Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 48A02-1709-SC-2312 | April 19, 2018 Page 1 of 8

MEMORANDUM DECISION

Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), this 

Memorandum Decision shall not be regarded as 

precedent or cited before any court except for the 

purpose of establishing the defense of res judicata, 

collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.

APPELLANT PRO SE

Robert Peacher

Pendleton, Indiana

IN THE

COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

Robert Peacher,

Appellant-Plaintiff,

v.

Elizabeth Lakin,

Appellee-Defendant.

April 19, 2018

Court of Appeals Cause No.

48A02-1709-SC-2312

Appeal from the Madison Circuit 

Court

The Honorable David A. Happe, 

Judge

Trial Court Cause No. 48C04-1704-

SC-1294

Riley, Judge.
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STATEMENT OF THE CASE

[1] Appellant-Plaintiff, Robert Peacher (Peacher), pro se, appeals the small claims

court’s judgment in favor of Appellee-Defendant, Elisabeth Lakin (Lakin). 

[2] We affirm.

ISSUE

[3] Peacher presents one issue on appeal, and which we restate as: Whether the 

small claims court erred in entering judgment for Lakin.

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

[4] On January 12, 2017, Peacher filed a notice of claim against Lakin. In the 

supporting affidavit, Peacher averred that Lakin “had given away or destroyed” 

his business books, records, and seals. (Appellant’s App. Vol. II, p. 17). As 

such, Peacher claimed that Lakin owed him “$5,700 to replace the property 

that she has either kept, given away, or destroyed.” (Appellant’s App. Vol. II, p. 

17). On April 20, 2017, Lakin filed her response denying Peacher’s claims. On 

May 12, 2017, Peacher filed a motion, seeking to amend his notice of claim and 

to allege that the cost of replacing his business books and other items being held 

by Lakin was now $6,000 instead of $5,700. In his amended notice of claim, 

Peacher requested that a hearing date be set within thirty days. 

[5] On May 15, 2017, the small claims court ordered the parties to present evidence 

in the form of affidavits in place of a hearing. On June 6, 2017, Peacher filed 

his affidavit and supporting exhibits. Peacher averred that in a separate
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unrelated civil cause number, he had obtained a default judgment against Lakin

where the trial court had ordered Lakin to pay him compensatory damages in 

the sum of $50,000, and for Lakin to release any property that she controlled or 

held on behalf of Peacher. Peacher swore that although Lakin had fully paid 

the compensatory damages, Lakin had not returned his “company records, 

books and seals,” instead, Lakin had voluntary offered his property to the 

Madison County Prosecutor’s Office. (Appellant’s App. Vol. II, p. 22). 

Peacher indicated that he replaced his company books and attached a quotation 

from Spiegel and Utrera, P.A., indicating that the cost of replacing his company 

books and seals was $5,700. On July 6, 2017, Lakin filed her responsive

affidavit where she averred that in order to avoid being incarcerated in her own 

criminal case, and in exchange for a “plea” deal, she turned over Peacher’s 

company books and seals to the Madison County Prosecutor’s Office. 

(Appellant’s App. Vol. II, p. 36). Lakin additionally claimed that there was 

insufficient evidence to substantiate that Peacher paid $5,700 to replace his 

company books and seals.1

 On July 19, 2017, the small claims court reviewed 

the parties’ affidavits and issued an order stating, in pertinent part:

 

1 On July 21, 2017, Peacher filed his response to Lakin’s affidavit, claiming that the Pendleton Correctional

Facility staff illegally confiscated Lakin’s responsive affidavit; therefore, he did not have sufficient time to 

respond to it. 
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[Peacher] brought suit for damages over [Lakin’s] alleged 

disposition of certain business assets or records. [Peacher] asserts

that these items were given by [Lakin] to a prosecuting attorney. 

Rather than pursuing replevin against the party who possessed 

the records, [Peacher] instead wants to be paid for the 

reproduction of the said records or assets.2

 

The [c]ourt cannot find that [Lakin’s] action in cooperating with 

a law enforcement investigation are tortious, enabling [Peacher] 

to recover damages from her. To the extent that [Peacher’s] 

claim is based on a breach of contract or fiduciary duty, he had 

an obligation to mitigate his damages by seeking legal recourse to 

recover the property he believes is from the party who has it. 

While he apparently raised this issue in a hearing within a 

criminal cause number, there is no indication that he ever sought 

to use the civil tool of replevin to obtain the property. 

The [c]ourt finds that [Peacher] has not met his burden of proof, 

and therefore enters judgment for [Lakin] against [Peacher]. . . .

(Appellant’s App. Vol. II, pp. 14-15). On July 26, 2017, Peacher filed a motion 

to correct error, claiming that the small claims court “was not correct” in stating 

that he did not “pursue replevin against the party who possessed” his company 

books and seals. (Appellant’s App. Vol. II, p. 50). Specifically, Peacher argued 

 

2 While [Peacher] submitted a quote from Spiegel and Utrera, P.A., for replacement of assets/records, there 

is no documentation that he actually paid such sum [footnote in the original].
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that at his criminal hearing on May 1, 2017, he questioned the Madison County 

Prosecutor regarding the status and return of his company books and seals, and 

that the prosecutor indicated that Lakin had voluntarily offered the books to 

them. On July 30, 2017, the small claims court issued an order stating 

Having reviewed [Peacher’s] filings of 7/21/17 and 7/26/2017, 

the [c]ourt takes these as Motion to Correct Errors, and hereby 

denies the same. The [c]ourt notes that had these materials been 

submitted prior to the judgment, they would not have affected 

the outcome of this matter, and judgment would still have been 

entered for [Lakin].

(Appellant’s App. Vol. II, p. 48). 

[6] Peacher now appeals. Additional facts will be provided as necessary.

DISCUSSION AND DECISION

[7] As a preliminary matter, we observe that Lakin did not file an appellee’s brief. 

Where an appellee fails to file a brief, we do not undertake to develop 

arguments on that party’s behalf; rather, we may reverse upon a prima facie

showing of reversible error by the appellant. Morton v. Ivacic, 898 N.E.2d 1196, 

1199 (Ind. 2008). Prima facie error is error “at first sight, on first appearance, or 

on the face of it.” Front Row Motors, LLC v. Jones, 5 N.E.3d 753, 758 (Ind. 

2014). This “prima facie error rule” relieves this court from the burden of 

controverting arguments advanced for reversal, a duty which remains with the

appellee. Simek v. Nolan, 64 N.E.3d 1237, 1241 (Ind. Ct. App. 2016).
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[8] The issue here is whether the judgment of the small claims court is clearly 

erroneous. Our standard of review in small claims cases is well settled. Small 

claims court judgments are “subject to review as prescribed by relevant Indiana 

rules and statutes.” Ind. Small Claims Rule 11(A). Under Indiana Trial Rule 

52(A), the clearly erroneous standard applies to appellate review of facts 

determined in a bench trial with due regard given to the opportunity of the trial 

court to assess witness credibility. This deferential standard of review is 

particularly important in small claims actions, where trials are designed to 

speedily dispense justice by applying substantive law between the parties in an 

informal setting. Vance v. Lozano, 981 N.E.2d 554, 557 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012). 

But this deferential standard does not apply to the substantive rules of law, 

which are reviewed de novo just as they are in appeals from a court of general 

jurisdiction. Id. at 557-58.

[9] In his amended notice of claim, Peacher’s aim was to recover the money that he 

had allegedly expended in replacing his company books and seals, which he 

claimed that Lakin had retained or given away to the Madison County 

Prosecutor’s Office. Because no hearing was held, the small claims court 

directed the parties to submit their evidence through affidavits. We first note 

that Peacher amended his notice of claim to assert that he spent $6,000 to 

replace his company books and seals. However, Peacher’s affidavit and 

accompanying documents reflected that he was only seeking $5,700 in damages 

from Lakin. Specifically, Peacher attached a quotation form in his affidavit 

claiming that the cost of replacing the company books and seals was $5,700. In 
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her responsive affidavit, Lakin refuted that she was retaining Peacher’s 

company books and seals, and she averred that she had offered them to the 

Madison County Prosecutor’s Office in exchange for a plea deal. Also, Lakin 

swore that the quotation provided by Peacher provided no assurance that 

Peacher had spent $5,700 in replacing his company books and seals. Although 

not addressed in as great of detail as the issue of replevin—i.e., that Peacher 

should have sought the recovery of his company books and seals by initiating a 

replevin action—the small claims court included a footnote in its order finding

that “there is no documentation that [Peacher] actually paid such sum.” 

(Appellant’s App. Vol. II, p. 15). As such, the small claims court concluded 

that Peacher had not met his burden in proving his damages. We agree.

[10] Parties in a small claims court bear the same burdens of proof as they would in 

a regular civil action on the same issues. Mayflower Transit, Inc. v. Davenport, 

714 N.E.2d 794, 797 (Ind. Ct. App. 1999). While the method of proof may be 

informal, the relaxation of evidentiary rules is not the equivalent of relaxation 

of the burden of proof. Id. It is incumbent upon the party who bears the 

burden of proof to demonstrate that it is entitled to the recovery sought. Id. 

Further we note that it is the fact-finder’s prerogative to weigh all of the 

evidence and judge its credibility. In the instant case, Lakin, in her responsive 

affidavit, challenged Peacher’s claim that he had paid $5,700 to replace his 

company books and seals. We note that although Peacher submitted a quote, 

he did not designate any documents showing that he had paid $5,700 to 

replacing his company books and seals. Based upon the evidence submitted, 
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the small claims court determined that Peacher had failed to prove by a 

preponderance of the evidence that he expended some money in replacing is 

books and that Lakin was liable for the requested $5,700 in damages. 

Accordingly, we hold that Peacher has not shown error of any sort, and we 

affirm the small claims court judgment in favor of Lakin.

CONCLUSION

[11] Based on the foregoing, we conclude that the small claims court did not err in 

denying Peacher’s notice of claim. 

[12] Affirmed 

[13] May, J. and Mathias, J. concur