75704 Federal Register / Vol. 89, No. 179 / Monday, September 16, 2024 / Rules and Regulations 

1The MHCC is composed of twenty-one voting 

members as provided under section 604(a)(3)(B) of 

the Manufactured Housing Improvement Act of 

2000. The twenty-one members are comprised of 

seven producers or retailers of manufactured 

housing, seven persons representing consumer 

interests, and seven general interest or public 

officials, which rotate. The current group of seven 

producers or retailers of manufactured homes can 

be broken down into two small businesses that 

manufacture homes, four large businesses that 

manufacture homes, and one retailer. 

DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING AND 

URBAN DEVELOPMENT 

24 CFR Parts 3280, 3282, 3285, and 

3286 

[Docket No. FR–6233–F–02] 

RIN 2502–AJ58 

Manufactured Home Construction and 

Safety Standards 

AGENCY: Office of the Assistant 

Secretary for Housing-Federal Housing 

Commissioner, Department of Housing 

and Urban Development (HUD). 

ACTION: Final rule. 

SUMMARY: This final rule amends the 

Federal Manufactured Home 

Construction and Safety Standards 

(MHCSS or the Construction and Safety 

Standards) by adopting most of the 

fourth and fifth groups of 

recommendations made to HUD by the 

Manufactured Housing Consensus 

Committee (MHCC). This rule also 

amends the Manufactured Home 

Procedural and Enforcement 

Regulations, the Model Manufactured 

Home Installation Standards, and the 

Manufactured Home Installation 

Program regulations. The MHCC 

prepared and submitted to HUD its 

fourth and fifth groups of 

recommendations to improve various 

aspects of the MHCSS. HUD reviewed 

those proposals and drafted a number of 

proposed revisions to the MHCSS and 

associated regulations. On July 19, 2022, 

HUD published a proposed rule 

detailing these revisions to provide the 

public an opportunity to comment. The 

comment period closed on September 

19, 2022. This final rule adopts HUD’s 

proposed revisions based upon the 

MHCC’s fourth and fifth groups of 

recommendations with some minor 

revisions made in response to the public 

comments. 

DATES: Effective: March 17, 2025. The 

incorporation by reference of certain 

publications listed in the rule is 

approved by the Director of the Federal 

Register beginning March 17, 2025. The 

incorporation by reference of certain 

other publications listed in the rule was 

approved by the Director of the Federal 

Register as of July 3, 2014. 

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: 

Teresa B. Payne, Administrator, Office 

of Manufactured Housing Programs, 

Office of Housing, Department of 

Housing and Urban Development, 451 

7th Street SW, Washington, DC 20410; 

telephone 202–402–5365 (this is not a 

toll-free number). HUD welcomes and is 

prepared to receive calls from 

individuals who are deaf or hard of 

hearing, as well as individuals with 

speech or communication disabilities. 

To learn more about how to make an 

accessible telephone call, please visit: 

https://www.fcc.gov/consumers/guides/ 

telecommunications-relay-service-trs. 

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: 

I. Background 

On August 22, 1974, the President 

signed the Housing and Community 

Development Act of 1974 (Pub. L. 93– 

383, 88 Stat. 633–2), which contained 

the National Mobile Home Construction 

and Safety Standards Act of 1974 (Pub. 

L. 93–383, 88 Stat. 700; tit. VI; 42 U.S.C. 

5401 et seq.) (the Act). The Act, which 

was later renamed the National 

Manufactured Home Construction and 

Safety Standards Act of 1974, authorizes 

HUD to establish and amend the 

Manufactured Home Construction and 

Safety Standards (MHCSS) codified in 

title 24 of the Code of Federal 

Regulations (CFR), part 3280. The Act 

was amended by the Manufactured 

Housing Improvement Act of 2000 (Pub. 

L. 106–569, December 27, 2000), which 

expanded the Act and created the 

MHCC, a consensus committee 

responsible for providing HUD 

recommendations to adopt, revise, and 

interpret the MHCSS.1 The MHCSS only 

applies to the design, construction, and 

installation of new manufactured 

homes. 

The MHCC held its first meeting in 

August 2002. The MHCC began 

considering revisions to the MHCSS 

afterwards. The MHCC developed its 

own priorities for preparing proposed 

revisions for HUD to consider. As the 

MHCC’s efforts proceeded, proposed 

revisions to the MHCSS were divided 

into groups of recommendations and 

provided to HUD in sets. 

This rule is based on the fourth and 

fifth sets of MHCC recommendations to 

HUD. HUD reviewed the 

recommendations submitted by the 

MHCC and made editorial revisions and 

additions prior to publishing the 

proposed changes in the Federal 

Register on July 19, 2022 (87 FR 43114). 

HUD received 49 comments on the 

proposed rule and made further 

revisions in response to the public 

comments. The following is a 

discussion of the specific revisions to 

the MHCSS that were included in the 

proposed rule and are enacted by this 

final rule. 

II. Changes Made at the Final Rule 

Stage 

In response to public comments and 

in further consideration of issues 

addressed at the proposed rule stage, 

this final rule adopts the proposed rule, 

published at 87 FR 43114 (July 19, 

2022), with the revisions discussed in 

detail below. 

A. Clarification of Fire Sprinkler 

Requirements for Manufactured Homes 

HUD received numerous public 

comments on the proposed sprinkler 

standard. The comments addressed 

topics including whether HUD has 

statutory authority to impose any fire 

sprinkler standard, whether the 

voluntary sprinkler standard would be 

the first step to HUD imposing a 

mandatory standard, and whether the 

HUD regulations would be duplicative 

of existing local or State regulations. 

While HUD discusses these comments 

and its legal authority in greater detail 

in the public comment section of this 

preamble, the comments demonstrate 

that clarification on certain topics 

would be beneficial. With respect to the 

fire sprinkler standard itself, the 

Secretary has not received a 

recommendation from the MHCC on the 

imposition of a mandatory fire sprinkler 

standard and cannot consider or act 

until that time. In addition, HUD defers 

to consumer choices, as well as State 

and local jurisdictions that have the 

appropriate expertise, to determine the 

necessity for installing fire sprinkler 

systems provided the requirements 

apply to all single family homes, 

including manufactured homes. 

The comments also raised a question 

of whether the proposed language of 

§ 3280.214 is sufficiently clear for 

parties with equity in the rule to 

understand the requirements related to 

installation of a fire sprinkler system. 

One commenter suggested a revision to 

the language by adding ‘‘when a 

manufacturer installs a fire sprinkler 

system as an optional feature or to meet 

state or local laws and regulations’’ after 

the phrase ‘‘Fire sprinkler systems are 

not required by this subpart; however,’’ 

in § 3280.214(a)(1). HUD accepted this 

language and added ‘‘as selected by the 

consumer’’ after ‘‘optional feature’’ 

because it provides necessary clarity on 

commenters’ concerns about their 

obligations under the final rule and was 

adopted by HUD. 

HUD made minor changes in the final 

rule to clarify and streamline the 


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language of § 3280.214(e). In 

§ 3280.214(e)(1), HUD moved the phrase 

‘‘separated from heat sources as 

required by the sprinkler manufacturer’s 

installation instructions’’ from the end 

of the paragraph and placed it after the 

first usage of ‘‘sprinklers.’’ This 

placement clarifies that the standards 

apply when a fire sprinkler system is 

selected by the consumer as an optional 

feature of the home or when required to 

meet State or local law. In 

§ 3280.214(e)(2), the phrase ‘‘located 

within the distance to a heat source as 

specified in table 7.5.5.3 of NFPA 13D 

(incorporated by reference, see 

§ 3280.4)’’ has been moved and placed 

immediately after the first usage of 

‘‘sprinklers.’’ This new language 

specifies that the optional sprinklers 

must be located near the heat source in 

the described manner. 

B. Testing and Certification for Fire 

Sprinkler Systems 

HUD proposed language that initially 

placed the responsibility of testing and 

certifying the water supply pressure 

available for fire sprinklers, if installed 

as a voluntarily add-on feature, on the 

installers of manufactured homes. HUD 

received several comments stating that 

installers of manufactured homes do not 

have control over the design and 

production process and they may lack 

relevant expertise to meet this 

obligation. The commenters offered 

three remedies: (1) HUD could set 

requirements for factory production to 

place the obligations on manufacturers; 

(2) the water supply pressure testing 

and certification could be completed by 

a fire protection technician during the 

installation of the home; or (3) HUD 

could withdraw the rule. 

HUD has revised § 3280.214(q), (r), 

and (t) to require that this water supply 

pressure testing and certification be 

completed by a fire protection 

technician during the installation of the 

home upon consideration of the 

commenter’s suggestions. HUD selected 

this option because it addresses the 

concerns raised by the commenters and 

fire protection technicians have the 

most relevant and specialized 

experience needed for testing and 

certifying the adequacy of water supply 

pressure for fire sprinkler systems 

compared to manufactured home 

installers. 

C. Exterior Door Requirements 

HUD proposed removing language 

from § 3280.105 providing that ‘‘[d]oor 

seals are permitted to reduce the 

opening, either vertically or 

horizontally, a maximum of one inch’’ 

in the proposed rule. HUD received two 

comments explaining that door seals on 

exterior doors were important because 

they prevent the infiltration of sound, 

light, drafts, or moisture, among other 

things, in manufactured homes. The 

commenters noted that manufacturers 

would no longer be allowed to account 

for the reduction that door seals may 

have on door size and opening 

measurements because the reference 

had been removed, which would impact 

the required sizes of exterior doors. 

These concerns led the commenters to 

recommend that the final rule add back 

the allowance for door seals to 

§ 3280.105(b)(2). The explanations on 

the necessity of the door seals are 

compelling and HUD adopts the 

recommendation, with the exception for 

at least one exterior door to meet full 

measured opening requirements for 

egress and safety purposes. 

Commenters also encouraged HUD to 

consider the related issue of whether the 

phrase ‘‘doorstops’’ should be included 

in the current text of § 3280.105(b)(2). 

Doorstops, similar to door seals, can 

narrow the opening of exterior doors in 

some situations. Commenters noted that 

narrower door openings can interfere 

with the ability of first responders to 

transport emergency items such as 

standard width gurneys through exterior 

doors and into the home. To address 

commenters’ concerns about the width 

of exterior doors, HUD will add the 

phrase ‘‘and-/or doorstops’’ after the 

term ‘‘[d]oor seals’’ in the final sentence 

of § 3280.105(b)(2). The language of the 

revised phrase is ‘‘Door seals and/or 

door stops are permitted to reduce the 

opening, either vertically or 

horizontally, by a maximum of one 

inch.’’ This language resolves 

commenters’ concerns and promotes 

safety in manufactured homes. 

D. Definition of Room 

HUD received a public comment 

noting that manufactured homes can 

burn more quickly than other types of 

homes because of their open floor plans. 

HUD has considered how to address the 

commenter’s concerns and added a 

definition of ‘‘room’’ to 

§ 3280.105(a)(2)(i). This language 

clarifies that compliance with the 

exterior door placement requirements 

must account for situations like open 

floor plans where a floor plan may be 

unclear about the placement of exterior 

doors in the home. This amendment 

requires homes with open floor plans to 

have the required exterior doors in 

separate rooms. 

E. Loose Fill Materials 

The proposed change to § 3280.215 

provides that membrane penetrations of 

fire-resistant-rated walls or ceilings 

must not lead to reductions of fireresistance-ratings and that the annular 

spaces between membrane penetrations 

and steel electrical boxes must use 

‘‘cellulose loose-fill or other loose-fill 

insulation.’’ A commenter noted that the 

proposed language could lead 

manufacturers to understand the rule as 

requiring or being limited only to 

cellulose-only insulation even though 

manufactured homes often use different 

materials for loose-fill insulation apart 

from cellulose. HUD considered the 

concerns and revised 

§ 3280.215(d)(2)(i)(B) to state ‘‘where the 

wall cavity is filled with loose-fill 

insulation.’’ This language was provided 

by the commenter to resolve their 

concern and clarifies the requirements 

of the rule. 

F. Provision of Operating Instructions 

HUD proposed removing the language 

of § 3280.709(a) requiring that 

manufacturers leave appliance 

manufacturer instructions attached to 

the appliances because HUD had 

examined the regulatory text and 

concluded that the language caused 

confusion when read alongside 

§ 3280.711, which currently states that 

‘‘[o]perating instructions must be 

provided with each appliance. The 

operating and installation instructions 

for each appliance must be provided 

with the homeowner’s manual.’’ In 

addition, HUD proposed to revise 

§ 3280.711 to allow for the requirements 

for operating instructions to be met 

through the provision of permanent 

Quick Response (QR) codes that would 

streamline documentation for 

manufacturers. 

HUD received a comment expressing 

concern that the proposed revision of 

§ 3280.709(a) would conflict with fuel 

gas installation code requirements and 

safety standards by allowing the 

provision of a single set of instructions. 

HUD has revised the language of the 

final rule to clarify that § 3280.711 still 

requires that one copy of the operating 

instructions for each appliance be 

provided with the homeowners’ manual 

and a second copy shall be provided 

with the appliance unless the appliance 

has a QR code. Under the rule, a QR 

code can only replace the copy of the 

operating instructions that comes with 

the appliance itself. It may not replace 

the copy that must be provided with the 

homeowners’ manual. 

G. ASCE/SEI 7–05 Standard 

HUD proposed updating ASCE 7–88 

to ASCE 7–05, which would require 

amending the wind speed references 

used to design manufactured homes in 


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Wind Zones II and III from ‘‘fastest 

mile’’ to ‘‘three-second gust’’ 

parameters. HUD supported the 

proposed wind speed references by 

completing a general comparison of 

ASCE 7–88 and ASCE 7–05, followed by 

an in-depth analysis to determine 

comparable and equivalent wind speeds 

for Wind Zones II and III that align with 

the ‘‘three-second gust’’ wind speed 

methodology and terminology employed 

in ASCE 7–05, instead of the ‘‘fastest 

mile’’ approach utilized in ASCE 7–88. 

HUD performed two different methods 

of analysis to determine revised 

windspeeds. The first analysis reviewed 

the HUD wind speed/zone map with the 

wind speed map in ASCE 7–05, to verify 

that a manufactured home would be 

subject to comparable wind speeds if 

designed using ASCE 7–05. The second 

used the prescriptive wind pressures 

shown in the Table of Design Wind 

Pressures under § 3280.305 as a baseline 

to perform a series of iterative 

calculations to determine wind speeds 

that would produce similar wind 

pressures for Wind Zones II and III. 

HUD received numerous comments 

on the potential impact of implementing 

ASCE 7–05 as the appropriate standard, 

which HUD fully discusses in the public 

comment section. These concerns 

ranged from the ASCE 7–05 imposing 

more onerous requirements than the 

current standards, the ASCE 7–05 

examining non-existent or obsolete 

wind speeds, the costs of compliance 

with the ASCE 7–05, and the lack of 

consideration of high wind prone 

regions in the Exposure D definition. 

These concerns led HUD to return this 

recommendation to the MHCC for 

reconsideration in light of the identified 

issues. Updating the ASCE reference 

standard is not appropriate without 

updating several sections in the 

MHCSS, including the values in the 

Table of Design Wind Pressures in 

§ 3280.305(c)(1)(ii)(B), the Wind Speed 

Map and geographic boundaries 

identified in § 3280.305(c)(2) and (4), 

and references to Exposure D, which 

require further analysis and 

consideration by the MHCC before HUD 

can update the ASCE 7 reference 

standard. These concerns have led HUD 

to return this recommendation to the 

MHCC for reconsideration in light of the 

identified issues. 

H. Number of Dwelling Units 

HUD proposed amending the 

definition of dwelling in § 3280.2 to 

include ‘‘any structure that contains one 

to a maximum of three dwelling units, 

designed to be permanently occupied 

for residential living purposes.’’ HUD 

sought public comment on this 

provision, specifically requesting 

feedback on the benefits and challenges 

if a four-unit maximum were considered 

and how any conflict with differing 

State maximums would be handled. 

HUD received numerous comments, 

which are discussed in detail in the 

comment section, but consideration of 

the comments led HUD to increase the 

limit to four units for the definition of 

multi-dwelling unit manufactured 

homes in § 3280.2 as requested by the 

commenters. 

I. Required Branch Circuits 

HUD made several revisions to 

§ 3280.805(a)(1) in the final rule. HUD 

added the phrase ‘‘each story of’’ to the 

final rule language to accommodate 

dwelling units that may have more than 

one story. HUD moved the phrase 

‘‘number of 15 or 20 ampere lighting 

circuits’’ from the end of 

§ 3280.805(a)(1) to the beginning of the 

sentence to clarify the method of 

calculation. HUD also provided an 

illustrative example to demonstrate how 

the formula would be used to calculate 

the number of lighting circuits, but 

notes this example does not change the 

underlying method of calculation 

provided in the proposed rule. 

J. Multi-Dwelling Unit Home Addition 

To Reporting Requirements 

When reviewing instances where 

regulatory text had to be updated to 

incorporate the change to the number of 

dwelling units from three to four, HUD 

identified § 3282.552 as an instance 

where additional clarity would be 

beneficial. Specifically, the second 

sentence of § 3282.552 was amended to 

require that the relevant manufacturer 

report include the number of dwelling 

units. This information is collected at 

this stage because the manufacturers are 

in the best situation to collect and report 

this information. 

K. Change to Gas Piping Requirements 

As explained earlier, HUD amended 

the definition of dwelling to include any 

structure that contains one to a 

maximum of four dwelling units. This 

change required HUD to review the 

remainder of its regulations to ensure 

the requirements were clear and 

uniform. Upon review, HUD revised 

§ 3280.705(l)(3) by replacing the phrase 

‘‘manufactured home structure, 

upstream of the union’’ with ‘‘dwelling 

unit structure.’’ HUD enacted this 

change to accommodate and reconcile 

this language with the provisions of 

multi-dwelling unit manufactured 

homes. 

L. New Fire Resistance Rating Language 

HUD proposed that each dwelling 

unit be separated by wall and floor 

assemblies having not less than a 1-hour 

fire resistance except in certain 

circumstances listed in § 3280.215(a). 

HUD further proposed that the fireresistance-rated floor/ceiling and wall 

assemblies must extend in certain 

manner unless an exception listed 

under § 3280.215(b) was applicable. 

Public commenters noted that the 

proposed rule mirrored portions of the 

2021 International Residential Code 

(IRC) R302.3 but was missing the 

exception for homes with installed fire 

sprinklers. A commenter recommended 

HUD incorporate the 2021 IRC R302.3 

exception 1 into § 3280.215(b)(3). 

After reviewing the relevant materials, 

HUD accepts the commenter’s 

suggestion and incorporates the 

recommended language. HUD accepted 

the proposal because it promotes 

uniformity between the MHCSS and 

2021 IRC R302.3. It also provides an 

avenue for potential cost reduction 

where automatic fire sprinklers are 

installed in each dwelling unit. The 

exception, found at § 3280.215(b)(3), 

provides an allowance for multidwelling unit manufactured homes 

equipped with automatic fire sprinklers 

in each dwelling unit to reduce a fire 

resistance rating of walls and floors 

from a 1 hour fire resistance rating to a 

1⁄2 hour fire resistance rating. 

M. AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440– 

17 

HUD proposed amending the testing 

standards in §§ 3280.403, 3280.404, and 

3280.405. Specifically, HUD proposed 

revising the AAMA 1701.2 from the 

1995 version to the 2012 version, the 

ANSI Z97.1 from the 2004 version to the 

2009 version, the AAMA 1702.2 from 

the 1995 version to the 2012 version, 

and the AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/ 

A440–08 North American Fenestration 

Standard (NAFS) to the AAMA/WDMA/ 

CSA 101/I.S.2/A440–17. HUD further 

proposed using the AAMA/WDMA/CSA 

101/I.S.2/A440–17 as an alternative 

compliance method for the sections of 

the MHCSS that govern windows, 

sliding glass doors, skylights, egress 

windows, and swinging exterior passage 

doors. 

HUD received numerous comments 

about the proposed amendment to adopt 

the 2017 version of AAMA/WDMA/CSA 

101/I.S.2/A440 at § 3280.4(s)(6). The 

comments stated that HUD adopting the 

AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440–17 

would make certification of compliance 

more difficult and would increase costs 

to consumers without providing value 


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in exchange. They recommended that 

AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440–08 

or AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440– 

11 be adopted rather than the proposed 

change. 

After reviewing the comments and the 

MHCC’s recommendations, HUD has 

decided to reject the commenters’ 

recommendations. In March 2016 (Log 

140), the MHCC recommended that 

HUD adopt the 2011 version. In 

December 2017 (Log 201), the MHCC 

recommended that HUD adopt the 2017 

version of the AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/ 

I.S.2/A440. The MHCC explained that 

the AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/ 

A440–08 reference standard was 

significantly outdated and should be 

updated to the 2017 version. This 

recommendation, when considered 

alongside the absence of major 

differences between the 2011 and 2017 

standards, has led HUD to conclude the 

AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440–17 

standard would not make certification 

more difficult or impose increased costs 

on consumers. HUD incorporated the 

2017 version of the AAMA/WDMA/CSA 

101/I.S.2/A440 in this final rule to 

ensure manufactured homes are 

constructed using more modern, 

relevant, and effective technologies and 

materials. 

N. Change to Water Heater Language 

HUD proposed amending 

§ 3280.709(a) and (g). HUD received 

public comments suggesting that related 

language in § 3280.709(h) be amended 

to account for technology changes 

around water heaters. Specifically, the 

commenters recommended that the 

requirement for drain pans should be 

revised to facilitate the use of tankless 

water heaters. The technological 

advances described by the commenters, 

as well as the fact that manufactured 

homes often do not have a storage-type 

water heater, have led HUD to conclude 

that amending § 3280.709(h) is 

appropriate. HUD has wholly accepted 

the proposed language provided by the 

commenters, which adds the phrase 

‘‘storage tank’’ to the current language of 

§ 3280.709(h). 

O. Use of Treated Wood in Exterior 

Applications Only 

HUD proposed revising § 3280.304(a) 

to state that ‘‘[d]imension and board 

lumber must not exceed 19 percent 

moisture content at the time of 

installation, except that treated lumber 

used for exterior purposes only may 

have a moisture content exceeding 19 

percent.’’ In the public comment stage, 

a commenter explained that the 

proposed language could be improved 

by adding the phrase ‘‘and does not 

extend into the main home 

construction’’ after the word ‘‘only’’ in 

§ 3280.304(a). HUD accepted this 

recommendation in the final rule 

without change because the language 

allows flexibility with respect to porch 

designs with treated lumber that extend 

into the main roof cavity and does not 

undermine the remainder of the 

language when engaging in this change. 

The added language prevents the use of 

treated lumber in areas that are not 

exposed to the elements addressing 

durability concerns and consistent with 

the intended use of the treated lumber 

in exterior areas only. 

P. Non-Update of UL 1995–11 Standard 

HUD is not updating the UL 1995 

standard in the final rule because the 

standard was withdrawn and replaced 

by UL 60335–2–40 on January 1, 2024. 

UL 60335–2–40 has been incorporated 

into the final rule in §§ 3280.4 and 

3280.703. As a result, UL 1995 has been 

removed from this rule and the 

regulations because the standard is no 

longer relevant. 

Q. Changes To Ensure Uniformity in 

Regulatory Text 

HUD made several non-substantive 

cross-cutting changes to the regulatory 

text to ensure the language of the final 

rule was uniform and not confusing. In 

§ 3280.103(c)(3), HUD changed the 

phrase ‘‘mechanical ventilation’’ to ‘‘a 

local exhaust system’’ to ensure 

consistency between paragraphs (c)(2) 

and (3). HUD changed § 3280.214(o)(3) 

by revising the single mention of 

‘‘Allowable Pressure’’ to ‘‘Available 

Pressure,’’ which promotes consistency 

between paragraphs (o)(2) and (3). These 

changes do not change the substance of 

the regulations, instead merely 

clarifying certain language. 

R. Restructuring of IBR Standards 

The final rule restructures a portion of 

the incorporation by reference (IBR) 

section by relisting fifteen standards 

from their ANSI identifier to their CSA 

Group identifier. Although the 

standards are now listed under the CSA 

Group’s header in 24 CFR 3280.4(r), 

manufacturers must still comply with 

the listed ANSI-specific standard that is 

jointly accredited with the CSA Group 

standard. Next to each CSA Group 

listing is the relevant ANSI standard to 

which compliance is required. 

S. Six Month Implementation Window 

A number of commenters requested 

that HUD extend the deadline for 

enforcement because the rule updates 

74 standards, implements 16 new 

standards, and has several regulatory 

text changes. Commenters provided 

various solutions from a year extension 

to bifurcated effective and enforcement 

dates. HUD has established a six-month 

delayed effective date for the rule 

consistent with section 604(c) of the 

Housing and Community Development 

Act of 1974 (Pub. L. 93–383, 88 Stat. 

701, tit. VI, sec. 601–628; 42 U.S.C. 5401 

et seq.), which is sufficient time to allow 

manufacturers to comply with the 

changes and new standards in the final 

rule. HUD does not want to further 

delay implementation as these updates 

are overdue in many cases and should 

reap cost-saving benefits to 

manufacturers and consumers. HUD 

declines to implement a bifurcated 

effective versus enforcement date 

timeline because bifurcation could lead 

to confusion about deadlines and 

difficulties with enforcement. 

T. Severability 

It is HUD’s intention that the 

provisions of the proposed rule operate 

independently of each other. This 

intention is demonstrated by the 

structure of this rule, which is 

comprised of numerous distinct and 

discrete changes to standards that 

function independently of each other. 

As one example, the changes to 

insulation, room dimensions, exterior 

doors, and fire safety ratings are 

independent from one another and can 

be independently enacted if any one or 

more of the aforementioned changes are 

invalidated. In the event that any 

provision of this rule is declared invalid 

or stayed, it is HUD’s intent that those 

provisions be severable and that those 

unaffected remain valid. Additionally, it 

is HUD’s intention that any provision(s) 

of the rule not affected by a declaration 

of invalidity or stayed shall be severable 

and remain valid. HUD concludes it 

would separately adopt all of the 

provisions contained in this rule 

through separate rulemaking if 

provisions were declared invalid or 

stayed. 

III. Public Comment Summary 

The public comment period for this 

notice closed on September 19, 2022, 

and HUD received 49 comments. 

Several comments were identical in 

substance and two commenters 

submitted duplicative comments. The 

comments came from non-profits, 

independent consultants, private 

citizens, State and city housing 

administrations, national trade 

associations, and product certification 

organizations. 


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General Support 

Numerous commenters supported 

updates to the standards, noting that 

such efforts enable the industry to use 

the latest innovations to provide highquality, affordable manufactured homes. 

Many commenters specifically 

supported the changes related to 

accessible shower compartments and 

tankless water heaters. Other 

commenters applauded the express 

authorization of multi-dwelling unit 

manufactured homes. Commenters 

supported the revised exterior door 

requirements to facilitate open floor 

plans, moisture barriers, and higher 

moisture content of treated lumber in 

exterior additions. 

One commenter expressed support for 

revising § 3280.403 to add the ISO/IEC 

17065:2012 accrediting requirement for 

product certification of fenestration 

products and the requirement that 

windows and doors display their 

certification from an independent ISO/ 

IEC 17065:2012 accredited product 

certification. Another commenter 

expressed support for the changes 

related to steeper roof pitch designs. 

HUD Response: HUD thanks the 

public commenters for their support of 

these provisions. HUD agrees that by 

incorporating by reference updated 

construction standards, the rule will 

encourage the industry’s use of the 

latest innovations and continue to 

support the construction of high-quality, 

affordable, manufactured homes. 

Obligations Placed on Installers of 

Manufactured Homes 

One commenter expressed concern 

about obligations the proposed rule 

would place on installers of 

manufactured homes. The commenter 

recommended that HUD set these 

requirements as part of factory 

production procedures, rather than 

installation procedures, because the rule 

places more obligations on 

manufacturers. The commenter offered 

this recommendation because 

manufacturers have more relevant 

expertise and greater control over the 

design and production process, as well 

as installers’ inability to do a 

comprehensive evaluation of the 

construction. 

Other commenters raised similar 

concerns related to the fire sprinkler 

system standards. These commenters 

noted that the installation and testing of 

fire sprinkler systems are typically done 

by licensed professionals specializing in 

such systems, not manufactured home 

installers. The commenters disagreed 

with HUD’s decision to place 

responsibility on manufactured home 

installers to test and certify the sprinkler 

system on site to ensure availability of 

adequate water supply. One commenter 

recommended that any proposed 

regulations regarding the installation of 

the fire sprinkler system be withdrawn 

from the rule, while the other 

commenter provided no suggested 

remedy. 

HUD Response: HUD appreciates 

these comments. The testing and 

certification requirements imposed 

under § 3280.214(q) serve to verify that 

the minimum water supply pressure 

requirements needed to properly 

operate the fire sprinkler systems are 

met after the home is installed. Upon 

reconsideration, HUD has revised the 

final rule to require that this water 

supply pressure testing and certification 

be completed by a fire protection 

technician during the installation of the 

home. HUD selected this option to 

address the concerns raised by the 

commenters, as fire protection 

technicians will have the most relevant 

and specialized experience needed for 

testing and certifying the adequacy of 

water supply for fire sprinkler systems, 

compared to manufactured home 

installers. However, nothing in this 

rulemaking should be interpreted to 

change the requirement that home 

installation is the responsibility of the 

installer and, as applicable, home 

installations must meet HUD Model 

Manufactured Home Installation 

Standards (24 CFR part 3285) at a 

minimum and may also be required to 

satisfy State and local installation 

requirements with permits as may be 

required consistent with § 3286.409(c). 

Fire sprinkler systems are not 

required by § 3280.214, but when a 

manufacturer incorporates a fire 

sprinkler system into the design and 

construction of a manufactured home, 

as an optional feature selected by the 

consumer, design approval agencies 

must review and approve plans to 

ensure that the system meets the 

technical requirements established by 

the MHCSS. In-plant inspection 

agencies must ensure that 

manufacturers follow designs and 

quality assurance procedures that result 

in compliance with the approved 

designs and to the standards when the 

standard is specific. Manufacturers are 

responsible for providing installation 

instructions for the fire sprinkler 

systems, including specific instructions 

for the inspection and testing of the 

system during or after the installation of 

the home. As the connection of the 

home to utilities is a matter of 

installation and in accordance with 

existing regulations at § 3285.904(b), 

only qualified personnel familiar with 

local requirements are permitted to 

make utility site connections and 

conduct tests. Therefore, in this final 

rule, HUD is only requiring that the 

installer ensure that the water supply to 

a fire sprinkler system is verified by a 

fire protection technician to meet the 

minimum requirements described on 

the Fire Sprinkler System Certificate in 

the home (located next to the data 

plate). 

Exterior Door Requirements 

Several comments expressed concern 

that the entry and corridor width 

requirements in the proposed rule 

would be insufficient to facilitate entry 

by emergency medical services with a 

gurney stretcher. The commenters 

recommended that HUD require 

manufactured homes to have one 36- 

inch-wide entry door and 36-inch-wide 

corridors. They indicated that such a 

requirement would better comport with 

the International Building Code and the 

International Residential Code, as well 

as California State requirements. 

One commenter noted that a 

requirement in the proposed rule that 

the doorway be 28 inches wide could 

leave a net clear opening width of only 

26 inches after accounting for door 

stops, hinges, and door thickness. The 

commenter noted that this could be a 

problem because ambulance gurneys are 

generally 24 inches wide. 

HUD Response: HUD’s proposed rule 

included a requirement, which 

continues in this final rule, that one of 

the two exterior doors of a 

manufactured home provide a minimum 

of 32 inch wide by 74 inch high clear 

opening, which is an increase from the 

previously codified 28 inch wide 

requirement. Maintaining the minimum 

width of 32 inches for one external door 

addresses the concerns regarding 

effective emergency response raised by 

commenters by providing an increased 

width standard that more easily 

accommodates the ingress and egress of 

a standard 24 inch wide gurney while 

balancing HUD’s statutory requirement 

to consider affordability when 

establishing Federal minimum 

standards for manufactured housing. 

These considerations of cost can, as it 

does now, result in requirements that 

may not follow other established 

building codes. 

Door Seal Requirements 

Commenters noted that HUD 

proposed the removal of the reference to 

door seals in § 3280.105(b)(2). 

Commenters noted the importance of 

door seals and that, because the 

reference had been removed, 

manufacturers would no longer be 


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allowed to account for the reduction of 

the opening that door seals make up. 

The commenters recommended that 

door seals be allowed to encroach on 

opening space and the addition of 

following sentence: ‘‘However, the door 

stops are permitted to reduce the 

opening, either vertically or 

horizontally, by a maximum of one 

inch.’’ 

HUD Response: HUD proposed 

removing the mention of door seals in 

§ 3280.105(b)(2). Commenters provided 

feedback on the proposal, explaining 

that door seals play a vital role in 

reducing the infiltration of sound, light, 

drafts, and moisture in manufactured 

homes. The final rule added language in 

§ 3280.105(b)(2) to specify that at least 

one of the exterior egress doors of a 

manufactured home must provide a 

minimum of 32 inch wide by 74 inch 

high clear opening. However, this 

language allows manufactures to add 

door stops and door seals to exterior 

egress doors as long as one exterior 

egress door does not fall below the 

minimum of 32 inch wide by 74 inch 

high clear opening. 

HUD is making this change for two 

reasons. First, the MHCC recommended 

that at least one egress door have a 

minimum 32-inch clear width opening 

for the purpose of improving 

accessibility. Second, many 

manufactured housing units subject to 

the MHCSS may be provided to entities 

that administer programs or activities 

that receive Federal financial assistance 

from HUD. When this is the case, those 

entities would be subject to section 504 

of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, as 

amended (29 U.S.C. 794), and HUD’s 

implementing regulations at 24 CFR part 

8, including the requirements at 24 CFR 

8.22 that address accessibility in new 

construction. Similarly, if manufactured 

housing units are provided to a State or 

local government for a program or 

activity of a State or local government, 

the housing would be covered by Title 

II of the Americans with Disabilities Act 

(42 U.S.C. 12131–12134) and its 

implementing regulations at 28 CFR part 

35, including the requirements at 28 

CFR 35.151(c)(3) that address 

accessibility in new construction. To 

facilitate compliance by these entities 

with these requirements, HUD is 

requiring that manufacturers produce 

manufactured housing units that meet 

the accessibility standards provided in 

24 CFR part 8 and/or 28 CFR 35.151, as 

applicable. The Uniform Federal 

Accessibility Standards (UFAS) (see 24 

CFR 8.32) or the 2010 ADA Standards 

for Accessible Design with the Deeming 

Notice, 79 FR 29671 (May 23, 2014), are 

currently used for compliance with 

section 504. The 2010 ADA Standards 

for Accessible Design are used for 

compliance with the ADA. Both 

standards prohibit doorways below 32 

inches clear width. See UFAS 3.13.5 

and 2010 ADA Standards 404.2.3. HUD 

notes that the section 504 and ADA 

requirements are not applicable to any 

individual or buyer that obtains Federal 

Housing Administration financing when 

purchasing a manufactured housing 

unit, if the unit is not otherwise covered 

by section 504 or the ADA. 

Clarity on Fire Sprinkler Requirements 

One commenter found § 3280.214 of 

the proposed rule unclear about the 

circumstances in which fire sprinklers 

are required and read the proposed rule 

as omitting fire sprinkler requirements 

for what it referred to as multi-family 

manufactured homes. The commenter 

urged HUD to mandate fire sprinklers. 

HUD Response: The final rule does 

not require the installation of fire 

sprinkler systems in manufactured 

homes. Multi-dwelling unit 

manufactured homes are single family 

structures and should not be referred to 

as multifamily dwellings. The final rule 

only establishes minimum requirements 

for the design and installation of a fire 

sprinkler system if a manufacturer 

chooses to install one as an optional 

feature selected by the consumer, or to 

meet State or local mandates for fire 

sprinkler systems in new single family 

homes. These minimum requirements 

are intended to create uniformity in 

manufactured home construction. HUD 

has no present reason to consider a 

mandatory fire sprinkler standard 

unless it is recommended by the MHCC 

to the Secretary. 

Necessity of Fire Sprinkler Standard 

Several commenters raised concerns 

about the necessity of the fire sprinkler 

standard in the proposed rule. These 

commenters stated that the NFPA 13D is 

an adequate private-sector voluntary 

sprinkler standard for manufactured 

homes and rejected the need for HUD 

standards. They also raised several 

unique reasons for their disagreement 

with the proposed rule. 

One commenter stated that 

manufactured housing units have 

additional fire protective features 

beyond what is provided in 

industrialized or site-built housing. As 

examples, the commenter referred to 

requirements related to limited 

combustible material around the 

cooking range, which it noted was the 

number one source of home fires, as 

well as the better flame-spread 

limitations in manufactured homes, 

which reduce the need for fire sprinkler 

requirements. For example, the 

compartments for the water heater and 

furnace must have a flame-spread rating 

no greater than 25 and manufactured 

housing requires two exterior doors. The 

commenter also noted that ceiling 

finishes in manufactured homes must 

have a flame-spread rating equal to or 

less than 75, as compared to 200 or less 

in conventional homes. 

HUD Response: HUD appreciates 

these comments and agrees that fire 

safety and prevention considerations are 

crucial in the design and construction of 

manufactured homes. The existing fire 

safety standards in the MHCSS have 

contributed significantly to 

manufactured homes being safer and 

more fire-resistant than the mobile 

homes built prior to the MHCSS. When 

examining this issue, HUD must also 

consider the balance between safety and 

affordability when establishing Federal 

standards and at this time defers to 

consumer choices to determine the 

necessity for installing fire sprinkler 

systems in residential homes. HUD 

believes that currently consumers have 

the right to choose fire sprinklers for 

their protection of life and property, but 

also recognizes the need to balance 

considerations of cost and effectiveness 

when preserving affordability for 

manufactured housing consumers. The 

final rule does not require fire sprinkler 

systems in manufactured homes but 

establishes standards when a design 

incorporates them. The standards under 

§ 3280.214 are based on the NFPA 13D 

for the design and construction, and inplant water pressure testing. The 

provisions for testing the water supply 

at the site and any other installationrelated requirements for fire sprinkler 

systems are minimum requirements that 

must be addressed in manufacturer 

installation instructions. However, the 

installation will be inspected under 

requirements of 24 CFR parts 3285 and 

3286, and the water supply sufficiency 

shall be certified by a fire protection 

technician. The Manufactured Home 

Construction and Safety Standards, 

often referred to as MHCSS, provides a 

minimum requirement that can support 

manufacturers, promote uniformity in 

manufactured housing construction, and 

preserve affordability, particularly when 

manufactured homes are constructed for 

States or jurisdictions that require fire 

sprinkler systems. 

Authority To Impose a Fire Sprinkler 

Standard 

One commenter questioned the 

necessity of the standard and whether 

HUD exceeds the statutory authority for 

the proposed rule’s standards related to 

the installation of fire sprinkler systems. 


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The commenter cited the 

‘‘manufactured home safety’’ definition 

and stated HUD must determine, prior 

to the adoption of standards, there is the 

existence of ‘‘any unreasonable risk of 

death or injury to the occupant(s) of a 

manufactured home.’’ The commenter 

asserts that the absence of fire sprinklers 

has never been determined to be an 

unreasonable risk within the HUD fire 

safety standards. The commenter 

explained that HUD could not now 

purport to view fire sprinkler standards 

as necessary to ‘‘protect against any 

unreasonable risk of death or injury’’ 

given that the proposed rule declines to 

mandate fire sprinkler systems, but 

rather sets forth standards with which a 

sprinkler system, if installed, must 

comply. 

The commenter also stated that a 

National Fire Protection Association 

(NFPA) report and associated update 

stated fire sprinklers are not necessary 

to prevent against ‘‘unreasonable risk of 

death or injury’’ and that manufactured 

homes built in compliance with HUD’s 

existing fire safety standards have lower 

incidence of fire and fire injuries, 

comparable fire death rates, and better 

contained fires than other comparable 

dwellings. 

Given that fire sprinkler systems are 

not necessary to prevent ‘‘unreasonable 

risk of death or injury,’’ the commenter 

concluded, specific standards for 

optional fire sprinkler systems cannot 

be necessary either. It recommended 

that HUD remove the proposed standard 

from the final rule. 

HUD Response: HUD appreciates the 

commenter’s thoughts and comment but 

does not agree with its conclusion or 

analysis. Congress directed HUD to 

develop and promulgate standards that 

reduce the number of personal injuries 

and deaths in manufactured homes, as 

well as improve the quality and 

durability of manufactured homes, by 

enacting the highest standards of 

protection. These standards must also 

be appropriate and reasonable, as 

explained by section 604(a)(1)(A)(i) 

through (iii) of the Manufactured 

Housing Improvement Act of 2000. 

Neither the assertion that this rule does 

not require the installation of fire 

sprinkler systems in all manufactured 

homes or a report that manufactured 

homes built in compliance with HUD’s 

existing fire safety standards have lower 

incidence of fire and fire injuries, 

comparable fire death rates, and better 

contained fires than other comparable 

dwellings, addresses the authority HUD 

has to establish standards in accordance 

with the consensus standards 

development process. Based upon 

MHCC recommendations, HUD has 

determined the fire sprinkler system 

standards are essential for uniformity 

and enforcement, as well as reasonable 

specifications that are consistent with 

approved home designs for the 

installation of a manufactured home to 

ensure proper siting and the joining of 

all sections of the home. 

The Proposed Regulation Is Duplicative 

Because Existing Regulations Preempt 

State and Local Requirements for 

Sprinkler Systems 

One commenter claimed that the 

proposed fire sprinkler standard 

recommendation by the MHCC was 

substantially based on the idea it was 

necessary to ensure the preemption of 

State and local fire sprinkler standards 

under 42 U.S.C. 5403(d). The 

commenter believed that State and local 

standards were already preempted 

without the need for the proposed 

standard. 

The commenter called attention to the 

text of 42 U.S.C. 5403(d), which 

provides, in part, that Federal 

preemption ‘‘shall be broadly and 

liberally construed.’’ Prior HUD 

analysis, including a 1995 legal opinion, 

relied on a narrow construction of the 

‘‘same aspect of performance test’’ to 

conclude that the Federal standards fail 

to preempt State and local sprinkler 

mandates because they lack specific 

requirements relating to sprinkler 

systems. The commenter claimed that 

the statutory text as modified by the 

‘‘2000 reform law’’ invalidated HUD’s 

prior legal analyses and substantially 

enhanced the scope of Federal 

preemption under the Act. The 

commenter also attached a 1989 letter 

from a former Director of HUD 

Manufactured Housing and 

Construction Standards Division to the 

fire chief of Oklahoma City, which it 

cited for the proposition that HUD had 

previously and correctly determined 

that local standards were preempted 

under the less rigorous preemption 

language of the original 1974 Act. 

The commenter went on to state that 

under a ‘‘broad and liberal’’ 

construction of Federal preemption in 

the Act of the ‘‘same aspect of 

performance’’ test, preemption analysis 

should focus on the Federal objective to 

be achieved and the Federal purposes of 

the Act. The commenter explained the 

result of this test is that existing HUD 

standards preempt State and local laws 

and do not allow additional or different 

equipment or measures required by ‘‘a 

state or locality.’’ The commenter goes 

on to conclude that existing regulations 

already meet the purpose of preventing 

‘‘unreasonable risk of death or injury’’ 

and so there is already no room for State 

and localities to require additional 

measures. Rather, such measures would 

only unnecessarily increase the cost of 

manufactured homes. 

HUD Response: HUD acknowledges 

and appreciates the commenters 

concerns. HUD’s existing regulations 

regarding fire safety standards do not 

address the requirement or the 

standards of fire sprinklers. The current 

regulations do not prohibit State and 

local jurisdictions from promulgating 

their own fire sprinkler standards. 

Although fire sprinklers are voluntary, 

should they be incorporated into the 

manufacturer’s design of a 

manufactured home, HUD’s 

Construction and Safety Standards as 

promulgated through this Final Rule, 

will preempt State and local 

requirements applicable to the same 

aspects of construction pursuant to 

section 604(d) of the Housing and 

Community Development Act of 1974, 

as amended by the Manufactured 

Housing Improvement Act of 2000, and 

24 CFR 3282.11(a), just as any other 

standard. 

Potential Imposition of Mandatory Fire 

Sprinkler Standards 

One commenter suggested that the fire 

sprinkler standards in the proposed rule 

will likely increase the probability that 

a high-cost sprinkler system will be 

required in all manufactured homes. 

The commenter asserts that the 

proposed standards are characterized as 

regulatory ‘‘requirements’’ and that, 

when triggered, would subject the 

performance of any sprinkler system to 

Subpart I procedures and enforcement 

for the life of the home, which would 

impose all the corresponding 

investigation, documentation, and 

notice and recall requirements. The 

commenter concluded that the fire 

sprinkler standards should be 

eliminated from the final rule. 

HUD Response: As noted earlier, the 

Manufactured Housing Improvement 

Act of 2000 established the MHCC and 

requires the establishment of 

construction and safety standards in 

accordance with the consensus 

standards development process. Under 

this Act, all proposed changes to the 

MHCSS must go through an MHCC-led 

consensus process to allow for thorough 

review and evaluation of proposed 

changes. Generally, proposed changes to 

HUD standards must be submitted and 

reviewed for recommendation to the 

Secretary before HUD can consider or 

implement changes to the MHCSS by 

notice and comment rulemaking. HUD 

has no present basis and has not 

received a recommendation from the 

MHCC to mandate fire sprinkler systems 


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in all manufactured homes. Therefore 

no mandate by HUD is being proposed. 

Under the final rule, HUD fire 

sprinkler design and construction 

standards preempt State and local 

regulations when manufacturers 

construct a home designed with a fire 

sprinkler system. When a manufacturer 

produces a unit with a fire sprinkler 

system, Subpart I enforcement of the 

MHCSS will be implemented as 

applicable. 

Federal Fire Sprinkler Standards Could 

Lead to State Imposed Mandates 

Several commenters stated that the 

provisions addressing fire sprinkler 

systems in the proposed rule would 

encourage State and local government to 

step in and require sprinkler systems in 

manufactured homes or otherwise 

increase regulation. A commenter noted 

that this would reverse the current trend 

in which jurisdictions focus on the 

model International Residential Code. 

One commenter articulated concern 

that the voluntary language of the fire 

sprinkler requirements, which provides 

standards only when a manufacturer 

installs a system but does not require a 

manufacturer to do so, would weaken 

the rule of preemption and lead other 

entities to believe they may enforce this 

voluntary requirement in manufactured 

homes. The commenter explained that, 

currently, a fire suppression systems 

requirement by a local authority applies 

to all residential dwellings and is nondiscriminatory. The commenter further 

explained that, under current 

Pennsylvania law, fire suppression 

systems are not required in one or twofamily dwellings but are required in 

multi-family dwellings. 

Another commenter asserted that 

HUD holds the position that State and 

localities can require fire sprinkler 

systems although it did not believe that 

the MHCSS lacked preemptive effect. 

While the commenter disagreed with 

the need for a requirement for fire 

sprinkler systems, the commenter 

explained that, given the proposed 

standard, HUD should now take the 

position that its fire sprinkler standards 

preempt State and local requirements so 

that manufacturers do not have to 

adhere to a patchwork of State and local 

requirements. 

Several commenters echoed the 

recommendation that HUD explicitly 

adopt the position that its fire sprinkler 

standard, as laid out in the proposed 

rule, will preempt current or future 

States or local design, testing, or 

installment mandates. One commenter 

specifically advised that HUD add a 

statement to § 3280.214 to reflect 

preemption of State and local 

requirements as stated in § 3282.11. 

Another commenter recommended that 

HUD adopt a stance that would permit 

State and local regulations, but only 

insofar as they would require the 

implementation of HUD’s otherwisevoluntary fire sprinkler system. The 

commenter explained that this would 

allow for localized fire sprinkler 

requirements without creating disparate 

jurisdiction-by-jurisdiction sprinkler 

design requirements. Other commenters 

concerned about the standard’s 

preemptive effect instead recommended 

that HUD remove the proposed 

voluntary fire sprinkler standard and 

any other regulations regarding the 

installation of fire sprinkler systems. 

HUD Response: HUD thanks the 

public for these comments. The 

amendments to MHCSS in this final rule 

would preempt State and local 

requirements to the extent that State and 

local fire sprinkler requirements conflict 

with Federal standards pursuant to 24 

CFR 3282.11(a). 

HUD also notes that it must consider 

the balance between safety and 

affordability when establishing Federal 

standards and defers to consumer 

choices to determine the necessity for 

installing fire sprinkler systems in 

residential homes. Fire sprinkler 

systems are not federally mandated for 

site-built residential homes, as even the 

national life safety code, NFPA 101, is 

only enforceable if a municipality has 

implemented it. HUD asserts that 

consumers have the right to choose fire 

sprinklers for the protection of their life 

and property, but also recognizes the 

need to balance considerations of cost 

and effectiveness when preserving 

affordability. 

HUD understands the commenters’ 

concern. However, there is no 

indication to HUD that the rule would 

encourage State and local government to 

step in and require sprinkler systems in 

manufactured homes or otherwise 

increase regulation. Consequently, this 

issue is too speculative for HUD to 

meaningfully consider in the final rule. 

A Voluntary Fire Sprinkler System 

Insufficiently Protects Residents 

One commenter expressed concerns 

that the proposed fire sprinkler system 

would fail to protect residents of 

manufactured homes from personal 

injuries and protect the public from 

unreasonable risk, as is required by 

statute and recommended that HUD 

require fire sprinkler systems in all new 

manufactured homes. The commenter 

believed that home fires present an 

unreasonable risk of death or injury in 

manufactured homes and that fire 

sprinklers are the most effective means 

to control such risk, especially in 

multiunit manufactured housing. The 

commenter cited the prevalence of fire 

deaths and injuries in the home and 

explained that most such casualties 

occurred in one-and-two family 

dwellings, including manufactured 

homes. It stated that, although injury 

rates from home fires were lower in 

manufactured homes, death rates were 

higher. The commenter expressed 

particular concern for elderly 

individuals, who have higher injury and 

death rates from home fires, in part 

because of factors like decreased 

mobility and other impairments. The 

commenter noted that demographic 

trends suggest that more older 

individuals will occupy manufactured 

homes in the United States over time. 

The commenter referenced the growing 

elderly population combined with the 

growing percentage of the population 

living in manufactured homes. The 

commenter also noted that 

manufactured housing is more prevalent 

in rural areas and in the South, areas 

with higher fire fatality rates. 

The commenter believed these factors 

to create an unreasonable risk of death 

or injury and stated that automatic fire 

sprinklers would be an effective means 

of controlling that risk. The commenter 

cited an analysis of home fire data 

which found that in fires where 

automatic fire sprinklers were present, 

civilian deaths were 89 percent lower 

and injuries were 27 percent lower. It 

further suggested, based on the 53 

percent reduction in medical-related 

costs of civilian injuries in fires where 

automatic fire sprinklers were present, 

that perhaps injuries were also less 

severe. 

The commenter also noted that 

automatic fire sprinklers are a 

requirement for one-and-two family 

occupancies in the 2006 edition of 

NFPA 5000 Building and Construction 

Code, as well as the 2009 International 

Residential Code (IRC). The commenter 

noted that modern homes burn hotter 

and faster, due to lightweight 

construction practices, open floor plans, 

and synthetic furnishings, which leave 

occupants with as little as two minutes 

to escape. Fire sprinklers can control the 

fire until firefighters arrive and give 

occupants more time to escape. 

Based on this, the commenter 

recommended that HUD require 

automatic fire sprinklers in all 

manufactured homes to provide them 

with the equivalent level of safety as 

site-built homes. The commenter also 

recommended that HUD to take the 

opportunity to ensure manufactured 

homes provide a higher level of safety 

than site-built homes and noted that 42 


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U.S.C. 5401 et seq. contains no 

requirement of parity between the two 

kinds of housing. 

To provide an adequate level of fire 

safety for multi-unit manufactured 

homes, the commenter referred HUD to 

section R302.2 of the 2021 edition IRC. 

The commenter advised that, to 

maintain the applicability of NFPA 13D, 

which is limited in scope to one-andtwo family dwellings, the separation 

requirements of section R302.2 of the 

2021 edition IRC must be applied 

between every two units in multi-unit 

manufactured homes. It explained that 

this would result in multi-unit 

manufactured homes being divided into 

two-family dwellings and it would then 

further be advisable to apply the 

requirements of R302.3 of the IRC for 

separation between individual units. 

In the alternative to requiring 

automatic fire sprinklers in all new 

manufactured housing, the commenter 

supported the incorporation of NFPA 

13D by reference for those homes in 

which sprinklers are installed. The 

commenter explained the history of 

NFPA 13D and stated that it believed 

NFPA provides the appropriate balance 

between safety and affordability. The 

commenter believed consumers should 

have the right to choose fire sprinklers 

and be confident that they were 

installed in accordance with the most 

up-to-date standards. 

HUD Response: HUD acknowledges 

the comments but disagrees that the 

proposed fire sprinkler system 

standards would fail to protect residents 

from personal injuries and protect the 

public from unreasonable risk. While 

the final rule does not require the 

installation of fire sprinkler systems in 

all manufactured homes, the final rule 

does establish minimum requirements 

for the design and installation of a fire 

sprinkler system if a manufacturer 

produces a design that contains the 

optional feature. These minimum 

requirements are intended to create 

uniformity. 

HUD agrees that fire sprinkler systems 

can be a very effective means for 

controlling risk of fire-related injuries 

and providing additional protection for 

occupants. HUD agrees that the NFPA 

also considers the balance between 

safety and affordability, and that 

consumers have the right to choose fire 

sprinklers for their protection of life and 

property, and to be confident in its 

installation and integrity. HUD also 

recognizes the need to balance 

considerations of cost and effectiveness 

when preserving affordability for 

manufactured housing consumers. HUD 

also acknowledges that manufactured 

homes built in compliance with HUD’s 

existing fire safety standards are 

significantly safer and more fireresistant than the mobile homes built 

prior to the MHCSS. The final rule 

incorporates NFPA 13D by reference for 

§ 3280.214(b), (e) and (o), including the 

exception for multi-dwelling unit 

manufactured home construction (24 

CFR 3280.215(b)(3)), based on the 2021 

edition IRC section R302.3 that allows 

for a fire resistance rating of 1⁄2 hour to 

be permitted in buildings equipped 

throughout with an automatic sprinkler 

system installed in accordance with 

§ 3280.214. 

Furthermore, HUD is required by the 

Manufactured Housing Improvement 

Act of 2000 to use a consensus process 

for thorough review and evaluation of 

proposed changes. Generally, proposed 

changes to HUD standards must be 

submitted and reviewed for 

recommendation to the Secretary before 

HUD can consider or implement 

changes to the MHCSS by notice and 

comment rulemaking. Absent an 

authority to act or emergency, HUD may 

not consider or impose a mandatory fire 

sprinkler standard at this time because 

the MHCC has not provided a 

recommendation to change the 

standards. 

Clarifying the Language of § 3280.214 

One commenter suggested a revision 

to the language of § 3280.214, which it 

believed would support State and local 

jurisdictions in its safety efforts. 

Specifically, in § 3280.214, the 

commenter recommended that 

paragraph (a)(1) read ‘‘. . . when a 

manufacturer installs a fire sprinkler 

system as an optional feature or to meet 

state or local laws and regulations, this 

section . . .’’ The commenter stated that 

this change was advisable to broadly 

preempt State or local requirements for 

manufactured homes. 

HUD Response: HUD agrees with the 

commenter and has amended 

§ 3280.214(a)(1). 

Standards for Fire Sprinkler System 

Piping in § 3280.214(p) 

Two commenters expressed concern 

about the proposed rule at § 3280.214(p) 

which subjects the fire sprinkler system 

piping to the same test as the water 

distribution systems in § 3280.612(a). 

The commenters explained that the 

proposed rule requires the test to be 

conducted with air or water at 100 PSI 

for 15 minutes, whereas the NFPA 13D, 

which is identified as a reference 

standard, requires a hydrostatic (water) 

test in order to pressurize the system at 

200 PSI for two hours. One commenter 

recommended that all proposed 

regulations regarding the installation of 

the fire sprinkler systems be withdrawn 

from the docket. The other commenter 

recommended that § 3280.214(p) be 

aligned with the reference standard to 

avoid confusion. 

HUD Response: HUD acknowledges 

these comments. The water supply 

testing provisions proposed by HUD 

were determined to accommodate more 

types of piping materials, such as 

nonmetallic pipe and tubing, such as 

CPVC and PEX. Some materials used for 

home sprinkler systems are not suitable 

for the 100 PSI or higher testing 

requirements cited by NFPA for metallic 

pipes, and HUD must consider both 

safety and affordability considerations 

for the design and construction of 

manufactured homes. Sprinkler piping 

must comply with all requirements for 

cold-water distribution piping. 

Reduced Fire-Resistance Rating for 

Buildings With Automatic Sprinkler 

Systems 

Some commenters noted that the 

proposed language regarding fire 

separation requirements between two 

dwelling units was based on language 

from the IRC but was missing an 

important exception. The commenters 

stated that the rule was missing the 

2021 IRC R302.3 exception 1 for homes 

that have fire sprinklers installed. 

A commenter specifically 

recommended that HUD incorporate 

2021 IRC R302.3 exception 1 as the 

third exception of § 3280.215(b). The 

language proposed by the commenter 

would read as follows: ‘‘A fire resistance 

rating of 1⁄2 hour shall be permitted in 

buildings equipped throughout with an 

automatic sprinkler system installed in 

accordance with Section 3280.14’’. 

HUD Response: HUD agrees with the 

comment’s suggested change and has 

added this exception to § 3280.215(b) in 

the final rule. The exception provides 

an allowance for multi-dwelling unit 

manufactured homes equipped with 

automatic fire sprinklers in each 

dwelling unit, the fire resistance rating 

of walls and floors may be reduced from 

1 hour fire resistance rating to 1⁄2 hour 

fire resistance rating. 

Roof Resistance to Fire 

One commenter recommended that 

HUD adopt a minimum requirement for 

the fire resistance of roofing materials to 

provide a Class A fire rating as 

determined by either ASTM E108 or UL 

790. 

HUD Response: HUD acknowledges 

this comment and recommends that the 

commenter propose a standard to be 

reviewed by the MHCC. The public may 

submit proposed standards via the 

internet at mhcc.homeinnovation.com. 


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Generally, absent authority to act or 

address an emergency, HUD addresses 

or incorporates changes after proposed 

changes are reviewed by the MHCC. 

The Proposed Rule’s Three-Unit 

Limitation on Multi-Dwelling Unit 

Manufactured Homes 

While noting that they supported the 

regulation’s express authorization of 

multi-dwelling unit manufactured 

homes, some commenters disagreed 

with the three-unit limitation proposed 

by HUD. These commenters provide 

several bases for their position. 

Initially, one commenter stated that 

the limitation exceeded HUD’s statutory 

authority under 42 U.S.C. 5402(6), since 

42 U.S.C. 5402, which defines 

‘‘manufactured home,’’ does not contain 

a limitation to the number of singlefamily homes that can be joined into a 

multi-dwelling unit. The commenter 

also stated that HUD and MHCC appear 

to recognize that the restriction has no 

basis in statutory authority by pointing 

to the text of the proposed rule which 

states that ‘‘MHCC based its 

determination on ensuring consistency 

with a similar state code’’ and to 

contemporaneous MHCC documents 

which, the commenter claimed, show 

that MHCC based its determination on 

the subcommittee members’ belief that 

the limitation would keep HUD 

standards consistent with the IRC, while 

a higher limit or no limit would require 

compliance with the International 

Building Code (IBC). The commenter 

stated that reliance on or reference to 

State building codes or nonmanufactured housing model codes as 

the basis for the limitation lack any 

legitimate basis for the limit since (1) 

manufactured housing is not subject to 

or regulated by any State code or model 

code unless incorporated by the MHCSS 

by reference, which is true for neither 

IRC nor IBC and (2) neither the IBC nor 

the IRC is specific to manufactured 

housing or its associated statutory 

purposes, such as affordability. 

The commenter also raised 

constitutional equal protection concerns 

related to narrow definitions of ‘‘family’’ 

or ‘‘single family,’’ noting that 

manufacturers and retailers could be 

subject to discrimination claims and 

potential liability for refusing to sale or 

lease a home based on the status of the 

consumer or its expected use. Finally, 

the commenter stated that the unit 

restriction exceeded Federal authority 

because once a manufactured home is 

sold and installed, its use becomes a 

matter for State and local authority 

through mechanisms like zoning and 

use permits. 

A second commenter similarly 

expressed concern that the ‘‘size 

requirements’’ were necessary because 

localities already set standards in this 

area and that HUD’s standards would 

only serve to limit availability of 

products to consumers. This commenter 

also recommended that HUD support 

‘‘multi-level, multi-unit dwellings,’’ in 

light of land-use limitations faced in 

many communities. The commenter 

explained that this support would 

enable increased housing availability, 

affordability, and healthy community 

growth. A third commenter 

recommended that HUD raise or 

eliminate the 3-unit multifamily cap 

noting that any unit cap must have a 

valid policy basis and suggested that the 

current proposed rule lacked such a 

basis as to the three-unit restriction. 

HUD Response: HUD appreciates the 

comments but disagrees that HUD lacks 

the authority to limit the number of 

units that can be joined to form a multidwelling unit manufactured home. 

Under section 604(b) of the 

Manufactured Housing Improvement 

Act of 2000, HUD has broad authority to 

establish, after recommendation from 

the MHCC, construction and safety 

standards and model installation 

standards for manufactured homes. 

Limiting the number of single-family 

units that may be installed together and 

still be considered a manufactured 

home for Federal purposes is an 

exercise of those various authorities. 

Consistent with the requirements of the 

Act, HUD, in consultation with the 

MHCC, determined that the limit on the 

number of units is reasonable and 

practical and can reduce potential safety 

or unforeseen logistical challenges. 42 

U.S.C. 5403(a)(1)(A)(i). HUD’s statutory 

obligation is to protect residents of 

manufactured homes from personal 

injuries, insurance costs, and property 

damages. HUD agrees that zoning 

regulations and the land use planning of 

local jurisdictions could also impact the 

installation of multi-dwelling unit 

manufactured home but does not agree 

that HUD’s standards will have an 

adverse impact on product availability. 

In response to these comments along 

with other considerations detailed 

below, HUD has increased the limit to 

four (4) units for the definition of multidwelling unit manufactured homes. 

HUD considered the criteria established 

by the Federal Housing Administration, 

which insures multi-dwelling unit 

manufactured homes of one to a 

maximum of four units under HUD’s 

single family program. Further, the 

maximum number of four is 

commensurate with maximum limits 

established for attached units in 

international code requirements. These 

considerations, as well as ensuring 

uniformity between HUD programs, led 

HUD to conclude that four units was 

appropriate, at this time, for the 

definition of multi-dwelling unit 

manufactured homes. 

HUD acknowledges certain 

commenters suggested eliminating the 

limit on units entirely. However, such a 

proposal was neither recommended by 

the MHCC nor presented in the 

proposed rule for public review and 

comment. The absence of these actions 

prevents HUD from considering the 

recommendation until the MHCC 

completes a consensus driven review 

and provides a recommendation to the 

Secretary. HUD requests that the 

commenters propose this code change to 

the MHCC and provide supporting 

rationale and justifications with the 

proposal. The public may submit 

proposed revisions to the MHCSS via 

the internet at 

mhcc.homeinnovation.com. 

HUD would like to clearly state the 

distinct terminology and nomenclature 

that multi-dwelling unit manufactured 

homes are single family structures and 

are not properly or technically classified 

as ‘‘multifamily’’ dwellings which are 

traditionally five or more dwelling units 

and are considered commercial 

property. 

Use of the ASCE 7–05 To Recalculate 

Wind Speed References 

Numerous comments stated that 

ASCE 7–05 was not an appropriate 

standard for use in the proposed wind 

design standard and recommended that 

HUD use ASCE 7–10. Many of these 

commenters stated that the proposed 

wind speeds used by ASCE 7–05 result 

in more onerous requirements for a 

wind zone (WZ) II house than would 

exist for a WZ III house designed under 

current standards. As examples, 

commenters noted that a WZ II house on 

the Gulf Coast of Alabama would, under 

the proposed standard, have the same 

design wind speed as a house located in 

the Florida Keys using the newer 

editions of ASCE. Another commenter 

gave the example that a WZ II house in 

Magnolia Springs, Alabama would need 

to be constructed in the same way as 

one in Marathon, Florida. Further, 

commenters noted the proposed rule 

uses wind speeds that exceed the 

highest mapped wind speeds under the 

more current editions of ASCE. 

Similarly, one commenter noted that for 

WZ II, no location in the contiguous 

United States utilizing ASCE 7–10 or 

other newer version has a wind speed 

equaling 194 miles per hour. The 

commenter also noted that use of 


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ASCE–7–05 would require design to 

Vult=181mph mph for WZ II and 

Vult=194mph for WZ III. 

A number of commenters expressed 

concern about the increased costs that 

would be imposed on the industry as a 

result of the new wind standards. 

Several commenters noted that the 

proposed rule would increase costs in 

other areas including ESR–1539 

‘‘increased/stronger metal strapping, 

calculated staples,’’ NDS 2015 ‘‘longer 

lags to account for tip, more SYP lumber 

due to reduced design properties,’’ and 

AISC 360–10 ‘‘increased/stronger uplift 

straps.’’ These commenters contrasted 

these costs, which they referred to as 

‘‘acceptable and understandable,’’ to the 

use of the ASCE 7–05 standard which 

they suggested were both unacceptable 

and incomprehensible. 

Several commenters stated that ASCE 

7–05 is a flawed measure because it 

excludes hurricane prone regions from 

the Exposure D definition, a decision 

that some commenters note has been 

found to be inappropriate. Commenters 

noted that if ASCE 7–05 is adopted, 

other portions of the 24 CFR part 3280 

will need to be revised in light of the 

change in the Exposure D definition. 

One commenter noted that the 

language in the proposed rule stating 

that ‘‘conversions could not be used 

alone as they do not factor in changes 

ASCE 7 made throughout the years to 

determine the wind pressures for 

building design that are now based on 

wind speed’’ as lacking reason. The 

commenter stated the ASCE 7–10 

introduced a factor of 0.6 in the load 

combination for wind, thereby reducing 

the wind pressure from ASCE 7–05, and 

criticized HUD’s decision to apply its 

own factor without clear basis to arrive 

at the figures for WZ II and WZ III. 

Another commenter questioned 

HUD’s comparison of ASCE 7–88 and 

ASCE 7–05 and noted that if velocities 

of 120 miles per hour (mph) and 130 

mph are used, the result is an 18 percent 

increase in ASCE 7–05 over ASCE 7–88. 

It contrasted this to velocities of 140 

mph and 150 mph, which would lead to 

a 61 percent increase. The commenter 

recommended HUD revise the proposed 

140 and 150 wind speeds to 120 and 

130 miles per hour as it had done 

initially. 

Another commenter also expressed 

concern surrounding HUD’s wind 

pressure standards. The commenter 

noted that when comparing the 

pressures in ASCE 7–88 to the table 

pressures, many of the ASCE 7–88 table 

pressures are lower but some are higher. 

The commenter encouraged new 

regulations to continue ‘‘this principle’’ 

given that the ‘‘intent of engineered 

design is to be comparable but designed 

in a more precise manner.’’ While not 

entirely clear, this commenter appeared 

to recommend that lower wind 

pressures be used in the NPR. 

Some commenters stated that the 

revised standard would make 

construction of roof pitches over 20 

degrees more expensive, or would even 

be impossible, and would make 

manufactured homes uncompetitive. 

One commenter explained that the 

standard was flawed because it applied 

the loads without regard to exposure 

and that use of the ASCE 7–10 standard 

would enable roof pitches over 20 

degrees to be built. 

Other commenters considered ASCE 

7–05 flawed because it relied on wind 

speed criteria that are obsolete such as 

ASCE 7–05’s use of ‘‘stress-level’’ wind 

speeds as opposed to ‘‘strength-level’’ 

wind speeds. The commenters stated 

that this standard could cause confusion 

among consumers regarding the wind 

safety of manufactured homes and may 

dissuade them from purchasing such 

homes. These commenters instead 

recommended use of a newer version of 

ASCE 7 and revisions to the 

methodology underlying the adopted 

wind speeds. Some commenters 

specifically recommended use of the 

ASCE 7–10. One commenter 

recommended use of ASCE 7–22 and 

advised that the methodology for the 

adopted wind speeds, as well as the WZ 

II and WZ II wind speeds, be revised 

accordingly. 

HUD Response: HUD appreciates the 

comments received. HUD is not 

updating the reference standard for 

wind load design from ASCE 7–88 to 

ASCE 7–05 after considering the public 

comments. Instead, HUD is returning 

this item to the MHCC for 

reconsideration. It is HUD’s conclusion 

that updating the ASCE reference 

standard is not appropriate without 

updating several sections in the 

MHCSS, including the values in the 

Table of Design Wind Pressures in 

§ 3280.305(c)(ii)(B), the Wind Speed 

Map and geographic boundaries 

identified in § 3280.305(c)(2) and (4), 

and references to Exposure D in 

§ 3280.5(g). HUD recommends that the 

MHCC reconsider updating both the 

table and the impacted reference to 

ensure correlation for same edition of 

ASCE 7. 

In making this recommendation, it is 

vitally important to provide the 

background and origin of HUD’s current 

standard regarding wind provisions. In 

the months following Hurricane 

Andrew, HUD proposed the rule to 

replace the wind load provisions of the 

MHCSS. That proposed rule, which was 

based on a refined version of ASCE 7– 

88, formed the basis of the current HUD 

standard. In the proposed rule, the 

design wind pressures were based on 

the formation of three wind zones: Zone 

I with wind speeds of 80mph or less, 

Zone II with wind speed from 81 to 100 

mph, and Zone III with wind speed of 

101 to 110 mph. These three wind zones 

are separated by zone boundaries 

corresponding approximately to the 80 

mph and 100 mph isotaches along the 

Atlantic and Gulf Coasts. The States of 

Hawaii and coastal portions of Alaska 

are designated as Zone III. 

Because ASCE 7–88 was used as the 

basis to develop HUD’s current 

standards regarding wind provisions in 

§ 3280.305, referencing ASCE 7–88 for 

determining design wind loads in 

§§ 3280.5(f), 3280.304(b), and 

3280.305(c) result in approximately 

identical or close results as those shown 

in HUD’s Table of Design Wind 

Pressures for manufactured homes in 

almost all U.S. locations. This 

consistency supports the option of using 

either ASCE 7–88 or HUD’s Table of 

Design Wind Pressures specified in 

§ 3280.305 for wind loads in high wind 

areas (Zones II and Zone III). This 

consistency, however, does not exist for 

ASCE 7–05 or ASCE 7–10. 

Although in general the equation for 

obtaining design wind pressure in ASCE 

7–88 and all later editions can be 

expressed as the square of basic wind 

speed, multiplied by a couple of 

coefficients that represent different 

factors contributing to design wind 

pressure yet independent from basic 

wind speed, the design philosophy and 

methodology underlying those factors 

and how they interact with one another 

and the basic wind speed and the wind 

maps, have evolved dramatically since 

ASCE 7–88. First, the definition of basic 

wind speed has changed from being 

based on ‘‘fastest mile’’ wind speed 

measurements in ASCE 7–88 to being 

based on the ‘‘3-second gust’’ wind 

speed measurements in ASCE 7–05 and 

later editions. Second, the exposure 

velocity pressure coefficient, which 

reflects change in wind speed with 

height and terrain roughness, the 

topographic factor, which accounts for 

wind speed-up over hills and 

escarpments, and the directionality 

factor were added in ASCE 7–05. 

Most importantly, the wind maps 

have changed dramatically since the 

original 1993 rulemaking and have been 

completely redrawn in more recent 

editions of ASCE 7. More recent maps 

in ASCE 7–05 show high-wind zones 

extending much farther inland than 

those shown on the 1988 map and 

contour lines also have changed, which 


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would significantly affect basic wind 

speeds used for calculations. The basic 

wind speed determined by using ASCE 

7–05 can produce a very different result 

than the calculation based upon HUD’s 

standard for the same location. In 

addition, in response to the public 

comments recommending ASCE 7–10 

instead of ASCE 7–05, HUD notes that 

ASCE 7–10 included another major 

revision to ASCE 7–05 that needs to be 

considered by the MHCC. ASCE 7–10 no 

longer includes an importance factor 

and introduces risk categories. Instead 

of having one map as in ASCE 7–05, 

ASCE 7–10 introduces three new wind 

speed maps that correspond to each risk 

category. The ASCE 7–10 maps were 

transitioned to reflect the use of the 

different risk categories and alternate 

load and resistance design 

methodologies (allowable stress design 

instead vs. load and resistance factor 

design). Furthermore, ASCE 7–10 

reintroduced Exposure D for water 

surfaces in hurricane-prone regions, 

including a new wind-borne debris 

region, along with a new simplified 

procedures for buildings up to 160 feet 

in height, and new minimum wind 

loads for walls. These changes are very 

important and must be thoroughly 

considered by the MHCC before 

updating the HUD standards. 

HUD recognizes that updating the 

basic wind speeds and certain isotach 

references for Wind Zone III in the State 

of Alaska and Guam, as originally 

proposed, will certainly lead to a 

mismatch of design wind pressures for 

many locations. These mismatches have 

been reported in several public 

comments. For HUD to update the 

reference standard to ASCE 7–05, or 

ASCE 7–10, or any other edition of 

ASCE 7 that has undergone major 

change(s) of wind map contour lines, 

revisions that are far too substantial to 

be incorporated between proposed to 

final rulemaking would need to be 

implemented. In addition, these 

changes, which include, but are not 

limited to, updating the zone maps in 

§ 3280.305 must be reviewed through 

the consensus committee process for 

development and revision of HUD 

standards. 

HUD agrees with the comment that 

the intent of engineered design is to be 

comparable but designed in a more 

precise manner. From an engineering 

design perspective, every revision of the 

ASCE 7 wind load provisions over time 

has been made to improve building 

design and address safety 

considerations. For instance, design 

wind loads have increased for locations 

where the probability of hurricanes have 

risen, yet decreased in circumstances 

where scientific and engineering 

advancements, such as new 

technologies simulating and testing 

wind speeds, updated design 

methodologies, or breakthrough 

research findings, have improved the 

design of homes. HUD’s purpose for 

updating design standards is to revise 

standards to be more accurate and 

consider public safety. As such, 

updating the reference standard for 

design wind pressures for Exposure C 

from ASCE 7–88 to a more recent 

version without revising the Table of 

Design Wind Pressures would be in 

conflict with the general purpose of 

updating HUD’s standards. 

Based on this assessment, HUD has 

determined that the proposed 

methodology, if applied to the wind 

zone map codified under § 3280.305, 

will result in significant cost impacts 

that have not yet been fully considered 

nor recommended by the MHCC. HUD 

is returning this recommendation to the 

consensus committee for further review 

and analysis and has removed the 

proposed changes from the final rule. 

ASCE 7–88 remains the codified 

reference standard and basis for design 

wind pressures and wind zones 

established for high wind areas. 

Statutory Authority for the Increase in 

Wind Resistance Standards 

One commenter opposed the 

proposed rule’s use of the ASCE 7–05 

standard and ‘‘three-second gust’’ 

parameter to recalculate the wind speed 

references for manufactured homes in 

Wind Zones II and III on the grounds 

that HUD had exceeded their statutory 

authority in making the change. 

Specifically, the commenter stated that 

HUD had impermissibly relied on 

consistency with the design of other 

single-family structures in modifying its 

parameters. The commenter referenced 

the proposed rule’s statement that the 

three-second gust parameter ‘‘would 

keep manufactured housing on par with 

design of other single-family 

structures.’’ The commenter stated that 

HUD does not have authority that would 

allow HUD to base new or amended 

MHCSS standards on identity with or 

similarity to standards for other types of 

housing. The commenter also stated that 

HUD and MHCC had neglected their 

statutory duty by failing to, in 

recommending and proposing MHCSS 

standards, consider the cost of such 

standards. It cited to 42 U.S.C. 5403(e) 

for the proposition that MHCC and HUD 

must consider ‘‘the probable effect of 

such standard on the cost of the 

manufactured home to the public.’’ 

Finally, the commenter suggested 

that, if an increase in design wind speed 

would result from updating to the ASCE 

7–05 standard, then HUD should specify 

which aspect of manufactured housing 

safety is unsatisfactory under the 

current standards and provide evidence 

to support that determination and show 

the cost impact of such changes on 

home purchase price. 

HUD Response: HUD has a statutory 

obligation to establish construction and 

safety standards under section 

604(a)(1)(A) of the Manufactured 

Housing Improvement Act of 2000. 

However, the current ASCE 7 standard 

will not be changed in the final rule and 

the recommendation is being returned 

to the MHCC for reconsideration. This is 

based upon HUD’s engineering 

assessment and public comments 

identifying issues with the proposed 

standard. 

Resistance to Seismic Lateral Loads 

One commenter noted that although 

the proposed rule went into detail of the 

provisions for wind load, it had left 

other lateral loads such as seismic loads 

largely unaddressed. The commenter 

recommended that provisions for 

seismic loads be incorporated into the 

document. It specifically suggested that 

such provisions be incorporated where 

the incorporation of seismic loads may 

control or otherwise modify the designs 

of the structure or component. As an 

example, the commenter pointed to 

§ 3280.305 Windstorm and 

recommended that provisions for 

support and anchoring systems to resist 

other lateral loads be incorporated. The 

commenter provided further examples 

of § 3285.103 site suitability with design 

zone maps and recommended that it be 

updated to address seismic zone 

suitability check along with 

incorporation of seismic loading into 

part 3280. The commenter also 

recommended that the rule address 

anchorage for seismic loads. 

HUD Response: HUD acknowledges 

this comment and recommends that the 

commenter submit a proposed code 

change supported by technical analysis 

and corresponding design zone maps, to 

be reviewed by the MHCC. The MHCC 

is a Federal advisory committee 

established and required by statute. All 

proposed changes to the MHCSS must 

follow the MHCC consensus process to 

comply with Federal regulations. 

Generally, proposed changes to HUD 

standards must be submitted and 

reviewed for recommendation to the 

Secretary before HUD can consider or 

implement changes to the MHCSS by 

notice and comment rulemaking. The 

public may submit proposed standards 

at mhcc.homeinnovation.com. 


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Snow Load Standards 

One commenter noted that the basis 

of design snow loads has changed from 

average ground snow to maximum event 

snow in the 2022 IBC. The commenter 

also expressed concern about obsolete 

load standards in HUD regulations 

generally and recommended that HUD 

regulations be revised to be based on the 

latest versions of the load standards. 

HUD Response: HUD acknowledges 

this comment and recommends that the 

commenter propose a code change to be 

reviewed by the MHCC. As mentioned 

in the previous response, generally, 

proposed changes to the MHCSS must 

be submitted and reviewed by the 

MHCC through the statutory consensus 

process for recommendation to the 

Secretary before HUD can consider 

changes for rulemaking. The public may 

submit proposed standards via the 

internet at mhcc.homeinnovation.com. 

HUD Reference No. 8, Water Resistive 

Barrier 

One commenter stated that the HUD 

Reference No. 8, Water Resistive Barrier, 

would increase the acquisition cost of 

manufactured homes without 

remedying the identified safety or 

construction deficiencies. The 

commenter recommended that the 

requirement be eliminated from the 

final rule. The commenter cited HUD’s 

statement that a requirement would 

‘‘align [the] manufactured housing code 

with site-built construction standards,’’ 

and stated that HUD did not have the 

authority to mandate changes for this 

reason. Rather, the commenter saw HUD 

as having authority to propose and 

adopt standards only for the purposes of 

addressing specific, identified life, 

health, and safety and construction 

matters with the goal of protecting 

against unreasonable risk of accidents or 

any unreasonable risk of death or injury 

if such accidents occur. 

HUD Response: HUD acknowledges 

these comments. HUD has a statutory 

obligation under section 604(a) of the 

Manufactured Housing Improvement 

Act of 2000 to establish and enforce 

construction and safety standards for 

manufactured homes. This includes 

authority to revise the MHCSS for 

consistency and improve efforts to 

protect the quality, durability, safety, 

and affordability of manufactured 

homes. Water resistive barriers play a 

critical role in protecting homes from 

moisture damage, improving energy 

efficiency, enhancing durability, and 

reducing the impacts of climate change 

by adding an additional layer of 

protection against water intrusion and 

rain and reducing air leakage. 

Furthermore, insurance companies 

recognize the importance of water 

resistive barriers in mitigating water 

damage risks, which can result in 

potential insurance discounts or lower 

premiums that lead to cost savings for 

homeowners. 

Recommended Revisions to Data Plate 

Disclosure Language of 24 CFR 

3280.5(g) 

Several commenters recommended 

that HUD update the data plate 

disclosure definition to accord with the 

definition of Exposure D as described in 

ASCE/SEI 7–05. They noted that ASCE/ 

SEI 7–88 defines ‘‘Exposure D’’ 

differently than ASCE/SEI 7–05. Two of 

these commenters recommended that 

§ 3280.5(g) be revised to provide: ‘‘This 

home has not been designed for the 

higher wind pressures and anchoring 

provisions required for locations with 

600’ of flat, unobstructed areas and 

water surfaces in Wind Zone I which 

extend out 5,000 feet or more unless the 

home and its anchoring foundation 

system have been designed for the 

increased requirements specified for 

Exposure D in ANSI/ASCE 7–05.’’ 

HUD Response: HUD appreciates the 

comments. HUD conducted an 

engineering assessment in response to 

public comments on the ASCE–7–05 

wind standard. The assessment raised 

additional cost and efficacy concerns 

that must be examined by the MHCC. 

The return of the standard to the MHCC 

was necessary because, unlike the 

recommendations about the AAMA 

standard, where the MHCC provided 

HUD with recommendations for both 

the 2011 and 2017 standards, the 

MHCC’s recommendation did not 

provide HUD an alternative reference 

standard. This absence deprives HUD of 

authority to enact a new standard, 

which must first be reviewed by the 

MHCC’s further engineering assessment. 

The final rule will not update the ASCE 

standard to a version other than what is 

currently codified. If HUD revisits the 

matter in future rulemaking, 

commenters are encouraged to submit 

this feedback again. 

HUD Reference No. 25, National Design 

Specification for Wood Construction 

One comment stated that the HUD 

Reference No. 25, National Design 

Specification for Wood Construction, 

would increase the acquisition cost of 

manufactured homes without 

remedying identified safety or 

construction deficiencies. The 

commenter recommended that the 

requirement be eliminated from the 

final rule. The commenter cited HUD’s 

statement that the requirement would 

‘‘increase home resiliency for 

consumers,’’ and questioned whether 

HUD had the authority to mandate 

changes for this purpose under the 1974 

Act. The commenter said that HUD 

especially lacked the authority for this 

change given that the standard would 

increase the purchase costs of homes 

and exclude potential purchasers 

without delivering specific identified 

and quantified benefits. 

HUD Response: HUD acknowledges 

these comments. HUD has a statutory 

obligation to establish construction and 

safety standards under section 

604(a)(1)(A) of the Manufactured 

Housing Improvement Act of 2000. This 

Act authorizes HUD to revise the 

MHCSS to protect the quality, 

durability, safety, and affordability of 

manufactured homes. The NDS is 

widely used by engineers, architects, 

builders, and other professionals 

involved in the design and construction 

of wood-framed buildings and 

structures. HUD is incorporating this 

reference standard to reflect the 

advancements in wood technology, 

industry best practices, and guidelines 

for wood construction that impact 

manufactured housing. 

Purchase Price Impact Analyses 

One commenter commented on the 

lack of purchase price impact analysis 

in the proposed rule. The commenter 

stated that, under section 604(3) of the 

1974 Act, each reference standard 

change, addition, or modification must 

be accompanied by an analysis 

calculating the purchase price impact 

and weighing it against the alleged 

benefits of the proposed change. The 

commenter noted that HUD had 

provided no such analysis in table 2 or 

the preamble of the proposed rule. 

The commenter stated HUD was 

obligated to consider the cost impact of 

any proposed changes or additions to 

the MHCSS standards within the 

context of the DOE ‘‘energy 

conservation’’ standards. The 

commenter stated that unnecessary 

HUD standards would compound with 

DOE standards to increase the cost of 

manufactured housing to the exclusion 

of lower and moderate-income potential 

purchasers. The commenter expressed 

concern that this decrease in 

affordability would be contrary to the 

1974 Act and the priority of providing 

affordable housing. The commenter 

recommended that any standard in the 

proposed rule that lacked absent 

sufficient need and cost-benefit 

justification should be eliminated. 

HUD Response: HUD acknowledges 

these comments. HUD considered the 

cost impacts from changes that stem 


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from this proposed rule in the 

regulatory impact analysis, which was 

published with the proposed rule. 

Specifically, the analysis states, ‘‘based 

on the overall weighted average per-unit 

cost increase, the average sales price of 

$111,900 (Census of Manufactured 

Housing, August 2021), and the annual 

average production of 105,400, the 

decrease in homes purchased annually 

ranges from 77 to 130.’’ HUD 

sufficiently considered the purchase 

price impact and weighed it against the 

alleged benefits of the proposed change, 

as required by statute, when it drafted 

the proposed rule. 

With respect to the rule issued by the 

United States Department of Energy, the 

standards are not under the purview of 

HUD and are not related to this rule. 

The information available to HUD, 

either through the adopted energy 

standards rule or provided by the 

commenter, does not suggest the energy 

rule will interact with the requirements 

of this rule. As such, including a cost 

impact analysis pertaining to DOE’s 

rulemaking would exceed the scope of 

this rule. 

Lifecycle Cost Analyses 

One commenter recommended that 

lifecycle cost analyses justifying any 

quality rules should include in their 

sensitivity analysis, a scenario with a 

discount rate equal to an index average 

MHCSS home chattel loan rate. The 

commenter noted that chattel loan rates 

can exceed OMB’s standard 3 percent 

and 7 percent real discount rates for 

cost-benefit analysis. The commenter 

explained that actual financing costs 

must be considered in the lifecycle cost 

analysis to guarantee real, all-in 

consumer savings are achieved. 

HUD Response: HUD acknowledges 

these comments. Although the discount 

rate can be chosen based on the 

mortgage rate, the appropriate value 

would need to be the real interest rate, 

i.e., the nominal rate minus inflation. 

OMB’s preferred 3% and 7% real 

discount rates provide a range that 

includes the commenter’s cited median 

nominal chattel loan rate of 7.8% minus 

inflation. Further, as discussed in the 

Consumer Financial Protection Bureau’s 

May 2021 report, ‘‘Manufactured 

Housing Finance: New Insights from the 

Home Mortgage Disclosure Act Data’’, 

only 42 percent of manufactured 

housing loans in 2021 were chattel 

loans. Thus, using a discount rate based 

solely on chattel loan interest rates 

would be inappropriate. 

Standard Test Methods for Direct 

Moisture Content Measurement of Wood 

and Wood-Based Material 

(3280.4(l)(23)) 

Two commenters recommended that 

HUD incorporate the 2016 version of 

ASTM D4442 by reference because of 

the unspecified minor, non-technical 

changes and three unspecified semitechnical changes that were made from 

the 2007 to the 2016 version of the 

ASTM D4442. The commenter stated 

that the changes in the 2016 version will 

not have an impact on the manufactured 

housing industry but did not provide 

basis for this statement. 

HUD Response: HUD acknowledges 

these comments. Incorporation of 2016 

version of ASTM D4442 was neither 

recommended by the MHCC nor 

presented in the proposed rule for 

public review and comment. The 

absence of these actions prevents HUD 

from considering the recommendation 

until the MHCC completes a consensus 

driven review and provides a 

recommendation to the Secretary. HUD 

requests that the commenters propose 

this code change to the MHCC and 

provide a copy of the version proposed 

for incorporation with the proposal. The 

public may submit proposed standards 

via the internet at 

mhcc.homeinnovation.com. 

Standard Test Methods for Use and 

Calibration of Hand-Held Moisture 

Meters, 2013 (3280.4(l)(24)) 

Several commenters recommended 

that HUD incorporate the ASTM 

D73438–08 or ASTM D7438–13 

Standard Practice for Field Calibration 

and Application of Hand-Held Moisture 

Meters into HUD regulations in place of 

the ASTM D4444. The commenters 

stated that the change would enable 

greater accuracy in calibration and 

would better align with current industry 

practices. 

HUD Response: HUD acknowledges 

these comments and requests that the 

commenters propose a MHCSS change 

that would incorporate an alternate 

standard so that it can be reviewed by 

the MHCC as part of the consensus 

process. As discussed earlier, the 

Manufactured Housing Improvement 

Act of 2000 requires that the MHCC 

consider changes to the MHCSS, issue 

recommendations to the Secretary, and 

that the Secretary implement, modify, or 

reject the standards. Under sections 

604(b)(3) and (4) of the Manufactured 

Housing Improvement Act of 2000, the 

Secretary must make the proposed 

regulations or interpretative bulletins 

available for public comment upon 

receipt of a recommendation and prior 

to enactment. In light of these 

requirements, HUD requests that copies 

of the exact version proposed for 

incorporation be included with the 

proposal. The public may submit 

proposed standards via the internet at 

mhcc.homeinnovation.com. 

AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440–17 

Several commenters questioned the 

decision to adopt the 2017 version of 

AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440 at 

§ 3280.4(d)(6). The commenters noted 

that AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/ 

A440–08 and –11 are the most common 

standard certifications used today and 

there are no material differences 

between the 2011 and 2017 versions. 

They believed that AAMA/WDMA/CSA 

101/I.S.2/A440–17 would make 

certification more difficult and would 

increase costs. They recommended that 

AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440–11 

be adopted at 3280.4(d)(6) instead of 

AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440– 

17. 

HUD Response: HUD appreciates the 

comments and has revisited the original 

recommendations made by the MHCC to 

HUD. In March 2016 (Log 140), the 

MHCC recommended that HUD adopt 

the 2011 version of AAMA/WDMA/CSA 

101/I.S.2/A440 at § 3280.4(s)(6). 

However, in December 2017 (Log 201), 

the MHCC recommended HUD adopt 

the 2017 version, citing that the current 

reference standard was significantly 

outdated and should be referencing the 

latest edition. As mentioned by the 

public comments, there are no major 

differences between the 2011 and 2017 

versions. Updated standards typically 

address necessary edits or weaknesses 

found in previous versions, leading to 

improved building performance and 

compliance in areas of quality, safety, 

and durability. Adopting the more 

recent standard into the MHCSS will 

not make certification more difficult or 

significantly increase costs. Most 

windows produced for construction 

purposes today are likely to already be 

built to meet current industry standards 

because of enforcement of window 

certifications by jurisdictions across the 

United States. HUD has incorporated 

the 2017 version in this final rule, 

which is not the most recent version as 

of 2024, to ensure that manufactured 

homes are constructed using more 

modern, relevant, and effective 

technologies and materials. 

Reference to APA PSI–2009 

One commenter recommended that 

HUD replace references to APA PSI– 

2009 with the most current version, 

which is NIST Voluntary Product 

Standard PS 1–19. The commenter 


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further recommended that, in place of 

listing a year or version, that the rule 

contain references to ‘‘the current 

version’’. 

HUD Response: HUD cannot enact 

these suggested changes unless the 

MHCC first considers the commenter’s 

suggestion in a consensus process and 

provides the Secretary with a 

recommendation. The Administrative 

Procedure Act also requires HUD to 

place the public on notice regarding 

standards upon which it may take future 

enforcement action and provide an 

opportunity for public review and 

comment. Considering these statutory 

limitations, HUD acknowledges these 

comments and requests that the 

commenters propose a code change to 

incorporate more recent versions to be 

reviewed by the MHCC. HUD requests 

that copies of the exact version 

proposed for incorporation be included 

with the proposal. The public may 

submit proposed standards via the 

internet at mhcc.homeinnovation.com. 

Please note that HUD is unable to 

broadly incorporate standards into 

Federal regulation without specificity. 

Updates to Reference Standards 

Regarding Gas-Fired Appliances and 

Accessories 

One commenter recommended that 

HUD update the reference standards for 

appliances and components used in the 

construction of manufactured homes to 

the most current editions. The 

commenter stated that mandating that 

appliances and components comply 

with outdated standards would burden 

manufacturers by mandating and would 

limit homeowners’ ability to have the 

most current products. The commenter 

recommended that HUD review the 

standards and update references to the 

most recent editions. Specifically, the 

commenter suggested incorporating 

following standards and codes for gasfired appliances and accessories, 

including controls and tubing: 

—CSA/ANSI LC 1–2019 • CSA 6.26–2019 as 

the standard for Fuel Gas Piping Systems 

Using Corrugated Stainless Steel Tubing in 

3280.705(b) in order to update ANSI/IAS 

LC 1–1997. 

—CSA/ANSI Z21.1–2019 • CSA 1.1–2019 as 

the standard for Household Cooking Gas 

Appliances in order to update ANSI Z21.1– 

2000. 

—ANSI Z21.5.1–2017 • CSA 7.12–2017 as 

the standard for the Gas Clothes Dryers 

Volume 1, Type 1 Clothes Dryers in order 

to update ANSI Z21.51.1–1999, Gas 

Clothes Dryers Volume 1, Type 1 Clothes 

Dryers, with Addendum z21.5.1a–1999. 

—CSA/ANSI Z21.10.1–2019 • CSA 4.1– 

2019, Gas Water Heaters Volume 1, Storage 

Water Heaters with Input Ratings of 75,000 

BTU per Hour or Less in order to update 

ANSI Z21.10.1–1998, Gas Water Heaters— 

Volume 1, Storage Water Heaters with 

Input Ratings of 75,000 BTU per hour or 

Less, with Addendum Z21.10.1a–2000. 

—CSA/ANSI Z21.10.3–2019 • CSA 4.3–2019 

Gas-fired Water Heaters Volume 3, Storage 

Water Heaters with Input Ratings Above 

75,000 BTU per Hour, Circulating and 

Instantaneous. 

—ANSI Z21.15–2009(R2019) • CSA 9.1– 

2009(R2019), Manually Operated Gas 

Valves for Appliances, Appliance 

Connector Valves and Hose End Valves in 

order to update ANSI Z21.15–1997. 

—CSA/ANSI Z21.19–2019 • CSA 1.4–2019, 

Refrigerators Using Gas Fuel. The proposed 

rule would update ANSI Z21.19–1990, 

with Addendum ANSI Z21 19a–1992 and 

ANSI Z21 19b–1995. 

—ANSI Z21.20–2014, Automatic Gas 

Ignitions Systems and Components in 

order to update ANSI Z21.20 with 

Addendum Z21.20a–2000. 

—CSA/ANSI Z21.21–2019 • CSA 6.5–2019, 

Automatic Valves for Gas Appliances in 

order to update ANZI Z21.21–2000. 

—CSA/ANSI Z21.23–2022 • CSA 6.6–2022 

in order to update ANSI Z21.23–1993. 

—CSA/ANSI Z21.24–2022 • CSA 6.10–2022, 

Connectors for Gas Appliances in order to 

update ANSI Z21.24–1997/CGA 6.10–M97, 

Connectors for Gas Appliances, and 

remove the reference to the Compressed 

Gas Association. 

—ANSI Z21.40.1–1996(R2022) • CSA 2.91– 

1996(R2022), Gas Fired, Heat Activated Air 

Conditioning and Heat Pump Appliances 

in order to correct the title of this standard 

from ANSI Z21.40.1–1996/CGA 2.91–M96, 

Gas-Fired, Heat Activated Air Conditioning 

and Heat Pump Appliances, to remove the 

reference to the Compressed Gas 

Association. 

—CSA/ANSI Z21.47–2021 • CSA 2.3–2021– 

2012, Gas Fired Central Furnaces in order 

to update ANSI Z21.47–1990 with 

Addendum Z21.4a–1990 and Z21.47b– 

1992, Gas-Fired Central Furnaces (Except 

Direct Vent System Central Furnaces). 

—ANSI Z21.75–2016 • CSA 6.27–2016, 

Connectors for Outdoor Gas Appliances 

and Manufactured Homes. 

—NFPA 54/ANSI Z223.1–2021, National 

Fuel Gas Code in order to update NFPA 

54–2002, National Fuel Gas Code. 

—NFPA 58–2020, Standard for the Storage 

and Handling of Liquefied Petroleum Gases 

in order to update NFPA 58, Liquefied 

Petroleum Gas Code, 2001 Edition. 

The commenter recommended that 

CSA Group, which it referred to as the 

accredited standards development 

organization for many of the standards, 

be included in the resources. The 

commenter also recommended that 

HUD include the following address 

where copies of the standards could be 

obtained: CSA Group/8501 East Pleasant 

Valley Road/Independence, OH 44131/ 

csagroup.org. 

HUD Response: HUD acknowledges 

these comments and requests that the 

commenters propose a code change to 

incorporate more recent versions to be 

reviewed by the MHCC, for the same 

reasons described previously addressing 

need for consensus review and public 

notification. HUD requests that copies of 

the exact version proposed for 

incorporation be included with the 

proposal. The public may submit 

proposed standards at 

mhcc.homeinnovation.com. HUD 

understands that many standards are 

accredited jointly by more than one 

rating agency, such as CSA Group, but 

this is commonly understood and the 

contact information for additional 

resources is readily available and 

accessible online. For purposes of 

organization of 3280.4 in the final rule, 

jointly issued ANSI/CSA standards are 

categorized under ANSI. 

Updated Reference Standards Related 

to Plumbing 

Several commenters requested 

revisions to the plumbing standards. 

One commenter advised HUD to 

consider updates to certain standards 

incorporated by reference in §§ 3280.4 

and 3280.604. The commenter premised 

its recommendations on the importance 

of having plumbing product standards 

reflect technological advancements, 

product innovations, drinking water 

exposure to indirect additives in 

products and materials, and updates to 

testing methodologies. The comment 

included line edits to §§ 3280.4(j), 

3280.4(dd), 3280.604(b), and 

3280.604(c) that it advised HUD to 

revise the rule to better align it with 

current building codes, product 

standards, and building practices. 

Another commenter requested 

removal of polybutylene pipe and 

fittings standards, which it stated had 

already been removed from model 

plumbing codes. The commenter noted 

that, to its knowledge, polybutylene 

pipe and fittings are not certified to 

ASTM standards and are not generally 

available for hot and cold-water 

distributions in the United States. The 

commenter proposed pages of line edits 

incorporating these recommendations 

into §§ 3280.604(b)(2) and 3280.4(dd). 

The commenter also recommended 

changes to reflect current titles and 

editions of NSF, ASTM, and CISPI 

standards and current legal name of 

NSF International. It requested removal 

of the NSF/ANSI 24 Plumbing System 

Components for Recreation Vehicles 

given that it had been revised to remove 

manufactured homes and was thus no 

longer applicable. 

Another commenter recommended 

line edits to §§ 3280.4(g), 3280.4(k), 

3280.4(v), 3280.604(c), and 3280.604. 

Specifically, the commenter 

recommended that HUD remove from 


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the rule the following standards: ASSE/ 

ANSI–1986, ASSE 1007–1986, ASSE 

1025, IAPMO PS 2–89, IAPMO PS 4–90, 

IAPMO PS 5–84, IAPMO PS 9–84, 

IAPMO PS 14–89, and IAPMO PS 31– 

91. The commenter also recommended 

that HUD use the following updated 

standards: IAPMO Z124.5–2013e1 

(R2018) instead of ANSI Z124.5–1997; 

and IAPMO Z124.7–2013 (R2018) 

instead of ANSI Z124.7–1997. The 

commenter also recommended that 

HUD use ASSE 1001–2021; ASME 

A112.1002–2020/ASSE 1002–2020/CSA 

B125.12–2020; ASSE 1008–2020; ASSE 

1011–2017; ASSE 1014–2020; ASME 

A112.1016–2017/ASSE 1016–2017/CSA 

B125.16–17; ASSE 1017–2009 (R2014); 

ANSI/ASSE 1019–2011 (R2016); ASSE 

1023–2020; ASSE 1051–2021; IAPMO 

PS 23–21; IAPMO TS 03 (R2022); and 

IAPMO TS 22–97e1 (R2020). In addition 

to the safety considerations and desire 

for most up-to-date testing 

methodologies and products noted by 

many of the commenters, this 

commenter explained that use of the 

most current versions of the standards 

would allow for incorporation of the 

results of efforts by the International 

Association of Plumbing and 

Mechanical Officials to harmonize 

product standards used for plumbing 

products in the US and Canada. 

Another commenter specifically 

referenced parts 3280, 3282, 3285, and 

3286, noting that they contained 

references to outdated standards. The 

commenter also noted that there were a 

number of missing newer standards 

from ASSE, ASTM and others for 

modern products, pipes, and fittings, 

specifically for new PEX fittings and 

modern piping materials like PERT and 

Polypropylene. The commenter attached 

a list of current standards with active 

versions years to which it directed 

HUD’s attention. 

HUD Response: HUD appreciates 

these comments and requests that the 

commenters submit these code changes 

to be reviewed by the MHCC, for the 

same reasons described previously. For 

reference standard version changes, 

HUD requests that copies of the exact 

version proposed for incorporation be 

included with the proposal. The public 

may submit proposed standards via the 

internet at mhcc.homeinnovation.com. 

Updated NFPA Reference Standards 

A commenter proposed the following 

additional updated reference standards 

related to NFPA. It noted the 

importance of updated standards to 

ensure that the requirements 

accommodate advancements in 

technology and practices and the mostup-to-date safety knowledge. 

Accordingly, it recommended that HUD 

incorporate by reference the most recent 

version of various NFPA standards. 

Specifically, the commenter 

recommended incorporation by 

reference of the following NFPA 

standards: 

• The 2022 edition of NFPA 13D in 

§ 3280.214(b). Specifically, the 

commenter recommended use of table 

7.5.6.3 instead of 7.5.5.3 in (e)(2), the 

use of tables 10.4.9.2(b) through (h) and 

table 10.4.9.2(c) in (o)(3)(i) and table 

10.4.9.2(b) in (o)(3)(ii). The commenter 

believed that these changes would allow 

HUD to incorporate the most up-to-date 

standards related to freeze protection, 

sprinkler positioning, sprinklers in 

vacant structures, and use of well 

pumps as a water supply. 

• The 2020 edition of NFPA 31 in 

§§ 3280.703(d) and 3280.707(f). It noted 

that changes from the 2011 to the 2020 

version include listing criteria and fuel 

types for fuel burning appliances, 

acceptable piping and fitting materials, 

and updates to reference standards. 

• The 2021 edition of the NFPA 54 in 

§ 3280.703(d). It noted that changes 

between the two versions include pipe 

grounding and bonding, pipe fittings, 

venting requirements for chimneys, and 

appliance listing criteria. 

• The 2023 edition of the NFPA 70 

National Electrical Code which includes 

updates related to exterior emergency 

power disconnects for fire responders, 

network-connected life safety 

equipment, wireless power transfers of 

electric vehicles, and Class 4 faultmanaged power. Relatedly, it noted that 

§ 3280.807(c) refers users to Article 

410.4 but should refer to Article 

410.10(D). 

• The 2020 edition of NFPA 58 in 

§ 3280.703(d). It noted that the more 

recent version includes changes related 

to snow load maps, fire extinguisher 

requirements, fire resistance ratings, 

noncombustible materials, and other 

changes. 

• The 2021 edition of NFPA 90B in 

§ 3280.703(d) in order to incorporate 

updated reference standards and 

editorial changes. 

• The 2021 edition of the NFPA 253 

Standard on Types of Building 

Construction in § 3280.202 to stay 

consistent with the most current 

terminology for the definition of 

‘‘limited combustible’’ and 

‘‘noncombustible’’. 

• The 2023 edition of NFPA 253 in 

§ 3280.207(c). The commenter 

recommended the change to create 

uniformity with other fire test standards 

and provide more up-to-date referenced 

standards. 

• The most current versions of ASTM 

E84 and UL 273. The commenter noted 

that the proposed rule references the 

1995 version of the NFPA 255 on 

Standard Method of Test of Surface 

Burning Characteristics of Building 

Materials in §§ 3280.203(a) and 

3280.207(a). It explained that the 

standard was withdrawn in 2009 and 

recommended removing the reference 

and using the most current versions of 

ASTM E84 and UL 273 instead. 

• The 2022 edition of NFPA 72 in 

lieu of NFPA 720 in § 3280.211(b). The 

commenter noted that NFPA 720 was 

withdrawn in 2018 and its requirements 

were incorporated into the 2019 edition 

of NFPA 72. 

HUD Response: HUD appreciates 

these comments and requests that the 

commenters submit these code changes 

to be reviewed by the MHCC, for the 

same reasons described previously. For 

reference standard version changes, 

HUD requests that copies of the exact 

version proposed for incorporation be 

included with the proposal. The public 

may submit proposed standards via the 

internet at mhcc.homeinnovation.com. 

Use of Most Up-to-Date ASCE Reference 

Standards 

One commenter made specific 

recommendations regarding use of the 

most current ASCE standards. 

Specifically, the commenter 

recommended that HUD incorporate the 

proposed rule’s reference the 2022 

edition of Minimum Design Loads for 

Buildings and Older Structures (ASCE/ 

SEI 7–22). The comment explained that 

the standard provides the most up-todate and coordinating loading 

provisions for general structural design, 

prescribes design loads for many types 

of hazards, and coordinates with other 

current structural material standards. In 

particular, the ASCE/SEI 7–22 standard 

updates wind, snow, seismic, rain, ice, 

and flood hazards to reflect the current 

state of practice and understanding of 

environmental hazards. The commenter 

further explained that the ASCE/SEI 7– 

22 standard refines wind loads to make 

use of the current knowledge of wind 

hazards and recent changes in wind 

speeds and also make use of new 

understandings of snowfall and wind 

effects on drift. The commenter 

concluded by stating that requiring new 

manufactured housing to comply with 

the state of practice, as defined by the 

latest standards of practice, will 

facilitate equitable, sustainable, and 

resilient infrastructure, will result in an 

improved standard of living and lower 

life-cycle costs and reinforce the 

Administration’s goals and better 


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protect public health, safety, welfare, 

and environmental resilience. 

HUD Response: HUD appreciates 

these comments and requests that the 

commenter submit proposed code 

changes to be reviewed by the MHCC, 

for the same reasons described 

previously. For reference standard 

version changes, HUD requests that 

copies of the specific version proposed 

for incorporation be included with the 

proposal. The public may submit 

proposed standards via the internet at 

mhcc.homeinnovation.com. 

Updating to FEMA P–85 

One commenter recommended that 

HUD incorporate FEMA P–85 as a 

reference standard and generally 

advised that HUD use the current 

versions of each standard. 

HUD Response: HUD appreciates this 

comment and requests that the 

commenter submit this proposed code 

change to be reviewed by the MHCC 

with a specific version, referenced by 

date and year, that is to be considered 

for incorporation. As described in this 

preamble, the HUD has a statutory 

responsibility to place the public on 

notice regarding standards upon which 

it may take future enforcement action. 

Additionally, the specific standard 

incorporated into the MHCSS must first 

be reviewed and recommended to HUD 

by the MHCSS. Standards cannot be 

broadly incorporated into regulations to 

reference a ‘‘current version’’ and must 

be defined by name and date. HUD 

requests that copies of the specific 

version proposed for incorporation be 

included with the proposal. The public 

may submit proposed standards via the 

internet at mhcc.homeinnovation.com. 

Testing of Energy Efficiency Compliance 

for Gas-Fired Water Heaters in 

§ 3280.707(d)(2) 

A commenter recommended that HUD 

incorporate applicable regulatory 

requirements established by the 

Department of Energy, rather than ANSI 

Standard Z21.10.1, in relation to the 

testing of energy efficiency compliance 

for gas-fired water heaters. The 

commenter explained that the relevant 

requirements had been removed from 

the ANSI Z21.10.1 standard. 

HUD Response: HUD appreciates this 

comment and requests that the 

commenter submit this proposed code 

change to be reviewed by the MHCC, for 

the same reasons described previously. 

The public may submit proposed 

standards via the internet at 

mhcc.homeinnovation.com. While the 

MHCC considers the recommendation 

mentioned above for gas-fired water 

heaters, HUD wishes to remind 

manufacturers that they must comply 

with all applicable statutory and 

regulatory requirements, including the 

Federal energy efficiency requirements 

for covered products and equipment 

such as residential water heaters, central 

air conditioners, and central heat 

pumps, even if they are not otherwise 

stated in the rule or impose obligations 

distinct from or additional to any 

obligations imposed by this rule. 

Requirements for Windows, Sliding 

Glass Doors, and Skylights 

One commenter recommended that 

HUD add the following language to 

§ 3280.403, requirements for windows, 

sliding glass doors, and skylights. ‘‘All 

such windows and doors must show 

evidence of certification by affixing a 

quality certification label to the product 

from a product certification body 

accredited to ISO/IEC 17065 by an 

accreditation body that is 

internationally recognized to ISO/ 

IEC17011 and are signatories to 

international mutual recognition 

arrangements such as the Asia Pacific 

Accreditation Cooperation (APAC).’’ 

Another commenter recommended that 

HUD use updated ANSI Z97.1 (R2020). 

HUD Response: HUD appreciates this 

comment and requests that the 

commenter submit this proposed code 

change to be reviewed by the MHCC, for 

the same reasons described previously. 

The public may submit proposed 

standards via the internet at 

mhcc.homeinnovation.com. 

Laboratory Testing Requirements 

One commenter recommended that 

HUD require testing laboratories to be 

accredited to ISO/IEC 17025 by an 

accreditation body that is 

internationally recognized to ISO/IEC 

17011 and are signatories to 

international mutual recognition 

arrangements like the Asia Pacific 

Accreditation Cooperation. 

HUD Response: HUD appreciates this 

comment and requests that the 

commenter submit this proposed code 

change to be reviewed by the MHCC, for 

the same reasons described previously 

addressing need for consensus review 

and public notification. The public may 

submit proposed standards via the 

internet at mhcc.homeinnovation.com. 

Standard for Vinyl Siding and 

Polypropylene Siding Used in 

Manufactured Homes 

One commenter requested 

clarification regarding how to proceed 

when the vinyl siding manufacturer’s 

installation instructions and the Vinyl 

Siding Institute Installation Manual 

(VSIIM) contradict one another. 

Specifically, the commenter requested 

clarity on which set of instructions 

should take priority. 

HUD Response: HUD does not 

reference the VSIIM. The final rule 

states under § 3280.309(c): ‘‘Vinyl siding 

and soffit installation must be installed 

in accordance with the manufacturer’s 

installation instructions. Vinyl siding 

and soffit installation must be based on 

ASTM D4756.’’ It is the manufacturer’s 

responsibility to ensure that its 

installation instructions are in 

accordance with ASTM D4756. 

Reference to ASTM D4756 in 

§ 3280.309(c) 

One commenter expressed concerns 

about the reference to ASTM D4756 in 

the section on installation of vinyl 

siding and soffit installation in 

§ 3280.309(c). The commenter 

recommended removal of the sentence 

which referenced ASTM D4756. The 

commenter explained that D4756 is an 

outdated standard that will be balloted 

for withdrawal as an ASTM standard 

under ASTM D20/D20.24. Furthermore, 

the commenter believed that 

manufacturer installation instructions 

and specifications should provide 

sufficient guidance. The commenter 

expressed concern about regulatory 

obligations to follow both manufacturer 

installation instructions and ASTM 

D4756, given that the two could differ. 

Another commenter stated that ASTM 

D4756–06 references ASTM E2112–07, 

and an 88-page standard for flashing 

installation. The commenter requested 

clarification on the standards that 

should be followed when there are 

contradictions between ASTM D4756– 

06 and ASTM E2112–07. 

HUD Response: HUD acknowledges 

this comment and suggests that the 

commenter submit this proposed code 

change to be reviewed by the MHCC, for 

the same reasons described previously. 

The public may submit proposed 

standards via the internet at 

mhcc.homeinnovation.com. The 

MHCSS does not reference ASTM 

E2112–07. Although ASTM D4756 has 

been withdrawn, the standard is still 

available for public access and use and 

is included in the final rule until it can 

be revised by future rulemaking after 

consideration and recommendation by 

the MHCC. 

Omission of § 3280.504(b) 

One commenter noted that 

§ 3280.504(b) references § 3280.504(b)(1) 

but that the proposed rule does not 

contain § 3280.504(b)(1). It suggests that 

following language be added: 

‘‘§ 3280.504(b)(1) Exterior walls must 

have a vapor retarder with a permeance 


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no greater than 1 perm (dry cup method) 

installed on the living space side of the 

wall; OR’’. 

HUD Response: The language offered 

by the commenter can be found in the 

proposed rule at 3280.504(b)(1). The 

language states: ‘‘(1) Exterior walls shall 

have a vapor barrier no greater than 1 

perm (dry cup method) installed on the 

living space side of the wall, or.’’ The 

final rule maintains the language found 

in the proposed rule without change. 

Floor Area Requirements 

Some commenters recommended that 

HUD re-evaluate the 150 square footage 

requirements in light of the allowance of 

three dwellings within a single 

manufactured home. The commenters 

noted that the 2015 IRC had reduced the 

size requirement for a habitable room to 

70 square feet. Some commenters noted 

that the 150 number had not been based 

on scientific analysis or on identified 

safety hazards. The commenters 

recommended the following language in 

§ 3280.109: ‘‘Each dwelling unit of a 

manufactured home shall have at least 

one living area with not less than 70 

square feet of gross floor area’’. 

HUD Response: HUD acknowledges 

this comment and suggests that the 

commenter submit this proposed code 

change to be reviewed by the MHCC, for 

the same reasons described previously 

addressing need for consensus review 

and public notification. The public may 

submit proposed standards via the 

internet at mhcc.homeinnovation.com. 

Clarity on the Meaning of ‘‘Exposed’’ 

(§ 3280.203(c)(1)(ii)) 

One commenter recommended the 

following language to clarify what 

surfaces are not considered ‘‘exposed’’: 

‘‘Exposed bottoms and sides of kitchen 

cabinets as required by § 3280.204; 

vertical surfaces above the horizontal 

plane formed by the bottom of the range 

hood are not considered exposed.’’. 

HUD Response: HUD acknowledges 

this comment but is of the opinion that 

the existing language which states, 

‘‘Exposed bottoms and sides of kitchen 

cabinets as required by § 3280.204 

except that non-horizontal surfaces 

above the horizontal plane formed by 

the bottom of the range hood are not 

considered exposed,’’ is sufficiently 

clear. HUD’s view is that ‘‘nonhorizontal surfaces’’ is a more inclusive 

terminology than the alternate language 

proposed in the comment and more 

clearly describes which surfaces do not 

need to be considered as exposed. In the 

final rule, § 3280.203(c)(1)(ii) reads as 

follows: ‘‘Exposed bottoms and sides of 

kitchen cabinets as required by 

§ 3280.204 except that non-horizontal 

surfaces above the horizontal plane 

formed by the bottom of the range hood 

are not considered exposed.’’ 

Moisture Content of Treated Lumber 

Used for Porch Designs 

One commenter recommended that 

§ 3280.304(a) add following language 

regarding porch designs with treated 

lumber extending into the main roof 

cavity: ‘‘Dimension and board lumber 

must not exceed 19 percent moisture 

content at time of installation. Treated 

lumber used for exterior purposes only 

and does not extend into the main home 

construction may have a moisture 

content exceeding 19 percent.’’. 

HUD Response: HUD accepts this 

comment and has added the language as 

suggested to provide additional clarity 

that the moisture content for treated 

lumber applies to porches and exterior 

applications only. 

Requirements for Fireplace and Wood 

Stoves 

One commenter expressed concern 

about HUD’s proposed revision to allow 

any fireplace or wood stove to be 

installed regardless of the testing and 

certification requirements specified by 

the Standard for Vented Gas Fireplace 

Heaters, CSA/ANSI Z21.88–2109 * CSA 

2.33–2019. The commenter worried that 

using an appliance not tested and 

certified for manufactured homes might 

violate the listing and certification of 

the product. 

HUD Response: HUD acknowledges 

this comment but reassures the 

commenter that if an installed product 

violates its listing and certification 

when installed in a manufactured home, 

then it would not be permissible under 

§ 3280.709(a). 

Drain Pan Requirements 

Some commenters recommended that 

the § 3280.709(h) requirement for drain 

pan should be revised to facilitate the 

use of tankless water heaters. They 

recommended the following language in 

§ 3280.709 to better align with the IRC 

P2801.6: ‘‘A corrosion-resistant water 

drip collection and drain pan must be 

installed under each storage tank-type 

water heater or a hot water storage tank 

that will allow water leaking from the 

water heater to drain to the exterior of 

the manufactured home, or to a drain.’’ 

HUD Response: HUD accepts this 

comment and has added the language as 

suggested to support clarity for the 

allowed use of tankless water heaters 

included in this final rule. 

Clarity on Appliance Installation 

Instruction Requirements 

Some commenters expressed support 

for HUD’s attempt to reduce redundant 

appliance manuals but suggested that 

there might be need for further clarity in 

the language used in the proposed rule. 

They suggested the following language: 

‘‘Operating instructions must be 

provided for each appliance. The 

operating instructions for each 

appliance must be provided with the 

homeowner’s manual unless the 

appliance is affixed with a permanent 

Quick Response (QR) Code.’’ 

HUD Response: HUD acknowledges 

this comment, but the suggested 

language is not in line with the change 

implemented in the final rule. HUD 

requires one copy of the operating 

instructions for each application to be 

provided with the homeowners’ 

manual. A second copy shall be 

provided with the appliance only if the 

appliance does not have a QR code. The 

final rule text has been slightly adjusted 

to clarify HUD’s requirement. 

Appliance Manufacturer Instructions 

One commenter expressed concern 

that revision of § 3280.709(a) to remove 

a requirement that manufacturers leave 

appliance manufacturer instructions 

attached to appliances would conflict 

with the safety standards and fuel gas 

installation code requirements. 

HUD Response: HUD acknowledges 

this comment but this change 

implemented in the final rule does not 

conflict with the safety standards and 

fuel gas installation code requirements. 

HUD still requires one copy of the 

operating instructions for each 

application to be provided with the 

homeowners’ manual and a second copy 

shall be provided with the appliance 

only if the appliance does not have a QR 

code. In response to this comment, HUD 

has slightly revised the text under 

§ 3280.711 to clarify this. 

Reference to Loose-Fill Insulation 

A commenter expressed concern 

about the portion of the proposed rule 

referencing ‘‘[a] horizontal distance of 

not less than the depth of the wall 

cavity, where the call [sic] cavity is 

filled with cellulose loose-fill or other 

loose-fill insulation.’’ The commenter 

recommended that the language be 

changed to read, ‘‘where the wall cavity 

is filled with loose-fill insulation’’ to 

reduce the possibility that the rule 

would be understood to relate to 

cellulose insulation only. The 

commenter noted that the insulation 

market contains many loose-fill 

insulation types apart from cellulose 

and the change would reduce confusion. 


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HUD Response: HUD accepts this 

comment and has revised the language 

as suggested to provide additional 

clarity. The amended language can be 

found at § 3280.215(d)(2)(i)(B). 

Windows and Doors Protections 

One commenter recommended adding 

an exception to § 3280.403 that 

provisions for protection of openings of 

manufactured homes be required in 

construction for homes installed in 

wind-borne debris regions (reference 

definition in the IRC). The commenter 

stated that provision of protection can 

be defined by the IBC. 

HUD Response: HUD acknowledges 

this comment and suggests that the 

commenter submit this proposed code 

change to be reviewed by the MHCC, for 

the same reasons described previously 

addressing need for consensus review 

and public notification. The public may 

submit proposed standards via the 

internet at mhcc.homeinnovation.com. 

Implementation Period 

Several commenters requested a 

minimum one-year implementation 

period because of the quantity of 

changes that the proposed rule would 

create to relevant regulatory 

requirements. They noted that the 

proposed rule included 69 updates to 

reference standards, 16 new standards, 

and three regulatory text changes. Other 

commenters specifically requested that 

HUD provide both an effective date, i.e., 

when the rule will be effective, and a 

mandatory effective date, i.e., when 

compliance would become mandatory; 

the commenters suggested a 90-day 

period between the two dates to permit 

product inventory and materials to be 

used to meet the standards. Two 

commenters noted the challenges 

associated with the reference standards 

in § 3280.4, which would require 

manufacturers to analyze and apply the 

numerous standards and codes to a 

wide range of components. These 

commenters also noted that compliance 

will necessitate consultation with 

production suppliers, DAPIAs, and 

IPIAs. 

One commenter noted that a longer 

implementation period was necessary 

because of the burdens associated with 

the May 2022 Final Rule to Establish 

Energy Conservation Standards for 

Manufactured Housing requiring 

manufactured homes to comply with the 

2021 International Energy Conservation 

Code by May 2023. Another commenter 

pointed out that the United States 

Department of Energy (DOE) had 

released a Final Rule requiring 

compliance with 10 CFR part 460 

Energy Conservation Standards for 

Manufactured Homes (May 31, 2022, 87 

FR 32728; May 30, 2023, 88 FR 34411), 

which had allowed for a one-year 

implementation period, suggesting that 

HUD use this lengthy implementation 

period as a model. 

Another commenter noted that the 

U.S. Department of Energy published a 

proposed rule entitled Energy 

Conservation Standards for Consumer 

Furnaces, (July 7, 2022, 87 FR 40590), 

which proposed a five-year 

implementation period for changes that 

the commenter suggested were much 

less significant. Commenters also 

referenced, in support of their request 

for a longer implementation period, 

previous extensions on implementation 

of HUD rules. 

HUD Response: HUD understands 

these comments and has provided a sixmonth delayed effective date to allow 

manufacturers to implement the 

regulations effectively. This effective 

date will allow for smoother 

implementation and improved 

alignment between regulatory 

requirements and stakeholders’ 

capabilities. HUD did not provide the 

full year implementation because many 

of the changes in this final rule support 

construction practices already in place 

by manufacturers, and will eliminate 

the need for alternative construction 

letters, improving efficiencies, and 

costs. HUD is not implementing 

bifurcated deadlines because such 

deadlines would likely create confusion 

among manufacturers regarding the 

effective dates, much to the detriment of 

consumers and manufacturers alike. 

Cost Considerations 

One commenter recommended that 

HUD accommodate the entry level of the 

market even as it permits new, high-end 

construction methods. The commenter 

urged that when HUD assesses the costs 

and benefits of minimum quality and 

safety standards that raise the legal 

quality floor of MHCSS construction, 

that HUD consider that the housing 

alternatives for the marginal consumer 

priced out of an entry-level MHCSS 

home that are not built to the updated 

codes. The commenter stated that 

increased up-front purchase prices that 

produce later savings to ultimately 

reduce the total cost of ownership is an 

appropriate consideration. The 

commenter recommended that lifecycle 

cost analyses justifying those changes 

should include, in their sensitivity 

analysis, a scenario with a discount rate 

equal to an index average MHCSS home 

chattel loan rate. Chattel loan rates, 

according to the commenter, can exceed 

OMB’s standard 3 percent and 7 percent 

real discount rates for cost-benefit 

analysis. Consumers must finance 

higher up-front costs that deliver future 

benefits with the current financing 

options. Actual financing costs must be 

considered in the lifecycle cost analysis 

to guarantee real, all-in consumer 

savings are achieved. 

HUD Response: HUD acknowledges 

these comments. Manufactured housing 

plays a vital role in meeting the housing 

needs in the U.S. today and provides a 

significant resource for affordable 

homeownership and rental housing 

accessible to all Americans. HUD 

recognizes the need to protect the 

affordability of manufactured homes to 

facilitate the availability of housing 

particularly for economically 

constrained consumers and recognizes 

the need for improved financing options 

supporting manufactured housing. 

While these issues extend beyond the 

scope of this regulation, several offices 

within the Federal Government in 

addition to the Department are actively 

working to address financing issues for 

manufactured housing, such as the 

Federal Housing Finance Agency and 

U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Rural 

Development agency. 

Other Issues 

Issue 1: One commenter 

recommended that HUD mandate 

floating homes and require that homes 

be made of ‘indestructible’ material 

such as stone or an ice chest. This 

comment was submitted alongside a 

screenshot of text describing ‘‘Surface 

Roughness D’’ and a graphic unrelated 

to the proposed rule. 

HUD Response: HUD acknowledges 

this comment and as previously 

discussed in these responses, 

encourages members of the public to 

submit proposals and suggestions to the 

MHCC for consideration at 

mhcc.homeinnovation.com. 

Issue 2: One commenter 

recommended that regular updates be 

made to the MHCSS at least every 10 

years. Another commenter echoed this 

concern and advised HUD to adopt a 

regular cadence of updating regulations 

so that the MHCSS can keep pace with 

evolving technologies and best 

practices. 

HUD Response: HUD acknowledges 

this comment and fully agrees with the 

need for regular code updates to keep 

pace with evolving technologies and 

best practices. In recent years, HUD has 

made significant progress in updating 

its regulations, but continues to face 

hurdles that slow down the cadence of 

updates. For example, the regulatory 

process mandating consensus 

committee review and recommendation 

is a vital component to ensure that 


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HUD’s manufactured housing standards 

and regulations consider and align the 

interests of manufactured housing 

consumers, industry stakeholders, and 

the government, particularly in respect 

to affordability, home quality, and 

consumer protection. This statutory 

process, however, adds in a layer of 

complexity and duration that most other 

Federal rulemaking is not subjected to. 

Issue 3: Without specifying any 

particular aspects of the proposed rule, 

two commenters expressed general 

concerns that the rule would undermine 

the affordability of MHCSS homes. One 

commenter explained that he viewed 

the requirements as so strict as to 

exceed the requirements for IRC homes 

and site-built homes in the same 

location. 

HUD Response: HUD acknowledges 

but disagrees with this comment. 

Furthermore, as previously described, 

HUD is not updating the reference 

standard for wind load design in this 

final rule that may have been a cause of 

concern for some members of the 

public. 

Issue 4: One commenter laid out 

several general standards that it 

believed should guide HUD’s 

rulemaking in this area. First, the 

commenter stated that Federal modular 

standards ought to align with State 

modular codes in order to mitigate 

conflict and allow for increased product 

availability. Second, the commenter 

recommended that HUD permit 

alternative building methods and 

materials without third-party testing, so 

long as the engineer signed off, in order 

to encourage innovation. Third, the 

commenter advised that structural 

requirements are preferable to 

specification of building materials and 

structures, such as steel I-beams or 

chassis requirements. The former reduce 

costs and unnecessary design elements, 

while still advancing building design 

and integrity, according to the 

commenter. Fourth, the commenter 

believed that quality control measures at 

assembly line factories were sufficient 

and that unnecessary factory 

inspections should be reduced. And, 

fifth, the commenter believed that the 

MHCSS should be made the national 

standard and it should cover every 

building type and situation covered in 

the regular building code. 

HUD Response: HUD acknowledges 

this comment and as previously 

discussed in these responses, 

encourages members of the public to 

submit proposals and suggestions to the 

MHCC for consideration at 

mhcc.homeinnovation.com. 

Issue 5: One commenter 

recommended that HUD incorporate 

‘‘universal design and Visitability.’’ The 

Commenter also recommended that 

HUD provide safety standards for homes 

built on partial foundations. 

HUD Response: HUD acknowledges 

this comment and supports the concept 

of accessible and inclusive housing for 

all individuals. As previously discussed 

in these responses, HUD encourages 

members of the public to submit 

proposals and suggestions to the MHCC 

for consideration at 

mhcc.homeinnovation.com. 

Issue 6: One commenter flagged what 

it believed to be a typographical error in 

§ 3280.607 in which ‘‘with sides and 

back extending’’ repeated twice. The 

commenter recommended deleting the 

second set of words to remedy the 

duplicative language. 

HUD Response: HUD did not find this 

duplicative language in the proposed 

rule and has verified that this also does 

not exist in the final rule. 

Issue 7: One commenter asked HUD 

what she could do to make her home 

more fire resistant. She said that she had 

been told her manufactured home 

wasn’t as safe as a site-built home and 

that she was having difficulty getting 

homeowners insurance as a result. 

HUD Response: HUD acknowledges 

this comment and while it is not related 

to the final rule, would like to respond 

that the National Fire Protection 

Association (NFPA) provides a 

Manufactured Home Fire Safety Guide 

that offers tips and recommendations for 

homeowners to reduce fire risks in their 

homes. This guide covers topics such as 

smoke alarms, cooking safety, heating 

safety, electrical safety, and escape 

planning. In addition, homeowners may 

have additional resources available to 

make their homes more fire-resistant 

including programs offered by local fire 

departments or State and local 

government programs that can help 

manufactured homeowners make 

improvements and upgrades for fire 

safety. Some programs may provide 

financial assistance, grants, or lowinterest loans to support the installation 

of fire-resistant materials, such as firerated siding, roofing, and windows, that 

may assist in qualifying for some 

insurance programs. HUD encourages 

the commenter to start by contacting 

their local government to inquire about 

available resources for fire safety 

improvements. 

Issue 8: One commenter 

recommended that HUD take several 

measures to improve the effectiveness of 

the rule outside of changing the drafting 

of the rule. Specifically, it 

recommended that HUD experts in 

manufactured housing participate in the 

development of HUD’s Affirmatively 

Furthering Fair Housing (AFFH) 

rulemaking to ensure that the AFFH 

standards support increased access to 

manufactured homes. It advised that 

such experts be vigilant for exclusionary 

zoning and building practices targeting 

manufactured homes. It also 

recommended that HUD’s 

intergovernmental relations staff should 

coordinate with HUD’s manufactured 

housing staff to promote state-level 

reforms allowing easy conversion of 

MHCSS homes from personal chattel 

property into real property and to 

inform Congress of the barriers to the 

success of manufactured housing that 

require legislative efforts. Finally, it 

recommended that HUD updated grant 

scoring and prioritization to reward 

jurisdictions that permit multifamily 

housing of all construction efforts. 

HUD Response: HUD acknowledges 

these comments and while these 

comments do not directly impact HUD’s 

final rule, appreciates the public’s 

interest in HUD’s programs. HUD is 

actively working to increase crosscollaboration within the Department to 

improve knowledge sharing and 

leverage shared resources. 

IV. Incorporation by Reference 

A. Introduction 

The incorporated reference standards 

are approved by the Director of the 

Federal Register for incorporation by 

reference in accordance with 5 U.S.C. 

552(a) and 1 CFR part 51. These 

standards are available for inspection at 

HUD’s Office of Manufactured Housing 

Programs. Copies of the incorporated 

reference standards may also be 

obtained from the following 

organizations that developed the 

standard: 

AISC—American Institute of Steel 

Construction, One East Wacker Drive, 

Chicago, IL 60601, (312) 670–5403, 

www.aisc.org. 

AISI—American Iron and Steel Institute, 25 

Massachusetts Ave. NW, Suite 800, 

Washington, DC 20001, (202) 452–7100, 

www.steel.org. 

ANSI—American National Standards 

Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, New York, 

NY 10036, (212) 642–4900, fax (212) 

398–0023, www.ansi.org. 

APA—The Engineered Wood Association 

(formerly the American Plywood 

Association), 7011 South 19th Street, 

Tacoma, WA 98411, (253) 565–6600, fax 

(253) 565–7265, www.apawood.org. 

ASHRAE—American Society of Heating, 

Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning 

Engineers, 180 Technology Parkway NW, 

Peachtree Corners, Atlanta, GA 30092, 

(404) 636–8400, fax (404) 321–5478, 

www.ashrae.org. 

ASME—American Society of Mechanical 

Engineers, 22 Law Drive, P.O. Box 2900, 


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Fairfield, NJ 07007, 1–800 843–2763, fax: 

973882–8113, www.asme.org. 

ASTM—ASTM International, 100 Barr 

Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 

19428, (610) 832–9500, fax (610) 832– 

9555, www.astm.org. 

AWC—American Wood Council (formerly 

American Forest & Paper Association), 

1101 K Street NW, Suite 700, 

Washington, DC 20005, (202) 463–2766, 

www.awc.org. 

FGIA—Fenestration and Glazing Industry 

Alliance (formerly known as American 

Architectural Manufacturers Association 

(AAMA)), 1900 East Golf Road, 

Schaumburg, Illinois 60173, (847) 303– 

5664, www.fgiaonline.org. 

CSA Group—CSA Group (formerly known as 

the Canadian Standards Association 

(CSA)), 178 Rexdale Boulevard, Toronto, 

ON, M9W 1R3, Canada; (216) 524–4990; 

www.csagroup.org. 

HPVA—Hardwood Plywood and Veneer 

Association, 1825 Michael Faraday 

Drive, P.O. Box 2789, Reston, VA 22090, 

(703) 435–2900, fax (703) 435–2537, 

www.hpva.org. 

IAPMO—International Association of 

Plumbing and Mechanical Officials, 

20001 Walnut Drive South, Walnut, CA 

91789, (909) 595–8449, fax (909) 594– 

1537, www.iapmo.org. 

ICC–ES—International Code Council 

Evaluation Service, 3060 Saturn Street, 

Suite 100, Brea, CA 92821, (800) 423– 

6587, fax (562) 695–4694, www.icces.org. 

ISO—The International Organization for 

Standardization, Chemin de Blandonnet 

8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier, Geneva, 

Switzerland, 41–22–749–0111, 

www.iso.org. 

NFPA—National Fire Protection Association, 

Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02269, 

(617) 770–3000, fax (617) 770–0700, 

www.nfpa.org. 

SAE—Society of Automotive Engineers, 400 

Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 

15096, (724) 776–0790, www.sae.org. 

TPI—Truss Plate Institute, 583 D’Onofrio 

Drive, Suite 200, Madison, WI 53719, 

(608) 833–5900, fax (608) 833–4360, 

www.tpinst.org. 

JUL—Underwriters Laboratories, 333 

Pfingsten Road, Northbrook, IL 60062, 

(847) 272–8800, fax (847) 509–6257, 

www.ul.com. 

WDMA—Window and Door Manufacturers 

Association (formerly the National Wood 

Window and Door Association), 1400 

East Touhy Avenue, Des Plaines, IL 

60018, (847) 299–5200, fax (847) 299– 

1286, www.wdma.com. 

Any standard that appears in 

§§ 3280.304, 3280.604, or 3280.703, but 

that is not included in the list of new 

or updated consensus standards, was 

previously approved for incorporation 

by reference into that section. In 

addition, the following standards were 

previously approved for incorporation 

by reference in the sections where they 

appear in this final rule: ASSE 106, 

ASSE 1070, SEI/ASCE 8, UL, 181B, UL 

217. 

B. List of New Consensus Standards 

This final rule incorporates by 

reference 16 new consensus standards 

for Manufactured Housing, which are 

listed below: 

1. ANSI Z21.10.3–2014/CSA 4.3– 

2014. Gas-fired water heaters, volume 

III, storage water heaters with input 

ratings above 75,000 Btu per hour, 

circulating and instantaneous. The rule 

adds this new standard for 

incorporation by reference. This new 

standard specifies guidelines for newly 

produced, large automatic storage water 

heaters having input ratings above 

75,000 Btu/hr (21 980 W), instantaneous 

water heaters, and circulating water 

heaters including booster water heaters, 

constructed entirely of new, unused 

parts and materials. This standard is 

available online for review via readonly, electronic access at https://

ibr.ansi.org/Standards. 

2. ANSI Z21.75–2007/CSA 6.27–2007 

(reaffirmed 2012). Connectors for 

Outdoor Gas Appliances And 

Manufactured Homes. This rule adds a 

standard for incorporation by reference 

that specifies guidelines for newly 

produced assembled connectors 

constructed entirely of new, unused 

parts and materials. This standard is 

available online for review via readonly, electronic access at https://

ibr.ansi.org/Standards. 

3. APA Y510–1997. Plywood Design 

Specification. The rule adds this 

standard for incorporation by reference. 

The standard is a specification that 

presents section properties, 

recommended design stresses, and 

design methods for plywood when used 

in building construction and related 

structures. This standard is available 

online for review via read-only, 

electronic access at https://ibr.ansi.org/ 

Standards. 

4. ASTM D3679–09a. Standard 

Specification for Rigid Poly(Vinyl 

Chloride) (PVC) Siding. This rule adds 

this standard for incorporation by 

reference. This specification establishes 

requirements and test methods for the 

materials, dimensions, warp, shrinkage, 

impact strength, expansion, appearance, 

and wind load resistance of extruded 

single-wall siding manufactured from 

rigid (unplasticized) PVC compound. 

This standard is available online for 

review via read-only, electronic access 

at https://www.ASTM.org/ 

READINGLIBRARY. 

5. ASTM D4756–06. Standard Practice 

for Installation of Rigid Poly(Vinyl 

Chloride) (PVC) Siding and Soffit. This 

rule adds this standard for incorporation 

by reference. This standard covers the 

minimum requirements for and the 

methods of installation of rigid vinyl 

siding, soffits, and accessories on the 

exterior wall and soffit areas of 

buildings. This standard also covers 

aspects of installation relating to 

effectiveness and durability in service. 

This standard is available online for 

review via read-only, electronic access 

at https://www.ASTM.org/ 

READINGLIBRARY. 

6. ASTM D7254–07. Standard 

Specification for Polypropylene (PP) 

Siding. The rule adds this standard for 

incorporation by reference. This new 

specification establishes requirements 

and test methods for materials, impact 

strength, appearance, surface flame 

spread, and wind load resistance of 

siding products manufactured from 

polypropylene material. This standard 

is available online for review via readonly, electronic access at https://

www.ASTM.org/READINGLIBRARY. 

7. ASTM E90–09. Standard Test 

Method for Laboratory Measurement of 

Airborne Sound Transmission Loss of 

Building Partitions and Elements. This 

rule adds this standard for incorporation 

by reference. This test method covers 

the laboratory measurement of airborne 

sound transmission loss of building 

partitions such as walls of all kinds, 

operable partitions, floor-ceiling 

assemblies, doors, windows, roofs, 

panels, and other space-dividing 

elements. This standard is available 

online for review via read-only, 

electronic access at https://

www.ASTM.org/READINGLIBRARY. 

8. ASTM E492–09. Standard Test 

Method for Laboratory Measurement of 

Impact Sound Transmission Through 

Floor-Ceiling Assemblies Using the 

Tapping Machine. This rule adds this 

standard for incorporation by reference. 

This test method covers the laboratory 

measurement of impact sound 

transmission of floor-ceiling assemblies 

using a standardized tapping machine. 

This standard is available online for 

review via read-only, electronic access 

at https://www.ASTM.org/ 

READINGLIBRARY. 

9. ASTM E814–13. Standard Test 

Method for Fire Tests of Penetration 

Firestop Systems. This rule adds this 

standard for incorporation by reference. 

This standard is used to measure and 

describe the response of materials, 

products, or assemblies to heat and 

flame under controlled conditions. This 

standard contemplates fire testing that 

evaluates a firestop under fire 

conditions to determine if it will gain 

firestop status. It addresses areas of 

building construction where firestop 

systems are necessary to contain fire 

from spreading from one area to another 

around penetrating items. This standard 


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is available online for review via readonly, electronic access at https://

www.ASTM.org/READINGLIBRARY. 

10. ISO/IEC 170065:2012(E). 

Conformity Assessment—Requirements 

for bodies certifying products, 

processes, and services. The rule adds 

this standard for incorporation by 

reference. This International Standard 

contains requirements for the 

competence, consistent operation and 

impartiality of product, process and 

service certification bodies. This 

standard is available online for review 

via read-only, electronic access at 

https://ibr.ansi.org/Standards. 

11. NFPA 13D. Standard for the 

Installation of Sprinkler Systems in 

One-and Two-Family Dwellings and 

Manufactured Homes. The rule adds 

this standard for incorporation by 

reference. This standard covers the 

design, installation, and maintenance of 

automatic sprinkler systems for 

protection against the fire hazards in 

one- and two-family dwellings and 

manufactured homes. This standard is 

available online for review via readonly, electronic access at https://

ibr.ansi.org/Standards. 

12. TT–P–1536A. Plumbing Fixture 

Setting Compound. The rule adds this 

standard for incorporation by reference. 

This standard covers materials that 

combine watertight, gastight, odor proof, 

and vermin proof properties for 

plumbing fixtures which are connected 

to drainage systems. This standard is 

available online for review via readonly, electronic access at http://

www.everyspec.com. The Federal 

Specification may also be obtained from 

the General Services Administration, 

which serves as Superintended of 

Documents. 

13. UL 263. Standard for Safety Fire 

Tests of Building Construction and 

Materials. The rule adds this standard 

for incorporation by reference. These 

fire tests are applicable to assemblies of 

masonry units and composite 

assemblies of structural materials for 

buildings, including bearing and other 

walls and partitions, columns, girders, 

beams, slabs, and composite slab and 

beam assemblies for floors and roofs. 

They are also applicable to other 

assemblies and structural units that 

constitute permanent integral parts of a 

finishing building. This standard is 

available online for review via readonly, electronic access at https://

ibr.ansi.org/Standards. 

14. UL 499. Standard for Safety 

Electric Heating Appliances. The rule 

adds this standard for incorporation by 

reference. These requirements cover 

heating appliances rated at 600 V or less 

for use in unclassified locations in 

accordance with the National Electrical 

Code (NEC), NFPA 70–2014. This 

standard is available online for review 

via read-only, electronic access at 

https://ibr.ansi.org/Standards. 

15. UL 1479. Standard for Fire Tests 

of Penetration Firestops. This rule adds 

this standard for incorporation by 

reference. This standard provides 

testing requirements of penetration 

firestops of various materials and 

construction that are intended for use in 

openings in fire resistive wall, floor, or 

floor-ceiling assemblies, and membrane 

type penetration firestops of various 

materials and construction that are 

intended for use in openings in fire 

resistive wall assemblies. This standard 

is available online for review via readonly, electronic access at https://

ibr.ansi.org/Standards. 

16. UL 60335–2–40–2012. Standard 

for Safety: Household and Similar 

Electrical Appliances—Part 2–40: 

Particular Requirements for Electrical 

Heat Pumps, Air-Conditioners and 

Dehumidifiers. The rule adds this 

standard for incorporation by reference. 

This standard deals with the safety of 

sealed (hermetic and semi-hermetic 

type) motor-compressors, their 

protection and control systems, if any, 

which are intended for use in 

equipment for household and similar 

purposes and which conform with the 

standards applicable to such equipment. 

This standard is available online for 

review via read-only, electronic access 

at https://ibr.ansi.org/Standards. 

C. List of Updated Consensus Standards 

This final rule incorporates by 

reference updates to 74 consensus 

standards for manufactured housing: 

1. AAMA 1701.2–12. Voluntary 

Standard for Utilization in 

Manufactured Housing for Primary 

Windows and Sliding Glass Doors. The 

rule updates AAMA 1701.2 to the 2012 

version. This updated standard sets the 

requirements for primary windows and 

sliding glass doors used in 

manufactured housing. Window 

mounted as components in entry doors 

are beyond the scope of this standard. 

Since building methods and materials 

are expected to undergo continued 

design innovation, the purpose of this 

standard is to establish reasonable 

performance standards for all present 

and future methods and materials of 

construction. 

2. AAMA 1702.2–12. Voluntary 

Standard for Utilization in 

Manufactured Housing for Swinging 

Exterior Passage Doors. The rule 

updates AAMA 1702.2, Voluntary 

Standard Swinging Exterior Passage 

Door for Utilization in Manufactured 

Housing. This updated standard sets 

requirements for swinging exterior 

passage doors and combination doors 

used in manufactured housing. 

Windows used in swinging exterior 

passage doors are components of the 

door and are thus included in this 

standard. Since building methods and 

materials are expected to undergo 

continued design innovation, the 

purpose of this standard is to establish 

reasonable performance standards for all 

present and future methods and 

materials of construction. 

3. AAMA 1704–12. Voluntary 

Standard Egress Window Systems for 

Utilization in Manufactured Housing. 

The rule updates the AAMA Standard 

1704, which sets the requirements for 

the design, construction, and 

installation of egress window systems. 

4. AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/ 

A440–17. North American Fenestration 

Standard/Specification for windows, 

doors, and skylights. The rule updates 

AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440. 

The updated standard establishes 

material-neutral, minimum, and 

optional performance requirements for 

windows, doors, secondary storm 

products, tubular daylighting devices, 

roof windows, and unit skylights. The 

specification concerns itself with the 

determination of performance grade, 

design pressure, and related 

performance ratings. 

5. AISC 360–10. Specification for 

Structural Steel Buildings. The rule 

updates AISC–S335, 1989. This updated 

specification provides the generally 

applicable requirements for the design 

and construction of structural steel 

buildings and other structures. 

6. AISI S100–12. North American 

Specification for the Design of ColdFormed Steel Structural Members. The 

rule updates AISI, Specification for the 

Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural 

Members, 1996. This updated 

specification provides the general 

applicable requirements for the design 

of cold-formed steel structural members 

used in North America. 

7. ANSI/AHRI Standard 210/240– 

2008 with Addenda 1 and 2. 2008 

Standard for Performance Rating of 

Unitary Air-Conditioning and AirSource Heat Pump Equipment. The rule 

updates ANSI/ARI 210/240, Unitary 

Air-Conditioning and Air Source Heat 

Pump Equipment. This updated 

standard establishes definitions, 

classifications, test requirements, rating 

requirements, minimum data 

requirements for published ratings, 

operating requirements, marking and 

nameplate data, and conformance 

conditions for Unitary Air-Conditioners 

and Air-Source Unitary Heat Pumps. 


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8. ANSI A135.4–2012. Basic 

Hardboard. The rule updates ANSI/ 

AHA A135.4–1995. This updated 

standard covers requirements and test 

methods for water resistance, thickness 

swelling, modulus of rupture, tensile 

strength, surface finish, dimensions, 

squareness, edge straightness, and 

moisture content of five classes of basic 

hardboard. This standard requires test 

methods determined by the ASTM, 

International where appropriate and 

provides methods of identifying 

hardboard that is compliant. 

9. ANSI/A135.5–2012. Prefinished 

Hardboard Paneling. The rule updates 

ANSI/AHA A135.5–1995. This updated 

standard covers requirements and 

methods of testing for the dimensions, 

squareness, edge straightness, and 

moisture content of prefinished 

hardboard paneling and for the finish of 

the paneling. Methods of identifying 

products which conform to ANSI 

A135.5 are included in the standard. 

10. ANSI A135.6–2012. Engineered 

Wood Siding. The rule updates ANSI/ 

AHA A135.6–1998. The updated 

standard sets requirements and methods 

of testing for the dimensions, 

straightness, squareness, physical 

properties, and surface characteristics of 

engineered wood siding at the time of 

manufacture. 

11. ANSI A208.1–2009. Particleboard. 

The rule updates ANSI A208.1–1999. 

The updated standard sets forth 

requirements and test methods for 

dimensional tolerances, physical and 

mechanical properties, and 

formaldehyde emissions for 

particleboard. Methods of identifying 

products conforming to the standard are 

specified. 

12. ANSI LC 1–2014/CSA 6.26–2014. 

Fuel gas piping systems using 

corrugated stainless steel tubing. The 

rule updates ANSI/IAS LC 1–1997. This 

updated standard provides the 

applicable requirements for the 

installation of natural and propane gas 

piping systems using corrugated 

stainless steel tubing in residential, 

commercial, or industrial buildings. 

This includes requirements for the 

installation of corrugated stainless steel 

piping systems in which portions of the 

piping are exposed to the outdoors as 

required to make connections to outdoor 

gas meters or to outdoor gas appliances, 

which are attached to, mounted on, or 

located near the building structure. 

13. ANSI Z21.1–2016/CSA 1.1–2016. 

Household cooking gas appliances. The 

rule updates ANSI Z21.1–2000. This 

updated standard specifies guidelines 

for the newly produced household 

cooking gas appliances constructed 

entirely of new, unused parts and 

materials. These appliances may be 

floor-supported or built-in. 

14. ANSI Z21.5.1–2015/CSA 7.1– 

2015. Gas clothes dryers, volume I, type 

1 clothes dryer. The rule updates ANSI 

Z21.51.1–1999. The updated standard 

specifies guidelines for newly produced 

Type 1 clothes dryers constructed 

entirely of new, unused parts and 

materials for use with natural gas, 

manufactured gas, mixed gas, propane 

gas, LP gas-air mixtures, and for mobile 

home installation. 

15. ANSI Z21.10.1–2014/CSA 4.1– 

2014. Gas water heaters, volume I, 

storage water heaters with input ratings 

of 75,000 Btu per hour or less. The rule 

updates ANSI Z21.10.1–1998. This 

updated standard specifies guidelines 

for newly produced, automatic storage 

water heaters having input ratings of 

75,000 Btu/hr (21 980 W) or less, 

hereinafter referred to as water heaters 

or appliances, constructed entirely of 

new, unused parts and materials. 

16. ANSI Z21.15–2009 (reaffirmed 

2019)/CSA 9.1–2009 (reaffirmed 2019). 

American National Standard/CSA 

Standard for Manually Operated Gas 

Valves for Appliances, Appliance 

Connector Vales, and Hose End Valves. 

The rule updates ANSI Z21.15–1997. 

This updated standard applies to 

manually operated gas valves not 

exceeding 4 inch (102 mm) pipe size, 

and pilot shut-off devices. 

17. ANSI Z21.19–2014/CSA 1.4–2014. 

Refrigerators using gas fuel. The rule 

updates ANSI Z21.19–1990. This 

updated standard specifies guidelines 

for gas-fired refrigerators having 

refrigerated spaces for storage of foods, 

storage of foods and making ice, storage 

of frozen foods and making ice, or 

storage of foods and the storage of 

frozen foods and making ice. The 

standard applies to newly produced 

refrigerators constructed entirely of 

new, unused parts and materials. 

18. ANSI Z21.20–2014 (reaffirmed 

2019)/CAN/CSA C22.2 No. 60730–2–5– 

14 (reaffirmed 2019). Automatic 

electrical controls for household and 

similar use—Part 2–5: Particular 

requirements for automatic electrical 

burner control systems. This rule 

updates ANSI Z21.20. This updated 

standard specifies guidelines for newly 

produced automatic gas ignition 

systems and components constructed 

entirely of new, unused parts and 

materials. 

19. ANSI Z21.21–2012/CSA 6.5–2012. 

Automatic valves for gas appliances. 

This rule updates ANZI Z21.21–2000. 

This updated standard specifies 

guidelines for newly produced 

automatic valves constructed entirely of 

new, unused parts and materials. These 

valves may be individual automatic 

valves or valves utilized as parts of 

automatic gas ignition systems. The 

standard also applies to commercial/ 

industrial safety shutoff valves, also 

referred to as C/I valves. 

20. ANSI Z21.23–2000. Gas Appliance 

Thermostats with ANSI Z21.23a–2003 

and ANSI Z21.23b–2005 Addendums. 

This rule updates ANSI Z21.23–1993, 

which specifies guidelines for newly 

produced gas appliance thermostats of 

the integral gas valve type having a 

maximum operating gas pressure of 1⁄2

psi (3.5 kPa) or electric type: 

a. ANSI Z21.23–2000, Gas Appliance 

Thermostats, Tenth Edition; 

b. ANSI Z21.23a–2003, Addenda to 

the Tenth Edition of Gas Appliance 

Thermostats; and 

c. ANSI Z21.23b–2005, Addenda to 

the Tenth Edition of ANSI Z21.23–2000 

and Addenda Z21.23a–2003: Gas 

Appliance Thermostats. 

21. ANSI Z21.24–2006/CSA 6.10– 

2006 (reaffirmed 2011). Connectors for 

Gas Appliances. The rule updates ANSI 

Z21.24–1997/CGA 6.10–M97 and 

removes the reference to the Canadian 

Gas Association. This updated standard 

specifies guidelines for newly produced 

gas appliance connectors constructed 

entirely of new unused parts and 

materials, having nominal internal 

diameters of 1⁄4, 3⁄8, 1⁄2, 5⁄8, 3⁄4 and 1 

inch, and having fittings at both ends 

provided with taper pipe threads for 

connection to a gas appliance and to 

house piping. Guidelines cover 

assembled appliance connectors not 

exceeding a nominal length of six (6) 

feet (1.83 meters). Connectors listed 

under this standard are intended for use 

with gas appliances not frequently 

moved after installation. 

22. ANSI Z21.47–2012/CSA 2.3–2012. 

Standard for Gas-fired central furnaces. 

The rule updates ANSI Z21.47. The 

updated standard contains new and 

revised requirements for documentation 

and testing and sets forth basic 

standards for the safe operation, 

substantial and durable construction, 

and acceptable performance of gas-fired 

central furnaces. 

23. ANSI Z97.1–2009e. American 

National Standard for safety glazing 

materials used in buildings—safety 

performance specifications and methods 

of test. The rule updates ANSI Z97.1– 

2004. This standard establishes the 

specifications and methods of test for 

the safety properties of safety glazing 

materials (glazing materials designed to 

promote safety and to reduce or 

minimize the likelihood of cutting and 

piercing injuries when the glazing 

materials are broken by human contact) 

as used for all building and architectural 


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purposes. The updated standard adds 

modifications and new material that add 

clarity of purpose, intent and 

procedures. Specifically, sections have 

been rewritten and new sections added 

to provide additional assurance that the 

intended safe-break characteristics have 

been achieved before a test specimen 

may be declared compliant. This 

reference standard impacts the HUD 

Code to define safety glazing materials 

used in glass and glazed openings such 

as windows and sliding glass doors, and 

hazardous locations requiring safety 

glazing. 

24. APA D510C. Panel Design 

Specification. The rule replaces APA 

D410A–2004, Panel Design 

Specification, with this standard. This 

standard specifies guidelines for newly 

produced assembled connectors 

constructed entirely of new, unused 

parts and materials. 

25. APA E30V. Engineered Wood 

Construction Guide. The rule updates 

APA E30R, Engineered Wood 

Construction Guide, revised January 

2001. This standard specifies guidelines 

for the use of engineered wood for 

residential and commercial 

construction. It contains information on 

APA performance rated panels, glulam, 

I-joists, structural composite lumber, 

specification practices, floor, wall and 

roof systems, diaphragms and shear 

walls, fire-rated systems, and methods 

of finishing. 

26. APA H815G. Plywood Design 

Specification Supplement 5–12, Design 

and Fabrication of All-Plywood Beams. 

The rule updates APA H815E–1995 to 

APA H815G. This standard presents 

recommended methods for the design 

and fabrication of staple-glued allplywood beams. Allowable stresses and 

other design criteria are provided, as 

well as guidelines for beam fabrication. 

27. APA S811P. Plywood Design 

Specification Supplement 1–12, Design 

and Fabrication of Plywood Curved 

Panels. The rule updates APA S811M– 

1990. This specification presents the 

recommended method for the design 

and fabrication of curved plywood roof 

panels spanning between load-bearing 

supports so that the stresses developed 

act circumferentially around the curve. 

28. APA S812S. Plywood Design 

Specification Supplement 2–12, Design 

and Fabrication of Glued Plywood 

Lumber Beams. The rule updates APA 

S812R–1992. This updated specification 

presents the recommended method for 

the design and fabrication of glued 

plywood and lumber beams. 

29. APA U813M. Plywood Design and 

Specification Supplement 3–12, Design 

and Fabrication of Plywood-Stressed 

Skin Panels. The rule updates APA 

U813L–1992. The updated specification 

presents the recommended method for 

the design and fabrication of glued 

plywood stressed-skin panels. 

30. APA U814J. Plywood Design 

Specification Supplement 4–12, Design 

and Fabrication of Plywood Sandwich 

Panels. The rule updates APA U 814H. 

This updated specification presents the 

recommended method for the design 

and fabrication of flat plywood 

sandwich panels. 

31. ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.2– 

2013. Ventilation and Acceptable Indoor 

Air Quality in Low-Rise Residential 

Buildings. The rule updates ANSI/ 

ASHRAE 62.2. This updated standard 

describes the minimum requirements to 

achieve acceptable indoor air quality via 

dwelling-unit ventilation, local demandcontrolled exhaust, and source control. 

32. ANSI/ASME B1.20.1–2013. Pipe 

Threads, General Purpose (Inch). The 

rule updates ASME B1.20.1. This 

standard establishes specifications for 

wrought copper and wrought copper 

alloy, solder-joint, seamless fittings, 

designed for use with seamless copper 

tube conforming to ASTM B88 (water 

and general plumbing systems), B280 

(air conditioning and refrigeration 

service), and B819 (medical gas 

systems), as well as fittings intended to 

be assembled with soldering materials 

conforming to ASTM B32, brazing 

materials conforming to AWS A5.8, or 

with tapered pipe thread conforming to 

ASME B1.20.1. This standard is aligned 

with ASME B16.18, which covers cast 

copper alloy pressure fittings, and 

provides requirements for fitting ends 

suitable for soldering. This standard 

covers pressure-temperature ratings, 

abbreviations for end connections, size 

and method of designating openings of 

fittings, marking, material, dimensions 

and tolerances, and tests. 

33. ANSI/ASME B36.10–2004. Welded 

and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe. The 

rule updates ASME B36.10. This 

standard covers the standardization of 

dimensions of welded and seamless 

wrought steel pipe for high or low 

temperatures and pressures. The word 

pipe is used, as distinguished from tube, 

to apply to tubular products of 

dimensions commonly used for pipeline 

and piping systems. Pipe NPS 12 (DN 

300) and smaller have outside diameters 

numerically larger than their 

corresponding sizes. In contrast, the 

outside diameters of tubes are 

numerically identical to the size number 

for all sizes. 

34. ASTM A53/A53M–12. Standard 

Specification for Pipe, Steel, Black, and 

Hot-Dipped, Zinc-Coated, Weldless and 

Seamless. The rule updates ASTM A53. 

This specification covers seamless and 

welded black and hot-dipped 

galvanized steel pipe in NPS 1⁄8 to NPS 

26. The steel categorized in this 

standard must be open-hearth, basicoxygen, or electric-furnace processed, 

and must have specified chemical 

requirements. Testing requirements for 

seamless or welded tubing are provided 

in this standard. 

35. ASTM B42–10. Standard 

Specification for Seamless Copper Pipe, 

Standard Sizes. The rule updates ASTM 

B42. This specification establishes the 

requirements for seamless copper pipe 

in all nominal standard pipe sizes, both 

regular and extra-strong, suitable for use 

in plumbing, boiler feed lines, and for 

similar purposes. 

36. ASTM B88–14. Standard 

Specification for Seamless Copper 

Water Tube. The rule updates ASTM 

B88. The specification covers seamless 

copper water tube suitable for general 

plumbing, applications for the 

conveyance of fluids, and use with 

solder, flared, or compression-type 

fittings. 

37. ASTM B251–10. Standard 

Specification for General Requirements 

for Wrought Seamless Copper and 

Copper-Alloy Tube. The rule updates 

ASTM B251. This updated specification 

sets forth the general requirements for 

wrought seamless copper and copperalloy tube. 

38. ASTM B280–13. Standard 

Specification for Seamless Copper Tube 

for Air Conditioning and Refrigeration 

Field Service. The rule updates ASTM 

B280. This specification sets forth the 

requirements for seamless copper tube 

intended for use in the connection, 

repairs, or alterations of air conditioning 

or refrigeration units in the field. 

39. ASTM C1396/C1396M–14a. 

Standard Specification for Gypsum 

Board. The rule updates ASTM C 36/C 

36M. This specification covers gypsum 

boards which include the following: 

gypsum wallboard for use on walls, 

ceilings, or partitions and that affords a 

surface suitable to receive decoration; 

predecorated gypsum board for use as 

the finished surfacing for walls, ceilings, 

or partitions; gypsum backing board, 

coreboard, and shaftliner board for use 

as a base in multilayer systems or as a 

gypsum stud or core in semisolid or 

solid gypsum board partitions, or in 

shaft wall assemblies; water-resistant 

gypsum backing board to be used as a 

base for the application of ceramic or 

plastic tile on walls or ceilings; exterior 

gypsum soffit board for exterior soffits 

and carport ceilings that are completely 

protected from contact with liquid 

water; gypsum sheathing board for use 

as sheathing on buildings; gypsum base 

for veneer plaster; gypsum lath for use 


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as a base for gypsum plaster application; 

and gypsum ceiling board for interior 

ceilings and walls. 

40. ASTM D4442–07. Standard Test 

Methods for Direct Moisture Content 

Measurement of Wood and Wood Base 

Materials. The rule updates ASTM 

D4442. The test methods cover the 

determination of the moisture content of 

wood, veneer, and other wood-based 

materials, including those that contain 

adhesives and chemical additives. 

41. ASTM D4444–13. Standard Test 

Method for Laboratory Standardization 

and Calibration of Hand-Held Moisture 

Meters. The rule updates ASTM D4444. 

These test methods cover the 

measurement of moisture content of 

solid wood products, including those 

containing additives (that is, chemicals 

or adhesives) for laboratory 

standardization and calibration of handheld moisture meters. 

42. ASTM E96/E96M–13. Standard 

Test Methods for Water Vapor 

Transmission of Materials. The rule 

updates ASTM E96. The test methods 

cover the determination of water vapor 

transmission rate of materials, such as, 

but not limited to, paper, plastic films, 

other sheet materials, coatings, foams, 

fiberboards, gypsum and plaster 

products, wood products, and plastics. 

43. ASTM E119–14. Standard Test 

Method for Fire Tests of Building 

Construction and Materials. The rule 

updates ASTM E119. This standard 

contemplates fire test response criteria 

which is essential for fire safety. Testing 

per this standard establishes the 

duration for which a specific material or 

installation can contain a fire. This 

information helps to show insurance 

carriers, contractors, and other parties 

what might reasonably be expected in 

the event of a fire emergency. 

44. AWC 2012–Design Values for 

Joists and Rafters. Design Values for 

Joists and Rafters. The rule updates 

AFPA, Design Values for Joists and 

Rafters 1992. This standard provides 

design values such as bending, 

compression, and modulus of elasticity 

for joists and rafters, and tabulates 

allowable bending (Fb) and modulus of 

elasticity (E) design values for visually 

graded and mechanically graded 

dimension lumber. 

45. AWC NDS–2015. NDS: National 

Design Specification for Wood 

Construction. The rule updates ANSI/ 

AFPA NDS. This specification defines 

the methods to be followed in structural 

design with the following wood 

products: visually graded lumber, 

mechanically graded lumber, structural 

glued laminated timber, timber piles, 

timber poles, prefabricated wood Ijoists, structural composite lumber, 

wood structural panels, and crosslaminated timber. It also defines the 

practice to be followed in the design 

and fabrication of single and multiple 

fastener connections using the fasteners 

described within it. 

a. National Design Specification for 

Wood Construction, Design Values for 

Wood Construction; and 

b. NDS Supplement. 

46. AWC 2012 Span Tables for Joists 

and Rafters. Span Tables for Joists & 

Rafters. The rule updates AFPA, Span 

Tables for Joists and Rafters. This 

standard provides a simplified system 

for determining allowable joist and 

rafter spans for typical loads 

encountered in one- and two-family 

dwellings and is referenced in the 2012 

International Building Code. 

47. ANSI/HPVA HP–1–2009. 

American National Standard for 

Hardwood and Decorative Plywood. The 

rule updates ANSI/HPVA HP–1. This 

standard sets forth the specific 

requirements for all face, back, and 

inner ply grades as well as 

formaldehyde emissions, moisture 

content, tolerances, sanding, and grade 

marking for hardwood and decorative 

plywood. 

48. IAPMO TS 9–2003. Standard for 

Gas Supply Connectors for 

Manufactured Homes. The rule updates 

IAPMO TS 9. This standard applies to 

connectors for outdoor use consisting of 

flexible tubing depending on all-metal 

construction for gas tightness and 

having a fitting at each end provided 

with tapered pipe threads for 

connecting manufactured home gas 

piping to a manufactured home lot gas 

outlet or a crossover in multiple unit 

manufactured homes. 

49. ESR 1539. ICC–ES Evaluation 

Report: Power Driven Staples and Nails. 

The rule updates NER–272, National 

Evaluation Report. This document 

contains design values and allowable 

load tables for individual nails and 

staples as well as for nailed or stapled 

shear walls that may not be listed in the 

Uniform Building Code. 

50. NPFA 31. Standard for Installation 

of Oil Burning Equipment. The rule 

updates NFPA 31. This standard sets 

forth the requirements for the safe, 

efficient design and installation of 

heating appliances that use a liquid fuel, 

typically No. 2 heating oil, but also 

lighter fuels, such as kerosene and 

diesel fuel, and heavier fuels, such as 

No. 4 fuel oil. 

51. NFPA 54/ANSI Z223.1. National 

Fuel Gas Code. The rule updates NFPA 

54. This standard provides minimum 

safety requirements for the design and 

installation of fuel gas piping systems in 

homes and other buildings. 

52. NFPA 58. Liquified Petroleum Gas 

Code. The rule updates NFPA 58. This 

standard sets forth the requirements for 

safe liquified petroleum gas storage, 

handling, transportation, and use. This 

standard mitigates risks and ensures 

safe installations, to prevent failures, 

leaks, and tampering that could lead to 

fires and explosions. 

53. NPFA 70. National Electric Code. 

This rule updates NFPA 70. This 

standard sets forth the requirements for 

safe electrical design, installation, and 

inspection to protect people and 

property from electrical hazards. The 

purpose of this Code is the practical 

safeguarding of persons and property 

from hazards arising from the use of 

electricity. 

54. NFPA 90B. Standard for the 

Installation of Warm Air Heating and 

Air-Conditioning Systems. The rule 

updates NFPA 90B. This standard sets 

forth the requirements that cover the 

construction, installation, operation, 

and maintenance of systems for warm 

air heating and air conditioning, 

including filters, ducts, and related 

equipment to protect life and property 

from fire, smoke, and gases resulting 

from fire or from conditions having 

manifestations similar to fire. 

55. NIST PS–1–09. Voluntary Product 

Standard: Structural Plywood (with 

Typical APA Trademarks). This rule 

adds this standard for incorporation by 

reference. The standard specifies 

guidelines for producing, marketing, 

and specifying plywood for construction 

and industrial uses. This standard is 

available online for review via readonly, electronic access at https://

www.nist.gov/document/docps1- 

09structuralplywoodpdf. 

56. SAE J533 (REV SEP2007. (R) 

Flares for Tubing. The rule updates SAE 

J533. This standard covers 

specifications and performance 

requirements for 37° and 45° single and 

double flares for tube ends intended for 

use with SAE J512, SAE J513, SAE J514, 

and ISO 8434–2 connectors. 

57. TPI 1–2007. National Design 

Standard for Metal Plate Connected 

Wood Truss Construction and 2007 

Commentary and Appendices. This 

standard establishes minimum 

requirements for the design and 

construction of metal-plate-connected 

wood Trusses. This standard describes 

the materials used in a Truss, both 

lumber and steel, and design procedures 

for Truss members and joints: 

a. ANSI/TPI 1–2007, National Design 

Standard for Metal Plate Connected 

Wood Truss Construction; and 

b. TPI 1–2007 Commentary and 

Appendices. 


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Federal Register / Vol. 89, No. 179 / Monday, September 16, 2024 / Rules and Regulations 75729 

58. UL 103. Standard for Safety 

Factory-Built for Residential Type and 

Building Heating Appliances. The rule 

updates UL 103. This standard sets forth 

the requirements for factory-built 

chimneys intended for venting gas, 

liquid, and solid-fuel fired residentialtype appliances and building heating 

appliances in which the maximum 

continuous flue-gas outlet temperatures 

do not exceed 1,000 °F (538 °C). 

59. UL 109. Tube Fittings for 

Flammable and Combustible Fluids, 

Refrigeration Service, and Marine Use. 

The rule updates UL 109. This standard 

sets forth the requirements that apply to 

the performance in flame-exposure tests 

of flame-resistant fabrics of natural, 

synthetic or combination of natural and 

synthetic fibers, or plastic films 

intended for such use as tents, awnings, 

draperies or decorations. 

60. UL 174. Standard for Safety 

Household Electric Storage Tank Water 

Heaters. The rule updates UL 174. This 

standard sets forth the requirements for 

household electric storage tank and 

small capacity storage tank water 

heaters that are rated no more than 600 

volts and 12 kilowatts and are to be 

installed in accordance with the NFPA 

70 and with model plumbing and 

mechanical codes. 

61. UL 181. Standard for Safety 

Factory Made Air Ducts and Connectors. 

The rule updates UL 181. This standard 

sets forth the requirements that apply to 

materials for the fabrication of air duct 

and air connector systems for use in 

accordance with the International 

Mechanical Code, International 

Residential Code, and Uniform 

Mechanical Code, Standards of the 

National Fire Protection Association for 

the Installation of Air-Conditioning and 

Ventilating Systems, NFPA 90A, and the 

Installation of Warm Air Heating and 

Air-Conditioning Systems, NFPA 90B. 

62. UL 181A. Standard for Safety 

Closure Systems for Use with Rigid Air 

Ducts. The rule updates UL 181A. This 

standard sets forth the requirements that 

cover closure systems for use with 

factory-made rigid air ducts or air 

connectors complying with the 

Standard for Factory-Made Air Ducts 

and Air Connectors, UL 181. 

63. UL 268. Smoke Detectors for Fire 

Protective Signaling Systems. This rule 

updates UL 268. This standard sets forth 

requirements that cover smoke detectors 

intended to be employed in indoor 

locations in accordance with the 

National Fire Alarm Code, NFPA 72. 

64. UL 307A. Liquid Fuel-Burning 

Heating Appliances for Manufactured 

Homes and Recreational Vehicles. The 

rule updates UL 307A. This standard 

sets forth requirements that apply to 

certain types of liquid fuel-burning 

appliances intended for installation in 

manufactured homes and recreational 

vehicles, including travel trailers, 

camping trailers, truck campers, motor 

homes, and park trailers. 

65. UL 307B. Gas-Burning Appliances 

for Manufactured Homes and 

Recreational Vehicles. The rule updates 

UL 307B. This standard sets forth the 

requirements that apply to the certain 

gas fuel-burning heating appliances. 

66. UL 441. Gas Vents. The rule 

updates UL 441. This standard sets forth 

the requirements that cover Types B and 

BW gas vents and Types B and BW gas 

vent roof jacks intended for venting gas 

appliances equipped with draft hoods to 

burn only gas. 

67. UL 569. Standard for Safety 

Pigtails and Flexible Hose Connectors 

for LP–Gas. The rule updates UL 569. 

This standard sets forth the 

requirements that cover pigtails and 

flexible hose connectors used in the 

assembly of fuel-supply systems and 

intended for liquefied petroleum gas. 

68. UL 1042. Standard for Safety 

Electric Baseboard Heating Equipment. 

The rule updates UL 1042. This 

standard sets forth the requirements for 

portable and fixed electric baseboard 

heating equipment rated at 600 volts or 

less, to be employed in ordinary 

locations in accordance with NFPA 70. 

69. UL 2034. Standard for Safety 

Single and Multiple Station Carbon 

Monoxide Alarms. This rule updates UL 

2034. This standard sets forth the 

requirements for electrically operated 

single and multiple station carbon 

monoxide alarms intended for 

protection in ordinary indoor locations 

of dwelling units, including 

manufactured homes. 

70. WMDA I.S.4–2009. Industry 

Specification for Preservative Treatment 

for Millwork. The rule updates 

NWWDA I.S.4. This specification 

provides a nationally recognized 

standard for the water-repellent 

preservative treatment for millwork and 

serves as a basis of common 

understanding for producers, 

preservative formulators, distributors 

and users. The standard is also intended 

to promote fair competition within the 

industry and to aid purchasers and 

users in obtaining properly treated 

millwork. 

D. Summary of New and Updated 

Standards 

The following is a list of the standards 

incorporated by reference that is being 

revised by this final rule. Each reference 

standard is preceded by an indicator to 

identify the type of change being made. 

A new reference standard being added 

is indicated by the designation ‘‘N’’ and 

a reference standard being updated is 

indicated by the designation ‘‘U.’’ 

Reference standards designated ‘‘*’’ are 

not new or being updated, but have 

already been codified into the MHCSS 

and are being added to a different 

section of the regulations than the 

currently codified regulations. The 

sections of the MHCSS being amended 

by each modification are also shown on 

the right of each reference standard 

being added or updated. 

SUMMARY TABLE OF NEW AND UPDATED IBR STANDARDS UNDER § 3280.4 

[4th/5th Set Final Rule] 

Number N/U Standard Publishing 

organization Title Year 3280.4 Impacted sections 

1 .................. U AAMA 1701.2 ......... American Architectural Manufacturers Association.Voluntary Standard 

for Utilization in 

Manufactured 

Housing for Primary Window 

and Sliding Glass 

Doors.

2012 ....................... (u)(3) ..................... 3280.403(b) and (e), 

3280.404(b) and (e). 

2 .................. U AAMA 1702.2 ......... American Architectural Manufacturers Association.Voluntary Standard 

for Utilization in 

Manufactured 

Housing for 

Swinging Exterior 

Passage Doors.

2012 ....................... (u)(4) ..................... 3280.403(e), 3280.405(b) and 

(e). 


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75730 Federal Register / Vol. 89, No. 179 / Monday, September 16, 2024 / Rules and Regulations 

SUMMARY TABLE OF NEW AND UPDATED IBR STANDARDS UNDER § 3280.4—Continued 

[4th/5th Set Final Rule] 

Number N/U Standard Publishing 

organization Title Year 3280.4 Impacted sections 

3 .................. U AAMA 1704 ............ American Architectural Manufacturers Association.Voluntary Standard 

Egress Window 

Systems for Utilization in Manufactured Housing.

2012 ....................... (u)(5) ..................... 3280.404(b) and (e). 

4 .................. U AAMA/WDMA/CSA 

101/I.S.2/A440.

American Architectural Manufacturers Association/ 

Window and Door 

Manufacturers 

Association.

North American 

Fenestration 

Standard/Specification for Windows, Doors, and 

Skylights.

2017 ....................... (r)(1) ..................... 3280.304(b)(1), 3280.403(b) 

and (e), 3280.404(b) and 

(e), 3280.405(b) and (e). 

5 .................. U AISC 360 ............... American Institute 

of Steel Construction.

Specifications for 

Structural Steel 

Buildings.

2010 ....................... (f)(1) ...................... 3280.304(b)(2), 

3280.305(j)(1). 

6 .................. U AISI S100 ............... American Iron and 

Steel Institute.

North American 

Specification for 

the Design of 

Cold-Formed 

Steel Structural 

Members.

2012 ....................... (g)(1) ..................... 3280.304(b)(2), 

3280.305(j)(1). 

7 .................. U ANSI/AHRI 210/240 

with Addenda 1 

and 2.

American National 

Standards Institute/Air Conditioning, Heating, 

& Refrigeration 

Institute.

Unitary Air-Conditioning and AirSource Heat 

Pump Equipment.

2008 ....................... (b)(1) ..................... 3280.511(b), 3280.703(d)(22), 

3280.714(a). 

8 .................. U ANSI A135.4 .......... American National 

Standards Institute.

Basic Hardboard .... 2012 ....................... (q)(1) ..................... 3280.304(b)(3). 

9 .................. U ANSI A135.5 .......... American National 

Standards Institute.

Prefinished Hardboard Paneling.2012 ....................... (q)(2) ..................... 3280.304(b)(3). 

10 ................ U ANSI A135.6 .......... American National 

Standards Institute.

Hardboard Siding ... 2012 ....................... (q)(3) ..................... 3280.304(b)(3). 

11 ................ U ANSI A208.1 .......... American National 

Standards Institute.

Particleboard .......... 2009 ....................... (q)(4) ..................... 3280.304(b)(3). 

12 ................ U ANSI LC 1 .............. American National 

Standards Institute.

Fuel Gas Piping 

Systems Using 

Corrugated Stainless Steel Tubing.

2014 ....................... (r)(2) ..................... 3280.705(b)(5). 

13 ................ U ANSI Z21.1 ............ American National 

Standards Institute.

Household Cooking 

Gas Appliances.

2016 ....................... (r)(3) ..................... 3280.703(a)(13). 

14 ................ U ANSI Z21.5.1 ......... American National 

Standards Institute.

Gas Clothes Dryers 

Volume 1, Type 1 

Clothes Dryers.

2015 ....................... (r)(4) ..................... 3280.703(a)(7). 

15 ................ U ANSI Z21.10.1 ....... American National 

Standards Institute.

Gas Water Heaters 

Volume 1, Storage Water Heaters with Input 

Ratings of 75,000 

BTU per hour or 

less.

2014 ....................... (r)(5) ..................... 3280.703(a)(15), 

3280.707(d)(2). 

16 ................ N ANSI Z21.10.3 ....... American National 

Standards Institute.

Gas-fired Water 

Heaters Volume 

3, Storage Water 

Heaters with 

Input Ratings 

Above 75,000 

BTU per Hour, 

Circulating and 

Instantaneous.

2014 ....................... (r)(6) ..................... 3280.703(a)(8). 

17 ................ U ANSI Z21.15 .......... American National 

Standards Institute.

Manually Operated 

Gas Valves for 

Appliances, Appliance Connector 

Valves and Hose 

End Valves.

2009 ....................... (r)(7) ..................... 3280.703(c)(4), 3280.705(c) 

and (l). 

18 ................ U ANSI Z21.19 .......... American National 

Standards Institute.

Refrigerators Using 

Gas Fuel.

2014 ....................... (r)(8) ..................... 3280.703(a)(14). 

19 ................ U ANSI Z21.20 .......... American National 

Standards Institute.

Automatic Gas Ignitions Systems 

and Components.

2014 ....................... (r)(9) ..................... 3280.703(d)(9). 

20 ................ U ANSI Z21.21 .......... American National 

Standards Institute.

Automatic Valves 

for Gas Appliances.

2012 ....................... (r)(10) ................... 3280.703(d)(10). 


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SUMMARY TABLE OF NEW AND UPDATED IBR STANDARDS UNDER § 3280.4—Continued 

[4th/5th Set Final Rule] 

Number N/U Standard Publishing 

organization Title Year 3280.4 Impacted sections 

21 ................ U ANSI Z21.23 .......... American National 

Standards Institute.

Gas Appliance 

Thermostats, 

Tenth Edition.

2000 ....................... (r)(11)(i) ................ 3280.703(d)(11). 

22 ................ U ANSI Z21.23a ........ American National 

Standards Institute.

Addenda to the 

Tenth Edition of 

Gas Appliance 

Thermostats.

2003 ....................... (r)(11)(ii) ............... 3280.703(d)(11). 

23 ................ U ANSI Z21.23b ........ American National 

Standards Institute.

Addenda to the 

Tenth Edition of 

ANSI Z21.23– 

2000 and Addenda Z21.23a– 

2003.

2005 ....................... (r)(11)(iii) ............... 3280.703(d)(11). 

24 ................ U ANSI Z21.24 .......... American National 

Standards Institute.

Connectors for Gas 

Appliances.

2006 ....................... (r)(12) ................... 3280.703(c)(3). 

25 ................ U ANSI Z21.47 .......... American National 

Standards Institute.

Gas Fired Central 

Furnaces (Except 

Direct Vent Systems).

2012 ....................... (r)(14) ................... 3280.703(a)(10). 

26 ................ N ANSI Z21.75 .......... American National 

Standards Institute.

Connectors for Outdoor Gas Appliances and Manufactured Homes.2007 ....................... (r)(15) ................... 3280.703(a)(11). 

27 ................ U ANSI Z97.1 ............ American National 

Standards Institute.

Standard for Safety 

Glazing Materials 

used in Buildings—Safety Performance Specifications and 

Methods of Test.

2009 ....................... (h)(9) ..................... 3280.113(d), 3280.304(b)(6), 

3280.405(d), 3280.607(b), 

3280.703(d)(4). 

28 ................ U APA D510C (replaces APA 

D410A).

The Engineered 

Wood Association 

(formerly the 

American Plywood Association).

Panel Design Specification.2012 ....................... (m)(1) .................... 3280.304(b)(3). 

29 ................ U APA E30V .............. The Engineered 

Wood Association 

(formerly the 

American Plywood Association).

Engineered Wood 

Construction 

Guide.

2011 ....................... (m)(3) .................... 3280.304(b)(3). 

30 ................ U APA H815G ........... The Engineered 

Wood Association 

(formerly the 

American Plywood Association).

Design & Fabrication of All-Plywood Beams.2013 ....................... (m)(4) .................... 3280.304(b)(3). 

31 ................ U APA S811P ............ The Engineered 

Wood Association 

(formerly the 

American Plywood Association).

Design & Fabrication of Plywood 

Curved Panels.

2013 ....................... (m)(5) .................... 3280.304(b)(3). 

32 ................ U APA S812S ............ The Engineered 

Wood Association 

(formerly the 

American Plywood Association).

Design & Fabrication of Glued Plywood Lumber 

Beams.

2013 ....................... (m)(6) .................... 3280.304(b)(3). 

33 ................ U APA U813M ........... The Engineered 

Wood Association 

(formerly the 

American Plywood Association).

Design & Fabrication of PlywoodStressed Skin 

Panels.

2013 ....................... (m)(7) .................... 3280.304(b)(3). 

34 ................ U APA U814J ............ The Engineered 

Wood Association 

(formerly the 

American Plywood Association).

Design & Fabrication of Plywood 

Sandwich Panels.

2013 ....................... (m)(8) .................... 3280.304(b)(3). 

35 ................ N APA Y510 .............. The Engineered 

Wood Association 

(formerly the 

American Plywood Association).

Plywood Design ..... 1997 ....................... (m)(9) .................... 3280.304(b)(3). 


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75732 Federal Register / Vol. 89, No. 179 / Monday, September 16, 2024 / Rules and Regulations 

SUMMARY TABLE OF NEW AND UPDATED IBR STANDARDS UNDER § 3280.4—Continued 

[4th/5th Set Final Rule] 

Number N/U Standard Publishing 

organization Title Year 3280.4 Impacted sections 

36 ................ U ANSI/ASHRAE 62.2 American National 

Standards Institute/American Society of Heating, 

Refrigeration and 

Air Conditioning 

Engineers.

Ventilation and Acceptable Indoor 

Air Quality in 

Low-Rise Residential Buildings.

2013 ....................... (j)(2) ...................... 3280.103(d) and (e), 

3280.703(d)(23). 

37 ................ U ANSI/ASME 

B1.20.1.

American National 

Standards Institute/American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

Pipe Threads, General Purpose 

(Inch).

2013 ....................... (k)(18) ................... 3280.604(c)(1), 

3280.703(b)(3), 

3280.705(e), 3280.706(d). 

38 ................ U ANSI/ASME B36.10 American Society of 

Mechanical Engineers.

Welding and Seamless Wrought 

Steel Pipe.

2004 ....................... (k)(26) ................... 3280.604(c)(1), 

3280.703(b)(4), 

3280.705(b)(1), 

3280.706(b)(1). 

39 ................ U ASTM A53/A53M ... ASTM, International Standard Specification for Pipe, 

Steel, Black and 

Hot-Dipped, Zinc 

Coated, Welded 

and Seamless.

2012 ....................... (n)(1) ..................... 3280.604(c)(1), 

3280.703(b)(1). 

40 ................ U ASTM B42 ............. ASTM, International Standard Specification for Seamless 

Copper Pipe, 

Standard Sizes.

2010 ....................... (n)(4) ..................... 3280.604(c)(2), 

3280.703(c)(7). 

41 ................ U ASTM B88 ............. ASTM, International Standard Specification for Seamless 

Copper Water 

Tube.

2014 ....................... (n)(6) ..................... 3280.604(c)(2), 

3280.703(c)(1), 

3280.705(b)(3), 

3280.706(b)(3). 

42 ................ U ASTM B251 ........... ASTM, International Standard Specification for General 

Requirements for 

Wrought Seamless Copper-Alloy 

Tubes.

2010 ....................... (n)(7) ..................... 3280.604(c)(2), 

3280.703(c)(6). 

43 ................ U ASTM B280 ........... ASTM, International Standard Specification for Seamless 

Copper Tube for 

Air Conditioning 

and Refrigeration 

Field Service.

2013 ....................... (n)(8) ..................... 3280.703(c)(2), 

3280.705(b)(3), 

3280.706(b)(3). 

44 ................ U ASTM C1396/ 

C1396M.

ASTM, International Standard Specification for Gypsum 

Board.

2014 ....................... (n)(12) ................... 3280.304(b)(4)(i). 

45 ................ N ASTM D3679 ......... ASTM, International Standard Specification for Rigid Poly 

(Vinyl Chloride) 

(PVC) Siding.

2009a ..................... (n)(21) ................... 3280.304(b)(6), 

3280.309(b)(1). 

46 ................ U ASTM D4442 ......... ASTM, International Standard Test 

Methods for Direct Moisture 

Content Measurement of Wood & 

Wood Base Materials.

2007 ....................... (n)(23) ................... 3280.304(b)(3). 

47 ................ U ASTM D4444 ......... ASTM, International Standard Test 

Method for Laboratory Standardization and Calibration of HandHeld Moisture 

Meters.

2013 ....................... (n)(24) ................... 3280.304(b)(3). 

48 ................ N ASTM D4756 ......... ASTM, International Standard Practice 

for Installation of 

Rigid Poly (Vinyl 

Chloride) (PVC) 

Siding and Soffit.

2006 ....................... (n)(26) ................... 3280.304(b)(6), 3280.309(c). 

49 ................ N ASTM D7254 ......... ASTM, International Standard Specification for Polypropylene (PP) 

Siding.

2007 ....................... (n)(28) ................... 3280.304(b)(6), 

3280.309(b)(2). 


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Federal Register / Vol. 89, No. 179 / Monday, September 16, 2024 / Rules and Regulations 75733 

SUMMARY TABLE OF NEW AND UPDATED IBR STANDARDS UNDER § 3280.4—Continued 

[4th/5th Set Final Rule] 

Number N/U Standard Publishing 

organization Title Year 3280.4 Impacted sections 

50 ................ N ASTM E90 ............. ASTM, International Standard Test 

Method for Laboratory Measurement of Airborne 

Sound Transmission Loss of 

Building Partitions 

and Elements.

2009 ....................... (n)(30) ................... 3280.115(b). 

51 ................ U ASTM E96/E96M ... ASTM, International Standard Test 

Methods for 

Water Vapor 

Transmission of 

Materials.

2013 ....................... (n)(31) ................... 3280.504(a) and (c). 

52 ................ U ASTM E119 ........... ASTM, International Standard Test 

Method for Fire 

Tests of Building 

Construction and 

Materials.

2014 ....................... (n)(32) ................... 3280.215(a) and(d)(1)(iii), 

3280.304(b)(3)(xxvii), 

3280.1003(a)(1). 

53 ................ N ASTM E492 ........... ASTM, International Standard Test 

Method for Laboratory Measurement of Impact 

Sound Transmission Through 

Floor-Ceiling Assemblies Using 

the Tapping Machine.

2009 ....................... (n)(34) ................... 3280.115(c). 

54 ................ N ASTM E814 ........... ASTM, International Standard Test 

Method for Fire 

Tests of Penetration Firestop Systems.

2013 ....................... (n)(37) ................... 3280.215(b)(1)(ii). 

55 ................ U AWC Design Values for Joists and 

Rafters (formerly 

under AFPA).

American Wood 

Council (formerly 

American Forest 

& Paper Association).

Design Values for 

Joists and 

Rafters, 2012 

Edition.

2012 ....................... (o)(3) ..................... 3280.304(b)(3). 

56 ................ U AWC NDS (formerly 

under AFPA).

American Wood 

Council (formerly 

American Forest 

& Paper Association).

National Design 

Specifications for 

Wood Construction.

2015 ....................... (o)(1)(i) ................. 3280.215(a), 3280.304(b)(3). 

57 ................ U AWC NDS Supplement(formerly 

under AFPA).

American Wood 

Council (formerly 

American Forest 

& Paper Association).

NDS Supplement, 

Design for Wood 

Construction.

2015 ....................... (o)(1)(ii) ................. 3280.215(a), 3280.304(b)(3). 

58 ................ U AWC Span Tables 

for Joists and 

Rafters (formerly 

under AFPA).

American Wood 

Council (formerly 

American Forest 

& Paper Association).

Span Tables for 

Joists and 

Rafters, 2012 

Edition.

2012 ....................... (o)(2) ..................... 3280.304(b)(3)(xix). 

59 ................ U ANSI/HPVA HP–1 .. American National 

Standards Institute/Hardwood 

Plywood and Veneer Association 

(previously 

HPMA).

American National 

Standard for 

Hardwood and 

Decorative Plywood.

2009 ....................... (s)(1) ..................... 3280.304(b)(3)(iv). 

60 ................ U IAPMO TS 9 .......... Int’l Association of 

Plumbing and 

Mechanical Officials.

Standard for Gas 

Supply Connectors for Manufactured Homes.

2003 ....................... (x)(8) ..................... 3280.703(c)(5). 

61 ................ N ISO/IEC 17065 ....... Int’l Organization for 

Standardization/ 

Int’l Electrotechnical Commission.

Conformity Assessment—Requirements for Bodies 

Certifying Products, Processes 

and Services.

2012 ....................... (z)(1) ..................... 3280.403(e)(1), 

3280.404(e)(2), 

3280.405(e)(1). 

62 ................ U ESR 1539 .............. International Code 

Council Evaluation Service (previously known as 

National Evaluation Service).

Power Driven Staples and Nails.2014 ....................... (y)(1) ..................... 3280.304(b)(5)(i). 


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75734 Federal Register / Vol. 89, No. 179 / Monday, September 16, 2024 / Rules and Regulations 

SUMMARY TABLE OF NEW AND UPDATED IBR STANDARDS UNDER § 3280.4—Continued 

[4th/5th Set Final Rule] 

Number N/U Standard Publishing 

organization Title Year 3280.4 Impacted sections 

63 ................ N NFPA 13D .............. National Fire Protection Association.Standard for the Installation of 

Sprinkler Systems in One and 

Two Family 

Dwellings and 

Manufactured 

Homes.

2010 ....................... (dd)(1) ................... 3280.214(b), (e)(2), and 

(o)(3)(i). 

64 ................ U NFPA 31 ................ National Fire Protection Association.Installation of OilBurning Equipment.2011 ....................... (dd)(2) ................... 3280.703(d)(13), 3280.707(f). 

65 ................ U NFPA 54/ANSI 

Z223.1.

National Fire Protection Association/American National Standards 

Institute.

National Fuel Gas 

Code.

2015 ....................... (dd)(3) ................... 3280.703(d)(14). 

66 ................ U NFPA 58 ................ National Fire Protection Association.Standard for the 

Storage and Handling of Liquefied 

Petroleum Gas.

2014 ....................... (dd)(4) ................... 3280.703(d)(16). 

67 ................ U NFPA 70 ................ National Fire Protection Association/National 

Electric Code.

National Electric 

Code.

2014 ....................... (dd)(5) ................... 3280.607(c), 3280.801(a) and 

(b), 3280.803(k), 

3280.804(a) and (k), 

3280.805(a), 3280.806(d), 

3280.807(c), 3280.808(l) 

and (p), 3280.810(b), 

3280.811(b). 

68 ................ U NFPA 90B .............. National Fire Protection Association.Warm Air Heating 

and Air Conditioning Systems.

2015 ....................... (dd)(6) ................... 3280.703(d)(15). 

69 ................ U SAE J533 ............... Society of Automotive Engineers.Flares for Tubing ... 2007 ....................... (hh)(1) ................... 3280.703(d)(17), 

3280.705(f)(1). 

70 ................ N TT–P–1536A .......... Federal Specification.Plumbing Fixture 

Setting Compound.

1975 ....................... (t)(3) ...................... 3280.604(b). 

71 ................ U TPI 1 (replaces 

TPI–85).

Truss Plate Institute National Design 

Standard for 

Metal Plate Connected Wood 

Truss Construction.

2007 ....................... (jj)(1)(I) .................. 3280.304(b)(3)(ix). 

72 ................ U TPI 1 Commentary 

and Appendices.

Truss Plate Institute 2007 Commentary 

and Appendices.

2007 ....................... (jj)(1)(ii) ................. 3280.304(b)(3)(ix). 

73 ................ U PS 1 Voluntary 

Product Standard.

National Institute of 

Standards and 

Technology.

Structural Plywood 

(with Typical APA 

Trademarks).

2009 ....................... (ee)(1) ................... 3280.304(b)(3). 

74 ................ U UL 103 ................... Underwriters’ Laboratories, Inc.Chimneys, Factory 

Built Residential 

Type & Building 

Heating Appliance.

2010 ....................... (kk)(2) ................... 3280.703(d)(18). 

75 ................ U UL 109 ................... Underwriters’ Laboratories, Inc.Tube Fittings for 

Flammable and 

Combustible 

Fluids, Refrigeration Service, and 

Marine Use.

2005 ....................... (kk)(3) ................... 3280.703(d)(5). 

76 ................ U UL 174 ................... Underwriters’ Laboratories, Inc.Household Electric 

Storage Tanks 

Water Heaters.

2004 ....................... (kk)(5) ................... 3280.703(a)(16). 

77 ................ U UL 181 ................... Underwriters’ Laboratories, Inc.Factory Made Air 

Ducts & Connectors.

2013 ....................... (kk)(6) ................... 3280.702, 3280.703(d)(1). 

3280.715(a) and (e). 

78 ................ U UL 181A ................. Underwriters’ Laboratories, Inc.Closure Systems 

for Use with Rigid 

Air Ducts and Air 

Connectors.

2013 ....................... (kk)(7) ................... 3280.703(d)(2), 3280.715(c). 

79 ................ N UL 263 ................... Underwriters’ Laboratories, Inc.Fire Tests of Building Construction 

Materials.

2014 ....................... (kk)(10) ................. 3280.215(a) and (d)(1)(iii). 

80 ................ U UL 268 ................... Underwriters’ Laboratories, Inc.Smoke Detectors 

for Fire Protective 

Signaling Systems.

1999 ....................... (kk)(11) ................. 3280.209(a), 3280.703(a)(1). 


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SUMMARY TABLE OF NEW AND UPDATED IBR STANDARDS UNDER § 3280.4—Continued 

[4th/5th Set Final Rule] 

Number N/U Standard Publishing 

organization Title Year 3280.4 Impacted sections 

81 ................ U UL 307A ................. Underwriters’ Laboratories, Inc.Liquid Fuel-Burning 

Heating Appliances for Manufactured Homes 

& Recreational 

Vehicles.

2009 ....................... (kk)(12) ................. 3280.703(a)(2), 3280.707(f). 

82 ................ U UL 307B ................. Underwriters’ Laboratories, Inc.Gas-Burning Appliances for Manufactured Homes 

& Recreational 

Vehicles.

2009 ....................... (kk)(13) ................. 3280.703(a)(6). 

83 ................ U UL 441 ................... Underwriters’ Laboratories, Inc.Gas Vents .............. 2010 ....................... (kk)(15) ................. 3280.703(d)(12). 

84 ................ N UL 499 ................... Underwriters’ Laboratories, Inc.Standard for Electric Heating Appliances.2014 ....................... (kk)(16) ................. 3280.703(a)(19). 

85 ................ U UL 569 ................... Underwriters’ Laboratories, Inc.Pigtails & Flexible 

Hose Connectors 

for LP Gas.

2013 ....................... (kk)(17) ................. 3280.703(d)(6), 

3280.705(l)(1). 

86 ................ U UL 1042 ................. Underwriters’ Laboratories, Inc.Electric Baseboard 

Heating Equipment.

2009 ....................... (kk)(20) ................. 3280.703(a)(4). 

87 ................ N UL 1479 ................. Underwriters’ Laboratories, Inc.Fire Tests of Penetration Firestops.2014 ....................... (kk)(22) ................. 3280.215(d)(1)(ii). 

88 ................ U UL 2034 ................. Underwriters’ Laboratories, Inc.Standard for Single 

and Multiple Station Carbon Monoxide Alarms, 

Fourth Edition.

2016 ....................... (kk)(25) ................. 3280.209(a), 3280.211(a), 

3280.703(a)(18). 

89 ................ N UL 60335–2–40 ..... Underwriters’ Laboratories, Inc.Standard for 

Household and 

Similar Electrical 

Appliances— 

Safety, Part 2– 

34: Particular Requirements for 

Motor-Compressors.

2012 ....................... (kk)(26) ................. 3280.703(a)(16). 

90 ................ U WDMA I.S.4 ........... Window and Door 

Manufacturers 

Association.

Industry Specification for Preservative Treatment for 

Millwork.

2009 ....................... (mm)(1) ................. 3280.405(c). 

V. Findings and Certifications 

Regulatory Review—Executive Orders 

12866, 13563, and 14094 

Under Executive Order 12866 

(Regulatory Planning and Review), a 

determination must be made whether a 

regulatory action is significant and, 

therefore, subject to review by the Office 

of Management and Budget (OMB) in 

accordance with the requirements of the 

order. Executive Order 13563 

(Improving Regulations and Regulatory 

Review) directs executive agencies to 

analyze regulations that are ‘‘outmoded, 

ineffective, insufficient, or excessively 

burdensome, and to modify, streamline, 

expand, or repeal them in accordance 

with what has been learned.’’ Executive 

Order 13563 also directs that, where 

relevant, feasible, and consistent with 

regulatory objectives, and to the extent 

permitted by law, agencies are to 

identify and consider regulatory 

approaches that reduce burdens and 

maintain flexibility and freedom of 

choice for the public. Executive Order 

14094 entitled ‘‘Modernizing Regulatory 

Review’’ (hereinafter referred to as the 

‘‘Modernizing E.O.’’) amends section 

3(f) of Executive Order 12866, among 

other things. 

The Office of Management and Budget 

(OMB) reviewed this rule under 

Executive Order 12866 (entitled 

‘‘Regulatory Planning and Review’’). 

OMB determined that this rule is a 

‘‘significant regulatory action’’ as 

defined in section 3(f)(1) of the Order. 

Any changes made to the rule 

subsequent to its submission to OMB 

are identified in the docket file, which 

is available for public inspection at 

either www.regulations.gov or in the 

Regulations Division, Office of the 

General Counsel, 451 7th Street SW, 

Washington, DC 20410–0500. HUD 

strongly encourages the public to view 

the docket file at www.regulations.gov. 

Due to security measures at the HUD 

Headquarters building, please schedule 

an appointment to review the docket file 

by calling the Regulations Division at 

202–402–3055 (this is not a toll-free 

number). HUD welcomes and is 

prepared to receive calls from 

individuals who are deaf or hard of 

hearing, as well as individuals with 

speech or communication disabilities. 

To learn more about how to make an 

accessible telephone call, please visit: 

https://www.fcc.gov/consumers/guides/ 

telecommunications-relay-service-trs. 

Paperwork Reduction Act 

The information collection 

requirements contained in this final rule 

have been approved by the Office of 

Management and Budget (OMB) under 

the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 

(44 U.S.C. 3501–3520). In accordance 

with the Paperwork Reduction Act, an 

agency may not conduct or sponsor, and 

a person is not required to respond to, 

a collection of information unless the 

collection displays a valid control 

number. OMB has issued HUD the 

control number 2502–0253 for the 

information collection requirements 

under the current Manufactured 


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Housing Construction and Safety 

Standards Program. 

This final rule revises the technical 

standards within the MHCSS that 

address the fourth and fifth sets of 

recommendations made to HUD by the 

MHCC. The revisions include a large 

number of updated standards 

incorporated by reference, which will 

bring the MHCSS in line with more 

current industry standards, improve the 

quality and safety of manufactured 

homes constructed, and allow for 

expanded, innovative opportunities to 

use of manufactured housing, such as 

multi-dwelling unit manufactured 

homes. The revisions will eliminate the 

need for manufacturers to obtain special 

approvals from HUD for some 

construction features and options, 

including tankless water heaters, home 

designs with peak flip roof assemblies, 

and accessible shower compartments. 

This will cause the Design Approval 

Primary Inspection Agencies (DAPIAs) 

to subsequently experience a reduction 

in requests to review AC submissions 

and issue fewer concurrence 

correspondences to OMHP. 

The overall reporting and 

recordkeeping burden for collection 

number 2502–0253 addressed in this 

final rule is estimated as follows: 

Number of respondents: 196. 

Number of responses: 197,014. 

Frequency of response: 1,005. 

Average hours per response: 1.2. 

Total estimated burden: 238,994. 

Unfunded Mandates Reform Act 

Title II of the Unfunded Mandates 

Reform Act of 1995 (2 U.S.C. 1531– 

1538) establishes requirements for 

Federal agencies to assess the effects of 

their regulatory actions on State, local, 

and Tribal governments and the private 

sector. This rule will not impose any 

Federal mandates on any State, local, or 

Tribal government or the private sector 

within the meaning of the Unfunded 

Mandates Reform Act of 1995. 

Environmental Review 

A Finding of No Significant Impact 

with respect to the environment was 

made at the proposed rule stage in 

accordance with HUD regulations at 24 

CFR part 50, which implement section 

102(2)(C) of the National Environmental 

Policy Act of 1969 (42 U.S.C. 

4332(2)(C)). The Finding of No 

Significant Impact remains applicable 

and is available for review in the docket 

for this rule on www.regulations.gov. 

Regulatory Flexibility Act 

The Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA) 

(5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.) requires an agency 

to conduct a regulatory flexibility 

analysis of any rule subject to notice 

and comment rulemaking requirements, 

unless the agency certifies that the rule 

will not have a significant economic 

impact on a substantial number of small 

entities. 

The final rule regulates 

establishments primarily engaged in 

making manufactured homes (NAICS 

321991). The Small Business 

Administration’s size standards define 

an establishment primarily engaged in 

making manufactured homes as small if 

it does not exceed 1250 employees. 13 

CFR 121.201. Of the 242 firms included 

under this NAICS definition, 

approximately 37 produce 

manufactured homes subject to the 

MHCSS. Of the 37 manufacturers 

subject to the MHCSS, 34 are considered 

small businesses based on the threshold 

of 1250 employees or less. The final rule 

would apply to all manufacturers. The 

rule would, thus, affect a substantial 

number of small entities. 

HUD has determined, however, that 

this rule would not have a significant 

economic impact on a substantial 

number of small entities. As discussed 

in the economic impact analysis 

prepared for this rule, most of the 

revisions enacted by this rule would not 

affect costs of manufacturers, large or 

small, and provide benefit to 

homeowners. Furthermore, seven code 

changes enacted by this rule would 

affect the cost of design, production, or 

installation of manufactured homes by 

decreasing the costs of manufacturing. 

This rule also eliminates the need for 

manufacturers to prepare and submit an 

Alternate Construction (AC) letter in 

four circumstances, providing all 

manufacturers, large and small, 

additional cost savings and increased 

flexibility in design. The changes 

provide additional options and 

increased flexibility in the four 

circumstances, which include design of 

accessible shower compartments, multidwelling unit manufactured homes, and 

revised floor plans. Savings from the 

reduced administrative burden 

associated with AC letter application 

and compliance is $771,000 per 

production year. 

Two revisions increase production 

costs. The change to 24 CFR 3280.307(f) 

requires that the exterior wall envelope 

of a manufactured home contain a water 

resistive barrier behind the exterior 

cladding, as well as have a means of 

draining water that enters the assembly. 

The water resistant barriers, which are 

common in large manufactured homes 

and less common in small manufactured 

homes, would increase the upfront 

production costs. Based on HUD’s 

industry knowledge, small businesses 

produce custom or larger manufactured 

homes and were much likelier to have 

incorporated water resistant barriers in 

their products prior to this rule. This 

means the costs of water resistive 

barriers have largely been incorporated 

into existing manufacturing costs for 

small businesses compared to large 

businesses. 

There are no significant alternatives to 

the water resistive barrier standard. This 

is because no alternatives reduce the fire 

hazard risks in manufactured homes as 

effectively as this water resistant barrier 

standard while maintaining a similar 

cost structure. Further, no similar 

standards were considered by the 

MHCC, which includes numerous 

industry representatives and 

recommends incorporation of the 

standards, or recommended to HUD. 

This lack of recommendation divests 

HUD of authority to implement an 

alternative standard. 

The rule also updates the AWC 

National Design Specification for Wood 

Construction reference from the 2001 to 

2015 edition. This change, which 

amends the design values for the grade 

of wood needed for structural elements, 

was recommended by the MHCC after 

the Southern Pine Inspection Bureau 

(SPIB), an independent non-profit 

industry inspection agency, discovered 

that the strength of southern pine 

lumber had decreased and that previous 

standards were insufficient to protect 

against structural failure. The 

recommendations from the SPIB 

provide that the most effective method 

to avoid structural failure is changing 

the values. This led the manufactured 

housing industry, including small 

manufacturers, to implement the 2015 

edition of this standard in their 

production process. Further, the MHCC 

did not consider an alternative or 

provide HUD with a recommendation 

and this rule codifies a standard that is 

broadly used in the industry. 

Overall, the regulatory impact 

analysis for this rule concluded that the 

decreased costs of design, production 

and installation of manufactured homes 

would reduce burden and result in an 

overall positive economic impact on 

manufacturers and consumers. The 

regulatory impact analysis also provides 

that the rule would produce net benefits 

ranging from $160.4 million to $334.4 

million per production year. HUD has 

considered the effects of changes 

between the proposed rule and this final 

rule and finds that the regulatory impact 

analysis has changed minimally. 

HUD solicited comments from the 

public at the proposed rule stage on 

whether the rule would impose a 

significant economic impact on a 


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substantial number of small entities. 

HUD received no comments suggesting 

that it would impose a significant 

economic impact on a substantial 

number of small entities. A handful of 

comments asserted the final rule would 

impose increased burdens on 

manufacturers in general, but the 

comments did not assert or suggest the 

burdens were economically significant 

or disproportionately impacted small 

businesses. 

Accordingly, the undersigned certifies 

that the rule will not have a significant 

economic impact on a substantial 

number of small entities. 

Executive Order 13132, Federalism 

Executive Order 13132 (entitled 

‘‘Federalism’’) prohibits, to the extent 

practicable and permitted by law, an 

agency from promulgating a regulation 

that has federalism implications and 

either imposes substantial direct 

compliance costs on State and local 

governments and is not required by 

statute, or preempts State law, unless 

the relevant requirements of section 6 of 

the Executive Order are met. This rule 

does not have federalism implications 

and does not impose substantial direct 

compliance costs on State and local 

governments or preempt State law 

within the meaning of the Executive 

order. 

List of Subjects 

24 CFR Part 3280 

Fire prevention, Housing standards, 

Incorporation by reference. 

24 CFR Part 3282 

Administrative practice and 

procedure, Consumer protection, 

Intergovernmental relations, 

Investigations, Manufactured homes, 

Reporting and recordkeeping 

requirements, Warranties. 

24 CFR Part 3285 

Housing standards, Manufactured 

homes. 

24 CFR Part 3286 

Administrative practice and 

procedure, Consumer protection, 

Intergovernmental relations, 

Manufactured homes, reporting and 

recordkeeping requirements. 

Accordingly, for the reasons 

discussed in the preamble, HUD amends 

24 CFR parts 3280, 3282, 3285, and 

3286 to read as follows: 

PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME 

CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY 

STANDARDS 

■ 1. The authority citation for part 3280 

continues to read as follows: 

Authority: 15 U.S.C. 2697, 42 U.S.C. 

3535(d), 5403, and 5424. 

■ 2. Amend § 3280.2 by: 

■ a. Revising the definition for 

‘‘Certification label’’; 

■ b. Adding, in alphabetical order, the 

definition for ‘‘Dwelling’’; 

■ c. Revising the definition for 

‘‘Dwelling unit’’; and 

■ d. Adding, in alphabetical order, the 

definitions for ‘‘Multipurpose fire 

sprinkler system’’, ‘‘Stand-alone fire 

sprinkler system’’, and ‘‘Water resistive 

barrier’’. 

The revisions and additions read as 

follows: 

§ 3280. 2 Definitions. 

* * * * * 

Certification label means the 

approved form of certification by the 

manufacturer that, under § 3280.11, is 

permanently affixed to each 

transportable section of each 

manufactured home manufactured for 

sale in the United States. 

Dwelling means any structure that 

contains one to a maximum of four 

dwelling units, designed to be 

permanently occupied for residential 

living purposes. 

Dwelling unit means a single unit that 

provides complete independent living 

facilities for one or more persons, where 

the occupancy is primarily permanent 

in nature, including permanent 

provisions for separate living, sleeping, 

cooking, eating, and sanitation. 

* * * * * 

Multipurpose fire sprinkler system 

means a system that supplies domestic 

water to both plumbing fixtures and fire 

sprinklers. 

* * * * * 

Stand-alone fire sprinkler system 

means a system that is separate and 

independent from the water distribution 

system. 

* * * * * 

Water resistive barrier means a 

material behind the exterior wall 

covering that is intended to prevent 

liquid water that has penetrated behind 

the exterior covering from intruding 

further into the exterior wall assembly. 

* * * * * 

■ 3. Revise and republish § 3280.4 to 

read as follows: 

§ 3280.4 Incorporation by reference. 

(a)(1) Certain material is incorporated 

by reference in this part with the 

approval of the Director of the Federal 

Register in accordance with 5 U.S.C. 

552(a) and 1 CFR part 51. To enforce 

any edition other than that specified in 

this section, the U.S. Department of 

Housing and Urban Development 

(Department) must publish a document 

in the Federal Register and the material 

must be available to the public. All 

approved incorporation by reference 

(IBR) material is available for inspection 

at the Department and at the National 

Archives and Records Administration 

(NARA). Contact the Department at: 

Office of Manufactured Housing 

Programs, 451 Seventh Street SW, 

Washington, DC 20410; email mhs@

hud.gov; (202) 402–2698. For 

information on the availability of this 

material at NARA, visit 

www.archives.gov/federal-register/cfr/ 

ibr-locations or email fr.inspection@

nara.gov. 

(2) The IBR material may be obtained 

from the sources in this paragraph (a)(2) 

or from one or more private resellers 

listed in this paragraph (a)(2). For 

material that is no longer commercially 

available, contact the Office of 

Manufactured Housing Programs (see 

paragraph (a)(1) of this section). 

(i) Accuris Standards Store, phone: 

(800) 332–6077; website: https://

store.accuristech.com. 

(ii) American National Standards 

Institute (see paragraph (h) of this 

section). 

(iii) EverySpec LLC, 710 Lake Louise 

Ct., Gibsonia, PA 10544; website: http:// 

everyspec.com. (Government and 

military standards only.) 

(iv) GlobalSpec, 257 Fuller Road, 

Suite NFE 1100, Albany, NY 12203– 

3621; phone: (800) 261–2052; website: 

https://standards.globalspec.com. 

(v) Nimonik Document Center, 401 

Roland Way, Suite 224, Oakland, CA, 

94624; phone (650)591–7600; email: 

info@document-center.com; website: 

www.document-center.com. 

(b) Air Conditioning, Heating & 

Refrigeration Institute (AHRI), 2311 

Wilson Blvd., Suite 400, Arlington, VA 

22201; telephone: 703–524–8800; fax: 

703–528–3816; website: 

www.ahrinet.org. 

(1) ANSI/AHRI Standard 210/240– 

2008 with Addenda 1 and 2, 2008 

Standard for Performance Rating of 

Unitary Air-Conditioning and AirSource Heat Pump Equipment, ANSIapproved December 2012; IBR approved 

for §§ 3280.511(b); 3280.703(d); 

3280.714(a). 

(2) [Reserved] 

(c) Aluminum Association (AA), 1525 

Wilson Blvd., Suite 600, Arlington, VA 

22209; telephone: 703–358–2960; fax: 


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703–358–3921; website: 

www.aluminum.org. 

(1) Aluminum Design Manual, 

Specifications and Guidelines for 

Aluminum Structures, Part 1–A, Sixth 

Edition, October 1994; IBR approved for 

§ 3280.304(b). 

(2) Aluminum Design Manual, 

Specifications and Guidelines for 

Aluminum Structures, Part 1–B, First 

Edition, October 1994; IBR approved for 

§ 3280.304(b). 

(d) American Forest and Paper 

Association (AFPA), 1101 K Street NW, 

Suite 700, Washington, DC 20005; 

telephone: 202–463–2700; website: 

www.afandpa.org. 

(1) AFPA, Wood Structural Design 

Data, 1986 Edition with 1992 Revisions; 

IBR approved for § 3280.304(b). 

(2) [Reserved] 

(e) American Gas Association (AGA), 

400 North Capitol Street NW, 

Washington, DC 20001: telephone: 202– 

824–7000; website: www.aga.org. 

(1) AGA No. 3–87, Requirements for 

Gas Connectors for Connection of Fixed 

Appliances for Outdoor Installation, 

Park Trailers, and Manufactured 

(Mobile) Homes to the Gas Supply; IBR 

approved for § 3280.703(d). 

(2) [Reserved] 

(f) American Institute of Steel 

Construction (AISC), 130 East Randolph 

Street, Suite 2000, Chicago, IL 60601– 

6219; telephone: 312–670–2400; fax: 

312–626–2402; website: www.aisc.org. 

(1) ANSI/AISC 360–10, Specification 

for Structural Steel Buildings, Second 

Printing: February 2012 (AISC 360–10); 

IBR approved for §§ 3280.304(b); 

3280.305(j). 

(2) [Reserved] 

(g) American Iron and Steel Institute 

(AISI), 25 Massachusetts Avenue NW, 

Suite 800, Washington, DC 20001; 

telephone: 202–452–7100; website: 

www.steel.org. 

(1) AISI S100–12, North American 

Specification for the Design of ColdFormed Steel Structural Members, 2012 

Edition, 2nd Printing—June 2014, 

including AISI S100–12–E3 errata dated 

December 10, 2014; IBR approved for 

§§ 3280.304(b); 3280.305(j). 

(2) [Reserved] 

(h) American National Standards 

Institute (ANSI), 25 West 43rd Street, 

4th Floor, New York, NY 10018; 

telephone: 212–642–4900; fax: 212– 

398–0023; website: www.ansi.org. 

(1) ANSI A112.14.1–1975, Backflow 

Valves; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c). 

(2) ANSI A112.19.5–1979, Trim for 

Water Closet, Bowls, Tanks, and 

Urinals; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c). 

(3) ANSI/AITC A190.1–1992, For 

wood products—Structural Glued 

Laminated Timber; IBR approved for 

§ 3280.304(b). 

(4) ANSI A208.2–2002, Medium 

Density Fiberboard (MDF) For Interior 

Applications, approved May 13, 2002; 

IBR approved for § 3280.304(b). 

(5) ANSI B16.18–1984, Cast Copper 

Alloy Solder-Joint Pressure Fittings; IBR 

approved for § 3280.604(c). 

(6) ANSI C72.1–1972, section 4.3.1, 

Household Automatic Electric Storage 

Type Water Heaters; IBR approved for 

§ 3280.707(d). 

(7) ANSI Z21.22–1999, Relief Valves 

for Hot Water Supply Systems; IBR 

approved for §§ 3280.604(c); 

3280.703(d). 

(8) ANSI Z34.1–1993, Third-Party 

Certification Programs for Products, 

Processes, and Services; IBR approved 

for §§ 3280.403(e); 3280.405(e). 

(9) ANSI Z97.1–2009ε, American 

National Standard for safety glazing 

materials used in buildings—safety 

performance specifications and methods 

of test, approved November 2009; IBR 

approved for §§ 3280.113(d); 

3280.304(b); 3280.403(d); 3280.604(c); 

3280.607(b); 3280.703(d). 

(10) ANSI Z124.1–1987, Plastic 

Bathtub Units with Addendum 

Z124.1a–1990 and Z124.1b–1991; IBR 

approved for § 3280.604(c). 

(11) ANSI Z124.2–1987, Plastic 

Shower Receptors and Shower Stalls 

with Addendum Z124.2a–1990; IBR 

approved for § 3280.604(c). 

(12) ANSI Z124.3–1986, Plastic 

Lavatories with Addendum Z124.3a– 

1990; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c). 

(13) ANSI Z124.4–1986, Plastic Water 

Closets, Bowls, and Tanks with 

Addenda Z124.4a–1990; IBR approved 

for § 3280.604(c). 

(14) ANSI Z124.5–1997, Plastic Toilet 

(Water Closets) Seats; IBR approved for 

§ 3280.604(c). 

(15) ANSI Z124.7–1997, Prefabricated 

Plastic Spa Shells; IBR approved for 

§ 3280.604(c). 

(16) ANSI Z–124.9–1994, Plastic 

Urinal Fixtures; IBR approved for 

§ 3280.604(c). 

(i) American Society of Civil 

Engineers (ASCE), 1801 Alexander Bell 

Drive, Reston, VA 20191; telephone: 

800–548–2723; website: www.asce.org. 

(1) ANSI/ASCE 7–88, Minimum 

Design Loads for Buildings and Other 

Structures, IBR approved for 

§§ 3280.5(f); 3280.304(b); 3280.305(c). 

(2) SEI/ASCE 8–02, Specification for 

the Design of Cold-Formed Stainless 

Steel Structural Members, 2002; IBR 

approved for §§ 3280.304(b); 

3280.305(j). 

(3) ASCE 19–96, Structural 

Applications of Steel Cables for 

Buildings; IBR approved for 

§ 3280.304(b). 

(j) American Society of Heating, 

Refrigeration and Air Conditioning 

Engineers (ASHRAE), 1791 Tullie Circle 

NE, Atlanta, GA 30329; telephone: 404– 

636–8400; fax: 404–321–5478; website: 

www.ashrae.org/home/. 

(1) 1997 ASHRAE Handbook of 

Fundamentals, chapters 22 through 27, 

(except for the following parts of this 

standard that are not incorporated by 

reference: 23.1 Steel Frame 

Construction; 23.2 Masonry 

Construction; 23.3 Foundations and 

Floor Systems; 23.15 Pipes; 23.17 

Tanks, Vessels, and Equipment; 23.18 

Refrigerated Rooms and Buildings; 

24.18 Mechanical and Industrial 

Systems; 25.19 Commercial Building 

Envelope Leakage; 27.9 Calculation of 

Heat Loss from Crawl Spaces), InchPound Edition, 1997; IBR approved for 

§§ 3280.508(a) and (e); 3280.511(a). 

(2) ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.2– 

2013, Ventilation and Acceptable Indoor 

Air Quality in Low-Rise Residential 

Buildings, approved January 30, 2013 

(ANSI/ASHRAE 62.2); IBR approved for 

§§ 3280.103(d) and (e); 3280.703(d). 

(k) American Society of Mechanical 

Engineers (ASME), Two Park Avenue, 

New York, NY 10016–5990; telephone: 

800–843–2763; website: www.asme.org/ 

. 

(1) ASME A112.1.2–1991, Air Gaps in 

Plumbing Systems; IBR approved for 

§ 3280.604(c). 

(2) ANSI/ASME A112.4.1–1993, 

Water Heater Relief Valve Drain Tubes; 

IBR approved for § 3280.604(c). 

(3) ANSI/ASME A112.4.3–1999, 

Plastic Fittings for Connecting Water 

Closets to the Sanitary Drainage System; 

IBR approved for § 3280.604(c). 

(4) ASME/ANSI A112.18.1M–1989, 

Plumbing Fixture Fittings; IBR approved 

for § 3280.604(c). 

(5) ASME A112.18.3M–1996, 

Performance Requirements for Backflow 

Protection Devices and Systems in 

Plumbing Fixture Fittings; IBR approved 

for § 3280.604(c). 

(6) ASME A112.18.6–1999, Flexible 

Water Connectors; IBR approved for 

§ 3280.604(c). 

(7) ASME A112.18.7–1999, Deck 

Mounted Bath/Shower Transfer Valves 

with Integral Backflow Protection; IBR 

approved for § 3280.604(c). 

(8) ANSI/ASME A112.19.1M–1987, 

Enameled Cast Iron Plumbing Fixtures; 

IBR approved for § 3280.604(c). 

(9) ANSI/ASME A112.19.2(M)–1990, 

Vitreous China Plumbing Fixtures; IBR 

approved for § 3280.604(c). 

(10) ANSI/ASME A112.19.3M–1987, 

Stainless Steel Plumbing Fixtures 

(Designed for Residential Use); IBR 

approved for § 3280.604(c). 

(11) ANSI/ASME A112.19.4(M)–1984, 

Porcelain Enameled Formed Steel 


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Plumbing Fixtures; IBR approved for 

§ 3280.604(c). 

(12) ASME A112.19.6–1995, 

Hydraulic Performance Requirements 

for Water Closets and Urinals; IBR 

approved for § 3280.604(c). 

(13) ASME/ANSI A112.19.7M–1987, 

Whirlpool Bathtub Appliances; IBR 

approved for § 3280.604(c). 

(14) ASME/ANSI A112.19.8M–1989, 

Suction Fittings for Use in Swimming 

Pools, Wading Pools, Spas, Hot Tubs, 

and Whirlpool Bathtub Appliances; IBR 

approved for § 3280.604(c). 

(15) ASME A112.19.9M–1991, NonVitreous Ceramic Plumbing Fixtures; 

IBR approved for § 3280.604(c). 

(16) ASME A112.19.10–1994, Dual 

Flush Devices for Water Closets; IBR 

approved for § 3280.604(c). 

(17) ANSI/ASME A112.21.3M–1985, 

Hydrants for Utility and Maintenance 

Use; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c). 

(18) ANSI/ASME B1.20.1–2013, Pipe 

Threads, General Purpose (Inch), 

reaffirmed 2018; IBR approved for 

§§ 3280.604(c); 3280.703(b); 

3280.705(e); 3280.706(d). 

(19) ANSI/ASME B16.3–1992, 

Malleable Iron Threaded Fittings; IBR 

approved for § 3280.604(c). 

(20) ANSI/ASME B16.4–1992, Gray 

Iron Threaded Fittings; IBR approved 

for § 3280.604(c). 

(21) ANSI/ASME B16.15–1985, Cast 

Bronze Threaded Fittings, Classes 125 

and 250; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c). 

(22) ASME/ANSI B16.22–1989, 

Wrought-Copper and Copper Alloy 

Solder-Joint Pressure Fitting; IBR 

approved for § 3280.604(c). 

(23) ASME B16.23–1992, Cast Copper 

Alloy Solder-Joint Drainage FittingsDWV; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c). 

(24) ASME/ANSI B16.26–1988, Cast 

Copper Alloy Fittings for Flared Copper 

Tubes; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c). 

(25) ASME/ANSI B16.29–1986, 

Wrought Copper and Wrought Copper 

Alloy Solder-Joint Drainage FittingsDWV; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c). 

(26) ANSI/ASME B36.10–2004, 

Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel 

Pipe, ANSI-approved June 23, 2004; IBR 

approved for §§ 3280.604(c); 

3280.703(b), 3280.705(b); 3280.706(b). 

(l) American Society of Sanitary 

Engineering (ASSE), 901 Canterbury, 

Suite A, Westlake, OH 44145; 

telephone: 440–835–3040; fax: 440– 

835–3488; website: www.asseplumbing.org. 

(1) ASSE 1001, Performance 

Requirements for Pipe Applied 

Atmospheric Type Vacuum Breakers, 

ANSI-approved 1990; IBR approved for 

§ 3280.604(c). 

(2) ASSE 1002 (ANSI/ASSE–1979), 

Performance Requirements for Water 

Closet Flush Tank Fill Valves 

(Ballcocks), Revision 5, 1986; IBR 

approved for § 3280.604(c). 

(3) ASSE 1006, Plumbing 

Requirements for Residential Use 

(Household) Dishwashers, ASSE/ANSI– 

1986; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c). 

(4) ASSE 1007–1986, Performance 

Requirements for Home Laundry 

Equipment; IBR approved for 

§ 3280.604(c). 

(5) ASSE 1008–1986, Performance 

Requirements for Household Food 

Waste Disposer Units; IBR approved for 

§ 3280.604(c). 

(6) ASSE 1011–1981, Performance 

Requirements for Hose Connection 

Vacuum Breakers, ANSI-approved 1982; 

IBR approved for § 3280.604(c). 

(7) ASSE 1014–1989, Performance 

Requirements for Hand-held Showers, 

ANSI-approved 1990; IBR approved for 

§ 3280.604(c). 

(8) ASSE 1016–2005, Performance 

Requirements for Automatic 

Compensating Values for Individual 

Shower and Tub/Shower Combinations, 

approved January 2005; IBR approved 

for §§ 3280.604(c); 3280.607(b). 

(9) ASSE 1017–1986, Performance 

Requirements for Temperature 

Activated Mixing Valves for Primary 

Domestic Use, 1986; IBR approved for 

§ 3280.604(c). 

(10) ANSI/ASSE 1019–1978, 

Performance Requirements for Wall 

Hydrants, Frost Proof Automatic 

Draining, Anti-Backflow Types, 1978; 

IBR approved for § 3280.604(c). 

(11) ASSE 1023, Performance 

Requirements for Hot Water Dispensers, 

Household Storage Type Electrical, 

ANSI/ASSE–1979; IBR approved for 

§ 3280.604(c). 

(12) ASSE 1025, Performance 

Requirements for Diverters for Plumbing 

Faucets with Hose Spray, Anti-Siphon 

Type, Residential Applications, ANSI/ 

ASSE–1978; IBR approved for 

§ 3280.604(c). 

(13) ASSE 1037–1990, Performance 

Requirements for Pressurized Flushing 

Devices (Flushometers) for Plumbing 

Fixtures, ANSI-approved 1990; IBR 

approved for § 3280.604(c). 

(14) ASSE 1051, Performance 

Requirements for Air Admittance Valves 

for Plumbing Drainage Systems— 

Fixture and Branch Devices Revised 

1996, ANSI-approved 1998; IBR 

approved for § 3280.604(c). 

(15) ASSE 1070–2004, Performance 

Requirements for Water Temperature 

Limiting Devices, 2004; IBR approved 

for §§ 3280.604(c); 3280.607(b). 

(m) APA—The Engineered Wood 

Association (APA) (formerly the 

American Plywood Association), 7011 

South 19th Street, Tacoma, WA 98411; 

telephone: 253–565–6600; fax: 253– 

565–7265; website: www.apawood.org. 

(1) APA D510C, Panel Design 

Specification, copyright 2012; IBR 

approved for § 3280.304(b). 

(2) APA E30P–1996, APA Design/ 

Construction Guide, Residential and 

Commercial Structures; IBR approved 

for § 3280.304(b). 

(3) APA E30V, Engineered Wood 

Construction Guide, copyright 2011; IBR 

approved for § 3280.304(b). 

(4) APA H815G, Plywood Design 

Specification Supplement 5–12, Design 

and Fabrication of All-Plywood Beams, 

December 2013; IBR approved for 

§ 3280.304(b). 

(5) APA S811P, Plywood Design 

Specification Supplement 1–12, Design 

and Fabrication of Plywood Curved 

Panels, December 2013; IBR approved 

for § 3280.304(b). 

(6) APA S812S, Plywood Design 

Specification Supplement 2–12, Design 

and Fabrication of Glued PlywoodLumber Beams, December 2013; IBR 

approved for § 3280.304(b). 

(7) APA U813M, Plywood Design 

Specification Supplement 3–12, Design 

and Fabrication of Plywood StressedSkin Panels, December 2013; IBR 

approved for § 3280.304(b). 

(8) APA U814J, Plywood Design 

Specification Supplement 4–12, Design 

and Fabrication of Plywood 

Sandwiched Panels, December 2013; 

IBR approved for § 3280.304(b). 

(9) APA Y510, Plywood Design, 

January 1997; IBR approved for 

§ 3280.304(b). 

(n) ASTM, International (ASTM), 100 

Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, 

PA 19428–2959; telephone:877–909– 

2786 (USA & Canada); fax: 610–832– 

9555; website: www.astm.org. 

(1) ASTM A53/A53M–12, Standard 

Specification for Pipe, Steel, Black and 

Hot-Dipped, Zinc-Coated, Welded and 

Seamless, approved March 1, 2012; IBR 

approved for §§ 3280.604(c); 

3280.703(b). 

(2) ASTM A74–92, Standard 

Specification for Cast Iron Soil Pipe and 

Fittings, 1992; IBR approved for 

§ 3280.604(c). 

(3) ASTM A539–99, Standard 

Specification for Electric-ResistanceWelded Coiled Steel Tubing for Gas and 

Fuel Oil Lines, 1999; IBR approved for 

§§ 3280.703(b); 3280.705(b); 

3280.706(b). 

(4) ASTM B42–10, Standard 

Specification for Seamless Copper Pipe, 

Standard Sizes, approved October 1, 

2010; IBR approved for §§ 3280.604(c); 

3280.703(c). 

(5) ASTM B43–91, Standard 

Specification for Seamless Red Brass 

Pipe, Standard Sizes, 1991; IBR 


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approved for §§ 3280.604(c); 

3280.705(b). 

(6) ASTM B88–14, Standard 

Specification for Seamless Copper 

Water Tube, approved September 1, 

2014; IBR approved for §§ 3280.604(c); 

3280.703(c); 3280.705(b); 3280.706(b). 

(7) ASTM B251–10, Standard 

Specification for General Requirements 

for Wrought Seamless Copper and 

Copper-Alloy Tube, approved October 

1, 2010; IBR approved for 

§§ 3280.604(c); 3280.703(c). 

(8) ASTM B280–13, Standard 

Specification for Seamless Copper Tube 

for Air Conditioning and Refrigeration 

Field Service, approved April 1, 2013; 

IBR approved for §§ 3280.703(c); 

3280.705(b); 3280.706(b). 

(9) ASTM B306–92, Standard 

Specification for Copper Drainage Tube 

(DWV), 1992; IBR approved for 

§ 3280.604(c). 

(10) ASTM C564–97, Standard 

Specification for Rubber Gaskets for 

Case Iron Soil Pipe and Fittings, 

approved December 10, 1997; IBR 

approved for §§ 3280.604(c); 

3280.611(d). 

(11) ASTM C920–02, Standard 

Specification for Elastomeric Joint 

Sealants, approved January 10, 2002; 

IBR approved for § 3280.611(d). 

(12) ASTM C1396/C1396M–14a, 

Standard Specification for Gypsum 

Board, approved October 1, 2014; IBR 

approved for § 3280.304(b). 

(13) ASTM D781–68 (Reapproved 

1973), Standard Test Methods for 

Puncture and Stiffness of Paperboard, 

and Corrugated and Solid Fiberboard, 

1973; IBR approved for §§ 3280.304(b); 

3280.305(g). 

(14) ASTM D2235–88, Standard 

Specification for Solvent Cement for 

Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) 

Plastic Pipe and Fittings, 1988; IBR 

approved for § 3280.604(c). 

(15) ASTM D2564–91a, Standard 

Specification for Solvent Cements for 

Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic 

Piping Systems, 1991; IBR approved for 

§ 3280.604(c). 

(16) ASTM D2661–91, Standard 

Specification for AcrylonitrileButadiene-Styrene (ABS) Schedule 40 

Plastic Drain, Waste, and Vent Pipe and 

Fittings, 1991; IBR approved for 

§ 3280.604(c). 

(17) ASTM D2665–91b, Standard 

Specification for Poly (Vinyl Chloride) 

(PVC) Plastic Drain, Waste, and Vent 

Pipe and Fittings, 1991; IBR approved 

for § 3280.604(c). 

(18) ASTM D2846–92, Standard 

Specification for Chlorinated Poly 

(Vinyl Chloride) (CPVC) Plastic Hotand Cold-Water Distribution Systems, 

1992; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c). 

(19) ASTM D3309–92a, Standard 

Specification for Polybutylene (PB) 

Plastic Hot- and Cold-Water Distribution 

Systems, 1992; IBR approved for 

§ 3280.604(c). 

(20) ASTM D3311–92, Standard 

Specification for Drain, Waste, and Vent 

(DWV) Plastic Fittings Patterns, 1992; 

IBR approved for § 3280.604(c). 

(21) ASTM D3679–09a, Standard 

Specification for Rigid Poly (Vinyl 

Chloride) (PVC) Siding, approved 

November 1, 2009; IBR approved for 

§§ 3280.304(b); 3280.309(b). 

(22) ASTM D3953–97, Standard 

Specification for Strapping, Flat Steel, 

and Seals, approved April 10, 1997; IBR 

approved for §§ 3280.304(b); 

3280.306(g). 

(23) ASTM D4442–07, Standard Test 

Methods for Direct Moisture Content 

Measurement of Wood and Wood-Base 

Materials, approved November 15, 2007; 

IBR approved for § 3280.304(b). 

(24) ASTM D4444–13, Standard Test 

Method for Laboratory Standardization 

and Calibration of Hand-Held Moisture 

Meters, approved April 1, 2013; IBR 

approved for § 3280.304(b). 

(25) ASTM D4635–01, Standard 

Specification for Polyethylene Films 

Made from Low-Density Polyethylene 

for General Use and Packaging 

Applications, approved June 10, 2001; 

IBR approved for § 3280.611(d). 

(26) ASTM D4756–06, Standard 

Practice for Installation of Rigid 

Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Siding and 

Soffit, approved April 1, 2006; IBR 

approved for §§ 3280.304(b); 

3280.309(c). 

(27) ASTM D6007–14, Standard Test 

Method for Determining Formaldehyde 

Concentrations in Air from Wood 

Products Using a Small Air Chamber, 

approved October 1, 2014; IBR approved 

for § 3280.406(b). 

(28) ASTM D7254–07, Standard 

Specification for Polypropylene (PP) 

Siding, January 1, 2007; IBR approved 

for §§ 3280.304(b); 3280.309(c). 

(29) ASTM E84–01, Standard Test 

Method for Surface Burning 

Characteristics of Building Materials, 

2001; IBR approved for § 3280.203(a). 

(30) ASTM E90–09, Standard Test 

Method for Laboratory Measurement of 

Airborne Sound Transmission Loss of 

Building Partitions and Elements, 

approved July 1, 2009; IBR approved for 

§ 3280.115(b). 

(31) ASTM E96/E96M–13, Standard 

Test Methods for Water Vapor 

Transmission of Materials, approved 

November 1, 2013; IBR approved for 

§ 3280.504(a) and (c). 

(32) ASTM E119–14, Standard Test 

Methods for Fire Tests of Building 

Construction and Materials, approved 

October 1, 2014; IBR approved for 

§§ 3280.215(a) and (d); 3280.304(b); 

3280.1003(a). 

(33) ASTM E162–94, Standard Test 

Method for Surface Flammability of 

Materials Using a Radiant Heat Energy 

Source, 1994; IBR approved for 

§ 3280.203(a). 

(34) ASTM E492–09, Standard Test 

Method for Laboratory Measurement of 

Impact Sound Transmission Through 

Floor-Ceiling Assemblies Using the 

Tapping Machine, approved April 1, 

2009; IBR approved for § 3280.115(b). 

(35) ASTM E773–97, Standard Test 

Methods for Accelerated Weathering of 

Sealed Insulating Glass Units, 1997; IBR 

approved for § 3280.403(d). 

(36) ASTM E774–97, Standard 

Specification for the Classification of 

the Durability of Sealed Insulating Glass 

Units, 1997; IBR approved for 

§ 3280.403(d). 

(37) ASTM E814–13, Standard Test 

Method for Fire Tests of Penetration 

Firestop Systems, approved November 

1, 2013; IBR approved for § 3280.215(d). 

(38) ASTM E1333–14, Standard Test 

Method for Determining Formaldehyde 

Concentrations in Air and Emission 

Rates from Wood Products Using a 

Large Air Chamber, approved October 1, 

2014; IBR approved for § 3280.406(b). 

(39) ASTM F628–91, Standard 

Specification for AcrylonitrileButadiene-Styrene (ABS) Schedule 40, 

Plastic Drain, Waste, and Vent Pipe with 

a Cellular Core, 1991; IBR approved for 

§ 3280.604(c). 

(40) ASTM F876–10, Standard 

Specification for Crosslinked 

Polyethylene (PEX) Tubing, approved 

February 10, 2010; IBR approved for 

§ 3280.604(c). 

(41) ASTM F877–07, Standard 

Specification for Crosslinked 

Polyethylene (PEX) Plastic Hot- and 

Cold-Water Distribution Systems, 

approved February 1, 2007; IBR 

approved for § 3280.604(c). 

(o) American Wood Council (AWC), 

222 Catoctin Circle SE, Suite 201, 

Leesburg, VA 20175; telephone: 202– 

463–2766; website: www.awc.org. 

(1) AWC NDS–2015, National Design 

Specifications for Wood Construction 

with Supplement; IBR approved for 

§§ 3280.215(a); 3280.304(b): 

(i) ANSI/AWC NDS–2015, 2015 

Edition, ANSI-approved September 30, 

2014; and 

(ii) NDS Supplement, Design Values 

for Wood Construction, 2015 Edition, 

November 2014. 

(2) Span Tables for Joists and Rafters: 

American Softwood Lumber Standard 

(PS 20–10) Sizes, 2012 Edition (AWC– 

2012—Span Tables for Joists and 

Rafters); IBR approved for § 3280.304(b). 


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(3) Design Values for Joists and 

Rafters, Supplement to Span Tables for 

Joists and Rafters (2012 Edition), March 

2013 (AWC–2012 Design Values for 

Joists and Rafters); IBR approved for 

§ 3280.304(b). 

(p) Cast Iron Soil Pipe Institute 

(CISPI), 1064 Delaware Avenue SE, 

Atlanta, GA 30316; telephone: 404–622– 

0073; fax: 404–973–2845; website: 

www.cispi.org/. 

(1) CISPI–301–90, Standard 

Specification for Hubless Cast Iron Soil 

Pipe and Fittings for Sanitary and Storm 

Drain, Waste, and Vent Piping 

Applications; IBR approved for 

§ 3280.604(c). 

(2) CISPI–HSN–85, Specification for 

Neoprene Rubber Gaskets for HUB and 

Spigot Cast Iron Soil Pipe and Fittings; 

IBR approved for §§ 3280.604(c), 

3280.611(d). 

(q) Composite Panel Association 

(formerly the American Hardboard 

Association), 19465 Deerfield Ave, Suite 

306, Leesburg, VA 20176; telephone: 

703–724–1128; website: 

compositepanel.org. 

(1) ANSI A135.4–2012, Basic 

Hardboard, approved June 8, 2012; IBR 

approved for § 3280.304(b). 

(2) ANSI A135.5–2012, Prefinished 

Hardboard Paneling, approved March 

29, 2012; IBR approved for 

§ 3280.304(b). 

(3) ANSI A135.6–2012 (R2020), 

Engineered Wood Siding, Reaffirmation 

approved March 13, 2020; IBR approved 

for § 3280.304(b). 

(4) ANSI A208.1–2009, Particleboard, 

approved February 2, 2009; IBR 

approved for § 3280.304(b). 

(r) CSA Group, formerly known as the 

Canadian Standards Association (CSA), 

178 Rexdale Boulevard, Toronto, ON, 

M9W 1R3, Canada; telephone: 216–524– 

4990; website: www.csagroup.org. 

(1) AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/ 

A440–17, North American Fenestration 

Standard/Specification for Windows, 

Doors, and Skylights, revised September 

2018; IBR approved for §§ 3280.304(b); 

3280.403(b) and (e); 3280.404(b) and (e); 

3280.405(b) and (e). 

(2) ANSI LC 1–2014/CSA 6.26–2014, 

Fuel gas piping systems using 

corrugated stainless steel tubing, 

Published March 2014 (ANSI LC 1); IBR 

approved for § 3280.705(b). 

(3) ANSI Z21.1–2016/CSA 1.1–2016, 

household cooking gas appliances, 

Published February 2016 (ANSI Z21.1); 

IBR approved for § 3280.703(a). 

(4) ANSI Z21.5.1–2015/CSA 7.1–2015, 

gas clothes dryers, volume I, type 1 

clothes dryers, Published January 2015 

(ANSI Z21.5.1); IBR approved for 

§ 3280.703(a). 

(5) ANSI Z21.10.1–2014/CSA 4.1– 

2014, Gas water heaters, volume I, 

storage water heaters with input ratings 

of 75,000 BTU per hour or less, 

Published November 2014 (ANSI 

Z21.10.1); IBR approved for 

§§ 3280.703(a); 3280.707(d). 

(6) ANSI Z21.10.3–2014/CSA 4.3– 

2014, Gas-fired water heaters, volume 

III, storage water heaters with input 

ratings above 75,000 BTU per hour, 

circulating and instantaneous, 

Published August 2014 (ANSI Z21.10.3); 

IBR approved for § 3280.703(a). 

(7) ANSI Z21.15–2009 (reaffirmed 

2019)/CSA 9.1–2009 (reaffirmed 2019), 

American National Standard/CSA 

Standard for Manually Operated Gas 

Valves for Appliances, Appliance 

Connector Valves and Hose End Valves, 

Second Edition—2009, Published July 

2009 (ANSI Z21.15); IBR approved for 

§§ 3280.703(c); 3280.705(c) and (l). 

(8) ANSI Z21.19–2014/CSA1.4–2014, 

Refrigerators using gas fuel, Published 

May 2014 (ANSI Z21.19); IBR approved 

for § 3280.703(a). 

(9) ANSI Z21.20–2014 (reaffirmed 

2019)/CAN/CSA C22.2 No.60730–2–5– 

14 (reaffirmed 2019), Automatic 

electrical controls for household and 

similar use—Part 2–5: Particular 

requirements for automatic electrical 

burner control systems, Reprinted 

September 30, 2019 (ANSI Z21.20); IBR 

approved for § 3280.703(d). 

(10) ANSI Z21.21–2012/CSA 6.5– 

2012, Automatic valves for gas 

appliances, Fourth Edition—2012, 

Published November 2012 (ANSI 

Z21.21); IBR approved for § 3280.703(d). 

(11) ANSI Z21.23, Gas Appliance 

Thermostats and addenda; IBR 

approved for § 3280.703(d): 

(i) ANSI Z21.23–2000, Tenth 

Edition—2000, ANSI-approved 

September 27, 2000; 

(ii) ANSI Z21.23a-2003, Addenda to 

the Tenth Edition of Gas Appliance 

Thermostats, ANSI-approved September 

17, 2003; and 

(iii) ANSI Z21.23b-2005, Addenda to 

the Tenth Edition of ANSI Z21.23–2000 

and Addenda Z21.23a-2003: Gas 

Appliance Thermostats, ANSI-approved 

March 9, 2005. 

(12) ANSI Z21.24–2006/CSA 6.10– 

2006 (reaffirmed 2011), Connectors for 

Gas Appliances, Third Edition—2006, 

Published February 2007 (ANSI Z21.24); 

IBR approved for § 3280.703(c). 

(13) ANSI Z21.40.1–1996/CGA 2.91– 

M96, Gas-Fired, Heat Activated Air 

Conditioning and Heat Pump 

Appliances); IBR approved for 

§§ 3280.703(a); 3280.714(a). 

(14) ANSI Z21.47–2012/CSA 2.3– 

2012, Gas-fired central furnaces, Sixth 

Edition—2012, ANSI-approved March 

27, 2012 (ANSI Z21.47); IBR approved 

for § 3280.703(a). 

(15) ANSI Z21.75–2007/CSA 6.27– 

2007 (reaffirmed 2012), Connectors for 

Outdoor Gas Appliances And 

Manufactured Homes, Second Edition, 

Published 2007 (ANSI Z21.75); IBR 

approved for § 3280.703(a). 

(s) Decorative Hardwoods Association 

(formerly HPVA), 42777 Trade West 

Drive, Sterling, VA 20166; telephone: 

703–435–2900; fax: 703–435–2537; 

website: www.decorativehardwoods.org. 

(1) ANSI/HPVA HP–1–2009, 

American National Standard for 

Hardwood and Decorative Plywood, 

approved January 26, 2010; IBR 

approved for § 3280.304(b). 

(2) HP–SG–96, Structural Design 

Guide for Hardwood Plywood Wall 

Panels, revised 1996; IBR approved for 

§ 3280.304(b). 

(t) FS—Federal Specifications, 

General Services Administration, 

Specifications Branch, Room 6039, GSA 

Building, 7th and D Streets SW, 

Washington, DC 20407. 

(1) FS WW–P–541E/GEN–1980, 

Plumbing Fixtures (General 

Specifications); IBR approved for 

§ 3280.604(c). 

(2) FS ZZ–R–765B–1970, Silicone 

Rubber, (with 1971 Amendment); IBR 

approved for § 3280.611(d). 

(3) TT–P–1536A, Plumbing Fixture 

Setting Compound, July 8, 1975; IBR 

approved for § 3280.604(b). 

(u) Fenestration and Glazing Industry 

Alliance (FGIA) (formerly known as 

American Architectural Manufacturers 

Association (AAMA)), 1900 E Golf 

Road, Schaumburg, Illinois 60173; 

website: www.fgiaonline.org. 

(1) AAMA 1503.1–88, Voluntary Test 

Method for Thermal Transmittance and 

Condensation Resistance of Windows, 

Doors, and Glazed Wall Sections; IBR 

approved for § 3280.508(e). 

(2) AAMA 1600/I.S.7–00, Voluntary 

Specification for Skylights, 2003; IBR 

approved for § 3280.305(c). 

(3) AAMA 1701.2–12, Voluntary 

Standard for Utilization in 

Manufactured Housing for Primary 

Windows and Sliding Glass Doors, 

published November 2012; IBR 

approved for §§ 3280.403(b) and (e); 

3280.404(b) and (e). 

(4) AAMA 1702.2–12, Voluntary 

Standard for Utilization in 

Manufactured Housing for Swinging 

Exterior Passage Doors, published 

November 2012, including errata dated 

February 16, 2015 and March 29, 2017; 

IBR approved for §§ 3280.403(e); 

3280.405(b) and (e). 

(5) AAMA 1704–12, Voluntary 

Standard Egress Window Systems for 

Utilization in Manufactured Housing, 


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published November 2012; IBR 

approved for § 3280.404(b) and (e). 

(v) HUD User, 11491 Sunset Hills 

Road, Reston, VA 20190–5254; 

telephone: 800–245–2691; website: 

www.huduser.gov. 

(1) HUD User No. 0005945, Overall Uvalues and Heating/Cooling Loads— 

Manufactured Homes, February 1992; 

IBR approved for § 3280.508(b). 

(2) [Reserved] 

(w) IIT Research Institute (IITRI), 10 

West 35th Street, Chicago, IL 60616; 

telephone: 312–567–4000; website: 

www.iitri.org/. 

(1) IITRI Fire and Safety Research 

Project J–6461 ‘‘Development of Mobile 

Home Fire Test Methods to Judge the 

Fire-Safe Performance of Foam Plastic 

Sheathing and Cavity Insulation’’, 1979; 

IBR approved for § 3280.207(a). 

(2) [Reserved] 

(x) International Association of 

Plumbing and Mechanical Officials 

(IAPMO), 4755 East Philadelphia Street, 

Ontario, CA 91716; telephone: 909–472– 

4100; fax: 909–472–4150; website: 

www.iapmo.org. 

(1) IAPMO PS 2–89, Material and 

Property Standard for Cast Brass and 

Tubing P-Traps. 1989; IBR approved for 

§ 3280.604(c). 

(2) IAPMO PS 4–90, Material and 

Property Standard for Drains for 

Prefabricated and Precast Showers, 

1990; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c). 

(3) IAPMO PS 5–84, Material and 

Property Standard for Special Cast Iron 

Fittings, 1984; IBR approved for 

§ 3280.604(c). 

(4) IAPMO PS 9–84, Material and 

Property Standard for Diversion Tees 

and Twin Waste Elbow, 1984; IBR 

approved for § 3280.604(c). 

(5) IAPMO PS 14–89, Material and 

Property Standard for Flexible Metallic 

Water Connectors, 1989; IBR approved 

for § 3280.604(c). 

(6) IAPMO PS 23–89, Material and 

Property Standard for Dishwasher Drain 

Airgaps, 1989; IBR approved for 

§ 3280.604(c). 

(7) IAPMO PS 31–91, Material and 

Property Standards for Backflow 

Prevention Assemblies, 1989; IBR 

approved for § 3280.604(c). 

(8) IAPMO TS 9–2003, Standard for 

Gas Supply Connectors for 

Manufactured Homes, revised 2003; IBR 

approved for § 3280.703(c). 

(9) IAPMO TSC 22–85, Standard for 

Porcelain Enameled Formed Steel 

Plumbing Fixtures; IBR approved for 

§ 3280.604(c). 

(y) International Code Council 

Evaluation Service (ICC–ES), 3060 

Saturn Street, Suite 100, Brea, CA 

92821; telephone: 800–423–6587; fax: 

562–695–4694; website: www.icc-es.org. 

(1) ESR 1539, ICC–ES Evaluation 

Report; Power Driven Staples and Nails, 

reissued June 2014; IBR approved for 

§ 3280.304(b). 

(2) [Reserved] 

(z) International Organization for 

Standardization, Chemin de Blandonnet 

8, CP 401—1214 Vernier, Geneva, 

Switzerland; telephone: +41 22 749 01 

11; website: www.iso.org. 

(1) ISO/IEC 17065:2012(E) Conformity 

assessment—requirements for bodies 

certifying products, processes and 

services, approved September 15, 2012; 

IBR approved for §§ 3280.403(e); 

3280.404(e); 3280.405(e). 

(2) [Reserved] 

(aa) Military Specifications and 

Standards, Naval Publications and 

Forms Center (MIL), 5801 Tabor 

Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19120; 

website: www.dsp.dla.mil/. 

(1) MIL–L–10547E–1975, Liners, Case, 

and Sheet, Overwrap; Water-Vapor 

Proof or Waterproof, Flexible, 1975; IBR 

approved for § 3280.611(d). 

(2) [Reserved] 

(bb) National Electrical Manufacturers 

Association (NEMA), 1300 North 17th 

Street, Suite 1752, Arlington, VA 22209; 

telephone: 703–841–3200; fax: 703– 

841–5900; website: www.nema.org/ 

Pages/default.aspx. 

(1) ANSI/NEMA WD–6–1997 Wiring 

Devices-Dimensional Specifications, 

1997; IBR approved for § 3280.803(f). 

(2) [Reserved] 

(cc) National Fenestration Rating 

Council (NFRC), 6305 Ivy Lane, Suite 

140, Greenbelt, MD 20770; telephone: 

301–589–1776; fax: 301–589–3884; 

website: www.nfrc.org. 

(1) NFRC 100, Procedure for 

Determining Fenestration Product Ufactors, 1997 Edition, 1997; IBR 

approved for § 3280.508(e). 

(2) [Reserved] 

(dd) National Fire Protection 

Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch 

Park, Quincy, MA 02269; telephone: 

617–770–3000; fax: 617–770–0700; 

website: www.nfpa.org. 

(1) NFPA 13D, Standard for the 

Installation of Sprinkler Systems in 

One- and Two- Family Dwellings and 

Manufactured Homes, 2010 Edition, 

approved August 26, 2009; IBR 

approved for § 3280.214(b), (e) and (o). 

(2) NFPA 31, Standard for the 

Installation of Oil-Burning Equipment, 

2011 Edition, approved January 3, 2011; 

IBR approved for §§ 3280.703(d); 

3280.707(f). 

(3) NFPA 54/ANSI Z223.1, National 

Fuel Gas Code, 2015 Edition, approved 

September 3, 2014; IBR approved for 

§ 3280.703(d). 

(4) NFPA 58, Liquefied Petroleum Gas 

Code, 2014 Edition, approved August 1, 

2013; IBR approved for § 3280.703(d). 

(5) NFPA 70, National Electrical Code, 

2014 Edition, approved August 21, 

2013; IBR approved for §§ 3280.607(c); 

3280.801(b); 3280.803(k); 3280.804(a) 

and (k); 3280.805(a); 3280.806(a) and 

(d); 3280.807(c); 3280.808(a), (l), and 

(p); 3280.810(b); 3280.811(b). 

(6) NFPA 90B, Standard for the 

Installation of Warm Air Heating and 

Air-Conditioning Systems, 2015 Edition, 

approved May 19, 2015; IBR approved 

for § 3280.703(d). 

(7) NFPA 220, Standard on Types of 

Building Construction, Chapter 2: 

definitions of ‘‘limited combustible’’ 

and ‘‘noncombustible material’’, 1995 

Edition; IBR approved for § 3280.202. 

(8) NFPA 253, Standard Method of 

Test for Critical Radiant Flux of Floor 

Covering Systems Using a Radiant Heat 

Energy Source, 2000; IBR approved for 

§ 3280.207(c). 

(9) NFPA 255, Standard Method of 

Test of Surface Burning Characteristics 

of Building Materials, 1996; IBR 

approved for §§ 3280.203(a); 

3280.207(a). 

(10) NFPA 720, Standard for 

Installation of Carbon Monoxide 

Detection (CO) Detection and Warning 

Equipment, 2015 Edition, Copyright 

2014; IBR approved for § 3280.211(b). 

(ee) U.S. Department of Commerce, 

National Institute of Standards and 

Technology (NIST), Office of 

Engineering Standards, Room A–166, 

Technical Building, Washington, DC 

20234 and Voluntary Product Division, 

100 Bureau Drive, Stop 2100, 

Gaithersburg, MD 20899–2100; 

telephone: 301–975–4000; fax: 301– 

975–4715; website: www.nist.gov. 

(1) Voluntary Product Standard PS 1– 

09, Structural Plywood (With Typical 

APA Trademarks), effective May 1, 2009 

(NIST PS 1); IBR approved for 

§ 3280.304(b). 

(2) Voluntary Product Standard PS 2– 

04, Performance Standard for WoodBased Structural-Use Panels, December 

2004 (NIST PS 2); IBR approval for 

§ 3280.304(b). 

(ff) National Sanitation Foundation 

(NSF), 789 North Dixboro Road, Ann 

Arbor, MI 48105; telephone: 734–769– 

8010 fax: 734–769–0109; website: 

www.nsf.org. 

(1) ANSI/NSF 14–1990, Plastic Piping 

Components and Related Materials; IBR 

approved for § 3280.604(c). 

(2) ANSI/NSF 24–1988, Plumbing 

System Components for Manufactured 

Homes and Recreational Vehicles; IBR 

approved for § 3280.604(c). 

(3) ANSI/NSF 61–2001, Drinking 

Water System Components-Health 

Effects; IBR approved for § 3280.604(b). 

(gg) Resources, Applications, Designs, 

& Controls (RADCO), 3220 East 59th 


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Street, Long Beach, CA 90805; 

telephone: 562–272–7231; fax: 562– 

529–7513; website: www.radcoinc.com. 

(1) RADCO DS–010–91, Decorative 

Gas Appliances for Installation in Solid 

Fuel Burning Fireplaces, May 1991; IBR 

approved for § 3280.703(a). 

(2) [Reserved] 

(hh) Society of Automotive Engineers 

(SAE), 400 Commonwealth Drive, 

Warrendale, PA 15096; telephone: 724– 

776–0790; website: www.sae.org/. 

(1) SAE J533 (REV SEP 2007), (R) 

Flares for Tubing, revised September 

2007; IBR approved for §§ 3280.703(d); 

3280.705(f). 

(2) [Reserved] 

(ii) Steel Joist Institute (SJI), 234 West 

Cheves Street, Florence, SC 29501; 

telephone: 843–407–4091; website: 

www.steeljoist.org. 

(1) SJI 1994, Standard Specifications 

Load Tables and Weight Tables for Steel 

Joists and Girders, Fortieth Edition, 

1994; IBR approved for § 3280.304(b). 

(2) [Reserved] 

(jj) Truss Plate Institute (TPI), 2670 

Crain Highway, Suite 203, Waldorf, MD 

20601; telephone: 240–587–5582; fax: 

866–501–4012; website: www.tpinst.org. 

(1) TPI 1, National Design Standard 

for Metal Plate Connected Wood Truss 

Construction, Commentary, and 

Appendices, copyright 2008; IBR 

approved for § 3280.304(b): 

(i) ANSI/TPI 1–2007; 

(ii) TPI 1–2007 Commentary and 

Appendices. 

(2) [Reserved] 

(kk) Underwriters’ Laboratories, Inc. 

(UL), 333 Pfingsten Road, Northbrook, 

IL 60062; telephone: 847–272–8800; fax: 

847–509–6257; website: www.ul.com. 

(1) UL 94–1996, with 2001 revisions, 

Test for Flammability of Plastic 

Materials for Parts in Devices and 

Appliances, Fifth Edition; IBR approved 

for § 3280.715(e). 

(2) UL 103, Standard for Safety, 

Factory-Built Chimneys for Residential 

Type and Building Heating Appliances, 

Eleventh Edition, dated October 15, 

2010; IBR approved for § 3280.703(d). 

(3) UL 109, Tube Fittings for 

Flammable and Combustible Fluids, 

Refrigeration Service, and Marine Use, 

Sixth Edition, dated June 19, 1997, 

including revisions through January 11, 

2005; IBR approved for § 3280.703(d). 

(4) UL 127–1996, with 1999 revisions, 

Factory-Built Fireplaces, Seventh 

Edition; IBR approved for § 3280.703(d). 

(5) UL 174, Standard for Safety 

Household Electric Storage Tank Water 

Heaters, Eleventh Edition, dated April 

29, 2004, including revisions through 

December 15, 2016; IBR approved for 

§ 3280.703(a). 

(6) UL 181, Standard for Safety 

Factory-Made Air Ducts and Air 

Connectors, Eleventh Edition, dated July 

25, 2013, including revisions through 

April 18, 2017; IBR approved for 

§§ 3280.702, 3280.703(d); 3280.715(a) 

and (e). 

(7) UL 181A, Standard for Safety 

Closure Systems for Use with Rigid Air 

Ducts, Fourth Edition, dated January 8, 

2013, including revisions through 

March 22, 2017; IBR approved for 

§§ 3280.703(d); 3280.715(c). 

(8) UL 181B, Standard for Safety 

Closure Systems for use with Flexible 

Air Ducts and Air Connectors, First 

Edition, 1995, with 1998 revisions; IBR 

approved for §§ 3280.703(d); 

3280.715(c). 

(9) UL 217, Single and Multiple 

Station Smoke Alarms, Fifth Edition, 

dated January 4, 1999; IBR approved for 

§§ 3280.209(a); 3280.211(a). 

(10) UL 263, Standard for Safety Fire 

Tests of Building Construction and 

Materials, Fourteenth Edition, dated 

June 21, 2011, including revisions 

through January 31, 2019; IBR approved 

for § 3280.215(a) and (d). 

(11) UL 268, Smoke Detectors for Fire 

Protective Signaling Systems, Fourth 

Edition, dated December 30, 1996, 

including revisions through January 4, 

1999; IBR approved for §§ 3280.209(a); 

3280.703(a). 

(12) UL 307A, Liquid Fuel Burning 

Heating Appliances for Manufactured 

Homes and Recreational Vehicles, 

Eighth Edition, dated February 25, 2009; 

IBR approved for §§ 3280.703(a); 

3280.707(f). 

(13) UL 307B, Gas Burning Heating 

Appliances for Manufactured Homes 

and Recreational Vehicles, Fifth Edition, 

dated October 31, 2006, including 

revisions through September 17, 2013; 

IBR approved for § 3280.703(a). 

(14) UL 311, Roof Jacks for 

Manufactured Homes and Recreational 

Vehicles, Eighth Edition, 1994, with 

1998 revisions; IBR approved for 

§ 3280.703(d). 

(15) UL 441, Gas Vents, Tenth 

Edition, dated March 5, 2010, including 

revisions through June 12, 2014; IBR 

approved for § 3280.703(d). 

(16) UL 499, Standard for Safety 

Electric Heating Appliances, Fourteenth 

Edition, dated November 7, 2014, 

including revisions through February 

23, 2017; IBR approved for 

§ 3280.703(a). 

(17) UL 569, Standard for Safety 

Pigtails and Flexible Hose Connectors 

for LP-Gas, 2013; IBR approved for 

§§ 3280.703(d); 3280.705(l). 

(18) UL 737, Fireplace Stoves, Eighth 

Edition, 1996, with 2000 revisions; IBR 

approved for § 3280.703(d). 

(19) UL 923 Microwave Cooking 

Appliances, Fifth Edition, May 23, 2002; 

IBR approved for § 3280.204(c). 

(20) UL 1042, Standards for Safety 

Electric Baseboard Heating Equipment, 

Fifth Edition, dated August 31, 2009, 

including revisions through December 

14, 2016; IBR approved for 

§ 3280.703(a). 

(21) UL 1096, Electric Central Air 

Heating Equipment, Fourth Edition, 

1986, with revisions July 16, 1986, and 

January 30, 1988; IBR approved for 

§ 3280.703(a). 

(22) UL 1479, Fire Tests of 

Penetration Firestops, Fourth Edition, 

dated June 10, 2015; IBR approved for 

§ 3280.215(d). 

(23) UL 1482, Solid-Fuel Type Room 

Heaters, Fifth Edition, 1996, with 2000 

revisions; IBR approved for 

§ 3280.703(d). 

(24) UL 2021–1997. Fixed and 

Location-Dedicated Electric Room 

Heaters, Second Edition, with 1998 

revisions; IBR approved for 

§ 3280.703(a). 

(25) UL 2034, Standard for Safety 

Single and Multiple Station Carbon 

Monoxide Alarms, Fourth Edition, 

dated March 31, 2017; IBR approved for 

§§ 3280.209(a); 3280.211(a); 3280.703(a). 

(26) UL 60335–2–40–2012, Standard 

for Safety: Household and Similar 

Electrical Appliances—Part 2–40: 

Particular Requirements for Electrical 

Heat Pumps, Air-Conditioners and 

Dehumidifiers, First Edition, dated 

November 30, 2012; IBR approved for 

§ 3280.703(a). 

(ll) Underwriters’ Laboratories of 

Canada (ULC), 7 Underwriters Road, 

Toronto, Ontario, Canada M1 R 3A9; 

telephone: 866–937–3852; fax: 416– 

757–8727; website: www.ul.com/ 

canada/eng/pages/. 

(1) CAN/ULC S102.2–M88, Standard 

Method of Test for Surface Burning 

Characteristics of Floor Coverings and 

Miscellaneous Materials and 

Assemblies, Fourth Edition, April 1988; 

IBR approved for § 3280.207(b). 

(2) [Reserved] 

(mm) Window and Door 

Manufacturers Association (WDMA), 

2001 K Street NW, 3rd Floor North, 

Washington, DC 20006; telephone: 202– 

367–1157; website: www.wdma.com. 

(1) WDMA I.S.4–09, Industry 

Specification for Preservative Treatment 

for Millwork, copyright 2009; IBR 

approved for § 3280.405(c). 

(2) [Reserved] 

■ 4. Amend § 3280.5 by revising the first 

sentence of the introductory text to read 

as follows: 


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§ 3280.5 Data plate. 

Each dwelling unit of a manufactured 

home must bear a data plate affixed in 

a permanent manner near the main 

electrical panel or other readily 

accessible and visible location. * * * 

* * * * * 

■ 5. Revise § 3280.102 to read as 

follows: 

§ 3280.102 Definitions. 

Air, exhaust means air discharged 

from any space to the outside by an 

exhaust system. 

Air, outdoor means air from outside 

the building taken into a ventilation 

system or air from outside the building 

that enters a space through infiltration 

or natural ventilation openings. 

Exhaust system means one or more 

exhaust fans that remove air from the 

building, causing outdoor air to enter by 

ventilation inlets or normal leakage 

paths through the building envelope. 

Gross floor area means all space, wall 

to wall, including recessed entries not to 

exceed five (5) square feet and areas 

under built-in vanities and similar 

furniture. When the ceiling height is 

less than that specified in § 3280.104, 

the floor area under such ceilings must 

not be included in the gross floor area. 

Floor area of closets must also not be 

included in the gross floor area. 

Habitable room means a room or 

enclosed floor space arranged for living, 

eating, food preparation, or sleeping 

purposes not including bathrooms, 

foyers, hallways, and other accessory 

floor space. 

Laundry area means an area 

containing or designed to contain a 

laundry tray, clothes washer and/or 

clothes dryer. 

Mechanical ventilation means the 

active process of supplying air to or 

removing air from an indoor space by 

powered equipment such as motordriven fans and blowers but not by 

devices such as wind-turbine ventilators 

and mechanically operated windows. 

Natural ventilation means ventilation 

occurring as a result of natural forces, 

such as wind pressure or differences in 

air density, through intentional 

openings such as open windows or 

doors. 

Supply system means one or more 

fans that supply outdoor air to the 

building, causing indoor air to leave by 

normal air leakage through the building 

envelope. 

Ventilation means the process of 

supplying outdoor air to or removing 

indoor air from the manufactured home 

by natural or mechanical means. Such 

air may or may not have been 

conditioned. 

■ 6. Amend § 3280.103 by: 

■ a. Revising paragraphs (b) 

introductory text, (b)(1) and (3), (c)(2) 

and (3), and (d); and 

■ b. Adding paragraph (e). 

The revisions and addition read as 

follows: 

§ 3280.103 Light and ventilation. 

* * * * * 

(b) Whole-house ventilation. Each 

dwelling unit of a manufactured home 

must be provided with a whole-house 

mechanical ventilation having the 

capability to provide a minimum 

capacity of 0.035 ft3/min/ft2 of interior 

floor space or its hourly average 

equivalent. This ventilation capacity 

must be in addition to any openable 

window area. In no case shall the 

installed ventilation capacity of the 

system be less than 50 cfm. The 

following criteria must be adhered to: 

(1) The ventilation capacity must be 

provided by a mechanical ventilation 

system or a combination natural and 

mechanical ventilation system. 

* * * * * 

(3) The ventilation supply system or 

a portion of the ventilation supply 

system is permitted to be integral with 

the home’s heating or cooling system. 

The supply system must be capable of 

operating independently of the heating 

and cooling modes. A mechanical 

ventilation supply system that is 

integral with the heating and cooling 

system is to be listed as part of the 

heating and cooling system or listed as 

suitable for use with that system. 

* * * * * 

(c) * * * 

(2) Kitchens must be provided with a 

local exhaust system that is capable of 

exhausting 100 cfm to the outside of the 

home. The local exhaust system must be 

located as close as possible to the range 

or cook top, but in no case farther than 

3 feet horizontally from the range or 

cooktop. 

(3) Each bathroom and separate toilet 

compartment must be provided with a 

local exhaust system capable of 

exhausting 50 cfm to the outside of the 

home. A separate toilet compartment 

may be provided with 1.5 square feet of 

openable glazed area in place of a local 

exhaust system, except in Uo value 

Zone 3. 

(d) Optional ventilation provisions. As 

an option to complying with the 

provisions of paragraphs (b) and (c) of 

this section, ventilation systems 

complying with ANSI/ASHRAE 62.2 

(incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4) 

may be used. 

(e) Airflow rating. During the design 

stage, the airflow rating at a pressure of 

0.25 inch water column may be used, 

provided the duct sizing meets the 

prescriptive requirements of table 5.3 in 

ANSI/ASHRAE 62.2 (incorporated by 

reference, see § 3280.4) or ventilation 

system manufacturer’s design criteria. 

■ 7. Amend § 3280.105 by revising 

paragraphs (a) introductory text, 

(a)(2)(i), and (b)(2) to read as follows: 

§ 3280.105 Exit facilities; exterior doors. 

(a) Number and location of exterior 

doors. Each dwelling unit of a 

manufactured home must have a 

minimum of two exterior doors located 

remotely from each other. 

* * * * * 

(2) * * * 

(i) Both of the required doors must not 

be in the same room. Rooms are defined 

by their use or purpose. 

* * * * * 

(b) * * * 

(2) All exterior swinging doors must 

provide a minimum 28 inch wide by 74 

inch high clear opening. Door seals and/ 

or door stops are permitted to reduce 

the opening, either vertically or 

horizontally, by a maximum of one 

inch, except for the one egress door 

where door seals and/or door stops are 

not permitted to reduce the opening. All 

exterior sliding glass doors must 

provide a minimum 28 inch wide by 72 

inch high clear opening. At least one 

exterior egress door must provide a 

minimum of 32 inch wide by 74 inch 

high clear opening and door seals and/ 

or door stops are not permitted to 

reduce the opening. 

* * * * * 

■ 8. Amend § 3280.109 by revising 

paragraph (a) to read as follows: 

§ 3280.109 Room requirements. 

(a) Each dwelling unit of a 

manufactured home must have at least 

one living area with a minimum of 150 

square feet of gross floor area. 

* * * * * 

■ 9. Revise § 3280.112 to read as 

follows: 

§ 3280.112 Hallways. 

Hallways must have a minimum 

horizontal dimension of 28 inches 

measured from the interior finished 

surface to the interior finished surface of 

the opposite wall. For manufactured 

homes with 14 feet of inside width or 

more, hallways must have a minimum 

horizontal dimension of 30 inches 

measured from the interior finished 

surface to the interior finished surface of 

the opposite wall. When appliances are 

installed in a laundry area, the 

measurement must be from the front of 

the appliance to the opposite finished 


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interior surface. When appliances are 

not installed and a laundry area is 

provided, the area must have a 

minimum clear depth of 27 inches in 

addition to the 28 inches, or 30 inches 

for manufactured homes with 14 feet of 

inside width or greater, required for 

passage. In addition, a notice of the 

available clearance for washer/dryer 

units must be posted in the laundry 

area. Minor protrusions into the 

minimum hallway width by doorknobs, 

trim, smoke alarms or light fixtures are 

permitted. 

■ 10. Amend § 3280.113 by revising 

paragraph (d) to read as follows: 

§ 3280.113 Glass and glazed openings. 

* * * * * 

(d) Safety glazing is any glazing 

material capable of meeting the 

requirements of Consumer Product 

Safety Commission 16 CFR part 1201, or 

ANSI Z97.1 (incorporated by reference, 

see § 3280.4). 

* * * * * 

■ 11. Add § 3280.115 to subpart B to 

read as follows: 

§ 3280.115 Sound transmission between 

multi-dwelling unit manufactured homes. 

(a) Scope. This section applies to 

common interior walls, partitions, and 

floor/ceiling assemblies between 

adjacent dwelling units. 

(b) Air-borne sound. Walls, partitions, 

and floor/ceiling assemblies between 

stories separating dwelling units from 

each other must have a sound 

transmission class (STC) of not less than 

34 for air-borne noise when tested in 

accordance with ASTM E90 

(incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4) 

or calculated. Penetrations or openings 

in construction assemblies for piping; 

electrical devices; recessed cabinets; 

bathtubs; soffits; or heating, ventilating, 

or exhaust ducts must be sealed, lined, 

insulated or otherwise treated to 

maintain the required ratings. This 

requirement does not apply to dwelling 

unit entrance doors; however, such 

doors must be tight fitting to the frame 

and sill. 

(c) Structure-borne sound. Floor/ 

ceiling assemblies between stories 

separating dwelling units must have an 

impact insulation class (IIC) rating of 

not less than 34 when tested in 

accordance with ASTM E492 

(incorporated by reference, see 

§ 3280.4). 

■ 12. Amend § 3280.203 by revising 

paragraph (c)(1)(ii) to read as follows: 

§ 3280.203 Flame spread limitations and 

fire protection requirements. 

* * * * * 

(c) * * * 

(1) * * * 

(ii) Exposed bottoms and sides of 

kitchen cabinets as required by 

§ 3280.204 except that non-horizontal 

surfaces above the horizontal plane 

formed by the bottom of the range hood 

are not considered exposed; 

* * * * * 

■ 13. Amend § 3280.204 by revising the 

first sentence of paragraph (a) and 

adding paragraph (f) to read as follows: 

§ 3280.204 Kitchen cabinet protection. 

(a) The exposed bottom and sides of 

combustible kitchen cabinets over 

cooking ranges to a horizontal distance 

of 6 inches from the outside edge of the 

cooking range must be protected with at 

least 5⁄16 inch thick gypsum board or 

equivalent limited combustible material. 

* * * 

* * * * * 

(f) Range hood finish materials must 

be installed with at least 5⁄16 inch thick 

gypsum board or equivalent limited 

combustible material between the metal 

range hood and finish materials. Except 

for sealants and other trim materials 2 

inches or less in width, finish materials 

shall have a flame spread rating not 

exceeding the Flame Spread Index of 

200. 

■ 14. Amend § 3280.209 by revising 

paragraph (a) read as follows: 

§ 3280.209 Smoke alarm requirements. 

(a) Labeling. Each smoke alarm 

required under paragraph (b) of this 

section must conform with the 

requirements of UL 217 (incorporated 

by reference, see § 3280.4) or UL 268 

(incorporated by reference, see 

§ 3280.4), and must bear a label to 

evidence conformance. Combination 

smoke and carbon monoxide alarms 

shall be listed and must bear a label to 

evidence conformance with UL 217 and 

UL 2034. 

* * * * * 

■ 15. Amend § 3280.211 by revising 

paragraph (a) to read as follows: 

§ 3280.211 Carbon monoxide alarm 

requirements. 

(a) Labeling. Carbon monoxide alarms 

shall be listed and must bear a label to 

evidence conformance with UL 2034 

(incorporated by reference, see 

§ 3280.4). Combination carbon 

monoxide and smoke alarms shall be 

listed and must bear a label to evidence 

conformance with UL 2034 and UL 217 

(incorporated by reference, see 

§ 3280.4). 

* * * * * 

■ 16. Add §§ 3280.214 through 3280.216 

to subpart C to read as follows: 

§ 3280.214 Fire sprinkler system 

requirements. 

(a) General. (1) Fire sprinkler systems 

are not required by this subpart; 

however, when a manufacturer installs 

a fire sprinkler system as an optional 

feature selected by the consumer or to 

meet State or local laws and regulations, 

this section establishes the requirements 

for the installation of a fire sprinkler 

system in a manufactured home. 

(2) This section applies to both standalone and multipurpose fire sprinkler 

systems that do not include the use of 

antifreeze. 

(3) A back-flow preventer is not 

required to separate a stand-alone 

sprinkler system from the water 

distribution system. 

(b) Design. The design of the fire 

sprinkler system itself shall be in 

accordance with NFPA 13D 

(incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4) 

or a design which is deemed to be 

equivalent to the design method used in 

NFPA 13D. 

(c) Sprinkler location. Sprinklers must 

be installed to protect all areas inside 

the manufactured home except: 

(1) Attics and normally unoccupied 

concealed spaces; 

(2) Closets not exceeding 24 square 

feet in area, with the smallest dimension 

not greater than three feet and having at 

least one base layer of minimum 5/16 

inch thick gypsum board on wall and 

ceiling surfaces; 

(3) Bathrooms not more than 55 

square feet in area; 

(4) Garages, carports, open attached 

porches and similar structures; and 

(5) Closets or alcoves containing heatproducing appliance, regardless of size 

if the closet or alcove complies with 

§ 3280.203(b)(3). 

(d) Sprinklers. Sprinklers shall be 

new, listed residential sprinklers and 

shall be installed in accordance with the 

sprinkler manufacturer’s installation 

instructions. 

(e) Temperature rating and separation 

from heat sources. Sprinklers are to 

have a temperature rating and be 

separated from heat sources as follows: 

(1) Sprinklers separated from heat 

sources as required by the sprinkler 

manufacturer’s installation instructions 

are to a have a temperature rating of no 

less than 135 °F (57 °C) and not more 

than 170 °F (77 °C). 


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(2) Sprinklers located within the 

distance to a heat source as specified in 

table 7.5.5.3 of NFPA 13D (incorporated 

by reference, see § 3280.4) are to have an 

intermediate temperature rating not less 

than 175 °F (79 °C) and not more than 

225 °F (107 °C) when installed in the 

following locations: 

(i) Attics; 

(ii) Concealed spaces located directly 

beneath a roof; and 

(iii) Directly under skylights where 

the sprinkler is exposed to direct 

sunlight. 

(f) Freezing areas. Piping must be 

protected from freezing as required by 

§ 3280.603(b)(4). Where sprinklers are 

required in areas subject to freezing, 

dry-sidewall or dry-pendent sprinklers 

extending from nonfreezing area into a 

freezing area, must be installed. 

(g) Sprinkler area of coverage. The 

area of coverage of a single sprinkler 

shall not exceed 400 square feet and 

shall be based on the sprinkler listing 

and the sprinkler manufacturer’s 

installation instructions. Sprinkler 

discharge shall not be blocked by 

obstructions unless additional 

sprinklers are installed to protect the 

obstructed area. Sprinkler separation 

from obstructions shall comply with the 

minimum distances specified in the 

sprinkler manufacturer’s instructions. 

Pendent sprinklers within 3 feet of the 

center of a ceiling fan, surface-mounted 

ceiling light or other similar object shall 

be considered to be obstructed and 

additional sprinklers shall be installed, 

except that in all closets 50 square feet 

or less in size, one sprinkler shall be 

sufficient. Sidewall sprinklers within 5 

feet of the center of a ceiling fan, 

surface-mounted ceiling light or other 

similar object shall be considered to be 

obstructed and additional sprinklers 

shall be installed. 

(h) Sprinkler installation on systems 

assembled with solvent cement. The 

solvent cementing of threaded adapter 

fittings shall be completed and threaded 

adapters for sprinklers shall be verified 

as being clear of excess cement prior to 

the installation of sprinklers on systems 

assembled with solvent cement. 

(i) Painting, caulking or modifying 

sprinklers is prohibited. Painted, 

caulked, modified, or damaged 

sprinklers shall be replaced. 

(j) Sprinkler piping support. Sprinkler 

piping shall be supported in accordance 

with § 3280.608. Sprinkler piping must 

comply with all requirements for coldwater distribution piping. For 

multipurpose piping systems, the 

sprinkler piping shall connect to and be 

part of the cold-water distribution 

piping system. Nonmetallic pipe and 

tubing, such as CPVC and PEX, shall be 

listed for use in residential fire sprinkler 

systems. Nonmetallic pipe and tubing 

systems shall be protected from 

exposure to the living space by a layer 

of not less than 5⁄16 inch thick gypsum 

wallboard, 1/2 inch thick plywood, or 

other material having a 15 minute fire 

rating. Pipe protection shall not be 

required where exposed piping is 

permitted by the pipe listing and in 

areas that do not require protection with 

sprinklers as specified in paragraph (c) 

of this section. 

(k) Shutoff valves. Shutoff valves shall 

not be installed in any location where 

the valve would isolate piping serving 

one or more sprinklers, except for 

shutoff valves installed for the entire 

water distribution system. 

(l) Means of drainage. A means to 

drain the sprinkler system shall be 

provided on the system side of the water 

supply inlet. 

(m) Minimum flow rate. The sprinkler 

system must provide at least the flow 

rate required to produce a minimum 

discharge density of 0.05 gpm/ft2 from 

each sprinkler and be determined by 

using the sprinkler manufacturer’s 

published data for the specific sprinkler 

model based on the area of coverage, 

ceiling configuration, temperature rating 

and any other conditions specified by 

the sprinkler manufacturer. 

(n) Design flow rate. The design flow 

rate for the sprinkler system shall be 

based on the following: 

(1) The design flow rate for a room 

having only one sprinkler shall be the 

flow rate required for that sprinkler, as 

determined by paragraph (m) of this 

section. 

(2) The design flow rate for a room 

having two or more sprinklers shall be 

determined by identifying the sprinkler 

in that room with the highest required 

flow rate, based on paragraph (m) of this 

section, and multiplying that flow rate 

by two. 

(3) Where the sprinkler 

manufacturer’s instructions specify 

different criteria for ceiling 

configurations that are not smooth, flat 

and horizontal, the required design flow 

rate for the room shall comply with the 

sprinkler manufacturer’s instructions. 

(4) The design flow rate for the 

sprinkler system shall be the flow 

required by the room with the largest 

flow rate, based on paragraph (n)(1), (2), 

or (3) of this section. 

(5) For the purposes of this section, it 

shall be permissible to reduce the 

design flow rate for a room by 

subdividing the space into two or more 

rooms, where each room is evaluated 

separately with respect to the required 

design flow rate. Walls and a ceiling 

shall bound each room. Openings in 

walls shall have a lintel (header) not 

less than 8 inches in depth and each 

lintel shall form a solid barrier between 

the ceiling and the top of the opening. 

(o) Pipe sizing and minimum required 

supply pressure. (1) The piping to 

sprinklers shall be sized for the flow 

required by paragraph (n) of this 

section. The flow rate required to 

supply the plumbing fixtures shall not 

be required to be added to the sprinkler 

design flow rate. The minimum pipe 

size from the water supply inlet to any 

sprinkler shall be 3⁄4 inch diameter. 

Threaded adapter fittings at the point 

where sprinklers are attached to the 

piping shall be a minimum of 1⁄2 inch 

diameter. 

(2) Piping shall be sized by 

determining the Available Pressure to 

offset friction loss in piping and 

identifying a piping material, diameter 

and length in accordance with the 

following: 

(i) Minimum supply pressure 

required. The following equation shall 

be used to determine the required 

supply pressure at the fire sprinkler 

system supply inlet. 

Equation 1 to Paragraph (o)(2)(i): 

PSUP = PT+PLE+PSP 

Where: 

PSUP = Pressure required at the fire sprinkler 

system supply inlet. (Note: This is the 

pressure which is entered on the Fire 

Sprinkler System Certificate under 

‘‘Minimum Water Supply Required.’’) 

PT = Pressure loss in the fire sprinkler 

system piping. 

PLE = Pressure loss from elevation change. 

(Note: Normally 4.4 psi for single story 

houses and 8.7 psi for two story houses). 

PSP = Maximum pressure required by a 

sprinkler. 

(ii) [Reserved] 

(3) Determination of PSUP shall be in 

accordance with the following 

procedure: 

(i) Step 1. Determine PT. For the 

specific design in question determine 

the distance (developed length) from the 

fire sprinkler system supply inlet to the 

most remote sprinkler. Refer to tables 

8.4.10.2(d) through (i) of NFPA 13D 

(incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4) 

and select the correct table for the fire 

sprinkler system pipe material and pipe 

size used. Using the system design flow 

rate from paragraph (n) of this section 

find the ‘‘Allowable length of pipe’’ 

column, which is closest to, but not less 

than, the developed length for the 

design in question. The ‘‘Available 

Pressure’’ in the column heading is PT. 

(Note: Interpolation between 

‘‘Allowable length of pipe’’ (developed 

length) and ‘‘Available Pressure’’ (PT) is 

permitted. Example: Using table 


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8.4.10.2(d) of NFPA 13D, Sprinkler 

Flow Rate = 16 gpm, developed length 

= 70 feet, Available Pressure (PT) = 17.5 

psi.) 

(ii) Step 2. Determine PLE. Refer to 

table 8.4.10.2.(c) of NFPA 13D. The 

elevation used in applying the table 

shall be the difference between the 

highest sprinkler and the fire sprinkler 

system supply inlet. Interpolation is 

permitted. (Note: If the highest sprinkler 

is lower than the fire sprinkler system 

supply inlet then subtract this value in 

equation 1 to paragraph (o)(2)(i), instead 

of adding it.) 

(iii) Step 3. Determine PSP. Determine 

the maximum pressure required by any 

individual sprinkler based on the flow 

rate for each sprinkler as set forth in 

paragraph (n) of this section. The 

required pressure is provided in the 

data provided by the sprinkler 

manufacturer for the specific model 

based on the selected flow rate. 

(p) Testing. The fire sprinkler system 

piping shall be subject to the same test 

as the water distribution system in 

§ 3280.612(a). For multipurpose fire 

sprinkler systems, it shall be permitted 

to test the fire sprinkler system piping 

simultaneously with the domestic water 

distribution system. 

(q) Fire Sprinkler System Certificate. 

The manufacturer must permanently 

affix a Fire Sprinkler System Certificate 

adjacent to the data plate. The 

manufacturer must specify on the Fire 

Sprinkler System Certificate the 

minimum required pressure in pounds 

per square inch (psi) and flow rate in 

gallons per minute (gpm) for the water 

supply system. The Fire Sprinkler 

System Certificate is to include all the 

statements and required information 

arranged in substantially the same 

layout as shown in the following 

example. 

Example 1 to Paragraph (q)—Example 

Certificate 

Fire Sprinkler System Certificate 

Note: This label contains important 

information about the fire sprinkler system 

installed in this home. Please do not remove, 

alter, or cover this label. 

General Information 

Name of Manufacturer: lllllll

Manufactured Home Serial Number: l

The residential fire sprinkler system 

installed in this dwelling unit is in 

compliance with 24 CFR part 3280.214 

Fire Sprinkler System Requirements. 

The manufactured home installer must 

ensure that water supply testing is 

completed by a fire protection 

technician, as required below at the 

home site. 

Warning: When necessary, replace 

components only with identical 

components or those determined to 

have equivalent performance 

characteristics with respect to flows and 

pressures. 

Minimum Water Supply Required 

Warning: For this system to operate 

properly, the following minimum 

supply of water must be available at the 

point of connection to the residential 

fire sprinkler system (to be completed 

by the home manufacturer): 

gpm (gallons per minute) at not less 

thanlll 

psi (pounds per square inch) 

The water supply shall have the 

capacity to provide the above required 

design flow rate for the sprinklers for a 

period of time as follows: 

1. Seven minutes for manufactured 

homes one story in height and less than 

2,000 square feet in area. 

2. Ten minutes for manufactured 

homes two or more stories in height or 

equal to or greater than 2,000 square feet 

in area. 

Where a water supply tank, a well 

system or a combination thereof is used, 

any combination of tank storage or well 

system shall be permitted to meet the 

capacity requirement. 

An installer shall ensure that a fire 

protection technician completes and 

signs this Fire Sprinkler System 

Certificate and shall maintain a copy of 

the test report from the onsite testing in 

accordance with the home 

manufacturer’s instructions and that the 

above listed required minimum water 

supply is available. 

Company and/or Individual Name of 

Fire Protection Technician: 

lllllllllllllllllll

License/Certification Number of 

Technician: 

lllllllllllllllllll

Address of Technician: 

lllllllllllllllllll

Date Water Supply Tested: 

lllllllllllllllllll

Warning: This structure contains a 

residential fire sprinkler system. Do not 

alter or make additions to the water 

supply without first contacting the 

home manufacturer or a fire protection 

technician. Any control valve(s) on the 

water supply to the residential fire 

sprinkler system must be in the full, 

open position for the system to operate 

properly. If the valves must be closed 

temporarily to service the sprinkler, 

verify that they are left fully open and 

secured when service is complete. 

(r) Sign or valve tag. A sign or valve 

tag shall be installed at the fire sprinkler 

system supply inlet stating the 

following: 

Warning, the water supply system 

supplies fire sprinklers that require 

specific flows and pressures to fight a 

fire. Devices that restrict the flow or 

decrease the pressure or automatically 

shut off the water to the fire sprinkler 

system, such as water filtration systems, 

water softeners and automatic shutoff 

valves, shall not be added to this system 

during installation without HUD 

approval. Later actions that may impact 

the water supply system should not be 

completed without first contacting the 

home manufacturer or a fire protection 

technician. Please do not remove this 

sign. 

(s) Component instructions. If the 

manufacturer of a fire sprinkler system 

component used in a system provides 

written instructions and procedures for 

the operation, maintenance, periodic 

testing, and/or repair of the component, 

a copy of the instructions and 

procedures shall be left in each home 

for the consumer. 

(t) Manufacturer’s installation 

instructions for fire sprinkler systems. 

Manufacturer’s installation instructions 

must provide the following: 

(1) Specific instructions for the 

inspection and testing of the fire 

sprinkler system during the installation 

of the home. Testing requirements are to 

be consistent with § 3280.612(a). 

(2) Required statement. If this 

manufactured home contains a fire 

sprinkler system, an installer shall 

ensure a fire protection technician tests 

the water supply at the site and 

completes the Fire Safety System 

Certificate and that the test reports the 

minimum conditions described on the 

Fire Sprinkler System Certificate in the 

home (located next to the data plate). 

§ 3280.215 Multi-dwelling unit 

manufactured homes. 

(a) General. In manufactured homes 

with more than one dwelling unit, each 

dwelling unit must be separated from 

each other by wall and floor assemblies 

having not less than a 1 hour fire 

resistance rating when tested in 

accordance with ASTM E119 or UL 263 

(both incorporated by reference, see 

§ 3280.4) or having a fire resistance 

rating of not less than a 1 hour when 

calculated in accordance with chapter 

16 of the AWC National Design 

Specification (NDS) for Wood 

Construction, with Supplement 

(incorporated by reference, see 

§ 3280.4). 

(b) Fire resistance walls. Fireresistance-rated floor/ceiling and wall 

assemblies must extend to and be tight 

against the exterior wall, and wall 


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assemblies must extend from the 

foundation to the underside of the roof 

sheathing except as follows: 

(1) Wall assemblies need not extend 

through attic spaces where the ceiling is 

protected by not less than 5⁄8 inch Type 

X gypsum board and attic draftstop 

constructed as specified in § 3280.216 is 

provided above and along the wall 

assembly separating the dwelling units; 

and 

(2) The structural framing supporting 

the ceiling is protected by not less than 

1⁄2 inch gypsum board or equivalent. 

(3) A fire resistance rating of 1⁄2 hour 

shall be permitted in buildings 

equipped throughout with an automatic 

sprinkler system installed in accordance 

with § 3280.214. 

(c) Supporting construction. Where 

floor assemblies are required to be fire 

resistant rated by this section, the 

supporting construction of such 

assemblies must have an equal or 

greater fire resistance rating. 

(d) Dwelling unit rated penetrations. 

Penetrations of wall or floor-ceiling 

assemblies in multi-dwelling unit 

manufactured homes are required to be 

fire-resistance rated in accordance with 

this section. 

(1) Through penetrations. (i) Through 

penetrations must be installed as tested 

in the approved fire-resistance rated 

assembly; or 

(ii) Through penetrations must be 

protected by an approved penetration 

fire stop system installed as tested in 

accordance with ASTM E814 or UL 

1479 (both incorporated by reference, 

see § 3280.4), with a positive pressure 

differential of not less than 0.01 inch of 

water and must have an F rating of not 

less than the required fire resistance 

rating of the wall or floor-ceiling 

assembly penetrated; or 

(iii) Where the penetrating items are 

steel, ferrous or copper pipes, tubes, or 

conduits, the material used to fill the 

annular space must prevent the passage 

of flame and hot gasses sufficient to 

ignite cotton waste where subjected to 

ASTM E119 or UL 263 (both 

incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4) 

time temperature fire conditions under 

a positive pressure differential of not 

less than 0.01 inch of water at the 

location of the through penetration for 

the time period equivalent to the fire 

resistance rating of the construction 

penetrated. 

(2) Membrane penetrations. 

Membrane penetrations must comply 

with paragraph (d)(1) of this section. 

Where walls are required to have a fire 

resistance rating, recessed fixtures must 

be installed so that the required fire 

resistance rating will not be reduced 

except as follows: 

(i) By membrane penetrations of fireresistant-rated walls, ceiling/floors and 

partitions by steel electrical boxes 

provided they do not exceed 16 square 

inches in area and the aggregate area of 

the openings through the membrane 

does not exceed 100 square inches in 

any 100 square feet of wall area. The 

annular space between the wall 

membrane and the box must not exceed 

1⁄8 inch. Such boxes on opposite sides 

of the wall must be separated by one of 

the following: 

(A) A horizontal distance of not less 

than 24 inches where the wall or 

partition is constructed with individual 

non-communicating stud cavities; or 

(B) A horizontal distance of not less 

than the depth of the wall cavity, where 

the wall cavity is filled with loose-fill 

insulation; or 

(C) Solid fire blocking in accordance 

with § 3280.206; or 

(D) Protecting both boxes with listed 

putty pads; or 

(E) Other listed materials and 

methods. 

(ii) By membrane penetrations of 

listed electrical boxes of any materials 

provided that the boxes have been 

tested for use in fire resistance rated 

assemblies and are installed in 

accordance with the instructions 

included with the listing. The annular 

space between the wall membrane and 

the box must not exceed 1⁄8 inch unless 

otherwise noted. Such boxes on 

opposite sides of the wall must be 

separated by one of the following: 

(A) The horizontal distance specified 

in the listing of the electrical boxes; or 

(B) Sold fire blocking in accordance 

with § 3280.206; or 

(C) Protecting boxes with listed putty 

pads; or 

(D) Other listed materials and 

methods. 

(iii) By the annular space created by 

the penetration of a fire sprinkler 

provided that it is covered by a metal 

escutcheon plate. 

§ 3280.216 Draftstopping requirements for 

multi-dwelling unit manufactured homes. 

(a) When there is usable space both 

above and below the concealed space of 

a floor/ceiling assembly in multidwelling unit manufactured homes, 

draftstops must be installed so that the 

area of the concealed space does not 

exceed 1,000 square feet. Draftstopping 

must divide the concealed space into 

approximately equal areas. Where the 

assembly is enclosed by a floor 

membrane above and a ceiling 

membrane below, draftstopping shall be 

provided in floor-ceiling assemblies 

under the following circumstances: 

(1) Ceiling is suspended under the 

floor framing; or 

(2) Floor framing is constructed of 

truss type open-web or perforated 

members. 

(b) Draftstopping materials must not 

be less than 1⁄2 inch gypsum board, 3⁄8

inch wood structural panels, or other 

approved materials adequately 

supported. 

(c) Draftstopping must be installed 

parallel to the floor framing members. 

(d) The integrity of all draftstops must 

be maintained. 

■ 17. Amend § 3280.303 by revising 

paragraph (b) to read as follows: 

§ 3280.303 General requirements. 

* * * * * 

(b) Construction. All Construction 

methods must be in conformance with 

an approved quality assurance manual 

as provided by §§ 3282.203 and 

3282.361(c) and accepted engineering 

practices to ensure durable, livable, and 

safe housing. 

* * * * * 

■ 18. Revise and republish § 3280.304 to 

read as follows: 

§ 3280.304 Materials. 

(a) Dimension and board lumber must 

not exceed 19 percent moisture content 

at the time of installation, except that 

treated lumber used for exterior 

purposes only and does not extend into 

the main home construction may have 

a moisture content exceeding 19 

percent. 

(b) The standards for some of the 

generally used materials and methods of 

construction that are listed in this 

paragraph (b) are incorporated by 

reference (see § 3280.4). 

(1) Aluminum. (i) Aluminum Design 

Manual, Specifications and Guidelines 

for Aluminum Structures, Part 1–A 

(Aluminum Association). 

(ii) Aluminum Design Manual, 

Specifications and Guidelines for 

Aluminum Structures, Part 1–B 

(Aluminum Association). 

(2) Steel. (i) Specification for 

Structural Steel Buildings—AISC 360. 

(ii) North American Specification for 

the Design of Cold-Formed Steel 

Structural Members—AISI S100. 

(iii) Specification for the Design of 

Cold-Formed Stainless Steel Structural 

Members—SEI/ASCE 8. 

(iv) Standard Specifications Load 

Tables and Weight Tables for Steel Joists 

and Joist Girders—SJI. 

(v) Structural Applications of Steel 

Cables for Buildings—ASCE 19. 

(vi) Standard Specification for 

Strapping, Flat Steel and Seals—ASTM 

D3953. 

(3) Wood and wood products. (i) Basic 

Hardboard—ANSI A135.4 (Composite 

Panel Association). 


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(ii) Prefinished Hardboard Paneling— 

ANSI A135.5 (Composite Panel 

Association). 

(iii) Engineered Wood Siding—ANSI 

A135.6 (Composite Panel Association). 

(iv) American National Standard for 

Hardwood and Decorative Plywood— 

ANSI/HPVA HP–1 (Decorative 

Hardwoods Association). 

(v) Structural Design Guide for 

Hardwood Plywood Wall Panels—HP– 

SG (Decorative Hardwoods Association). 

(vi) For Wood Products—Structural 

Glued Laminated Timber—ANSI/AITC 

A190.1. 

(vii) Structural Plywood (With 

Typical APA Trademarks)—NIST PS 1. 

(viii) APA Design/Construction 

Guide, Residential and Commercial 

Structures—APA E30–P. 

(ix) National Design Standard for 

Metal Plate Connected Wood Truss 

Construction, TPI 1. 

(x) Design and Fabrication of AllPlywood Beams—H815G. 

(xi) Panel Design Specification—APA 

D510C. 

(xii) Design and Fabrication of Glued 

Plywood-Lumber Beams—APA S812S. 

(xiii) Design and Fabrication of 

Plywood Curved Panels—APA S811P. 

(xiv) Design and Fabrication of 

Plywood Sandwich Panels, APA U814J. 

(xv) Performance Standard for WoodBased Structural Use Panels—NIST PS 

2. 

(xvi) Design and Fabrication of 

Plywood Stressed-Skin Panels—APA 

U813M. 

(xvii) National Design Specifications 

for Wood Construction, with 

Supplement, Design Values for Wood 

Construction—AWC NDS. 

(xviii) Wood Structural Design Data 

(AFPA). 

(xix) Span Tables for Joists and 

Rafters: American Softwood Lumber 

Standard (PS 20–10) Sizes—AWC–2012. 

(xx) Design Values for Joists and 

Rafters, Supplement to Span Tables for 

Joists and Rafters—AWC–2012. 

(xxi) Particleboard—ANSI A208.1 

(Composite Panel Association). 

(xxii) North American Fenestration 

Standard/Specification for Windows, 

Doors and Skylights—AAMA/WDMA/ 

CSA 101/I.S.2/A440 (CSA Group). 

(xxiii) Standard Test Methods for 

Puncture and Stiffness of Paperboard, 

and Corrugated and Solid Fiberboard— 

ASTM D781. 

(xxiv) Standard Test Methods for 

Direct Moisture Content Measurement 

of Wood and Wood-Base Materials— 

ASTM D4442. 

(xxv) Standard Test Method for 

Laboratory Standardization and 

Calibration of Hand-Held Moisture 

Meters—ASTM D4444. 

(xxvi) Medium Density Fiberboard 

(MDF) For Interior Applications—ANSI 

A208.2. 

(xxvii) Standard Test Methods for Fire 

Tests of Building Construction and 

Materials—ASTM E119. 

(xxviii) Engineered Wood 

Construction Guide—APA E30V. 

(xxix) Plywood Design—APA Y510. 

(4) Other. (i) Standard Specification 

for Gypsum Board—ASTM C1396/ 

C1396M. 

(ii) [Reserved]. 

(5) Fasteners. (i) ICC–ES Evaluation 

Report: Power Driven Staples and 

Nails—ESR 1539. 

(ii) [Reserved] 

(6) Unclassified. (i) Minimum Design 

Loads for Buildings and Other 

Structures—ANSI/ASCE. 

(ii) Safety Glazing Materials Used in 

Buildings—Safety Performance 

Specifications and Methods of Test— 

ANSI Z97.1. 

(iii) Standard Specification for Rigid 

Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Siding— 

ASTM D3679–09a. 

(iv) Standard Practice for Installation 

of Rigid Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) 

Siding and Soffit—ASTM D4756. 

(v) Standard Specification for 

Polypropylene (PP) Siding—ASTM 

D7254. 

(c) Materials and methods of 

construction utilized in the design and 

construction of manufactured homes 

which are covered by the standards 

listed in this section, or any applicable 

portion thereof shall comply with these 

requirements. 

(d) Engineering analysis and testing 

methods contained in these references 

shall be utilized to judge conformance 

with accepted engineering practices 

required in § 3280.303(c). 

(e) Materials and methods of 

installation conforming to these 

standards shall be considered 

acceptable when installed in 

conformance with the requirements of 

this part. 

(f) Materials meeting the standards 

listed in this section (or the applicable 

portion thereof) are considered 

acceptable unless otherwise specified 

herein or unless substantial doubt exists 

as to conformance. 

(g) Wood products shall be identified 

as complying with the appropriate 

standards. 

■ 19. Amend § 3280.305 by revising 

paragraphs (j)(1) and (k)(2) to read as 

follows: 

§ 3280.305 Structural design requirements. 

* * * * * 

(j) * * * 

(1) All welds must be made in 

accordance with the applicable 

provisions of the Specification for 

Structural Steel Buildings, AISC 360 

(incorporated by reference, see 

§ 3280.4); the North American 

Specification for the Design of ColdFormed Steel Structural Members, AISI 

S100 (incorporated by reference, see 

§ 3280.4); and the Specification for the 

Design of Cold-Formed Stainless Steel 

Structural Members, SEI/ASCE 8 

(incorporated by reference, see 

§ 3280.4). 

* * * * * 

(k) * * * 

(2) For roofs with slopes less than 

7:12 that contain an attic area or for 

portions of roofs with slopes 7:12 or 

greater that do meet the ceiling height/ 

living space requirements of the 

standards, the attic floor must be 

designed for a storage live load of 20 

pounds per square foot (psf). 

(i) Attic area as used within this 

section are those spaces where the 

maximum clear height between joist and 

rafters is 42 inches or greater or where 

there are two or more adjacent trusses 

with web configurations capable of 

accommodating an assumed rectangle 

42 inches high by 24 inches in width or 

greater, within the plane of the trusses. 

(ii) The live load need only be applied 

to those portions of the joist or truss 

bottom chords where all of the 

following criteria are met: 

(A) The attic area is accessible from 

an opening not less than 20 inches in 

width and 30 inches in length that is 

located where the clear height in the 

attic is a minimum of 30 inches; and 

(B) The slope of the joists of the truss 

bottom chord are no greater than 2 

inches vertical to 12 inches horizontal; 

and 

(C) Required insulation depth is less 

than the joist or truss bottom chord 

member depth. 

■ 20. Amend § 3280.307 by adding 

paragraph (f) to read as follows: 

§ 3280.307 Resistance to elements and 

use. 

* * * * * 

(f) The exterior wall envelope must be 

designed and constructed in a manner 

that prevents the accumulation of water 

within the wall assembly by providing 

a Water Resistive Barrier (WRB) behind 

the exterior cladding and a means of 

draining water that enters the assembly. 

■ 21. Add § 3280.309 to subpart D to 

read as follows: 

§ 3280.309 Standard for vinyl siding and 

polypropylene siding used in manufactured 

homes. 

(a) Scope. This section establishes the 

requirements for vinyl siding and 


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polypropylene siding used in 

manufactured homes. 

(b) Standards—(1) Vinyl siding. All 

vinyl siding must comply with the 

requirements of ASTM D3679 

(incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4) 

and must be certified or listed and 

labeled as conforming to those 

requirements. 

(2) Polypropylene siding. All 

polypropylene siding must comply with 

the requirements of ASTM D7254 

(incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4) 

and must be certified or listed and 

labeled as conforming to those 

requirements. 

(c) Installation. Vinyl siding and soffit 

installation must be installed in 

accordance with the manufacturer’s 

installation instructions. Vinyl siding 

and soffit installation must be based on 

ASTM D4756 (incorporated by 

reference, see § 3280.4). 

■ 22. Amend § 3280.403 by revising 

paragraphs (b)(1), (b)(2) introductory 

text, (d)(1), and (e) to read as follows: 

§ 3280.403 Requirements for windows, 

sliding glass doors, and skylights. 

* * * * * 

(b) Standard. (1) All primary 

windows and sliding glass doors must 

comply with AAMA 1701.2 or AAMA/ 

WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440 (both 

incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4), 

except the exterior and interior pressure 

tests must be conducted at the 

minimum design wind loads required 

for components in § 3280.305(c)(1). 

(2) All skylights must comply with 

AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440 

(incorporated by reference, see 

§ 3280.4). 

* * * * * 

(d) * * * 

(1) Safety glazing materials, where 

used shall meet ANSI Z97.1 

(incorporated by reference, see 

§ 3280.4). 

* * * * * 

(e) Certification. All primary windows 

and sliding glass doors to be installed in 

manufactured homes must be certified 

as complying with AAMA 1701.2 or 

AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440 

(both incorporated by reference, see 

§ 3280.4). This certification must be 

based on tests conducted at the design 

wind loads specified in § 3280.305(c)(1). 

(1) All such windows and doors must 

show evidence of certification by 

affixing a quality certification label to 

the product from an independent 

product certification body accredited to 

ISO/IEC 17065 (incorporated by 

reference, see § 3280.4). 

(2) In determining certifiability of the 

products, an independent quality 

assurance agency must conduct preproduction specimen tests in 

accordance with AAMA 1702.2 or 

AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440 

(both incorporated by reference, see 

§ 3280.4). Further, such agency must 

inspect the product manufacturer’s 

facility at least twice per year. 

(3) All skylights installed in 

manufactured homes must be certified 

as complying with AAMA 1701.2 or 

AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440 

(both incorporated by reference, see 

3280.4). 

* * * * * 

■ 23. Amend § 3280.404 by revising 

paragraphs (b) and (e) to read as follows: 

§ 3280.404 Standard for egress windows 

and devices for use in manufactured 

homes. 

* * * * * 

(b) Performance. Egress windows 

including auxiliary frame and seals, if 

any, must meet all requirements of 

AAMA 1701.2 and AAMA 1704 or 

AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440 (all 

incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4). 

(1) Loading. Exterior and interior 

pressure tests for components and 

cladding must be conducted meeting or 

exceeding the minimum design wind 

loads required by § 3280.305(c)(1). 

(2) Dimensions. All egress systems 

must have a minimum clear horizontal 

dimension of 20 inches and a minimum 

clear vertical dimension of 24 inches 

and have a clear opening of at least 5 ft2. 

* * * * * 

(e) Certification of egress windows 

and devices. (1) Egress windows and 

devices must be listed in accordance 

with the procedures and requirements 

of AAMA 1701.2 and AAMA 1704 or 

AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440 (all 

incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4). 

This certification must be based on tests 

conducted meeting or exceeding the 

minimum design wind loads specified 

in § 3280.305(c)(1). 

(2) All such windows and devices 

must show evidence of certification by 

affixing a quality certification label to 

the product from an independent 

product certification body accredited to 

ISO/IEC 17065 (incorporated by 

reference, see § 3280.4). 

* * * * * 

■ 24. Amend § 3280.405 by revising 

paragraphs (b), (c), and (e) to read as 

follows: 

§ 3280.405 Standard for swinging exterior 

passage doors for use in manufactured 

homes. 

* * * * * 

(b) Performance requirements. The 

design and construction of exterior door 

units must meet all requirements of 

AAMA 1702.2 or AAMA/WDMA/CSA 

101/I.S.2/A440 (both incorporated by 

reference, see § 3280.4). 

(c) Materials and methods. Any 

material or method of construction must 

conform to the performance 

requirements as outlined in paragraph 

(b) of this section. Plywood must be 

exterior type and preservative treated in 

accordance with WDMA I.S.4 

(incorporated by reference, see 

§ 3280.4). 

* * * * * 

(e) Certification. All swinging exterior 

doors to be installed in manufactured 

homes must be certified as complying 

with AAMA 1702.2 or AAMA/WDMA/ 

CSA 101/I.S.2/A440 (both incorporated 

by reference, see § 3280.4). 

(1) All such doors must show 

evidence of certification by affixing a 

quality certification label to the product 

from an independent product 

certification body accredited to ISO/IEC 

17065 (incorporated by reference, see 

§ 3280.4). 

(2) In determining certifiability of the 

products, an independent quality 

assurance agency must conduct a preproduction specimen test in accordance 

with AAMA 1702.2 or AAMA/WDMA/ 

CSA 101/I.S.2/A440 (both incorporated 

by reference, see § 3280.4). 

* * * * * 

■ 25. Amend § 3280.504 by revising 

paragraphs (a)(1) and (c) to read as 

follows: 

§ 3280.504 Condensation control and 

installation of vapor retarders. 

(a) * * * 

(1) In Uo Value Zones 2 and 3, ceilings 

must have a vapor retarder with a 

permeance of not greater than 1 perm as 

measured by ASTM E96/E96M 

(incorporated by reference, see 

§ 3280.4), installed on the living space 

side of the roof cavity. 

* * * * * 

(c) Liquid applied vapor retarders. 

Each liquid applied vapor retarder must 

be tested by a nationally recognized 

testing agency for use on the specific 

substrate to which it is applied. The test 

report must include the perm rating, as 

measured by ASTM E96/E96M 

(incorporated by reference, see 

§ 3280.4), and associated application 

rate for each specific substrate. 

* * * * * 

■ 26. Amend § 3280.510 by revising the 

first sentence of the introductory text to 

read as follows: 

§ 3280.510 Heat loss certificate. 

The manufactured home 

manufacturer must permanently affix 


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the following ‘‘Certificate’’ to an interior 

surface of each dwelling unit that is 

readily visible to the occupant.* * * 

* * * * * 

■ 27. Amend § 3280.511 by revising the 

first sentence of paragraph (a) 

introductory text and paragraph (b) to 

read as follows: 

§ 3280.511 Comfort cooling certificate and 

information. 

(a) The manufactured home 

manufacturer must permanently affix a 

‘‘Comfort Cooling Certificate’’ to an 

interior surface of each dwelling unit 

that is readily visible to the occupant. 

* * * 

* * * * * 

(b) For each home designated as 

suitable for central air conditioning the 

manufacturer shall provide the 

maximum central manufactured home 

air conditioning capacity certified in 

accordance with the ANSI/AHRI 

Standard 210/240 with Addenda 1 and 

2 (incorporated by reference, see 

§ 3280.4) and in accordance with 

§ 3280.715(a)(3). If the capacity 

information provided is based on 

entrances to the air supply duct at other 

than the furnace plenum, the 

manufacturer shall indicate the correct 

supply air entrance and return air exit 

locations. 

* * * * * 

■ 28. Amend § 3280.603 by revising 

paragraph (b)(4)(ii) to read as follows: 

§ 3280.603 General requirements. 

* * * * * 

(b) * * * 

(4) * * * 

(ii) A statement in the installation 

instructions required by § 3280.306(b), 

stating that if the heat tape or pipe 

heating cable is used, it must be listed 

or certified for its intended purpose. 

* * * * * 

■ 29. Revise and republish § 3280.604 to 

read as follows: 

§ 3280.604 Materials. 

(a) Minimum standards. Materials, 

devices, fixtures, fittings, equipment, 

appliances, appurtenances and 

accessories shall conform to one of the 

standards listed in this section (all 

incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4) 

and be free from defects. Where an 

appropriate standard is not listed in this 

section or a standard not listed is 

preferred, the item may be used if it is 

listed. A listing is also required when so 

specified in other sections of this 

subpart. 

(b) Compliance when there is more 

than one listed standard. Where more 

than one standard is referenced for a 

particular material or component, 

compliance with only one of those 

standards is acceptable. Exceptions: 

(1) When one of the reference 

standards requires evaluation of 

chemical, toxicity or odor properties 

which are not included in the other 

standard, then conformance to the 

applicable requirements of each 

standard shall be demonstrated; or 

(2) When a plastic material or 

component is not covered by the 

standards in this section, it must be 

certified as non-toxic in accordance 

with Drinking water system 

components-Health effects—ANSI/NSF 

61 (incorporated by reference, see 

§ 3280.4). 

(c) List of standards. Standards for 

some of the generally used materials 

and methods of construction are listed 

as following: 

(1) Ferrous pipe and fittings. (i) Gray 

Iron Threaded Fittings—ANSI/ASME 

B16.4. 

(ii) Malleable Iron Threaded 

Fittings—ANSI/ASME B16.3. 

(iii) Material and Property Standard 

for Special Cast Iron Fittings—IAPMO 

PS 5. 

(iv) Welded and Seamless Wrought 

Steel Pipe—ANSI/ASME B36.10. 

(v) Standard Specification for Pipe, 

Steel, Black and Hot-Dipped, ZincCoated, Welded and Seamless—ASTM 

A53/A53M. 

(vi) Pipe Threads, General Purpose 

(Inch)—ANSI/ASME B1.20.1. 

(vii) Standard Specification for Cast 

Iron Soil Pipe and Fittings—ASTM A74. 

(viii) Standard Specification for 

Hubless Cast Iron Soil Pipe and Fittings 

for Sanitary and Storm Drain, Waste, 

and Vent Piping Applications—CISPI– 

301. 

(2) Nonferrous pipe and fittings. (i) 

Standard Specification for Seamless 

Copper Pipe, Standard Sizes—ASTM 

B42. 

(ii) Standard Specification for General 

Requirements for Wrought Seamless 

Copper and Copper-Alloy Tube—ASTM 

B251. 

(iii) Standard Specification for 

Seamless Copper Water Tube—ASTM 

B88. 

(iv) Standard Specification for Copper 

Drainage Tube (DWV)—ASTM B306. 

(v) Wrought-Copper and Copper Alloy 

Solder-Joint Pressure Fitting—ASME/ 

ANSI B16.22. 

(vi) Wrought Copper and Wrought 

Copper Alloy Solder-Joint Drainage 

Fittings-DWV—ASME/ANSI B16.29. 

(vii) Cast Copper Alloy Solder-Joint 

Pressure Fittings—ANSI B16.18. 

(viii) Cast Copper Alloy Solder-Joint 

Drainage Fittings-DWV—ASME B16.23. 

(ix) Cast Copper Alloy Fittings for 

Flared Copper Tubes—ASME/ANSI 

B16.26. 

(x) Standard Specification for 

Seamless Red Brass Pipe, Standard 

Sizes—ASTM B43. 

(xi) Cast Bronze Threaded Fittings, 

Classes 125 and 250—ANSI/ASME 

B16.15. 

(3) Plastic pipe and fittings. (i) 

Standard Specification AcrylonitrileButadiene-Styrene (ABS) Schedule 40 

Plastic Drain, Waste, and Vent Pipe and 

Fittings—ASTM D2661. 

(ii) Standard Specification for Poly 

(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Drain, 

Waste, and Vent Pipe and Fittings— 

ASTM D2665. 

(iii) Standard Specification for Drain, 

Waste, and Vent (DWV) Plastic Fittings 

Patterns—ASTM D3311. 

(iv) Standard Specification for 

Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) 

Schedule 40, Plastic Drain, Waste, and 

Vent Pipe with a Cellular Core—ASTM 

F628. 

(v) Standard Specification for 

Chlorinated Poly (Vinyl Chloride) 

(CPVC) Plastic Hot- and Cold-Water 

Distribution Systems—ASTM D2846. 

(vi) Standard Specification for 

Polybutylene (PB) Plastic Hot- and ColdWater Distribution Systems—ASTM 

D3309. 

(vii) Plastic Piping Components and 

Related Materials—ANSI/NSF 14. 

(viii) Standard Specification for 

Crosslinked Polyethylene (PEX) 

Tubing—ASTM F876. 

(ix) Standard Specification for 

Crosslinked Polyethylene (PEX) Plastic 

Hot- and Cold-Water Distribution 

Systems—ASTM F877. 

(4) Miscellaneous. (i) Standard 

Specification for Rubber Gaskets for 

Cast Iron Soil Pipe and Fittings, ASTM 

C564. 

(ii) Backflow Valves—ANSI 

A112.14.1. 

(iii) Plumbing Fixture Setting 

Compound—TTP 1536A. 

(iv) Material and Property Standard 

for Cast Brass and Tubing P-Traps— 

IAPMO PS 2. 

(v) Relief Valves for Hot Water Supply 

Systems—ANSI Z21.22. 

(vi) Standard Specification for Solvent 

Cement for Acrylonitrile-ButadieneStyrene (ABS) Plastic Pipe and 

Fittings—ASTM D2235. 

(vii) Standard Specification for 

Solvent Cements for Poly (Vinyl 

Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Piping 

Systems—ASTM D2564. 

(viii) Specification for Neoprene 

Rubber Gaskets for HUB and Spigot Cast 

Iron Soil Pipe and Fittings—CISPI–HSN. 

(ix) Plumbing System Components for 

Manufactured Homes and Recreational 

Vehicles—ANSI/NSF 24. 


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(x) Material and Property Standard for 

Diversion Tees and Twin Waste 

Elbow—IAPMO PS 9. 

(xi) Material and Property Standard 

for Flexible Metallic Water 

Connectors—IAPMO PS 14. 

(xii) Material and Property Standard 

for Dishwasher Drain Airgaps—IAPMO 

PS 23. 

(xiii) Material and Property Standards 

for Backflow Prevention Assemblies— 

IAPMO PS 31. 

(xiv) Performance Requirements for 

Air Admittance Valves for Plumbing 

Drainage Systems, Fixture and Branch 

Devices—ASSE 1051. 

(xv) Drinking Water System 

Components-Health Effects—ANSI/NSF 

61. 

(5) Plumbing fixtures. (i) Plumbing 

Fixtures (General Specifications)—FS 

WW–P–541E/GEN. 

(ii) Vitreous China Plumbing 

Fixtures—ANSI/ASME A112.19.2(M). 

(iii) Enameled Cast Iron Plumbing 

Fixtures—ANSI/ASME A112.19.1M. 

(iv) Porcelain Enameled Formed Steel 

Plumbing Fixtures—ANSI/ASME 

A112.19.4(M). 

(v) Plastic Bathtub Units with 

Addenda Z124.1a and Z124.1b—ANSI 

Z124.1. 

(vi) Standard for Porcelain Enameled 

Formed Steel Plumbing Fixtures— 

IAPMO TSC 22. 

(vii) Plastic Shower Receptors and 

Shower Stalls with Addendum 

Z124.2a—ANSI Z124.2. 

(viii) Stainless Steel Plumbing 

Fixtures (Designed for Residential 

Use)—ANSI/ASME A112.19.3M. 

(ix) Material and Property Standard 

for Drains for Prefabricated and Precast 

Showers—IAPMO PS 4. 

(x) Plastic Lavatories with Addendum 

Z124.3a—ANSI Z124.3. 

(xi) Standard for Safety Glazing 

Materials used in Buildings—Safety 

Performance Specifications and 

Methods of Test—ANSI Z97.1. 

(xii) Water Heater Relief Valve Drain 

Tubes—ASME A112.4.1. 

(xiii) Flexible Water Connectors— 

ASME A112.18.6. 

(xiv) Performance Requirements for 

Backflow Protection Devices and 

Systems in Plumbing Fixture Fittings— 

ASME A112.18.3M. 

(xv) Non-Vitreous Ceramic Plumbing 

Fixtures—ASME A112.19.9M. 

(xvi) Dual Flush Devices for Water 

Closets—ASME A119.19.10. 

(xvii) Deck Mounted Bath/Shower 

Transfer Valves with Integral Backflow 

Protection—ASME A112.18.7. 

(xviii) Plastic Fittings for Connecting 

Water Closets to the Sanitary Drainage 

System—ASME A112.4.3. 

(xix) Hydraulic Performance 

Requirements for Water Closets and 

Urinals—ASME A112.19.6. 

(xx) Plumbing Fixture Fittings— 

ASME/ANSI A112.18.1M. 

(xxi) Trim for Water Closet, Bowls, 

Tanks, and Urinals—ANSI A112.19.5. 

(xxii) Plastic Water Closets, Bowls, 

and Tanks with Addenda Z124.4a— 

ANSI Z124.4. 

(xxiii) Plastic Toilet (Water Closets) 

Seats—ANSI Z124.5. 

(xxiv) Prefabricated Plastic Spa 

Shells—ANSI Z124.7. 

(xxv) Whirlpool Bathtub 

Appliances—ASME/ANSI A112.19.7M. 

(xxvi) Plastic Urinal Fixtures—ANSI 

Z–124.9. 

(xxvii) Performance Requirements for 

Automatic Compensating Values for 

Individual Shower and Tub/Shower 

Combinations—ASSE 1016. 

(xxviii) Performance Requirements for 

Pressurized Flushing Devices 

(Flushometers) for Plumbing Fixtures— 

ASSE 1037. 

(xxix) Performance Requirements for 

Water Closet Flush Tank Fill Valves 

(Ballcocks)—ASSE 1002. 

(xxx) Performance Requirements for 

Hand-held Showers—ASSE 1014. 

(xxxi) Hydrants for Utility and 

Maintenance Use—ANSI/ASME 

A112.21.3M. 

(xxxii) Performance Requirements for 

Home Laundry Equipment—ASSE 1007. 

(xxxiii) Performance Requirements for 

Hot Water Dispensers, Household 

Storage Type Electrical—ASSE 1023. 

(xxxiv) Plumbing Requirements for 

Residential Use (Household) 

Dishwashers—ASSE 1006. 

(xxxv) Performance Requirements for 

Household Food Waste Disposer 

Units—ASSE 1008. 

(xxxvi) Performance Requirements for 

Temperature Activated Mixing Valves 

for Primary Domestic Use—ASSE 1017. 

(xxxv) Water Hammer Arresters— 

ANSI A112.26.1. 

(xxxvi) Suction Fittings for Use in 

Swimming Pools, Wading Pools, Spas, 

Hot Tubs, and Whirlpool Bathtub 

Appliances—ASME/ANSI A112.19.8M. 

(xxxvii) Air Gaps in Plumbing 

Systems—ASME A112.1.2. 

(xxxviii) Performance Requirements 

for Diverters for Plumbing Faucets with 

Hose Spray, Anti-Siphon Type, 

Residential Applications—ASSE 1025. 

(xxxix) Performance Requirements for 

Pipe Applied Atmospheric Type 

Vacuum Breakers—ASSE 1001. 

(xl) Performance Requirements for 

Hose Connection Vacuum Breakers— 

ASSE 1011. 

(xli) Performance Requirements for 

Wall Hydrants, Frost Proof Automatic 

Draining, Anti-Backflow Types—ANSI/ 

ASSE 1019. 

(xlii) Performance Requirements for 

Automatic Compensating Values for 

Individual Shower and Tub/Shower 

Combinations—ASSE 1016. 

(xliii) Performance Requirements for 

Water Temperature Limiting Devices— 

ASSE 1070. 

■ 30. Amend § 3280.607 by revising 

paragraphs (b)(3) and (c)(6)(iv) to read as 

follows: 

§ 3280.607 Plumbing fixtures. 

* * * * * 

(b) * * * 

(3) Shower compartment. (i) Each 

compartment stall must be provided 

with an approved watertight receptor 

with sides and back extending with 

sides and back extending at least 1 inch 

above the finished dam or threshold. 

Except as provided by paragraph 

(b)(3)(v) of this section, the depth of a 

shower receptor must not be less than 

2 inches or more than 9 inches 

measured from the top of the finished 

dam or threshold to the top of the drain. 

The wall area must be constructed of 

smooth, non-corrosive, and nonabsorbent materials to a height not less 

than 6 feet above the bathroom floor 

level. Such walls must form a watertight 

joint with each other and with the 

bathtub, receptor or shower floor. The 

floor or compartment must slope 

uniformly to the drain not less than onefourth nor more than 1⁄2 inch per foot. 

(ii) The joint around the drain 

connection shall be made watertight by 

a flange, clamping ring, or other 

approved listed means. 

(iii) Shower doors and tub and shower 

enclosures must be constructed so as to 

be waterproof and, if glazed, glazing 

must comply with ANSI Z97.1 

(incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4) 

(iv) Prefabricated plumbing fixtures 

shall be approved or listed. 

(v) Thresholds in roll-in-type shower 

compartments must be 1⁄2 inch 

maximum in height in accordance with 

paragraph (b)(3)(vi) of this section. In 

transfer type shower compartments, 

thresholds 1⁄2 inch maximum in height 

must be beveled, rounded, or be 

vertical. 

(vi) Changes in level of 1⁄4 inch 

maximum in height must be permitted 

to be vertical. Changes in level greater 

than 1⁄4 inch in height and not more 

than 1⁄2 inch maximum in height must 

be beveled with a slope not steeper than 

1:2. 

(vii) Shower and tub-shower 

combination valves must be balanced 

pressure, thermostatic, or combination 

mixing valves that conform to the 

requirements of ASSE 1016 

(incorporated by reference, see 

§ 3280.4). Such valves must be equipped 


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with handle position stops that are 

adjustable in accordance with the valve 

manufacturer’s instructions and to a 

maximum setting of 120 °F. Hot water 

supplied to bathtubs and whirlpool 

bathtubs are to be limited to a 

temperature of not greater than 120 °F 

by a water temperature limiting device 

that conforms to the requirements of 

ASSE 1070 (incorporated by reference, 

see § 3280.4). 

* * * * * 

(c) * * * 

(6) * * * 

(iv) Electrical. Wiring must comply 

with Articles 680.70, 680.71, and 680.72 

of NFPA 70 (incorporated by reference, 

see § 3280.4). 

■ 31. Amend § 3280.609 by revising 

paragraph (a)(2) to read as follows: 

§ 3280.609 Water distribution systems. 

(a) * * * 

(2) Hot water supply. Each dwelling 

unit equipped with a kitchen sink, and 

bathtub and/or shower must be 

provided with a hot water supply 

system including a listed water heater. 

* * * * * 

■ 32. Amend § 3280.611 by revising 

paragraph (c)(5) to read as follows: 

§ 3280.611 Vents and venting. 

* * * * * 

(c) * * * 

(5) The distance of the fixture trap 

from the vent must not exceed the 

values given in the following table: 

TABLE 1 TO PARAGRAPH (c)(5)—MAXIMUM DISTANCE OF FIXTURES FROM

VENT TRAP

Size of fixture drain 

(inches) Distance trap to vent 

11⁄4 ............................. 5 ft. 

11⁄2 ............................. 6 ft. 

2 ................................ 8 ft. 

3 ................................ 12 ft. 

* * * * * 

■ 33. Amend § 3280.702 by revising the 

definitions for ‘‘Class 0 air ducts and air 

connectors’’ and ‘‘Class 1 air ducts and 

air connectors’’ to read as follows: 

§ 3280.702 Definitions. 

* * * * * 

Class 0 air ducts and air connectors 

means air ducts and air connectors 

having a fire hazard classification of 

zero when tested in accordance with UL 

181 (incorporated by reference, see 

§ 3280.4). 

Class 1 air ducts and air connectors 

means air ducts and air connectors 

having a flame spread rating of not over 

25 without evidence of continued 

progressive combustion and a smoke 

developed rating of not over 50 when 

tested in accordance with UL 181 

(incorporated by reference, see 

§ 3280.4). 

* * * * * 

■ 34. Revise § 3280.703 to read as 

follows: 

§ 3280.703 Minimum standards. 

Heating, cooling, and fuel burning 

appliances and systems in 

manufactured homes shall be free of 

defects and shall conform to applicable 

standards (incorporated by reference, 

see § 3280.4) in this section unless 

otherwise specified in this part. When 

more than one standard is referenced, 

compliance with any one such standard 

shall meet the requirements of this part. 

(a) Appliances. (1) Liquid FuelBurning Heating Appliances for 

Manufactured Homes and Recreational 

Vehicles—UL 307A. 

(2) Fixed and Location-Dedicated 

Electric Room Heaters—UL 2021. 

(3) Electric Baseboard Heating 

Equipment—UL 1042. 

(4) Electric Central Air Heating 

Equipment—UL 1096. 

(5) Gas-Burning Heating Appliances 

for Manufactured Homes and 

Recreational Vehicles—UL 307B. 

(6) Gas Clothes Dryers Volume I, Type 

1 Clothes Dryers—ANSI Z21.5.1 (CSA 

Group). 

(7) Gas-fired Water Heaters, Volume 

III, Storage Water Heaters with Input 

Ratings Above 75,000 BTU per Hour, 

Circulating and Instantaneous—ANSI 

Z21.10.3 (CSA Group). 

(8) Gas-Fired, Heat Activated Air 

Conditioning and Heat Pump 

Appliances—ANSI Z21.40.1 (CSA 

Group). 

(9) Gas-Fired Central Furnaces 

(Except Direct Vent Systems)—ANSI 

Z21.47(CSA Group). 

(10) Connectors for Outdoor Gas 

Appliances and Manufactured Homes— 

ANSI Z21.75 (CSA Group). 

(11) Decorative Gas Appliances for 

Installation in Solid Fuel Burning 

Fireplaces—RADCO DS–010. 

(12) Household Cooking Gas 

Appliances—ANSI Z21.1 (CSA Group). 

(13) Refrigerators Using Gas Fuel— 

ANSI Z21.19 (CSA Group). 

(14) Gas Water Heaters, Volume I, 

Storage Water Heaters with Input 

Ratings of 75,000 BTU per hour or 

Less—ANSI Z21.10.1 (CSA Group). 

(15) Household Electric Storage Tank 

Water Heaters—UL 174. 

(16) Household and Similar Electrical 

Appliances—Part 2–40: Particular 

Requirements for Electrical Heat Pumps, 

Air-Conditioners and Dehumidifiers— 

UL 60335–2–40. 

(17) Smoke Detectors for Fire 

Protective Signaling Systems—UL 268. 

(18) Single and Multiple Station 

Carbon Monoxide Alarms—UL 2034. 

(19) Electric Heating Appliances—UL 

499. 

(b) Ferrous pipe and fittings. (1) 

Standard Specification for Pipe, Steel, 

Black and Hot-Dipped, Zinc-Coated, 

Welded and Seamless—ASTM A53/ 

A53M. 

(2) Standard Specification for ElectricResistance-Welded Coiled Steel Tubing 

for Gas and Fuel Oil Lines—ASTM 

A539. 

(3) Pipe Threads, General Purpose 

(Inch)—ANSI/ASME B1.20.1. 

(4) Welding and Seamless Wrought 

Steel Pipe—ANSI/ASME B36.10. 

(c) Nonferrous pipe, tubing, and 

fittings. (1) Standard Specification for 

Seamless Copper Water Tube—ASTM 

B88. 

(2) Standard Specification for 

Seamless Copper Tube for Air 

Conditioning and Refrigeration Field 

Service—ASTM B280. 

(3) Connectors for Gas Appliances— 

ANSI Z21.24 (CSA Group). 

(4) Manually Operated Gas Valves for 

Appliances, Appliance Connector 

Valves and Hose End Valves—ANSI 

Z21.15 (CSA Group). 

(5) Standard for Gas Supply 

Connectors for Manufactured Homes— 

IAPMO TS 9. 

(6) Standard Specification for General 

Requirements for Wrought Seamless 

Copper and Copper-Alloy Tube—ASTM 

B251. 

(7) Standard Specification for 

Seamless Copper Pipe, Standard Sizes— 

ASTM B42. 

(d) Miscellaneous. (1) Factory-Made 

Air Ducts and Air Connectors—UL 181. 

(2) Closure Systems for use with Rigid 

Air Ducts and Air Connectors—UL 

181A. 

(3) Closure Systems for use with 

Flexible Air Ducts and Air Connectors— 

UL 181B. 

(4) Safety Glazing Materials Used in 

Buildings—Safety Performance 

Specifications and Methods of Test— 

ANSI Z97.1. 

(5) Tube Fittings for Flammable and 

Combustible Fluids, Refrigeration 

Service, and Marine Use—UL 109. 

(6) Pigtails and Flexible Hose 

Connectors for LP-Gas—UL 569. 

(7) Roof Jacks for Manufactured 

Homes and Recreational Vehicles—UL 

311. 

(8) Relief Valves for Hot Water Supply 

Systems—ANSI Z21.22. 

(9) Automatic electrical controls for 

household and similar use—Part 2–5: 

Particular requirements for automatic 

electrical burner control systems—ANSI 

Z21.20 (CSA Group). 


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(10) Automatic Valves for Gas 

Appliances—ANSI Z21.21 (CSA Group). 

(11) Gas Appliance Thermostats— 

ANSI Z21.23 (CSA Group). 

(12) Gas Vents—UL 441. 

(13) Installation of Oil-Burning 

Equipment—NFPA 31. 

(14) National Fuel Gas Code—NFPA 

54/ANSI Z223.1. 

(15) Warm Air Heating and Air 

Conditioning Systems—NFPA 90B. 

(16) Liquefied Petroleum Gases 

Code—NFPA 58. 

(17) Flares for Tubing—SAE J533. 

(18) Factory Built Chimneys for 

Residential Type and Building Heating 

Appliances—UL 103. 

(19) Factory-Built Fireplaces—UL 

127. 

(20) Solid-Fuel Type Room Heaters— 

UL 1482. 

(21) Fireplace Stoves—UL 737. 

(22) Rating of Unitary AirConditioning and Air-Source Heat 

Pump Equipment—ANSI/AHRI 

Standard 210/240 with Addenda 1 and 

2. 

(23) Ventilation and Acceptable 

Indoor Air Quality in Low-Rise 

Residential Buildings—ANSI/ASHRAE 

62.2. 

(24) Requirements for Gas Connectors 

for Connection of Fixed Appliances for 

Outdoor Installation, Park Trailers, and 

Manufactured (Mobile) Homes to the 

Gas Supply—AGA No. 3. 

■ 35. Amend § 3280.705 by revising 

paragraphs (b)(1), (3), and (5), (c)(2), (e), 

(f), (j), (l)(1), (l)(2)(ii), and (l)(3) to read 

as follows: 

§ 3280.705 Gas piping systems. 

* * * * * 

(b) * * * 

(1) Steel or wrought-iron pipe shall 

comply with ASME B36.10 

(incorporated by reference, see 

§ 3280.4). Threaded brass pipe in iron 

pipe sizes may be used. Threaded brass 

pipe shall comply with ASTM B43. 

(incorporated by reference, see 

§ 3280.4). 

* * * * * 

(3) Copper tubing must be annealed 

type, Grade K or L, conforming to ASTM 

B88 (incorporated by reference, see 

§ 3280.4), or must comply with the 

ASTM B280 (incorporated by reference, 

see § 3280.4). Copper tubing must be 

internally tinned. 

* * * * * 

(5) Corrugated stainless steel tubing 

(CSST) systems must be listed and 

installed in accordance with ANSI LC 1 

(CSA Group; incorporated by reference, 

see § 3280.4), and the requirements of 

this section. 

(c) * * * 

(2) The connection(s) between units 

must be made with a connector(s) listed 

for exterior use or direct plumbing sized 

in accordance with paragraph (d) of this 

section. A shutoff valve of the nondisplaceable rotor type conforming to 

ANSI Z21.15 (CSA Group; incorporated 

by reference, see § 3280.4), suitable for 

outdoor use must be installed at each 

crossover point upstream of the 

connection. 

* * * * * 

(e) Joints for gas pipe. All pipe joints 

in the piping system, unless welded or 

brazed, shall be threaded joints that 

comply with ANSI/ASME B1.20.1 

(incorporated by reference, see 

§ 3280.4). Right and left nipples or 

couplings shall not be used. Unions, if 

used, shall be of ground joint type. The 

material used for welding or brazing 

pipe connections shall have a melting 

temperature in excess of 1,000 °F. 

(f) Joints for tubing. (1) Tubing joints 

shall be made with either a single or a 

double flare of 45 degrees in accordance 

with SAE J533 (incorporated by 

reference, see § 3280.4) or with other 

listed vibration-resistant fittings, or 

joints may be brazed with material 

having a melting point exceeding 

1,000 °F. Metallic ball sleeve 

compression-type tubing fittings shall 

not be used. 

(2) Steel tubing joints shall be made 

with a double-flare in accordance with 

SAE J533 (incorporated by reference, see 

§ 3280.4). 

* * * * * 

(j) Gas supply connection. When gas 

appliances are installed, at least one gas 

supply connection must be provided on 

each dwelling unit. The connection 

must not be located beneath an exit 

door. Where more than one connection 

is provided, the piping system must be 

sized to provide adequate capacity from 

each supply connection. 

* * * * * 

(l) * * * 

(1) General. A listed LP-Gas flexible 

connection conforming to UL 569 

(incorporated by reference, see 

§ 3280.4), or equal, must be supplied 

when LP-Gas cylinder(s) and 

regulator(s) are supplied. 

(2) * * * 

(ii) The outlet must be provided with 

an approved quick-disconnect device, 

which must be designed to provide a 

positive seal on the supply side of the 

gas system when the appliance is 

disconnected. A shutoff valve of the 

non-displaceable rotor type conforming 

to ANSI Z21.15 (CSA Group; 

incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4), 

must be installed immediately upstream 

of the quick-disconnect device. The 

complete device must be provided as 

part of the original installation. 

* * * * * 

(3) Valves. A shutoff valve must be 

installed in the fuel piping at each 

appliance inside the dwelling unit 

structure or connector in addition to any 

valve on the appliance and so arranged 

to be accessible to permit servicing of 

the appliance and removal of its 

components. The shutoff valve must be 

located within 6 feet of any cooking 

appliance and within 3 feet of any other 

appliance. A shutoff valve may serve 

more than one appliance if located as 

required by this paragraph (l)(3). The 

shutoff valve must be of the nondisplaceable rotor type and conform to 

ANSI Z21.15 (CSA Group; incorporated 

by reference, see § 3280.4). 

* * * * * 

■ 36. Amend § 3280.706 by revising 

paragraphs (b)(1) and (3), and (d) to read 

as follows: 

§ 3280.706 Oil piping systems. 

* * * * * 

(b) * * * 

(1) Steel or wrought-iron pipe shall 

comply with ANSI/ASME B36.10 

(incorporated by reference, see 

§ 3280.4). Threaded copper or brass 

paper in iron pipe sizes may be used. 

* * * * * 

(3) Copper tubing must be annealed 

type, Grade K or L conforming to ASTM 

B88 (incorporated by reference, see 

§ 3280.4), or shall comply with ASTM 

B280 (incorporated by reference, see 

§ 3280.4). 

* * * * * 

(d) Joints for oil piping. All pipe joints 

in the piping system, unless welded or 

brazed, shall be threaded joints which 

comply with ANSI/ASME B1.20.1 

(incorporated by reference, see 

§ 3280.4). The material used for brazing 

pipe connections shall have a melting 

temperature in excess of 1,000 °F. 

* * * * * 

■ 37. Amend § 3280.707 by revising 

paragraphs (a) introductory text, (d)(2), 

and (f) introductory text to read as 

follows: 

§ 3280.707 Heat producing appliances. 

(a) Heat producing appliances and 

vents, roof jacks and chimneys 

necessary for their installation in 

manufactured homes must be listed or 

certified for residential use by a 

nationally recognized testing agency. 

* * * * * 

(d) * * * 

(2) All gas and oil-fired automatic 

storage water heaters shall have a 

recovery efficiency, E, and a standby 


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loss, S, as described below. The method 

of test of E and S shall be as described 

in section 2.7 of Gas Water heaters, Vol. 

I, Storage Water Heaters with Input/ 

Ratings of 75,000 BTU per hour or less, 

ANSI Z21.10.1 (CSA Group; 

incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4), 

except that for oil-fired units. CF = 1.0, 

Q = total gallons of oil consumed and 

H = total heating value of oil in BTU/ 

gallon. 

TABLE 1 TO PARAGRAPH (d)(2) 

Storage capacity in gallons Recovery efficiency Standby loss 

Less than 25 ...................................................... At least 75 percent ........................................... Not more than 7.5 percent. 

25 up to 35 ......................................................... 00 ..................................................................... Not more than 7 percent. 

35 or more ......................................................... 00 ..................................................................... Not more than 6 percent. 

* * * * * 

(f) Oil-fired heating equipment. All 

oil-fired heating equipment must 

conform to UL 307A (incorporated by 

reference, see § 3280.4) and be installed 

in accordance with NFPA 31 

(incorporated by reference, see 

§ 3280.4). Regardless of the 

requirements of the above-referenced 

standards, or any other standards 

referenced in this part, the following are 

not required: 

* * * * * 

■ 38. Amend § 3280.709 by 

■ a. Revising paragraphs (a) 

introductory text and (g) introductory 

text; 

■ b. Adding a reserved paragraph (g)(2); 

and 

■ c. Revising paragraph (h). 

The revisions and addition read as 

follows: 

§ 3280.709 Installation of appliances. 

(a) The installation of each appliance 

must conform to the terms of its listing 

and the manufacturer’s instructions. 

Every appliance must be secured in 

place to avoid displacement. For the 

purpose of servicing and replacement, 

each appliance must be both accessible 

and removable. 

* * * * * 

(g) Solid fuel burning fireplaces and 

fireplace stoves listed for residential use 

may be installed in manufactured 

homes provided they and their 

installation conform to paragraphs 

(g)(1)(i) through (vii) of this section. A 

fireplace or fireplace stove is not to be 

considered as a heating facility for 

determining compliance with subpart F 

of this part. 

* * * * * 

(h) A corrosion-resistant water drip 

collection and drain pan must be 

installed under each storage tank-type 

water heater or a hot water storage tank 

that will allow water leaking from the 

water heater to drain to the exterior of 

the manufactured home, or to a drain. 

■ 39. Revise § 3280.711 to read as 

follows: 

§ 3280.711 Instructions. 

Operating instructions for each 

appliance must be provided with the 

homeowner’s manual. An additional 

copy of the operating instructions must 

be provided with each appliance unless 

the appliance is affixed with a 

permanent Quick Response (QR) Code. 

■ 40. Amend § 3280.714 by revising 

paragraphs (a)(1) and (2) to read as 

follows: 

§ 3280.714 Appliances, cooling. 

(a) * * * 

(1) Mechanical air conditioners shall 

be rated in accordance with the ANSI/ 

AHRI Standard 210/240 with Addenda 

1 and 2 (incorporated by reference, see 

§ 3280.4) and certified by AHRI or other 

nationally recognized testing agency 

capable of providing follow-up service. 

(i) Electric motor-driven unitary aircooled air conditioners and heat pumps 

in the cooling mode with rated capacity 

less than 65,000 BTU/hour (19,045 

watts), when rated at AHRI standard 

rating conditions in ANSI/AHRI 

Standard 210/240 with Addenda 1 and 

2 (incorporated by reference, see 

§ 3280.4), must have seasonal energy 

efficiency (SEER) values not less than as 

specified in 10 CFR part 430, Energy 

Conservation Program for Consumer 

Products: Central Air Conditioners and 

Heat Pumps Energy Conservation 

Standards. 

(ii) Heat pumps must be certified to 

comply with all requirements of the 

ANSI/AHRI Standard 210/240 with 

Addenda 1 and 2 (incorporated by 

reference, see § 3280.4). Electric motordriven vapor compression heat pumps 

with supplemental electrical resistance 

heat must be sized to provide by 

compression at least 60 percent of the 

calculated annual heating requirements 

for the manufactured home being 

served. A control must be provided and 

set to prevent operation of supplemental 

electrical resistance heat at outdoor 

temperatures above 40 °F (4 °C), except 

for defrost conditions. Electric motordriven vapor compression heat pumps 

with supplemental electric resistance 

heat conforming to ANSI/AHRI 

Standard 210/240 with Addenda 1 and 

2, must have Heating Season 

Performance Factor (HSPF) efficiencies 

not less than as specified in the 10 CFR 

part 430, Energy Conservation Program 

for Consumer Products: Central Air 

Conditioners and Heat Pumps Energy 

Conservation Standards. 

(iii) Electric motor-driven vapor 

compression heat pumps with 

supplemental electric resistance heat 

conforming to ANSI/AHRI Standard 

210/240 with Addenda 1 and 2 

(incorporated by reference, see 

§ 3280.4), shall show coefficient of 

performance ratios not less than shown 

below: 

TABLE 1 TO PARAGRAPH (a)(1)(iii)— 

COP 

Temperature degrees 

Fahrenheit 

Coefficient of 

performance 

47 ...................................... 2.5 

17 ...................................... 1.7 

0 ........................................ 1.0 

(2) Gas fired absorption air 

conditioners must be listed or certified 

in accordance with ANSI Z21.40.1, 

(CSA Group; incorporated by reference, 

see § 3280.4), and certified by a 

nationally recognized testing agency 

capable of providing follow-up service. 

* * * * * 

■ 41. Amend § 3280.715 by revising 

paragraphs (a)(1), (c), and (e) 

introductory text to read as follows: 

§ 3280.715 Circulating air systems. 

(a) * * * 

(1) Supply air ducts, fittings, and any 

dampers contained there-in must be 

made of galvanized steel, tin-plated 

steel, or aluminum, or must be listed as 

Class 0 or Class 1 air ducts in 

accordance with UL 181 (incorporated 

by reference, see § 3280.4). Air ducts 

and air connectors located within three 

feet of the furnace discharge must be 

rated to withstand the maximum air 

discharge temperature of the equipment. 

Air connectors must not be used for 

exterior manufactured home duct 

connections. A duct system integral 


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with the structure must be of durable 

construction that can be demonstrated 

to be equally resistant to fire and 

deterioration as required by this section. 

Ducts constructed of sheet metal must 

be in accordance with the following 

table: 

TABLE 1 TO PARAGRAPH (a)(1)—MINIMUM METAL THICKNESS FOR DUCTS 1

Duct type Diameter 14 in. 

or less 

Width over 

14 in. 

Round ................................................................................................................................................................ 0.013 0.016 

Enclosed rectangular ......................................................................................................................................... 0.013 0.016 

Exposed rectangular .......................................................................................................................................... 0.016 0.019 

1When ‘‘nominal’’ thickness are specified, 0.003 in. shall be added to these ‘‘minimum’’ metal thicknesses. 

* * * * * 

(c) Joints and seams. Joints and seams 

of sheet metal and factory-made flexible 

ducts, including trunks, branches, 

risers, crossover ducts, and crossover 

duct plenums, shall be mechanically 

secured and made substantially airtight. 

Slip joints in sheet metal ducts shall 

have a lap of at least one inch (1′′) and 

shall be mechanically fastened. Tapes or 

caulking compounds shall be permitted 

to be used for sealing mechanically 

secure joints. Sealants and tapes shall be 

applied only to surfaces that are dry and 

dust-, dirt-, oil-, and grease-free. Tapes 

and mastic closure systems for use with 

factory-made rigid fiberglass air ducts 

and air connectors shall be listed in 

accordance with UL 181A (incorporated 

by reference, see § 3280.4). Tapes and 

mastic closure systems used with 

factory-made flexible air ducts and air 

connectors shall be listed in accordance 

with UL 181B (incorporated by 

reference, see § 3280.4). 

* * * * * 

(e) Registers and grilles. Fittings 

connecting the registers and grilles to 

the duct system must be constructed of 

metal or material that complies with the 

requirements of Class 1 or 2 ducts under 

UL 181 (incorporated by reference, see 

§ 3280.4). Air supply terminal devices 

(registers) when installed in kitchen, 

bedrooms, and bathrooms must be 

equipped with adjustable closeable 

dampers. Registers or grilles must be 

constructed of metal or conform with 

the following: 

* * * * * 

■ 42. Amend § 3280.801 by revising 

paragraphs (a) and (b) to read as follows: 

§ 3280.801 Scope. 

(a) This subpart I incorporates by 

reference NFPA 70 (incorporated by 

reference, see § 3280.4) including Part II 

of Article 550 of NFPA 70, and covers 

the electrical conductors and equipment 

installed within or on manufactured 

homes and the conductors that connect 

manufactured homes to a supply of 

electricity. However, Articles 550.4(A) 

and 550.4(B) of NFPA 70 shall not 

apply. 

(b) In addition to the requirements of 

this part and Part II of Article 550 of 

NFPA 70, the applicable portions of 

other Articles of NFPA 70 referenced in 

this part must be followed for electrical 

installations in manufactured homes. 

The use of arc-fault breakers under the 

NFPA 70, are only required for general 

lighting circuits. Smoke alarms installed 

on a dedicated circuit do not require arc 

fault protection. Wherever arc-fault 

breakers are provided, such use must be 

in accordance with NFPA 70. Wherever 

the requirements of these standards 

differ from NFPA 70, these standards 

apply. 

* * * * * 

■ 43. Amend § 3280.802 by revising 

paragraph (a)(21) to read as follows: 

§ 3280.802 Definitions. 

(a) * * * 

(21) Feeder assembly means the 

overhead or under-chassis feeder 

conductors, including the grounding 

conductor, together with the necessary 

fittings and equipment, or a power 

supply cord approved for manufactured 

home use, designed for the purpose of 

delivering energy from the source of 

electrical supply to the distribution 

panelboard within each dwelling unit. 

* * * * * 

■ 44. Amend § 3280.803 by revising 

paragraphs (a) and (k)(1) and (3) to read 

as follows: 

§ 3280.803 Power supply. 

(a) The power supply to the 

manufactured home must be a feeder 

assembly consisting of not more than 

one listed 50 ampere manufactured 

home power supply cord, or a 

permanently installed circuit. A 

manufactured home that is factory 

equipped with gas or oil-fired heating 

equipment and cooking appliances is 

permitted to be provided with a listed 

power supply cord rated 40 amperes. 

This section does not apply to multidwelling unit manufactured homes. 

* * * * * 

(k) * * * 

(1) One mast weatherhead installation 

installed in accordance with Article 230 

of NFPA 70 (incorporated by reference, 

see § 3280.4), containing four 

continuous insulated, color-coded, 

feeder conductors, one of which shall be 

an equipment grounding conductor; or 

* * * * * 

(3) Service equipment installed in or 

on the manufactured home, provided 

that all of the following conditions are 

met: 

(i) In its written installation 

instructions, the manufacturer must 

include information indicating that the 

home must be secured in place by an 

anchoring system or installed on and 

secured to a permanent foundation; 

(ii) The installation of the service 

equipment complies with Article 230 of 

NFPA 70 (incorporated by reference, see 

§ 3280.4). Exterior service equipment or 

the enclosure in which it is to be 

installed must be weatherproof, and 

conductors must be suitable for use in 

wet locations; 

(iii) Bonding and grounding of the 

service must be in accordance with 

Article 250 of NFPA 70 (incorporated by 

reference, see § 3280.4); 

(iv) The manufacturer must include in 

its installation instructions one method 

of grounding the service equipment at 

the installation site. The instructions 

must clearly state that other methods of 

grounding are found in Article 250 of 

NFPA 70; 

(v) The minimum size grounding 

electrode conductor must be specified 

in the instructions; and 

(vi) A red warning label must be 

mounted on or adjacent to the service 

equipment. The label must state the 

following: WARNING—DO NOT 

PROVIDE ELECTRICAL POWER UNTIL 

THE GROUNDING ELECTRODE(S) IS 

INSTALLED AND CONNECTED (SEE 

INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS). 

■ 45. Amend § 3280.804 by: 

■ a. Revising paragraphs (a) and (c); 

■ b. Revising paragraph (g) introductory 

text; 

■ c. Adding reserved paragraph (g)(2); 


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■ c. Revising paragraph (k); and 

■ d. Adding paragraph (m). 

The revisions and additions read as 

follows: 

§ 3280.804 Disconnecting means and 

branch-circuit protective equipment. 

(a) The branch-circuit equipment is 

permitted to be combined with the 

disconnecting means as a single 

assembly. Such a combination is 

permitted to be designated as a 

distribution panelboard. If a fused 

distribution panelboard is used, the 

maximum fuse size for the mains shall 

be plainly marked, with the lettering at 

least 1⁄4 inch high and visible when 

fuses are changed. See Article 110.22 of 

NFPA 70 (incorporated by reference, see 

§ 3280.4), concerning the identification 

of each disconnecting means and each 

service, feeder, or branch circuit at the 

point where it originated, and the type 

of marking needed. 

* * * * * 

(c) A single disconnecting means 

must be provided in each dwelling unit, 

consisting of a circuit breaker, or a 

switch and fuses and its accessories, 

installed in a readily accessible location 

near the point of entrance of the supply 

cord or conductors into the dwelling 

unit. 

* * * * * 

(g) Branch-circuit distribution 

equipment must be installed in each 

dwelling unit and must include 

overcurrent protection for each branch 

circuit consisting of either circuit 

breakers or fuses. 

* * * * * 

(k) When a home is provided with 

installed service equipment, a single 

disconnecting means for disconnecting 

the branch circuit conductors from the 

service entrance conductors must be 

provided in accordance with Article 

230, Part VI of NFPA 70 (incorporated 

by reference, see § 3280.4). The 

disconnecting means shall be listed for 

use as service equipment. The 

disconnecting means may be combined 

with the disconnect required by 

paragraph (c) of this section. The 

disconnecting means shall be rated not 

more than the ampere supply or service 

capacity indicated on the tag required 

by paragraph (l) of this section. 

* * * * * 

(m) A service distribution panel must 

be factory installed and connected to the 

subpanels on multi-dwelling unit 

manufactured homes. 

■ 46. Amend § 3280.805 by revising 

paragraphs (a)(1) and (a)(3)(iv) to read as 

follows: 

§ 3280.805 Branch circuits required. 

(a) * * * 

(1) Lighting. For lighting, the number 

of 15 or 20 ampere lighting circuits is 

based on a 3 volt-amperes per square 

foot times the outside dimensions of 

each story of each dwelling unit 

(coupler excluded) divided by 120 volts 

times the amperes. 

Example 1 to Paragraph (a)(1) 

# of Lighting Circuits = (3 × L × W × 

# of Stories)/(120 × (15 or 20)) 

* * * * * 

(3) * * * 

(iv) The rating of the range branch 

circuit is based on the range demand as 

specified for ranges in § 3280.811(a)(5). 

For central air conditioning, see Article 

440 of NFPA 70 (incorporated by 

reference, see § 3280.4). 

* * * * * 

■ 47. Amend § 3280.806 by revising 

paragraphs (a)(2) and (d)(8) to read as 

follows: 

§ 3280.806 Receptacle outlets. 

(a) * * * 

(2) Installed according to Article 406.3 

of NFPA 70 (incorporated by reference, 

see § 3280.4). 

* * * * * 

(d) * * * 

(8) At least one receptacle outlet shall 

be installed outdoors. Additional 

outdoor receptacles shall be installed in 

accordance with Article 210.52(E)(3) of 

NFPA 70 (incorporated by reference, see 

§ 3280.4), except those balconies, decks, 

or porches with an area of less than 20 

square feet are not required to have an 

additional receptacle installed. 

* * * * * 

■ 48. Amend § 3280.807 by revising 

paragraph (c) to read as follows: 

§ 3280.807 Fixtures and appliances. 

* * * * * 

(c) Where a lighting fixture is 

installed over a bathtub or in a shower 

stall, it must be listed for wet locations. 

See also Article 410.410(D) of NFPA 70 

(incorporated by reference, see 

§ 3280.4). 

* * * * * 

■ 49. Amend § 3280.808 by revising 

paragraphs (a), (k), (l), and (p) to read as 

follows: 

§ 3280.808 Wiring methods and materials. 

(a) Except as specifically permitted by 

this part, the wiring methods and 

materials specified in NFPA 70 

(incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4) 

must be used in manufactured homes. 

* * * * * 

(k) Where outdoor or under-chassis 

line voltage (120 volts, nominal or 

higher) wiring is exposed to moisture or 

subject to physical damage, it must be 

protected by a conduit or raceway 

approved for use in wet locations. The 

conductors must be suitable for use in 

wet locations. 

(l) Outlet boxes of dimensions less 

than those required in table 314.16(A) of 

NFPA 70 (incorporated by reference, see 

§ 3280.4), are permitted provided the 

box has been tested and approved for 

that purpose. 

* * * * * 

(p) A substantial brace for securing a 

box, fitting, or cabinet must be as 

described in Article 314.23(B) of NFPA 

70 (incorporated by reference, see 

§ 3280.4), or the brace, including the 

fastening mechanism to attach the brace 

to the home structure, must withstand a 

force of 50 lbs. applied to the brace at 

the intended point(s) of attachment for 

the box in a direction perpendicular to 

the surface on which the box is 

installed. 

* * * * * 

■ 50. Amend § 3280.810 by revising 

paragraph (b)(3) to read as follows: 

§ 3280.810 Electrical testing. 

* * * * * 

(b) * * * 

(3) Electrical polarity checks to 

determine that connections have been 

made in accordance with applicable 

provisions of these standards and 

Article 550.17 of NFPA 70 (incorporated 

by reference, see § 3280.4). Visual 

verification is an acceptable electrical 

polarity check. 

■ 51. Amend § 3280.811 by revising 

paragraph (b) introductory text to read 

as follows: 

§ 3280.811 Calculations. 

* * * * * 

(b) The following is an optional 

method of calculation for lighting and 

appliance loads for manufactured 

homes served by single 3-wire 120/240 

volt set of feeder conductors with an 

ampacity of 100 or greater. The total 

load for determining the feeder 

ampacity may be computed in 

accordance with the following table 

instead of the method previously 

specified. Feeder conductors whose 

demand load is determined by this 

optional calculation are permitted to 

have the neutral load determined by 

Article 220.61 of NFPA 70 (incorporated 

by reference, see § 3280.4). The loads 

identified in the table as ‘‘other load’’ 

and as ‘‘Remainder of other load’’ must 

include the following: 

* * * * * 

■ 52. Amend § 3280.1003 by revising 

paragraph (a)(1) to read as follows: 


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75758 Federal Register / Vol. 89, No. 179 / Monday, September 16, 2024 / Rules and Regulations 

§ 3280.1003 Attached manufactured home 

unit separation. 

(a) * * * 

(1) Attached manufactured homes 

shall be separated from each other by a 

fire separation wall of not less than 

1-hour fire-resistive rating with 

exposure from both sides on each 

attached manufactured home unit when 

rated based on tests in accordance with 

ASTM E119 (incorporated by reference, 

see § 3280.4). 

* * * * * 

PART 3282—MANUFACTURED HOME 

PROCEDURAL AND ENFORCEMENT 

REGULATIONS 

■ 53. The authority citation for part 

3282 continues to read as follows: 

Authority: 15 U.S.C. 2697, 28 U.S.C. 2461 

note, 42 U.S.C. 3535(d), 5403, and 5424. 

■ 54. Amend § 3282.7 by revising 

paragraphs (t) and (v) and removing 

paragraph (oo) to read as follows: 

§ 3282.7 Definitions. 

* * * * * 

(t) Length of manufactured home is 

defined in § 3280.2 of this chapter. 

* * * * * 

(v) Manufactured home is defined in 

§ 3280.2 of this chapter. 

* * * * * 

§ 3282.8 [Amended] 

■ 55. Amend § 3282.8 by removing 

paragraph (l). 

■ 56. Revise § 3282.552 to read as 

follows: 

§ 3282.552 Manufacturer reports for joint 

monitoring fees. 

The manufacturer must submit to the 

IPIA in each of its manufacturing plants, 

and to HUD or to the Secretary’s agent, 

a monthly production report that 

includes the serial numbers of each 

manufactured home manufactured and 

labeled at that plant during the 

preceding month. The report must also 

include the date of manufacture, State of 

first location of these manufactured 

homes after leaving the plant, type of 

unit, number of dwelling units, and any 

other information required under this 

part. For all homes to be completed 

pursuant to subpart M of this part, the 

production report must also include a 

brief description of the work to be 

completed on site. The State of first 

location is the State of the premises of 

the retailer or purchaser to whom the 

manufactured home is first shipped. 

The monthly report must be submitted 

by the 10th day of each month and 

contain information describing the 

manufacturer’s previous month’s 

activities. The manufacturer is 

encouraged to submit the report 

electronically, when feasible. 

PART 3285—MODEL MANUFACTURED 

HOME INSTALLATION STANDARDS 

■ 57. The authority citation for part 

3285 continues to read as follows: 

Authority: 42 U.S.C. 3535(d), 5403, 5404, 

and 5424. 

■ 58. Amend § 3285.5 by adding, in 

alphabetical order, definitions for ‘‘Peak 

cap assembly’’ and ‘‘Peak flip assembly’’ 

to read as follows: 

§ 3285.5 Definitions. 

* * * * * 

Peak cap assembly means any roof 

peak assembly that is either shipped 

loose or site completed and is site 

installed to finish the roof ridge/peak of 

a home. 

* * * * * 

Peak flip assembly means any roof 

peak assembly that requires the joining 

of two or more cut top chord members 

on site. The cut top chords must be 

joined at the factory by straps, hinges, 

or other means. 

* * * * * 

■ 59. Amend § 3285.503 by revising 

paragraph (b) to read as follows: 

§ 3285.503 Optional appliances. 

* * * * * 

(b) Fireplaces and wood-stoves. When 

not provided by the home manufacturer, 

fireplaces and wood-stoves must be 

listed for residential use and must be 

installed in accordance with their 

listings. 

* * * * * 

■ 60. Add § 3285.506 to subpart F to 

read as follows: 

§ 3285.506 Testing and certification for fire 

sprinkler systems. 

The installer shall ensure that a fire 

protection technician certifies and tests 

residential fire sprinkler systems on site 

in accordance with the home 

manufacturer’s instructions and as 

outlined in § 3280.214 of this chapter. 

The fire protection technician 

conducting the required testing should 

complete and Fire Sprinkler System 

Certificate so that a required listed 

minimum water supply is reported as 

available for the system. The installer 

will provide the testing requirements 

specified in § 3280.612(a) of this chapter 

and maintain a copy of the test report 

collected from the fire protection 

technician. 

■ 61. Amend § 3285.603 by revising 

paragraphs (d)(3) and (e)(1) to read as 

follows: 

§ 3285.603 Water supply. 

* * * * * 

(d) * * * 

(3) Only heat tape or pipe heating 

cable listed and certified for its intended 

purpose is permitted for use, and it 

must be installed in accordance with 

tape or cable manufacturer installation 

instructions. 

(e) * * * 

(1) The water system must be 

inspected and tested for leaks after 

completion at the site. The installation 

instructions must provide testing 

requirements that are in accordance 

with the piping manufacturer’s 

instructions. 

* * * * * 

■ 62. Amend § 3285.801 by revising 

paragraph (f)(2) to read as follows: 

§ 3285.801 Exterior close-up. 

* * * * * 

(f) * * * 

(2) In which the roof pitch of the 

hinged roof is less than 7:12, including 

designs incorporating peak cap or peak 

flip assembly components; and 

* * * * * 

PART 3286—MANUFACTURED HOME 

INSTALLATION PROGRAM 

■ 63. The authority citation for part 

3286 continues to read as follows: 

Authority: 42 U.S.C. 3535(d), 5404, and 

5424. 

■ 64. Revise § 3286.103 to read as 

follows: 

§ 3286.103 DAPIA-approved installation 

instructions. 

(a) Providing instructions to purchaser 

or lessee. (1) For each manufactured 

home sold or leased to a purchaser or 

lessee, the retailer must provide the 

purchaser or lessee with the 

manufacturer’s DAPIA-approved 

installation instructions for the home, a 

copy of which is shipped with the home 

in accordance with § 3285.2 of this 

chapter. 

(2) If the installation requires a design 

that is different from that provided by 

the manufacturer in paragraph (a)(1) of 

this section, the installation design and 

instructions must be prepared and 

certified by a professional engineer or 

registered architect, that have been 

approved by the manufacturer and the 

DAPIA as providing a level of protection 

for residents of the home that equals or 

exceeds the protection provided by the 

Federal installation standards in part 

3285 of this chapter. The retailer or 

manufacturer must provide the 

installation design and instructions to 

the purchaser or lessee. 


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Federal Register / Vol. 89, No. 179 / Monday, September 16, 2024 / Rules and Regulations 75759 

(b) Providing instructions to installer. 

When the retailer or manufacturer 

agrees to provide any set up in 

connection with the sale of the home, 

the retailer or manufacturer must 

provide to the licensed installer a copy 

of the approved installation instructions 

required in paragraph (a)(1) or (2) of this 

section or, as applicable, to each 

company or, in the case of sole 

proprietor, to each individual who 

performs setup or installation work on 

the home. 

■ 65. Amend § 3286.205 by revising 

paragraph (d) to read as follows: 

§ 3286.205 Prerequisites for installation 

license. 

* * * * * 

(d) Insurance and either a surety bond 

or irrevocable letter of credit. An 

applicant for an installation license 

must provide evidence of and must 

maintain, when available in the State of 

installation, insurance and either a 

surety bond or irrevocable letter of 

credit that will cover the cost of 

repairing all damage to the home and its 

supports caused by the installer during 

the installation up to and including 

replacement of the home. HUD may 

require the licensed installer to provide 

proof of the surety bond or insurance at 

any time. The licensed installer must 

notify HUD of any changes or 

cancellations with the insurance 

coverage, surety bond, or irrevocable 

letter of credit. 

■ 66. Amend § 3286.207 by revising 

paragraph (d) to read as follows: 

§ 3286.207 Process for obtaining 

installation license. 

* * * * * 

(d) Proof of insurance and either a 

surety bond or irrevocable letter of 

credit. Every applicant for an 

installation license must submit the 

name and proof of the applicant’s 

insurance carrier and the number of the 

policy, surety bond, or irrevocable letter 

of credit required in § 3286.205(d). 

* * * * * 

■ 67. Amend § 3286.209 by revising 

paragraph (b)(8)(vi) to read as follows: 

§ 3286.209 Denial, suspension, or 

revocation of installation license. 

* * * * * 

(b) * * * 

(8) * * * 

(vi) Failure to maintain the insurance 

and either a surety bond or irrevocable 

letter of credit, required by 

§ 3286.205(d). 

* * * * * 

■ 68. Amend § 3286.409 by revising 

paragraph (b) to read as follows: 

§ 3286.409 Obtaining inspection. 

* * * * * 

(b) Contract rights not affected. 

Failure to arrange for an inspection of a 

home within 10 business days will not 

affect the validity or enforceability of 

any sale or contract for the sale of any 

manufactured home. 

* * * * * 

Julia Gordon, 

Assistant Secretary for Housing—Federal 

Housing Commissioner. 

[FR Doc. 2024–20545 Filed 9–11–24; 8:45 am] 

BILLING CODE 4210–67–P 


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