Worldwide Engineer ing, Environmental, Cons truction, and IT Services 

HYLAND LANDFILL GAS ENGINE 

EMISSIONS TEST REPORT 

HYLAND FACILITY ASSOCIATES 

6653 HERDMAN ROAD 

ANGELICA, NEW YORK 

DISCLAIMER: 

SOME FORMATTING CHANGES MAY HAVE OCCURRED WHEN

THE ORIGINAL DOCUMENT WAS PRINTED TO PDF; HOWEVER, 

THE ORIGINAL CONTENT REMAINS UNCHANGED. 

FEBRUARY 2009 

REF. NO. 053707 (3)

Prepared by: 

Conestoga-Rovers 

& Associates 

2055 Niagara Falls Blvd. 

Suite Three 

Niagara Falls, NY 14304 

Office: (716) 297-6150 

Fax: (716) 297-2265 

web: http:\\www.CRAworld.com
053707 (3) CONESTOGA-ROVERS & ASSOCIATES

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

1.0 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................1 

1.1 PROJECT OVERVIEW........................................................................................1 

1.2 PROJECT ORGANIZATION .............................................................................1 

1.3 PROCESS DESCRIPTION ..................................................................................2 

1.4 TEST PLAN ..........................................................................................................2 

1.5 OBJECTIVE...........................................................................................................2 

2.0 SAMPLING AND ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES............................................................3 

2.1 TEST SITE DESCRIPTION .................................................................................3 

2.1.1 ENGINE #2 OUTLET..........................................................................................3 

2.2 STACK GAS VELOCITY AND VOLUMETRIC FLOW (RM 2)....................3 

2.3 GAS ANALYSIS FOR OXYGEN (O2), CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2) 

AND DRY MOLECULAR WEIGHT (RM 3A) ................................................4 

2.4 MOISTURE DETERMINATION (RM 4)..........................................................4 

2.5 TOTAL OXIDES OF NITROGEN (RM 7E)......................................................4 

2.6 CARBON MONOXIDE (RM 10) .......................................................................4 

3.0 QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY CONTROL.....................................................6 

3.1 EQUIPMENT AND SAMPLING PREPARATION ........................................6 

3.1.1 GENERAL GLASS CLEANING........................................................................6 

3.2 LEAK CHECK PROCEDURES..........................................................................6 

3.2.1 MOISTURE TRAIN.............................................................................................6 

3.2.2 PITOT LEAK CHECK.........................................................................................6 

3.3 CALIBRATIONS..................................................................................................7 

3.3.1 METER BOX CALIBRATION............................................................................7 

3.3.2 PITOT CALIBRATION.......................................................................................7 

3.3.3 THERMOCOUPLE CALIBRATION.................................................................8 

3.3.4 BAROMETER CALIBRATION..........................................................................8 

3.4 CEMS SAMPLING PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS ............................8 

3.4.1 CALIBRATION ERROR (CE) TEST..................................................................8 

3.4.2 STRATIFICATION TEST....................................................................................9 

3.4.3 NO2 TO NO CONVERSION EFFICIENCY.....................................................9 

3.4.4 POST-TEST DRIFT CHECK...............................................................................9 

3.5 DATA REDUCTION...........................................................................................9 

4.0 TEST RESULTS......................................................................................................................10 

4.1 DISCUSSION OF PERMIT REQUIREMENTS & RESULTS........................10 
053707 (3) CONESTOGA-ROVERS & ASSOCIATES

LIST OF FIGURES

(Following Text) 

FIGURE 2.1 ENGINE #2 OUTLET 

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE 1.1 TEST SUMMARY 

TABLE 3.1 EQUIPMENT CALIBRATIONS 

TABLE 4.1 SAMPLING PARAMETERS 

LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX A CRA FIELD OPERATING PROCEDURES 

APPENDIX B FIELD DATA AND CALCULATION SHEETS 

APPENDIX C CALIBRATION DATA AND GAS CERTIFICATION SHEETS 
053707 (3) 1 CONESTOGA-ROVERS & ASSOCIATES

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 PROJECT OVERVIEW

Hyland Facility Associates (Hyland) contracted Conestoga-Rovers & Associates, Inc. 

(CRA) to perform emission testing of one of the Landfill Gas engines at the Hyland 

Landfill located in Angelica, NY. Hyland was required to test one of the Caterpillar 3520 

engines as part of their Air State Facility permit 9-0232-00003/00007. 

Engine # 2, which had the most in-service hours, was tested for carbon monoxide (CO) 

and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions. Additionally, exhaust gas volumetric flow rate, 

molecular weight, and moisture content were also monitored and were used to calculate 

mass emissions of CO and NOx. 

1.2 PROJECT ORGANIZATION

The primary contacts for this project are: 

CRA Project Manager: 

Mr. William Doebler 

2055 Niagara Falls Blvd. 

Niagara Falls, NY 14304 

Phone: (716) 297-6150 

Fax: (716) 297-2265 

CRA Project Coordinator: 

Mr. Steve Culmo 

2055 Niagara Falls Blvd. 

Niagara Falls, NY 14304 

Phone: (716) 297-6150 

Fax: (716) 297-2265 
053707 (3) 2 CONESTOGA-ROVERS & ASSOCIATES

Hyland Project Manager: 

Mr. Joseph Boyles 

6653 Herdman Road 

Angelica, NY 14709 

Phone: (585) 466-7271 

The CRA field test crew consisted of Mr. Jim Balmer and Mr. Steve Zimmerman. 

1.3 PROCESS DESCRIPTION

Hyland Landfill produces landfill gas through the process of organic decomposition 

municipal solid waste. As the volume of these gases increase, they are collected and 

routed through a landfill gas collection system and destructed by a flare and / or burned 

as fuel in three Caterpillar 3520 engines. 

1.4 TEST PLAN

Testing was designed according to United States Environmental Protection Agency 

(USEPA) Reference Methods (RMs) outlined in the Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40, 

Part 60, Protection of the Environment, Appendix A. Current versions of the reference 

methods were obtained from the United States Environmental Protection Agency 

(USEPA) Emission Measurement Center (EMC) website (www.epa.gov/ttn/emc). A 

summary of the test program is presented in Table 1.1. CRA performed all the testing 

associated with the test program. Copies of CRA’s standard operating procedures for 

the EPA test methods are included in Appendix A. 

1.5 OBJECTIVE

The objective of this test program was to demonstrate that the Hyland Landfill engines 

meet the design emission rates listed in Hyland’s State Facility Permit. The permit 

specifies design emission rates of 3.0 grams per brake horsepower hour (g/bhp-hr) for 

CO and 0.6 g/BHP-HR for NOx. 
053707 (3) 3 CONESTOGA-ROVERS & ASSOCIATES

2.0 SAMPLING AND ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES

2.1 TEST SITE DESCRIPTION

Representative measurement of pollutant emissions and total volumetric flow rate from 

a stationary source require a measurement site where the effluent stream is flowing in a 

known direction and cyclonic flow is not present. 

According to RM 1, the cross section of the stack was divided into equal areas and a 

traverse point located within each of these areas. The number of traverse points in a 

cross section was determined by the number of duct diameters upstream and 

downstream from the test location to a flow disturbance. 

2.1.1 ENGINE #2 OUTLET 

The outlet ports are located in a vertical duct with an inside diameter of 15.58 inches. 

There are two sample ports located at 90 degrees apart from each other. A total of 16 

velocity traverse points were sampled, eight from each port. The sample ports are 

located approximately 3.3 duct diameters downstream and 2.2 duct diameters upstream 

from a flow disturbance. All measurements were verified in the field. A cyclonic flow 

check was conducted and the results are included on Run 1 flow spreadsheet. Figure 2.1 

is a diagram of outlet sampling location and traverse point layout. 

2.2 STACK GAS VELOCITY AND VOLUMETRIC FLOW (RM 2)

According to RM 2, the gas velocity in the stack was determined from the average 

velocity head with a type-S pitot tube, gas density, stack temperature, and stack 

pressure. A cyclonic flow check was conducted by measuring the velocity pressure and 

null point at each traverse point. The average null point angle from zero was less than 

20 degrees. 

The average velocity head was determined using an inclined manometer and for the 

outlet a type-S pitot tube with a known coefficient of 0.84 that was determined 

geometrically by standards set forth in RM 2. Stack temperature was taken at each 

traverse point using a type-K thermocouple. Static pressure was determined using a 

straight tap and an inclined manometer. A copy of the CRA field operating procedure 

for RM 2 is included in Appendix A. 
053707 (3) 4 CONESTOGA-ROVERS & ASSOCIATES

2.3 GAS ANALYSIS FOR OXYGEN (O2), CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2) 

AND DRY MOLECULAR WEIGHT (RM 3A) 

RM 3A was used to determine stack gas oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) 

concentrations at the outlet. Gas samples were continuously extracted from the exhaust 

gas stream and transported by heated sample line to a refrigerated sample gas 

conditioner to remove moisture, and then directed to the O2 analyzer. O2 concentrations 

were determined with a Horiba MPA-510 magnetopneumatic analyzer. CO2

concentrations were determined with a Horiba VIA-510 infrared analyzer. Data from the 

analyzers were recorded on a data acquisition system (DAS). The CRA field operating 

procedure for RM 3A can be found in Appendix A. 

2.4 MOISTURE DETERMINATION (RM 4)

For the engine outlet, moisture was measured using a RM 4 type train. An in-stack glass 

wool filter was used. The sample probe was placed at the centroid of the stack and left 

at one sample point for the duration of the test. Three, 35-minute sample runs were 

performed. 

The CRA field operating procedure for RM 4 can be found in Appendix A. 

2.5 TOTAL OXIDES OF NITROGEN (RM 7E)

Total NOx concentrations were measured according to USEPA RM 7E using a TECO 

Model 42C chemiluminescent analyzer. NOx analysis was continuous with 10-second 

average concentrations recorded on a DAS. The analyzer operating range was 0-1000 for 

engine #2. The CRA field procedure for RM 7E is included in Appendix A. 

An Environics Series 4000 was used to generate appropriate calibration gas 

concentrations from nitrogen and a USEPA Protocol gas: 905.5 ppmv NO in nitrogen. 

2.6 CARBON MONOXIDE (RM 10)

CO concentrations were measured according to RM 10. A TECO Model 48H analyzer 

was used. CO analysis was continuous with 10-second average concentrations recorded 
053707 (3) 5 CONESTOGA-ROVERS & ASSOCIATES

on a DAS. The analyzer operating range was 0-1000 for engine #2. The CRA field 

procedure for RM 10 is included in Appendix A. 
053707 (3) 6 CONESTOGA-ROVERS & ASSOCIATES

3.0 QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY CONTROL

3.1 EQUIPMENT AND SAMPLING PREPARATION

Sampling equipment was cleaned and functions checked and calibrated prior to use in 

the field. The QA/QC procedures for sampling operations included performing leak 

checks before and after each sample run. These were conducted on all train components 

including vacuum sample trains and pitot lines. If pre-test leak checks did not meet the 

acceptable criteria for each method, the trains were adjusted and the leaks were 

corrected. Post-test leak checks are mandatory and were performed and recorded on all 

field data sheets. 

3.1.1 GENERAL GLASS CLEANING

Following field use and sample recovery, all glassware is cleaned for future use. This 

cleaning is accomplished by a five-step procedure. After any and all vacuum grease is 

removed, all glassware is soaked for at least 10 minutes in a 45% w/v potassium 

hydroxide (KOH) solution which is maintained at a temperature of 37°C to 51°C (100°F 

to 125°F) to increase the cleaning efficiency. The glassware is washed three times with 

hot soapy water, followed by three rinses with hot tap water. Next, the glassware is 

rinsed three times with distilled deionized water and, finally, rinsed three times with 

acetone. 

3.2 LEAK CHECK PROCEDURES

3.2.1 MOISTURE TRAIN

A leak check is mandatory at the conclusion of each sampling run. The leak check was 

conducted in accordance with the procedures outlined in EPA Method 4. The probe tip 

was plugged and the sample rate was adjusted until the desired vacuum is reached. If 

the leakage rate was found to be no greater than 0.02 cubic feet per minute (cfm), the 

results are acceptable. The leak checks performed were all acceptable for this test 

program. 

3.2.2 PITOT LEAK CHECK

The pitot tubes to be used during the test program were leak checked prior to the test 

series and following each traverse set. The leak check was performed by placing flexible 
053707 (3) 7 CONESTOGA-ROVERS & ASSOCIATES

tubing over the positive pressure side of the pitot tube tip. Next, the tubing was 

pressurized to greater than 3 inches of H2O and the tubing was pinched off. No loss of 

pressure for 15 seconds indicates a successful leak check. This procedure was repeated 

for the negative pressure (vacuum) side of the Pitot tube. Pitot leak checks performed 

were all acceptable for this test program 

3.3 CALIBRATIONS

Table 3.1 presents a summary of the CRA pre and post-test calibrations for all 

equipment used for this test program. Calibration and gas certification sheets are 

located in Appendix C. 

3.3.1 METER BOX CALIBRATION

Following the procedures outlined in EPA Method 5, Section 5.3.1, a standard dry gas 

meter is substituted for a wet test meter per EPA Method 5, Section 7.1. Primarily, the 

meter calibration factors (Y and H@) are determined at multi-point calibration runs at 

a variety of flow rates. Factors calculated at the individual runs must agree within 2% of 

each other. The factors are then averaged and that average is posted on the meter box. 

After each field sampling project, a post-test calibration was made. This consisted of 

three calibration runs at the average sampling rate seen for that project. The factors 

calculated from the three individual runs must agree to within 2% of each other and are 

averaged. That average must agree to within 5% of the factor posted on the meter box. 

Post-test calibration data for the meter boxes may be found in Appendix C. 

3.3.2 PITOT CALIBRATION

Pitot tubes are calibrated following the procedures outlined in EPA Method 2, Section 4. 

Pitot tubes are given a baseline coefficient when they meet certain geometrically 

measured angles and dimensions as set forth in the method. Post-test calibration data 

for the pitots may be found in Appendix C. 
053707 (3) 8 CONESTOGA-ROVERS & ASSOCIATES

3.3.3 THERMOCOUPLE CALIBRATION

According to RM 2, Section 4.3, an NIST Traceable Electronic Thermocouple 

Calibrator/Simulator (CAL-PAL) and calibrated thermocouple is substituted for the 

mercury-in-glass thermometer. According to EMTIC GD-28, a single-point calibration 

check (at ambient temperature) of the thermocouple being calibrated is made. If the 

thermocouple being calibrated and the CAL-PAL are within ±2.0°F of each other, the 

calibration is acceptable. Post-test calibration data for thermocouples may be found in 

Appendix C. 

3.3.4 BAROMETER CALIBRATION

CRA's barometer is compared to the barometer from the National Weather Service 

(NWS) located at the Niagara Falls International Airport. If the CRA barometer 

disagrees by more than ±2.3 mm (0.1 in.) of Hg from the barometer located at the airport, 

the CRA barometer is adjusted until it agrees with the NWS barometer. 

When in the field, barometer readings are taken from the CRA barometer. At the 

conclusion of fieldwork, the barometer is brought back, checked against the NWS 

barometer, and corrected if necessary. Readings taken in the field are corrected based 

on the degree of error between the CRA barometer and the NWS barometer. Post-test 

calibration data for barometer may be found in Appendix C. 

3.4 CEMS SAMPLING PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS

The CEMs sampling QA/QC activities will include the following: 

3.4.1 CALIBRATION ERROR (CE) TEST

The CE tests were accomplished following the procedures outlined in RM 7E, by first 

introducing the zero calibration gas and adjusting the instrument to read zero. Next, the 

high span gas was introduced, and the analyzer’s was adjusted to match this calibration 

gas certified concentration. Next, the mid calibration gas was introduced, and the 

analyzers response must be within +/-2% of span. A calibration error data sheet is 

provided in Appendix B. 
053707 (3) 9 CONESTOGA-ROVERS & ASSOCIATES

3.4.2 STRATIFICATION TEST

A stratification test of the gas stream was conducted before the first test run. The 

exhaust stack was traversed using 3 points located at 16.7, 50.0, and 83.3 percent of the 

stack diameter. Each point was sampled for 5 minutes. The three 5 minute blocks of 

data were averaged and found to be within +/- 5% of the overall average concentration 

of the entire run. 

3.4.3 NO2 TO NO CONVERSION EFFICIENCY

During the initial setup of the continuous monitoring system, the efficiency of the NO2

to NO converter was determined and documented. For this test, a certified mixture of 

approximately 50 ppmv NO2 in N2 was introduced to the NOx monitor. After the signal 

stabilized, the NOx value was verified as greater than or equal to 90% of the certified gas 

value. 

3.4.4 POST-TEST DRIFT CHECK

Following the procedure outlined in RM 7E, a post-test drift check was performed 

immediately following the sample run. The zero gas was introduced into the system, 

and the monitor's response was recorded. The span was drift checked in the same 

manner. Drift-check data sheets are provided in Appendix B. 

3.5 DATA REDUCTION

The QA/QC procedure for data reduction includes using computer spreadsheet 

programs to generate tables of results. Data input files and equations are doublechecked by a second person, and tables are checked for transposition errors with spot 

calculations being performed by hand. Field data sheets for this test program may be 

found in Appendix B. 
053707 (3) 10 CONESTOGA-ROVERS & ASSOCIATES

4.0 TEST RESULTS

The complete test results for carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides are presented in 

Table 4.1. 

4.1 DISCUSSION OF PERMIT REQUIREMENTS & RESULTS

The State Facility Permit for the engines lists a design emission rate of 3.0 g/bhp-hr for 

CO and 0.6 g/bhp-hr for NOx. CO and NOx measurements during this test program 

indicate that the engines are operating at 2.2 g/bhp-hr for CO and 0.4 g/bhp-hr for NOx. 

Based on this information the emission source was operating in compliance with the 

permit requirements. 
053707 (3)

TABLES 
Reference

Parameter Method Runs Duration Comments

Gas Flow Rate RMs 1-2 3 N/A 1 per run

Molecular Weight RM-3A 3 1 hour Concurrent with RM 7E

sampling

Moisture RM-4 3 35 min Concurrent with RM 7E

sampling

Oxides of Nitrogen RM-7E 3 1 hour Concurrent with RM 7E

sampling

Carbon Monoxide RM-10 1 hour Concurrent with RM 7E

sampling

Verification of RM-205 During initial calibration

Calibration Gas procedures

Dilution System

CASELLA WASTE SYSTEMS

JANUARY 8, 2009

TABLE 1.1

TEST METHODS

ENGINE #2 TEST

HYLAND LANDFILL

CRA 053707 (3)
Calibrated Equipment Calibration 

Equipment Reference With Limit ID Date 

Method 2 NWS

Section 4.4 Barometer (a)

Meter Box Method 5 Standard Dry

Pre-Test Section 5 Gas Meter

Meter Box Method 5 Standard Dry

Post-Test Section 5 Gas Meter

Reference 

Thermocouple

NWS = National Weather ServiceNotes:(a) The elevations of CRA and the National Weather Service (at the Niagara Falls Airport) are 

 right next each other, thus eliminating the need for elevation correction. The barometer is calibrated within

 1 month prior to field use. The date above refers to the post-test calibration date. Refer to the calibration  report for pre-test calibration date.Pitot calibration checks include the measurement of geometric specifications; equipment is inspected for damage

or misalignment following each field test.

BEO4194C 1/9/2009 

12/29/2008 

1/9/2009 

TABLE 3.1

EQUIPMENT CALIBRATION SUMMARY

ENGINE #2 TEST

HYLAND LANDFILL

CASELLA WASTE SYSTEMS

JANUARY 8, 2009

Barometer

Y: avg. within 5% of meter 

box value

± 0.1 in. Hg BE04923 1/9/2009 

Y: within ±0.02 of avg. 

ΔH@: within ±0.2 of avg. BE04906

BE04905

Pitot Assembly Method 2 (b)

CRA 053707 (3)
O 2 CO 2 Moisture Flow 

Location Run # Start Time Stop Time % % % (dscfm) ppmvd g/bHp-Hr lbs/hr 

Engine #2 Outlet 1 13:15 14:15 9.5 10.1 14 4411 65.9 0.42 2.1 

2 14:48 15:48 9.4 10.0 11 4546 63.8 0.42 2.1 3 16:25 17:25 10.0 9.5 12 4545 61.0 0.40 2.0 

AVG. 9.6 9.9 12 4501 63.6 0.41 2.1 

TABLE 4.1

SUMMARY OF TEST RESULTS

ENGINE #2 TEST

NOx 

HYLAND LANDFILL

CASELLA WASTE SYSTEMS

January 8, 2009

CRA 053707 (3)