*

Judge Politz was a member of the panel that heard oral arguments. However, due

to his death on May 25, 2002, he did not participate in this decision. This case

is being decided by a quorum pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 46(d) (1996).

1

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT

__________________________

No. 01-60314

__________________________

KENNETH EFE,

Petitioner,

versus

JOHN D. ASHCROFT, Attorney General of the United States,

Respondent.

___________________________________________________

Appeal from the Board of Immigration Appeals

___________________________________________________

June 20, 2002

Before STEWART and CLEMENT, Circuit Judges.*

CLEMENT, Circuit Judge:

Kenneth Efe is a Nigerian citizen who attempted entry into the

United States in January 1998. His testimony regarding the

circumstances that brought him to the U.S. changed each time he

presented his case, including to this Court. The main thrust of

Efe’s story is that he was involved in a political demonstration in

Edo, Nigeria, in which he killed a police officer. Efe ran from
2

the police for a number of months before boarding a ship that

brought him to the U.S. He was stopped upon entry, beginning the

process of immigration hearings that has culminated in this appeal.

For the following reasons, we AFFIRM the Board of Immigration

Appeals’ denial of all relief and its frivolous application ruling.

I. FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS

A. Facts

Efe has testified that in June 1997 he took part in a

demonstration in Edo protesting the military government’s refusal

to install Abiola, who was legally elected to the presidency in

1993. According to Efe, police indiscriminately beat participants

in the demonstration, including himself. Efe’s story has varied as

to just how the beating took place, e.g., what injuries he

suffered, whether he was on the ground at any point, how many

officers took part or witnessed the event. In one version of the

story, he was on the ground while an officer was beating him and he

grabbed a glass bottle, with which he hit the officer in the

stomach. In the story he has used most often and gave in the first

hearing before an immigration judge, Efe escaped to a house along

the street where the demonstration was taking place and grabbed a

knife. He returned to the street with the knife, fatally stabbed

a police officer in the abdomen, and fled. Efe has altered his

story as to whether the officer he stabbed was the one who beat

him, as well as to whether he saw the officer’s intestines fallout
3

or only later learned that the officer died from the wound. Efe

has stated that he had no control over his actions, that the devil

took him over; he has also stated that he knew exactly what he was

doing. It is unclear how Efe escaped the demonstration. 

Efe claims to have fled to Kastina and then to Lagos, though

how long and with whom he stayed in each place are uncertain. In

December 1997, he boarded a ship at Port Island that brought him to

the U.S. as a stowaway on or about January 22, 1998. 

B. Proceedings

Efe was stopped coming into the U.S. The service asylum

officer who gave Efe a “credible fear” interview found that he had

a credible fear of persecution if returned to Nigeria. A hearing

before the immigration court on the credible fear finding occurred

on December 3, 1998. The immigration judge (“IJ”) found that Efe

was generally credible regarding his version of the demonstration,

stabbing of the officer, and flight. However, based on dental

records and observations of Efe during the hearing, the IJ

explicitly questioned Efe’s claim that he was thirteen when he

arrived in the U.S. The IJ attributed Efe’s vagueness about his

age and birth date to attempts to mislead the court. The court

ruled that the police beating Efe suffered constituted severe harm

and that the police were probably searching for Efe and would

detain, convict, and torture him if he returned to Nigeria.

Nonetheless, the IJ determined that Efe’s applications for
4

political asylum and withholding of removal were statutorily barred

under Section 208(b)(2)(A)(3)(i) of the Immigration and Nationality

Act (“the Act”), because the harm Efe feared was due to a serious

nonpolitical crime, specifically, the killing of a police officer.

At that time, the IJ did not have authority to grant relief under

Article 3 of the United Nations Convention Against Torture and

Other Forms of Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment.

G.A. Res. 39/46, Annex, 39 U.N. GAOR Supp. No. 51, at 197, U.N.

Doc. A/39/51 (1984) (“Convention Against Torture” or “CAT”).

On August 2, 1999, the Board of Immigration Appeals (“Board”

or “BIA”) remanded Efe’s case to the immigration court for

proceedings on the Convention Against Torture claim pursuant to

regulations that became effective on March 22, 1999, after Efe’s

initial hearing. 64 Fed. Reg. 8478 (Feb. 19, 1999); Section

2242(b) of the Foreign Affairs Reform and Restructuring Act of

1998, Pub. L. 105-277, Division G (Oct. 21, 1998). On January 3,

2000, the immigration court denied withholding of removal under CAT

due to the Section 241(b)(iii) bar but granted deferral of removal

under CAT. The immigration court adopted the findings of fact and

credibility from the first hearing.

The Board again remanded to the immigration court in June

2000, on a motion by the Immigration and Naturalization Service to

reopen and remand. The Board ruled that previously unavailable

material evidence called into question the credibility of Efe’s
1

Various evidence undermines Efe’s credibility concerning age. At the December

1998 hearing, Efe gave 28, 24, 15, and 14 as his age in response to different

questions. Phillip Idemudia of Mesquite, TX, swore that Efe’s parents moved to

Benin City in 1986 and lived with Idemudia’s parents. He stated that Efe was

about ten at that time, which would make Efe over twenty in 1998. One dental

report concluded that there was an 88.6 percent chance that Efe was eighteen or

older when he entered the U.S., and another showed that there was a 57.5 to 73

percent chance that he was over eighteen. The immigration judges also pointed

to Efe’s demeanor in court and his vagueness and confusion when answering

questions regarding age as evidence that he was older than eighteen when he

entered. 

2

An affidavit, “Statutory Declaration of Age,” purportedly from Efe’s father is

signed “Mr. Ohwo-Efe Tanga.” At the August 18, 2000, hearing appellant stated

that he did not know an Ohwo-Efe Tanga. 

5

story. The new evidence was the result of an investigation by a

U.S. Embassy investigator, communicated via a State Department

telegram. The investigator failed to find: information on Efe or

his family in state, local, or police records in Owena Village,

Benin, Nigeria; a primary school matching the one Efe claimed to

have attended; and police records indicating a murder of a police

officer in Edo in June 1997. Further, the former and only chairman

of the SDP political party had not heard of Efe or his family,

belying Efe’s testimony that his father was an officer in the SDP.

A new hearing on the merits was held on August 18, 2000. On

August 30, 2000, the IJ denied Efe’s applications for political

asylum and withholding of removal under Section 241(b)(3) of the

Act and Article 3 of CAT. The IJ found Efe not credible, stating

that Efe had changed his testimony concerning, among others aspects

of the case, his name, age,1 place of birth, schooling, places of

residence, family members (e.g., their names,2 whether he has a
3

Efe’s accounts of his membership and involvement with the SDP party have

fluctuated between tentative to strong declarations. At his credible fear

interview he did not know what SDP meant, but he later remembered or gained

knowledge of the party and then went back to ignorance. It is unclear if Efe’s

father was ever a chairman of the SDP party at any level, e.g., of his state,

city, or community. 

4

For example, neither the 1997 Country Report on Human Rights practices in

Nigeria, which is amazingly detailed and thorough, nor the relevant Amnesty

International human rights report mentions an incident in Benin City in June 1997

that would verify Efe’s claims that such an event occurred. The Amnesty report

does state that in 1997 the police continued to prohibit public demonstrations

commemorating Abiola’s 1993 election. Efe has failed to produce any media

coverage of the event. 

6

brother, whether he has an uncle in the U.S.), the extent and

reason for his involvement in the demonstration, whether and, if

so, how he stabbed an officer, with whom and where he stayed while

fleeing the police, and his knowledge concerning the SDP party.3

The IJ ruled that the inconsistencies, contradictions, and

improbabilities combined with the lack of corroborating evidence4

demanded that Efe come forward with more than background material

and affidavits. The ruling stated that Efe had neither presented

a plausible, coherent account of the basis for a well-founded fear

of persecution, nor established that he was a victim of

persecution. The IJ added a frivolous application for asylum

ruling, finding that Efe had knowingly and intentionally made false

statements on his asylum application and during his testimony with

the purpose of obtaining asylum. The frivolous application for

asylum ruling makes Efe permanently ineligible for benefits under

the Act. INA § 208(d)(6).

On March 12, 2001, the Board denied Efe’s appeal from the
7

denial of all relief and the frivolous application ruling. The

Board recognized that the State Department telegram was of limited

probative value both in its finding regarding Owena Village and its

vague comments about the SDP. Noting that the IJ never mentioned

that Efe did not represent that his school was in Owena Village nor

that the relevant events occurred there, the Board held that the

negative credibility ruling did not rely heavily on the telegram

but rather mainly on inconsistencies between the appellant’s

applications, hearings, statements, and exhibits. Efe has never

explained these inconsistencies. 

Appeal to this court followed. 

II. ANALYSIS

A. Standard of Review

Efe is an “excludable” alien, technically not considered to

have entered the U.S. He is entitled to a reasonably fair

opportunity to apply for asylum relief and Convention Against

Torture protection. See generally Rodriguez-Fernandez v.

Wilkinson, 654 F.2d 1382 (10th Cir. 1981). This court’s

jurisdiction to review the Board’s decision is based on INA §

242(b), 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b) (1998). 

We only review decisions made by the Board. CastilloRodriguez v. INS, 929 F.2d 181, 183 (5th Cir. 1991). We normally

do not consider the rulings and findings of immigration judges

unless they impact the Board’s decision. Id. Since the Board
8

adopted the IJ’s findings and conclusions, we can review the IJ’s

findings here. 

The Board’s factual conclusions are reviewed for substantial

evidence. Ozdemir v. INS, 46 F.3d 6, 7 (5th Cir. 1994). Questions

of law are reviewed de novo. We give great deference to an

immigration judge’s decisions concerning an alien’s credibility.

See Chun v. INS, 40 F.3d 76, 78 (5th Cir. 1994) (citing Mantell v.

INS, 798 F.2d 124, 127 (5th Cir. 1986)). 

An agency’s interpretations of the statutes and regulations it

administers should be given deference. Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v.

Natural Resources Defense Council, 467 U.S. 837 (1984). If the

statute is “silent or ambiguous with respect to the specific

issue,” the court should ask “whether the agency’s answer is based

on a permissible construction of the statute.” INS v. AguirreAguirre, 526 U.S. 415, 424 (1999) (quoting Chevron, 467 U.S. at

843).

B. Use of Telegram to Reopen

Efe questions the Board’s grant to reopen, which was based on

the State Department telegram found in subsequent proceedings to

have little probative value. The Board’s decision to reopen is

reviewed for abuse of discretion. Pritchett v. INS, 993 F.2d 80,

83 (5th Cir. 1993) (citing INS v. Doherty, 502 U.S. 314, 323

(1992)). The Attorney General has broad discretion in granting

motions to reopen. See id. “It is our duty to allow [the]
9

decision to be made by the Attorney General’s delegate, even a

decision that we deem in error, so long as it is not capricious,

racially invidious, utterly without foundation in the evidence, or

otherwise so aberrational that it is arbitrary rather than the

result of any perceptible rational approach.” Osuchukwu v. INS,

744 F.2d 1136, 1141-42 (5th Cir. 1984). 

No statutory provision covers the reopening of deportation

proceedings; such motions have authority only under regulations

promulgated by the Attorney General. Doherty, 502 U.S. at 322.

The question here concerns 8 C.F.R. § 3.2(c)(1), which reads in

part: “A motion to reopen proceedings shall not be granted unless

it appears to the Board that evidence sought to be offered is

material and was not available and could not have been discovered

or presented at the former hearing.” 

When granting the remand, the Board stated: 

“From our review of the newly proffered evidence, we are

satisfied that it is material and probative. The evidence

directly contradicts the applicant’s testimony, calls into

question his credibility in crucial aspects of his claim

relating to his identity, schooling, and his fear of

persecution or torture. We are also satisfied that this

evidence was previously unavailable inasmuch as the

information regarding an overseas investigation was not

transmitted by the Department of State to the Immigration and

Naturalization Service until after the conclusion of remanded

proceedings.”

Later, when reviewing the immigration judge’s decision upon remand,

the Board recognized that the “telegram is of limited probative

value both in its finding regarding Owena village and in its vague
10

comments about the SDP.” However, the Board further stated that

the “telegram provides that the investigator searched both state

and local records, and it appears that Owena Village is within Edo

state and perhaps within Benin City, so the Immigration Judge did

not err in considering the investigation results.” In other words,

the telegram potentially contained information directly related to

the case and thus was worth considering. The high degree of

deference given to the Attorney General in such instances demands

that the grant of the motion to reconsider stand. 

C. Asylum

An asylum applicant must demonstrate “persecution or a wellfounded fear of persecution on account of [one of five grounds:]

race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social

group, or political opinion.” 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A) (2000).

The main point of contention involves the exception to asylum for

serious nonpolitical crimes. If “there are serious reasons for

believing that the alien has committed a serious nonpolitical crime

outside the United States prior to the arrival of the alien in the

United States,” the Attorney General has the discretion not to

grant asylum. 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(2)(A)(iii).

The finding of the Board that Efe committed a serious

nonpolitical crime that barred him from receiving asylum “is a

finding of fact that we review under the substantial evidence

test.” Zamora-Morel v. INS, 905 F.2d 833, 838 (5th Cir. 1990)
5

“A decision by the Attorney General to deem certain violent offenses committed

in another country as political in nature, and to allow the perpetrators to

remain in the United States, may affect our relations with that country or its

neighbors. The judiciary is not well positioned to shoulder primary

responsibility for assessing the likelihood and importance of such diplomatic

repercussions.” INS v. Aguirre-Aguirre, 526 U.S. 415, 425 (1999).

11

(citing Campos-Guardado v. INS, 809 F.2d 285, 290 (5th Cir. 1987));

see also Ozdemir, 46 F.3d at 8. Under substantial evidence review,

the Board’s factual determinations are only reversible if this

court finds that the evidence compels a contrary conclusion. See

INS v. Elias-Zacarias, 502 U.S. 478, 481 (1992); Silwany-Rodriguez

v. INS, 975 F.2d 1157, 1160 (5th Cir. 1992). In other words, Efe

must show that the evidence was so compelling that no reasonable

factfinder could conclude against it. 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B).

Further, the Attorney General’s determination of political nature

should be given deference.5

The Board found not credible the testimony relevant to whether

the police beat Efe because of his political opinions and whether

Efe’s crime was nonpolitical, determinations we cannot replace with

our own. Credibility determinations are given great deference.

The factfinder has the duty to judge the credibility of the

witnesses and to make findings accordingly. Vasquez-Mondragon v.

INS, 560 F.2d 1225, 1226 (5th Cir. 1977). The panel cannot replace

the Board or IJ’s determinations concerning witness credibility or

ultimate factual findings based on credibility determinations with

its own determinations. Id.; see also Mantell, 798 F.2d at 127

("We will not review decisions turning purely on the immigration
12

judge’s assessment of the alien petitioner’s credibility."). 

The Board was well within its bounds in determining that Efe

committed a serious crime of moral turpitude that barred his asylum

claim under 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(2)(i)(I). Four factors have

generally been considered in deciding whether or not a crime is

political: 

(1) A determination that genuine political motives existed;

(2) Whether the act was directed toward modification of the

political organization of the state;

(3) Whether a causal link exists between the crime and

political purpose; and 

(4) A balance of the political nature of the act with

whether it was disproportionate to its objective or of

an atrocious or barbarous nature.

See INS v. Aguirre-Aguirre, 526 U.S. 415 (1999); McMullen v. INS,

788 F.2d 591 (9th Cir. 1986). 

Efe argues that the killing was political simply by virtue of

the fact that it took place during a political demonstration in

which officers beat peaceful demonstrators. In light of Efe’s lack

of credibility--including wavering as to what he knew about the SDP

and how he became involved in the demonstration (he has vacillated

between happening to be there, joining in with hooligan friends,

and participating out of political considerations)--there is no

compelling evidence that Efe had genuine political motives in

killing the police officer. Even assuming Efe had genuine

political motives, which the credibility determination rules out,

he would not pass factor (4) since his act of returning to the

demonstration to kill a police officer is disproportionate to the
6

“The criminal element of an offense may outweigh its political aspect even if

none of the acts are deemed atrocious, however. For this reason, the BIA need

not give express consideration to the atrociousness of the alien’s acts in every

case before determining that an alien has committed a serious nonpolitical

crime.” Aguirre-Aguirre, 526 U.S. at 430.

13

objective of installing Abiola.6 

Efe further pleas that he acted in self-defense and that as a

juvenile he did not have the adequate mens rea for a nonpolitical

crime. The more likely account of how the stabbing took place has

Efe escaping the beating, entering a house, finding a knife,

running back out into the demonstration, and killing the police

officer. He was no longer under immediate threat of physical harm

once he escaped into the house, which rules out his self-defense

claim. 

As to the lack of mens rea as a juvenile, neither of the IJs

involved nor the Board ever believed that Efe was thirteen when he

entered the U.S. Finding him to be over eighteen at the time of

the incident, they did not have to consider the effects of juvenile

status on his claims. Efe also uses his alleged minor status to

try and wiggle out of the § 1182 bar via § 1182(a)(2)(A)(ii)(I).

However, even if he was a juvenile, § 1182(a)(2)(A)(ii)(I) would

not help him. The provision provides that the serious nonpolitical

crime exception “shall not apply to an alien who committed only one

crime if--(I) the crime was committed when the alien was under 18

years of age, and the crime was committed (and the alien released

from any confinement to a prison or correctional institution
7

“In addition, whereas withholding is mandatory unless the Attorney General

determines one of the exceptions applies, the decision whether asylum should be

granted to an eligible alien is committed to the Attorney General’s discretion.”

14

imposed for the crime) more than 5 years before the date of

application for a visa or other documentation and the date of

application for admission to the United States.” §

1182(a)(2)(A)(ii)(I) (emphasis added). The crime happened well

within five years of Efe’s application.

Further poor statute reading has Efe claiming that since he

was not convicted of killing the officer the moral turpitude bar

does not apply. However, § 1182(a)(2)(A)(i) includes both those

convicted and those admitting to having committed a crime. There

is no dispute that Efe admits to killing a police officer. 

D. Withholding of Removal

An applicant for withholding of removal must show that “it is

more likely than not” that his life or freedom would be threatened

by persecution on account of one of the five categories mentioned

under asylum: race, religion, nationality, membership in a

particular social group, or political opinion. 8 C.F.R. §

208.16(b)(1). The substantial evidence standard applies to the

Board’s factual conclusion that an alien is not eligible for

withholding of deportation. Zamora-Morel, 905 F.2d at 838.

Withholding of removal is a higher standard than asylum. Since Efe

does not meet the bar for asylum, he also does not meet the

standard for withholding of deportation.7
Aguirre-Aguirre, 526 U.S. at 420.

8

“Torture is defined as any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether

physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person for such purposes as

obtaining from him or her or a third person information or a confession,

punishing him or her for an act he or she or a third person has committed or is

suspected of having committed, or intimidating or coercing him or her or a third

person, or for any reason based on discrimination of any kind, when such pain or

15

E. Convention Against Torture

The Convention Against Torture claim is separate from the

claims for asylum and withholding of removal and should receive

separate analytical attention. See Kamalthas v. INS, 251 F.3d

1279, 1284 (9th Cir. 2001); Mansour v. INS, 230 F.3d 902, 908 (7th

Cir. 2000). CAT provides in Article 3 that:

“1. No State Party shall expel, return (“refouler”) or

extradite a person to another State where there are

substantial grounds for believing that he would be in danger

of being subjected to torture.

2. For the purpose of determining whether there are such

grounds, the competent authorities shall take into account

all relevant considerations including, where applicable, the

existence in the State concerned of a consistent pattern of

gross, flagrant or mass violations of human rights.”

This court has jurisdiction under CAT’s implementing legislation,

§ 2242(d) of the Foreign Affairs Reform and Restructuring Act of

1998 (“FARRA”). Pub. L. 105-277, 112 Stat. 2681, 2681-821.

Unlike the asylum and withholding of removal provisions, CAT

regulations do not require that the reason for the torture fall

within one of the five categories of race, religion, nationality,

membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.

Another difference is that CAT does not require persecution, but

the higher bar of torture.8 The applicant has the burden of
suffering is inflicted by or at the instigation of or with the consent or

acquiesce of a public official or other person acting in an official capacity.”

8 C.F.R. § 208.18(a)(1) (2000).

16

proving “that it is more likely than not that he or she would be

tortured if removed to the proposed country of removal. The

testimony of the applicant, if credible, may be sufficient to

sustain the burden of proof without corroboration.” 8 C.F.R. §

208.16(c)(2).

The Seventh and Ninth Circuits have remanded cases for further

consideration of CAT claims due to overreliance on an adverse

credibility ruling. See Kamalthas, 251 F.3d at 1284 (ruling that

“the BIA [had] plainly overrelied on its prior adverse credibility

finding against Kamalthas and failed to consider evidence of the

relevant country conditions in the record”); Mansour, 230 F.3d at

908 (“the BIA’s adverse credibility determination in the asylum

context seems to overshadow its analysis of Mansour’s torture

claim. The BIA in a minimalistic and non-detailed manner addressed

Mansour’s torture claim; leaving us to ponder whether the BIA

sufficiently focused on this claim or merely concluded it was not

viable because of its determination that Mansour’s prior testimony

on the asylum issue was not credible.”). 

This case is distinguishable from Mansour and Kamalthas in

that the latter concerned countries with a general situation of

torture among men of a certain ethnic or religious background

shared by the alien. Efe does not claim a general atmosphere of
9

A recent Fifth Circuit opinion noted that “[t]he IJ [in that case] found further

that, even if [the appellant] were credible, substantial improvement of

conditions had occurred in Nigeria, his home country, so that [the appellant] had

failed to meet his burden of showing that he would be tortured if he were

returned there.” Balogun v. Ashcroft, 270 F.3d 274, 277 (5th Cir. 2001). 

17

torture in Nigeria against members of the SDP party,9 but rather

the continued use of torture in Nigerian prisons. Further, the

credibility assessment here goes directly to the issue of whether

or not Efe will be tortured in Nigeria. The lack of credibility

assessment questions whether Efe is likely to be convicted upon

returning to Nigeria. In other words, the Board has decided that

it is not more likely than not that Efe will go to prison in

Nigeria and face a risk of torture. 

Efe argues that the immigration court and the Board have not

adequately considered whether or not he will be tortured. The

Board does not have to "write an exegesis on every contention.

What is required is merely that it consider the issues raised, and

announce its decision in terms sufficient to enable a reviewing

court to perceive that it has heard and thought and not merely

reacted." Becerra-Jimenez v. INS, 829 F.2d 996, 1000 (10th Cir.

1987). The Board’s decisions and adoptions of IJ rulings

adequately convey the reasoning behind the denial of the CAT claim

and Efe has been given ample opportunity to produce corroborating

evidence that would clarify his inexcusably inconsistent testimony.

Efe’s Convention Against Torture claims fail.

F. Frivolous Application for Asylum
18

We affirm the determination that Efe filed a frivolous

application for asylum. Efe has gone back and forth with the facts

and misrepresented his case several times. He has also failed to

take advantage of ample opportunity to clarify his contradictory

testimony. 

III. CONCLUSION

We AFFIRM the denial of asylum, withholding of removal, and

protection under the Convention Against Torture. We further AFFIRM

the frivolous application ruling.