NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION

File Name: 19a0143n.06

No. 18-3240

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

WILLIAM TOTTEN,

Defendant-Appellant.

ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED 

STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR 

THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF 

OHIO

BEFORE: CLAY and STRANCH, Circuit Judges; PEARSON, District Judge.

*

CLAY, Circuit Judge. Defendant William Totten pleaded guilty to Conspiracy to 

distribute more than five kilograms of cocaine in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(A)(ii), 

and 846, and Money Laundering in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1956(a)(1)(B)(i) and received a 125-

month sentence. On appeal, he claims that he is entitled to resentencing because he received 

ineffective assistance of counsel. For the reasons set forth below, we DISMISS Defendant’s 

appeal.

BACKGROUND

Defendant was the “supplier” in a drug trafficking organization, and in this role he was 

“responsible for dispersing kilogram quantities of cocaine to street level dealers.” (PSR ¶ 45.) An 

investigation revealed that Defendant “had been distributing ounce to kilogram size quantities of 

 

*The Honorable Benita Y. Pearson, United States District Judge for the Northern District 

of Ohio, sitting by designation.
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cocaine from 2010 to 2013 in the central Ohio area,” and was involved in distributing between 

15 and 50 kilograms of cocaine. (PSR ¶ 50.) Through confidential informants and surveillance, 

agents obtained sufficient evidence to obtain search warrants for two houses involved in the 

conspiracy, where they found significant amounts of cocaine, a firearm, cell phones, jewelry, 

digital scales, cash, and other indicia of drug trafficking. 

On January 16, 2014, Defendant, along with several codefendants, was indicted on ten 

counts related to the trafficking organization. Ultimately, Defendant pleaded guilty to two counts: 

Conspiracy to distribute more than five kilograms of cocaine in violation of 21 U.S.C. 

§§ 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(A)(ii), and 846, and Money Laundering in violation of 18 U.S.C. 

§ 1956(a)(1)(B)(i). The plea agreement into which Defendant entered on September 5, 2014 

recognized that the conspiracy charge carried with it a mandatory minimum term of ten years. The 

agreement made clear that “[D]efendant is aware that the Court has not yet determined a sentence,” 

that the court had authority to impose a sentence up to the statutory maximum, and that “any 

estimate of the probable sentencing range . . . that the defendant may have received from the 

defendant’s counsel, the United States, or the probation office, is a prediction, not a promise.” 

(R. 130, Plea Agreement, Page ID# 353.) The agreement also noted that the government could 

move the court for an appropriate departure that would have allowed the court to sentence 

Defendant below the statutory mandatory minimum.

Throughout these proceedings, Defendant was represented by retained counsel, Joseph D. 

Reed. Reed moved for a continuance three times between March 7, 2014 and June 4, 2014, and 

each time the government joined the motion. 

At an August 12, 2014 scheduling conference, the district court noted that Reed “can be a 

little difficult to get ahold of at times because [he’s] so busy” but noted that Reed was “well-
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regarded here.” (R. 222, 8/12/2014 Status Conf. Tr., Page ID# 706–07.) The plea hearing was 

scheduled for September 3. Reed was not present at the time scheduled for the sentencing hearing 

because, due to a “problem with [his] calendar,” he believed the hearing was scheduled for the 

following week. (R. 229, 9/3/2014 Proceeding, Page ID# 816.) When the court telephoned Reed, 

he came directly to the courtroom, arriving roughly twenty minutes after the hearing had been

scheduled to begin. Defendant stated that he had not seen Reed since the August 12 scheduling 

conference. Reed told the court that he and the government were still working out details of the 

plea agreement relating to property involved in the case. The plea hearing was rescheduled for 

September 5, 2014, and on that date Defendant entered into the plea agreement. 

After moving for and receiving a fourth continuance, Reed filed a sentencing memorandum 

on February 3, 2015 seeking “[a] sentence in the same range as those of his Co-Defendants.” 

(R. 171, Defendant’s Sentencing Memo., Page ID# 511.) The government responded that 

Defendant should not receive a similar sentence because, among other reasons, Defendant had not

“cooperated truthfully with the government early in [the] prosecution” like his codefendants had. 

(R. 172, Gov’t Sentencing Memo., Page ID# 516.) 

At the sentencing hearing on February 4, 2015, Defendant stated that he was not ready to 

proceed because he wished to retain a different lawyer. Defendant felt “that Mr. Reed didn’t do 

his job to satisfaction,” citing Reed’s failure to appear on time at the September 3, 2014 hearing; 

Reed’s failure to meet with Defendant since September 2014 (an allegation that Reed disputed); 

Reed’s failure to provide Defendant with his Presentence Investigation Report (“PSR”) until 

January 20, 2015; and Reed’s failure to complete the sentencing memorandum until the day before 

the sentencing hearing. (R. 225, 2/4/2015 Sentencing Tr., Page ID# 745–46.) 
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Reed was replaced by Kevin Conners. At a status conference on February 8, 2017, Conners 

noted that Defendant’s “initial plea was essentially uncounseled,” that “there are a number of 

things that happened [and] didn’t happen where I think Mr. Totten could have benefited 

substantially, whether with assistance from the government or otherwise, in his plea that just didn’t 

happen [because Reed] just did not take those efforts.” (R. 226, 2/8/2017 Status Conf. Tr., Page 

ID# 762.) Conners raised the fact that the other defendants in the case had received “dramatically 

lower sentences” than the sentence contemplated by the PSR for Defendant. (Id., Page ID# 763.) 

The government reiterated that during the summer 2014 interview, Defendant did not tell the truth 

to the government and that it “was way late in the game as it was” when Defendant spoke to the 

government compared to the other defendants in the case. (Id., Page ID# 766.) The conference 

ended with the court allowing Conners thirty days to file any motions he wanted to file. Conners 

did not file any motions.

On March 8, 2018, a sentencing hearing was held, and the district court imposed a 125-

month sentence. 

DISCUSSION

Defendant argues that Reed rendered ineffective assistance of counsel resulting in 

prejudice to Defendant. Defendant believes that “because the prejudice in his case resulted in 

application of the mandatory minimum, the appropriate remedy is to not apply the mandatory 

minimum and allow the trial court to weigh an appropriate sentence without that limitation.” 

(Appellant’s Br. 17.)

Preservation of the Issue & Standard of Review

The government and Defendant disagree about whether this issue was preserved for appeal. 

Defendant argues that he preserved the issue of whether Reed provided ineffective assistance of 
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counsel but admits that he did not preserve the issue of what remedy is proper. The government 

argues that Defendant did not preserve the ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim, which is being 

raised for the first time on appeal. The government is correct. 

Conners raised some issues relating to Reed’s performance at the February 8, 2017 status 

conference; however, he did not file a motion in connection with these statements (as the court 

allowed him thirty days to do) or even note a formal objection. Conners’ statements alone are 

insufficient to preserve the issue on appeal. This Court “ha[s] held that litigants may preserve an 

argument in the district court by ‘rais[ing]’ it for the first time at a hearing, even when they 

neglected to make the argument in a pre-hearing filing.” United States v. Huntington Nat’l Bank, 

574 F.3d 329, 332 (6th Cir. 2009) (second alteration in original) (quoting United States v. 

Buckingham, 433 F.3d 508, 512 (6th Cir. 2006)). This Court has elaborated on what it means to 

“raise” an issue:

At a minimum, a litigant must state the issue with sufficient clarity to give the court 

and opposing parties notice that it is asserting the issue. Yet notice by itself does 

not suffice. Otherwise, a litigant could preserve an issue merely by summarily 

mentioning it, and we know that conclusory allegations and perfunctory statements, 

unaccompanied by citations or some effort at legal argument, do not meet this 

standard.

Id. (citations omitted). 

In this case, Defendant at most summarily mentioned the issue. Defendant’s statements at 

the status conference were unaccompanied by citations, contained no real effort at legal argument, 

and did not once mention the phrase “ineffective assistance of counsel.” See Bldg. Serv. Local 47 

Cleaning Contractors Pension Plan v. Grandview Raceway, 46 F.3d 1392, 1399 (6th Cir. 1995)

(“[V]ague references fail to clearly present [an] objection in the district court so as to preserve the 

issue for appellate review.”). The district court gave Defendant thirty days to submit any motions 

he might want to file, and he chose not to file any. It is not clear that the government was on notice 
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as to a potential ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim, and the issue was certainly never before 

the district court to decide. Because Defendant did not in any way develop these arguments with 

factual or legal arguments (despite an invitation to do so by the court), this argument was not 

preserved for appeal. See Tele-Commc’ns, Inc. v. Comm’r of Internal Revenue, 104 F.3d 1229, 

1233 (10th Cir. 1997) (“Propounding new arguments on appeal in an attempt to prompt us to 

reverse the trial court undermines important judicial values. . . . [W]e should not be considered a 

‘second-shot’ forum . . . where secondary, back-up theories may be mounted for the first time.”).

Because this argument was not raised below, this Court reviews for plain error. United 

States v. Dedman, 527 F.3d 577, 591 (6th Cir. 2008) (“While constitutional challenges are typically 

reviewed de novo, when the argument was not raised at the district court ‘Sixth Circuit precedent 

requires application of the plain error standard.’” (quoting United States v. Barton, 455 F.3d 649, 

652 (6th Cir. 2006))).

Analysis

An ineffective assistance of counsel claim requires a defendant to show that his counsel’s 

performance was deficient and that the defendant was prejudiced as a result of the deficient 

performance. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984). Deficient performance means 

conduct that “fell below an objective standard of reasonableness,” and there is a “strong 

presumption that counsel’s conduct falls within the wide range of reasonable professional 

assistance.” Id. at 688–89. “To demonstrate deficient performance, a petitioner must ‘show[] that 

counsel made errors so serious that counsel was not functioning as the “counsel” guaranteed the

defendant by the Sixth Amendment.’” Leonard v. Warden, Ohio State Penitentiary, 846 F.3d 832, 

843–44 (6th Cir. 2017) (alteration in original) (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687). 
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The government argues that because this claim is being raised for the first time on appeal, 

this Court should not review it at all. This Court has explained:

Ineffective assistance claims are more properly raised in a post-conviction 

proceeding brought pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255, where the record regarding 

counsel’s performance can be developed in more detail. This Court typically will 

not review a claim of ineffective assistance on direct appeal except in rare cases 

where the error is apparent from the existing record. 

United States v. Lopez–Medina, 461 F.3d 724, 737 (6th Cir. 2006) (citations omitted). This Court 

considers what record evidence is available to explain why defense counsel made the decisions 

that were allegedly deficient performance. See id.; United States v. Gardner, 417 F.3d 541, 545 

(6th Cir. 2005) (“The record contains no evidence regarding what advice, if any, [defendant’s] 

counsel provided with regard to the potential drug-quantity enhancement.”). 

In this case, the evidence of record concerning Reed’s performance is limited, and more 

evidence is needed to decide whether Reed was ineffective. 

Defendant argues that Reed was deficient because he did not adequately prepare Defendant 

for the interview with the government that occurred in the summer of 2014. However, there is no

record evidence to back up these assertions. Reed never testified as to how he prepared Defendant 

for the session and why he made the choices he did. Defendant himself never described the 

preparation he received, if any. It is true that the government stated that “Reed probably did not 

spend the time with Mr. Totten that he should have in getting him ready for [the interview],” (R. 

226, 2/8/2017 Status Conf. Tr., Page ID# 766), but this speculation by the government does not 

make it “apparent from the existing record” that Reed was ineffective. Lopez–Medina, 461 F.3d 

at 737. More information is needed to assess Defendant’s claim. 

Defendant also points to Reed’s admission that certain of Defendant’s complaints about 

him were correct. However, it is not clear from the record what Reed was admitting, and it was 
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not clear that the alleged deficiencies constitute ineffective assistance of counsel. At the February 

4, 2015 sentencing hearing, Defendant stated that he did not receive his PSR until January 20, 

2015; that Reed had not completed the sentencing memorandum until the day before the sentencing 

hearing; and that he had not seen Reed since September 2014. Although Reed said that “Mr. 

Totten’s complaints are correct” and admitted that he had “neglected to spend sufficient time with 

[Defendant],” (R. 225, 2/4/2015 Sentencing Tr., Page ID# 746), it is not clear whether Reed was 

admitting to each specific allegation Defendant made against him or whether he agreed only with 

the general sentiment that he could have spent more time with Defendant. This is not an admission 

that Reed had provided ineffective assistance of counsel, as Defendant argues. 

Nothing in the record explains why Defendant did not get the PSR (which was prepared in 

late September) until January,1 nor why Reed filed the sentencing memorandum when he did. As 

to Defendant’s conceptually similar argument about Reed’s failure to furnish him with copies of 

evidence obtained during discovery, the record does not explain what that evidence was, why it 

was important to Defendant’s case, or why Reed failed to provide it. Without knowing why Reed 

did what he did, it is not possible to decide whether or not Reed was ineffective. See LopezMedina, 461 F.3d at 737 (“The record contains no evidence regarding why, for example, defense 

counsel chose not to file any additional motions beyond his initial motion to suppress or why he 

chose not to challenge the agents as experts on matters pertaining to narcotics trade.”). 

It is true that Reed was late to the September 3, 2014 proceeding and attributed this to a 

calendar problem that led him to believe the proceeding was scheduled for the following week. 

Based on the record before this Court, Reed’s arriving twenty minutes late to one hearing is not

 

1 At one point, Reed vaguely attributed this to “an error” on his part, but it is not clear what 

the nature of this error was.
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by itself the sort of error that is “so serious that counsel was not functioning as the ‘counsel’

guaranteed the defendant by the Sixth Amendment.” Leonard, 846 F.3d at 843–44 (quoting 

Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687). 

Finally, while Defendant stated that he had not seen Reed in several months, Reed said

during the same hearing that he had seen Defendant “in the last two weeks about five or six times 

to go over the presentence report and discuss his objections to them.” (R. 225, 2/4/2015 Sentencing 

Tr., Page ID# 746.) There is thus a factual dispute as to how frequently Defendant and Reed were 

meeting in the weeks before the sentencing hearing. These sorts of disputes are better decided in 

the first instance by the district court on post-conviction review. If this Court believes Reed about 

how frequently he met with Defendant, it is far from apparent from the existing record that Reed 

was ineffective, given the “strong presumption that counsel’s conduct falls within the wide range 

of reasonable professional assistance.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689. 

None of this is to suggest that we believe that Reed was effective as counsel. There remain 

significant questions as to Reed’s performance. However, because this is not the “rare case[]

where the error is apparent from the existing record,” Lopez–Medina, 461 F.3d at 737, these 

questions should be dealt with in the first instance by a district court after the submission of 

evidence. Defendant will be able to fully litigate this issue in the more suitable context of a postconviction proceeding brought pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255. Thus, we decline to review 

Defendant’s ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim, as it is not ripe for review.

For the reasons stated above, we DISMISS Defendant’s appeal.