TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN

ON RECONSIDERATION EN BANC

NO. 03-09-00518-CV

Black + Vernooy Architects, J. Sinclair Black, and D. Andrew Vernooy, Appellants

v.

Lou Ann Smith; Jimmy Jackson Smith, Individually and as Next Friend of Rachel and

Grayson Smith; and Karen E. Gravely, Appellees

FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF TRAVIS COUNTY, 345TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT

NO. D-1-GN-06-002615, HONORABLE LORA J. LIVINGSTON, JUDGE PRESIDING

O P I N I O N

Our opinion and judgment issued on December 8, 2010, are withdrawn, and the

following opinion is substituted. 

Appellees Lou Ann Smith, Jimmy Jackson Smith, individually and as next friend of

Rachel and Grayson Smith, and Karen E. Gravely (collectively, the “Smiths”) sued appellants Black

+ VernooyArchitects, J. Sinclair Black, and D. Andrew Vernooy (collectively, the “Architects”) for

negligence in connection with injuries suffered by Lou Ann Smith and Karen Gravely when the
second-floor balcony of a friend’s home collapsed while they were standing on it. A jury found that 1

the injuries were partially caused by the negligence of the Architects. The Architects appeal the

jury’s determination. Because the Architects owed no duty to the Smiths as a matter of law, we will

reverse the judgment of the district court.

BACKGROUND

In October 2000, Robert and KathyMaxfield hired the Architects to design a vacation

home for them. When the Maxfields hired the Architects, they signed an agreement based on forms

promulgated by the American Institute of Architects that are used nationwide. As directed by the

agreement, the Architects designed the Maxfields’ residence and prepared the construction drawings

and specifications. The proposed design had a balcony off the master bedroom. 

After hiring the Architects, the Maxfields later hired Steve Nash of Nash Builders,

Inc. as the general contractor for the project. When Nash was hired, the Maxfields and Nash entered

into a construction contract that was also based on forms promulgated by the Institute and that

explicitly incorporated terms from those forms. Under the contract, Nash was responsible for

building the home and was authorized to hire subcontractors to facilitate the construction. During

the construction, Nash hired a subcontractor, Steven Rodriguez, to build the balcony. 

When Rodriguez built the balcony, he did not do so in compliance with the design

drawings. The design drawings required that the metal pipes supporting the balcony be welded to

steel plate tabs, which would then be bolted to the balcony. As constructed, however, the metal

Although we will generally refer to the parties by their collective names, we will also refer 1

to them individually when necessary. 

2
support pipes were attached to the balcony using thin metal clips. The design drawings also required

that a metal support piece, referred to as a “joist hanger,” be used to reinforce the attachment of each

of the balcony joists to the exterior wall of the house. In the actual construction of the balcony,

however, no joist hangers were used. Although required by the design drawings, the balcony

handrail was not bolted to the house. Finally, the design drawings called for the balcony to be

attached to the exterior wall of the house by bolting it to a one-and-one-half-inch-thick rim joist and

another one-and-one-half inches of wood blocking. Despite these specifications, the balcony was

not attached to the house using bolts, a rim joist, and blocking, but was instead nailed to a one-halfinch piece of plywood.

Over a year after the home was completed, Karen Gravelyand Lou Ann Smith visited 

the Maxfields’ vacation home. At some point during the visit, Karen and Lou Ann stepped out onto

the upstairs balcony. A few seconds later, the balcony separated from the exterior wall of the home

and collapsed, causing the two women to fall approximately twentyfeet to the ground. Lou Ann was

rendered a paraplegic as a result of the injuries that she suffered in the fall, and Karen suffered a

broken finger, a crushed toe, and multiple bruises.

Karen and the Smith family sued the Maxfields, Nash, and the Architects for

negligence in connection with the collapse of the balcony. Nash and the Maxfields settled prior to

trial. Under the terms of the settlement, Nash agreed to pay $1.4 million, and the Maxfields agreed

to pay $250,000. Ultimately, a jury trial was held to address the issue of the Architects’ liability. 

A jury found that the injury was caused by the negligence of (1) the Architects who designed the

home, (2) the general contractor who built the home, and (3) the framing subcontractor who installed

3
the balcony. The jury attributed 10% of the responsibility to the Architects, 70% to Nash (the

general contractor), and 20% to Rodriguez (the subcontractor). Based on the jury’s findings related

to damages and proportionate responsibility, as well as adjustments for medical expenses actually

paid, the district court rendered judgment that the Smith family recover a total of $380,749.19 from

the Architects, plus prejudgment interest, and that Karen recover nothing from the Architects. 

2

The Architects appeal the judgment of the district court. 

PRELIMINARY STATEMENT

Before addressing the issues raised on appeal, we feel it is necessary to provide a little

background regarding what we are charged with deciding in this case and what decisions we are not

faced with. Unquestionably, Karen and Lou Ann were injured, Lou Ann suffering what can only be

described as catastrophic injuries, as a result of their innocent decision to stand on a balcony that

they reasonably and justifiably believed was properly built. It wasn’t. And Lou Ann’s life and the

lives of her family members have been irrevocably damaged as a result. 

In this case, we are not being asked to make any decisions regarding whether the

Smiths were entitled to recover from the homeowners, nor have we been asked to determine whether

the Smiths may recover from the general contractor and subcontractor whose abysmal building

The district court did not consider the settlement amounts received from Nash and the 2

Maxfields when calculating the amounts owed to the Smiths because the Architects’ proportionate

share of the damages was smaller than the total damages award minus the total settlement amount. 

Compare Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 33.012(b) (West 2008) (specifying that amount of

damages must be reduced by dollar amounts of all settlements), with id. § 33.013 (West 2008)

(explaining that defendant is liable only for percentage of damages equal to that defendant’s

proportionate responsibility, provided responsibility does not exceed 50%). 

4
practices led to this terrible tragedy. Furthermore, we stress that in this appeal there has been no

allegation that the Architects negligently designed the balcony or that the Architects actually created

the defects at issue. To the contrary, the Smiths allege that the defect was caused by the construction

practices of the contractor and subcontractor when the balcony was not built in accordance with the

design plans of the Architects. Similarly, the jurywas not asked to determine whetherthe Architects

were liable under a negligent-undertaking theory. Finally, and perhaps most importantly, we have 3

not been asked to make any determination regarding any duty that the Architects owed to the owners

of the home (the Maxfields) or the extent of that duty; instead, we have only been asked to decide

whether the contractual duty that the Architects owed to the homeowners also extended to the

Smiths. 

Unquestionably, the Architects entered into a contractual agreement in which they

agreed to make periodic visits to the construction site, to report observed deviations from the design

plans to the Maxfields, and to guard the Maxfields against defects in the construction of the home;

however, the Smiths and the dissent ask us to do something that has never been done in the history

of Texas jurisprudence: they request this Court to transform and extend the contractual duty owed

The jury charge did not submit a negligent-undertaking theory through an instruction 3

regarding whether the Architects knew that they were performing services that were necessary for

the Smiths’ protection and whether the Smiths relied on the Architects’ performance. See

Torrington Co. v. Stutzman, 46 S.W.3d 829, 837-39 (Tex. 2000) (listing elements of negligentundertaking claim and concluding that appellants could not have been held liable for negligent

undertaking because jury charge omitted elements of that claim); see also Restatement (Second) of

Torts § 323 (1965) (stating that one who undertakes to render services for another “which he should

recognize as necessary for the protection of the other’s person or things” is liable to “the other for

physical harm resulting from his failure to exercise reasonable care to perform his undertaking, if”

failure increases risk of harm or harm is suffered because of other’s reliance on undertaking). 

5
to the Maxfields into a common law duty owed to the Smiths as visitors to the Maxfields’ home. 

Although our sympathies extend to the Smiths for the suffering they have unjustly been forced to

endure, this Court simply cannot create a new common law duty in order to uphold the relief that

they sought against the Architects. 

Generally speaking, one has no duty to protect an individual from a third party in the

absence of a special relationship between the potential actor and the individual or in the absence of

a relationship that imposes a duty on the potential actor to control the third party’s behavior. See

Restatement (Second) of Torts §§ 314, 315 (1965). Neither of those circumstances are present in

this case. Seemingly acknowledging that the law does not impose a duty on architects to protect

house guests of their clients, the Smiths and the dissent suggest that this Court create a common law

duty where none has existed before. The creation of a new common-law duty is a task better suited

for the supreme court, not intermediate appellate courts, J.P. Morgan Chase Bank v. Texas Contract

Carpet, Inc., 302 S.W.3d 515, 535 (Tex. App.—Austin 2009, no pet.) (stating that intermediate

appellate courts should be reluctant “to recognize a new common-law duty that has no existence in

established law” (citing Lubbock County v. Trammel’s Lubbock Bail Bonds, 80 S.W.3d 580, 585

(Tex. 2002))), and no Texas case has suggested that an architect could be liable to a third party in

the circumstances present in this case. 

Although we ultimately conclude that the Smiths are not entitled to recover against

the Architects because the Architects owed no duty of care to the Smiths, the perceived harshness

of that conclusion should be tempered with the knowledge that the Smiths and others similarly

situated may recover from those who actually owed them a duty. In fact, as mentioned above, the

6
Smiths sought and obtained recovery from the homeowners and the general contractor. Although

the dissent may voice its disagreement with the existing boundaries of the law, it is the very nature

of law to impose limits to both conduct as well as recovery. Moreover, we cannot embrace the

dissent’s prophesy that the result we reach in this case will allow architects to “turn a blind eye to

open and obvious structural defects and escape liability”; nor can we endorse the dissent’s assertion

that balconies will be falling from the sky with absolute impunity. As the earlier settlement

demonstrates, there are legal consequences for those who negligently build balconies. Further,

although architects entering the type of agreement at issue in this case may not owe a duty to the

house guests of their clients, they do owe a duty to their clients to endeavor to guard against defects

and will be liable to their clients if they fail to comply with that duty. 

DISCUSSION 

As mentioned above, the jury found that the Architects were negligent and that their

negligence proximately caused the Smiths’ injuries. Although the Architects characterize their

assertions as a single issue on appeal, they raise several related challenges to the jury’s 

determination. First, they assert that they did not owe a duty to third parties such as the Smiths to

identify the balcony defects. Second, they contend that the agreement that they entered into with the

Maxfields did not impose on them the obligation to ensure or guarantee that the home was built in

compliance with their drawings and specifications. Finally, the Architects argue that even if they

owed a duty to the Smiths, the evidence presented during trial was legally insufficient to support a

determination that they had, in fact, breached that duty. The Smiths, on the other hand, assert that

the jury’s determination should be upheld because the Architects owed them a duty to identify the

7
defects and because legally sufficient evidence was presented during the trial showing that the

Architects breached that duty. Because we ultimately conclude that any potential duty to identify

defects would not have extended to the Smiths, we need not address the Architects’ second or

third subissues. 

To prevail on a claim of negligence, a plaintiff must provide proof of the following

three elements: “(1) a legal duty owed by one person to another; (2) a breach of that duty; and

(3) damages proximately resulting from the breach.” Dukes v. Philip Johnson/Alan Ritchie

Architects, P.C., 252 S.W.3d 586, 591 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2008, pet. denied); see Greater

Houston Transp. Co. v. Phillips, 801 S.W.2d 523, 525 (Tex. 1990). In order to satisfy the duty

element, the “plaintiff must establish both the existence and the violation of a duty owed to the

plaintiff by the defendant.” Phillips, 801 S.W.2d at 525. If the defendant has no duty, then he

cannot be held liable for negligence. Morgan Chase, 302 S.W.3d at 530. In general, an individual

has “no duty to take action to prevent harm to others absent special relationships or circumstances.”

Torrington Co. v. Stutzman, 46 S.W.3d 829, 838 (Tex. 2000). A duty may be “assumed by contract

or imposed by law.” Morgan Chase, 302 S.W.3d at 530. The existence of a duty “is a question of

law for the courts to decide from the facts surrounding the occurrence in question.” Phillips,

801 S.W.2d at 525. Accordingly, appellate courts review de novo a determination regarding

whether a legal duty is owed. See Block v. Mora, 314 S.W.3d 440, 444-45 (Tex. App.—Amarillo

2009, pet. dism’d). 

8
No Duty was Assumed by Contract

In asserting that the district court’s judgment should be upheld, the Smiths argue that

the Architects had a duty to act as reasonable and prudent architects. Further, they assert that the

Architects’ duty in this case included the obligation to protect the Maxfields (the owners of the

home) by observing the construction of the home to determine if the home was being built in

compliance with the design plans and by reporting any observable deviations from the construction

plans to the Maxfields. As an extension of this duty, the Smiths also assert that the Architects owed

them a duty as third-party beneficiaries to the agreement between the Maxfields and the Architects. 

As support for these assertions, the Smiths refer to the language of the standard-form

contract that the Maxfields and the Architects entered into. The only parties to that agreement were

the Architects and the Maxfields. Under the agreement, in addition to seeking design services, the

Maxfields also paid the Architects for “contract administration services” during the construction of

the residence. With respect to the provision of these services, the contract required the Architects

to visit the work site, to inform the Maxfields regarding the progress of the construction, to generally

determine if the construction was being performed in the manner agreed to, to report “known

deviations from the Contract Documents and from the most recent construction schedule submitted

by the Contractor,” and “to endeavor to guard the [Maxfields] against defects and deficiencies in the

Work.” In fact, the agreement authorized the Architects “to reject Work that does not conform to

the Contract Documents” and to inspect or test “the Work.”4

 The language of the relevant provisions of the contract provides as follows: 4

2.6.5 The Architect, as a representative of the Owner, shall visit the site at intervals

9
Furthermore, the Smiths refer to testimony by the Architects and Mrs. Maxfield5

appropriate to the state of the Contractor’s operations, or as otherwise agreed by the

Owner and the Architect in Article 12, (1) to become generally familiar with and to

keep the Owner informed about the progress and quality of the portion of the Work

completed, (2) to endeavor to guard the Owner against defects and deficiencies in the

Work, and (3) to determine in general if the Work is being performed in a manner

indicating that the Work, when fully completed, will be in accordance with the

Contract Documents. However, the Architect shall not be required to make

exhaustive or continuous on-site inspections to check the quality or quantity of the

Work. The Architect shall neither have control over or charge of, nor be responsible

for, the construction means, methods, techniques, sequences or procedures, or for

safety precautions and programs in connection with the Work, since these are solely

the Contractor’s rights and responsibilities under the Contract Documents.

2.6.6 The Architect shall report to the Owner known deviations from the Contract

Documents and from the most recent construction schedule submitted by the

Contractor. However, the Architect shall not be responsible for the Contractor’s

failure to perform the Work in accordance with the requirements of the Contract

Documents. The Architect shall be responsible for the Architect’s negligent acts or

omissions, but shall not have control over or charge of and shall not be responsible

for acts or omissions of the Contractor, Subcontractors, or their agents or employees,

or of any other persons or entities performing portions of the Work.

. . . .

2.6.10 The Architect shall have authority to reject Work that does not conform to the

Contract Documents. Whenever the Architect considers it necessary or advisable,

the Architect shall have authority to require inspection or testing of the Work in

accordance with the provisions of the Contract Documents, whether or not such

Work is fabricated, installed or completed. However, neither this authority of the

Architect nor a decision made in good faith either to exercise or not to exercise such

authority shall give rise to a duty or responsibility of the Architect to the Contractor,

Subcontractors, material and equipment suppliers, their agents or employees or other

persons or entities performing portions of the Work. 

 Robert Maxfield did not testify at trial. In their appellate briefs, the Smiths also refer to 5

deposition testimony from both of the Maxfields that they attached as an exhibit to their briefs;

however, those depositions are not part of the appellate record. See Tex. R. App. P. 34.1 (setting out

contents of appellate record); see also Carlisle v. Philip Morris, Inc., 805 S.W.2d 498, 501 (Tex.

App.—Austin 1991, writ denied) (explaining that materials outside record that are improperly

10
regarding the contract and the obligations imposed. In particular the Smiths point to testimony by

Black indicating that he had a duty to the Maxfields to report any problems with the construction that

he observed and to testimony by Mrs. Maxfield stating that part of the reason that she hired Black 6

was because he had supervised the construction of her friend’s home “very conscientiously,”

explaining that it was her understanding that the Architects were obligated under the agreement to

regularly visit the construction site and to inform her and her husband regarding any aesthetic or

structural issues, and describing that it was her expectation that “there would be supervision that the

house was being built.” 

In light of the preceding, particularly the Architects’ obligation to “endeavor to guard

. . . against defects and deficiencies” and to generally determine if construction of the home is being

done in accordance with the construction plans, the Smiths assert that the Architects owed the

Maxfields the duty to protect them from variances in the design plans. Moreover, they insist that

although theyhave no contractual relationship with the Architects, the Architects’ dutyalso extended

to them as third-party beneficiaries to the agreement. 

An individual is a third-party beneficiary to a contract only if the contracting parties

intended to secure a benefit to the third party and also “entered into the contract directly for the third

party’s benefit.” Stine v. Stewart, 80 S.W.3d 586, 589 (Tex. 2002). If the benefit is merely

attached to party’s brief may not be considered on appeal). 

During the trial, Black also testified that he considered contract administration services to 6

include making periodic site visits to observe the progress of the work, endeavoring to protect the

owner against defects and deficiencies, trying to make sure the home is generally built in compliance

with construction documents, and checking shop drawings against the design intent. Black further

testified that in performing contract administration for the Maxfields, the Architects averaged two

visits to the construction site per month. 

11
incidental, the third party has no right to recover. Id.; see also Loyd v. ECO Res., Inc., 956 S.W.2d

110, 134 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1997, no pet.) (explaining that “fact that a person is

directly affected by the parties’ conduct . . . does not make him a third party beneficiary”). 

Moreover, the contract “must clearly and fully express an intent to confer a direct benefit to the third

party”; in other words, a third-party-beneficiary status may not be created by implication. Stine,

80 S.W.3d at 589. There is a presumption against third-party-beneficiary agreements, and

accordingly, all doubts must be resolved against a finding that an individual is a third-party

beneficiary. Raymond v. Rahme & Williams Invs., 78 S.W.3d 552, 561 (Tex. App.—Austin 2002,

no pet.). The intent of the contracting parties must be determined by examining the entire contract,

and courts should give effect to all of the contract’s provisions. Stine, 80 S.W.3d at 589.

Although the Smiths correctly point out that the contract imposed a duty on the

Architects “to endeavor to guard against” defects and deficiencies in the construction of the home

and to generally ascertain whether the home was being built in compliance with the construction

plans, those responsibilities were contracted for the benefit of the Maxfields. Nothing in the

language of the contract demonstrates that these duties were to be engaged in for the benefit of third

parties. On the contrary, the agreement specifically stated that “[n]othing contained in this

Agreement shall create a contractual relationship with or a cause of action in favor of a third party

against either the [Maxfields] or [the] Architect[s].” Cf. Dukes, 252 S.W.3d at 594 (explaining that

architect’s “duty depends on the particular agreement entered into with his employer”). 

In light of the preceding, particularly the clear language expressly disavowing thirdparty beneficiaries, we must conclude that when the Architects entered into the agreement with the

12
Maxfields, they assumed no contractual duty to third-parties to the agreement, including the Smiths. 

See MCI Telecomms. Corp. v. Texas Utils. Elec. Co., 995 S.W.2d 647, 651-52 (Tex. 1999); Morgan

Chase, 302 S.W.3d at 531.

No Duty was Imposed Under Common Law

In addition to their assertion that the Architects owed them a duty under the contract,

the Smiths also contend that the Architects owed them a duty under common law. Although no

cases have imposed a duty under the circumstances present in this appeal, the Smiths nevertheless

seek the creation of a duty not previously recognized under Texas law. When making this assertion,

the Smiths note that a determination regarding the existence of a duty depends on “several

interrelated factors,” including the foreseeability and likelihood of injury. See Phillips, 801 S.W.2d

at 525 (listing factors for courts to consider when determining whether defendant owed duty to

plaintiff). Further, the Smiths insist that those factors are satisfied in this case because “the

for[e]seeability and likelihood of injury from a failure of a balcony hanging over twenty feet above

a stone structure is apparent and well-known to all liable parties.” In other words, the Smiths urge

that the Architects’ owed a legal duty extending to them as house guests because they were

“foreseeable users.” In addition, the Smiths assert that due to the dangers resulting from faulty

construction and due to the public’s reliance on architects, “public policy demands that contractual

privity not be an indispens[a]ble requirement for a duty of care to houseguests, or other for[e]seeable

users of the balcony.” See Hermann Hosp. v. National Standard Ins. Co., 776 S.W.2d 249, 252-53

(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1989, writ denied) (explaining that although contractual

13
relationship “assures a sufficiently close nexus between the parties upon which [courts] may fairly

predicate liability, it is not . . . indispensable to the imposition of a legal duty of care”).

Arguably the foreseeability and likelihood-of-injury factors could be viewed as

weighing in favor of extending an architect’s duty of care. If an architect fails to identify and report

a structural defect, a risk of harm can exist. Likewise, when the defect implicates critical safety or

structural integrity concerns, one would suspect an increased likelihood of physical injury. It is also

foreseeable that the risk of physical injury includes harm to third-party visitors, as it would seem to

be a rare case where no person would use a structure other than the owner with whom an

architect contracts. 

However, foreseeability and likelihood of injury are not the only factors to consider

when deciding whether a duty exists. Rather, the risk, foreseeability, and likelihood of injury are

to be weighed against the social utility of the actor’s conduct, the magnitude of the

burden of guarding against the injury, and the consequences of placing that burden on the actor. 

Bird v. W.C.W., 868 S.W.2d 767, 769 (Tex. 1994). In addition, a court may consider whether one

party has superior knowledge of the risk, whether one party has a right to control the actor who

caused the harm, Graff v. Beard, 858 S.W.2d 918, 920 (Tex. 1993), and whether legislative

enactments evidence the adoption of a particular public policy significant to the recognition of a new

common-law duty, Thapar v. Zezulka, 994 S.W.2d 635, 639-40 (Tex. 1999). 

The “right to control” consideration weighs against extending an architect’s duty to

third parties in this case. See Loyd, 956 S.W.2d at 130 (explaining that right to control is “often the

deciding factor” when determining existence of legal duty). In the “absence of a relationship

14
between the parties giving rise to the right of control, one person is under no legal duty to control

the conduct of another, even if there exists the practical ability to do so.” Graff, 858 S.W.2d at 920;

compare Van Horn v. Chambers, 970 S.W.2d 542, 546-47 (Tex. 1998) (finding no inherent right to

control in physician-patient relationship that would impose duty on physician to protect third parties

from patient), with Otis Eng’g Corp. v. Clark, 668 S.W.2d 307, 309-11 (Tex. 1983) (explaining that

if employer exercises control over employee because employee has become incapacitated, employer

has duty to prevent employee from causing unreasonable risk to others). The right to control can

arise both by contract and by actual exercise of control. See Lee Lewis Constr., Inc. v. Harrison,

70 S.W.3d 778, 783-84 (Tex. 2001) (concluding that more than scintilla of evidence existed showing

that general contractorretained control over safetyfeatures and approved use of faultysafetydevice).

One’s duty of care with respect to another party’s work “is commensurate with” the control he

retains over that work. See id.

The agreement between the Architects and the Maxfields specified that although the

Architects had the ability to reject the work done by Nash, they had no power to control the actual

construction work performed at the site. See Shepherd Components, Inc. v. Brice Petrides-Donohue

& Assocs., 473 N.W.2d 612, 616 (Iowa 1991) (concluding that engineer did not owe duty of care to

others because engineer had no right to control work performed and only had “responsibility for

quality control”); see also Coastal Marine Serv. of Tex., Inc. v. Lawrence, 988 S.W.2d 223, 226

(Tex. 1999) (explaining that “right to control must be more than a general right to order work to stop

and start, or to inspect progress”). Specifically, the agreement provided that the Architects “shall

neither have control over or charge of, nor be responsible for, the construction means, methods,

15
techniques, sequences or procedures, or for safety precautions and programs in connection with the

Work.” Instead, the agreement explained that those obligations “are solelythe Contractor’s [Nash’s]

rights and responsibilities.” Further, the agreement specified that the Architects were responsible

for their own acts or omissions but that they “shall not have control over or charge of and shall not

be responsible for acts or omissions of the Contractor, Subcontractors, or their agents or employees,

or of anyother persons or entities performing portions of the Work.” Similarly, the agreement stated

that the Architects were not “responsible for the Contractor’s failure to perform the Work in

accordance with the requirements of the Contract Documents.” In addition, the agreement explained

that neither the authority bestowed on the Architects by the agreement “nor a decision made in good

faith either to exercise or not to exercise such authority shall give rise to a duty or responsibility of

the Architect[s] to the Contractor, Subcontractors, . . . their agents or employees or other persons or

entities performing portions of the Work.” 

Although not confronted with identical contractual language, a court of appeals

analyzing a similar contractual agreement determined that no right to control was authorized by

the agreement. See Romero v. Parkhill, Smith & Cooper, Inc., 881 S.W.2d 522, 526

(Tex. App.—El Paso 1994, writ denied). In Romero, an engineer entered into an agreement with a

city to provide engineering services for the construction of a plant. Id. at 524. Under the agreement,

the engineer agreed to make periodic visits to the construction site to “observe the progress of the

executed work and to determine in general if such work meets the . . . requirements of the contract

documents” and to inspect the construction and determine if it has been completed in accordance

with the contract documents. Id. at 525-26. However, the agreement also specified that the engineer

16
was not obligated to “make exhaustive or continuous on-site inspections to check the quality or

quantity of the work”; was not “responsible for the construction means, methods, techniques,

sequences or procedures”; and was not “responsible for the acts or omissions of the contractor [or]

any subcontractor.” Id. Ultimately, the court determined that nothing in the contract between the

city and the engineer gave the engineer the right to control the construction and, accordingly, that

the engineer did not have a duty of care to an employee of a subcontractor to keep the premises safe.

7

Id. at 524, 527. 

In contrast to the agreement between the Architects and the Maxfields, the

construction contract between the Maxfields and Nash gave Nash the absolute right to control the

worksite and the means of construction and also imposed on Nash significant supervisory

responsibilities and liability. See Hobson v. Waggoner Eng’g, Inc., 878 So. 2d 68, 76 (Miss. Ct. 8

Other jurisdictions that have addressed this type of contract have reached similar 7

conclusions. See Hobson v. Waggoner Eng’g, Inc., 878 So. 2d 68, 73-76 (Miss. Ct. App. 2003)

(concluding that engineer owed no duty to warn or protect general contractors or subcontractors);

Shepherd Components, Inc. v. Brice Petrides-Donohue & Assocs., 473 N.W.2d 612, 615-17

(Iowa 1991) (deciding that engineer did not owe duty of care to others and, therefore, could not be

liable for negligence of general contractor regarding safety procedures used on construction site);

Yow v. Hussey, Gay, Bell & DeYoung Int’l, 412 S.E.2d 565, 567-68 (Ga. 1991) (determining that

engineer owed no duty to person who was not involved in construction project but was injured when

he entered construction site); Welch v. Grant Dev. Co., 466 N.Y.S.2d 112, 114-16 (N.Y. Sup. Ct.

1983) (affirming summary judgment against worker injured on construction site because contract

stripped architect of supervisory powers and placed all supervisory responsibility in hands of

contractor); Gordon v. Holt, 412 N.Y.S.2d 534, 536-37 (N.Y. App. Div. 1979) (concluding that

architect who had duty to periodically inspect construction and report to owner of property did not

have dutyto future owners and tenants); Luterbach v. Mochon, Schutte, Hackworthy, Juerisson, Inc.,

267 N.W.2d 13, 15-16 (Wis. 1978) (affirming summary judgment against carpenter hired by general

contractor because contract did not require architect to insure safety of construction site). 

The agreement signed by the Maxfields and by Nash directly incorporated rights and 8

responsibilities outlined in “the 1997 edition of the General Conditions of the Contract for

Construction, AIA Document A201-1997.” 

17
App. 2003) (concluding that engineer had no duty to warn, in part, because general contractor had

“full and absolute control over the work site and the means and methods of construction”). 

Specifically, the agreement stated that Nash “shall not be relieved of obligations to perform the Work

in accordance with the Contract Documents either by activities or duties of the Architect[s] . . . or

by tests, inspections or approvals required or performed by persons other than the Contractor.”

Moreover, the agreement also explained that Nash “shall supervise and direct the work[;] . . . . shall

be solely responsible for and have control over construction means, methods, techniques, sequences

and procedures and for coordinating all portions of the Work[;] . . . . shall be responsible to the

[Maxfields] for acts and omissions of [Nash’s] employees [and] Subcontractors[;]” and “shall be

responsible for inspection of portions of Work already performed to determine that such portions are

in proper condition.” In addition, the agreement provided that Nash “warrants to the [Maxfields]

and [the] Architect[s] . . . that the Work will be free from defects not inherent in the quality required

or permitted, and that the Work will conform to the requirements of the Contract Documents.”

Finally, the agreement explained that the “Contractor shall indemnify and hold harmless the

[Maxfields and the] Architect[s] . . . from and against claims, damages, losses and expenses . . . to

the extent” that the claims, damages, or losses were “caused by the negligent acts or omissions of

[Nash or] a Subcontractor.” 

9

Even though the agreement empowered Nash to hire subcontractors to perform 9

construction projects, it also allowed either the Maxfields or the Architects to object to Nash’s

choices. However, the Architects did not have the authority to supervise the subcontractors. See

Hobson, 878 So. 2d at 76 (noting, when determining that engineer owed no duty to workers at

construction site, that engineer did not have authority to supervise subcontractors). 

18
Moreover, nothing in the record establishes that the Architects exercised actual

control over the construction of the balcony. See Lee Lewis Constr., 70 S.W.3d at 783 (explaining

that although determining what contract says is generally question of law, “determining whether

someone exercised actual control is [] generally a question of fact for the jury”). Although the

testimony of various witnesses demonstrates that the Architects performed the functions outlined in

the contract, none of the testimony or evidence presented indicates that the Architects exerted the

type of control over the manner and method of the construction of the balcony as to warrant the

imposition of the duty suggested by the Smiths. See City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 810 10

When asserting that the Architects owed them a duty, the Smiths refer to actions taken by 10

the Architects that they allege exceeded the Architects’ duties under their agreement with the

Maxfields. The agreement required the Architects to “review and certify the amounts due [to Nash]

and [to] issue certificates in such amounts.” As proof that the Architects exceeded the scope of the

agreement, the Smiths point to the language in some of the certificates that stated that the Architects

had “inspected” the construction. Those certificates were prepared byNash and provided, in relevant

part, as follows:

Architect’s signature below is his assurance toOwner, concerning the payment herein

applied for, that (1) Architect has inspected the Work represented by this

Application, (2) such Work has been completed to the extent indicated in this

Application, and the quality of workmanship and materials conforms with the

Contract Documents . . . . 

In light of these certificates for payment, the Smiths contend that the Architects had agreed to ensure

“that the construction was progressing according to the construction documents.” 

Even assuming that the Architects’ review of the payment applications did impose some

additional obligation on them, that obligation would have extended to the Maxfields for whom the

Architects agreed to perform that task. In fact, the certificates relied on by the Smiths and the

agreement between the Architects and the Maxfields specified that the Architects’ certifications for

payment were assurances and representations to the Maxfields. Moreover, the imposition of an

obligation to inspect is inconsistent with the terms of the agreement, which clarified that the

“issuance of a Certificate for Payment shall not be a representation that the Architect[s] ha[ve] (1)

made exhaustive or continuous on-site inspections to check the quality or quantity of the Work [or]

(2) reviewed construction means, methods, techniques, sequences or procedures.” In addition, as

19
(Tex. 2005) (explaining that courts sustain legal-sufficiency challenges when record reveals

complete absence of evidence of vital fact, that evidence offered to prove vital fact is no more than

mere scintilla, or that evidence conclusively establishes opposite of vital fact). 

Regarding the social utility of the Architects’ conduct, under the agreement between

the Architects and the Maxfields, the Architects agreed to report all known deviations from the

design. In addition, the contract gave the Architects the authority to require inspection of the

structure. There is significant social utility in having the architect responsible for designing a

structure also agree to provide some oversight regarding whether the structure is being built in

accordance with the design. In general, homeowners will not have the requisite knowledge or

training to be able to ascertain whetherthe construction is progressing properly or to provide a check

to potential builder incompetence, and any involvement by an architect during the construction will

provide some potential check and will also encourage adherence to the design. Moreover, if an

we previously mentioned, this case does not involve a negligent-undertaking claim, but we do note

that nothing in the record indicates that the Smiths ever reviewed these certificates or relied on them

in any manner. See Stutzman, 46 S.W.3d at 837-39 (listing elements of negligent undertaking). 

Furthermore, when discussing these certificates, Black testified that the language of those

certificates did not comply with the language of the agreement and that the Architects only agreed

to use them so that Nash could retain them for his records. Black further clarified that he did not

inspect the work as part of the payment certifications and explained that the Architects prepared their

own certificates that they sent to the Maxfields along with Nash’s certificate and that the parallel

forms were consistent with the language of the agreement. The parallel forms provided as follows: 

In accordance with the Contract Documents, based on on-site observations and the

data comprising the above-referencedApplication forPayment,theArchitect certifies

to the Owner that to the best of Architect’s knowledge, information, and belief, the

Work has progressed as indicated, the quality of the Work is in accordance with the

Contract Documents, and the Contractor is entitled to payment of the Amount

Certified, including overage as described in documents provided by the Contractor.

20
architect is able to identify deviations from the design plans early in the construction process, the

architect will be able to minimize the cost of corrective construction and limit the need for expensive

rehabilitative modifications occurring after the home has been constructed. 

Indeed, the record reveals several instances in which the Architects’ services were

beneficial because they were able to identify multiple deviations from the design early on in the

construction process and were able to provide advice regarding ameliorative actions that could be

undertaken to prevent the need for more costly repairs later. For example, during one of their earlier

visits to the site, the Architects notified Nash that the “framer had framed a wall too high,” and the

wall was lowered to comply with the design drawings. In addition, the Architects also asked Nash

to place caps on the ends of the metal pipes used in the structure in order to avoid problems with

insects building nests in the pipes. Further, a field report prepared by the Architects revealed

deviations from the plan that they identified regarding the kitchen bay window and regarding the

placement of lights and electrical outlets. 

The magnitude of the burden urged by the Smiths would also be significant. It is

noteworthy in this case that the Architects did not notice the defects at issue. During trial, Black

testified that when he reviewed various photographs of the construction work to determine if the

balconywas built “[i]n compliancewith the design intent,” he did not notice the defects or deviations

from the design drawings. In other words, this is not a case in which an architect noticed a defect 11

but failed to report the defect despite having a duty to report known deviations. Furthermore, under

the agreement, the Architects were only obligated to make periodic visits to the site. For this reason,

Although Black explained that he did not have a duty to spot defects, he testified that he 11

believed that if he discovered something, he had an absolute duty to report it to the contractor. 

21
the Architects might not have even had an opportunity to observe a particular project before it was

completed. Moreover, as described above, Nash had control over the manner and means of

construction and, accordingly, over the way in which a particular item was constructed. 

Accordingly, the absence of any particular piece of construction during a particular visit would not

necessarily indicate that the piece would not be added later. Regardless of the limited nature of the

Architects’ responsibilities under the agreement, the Smiths essentially seek to impose the burden

of identifying every defect. 

The consequences of placing such a burden on architects would likewise be

significant. Under the terms of the agreement, the Architects did not agree to be guarantors or

insurers of the work of the general contractor. However, this is the practical consequence of the duty

sought by the Smiths. The duty sought by the Smiths would expose the Architects to lawsuits

brought by parties that the Architects could not have identified at the time of entering into the

contract. To protect against liability, the Architects would have needed to effectively take on the

duty of care of a guarantor so as to ensure that all critical matters were fully observed.

Holding the Architects liable would also have the consequence of curtailing the

freedom of homeowners and architects to establish by contract the nature and scope of an architect’s

services, see Morgan Chase, 302 S.W.3d at 534 (explaining that freedom of contract is strongly

favored public policy); Dukes, 252 S.W.3d at 594-95 (explaining that scope of architect’s duty

depends on particular agreement he entered into with his employer), and would be inconsistent with

the limited role for the Architects established by the agreement. Although the agreement required

the Architects to monitor the construction and to “endeavor to guard” against defects, the agreement

in this case expressly limited those obligations. For example, the agreement clarified that the

22
Architects were not “required to make exhaustive or continuous on-site inspections to check the

quality or quantity of the Work” and were only required to report “known deviations.” Finally, as

mentioned earlier, the agreement also specified that “[n]othing contained in this Agreement shall

create a contractual relationship with or a cause of action in favor of a third party against either the

[Maxfields] or [the] Architect[s].” 

Had the Maxfields wanted the Architects to be guarantors or insurers, theycould have

contracted for such services and would likely have had to pay a higher fee. Instead, the Maxfields

contracted for an intermediate level of services—obtaining from the Architects some oversight but

not a guarantee. Under this type of agreement, the owner obtains an architect’s assistance without

having to pay for a full guarantee, and the architect provides assistance without having to incur the

type of liability involved with providing a guarantee. Imposing the type of duty suggested by the

Smiths onto architects under the type of industry-standard agreement at issue in this case would

reduce the likelihood that architects would agree to enter into such agreements in the future or, at

the very least, increase the compensation required for the architects’ services, despite the significant

social utility of such agreements. See Luterbach v. Mochon, Schutte, Hackworthy, Juerisson, Inc.,

267 N.W.2d 13, 16 (Wis. 1978) (noting that holding architect liable would render him safety

supervisor, which would require continuous presence even though contract only required

periodic visits).

Regarding whetherthe Architects had superior knowledge, there is no allegation that

the Architects’ design was not sufficiently communicated to the general contractor or to the

subcontractor who constructed the balcony. Thus, while the Architects may have had superior

knowledge regardingwhythe balconyrequired certainmethods of construction, nothing in the record

23
indicates that the Architects’ knowledge regarding what methods were actually required in

accordance with the design—i.e., the metal support pipes and steel plate tabs, the joist hanger, and

the bolts, rim joist, and wood blocking—was superior to that of Nash (the party with the right to

control the balcony’s construction) or Rodriguez (the party who constructed the balcony). More

importantly, given that Nash and Rodriguez were charged with the actual construction of the

balcony, it cannot be disputed that they had superior knowledge of whether their actions conformed

to the design plans. Likewise, the Architects’ knowledge of the importance of properly attaching 12

a second-floor balcony would not be superior to that of any other party involved in the balcony’s

construction.13

During his testimony, Black admitted that he and another architect knew the design plans 12

better than anyone else. However, the Smiths’ expert witness, John Pierce, also conceded that the

individuals who built the balcony were more familiar with the actual balcony and how it was

constructed than anyone. In fact, he testified that the subcontractor had to know that the balcony had

not been constructed in compliance with the design plans and that key components had been left out. 

After analyzing whether the Architects or the subcontractor and contractor had superior 13

knowledge, the dissent then considers whether the Architects’ knowledge of the construction of the

balconywas superior to that of the Smiths. Unquestionably it was. And there has been no allegation

in this case that the type of threat posed by the poorly constructed balcony is “within the ordinary

knowledge common to the community.” See Joseph E. Seagram & Sons, Inc. v. McGuire,

814 S.W.2d 385, 388 (Tex. 1991) (refusing to recognize legal duty of alcohol manufacturer to warn

consumers against danger of alcoholism because risk is common knowledge). Accordingly, the

dissent’s comparison of the knowledge possessed by the Architects and by the Smiths seems

misplaced. In this case, we are charged with ascertainingwhetherthe Architects’ alleged actions and

inactions were sufficient to impose a duty of care. In making that determination in this case, the

knowledge element is used to ascertain which of the parties involved in the construction of the

balcony had greater knowledge of the negligent manner in which the balcony was built. See Graff

v. Beard, 858 S.W.2d 918, 921-22 (Tex. 1993) (determining that social hosts who make alcohol

available to their guests do not owe common law duty to third parties who may be injured if guest

becomes intoxicated and drives home; in reaching result, court compared whether host of party or

guest is in better position to know guest’s level of intoxication). For the reasons discussed above,

we do not believe that the Architects possessed the superior knowledge. 

24
Finally, there have been no legislative enactments identified by any party in this

case that would evidence the adoption of a particular public policy in favor of imposing a duty

of care on an architect under these circumstances. 

14

Having considered all the relevant factors, we cannot conclude that the imposition

of a new common law duty on architects is warranted in these circumstances. This seems

particularly true in this case where the general contractor had a duty to inspect and an absolute right

to control the subcontractor’s work and to warrant and guarantee that work and where the injured

third parties could (and did) obtain relief from the general contractor for his breach of that duty. In

making their request, the Smiths ask this Court to fundamentally alter the obligations of architects

working in Texas and to ignore the language contained in contracts that are used industry wide. 

Although there may be compelling reasons for expanding an architect’s duty to use reasonable care

in circumstances like those presented in this appeal, the decision regarding whether to undertake

such a massive expansion is better left to courts of higher jurisdiction. See Morgan Chase,

302 S.W.3d at 535. Accordingly, we decline to recognize a new common-law duty under the

circumstances present in this case. 

For these reasons, we conclude that the Architects did not owe a duty to the Smiths

and sustain the Architects’ issue on appeal. 

As an alternative argument supporting the jury’s determination, the Smiths contend that 14

the Architects owed them a duty of care because the Architects were agents of the Maxfields. 

Essentially, the Smiths argue that the Architects assumed “the duty of care by virtue of their

contract” with the Maxfields, that the Architects’ negligence “is directly imputed to the Maxfields,”

and that the duty of care was, therefore, owed to them “through that agency relationship.” However,

the Smiths refer to no cases or legal authority supporting that assertion, and we have been unable to

find any. 

25
Response to the Dissent

The dissent attempts to minimize the import of its suggestion that a duty should be

created in this case by stating that the duty applies only in “the very limited circumstances present

here.” Specifically, the dissent states that it would only conclude that a duty exists “where the

defects were open, obvious, observable to the architect, implicated critical safety and structural

integrity concerns, involved significant deviations from the architect’s own design drawings despite

the fact that preapproval of any such deviation was required, and were overlooked by an architect

who contracted to provide contract administration services.”

While constructing its narrow holding, however, the dissent employs an overbroad

approach. The dissent attempts to minimize the burden imposed on architects by limiting the duty

to “observable” and “significant” deviations that implicate “critical safety and structural integrity

concerns.” Rather than limiting the circumstances in which an architect may be held liable, the

dissent would essentially impose a new and wide-ranging duty upon architects. The factors

identified by the dissent are fact issues that would likely survive summary-judgment challenges. 

Thus, provided that a plaintiff frames his cause of action in terms of the factors identified by the

dissent, the architect would likely face the prospect of full litigation in order to exonerate himself

in cases in which the architect very well owes no duty to the plaintiff. Accordingly, the analysis

suggested by the dissent would not really seem to limit itself to the specific circumstances identified

by the dissent. In addition, it is unlikely that one would know a defect’s significance until the defect

is actually identified, and once a failure has occurred, nearly any defect could be argued to be

significant. It would be a considerable burden, then, to require an architect to have detected all

defects that, in hindsight, turn out to be “significant” to a “critical” issue. 

26
Moreover, although the dissent cites to many cases as support for creating a duty

under the circumstances in this case, none of the cases cited by the dissent provides any support for

the conclusion that the Architects, despite having no right of control over the construction project,

owed a duty to third partiesto discover a defect in that construction. First, the dissent relies on First

National Bank of Akron v. Cann, 503 F. Supp. 419 (N.D. Ohio 1980), aff’d, 669 F.2d 415 (6th Cir.

1982), for the supposition that the Architects can be liable to third parties for failing to comply with

their duty to endeavor to guard against deficiencies as well as support for its evocative concept that

our holding will allow architects to turn a “blind eye” to construction defects and escape liability of

any kind. In that case, the court stated that an architect should not be “allow[ed] to close his eyes

on the construction site, refrain from engaging in any inspection procedure whatsoever, and then

disclaim liability for construction defects that even the most perfunctory monitoring would have

prevented.” Id. at 436. In making that statement, the court in Cann was addressing the extent of the

architect’s contractual obligation to observe the construction and to make periodic visits to the site. 

However, the court in Cann was discussing the obligation that the architect owed to the owner of the

property in question arising from the contract that the owner and the architect entered into. Id. at

435-37. No suggestion was made that the architect owed any duty to individuals that were not party

to the contract. Accordingly, the dissent’s utilization of the impassioned language in Cann regarding

whether an architect may ignore his responsibility to endeavor to guard and then later disclaim all

liability paints an incomplete picture because it fails to provide the context in which the statement

was made: in response to an architect seeking to escape liability to the property owners with whom

he had contractually agreed to protect. 

27
Similarly, the dissent cites Hunt v. Ellisor & Tanner, Inc., 739 S.W.2d 933

(Tex. App.—Dallas 1987, writ denied), as support for its assessment of the scope of the Architects’

duty. In Hunt, the owners of a construction project sued the architects with whom they had

contracted for defects in the construction of a parking deck. Id. at 935. The owners asserted a

breach of contract claim. Id. The court held that while the architects did not insure or guarantee the

general contractor’s work, they could nonetheless be found liable based on their contract with the

owners under which they agreed to “endeavor to guard” against defects. Id. at 937. Although the

dissent characterizes Hunt as presenting “essentially the same argument,” there were no third-party

visitors involved in Hunt. Thus, the court did not address the issue of whether the architect’s duty

under the contract would have extended to a third party as a common law duty. See id.; see also

Romero, 881 S.W.2d at 528 (explaining that holding in Hunt only applies to cases in which property

owner is suing architect for breach of contract that both parties entered into). 

15

The dissent then cites Dukes, 252 S.W.3d 586, for the proposition that the Architects

are not shielded from liability even though the Smiths are not third-party beneficiaries of the

contract. In Dukes, four people had drowned in a city-owned fountain, and their representatives sued

the architects who had contracted with the city to assist with the fountain’s earlier renovation. Id.

at 590. However, the court concluded that the architects’ contract with the city did not impose a duty

to “report or make safe any hazards that they may have detected in the” fountain. Id. at 594-95. As

The dissent also cites Gables CVF, Inc. v. Bahr, Vermeer & Haecker Architect, Ltd.,

15

506 N.W.2d 706 (Neb. 1993) as support for the proposition the Architects are liable in this case. 

However, as with Hunt v. Ellisor & Tanner, Inc., 739 S.W.2d 933 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1987, writ

denied), Gables CVF addressed whether an architect owed a duty to the property owner to report

deviations from the building design plans. 506 N.W.2d at 710. 

28
a result, the court did not proceed to address the issue of whether such a duty would have extended

to third-party visitors. See id. 

The dissent relies on Council of Co-Owners Atlantis Condominium, Inc. v. WhitingTurner Contracting Co., 517 A.2d 336 (Md. 1986), to conclude that an architect’s duty of care

extends to “those persons foreseeably subjected to the risk of personal injury” resulting from the

architect’s negligence. See id. at 338 (limiting duty of care to persons subjected to risk “because of

a latent and unreasonably dangerous condition”). However, unlike the present case, the architects

in Whiting-Turner did have control over the construction of the building. Specifically, the architects

either were “supervising architects” or had agreed by contract “to inspect the building and to certify

to the Building Inspection Department of Ocean City, Maryland, that the building was constructed

pursuant to the approved building permit in accordance with the plans and specifications submitted

with the original permit application and that the building was ready for occupancy.” Id. at 339. 

Thus, Whiting-Turner does not provide precedent for this case, where the Architects, by contract,

were not responsible for the finished construction but merely agreed to “endeavor to guard” against

defects. In any event, Whiting-Turner is not a Texas case and is, therefore, not controlling to the

outcome of this case. 

Finally, the dissent relies on an Iowa case—McCarthy v. J.P. Cullen & Son Corp.,

199 N.W.2d 362 (Iowa 1972)—for its assertion that an architect cannot rely on the provisions of its

contract with a property owner to avoid liability to a third party for negligence. However, that case

involved negligent design. See id. at 370; see also Abalos v. Oil Dev. Co., 544 S.W.2d 627, 633

(Tex. 1976) (explaining that person has duty to prevent injury to others when he negligently creates

29
dangerous situation). This case is not a negligent design case, and the Architects did not create the

construction defect. Thus, McCarthy does not provide any precedent applicable to this case.

CONCLUSION

Having sustained the Architects’ issue on appeal, we reverse the judgment of the

district court and render judgment that the Smiths take nothing in their suit against the Architects. 

_____________________________________________

 David Puryear, Justice

Before Chief Justice Jones, Justices Puryear, Pemberton, Henson, Rose, and Goodwin;

 Dissenting Opinion by Justice Henson, joined by Chief Justice Jones

Reversed and Rendered on Motion for Rehearing

Filed: August 5, 2011

30