# Patent

## Title
Call routing system and method

## Abstract

A method and system is provided wherein routing information is obtained from previously cached information or from a gatekeeper. An originating gateway in a network receives a request for a connection and determines whether pertinent routing information is cached. If available, the cached routing is used to attempt to establish a connection. If no previously established routing is available, the originating gateway requests preferred routing from a gatekeeper, including prioritized selections of terminating gateways through which to make a connection to a designated call recipient.

## Background
RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a divisional application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/228,527, filed Aug. 27, 2002, entitled “Call Routing System and Method”, which is incorporated herein by reference. U.S. Pat. No. 7,031,450, issued Apr. 18, 2006, is also incorporated herein by reference.


FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to the field of telephony, and more particularly, to a system and method for routing of calls through a data network based upon the application of a set of rules while minimizing unnecessary repetitive execution of those rules.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The basic model for completing a telephone call is changing. Rather that rely completely on end to end circuit switched connections, more and more phone calls are completed using, at least in part, packet switching techniques. More systems and equipment are being developed that are dedicated to transmission of voice communication on the Internet. As more of these systems and equipment become available, the complexity of the communications matrix increases.
In computer-based telephony systems, it is known to conduct a telephone call utilizing a combination of public switched telephone network (PSTN) links, and packet telephony links. An example of such a system is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 6,404,864 (“the '864 patent”) owned by the assignee of the present invention. In such prior systems, an “originating gateway” takes the call from the PSTN to the Internet, and a “terminating gateway” places the call back on the PSTN at a remote location after removing it from the Internet. Thus, a long distance call may have three “legs” a first PSTN leg from the calling telephone to the originating gateway, a second leg from the originating gateway to a terminating gateway, and a third leg from a terminating gateway to a called telephone.
The '864 patent is directed to a system that helps the originating gateway pick which of several terminating gateways that are located in the remote location should be selected to complete the call from the Internet, over a PSTN link, to a destination terminal. The '864 patent is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference.
Of course, not all terminating gateways are equal; some are more desirable than others on the basis of their speed, economics, voice quality, reliability or other considerations. Thus, to optimize the overall efficiency of the transmission operation, a system preferably should select a routing based on the application of rules incorporating pre-established criteria, some of which are noted above.
Typically, there is a set of rules that gets executed in the system in order to ascertain the appropriate terminating gateway or other routing to use. These rules are executed for each call, and are often executed at an intelligent server that is remote from both the originating gateway and the terminating gateway. Therefore, there is additional communications overhead for the originating gateway to communicate with the intelligent server for each call. Often, the communications involves sending one or more parameters of the call (e.g. the called number) from the gateway to the intelligent node, executing some routing rules at the intelligent node, and returning a response that specifies one or more terminating gateways that can be used to complete the call. The terminating gateway takes the call from the Internet and completes it to a remote destination, usually using a PSTN link.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a system and method for call routing through a network which reduces the communications and processing overhead required for each call and applies routing rules to execute and select a terminating gateway for each call.
This and other objects of the invention disclosed will become more apparent from the description of the invention to follow.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The above and other problems of the prior art are overcome in accordance with the present invention that relates to a system for temporarily and locally storing (i.e. caching) the outcome of routing rules for future use. In accordance with the invention, a gateway requesting routing information from an intelligent node will store at least the received information and parameter of the call upon which the routing information is based. Thus, the required routing information for a subsequent call having the same parameters is available locally, at the originating gateway. When a subsequent call arrives with similar parameters, the gateway may use the same routing result, rather than having to retransmit the parameters to the intelligent node. Thus, for subsequent calls, no additional communications overhead is incurred to contact the intelligent node, no processing overhead is incurred to calculate the route and processing time delay is minimized.
In enhanced embodiments, the caching may be replaced periodically, or upon certain conditions such as timeout or other occurrence whereby the intelligent node recognizes that the previous information it has sent for caching to gateways is outdated. Additionally, the caching may include the use of authentication information. Thus, calls are routed using routes calculated during a prior call if possible. If not possible, calls are routed using a route calculated for the call in question, but that route is then used for future calls with similar parameters.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a communication network in which various components are connectable to one another by way of a packet switched network.
FIG. 2 is a flowchart showing the method of the present invention.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The invention is described below in terms of a communications network as illustrated in FIG. 1 for use in implementing a voice communication session between a caller device 10 and a callee device 12. Caller device 10 may be a hard wired telephone that connects directly to PSTN 14a, a cell phone that connects to PSTN 14a through intermediate receptor towers and relay stations, a voice-enabled client computer or any device that connects via IP. Similarly, termination callee device 12 may be a conventional phone, a cell phone, or an IP enabled endpoint. PSTN 14a and PSTN 14b are represented to be local segments of the universal PSTN to which all telephone communications eventually connect. Whereas PSTN 14a is portrayed as being in the vicinity of caller device 10, for example in the New York area, PSTN 14b is portrayed as being in the vicinity of callee device 12 which may be across the country or around the world. While a single gateway GW1 20 is shown connected to PSTN 14a, this representation is for purposes of simplicity in establishing a session and transmitting a communication from caller device 10 through a typical gateway for access to a network 16. In an actual communications network, plural originating gateways would be connected to PSTN 14a as is shown for plural terminating gateways in relation to PSTN 14b, the actual number of gateways being related to the expected communication traffic and bandwidth utilization. Thus, gateways GW2 22, GW3 24 and GW4 26 are also representational.
Although a gateway device is fundamentally a computer, a gateway is capable of performing numerous functions according to programming. Typically, a gateway is utilized to translate between two different types of networks, such as a telephone network and a packet switched data network. Whereas, several gateways are illustrated and described as being separate devices, the functions performed are the significant inventive features, and could be incorporated within caller device 10.
A gatekeeper, for example GK 30, is charged with determining the best routing for connecting a particular call from a caller device to a callee device. A gatekeeper is an example of the intelligent node that determines routing information. For purposes of explanation herein, we use a gatekeeper system, although it is understood that the gatekeeper is not the only manner of implementing the intelligent node, and that any type of computer may serve the same function. Moreover, it is also possible that in some circumstances the intelligent node and the gateway may be built on the same hardware platform.
The determination of which routing is best, and on what basis, is the subject of various criteria, for example which route or which terminating gateway provides the lowest cost, the fastest connection speed, the highest transmission quality, bandwidth availability or preferential determination based on other factors. In the present invention, in initiating a communication session, gateway GW1 20 is responsible for determining a preferred routing for a call initiated from caller device 10 and designated for remotely located callee device 12. As is shown, there is a plurality of possible gateways, GW2 22, GW3 24 and GW4 26, by which such a call may be routed. Initiating gateway GW1 20, either singly, or with input from gatekeeper GK 30, determines through which terminating gateway a specific call is to be routed, as will be described below. There may be a plurality of different endpoints at which a called party can be reached—a computer, a landline phone, a cell phone, a pager etc. and the current active one may be what is retrieved from the GK and cached by the caller or calling gateway.
A network such as is illustrated in FIG. 1 frequently includes a network operations center (NOC), the function of which is to provide instructions and modifications to various components of the network. NOC 32 is shown as connected to GK 30 so as to enable the provision of such instructions and modifications in addition to optionally communicating information designated gateways or other system components. Revised routing or other control criteria may be supplied to NOC 32 by a system operator through a GUI or be received and compiled by NOC 32 based on changes in time charges, connection speed, or other factors communicated directly from connected gateways. In one described embodiment, NOC 32 is operative to modify routing criteria, or rules, by which GK 30 evaluates the selected terminating GW in response to a particular originating GW request for a communication session.
Referring now to FIG. 2, a description of the preferred method follows. Upon initiation of a call from caller device 10, a connection is established to PSTN 14a in step 50. In order to complete the communication session by way of the Internet, or other network, PSTN 14a establishes a connection to originating GW1 20 in step 52. GW1 20 is programmed to save, or cache, previously used preferred routing. For control purposes, a related authorization token may be issued. If such an authorization token is provided and it is useful for multiple uses, it is saved in a cache (not shown). It is recognized that it is only useful to cache an authorization token if such token has use beyond the instant call request. Such a cache, or active memory device, may physically reside within GW1 20, at GK 30, or in another location, e.g. between GW1 20 and GK 30. Wherever a cache of previously used preferred routing is maintained, by originating GW1 20 accessing the cache as a first step, connection to GK 30 may be avoided. Additionally, GK 30 reviewing routing rules for a particular caller device is clearly avoided, GK 30 determining the appropriate routing for the particular caller device is clearly avoided, and GK 30 transmitting a routing decision to GW1 20 is also avoided. Bypassing these steps has the benefit of reducing the transaction time required for making a connection as well as reducing the amount of processing GK 30 is required to perform, thus preserving capacity. Further, the communication traffic on the system is reduced and the gatekeeper is caused to make fewer dips into databanks to access information.
GW1 20 checks the cache in step 54 and determines in step 56 whether the needed routing information is available for connecting a communication from caller device 10 to callee device 12. Typically, the primary identification of a callee is a telephone number, since the primary focus of the invention is voice communication. However, it is recognized that other indicia of a callee, for example a URL or even a name, are similarly usable. In addition to determining whether the preferred routing information is in the cache, GW1 20 also determines whether an authorization token exists and if the cached routing information and authorization token have been in the cache beyond its useful term, i.e. is stale, in step 60. Routing information may also be considered stale if the number of connections made since the information was established has exceeded a selected number. If the routing information is in the cache and is stale, or the routing information is not in the cache, or the routing information in cache does not succeed when utilized, a connection to GK 30 is made so as to request current routing information and authorization, in step 62. GK 30 determines from a database whether originating GW1 20 is an authorized user of the system in step 64. User authorization involves a pre-established relationship between GW1 20 and GK 30 as intermediary agent. If GW1 20 is not authorized, the request for routing is rejected in step 65.
If GW1 20 is authorized, GK 30 ascertains a prescribed one or more parameters of the call that are to be used to determine the routing. In a preferred embodiment, such parameters may include the called area code and one or more portions of the called telephone number. Additionally, parameters may also include the identity of the originating gateway, or any other desirable available information. GK 30 determines a preferred routing specific to a communication session between caller device 10 and callee device 12 to designate a specific terminating gateway in step 66, and GK 30 transmits the routing information to GW1 20, together with the criteria or characteristics upon which the routing was determined and an encrypted authorization token. The authorization token is coded, according to the preferred embodiment, with applicable limiting factors, e.g. that authorization applies only during certain hours, or for a prescribed number of calls, or until the end of a time period, or the authorization is considered stale. Upon receipt, in step 68, GW1 20 caches the routing information, token and basis criteria for future use, simultaneously over-writing any previously cached routing for this specific set of call criteria. It is also understood that prior and new routing instructions may be held for use as parallel, alternate options.
The transmitted routing information may be in the form of a list of one or more terminating gateways to use. It may also contain an ordered priority for the gateways, a list of gateways among which to divide traffic, or any other type of routing information required by the particular system in use in relation to a list of end IP devices.
According to an alternate embodiment, when GW1 20 receives a request from caller 10, GW1 20 immediately transmits a request to GK 30 for routing instructions. However, this routing request is automatically directed to a cache and a determination is made as to whether routing information and authorization already exist and are not stale. Optionally, the system may also decide based on one or more other criteria if the cached information is operable and/or desirable to use for the subject call. If so, the cache transmits the routing information directly to GW1 20 and deletes the request intended for GK 30. If no routing information is found in a cache, the request is forwarded on to GK 30. In either first or second embodiment, the routing request may be in the form of an SS7 query or other protocol.
As of receipt of routing information from GK 30, or alternatively as of a determination in step 60 that the available cached routing information is not stale, GW1 20 then initiates a connection to the recommended gateway, e.g. GW2 22, in step 70. GW1 20 then determines in step 72 whether the attempted connection succeeded. If the connection was made, the fact of a successful connection, useful for future routing determinations, is cached in step 74, and a connection to PSTN 14b is made in step 76. Thereupon the final link from PSTN 14b to callee device 12 is made and the communication proceeds. If the determination of step 72 is that the connection to GW2 22 failed, such failure is cached in step 80. Whereas when routing information is supplied from GK 30 to GW1 20 in step 64 above, if plural terminating gateways are available, a primary and one or more backup gateways are designated in the same routing information transmission. Therefore, following the failure of the first connection attempt, connection is attempted to a second recommended terminating gateway, e.g. GW3 24 in step 82. Again, GW1 20 determines if the connection has been successfully completed in step 84, with a successful connection result cached in step 90 followed by a connection to PSTN 14b in step 92. If it is determined in step 84 that the connection failed, a determination is made in step 94 whether the failure is because of incorrect or outdated information in the cache. If yes, the system reverts to step 62 to connect to GK 30 to request routing based on current information. If no, it is assumed that the failure is caused by the communication equipment and the call attempt is terminated in step 96. Decision 94 must have access to information indicating whether the routing information that has failed is from cache or from the gatekeeper. This information can be easily ascertained by simply setting a software indicator just prior to entering step 70 in FIG. 2, so that before the routing information is utilized, a record is maintained indicating whether it came from cache or from a remote location such as a gatekeeper.
An algorithm incorporated in the software of the present invention, rather than simply applying all connections to routing and a terminating gateway which appears to satisfy the established criteria, is provided to apportion to various routings according to a pattern. The criteria may be established so that primary status requires a cost within a selected percentage of the median time charge while providing better than 90% transmission quality. Whichever routing attains or comes closest to this guideline is allocated a major portion of connection traffic. However, since there may be occasions when the amount of incoming call traffic exceeds the available bandwidth of this routing, and since maintaining a viable market requires more than one option, a certain proportion of the traffic is to be allocated to a secondary, lower scoring, routing option.
GK 30 may, at various times or upon various happenings, proactively revise selection rules or call routings. For example, GK 30 may instruct one or all originating gateways to disregard previously cached routing guidelines. GK 30 may instruct an originating gateway to refresh or otherwise modify existing routing information, part of which modification may be based on a cached history of successful or unsuccessful connections.
NOC 32, as described briefly above, is included in the method of the present invention to provide to the network, specifically to GK 30, modified or new parameters for the determination of selected routing. In step 94, NOC 32 provides modified parameters or rules issued by GK 30 to evaluate the preferred routing for a specific communication session. In one embodiment, GK 30 installs the modified parameters in its memory in place of the previous parameters for use when requested. In a second embodiment, GK 30, in addition to installing the modified parameters, also creates and transmits to each affected originating gateway an instruction to delete previous routing information for those caller devices whose routing would potentially be changed. This step ensures that future connections benefit from updated information, resulting in optimum utilization of bandwidth and equipment.
A variety of variations to the basic technique will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art. For example, the cache could actually be stored in the gatekeeper or other intelligent node. In such a scenario, although the gateway would still have to contact a remote intelligent node to receive routing information, the processing of one or more rules to derive that routing information need not occur for each phone call. Additionally, since the execution of routing may involve communications between plural intelligent nodes, caching the routing information at the intelligent node would avoid the need for communications among plural intelligent nodes, with inherent reduction in cost and time delay, even if the communications between the gateway and the gatekeeper need to occur. Additionally, updates to the caching may occur periodically, or may occur in response to certain requests from gateways and/or upon the occurrence of certain conditions, e.g. telephone number to IP address resolution processed through an SS7 query or via ENUM protocol.

## Claims

1. An originating gateway for conveying calls to a data network comprising an interface to receive said calls, a processor to establish routing of said calls based upon information for routing said calls through said data network, the routing information including identification of a terminating gateway of the data network to route the calls to, the routing information being generated remotely during at least one previous call with similar parameters to said calls and a network interface to route said calls based upon said routing information, wherein said calls are routed by: checking local memory to determine if said routing information is sufficient to route said calls over a packet switched data network, if so, routing said calls based upon said routing information over said packet switched data network, and if not, contacting a remote node over said packet switched data network to obtain said routing information; and
a cache for storing said routing information, the cache located within the gateway and accessible thereby without requiring that the originating gateway make a connection to any computer external to said originating gateway.

2. The gateway of claim 1 wherein said routing information is cached locally.

3. The gateway of claim 1 wherein said gateway is a computer connected to a PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network).

4. The gateway of claim 1 wherein said routing information is cached and time stamped.

5. The gateway of claim 1 wherein said routing information is a list of terminating gateways in prioritized order.

6. The gateway of claim 1 wherein said gateway may selectively also route said calls by initiating the generation of said routing information remotely during said call.

7. The gateway of claim 1 wherein said routing information includes information describing an apportionment of connection traffic among at least two routing options.

8. The gateway of claim 1 wherein said at least one previous call has parameters similar to said calls being routed by said network interface.

9. The gateway of claim 8 wherein said at least one previous call comprises a plurality of previous calls.