# Patent

## Title
Method for predicting an operator torque request of a hybrid powertrain system

## Abstract

A method for controlling a hybrid powertrain system based upon a predicted speed of an output member, a predicted operator torque request, and a predicted accelerator pedal position is disclosed. The method comprises predicting the accelerator pedal position based upon a monitored accelerator pedal position and a filtered accelerator pedal position, predicting the speed of an output member based upon a monitored speed of the output member, and predicting the operator torque request based upon the predicted speed of the output member and the predicted accelerator position.

## Background
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/985,422 filed on Nov. 5, 2007 which is hereby incorporated herein by reference.


TECHNICAL FIELD
This disclosure pertains to control systems for electromechanical transmissions.
BACKGROUND
The statements in this section merely provide background information related to the present disclosure and may not constitute prior art.
Known powertrain architectures include torque-generative devices, including internal combustion engines and electric machines, which transmit torque through a transmission device to an output member. One exemplary powertrain includes a two-mode, compound-split, electromechanical transmission which utilizes an input member for receiving motive torque from a prime mover power source, preferably an internal combustion engine, and an output member. The output member can be operatively connected to a driveline for a motor vehicle for transmitting tractive torque thereto. Electric machines, operative as motors or generators, generate a torque input to the transmission, independently of a torque input from the internal combustion engine. The electric machines may transform vehicle kinetic energy, transmitted through the vehicle driveline, to electrical energy that is storable in an electrical energy storage device. A control system monitors various inputs from the vehicle and the operator and provides operational control of the powertrain, including controlling transmission operating state and gear shifting, controlling the torque-generative devices, and regulating the electrical power interchange among the electrical energy storage device and the electric machines to manage outputs of the transmission, including torque and rotational speed.
Inputs into the control system may contain noise or be time delayed; therefore, it would be advantageous to predict control system inputs to improve powertrain performance.
SUMMARY
A method for controlling a hybrid powertrain system based upon a predicted speed of an output member, a predicted operator torque request, and a predicted accelerator pedal position includes predicting the accelerator pedal position based upon a monitored accelerator pedal position and a filtered accelerator pedal position, predicting the speed of an output member based upon a monitored speed of the output member, and predicting the operator torque request based upon the predicted speed of the output member and the predicted accelerator position.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
One or more embodiments will now be described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary powertrain, in accordance with the present disclosure;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary architecture for a control system and powertrain, in accordance with the present disclosure;
FIG. 3 illustrates a control system architecture for controlling and managing torque in a hybrid powertrain system, in accordance with the present disclosure;
FIG. 4 is a flow chart, in accordance with the present disclosure;
FIG. 5 graphically illustrates a method for calculating a time-based derivative of an accelerator pedal position, in accordance with the present disclosure; and
FIG. 6 graphically illustrates a method for calculating acceleration of an output member, in accordance with the present disclosure.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Referring now to the drawings, wherein the showings are for the purpose of illustrating certain exemplary embodiments only and not for the purpose of limiting the same, FIGS. 1 and 2 depict an exemplary electro-mechanical hybrid powertrain. The exemplary electromechanical hybrid powertrain in accordance with the present disclosure is depicted in FIG. 1, comprising a two-mode, compound-split, electromechanical hybrid transmission 10 operatively connected to an engine 14 and first and second electric machines (‘MG-A’) 56 and (‘MG-B’) 72. The engine 14 and first and second electric machines 56 and 72 each generate power which can be transferred to the transmission 10. The power generated by the engine 14 and the first and second electric machines 56 and 72 and transferred to the transmission 10 is described in terms of input and motor torques, referred to herein as T1, TA, and TB respectively, and speed, referred to herein as N1, NA, and NB, respectively.
The exemplary engine 14 comprises a multi-cylinder internal combustion engine selectively operative in several states to transfer torque to the transmission 10 via an input shaft 12, and can be either a spark-ignition or a compression-ignition engine. The engine 14 includes a crankshaft (not shown) operatively coupled to the input shaft 12 of the transmission 10. A rotational speed sensor 11 monitors rotational speed of the input shaft 12. Power output from the engine 14, comprising rotational speed and engine torque, can differ from the input speed N1 and the input torque T1 to the transmission 10 due to placement of torque-consuming components on the input shaft 12 between the engine 14 and the transmission 10, e.g., a hydraulic pump (not shown) and/or a torque management device (not shown).
The exemplary transmission 10 comprises three planetary-gear sets 24, 26 and 28, and four selectively engageable torque-transferring devices, i.e., clutches C1 70, C2 62, C3 73, and C4 75. As used herein, clutches refer to any type of friction torque transfer device including single or compound plate clutches or packs, band clutches, and brakes, for example. A hydraulic control circuit 42, preferably controlled by a transmission control module (hereafter ‘TCM’) 17, is operative to control clutch states. Clutches C2 62 and C4 75 preferably comprise hydraulically-applied rotating friction clutches. Clutches C1 70 and C3 73 preferably comprise hydraulically-controlled stationary devices that can be selectively grounded to a transmission case 68. Each of the clutches C1 70, C2 62, C3 73, and C4 75 is preferably hydraulically applied, selectively receiving pressurized hydraulic fluid via the hydraulic control circuit 42.
The first and second electric machines 56 and 72 preferably comprise three-phase AC machines, each including a stator (not shown) and a rotor (not shown), and respective resolvers 80 and 82. The motor stator for each machine is grounded to an outer portion of the transmission case 68, and includes a stator core with coiled electrical windings extending therefrom. The rotor for the first electric machine 56 is supported on a hub plate gear that is operatively attached to shaft 60 via the second planetary gear set 26. The rotor for the second electric machine 72 is fixedly attached to a sleeve shaft hub 66.
Each of the resolvers 80 and 82 preferably comprises a variable reluctance device including a resolver stator (not shown) and a resolver rotor (not shown). The resolvers 80 and 82 are appropriately positioned and assembled on respective ones of the first and second electric machines 56 and 72. Stators of respective ones of the resolvers 80 and 82 are operatively connected to one of the stators for the first and second electric machines 56 and 72. The resolver rotors are operatively connected to the rotor for the corresponding first and second electric machines 56 and 72. Each of the resolvers 80 and 82 is signally and operatively connected to a transmission power inverter control module (hereafter ‘TPIM’) 19, and each senses and monitors rotational position of the resolver rotor relative to the resolver stator, thus monitoring rotational position of respective ones of first and second electric machines 56 and 72. Additionally, the signals output from the resolvers 80 and 82 are interpreted to provide the rotational speeds for first and second electric machines 56 and 72, i.e., NA and NB, respectively.
The transmission 10 includes an output member 64, e.g. a shaft, which is operably connected to a driveline 90 for a vehicle (not shown), to provide output power to the driveline 90 that is transferred to vehicle wheels 93, one of which is shown in FIG. 1. The output power at the output member 64 is characterized in terms of an output rotational speed NO and an output torque TO. A transmission output speed sensor 84 monitors rotational speed and rotational direction of the output member 64. Each of the vehicle wheels 93 is preferably equipped with a sensor 94 adapted to monitor wheel speed, the output of which is monitored by a control module of a distributed control module system described with respect to FIG. 2, to determine vehicle speed, and absolute and relative wheel speeds for braking control, traction control, and vehicle acceleration management.
The input torque from the engine 14 and the motor torques from the first and second electric machines 56 and 72 (T1, TA, and TB respectively) are generated as a result of energy conversion from fuel or electrical potential stored in an electrical energy storage device (hereafter ‘ESD’) 74. The ESD 74 is high voltage DC-coupled to the TPIM 19 via DC transfer conductors 27. The transfer conductors 27 include a contactor switch 38. When the contactor switch 38 is closed, under normal operation, electric current can flow between the ESD 74 and the TPIM 19. When the contactor switch 38 is opened electric current flow between the ESD 74 and the TPIM 19 is interrupted. The TPIM 19 transmits electrical power to and from the first electric machine 56 by transfer conductors 29, and the TPIM 19 similarly transmits electrical power to and from the second electric machine 72 by transfer conductors 31 to meet the torque commands for the first and second electric machines 56 and 72 in response to the motor torques TA and TB. Electrical current is transmitted to and from the ESD 74 in accordance with whether the ESD 74 is being charged or discharged.
The TPIM 19 includes the pair of power inverters (not shown) and respective motor control modules (not shown) configured to receive the torque commands and control inverter states therefrom for providing motor drive or regeneration functionality to meet the commanded motor torques TA and TB. The power inverters comprise known complementary three-phase power electronics devices, and each includes a plurality of insulated gate bipolar transistors (not shown) for converting DC power from the ESD 74 to AC power for powering respective ones of the first and second electric machines 56 and 72, by switching at high frequencies. The insulated gate bipolar transistors form a switch mode power supply configured to receive control commands. There is typically one pair of insulated gate bipolar transistors for each phase of each of the three-phase electric machines. States of the insulated gate bipolar transistors are controlled to provide motor drive mechanical power generation or electric power regeneration functionality. The three-phase inverters receive or supply DC electric power via DC transfer conductors 27 and transform it to or from three-phase AC power, which is conducted to or from the first and second electric machines 56 and 72 for operation as motors or generators via transfer conductors 29 and 31 respectively.
FIG. 2 is a schematic block diagram of the distributed control module system. The elements described hereinafter comprise a subset of an overall vehicle control architecture, and provide coordinated system control of the exemplary hybrid powertrain described in FIG. 1. The distributed control module system synthesizes pertinent information and inputs, and executes algorithms to control various actuators to meet control objectives, including objectives related to fuel economy, emissions, performance, drivability, and protection of hardware, including batteries of ESD 74 and the first and second electric machines 56 and 72. The distributed control module system includes an engine control module (hereafter ‘ECM’) 23, the TCM 17, a battery pack control module (hereafter ‘BPCM’) 21, and the TPIM 19. A hybrid control module (hereafter ‘HCP’) 5 provides supervisory control and coordination of the ECM 23, the TCM 17, the BPCM 21, and the TPIM 19. A user interface (‘UT’) 13 is operatively connected to a plurality of devices through which a vehicle operator controls or directs operation of the electromechanical hybrid powertrain. The devices include an accelerator pedal 113 (‘AP’), an operator brake pedal 112 (‘BP’), a transmission gear selector 114 (‘PRNDL’), and a vehicle speed cruise control (not shown). The transmission gear selector 114 may have a discrete number of operator-selectable positions, including the rotational direction of the output member 64 to enable one of a forward and a reverse direction.
The aforementioned control modules communicate with other control modules, sensors, and actuators via a local area network (hereafter ‘LAN’) bus 6. The LAN bus 6 allows for structured communication of states of operating parameters and actuator command signals between the various control modules. The specific communication protocol utilized is application-specific. The LAN bus 6 and appropriate protocols provide for robust messaging and multi-control module interfacing between the aforementioned control modules, and other control modules providing functionality including e.g., antilock braking, traction control, and vehicle stability. Multiple communications buses may be used to improve communications speed and provide some level of signal redundancy and integrity. Communication between individual control modules can also be effected using a direct link, e.g., a serial peripheral interface (‘SPI’) bus (not shown).
The HCP 5 provides supervisory control of the hybrid powertrain, serving to coordinate operation of the ECM 23, TCM 17, TPIM 19, and BPCM 21. Based upon various input signals from the user interface 13 and the hybrid powertrain, including the ESD 74, the HCP 5 determines an operator torque request, an output torque command, an engine input torque command, clutch torque(s) for the applied torque-transfer clutches C1 70, C2 62, C3 73, C4 75 of the transmission 10, and the motor torques TA and TB for the first and second electric machines 56 and 72. The TCM 17 is operatively connected to the hydraulic control circuit 42 and provides various functions including monitoring various pressure sensing devices (not shown) and generating and communicating control signals to various solenoids (not shown) thereby controlling pressure switches and control valves contained within the hydraulic control circuit 42.
The ECM 23 is operatively connected to the engine 14, and functions to acquire data from sensors and control actuators of the engine 14 over a plurality of discrete lines, shown for simplicity as an aggregate bi-directional interface cable 35. The ECM 23 receives the engine input torque command from the HCP 5. The ECM 23 determines the actual engine input torque, T1, provided to the transmission 10 at that point in time-based upon monitored engine speed and load, which is communicated to the HCP 5. The ECM 23 monitors input from the rotational speed sensor 11 to determine the engine input speed to the input shaft 12, which translates to the transmission input speed, N1. The ECM 23 monitors inputs from sensors (not shown) to determine states of other engine operating parameters including, e.g., a manifold pressure, engine coolant temperature, ambient air temperature, and ambient pressure. The engine load can be determined, for example, from the manifold pressure, or alternatively, from monitoring operator input to the accelerator pedal 113. The ECM 23 generates and communicates command signals to control engine actuators, including, e.g., fuel injectors, ignition modules, and throttle control modules, none of which are shown.
The TCM 17 is operatively connected to the transmission 10 and monitors inputs from sensors (not shown) to determine states of transmission operating parameters. The TCM 17 generates and communicates command signals to control the transmission 10, including controlling the hydraulic circuit 42. Inputs from the TCM 17 to the HCP 5 include estimated clutch torques for each of the clutches, i.e., C1 70, C2 62, C3 73, and C4 75, and rotational output speed, NO, of the output member 64. Other actuators and sensors may be used to provide additional information from the TCM 17 to the HCP 5 for control purposes. The TCM 17 monitors inputs from pressure switches (not shown) and selectively actuates pressure control solenoids (not shown) and shift solenoids (not shown) of the hydraulic circuit 42 to selectively actuate the various clutches C1 70, C2 62, C3 73, and C4 75 to achieve various transmission operating range states, as described hereinbelow.
The BPCM 21 is signally connected to sensors (not shown) to monitor the ESD 74, including states of electrical current and voltage parameters, to provide information indicative of parametric states of the batteries of the ESD 74 to the HCP 5. The parametric states of the batteries preferably include battery state-of-charge, battery voltage, battery temperature, and available battery power, referred to as a range PBAT—MIN to PBAT—MAX.
A brake control module (hereafter ‘BrCM’) 22 is operatively connected to friction brakes (not shown) on each of the vehicle wheels 93. The BrCM 22 monitors the operator input to the brake pedal 112 and generates control signals to control the friction brakes and sends a control signal to the HCP 5 to operate the first and second electric machines 56 and 72 based thereon.
Each of the control modules ECM 23, TCM 17, TPIM 19, BPCM 21, and BrCM 22 is preferably a general-purpose digital computer comprising a microprocessor or central processing unit, storage mediums comprising read only memory (‘ROM’), random access memory (‘RAM’), electrically programmable read only memory (‘EPROM’), a high speed clock, analog to digital (‘A/D’) and digital to analog (‘D/A’) circuitry, and input/output circuitry and devices (‘I/O’) and appropriate signal conditioning and buffer circuitry. Each of the control modules has a set of control algorithms, comprising resident program instructions and calibrations stored in one of the storage mediums and executed to provide the respective functions of each computer. Information transfer between the control modules is preferably accomplished using the LAN bus 6 and serial peripheral interface buses. The control algorithms are executed during preset loop cycles such that each algorithm is executed at least once each loop cycle. Algorithms stored in the non-volatile memory devices are executed by one of the central processing units to monitor inputs from the sensing devices and execute control and diagnostic routines to control operation of the actuators, using preset calibrations. Loop cycles are executed at regular intervals, for example each 3.125, 6.25, 12.5, 25 and 100 milliseconds during ongoing operation of the hybrid powertrain. Alternatively, algorithms may be executed in response to the occurrence of an event.
The exemplary hybrid powertrain selectively operates in one of several operating range states that can be described in terms of an engine state comprising one of an engine-on state (‘ON’) and an engine-off state (‘OFF’), and a transmission state comprising a plurality of fixed gears and continuously variable operating modes, described with reference to Table 1, below.










TABLE 1






Engine
Transmission Operating
Applied


Description
State
Range State
Clutches



















M1_Eng_Off
OFF
EVT Mode 1
C1 70



M1_Eng_On
ON
EVT Mode 1
C1 70


G1
ON
Fixed Gear Ratio 1
C1 70
C4 75


G2
ON
Fixed Gear Ratio 2
C1 70
C2 62


M2_Eng_Off
OFF
EVT Mode 2
C2 62


M2_Eng_On
ON
EVT Mode 2
C2 62


G3
ON
Fixed Gear Ratio 3
C2 62
C4 75


G4
ON
Fixed Gear Ratio 4
C2 62
C3 73









Each of the transmission operating range states is described in the table and indicates which of the specific clutches C1 70, C2 62, C3 73, and C4 75 are applied for each of the operating range states. A first continuously variable mode, i.e., EVT Mode 1, or M1, is selected by applying clutch C1 70 only in order to “ground” the outer gear member of the third planetary gear set 28. The engine state can be one of ON (‘M1_Eng_On’) or OFF (‘M1_Eng_Off’). A second continuously variable mode, i.e., EVT Mode 2, or M2, is selected by applying clutch C2 62 only to connect the shaft 60 to the carrier of the third planetary gear set 28. The engine state can be one of ON (‘M2_Eng_On’) or OFF (‘M2_Eng_Off’). For purposes of this description, when the engine state is OFF, the engine input speed is equal to zero revolutions per minute (‘RPM’), i.e., the engine crankshaft is not rotating. A fixed gear operation provides a fixed ratio operation of input-to-output speed of the transmission 10, i.e., N1/NO. A first fixed gear operation (‘G1’) is selected by applying clutches C1 70 and C4 75. A second fixed gear operation (‘G2’) is selected by applying clutches C1 70 and C2 62. A third fixed gear operation (‘G3’) is selected by applying clutches C2 62 and C4 75. A fourth fixed gear operation (‘G4’) is selected by applying clutches C2 62 and C3 73. The fixed ratio operation of input-to-output speed increases with increased fixed gear operation due to decreased gear ratios in the planetary gears 24, 26, and 28. The rotational speeds of the first and second electric machines 56 and 72, NA and NB respectively, are dependent on internal rotation of the mechanism as defined by the clutching and are proportional to the input speed measured at the input shaft 12.
In response to operator input via the accelerator pedal 113 and brake pedal 112 as captured by the user interface 13, the HCP 5 and one or more of the other control modules determine torque commands to control the torque generative devices comprising the engine 14 and first and second electric machines 56 and 72 to meet the operator torque request at the output member 64 and transferred to the driveline 90. Based upon input signals from the user interface 13 and the hybrid powertrain including the ESD 74, the HCP 5 determines the operator torque request, a commanded output torque from the transmission 10 to the driveline 90, an input torque from the engine 14, clutch torques for the torque-transfer clutches C1 70, C2 62, C3 73, C4 75 of the transmission 10; and the motor torques for the first and second electric machines 56 and 72, respectively, as is described hereinbelow.
Final vehicle acceleration can be affected by other factors including, e.g., road load, road grade, and vehicle mass. The operating range state is determined for the transmission 10 based upon a variety of operating characteristics of the hybrid powertrain. This includes the operator torque request communicated through the accelerator pedal 113 and brake pedal 112 to the user interface 13 as previously described. The operating range state may be predicated on a hybrid powertrain torque demand caused by a command to operate the first and second electric machines 56 and 72 in an electrical energy generating mode or in a torque generating mode. The operating range state can be determined by an optimization algorithm or routine which determines optimum system efficiency based upon operator demand for power, battery state of charge, and energy efficiencies of the engine 14 and the first and second electric machines 56 and 72. The control system manages torque inputs from the engine 14 and the first and second electric machines 56 and 72 based upon an outcome of the executed optimization routine, and system efficiencies are optimized thereby, to manage fuel economy and battery charging. Furthermore, operation can be determined based upon a fault in a component or system. The HCP 5 monitors the torque-generative devices, and determines the power output from the transmission 10 required in response to the desired output torque at output member 64 to meet the operator torque request. As should be apparent from the description above, the ESD 74 and the first and second electric machines 56 and 72 are electrically-operatively coupled for power flow therebetween. Furthermore, the engine 14, the first and second electric machines 56 and 72, and the electromechanical transmission 10 are mechanically-operatively coupled to transfer power therebetween to generate a power flow to the output member 64.
FIG. 3 shows a control system architecture for controlling and managing torque and power flow in a powertrain system having multiple torque generative devices, described hereinbelow with reference to the hybrid powertrain system shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, and residing in the aforementioned control modules in the form of executable algorithms and calibrations. The control system architecture can be applied to any powertrain system having multiple torque generative devices, including, e.g., a hybrid powertrain system having a single electric machine, a hybrid powertrain system having multiple electric machines, and non-hybrid powertrain systems.
The control system architecture of FIG. 3 depicts a flow of pertinent signals through the control modules. In operation, the operator inputs to the accelerator pedal 113 and the brake pedal 112 are monitored to determine the operator torque request (‘To_req’). Operation of the engine 14 and the transmission 10 are monitored to determine the input speed (‘Ni’) and the output speed (‘No’). A strategic optimization control scheme (‘Strategic Control’) 310 determines a preferred input speed (‘Ni_Des’) and a preferred engine state and transmission operating range state (‘Hybrid Range State Des’) based upon the output speed and the operator torque request, and optimized based upon other operating parameters of the hybrid powertrain, including battery power limits and response limits of the engine 14, the transmission 10, and the first and second electric machines 56 and 72. The strategic optimization control scheme 310 is preferably executed by the HCP 5 during each 100 ms loop cycle and each 25 ms loop cycle.
The outputs of the strategic optimization control scheme 310 are used in a shift execution and engine start/stop control scheme (‘Shift Execution and Engine Start/Stop’) 320 to command changes in the transmission operation (‘Transmission Commands’) including changing the operating range state. This includes commanding execution of a change in the operating range state if the preferred operating range state is different from the present operating range state by commanding changes in application of one or more of the clutches C1 70, C2 62, C3 73, and C4 75 and other transmission commands. The present operating range state (‘Hybrid Range State Actual’) and an input speed profile (‘Ni_Prof’) can be determined. The input speed profile is an estimate of an upcoming input speed and preferably comprises a scalar parametric value that is a targeted input speed for the forthcoming loop cycle. The engine operating commands and the operator torque request are based upon the input speed profile during a transition in the operating range state of the transmission.
A tactical control scheme (‘Tactical Control and Operation’) 330 is repeatedly executed during one of the control loop cycles to determine engine commands (‘Engine Commands’) for operating the engine, including a preferred input torque from the engine 14 to the transmission 10 based upon the output speed, the input speed, and the operator torque request and the present operating range state for the transmission. The engine commands also include engine states including one of an all-cylinder operating state and a cylinder deactivation operating state wherein a portion of the engine cylinders are deactivated and unfueled, and engine states including one of a fueled state and a fuel cutoff state.
A clutch torque (‘Tcl’) for each clutch is estimated in the TCM 17, including the presently applied clutches and the non-applied clutches, and a present engine input torque (‘Ti’) reacting with the input member 12 is determined in the ECM 23. A motor torque control scheme (‘Output and Motor Torque Determination’) 340 is executed to determine the preferred output torque from the powertrain (‘To_cmd’), which includes motor torque commands (‘TA’, ‘TB’) for controlling the first and second electric machines 56 and 72 in this embodiment. The preferred output torque is based upon the estimated clutch torque(s) for each of the clutches, the present input torque from the engine 14, the present operating range state, the input speed, the operator torque request, and the input speed profile. The first and second electric machines 56 and 72 are controlled through the TPIM 19 to meet the preferred motor torque commands based upon the preferred output torque. The motor torque control scheme 340 includes algorithmic code which is regularly executed during the 6.25 ms and 12.5 ms loop cycles to determine the preferred motor torque commands.
FIG. 4 depicts the method for predicting an operator torque request for a future time instant. The order of execution of the steps described herein includes determining the preferred operating range state based upon operating conditions. Actuating the clutches and executing engine start/stop operation takes an elapsed time in the order of 250 to 500 milliseconds. Commanding and executing a change in input torque from the engine takes an elapsed time in the order of 50-100 milliseconds. Commanding and executing a change in output torques from the electrical motors takes an elapsed time of less than 50 milliseconds. The method can further comprise torque damping to minimize driveline disturbances. As each of the steps are executed in the sequence set forth hereinabove, additional real-time parametric feedback data is used to calculate outputs from the strategic control scheme 310, shift execution and engine start/stop control scheme 320, tactical control scheme 330, and motor torque control scheme 340.
In addition to using feedback data during ongoing powertrain operations, feedforward data can be utilized to determine operating parameters for feedback and control of powertrain operation. During ongoing powertrain operation, a method for determining the predicted operator torque request, a predicted accelerator pedal position, and a predicted angular speed of the output member 64, i.e., output speed NO at a future time instant is disclosed.
The future time instant is a point in time after a predetermined elapsed time interval from the present time. Use of the terms predicted, predicting, and predict refer to the future time instant after the predetermined elapsed time interval. As stated above, loop cycles are executed at regular intervals, for example each 3.125, 6.25, 12.5, 25 and 100 ms during ongoing operation of the powertrain. The predetermined elapsed time interval may be based upon loop cycles or multiples of the loop cycles in the HCP 5. Additionally, the strategic control scheme 310, shift execution and engine start/stop control scheme 320, and tactical control scheme 330 may have different predetermined elapsed time intervals.
The predicted accelerator pedal position at the future time instant can be determined based upon a monitored accelerator pedal position and the predetermined elapsed time interval (400). The predicted accelerator pedal position can be determined using one of a plurality of methods. Determining the predicted accelerator pedal position can comprise monitoring the accelerator pedal position (‘APP’) and calculating a time-based derivative of the accelerator pedal position (‘APP derivative’). The accelerator pedal 113 generates a raw electrical signal correlatable to a parametric value indicative of the accelerator pedal position to one of the control modules. The electric signal may be filtered through a filter, e.g., a low pass filter, to obtain a more continuous accelerator pedal position trajectory than obtained by monitoring the raw electrical signal. The low pass filter approximates the accelerator pedal position by reducing signal noise and attenuating noise amplification resulting in a more continuous electrical signal than the raw monitored electrical signal. Preferably, an error between the monitored accelerator pedal position and the filtered accelerator pedal position will be calculated.
A time-based derivative of the accelerator pedal position can be determined using one of a plurality of methods. Preferably, the time-based derivative of the accelerator pedal position is determined algorithmically within the HCP 5. A first method for determining the time-based derivative of the accelerator pedal position comprises calculating a change in the monitored accelerator pedal position over an elapsed time period. The time-based derivative of the accelerator pedal position is the change in the monitored accelerator pedal position divided by the elapsed time period. Alternatively, the time-based derivative of the accelerator pedal position may be determined based upon the filtered accelerator pedal position, e.g., a change in the filtered accelerator pedal position divided by the elapsed time period. FIG. 5 shows a second method for determining the time-based derivative of the accelerator pedal position. An error term (‘Error’) can be calculated, comprising a difference between the monitored accelerator pedal position and the filtered accelerator pedal position determined over the elapsed time interval (‘Δt’). The error is used to approximate the time-based derivative of the accelerator pedal position. The filtered accelerator pedal position may have a temporal lag with respect to the monitored pedal position. Thus, the error between the monitored pedal position and the filtered pedal position divided by the elapsed time period can be used as the time-based derivative of the monitored accelerator pedal position. One skilled in the art will recognize that many other methods may be used to calculate a time-based derivative including the abovementioned methods.
The time-based derivative of the accelerator pedal position is multiplied by the predetermined elapsed time interval, and is added to the filtered accelerator pedal position. A pedal position correction factor (‘Correction Factor’) is preferably applied to determine the predicted accelerator pedal position at the future time instant (400).
The pedal position correction factor is determined based upon a prior predicted accelerator pedal position and the monitored accelerator pedal position. The difference between the prior predicted accelerator pedal position and the monitored accelerator pedal position is multiplied by a predetermined calibrated gain to determine the pedal position correction factor. The predetermined calibrated gain may be dynamic and based upon an error between the prior predicted accelerator pedal position and the monitored accelerator pedal position. The pedal position correction factor can be calculated at predetermined elapsed time intervals. The predetermined elapsed time intervals used for determining the pedal position correction factor are preferably shorter in duration than the predetermined elapsed time intervals used for determining the predicted acceleration pedal position and preferably applied multiple times during the predetermined elapsed time intervals.
The HCP 5 determines a predicted output speed of the output member 64 (‘Predicted Output Member Speed’) at a future time instant based upon monitored speed (‘No’) and acceleration (‘NoDot’) of the output member 64. The predicted output speed NO is determined by adding the monitored output speed and the monitored acceleration of the output member 64 multiplied by the predetermined elapsed time interval. An output speed correction factor can also be added (402). The acceleration of the output member 64 may be determined based upon the monitored output speed NO. The acceleration of the output member 64 can be determined by calculating a time-based derivative of the monitored output speed No. The time-based derivative may be calculated using one of a plurality of methods. A first method comprises calculating a change in the monitored output speed No over an elapsed time period. The time-based derivative of the output speed No is the change in the monitored accelerator pedal position divided by the time period. FIG. 6 shows a second method for determining the time-based derivative of the output speed NO. The second method comprises determining an error between the monitored output speed NO, and a filtered output speed (‘No-Filtered’) determined over the elapsed time interval (‘Δt’). The output speed NO can be determined, preferably by monitoring and filtering signal inputs from the transmission output speed sensor 84, The filtered output speed may be used to approximate the time-based derivative of the output speed NO. The filtered output speed NO may have a temporal lag with respect to the output speed NO. Thus, the error between the output speed NO and the filtered output speed divided by the elapsed time period can be used as the time-based derivative of the output speed NO. Other methods may be used to calculate a time-based derivative including the abovementioned methods.
The output speed correction factor is determined based upon a prior predicted output speed NO and the monitored output speed NO. The difference between the prior predicted output speed NO and the monitored output speed NO is multiplied by a predetermined calibrated gain to determine the output speed correction factor. The predetermined calibrated gain may be dynamic and based upon an error between the prior predicted speed and the monitored output speed NO. The output speed correction factor can be calculated at predetermined elapsed time intervals. The predetermine elapsed time intervals used for determining the output speed correction factor are preferably shorter in duration than the predetermined elapsed time intervals used for determining the predicted output speed NO and preferably applied multiple times between the predetermined elapsed time intervals.
A predicted operator torque request for a future time instant can be determined based upon the predicted accelerator pedal position and the predicted output speed NO (404). The predicted accelerator pedal position and the predicted speed of the output member are used as inputs to a lookup table that generates a predicted operator torque request based upon the predicted accelerator pedal position and the predicted output speed NO. The corresponding predicted operator torque requests can be derived experimentally for given combinations of accelerator pedal positions and output speed NO, or determined based upon physically determined relationships expressed as mathematical equations and executed as algorithms. Once the predicted accelerator pedal position and the predicted output speed NO are determined the corresponding predicted operator torque request can be located in the predetermined lookup table.
The same methods as described hereinabove are applicable to engine auto-starts operative in multiple powertrain systems including powertrain systems with compression ignition, spark-ignition, homogeneous-charge compression-ignition, and spark-ignition direct-injection engines. Another exemplary powertrain system comprises a belt alternator starter system (‘BAS’). In the BAS system, an engine can be in the engine-off state during a vehicle stop and then auto-started for a battery recharge and vehicle acceleration. The electrical motor may be used to recharge the battery or to provide torque mechanically through the engine during engine acceleration.
It is understood that modifications are allowable within the scope of the disclosure. The disclosure has been described with specific reference to the preferred embodiments and modifications thereto. Further modifications and alterations may occur to others upon reading and understanding the specification. It is intended to include all such modifications and alterations insofar as they come within the scope of the disclosure.

## Claims

1. Method for controlling a powertrain system including an engine and an electric machine mechanically coupled to an electro-mechanical transmission to transfer power to an output member, the method comprising:
monitoring an accelerator pedal position;
monitoring speed of the output member;
determining an acceleration of the output member;
determining a future time instant comprising a point in time after a predetermined elapsed time interval from a present time, the predetermined elapsed time interval comprising an elapsed time for executing a control scheme associated with controlling the powertrain;
predicting the accelerator pedal position for the future time instant based upon a filtered accelerator pedal position and a time-based derivative of the accelerator pedal position;
predicting the speed of an output member for the future time instant based upon the speed and the acceleration of the output member; and
predicting an operator torque request for the future time instant based upon the predicted speed of the output member and the predicted accelerator position for the future time instant.

2. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
filtering the monitored accelerator pedal position;
determining a time-based derivative of the accelerator pedal position based upon the filtered accelerator pedal position and an elapsed time period.

3. The method of claim 2, wherein the time-based derivative of the accelerator pedal position is determined based upon an error between the monitored accelerator pedal position and the filtered accelerator pedal position.

4. The method of claim 3, wherein the error comprises a difference between the monitored accelerator pedal position and the filtered accelerator pedal position over the elapsed time period.

5. The method of claim 2, wherein the time-based derivative of the accelerator pedal position is a change in the accelerator pedal position over the elapsed time period.

6. Method for controlling a powertrain system including an engine and an electric machine mechanically coupled to an electro-mechanical transmission to transfer power to an output member, the method comprising:
monitoring an accelerator pedal position;
monitoring speed of the output member;
determining an acceleration of the output member;
predicting the accelerator pedal position for a future time instant based upon a filtered accelerator pedal position and a time-based derivative of the accelerator pedal position;
predicting the speed of an output member for the future time instant based upon the speed and the acceleration of the output member; and
predicting an operator torque request for the future time instant based upon the predicted speed of the output member and the predicted accelerator position for the future time instant;

wherein predicting the accelerator pedal position for the future time instant comprises:
calculating a time-based derivative of the accelerator pedal position;
multiplying the time-based derivative of the accelerator pedal position and a predetermined elapsed time interval; and
combining the filtered accelerator pedal position with the product of the time-based derivative of the accelerator pedal position and the predetermined elapsed time interval.

7. The method of claim 6, further comprising: adding a correction factor to the filtered accelerator pedal position.

8. The method of claim 1, further comprising combining the monitored speed of the output member with the product of the monitored acceleration of the output member and a predetermined elapsed time interval to predict the speed of the output member.

9. The method of claim 1, comprising determining the predicted operator torque request for the future time instant based upon the predicted accelerator pedal position and the predicted speed of the output member and a predetermined relationship.

10. A method for controlling a powertrain comprising an electro-mechanical transmission mechanically-operatively coupled to an internal combustion engine and first and second electric machines to transmit mechanical power to an output member, the method comprising:
monitoring an accelerator pedal position;
monitoring speed of the output member;
determining acceleration of the output member;
determining a future time instant comprising a point in time after a predetermined elapsed time interval from a present time, the predetermined elapsed time interval comprising an elapsed time for executing a control scheme associated with controlling the powertrain;
filtering the accelerator pedal position;
determining a time-based derivative of the accelerator pedal position based upon the filtered accelerator pedal position and an elapsed time period;
predicting the accelerator pedal position for the future time instant based upon the filtered accelerator pedal position and the time-based derivative of the accelerator pedal position;
predicting the speed of an output member for the future time instant based upon the speed and acceleration of the output member; and
predicting an operator torque request for the future time instant based upon the predicted speed of the output member and the predicted accelerator position for the future time instant.

11. The method of claim 10, wherein the time-based derivative of the accelerator pedal position is determined based upon an error between the monitored accelerator pedal position and the filtered accelerator pedal position.

12. The method of claim 11, wherein the error is a difference between the monitored accelerator pedal position and the filtered accelerator pedal position.

13. The method of claim 12, wherein the time-based derivative of the accelerator pedal position comprises a change in the monitored accelerator pedal position over an elapsed time period.

14. A method for controlling a powertrain comprising an electro-mechanical transmission mechanically-operatively coupled to an internal combustion engine and first and second electric machines to transmit mechanical power to an output member, the method comprising:
monitoring an accelerator pedal position;
monitoring speed of the output member;
determining acceleration of the output member;
filtering the accelerator pedal position;
determining a time-based derivative of the accelerator pedal position based upon the filtered accelerator pedal position and an elapsed time period;
predicting the accelerator pedal position for a future time instant based upon the filtered accelerator pedal position and the time-based derivative of the accelerator pedal position;
predicting the speed of an output member for the future time instant based upon the speed and acceleration of the output member; and
predicting an operator torque request for the future time instant based upon the predicted speed of the output member and the predicted accelerator position for the future time instant;

wherein predicting the accelerator pedal position for the future time instant comprises:
calculating a time-based derivative of the accelerator pedal position;
multiplying the time-based derivative of the accelerator pedal position with a predetermined elapsed time interval; and
adding the filtered accelerator pedal position with the product of the time-based derivative of the accelerator pedal position and the predetermined elapsed time interval.

15. The method of claim 14, further comprising:
adding the filtered accelerator pedal position and a correction factor with the product of the time-based derivative of the accelerator pedal position and the predetermined elapsed time interval.

16. The method of claim 10, wherein predicting the speed of an output member for the future time instant comprises:
adding the monitored speed of the output member with the product of the monitored acceleration of the output member over an elapsed time interval.

17. A method for controlling an internal combustion engine mechanically-operatively connected to an electro-mechanical transmission, the method comprising:
monitoring an accelerator pedal position;
monitoring speed of the output member;
determining acceleration of the output member;
determining a future time instant comprising a point in time after a predetermined elapsed time interval from a present time, the predetermined elapsed time interval comprising an elapsed time for executing a control scheme associated with controlling the powertrain;
filtering the monitored accelerator pedal position;
determining a time-based derivative of the accelerator pedal position based upon the filtered accelerator pedal position and an elapsed time period;
predicting the accelerator pedal position for the future time instant based upon the filtered accelerator pedal position and the time-based derivative of the accelerator pedal position;
predicting the speed of an output member for the future time instant based upon the monitored speed and acceleration of the output member; and
predicting an operator torque request for the future time instant based upon the predicted speed of the output member and the predicted accelerator position for the future time instant.

18. The method of claim 17, wherein the time-based derivative of the accelerator pedal position is determined based upon an error between the monitored accelerator pedal position and the filtered accelerator pedal position, wherein the error is a difference between the monitored accelerator pedal position and the filtered accelerator pedal position.

19. A method for controlling an internal combustion engine mechanically-operatively connected to an electro-mechanical transmission, the method comprising:
monitoring an accelerator pedal position;
monitoring speed of the output member;
determining acceleration of the output member;
filtering the monitored accelerator pedal position;
determining a time-based derivative of the accelerator pedal position based upon the filtered accelerator pedal position and an elapsed time period;
predicting the accelerator pedal position for a future time instant based upon the filtered accelerator pedal position and the time-based derivative of the accelerator pedal position;
predicting the speed of an output member for the future time instant based upon the monitored speed and acceleration of the output member; and
predicting an operator torque request for the future time instant based upon the predicted speed of the output member and the predicted accelerator position for the future time instant;

wherein the time-based derivative of the accelerator pedal position is a change in the monitored accelerator pedal position over an elapsed time period divided by the elapsed time period, and wherein predicting the accelerator pedal position for the future time instant comprises:
calculating a time-based derivative of the accelerator pedal position;
multiplying the time-based derivative of the accelerator pedal position with a predetermined elapsed time interval; and
combining the filtered accelerator pedal position with the product of the time-based derivative of the accelerator pedal position and the predetermined elapsed time interval.

20. The method of claim 17, wherein predicting the speed of an output member for the future time instant comprises:
adding the monitored speed of the output member with the product of the monitored acceleration of the output member and the predetermined elapsed time interval.