## Importation of Unshu Orange Fruit, Citrus reticulata Blanco var.

unshu Swingle, from Korea into the Continental United States

A Qualitative, Pathway

- Initiated Risk Analysis

December 23 , 2009

Rev. 003

Agency Contact: Plant Epide miology and Risk Analysis Laboratory Center for Plant Health Science and Technology

United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine 1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300 Raleigh, NC 27606Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange s from Korea



### R ev. 003 December 23, 2009 ii 

## Execut ive Summary

This risk assessment was initially prepared by the staff at the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ),
Center for Plant Health Science and Tech nology (CPHST), Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis laboratory (PERAL) for Cheju Island of the Republic of Korea for the importation of Unshu orange,
Citrus reticulata Blanco var. unshu Swingle , into Alaska in 2006. Here, we examined the risks associated with the importation of fresh Unshu orange fruit from Cheju Island of the Republic of Korea into the
continental United States

. This update incorporates important new research, experience, and other
evidence. We analyzed pests using the methodology describ ed in our pest risk assessments guidelines, examining pest biology related to the Likelihood and Consequences of Introduction.



### We identified Elsinoë australis and Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri as quarantine pests likely to follow the pathway. These pests pose a phytosanitary risk to U.S. agriculture. We gave both a
Pest Risk Potential of Medium

.

Specific phytosanitary measures may be necessary for pests rated Medium, as port

- of

- entry inspection might not provide phytosanitary security. We provided risk m itigation options for the quarantine pests of concern. Although APHIS has already approved several quarantine treatments for this pest on other commodities, no single approved treatment for these pests exist for Unshu orange from Korea.Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange s from Korea



### R ev. 003 December 23, 2009 iii 

## Table of Contents

Executive Summary

................................ ................................ ................................ ...................... ii

1. Introduction

................................ ................................ ................................ ............................... 1 1.1. Background

................................ ................................ ................................ ...................... 1
1.2. Standard Post

- Harvest Processing Measures

................................ ................................ ... 1

2. Risk Assessment

................................ ................................ ................................ ........................ 2 2.1. Initiating Event: Proposed Action

................................ ................................ .................... 2
2.2. Assessment of Weediness Potential

................................ ................................ ................. 2 2.3. Decision History, Previous Risk Assessments, Current Status and Pest I nterceptions

... 2 2.4. Pest Categorization: Identification of Quarantine Pests and Quarantine Pests Likely to Follow the Pathway

................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 5 2.5. Q uarantine Pests Likely to Follow the Pathway

................................ ............................ 33 2.6. Consequences of Introduction

................................ ................................ ........................ 35
2.7. Likelihood of Introduction

................................ ................................ ............................. 39
2.8. Pest Risk Potential / Conclusion

................................ ................................ .................... 44
3. Risk Management Options

................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 44
3.1. Measures fo r Pest Risk Reduction

................................ ................................ ................. 44 3.2. Phytosanitary Options

................................ ................................ ................................ .... 45

4. Contributors & Reviewers

................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 47

5. References

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ 48
6. Appendices

................................ ................................ ................................ ............................... 57 Appendix A. Pests Intercepted on Citrus spp. and C. reticulata from Korea

....................... 57Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange s from Korea



### R ev. 003 December 23, 2009 1 

## 1. Introduction

1.1. Background

We examined the risks associated with the importation of Unshu orange, Citrus reticulata Blanco var.
unshu Swingle, from Cheju Island of the Republic of Korea into the entire continental United Stat es

. We updated a risk assessment prepared in 2006 by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), Plant Protection and Quarantine Program (PPQ), Center for Plant Health Science and Technology (CPHS T), Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory (PERAL) for the importation of Korea Unshu orange into Alaska (PERAL, 2006). We used the previous assessment as a baseline for pest listing and incorporated new evidence gained over the past two years. Th e pest list has been substantially updated. In this analysis, we express risk ratings as High, Medium, and Low, rather than in numerical terms, such as probabilities or frequencies. The details of the methodology and rating criteria can be found in Guideli nes for Pathway

- Initiated Pest Risk Assessments,
Version 5.02 (PPQ, 2000).

International plant protection organizations such as the North American Plant Protection Organization (NAPPO) and the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) provide stan dards for conducting pest risk analyses. The methods used to initiate, conduct, and report this assessment, as well as the use of biological and phytosanitary terms, are based on these standards (IPPC, 2007) . The IPPC standards describe three stages of pes t risk analysis: Stage 1, Initiation; Stage 2, Risk Assessment; and Stage 3, Risk Management. This document satisfies the requirements of Stages 1 and 2, and provides mitigation options for Stage 3.



### 1.2. Standard Post

- Harvest Processing Measures

The curr ent regulations governing Korean Unshu oranges contain two parts that describe specific practices designed to remove pests from the pathway (7 CFR § 319.28, 2008). Currently, Unshu oranges are produced on Cheju Island of the Republic of Korea; we did not a ssess the pest risk posed by Unshu oranges produced elsewhere in Korea.

First, the protocol requires culling diseased or damaged fruit, and cleaning fruit with ―high

- pressure air or water spray in combination with brushing.‖

Second, mandatory inspection is directed at the armored scale, Unaspis yanonensis , and the pathogen
Xanthomonas citri subsp. c itri , citrus canker . Each shipment must be accompanied by a phytosanitary certificate stating that ―These oranges were inspected and are considered to be free from citrus canker ( Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri ) and arrowhead scale ( Unaspis yanonensis ).‖

In addition, Korea has indicated (NPQS, 2008) that in the packinghouse, fruit will be washed in detergent, and in disinfectant with one of the following: 200 pp m chlorine (Cl) (2 minutes), sodium orthophenylphenate (SOPP) (1 minute), or 85ppm peroxy acid (1 minute). Finally, the fruit is dried and
waxed.Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange s from Korea



### R ev. 003 December 23, 2009 2 

## 2. Risk Assessment

2.1. Initiating Event: Proposed Action

In this commodity

- based, pathway

- initiated risk assessment we evaluate the pest risks associated with the commercial importation of fresh Unshu orange fruit from Cheju Island of the Republic of Korea into the continental United States. In 1994, PPQ assessed the risks posed by the proposed importation o f fresh Unshu orange fruit from the Cheju Island production area of the Republic of Korea. After that review, the USDA approved the entry of fruit that met the requirements of 7 CFR § 319.28 (2009). Commercial shipments began in 1995. The U.S. market
for U nshu oranges is small (around $1

- 2 million annually ).

During the Korean Unshu orange pre

- clearance inspections of November 2002, APHIS Preclearance Officers intercepted Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri Vauterin et al . [or Xanthomonas campestris pv. citri Dye, now Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri ], the causal organism of citrus canker, several times at various packinghouses in Korea. Each interception came from fruit that originated from different approved export groves. Due to these interceptions,
monitorin g activities were increased at the U.S. ports

- of

- entry. This increased monitoring resulted in the detection of two additional groves infected with citrus canker.

In an effort to take the least trade restrictive action, a statistically based sampling regim e was implemented at the U.S. ports

- of

- entry as an emergency measure. When this measure was implemented, it was believed that the X. citri subsp. citri detections represented an isolated problem. Since the implementation of this inspection regime, infected fruit from at least two additional groves were intercepted. The national plant protection organization (NPPO) of Korea conducted investigations and concluded that some groves may have applied pest control
treatments for citrus canker too late in the seaso n. The NPPO also acknowledged that some packinghouses commingled fruit for export with fruit from non

- approved groves. It became apparent that serious problems existed in the management of this program. Effective December 10, 2002, APHIS suspended the impo rt of Unshu oranges from Korea.

2.2. Assessment of Weediness Potential

Below we examine the potential of Unshu orange to become a weed after entering the United States (Table 1). If the assessment indicates significant weed potential, then a ―pest init iated‖ risk assessment is considered. The weediness screening for Unshu orange did not prompt a pest

initiated risk assessment.

2.3. Decision History, Previous Risk Assessments, Current Status and Pest Interceptions

2.3.1. Decision History
Several countr ies have requested exports of Citrus aurantium L

. (sour orange), C. aurantifolia Swingle (key lime), C. limetta Risso (bitter orange), and C. limon L. Burm (lemons) to the United States (Table 2; CPHST , 2009). Prior to 1932, six countries

— Bermuda, Chile, F rench Guyana, Italy, Liberia, and Turkey

— were approved. Since then, requests for exportation of
these Citrus species have been denied shipment for various reasons. In 1995, the United StatesPest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange s from Korea



### R ev. 003 December 23, 2009 3 accepted Unshu oranges from Japan into all states except Arizona , California, Florida, Louisiana,
and Texas.

In 1994, the USDA approved entry of Korean Unshu oranges produced only in Cheju island to any state in the United States. This was revoked in 2002 due to interceptions of citrus canker. In 2007, Korea Unshu ora nges were again allowed in, but only to Alaska.

Table 1. The weediness potential of Citrus reticulata

. Plant Species: Citrus reticulata Blanco var. unshu Swingle (Rutaceae) Synonyms: Citrus nobilis Swingle (USDA

- ARS, 2009) Common names: Mandarin, tangeri ne, mikan, pokan

Phase 1: Distribution in the United States

It has been introduced into Hawaii, where it is in limited production. (NRCS, 2007). It is grown in Arizona, California, and Florida (NASS, 2007; NRCS, 2007).

Phase 2: Is the genus or species or subspecies or variety listed as a weed in:

No Geographical Atlas of World Weeds (Holm et al., 1979) or World Weeds: Natural Histories

and Distribution (Holm et al., 1997)

No World‘s Worst Weeds (Holm et al., 1977)

No Report of the Technical Committee to Evaluate Noxious Weeds, Exotic Weeds for Federal

Noxious Weed Act (Gunn and Ritchie, 1982).

No Economically Important Foreign Weeds (Reed, 1977)

No Weed Science Society of America‘s Weed list (WSSA, 2007)

Yes Is there any reference in the scientific literature indicating potential weediness ( e.g. ,

AGRICOLA

, CAB

, Biological Abstracts

, AGRIS ; Internet search")? Randall (2002) listed the species with the following status: C. reticulata : weed, naturalized, garden escape, cultivation escape, casual alien (Randall, 2002; NRCS, 2007 ).

Phase 3: Conclusion: Various species of Citrus , including C. sinensis

, C. x paradisi, C. limon, and C.

reticulata , are grown throughout the United States. Citrus reticulata Blanco is prevalent in the
United States and there is no indication of weediness; therefore, the pathway risk assessment proceeds.



### Table 2 . Prior decisions made by the United States about requests to import Citrus spp.
Year Country Citrus spp. Decision Reason/Conditions

1932 Curacoa C. aurantium Denied No acceptable treatment available

1949 Turkey C. limon Approved North Atlantic/not in citrus

- growing states

1951 Liberia C. aurantifolia Approved

1961 Japan C. aurantifolia Denied No acceptable treatment available

1961 Japan Citrus limon Denied No acceptable treatment available

1962 Chile C. aurantifolia Denied No acceptable treatment available

1962 Chile Citrus limon Denied No acceptable treatment available

1971 Ceylon C. aurantifolia Denied No acceptable treatment available

1971 Chile C. limo n Denied No acceptable treatment available

1971 Australia C. limon Denied No treatment available

1977 Niue Island C. aurantifolia Denied Exotic fruit flies attacking limes

1977 Bermuda C. limon Approved Inspection and treatment if warrantedPest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange s from Korea



### R ev. 003 December 23, 2009 4 Year Country Citrus spp. Decision Reason/Conditions

1982 Chi le C. limon Approved Inspection and fumigation [T101 (a)]

1984 Turkey C. limon Approved Inspection and treatment if warranted

1988 Solomon Island C. aurantifolia Denied No acceptable treatment available

1988 Jordan C. aurantifolia Denied No acceptable treatment available

1988 Jordan C. limon Denied No treatment available

1988 Mexico C. limettioides Denied No acceptable treatment

1988 Jordan C. limettioides Denied No acceptable treatment

1989 Bermuda C. aurantifolia Approved Inspection and treatmen t

1989 Bermuda C. aurantium Approved All ports

1989 Bermuda C. limon Approved Inspection and treatment if warranted

1990 Cook Island C. aurantifolia Denied No acceptable treatment for Dacus melanotus

1990 Sierra Leone C. aurantium Denied No approved t reatment

1991 Mexico C. aurantifolia Approved Subject to inspection

1992 Chile C. aurantifolia Approved Subject to treatment T101 (a) at 50°C

1994 French Guyana C. aurantifolia Denied PPQ lacks approved treatment for Bactrocera tryoni Italy C. auran tium Approved All ports French Guyana C. limon Approved

1994 Korea C. reticulata Approved All ports

1995 Japan C. reticulata Approved Enterable into all states except Arizona, California, Florida, Louisiana, and Texas

2001 Argentina C. limon Appro ved Enterable into all states except Arizona, California, Florida, Louisiana, and Texas

2007 Korea C. reticulata Approved Alaska

2008 Japan C. reticulata Approved Enterable into all states except Arizona, California, Florida, Louisiana, and Texas



### 2.3.2. Previous Risk Assessments In 1994, the USDA approved entry of Unshu oranges

— Citrus reticulata Blanco var. unshu

, Swingle

— also known as Satsuma mandarin, grown in the Republic of Korea. They were subject to the safeguards outlined in 7 CFR §319.28 (b), and could enter any area of the United States except Arizona, California, Florida, Louisiana, Texas, American Samoa, Puerto Rico, Northern Mariana Islands, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. The 1994 assessment stated, ―Permit entry of clean fruit subject t o preclearance inspection and the safeguards [specified in an operational work plan].‖ Subsequent site visits by PPQ officials did not detect G. citricarpa on Cheju Island.

In 1995, USDA also approved entry of Unshu oranges from Japan into all States in the continental United States except A rizona, California, Florida, Louisiana, and Texas (these States are hereby defined as the
citrus

- producing States) ( PPQ, 1995 ) (Fig. 1). The quarantine pests that could follow the unshu fruit pathway were Bactrocera ts uneonis Miyake, Candidatus ―Liberobacter asiaticum,‖ Diaphorina citri Kuway, Eotetranychus kankitus Ehara, Eotetranychus asiaticus Ebara, Parlatoria cinerea Hadden,
Planococcus lilacinus (Cockerell), P. kraunhiae Kuwana, Pseudococcus cryptus Hempl., Tetran ychus kanzawai Kishida, Toxoptera citricida Kirkaldy, Unaspis yanonensis Kuwana, and Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri

.Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange s from Korea



### R ev. 003 December 23, 2009 5 The mitigation options recommended in the 1995 risk assessment for unshu oranges were: 1. Presented a work plan with mandatory treatments (methyl bromide) for microarthropods and with options for Bactrocera tsueonis which include: a) mandatory treatment (methyl bromide), b) fruit fly free zone (by definition 319.562(f)), and c) systems approach. 2. Biometric sampling. 3. Full precleara nce at origin. 4. Optional treatments such as oil soapy water dips.

5. Port

- of

- entry inspection.

Figure 1 . Citrus production in the continental United States [Source: NAPPFAST generated plant hardiness zone using climate data from 1997

- 2006 ].



### 2.3.3 . Current Status and Pest Interceptions Pest interceptions on citrus (Citrus spp., C. reticulata, C. unshu, and C. sinensis ) from the Republic of Korea from January 1985 to May 2009 are listed in Appendix A. During this time, inspectors intercepted

quaran tine pests 6,729 times on Citrus spp. from Korea ( PestID , 2009). These include 682 interceptions of citrus canker ( Xanthomonas citri subsp. Citri ); 389 interceptions of Guignardia citricarpa Kiely (Loculoascomycetes: Dothideales); 815 interceptions of Parl atoria ziziphi Lucas (Hemi ptera: Pseudococcidae); and 2,126 interceptions of Unaspis yanonensis Kuwana (Homoptera: Diaspididae) ( PestID , 2009).



### 2.4. Pest Categorization: Identification of Quarantine Pests and Quarantine Pests Likely to Follow the Pathway

Below we list the pests associated with Citrus spp. (in any country) that occur in Korea on any host (Table 3). We identify 1) the pest‘s scientific name, 2) the presence of pests in Korea and in the United States, 3) the reference(s) that report the pest on the host, 4) the quarantine status of the pest in the United States, 5) the generally affected plant part or parts, and 6) if the pest is likely to follow the pathway. Each pest report has the pertinent citation for the distribution, record on the host , and plant part association. Scientific names in bold text are currently accepted.Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange s from Korea



### R ev. 003 December 23, 2009 6 Many organisms are phytosanitary risks but they do not satisfy the definition of a quarantine pest. A quarantine pest is defined as ―a pest of potential economic importanc e to the area endangered thereby and not yet present there, or present but not widely distributed and being officially controlled‖ (IPPC, 2007). When ―Yes‖ appears in brackets in the Quarantine Pest column, it, indicates that the pest has a limited

distrib ution in the United States.

Even if non

- quarantine pests are able to follow the pathway, phytosanitary measures against these pests would not be justified considering the pest already occurs in the continental United States. Therefore, information on plan t part association and whether the pest is likely to follow the pathway is not needed
for non

- quarantine pests. For non

- quarantine pests in Table 3, we put N/A (Not Applicable) in the columns for ―Plant part(s) affected‖ and ―Follow pathway.‖

Pest risk a nalyses must focus on organisms for which biological information is available. Lack of specific information or identification to the specific level does not indicate that a pest is not a phytosanitary risk to U.S. agriculture. It may reflect the poor quali ty of the specimen or the limits of current taxonomic identification. If pests identified to higher taxa are intercepted in the future, APHIS may take action at the
port

- of

- entry and we may reevaluate their risk.

Table 3. Pests reported on Citrus reticu lata (Unshu orange) in any country and present in Korea on any host. Pests highlighted in gray were selected for further analysis.

Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Reported on
Unshu Quaran

tine pest 2 Plant part(s)

affected 3 Follow

pathway 2

ARTHROPODA Acari: Eriophyidae Aculops pelekassi (Keifer) KR (CABI, 2007), US (Villanueva and Childers, 2007) CABI, 2007 ; Lee

et al., 1992 No N/A N/A

Acari: Tarsonemidae Polyphagotarsonemus
latus Banks KR, US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007; No N/A N/A

Ta rsonemus sp. KR (PestID, 2009) PestID, 2009 Yes F (PestID, 2009) Yes Acari: Tenuipalpidae Brevipalpus obovatus
Donnadieu KR (Anonymous, 1986b), US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Acari: Tetranychidae Bryobia praetiosa Koch KR, US (Migeon and Dorkeld, 2009) Migeon and

Dorkeld, 2009 No N/A N/A

1 KR = Korea, US = United States, AL = Alabama, CA = C alifornia, FL = Florida, HI = Hawaii, IA = Iowa, LA = Louisiana, MS = Mississippi, TX = Texas, WA = Washington. Individual U.S. states are listed only if the pest species is considered a quarantine pest for the United States.

2 F or non

- quarantine pests , we used N/A (Not Applica ble) in the columns for ―Plant p art(s) affected‖ and ―Follow p athway.‖

3 Plant Parts:

, F = Fruit, I = Inflorescence /Flower

, L = Leaf or foliage , R = Root, Sd = Seed ; S = Shoot or Stem, , Tr = Trunk, and WP = Whole plant.Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange s from Korea



### R ev. 003 December 23, 2009 7 Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Reported on
Unshu Quaran

tine pest 2 Plant part(s)

affected 3 Follow

pathway 2

Bryobia rubrioculus
Scheuten KR, US (Migeon and Dorkeld, 2009) Migeon and

Dorkeld, 2009 No N/A N/A

Eotetranychus
sexmaculatus (Riley) KR (Migeon and Dorkeld, 2009), US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007;

Migeon and Dorkeld, 2009 No N/A N/A

Panonychus citri McGregor KR, US (CABI, 2007; Migeon and Dorkeld, 2009) CABI, 2007;

Migeon and Dorkeld, 2009 No N/A N/A

Panonychus elongatus

Manson KR (Migeon and Dorkeld, 2009) Migeon and

Dorkeld, 2009 Yes F, L, S ( CABI,
20 07) 4 No 5

Panonychus ulmi (Koch) KR, US ( CABI, 2007; Migeon and Dorkeld, 2009) CABI, 2007;

Migeon and Dorkeld, 2009 No N/A N/A

Petrobia harti Ewing KR, US (Migeon and Dorkeld, 2009) Migeon and

Dorkeld, 2009 No N/A N/A

Petrobia latens Müller KR, US (Migeo n and Dorkeld, 2009) Migeon and

Dorkeld, 2009 No N/A N/A

Tetranychus kanzawai
Kishida (Syn: T. hydrangea ) KR, US (Migeon and Dorkeld, 2009) Migeon and

Dorkeld, 2009; No N/A N/A

Tetranychus urticae (Koch) (Syn:
T.cinnabarinus ) KR, US ( CABI, 2007) CABI, 2 007; Lee

et al., 1992 No N/A N/A

Coleoptera: Anthribidae Araecerus fasciculatus DeGeer (Syn: A. coffeae ) KR, US ( CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007; No N/A N/A

Coleoptera: Buprestidae Chalcophora japonica (Gory) KR (Anonymous, 1994; Lee et al., 1992) Lee et al., 1992 Yes S/Tr (Hill, 2002) No

Chrysochroa fulgidissima
Schonherr KR (Anonymous, 1990) Anonymous, 1990 Yes S/Tr (Hill, 2002) No

Coleoptera: Cantharidae

Athemus suturellus Motschulsky KR (Anonymous, 1990) Anonymous, 1990 Yes I (Gillott, 1995) No

4 Panonychus elongatus is commonly misidentified as P. citri (Manson, 1968). We found l imited information on plant part

association for P. elongatus . We assume that P. elongatus will affect hosts similarly to P. citri

. 5 Panonychus elongatus is an external feeder that is likely to be removed from the commodity during standard post

- harvest procedures and washing of the fruit. Panonychus sp. has been intercepted only one time on permitted fruit from Mexico (1987) (PestID, 2009).Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange s from Korea



### R ev. 003 December 23, 2009 8 Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Reported on
Unshu Quaran

tine pest 2 Plant part(s)

affected 3 Follow

pathway 2

Coleopt era: Cerambycidae Anoplophora chinensis (Forster) KR(CABI, 2007), US (eradicated) (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 Yes L, R, S (CABI, 2007) No

Anoplophora macularia (Thomson) KR (FFTC, 2003) FFTC, 2003 Yes S/Tr (FFTC, 2003) No

Anoplophora malasiaca (Thomson) KR (EPPO, n.d.

- a; Lee et al., 1992) EPPO, n.d.

- a; Lee

et al., 1992 Yes L, S/Tr (EPPO,
n.d.

- a) No

Apriona germari Hope KR (Anonymous, 1994) Anonymous, 1990 Yes S/Tr (Hill, 1987) No

Chlorophorus annularis (Fabricius) KR, US (HI) (CABI, 2007) Anonymous,

1990; CABI, 2007 Yes S (CABI, 2007) No

Mesosa myops (Dalman) KR (Anonymous, 1994) Anonymous, 1990 Yes S/Tr (Duffy, 1960) No

Pterolophia jugosa (Bates) KR (Anonymous, 1994) Anonymous, 1990 Yes I, L, S/Tr (Gillott, 1995) No

Pterolophia zonata Bates KR (Anonym ous, 1990; Anonymous, 1997) Anonymous, 1990 Yes I, L, S/Tr (Gillott, 1995) No

Trichoferus campestris
Faldermann KR (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 Yes R, S CABI, 2007 No

Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae Aulacophora femoralis (Motschulsky) (Syn: Rhaphidopalpa femoralis ) KR (Anonymous, 1990) Anonymous, 1990 Yes L (Livia, 2006) No

Aulacophora nigripennis Motschulsky KR (Anonymous, 1994) Anonymous, 1990 Yes L (Livia, 2006) No

Exosoma flaviventre (Motschulsky) (Syn: Coptocephala flaviventre ) KR (Anonymous, 1990) Anonymous , 1990 Yes L (Livia, 2006) No

Luperomorpha funesta Baly KR (Anonymous, 2009b) Umeya and

Okada, 2003 Yes L (Livia, 2006) No

Physauchenia bifasciata Jacoby KR (Anonymous,
1990 Anonymous, 1990 Yes L (Livia, 2006) No

Coleoptera: Curculionidae

Ornatalcides trifidus (Pascoe) (Syn: Mesalcidodes trifidus ) KR (Anonymous, 1994) Anonymous, 1990 Yes L, S (Frye et al., 2007) No

Scepticus insularis
Roelofs KR (Anonymous, 1990) Anonymous, 1990 Yes L, R (NPQS, 1998) No

Sympiezomias lewisii
Roelofs KR (Catling et al.

, 1977) Catling et al.,

1977 Yes L (Remadevi et al., 2005) NoPest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange s from Korea



### R ev. 003 December 23, 2009 9 Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Reported on
Unshu Quaran

tine pest 2 Plant part(s)

affected 3 Follow

pathway 2

Coleoptera: Dermestidae

Anthrenus verbasci (Linnaeus) KR (Anonymous, 1994), US (CABI, 2007) Anonymous, 1990 No N/A N/A

Coleoptera: Elateridae Agrypnus binodulus Motschulsky (Syn:

Lacon binodulus ) KR (Anonymous, 1990) Anonymous, 1990 Yes R (Jedlicka and Frouz, 2007) No

Cardiophorus vulgaris Motschulsky KR (Anonymous, 1994) Anonymous, 1990 Yes R (Jedlicka and Frouz, 2007) No

Ectinus sericeus Candèze KR (Anonymous, 1994) Anonymous, 1990 Yes R (Jedlicka and Frouz, 2007) No

Melanotus annosus
Candèze KR (Anonymous, 1994) Anonymous,

1990; Anonymous, 1997 Yes R (Jedlicka and Frouz, 2007) No

Melanotus legatus
Candèze KR (Anonymous, 1990; Shiraki, 1952a) Anonymous, 1990 Yes R (Jedlicka and

Fro uz, 2007) No

Paracardiophorus pullatus (Candeze) KR (Anonymous, 1990) Anonymous, 1990 Yes R (Jedlicka and Frouz, 2007) No

Coleoptera: Nitidulidae Epuraea domina Reitter KR (NISA

- KR, 2009) NISA

- KR, 2009 Yes I, F (Ewing and Cline, 2005) No 6

Epuraea falla x Grouvelle KR (NISA

- KR, 2009) NISA

- KR, 2009 Yes F (Ewing and Cline, 2005) No 6

Coleoptera: Oedemeridae

Xanthochroa waterhousei
Harold KR (Anonymous, 1994) Anonymous, 1990 Yes I (Anonymous, 1990) No

Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae

Adoretus sinicus Burmeister ( Syn: A.
tenuimaculatus Waterhouse) KR (Anonymous, 1990, US (HI) (CABI, 2007) Anonymous, 1990 Yes L (Mau and Kessing, 1991) No

Anomala albopilosa Hope KR (Anonymous, 1994) Anonymous, 1990 Yes L, R (Muraji et al., 2008) No

Anomala cuprea Hope KR (CABI, 200 7) Anonymous, 1990 Yes L, R (Hill, 1987; Mitsuhashi, 2003) No

Anomala daimiana
Harold KR (Anonymous, 1994; Lee et al., 1992) Lee et al., 1992 Yes L, R (Hill, 1987) No

Anomala rufocuprea Motschulsky KR (CABI, 2007; Lee et al., 1992) Lee et al., 1992 Yes L , R (Hill, 1987) No

6 Epuraea species are pests of stored pro ducts and may attack overripe or rotting fruit (Ewing and Cline, 2005). They are

un likely to be associated with harvestable fruit for consumption.Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange s from Korea



### R ev. 003 December 23, 2009 10 Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Reported on
Unshu Quaran

tine pest 2 Plant part(s)

affected 3 Follow

pathway 2

Ectinohoplia obducta Motschulsky KR (Anonymous, 1994) Anonymous, 1990 Yes I, L, R (Anonymous, 1990) No

Eucetonia pilifera (Motschulsky) (Syn: Cetonia pilifera ) KR (Anonymous, 1994) Anonymous, 1990 Yes I, L, R (Anonymous, 1990) No

Ex omala orientalis Waterhouse (Syn:
Anomala orientalis ; Blitopertha orientalis ) KR, US (CABI, 2007) Anonymous, 1990 No N/A N/A

Glycyphana fulvistemma Motschulsky KR (Anonymous, 1990) Anonymous, 1990 Yes I, L, R (Hill, 1987) No

Holotrichia kiotoensis
Brensk e (Syn: H.
kiotonensis ) KR (Anonymous, 1994) Anonymous, 1990 Yes I, L, R (Anonymous, 1990) No

Maladera orientalis Motschulsky KR (CABI, 2007) Anonymous, 1990 Yes I, L, R (Borror et al., 1989) No

Mimela flavilabris
Waterhouse KR (Anonymous, 1994) Anonymou s, 1990 Yes F, L, R (Borror et al., 1989) No 7

Mimela splendens Gyllenhal KR (NISA

- KR, 2009) NISA

- KR, 2009 Yes F, L, R (Borror et al., 1989) No 7

Mimela testaceipes Motschulsky KR (Anonymous, 1994; CABI, 2007) Anonymous, 1990 Yes F, L, R (Borror et al., 19 89) No 7

Miridiva coreana Mijima
& Kinoshita KR (Anonymous, 1986b) Anonymous, 1990 Yes F, L, R (Borror et al., 1989) No 7

Nipponovalgus angusticollis
Waterhouse KR (Anonymous, 1994) Anonymous, 1990 Yes I, R (Borror et al., 1989) No

Oxycetonia jucunda
Fald ermann (Syn: Gametis jucunda ) KR (Lee et al., 1992) Lee et al., 1992 Yes I, L, R (Umeya and Okada, 2003) No

Poecilophilides rusticola (Burmeister) KR (Anonymous, 1994; Lee et al., 1992) Lee et al., 1992 Yes I, R (Borror et al., 1989) No

Protaetia brevit

arsis
Lewis KR (Anonymous, 1986b) Anonymous, 1990 Yes F, L, R (Gillott, 1995; Hill, 1987) No 7

Protaetia orientalis Gory
& Percheron KR (Anonymous, 1990; Lee et al., 1992) Anonymous,

1990; Lee et al.,
1992 Yes F, I, L, R (Anonymous, 1990; Lee et al., 1992; (Wen et al., 2002) No 7

7 Bright

- colored adult shining leaf chafers (subfamily Rutelinae) frequently feed on foliage and fruits. Larv ae feed on plant roots (Borror et al., 1989). Any adults present at harvest are unlikely to remain with the commodity. Furthermore, no records of interception of Mimela sp., Miridiva sp., or Protaetia sp. on any kind of permitted fruit for consumption have been recorded since 1985 (PestID, 2009).Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange s from Korea



### R ev. 003 December 23, 2009 11 Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Reported on
Unshu Quaran

tine pest 2 Plant part(s)

affected 3 Follow

pathway 2

Diptera: Cecidomyiidae

Contarinia okadai (Miyoshi) (Mispelled:
Contarnia okadai ) KR (NISA

- KR, 2009) Kato, 1984;

NISA

- KR, 2009 Yes I, L (Kato, 1984) No

Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae Aleurocanthus spiniferus (Quaintance) KR, US (HI) (CA BI, 2007) CABI, 2007; Lee

et al., 1992 Yes L, S (CABI, 2007) No

Bemisia afer Priesner & Hosny KR (Evans, 2008) Evans, 2008 Yes L (Hill, 1987) No

Bemisia tabaci Gennadius KR, US (Evans, 2008) Anonymous,

2009a; Hamon and Hodges, 2006 No N/A N/A

Dialeurode s citri
Ashmead KR (Anonymous, 1994), US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007;

Evans, 2008; Lee et al., 1992 No N/A N/A

Trialeurodes vaporariorum
Westwood KR, US (Evans, 2008) Hamon and

Hodges, 2006 No N/A N/A

Trialeurodes variabilis Quaintance KR, US (Evans, 2008) E vans, 2008 No N/A N/A

Hemiptera: Alydidae Megalotomus costalis Stal KR (Anonymous, 1990) Anonymous, 1990 Yes L (NPQS, 1998) No

Hemiptera: Aphididae Aphis craccivora Koch KR, US (CABI, 2007) Anonymous,

1990; CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Aphis gossyp ii Glover KR, US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007;

NPQS, 2000 No N/A N/A

Aphis spiraecola Patch (Syn: A. citricola van der Goot) KR, US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007; Lee

et al., 1992 No N/A N/A

Aulacorthum magnoliae Essig and Kuwana (Syn: Acyrthosiphon magnoliae ) KR ( Anonymous, 1986b) CABI, 2007 Yes L (Anonymous, 1986b) No

Aulacorthum solani (Kaltenbach) KR (Lee et al., 1992), US (Miller and Stoetzel, 1997) CABI, 2007; Lee

et al., 1992 No N/A N/A

Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) KR, US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007;

NPQS, 2 000 No N/A N/A

Macrosiphum ibarae

Matsumura KR (Lee et al., 1992) Lee et al., 1992 Yes L (Hill, 1987) No

Myzus persicae (Sulzer) KR, US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007;

NPQS, 2000 No N/A N/APest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange s from Korea



### R ev. 003 December 23, 2009 12 Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Reported on
Unshu Quaran

tine pest 2 Plant part(s)

affected 3 Follow

pathway 2

Sarucallis
kahawaluokalani (Kirkaldy) (Syn:
Tinocallis
kahawaluckalani ) KR (Anonymous, 1994), US (CABI, 2007) Anonymous, 1990 No N/A N/A

Sinomegoura citricola (van der Goot) KR (NISA

- KR, 2009) NISA

- KR, 2009 Yes L, S (Borror et al., 1989) No

Tinocallis zelkowae (Takahashi) KR (Anonymous, 1994) Anonymous, 1990 Yes L (Hill, 1 987) No

Toxoptera aurantii (Boyer de Fonscolombe) KR (Anonymous, 1994), US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Toxoptera citricida Kirkaldy (Syn: T. citricidus) KR (Anonymous, 1994), US (FL, HI, PR) (CABI, 2007; Michaud, 1999) CABI, 2007;

FFTC, 2003; Lee et al., 1992 [Yes] L (CABI, 2007) No

Toxoptera odinae van der

Goot KR (Anonymous, 1994; CABI, 2007) Anonymous,

1990; CABI, 2007 Yes F, I, L, S (CABI, 2007) No 8

Hemiptera: Cercopidae Aphrophora intermedia
Uhler KR (Anonymous, 1994) (Anonymous,

1994) Yes L, S (Thompson, 1999) No

Hemiptera: Cicadidae Cryptotympana atrata
Fabricius (Syn: C. dubia, C. coreana ) KR (Anonymous, 1994; Catling et al., 1977) Anonymous,

1990; Catling et al., 1977 Yes R, S (Borror et al., 1989) No

Meimuna mongolica (Distant) KR (Anonymous, 1994; Lee, 2008) Anonymous, 1990 Yes R, S (Borror et al., 1989) No

Meimuna opalifer (Walker) (Syn: M. opalifera ) KR (An, 2000; Lee, 2008) An, 2000 Yes R, S (Borror et al., 1989) No

Platypeura kaempferi (Fabricius) KR (Anonymous, 1990, 199 7) (Anonymous,

1990, 1997) Yes R, S (Borror et al., 1989) No

Hemiptera: Cicadellidae Bothrogonia japonica
Ishihara KR (Anonymous, 1990) Anonymous, 1990 Yes L, S (Borror et al., 1989) No

Cicadella viridis Linnaeus KR (Anonymous, 1994; CABI, 2007) NPQS, 1998 Yes L, S (Hill, 1987) No

Empoasca arborescens
Vilbaste KR (Anonymous, 1994) Umeya and

Okada, 2003 Yes L, S (Borror et al., 1989) No

8 Toxoptera odinae generally feeds on the undersides of young leaves, petioles, and branches (CABI, 2007) , and i nfestations
of T. odinae are easily detected

. This species is highly unlikely to remain on harvested f ruit for consumption. T

oxoptera odinae has only been intercepted one time on Citrus fruit for consumption , and never on permitted cargo (PestID, 2009)

.Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange s from Korea



### R ev. 003 December 23, 2009 13 Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Reported on
Unshu Quaran

tine pest 2 Plant part(s)

affected 3 Follow

pathway 2

Empoasca vitis (Gothe) KR (CABI, 2007) Anonymous, 1990 Yes L (CABI, 2007) No Epiacanthus stramineus (Motschulsky) (S yn: Epicanthus stramineus ) KR (Anonymous, 1994) Anonymous, 1990 Yes L, S (Borror et al., 1989) No

Hishimonus sellatus
Uhler KR (Anonymous, 1994) Anonymous, 1990 Yes L, S (Borror et al., 1989) No

Kolla atramentaria (Motschulsky) KR (Anonymous, 1994) Anon ymous, 1990 Yes L, S (NPQS, 1998) No

Ledra auditura Walker KR (Anonymous, 1990, 1998a) Anonymous, 1990 Yes L, S (NPQS, 1998) No

Nephotettix cincticeps (Uhler) KR (CABI, 2007) Anonymous, 1990 Yes L, S (CABI, 2007) No

Recilia dorsalis (Motschulsky) KR (An onymous, 1994; CABI, 2007) Anonymous, 1990 Yes L (CABI, 2007) No

Strongylocephalus agrestis (Fallen) KR (Anonymous, 1990) Anonymous, 1990 Yes L (Borror et al., 1989) No

Hemiptera: Coccidae Ceroplastes ceriferus (Fabricius) KR (Anonymous, 1994), US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007;

Shiraki, 1952b No N/A N/A

Ceroplastes floridensis (Comstock) KR, US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Ceroplastes japonicus

Green KR (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 Yes F, L, S (CABI, 2007) No 9

Ceroplastes pseudoceriferus Green KR (CAB I, 2007) Anonymous, 1990 Yes F, L, S (CABI, 2007) No 9

Ceroplastes rubens
Maskell KR, US (FL, HI, TX) (Burke et al., 1994; CABI, 2007; von Ellenrieder, 2003. ) Anonymous,

1990; CABI, 2007 [Yes] F, L, S (CABI, 2007) No 9

Coccus hesperidum
Linnaeus KR, US (CA BI, 2007) CABI, 2007; Lee

et al., 1992 No N/A N/A

Coccus pseudomagnoliarum (Kuwana) KR, US (Ben

- Dov et al., 2009) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2009 No N/A N/A

Eucalymnatus tessellatus (Signoret) KR, US (Ben

Dov, 1993) Ben

- Dov, 1993 No N/A N/A

9 Ceroplastes species are surface feeders that are occasionally associated with fruit, but more frequent ly feed on leaves or stems ( CABI, 2007 ). Those remaining on the fruit after harvest will be removed from the pathway by fruit immersion/wash/brush/pressure rinse. No Ceroplastes species have been intercepted on permitted Citrus fruit for consumption (PestI D, 2009).Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange s from Korea



### R ev. 003 December 23, 2009 14 Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Reported on
Unshu Quaran

tine pest 2 Plant part(s)

affected 3 Follow

pathway 2

Parasaissetia nigra (Ne itner) KR (Anonymous, 1994), US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Parthenolecanium corni (Bouché) KR, US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Pulvinaria sp. KR (Catling et al., 1977) Catling et al.,

1977 Yes L, S (CABI, 2007) No

Saissetia coffeae Walker KR, US (CABI, 2007) Anonymous,

1990; CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Takahashia japonica
Cockerell KR (Anonymous, 1994) Anonymous,

1990, 1998a Yes S (NPQS, 1998) No

Hemiptera: Coreidae

Anacanthocoris
striicornis (Scott) KR (Anonymous, 1994) Anonymous, 1994 Y es F, S (NPQS, 1998) No 10

Leptocorisa chinensis
Dallas KR (Anonymous, 1990) Anonymous, 1990 Yes L, Sd (CABI, 2007) No

Hemiptera: Diaspididae

Aonidiella aurantii
Maskell KR, US (Watson, 2005) Umeya and

Okada, 2003; Watson, 2005 No N/A N/A

Aonidiella citr ina Craw KR, US (CABI, 2007) Anonymous,

1990; CABI, 2007; No N/A N/A

Aspidiotus destructor Signoret KR, US (CABI, 2007) Anonymous,

1990; CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Chrysomphalus aonidum
Linnaeus KR, US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007; No N/A N/A

Chrysomphalus bifa sciculatus Ferris KR (Anonymous, 1994) Anonymous, 1990 Yes L, S (Anonymous, 1990; Anonymous, 1994) No

Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (Morgan) KR, US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007; No N/A N/A

Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock) (Syn: Comstockaspis perniciosa ) KR, US (Ben

- Dov et al., 2009) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2009 No N/A N/A

Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret) KR (Anonymous, 1994), US (CABI, 2007) Anonymous,

1990; CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

10 These are large

- bodied true bugs with piercing/sucking mouthparts that feed on fruit. They are highly unlikely to be associated with fruit during harvest.Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange s from Korea



### R ev. 003 December 23, 2009 15 Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Reported on
Unshu Quaran

tine pest 2 Plant part(s)

affected 3 Follow

pathway 2

Lepidosaphes beckii

Newman KR (Catling et al., 1977), US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007;

Catl ing et al.,
1977 No N/A N/A

Lepidosaphes gloverii (Packard) KR, US (CABI, 2007) Anonymous,

1990; CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Lepidosaphes ulmi (Linnaeus) KR (Anonymous, 1990, US (CABI, 2007) Anonymous, 1990 No N/A N/A

Lopholeucaspis japonica
Cockerell KR, US (CABI, 2007) Anonymous,

1990; CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Octaspidiotus stauntoniae (Takahashi) KR (Anonymous, 1994), US (HI) (Ben

- Dov et al., 2009) Anonymous, 1994 Yes L (Ben

- Dov et al., 2009) No

Parlatoria pergandii
Comstock KR (Anonymous, 1994), US (CABI,

2 007) Anonymous,

1990; CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Parlatoria proteus (Curtis) KR, US (CABI, 2007; Ben

- Dov et al., 2009) Anonymous,

1990; CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Parlatoria theae Cockerell KR, US (Anonymous, 1994; Ben

- Dov et al., 2009) Anonymous, 1990 No N/A N/A

Parlatoria ziziphi Lucas KR, US (FL, HI, MS) (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 [Yes] F, L, S (CABI, 2007) Yes 11

Pinnaspis aspidistrae Signoret KR, US (Anonymous, 1994; Ben

- Dov et al., 2009) Anonymous, 1990 No N/A N/A

Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley) KR (Anonymous,
199 4), US (Ben

Dov et al., 2009) Anonymous, 1990 No N/A N/A

Pseudaonidia duplex (Cockerell) KR, US (CABI, 2007; Lee et al., 1992; Ben

- Dov et al., 2008) CABI, 2007; Lee

et al., 1992 No N/A N/A

Pseudaulacaspis
pentagona (Targioni & Tozzetti) (Syn: Sasakiaspi s pentagona ) KR (Anonymous, 1990), US (CABI, 2007) Anonymous, 1990 No N/A N/A

Quadraspidiotus perniciosus Comstock KR, US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

11 Armored scales may enter on commercial fruit for consumption, but are highly unlikely to become established via this pathway. Please see the discussion below for a detailed explanation.Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange s from Korea



### R ev. 003 December 23, 2009 16 Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Reported on
Unshu Quaran

tine pest 2 Plant part(s)

affected 3 Follow

pathway 2

Unaspis euonymi Comstock (Syn: Chionaspis euonymi ) KR (Anonymous, 1994), US (CABI, 2007) Anonymou s, 1990 No N/A N/A

Unaspis yanonensis

Kuwana KR (Anonymous, 1990, 1997; CABI, 2007) Anonymous,

1990; CABI, 2007 Yes F, L, S (CABI, 2007) Yes 11

Hemiptera: Dictyopharidae Dictyophara patruelis (Stal) KR (CABI, 2007) Anonymous, 1990 Yes S (NPQS, 1998) No

Hemiptera: Flatidae

Geisha distinctissima
Walker KR (Anonymous, 1990, 1998a) Anonymous,

1990, 1998a Yes L, S (NPQS, 1998) No

Hemiptera: Largidae Physopelta gutta (Burmeister) KR (Anonymous, 1994) (Anonymous,

1994) Yes L (Montagnini and Jordan, 1983) No

Hemiptera: Margarodidae Drosicha corpulenta (Kuwana) KR (Anonymous, 1994) Anonymous, 1990 Yes F, L (NPQS, 1998) No 12

Drosicha howardii (Kuwana) KR (Anonymous, 1994) Anonymous, 1990 Yes S/Tr (NPQS, 1998) No

Icerya purchasi Maskell KR, US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007; No N/A N/A

Hemiptera: Meenoplidae

Nisia nervosa (Motschulsky) (Syn: N.

atrovenosa Leithierry) KR (Anonymous, 1990) Anonymous, 1990 Yes L (NPQS, 1998) No

Hemiptera: Membracidae Gargara genistae
Fabricius KR (Anonymous, 1994), US (Syr ett et al., 1999) Anonymous, 1990 No N/A N/A

Machaerotypus sibiricus (Lethierry) KR (Anonymous, 1994) Anonymous, 1990 Yes L (Borror et al., 1989) No

Orthobelus flavipes Uhler KR (Anonymous, 1986b) Anonymous, 1990 Yes L, S (NPQS, 1998) No

Hemiptera: Miri dae Lygocoris lucorum (Meyer) KR (NISA

- KR, 2009) NISA

- KR, 2009 Yes L (Borror et al., 1989) No

Hemiptera: Pentatomidae Carbula humerigera (Uhler) KR (Anonymous, 1994) Anonymous, 1994 Yes F [cat

- facing 13 ], L (Borror et al., 1989) No 14

12 Soft scales (Hemiptera: Margarodidae) are unlikely to follow the pathway of commercial export

- quality Citrus due to the washing and brushing as standard post

- harvest treatment ( 7 CFR § 319 , 2008 ). Furthermore, Drosicha sp. has not been intercepted with permitted Citrus in the United States (PestID, 2009).

13 ―Cat

- facing‖ describes the results of feeding attempts by certain piercing/sucking insects. These in sects leave blackenedPest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange s from Korea



### R ev. 003 December 23, 2009 17 Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Reported on
Unshu Quaran

tine pest 2 Plant part(s)

affected 3 Follow

pathway 2
Dolycoris baccar um L. KR (NISA

- KR, 2009) NISA

- KR, 2009 Yes F [cat

- facing], L (Borror et al., 1989) No 14

Eucorysses grandis Thunberg KR (Anonymous, 1994) Anonymous, 1994 Yes F [cat

- facing], L (Borror et al., 1989) No 14

Glaucias subpunctatus
Walker KR (Anonymous, 1994) (A nonymous,

1990, 1997 Yes F [cat

- facing] (NPQS, 1998), L (Borror et al., 1989) No 14

Halyomorpha halys (Stal) KR (Anonymous, 1994; Lee et al., 1992), US (CABI, 2007) Lee et al., 1992 No N/A N/A

Homalogonia obtusa (Walker) KR (Lee et al., 1992) Lee et al., 1992 Yes F , L (Funayama, 2002) No 14

Megymenum gracilicorne
Dallas KR (NISA

- KR, 2009) NISA

- KR, 2009 Yes F [cat

- facing], L (Borror et al., 1989) No 14

Nezara antennata Scott KR (CABI, 2007; Lee et al., 1992) Lee et al., 1992 Yes F [cat

- facing], L (Borror e t al., 1989) No 14, 15

Nezara viridula Linnaeus KR, US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Palomena angulosa (Motschulsky) KR (NISA

- KR, 2009) NISA

- KR, 2009 Yes F, L, S (Schaefer and Panizzi, 2000) No 14

Plautia stali Scott KR (Anonymous, 1994), US (HI) (Sch aefer and Panizzi, 2000) (Anonymous,

1994 Yes F (NPQS, 1998;
Schaefer and Panizzi, 2000) No 14

Hemiptera: Penthimiidae

Penthimia nitida Lithierry KR (Anonymous, 1994) Anonymous,

1990, 1998a Yes L (NPQS, 1998) No

spots that may slightly sink into the fruit skin. They often make three feeding attempts, and someone called the resulting triangular sunken shape a ―cat face.‖ Cat

- facing occurs most often on soft

- skinned fruits such as peach.

14 Stin k bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) are large, active

, winged insects that may feed on fruit for sap, causing cat

- facing,

but are highly unlikely to be associated with fruit at harvest. With the exception of N. antennata (see below), no interceptions of the q uarantine Pentatomidae listed here have been recorded associated with permitted Citrus fruit for consumption in the United States since 1985 (PestID, 2009).

15 A single N. antennata adult was intercepted with permitted Citrus reticulata from Korea in 1995 ( PestID, 2009) , but N.

antennata is highly unlikely to follow the pathway. M andatory inspection and brushing/ washing is likely to remove any individuals from the fruit.Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange s from Korea



### R ev. 003 December 23, 2009 18 Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Reported on
Unshu Quaran

tine pest 2 Plant part(s)

affected 3 Follow

pathway 2

Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae

Antonina crawii Cockerell KR (Anonymous, 1994) Anonymous, 1990 Yes L (Anonymous, 1990; Anonymous, 1994) No

Nipaecoccus nipae (Maskell) KR, US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Phenacoccus pergandei
Cockerell KR (Anonymous, 1994; Lee et al., 1992) Lee et al., 1992 Yes L (Hill, 1987) No

Planococcus citri (Risso) KR, US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007; Lee

et al., 1992 No N/A N/A

Planococcus kraunhiae (Kuwana) KR (Anonymous, 1994), US (CA) (Miller et al., 2005) Anonymous,

1990; Anonymous, 1997 [Yes] F, L, S (NPQS, 1998) No 16

Ps eudococcus sp

. KR (PestID, 2009) PestID, 2009 Yes I, F, L, S (PestID, 2009) No 16

Pseudococcus comstocki

Kuwana KR, US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007;

Catling et al.,
1977 No N/A N/A

Pseudococcus cryptus Hempel KR, US (HI) (Ben

- Dov et al., 2009; Kwon et al.,

200 2) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2009; Umeya and Okada, 2003 Yes F, L, S (PestID, 2009) No 16

Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni Tozzetti) KR, US (Ben

- Dov et al., 2009) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2009 No N/A N/A

Hemiptera: Ricaniidae Ricania japonica
Melichar KR (Anonymous, 1986b) Anonymous, 1990 Yes S (NPQS, 1998) No

Hymenoptera: Formicidae Formica japonica Motschulsky KR (Anonymous, 1994; CABI, 2007) Anonymous, 1990 Yes Predaceous on plant pests No 17

Hymenoptera: Vespidae Vespa crabro Linnaeus KR (Anonymous, 1990), US ( Anonymous, 2009c) Anonymous, 1990 No N/A N/A

16 Mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) are unlikely to remain with the commodity throug h standard pressure washing and brushing of the fruit. See text following the pest list for a detailed explanation.

17 Formicidae are generalist predators and protectors of honeydew

- secreting insects such as scales and aphids. Ants other than isolated (ster ile) workers are not expected to be associated with fruit at harvest (Borror et al., 1989).Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange s from Korea



### R ev. 003 December 23, 2009 19 Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Reported on
Unshu Quaran

tine pest 2 Plant part(s)

affected 3 Follow

pathway 2
Vespa mandarina Smith KR (Anonymous, 1990) Yes F (Anonymous, 2009c),
Predaceous (Borror et al., 1989) No 18

Lepidoptera: Arctiidae

Amsacta lactinea (Cramer) KR (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 Yes L (Hill, 1987) N o

Hyphantria cunea (Drury) KR, US (CABI, 2007) Anonymous, 1990 No N/A N/A

Lepidoptera: Cossidae

Cossus cossus Linnaeus KR (Anonymous, 1986b) CABI, 2007;

Robinson et al.,

2001 Yes R, S (CABI, 2007) No

Lepidoptera: Geometridae Apochima juglansiaria (Graeser) KR (Anonymous, 1994) Anonymous, 1990 Yes L (Borror et al., 1989) No

Ascotis selenaria (Denis & Schiffermüller) KR (Anonymous, 1990; CABI, 2007) (Anonymous,

1990, 1997 Yes L (Borror et al., 1989) No

Chariaspilates formosaria (Eversmann) KR (Ano nymous, 1994) Anonymous, 1990 Yes L (Borror et al., 1989) No

Ectropis bistortata (Goetze) KR (Anonymous, 1986b) Anonymous, 1990 Yes L (Borror et al., 1989) No

Ectropis excellens (Butler) KR (Anonymous, 1994) Anonymous,

1990; Shiraki,
1952d Yes L (Borror et al., 1989) No

Hemithia aestivaria
Hübner KR (Anonymous, 1990) Anonymous, 1990 Yes L (Borror et al., 1989) No

Ophthalmitis irrorataria Bremer & Grey KR (Anonymous, 1990) Anonymous, 1990 Yes L (Borror et al., 1989) No

Pylargosceles steganioides (Butler ) (Syn: Pylarge steganioides ) KR (Anonymous, 1994) Anonymous,

1990; Shiraki,
1952a Yes L (Borror et al., 1989) No

Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae Phyllocnistis citrella
Stainton KR, US (AL, CA, FL, LA, TX) (CABI, 2007;
Guillen and Heraty, 2002; Lapointe and Leal, 2007) CABI, 2007;

Catling et al.,
1977 [Yes] L (CABI, 2007; Catling et al., 1977) No

18 Vespa species are large, external wasps that are generally predaceous on other insects or animals (Borror et al., 1989). They

are un likely to remain with the comm odity through standard post

- harvest procedures.Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange s from Korea



### R ev. 003 December 23, 2009 20 Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Reported on
Unshu Quaran

tine pest 2 Plant part(s)

affected 3 Follow

pathway 2

Lepidoptera: Hepialidae

Endoclita excrescens Butler (Syn: Endoclyta

excrescens ) KR (CABI, 2007; Lee et al., 1992) Lee et al., 1992 Yes L (Lee et al., 1992) No

Le pidoptera: Hesperiidae
Parnara guttatus Bremer & Grey (Syn: P. guttata Bremer & Grey) KR (CABI, 2007) Anonymous, 1990 Yes L (CABI, 2007) No

Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae Dendrolimus spectabilis (Butler) KR (CABI, 2007) Anonymous, 1990 Yes L (Borror et al., 1989) No

Lepidoptera: Limacodidae Monema flavescens Walker (Syn: Cnidocampa flavescens Walker) KR (Lee et al., 1992), US (Lammers and Stigter, 2004) Lee et al., 1992 No N/A N/A

Parasa consocia (Walker) (Syn: Latoia consocia (Walker) KR (Lee et al.,
199 2) Lee et al., 1992 Yes L (Lill et al., 2006) No

Parasa sinica Moore (Syn: Latoia sinica Moore) KR (CABI, 2007; Lee et al., 1992; Shiraki, 1952c) Lee et al., 1992 Yes L (Lill et al., 2006) No

Thosea sinensis coreana
Okano & Park KR (Anonymous, 1994) Anon ymous, 1990 Yes L (Lill et al., 2006) No

Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae Euproctis piperita
Oberthür KR (Anonymous, 1994; Lee et al., 1992) Lee et al., 1992 Yes L (Borror et al., 1989) No

Euproctis pseudoconspersa Strand KR (Anonymous, 1994; CABI, 2007) Anony mous, 1990 Yes L (CABI, 2007) No

Euproctis pulverea (Leech) KR (Lee et al., 1992) Lee et al., 1992 Yes L (Anonymous, 1990, 1997 ) No

Lymantria dispar
Linnaeus KR (Anonymous, 1994), US (CABI, 2007) Zhang, 1994 Yes 19 S (CABI, 2007) No

Sphrageidus similis

Fu essly (Syn: Euproctis
similis Fuessly) KR (CABI, 2007; Lee et al., 1992) Lee et al., 1992 Yes L (Borror et al., 1989) No

19 Asian gypsy moth is reportable, according to PestID (2009). Pest has limited distribution in the United States and is under official control. When discovered in the western United States, it is eradicated.Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange s from Korea



### R ev. 003 December 23, 2009 21 Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Reported on
Unshu Quaran

tine pest 2 Plant part(s)

affected 3 Follow

pathway 2

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae 20
Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) KR, US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Amata germana (Felder & Felder) KR (Ano nymous, 1994) Anonymous, 1990 Yes L (Sun et al., 2006) No

Anomis mesogona (Walker) KR (Anonymous, 1994; CABI, 2007) Anonymous, 1990 Yes L (Anonymous,
1990 ; Poole, 1989) No

Apamea aquila Donzel KR (Anonymous, 1994) Anonymous, 1990 Yes L (Opler et al.,

20 09) No

Arcte coerula (Guenée) KR (CABI, 2007) Anonymous, 1990 Yes F, L (Anonymous,
1990 ; Poole, 1989) No 20

Artena dotata (Fabricius) KR (Anonymous, 1994) Anonymous, 1990 Yes L, S (Anonymous, 1990; Poole, 1989) No

Bastilla maturata Walker (Syn.: Dysgonia

maturata (Walker);
Parallelia maturata (Walker) ) KR (Anonymous, 1994) Anonymous, 1990 Yes F, L (Anonymous,
1990 ; Poole, 1989) No 20

Calyptra lata (Butler) (Syn: Calyptera lata ) KR (Anonymous, 1994) Anonymous, 1990 Yes F (CABI, 2007) No 20

Calyptra thalict

ri (Borkhousen) (Syn: Calyptera thalictri ) KR (Anonymous, 1994) Anonymous, 1990 Yes F (CABI, 2007) No 20

Chrysodeixis eriosoma Doubleday KR, US (HI, CA) (CABI, 2007; LA

County, 2005; CDFA, 2008) Robinson et al.,

2009 [Yes] F, L (CABI, 2007) No 20

Dysgonia arctotaenia (Guenée) (Syn: Ophiusa
arctotaenia; Parallelia

arctotaenia (Guenée)) KR (Anonymous, 1994) Anonymous, 1990 Yes L, S (Anonymous, 1990) No

Eudocima fullonia (Clerck) (Syn: Othreis fullonia ) KR, US (HI) (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007; Yes F (CABI, 2007) No 20

20 Fruit

- piercing moths typically do not present a phytosanitary risk themselves but rather increase the risk of secondary invasions (CABI, 2007)

. Most Lepidoptera are generalist foliage feeders that are not associated with fruit at harvest , and
would likel y be removed through pressure washing and brushing of the fruit. Those that feed on or mine the fruit cause scarring that would cause the fruit to be culled during the inspection and packing process (Borror et al., 1989). S ince 1985 none of the quarantine significant Noctuidae found associated with Citrus fruit and in Korea have been intercepted with permitted Citrus in the United States (PestID, 2009).Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange s from Korea



### R ev. 003 December 23, 2009 22 Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Reported on
Unshu Quaran

tine pest 2 Plant part(s)

affected 3 Follow

pathway 2

Eudocima tyrannus Guenée (Syn: Adrias tyrannus; Adris

tyrannus ) KR Anonymous,
1990 Anonymous,

1990; Shiraki,
1952a Yes L, S ( Anonymous, 1990; Poole, 1989) No

Eudocima tyrannus
amurensis Staudinger (Syn: Adris tyrannus

amurensis ) KR (Anonymous,
1986 b) Anonymous, 1990 Yes L, S (Anonymous, 1990) No

Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) KR (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 Yes F, I, L (CABI, 2007) No 20

Mocis undata (Fabricius) KR (Anonymous, 1986b) Robinson et al.,

2001 Yes F, L (Holloway, n.d.) No 20

Ophiusa tirhaca C ramer KR (Anonymous, 1994) CABI, 2007 Yes F, L (Walker, 2007) No 20

Oraesia emarginata
Fabricius KR (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 Yes F, L (Anonymous, 1990, 1997) No 20

Oraesia excavata (Butler) KR (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 Yes F, L (Anonymous, 1990, 1997) No 20

S podoptera exigua (Hübner) KR, US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) KR, US (HI) (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007;

NPQS, 2000 Yes L (CABI, 2007) No

Thyas juno (Dalman) (Syn: Dermaleipa juno; Lagoptera juno ) KR (Anonymous, 1990; CABI, 2007) Anonymous,

1990; Shiraki,
1952a Yes L (Anonymous, 1990) No

Xestia c

- nigrum ( Linnaeus ) KR, US (CABI, 2007) Anonymous,

1990; CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Xanthodes transversa
Guenée KR (Anonymous, 1986b) Robinson et al.,

2001 Yes L (Herbison

Evans and

Cross ley, 2006) No

Xylena formosa Butler KR (NISA

- KR, 2009) NISA

- KR, 2009 Yes S, R (Borror et al., 1989) No

Lepidoptera: Notodontidae

Phalera assimilis Bremer & Grey KR (Lee et al., 1992) Lee et al., 1992 Yes L (EPPO, n.d.

- b; Lee et al., 1992) No

Lepidopter a: Nymphalidae Polygonia c

- aureum Linnaeus KR (Anonymous, 1986b) Robinson et al.,

2001 Yes L (Borror et al., 1989) No

Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae

Psorosticha malanocrepida Clarke KR (Anonymous, 1994) Anonymous, 1990 Yes L (Anonymous, 1986a) NoPest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange s from Korea



### R ev. 003 December 23, 2009 23 Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Reported on
Unshu Quaran

tine pest 2 Plant part(s)

affected 3 Follow

pathway 2

Lepidopter a: Papilionidae Papilio bianor Cramer KR (Anonymous, 1986a; Shiraki, 1952c) Robinson et al.,

2001 Yes L (Reuther, 1989) No

Papilio helenus Linnaeus KR (Anonymous, 1994) (Anonymous,

1990, 1997 Yes L (Anonymous, 1990, 1997; Reuther, 1989) No

Papilio maack ii Menetries KR (Anonymous, 1990, 1997 Robinson et al.,

2001(Anonymous, 1990, 1997 Yes L (Anonymous, 1990, 1997; Reuther, 1989) No

Papilio macilentus Janson KR (Anonymous, 1986b) Robinson et al.,

2001 Yes L (Reuther, 1989) No

Papilio protenor (Cramer) KR Shiraki, 1952c) Robinson et al.,

2001 Yes L (Anonymous, 1990, 1997; Reuther, 1989 No

Papilio sp. KR (Catling et al., 1977) Catling et al.,

1977 Yes L (Reuther, 1989) No

Papilio xuthus Linnaeus KR (Lee et al., 1992), US (HI) (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007; Lee

et al., 1992 Yes L (Reuther, 1989) No

Lepidoptera: Psychidae

Bambalina sp. KR (Lee et al., 1992) Lee et al., 1992 Yes L, S (Lee et al., 1992) No

Lepidoptera: Pyralidae

Cadra cautella (Walker) KR (Anonymous, 1994), US (CABI, 2007) Robinson et al.,

2001 No N/A N/A

Conogethes punctiferalis (Guenée) (Syn:
Dichocrocis punctiferalis ) KR (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 Yes F, L, S (CABI, 2007) No 21

Glyphodes pyloalis
Walker KR (Anonymous, 1994) Anonymous, 1990 Yes L (Anonymous, 1990; Anonymous, 1994) No

Lepidoptera: Saturniidae Dictyoploca japonica (Moore) KR (Anonymous, 1994; Lee et al., 1992) Lee et al., 1992 Yes L (Lee et al., 1992) No

Samia cynthia walkeri C
& R Felder KR (Anonymous, 1986b) Anonymous, 1990 Yes L (Pittaway, 2009) No

21 Conogethes punctiferalis larvae bore into the fruit, leaves, and stem of the host plant , and its presen ce in fruit can easily be
determined by these boreholes (CABI, 2007). Since 1985, C. punctiferalis has not been intercepted at U.S. ports

- of

- entry except in baggage or on plants for propagation (PestID, 2009).Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange s from Korea



### R ev. 003 December 23, 2009 24 Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Reported on
Unshu Quaran

tine pest 2 Plant part(s)

affected 3 Follow

pathway 2

Lepidoptera: Sesiidae Synanthedon hector
Butler KR (Anonymous, 1994; Lee et al., 1992) Lee et al., 1992 Yes Tr (EPPO, n.d.

- b) No

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae Adoxophyes orana
Fischer von

R ö eslerstamm (Syn: A. fasciata ) KR (Anonymous, 1994; CABI, 2007) Anonymous,

1990; Robinson et al., 2001) Yes F, I, L (CABI, 2007) No 22

Archips breviplicanus Walsingham (Syn: A. breviplicana ; Archippus breviplicanus ) KR (Anonymous, 1990; CABI, 2007) Anonymous, 1990 Yes I, F, L (NPQS, 1998) No 23

Archips crataeganus (H ü bner) KR (Anonymous, 1994) Anon ymous, 1990 Yes L (NPQS, 1998) No

Archips fuscocupreanus Walsingham KR (Anonymous, 1994), US (CABI, 2007) Umeya and

Okada, 2003 No N/A N/A

Archips ingentana Christopher (Syn: Archippus ingentanus ) KR (Anonymous, 1994) Anonymous, 1990 Yes L (NPQS, 1998) N o

Archips xylosteana
Linnaeus KR (Meijerman and Ulenberg, 2004) Meijerman and

Ulenberg, 2004) Yes L (Meijerman and Ulenberg, 2004) No

Homona magnanima
Diakonoff KR (Anonymous, 1994; Lee et al., 1992) CABI, 2007; Lee

et al., 1992 Yes L, S (CABI, 2007) No

Orthoptera: Acrididae

Chondracris rosea (De Geer) KR (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 Yes L, S (CABI, 2007) No

Oxya chinensis formosana Shiraki KR (Anonymous, 1986b) Anonymous, 1990 Yes L (Hill, 1987) No

Oxya yezoensis Shiraki (Syn: O. japonica Thunberg) K R (CABI, 2007) Anonymous, 1990 Yes L (Hill, 1987) No

Orthoptera: Pyrogomorphidae Atractomorpha bedeli
Bolivar KR (Anonymous, 1990, 1997) Anonymous, 1990 Yes L (Borror et al., 1989) No

22 Most Lepidoptera are generalist foliage feed ers and are not associated with fruit at harvest. Those that feed on or mine the fruit cause scarring that would cause the fruit to be culled during the inspection and packing process (Borror et al., 1989). Since 1985, none of the quarantine significant To rtricidae listed in this document have been intercepted in the United
States associated with Citrus (PestID, 2009).

23 The Asiatic leafroller, A

. breviplicanus, is a minor pest of Citrus and is un likely to be associated with fruit (NPQS, 1998). Archips sp. primarily affect leaves, but may feed externally on fruit (Hill, 1987). Such pests are likely to be removed during standard post

- harvest washing and brushing of the fruit. Commercial fruit are highly unlikely to transport A. breviplicanus ( CABI, 2007 ).Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange s from Korea



### R ev. 003 December 23, 2009 25 Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Reported on
Unshu Quaran

tine pest 2 Plant part(s)

affected 3 Follow

pathway 2

Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae Gampsocleis sedakovi
abscura Walker (Syn:
G. sedakovi abscura ) KR (Anonymous, 1990) (Anonymous,

1990, 1997) Yes L (Borror et al., 1989) No

Holochlora japonica

Brunner von Watten KR (Anonymous, 1994) (Anonymous,

1990, 1997) Yes L (Anonymous, 1990, 1997) No

Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae Haplothri ps chinensis
Priesner KR (Anonymous, 1994) NPQS, 1998 Yes I (Ananthakrishnan , 1993) No

Thysanoptera: Thripidae

Frankliniella intonsa Trybom KR, US (CABI, 2007) NPQS, 2000 No N/A N/A

Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) KR (NISA

- KR, 2009), US (CABI,

200 7) NISA

- KR, 2009 No N/A N/A

Heliothrips
haemorrhoidalis
Bouché KR, US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007; Hill,

1983 No N/A N/A

Megalurothrips distalis Karny KR (Anonymous, 1994; CABI, 2007) Anonymous,

1997, 1998b Yes I, L (CABI, 2007) No

Scirtothrips dorsalis Ho od KR, US (FL, GA, HI ) (CABI, 2007; Diffie et al., 2008) CABI, 2007;

FFTC, 2003 [Yes] I, F, L (CABI, 2007) No 24

Thrips hawaiiensis (Morgan) KR, US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007;

NPQS, 2000 No N/A N/A

Thrips nigropilosus Uzel KR (NISA

- KR, 2009), US (CABI, 2007) NISA

- KR, 2009 No N/A N/A

Thrips palmi Karny KR, US (FL, GA, HI, PR) (CABI, 2007; Diffie et al, 2008) CABI, 2007;

NPQS, 2000 [Yes] I, F, L, S (CABI, 2007) No

Thrips tabaci Lindeman KR (Catling et al., 1977), US (CABI, 2007) Catling et al.,

1977 No N/A N/ A

24 T hrips are highly unlikely to remain with the fruit after harvest. T hrips typically attack growing points of plants, which include leaves, shoots, and young fruits. Given their mobility and lack of adhesion to the fruit surface, pressure washing
and brushin g of the fruit will remove active organisms. Since 1985, none of the quarantine significant thrips listed in this document have been intercepted at U.S ports

- of

- entry (PestID, 2009).Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange s from Korea



### R ev. 003 December 23, 2009 26 Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Reported on
Unshu Quaran

tine pest 2 Plant part(s)

affected 3 Follow

pathway 2

BACTERIA Agrobacterium tumefaciens (Smith & Town.) Conn (= Rhizobium radiobacter (Beij. & v. Deld.)
Pribam [ Alphaproteobacteria:
Rhizobia les] KR, US (CABI, 2007) Bradbury , 1986;

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Pseudomonas fluorescens (Trevisan) Migua (Gammaproteobacteria: Pseudomoniales) KR, US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Pseudomonas syringae

pv. syringae van Hall (Gammaproteobacteria: Pseudomoniales) KR, US (CABI, 2007) Bradbury, 1986;

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Xanthomonas citri subsp.
citri 25 (ex Hasse 1915) Gabriel et al. 1989 [= X. axonopodis pv. citri (Vauterin et al.), X. campestris pv. citri (Hasse) Dye] (Citrus canker A) [ Gammaproteobacteria: Xanthomoniales] KR, US (FL) (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 Yes 26 F, L, S/Tr (CABI, 2007) Yes

FUNGI

Aithaloderma citri (Briosi & Pass) Woron 1926 (= Capnodium citri Berk. and Desm.) [Ascomycetes: Capnodiales] KR, US (Farr et al., 2009; Nisa

KR, 2009) Farr et al., 2009;

Nisa

- KR, 2009 No N/A N/A

Alternaria alternata Keisi [Ascomycetes: Pleosporales] KR, US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Alternaria citri Ellis & N. Pierce (Fungi Imperfecti: Hyphomycetes) KR, US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

25 The classification of Xanthomonads was revised in 2006. T he proper taxo nomic designation for the pathogen that causes

citrus canker is now Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Euzeby, 2007; Schaad et al. , 2006).

26 T his is a quarantine significant species with limited distribution in the United States and is under official control (NIS, 2006) : § 301.75

- 1 through § 301.75

- 14.Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange s from Korea



### R ev. 003 December 23, 2009 27 Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Reported on
Unshu Quaran

tine pest 2 Plant part(s)

affected 3 Follow

pathway 2

Alternaria sp

. (Fungi Imperfe cti: Hyphomycetes) KR (CABI, 2007) Anonymous, 1986, 1990, 1993, 1998b; Knorr, 1973; Reuther et al ., 1978; Timmer
et al. , 2000 Yes F (Timmer et al.

, 2000) Yes

Antennella citrina Hara (Loculoascomycetes: Dothideales) KR (Anonymous, 1986b) Anonymous,

1986b Y es L (Anonymous, 1986b) No

Armilleria mellea (Vahl:FFr) P. Kumm KR, US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Ascochyta citri Penz. (Ascomycetes: Dothideales) KR (PestID, 2009) PestID, 2009 27 Yes N/A N/A

Ascochyta pisi Lib. (= Ascochyta pisicola (Berk.) Sacc . (Fungi Imperfecti: Coelomycetes) KR, US (CABI, 2007) CMI, 1985;

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Aspergillus niger Tiegh. (Fungi Imperfecti: Hyphomycetes) KR, US (CABI, 2007; Timmer et al., 2000) Onions, 1966;

Timmer et al.,

2000 No N/A N/A

Botryophaeria dothid

ea (Moug.:Fr.) Ces. & De

Not. [Ascomycetes: Dothidiales] KR, US (Farr et al., 2009; Nisa

KR, 2009) Farr et al., 2009;

Nisa

- KR, 2009 No N/A N/A

Botryosphaeria rhodina (Cook) Arx (= Lasiodiplodia
theobromae (Pat.) Griffiths & Maubl.; = Diplodia natalensis ) (Fungi Imperfecti: Hyphomycetes) KR, US (Anonymous, 1998b; Farr et al., 2008) Anonymous,

1998b; Farr et al., 2008; Santacroce,
1993 No N/A N/A

Botryosphaeria ribis Grossenb. & Duggar (= Dothiorella gregaria Sacc.) [Ascomycetes: Dothidiales] KR, US (CABI,

2 007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Botryotinia fuckeliana (de Bary) Whetzel Botrytis
cinerea Pers. ex Fr. (Ascomycetes:Helotiale s) KR, US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

27 The only evidence that Unshu orange is a host of A. citri is one interception at a U.S. port

- of

- entry (PestID, 2008 ) . T h is is insufficient evidence for a host association, and therefore we did not analyze it further.Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange s from Korea



### R ev. 003 December 23, 2009 28 Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Reported on
Unshu Quaran

tine pest 2 Plant part(s)

affected 3 Follow

pathway 2

Capnodium tanakae Shirai & Hara (= Neocapnodium tanakae (Shirai & Hara) Yanamoto) [Locul oascomycetes: Dothideales] KR (Cho and Shin, 2004) Cho and Shin,

2004 Yes F, L, S/Tr (Cho and Shin, 2004) No 28

Capnophaeum fuliginodes (Rehm)

Yamamoto (Loculoascomycetes: Dothideales) KR (Anonymous, 1986b) Anonymous,

1986b Yes F (Anonymous, 1986b) No 28

Chaetothyrium spinigerum (Hohnel)

Yamamoto (Loculoascomycetes: Dothideales) KR (Anonymous, 1986b, 1990) Anonymous,

1986b, 1990 Yes L (Anonymous, 1986b, 1990) No 28

Cladosporium herbarum (Pers.:Fr) Link. var.
citricola Farl. (Fungi imperfecti) KR, US (I A, WA) (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Cladosporium sp . (Fungi Imperfecti: Hyphomycetes) KR (PestID, 2009) PestID, 2009 Yes F (PestID, 2009) Yes

Colletotrichum acutatum (Simmonds ex Simmonds) [ Teleomorph : Glomerella acutata Guerber & J.C. Correll] [Ascomycetes: Incertae sedis] KR, US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Colletotrichum coccodes (Wallr.) S. Hughes. [ = Gloeosporium foliicola (Nishida) Sawada (as

' foliicolum ')] [Ascomycetes: Incertae
sedis ] KR, US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007;

CMI, 1985 No N/ A N/A

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.)
Penz. & Sacc. in Penz. (Fungi Imperfecti: Coelomycetes) KR, US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007) No N/A Yes

28 Capnodium tanakae

, Capnophaeum fuliginodes , and Chaetothyrium spinigerum are s ooty mold fungi , which generally are minor leaf pathogens that grow superficially on plant tissue (Agrios, 1997)

. They are unlikely to follow the pathway

because they will be culled or washed off when fruit is sur face disinfested during post

- harvest processing.Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange s from Korea



### R ev. 003 December 23, 2009 29 Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Reported on
Unshu Quaran

tine pest 2 Plant part(s)

affected 3 Follow

pathway 2

Colletotrichum sp

. (Fungi Imperfecti: Coelomycetes) KR (PestID, 2009) PestID, 2009 Yes F (PestID, 2009) Yes

Coprinus micaceous (Bull.: Fr.) FR. 1838 KR, US (Farr et al., 2009; Nisa

KR, 2009) Farr et al., 2009;

Nisa

- KR, 2009 No N/A N/A

Corticium rolfsii Curzi (= Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.) (Basidiomycetes: Corticiaceae) KR, US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Diaporthe citri F. A. Wolf (Pyrenomycetes: Diaporthales) KR, US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Diaporthe faginea (Curr.)

Sacc. 1882 [= Diaporthe medusae a Nit.] [Ascomycetes: Diaportales] KR, US (Farr et al., 2009; Nisa

KR, 2009) Farr et al., 2009;

Nisa

- KR, 2009 No N/A N/A

Elsinoë australis Bit. &
Jenkins (Loculoascomycetes: Dothideales) KR (Hyun and K.

- S, 2001; Hyun and M., 2007; Hyun et al., 2009) 29 Hyun and K.

- S,

2001; Hyun and M., 2007; Hyun et al., 2009) Yes F, L, S (PestID, 2009; Hyun a nd

K.

- S, 2001; Hyun and M., 2007; Hyun et al., 2009) Yes

Elsinoë fawcetti Bit. &
Jenkins (Loculoascomycetes: Dothideales) KR, US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Elsinoë sp. (Loculoascomycetes: Dothideales) KR (PestID, 2009) PestID, 2009 Yes F, L, S (PestID, 2009) Yes

Erythricium salmonicolor (Berk. & Broome) Burdsall (= Corticium
salmonicolor Berk. & Broome; anamorph:
Necator decret Massee) [Basidiomycetes: Polyporales] KR, US (Farr et al., 2009; Nisa

KR, 2009) Farr et al., 2009;

Nisa

- KR, 2009 No N/A N/A

29 Hyun et al (2009) confirmed the occurrence of the natsudaidai pathotype of E. australis in Korea but found no new
pathotypes or regions of occurrence for this species. The host range of E. australis has not been thoroughly investigated on fruit. A preliminary host range of E. australis can be ascertained by molecular means only. However, fruit inoculations will have to be performed to confirm the susceptibility of different species of citrus . Consequently

, we will analyze this fungus in this assessment

.Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange s from Korea



### R ev. 003 December 23, 2009 30 Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Reported on
Unshu Quaran

tine pest 2 Plant part(s)

affected 3 Follow

pathway 2

Geotrichum citri

- aurantii ( Feiraris) E. E. Butler (Fungi Imperfecti: Hyphomycetes) KR, US Anonymous, 1986b; Farr et al.,

2008 Anonymous,

1986b; Farr et al.,

2008 No N/A N/A

Guignardia bidwellii (Ellis) Viala & Ravaz [Anamorph: Phyllosticta amp elicida (Engelm) Aa.] [Ascomycetes: Dothideales] KR, US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007;

CMI, 1991 No N/A N/A

Guignardia mangiferae (A. J. Roy) [Anamorph: Phyllosticta capitalensis

= Phoma citricarpa McAlpine var. mikan Hara] [Ascomycetes: Dothideales] KR, US (CA BI, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Guignardia sp. (Anamorph: Phoma citricarpa McAlpine

var. mikan Hara) (Fungi Imperfecti: Coelomycetes) KR, US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 Yes F, L, S (CABI, 2007) Yes

Helicobasidium mompa
Tanaka (Basidiomycetes:
Ceratobasidia ceae) KR (Anonymous, 1986b) Anonymous,

1986b Yes R, S/Tr (Anonymous, 1986b) No

Hypocrea lixii ( Pat .) [Anamorph:
Trichoderma harzianum Rifai] [Ascomycetes: Hypocreales] KR, US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Limacinia japonica Hara [Loculoascomycete s: Dothideales] KR (Anonymous, 1986b, 1990; PestID, 2009) Anonymous,

1986b, 1990; PestID, 2009 Yes F (Anonymous, 1986b, 1990; PestID, 2009) No 30

Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goidanich (Fungi Imperfecti: Coelomycetes) KR, US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007; Farr

et al ., 1989 No N/A N/A

30 Limacinia japonica

, a sooty mold fungus, generally is a minor leaf pathogen that grows superficially on plant tissue ( Agrios, 1997 ) . This fungus is unlikely to follow the pathway, because it is likely to be brushed/washed off.Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange s from Korea



### R ev. 003 December 23, 2009 31 Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Reported on
Unshu Quaran

tine pest 2 Plant part(s)

affected 3 Follow

pathway 2

Microsphaeropsis sp. (Fungi Imperfecti: Coelomycetes) KR (PestID, 2009) PestID, 2009 Yes F (PestID, 2009) Yes

Mycosphaerlla citri
Whiteside [Ascomycetes: Mycosphaerellales] KR, US (Farr et al., 2009; Nisa

KR, 2009) Far r et al., 2009;

Nisa

- KR, 2009 No N/A N/A

Nectria haematococca (Wollenw.) Gerlah (=
Fusarium solani (Martius) Sacc.) [Ascomycetes: Hypocreales] KR, US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Nematospora coryli Peglion [ = Eremothecium coryli (Peglion) Kurtzman] [Saccharomycetes: Saccharomycetales] KR, US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Penicillium digitatum Sacc. (Ascomycetes: Eurotiales) KR ,US (CABI, 2007) (CABI, 2007) No N/A N/A

Penicillium italicum Wehmer (Ascomycetes: Eurotiales) KR, US (CABI, 2007) Anonymous,

1998; Bai, 1977; Hong et al. , 1991;
Timmer et al.

, 2000; CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Penicillium ulaiensi

. [Ascomycetes: Eurotiales] KR, US (Farr et al., 2009; Nisa

KR, 2009) Farr et al., 2009;

Nisa

- KR, 2009 No N/A N/A

Phaeopeltis japonica

Yamamo to (Loculoascomycetes: Dothideales) KR (Anonymous, 1986b, 1990) Anonymous,

1986b, 1990 Yes F (Anonymous, 1986b, 1990) No 31

Phyllosticta beltranii Penzig (Fungi Imperfecti: Coelomycetes) KR (Anonymous, 1986b, 1990, 1998b) Anonymous,

1986b, 1990,
1998b Y es L (Anonymous, 1986b, 1990, 1998b) No

Phyllosticta erratica Ellis & Everh. (Fungi Imperfecti: Coelomycetes) KR, US (Anonymous, 1986b; Farr et al., 2008) Anonymous,

1986b; Farr et al.,

2008 No N/A N/A

31 Phaeopeltis japonica

, a sooty mold fungus, generally is a minor leaf pathogen that grows superficially on plant tissue ( Agrios, 1997 ) . This fungus is unlikely to follow the pathway, beca use it is likely to be brushed/washed off.Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange s from Korea



### R ev. 003 December 23, 2009 32 Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Reported on
Unshu Quaran

tine pest 2 Plant part(s)

affected 3 Follow

pathway 2

Phytophthora boehmeriae (Sawada) [Oomycetes: Pyt hiales] KR (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 Yes L, S, R (CABI, 2007; SeungBeom et al., 1999) N/A

Phytophthora cactorum (Lebert & Cohn) Schröt. [Oomycetes: Pythiales] KR, US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Phytophthora citrophthora (R.E. Sm. & E.H. Sm.) Leonian (Oomycetes: Pythiaceae) KR, US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Phytophthora cryptogea (Pethybr. & Laff.) [Oomycetes: Pythiales] KR, US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Phyophthota nicotianae
Breda de Haan 1896 [ = Phytophthota parisitica

Dastur (1913)] [Oomycetes: Pythiales] KR, US (Farr et al., 2009; Nisa

KR, 2009) Farr et al., 2009;

Nisa

- KR, 2009 No N/A N/A

Pythium debaryanum (Auct. non.) R. Hesse [Oomycetes: Pythiales] KR, US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Pythium ultimum (Trow) [Oomycet es: Pythiales] KR, US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Rhizoctonia solani J. G. Kuhn [Teleomorph: Thanatephorus

cucumeris (A.B. Frank) Donk [Basidiomycetes: Ceratobasidiales] KR, US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Rosellinia necatrix Prill. (Ascom ycetes: Xylariales) KR, US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A No

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) deBary (Ascomycetes: Helotiales) KR, US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

NEMATODA

Criconematidae Criconemoides informis (Micoltzdy) KR (A nonymous, 1984, 1990) Anonymous,

1984, 1990 Yes R (Anonymous, 1984, 1990) No

Hemicriconemoides mangiferae Siddiqi KR, US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/APest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange s from Korea



### R ev. 003 December 23, 2009 33 Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Reported on
Unshu Quaran

tine pest 2 Plant part(s)

affected 3 Follow

pathway 2

Longidoridae Xiphinema americanum
Cobb KR, US (CABI, 2007) Anonymous,

1984; CABI, 200 7 No N/A N/A

Xiphinema insigne Loos (Longidoridae) KR (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 Yes R No

Pratylenchidae Pratylenchus penetrans (Cobb) Filipjev &
Schuurmans Stekhoven KR, US (CABI, 2007) Anonymous,

1984; CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Trichordoridae Paratrichodorus porosus (Allen) Siddiqi KR, US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007;

Umeya and Okada, 2003 No N/A N/A

Tylenchidae Tylenchulus semipenetrans Cobb KR, US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

VIRUSES Citrus tatter leaf virus (Capillov irus) KR, US (CA, FL) (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Citrus tristeza virus (Closteroviridae: Closterovirus) KR, US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Satsuma dwarf virus (Bromoviridae: Nepovirus) KR (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 Yes WP (CABI, 2007) No

MOLLUSCA Bradybaenidae Acusta despecta (Grey) KR (An, 2000) An, 2000 Yes L, S (An, 2000) No



### 2.5. Quarantine Pests Likely to Follow the Pathway

The two quarantine pests likely to follow the pathway that we analyzed further were Els inoë australis

, sweet orange scab, and Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri , citrus canker. Following, we discuss some pests that were not further analyzed.



### 2.5.1. Insects Mealybugs. The mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) are unlikely to be associated with c ommercial
export

- quality unshu oranges due to pressure washing and brushing of the fruit that will occur before export to the United States. Any mealybugs on the fruit at harvest would likely be removed by this post

harvest practice, given their mobility a nd lack of adhesion to the fruit surface. Interception records for commercial shipments of Citrus fruit corroborate this.

Armored scales . We identified three species of armored scales (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), Octaspidiotus stauntoniae, Parlatoria ziziphi

, and Unaspis yanonensis, as quarantine pests. We did not further analyze them because although armored scales may enter on commercial fruit for consumption, they are highlyPest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange s from Korea



### R ev. 003 December 23, 2009 34 unlikely to become established via this pathway (Miller, 1985; PERAL, 2007b ). A re cent critical review of the literature, APHIS

- PPQ operational data, and expert opinion concludes that, even assuming high quantities of imported fruit infested with armored scale species that could be parthenogenic, highly fecund, polyphagous, invasive, th eoretically able to survive in most of the United States, and capable of causing high

- level consequences, the specific pathway represented by commercially produced fruit shipped without leaves, stems or contaminants constitutes an extremely low risk ( PERAL , 2007a ). This low risk is explained by poor ability of armored scales to disperse to new host plants from fruits for consumption, and consequently, by their low probability of establishment. The following characteristics
of armored scales contribute to th eir poor dispersal capabilities: Legs and wings are absent in females and in feeding immature forms. Males possess wings but are
short

- lived, do not feed, and tend to mate with nearby females.

Self

- dispersal of armored scales occurs by immature forms, or ―crawlers.‖ They are the most vulnerable life stage; their survival decreases with long

- distance wind dispersal. Crawlers can be passively dispersed by wind from one plant to another only during a period of approximately 24 hours. No further dispersal is p ossible after the crawlers start feeding as they lose their legs during the first molt and their mouthparts are deeply inserted in the host, anchoring them firmly to the substrate. Dispersal from fruit discarded in the environment is considered very unlike ly because of low wind speeds at ground level and low survival rate of crawlers on the ground or on decaying fruit or fruit peel. Active dispersal of crawlers by walking from their natal host is highly unlikely since they are not capable of rapid movement over bare soil or rough surfaces

.

Organisms removed from the pathway. Organisms removed from the Unshu oranges pathway during standard post

- harvest processing do not require further analysis. The following quarantine significant species found associated w ith citrus and in Korea (Table 3) will be mitigated through culling, pressure washing, and brushing of the fruit: Panonychus elongatus (Acari: Tetranychidae), Arcte coerula, Bastilla

maturate, Calyptra lata, C. thalictri, Dysgonia stuposa, Eudocima fulloni a , E. salaminia, Helicoverpa armigera, Ophiusa tirhaca

, Oraesia emarginata, O. excavate, Serrodes campana (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Ceroplastes japonicus

, C. pseudoceriferus, C. rubens (Hemiptera: Coccidae), Drosicha corpulenta (Hemiptera: Margarodidae), Nezara antennata (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), Planococcus kraunhiae, Pseudococcus cryptus, Pseudococcus sp. (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), Scirtothrips dorsalis

, Thrips coloratus , and T. palmi (Thysanoptera: Thripidae).



### 2.5.2. Fungi Guignardia citricarpa . Thi s pathogen is the causal agent of citrus black spot disease (Sutton and Waterston, 1966), and is a quarantine pest (Sutton and Waterston, 1996). The pest risk assessment conducted by PPQ in 1994 noted that Korean officials were unable to detect citrus blac k spot disease during several years of survey in the citrus

- growing areas in Korea. A list of citrus pests submitted by Korea (Anonymous, 1990) included Phoma citricarpa McAlpine var. mikan Hara as a causal agent of storage rot of citrus. Phoma citricarpa McAlpine is an anamorph of G. citricarpa (EPPO, 1997). The same situation was described in Japan, where a low percentage of stored Unshu fruit developed a decay caused by G. citricarpa var. mikan (anamorph: P. citricarpa var. mikan ) (McOnie, 1967). McOnie (1967)
concluded that G. citricarpa var. mikan was actually the nonpathogenic strain of G. citricarpa , that small irregular markings on fruit thought to be caused by G. citricarpa were due to mechanical or insect injury,
and that the G. citricarpa isolated from those fruit was the nonpathogenic Guignardia sp. Based on this information, PPQ believes that the Guignardia present in Korea is nonpathogenic. This concurs with reports of G. citricarpa in Korea as being either doubtful or reports of the non

- pathoge nic Guignardia sp. (CABI, 2007). Baldassari et al. (2008) and Baayen et al. (2002) used symptomology, pathogen morphology, and molecular techniques to differentiate the non

- pathogenic species from G. citricarpa

. The ―non

- pathogenic strain‖ is now designate d G. mangiferae and the citrus black spot pathogen is designated as G. citricarpa (Baayen et al., 2002; Baldassari et al., 2008). The non

- pathogenic GuignardiaPest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange s from Korea



### R ev. 003 December 23, 2009 35 was reported in Florida (Alfieri et al., 1994) and Texas (Okamura and Davis, 1987). Based on thi s information, we believe that the Guignardia present in Korea is G. mangiferae , which is not a quarantine pest. That is also why G. citricarpa does not appear above.



### 2.6. Consequences of I ntroduction

The negative impacts resulting from the introduction and establishment of quarantine pests are considered in this assessment. The potential consequences of introduction are rated using five risk elements described in the Guidelines for the Pathway

- Initiated Pest Risk Assessments Version 5.02 (PPQ, 2000).

F or each risk element, we rated the pest Low (1 point), Medium (2 points), or High (3 points). We summed all the risk element values to calculate a cumulative risk rating score, which is a biological indicator of the potential of the pest to establish, spre ad, and cause economic and environmental impacts (PPQ, 2000) . We summarized the ratings for the Consequences of Introduction below (Table 4).

Elsinoë australis, Sweet orange scab Risk ratings

Risk Element 1: Climate

- Host Interaction 

### The sweet orange scab occurs in Italy, India, Ethiopia, Dominican Republic, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, Paraguay, Uruguay, Cook Islands, Fiji, Niue, Samoa (CABI, 2007), and Korea ( Hyun et al. , 2001; Hyun et al. , 2007; Hyun et al., 2009). Thayer et al. (2003) exami ned the likely areas that Elsinoë australis could establish in the United States. The pathogen requires moderately warm temperatures (4

- 25 °C) and a minimum wet period of 2.5

- 3.5 h for infections to
occur. The suitable climate for E. australis development is limited to the state of Florida, where there are suitable hosts. That area includes two plant hardiness zones, therefore the rating for Climate

- Host Interaction is Medium. Medium (2)

Risk Element 2: Host Range
Elsinoë australis infects many species of citrus

, including sweet orange ( C. sinensis ), lemon ( C. limon ), mandarin ( C. reticulata ), tangerine ( C. reticulata ), satsuma orange ( C.
reticulata ), kumquat ( Fortunella margarita ), lime ( C. latifolia ), grapefruit ( C. paradisi ), and pointed leaf papeda ( C. hystrix ) (CMI, 1998). Sour orange, C. aurantium, is relatively
resistant to E. australis (EPPO/CABI, 1997h). The host range of sweet orange scab includes multiple species within a single genus, so the rating for this element is Low

. Low (1)

Risk Element 3 : Dispersal The primary window for infection is the early spring, when the tree puts out new shoot growth and  ̳petal fall‘ commences (Timmer et al

. , 2000). Leaves are susceptible as they emerge from the bud; thereafter they become immune to infection (Tim mer et al., 2000); however, when lesions do develop on leaves, they typically remain small (2 mm diameter) (Bitancourt and Jenkins, 1937). During the six to eight weeks after  ̳petal fall,‘ fruits are highly susceptible to E. australis (Timmer et al., 2000)

.

Conidia dispersal depends on rain and/or irrigation (CMI, 1998; EPPO/CABI, 1997h; Timmer et al., 2000), and may disperse in air over short distances (Chung and Timmer, 2005). The dispersal gradient is short. The estimated spread rate in Florida groves was 100 to 300 m per year (Whiteside, 1975).

From this information, we rated citrus canker Low for Dispersal Potential. Low (1)Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange s from Korea



### R ev. 003 December 23, 2009 36 Elsinoë australis, Sweet orange scab Risk ratings Risk Element 4: Economic Impact
Elsinoë australis is a fungal pathogen that causes fruit disfigurement and reduces fresh
mark et value (Bitancourt and Jenkins, 1937; EPPO/CABI, 1997h). Culling diseased fruit increases handling costs and decreases export volume. Most oranges in Florida are grown for processing, therefore finding sweet orange scab in an orange grove would likely no t majorly disrupt either the processed or fresh market. Elsinoë australis may also affect grapefruit, lime, or tangerine groves; a large portion of these crops goes to the fresh market (USDA, 2002c). Expenses associated with sweet orange scab include field control (to reduce disease symptoms), post

- harvest treatments, grove surveys, and the loss in export market of fresh citrus from all states. The estimated cost of its permanent
establishment in Florida

— not considering post

- harvest treatment costs

— about $ 55 million annually, which includes a loss in export revenue of $32 million annually (USDA, 2002c). We rated E. australis Low for this element. Low (1)

Risk Element 5: Environmental Impact
The introduction of E. australis into a new area may require spec ific chemical control programs, which can negatively impact non

- target pests and the environment. Copper oxychloride sprays during new spring growth and flowering protect the young leaves and fruit by preventing the spores from germinating and causing infe ction (Timmer et al., 2000; Whiteside, 1975). The three sprays recommended for areas highly infested with citrus scab (Timmer and Chung, 2007b; Timmer et al., 2000). Growers in Florida are most likely already employing these chemicals to control E. fawcett ii, therefore there would likely be little additional environmental impacts for controlling E. australis. No threatened or endangered species of citrus in the United States would be impacted by the pathogen (USFWS, 2008). We rated the pathogen Low for this element. Low (1)

Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri , Citrus canker Risk ratings

Risk Element 1: Climate

- Host Interaction Citrus canker disease occurs in Asia, Africa, Central America, the Caribbean, South America, Oceania, and the United States (Florid a). In Florida, citrus canker has successfully established several times. The last occurrence in Florida was in Miami in 1995. Citrus canker is now widespread throughout citrus

- producing areas in Florida. To date, citrus canker has not spread from Florida to other U.S. citrus

- producing areas. Citrus is grown in U.S. Plant Hardiness Zones 8

- 10 ( Bright Leaf Citrus Nursery , 2008; Wright, 2001). Citrus canker could establish in three Plant Hardiness Zones (PERAL, 2008a) (Figure 2). Thus, our rating for this ele ment is Medium

. Medium (2)

Risk Element 2: Host Range

Citrus spp. are the main hosts of economic importance. Natural infections only occur on

Citrus spp., hybrids, and cultivars and on Aegle marmelos (golden apple), Casimiroa
edulis (white sapote), Citru s aurantiifolia (lime), C. aurantium (sour orange), C. hystrix (mauritius bitter orange), C. junos (yuzu), C. limetta (sweet lemon tree), C. limon (lemon), C. madurensis (calamondin), C. maxima (pummelo), C. medica (citron), C.
natsudaidai (natsudaidai), C . reshni (Cleopatra mandarin), C. reticulata (mandarin), C.
reticulata x Poncirus trifoliata (citrumelo), C. sinensis (navel orange), C. sunki (sour mandarin), C. tankan (tankan mandarin), C. unshiu (satsuma), Citrus x paradisi (grapefruit), Eremocitrus gl auca (Australian desert lime), Limonia acidissima (elephant apple), Poncirus trifoliata (Trifoliate orange), Fortunella japonica (round kumquat), and Fortunella margarita (oval kumquat) (Pruvost et al., 2002; CABI, 2007). The degree of susceptibility of th ese citrus species to citrus canker varies: most C. reticulata cultivars Medium (2)Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange s from Korea



### R ev. 003 December 23, 2009 37 Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri , Citrus canker Risk ratings are moderately resistant to citrus canker (Gottwald et al., 1993; Graham et al., 1992; Canteros, 2004). The natural host range of citrus canker includes multiple species within one pl ant family, which means a risk rating of Medium

. Risk Element 3: Dispersal
Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri can survive in diseased plant tissues, as an epiphyte on
host and non

- host plants, and as a saprophyte on straw mulch or in soil (Goto, 1 992). However, overwintering lesions, particularly those formed on angular shoots, are the most important source of inoculum for the following season (Pruvost et al., 2002). Bacteria produced in leaf and twig lesions are significant for secondary infection s. The amount of citrus canker bacteria present within active lesions decreases as the lesions age, and stem lesions can act as reservoirs of inoculum for longer periods than fruits and leaves (Leite Jr. and Moham, 1990; Verniere et al., 2003). In the firs t 48 hours of wetting, laboratory
studies demonstrated that 4

- 6 week

- old lesions exuded 100 to 1000 times more cfu/ml (cfu = colony forming unit) than 4

- 6 month

- old lesions (Timmer et al. 1991). Viable
bacteria have been isolated from 5

- 7 year

- old stem les ions (Schubert et al., 2001). Late

season lesions are capable of sustaining bacteria from one season into the next season, and asymptomatic citrus leaves still attached to the tree are believed to harbor citrus
canker bacteria for several months.

Bacteria may also survive for a few weeks to several months on decomposing plant litter (fallen fruit, leaves, and limbs), on the soil surface (Civerolo, 1984; Gottwald et al., 2002a; Graham et al., 1987; Leite Jr. and Moham, 1990; Schubert et al., 2001), or on pl ant material in the soil for as long as four years (Goto, 1992; Goto et al., 1975; Pereira et al., 1976). That allows citrus canker bacteria to persist, providing inoculum for further spread of the pathogen (Graham et al., 1987). Survival in decomposing le aves, both in and on the soil surface, depends on moisture and temperature (Goto, 1992). Citrus canker bacteria do not survive for long periods in the soil in the absence of host material (Graham, 1989; Graham et al., 1987, Leite Jr. and Moham, 1984).

In wind

- driven rain, bacteria dispersal can occur within trees and from tree to tree (Bock, 2005; Gottwald and Graham, 2000). Pathogen spread has been recorded from 32 meters to several miles (Gottwald and Graham, 2000; Gottwald et al., 1988; Gottwald et al.

, 2002b; Stall et al., 1980). In Florida, pathogen spread was detected within 579 m (1900 ft) from the source 95 percent of the time (Compton and Fagan, 2000; Gottwald et al., 2002a; Gottwald et al., 2001). Citrus canker spread from an initial 50 square mi les to 1,265 square miles area in the first five years following detection in Florida.

Long

- distance spread of the pathogen can also occur via the movement of infected planting and propagating material, such as budwood, rootstock seedlings or budded tree s from nurseries (Gottwald et al., 2002a; Graham et al., 2004; Smith et al., 1997; Timmer et al., 2005). There is no confirmed record of seed transmission (Smith et al., 1997). Contaminated personnel, clothing, equipment, tools, field boxes, and other item s associated with harvesting and post

- harvest handling of fruit may also provide a means of long

- distance dissemination, especially when trees are wet (Civerolo, 1984; Timmer et al., 2005; USDA, 2002). Bacteria can survive in plant debris in the soil for l ong periods (Goto et al., 1978; Graham et al., 1987); thus, the removal of leaves, fruit, and limbs from the grove floor and the removal of infected trees, help reduce inoculum and diminish spread potential. Medium (2)Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange s from Korea



### R ev. 003 December 23, 2009 38 Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri , Citrus canker Risk ratings

The movement of diseased fruit has often been c onsidered a potential means of long

distance pathogen spread, but despite a long global history of commercial trade in citrus fruit, no authenticated record exists of this (Smith et al., 1997),. Likewise, infected culled fruit and processed fruit pulp poss ibly facilitate long

- distance pathogen spread, but the likelihood of this is unknown (Smith et al., 1997). We do not know if asymptomatic fruit or fruit with lesions are epidemiologically significant with respect to the initiation of new infections (Canter os, 2004; Jetter et al., 2000). Based on the above, we rated citrus canker
Medium for Dispersal Potential. Risk Element 4: Economic Impact Severe infections of citrus canker can result in dieback, defoliation, fruit deformation, and
premature fruit drop ( CABI, 2007; Civerolo, 1981; Gottwald and Graham, 2000; Stall and Seymour, 1983). When the fruits and leaves of young, susceptible trees are infected, the development and the achievement of full growth may be delayed by several years in
severel y infected young trees (CABI, 2007). The most significant effect of citrus canker is
the loss of commercial markets due to unmarketable fruit. Blemished fruit are still suitable for the juice market (Stall and Seymour, 1983), but do not meet the market

sta ndard for fresh fruit (Gottwald et al., 2001; Muraro et al., 2001). We rated citrus canker High for Economic Impacts. High (3)

Risk Element 5: Environmental Impact The introduction of citrus canker in a new area may require specific control programs that could negatively impact non

- target pests and the environment. Prophylactic sprays of copper oxychloride or other copper

- containing compounds are commonly used to provide protection against initial infection in canker

- endemic areas during growth flushes an d fruit development (2

- 6 cm diameter) (Das, 2003; Graham et al., 2004; Koizumi, 1977b; Kuhara, 1978; Leite Jr. and Moham, 1990; Medina

- Urrutia and Stapleton, 1985; Muraro et al., 2001; Stall et al., 1980; Timmer, 1988). Additional copper fungicide sprays a re often necessary to avoid symptoms in generally infected areas because the initial spray usually wears off, reducing its efficacy in limiting pathogen spread potential (Gottwald et al., 2002b; Leite Jr. and Moham, 1990; Stall et al., 1980). In Japan, sus ceptible hosts are often sprayed 5 to 7 times, while moderately susceptible cultivars are only sprayed four times throughout the growing season. Five to six copper sprays during the susceptible rainy season in Brazil result in a disease incidence decrease of 90 percent in moderately susceptible cultivars (Leite Jr. et al., 1987). In addition, the age of the citrus tree, environmental conditions, and the application of other control methods may alter the effectiveness of copper sprays (Leite Jr., 2000). Grah am and Gottwald (1991) stated that ―in the absence of windbreaks, copper applied at 1

- month intervals slightly reduced canker spread during wind

- blown rain events.‖ However, they found that copper applications did not affect disease incidence when used in conjunction with windbreaks and applied at one

- month intervals (Graham and Gottwald, 1991). APHIS has considered the potential effects of citrus eradication program on endangered and threatened species and their habitats. Generally, the controlled nature o f the citrus canker infestations and the program treatments preclude any effects on those species and their habitats (USDA, 1999). Overall, we rated c itrus canker Medium for Environmental Impact. Medium (2)Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange s from Korea



### R ev. 003 December 23, 2009 39 Figure 2 . Plant hardiness zones for the con tinental United States (PERAL, 2008).

Table 4. Risk ratings for Consequences of Introduction.

Pest Risk elements Risk rating a

Climate

- Host
Interaction Host

Range Dispersal

Potential Economic

Impact Environ

mental Impact

Elsinoë australis Med (2) Low (1) Low (1) Low (1) Low (1) Low (6)

Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri Med (2) Med (2) Med (2) High (3) Med (2) Medium (11)

a Low = 5

- 8, Medium = 9

- 12, High = 13

- 15



### 2.7. Likelihood of Introduction

This portion of the assessment considers two separat e components. First, we estimate the amount of commodity likely to be imported, which is the same for all quarantine pests considered. Second, we consider five biological factors concerning the pest and its interactions with the commodity. The resulting

ri sk ratings are specific to each pest. For each pest, the sum of the sub elements produces a cumulative risk rating for likelihood of introduction. The cumulative risk rating for introduction is considered to be an indicator of the likelihood that a particu lar pest would be introduced. These ratings and the value for the Likelihood of Introduction are summarized below ( Table 7)

.



### 2.7.1. Quantity Imported Annually. The likelihood that an exotic pest will be introduced depends on the amount of potentially inf ested commodity imported. For qualitative pest risk assessments, the amount of commodity imported is
estimated in units of standard 40

- foot shipping containers.Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange s from Korea



### R ev. 003 December 23, 2009 40 Korea began exporting Unshu oranges to the United States in 1995, and that ended in 2002 (Tabl e 5) (NASS, 2005). The annual number of 40

- foot shipping containers fell within the range of 10 to 100 containers. Given this, we assumed that less than 100 containers would be imported annually from Korea, so the rating was Medium

.

Table 5. Shipping vol umes of Korean Unshu fruit, in approximate number of 40

- foot containers (NASS, 2005).

Year Volume (metric tons) Containers (no.)

1995 50 2.5

1996 220 11

1997 1,190 59.5

1998 40 2

1999 380 19

2000 240 12

2001 1,434 71.7

2002 1,601 80



### 2.7.2. Harve sted Fruit is Infested/Infected and Survives Post

- Harvest Treatment

Citrus canker . Standard post

- harvest treatments were summarized above (1.2). The presence of the organism on fruit may be associated with lesions, injuries, or blemishes, or it may be epi phytic (contamination). A ten

- year research project in Argentina confirmed the very low susceptibility (zero percent) of Unshu mandarin fruit to citrus canker, especially in comparison to grapefruit (Canteros, 2004). Disease incidence on vegetative plant p arts was slightly above zero on fruit, with the Unshu mandarin the least susceptible to citrus canker of all cultivars that were tested under high inoculum pressure (Canteros, 2004). Small fruit (<20 mm) are not susceptible to infection as the stomata are not fully open at this stage. Above this size susceptibility is inversely related to fruit age: younger fruit are more susceptible (Graham et al., 1992). Epiphytic populations of citrus canker on citrus tissue drop 3

- 5 orders of magnitude in 24 hours in

e xperiments (Timmer et al., 1996). In Brazil, asymptomatic fruit were sprayed with a bacterial suspension, but after five days at room temperature under laboratory conditions the bacteria could not be recovered (Belasque Jr. and Rodriguez Neto, 2000). Harsh er environmental conditions outside the laboratory would likely further reduce the survival of epiphytic citrus canker populations on asymptomatic fruit.

This fruit will be washed, brushed, and dried as a normal part of the packing process (Section 1.2). Brushing increases the exposure of citrus canker to toxicants (Brown and Schubert, 1987). Drying further reduces epiphytic citrus canker populations (Schubert et al., 1999). Disinfectants reduced populations of the closely related species, Xanthomonas cam pestris pv. vesicatoria, to undetectable levels (Brown and Schubert, 1987; Graham and Gottwald, 1991). Using 200 ppm chlorine for two minutes reduces natural bacterial populations on citrus fruits 77

- 99 percent (Stapleton, 1986). Similarly, exposing fruit from infected citrus trees to a prewash with SOPP detergent, followed by a chlorine wash reduced the survival of surface bacteria (Gottwald et al., 2009). A packinghouse wash with disinfectants can practically remove all epiphytic citrus canker from fruits without symptoms (Canteros, 2004, n.d.; Canteros et al., 2000). Post

- harvest treatment in Uruguay reduced bacterial populations on inoculated fruit by 99.5 percent, and by 99.8 percent on naturally infested fruit (Verdier et al., 2005, 2006). Finally, two different
chlorine

- wash protocols reduced (by approximately 50 percent) the ability of lesions to produce viable bacteria (Gottwald et al., 2009).Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange s from Korea



### R ev. 003 December 23, 2009 41 If a small epiphytic population of citrus canker did survive post

- harvest treatments, it would not survive

l ong on the surface of the fruit (Goto, 1969; Timmer et al., 1991). Under natural conditions, epiphytic citrus canker survives on fruit surfaces for only about three days (Goto, 1962, 1969; Shiotani et al., 2009 ), and they do not multiply in water, on leaf surfaces, or on dry leaves (Timmer et al., 1991; Timmer et al., 1996). Because bacterial survival on non

- attached citrus fruit is significantly reduced (Koizumi, 1972), the likelihood of citrus canker spread via commercial fruit is very low, but not zero ( Golmohammadi et al., 2007).

We can conclude that symptomatic fruit are unlikely to pass through the standard packinghouse procedures and that the post

- harvest treatments will likely remove and/or devitalize epiphytic populations of the pathogen to the ext ent that they become epidemiologically insignificant. For these reasons, we
rated this risk element Low for Citrus canker.

Sweet orange scab . Infection by E. australis can start in the early spring, when there is new shoot growth and  ̳petal fall‘ commence s (Timmer et al., 2000). Leaves are only susceptible as they emerge; thereafter they become immune to infection. Lesions on leaves typically remain small (2 mm diameter) (Bitancourt and Jenkins, 1937). Tissue susceptibility decreases as fruit mature. Fruit s become susceptible to E.
australis six to eight weeks after petal fall (Timmer et al., 2000). Rind symptoms of initial infections typically display slightly raised and pink to light brown scab prostulates. As the scab or prostulates develop they become w arty and cracked, and yellowish brown to dark gray (Bitancourt and Jenkins, 1937; Timmer et al., 2000). Prophylactic sprays of copper oxychloride or other copper

- containing compounds provided protection against initial infection in canker

- endemic areas dur ing growth flushes and fruit development (2

- 6 cm diameter) (Das, 2003; Graham et al., 2004; Muraro et al., 2001). Well

timed field treatments significantly reduce the incidence of disease, the level of inoculum, and the number of symptomatic fruit in the f ield. Combinations of prophylactic sprays and cultural control practices, such as windbreaks and pruning diseased shoots, further reduce disease incidence (Das, 2003; Kuhara, 1978; Leite Jr., 2000; Leite Jr. and Moham, 1990).

As with citrus canker, sympt omatic oranges infected by sweet orange scab are unlikely to pass through the standard packinghouse procedures and the post

- harvest treatments. Therefore, we rated this risk
element Low for sweet orange scab.



### 2.7.3. Quarantine Pests Survive Shipment

This sub

- element evaluates the survival of inoculum in fruit during shipping. Shipments of unshu oranges are likely to be refrigerated and spend several days in transit to the United States. Recommended shipping and storage temperatures for Unshu oranges are be tween 4 and 7°C for two to four weeks (Cantwell, 2002).

Citrus canker. Bacteria that survive the packing process on the surface of citrus fruit are unlikely to survive the shipping process. Bacterial populations in existing lesions decreased by several or ders of magnitude when the average maximum temperature was below 20°C and average minimum temperature was below 10°C (Koizumi, 1977a). Stall et al

. (1980) noted ―the populations of viable cells in lesions

decreased about 100

- fold during the winter months.‖ As mentioned above, under natural conditions epiphytic citrus canker survives on fruit surfaces only up to three days (Goto, 1962, 1969; Shiotani et al.,
2009 ). Therefore, epiphytic populations pose an epidemiological threat for only a very limited window of
time.

After processing, bacteria have not been shown to occur on the surface of citrus fruit or under the wax coating applied to the fruit, and are unlikely to cause disease development under these circumstances.
Fruit

- to

- fruit post

- harvest spread of bacteria has not been documented. Citrus canker latent populations do not produce symptoms in harvested fruit (Civerolo, 1997), and there is no evidence of epiphytic growthPest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange s from Korea



### R ev. 003 December 23, 2009 42 by citrus canker (Brunings and Gabriel, 2003). Our rating for Xanthomonas citri sub sp. citri is Low for
this risk element.

Sweet orange scab . Harvested fruit is visually inspected for Sweet orange scab symptoms. Fruits are infected early in their development, grow misshapen, and can fall prematurely (EPPO/CABI, 1997h). Lesions on young fruit are round to irregular, 2 to 6 mm in diameter, raised and slightly convex (Bitancourt and Jenkins, 1937). Rind symptoms of older scabs are warty and cracked and yellowish brown to dark gray in color (Bitancourt and Jenkins, 1937; Timmer et al

. , 2000) . Culling procedures used in Argentina to remove symptomatic Xcc fruit (Ploper et al

. , 2004) should effectively remove fruit symptomatic for E. australis

.

Routine packing house treatments used to control Citrus black spot (CBS) such as chlorine dip, warm water bath, or chemical tank dip (1000 μg ml

- 1 guazatine, 503 μg ml

- 1 imazalil sulphate, 500 μg ml

- 1 2,4

- D sodium salt) and combinations of these treatments (Korf et al., 2001a), should reduce the viability of E.
australis . Wax treatments used to reduce t he viability of Guignardia citricarpa conidia (Korf et al., 2001; Seberry, 1967) should also reduce the viability of E. australis conidia . Due to the packing process, the rating is Medium for E. australis to survive packing and post harvest treatment.



### 2.7 .4. Quarantine Pest is not Detected at Port

- of

- Entry

In this sub

- element we assess the likelihood of a pest not being detected during port inspections.

Citrus canker . Groves in infested areas may have citrus canker infected fruit at varying levels dependi ng on the prevalence of inoculum, the susceptibility of the variety, and climatic, environmental, and cultural conditions. The presence of the organism on fruit may be associated with lesions, injuries, or blemishes, or it may be epiphytic (contamination). Epiphytic populations would be difficult to detect, but are much less likely to introduce the disease (above). Lesions on infected fruit are distinctive and have been
detected at ports multiple times. Therefore, we rated this sub

- element Low.

Sweet oran ge scab . We found no information about the ability of E. australis to survive shipping. The fungus overwinters in the tree canopy on limbs and fruit that had been infected during the previous season. The pathogen will survive if existing scab pustules reta in the infectious conidia (propagules) (EPPO/CABI, 1997h). Citrus scab can generally survive for periods of time without susceptible tissue in pustules on old leaves and fruit (Timmer et al., 2000). Since E. australis can overwinter, it can likely
survive low temperatures during shipment. Thus, we rated E. australis as High

.



### 2.7.5. Infested/Infected Fruit is Moved to Suitable Habitat

This sub

- element involves shipment of infested/infected fruit to a suitable habitat for establishment/disease development; f or this, we consider the geographic location of likely markets. Imported fruit normally arrive at multiple ports and are distributed according to market demand.

Three of the four most populous states in the United States (Florida, Texas, and California; US Census Bureau, 2000) are in the southern United States, where the climate best matches the native climates for Citrus canker and sweet orange scab. Assuming that citrus is distributed across the United States proportional to population, then fruit is li kely to be shipped to these states. Based on the above information, we rated this risk element Medium for both pests

.



### 2.7.6. Pests Find Suitable Host and Establish or Incite Disease

This sub

- element examines the risk that imported infested fruit will enc ounter a suitable host within the suitable habitat, and a viable reproductive unit of the insect pest or plant pathogen associated with the fruit is able to complete its life cycle. The following events must occur for the disease to develop:Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange s from Korea



### R ev. 003 December 23, 2009 43 A susceptible host must be available The host must be exposed when infection can occur (varies with cultivar) Free water must be available on the surface of the citrus plants from rain Sufficient force (i.e., wind) must be present to drive the bacteria into natural open ings, or wounds must be present The causal organism must be in sufficient amount and at stage that can cause disease onset Enough time must elapse for key interactions to occur

Citrus canker . Viable bacteria from infected fruit are unlikely to encounter s uitable hosts under the conditions required for disease development for several reasons. First, citrus canker has only fifteen known hosts, in Citrus spp. (see above). Second, hosts must be susceptible, which lasts 90

- 120 days after petal fall. Most leaf i nfections occur during enlargement (Civerolo, 1984), over a short interval, often within the first six weeks (Gottwald and Graham, 2000). Mature, unwounded fruit are not susceptible to infection (Civerolo, 1984; Gottwald and Graham, 2000), because they (an d leaves) are protected by the buildup of a waxy cuticle (Albrigo, 1976; Gottwald and Graham, 2000; Graham et al., 1992; NPB, 2002). Third, infiltration of bacteria into stomata on unwounded fruit or leaves is aided by wind

- driven rain, with wind speeds ex ceeding 8 m/s (Gottwald et al., 2002a; Graham and Leite Jr., 2004). Such weather conditions will be relatively rare. Finally, diseased fruit have not been shown to affect epidemiology of citrus canker disease (Smith et al., 1997; Gottwald et al., 2009), wh ether with lesions or asymptomatic fruit (Anonymous, 2005; Canteros, 2004; Jetter et al., 2000; PERAL, 2007a a; Verdier et al., 2005). Gottwald et al. (2009) demonstrated that actively growing citrus plants exposed to infected, packinghouse treated fruit, d id not become infected. Discarded canker

- infected fruit in cull piles were also not effective sources of inoculum for dispersal to nearby plants under natural conditions. Overall, citrus fruit with canker lesions are an unlikely pathway through which citru s canker inoculum might lead to infection and
citrus canker establishment in new areas (Gottwald et al., 2009). We rated this sub

- element Low

.

Sweet orange scab . The suitable climate for E. australis development is limited to the state of Florida (Thayer, 2003), where hosts of E. australis are present . Infection only occurs when there is new shoot growth and  ̳petal fall‘ commences (Timmer et al., 2000). Leaves are only susceptible as they emerge; thereafter they become immune to infection (Timmer et al

. , 2 000). Tissue susceptibility decreases as fruit mature. Six to eight weeks after petal fall fruits are susceptible to E. australis (Timmer et al., 2000). The pathogen will survive if existing scab pustules retain the infectious conidia (propagules) (EPPO/CA BI, 1997h). Conidia are formed abundantly on wet scabs (CABI, 2006). Germination of conidia and infection do not require rainfall, but a minimum wet period, via dew, fog, or other high moisture conditions of 2.5

- 3.5 hours, is necessary for conidial infecti on (CABI, 2006; EPPO/CABI, 1997h). When these favorable conditions are present, infection and further conidial production can occur within 4

- 6 hours (Whiteside, 1975). As the closely related species E. fawcetti , is already established in Florida it is like ly that E.
australis encounter suitable conditions for disease development. The rating is High for this risk element

.

Table 6. Risk rating for Likelihood of Introduction.

Pest Quantity

imported annually Harvested

fruit is
infected Survive post

harvest

t reatment Survive

shipments Fruit

sent to
suitable
habitat Find suitable

host/
incite disease Cumulative

risk ranking 1

Elsinoë australis Med (2) Low (1) Medium (2) High (3) Med (2) High (3) Medium (13)

Xanthomonas

citri subsp. citri Med (2) Low (1) Low (1 ) Low (1) Med (2) Low (1) Low (8)

1 Low = 6

- 9, Medium = 10

- 14, High = 15

- 18Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange s from Korea



### R ev. 003 December 23, 2009 44 2.8. Pest Risk Potential / Conclusion

The sum of the values for the Consequences of Introduction and the Likelihood of Introduction equal the Pest Risk Potential ( Table 7)

. Swe et orange scab and c itrus canker had Medium Pest Risk Potential s (Table 7). A very low incidence of any symptoma tic fruit infested with citrus canker may enter on
occasion

, but the pathogen is unlikely to establish in new area s via this fruit as a pathway. The same

seems true for sweet orange sca b

.

Low risk pests typically do not require specific mitigations measures beyond port

- of

- entry inspection. For

m edium risk pests , specific phytosanitary measures may be necessary, and for h igh risk pests, specific

p hytosanitary measures are strongly recommended, and port

- of

- entry inspection is not considered sufficient to provide phytosanitary security. Identification and selection of appropriate sanitary and phytosanitary measures to mitigate risk for pests with par ticular Pest Risk Potential ratings is undertaken as part of the risk management phase is not discussed in this document. The appropriate risk management strategy for a particular pest depends on the risk posed by that pest.

Table 7. Pest Risk Potential.

Pest Consequences of
Introduction Likelihood of

Introduction Pest Risk Potential a

Elsinoë australis Low (6) Medium (13) Medium (19)

Xanthomonas citri subsp

. citri Medium (11) Low (8) Medium (19)

a Low = 11

- 18, Medium = 19

- 26, High = 27

- 33



## 3. Risk Ma nagement Options

3.1. Measures for Pest Risk Reduction

A systems approach to mitigate risks involved with Unshu oranges, Citrus reticulata , from Korea might combine a variety of measures. Several of these management measures are being used to mitigate s everal pest of quarantine significance, as follows (and see 1.2): Certification of pest

- free areas, pest

- free places of production, or areas of low pest prevalence for certain quarantine pests, such as fruit flies; programs (e.g., mechanical, chemical, cu ltural) to control pests within orchards; preclearance oversight by USDA

- APHIS officials Standard post

- harvest processing procedures (e.g., washing with detergent, brushing, inspection of fruit) to eliminate external pests; quarantine treatments to disinfe st fruit of internal and external pests Consignments inspected and certified by the National Plant Quarantine Service (NPQS) of Korea and

APHIS

- PPQ to be free of quarantine pests; fruit traceable to state of origin, packing facility, grower, and orchard; c onsignments subject to sampling and inspection after arrival in the United States; and
limits on distribution and transit within the United States

We identified two pests of quarantine significance that could follow the unshu fruit pathway, Elsinoë

austra lis , the causal agent of sweet orange scab, and Xanthomonas citri subsp . c itri , the causal agent of
citrus canker disease. The Pest Risk Potential of both pests was Medium, so specific phytosanitary measures may be necessary.Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange s from Korea



### R ev. 003 December 23, 2009 45 3.2. Phytosanitary Options

In this section we describe risk mitigation options and discuss application, and efficacy, if known. Options for risk mitigation are summarized below (Table 8).

In this document we do not purport to establish specific work plans or to evaluate the qualit y of a specific program or systems approach. We identify risks and provide information regarding known mitigation measures. The specification and implementation of measures, as would be present in an operational work plan, is beyond the scope of this docum ent.



### 3.2.1. Pest Freedom & Areas of Low Pest Prevalence

Pest

- free areas

. As a sole mitigative measure, the establishment of pest

- free areas or pest

- free places of production may be completely effective in satisfying an importing country‘s appropriate leve l of phytosanitary protection (IPPC, 2007: ISPM #s 4, 10, 29). This option has proven to be successful in practice, eliminating the need for post

- harvest commodity treatments to achieve probit

- 9

- level security (e.g., TDOA, 2003). Establishment and maintena nce of pest

- free areas or production sites should comply with international standards (e.g., IPPC, 2007: ISPM #s 4, 10, 29; NAPPO, 2004). Various survey
methods to establish pest

- free areas for citrus canker exist

.

Areas of low pest prevalence

. An area o f low pest prevalence may comprise all of a country, part of a country, or all or parts of several countries, in which a particular pest species occurs at low population densities and which is or are subject to effective surveillance and control or eradica tion measures (IPPC, 2007: ISPM #5). Procedures for the establishment and maintenance of areas of low pest prevalence should comply with international standards (e.g., NAPPO, 2004; IPPC, 2007: ISPM #29). For example, elements of an operational plan for est ablishment and maintenance of such areas might include a geographic description to delimit the area; specification of an upper limit to pest densities; means to document and verify all necessary procedures and maintain records; specification of phytosanita ry procedures (e.g., survey, pest control); and movement controls to prevent pest entry or re

- entry into the area. The international standards recommend that the exporting country consult with the importing country in the early stages of implementation to ensure that importing country requirements are met. In particular, target or threshold population densities defining an area of low pest prevalence should be established in consultation with the importing country.



### 3.2.2. Control program Cultural, chemical , or mechanical means (e.g., grove sanitation, pruning of dead and diseased branches,

pre

- harvest application of pesticides, fruit bagging) may be used to eliminate pests from groves or prevent fruit infestation. Sanitation and pesticide applications, as e ssential components of best management practices, are mainstays of commercial fruit production (e.g., Kirk et al., 2001).

Well

- timed field treatments significantly reduce the incidence of citrus canker, the level of inoculum, and the number of symptomati c fruit in the field. Combinations of prophylactic sprays and cultural control practices, such as windbreaks and pruning diseased shoots, further reduce disease incidence (Das, 2003; Leite Jr., 2000; Leite Jr. and Moham, 1990).



### 3.2.3. Phytosanitary certi fication inspections and monitoring If pest

- free areas are established, Unshu orange fruit should be sampled and inspected periodically during the growing season and after harvest for quality control and for phytosanitary precautionary measures.
Production areas also should be subject to scheduled audits and periodic, unannounced inspections byPest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange s from Korea



### R ev. 003 December 23, 2009 46 certified inspectors from PPQ and NPQS. These inspections should insure that production areas meet stipulated requirements for the issuance of a phytosanitary certif icates required for each consignment. This measure is useful for detecting pests present during the growing season that may be more difficult to detect post

- harvest. Detection methods need to be combined with other measures to ensure the absence of
pests o f concern. Fruit should be sampled and inspected periodically during the growing season and after harvest. These measures are useful for detecting pests present in the field that may be more difficult to detect post

- harvest, but it must be combined with ot her measures to ensure the absence of pests of concern. Statistical procedures are available to verify, to a specified confidence level, the pest

- free status of an area, given negative survey or trapping results (e.g., Venette et al., 2002; Barclay and Har grove, 2005).



### 3.2.4. Post

- harvest safeguards and packinghouse procedures Containers of harvested fruit could be covered with tarpaulins or other covers and moved to the packinghouse in a timely manner (e.g., within three hours of harvest) (USDA, 2005). Pr actices in the grove such as selective harvesting, in which harvesters select only fruit visually free of disease symptoms and blemishes, can reduce levels of infested or infected harvested fruit ( PERAL, 2007a ). In the packinghouse, fruit gets sanitized an d washed with detergent, mechanical brushing, rinsing, waxing, and drying. It also gets visual inspection or other treatment to remove external pests and to cull damaged or symptomatic fruit. Consignments could be transported in sealed, refrigerated vehicl es.

Packinghouse processes that cull out fruit with citrus canker lesions can reduce numbers of infected fruit packaged. Packinghouse requirements in Uruguay for cleaning fruit which include mechanical brushing, detergent, sanitizing agents or disinfectan ts, followed by drying, cumulatively reduce levels of citrus canker present on the exterior of the fruit (Schubert et al., 1999; Brown and Schubert, 1987). Disinfectants for use in the washing process, such as sodium hypochlorite or SOPP (sodium orthopheny lphenate) or both are currently approved by USDA for citrus canker decontamination of fresh citrus fruit moved interstate from areas quarantined for citrus canker within the United States and various
studies demonstrated the effectiveness of these disinfec tants in reducing numbers of citrus canker cells or similar bacteria to low or undetectable levels (Brown and Schubert, 1987; Canteros et al., 2000; Obata et al., 1969; Parra, 2007; Rybak and Canteros, 2001). A new surface disinfectant treatment using

pero xyacetic acid (PAA) was recently added to U.S. regulations (7 CFR § 301.75

- 11, 2008)

. Based on PAA‘s characteristics as a general disinfectant and the results of testing on X. axonopodis pv . citrumelo

, APHIS determined that PAA will be effective on citrus canker and added PAA as an option for surface disinfection treatment of fruit (7 CFR § 301.75

- 11, 2008)



### 3.2.5. Point

- of

- entry sampling and inspection Upon arrival in the United States, consignments should be inspected, with particular attention given to paperwork and seals on vehicles, to ascertain that the chain of custody has remained intact. A random sample of fruit from each consignment should be inspected to detect a pest infestation rate of 10 percent or greater (PPQ, 2008).



### 3.2.6. Limits on distr ibution and transit within the United States Under § 412(a) of the Plant Protection Act (7 U.S.C. § 7701

- 7786, 2000) the Secretary of Agriculture may prohibit or restrict the movement in interstate commerce of any plant or plant product if the Secretary de termines that the prohibition or restriction is necessary to prevent the dissemination of a plant pest within the United States. The actions the Secretary may take under this paragraph include limiting the importation or distribution of a plant or plant pr oduct to certain States. For example, the regulations governing the interstate movement of citrus fruit from an area quarantined for citrus canker in § 301.75

- 6 prohibit the distribution of citrus fruit to commercial citrus

- producing States other than Flor ida, where citrus canker is present. Along with requirements for treatment and inspection for citrus canker, thePest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange s from Korea



### R ev. 003 December 23, 2009 47 provisions limiting the distribution of citrus fruit help to mitigate the risk of introduction of citrus canker
to unaffected areas. Limiting d istribution of citrus fruit imported or moved from areas where citrus diseases are present prevents the introduction of the diseases into those States that have the highest likelihood for introduction of the diseases, due to the density of citrus plantings in those States. Outside of
commercial citrus

- producing States, conditions under which citrus diseases could be introduced or established are far less likely to prevail. Therefore, in combination with other measures designed to prevent the introduction of citrus canker, the systems approach would prohibit the importation or distribution of Unshu oranges from Japan to commercial citrus

- producing States within the continental United States, i.e., Arizona, California, Florida, Louisiana, and Texas.



### 3.2.7. Ov ersight

Pre

- shipment programs

. Inspection, treatment, or other mitigation measures performed in the orchard and packinghouse should be under the direct supervision of qualified APHIS and NPQS personnel, and in accordance with specified phytosanitary proced ures. Such programs require monitoring all aspects of the application of any required phytosanitary measures and also aim to identify shortcomings or opportunities for program modifications (ISPM #14: IPPC, 2007). Provision should be made for the formal re cognition of approved areas, sites, or producers, as well as the specification of conditions for revoking approvals or refusing certification for export to the United States.

Shipments traceable to place of origin in Korea

. A requirement that C. reticulat a be packed in containers with identification labels indicating the specific place of origin is necessary to ensure traceability to each production site.

Table 8 . Summary of risk mitigation options for Unshu oranges from Korea.
Measure(s) Pests Efficacy

Pest

- free areas or places of production Citrus canker Sweet orange scab Satisfies requirements for appropriate level of

protection Packinghouse procedures : Cleaning/washing Citrus canker Sweet orange scab Research required to demonstrate efficac y . Cleaning

fruit with either detergent, sanitizing, drying etc. in a prescribed program shows effective removal Packinghouse procedures : Culling/inspection Citrus canker Sweet orange scab Obvious symptomatic or damaged fruit can be

removed, but internal pests or latent pathogens would
be difficult to detect and remove.

Limited distribution Citrus canker Sweet orange scab Prevents the introduction of the diseases into States

that have the highest likelihood for introduction of the
diseases



## 4. Contribu tors & Reviewers

Kayimbi M. Tubajika, Plant Pathologist a Cynthia Landry, Ecologist a Walter Gutiérrez, Plant Pathologist a Gary Cave, Entomologist a Scott Redlin, Plant Pathologist a

a USDA APHIS PPQ CPHST PERALPest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange s from Korea



### R ev. 003 December 23, 2009 48 

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- 117 7. WSSA. 2007. Composite List of Weeds. Weed Science Society of America (WSSA). http://www.wssa.net. (Archived at PERAL). Zhang, B. C. 1994. Index of economically important lepidoptera. CAB International, Wallingford, UK. 599 pp.Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange s from Korea



### R ev. 003 December 23, 2009 57 

## 6. Appendices

Appendix A. Pests Intercepted on Citrus spp. and C. reticulata from Korea
Scientific Name (taxonomic affiliation) Interceptions (no.) Abgrallaspis sp. (Diuaspididae) 1 Acari species of 3 Aleurotrachelus sp. (Aleyrodidae) 1

Aleurotuberculatus aucubae (Aleyrod idae) 4 Aleurodidae species of 2

Aonidiella aurantii Maskell (Diaspididae) *Non

- Rep* 7


### Aonidiella spp (Daispididae) *Non

- Rep* 4 Aphididae, Species of 1 Brevipalpus phonicis Geijkes (Tenuipalpidae) *Non

- Rep* 1 Chrysompalus aonidium (Linneus) (Phlaeoth ripidae) *Non

- Rep* 1 Cladosporium sp. (Hypomycetes) 2 Coccidae species of 6

Colletotrichium acutatum (Coelomycertes) 1 Colletotrichium gloeosporioides (Penz) Penz & Sacc. (Coelomycetes) 3


### Dialeurodes citri (Aleyrodidae) *Non

- Rep* 3

Dialeurodes kirk aldyi (Kotinsky) (Aleyrodidae) *Non

- Rep* 1 

### Diaporthe citri Wolf (Valsaceae) *Non

- Rep* 1 Diaspididae, Species of 167 Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock) (Diaspididae) *Non

- Rep* 1 Diaspidotus species of (Diaspididae) 1 Diptera, Species of 2 Drosophilid ae species of *Non

- Rep* 1

Elsinoe australis Bitanc. & Jenkins (Elsinoaceae) 1 Elsinoe fawcetti Bitanc. & Jenkins (Elsinoaceae) *Non

- Rep* 2 

### Elsinoe sp. (Elsinoaceae) 2 Graphiola sp. (Graphiolaceae) 2 Guignardia citricarpa Kiely (Botryosphaeriaceae) 389

Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret) (Diaspididae) *Non

- Rep* 2 Hemiberlesia sp. (Diaspididae) 2 Homoptera, Species of 1 Hypogeococcus festerianus (Lizer y Trelles) (Pesudococcidae) 1 

### Irceya purchasi Maskell

. (Margarodidae) *Non

- Rep* 2 Insecta, Species o f 1 Lepidosptera, species of 1 Lepidosaphes beckii (Newman) (Diaspididae) *Non

- Rep* 1 

### Macrophoma sp. (Coelomycete) 1 Megalurothrips sp. (Thripidae) 1

No identifiable insecta found *Non

- Rep* 1 No identifiable pathogen found *Non

- Rep* 1

Olethreutin ae, Species of (Tortricidae) 1

Panonichus citri (Mc Gregor) (Tetranichidae) *Non

- Rep* 4 Parlatoria pergandii Comstock (Diaspididae) *Non

- Rep* 3 Parlatoria poteus (Curtis) (Diaspididae) *Non

- Rep* 1

Parlatoria sp. (Diaspididae) 4Pest Risk Assessment for Unshu Orange s from Korea



### R ev. 003 December 23, 2009 58 Scientific Name (taxonomic affiliation) Interceptions (no.) Parlatoria ziziphi (Luc as) (Diaspididae) 816

Pentarthrum huttoni Wollaston (Cuculionoidae) 2 Pestalotiopsis sp. (Coelomycetes) 2 Phyllosticta citricarpa (McAlpine) Aa (Coelomycetes) 6 Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret) (Diaspididae) *Non

- Rep* 5 Pinnaspis sp. (Diaspididae) 1 Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley) (Diaspididae) *Non

- Rep* 2

Planococcus kraunhiae (Kawana) (Pseudococcidae) 12

Planaococcus minor (Maskell) (pseudococcidae) 1 Planococcus sp. (Pseudoccoidae) 5 Pseudaonidia duples (Cockerell) (Diaspididae) *Non

- Rep* 12

P seudaoniodia trilobitiformis (Green) (Diaspididae) 2 Pseudaulacaspis sp. (Diaspididae) 1 Pseudococcidae, Species of 58

Pseudococcus citriculus Green (Pseudococcidae) 16

Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni

- Tozzetti) (Pseudococcidae) 1

Pseudococcus sp. (Pseudococcidae) 18 Psylliodes sp (Chrysomelidae) 1 Pyralidae, Species of 3 Quadraspodotus perniciosus (Comstock) (Diaspididae) *Non

- Rep* 1 Sitophilus sp. (Driophthoridae) *Non

- Rep* 1 Sitophilus zeamais. Motschulsky (Driophthoridae) *Non

- Rep* 1

Succi nea CF Horticola Reinhardt (Succiniaceae) 1 Tetranychidae, Species of 3 Thips flavus Schrank (Thripidae) 1 Tysanoptera , Species of 1 Tortricidae, Species of 2 Trioza anceps Tuthill (Psyllidae) 1 Ulixes sp. (Issidae) 6 Unaspis citri (Comstock) (Dias pididae) *Non

- Rep* 9 Unaspis sp. (Diaspididae) 3 Unaspis yanonensis (Kuwana) (Diaspididae) 4183 Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Hasse) Dye (Xanthomonadaceae) 633 Xanthomonas campestris (Pam.) Dows. (Xanthomonadaceae) *Non

- Rep* 230 Xanthomonas campe stris pv. citri (Hasse) Dye (Xanthomonadaceae) 50

Xanthomonas sp. (Xanthomonadaceae) 1
Source : AQAS, 2009). Pests intercepted from 1985 to 2009. *Non

- Rep* indicates that the pest was non

reportable.