notifications specified in §60.5420a(a). **§60.5395a What VOC standards apply to storage vessel affected facilities?**  Except as provided in paragraph (e) of this section, you must comply with th e VOC standards in this section for each storage vessel affected facility. (a) You must comply with either the requirements of paragraphs (a)(1) and (a)(2) or the requirements of paragraph (a) (3) of this section. If you choose to meet the requirements in paragraph (a)(3) of this section, you are not required to comply with the requirements of paragraph (a)(2) of this section except as provided in paragraphs (a)(3)(i) and (ii) of this section. (1) Determine potential for VOC emissions in accordance with §6 0. 5365 a(e). (2) Reduce VOC emissions by 95.0 percent within 60 days after startup. For storage vessel affected facilities receiving liquids pursuant to the standards for well affected facilities in §60.5375a, you must achieve the required emissions reduc tions within 60 days after startup of production as defined in §60.5430a.***E.O. 12866 Review

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(3) Maintain the uncontrolled actual VOC emissions from the storage vessel affected facility at less than 4 tpy without considering control. Prior to using the uncontrolled actual VOC emission rate for compliance purposes, you must demonstrate that the uncontrolled actual VOC emissions have remained less than 4 tpy as determined monthly for 12 consecutive months. After such demonstration, you must determine the uncontrolled actual V OC emission rate each month. The uncontrolled actual VOC emissions must be calculated using a generally accepted model or calculation methodology, and the calculations must be based on the average throughput for the month. You must comply with paragraph (a )(2) of this section if your storage vessel affected facility meets the conditions specified in paragraphs (a)(3)(i) or (ii) of this section. (i) If a well feeding the storage vessel affected facility undergoes fracturing or refracturing, you must comply with paragraph (a)(2) of this section as soon as liquids from the well following fracturing or refracturing are routed to the storage vessel affected facility. (ii) If the monthly emissions determination required in this section indicates that VOC emissio ns from your storage vessel affected facility increase to 4 tpy or greater and the***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **444** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic increase is not associated with fracturing or refracturing of a well feeding the storage vessel affected facility, you must comply with paragraph (a)(2) of this section with in 30 days of the monthly determination. (b) Control requirements. (1) Except as required in paragraph (b)(2) of this section, if you use a control device to reduce VOC emissions from your storage vessel affected facility, you must equip the storage vesse l with a cover that meets the requirements of §60.5411a(b) and is connected through a closed vent system that meets the requirements of §60.5411a(c), and you must route emissions to a control device that meets the conditions specified in §60.5412a(c) and ( d). As an alternative to routing the closed vent system to a control device, you may route the closed vent system to a process that reduces VOC emissions by at least 95.0 percent. (2) If you use a floating roof to reduce emissions, you must meet the requi rements of §60.112b(a)(1) or (2) and the relevant monitoring, inspection, recordkeeping, and reporting requirements in 40 CFR part 60, subpart Kb. (c) Requirements for storage vessel affected facilities that are removed from service or returned to service

. If you remove a storage vessel affected facility from service, you must***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **445** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic comply with paragraphs (c)(1) through (3) of this section. A storage vessel is not an affected facility under this subpart for the period that it is removed from service. (1) For a storage vessel affected facility to be removed from service, you must comply with the requirements of paragraph (c)(1)(i) and (ii) of this section. (i) You must completely empty and degas the storage vessel, such that the storage vessel no longer contains crude oil, condensate, produced water or intermediate hydrocarbon liquids. A storage vessel where liquid is left on walls, as bottom clingage or in pools due to floor irregularity is considered to be completely empty. (ii) You must submit a notification as required in §60.5420a(b)(6)(v) in your next annual report, identifying each storage vessel affected facility removed from service during the reporting period and the date of its removal from service. (2) If a storage vessel identified in paragraph (c)(1)(ii) of this section is returned to service, you must determine its affected facility status as provided in §60.5365a(e). (3) For each storage vessel affected facility returned to service during the reporting period, you must submit a notification i n your next annual report as required in***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **446** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic §60.5420a(b)(6)(vi), identifying each storage vessel affected facility and the date of its return to service. (d) Compliance, notification, recordkeeping, and reporting

. You must comply with paragraphs (d)(1) throu gh (3) of this section. (1) You must demonstrate initial compliance with standards as required by §60.5410a(h) and (i). (2) You must demonstrate continuous compliance with standards as required by §60.5415a(e)(3). (3) You must perform the required notif ication, recordkeeping and reporting as required by §60.5420a. (e) Exemptions. This subpart does not apply to storage vessels subject to and controlled in accordance with the requirements for storage vessels in 40 CFR part 60, subpart Kb, 40 CFR part 63, subparts G, CC, HH, or WW. **§60.5397a What fugitive emissions methane and VOC standards apply to the**  **affected facility which is the collection of**  **fugitive emissions components at a well site and the affected**  **facility which is the collection of fugitive emis**  **sions components at a compressor station?**  For each affected facility under §60.5365a(i) and (j), you must reduce methane and VOC emissions by complying with the***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **447** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic requirements of paragraphs (a) through (l) of this section. These requirements are independent of the closed vent system and cover requirements in §60.5411a. (a) You must monitor all fugitive emission components, as defined in 60.5430a, in accordance with paragraphs (b) through (i). You must repair all sources of fugitive emissions in accordance with paragraph (j). You must keep records in accordance with paragraph (k) and report in accordance with paragraph (l). For purposes of this section, fugitive emissions are defined as: any visible emission from a fugitive emissions component observed using optical gas imaging. (b) You must develop a corporate

- wide fugitive emissions monitoring plan that cover s the collection of fugitive emissions components at well site s and compressor station s in accordance with paragraph (c) of this section, and you m ust develop a site

specific fugitive emissions monitoring plan specific to each collection of fugitive emissions components at a well site and each collection of fugitive emissions components at a compressor station in accordance with paragraph (d) of this section. Alternatively, you may develop a site

- specific plan for each collection of fugitive emissions components at a well site and each collection of fugitive emissions components at a compressor***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **448** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic station that covers the elements of both the corporate

- wi de and site

- specific plans. (c) Your corporate

- wide monitoring plan must include the elements specified in paragraphs (c)(1) through (8) of this section, as a minimum. (1) Frequency for conducting surveys. Surveys must be conducted at least as frequently as required by paragraphs (f) through (i) of this section. (2) Technique for determining fugitive emissions. (3) Manufacturer and model number of fugitive emissions detection equipment to be used. (4) Procedures and timeframes for identifying and repairing fugitive emissions components from which fugitive emissions are detected, including timeframes for fugitive emission components that are unsafe to repair. Your repair schedule must meet the requirements of paragraph (j) of this section at a minimum. (5) Procedures and timeframes for verifying fugitive emission component repairs. (6) Records that will be kept and the length of time records will be kept. (7) Your plan must also include the elements specified in paragraphs (c)(7)(i) through ( vii) of this section.***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **449** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic (i) Verification that your optical gas imaging equipment meets the specifications of paragraphs (c)(7)(i)(A) and (B) of this section. This verification is an initial verification and may either be performed by the facility, by the ma nufacturer, or by a third

- party. For the purposes of complying with the fugitives emissions monitoring program with optical gas imaging, a fugitive emission is defined as any visible emissions observed using optical gas imaging. (A) Your optical gas ima ging equipment must be capable of imaging gases in the spectral range for the compound of highest concentration in the potential fugitive emissions. (B) Your optical gas imaging equipment must be capable of imaging a gas that is half methane, half propane at a concentration of ≤10,000 ppm at a flow rate of ≥60g/hr from a quarter inch diameter orifice. (ii) Procedure for a daily verification check. (iii) Procedure for determining the operator’s maximum viewing distance from the equipment and how the opera tor will ensure that this distance is maintained. (iv) Procedure for determining maximum wind speed during which monitoring can be performed and how the operator will***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **450** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic ensure monitoring occurs only at wind speeds below this threshold. (v) Procedures for c onducting surveys, including the items specified in paragraphs (c)(7)(v)(A) through (C) of this section. (A) How the operator will ensure an adequate thermal background is present in order to view potential fugitive emissions. (B) How the operator will d eal with adverse monitoring conditions, such as wind. (C) How the operator will deal with interferences ( e.g. , steam). (vi) Training and experience needed prior to performing
surveys. (vii) Procedures for calibration and maintenance. Procedures must comply with those recommended by the manufacturer. (d) Your site

- specific monitoring plan must include the elements specified in paragraphs (d)(1) through ( 3 ) of this section, as a minimum. (1) Deviations from your master plan. (2) Sitemap.***E.O. 12866 Review

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(3) Your p lan must also include your defined walking path. The walking path must ensure that all fugitive emissions components are within sight of the path and must account for interferences. (e) Each monitoring survey shall observe each fugitive emissions componen t for fugitive emissions. (f)(1) You must conduct an initial monitoring survey within 30 days of the first well completion for e ach collection of fugitive emissions components at a new well site or upon the date the well site begins the production phase f or other wells.
For a modified collection of fugitive emissions components at a well site, the initial monitoring survey must be conducted within 30 days of the well site modification. (2) You must conduct an initial monitoring survey within 30 days of th e startup of a new compressor station for e ach new collection of fugitive emissions components at the new
compressor station . For modified compressor station s , the initial monitoring survey of the collection of fugitive emissions components at a modified c ompressor station must be conducted within 30 days of the modification. (g) A monitoring survey of each collection of fugitive emissions components at a well site and collection of fugitive***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **452** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic emissions components at a compressor station shall be conducted

a t least semiannually after the initial survey. Consecutive semiannual monitoring surveys shall be conducted at least 4 months apart. (h) The monitoring frequency specified in paragraph (g) of this section shall be increased to quarterly in the event that two consecutive semiannual monitoring surveys detect fugitive emissions at greater than 5 3 .0 percent of the fugitive emissions components at a well site or at greater than 5 3
. 0 percent of the fugitive emissions components at a compressor station. (i) The monitoring frequency specified in paragraph (g) of this section may be decreased to annual in the event that two consecutive semiannual surveys detect fugitive emissions at less than 1.0 percent of the fugitive emissions components at a well site, or at le ss than 1.0 percent of the fugitive emissions components at a compressor station. The monitoring frequency shall return to semiannual if a survey detects fugitive emissions between 1.0 percent and 5 3 .0 percent of the fugitive emissions components at the well site, or between 1.0 percent and 5 3 .0 percent of the fugitive emissions components at the compressor station***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **453** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic (j) For fugitive emissions components also subject to the repair provisions of §§60.5416a(b)(9) through (12) and (c)(4) through (7), those provisions apply instead to those closed vent system and covers, and the repair provisions of paragraphs (j)(1) and (2) of this section do not apply to those closed vent systems and covers. (1) Each identified s ource of fugitive emissions shall be repaired or replaced as soon as practicable, but no later than 15 calendar days after detection of the fugitive emissions. If the repair or replacement is technically infeasible or unsafe to repair during operation of t he unit, the repair or replacement must be completed during the next scheduled shutdown or within 6 months, whichever is earlier. (2) Each repaired or replaced fugitive emissions component must be resurveyed as soon as practicable, but no later than 15 da ys of finding such fugitive emissions , to ensure that there is no leak. ( i) For repairs that cannot be made during the monitoring survey when the fugitive emissions are initially found, the operator may resurvey the repaired fugitive emissions components

u sing either Method 21 or optical gas imaging within 15 days of finding such fugitive emissions.***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **454** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic (ii) Operators that use Method 21 to resurvey the repaired fugitive emissions components, are subject to the resurvey provisions specified in paragraphs (j)(2) (ii)(A) and (B). (A) A fugitive emissions component is repaired when the Method 21 instrument indicates a concentration of less than 500 ppm above background

. (B) Operators must use the Method 21 monitoring requirements specified in paragraph §60.5401a(g ). (iii) Operators that use optical gas imaging to resurvey the repaired fugitive emissions components, are subject to the resurvey provisions specified in paragraphs (j)(2)(iii)(A) and (B). (A) A fugitive emissions component is repaired when the optica l gas imaging instrument shows no indication of visible emissions. (B) Operators must use the optical gas imaging monitoring requirements specified in paragraph (a). (k) Records for each monitoring survey shall be maintained as specified §60.5420a(c)(15) and must contain, at a minimum, the information specified in paragraphs (k)(1) through (6) of this section. (1) Date of the survey.***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **455** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic (2) Beginning and end time of the survey. (3) Name of operator(s) performing survey. You must note the training and experience of the operator. (4) Ambient temperature, sky conditions, and maximum wind speed at the time of the survey. (5) Any deviations from the monitoring plan or a statement that there were no deviations from the monitoring plan. (6) Documentation o f each source of fugitive emission s ( e.g. , fugitive emissions components) , including the information specified in paragraphs (k)(6)(i) through (ii) of this section (i) Location. (ii) One or more digital photographs of each required monitoring survey bein g performed. The digital photograph must include the date the photograph was taken and the latitude and longitude of the well site or compressor station imbedded within or stored with the digital file. As an alternative to imbedded latitude and longitude w ithin the digital photograph, the digital photograph may consist of a photograph of the monitoring survey being performed with a photograph of a separately operating GIS device within the same digital picture, provided the latitude and longitude output of the GIS unit can be clearly read in the digital photograph.***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **456** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic (iii) The date of successful repair of the fugitive emissions component. (iv) The instrument used to resurvey a repaired fugitive emissions component that could not be repaired during the initia l fugitive emissions finding. (l) Annual reports shall be submitted for each collection of fugitive emissions components at a well site and each collection of fugitive emissions components at a compressor station that include the information specified in §60.5420a(b)(7). Multiple collection of fugitive emissions components at a well site or collection of fugitive emissions at a compressor station may be included in a single annual report. **§60.5400a What equipment leak methane and VOC standards apply to affected facilities at an onshore natural gas processing plant?**  This section applies to the group of all equipment, except compressors, within a process unit. (a) You must comply with the requirements of §§60.482

- 1a(a), (b), and (d), 60.482

- 2a, and 60.48 2

- 4a through 60.482

- 11a, except as provided in §60.5401a. (b) You may elect to comply with the requirements of §§60.483

- 1a and 60.483

- 2a, as an alternative.***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **457** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic (c) You may apply to the Administrator for permission to use an alternative means of emission lim itation that achieves a reduction in emissions of methane and VOC at least equivalent to that achieved by the controls required in this subpart according to the requirements of §60.5402a. (d) You must comply with the provisions of §60.485a except as provi ded in paragraph (f) of this section. (e) You must comply with the provisions of §§60.486a and 60.487a of this part except as provided in §§60.5401a, 60.5421a, and 60.5422a. (f) You must use the following provision instead of §60.485a(d)(1): Each piece o f equipment is presumed to be in VOC service or in wet gas service unless an owner or operator demonstrates that the piece of equipment is not in VOC service or in wet gas service. For a piece of equipment to be considered not in VOC service, it must be de termined that the VOC content can be reasonably expected never to exceed 10.0 percent by weight. For a piece of equipment to be considered in wet gas service, it must be determined that it contains or contacts the field gas before the extraction step in th e process. For purposes of determining the percent VOC content of the process fluid that is contained in or contacts a piece of equipment,***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **458** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic procedures that conform to the methods described in ASTM E169

- 93, E168

- 92, or E260

- 96 (incorporated by reference as s pecified in §60.17) must be used. **§60.5401a What are the exceptions to the methane and VOC equipment leak standards for affected facilities at onshore**  **natural gas processing plants?** (a) You may comply with the following exceptions to the provisions of §60 .5400a(a) and (b). (b)(1) Each pressure relief device in gas/vapor service may be monitored quarterly and within 5 days after each pressure release to detect leaks by the methods specified in §60.485a(b) except as provided in §60.5400a(c) and in paragraph (b)(4) of this section, and §60.482

- 4a(a) through (c) of subpart VVa of this part

. (2) If an instrument reading of 500 ppm or greater is measured, a leak is detected. (3)(i) When a leak is detected, it must be repaired as soon as practicable, but no lat er than 15 calendar days after it is detected, except as provided in §60.482

- 9a. (ii) A first attempt at repair must be made no later than 5 calendar days after each leak is detected.***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **459** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic (4)(i) Any pressure relief device that is located in a nonfractionatin g plant that is monitored only by non

- plant personnel may be monitored after a pressure release the next time the monitoring personnel are on

- site, instead of within 5 days as specified in paragraph (b)(1) of this section and §60.482

- 4a(b)(1) of subpart VV a of this part

. (ii) No pressure relief device described in paragraph (b)(4)(i) of this section may be allowed to operate for more than 30 days after a pressure release without monitoring. (c) Sampling connection systems are exempt from the requirements of §60.482

- 5a. (d) Pumps in light liquid service, valves in gas/vapor and light liquid service, pressure relief devices in gas/vapor service, and connectors in gas/vapor service and in light liquid service that are located at a nonfractionating plant that does not have the design capacity to process 283,200 standard cubic meters per day (scmd) (10 million standard cubic feet per day) or more of field gas are exempt from the routine monitoring requirements of §§60.482

- 2a(a)(1), 60.482

- 7a(a), 60.482

- 11a(a), and paragraph (b)(1) of this section. (e) Pumps in light liquid service, valves in gas/vapor and light liquid service, pressure relief devices in gas/vapor***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **460** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic service, and connectors in gas/vapor service and in light liquid service within a process unit that is located in the Alaskan North Slope are exempt from the routine monitoring requirements of §§60.482

- 2a(a)(1), 60.482

- 7a(a), 60.482

- 11a(a), and paragraph (b)(1) of this section. (f) An owner or operator may use the following provisions instead of §60.48 5a(e): (1) Equipment is in heavy liquid service if the weight percent evaporated is 10 percent or less at 150°C (302°F) as determined by ASTM Method D86

- 96 (incorporated by reference as specified in §60.17). (2) Equipment is in light liquid service if th e weight percent evaporated is greater than 10 percent at 150°C (302°F) as determined by ASTM Method D86

- 96 (incorporated by reference as specified in §60.17). (g) An owner or operator may use the following provisions instead of §60.485a(b)(2): A calibrat ion drift assessment shall be performed, at a minimum, at the end of each monitoring day. Check the instrument using the same calibration gas(es) that were used to calibrate the instrument before use. Follow the procedures specified in Method 21 of appendi x A

- 7 of this part, Section 10.1, except do not adjust the meter readout to***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **461** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic correspond to the calibration gas value. Record the instrument reading for each scale used as specified in §60.486a(e)(8). Divide these readings by the initial calibration values f or each scale and multiply by 100 to express the calibration drift as a percentage. If any calibration drift assessment shows a negative drift of more than 10 percent from the initial calibration value, then all equipment monitored since the last calibrati on with instrument readings below the appropriate leak definition and above the leak definition multiplied by (100 minus the percent of negative drift/divided by 100) must be re

- monitored. If any calibration drift assessment shows a positive drift of

more than 10 percent from the initial calibration value, then, at the owner/operator's discretion, all equipment since the last calibration with instrument readings above the appropriate leak definition and below the leak definition multiplied by (100 plus the percent of positive drift/divided by 100) may be re

monitored. **§60.5402a What are the alternative emission limitations for methane and VOC equipment leaks from onshore natural gas**  **processing plants?** (a) If, in the Administrator's judgment, an alternative means of emission limitation will achieve a reduction in methane***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **462** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic and VOC emissions at least equivalent to the reduction in methane and VOC emissions achieved under any design, equipment, work practice or operational standard, the Administrator will publis h, in the **Federal Register** , a notice permitting the use of that alternative means for the purpose of compliance with that standard. The notice may condition permission on requirements related to the operation and maintenance of the alternative

means. (b) Any notice under paragraph (a) of this section must be published only after notice and an opportunity for a public hearing. (c) The Administrator will consider applications under this section from either owners or operators of affected facilities,

or manu facturers of control equipment. (d) The Administrator will treat applications under this section according to the following criteria, except in cases where the Administrator concludes that other criteria are appropriate: (1) The applicant must collect, v erify and submit test data, covering a period of at least 12 months, necessary to support the finding in paragraph (a) of this section.***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **463** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic (2) If the applicant is an owner or operator of an affected facility, the applicant must commit in writing to operate a nd maintain the alternative means so as to achieve a reduction in methane and VOC emissions at least equivalent to the reduction in methane and VOC emissions achieved under the design, equipment, work practice or operational standard. **§60.5405a What standa rds apply to sweetening units at onshore**  **natural gas processing plants?** (a) During the initial performance test required by §60.8(b), you must achieve at a minimum, an SO 2 emission reduction efficiency (Z i ) to be determined from Table 1 of this subpart ba sed on the sulfur feed rate (X) and the sulfur content of the acid gas (Y) of the affected facility. (b) After demonstrating compliance with the provisions of paragraph (a) of this section, you must achieve at a minimum, an
SO 2 emission reduction efficien cy (Z c ) to be determined from Table 2 of this subpart based on the sulfur feed rate (X) and the sulfur content of the acid gas (Y) of the affected facility. **§60.5406a What test methods and procedures must I use for my sweetening units affected facilities a**  **t onshore natural gas processing plants?** ***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **464** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic (a) In conducting the performance tests required in §60.8, you must use the test methods in appendix A of this part or other methods and procedures as specified in this section, except as provided in paragraph §60. 8(b). (b) During a performance test required by §60.8, you must determine the minimum required reduction efficiencies (Z) of SO 2 emissions as required in §60.5405a(a) and (b) as follows: (1) The average sulfur feed rate (X) must be computed as follows: XX = KK QQ aa YY

Where: X = average sulfur feed rate, Mg/D (LT/D). Q a = average volumetric flow rate of acid gas from sweetening unit, dscm/day (dscf/day). Y = average H 2 S concentration in acid gas feed from sweetening unit, percent by volume, expressed as a de cimal. K = (32 kg S/kg

- mole)/((24.04 dscm/kg

- mole)(1000 kg S/Mg)). = 1.331 × 10

− 3 Mg/dscm, for metric units. = (32 lb S/lb

- mole)/((385.36 dscf/lb

- mole)(2240 lb S/long ton)). = 3.707 × 10

− 5 long ton/dscf, for English units.***E.O. 12866 Review

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(2) You must use the continuous readings from the process flowmeter to determine the average volumetric flow rate (Q a ) in dscm/day (dscf/day) of the acid gas from the sweetening unit for each run. (3) You must use the Tutwiler procedure in §60.5408a or a chromatographic procedure follow ing ASTM E260

- 96 (incorporated by reference as specified in §60.17) to determine the H 2 S concentration in the acid gas feed from the sweetening unit (Y). At least one sample per hour (at equally spaced intervals) must be taken during each 4

- hour run. The a rithmetic mean of all samples must be the average H 2 S concentration (Y) on a dry basis for the run. By multiplying the result from the Tutwiler procedure by 1.62 × 10

− 3 , the units gr/100 scf are converted to volume percent. (4) Using the information from paragraphs (b)(1) and (b)(3) of this section, Tables 1 and 2 of this subpart must be used to determine the required initial (Z i ) and continuous (Z c ) reduction efficiencies of SO 2 emissions. (c) You must determine compliance with the SO 2 standards in §60.5 405a(a) or (b) as follows:***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **466** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic (1) You must compute the emission reduction efficiency (R) achieved by the sulfur recovery technology for each run using the following equation: RR = ( 100 SS ) / ( SS + EE ) (2) You must use the level indicators or manual soundings
to measure the liquid sulfur accumulation rate in the product storage vessels. You must use readings taken at the beginning and end of each run, the tank geometry, sulfur density at the storage temperature, and sample duration to determine the sulfur producti on rate (S) in kg/hr (lb/hr) for each run. (3) You must compute the emission rate of sulfur for each run as follows: EE = CC ee QQ ssss / KK 1 Where: E = emission rate of sulfur per run, kg/hr.
C e = concentration of sulfur equivalent (SO 2+ reduced sulfur), g/dsc m (lb/dscf). Q sd = volumetric flow rate of effluent gas, dscm/hr (dscf/hr).

K 1 = conversion factor, 1000 g/kg (7000 gr/lb).

(4) The concentration (C e ) of sulfur equivalent must be the sum of the SO 2 and TRS concentrations, after being converted to***E.O. 12866 Review

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sulfur equivalents. For each run and each of the test methods specified in this paragraph (c) of this section, you must use a sampling time of at least 4 hours. You must use Method 1 of appendix A

- 1 of this part to select the sampling site. The sampling point in the duct must be at the centroid of the cross

section if the area is less than 5 m 2 (54 ft 2 ) or at a point no closer to the walls than 1 m (39 in) if the cross

- sectional area is 5 m 2 or more, and the centroid is more than 1 m (39 in) from the wall. (i) Y ou must use Method 6 of appendix A

- 4 of this part to determine the SO 2 concentration. You must take eight samples of 20 minutes each at 30

- minute intervals. The arithmetic average must be the concentration for the run. The concentration must be multiplied by 0.5 × 10

− 3 to convert the results to sulfur equivalent. In place of Method 6 of Appendix A of this part, you may use ANSI/ASME PTC 19.10

- 1981, Part 10 (manual portion only) (incorporated by reference as specified in §60.17) (ii) You must use Method 15 of appendix A

- 5 of this part to determine the TRS concentration from reduction

- type devices or where the oxygen content of the effluent gas is less than 1.0 percent by volume. The sampling rate must be at least 3 liters/min (0.1 ft 3 /min) to insure minimum residence time in the***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **468** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic sample line. You must take sixteen samples at 15

- minute intervals. The arithmetic average of all the samples must be the concentration for the run. The concentration in ppm reduced sulfur as sulfur must be multiplied by 1.333 × 10

− 3 t o convert the results to sulfur equivalent. (iii) You must use Method 16A of appendix A

- 6 of this part or Method 15 of appendix A

- 5 of this part or ANSI/ASME PTC 19.10

- 1981, Part 10 (manual portion only) (incorporated by reference as specified in §60.17) to determine the reduced sulfur concentration from oxidation

- type devices or where the oxygen content of the effluent gas is greater than 1.0 percent by volume. You must take eight samples of 20 minutes each at 30

- minute intervals. The arithmetic average m ust be the concentration for the run. The concentration in ppm reduced sulfur as sulfur must be multiplied by 1.333 × 10

− 3 to convert the results to sulfur equivalent. (iv) You must use Method 2 of appendix A

- 1 of this part to determine the volumetric flo w rate of the effluent gas. A velocity traverse must be conducted at the beginning and end of each run. The arithmetic average of the two measurements must be used to calculate the volumetric flow rate (Q sd ) for the run. For the determination of the efflue nt gas molecular weight, a single***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **469** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic integrated sample over the 4

- hour period may be taken and analyzed or grab samples at 1

- hour intervals may be taken, analyzed, and averaged. For the moisture content, you must take two samples of at least 0.10 dscm (3.5 ds cf) and 10 minutes at the beginning of the 4

- hour run and near the end of the time period. The arithmetic average of the two runs must be the moisture content for the run. **§60.5407a What are the requirements for monitoring of emissions and operations from**  **my sweetening unit affected facilities at onshore natural gas processing plants?**  (a) If your sweetening unit affected facility is located at an onshore natural gas processing plant and is subject to the provisions of §60.5405a(a) or (b) you must install, calibrate, maintain, and operate monitoring devices or perform measurements to determine the following operations information on a daily basis: (1) The accumulation of sulfur product over each 24

- hour period. The monitoring method may incorporate the use of an instrument to measure and record the liquid sulfur production rate, or may be a procedure for measuring and recording the sulfur liquid levels in the storage vessels with a level indicator or by manual soundings, with subsequent calculation of***E.O. 12866 Review

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the su lfur production rate based on the tank geometry, stored sulfur density, and elapsed time between readings. The method must be designed to be accurate within ±2 percent of the 24

- hour sulfur accumulation. (2) The H 2 S concentration in the acid gas from the sweetening unit for each 24

- hour period. At least one sample per 24

- hour period must be collected and analyzed using the equation specified in §60.5406a(b)(1). The Administrator may require you to demonstrate that the H 2 S concentration obtained from one or more samples over a 24

- hour period is within ±20 percent of the average of 12 samples collected at equally spaced intervals during the 24

- hour period. In instances where the H 2 S concentration of a single sample is not within ±20 percent of the average of the 12 equally spaced samples, the Administrator may require a more frequent sampling schedule. (3) The average acid gas flow rate from the sweetening unit. You must install and operate a monitoring device to continuously measure the flow rate of acid gas. The monitoring device reading must be recorded at least once per hour during each 24

- hour period. The average acid gas flow rate must be computed from the individual readings.***E.O. 12866 Review

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(4) The sulfur feed rate (X). For each 24

- hour period, you must compute X using the equation specified in §60.5406a(b)(1). (5) The required sulfur dioxide emission reduction efficiency for the 24

- hour period. You must use the sulfur feed rate and the H 2 S concentration in the acid gas for the 24

- hour period, as applicable, to determine the required reduction efficiency in accordance with the provisions of §60.5405a(b). (b) Where compliance is achieved through the use of an oxidation c ontrol system or a reduction control system followed by a continually operated incineration device, you must install, calibrate, maintain, and operate monitoring devices and continuous emission monitors as follows: (1) A continuous monitoring system to me asure the total sulfur emission rate (E) of SO 2 in the gases discharged to the atmosphere. The SO 2 emission rate must be expressed in terms of equivalent sulfur mass flow rates (kg/hr (lb/hr)). The span of this monitoring system must be set so that the equ ivalent emission limit of §60.5405a(b) will be between 30 percent and 70 percent of the measurement range of the instrument system. (2) Except as provided in paragraph (b)(3) of this section: A monitoring device to measure the temperature of the gas leavi ng the combustion zone of the incinerator, if compliance***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **472** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic with §60.5405a(a) is achieved through the use of an oxidation control system or a reduction control system followed by a continually operated incineration device. The monitoring device must be certif ied by the manufacturer to be accurate to within ±1 percent of the temperature being measured. (3) When performance tests are conducted under the provision of §60.8 to demonstrate compliance with the standards under §60.5405a, the temperature of the gas l eaving the incinerator combustion zone must be determined using the monitoring device. If the volumetric ratio of sulfur dioxide to sulfur dioxide plus total reduced sulfur (expressed as SO 2 ) in the gas leaving the incinerator is equal to or less than 0.98 , then temperature monitoring may be used to demonstrate that sulfur dioxide emission monitoring is sufficient to determine total sulfur emissions. At all times during the operation of the facility, you must maintain the average temperature of the gas leav ing the combustion zone of the incinerator at or above the appropriate level determined during the most recent performance test to ensure the sulfur compound oxidation criteria are met. Operation at lower average temperatures may be considered by the Admin istrator to be unacceptable operation and maintenance of the affected facility. You may request that the minimum***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **4 73**  of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic incinerator temperature be reestablished by conducting new performance tests under §60.8. (4) Upon promulgation of a performance specification of continuous monitoring systems for total reduced sulfur compounds at sulfur recovery plants, you may, as an alternative to paragraph (b)(2) of this section, install, calibrate, maintain, and operate a continuous emission monitoring system for total redu ced sulfur compounds as required in paragraph (d) of this section in addition to a sulfur dioxide emission monitoring system. The sum of the equivalent sulfur mass emission rates from the two monitoring systems must be used to compute the total sulfur emis sion rate (E). (c) Where compliance is achieved through the use of a reduction control system not followed by a continually operated incineration device, you must install, calibrate, maintain, and operate a continuous monitoring system to measure the emis sion rate of reduced sulfur compounds as SO 2 equivalent in the gases discharged to the atmosphere. The SO 2 equivalent compound emission rate must be expressed in terms of equivalent sulfur mass flow rates (kg/hr (lb/hr)). The span of this monitoring system must be set so that the equivalent emission limit of §60.5405a(b) will be between 30 and 70 percent of th e***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **474** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic measurement range of the system. This requirement becomes effective upon promulgation of a performance specification for continuous monitoring systems for total reduced sulfur compounds at sulfur recovery plants. (d) For those sources required to comply with paragraph (b) or (c) of this section, you must calculate the average sulfur emission reduction efficiency achieved (R) for each 24

- hour clock interval. The 24

- hour interval may begin and end at any selected clock time, but must be consistent. You mus t compute the 24

- hour average reduction efficiency (R) based on the 24

- hour average sulfur production rate (S) and sulfur emission rate (E), using the equation in §60.5406a(c)(1). (1) You must use data obtained from the sulfur production rate monitoring d evice specified in paragraph (a) of this section to determine S. (2) You must use data obtained from the sulfur emission rate monitoring systems specified in paragraphs (b) or (c) of this section to calculate a 24

- hour average for the sulfur emission rate (E). The monitoring system must provide at least one data point in each successive 15

- minute interval. You must use at least two data points to calculate each 1

- hour average.***E.O. 12866 Review

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You must use a minimum of 18 1

- hour averages to compute each 24

- hour average. ( e) In lieu of complying with paragraphs (b) or (c) of this section, those sources with a design capacity of less than 152 Mg/D (150 LT/D) of H 2 S expressed as sulfur may calculate the sulfur emission reduction efficiency achieved for each 24

- hour period by:

RR = KK 2 SS XX Where: R = The sulfur dioxide removal efficiency achieved during the
24

- hour period, percent.

K 2 = Conversion factor, 0.02400 Mg/D per kg/hr (0.01071 LT/D per lb/hr). S = The sulfur production rate during the 24

- hour period, kg/hr (lb/hr).
X = The sulfur feed rate in the acid gas, Mg/D (LT/D).

(f) The monitoring devices required in paragraphs (b)(1), (b)(3) and (c) of this section must be calibrated at least annually according to the manufacturer's specifications, as required by §60.13(b).***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **476** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic (g) The continuous emission monitoring systems required in paragraphs (b)(1), (b)(3), and (c) of this section must be subject to the emission monitoring requirements of §60.13 of the General Provisions. For conducting the continuous emission monitoring sys tem performance evaluation required by §60.13(c), Performance Specification 2 of appendix B of this part must apply, and Method 6 of appendix A

- 4 of this part must be used for systems required by paragraph (b) of this section. In place of Method 6 of ap pendix A

- 4 of this part, ASME PTC 19.10

- 1981 (incorporated by reference

— see §60.17) may be used. **§60.5408a What is an optional procedure for measuring hydrogen sulfide in acid gas**  **— Tutwiler Procedure?**  The Tutwiler procedure may be found in the Gas Engineer s Handbook, Fuel Gas Engineering practices, The Industrial Press, 93 Worth Street, New York, NY, 1966, First Edition, Second Printing, page 6/25 (Docket A

- 80

- 20

- A, Entry II

- I

- 67). (a) When an instantaneous sample is desired and H 2 S concentration is 10 gra ins per 1000 cubic foot or more, a 100 ml Tutwiler burette is used. For concentrations less than 10 grains, a 500 ml Tutwiler burette and more dilute solutions are used. In principle, this method consists of titrating hydrogen***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **477** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic sulfide in a gas sample direc tly with a standard solution of iodine. (b) Apparatus. (See Figure 1 of this subpart) A 100 or 500 ml capacity Tutwiler burette, with two

- way glass stopcock at bottom and three

- way stopcock at top which connect either with inlet tubulature or glass

- stoppe red cylinder, 10 ml capacity, graduated in 0.1 ml subdivision; rubber tubing connecting burette with leveling bottle. (c) Reagents. (1) Iodine stock solution, 0.1N. Weight 12.7 g iodine, and 20 to 25 g cp potassium iodide (KI) for each liter of solution. Dissolve KI in as little water as necessary; dissolve iodine in concentrated KI solution, make up to proper volume, and store in glass

- stoppered brown glass bottle. (2) Standard iodine solution, 1 ml=0.001771 g I. Transfer 33.7 ml of above 0.1N stock solu tion into a 250 ml volumetric flask; add water to mark and mix well. Then, for 100 ml sample of gas, 1 ml of standard iodine solution is equivalent to 100 grains H 2 S per cubic feet of gas. (3) Starch solution. Rub into a thin paste about one teaspoonful of wheat starch with a little water; pour into about a pint of boiling water; stir; let cool and decant off clear solution. Make fresh solution every few days.***E.O. 12866 Review

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(d) Procedure. Fill leveling bulb with starch solution. Raise (L), open cock (G), open (F) to ( A), and close (F) when solutions starts to run out of gas inlet. Close (G). Purge gas sampling line and connect with (A). Lower (L) and open (F) and (G). When liquid level is several ml past the 100 ml mark, close (G) and (F), and disconnect sampling tube. Open (G) and bring starch solution to 100 ml mark by raising (L); then close (G). Open (F) momentarily, to bring gas in burette to atmospheric pressure, and close (F). Open (G), bring liquid level down to 10 ml mark by lowering (L). Close (G), clamp rubbe r tubing near (E) and disconnect it from burette. Rinse graduated cylinder with a standard iodine solution (0.00171 g I per ml); fill cylinder and record reading. Introduce successive small amounts of iodine through (F); shake well after each addition; continue until a faint permanent blue color is obtained. Record reading; subtract from previous reading, and call difference D. (e) With every fresh stock of starch solution perform a blank test as follows: Introduce fresh starch solution into burette up to 100 ml mark. Close (F) and (G). Lower (L) and open (G). When liquid level reaches the 10 ml mark, close (G). With air in burette, titrate as during a test and up to same end point. Call ml of iodine used C. Then,***E.O. 12866 Review

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Grains H 2 S per 100 cubic foot of gas = 100(D

- C)

(f) Greater sensitivity can be attained if a 500 ml capacity Tutwiler burette is used with a more dilute (0.001N) iodine solution. Concentrations less than 1.0 grains per 100 cubic foot can be determined in this way. Usually, the starch

iodine end point is much less distinct, and a blank determination of end point, with H 2 S

- free gas or air, is required.***E.O. 12866 Review

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Figure 1 . Tutwiler burette (lettered items mentioned in text).***E.O. 12866 Review

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**§60.5410a Ho w do I demonstrate initial compliance with the**  **standards for my well, centrifugal compressor, reciprocating compressor, pneumatic controller, pneumatic pump, storage**  **vessel, collection of fugitive emissions components at a well site, collection of fugitive**  **emissions components at a compressor station, and equipment leaks and sweetening unit**  **affected facilities at onshore natural gas processing plants?** You must determine initial compliance with the standards for each affected facility using the requirements in paragraphs (a) through (j) of this section. The initial compliance period begins on **[date 60 days after publication of final rule in the Federal Register]**  , or upon initial startup, whichever is later, and ends no later than 1 year after the initial sta rtup date for your affected facility or no later than 1 year after **[date 60 days after publication of final rule in the Federal Register]** 

. The initial compliance period may be less than one full year. (a) To achieve initial compliance with the methane and VOC standards for each well completion operation conducted at your well affected facility you must comply with paragraphs (a)(1) through (a)(4) of this section. (1) You must submit the notification required in §60.5420a(a)(2).***E.O. 12866 Review

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(2) You must submit the in itial annual report for your well affected facility as required in §60.5420a(b). (3) You must maintain a log of records as specified in §60.5420a(c)(1)(i) through (iv) for each well completion operation conducted during the initial compliance period. (4) For each well affected facility subject to both §60.5375a(a)(1) and (3), as an alternative to retaining the records specified in §60.5420a(c)(1)(i) through (iv), you may maintain records of one or more digital photographs with the date the photograph was taken and the latitude and longitude of the well site imbedded within or stored with the digital file showing the equipment for storing or re

- injecting recovered liquid, equipment for routing recovered gas to the gas flow line and the completion combustion device (if applicable) connected to and operating at each well completion operation that occurred during the initial compliance period. As an alternative to imbedded latitude and longitude within the digital photograph, the digital photograph may consist of a photograph of the equipment connected and operating at each well completion operation with a photograph of a separately operating GIS device within the same digital picture, provided the latitude and***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **483** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic longitude output of the GIS unit can be clearly rea d in the digital photograph. (b)(1) To achieve initial compliance with standards for your centrifugal compressor affected facility you must reduce methane and VOC emissions from each centrifugal compressor wet seal fluid degassing system by 95.0 percent o r greater as required by §60.5380a and as demonstrated by the requirements of §60.5413a. (2) If you use a control device to reduce emissions, you must equip the wet seal fluid degassing system with a cover that meets the requirements of §60.5411a(b) that is connected through a closed vent system that meets the requirements of §60.5411a(a) and is routed to a control device that meets the conditions specified in §60.5412a(a), (b) and (c). As an alternative to routing the closed vent system to a control devic e, you may route the closed vent system to a process that reduces VOC emissions by at least 95.0 percent. (3) You must conduct an initial performance test as required in §60.5413a within 180 days after initial startup or by **[date 60 days after publication of final rule in the Federal**  **Register]** , whichever is later, and you must comply with the***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **484** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic continuous compliance requirements in §60.5415a(b)(1) through (3). (4) You must conduct the initial inspections required in §60.5416a(a) and (b). (5) You must insta ll and operate the continuous parameter monitoring systems in accordance with §60.5417a(a) through (g), as applicable. (6) You must submit the notifications required in 60.7(a)(1), (3), and (4). (7) You must submit the initial annual report for your
cent rifugal compressor affected facility as required in §60.5420a(b ) for each centrifugal compressor affected facility. (8) You must maintain the records as specified in §60.5420a(c )
. (c) To achieve initial compliance with the standards for each reciprocatin g compressor affected facility you must comply with paragraphs (c)(1) through (4) of this section. (1) If complying with §60.5385a(a)(1) or (2), during the initial compliance period, you must continuously monitor the number of hours of operation or track the number of months since the last rod packing replacement.***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **485** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic (2) If complying with §60.5385a(a)(3), you must operate the rod packing emissions collection system under negative pressure and route emissions to a process through a closed vent system that mee ts the requirements of §60.5411a(a). (3) You must submit the initial annual report for your reciprocating compressor as required in §60.5420a(b). (4) You must maintain the records as specified in §60.5420a(c ) for each reciprocating compressor affected fa cility. (d) To achieve initial compliance with methane and VOC emission standards for your pneumatic controller affected facility you must comply with the requirements specified in paragraphs (d)(1) through (6) of this section, as applicable. (1) You must demonstrate initial compliance by maintaining records as specified in §60.5420a(c)(4)(ii) of your determination that the use of a pneumatic controller affected facility with a bleed rate greater than the applicable standard is required as spec ified in §60.5390a(a). (2) You own or operate a pneumatic controller affected facility located at a natural gas processing plant and your pneumatic controller is driven by a gas other than natural gas and therefore emits zero natural gas.***E.O. 12866 Review

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(3) You own or operate a pneumatic controller affected facility located other than at a natural gas processing plant and the manufacturer's design specifications indicate that the controller emits less than or equal to 6 standard cubic feet of gas per hour. (4) You must tag each new pneumatic controller affected facility according to the requirements of §60.5390a(b)(2) or (c)(2). (5) You must include the information in paragraph (d)(1) of this section and a listing of the pneumatic controller affected facilities specifi ed in paragraphs (d)(2) and (3) of this section in the initial annual report submitted for your pneumatic controller affected facilities constructed, modified or reconstructed during the period covered by the annual report according to the requirements of §60.5420a(b). (6) You must maintain the records as specified in §60.5420a(c ) for each pneumatic controller affected facility. (e) To achieve initial compliance with emission standards for your pneumatic pump affected facility you must comply with the req uirements specified in paragraphs (e)(1) through (6) of this section, as applicable.***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **487** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic (1) You own or operate a pneumatic pump affected facility located at a natural gas processing plant and your pneumatic pump is driven by a gas other than natural gas and therefore emits zero natural gas. (2) You own or operate a pneumatic pump affected facility located other than at a natural gas processing plant and your pneumatic pump is controlled by at least 95 percent. (3) You own or operate a pneumatic pump affecte d facility located other than at a natural gas processing plant and your pneumatic pump is not controlled by at least 95 percent because a control device is not available at the site, you must submit the certification in 60.5420a(b)(8)(i). (4) You must t ag each new pneumatic pump affected facility according to the requirements of §60.5393a(a)(2) or (b)( 3 ). (5) You must include a listing of the pneumatic pump affected facilities specified in paragraphs (e)(1) through (3) of this section in the initial ann ual report submitted for your pneumatic pump affected facilities constructed, modified or reconstructed during the period covered by the annual report according to the requirements of §60.5420a(b )
. (6) You must maintain the records as specified in §60.542 0a(c ) for each pneumatic pump affected facility.***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **488** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic (f) For affected facilities at onshore natural gas processing plants, initial compliance with the methane and VOC requirements is demonstrated if you are in compliance with the requirements of §60.5400a. (g) For sweetening unit affected facilities at onshore natural gas processing plants, initial compliance is demonstrated according to paragraphs (g)(1) through (3) of this section. (1) To determine compliance with the standards for SO 2 specified in §60.54 05a(a), during the initial performance test as required by §60.8, the minimum required sulfur dioxide emission reduction efficiency (Z i ) is compared to the emission reduction efficiency (R) achieved by the sulfur recovery technology as specified in paragra phs (g)(1)(i) and (ii) of this section. (i) If R ≥ Z i , your affected facility is in compliance. (ii) If R < Z i , your affected facility is not in compliance. (2) The emission reduction efficiency (R) achieved by the sulfur reduction technology must be de termined using the procedures in §60.5406a(c)(1). (3) You have submitted the results of paragraphs (g)(1) and (2) of this section in the initial annual report submitted for***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **489** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic your sweetening unit affected facilities at onshore natural gas processing plants. (h) For each storage vessel affected facility, you must comply with paragraphs (h)(1) through (6) of this section. You must demonstrate initial compliance by **[date 60 days after publication of final rule in the Federal Register]**  , or within 60 days after startup, whichever is later. (1) You must determine the potential VOC emission rate as specified in §60.5365a(e). (2) You must reduce VOC emissions in accordance with §60.5395a(a). (3) If you use a control device to reduce emissions, you must equip the storage vessel with a cover that meets the requirements of §60.5411a(b) and is connected through a closed vent system that meets the requirements of §60.5411a(c) to a control device that meets the conditions specified in §60.5412a(d) within 60 days after s tartup for storage vessels constructed, modified or reconstructed at well sites with no other wells in production, or upon startup for storage vessels constructed, modified or reconstructed at well sites with one or more wells already in production.***E.O. 12866 Review

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(4) Y ou must conduct an initial performance test as required in §60.5413a within 180 days after initial startup or within 180 days of **[date 60 days after publication of final rule in the Federal Register]**  , whichever is later, and you must comply with the contin uous compliance requirements in §60.5415a(e). (5) You must submit the information required for your storage vessel affected facility as specified in §60.5420a(b). (6) You must maintain the records required for your storage vessel affected facility, as sp ecified in §60.5420a(c ) for each storage vessel affected facility. (i) For each storage vessel affected facility, you must submit the notification specified in §60.5395a(b)(2) with the initial annual report specified in §60.5420a(b )
. (j) To achieve initial compliance with the fugitive emission standards for each collection of fugitive emissions components at a well site and each collection of fugitive emissions components at a compressor station, you must comply with paragraphs (j)(1) through (5) of this section. (1) You must develop a fugitive emissions monitoring plan for each collection of fugitive emissions components at a well***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **491** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic site and each collection of fugitive emissions components at a compressor station as required in §60.5397a(a). (2) You must conduct an initial monitoring survey as required in §60.5397a( f ). (3) You must maintain the records specified in §60.5420a(c )
. (4) You must repair each identified source of fugitive emissions for each affected facility as required in §60.5397a( j ). (5) You must submit the initial annual report for each collection of fugitive emissions components at a well site and each collection of fugitive emissions components at a compressor station compressor station as required in §60.5420a(b). **§60.5411a What ad ditional requirements must I meet to determine**  **initial compliance for my covers and closed vent systems routing emissions from centrifugal compressor wet seal**  **fluid degassing**  **systems, reciprocating compressors, pneumatic pumps and storage vessels?** 
You mus t meet the applicable requirements of this section for each cover and closed vent system used to comply with the emission standards for your centrifugal compressor wet seal***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **492** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic degassing systems, reciprocating compressors, pneumatic pumps and storage vessels. (a) Closed vent system requirements for reciprocating compressors, centrifugal compressor wet seal degassing systems and pneumatic pumps. (1) You must design the closed vent system to route all gases, vapors, and fumes emitted from the reciprocating compr essor rod packing emissions collection system, the wet seal fluid degassing system or pneumatic pump to a control device or to a process that meets the requirements specified in §60.5412a(a) through (c). (2) You must design and operate the closed vent sys tem with no detectable emissions as demonstrated by §60.5416a(b). (3) You must meet the requirements specified in paragraphs (a)(3)(i) and (ii) of this section if the closed vent system contains one or more bypass devices that could be used to divert all or a portion of the gases, vapors, or fumes from entering the control device. (i) Except as provided in paragraph (a)(3)(ii) of this section, you must comply with either paragraph (a)(3)(i)(A) or (B) of this section for each bypass device. (A) You must p roperly install, calibrate, maintain, and operate a flow indicator at the inlet to the bypass device that***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **493** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic could divert the stream away from the control device or process to the atmosphere. Set the flow indicator to trigger an audible and visible alarm, and initiate notification via remote alarm to the nearest field office, when the bypass device is open such that the stream is being, or could be, diverted away from the control device or process to the atmosphere. You must maintain records of each time the a larm is activated according to §60.5420a(c)(8). (B) You must secure the bypass device valve installed at the inlet to the bypass device in the non

- diverting position using a car

- seal or a lock

- and

- key type configuration. (ii) Low leg drains, high point b leeds, analyzer vents,
open - ended valves or lines, and safety devices are not subject to the requirements of paragraph (a)(3)(i) of this section. (b) Cover requirements for storage vessels and centrifugal compressor wet seal fluid degassing systems. (1) T he cover and all openings on the cover ( e.g. , access hatches, sampling ports, pressure relief devices and gauge wells) shall form a continuous impermeable barrier over the entire surface area of the liquid in the storage vessel or wet seal fluid degassing system. (2) Each cover opening shall be secured in a closed, sealed position ( e.g. , covered by a gasketed lid or cap) whenever***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **494** of **62 9**  Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic material is in the unit on which the cover is installed except during those times when it is necessary to use an opening as foll ows: (i) To add material to, or remove material from the unit (this includes openings necessary to equalize or balance the internal pressure of the unit following changes in the level of the material in the unit); (ii) To inspect or sample the material i n the unit; (iii) To inspect, maintain, repair, or replace equipment located inside the unit; or (iv) To vent liquids, gases, or fumes from the unit through a closed

- vent system designed and operated in accordance with the requirements of paragraph (a) o r (c) of this section to a control device or to a process. (3) Each storage vessel thief hatch shall be equipped, maintained and operated with a weighted mechanism or equivalent, to ensure that the lid remains properly seated and sealed under normal opera ting conditions, including such times when working, standing/breathing, and flash emissions may be generated. You must select gasket material for the hatch based on composition of the fluid in the storage vessel and weather conditions.***E.O. 12866 Review

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(c) Closed vent sys tem requirements for storage vessel affected facilities using a control device or routing emissions to a process. (1) You must design the closed vent system to route all gases, vapors, and fumes emitted from the material in the storage vessel to a control device that meets the requirements specified in §60.5412a(c) and (d), or to a process. (2) You must design and operate a closed vent system with no detectable emissions, as determined using olfactory, visual and auditory inspections. Each closed vent syst em that routes emissions to a process must be operational 95 percent of the year or greater. (3) You must meet the requirements specified in paragraphs (c)(3)(i) and (ii) of this section if the closed vent system contains one or more bypass devices that c ould be used to divert all or a portion of the gases, vapors, or fumes from entering the control device or to a process. (i) Except as provided in paragraph (c)(3)(ii) of this section, you must comply with either paragraph (c)(3)(i)(A) or (B) of this sect ion for each bypass device. (A) You must properly install, calibrate, maintain, and operate a flow indicator at the inlet to the bypass device that could divert the stream away from the control device or process***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **496** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic to the atmosphere. Set the flow indicator t o trigger and audible and visible alarm, and initiate notification via remote alarm to the nearest field office, when the bypass device is open such that the stream is being, or could be, diverted away from the control device or process to the atmosphere. You must maintain records of each time the alarm is sounded according to §60.5420a(c)(8). (B) You must secure the bypass device valve installed at the inlet to the bypass device in the non

- diverting position using a car

- seal or a lock

- and

- key type configuration. (ii) Low leg drains, high point bleeds, analyzer vents,
open - ended valves or lines, and safety devices are not subject to the requirements of paragraph (c)(3)(i) of this section. **§60.5412a What additional requirements must I meet for determ**  **ining initial compliance with control devices used to comply with the emission standards for my centrifugal**  **compressor, pneumatic pump and**  **storage vessel affected facilities?**  You must meet the applicable requirements of this section for each control devic e used to comply with the emission standards for your centrifugal compressor affected facility,***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **497** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic pneumatic pump affected facility, or storage vessel affected facility. (a) Each control device used to meet the emission reduction standard in §60.5380a(a)(1) for your centrifugal compressor affected facility or §60.5393a(b)(1) for your pneumatic pump must be installed according to paragraphs (a)(1) through (3) of this section. As an alternative, you may install a control device model tested under §60.5413a(d), which meets the criteria in §60.5413a(d)(11) and §60.5413a(e). (1) Each combustion device ( e.g. , thermal vapor incinerator, catalytic vapor incinerator, boiler, or process heater) must be designed and operated in accordance with one of the performance req uirements specified in paragraphs (a)(1)(i) through (iv) of this section. (i) You must reduce the mass content of methane and VOC in the gases vented to the device by 95.0 percent by weight or greater as determined in accordance with the requirements of
§ 60.5413a. (ii) You must reduce the concentration of TOC in the exhaust gases at the outlet to the device to a level equal to or less than 600 parts per million by volume as propane on a dry***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **498** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic basis corrected to 3 percent oxygen as determined in accordance with the requirements of §60.5413a. (iii) You must operate at a minimum temperature of 760°C for a control device that can demonstrate a uniform combustion zone temperature during the performance test conducted under §60.5413a. (iv) If a boiler or proces s heater is used as the control device, then you must introduce the vent stream into the flame zone of the boiler or process heater. (2) Each vapor recovery device ( e.g. , carbon adsorption system or condenser) or other non

- destructive control device
must be designed and operated to reduce the mass content of methane and VOC in the gases vented to the device by 95.0 percent by weight or greater as determined in accordance with the requirements of §60.5413a. As an alternative to the performance testing requi rements, you may demonstrate initial compliance by conducting a design analysis for vapor recovery devices according to the requirements of §60.5413a(c). (3) You must design and operate a flare in accordance with the requirements of §60.5413a (a)(1)
. (b) You must operate each control device installed on your centrifugal compressor or pneumatic pump affected facility in***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **499** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic accordance with the requirements specified in paragraphs (b)(1) and (2) of this section. (1) You must operate each control device used to comply with this subpart at all times when gases, vapors, and fumes are vented from the wet seal fluid degassing system affected facility as required under §60.5380a(a), or from the pneumatic pump as required under §60.5393a(b)(1), through the closed vent system to the control device. You may vent more than one affected facility to a control device used to comply with this subpart. (2) For each control device monitored in accordance with the requirements of §60.5417a(a) through (g), you must demonstrate co mpliance according to the requirements of §60.5415a(b)(2), as applicable. (c) For each carbon adsorption system used as a control device to meet the requirements of paragraph (a)(2) or (d)(2) of this section, you must manage the carbon in accordance with the requirements specified in paragraphs (c)(1) or (2) of this section. (1) Following the initial startup of the control device, you must replace all carbon in the control device with fresh carbon on a regular, predetermined time interval that is no***E.O. 12866 Review

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longe r than the carbon service life established according to §60.5413a(c)(2) or (3) or according to the design required in paragraph (d)(2) of this section, for the carbon adsorption system. You must maintain records identifying the schedule for replacement and records of each carbon replacement as required in §60.5420a(c)(10) and (12). (2) You must either regenerate, reactivate, or burn the spent carbon removed from the carbon adsorption system in one of the units specified in paragraphs (c)(2)(i) through (vii ) of this section. (i) Regenerate or reactivate the spent carbon in a thermal treatment unit for which you have been issued a final permit under 40 CFR part 270 that implements the requirements of 40 CFR part 264, subpart X. (ii) Regenerate or reactivate the spent carbon in a thermal treatment unit equipped with and operating air emission controls in accordance with this section. (iii) Regenerate or reactivate the spent carbon in a thermal treatment unit equipped with and operating organic air emission c ontrols in accordance with an emissions standard for VOC under another subpart in 40 CFR part 60 or this part.***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **501** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic (iv) Burn the spent carbon in a hazardous waste incinerator for which the owner or operator has been issued a final permit under 40 CFR part 270 that implements the requirements of 40 CFR part 264, subpart O. (v) Burn the spent carbon in a hazardous waste incinerator which you have designed and operated in accordance with the requirements of 40 CFR part 265, subpart O. (vi) Burn the spent carbon in a boiler or industrial furnace for which you have been issued a final permit under 40 CFR part 270 that implements the requirements of 40 CFR part 266, subpart H. (vii) Burn the spent carbon in a boiler or industrial furnace that you have designed and operated in accordance with the interim status requirements of 40 CFR part 266, subpart H. (d) Each control device used to meet the emission reduction standard in §60.5395a(a) for your storage vessel affected facility must be installed according to parag raphs (d)(1) through (3) of this section, as applicable. As an alternative to paragraph (d)(1) of this section, you may install a control device model tested under §60.5413a(d), which meets the criteria in §60.5413a(d)(11) and §60.5413a(e).***E.O. 12866 Review

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(1) For each e nclosed combustion control device ( e.g. , thermal vapor incinerator, catalytic vapor incinerator, boiler, or process heater) you must meet the requirements in paragraphs (d)(1)(i) through (iv) of this section. (i) Ensure that each enclosed combustion contr ol device is maintained in a leak free condition. (ii) Install and operate a continuous burning pilot flame. (iii) Operate the combustion control device with no visible emissions, except for periods not to exceed a total of 1 minute during any 15 minute period. A visible emissions test using section 11 of EPA Method 22 of appendix A

- 7 of this part must be performed at least once every calendar month, separated by at least 15 days between each test. The observation period shall be 15 minutes. Devices faili ng the visible emissions test must follow manufacturer's repair instructions, if available, or best combustion engineering practice as outlined in the unit inspection and maintenance plan, to return the unit to compliant operation. All inspection, repair a nd maintenance activities for each unit must be recorded in a maintenance and repair log and must be available for inspection. Following return to operation from maintenance or repair activity, each device must pass a***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **503** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic Method 22 of appendix A

- 7 of this part visual observation as described in this paragraph. (iv) Each combustion control device ( e.g. , thermal vapor incinerator, catalytic vapor incinerator, boiler, or process heater) must be designed and operated in accordance with one of the performance requi rements specified in paragraphs (A) through (D) of this section. (A) You must reduce the mass content of methane and VOC in the gases vented to the device by 95.0 percent by weight or greater as determined in accordance with the requirements of §60.5413a. (B) You must reduce the concentration of TOC in the exhaust gases at the outlet to the device to a level equal to or less than 600 parts per million by volume as propane on a dry basis corrected to 3 percent oxygen as determined in accordance with the re quirements of §60.5413a. (C) You must operate at a minimum temperature of 760°C for a control device that can demonstrate a uniform combustion zone temperature during the performance test conducted under §60.5413a.***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **504** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic (D) If a boiler or process heater is us ed as the control device, then you must introduce the vent stream into the flame zone of the boiler or process heater. (2) Each vapor recovery device ( e.g. , carbon adsorption system or condenser) or other non

- destructive control device must be designed an d operated to reduce the mass content of methane and VOC in the gases vented to the device by 95.0 percent by weight or greater. A carbon replacement schedule must be included in the design of the carbon adsorption system. (3) You must operate each contro l device used to comply with this subpart at all times when gases, vapors, and fumes are vented from the storage vessel affected facility through the closed vent system to the control device. You may vent more than one affected facility to a control device used to comply with this subpart. **§60.5413a What are the performance testing procedures for control devices used to demonstrate compliance at my centrifugal**  **compressor, pneumatic pump and storage vessel affected facilities?**  This section applies to the pe rformance testing of control devices used to demonstrate compliance with the emissions standards for your centrifugal compressor affected facility,***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **505** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic pneumatic pump affected facility, or storage vessel affected facility. You must demonstrate that a control d evice achieves the performance requirements of §60.5412a(a) or (d) using the performance test methods and procedures specified in this section. For condensers and carbon adsorbers, you may use a design analysis as specified in paragraph (c) of this section in lieu of complying with paragraph (b) of this section. In addition, this section contains the requirements for enclosed combustion control device performance tests conducted by the manufacturer applicable to storage vessel, centrifugal compressor and pn eumatic pump affected facilities. (a) Performance test exemptions. You are exempt from the requirements to conduct performance tests and design analyses if you use any of the control devices described in paragraphs (a)(1) through (7) of this section. (1) A flare that is designed and operated in accordance with §60.18(b). You must conduct the compliance determination using Method 22 of appendix A

- 7 of this part to determine visible emissions. (2) A boiler or process heater with a design heat input capacit y of 44 megawatts or greater.***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **506** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic (3) A boiler or process heater into which the vent stream is introduced with the primary fuel or is used as the primary fuel. (4) A boiler or process heater burning hazardous waste for which you have either been issued a fin al permit under 40 CFR part 270 and comply with the requirements of 40 CFR part 266, subpart H; or you have certified compliance with the interim status requirements of 40 CFR part 266, subpart H. (5) A hazardous waste incinerator for which you have been issued a final permit under 40 CFR part 270 and comply with the requirements of 40 CFR part 264, subpart O; or you have certified compliance with the interim status requirements of 40 CFR part 265, subpart O. (6) A performance test is waived in accordance with §60.8(b). (7) A control device whose model can be demonstrated to meet the performance requirements of §60.5412a(a) or (d) through a performance test conducted by the manufacturer, as specified in paragraph (d) of this section. (b) Test methods and procedures. You must use the test methods and procedures specified in paragraphs (b)(1) through (5) of this section, as applicable, for each performance test***E.O. 12866 Review

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conducted to demonstrate that a control device meets the requirements of §60.5412a(a) or (d). You must conduct the initial and periodic performance tests according to the schedule specified in paragraph (b)(5) of this section. (1) You must use Method 1 or 1A of appendix A

- 1 of this part, as appropriate, to select the sampling sites specified in
parag raphs (b)(1)(i) and (ii) of this section. Any references to particulate mentioned in Methods 1 and 1A do not apply to this section. (i) Sampling sites must be located at the inlet of the first control device, and at the outlet of the final control device, to determine compliance with the control device percent reduction requirement specified in §60.5412a(a)(1)(i) or (a)(2). (ii) The sampling site must be located at the outlet of the combustion device to determine compliance with the enclosed combustion co ntrol device total TOC concentration limit specified in §60.5412a(a)(1)(ii). (2) You must determine the gas volumetric flowrate using Method 2, 2A, 2C, or 2D of appendix A

- 2 of this part, as appropriate. (3) To determine compliance with the control devic e percent reduction performance requirement in §60.5412a(a)(1)(i) , (a)(2)***E.O. 12866 Review

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or (d)(1)(i)(A ), you must use Method 25A of appendix A

- 7 of this part. You must use the procedures in paragraphs (b)(3)(i) through (iv) of this section to calculate percent reduction efficiency. (i) For each run, you must take either an integrated sample or a minimum of four grab samples per hour. If grab sampling is used, then the samples must be taken at approximately equal intervals in time, such as 15

- minute intervals during the run. (ii) You must compute the mass rate of TOC (minus methane and ethane) using the equations and procedures specified in paragraphs (b)(3)(ii)(A) and (B) of this section. (A) You must use the following equations:

EE ii = KK 2 � � CC iiii MM iiii nn

= 1 � QQ ii

EE oo = KK 2 � � CC oo MM oo nn

= 1 � QQ oo

Where:
E i , E o = Mass rate of TOC (minus methane and ethane) at the inlet and outlet of the control device, respectively, dry basis, kilogram per hour.***E.O. 12866 Review

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K 2 = Constant, 2.494 × 10

− 6 (parts per million) (gram

- mole per standard cubic meter) (kilogram/gram) (minute/hour), where standard temperature (gram

- mole per standard cubic meter) is 20°C.
C ij , C oj = Concentration of sample component j of the gas stream at the inlet and outlet of th e control device, respectively, dry basis, parts per million by volume.

M ij , M oj = Molecular weight of sample component j of the gas stream at the inlet and outlet of the control device, respectively, gram/gram

- mole. Q i , Q o = Flowrate of gas stream at the inlet and outlet of the control device, respectively, dry standard cubic meter per minute. n = Number of components in sample.

(B) When calculating the TOC mass rate, you must sum all organic compounds (minus methane and ethane) measured by Method 25A of appendix A

- 7 of this part using the equations in paragraph (b)(3)(ii)(A) of this section. (iii) You must calculate the percent reduction in TOC (minus methane and ethane) as follows:

RR cc = EE ii − EE oo EE ii ∗ 100%***E.O. 12866 Review

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Where:
R cd = Control efficiency of control device, percent.

E i = Mass rate of TOC (minus methane and ethane) at the inlet to the control device as calculated under paragraph (b)(3)(ii) of this section, kilograms TOC per hour or kilograms HAP per hour.

E o = Mass rate of TOC (minus methane and ethan e) at the outlet of the control device, as calculated under paragraph (b)(3)(ii) of this section, kilograms TOC per hour per hour. (iv) If the vent stream entering a boiler or process heater with a design capacity less than 44 megawatts is introduced with the combustion air or as a secondary fuel, you must determine the weight

- percent reduction of total TOC (minus methane and ethane) across the device by comparing the TOC (minus methane and ethane) in all combusted vent streams and primary and secondary fu els with the TOC (minus methane and ethane) exiting the device, respectively. (4) You must use Method 25A of appendix A

- 7 of this part to measure TOC (minus methane and ethane) to determine compliance with the enclosed combustion control device total VOC concentration limit specified in §60.5412a(a)(1)(ii) or (d)(1)(iv)(B). You must calculate parts per million by volume***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **511** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic concentration and correct to 3 percent oxygen, using the procedures in paragraphs (b)(4)(i) through (iii) of this section. (i) For each r un, you must take either an integrated sample or a minimum of four grab samples per hour. If grab sampling is used, then the samples must be taken at approximately equal intervals in time, such as 15

- minute intervals during the run. (ii) You must calculat e the TOC concentration for each run as follows:

CC TTTTTT = � � ∑ CC nn = ii �
xx xx

ii = 1 Where:
C TOC = Concentration of total organic compounds minus methane and ethane, dry basis, parts per million by volume.
C ji = Concentration of sample component j of sample i , dry basis, parts per million by volume. n = Number of components in the sample. x = Number of samples in the sample run.

(iii) You must correct the TOC concentration to 3 percent oxygen as specified in paragraphs (b)(4)(iii)(A) and (B) of this section.***E.O. 12866 Review

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(A) You must use the emission rate correction factor for excess air, integrated sampling and analysis procedures of Method 3A or 3B of appendix A

- 2 of this part, ASTM D6522

- 00 (Reapproved 2005), or ANSI/ASME PTC 19.10

- 1981, Part 10 (manual portion only) (incorporated by reference as specified in §60.17) to determine the oxygen concentration. The samples must be taken during the same time that the samples are taken for determining TOC concentration. (B) You must correct the TOC concentration for percent

o xygen as follows:

CC cc = CC mm � 17

. 9 20

. 9

− % OO 2 �

Where:
C c = TOC concentration corrected to 3 percent oxygen, dry basis, parts per million by volume.
C m = TOC concentration, dry basis, parts per million by volume. %O 2d = Concentration of oxygen, dry basis, perc ent by volume.

(5) You must conduct performance tests according to the schedule specified in paragraphs (b)(5)(i) and (ii) of this section. (i) You must conduct an initial performance test within 180 days after initial startup for your affected facility . You must***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **513** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic submit the performance test results as required in §60.5420a(b)(9). (ii) You must conduct periodic performance tests for all control devices required to conduct initial performance tests except as specified in paragraphs (b)(5)(ii)(A) and (B) o f this section. You must conduct the first periodic performance test no later than 60 months after the initial performance test required in paragraph (b)(5)(i) of this section. You must conduct subsequent periodic performance tests at intervals no longer
t han 60 months following the previous periodic performance test or whenever you desire to establish a new operating limit. You must submit the periodic performance test results as specified in §60.5420a(b)(9). Combustion control devices meeting the criteria in either paragraph (b)(5)(ii)(A) or (B) of this section are not required to conduct periodic performance tests. (A) A control device whose model is tested under, and meets the criteria of paragraph (d) of this section. (B) A combustion control device t ested under paragraph (b) of this section that meets the outlet TOC performance level specified in §60.5412a(a)(1)(ii) or (d)(1)(iv)(B) and that establishes a correlation between firebox or combustion chamber temperature and the TOC performance level.***E.O. 12866 Review

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(c ) Control device design analysis to meet the requirements of §60.5412a(a)(2) or (d)(2)

. (1) For a condenser, the design analysis must include an analysis of the vent stream composition, constituent concentrations, flowrate, relative humidity, and temperatur e, and must establish the design outlet organic compound concentration level, design average temperature of the condenser exhaust vent stream, and the design average temperatures of the coolant fluid at the condenser inlet and outlet. (2) For a regenerabl e carbon adsorption system, the design analysis shall include the vent stream composition, constituent concentrations, flowrate, relative humidity, and temperature, and shall establish the design exhaust vent stream organic compound concentration level, ad sorption cycle time, number and capacity of carbon beds, type and working capacity of activated carbon used for the carbon beds, design total regeneration stream flow over the period of each complete carbon bed regeneration cycle, design carbon bed tempera ture after regeneration, design carbon bed regeneration time, and design service life of the carbon. (3) For a nonregenerable carbon adsorption system, such as a carbon canister, the design analysis shall include the vent***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **515** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic stream composition, constituent c oncentrations, flowrate, relative humidity, and temperature, and shall establish the design exhaust vent stream organic compound concentration level, capacity of the carbon bed, type and working capacity of activated carbon used for the carbon bed, and des ign carbon replacement interval based on the total carbon working capacity of the control device and source operating schedule. In addition, these systems shall incorporate dual carbon canisters in case of emission breakthrough occurring in one canister. (4) If you and the Administrator do not agree on a demonstration of control device performance using a design analysis, then you must perform a performance test in accordance with the requirements of paragraph (b) of this section to resolve the disagreemen t. The Administrator may choose to have an authorized representative observe the performance test. (d) Performance testing for combustion control devices

— manufacturers' performance test. (1) This paragraph applies to the performance testing of a combustio n control device conducted by the device manufacturer. The manufacturer must demonstrate that a specific model of control device achieves the performance requirements in paragraph (d)(11) of this section by conducting a performance test as specified in par agraphs (d)(2) through***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **516** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic (10) of this section. You must submit a test report for each combustion control device in accordance with the requirements in paragraph (d)(12) of this section. (2) Performance testing must consist of three 1

- hour (or longer) test r uns for each of the four firing rate settings specified in paragraphs (d)(2)(i) through (iv) of this section, making a total of 12 test runs per test. Propene (propylene) gas must be used for the testing fuel. All fuel analyses must be performed by an inde pendent third

- party laboratory (not affiliated with the control device manufacturer or fuel supplier). (i) 90

- 100 percent of maximum design rate (fixed rate). (ii) 70

- 100

- 70 percent (ramp up, ramp down). Begin the test at 70 percent of the maximum design rate. During the first 5 minutes, incrementally ramp the firing rate to 100 percent of the maximum design rate. Hold at 100 percent for 5 minutes. In the 10

- 15 minute time range, incrementally ramp back down to 70 percent of the maximum design rate. Repea t three more times for a total of 60 minutes of sampling. (iii) 30

- 70

- 30 percent (ramp up, ramp down). Begin the test at 30 percent of the maximum design rate. During the first 5 minutes, incrementally ramp the firing rate to 70 percent of the***E.O. 12866 Review

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maximum des ign rate. Hold at 70 percent for 5 minutes. In the 10

- 15 minute time range, incrementally ramp back down to 30 percent of the maximum design rate. Repeat three more times for a total of 60 minutes of sampling. (iv) 0

- 30

- 0 percent (ramp up, ramp down). Beg in the test at the minimum firing rate. During the first 5 minutes, incrementally ramp the firing rate to 30 percent of the maximum design rate. Hold at 30 percent for 5 minutes. In the 10

- 15 minute time range, incrementally ramp back down to the minimum f iring rate. Repeat three more times for a total of 60 minutes of sampling. (3) All models employing multiple enclosures must be tested simultaneously and with all burners operational. Results must be reported for each enclosure individually and for the av erage of the emissions from all interconnected combustion enclosures/chambers. Control device operating data must be collected continuously throughout the performance test using an electronic Data Acquisition System. A graphic presentation or strip chart o f the control device operating data and emissions test data must be included in the test report in accordance with paragraph (d)(12) of this section. Inlet fuel meter data may be***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **518** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic manually recorded provided that all inlet fuel data readings are included in the final report. (4) Inlet testing must be conducted as specified in paragraphs (d)(4)(i) through (ii) of this section. (i) The inlet gas flow metering system must be located in accordance with Method 2A of appendix A

- 1 of this part (or other approved procedure) to measure inlet gas flow rate at the control device inlet location. You must position the fitting for filling fuel sample containers a minimum of eight pipe diameters upstream of any inlet gas flow monitoring meter. (ii) Inlet flow rate must b e determined using Method 2A of appendix A

- 1 of this part. Record the start and stop reading for each 60

- minute THC test. Record the gas pressure and temperature
at 5

- minute intervals throughout each 60

- minute test. (5) Inlet gas sampling must be conducte d as specified in paragraphs (d)(5)(i) through (ii) of this section. (i) At the inlet gas sampling location, securely connect a Silonite

- coated stainless steel evacuated canister fitted with a flow controller sufficient to fill the canister over a 3

- hour period. Filling must be conducted as specified in paragraphs (d)(5)(i)(A) through (C) of this section.***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **519** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic (A) Open the canister sampling valve at the beginning of each test run, and close the canister at the end of each test

run. (B) Fill one canister acros s the three test runs such that one composite fuel sample exists for each test condition. (C) Label the canisters individually and record sample information on a chain of custody form. (ii) Analyze each inlet gas sample using the methods in paragraphs (d )(5)(ii)(A) through (C) of this section. You must include the results in the test report required by paragraph (d)(12) of this section. (A) Hydrocarbon compounds containing between one and five atoms of carbon plus benzene using ASTM D1945

- 03. (B) Hydrog en (H 2 ), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), nitrogen (N 2 ), oxygen (O 2 ) using ASTM D1945

- 03. (C) Higher heating value using ASTM D3588

- 98 or ASTM D4891

- 89. (6) Outlet testing must be conducted in accordance with the criteria in paragraphs (d)(6)( i) through (v) of this section. (i) Sample and flow rate must be measured in accordance with paragraphs (d)(6)(i)(A) through (B) of this section.***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **520** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic (A) The outlet sampling location must be a minimum of four equivalent stack diameters downstream from the hi ghest peak flame or any other flow disturbance, and a minimum of one equivalent stack diameter upstream of the exit or any other flow disturbance. A minimum of two sample ports must be used. (B) Flow rate must be measured using Method 1 of appendix

A

- 1 of this part for determining flow measurement traverse point location, and Method 2 of appendix A

- 1 of this part for measuring duct velocity. If low flow conditions are encountered ( i.e. , velocity pressure differentials less than 0.05 inches of water) during the performance test, a more sensitive manometer must be used to obtain an accurate flow profile. (ii) Molecular weight and excess air must be determined as specified in paragraph (d)(7) of this section. (iii) Carbon monoxide must be determined as speci fied in paragraph (d)(8) of this section. (iv) THC must be determined as specified in paragraph (d)(9) of this section. (v) Visible emissions must be determined as specified in paragraph (d)(10) of this section.***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **521** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic (7) Molecular weight and excess air deter mination must be performed as specified in paragraphs (d)(7)(i) through (iii) of this section. (i) An integrated bag sample must be collected during the moisture test required by Method 4 of appendix A

- 3 of this part following the procedure specified in ( d)(7)(i)(A) and (B) of this section. Analyze the bag sample using a gas chromatograph

thermal conductivity detector (GC

- TCD) analysis meeting the criteria in paragraphs (d)(7)(i)(C) and (D) of this section. (A) Collect the integrated sample throughout the entire test, and collect representative volumes from each traverse location. (B) Purge the sampling line with stack gas before opening the valve and beginning to fill the bag. Clearly label each bag and record sample information on a chain of custody for m. (C) The bag contents must be vigorously mixed prior to the gas chromatograph analysis. (D) The GC

- TCD calibration procedure in Method 3C of appendix A

- 2 of this part must be modified by using EPA Alt

- 045 as follows: For the initial calibration, tripli cate injections of any single concentration must agree within 5 percent of their mean to be valid. The calibration response factor for a single***E.O. 12866 Review

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concentration re

- check must be within 10 percent of the original calibration response factor for that concentrat ion. If this criterion is not met, repeat the initial calibration using at least three concentration levels. (ii) Calculate and report the molecular weight of oxygen, carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrogen in the integrated bag sample and include in the te st report specified in paragraph (d)(12) of this section. Moisture must be determined using Method 4 of appendix A

- 3 of this part. Traverse both ports with the sampling train required by Method 4 of appendix A

- 3 of this part during each test run. Ambient a ir must not be introduced into the integrated bag sample required by Method 3C of appendix

A

- 2 of this part during the port change. (iii) Excess air must be determined using resultant data from the EPA Method 3C tests and EPA Method 3B of appendix A

- 2 of this part, equation 3B

- 1, or ANSI/ASME PTC 19.10

- 1981, Part 10 (manual portion only) (incorporated by reference as specified in §60.17). (8) Carbon monoxide must be determined using Method 10 of appendix A

- 4 of this part. Run the test simultaneously with Method 25A of appendix A

- 7 of this part using the same sampling***E.O. 12866 Review

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- 10 parts per million by volume

dry (ppmvd) is recommended. (9) Total hydrocarbon determination must be performed as specified by in paragraphs (d)(9)(i) through (vii) of this section. (i) Conduct THC sampling using Method 25A of appendix A

- 7 of this part, except that the option for locating the probe in the center 10 percent of the stack is not allowed. The THC probe must be traversed to 16.7 percent, 50 percent, and 83.3 percent of the stack diameter during each test run. (ii) A valid test must consist of three Method 25A tests, each no less than 60 minutes in duration. (iii) A 0

- 10 parts per million by volume

- wet (ppmvw) (as propane) measurement range is preferred; as an alternative a 0

- 30 ppmvw (as carbon) measurement range may be used. (iv) Calibration gases must be propane in air and be certified through EPA Protocol 1

— “EPA Traceability Protocol for Assay and Certification of Gaseous Calibration Sta ndards,” September 1997, as amended August 25, 1999, EPA

- 600/R

- 97/121 (or more recent if updated since 1999). (v) THC measurements must be reported in terms of ppmvw as
propane.***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **524** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic (vi) THC results must be corrected to 3 percent CO 2 , as measured by Method 3 C of appendix A

- 2 of this part. You must use the following equation for this diluent concentration correction:

C corr = C meas � 3 CO 2meas �

Where:
C meas = The measured concentration of the pollutant.
CO 2meas = The measured concentration of the CO 2 diluent. 3 = Th e corrected reference concentration of CO 2 diluent.
C corr = The corrected concentration of the pollutant.

(vii) Subtraction of methane or ethane from the THC data is not allowed in determining results. (10) Visible emissions must be determined using Met hod 22 of appendix A

- 7 of this part. The test must be performed continuously during each test run. A digital color photograph of the exhaust point, taken from the position of the observer and annotated with date and time, must be taken once per test run

an d the 12 photos included in the test report specified in paragraph (d)(12) of this section. (11) Performance test criteria . (i) The control device model tested must meet the criteria in paragraphs (d)(11)(i)(A)***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **525** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic through (D) of this section. These criteria must be reported in the test report required by paragraph (d)(12) of this section. (A) Results from Method 22 of appendix A

- 7 of this part determined under paragraph (d)(10) of this section with no indication of visible emissions. (B) Average results fro m Method 25A of appendix A

- 7 of this part determined under paragraph (d)(9) of this section equal to or less than 10.0 ppmvw THC as propane corrected to 3.0 percent
CO 2 . (C) Average CO emissions determined under paragraph (d)(8) of this section equal to o r less than 10 parts ppmvd, corrected to 3.0 percent CO 2 . (D) Excess air determined under paragraph (d)(7) of this section equal to or greater than 150 percent. (ii) The manufacturer must determine a maximum inlet gas flow rate which must not be exceeded for each control device model to achieve the criteria in paragraph (d)(11)(iii) of this section. The maximum inlet gas flow rate must be included in the test report required by paragraph (d)(12) of this section. (iii) A control device meeting the criteri a in paragraph (d)(11)(i)(A) through (D) of this section must demonstrate a***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **526** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic destruction efficiency of 95 percent for methane, if applicable, and VOC regulated under this subpart. (12) The owner or operator of a combustion control device model tested under this paragraph must submit the information listed in paragraphs (d)(12)(i) through (vi) in the test report required by this section in accordance with §60.5420a(b ) . Owners or operators who claim that any of the performance test information being submitted is confidential business information (CBI) must submit a complete file including information claimed to be CBI, on a compact disc, flash drive, or other commonly

u sed electronic storage media to the EPA. The electronic media must be clearly marked as CBI and mailed to Attn: CBI Officer; OAQPS CBIO Room 521; 109 T.W. Alexander Drive; RTP, NC 27711. The same file with the CBI omitted must be submitted to Oil_and_Gas_ PT@EPA.GOV (i) A full schematic of the control device and dimensions of the device components. (ii) The maximum net heating value of the device. (iii) The test fuel gas flow range (in both mass and volume). Include the maximum allowable inlet gas flow rate. (iv) The air/stream injection/assist ranges, if used.***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **527** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic (v) The test conditions listed in paragraphs (d)(12)(v)(A) through (O) of this section, as applicable for the tested model. (A) Fuel gas delivery pressure and temperature. (B) Fuel gas moisture range. (C) Purge gas usage range. (D) Condensate (liquid fuel) separation range. (E) Combustion zone temperature range. This is required for all devices that measure this parameter. (F) Excess air range. (G) Flame arrestor(s). (H) Burner man ifold. (I) Pilot flame indicator. (J) Pilot flame design fuel and calculated or measured fuel
usage. (K) Tip velocity range. (L) Momentum flux ratio. (M) Exit temperature range. (N) Exit flow rate. (O) Wind velocity and direction. (vi) The test rep ort must include all calibration quality assurance/quality control data, calibration gas values, gas cylinder certification, strip charts, or other graphic***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **528** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic presentations of the data annotated with test times and calibration values. (e) Continuous complian ce for combustion control devices tested by the manufacturer in accordance with paragraph (d) of this section. This paragraph applies to the demonstration of compliance for a combustion control device tested under the provisions in paragraph (d) of this se ction. Owners or operators must demonstrate that a control device achieves the performance criteria in paragraph (d)(11) of this section by installing a device tested under paragraph (d) of this section, complying with the criteria specified in paragraphs (e)(1) through (7) of this section, maintaining the records specified in 60.5420a(b) and submitting the reports specified in 60.5420a(c). (1) The inlet gas flow rate must be equal to or less than the maximum specified by the manufacturer. (2) A pilot fla me must be present at all times of operation. (3) Devices must be operated with no visible emissions, except for periods not to exceed a total of 1 minute during any 15

- minute period. A visible emissions test conducted according to section 11 of EPA Metho d 22 of appendix A

- 7 of this part must be performed at least once every calendar month, separated by at***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **529** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic least 15 days between each test. The observation period shall be 15 minutes. (4) Devices failing the visible emissions test must follow manufacturer's repair instructions, if available, or best combustion engineering practice as outlined in the unit inspection and maintenance plan, to return the unit to compliant operation. All repairs and maintenance activities for each unit must be recorded in a mainte nance and repair log and must be available for inspection. (5) Following return to operation from maintenance or repair activity, each device must pass a visual observation according to EPA Method 22 of appendix A

- 7 of this part as described in paragraph (e)(3) of this section. (6) If the owner or operator operates a combustion control device model tested under this section, an electronic copy of the performance test results required by this section shall be submitted via email to Oil_and_Gas_PT@EPA.GOV u nless the test results for that model of combustion control device are posted at the following Web site: epa.gov/airquality/oilandgas/. (7) Ensure that each enclosed combustion control device is maintained in a leak free condition.***E.O. 12866 Review

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**§60.5415a How do I demo nstrate continuous compliance with the**  **standards for my well, centrifugal compressor, reciprocating compressor, pneumatic controller, pneumatic pump, storage**  **vessel, collection of fugitive emissions components at a well site, and collection of fugitive emi**  **ssions components at a compressor station, and affected facilities at onshore natural**  **gas processing plants?** (a) For each well affected facility, you must demonstrate continuous compliance by submitting the reports required by §60.5420a(b) and maintaining the records for each completion operation specified in §60.5420a(c)(1). (b) For each centrifugal compressor affected facility and each pneumatic pump affected facility at a location with a control device on site, you must demonstrate continuous complianc e according to paragraphs (b)(1) through (3) of this section. (1) You must reduce methane and VOC emissions from the wet seal fluid degassing system and from the pneumatic pump by 95.0 percent or greater. (2) For each control device used to reduce emissions, you must demonstrate continuous compliance with the performance requirements of §60.5412a(a) using the procedures specified in***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **531** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic paragraphs (b)(2)(i) through (vii) of this section. If you use a condenser as the control device to achieve the requir ements specified in §60.5412a(a)(2), you must demonstrate compliance according to paragraph (b)(2)(viii) of this section. You may switch between compliance with paragraphs (b)(2)(i) through (vii) of this section and compliance with paragraph (b)(2)(viii)

o f this section only after at least 1 year of operation in compliance with the selected approach. You must provide notification of such a change in the compliance method in the next annual report, as required in §60.5420a(b), following the change. (i) You must operate below (or above) the site specific maximum (or minimum) parameter value established according to the requirements of §60.5417a(f)(1). (ii) You must calculate the daily average of the applicable monitored parameter in accordance with §60.5417a (e) except that the inlet gas flow rate to the control device must not be averaged. (iii) Compliance with the operating parameter limit is achieved when the daily average of the monitoring parameter value calculated under paragraph (b)(2)(ii) of this sect ion is either equal to or greater than the minimum monitoring value or***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **532** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic equal to or less than the maximum monitoring value established under paragraph (b)(2)(i) of this section. When performance testing of a combustion control device is conducted by the dev ice manufacturer as specified in §60.5413a(d), compliance with the operating parameter limit is achieved when the criteria in §60.5413a(e) are met. (iv) You must operate the continuous monitoring system required in §60.5417a at all times the affected sour ce is operating, except for periods of monitoring system malfunctions, repairs associated with monitoring system malfunctions, and required monitoring system quality assurance or quality control activities (including, as applicable, system accuracy audits and required zero and span adjustments). A monitoring system malfunction is any sudden, infrequent, not reasonably preventable failure of the monitoring system to provide valid data. Monitoring system failures that are caused in part by poor maintenance or careless operation are not malfunctions. You are required to complete monitoring system repairs in response to monitoring system malfunctions and to return the monitoring system to operation as expeditiously as practicable. (v) You may not use data recor ded during monitoring system malfunctions, repairs associated with monitoring system***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **533** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic malfunctions, or required monitoring system quality assurance or control activities in calculations used to report emissions or operating levels. You must use all the data collected during all other required data collection periods to assess the operation of the control device and associated control system. (vi) Failure to collect required data is a deviation of the monitoring requirements, except for periods of monitoring system malfunctions, repairs associated with monitoring system malfunctions, and required quality monitoring system quality assurance or quality control activities (including, as applicable, system accuracy audits and required zero and span adjustments). (vii) If you use a combustion control device to meet the requirements of §60.5412a(a) and you demonstrate compliance using the test procedures specified in §60.5413a(b), you must comply with paragraphs (b)(2)(vii)(A) through (D) of this section. (A) A pi lot flame must be present at all times of operation. (B) Devices must be operated with no visible emissions, except for periods not to exceed a total of 1 minute during any 15

- minute period. A visible emissions test conducted according***E.O. 12866 Review

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to section 11 of EP A Method 22, 40 CFR part 60, appendix A, must be performed at least once every calendar month, separated by at least 15 days between each test. The observation period shall be 15 minutes. (C) Devices failing the visible emissions test must follow manufact urer's repair instructions, if available, or best combustion engineering practice as outlined in the unit inspection and maintenance plan, to return the unit to compliant operation. All repairs and maintenance activities for each unit must be recorded in a maintenance and repair log and must be available for inspection. (D) Following return to operation from maintenance or repair activity, each device must pass a Method 22 of appendix

A

- 7 of this part visual observation as described in paragraph (b)(2)(vii )(B) of this section. (viii) If you use a condenser as the control device to achieve the percent reduction performance requirements specified in §60.5412a(a)(2), you must demonstrate compliance using the procedures in paragraphs (b)(2)(viii)(A) through (E ) of this section. (A) You must establish a site

- specific condenser performance curve according to §60.5417a(f)(2).***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **535** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic (B) You must calculate the daily average condenser outlet temperature in accordance with §60.5417a(e). (C) You must determine the condens er efficiency for the current operating day using the daily average condenser outlet temperature calculated under paragraph (b)(2)(viii)(B) of this section and the condenser performance curve established under paragraph (b)(2)(viii)(A) of this section. (D ) Except as provided in paragraphs (b)(2)(viii)(D)( 1 ) and ( 2 ) of this section, at the end of each operating day, you must calculate the 365

- day rolling average TOC emission reduction, as appropriate, from the condenser efficiencies as determined in
paragra ph (b)(2)(viii)(C) of this section. ( 1 ) After the compliance dates specified in §60.5370a, if you have less than 120 days of data for determining average TOC emission reduction, you must calculate the average TOC emission reduction for the first 120 days of operation after the compliance date . You have demonstrated compliance with the overall 95.0 percent reduction requirement if the 120

- day average TOC emission reduction is equal to or greater than 95.0 percent. ( 2 ) After 120 days and no more than 364 da ys of operation after the compliance date specified in §60.5370a, you must***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **536** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic calculate the average TOC emission reduction as the TOC emission reduction averaged over the number of days between the current day and the applicable compliance date. You have demo nstrated compliance with the overall 95.0 percent reduction requirement if the average TOC emission reduction is equal to or greater than 95.0 percent. (E) If you have data for 365 days or more of operation, you have demonstrated compliance with the TOC e mission reduction if the rolling 365

- day average TOC emission reduction calculated in paragraph (b)(2)(viii)(D) of this section is equal to or greater than 95.0 percent. (3) You must submit the annual report required by 60.5420a(b) and maintain the record s as specified in §60.5420a(c)(2), (6) through (11), and (16), as applicable. (c) For each reciprocating compressor affected facility complying with §60.5385a(a)(1) or (2), you must demonstrate continuous compliance according to paragraphs (c)(1) through (3) of this section. For each reciprocating compressor affected facility complying with §60.5385a(a)(3), you must demonstrate continuous compliance according to paragraph (c)(4) of this section.***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **5 37**  of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic (1) You must continuously monitor the number of hours of
ope ration for each reciprocating compressor affected facility or track the number of months since initial startup, or **[date 60 days after publication of final rule in Federal Register]**  , or the date of the most recent reciprocating compressor rod packing repla cement, whichever is later. (2) You must submit the annual report as required in §60.5420a(b) and maintain records as required in §60.5420a(c)(3). (3) You must replace the reciprocating compressor rod packing before the total number of hours of operation reaches 26,000 hours or the number of months since the most recent rod packing replacement reaches 36 months. (4) You must operate the rod packing emissions collection system under negative pressure and continuously comply with the closed vent requiremen ts in §60.5411a(a). (d) For each pneumatic controller affected facility, you must demonstrate continuous compliance according to paragraphs (d)(1) through (3) of this section. (1) You must continuously operate the pneumatic controllers as required in §60.5390a(a), (b), or (c).***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **538** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic (2) You must submit the annual report as required in §60.5420a(b). (3) You must maintain records as required in §60.5420a(c)(4). (e) You must demonstrate continuous compliance according to paragraph (e)(3) of this section for each storage vessel affected facility, for which you are using a control device or routing emissions to a process to meet the requirement of §60.5395a(a)( 2 ). (1)

- (2) [Reserved] (3) For each storage vessel affected facility, you must comply with paragraph s (e)(3)(i) and (ii) of this section. (i) You must reduce methane and VOC emissions as specified in §60.5395a(a). (ii) For each control device installed to meet the requirements of §60.5395a(a), you must demonstrate continuous compliance with the perform ance requirements of §60.5412a(d) for each storage vessel affected facility using the procedure specified in paragraph (e)(3)(ii)(A) and either (e)(3)(ii)(B) or (e)(3)(ii)(C) of this section. (A) You must comply with §60.5416a(c) for each cover and closed vent system.***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **539** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic (B) You must comply with §60.5417a(h) for each control device. (C) Each closed vent system that routes emissions to a process must be operated as specified in §60.5411a(c)(2). (f) For affected facilities at onshore natural gas processing p lants, continuous compliance with methane and VOC requirements is demonstrated if you are in compliance with the requirements of §60.5400a. (g) For each sweetening unit affected facility at onshore natural gas processing plants, you must demonstrate conti nuous compliance with the standards for SO 2 specified in §60.5405a(b) according to paragraphs (g)(1) and (2) of this section. (1) The minimum required SO 2 emission reduction efficiency (Z c ) is compared to the emission reduction efficiency (R) achieved by the sulfur recovery technology. (i) If R ≥ Z c , your affected facility is in compliance. (ii) If R < Z c , your affected facility is not in compliance. (2) The emission reduction efficiency (R) achieved by the sulfur reduction technology must be determined using the procedures in §60.5406a(c)(1). (h) For each collection of fugitive emissions components at a well site and each collection of fugitive emissions components***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **540** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic at a compressor station, you must demonstrate continuous compliance with the fugitive em ission standards specified in §60.5397a according to paragraphs (h)(1) through (4) of this section. (1) You must conduct periodic monitoring surveys as required in §60.5397a(f) through ( i ). (2) You must repair or replace each identified source of fugitiv e emissions as required in §60.5397a( j ). (3) You must maintain records as specified in §60.5420a(c)(15). (4) You must submit annual reports for collection of fugitive emissions components at a well site and each collection of fugitive emissions component s at a compressor station as required in §60.5420a(b). **§60.5416a What are the initial and continuous cover and closed vent system inspection and monitoring requirements for my**  **centrifugal compressor, reciprocating compressor, pneumatic pump and storage ves**  **sel affected facilities?** For each closed vent system or cover at your storage vessel, centrifugal compressor, reciprocating compressor and pneumatic pump affected facilities, you must comply with the***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **541** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic applicable requirements of paragraphs (a) through (c) o f this section. (a) Inspections for closed vent systems and covers installed on each centrifugal compressor, reciprocating compressor or pneumatic pump affected facility. Except as provided in paragraphs (b)(11) and (12) of this section, you must inspect each closed vent system according to the procedures and schedule specified in paragraphs (a)(1) and (2) of this section, inspect each cover according to the procedures and schedule specified in paragraph (a)(3) of this section, and inspect each bypass devi ce according to the procedures of paragraph (a)(4) of this section. (1) For each closed vent system joint, seam, or other connection that is permanently or semi

- permanently sealed ( e.g. , a welded joint between two sections of hard piping or a bolted and g asketed ducting flange), you must meet the requirements specified in paragraphs (a)(1)(i) and (ii) of this section. (i) Conduct an initial inspection according to the test methods and procedures specified in paragraph (b) of this section to demonstrate th at the closed vent system operates with no detectable emissions. You must maintain records of the inspection results as specified in §60.5420a(c)(6).***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **542** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic (ii) Conduct annual visual inspections for defects that could result in air emissions. Defects include, b ut are not limited to, visible cracks, holes, or gaps in piping; loose connections; liquid leaks; or broken or missing caps or other closure devices. You must monitor a component or connection using the test methods and procedures in paragraph (b) of this section to demonstrate that it operates with no detectable emissions following any time the component is repaired or replaced or the connection is unsealed. You must maintain records of the inspection results as specified in §60.5420a(c)(6). (2) For closed vent system components other than those specified in paragraph (a)(1) of this section, you must meet the requirements of paragraphs (a)(2)(i) through (iii) of this section. (i) Conduct an initial inspection according to the test methods and procedu res specified in paragraph (b) of this section to demonstrate that the closed vent system operates with no detectable emissions. You must maintain records of the inspection results as specified in §60.5420a(c)(6). (ii) Conduct annual inspections according to the test methods and procedures specified in paragraph (b) of this***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **543** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic section to demonstrate that the components or connections operate with no detectable emissions. You must maintain records of the inspection results as specified in §60.5420a(c)(6). (ii i) Conduct annual visual inspections for defects that could result in air emissions. Defects include, but are not limited to, visible cracks, holes, or gaps in ductwork; loose connections; liquid leaks; or broken or missing caps or other closure devices. Y ou must maintain records of the inspection results as specified in §60.5420a(c)(6). (3) For each cover, you must meet the requirements in paragraphs (a)(3)(i) and (ii) of this section. (i) Conduct visual inspections for defects that could result in air e missions. Defects include, but are not limited to, visible cracks, holes, or gaps in the cover, or between the cover and the separator wall; broken, cracked, or otherwise damaged seals or gaskets on closure devices; and broken or missing hatches, access co vers, caps, or other closure devices. In the case where the storage vessel is buried partially or entirely underground, you must inspect only those portions of the cover that extend to or above the ground surface, and those connections that are on such por tions of the cover ( e.g. , fill***E.O. 12866 Review

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ports, access hatches, gauge wells, etc.) and can be opened to the atmosphere. (ii) You must initially conduct the inspections specified in paragraph (a)(3)(i) of this section following the installation of the cover. Thereaf ter, you must perform the inspection at least once every calendar year, except as provided in paragraphs (b)(11) and (12) of this section. You must maintain records of the inspection results as specified in §60.5420a(c)(7). (4) For each bypass device, exc ept as provided for in §60.5411a, you must meet the requirements of paragraphs (a)(4)(i) or (ii) of this section. (i) Set the flow indicator to take a reading at least once every 15 minutes at the inlet to the bypass device that could divert the steam awa y from the control device to the atmosphere. (ii) If the bypass device valve installed at the inlet to the bypass device is secured in the non

- diverting position using

a car - seal or a lock

- and

- key type configuration, visually inspect the seal or closure m echanism at least once every month to verify that the valve is maintained in the non

- diverting position and the vent stream is not diverted through the bypass***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **545** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic device. You must maintain records of the inspections according to §60.5420a(c)(8). (b) No detect able emissions test methods and procedures. If you are required to conduct an inspection of a closed vent system or cover at your centrifugal compressor, reciprocating compressor, or pneumatic pump affected facility as specified in paragraphs (a)(1), (2), or (3) of this section, you must meet the requirements of paragraphs (b)(1) through (13) of this section. (1) You must conduct the no detectable emissions test procedure in accordance with Method 21 of appendix A

- 7 of this part. (2) The detection instrum ent must meet the performance criteria of Method 21 of appendix A

- 7 of this part, except that the instrument response factor criteria in section 8.1.1 of Method 21 must be for the average composition of the fluid and not for each individual organic compoun d in the stream. (3) You must calibrate the detection instrument before use on each day of its use by the procedures specified in Method 21 of appendix A

- 7 of this part. (4) Calibration gases must be as specified in paragraphs (b)(4)(i) and (ii) of this section.***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **546** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic (i) Zero air (less than 10 parts per million by volume hydrocarbon in air). (ii) A mixture of methane in air at a concentration less than 10,000 parts per million by volume. (5) You may choose to adjust or not adjust the detection instrument re adings to account for the background organic concentration level. If you choose to adjust the instrument readings for the background level, you must determine the background level value according to the procedures in Method 21 of appendix A

- 7 of this part. (6) Your detection instrument must meet the performance criteria specified in paragraphs (b)(6)(i) and (ii) of this section. (i) Except as provided in paragraph (b)(6)(ii) of this section, the detection instrument must meet the performance criteria of M ethod 21 of appendix A

- 7 of this part , except the instrument response factor criteria in section 8.1.1 of Method 21 must be for the average composition of the process fluid, not each individual volatile organic compound in the stream. For process streams that contain nitrogen, air, or other inerts that are not organic hazardous air pollutants or volatile organic***E.O. 12866 Review

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compounds, you must calculate the average stream response factor on an inert

- free basis. (ii) If no instrument is available that will meet the
pe rformance criteria specified in paragraph (b)(6)(i) of this section, you may adjust the instrument readings by multiplying by the average response factor of the process fluid, calculated on an inert

- free basis, as described in paragraph (b)(6)(i) of this s ection. (7) You must determine if a potential leak interface operates with no detectable emissions using the applicable procedure specified in paragraph (b)(7)(i) or (ii) of this section. (i) If you choose not to adjust the detection instrument readings for the background organic concentration level, then you must directly compare the maximum organic concentration value measured by the detection instrument to the applicable value for the potential leak interface as specified in paragraph (b)(8) of this se ction. (ii) If you choose to adjust the detection instrument readings for the background organic concentration level, you must compare the value of the arithmetic difference between the maximum organic concentration value measured by the instrument***E.O. 12866 Review

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and th e background organic concentration value as determined in paragraph (b)(5) of this section with the applicable value for the potential leak interface as specified in paragraph (b)(8) of this section. (8) A potential leak interface is determined to operate with no detectable organic emissions if the organic concentration value determined in paragraph (b)(7) of this section is less than 500 parts per million by volume. (9) Repairs. In the event that a leak or defect is detected, you must repair the leak or defect as soon as practicable according to the requirements of paragraphs (b)(9)(i) and (ii) of this section, except as provided in paragraph (b)(10) of this section. (i) A first attempt at repair must be made no later than 5 calendar days after the leak is detected. (ii) Repair must be completed no later than 15 calendar days after the leak is detected. (10) Delay of repair. Delay of repair of a closed vent system or cover for which leaks or defects have been detected is allowed if the repair is technically infeasible without a shutdown, or if you determine that emissions resulting from immediate repair would be greater than the fugitive emissions***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **549** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic likely to result from delay of repair. You must complete repair of such equipment by the end of the next shutdown. (11) Unsafe to inspect requirements. You may designate any parts of the closed vent system or cover as unsafe to insp ect if the requirements in paragraphs (b)(11)(i) and (ii) of this section are met. Unsafe to inspect parts are exempt from the inspection requirements of paragraphs (a)(1) through (3) of this section. (i) You determine that the equipment is unsafe to insp ect because inspecting personnel would be exposed to an imminent or potential danger as a consequence of complying with paragraphs (a)(1), (2), or (3) of this section. (ii) You have a written plan that requires inspection of the equipment as frequently as practicable during safe

- to

inspect times. (12) Difficult to inspect requirements. You may designate any parts of the closed vent system or cover as difficult to inspect, if the requirements in paragraphs (b)(12)(i) and (ii) of this section are met. Diffi cult to inspect parts are exempt from the inspection requirements of paragraphs (a)(1) through (3) of this section.***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **550** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic (i) You determine that the equipment cannot be inspected without elevating the inspecting personnel more than 2 meters above a support surf ace. (ii) You have a written plan that requires inspection of the equipment at least once every 5 years. (13) Records. Records shall be maintained as specified in this section and in §60.5420a(c)(9). (c) Cover and closed vent system inspections for stor age vessel affected facilities. If you install a control device or route emissions to a process, you must inspect each closed vent system according to the procedures and schedule specified in paragraphs (c)(1) of this section, inspect each cover according to the procedures and schedule specified in paragraph (c)(2) of this section, and inspect each bypass device according to the procedures of paragraph (c)(3) of this section. You must also comply with the requirements of (c)(4) through (7) of this section. (1) For each closed vent system, you must conduct an inspection at least once every calendar month as specified in paragraphs (c)(1)(i) through (iii) of this section. (i) You must maintain records of the inspection results as specified in §60.5420a(c)(6)

.***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **551** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic (ii) Conduct olfactory, visual and auditory inspections for defects that could result in air emissions. Defects include, but are not limited to, visible cracks, holes, or gaps in piping; loose connections; liquid leaks; or broken or missing caps or othe r closure devices. (iii) Monthly inspections must be separated by at least 14 calendar days. (2) For each cover, you must conduct inspections at least once every calendar month as specified in paragraphs (c)(2)(i) through (iii) of this section. (i) You must maintain records of the inspection results as specified in §60.5420a(c)(7). (ii) Conduct olfactory, visual and auditory inspections for defects that could result in air emissions. Defects include, but are not limited to, visible cracks, holes, or gap s in the cover, or between the cover and the separator wall; broken, cracked, or otherwise damaged seals or gaskets on closure devices; and broken or missing hatches, access covers, caps, or other closure devices. In the case where the storage vessel is bu ried partially or entirely underground, you must inspect only those portions of the cover that extend to or above the ground surface, and those connections that are on such portions of the***E.O. 12866 Review

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cover ( e.g. , fill ports, access hatches, gauge wells, etc.) and

can be opened to the atmosphere. (iii) Monthly inspections must be separated by at least 14 calendar days. (3) For each bypass device, except as provided for in §60.5411a(c)(3)(ii), you must meet the requirements of paragraphs (c)(3)(i) or (ii) of this sect ion. (i) You must properly install, calibrate and maintain a flow indicator at the inlet to the bypass device that could divert the stream away from the control device or process to the atmosphere. Set the flow indicator to trigger an audible and visible alarm, and initiate notification via remote alarm to the nearest field office, when the bypass device is open such that the stream is being, or could be, diverted away from the control device or process to the atmosphere. You must maintain records of each time the alarm is sounded according to §60.5420a(c)(8). (ii) If the bypass device valve installed at the inlet to the bypass device is secured in the non

- diverting position using

a car - seal or a lock

- and

- key type configuration, visually inspect the seal o r closure mechanism at least once every month to verify that the valve is maintained in the non

- diverting position and the vent stream is not diverted through the bypass***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **553** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic device. You must maintain records of the inspections and records of each time the key is checked out, if applicable, according to §60.5420a(c)(8). (4) Repairs. In the event that a leak or defect is detected, you must repair the leak or defect as soon as practicable according to the requirements of paragraphs (c)(4)(i) through (iii) of this section, except as provided in paragraph (c)(5) of this section. (i) A first attempt at repair must be made no later than 5 calendar days after the leak is detected. (ii) Repair must be completed no later than 30 calendar days after the leak is detected

. (iii) Grease or another applicable substance must be applied to deteriorating or cracked gaskets to improve the seal while awaiting repair. (5) Delay of repair. Delay of repair of a closed vent system or cover for which leaks or defects have been detec ted is allowed if the repair is technically infeasible without a shutdown, or if you determine that emissions resulting from immediate repair would be greater than the fugitive emissions likely to result from delay of repair. You must complete repair of su ch equipment by the end of the next shutdown.***E.O. 12866 Review

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(6) Unsafe to inspect requirements. You may designate any parts of the closed vent system or cover as unsafe to inspect if the requirements in paragraphs (c)(6)(i) and (ii) of this section are met. Unsafe to i nspect parts are exempt from the inspection requirements of paragraphs (c)(1) and (2) of this section. (i) You determine that the equipment is unsafe to inspect because inspecting personnel would be exposed to an imminent or potential danger as a conseque nce of complying with paragraphs (c)(1) or (2) of this section. (ii) You have a written plan that requires inspection of the equipment as frequently as practicable during safe

- to

inspect times. (7) Difficult to inspect requirements. You may designate any parts of the closed vent system or cover as difficult to inspect, if the requirements in paragraphs (c)(7)(i) and (ii) of this section are met. Difficult to inspect parts are exempt from the inspection requirements of paragraphs (c)( 1) and (2) of this section. (i) You determine that the equipment cannot be inspected without elevating the inspecting personnel more than 2 meters above a support surface.***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **555** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic (ii) You have a written plan that requires inspection of the equipment at least on ce every 5 years. **§60.5417a What are the continuous control device monitoring requirements for my centrifugal compressor, pneumatic pump, and**  **storage vessel affected facilities?** You must meet the applicable requirements of this section to demonstrate cont inuous compliance for each control device used to meet emission standards for your storage vessel, centrifugal compressor or pneumatic pump affected facility. (a) For each control device used to comply with the emission reduction standard for centrifugal compressor affected facilities in §60.5380a(a)(1) or the emission reduction standard for pneumatic pumps affected facilities in §60.5393a(b)(1), you must install and operate a continuous parameter monitoring system for each control device as specified in p aragraphs (c) through (g) of this section, except as provided for in paragraph (b) of this section. If you install and operate a flare in accordance with §60.5412a(a)(3), you are exempt from the requirements of paragraphs (e) and (f) of this section. (b) You are exempt from the monitoring requirements specified in paragraphs (c) through (g) of this section for the***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **556** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic control devices listed in paragraphs (b)(1) and (2) of this section. (1) A boiler or process heater in which all vent streams are introduced wi th the primary fuel or are used as the primary fuel. (2) A boiler or process heater with a design heat input capacity equal to or greater than 44 megawatts. (c) If you are required to install a continuous parameter monitoring system, you must meet the sp ecifications and requirements in paragraphs (c)(1) through (4) of this section. (1) Each continuous parameter monitoring system must measure data values at least once every hour and record the parameters in paragraphs (c)(1)(i) or (ii) of this section. ( i) Each measured data value. (ii) Each block average value for each 1

- hour period or shorter periods calculated from all measured data values during each period. If values are measured more frequently than once per minute, a single value for each minute m ay be used to calculate the hourly (or shorter period) block average instead of all measured values. (2) You must prepare a site

- specific monitoring plan that addresses the monitoring system design, data collection, and the***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **557** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic quality assurance and quality c ontrol elements outlined in paragraphs (c)(2)(i) through (v) of this section. You must install, calibrate, operate, and maintain each continuous parameter monitoring system in accordance with the procedures in your approved site

- specific monitoring plan. (i) The performance criteria and design specifications for the monitoring system equipment, including the sample interface, detector signal analyzer, and data acquisition and calculations. (ii) Sampling interface ( e.g. , thermocouple) location such that th e monitoring system will provide representative
measurements. (iii) Equipment performance checks, system accuracy audits, or other audit procedures. (iv) Ongoing operation and maintenance procedures in accordance with provisions in §60.13(b). (v) Ongoin g reporting and recordkeeping procedures in accordance with provisions in §60.7(c), (d), and (f). (3) You must conduct the continuous parameter monitoring system equipment performance checks, system accuracy audits, or other audit procedures specified in the site

- specific monitoring plan at least once every 12 months.***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **558** of **62 9**  Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic (4) You must conduct a performance evaluation of each continuous parameter monitoring system in accordance with the site

- specific monitoring plan. (d) You must install, calibrate, operate, and maintain a device equipped with a continuous recorder to measure the values of operating parameters appropriate for the control device as specified in paragraph (d)(1), (2), or (3) of this section. (1) A continuous monitoring system that measures the operating parameters in paragraphs (d)(1)(i) through (viii) of this section, as applicable. (i) For a thermal vapor incinerator that demonstrates during the performance test conducted under §60.5413a that combustion zone temperature is an accurate indicat or of performance, a temperature monitoring device equipped with a continuous recorder. The monitoring device must have a minimum accuracy of ±1 percent of the temperature being monitored in °C, or ±2.5°C, whichever value is greater. You must install the
t emperature sensor at a location representative of the combustion zone temperature. (ii) For a catalytic vapor incinerator, a temperature monitoring device equipped with a continuous recorder. The device must be capable of monitoring temperature at two***E.O. 12866 Review

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loc ations and have a minimum accuracy of ±1 percent of the temperature being monitored in °C, or ±2.5°C, whichever value is greater. You must install one temperature sensor in the vent stream at the nearest feasible point to the catalyst bed inlet, and you mu st install a second temperature sensor in the vent stream at the nearest feasible point to the catalyst bed outlet. (iii) For a flare, a heat sensing monitoring device equipped with a continuous recorder that indicates the continuous ignition of the pilot flame. (iv) For a boiler or process heater, a temperature monitoring device equipped with a continuous recorder. The temperature monitoring device must have a minimum accuracy of ±1 percent of the temperature being monitored in °C, or ±2.5°C, whichever v alue is greater. You must install the temperature sensor at a location representative of the combustion zone temperature. (v) For a condenser, a temperature monitoring device equipped with a continuous recorder. The temperature monitoring device must have a minimum accuracy of ±1 percent of the temperature being monitored in °C, or ±2.5°C, whichever value is greater. You must install the temperature sensor at a location in the exhaust vent stream from the condenser.***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **560** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic (vi) For a regenerative

- type carbon adsorption system, a continuous monitoring system that meets the specifications in paragraphs (d)(1)(vi)(A) and (B) of this section. (A) The continuous parameter monitoring system must measure and record the average total regeneration stream mass flow or volumetric flow during each carbon bed regeneration cycle. The flow sensor must have a measurement sensitivity of 5 percent of the flow rate or 10 cubic feet per minute, whichever is greater. You must check the mechanical connections for leakage at least

e very month, and you must perform a visual inspection at least every 3 months of all components of the flow continuous parameter monitoring system for physical and operational integrity and all electrical connections for oxidation and galvanic corrosion if your flow continuous parameter monitoring system is not equipped with a redundant flow sensor; and (B) The continuous parameter monitoring system must measure and record the average carbon bed temperature for the duration of the carbon bed steaming cycle and measure the actual carbon bed temperature after regeneration and within 15 minutes of completing the cooling cycle. The temperature monitoring device must have a minimum accuracy of ±1 percent of the temperature being monitored in °C, or ±2.5°C, whiche ver value is greater.***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **561** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic (vii) For a nonregenerative

- type carbon adsorption system, you must monitor the design carbon replacement interval established using a design analysis performed as specified in §60.5413a(c)(3). The design carbon replacement interval must be based on the total carbon working capacity of the control device and source operating schedule. (viii) For a combustion control device whose model is tested under §60.5413a(d), a continuous monitoring system meeting the requirements of paragraphs (d)(1)(viii)(A) and (B) of this section. (A) The continuous monitoring system must measure gas flow rate at the inlet to the control device. The monitoring instrument must have an accuracy of ±2 percent or better. The flow rate at the inlet to the combust ion device must not exceed the maximum or be less than the minimum flow rate determined by the manufacturer. (B) A monitoring device that continuously indicates the presence of the pilot flame while emissions are routed to the control device. (2) An orga nic monitoring device equipped with a continuous recorder that measures the concentration level of organic compounds in the exhaust vent stream from the control device.***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **562** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic The monitor must meet the requirements of Performance Specification 8 or 9 of appendix B of this part. You must install, calibrate, and maintain the monitor according to the manufacturer's specifications. (3) A continuous monitoring system that measures operating parameters other than those specified in paragraph (d)(1) or (2) of this secti on, upon approval of the Administrator as specified in §60.13(i). (e) You must calculate the daily average value for each monitored operating parameter for each operating day, using the data recorded by the monitoring system, except for inlet gas flow rat e. If the emissions unit operation is continuous, the operating day is a 24

- hour period. If the emissions unit operation is not continuous, the operating day is the total number of hours of control device operation per 24

- hour period. Valid data points mus t be available for 75 percent of the operating hours in an operating day to compute the daily
average. (f) For each operating parameter monitor installed in accordance with the requirements of paragraph (d) of this section, you must comply with paragraph (f)(1) of this section***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **563** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic for all control devices. When condensers are installed, you must also comply with paragraph (f)(2) of this section. (1) You must establish a minimum operating parameter value or a maximum operating parameter value, as appropriate fo r the control device, to define the conditions at which the control device must be operated to continuously achieve the applicable performance requirements of §60.5412a(a). You must establish each minimum or maximum operating parameter value as specified i n paragraphs (f)(1)(i) through (iii) of this section. (i) If you conduct performance tests in accordance with the requirements of §60.5413a(b) to demonstrate that the control device achieves the applicable performance requirements specified in §60.5412a(a ), then you must establish the minimum operating parameter value or the maximum operating parameter value based on values measured during the performance test and supplemented, as necessary, by a condenser design analysis or control device manufacturer rec ommendations or a combination of both. (ii) If you use a condenser design analysis in accordance with the requirements of §60.5413a(c) to demonstrate that the control device achieves the applicable performance requirements specified in §60.5412a(a), then you must establish the minimum***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **564** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic operating parameter value or the maximum operating parameter value based on the condenser design analysis and supplemented, as necessary, by the condenser manufacturer's recommendations. (iii) If you operate a control device where the performance test requirement was met under §60.5413a(d) to demonstrate that the control device achieves the applicable performance requirements specified in §60.5412a(a), then your control device inlet gas flow rate must not exceed the maximum o r be less than the minimum inlet gas flow rate determined by the manufacturer. (2) If you use a condenser as specified in paragraph (d)(1)(v) of this section, you must establish a condenser performance curve showing the relationship between condenser outl et temperature and condenser control efficiency, according to the requirements of paragraphs (f)(2)(i) and (ii) of this section. (i) If you conduct a performance test in accordance with the requirements of §60.5413a(b) to demonstrate that the condenser ac hieves the applicable performance requirements in §60.5412a(a), then the condenser performance curve must be based on values measured during the performance test and supplemented as necessary by control device design analysis, or control device manufacture r's recommendations, or a combination or both.***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **565** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic (ii) If you use a control device design analysis in accordance with the requirements of §60.5413a(c)(1) to demonstrate that the condenser achieves the applicable performance requirements specified in §60.5412 a(a), then the condenser performance curve must be based on the condenser design analysis and supplemented, as necessary, by the control device manufacturer's recommendations. (g) A deviation for a given control device is determined to have occurred when the monitoring data or lack of monitoring data result in any one of the criteria specified in paragraphs (g)(1) through (g)(6) of this section being met. If you monitor multiple operating parameters for the same control device during the same operating day and more than one of these operating parameters meets a deviation criterion specified in paragraphs (g)(1) through (6) of this section, then a single excursion is determined to have occurred for the control device for that operating day. (1) A deviation occurs when the daily average value of a monitored operating parameter is less than the minimum operating parameter limit (or, if applicable, greater than the maximum operating parameter limit) established in paragraph (f)(1) of this section.***E.O. 12866 Review

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(2) If you a re subject to §60.5412a(a)(2), a deviation occurs when the 365

- day average condenser efficiency calculated according to the requirements specified in §60.5415a(b)(2)(viii)(D) is less than 95.0 percent. (3) If you are subject to §60.5412a(a)(2) and you hav e less than 365 days of data, a deviation occurs when the average condenser efficiency calculated according to the procedures specified in §60.5415a(b)(2)(viii)(D)( 1 ) or ( 2 ) is less than 95.0 percent. (4) A deviation occurs when the monitoring data are no t available for at least 75 percent of the operating hours in a day. (5) If the closed vent system contains one or more bypass devices that could be used to divert all or a portion of the gases, vapors, or fumes from entering the control device, a deviati on occurs when the requirements of paragraph (g)(5)(i) or (ii) of this section are met. (i) For each bypass line subject to §60.5411a(a)(3)(i)(A), the flow indicator indicates that flow has been detected and that the stream has been diverted away from the control device to the atmosphere.***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **567** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic (ii) For each bypass line subject to §60.5411a(a)(3)(i)(B), if the seal or closure mechanism has been broken, the bypass line valve position has changed, the key for the lock

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- key type lock has been checked out, or th e car - seal has broken. (6) For a combustion control device whose model is tested under §60.5413a(d), a deviation occurs when the conditions of paragraphs (g)(6)(i) or (ii) are met. (i) The inlet gas flow rate exceeds the maximum established during the te st conducted under §60.5413a(d). (ii) Failure of the monthly visible emissions test conducted under §60.5413a(e)(3) occurs. (h) For each control device used to comply with the emission reduction standard in §60.5395a(a)( 2 ) for your storage vessel affected facility, you must demonstrate continuous compliance according to paragraphs (h)(1) through (h)(4) of this section. You are exempt from the requirements of this paragraph if you install a control device model tested in accordance with §60.5413a(d) (2) through (10), which meets the criteria in §60.5413a(d)(11), the reporting requirement in §60.5413a(d)(12), and meet the continuous compliance requirement in §60.5413a(e). (1) For each combustion device you must conduct inspections at least once every calendar month according to paragraphs***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **568** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic (h)(1)(i) through (iv) of this section. Monthly inspections must be separated by at least 14 calendar days. (i) Conduct visual inspections to confirm that the pilot is lit when vapors are being routed to the combusti on device and that the continuous burning pilot flame is operating properly. (ii) Conduct inspections to monitor for visible emissions from the combustion device using section 11 of EPA Method 22 of appendix A of this part. The observation period shall be 15 minutes. Devices must be operated with no visible emissions, except for periods not to exceed a total of 1 minute during any 15 minute period. (iii) Conduct olfactory, visual and auditory inspections of all equipment associated with the combustion dev ice to ensure system integrity. (iv) For any absence of the pilot flame, or other indication of smoking or improper equipment operation ( e.g. , visual, audible, or olfactory), you must ensure the equipment is returned to proper operation as soon as practic able after the event occurs. At a minimum, you must perform the procedures specified in paragraphs (h)(1)(iv)(A) and (B) of this section.***E.O. 12866 Review

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(A) You must check the air vent for obstruction. If an obstruction is observed, you must clear the obstruction as soo n as practicable. (B) You must check for liquid reaching the combustor. (2) For each vapor recovery device, you must conduct inspections at least once every calendar month to ensure physical integrity of the control device according to the manufacturer's instructions. Monthly inspections must be separated by at least 14 calendar days. (3) Each control device must be operated following the manufacturer's written operating instructions, procedures and maintenance schedule to ensure good air pollution contr ol practices for minimizing emissions. Records of the manufacturer's written operating instructions, procedures, and maintenance schedule must be available for inspection as specified in §60.5420a(c)(13). (4) Conduct a periodic performance test no later t han 60 months after the initial performance test as specified in §60.5413a(b)(5)(ii) and conduct subsequent periodic performance tests at intervals no longer than 60 months following the previous periodic performance test.***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **570** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic **§60.5420a What are my notificatio n, reporting, and recordkeeping**  **requirements?** (a) You must submit the notifications according to paragraphs (a)(1) and (2) of this section if you own or operate one or more of the affected facilities specified in §60.5365a that was constructed, modified, or reconstructed during the reporting period. (1) If you own or operate a well, centrifugal compressor, reciprocating compressor, pneumatic controller, pneumatic pump, storage vessel, or collection of fugitive emissions components at a well site or collec tion of fugitive emissions components at a compressor station you are not required to submit the notifications required in §60.7(a)(1), (3), and (4). (2)(i) If you own or operate a well affected facility, you must submit a notification to the Administrato r no later than 2 days prior to the commencement of each well completion operation listing the anticipated date of the well completion operation. The notification shall include contact information for the owner or operator; the API well number; the latitud e and longitude coordinates for each well in decimal degrees to an accuracy and precision of five (5) decimals of a degree using the North American Datum of 1983; and the planned date of the beginning of***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **571** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic flowback. You may submit the notification in writing or in electronic format. (ii) If you are subject to state regulations that require advance notification of well completions and you have met those notification requirements, then you are considered to have met the advance notification requirements of par agraph (a)(2)(i) of this section. (b) Reporting requirements . You must submit annual reports containing the information specified in paragraphs (b)(1) through (8) of this section and performance test reports as specified in paragraph (b)(9) or (10) of this section. You must submit annual reports following the procedure specified in paragraph (b)(11). The initial annual report is due no later than 90 days after the end of the initial compliance period as determined according to §60.5410a. Subsequent annu al reports are due no later than same date each year as the initial annual report. If you own or operate more than one affected facility, you may submit one report for multiple affected facilities provided the report contains all of the information require d as specified in paragraphs (b)(1) through (10) of this section. Annual reports may coincide with title V reports as long as all the required elements of the annual report are included. You may***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **572** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic arrange with the Administrator a common schedule on which
rep orts required by this part may be submitted as long as the schedule does not extend the reporting period. (1) The general information specified in paragraphs (b)(1)(i) through (iv) of this section for all reports. (i) The company name and address of the affected facility. (ii) An identification of each affected facility being included in the annual report. (iii) Beginning and ending dates of the reporting period. (iv) A certification by a certifying official of truth, accuracy, and completeness. This c ertification shall state that, based on information and belief formed after reasonable inquiry, the statements and information in the document are true, accurate, and complete. (2) For each well affected facility, the information in paragraphs (b)(2)(i) a nd (ii) of this section. (i) Records of each well completion operation as specified in paragraph (c)(1)(i) through (iv) of this section for each well affected facility conducted during the reporting period. In lieu of submitting the records specified in p aragraph (c)(1)(i) through (iv), the owner or operator may submit a list of the well completions with hydraulic fracturing completed during the***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **573** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic reporting period and the records required by paragraph (c)(1)(v) of this section for each well completion. (ii) Records of deviations specified in paragraph (c)(1)(ii) of this section that occurred during the reporting period. (3) For each centrifugal compressor affected facility, the information specified in paragraphs (b)(3)(i) through (iv) of this section. (i) An identification of each centrifugal compressor using a wet seal system constructed, modified or reconstructed during the reporting period. (ii) Records of deviations specified in paragraph (c)(2) of this section that occurred during the reporting period. (iii) If required to comply with §60.5380a(a)(2), the records specified in paragraphs (c)(6) through (11) of this section. (iv) If complying with §60.5380a(a)(1) with a control device tested under §60.5413a(d) which meets the criteria in §60.5413 a(d)(11) and §60.5413a(e), records specified in paragraph (c)(2)(i) through (c)(2)(vii) of this section for each centrifugal compressor using a wet seal system constructed, modified or reconstructed during the reporting period.***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **574** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic (4) For each reciprocating compressor affected facility, the information specified in paragraphs (b)(4)(i) and (ii) of this section. (i) The cumulative number of hours of operation or the number of months since initial startup, since **[date 60 days after publication of final rule in**  **the Federal Register]** , or since the previous reciprocating compressor rod packing replacement, whichever is later. (ii) Records of deviations specified in paragraph (c)(3)(iii) of this section that occurred during the reporting period. (5) For each pneu matic controller affected facility, the information specified in paragraphs (b)(5)(i) through (iii) of this section. (i) An identification of each pneumatic controller constructed, modified or reconstructed during the reporting period, including the ident ification information specified in §60.5390a(b)(2) or (c)(2). (ii) If applicable, documentation that the use of pneumatic controller affected facilities with a natural gas bleed rate greater than 6 standard cubic feet per hour are required and the

reasons why.***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **575** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic (iii) Records of deviations specified in paragraph (c)(4)(v) of this section that occurred during the reporting period. (6) For each storage vessel affected facility, the information in paragraphs (b)(6)(i) through (vii) of this section. (i) An id entification, including the location, of each storage vessel affected facility for which construction, modification or reconstruction commenced during the reporting period. The location of the storage vessel shall be in latitude and longitude coordinates i n decimal degrees to an accuracy and precision of five (5) decimals of a degree using the North American Datum of 1983. (ii) Documentation of the VOC emission rate determination according to §60.5365a(e) for each storage vessel that became an affected fa cility during the reporting period or is returned to service during the reporting period. (iii) Records of deviations specified in paragraph (c)(5)(iii) of this section that occurred during the reporting period. (iv) A statement that you have met the req uirements specified in §60.5410a(h)(2) and (3).***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **576** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic (v) You must identify each storage vessel affected facility that is removed from service during the reporting period as specified in §60.5395a(c)(1)(ii), including the date the storage vessel affected facili ty was removed from service. (vi) You must identify each storage vessel affected facility returned to service during the reporting period as specified in §60.5395a(c)(3), including the date the storage vessel affected facility was returned to service. (v ii) If complying with §60.5395a( a)(2) with a control device tested under §60.5413 a (d) which meets the criteria in §60.5413 a (d)(11) and §60.5413 a (e), records specified in paragraphs (c)(5)(vi)(A) through (G) of this section for each storage vessel construct ed, modified, reconstructed or returned to service during the reporting period. (7) For the collection of fugitive emissions components at a well site and the collection of fugitive emissions components at a compressor station, the records of each monitor ing survey conducted during the year: (i) Date of the survey. (ii) Beginning and end time of the survey.***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **577** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic (iii) Name of operator(s) performing survey. If the survey is performed by optical gas imaging, you must note the training and experience of the op erator. (iv) Ambient temperature, sky conditions, and maximum wind speed at the time of the survey. (v) Any deviations from the monitoring plan or a statement that there were no deviations from the monitoring plan. (vi) Documentation of each fugitive em ission, including the information specified in paragraphs ( b)(7)(vi)(A) through (C) of this section (A) Location. (B) One or more digital photographs of each required monitoring survey being performed. The digital photograph must include the date the pho tograph was taken and the latitude and longitude of the collection of fugitive emissions components at a well site or collection of fugitive emissions components at a compressor station imbedded within or stored with the digital file. As an alternative to imbedded latitude and longitude within the digital photograph, the digital photograph may consist of a photograph of the monitoring survey being performed with a photograph of a separately operating GIS device within the same digital picture, provided the latitude and longitude***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **578** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic output of the GIS unit can be clearly read in the digital photograph. (C) The date of successful repair of the fugitive emissions component. (D) Type of instrument used to resurvey a repaired fugitive emissions component that could not be repaired during the initial fugitive emissions finding. (8) For each pneumatic pump affected facility, the information specified in paragraphs (b)(8)(i) through (v) of this section. (i) In the initial annual report, a certification that there is no control device on site, if applicable. (ii) An identification of each pneumatic pump constructed, modified or reconstructed during the reporting period, incl uding the identification information specified in §60.5393a(a)(2) or (b)(2). (iii) An identification of any sites which contain natural pneumatic pumps and which installed a control device during the reporting period, where there was no control device pre viously at the site.***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **579** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic (iv) Records of deviations specified in paragraph (c)(16)(ii) of this section that occurred during the reporting period. (v) If complying with §60.5393a(b)(1) with a control device tested under §60.5413(d), which meets the criteria i n §60.5413(d)(11) and §60.5413(e), records specified in paragraphs (c)(16)(iv)(A) through (G) of this section for each pneumatic pump constructed, modified or reconstructed during the reporting period. (9) Within 60 days after the date of completing each performance test (see §60.8) required by this subpart, except testing conducted by the manufacturer as specified in §60.5413a(d), you must submit the results of the performance test following the procedure specified in either paragraph (b)(9)(i) or (ii) of this section. (i) For data collected using test methods supported by the
EPA’s Electronic Reporting Tool (ERT) as listed on the EPA’s ERT Web site (http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ert/index.html) at the time of the test, you must submit the results of the performance test to the EPA via the Compliance and Emissions Data Reporting Interface (CEDRI). (CEDRI can be accessed through the EPA’s Central Data Exchange (CDX) (https://cdx.epa.gov/).) Performance***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **580** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic test data must be submitted in a file format generated through the use of the EPA’s ERT or an alternate electronic file format consistent with the extensible markup language (XML) schema listed on the EPA’s ERT Web site. If you claim that some of the performance test information being submitted is confidential business information (CBI), you must submit a complete file generated through the use of the EPA’s ERT or an alternate electronic file consistent with the XML schema listed on the EPA’s ERT Web site, including information claimed to be CBI, on a compact d isc, flash drive, or other commonly used electronic storage media to the EPA. The electronic media must be clearly marked as CBI and mailed to U.S. EPA/OAQPS/CORE CBI Office, Attention: Group Leader, Measurement Policy Group, MD C404

- 02, 4930 Old Page Rd., Durham, NC 27703. The same ERT or alternate file with the CBI omitted must be submitted to the EPA via the EPA’s CDX as described earlier in this paragraph. (ii) For data collected using test methods that are not supported by the EPA’s ERT as listed on the EPA’s ERT Web site at the time of the test, you must submit the results of the performance test to the Administrator at the appropriate address listed in §60.4.***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **581** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic (10) For combustion control devices tested by the manufacturer in accordance with §60.541 3a(d), an electronic copy of the performance test results required by §60.5413a(d) shall be submitted via email to Oil_and_Gas_PT@EPA.GOV unless the test results for that model of combustion control device are posted at the following Web site: epa.gov/airq uality/oilandgas/. (11) You must submit reports to the EPA via the CEDRI. (CEDRI can be accessed through the EPA’s CDX (https://cdx.epa.gov/).) You must use the appropriate electronic report in CEDRI for this subpart or an alternate electronic file format consistent with the extensible markup language (XML) schema listed on the CEDRI Web site (http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/cedri/index.html). If the reporting form specific to this subpart is not available in CEDRI at the time that the report is due, you must submit the report to the Administrator at the appropriate address listed in §60.4. You must begin submitting reports via CEDRI no later than 90 days after the form becomes available in CEDRI. The reports must be submitted by the deadlines specified in thi s subpart, regardless of the method in which the reports are submitted. (c) Recordkeeping requirements . You must maintain the records identified as specified in §60.7(f) and in paragraphs***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **582** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic (c)(1) through (16) of this section. All records required by this subpart must be maintained either onsite or at the nearest local field office for at least 5 years. Any records required to be maintained by this subpart that are submitted electronically via the EPA’s CDX may be maintained in electronic format. (1) The r ecords for each well affected facility as specified in paragraphs (c)(1)(i) through (v) of this section. (i) Records identifying each well completion operation for each well affected facility; (ii) Records of deviations in cases where well completion
ope rations with hydraulic fracturing were not performed in compliance with the requirements specified in §60.5375a. (iii) Records required in §60.5375a(b) or (f) for each well completion operation conducted for each well affected facility that occurred durin g the reporting period. You must maintain the records specified in paragraphs (c)(1)(iii)(A) and (B) of this section. (A) For each well affected facility required to comply with the requirements of §60.5375a(a), you must record: The location of the well; the API well number; the date and time of the onset of flowback following hydraulic fracturing or refracturing; the date and time of each attempt to direct flowback to a separator***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **583** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic as required in §60.5375a(a)(1)(ii); the date and time of each occurrence of returning to the initial flowback stage under §60.5375a(a)(1)(i); and the date and time that the well was shut in and the flowback equipment was permanently disconnected, or the startup of production; the duration of flowback; duration of recovery to the f low line; duration of combustion; duration of venting; and specific reasons for venting in lieu of capture or combustion. The duration must be specified in hours. (B) For each well affected facility required to comply with the requirements of §60.5375a(f) , you must maintain the records specified in paragraph (c)(1)(iii)(A) of this section except that you do not have to record the duration of recovery to the flow line. (iv) For each well affected facility for which you claim an exception under §60.5375a(a) (3), you must record: The location of the well; the API well number; the specific exception claimed; the starting date and ending date for the period the well operated under the exception; and an explanation of why the well meets the claimed exception. (v ) For each well affected facility required to comply with both §60.5375a(a)(1) and (3), if you are using a digital photograph in lieu of the records required in paragraphs***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **584** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic (c)(1)(i) through (iv) of this section, you must retain the records of the digital p hotograph as specified in §60.5410a(a)(4). (2) For each centrifugal compressor affected facility, you must maintain records of deviations in cases where the centrifugal compressor was not operated in compliance with the requirements specified in §60.5380a . Except as specified in paragraph (c)(2)(vii) of this section, you must maintain the records in paragraphs (c)(2)(i) through (vi) of this section for each control device tested under §60.5413a(d) which meets the criteria in §60.5413a(d)(11) and §60.5413a( e) and used to comply with §60.5380a(a)(1) for each centrifugal compressor. (i) Make, model and serial number of purchased device. (ii) Date of purchase. (iii) Copy of purchase order. (iv) Location of the centrifugal compressor and control device in l atitude and longitude coordinates in decimal degrees to an accuracy and precision of five (5) decimals of a degree using the North American Datum of 1983. (v) Inlet gas flow rate.***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **585** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic (vi) Records of continuous compliance requirements in §60.5413a(e) as specified in paragraphs (c)(2)(vi)(A) through (D) of this section. (A) Records that the pilot flame is present at all times of operation. (B) Records that the device was operated with no visible emissions except for periods not to exceed a total of 2 min utes during any hour. (C) Records of the maintenance and repair log. (D) Records of the visible emissions test following return to operation from a maintenance or repair activity. (vii) As an alternative to the requirements of paragraph (c)(2)(iv) of th is section, you may maintain records of one or more digital photographs with the date the photograph was taken and the latitude and longitude of the centrifugal compressor and control device imbedded within or stored with the digital file. As an alternativ e to imbedded latitude and longitude within the digital photograph, the digital photograph may consist of a photograph of the centrifugal compressor and control device with a photograph of a separately operating GIS device within the same digital picture, provided the latitude and longitude output of the GIS unit can be clearly read in the digital photograph.***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **586** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic (3) For each reciprocating compressor affected facility, you must maintain the records in paragraphs (c)(3)(i) through (iii) of this section. (i) Re cords of the cumulative number of hours of operation or number of months since initial startup or **[date 60 days after publication of final rule in the Federal Register]**  , or the previous replacement of the reciprocating compressor rod packing, whichever is later. (ii) Records of the date and time of each reciprocating compressor rod packing replacement, or date of installation of a rod packing emissions collection system and closed vent system as specified in §60.5385a(a)(3). (iii) Records of deviations in cases where the reciprocating compressor was not operated in compliance with the requirements specified in §60.5385a. (4) For each pneumatic controller affected facility, you must maintain the records identified in paragraphs (c)(4)(i) through (v) of thi s section , as applicable

. (i) Records of the date, location and manufacturer specifications for each pneumatic controller constructed, modified or reconstructed.***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **587** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic (ii) Records of the demonstration that the use of pneumatic controller affected facilities w ith a natural gas bleed rate greater than the applicable standard are required and the reasons why. (iii) If the pneumatic controller is not located at a natural gas processing plant, records of the manufacturer's specifications indicating that the contro ller is designed such that natural gas bleed rate is less than or equal to 6 standard cubic feet per hour. (iv) If the pneumatic controller is located at a natural gas processing plant, records of the documentation that the natural gas bleed rate is zero. (v) Records of deviations in cases where the pneumatic controller was not operated in compliance with the requirements specified in §60.5390a. (5) For each storage vessel affected facility, you must maintain the records identified in paragraphs (c)(5)(i ) through (vi) of this section. (i) If required to reduce emissions by complying with §60.5395a( a)(2 ), the records specified in §§60.5420a(c)(6) through (8), 60.5416a(c)(6)(ii), and 60. 5416 a(c)(7)(ii). You must maintain the records in paragraph (c)(5)(vi) of this part***E.O. 12866 Review

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for each control device tested under §60.5413a(d) which meets the criteria in §60.5413a(d)(11) and §60.5413a(e) and used to comply with §60.5395a( a)(2) for each storage vessel. (ii) Records of each VOC emissions determination for each
stora ge vessel affected facility made under §60.5365a(e) including identification of the model or calculation methodology used to calculate the VOC emission rate. (iii) Records of deviations in cases where the storage vessel was not operated in compliance with the requirements specified in §§60.5395a, 60.5411a, 60.5412a, and 60.5413a, as applicable. (iv) For storage vessels that are skid

- mounted or permanently attached to something that is mobile (such as trucks, railcars, barges or ships), records indicating the number of consecutive days that the vessel is located at a site in the oil and natural gas production segment, natural gas processing segment or natural gas transmission and storage segment. If a storage vessel is removed from a site and, within 30 day s, is either returned to the site or replaced by another storage vessel at the site to serve the same or similar function, then the entire period since the original storage vessel was first located at the site, including the days when***E.O. 12866 Review

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the storage vessel wa s removed, will be added to the count towards the number of consecutive days. (v) You must maintain records of the identification and location of each storage vessel affected facility. (vi) Except as specified in paragraph (c)(5)(vi)(G) of this section, you must maintain the records specified in paragraphs (c)(5)(vi)(A) through (F) of this section for each control device tested under §60.5413a(d) which meets the criteria in §60.5413a(d)(11) and §60.5413a(e) and used to comply with §60.5395a( a)(2) for each storage vessel. (A) Make, model and serial number of purchased device. (B) Date of purchase. (C) Copy of purchase order. (D) Location of the control device in latitude and longitude coordinates in decimal degrees to an accuracy and precision of five (5) decimals of a degree using the North American Datum of 1983. (E) Inlet gas flow rate. (F) Records of continuous compliance requirements in §60.5413a(e) as specified in paragraphs (c)(5)(vi)(F)( 1 ) through ( 4 ).***E.O. 12866 Review

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( 1 ) Records that the pilot flame is present at all times of operation. ( 2 ) Records that the device was operated with no visible emissions except for periods not to exceed a total of 2 minutes during any hour. ( 3 ) Records of the maintenance and repair log. ( 4 ) Records of the visible emissi ons test following return to operation from a maintenance or repair activity. (G) As an alternative to the requirements of paragraph (c)(5)(vi)(D) of this section, you may maintain records of one or more digital photographs with the date the photograph wa s taken and the latitude and longitude of the storage vessel and control device imbedded within or stored with the digital file. As an alternative to imbedded latitude and longitude within the digital photograph, the digital photograph may consist of a pho tograph of the storage vessel and control device with a photograph of a separately operating GIS device within the same digital picture, provided the latitude and longitude output of the GIS unit can be clearly read in the digital photograph. (6) Records of each closed vent system inspection required under §60.5416a(a)(1) and (a)(2) for centrifugal compressors ,***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **591** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic reciprocating compressors and pneumatic pumps, or §60.5416a(c)(1) for storage vessels. (7) A record of each cover inspection required under §60.54 16a(a)(3) for centrifugal or reciprocating compressors or §60.5416a(c)(2) for storage vessels. (8) If you are subject to the bypass requirements of §60.5416a(a)(4) for centrifugal compressors, reciprocating compressors or pneumatic pumps, or §60.5416a(c)( 3) for storage vessels, a record of each inspection or a record of each time the key is checked out or a record of each time the alarm is sounded. (9) If you are subject to the closed vent system no detectable emissions requirements of §60.5416a(b) for

ce ntrifugal compressors, reciprocating compressors or pneumatic pumps, a record of the monitoring conducted in accordance with §60.5416a(b). (10) For each centrifugal compressor or pneumatic pump affected facility, records of the schedule for carbon replace ment (as determined by the design analysis requirements of §60.5413a(c)(2) or (3)) and records of each carbon replacement as specified in §60.5412a(c)(1).***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **592** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic (11) For each centrifugal compressor or pneumatic pump affected facility subject to the control devi ce requirements of §60.5412a(a), (b), and (c), records of minimum and maximum operating parameter values, continuous parameter monitoring system data, calculated averages of continuous parameter monitoring system data, results of all compliance calculation s, and results of all inspections. (12) For each carbon adsorber installed on storage vessel affected facilities, records of the schedule for carbon replacement (as determined by the design analysis requirements of §60.5412a(d)(2)) and records of each car bon replacement as specified in §60.5412a(c)(1). (13) For each storage vessel affected facility subject to the control device requirements of §60.5412a(c) and (d), you must maintain records of the inspections, including any corrective actions taken, the m anufacturers' operating instructions, procedures and maintenance schedule as specified in §60.5417a(h) (3 ). You must maintain records of EPA Method 22 of appendix A

- 7 of this part, section 11 results, which include: company, location, company representative (name of the person performing the observation), sky conditions, process unit (type of control device), clock start time, observation period***E.O. 12866 Review

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duration (in minutes and seconds), accumulated emission time (in minutes and seconds), and clock end time. You may create your own form including the above information or use Figure 22

- 1 in EPA Method 22 of appendix A

- 7 of this part. Manufacturer's operating instructions, procedures and maintenance schedule must be available for inspection. (14) A log of records as s pecified in §§60.5412a(d)(1) (iii ), for all inspection, repair and maintenance activities for each control device failing the visible emissions test. (15) For each collection of fugitive emissions components at a well site and each collection of fugitive e missions components at a compressor station, the records identified in paragraphs (c)(15)(i) and (ii) of this section. (i) The fugitive emissions monitoring plan for each collection of fugitive emissions components at a well site and each collection of fu gitive emissions components at a compressor station as required in §60.5397a(a). (ii) The records of each monitoring survey as specified in paragraphs (c)(15)(ii)(A) through (F) of this section. (A) Date of the survey. (B) Beginning and end time of the survey.***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **594** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic (C) Name of operator(s) performing survey. You must note the training and experience of the operator. (D) Ambient temperature, sky conditions, and maximum wind speed at the time of the survey. (E) Any deviations from the monitoring plan or a sta tement that there were no deviations from the monitoring plan. (F) Documentation of each fugitive emission, including the information specified in paragraphs (c)(15)(ii)(F)( 1 ) through ( 2 ) of this section. ( 1 ) Location. ( 2 ) One or more digital photograph s of each required monitoring survey being performed. The digital photograph must include the date the photograph was taken and the latitude and longitude of the collection of fugitive emissions components at a well site or collection of fugitive emissions components at a compressor station imbedded within or stored with the digital file. As an alternative to imbedded latitude and longitude within the digital photograph, the digital photograph may consist of a photograph of the monitoring survey being perfo rmed with a photograph of a separately operating GIS device within the same digital picture, provided the latitude and longitude***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **595** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic output of the GIS unit can be clearly read in the digital photograph. (3) The date of successful repair of the fugitive emissi ons component. (4) Instrumentation used to resurvey a repaired fugitive emissions component that could not be repaired during the initial fugitive emissions finding. (16) For each pneumatic pump affected facility, you must maintain the records identified in paragraphs (c)(16)(i) through (iv) of this section. (i) Records of the date, location and manufacturer specifications for each pneumatic pump constructed, modified or reconstructed. (ii) Records of deviations in cases where the pneumatic pump was not operated in compliance with the requirements specified in §60.5393a. (iii) Records of the control device installation date and the location of sites containing pneumatic pumps at which a control device was installed, where previously there was no control device at the site. (iv) Except as specified in paragraph (c)(16)(iv)(G) of this section, records for each control device tested under***E.O. 12866 Review

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§60.5413a(d) which meets the criteria in §60.5413a(d)(11) and §60.5413a(e) and used to comply with §60.5393a( b )(1) for each pneumatic pump. (A) Make, model and serial number of purchased device. (B) Date of purchase. (C) Copy of purchase order. (D) Location of the pneumatic pump and control device in latitude and longitude coordinates in decimal degrees to an
accuracy and precision of five (5) decimals of a degree using the North American Datum of 1983. (E) Inlet gas flow rate. (F) Records of continuous compliance requirements in §60.5413a(e) as specified in paragraphs (c)(16)(iv)(F)( 1 ) through ( 4 ) of this section. ( 1 ) Records that the pilot flame is present at all times of operation. ( 2 ) Records that the device was operated with no visible emissions except for periods not to exceed a total of 2 minutes during any hour. ( 3 ) Records of the maintenance and repair lo g. ( 4 ) Records of the visible emissions test following return to operation from a maintenance or repair activity.***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **597** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic (G) As an alternative to the requirements of paragraph (c)(16)(iv)(D) of this part, you may maintain records of one or more digital photogra phs with the date the photograph was taken and the latitude and longitude of the pneumatic pump and control device imbedded within or stored with the digital file. As an alternative to imbedded latitude and longitude within the digital photograph, the digi tal photograph may consist of a photograph of the pneumatic pump and control device with a photograph of a separately operating GIS device within the same digital picture, provided the latitude and longitude output of the GIS unit can be clearly read in th e digital photograph. **§60.5421a What are my additional recordkeeping requirements for my affected facility subject to methane and VOC requirements for**  **onshore natural gas processing plants?** (a) You must comply with the requirements of paragraph (b) of thi s section in addition to the requirements of §60.486a. (b) The following recordkeeping requirements apply to pressure relief devices subject to the requirements of §60.5401a(b)(1) of this subpart. (1) When each leak is detected as specified in §60.5401a( b)(2), a weatherproof and readily visible identification, marked with the equipment identification number,***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **598** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic must be attached to the leaking equipment. The identification on the pressure relief device may be removed after it has been repaired. (2) When each leak is detected as specified in §60.5401a(b)(2), the information specified in paragraphs (b)(2)(i) through (x) of this section must be recorded in a log and shall be kept for 2 years in a readily accessible location: (i) The instrument and operator iden tification numbers and the equipment identification number. (ii) The date the leak was detected and the dates of each attempt to repair the leak. (iii) Repair methods applied in each attempt to repair the leak. (iv) “Above 500 ppm” if the maximum instru ment reading measured by the methods specified in §60.5400a(d) after each repair attempt is 500 ppm or greater. (v) “Repair delayed” and the reason for the delay if a leak is not repaired within 15 calendar days after discovery of the leak. (vi) The signature of the owner or operator (or designate) whose decision it was that repair could not be effected without a process shutdown.***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **599** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic (vii) The expected date of successful repair of the leak if a leak is not repaired within 15 days. (viii) Dates of proce ss unit shutdowns that occur while the equipment is unrepaired. (ix) The date of successful repair of the leak. (x) A list of identification numbers for equipment that are designated for no detectable emissions under the provisions of §60.482

- 4a(a). The designation of equipment subject to the provisions of §60.482

- 4a(a) must be signed by the owner or operator. **§60.5422a What are my additional reporting requirements for my affected facility subject to methane and VOC requirements for**  **onshore natural gas processing plants?**  (a) You must comply with the requirements of paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section in addition to the requirements of §60.487a(a), (b), (c)(2)(i) through (iv), and (c)(2)(vii) through (viii). You must submit semiannual reports to the E PA via the Compliance and Emissions Data Reporting Interface (CEDRI). (CEDRI can be accessed through the EPA’s Central Data Exchange (CDX) (https://cdx.epa.gov/).) Use the appropriate electronic report in CEDRI for this subpart or an alternate electronic f ile format consistent with the extensible markup***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **600** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic language (XML) schema listed on the CEDRI Web site (http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/cedri/index.html). If the reporting form specific to this subpart is not available in CEDRI at the time that the report is due , submit the report to the Administrator at the appropriate address listed in §60.4. You must begin submitting reports via CEDRI no later than 90 days after the form becomes available in CEDRI. The report must be submitted by the deadline specified in this subpart, regardless of the method in which the report is submitted. (b) An owner or operator must include the following information in the initial semiannual report in addition to the information required in §60.487a(b)(1) through (4): Number of
pressure relief devices subject to the requirements of §60.5401a(b) except for those pressure relief devices designated for no detectable emissions under the provisions of §60.482

- 4a(a) and those pressure relief devices complying with §60.482

- 4a(c). (c) An owner or operator must include the information specified in paragraphs (c)(1) and (2) of this section in all semiannual reports in addition to the information required in §60.487a(c)(2)(i) through (vi):***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **6 01**  of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic (1) Number of pressure relief devices for which leaks were detected as required in §60.5401a(b)(2); and (2) Number of pressure relief devices for which leaks were not repaired as required in §60.5401a(b)(3). **§60.5423a What additional recordkeeping and reporting requirements apply to my sweetening unit affected f**  **acilities at onshore natural gas processing plants?**  (a) You must retain records of the calculations and measurements required in §60.5405a(a) and (b) and §60.5407a(a) through (g) for at least 2 years following the date of the measurements. This requiremen t is included under §60.7(f) of the General Provisions. (b) You must submit a report of excess emissions to the Administrator in your annual report if you had excess emissions during the reporting period. The excess emissions report must be submitted to t he EPA via the Compliance and Emissions Data Reporting Interface (CEDRI). (CEDRI can be accessed through the EPA’s Central Data Exchange (CDX) (https://cdx.epa.gov/).) You must use the appropriate electronic report in CEDRI for this subpart or an alternate electronic file format consistent with the extensible markup language (XML) schema listed on the CEDRI Web site (http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/cedri/index.html). If the***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **602** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic reporting form specific to this subpart is not available in CEDRI at the time that the report is due, you must submit the report to the Administrator at the appropriate address listed in §60.4. You must begin submitting reports via CEDRI no later than 90 days after the form becomes available in CEDRI. The report must be submitted by the dead line specified in this subpart, regardless of the method in which the report is submitted. For the purpose of these reports, excess emissions are defined as specified in paragraphs (b)(1) and (2) of this section. (1) Any 24

- hour period (at consistent inte rvals) during which the average sulfur emission reduction efficiency (R) is less than the minimum required efficiency (Z). (2) For any affected facility electing to comply with the provisions of §60.5407a(b)(2), any 24

- hour period during which the average temperature of the gases leaving the combustion zone of an incinerator is less than the appropriate operating temperature as determined during the most recent performance test in accordance with the provisions of §60.5407a(b)(3). Each
24

- hour period must consist of at least 96 temperature measurements equally spaced over the 24 hours. (c) To certify that a facility is exempt from the control requirements of these standards, for each facility with a design***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **603** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic capacity less than 2 LT/D of H 2 S in the acid gas ( expressed as sulfur) you must keep, for the life of the facility, an analysis demonstrating that the facility's design capacity is less than 2 LT/D of H 2 S expressed as sulfur. (d) If you elect to comply with §60.5407a(e) you must keep, for the life of the facility, a record demonstrating that the facility's design capacity is less than 150 LT/D of H 2 S expressed as sulfur. (e) The requirements of paragraph (b) of this section remain in force until and unless the EPA, in delegating enforcement authority to a state under section 111(c) of the Act, approves reporting requirements or an alternative means of compliance surveillance adopted by such state. In that event, affected sources within the state will be relieved of obligation to comply with paragraph (b) of this section, provided that they comply with the requirements established by the state. Electronic reporting to the EPA cannot be waived, and as such, the provisions of this paragraph do not relieve owners or operators of affected facilities of the requ irement to submit the electronic reports required in this section to the EPA. **§60.5425a What parts of the General Provisions apply to me?*****E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **604** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic Table 3 to this subpart shows which parts of the General Provisions in §§60.1 through 60.19 apply to you. **§60.5430a W hat definitions apply to this subpart?**  As used in this subpart, all terms not defined herein shall have the meaning given them in the Act, in subpart A or subpart VVa of part 60; and the following terms shall have the specific meanings given them. Acid g as means a gas stream of hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) that has been separated from sour natural gas by a sweetening unit. Alaskan North Slope means the approximately 69,000 square

mile area extending from the Brooks Range to the Arctic Ocean. API Gravity means the weight per unit volume of hydrocarbon liquids as measured by a system recommended by the American Petroleum Institute (API) and is expressed in degrees. Bleed rate means the rate in standard cubic feet per hour at which natura l gas is continuously vented (bleeds) from a pneumatic controller. Capital expenditure means, in addition to the definition in 40 CFR 60.2, an expenditure for a physical or operational change to an existing facility that e xceeds P, the product of the facility's replacement cost, R, and an adjusted annual asset***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **605** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic guideline repair allowance, A, as reflected by the following equation: P = R × A, where: ( 1 ) The adjusted annual asset guideline repair allowance, A, is the product of the percent of the replace ment cost, Y, and the applicable basic annual asset guideline repair allowance, B, divided by 100 as reflected by the following equation: A = Y × (B ÷ 100); ( 2 ) The percent Y is determined from the following equation: Y = 1.0 − 0.575 log X, where X is 20 11 minus the year of construction; and ( 3 ) The applicable basic annual asset guideline repair allowance, B, is 4.5. Centrifugal compressor means any machine for raising the pressure of a natural gas by drawing in low pressure natural gas and discharging significantly higher pressure natural gas by means of mechanical rotating vanes or impellers. Screw, sliding vane, and liquid ring compressors are not centrifugal compressors for the purposes of this subpart. Certifying official means one of the following : (1) For a corporation: A president, secretary, treasurer, or vice

- president of the corporation in charge of a principal business function, or any other person who performs similar***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **606** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic policy or decision

- making functions for the corporation, or a duly author ized representative of such person if the representative is responsible for the overall operation of one or more manufacturing, production, or operating facilities applying for or subject to a permit and either: (i) The facilities employ more than 250 per sons or have gross annual sales or expenditures exceeding $25 million (in second quarter 1980 dollars); or (ii) The Administrator is notified of such delegation of authority prior to the exercise of that authority. The Administrator reserves the right to evaluate such delegation; (2) For a partnership (including but not limited to general partnerships, limited partnerships, and limited liability partnerships) or sole proprietorship: A general partner or the proprietor, respectively. If a general partner i s a corporation, the provisions of paragraph (1) of this definition apply; (3) For a municipality, State, Federal, or other public agency: Either a principal executive officer or ranking elected official. For the purposes of this part, a principal executi ve officer of a Federal agency includes the chief executive officer having responsibility for the overall operations of a principal***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **607** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic geographic unit of the agency ( e.g. , a Regional Administrator of EPA); or (4) For affected facilities: (i) The designated representative in so far as actions, standards, requirements, or prohibitions under title IV of the Clean Air Act or the regulations promulgated thereunder are concerned; or (ii) The designated representative for any other purposes under part 60. Chemica l/methanol or diaphragm pump means a gas - driven positive displacement pump typically used to inject precise amounts of chemicals into process streams or circulate glycol compounds for freeze protection. City gate means the delivery point at which natural gas is transferred from a transmission pipeline to the local gas utility. Collection system means any infrastructure that conveys gas or liquids from the well site to another location for treatment, storage, processing, recycling, disposal or other handli ng. Completion combustion device means any ignition device, installed horizontally or vertically, used in exploration and***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **608** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic production operations to combust otherwise vented emissions from completions. Compressor station site means any permanent combination of one or more compressors that move natural gas at increased
pressure through gathering or transmission pipelines, or into or out of storage. This includes, but is not limited to, gathering and boosting stations and transm ission compressor stations

. Condensate means hydrocarbon liquid separated from natural gas that condenses due to changes in the temperature, pressure, or both, and remains liquid at standard conditions. Continuous bleed means a continuous flow of pneumat ic supply natural gas to a pneumatic controller

. Crude oil and natural gas source category means: (1) crude oil production, which includes the well and extends to the point of custody transfer to the crude oil transmission pipeline; and (2) natural ga s production, processing, transmission, and storage, which include the well and extend to, but do not include, the city gate. Custody transfer means the transfer of natural gas after processing and/or treatment in the producing operations, or from storage vessels or automatic transfer facilities or other such***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **609** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic equipment, including product loading racks, to pipelines or any other forms of transportation. Dehydrator means a device in which an absorbent directly contacts a natural gas stream and absorbs water in a contact tower or absorption column (absorber). Deviation means any instance in which an affected source subject to this subpart, or an owner or operator of such a

source: (1) Fails to meet any requirement or obligation established by this subpart including, but not limited to, any emission limit, operating limit, or work practice standard; (2) Fails to meet any term or condition that is adopted to implement an applicable requirement in this subpart and that is included in the operating permit for any affected source required to obtain such a permit; or (3) Fails to meet any emission limit, operating limit, or work practice standard in this subpart during startup, shutdown, or malfunction, regardless of whether or not such failure is permitted by t his subpart. Delineation well means a well drilled in order to determine the boundary of a field or producing reservoir.***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **610** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic Equipment , as used in the standards and requirements in this subpart relative to the equipment leaks of methane and VOC from onshore natural gas processing plants, means each pump, pressure relief device, open

- ended valve or line, valve, and flange or other connector that is in VOC service or in wet gas service, and any device or system required by those same standards and requirements in this subpart. Field gas means feedstock gas entering the natural gas processing plant. Field gas gathering means the system used transport field gas from a field to the main pipeline in the area. Flare means a thermal oxidation system using an open ( without enclosure) flame. Completion combustion devices as defined in this section are not considered flares. Flow line means a pipeline used to transport oil and/or gas to a processing facility, a mainline pipeline, re

- injection, or routed to a process o r other useful purpose. Flowback means the process of allowing fluids and entrained solids to flow from a well following a treatment, either in preparation for a subsequent phase of treatment or in preparation for cleanup and returning the well to product ion. The term flowback also means the fluids and entrained solids***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **611** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic that emerge from a well during the flowback process. The flowback period begins when material introduced into the well during the treatment returns to the surface following hydraulic fractur ing or refracturing. The flowback period ends when either the well is shut in and permanently disconnected from the flowback equipment or at the startup of production. The flowback period includes the initial flowback stage and the separation flowback stag e. Fugitive emissions component means any component that has the potential to emit fugitive emissions of methane or VOC at a well site or compressor station site, including but not limited to valves, connectors, pressure relief devices, open

- ended lines, access doors, flanges, closed vent systems, thief hatches or other openings on a storage vessels, agitator seals, distance pieces, crankcase vents, blowdown vents, pump seals or diaphragms, compressors, separators, pressure vessels, dehydrators, heaters, i nstruments, and meters. Devices that vent as part of normal operations, such as n atural gas

- driven pneumatic controllers or natural gas

- driven pumps, are not fugitive emissions components, insofar as the natural gas discharged from the device’s vent is not considered a fugitive emission. Emissions originating from other than the vent, such***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **612** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic as the seals around the bellows of a diaphragm pump, would be considered fugitive emissions. Gas processing plant process unit means equipment assembled for the extracti on of natural gas liquids from field gas, the fractionation of the liquids into natural gas products, or other operations associated with the processing of natural gas products. A process unit can operate independently if supplied with sufficient feed or r aw materials and sufficient storage facilities for the products. Hydraulic fracturing means the process of directing pressurized fluids containing any combination of water, proppant, and any added chemicals to penetrate tight formations, such as shale or coal formations, that subsequently require high rate, extended flowback to expel fracture fluids and solids during completions. Hydraulic refracturing means conducting a subsequent hydraulic fracturing operation at a well that has previously undergone a h ydraulic fracturing operation. In light liquid service means that the piece of equipment contains a liquid that meets the conditions specified in §60.485a(e) or §60.5401a(f)(2) of this part.***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **613** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic In wet gas service means that a compressor or piece of equipmen t contains or contacts the field gas before the extraction step at a gas processing plant process unit. Initial flowback stage means the period during a well completion operation which begins at the onset of flowback and ends at the separation flowback st age. Intermediate hydrocarbon liquid means any naturally occurring, unrefined petroleum liquid. Intermittent/snap

- action pneumatic controller means a pneumatic controller that is designed to vent non

- continuously. Liquefied natural gas unit means a unit used to cool natural gas to the point at which it is condensed into a liquid which is colorless, odorless, non

- corrosive and non

- toxic. Low pressure well means a well with reservoir pressure and vertical well depth such that 0.445 times the reservoir pre ssure (in psia) minus 0.038 times the vertical well depth (in feet) minus 67.578 psia is less than the flow line pressure at the sales meter. Maximum average daily throughput means the earliest calculation of daily average throughput during the 30

- day PTE evaluation period employing generally accepted methods.***E.O. 12866 Review

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Natural gas

- driven pneumatic controller means a pneumatic controller powered by pressurized natural gas. Natural gas

- driven chemical/methanol or diaphragm pump means a chemical or methanol injectio n or circulation pump or a diaphragm pump powered by pressurized natural gas. Natural gas liquids means the hydrocarbons, such as ethane, propane, butane, and pentane that are extracted from field gas. Natural gas processing plant (gas plant) means any
p rocessing site engaged in the extraction of natural gas liquids from field gas, fractionation of mixed natural gas liquids to natural gas products, or both. A Joule

- Thompson valve, a dew point depression valve, or an isolated or standalone Joule

Thompson s kid is not a natural gas processing plant. Natural gas transmission means the pipelines used for the long distance transport of natural gas (excluding processing). Specific equipment used in natural gas transmission includes the land, mains, valves, meter s, boosters, regulators, storage vessels, dehydrators, compressors, and their driving units and appurtenances, and equipment used for transporting gas from a production plant, delivery point of purchased gas, gathering system, storage area, or other wholes ale source of gas to one or more distribution area(s).***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **615** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic Nonfractionating plant means any gas plant that does not fractionate mixed natural gas liquids into natural gas products.
Non

- natural gas

- driven pneumatic controller means an instrument that is actuated using other sources of power than pressurized natural gas; examples include solar, electric, and instrument air. Onshore means all facilities except those that are located in the territorial seas or on the outer conti nental shelf. Pneumatic controller means an automated instrument used for maintaining a process condition such as liquid level, pressure, delta

- pressure and temperature. Pressure vessel means a storage vessel that is used to store liquids or gases and is designed not to vent to the atmosphere as a result of compression of the vapor headspace in the pressure vessel during filling of the pressure vessel to its design capacity. Process unit means components assembled for the extraction of natural gas liquid s from field gas, the fractionation of the liquids into natural gas products, or other operations associated with the processing of natural gas products. A process unit can operate independently if supplied with***E.O. 12866 Review

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sufficient feed or raw materials and suffici ent storage facilities for the products. Produced water means water that is extracted from the earth from an oil or natural gas production well, or that is separated from crude oil, condensate, or natural gas after extraction. Reciprocating compressor me ans a piece of equipment that increases the pressure of a process gas by positive displacement, employing linear movement of the driveshaft. Reciprocating compressor rod packing means a series of flexible rings in machined metal cups that fit around the

r eciprocating compressor piston rod to create a seal limiting the amount of compressed natural gas that escapes to the atmosphere. Recovered gas means gas recovered through the separation process during flowback. Recovered liquids means any crude oil, con densate or produced water recovered through the separation process during flowback. Reduced emissions completion means a well completion following fracturing or refracturing where gas flowback that is otherwise vented is captured, cleaned, and routed to the flow line or collection system, re

- injected into the well or another***E.O. 12866 Review

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well, used as an on

- site fuel source, or used for other useful purpose that a purchased fuel or raw material would serve, with no direct release to the atmosphere. Reduced sulfur compounds means H 2 S, carbonyl sulfide (COS), and carbon disulfide (CS 2 ). Removed from service means that a storage v essel affected facility has been physically isolated and disconnected from the process for a purpose other than maintenance in accordance with §60.5395a(c)(1). Responsible official means one of the following: (1) For a corporation: A president, secretary , treasurer, or vice

- president of the corporation in charge of a principal business function, or any other person who performs similar policy or decision

- making functions for the corporation, or a duly authorized representative of such person if the
repres entative is responsible for the overall operation of one or more manufacturing, production, or operating facilities applying for or subject to a permit and either: (i) The facilities employ more than 250 persons or have gross annual sales or expenditures exceeding $25 million (in second quarter 1980 dollars); or***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **618** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic (ii) The delegation of authority to such representatives is approved in advance by the permitting authority; (2) For a partnership or sole proprietorship: A general partner or the proprietor, res pectively; (3) For a municipality, State, Federal, or other public agency: Either a principal executive officer or ranking elected official. For the purposes of this part, a principal executive officer of a Federal agency includes the chief executive offi cer having responsibility for the overall operations of a principal geographic unit of the agency ( e.g. , a Regional Administrator of EPA); or (4) For affected facilities: (i) The designated representative in so far as actions, standards, requirements, or prohibitions under title IV of the Clean Air Act or the regulations promulgated thereunder are concerned; or (ii) The designated representative for any other purposes under part 60. Returned to service means that a storage vessel affected facility that was removed from service has been: (1) Reconnected to the original source of liquids or has been used to replace any storage vessel affected facility; or***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **619** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic (2) Installed in any location covered by this subpart and introduced with crude oil, condensate, int ermediate hydrocarbon liquids or produced water. Routed to a process or route to a process means the emissions are conveyed via a closed vent system to any enclosed portion of a process where the emissions are predominantly recycled and/or consumed in the same manner as a material that fulfills the same function in the process and/or transformed by chemical reaction into materials that are not regulated materials and/or incorporated into a product; and/or recovered. Salable quality gas means natural gas t hat meets the flow line or collection system operator specifications, regardless of whether such gas is sold. Separation flowback stage means the period during a well completion operation when it is technically feasible for a separator to function. The separation flowback stage ends either at the startup of production, or when the well is shut in and permanently disconnected from the flow back equipment. Startup of production means the beginning of initial flow following the end of flowback when there is continuous recovery of salable quality gas and separation and recovery of any crude oil, condensate or produced water.***E.O. 12866 Review

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Storage vessel me ans a tank or other vessel that contains an accumulation of crude oil, condensate, intermediate hydrocarbon liquids, or produced water, and that is constructed primarily of nonearthen materials (such as wood, concrete, steel, fiberglass, or plastic) which provide structural support. A well completion vessel that receives recovered liquids from a well after startup of production following flowback for a period which exceeds 60 days is considered a storage vessel under this subpart. A tank or other vessel sha ll not be considered a storage vessel if it has been removed from service in accordance with the requirements of §60.5395a(c) until such time as such tank or other vessel has been returned to service. For the purposes of this subpart, the following are not considered storage vessels: (1) Vessels that are skid

- mounted or permanently attached to something that is mobile (such as trucks, railcars, barges or ships), and are intended to be located at a site for less than 180 consecutive days. If you do not keep or are not able to produce records, as required by §60.5420a(c)(5)(iv), showing that the vessel has been located at a site for less than 180 consecutive days, the vessel described herein is considered to be a storage vessel from the date the original vess el was first***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **621** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic located at the site. This exclusion does not apply to a well completion vessel as described above. (2) Process vessels such as surge control vessels, bottoms receivers or knockout vessels. (3) Pressure vessels designed to operate in excess o f 204.9 kilopascals and without emissions to the atmosphere. Sulfur production rate means the rate of liquid sulfur accumulation from the sulfur recovery unit. Sulfur recovery unit means a process device that recovers element sulfur from acid gas. Surfa ce site means any combination of one or more graded pad sites, gravel pad sites, foundations, platforms, or the immediate physical location upon which equipment is physically affixed. Sweetening unit means a process device that removes hydrogen sulfide an d/or carbon dioxide from the sour natural gas
stream. Total Reduced Sulfur (TRS) means the sum of the sulfur compounds hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan, dimethyl sulfide, and dimethyl disulfide as measured by Method 16 of appendix A

- 6 of this part.***E.O. 12866 Review

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Tot al SO 2 equivalents means the sum of volumetric or mass concentrations of the sulfur compounds obtained by adding the quantity existing as SO 2 to the quantity of SO 2 that would be obtained if all reduced sulfur compounds were converted to SO 2 (ppmv or kg/ds cm (lb/dscf)). Underground storage vessel means a storage vessel stored below ground. Well means a hole drilled for the purpose of producing oil or natural gas, or a well into which fluids are injected. Well completion means the process that allows for the flowback of petroleum or natural gas from newly drilled wells to expel drilling and reservoir fluids and tests the reservoir flow characteristics, which may vent produced hydrocarbons to the atmosphere via an open pit or tank. Well completion operatio n means any well completion with hydraulic fracturing or refracturing occurring at a well affected facility. Well completion vessel means a vessel that contains flowback during a well completion operation following hydraulic fracturing or refracturing. A well completion vessel may be a lined earthen pit, a tank or other vessel that is skid

- mounted or portable. A well completion vessel that receives recovered***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **623** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic liquids from a well after startup of production following flowback for a period which exceeds 60 da ys is considered a storage vessel under this subpart. Well site means one or more areas that are directly disturbed during the drilling and subsequent operation of, or affected by, production facilities directly associated with any oil well, natural gas w ell, or injection well and its associated well pad. For the purposes of the fugitive emissions standards at §60.5397a, well site also includes tank batteries collecting crude oil, condensate, intermediate hydrocarbon liquids, or produced water from wells n ot located at the well site ( e.g. , centralized tank batteries). Wellhead means the piping, casing, tubing and connected valves protruding above the earth's surface for an oil and/or natural gas well. The wellhead ends where the flow line connects to a wellhead valve. The wellhead does not include other equipment at the well si te except for any conveyance through which gas is vented to the atmosphere. Wildcat well means a well outside known fields or the first well drilled in an oil or gas field where no other oil and gas production exists. **§§60.5431a –**  **60.5499a** [Reserved]***E.O. 12866 Review

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**Tabl e 1 to Subpart OOOOa of Part 60**  **– Required Minimum Initial** 
**SO 2**  **Emission Reduction Efficiency (Z i**  **)**

H 2 S content of acid gas (Y), % Sulfur feed rate (X), LT/D

2.0<X<5.0 5.0<X<15.0 15.0<X<300.0 X>300.0

Y>50 79.0 88.51X 0.0101 Y 0.0125 or 99.9, whichever is smaller 20<Y<50 79.0 88.51X 0.0101 Y 0.0125 or 97.9, whichever is smaller 97.9

10<Y<20 79.0 88.51X 0.0101 Y 0.0125 or 93.5, whichever is smaller 93.5 93.5

Y<10 79.0 79.0 79.0 79.0

**Table 2 to Subpart OOOOa of Part 60 –**  **Required Minimum SO**  **2 Emission Reduction Efficiency (Z**  **c )** 

H 2 S content of Sulfur feed rate (X), LT/D 2.0<X<5.0 5.0<X<15.0 15.0<X<300.0 X>300.0***E.O. 12866 Review

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acid gas (Y), % Y>50 74.0 85.35X 0.0144 Y 0.0128 or 99.9, whichever is smaller 20<Y<50 74.0 85.35X 0.0144 Y 0.0128 or 97.5, whichever is smaller 97.5

10<Y<20 74.0 85.35X 0.0144 Y 0.0128 or 90.8, whichever is smaller 90.8 90.8

Y<10 74.0 74.0 74.0 74.0

X = The sulfur feed rate from the sweetening unit ( i.e. , the H 2 S in the acid gas), expressed as sulfur, Mg/D(LT/D), rounded to one decimal place. Y = The sulfur content of the acid gas from the sweetening unit, expressed as mole percent H 2 S (dry basis) rounded to one decimal place. Z = The minimum required sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) emission reduction efficiency, expressed as percent carried to one decimal place. Z i refers to the reduction efficiency required at the initial performance test. Z c refers to the reduction efficiency required***E.O. 12866 Review

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– Do Not Cite, Quote or Release During Review*** Page **626** of **629** Formatted: Normal Formatted: Font color: Red Formatted: Font: Italic on a continuous basis after compliance with Z i has been demonstrated. **Table 3 to Subpart O OOOa of Part 60**  **– Applicability of General**  **Provisions to Subpart OOOOa**

As stated in §60.5425a, you must comply with the following applicable General Provisions:

General Provisions Citation Subject of Citation Applies
to subpart? Explanation

§60.1 Genera l applicability of the General Provisions Yes

§60.2 Definitions Yes Additional terms defined in §60.5430a §60.3 Units and abbreviations Yes

§60.4 Address Yes***E.O. 12866 Review

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§60.5 Determination of construction or modification Yes

§60.6 Review of plans Yes §60.7 Notification and record keeping Yes Except that §60.7 only applies as specified in §60.5420a(a). §60.8 Performance tests Yes Performance testing is required for control devices used on storage vessels, centrifugal compressors and pneumatic pumps. §60.9 Availability of information Yes

§60.10 State authority Yes***E.O. 12866 Review

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§60.11 Compliance with standards and maintenance requirements No Requirements are specified in subpart OOOOa.

§60.12 Circumvention Yes §60.13 Monitoring requirements Yes Continuous monitors are required for storage vessels §60.14 Modification Yes To the extent any provision in §60.14 conflicts with specific provisions in subpart OOOOa, it is superseded by subpart OOOOa provisions.***E.O. 12866 Review

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§60.15 Reconstruction Yes Except that §60.15(d) does not apply to pneumatic controllers, pneumatic pumps, centrifugal
compressors or storage vessels. §60.16 Priority list Yes §60.17 Incorporations by reference Yes

§60.18 General control device and work practice requirements Yes

§60.19 General notification and reporting requirement Yes