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The NIC Information Center is a resource for those working in the field of corrections, and the assistance it provides (searching the library, locating resources, and providing referrals) is available at no cost. The NIC Library has over 18,000 corrections-related items.
The Information Center uses a Web-based help desk to track and respond to inquiries from NIC staff and the field. These inquires are reviewed regularly by Information Center staff and each question is assigned to the librarian or information specialist most capable of finding the best answer.

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	Ask NIC - make an information request, get help with research, and moreA person choosing a book from a library shelf
Frequently Asked Questionsabout NIC's Information Center
Other questions? Ask a Librarian
  

  How do I rent eBooks through NIC's digital library?
  **Published:** 2022-02-02NIC has been building out a library of our publications. You can install the free Libby app to borrow and enjoy digital titles from our library on your tablet or smart phone. Visit your device’s app store or app.overdrive.com to get started. OverDrive is also available via all web browsers on devices, including computers (Windows and Mac).
Find and save our library’s OverDrive collection in the app. If accessing our collection via a web browser, visit our digital collection URL: https://nic.overdrive.com
Browse the collections or search for your next great read. Borrow or place a hold on a title. You’ll need an account on the NIC website to complete this step.
Borrowed titles will appear on your Loans page on the library’s OverDrive website.

From here, you can:

Download titles to the Bookshelf in the Libby app to read anytime anywhere.
	Read or Listen to some titles directly in your web browser without downloading.
	Borrowed titles will automatically return at the end of the lending period.
	You may also return titles early to free up space in your library account.
          When will my order of NIC products be delivered to me?
  **Published:** 2017-10-01In most cases, material is sent via US Postal mail and you should see it within 7-10 days. International and priority shipments will vary in shipping time. Items on backorder will be shipped as they become available.

**Note:** With our migration to a primarily digital catalogue, we have removed the Add to Cart button for any product that has been converted to a digital form (PDF, streaming audio or video). Only products that have not yet been converted are available for order. You can order physical NIC products by creating an account on our website and placing items in your cart.
          How long will it take to get an answer from the NIC Helpdesk?
  **Published:** 2017-10-01Most questions are answered within one business day, but we work hard to make sure that we answer all questions within 5 business days or less.
          How much does it cost to send me copies of materials from the library?
  **Published:** 2017-10-01There is no charge for having the NIC Information Center provide these materials, but there are some limitations on the quantity of hard copy materials that individuals or agencies can request at a single time. Our staff can provide specific information for you if you have questions about this policy.
          If I can't get to NIC's physical library in Aurora, Colorado; how can I read materials the research experts recommend?
  **Published:** 2017-10-01In many cases, copies of the material can be sent or loaned to you. In other cases, we can send you copies of relevant portions of materials.
          Am I eligible to received research assistance?
  **Published:** 2017-10-01The NIC Information Center is a resource for **those working in the field of corrections**, and the assistance it provides (searching the library, locating resources, and providing referrals) is available at no cost.The Information Center is not staffed to provide legal advice, directly assist offenders/ex-offenders, or friends and family of offenders. Only limited support is available for students, educators, and consultants.
NIC's Hot Topics
NIC has answered the most common questions in our Helpdesk
New questions? Ask a LibrarianSearch in Question Title
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  Do you have any resources on the Fresh Start Program?
  View the full content of this Hot Topic
   Published: 2023-10-13
          Criminal Justice Reports and Evaluations
  View the full content of this Hot Topic
   Published: 2018-01-08
The following is a collection of reports, evaluations, research, and studies conducted on a number of different institutions across the country.
          Does NIC have information on crisis intervention teams (CIT)? (2022)
  View the full content of this Hot Topic
   Published: 2022-02-09
With the closure of state hospitals beginning in the 1970’s and the shrinking resources in many communities, there is a large and disproportionate number of seriously mentally ill individuals under correctional custody and supervision. Researchers document a serious mental illness in 15% of incarcerated men and 31% of incarcerated women, rates in excess of three to six times those found in the general population.The magnitude of the problem of untreated mental illness is revealed not only in the numbers, but also in the consequences. These individuals are more likely to experience suicide, victimization, violence, and unpredictable crises.Typically, when a correctional and detention center is faced with a crisis, the first reaction is to call upon SORT/CERT, or its equivalent, for a swift response and resolution. Correctional and detention leaders, community members and mental health advocates all agree upon the premise that first responders’ swift response is a necessary component to facility safety and security. Disparity occurs and criticism arises when there are unfortunate consequences to the response such as inmate injury, staff injury and/or property damage.CIT training is the bridge to narrowing the gap by providing front line staff with the needed skills and competencies to handle potentially dangerous individuals experiencing crisis situations. Additionally, it provides training for officers regarding behavioral health issues and educating community members about the role and needs of correctional and detention staff so both sides are more able to effectively utilize each other to benefit inmates and their families.The History of CITCIT for Law Enforcement began in Memphis, TN in the late 1980s after a tragedy involving a person with serious mental illness. The community came together with the Police Director and the Mayor of Memphis to find a more effective way for officers to respond to persons with mental illness in crisis. The partnerships that helped create CIT included the Police Department, Memphis University, The University of Tennessee Regional Medical Center, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Lakeside Hospital, other mental health centers, National Alliance on Mental Illness, family members and other advocates. This model takes a team approach and engages community stakeholders, including corrections agencies, local mental health agencies, family advocacy groups and others, in a collaborative and responsive effort to manage and support justice involved persons with mental illness.In 2010, The National Institute of Corrections realized that there was an opportunity to formally introduce the CIT Law Enforcement Model to corrections and detention agencies. The CIT Program for Corrections and Detention applies to jails, prisons and community agencies alike. It focuses on building an agency’s capacity to implement a locally owned and administered CIT program and the training for that program.From December 2010 to March 2014, NIC implemented Phase I of its CIT Program for Corrections and Detentions. During this time staff, representing 19 jail systems, 20 state departments of corrections, and one team from U.S. Probation and Parole, was trained in the tenets of CIT. These three-person teams (mental health advocate, operations executive, behavioral health clinician) were encouraged to take the information learned at the National Corrections Academy in Aurora, Colorado back to their respective agencies to strategically plan the implementation of a locally-owned CIT program. In June 2014, NIC implemented Phase II(also referred to as a Partnership Training Program) of its CIT initiative. This 40-hour classroom based CIT program is held at a host state department of correction or jail.Implementing CIT with NICThe Partnership Training Program involves a simultaneous meeting and training schedule whereby the host agency’s Executive Steering Committee for CIT is briefed on the tenets of CIT, how to replicate and sustain the CIT Program while staff receives the 40-hour CIT classroom-based instruction.In preparation for the training, NIC will conduct a site visit and tour of the facility and the training location with agency command staff.Apply for CIT Technical AssistancePreview the CIT Site Visit SchedulePreview the CIT Training Schedule
          How do I view/access videos on NIC's Data DVDs?
  View the full content of this Hot Topic
   Published: 2013-08-22
NIC provides some if it's popular video series and resources packages on Data DVDs. A Data DVD is really just like a bigger CD as it designed to be used like a storage drive on a computer instead of playing from a video player. These discs contain a web-like menu that you can launch to access all the files and videos on the disc but you can also get to all of the files but browsing to them directly on the disc.

For Windows computers:

Open "My Computer" or "Explorer"
	Open the "_root" or "_docs" folder
	All of the resources and videos for the package will be in this folder
	You can copy/paste them to and from other computers just like any other kind of file.All videos are stored in Flash (FLV) format which will require a video play capable of playing them--something like VLC Viewer. For you technical folks, the underlying video format is MP4/h.264 and MP3 audio.
          Is your training legally defensible?
  View the full content of this Hot Topic
   Published: 2012-04-12
Question:

What is the definition of training? How do I know if my agency is delivering defensible training?

Answer:

**Training Defined:** A formal exchange of job-related knowledge and/or skills from someone having it to someone needing it where something is acquired and applied resulting in something of value for the agency. If that exchange is properly planned, implemented anddocumented as training it can be defensible training.

**Defensible Training:** When**all** of the following 6 elements are clearly documented you have defensible training.

It is based upon specific objectives. Performance objectives (intent) and lesson plan or the functional equivalent (content).
	It must be job-related. Statement of direct relevancy to the job (based upon problem analysis or performance analysisin the case of an existing employee or job task analysis for a new employee).
	It must be from an appropriate source. Name of trainer with evidence of credentials, expertise, preparation, or proficiency.
	It must be of sufficient duration -- hours. How long did it actually take to learn? Must be reasonably related to the complexity/importance of the topic (can include actual time spent learning, processing/practicing, and being tested).
	Where something relevant is learned -- quality. Individual Assessment of Trainee(What the trainee learned? Was it applied? Did the agency see a benefit?)
	and, Appropriate staff were in attendance. Attendance documented with roster of names and titles/positions of staff who perform tasks or share problems.ONLINE RESOURCES

**Civil Liabilities and Other Legal Issues for Probation/Parole Officers and Supervisors: 4th Edition**

**Lyons, Phillip, and Todd Jermstad, National Institute of Corrections (NIC), 2013**

Document ID: 027037

ITIP Toolkit: A Guide for Working with Curriculum Developers

**Gurnell, Betty, and Renee Bergeron, National Institute of Corrections (NIC), 2011**

Document ID: 024773

The Six Moving Parts of Correctional Training Effectiveness

**Morton, Gregory R., and Aaron Shepherd, National Institute of Corrections Academy, 2009**

Document ID: 025226

Avoiding Your Day in Court--Addressing Training Liability Through Defensible Strategies

**National Institute of Corrections Academy, 2005**

Document ID: 022318
          Credit for NIC Programs
  View the full content of this Hot Topic
   Published: 2010-05-26
I have taken several of the NIC online courses. To your knowledge are there any colleges that give college credit for any of the online courses that you provide? Thank you in advance for any assistance you may be able to provide.

Answer(s)



At this time, there are no NIC courses or content that result in college credit.
          How can I find resources around succession planning?
  View the full content of this Hot Topic
   Published: 2013-02-26
Connecting the Dots Among People, Budgets and Missions

**Marbury, Raymond, and Roger Mayer, American Society for Training and Development (ASTD), 2013**

Document ID: 027315

Solidifying the Workforce: Implementing a Succession Plan at the Caldwell, Comal, and Hays Counties Community Supervision and Corrections Department

**Vela, Julissa Marie, Applied Research Projects, Texas State University-San Marcos, Public Administration Program, 2008**

Succession Planning: Preparing Future Corrections Leaders--Now

**American Correctional Association (ACA), 2006**
          Do you have examples of operational procedures for segregation units?
  View the full content of this Hot Topic
   Published: 2012-11-26
Many corrections systems isolate certain prisoners from the general prison population; a practice known as special management confinement or segregation. The use of isolation and segregation has increased over the years, in part as a response to the rise in prison gangs and prison violence. Depending on the system, these units are identified as restricted housing (preferred), special housing, maximum control, extended control, supermax, disciplinary housing, secured housing, close custody, administrative segregation, intensive management, and administrative maximum penitentiary or unit. The following is a list of documents, guidelines, articles, and studies that examine how restricted housing units function.Departmental Segregation Units**Massachusetts Department of Corrections, 2017**Special Housing Units**New York Corrections and Community Supervision, 2017**Special Housing Units**Federal Bureau of Prisons, 2016**U.S. Department of Justice Report and Recommendations Concerning the Use of Restrictive Housing**U.S. Department of Justice, 2016**This Report was drafted to provide an overview of restrictive housing in the American criminal justice system and propose recommendations for safely reducing the use of this practice.Federal Bureau of Prisons: Special Housing Unit Review and Assessment**McGinnis, Kenneth, et al., 2014**The review was designed to assess the Bureau’s use of restricted housing (SHUs, SMUs, and the ADX); identify best practices; and identify potential improvements in practice and policy.Reassessing Solitary Confinement II: The Human Rights, Fiscal, and Public Safety Consequences**U.S. Congress, Senate. Committee on the Judiciary Subcommitee on the Constitution, Civil Rights and Human Rights, 2014**This webcast is the second to address issues associated with the wide use of solitary confinement in the United States. Access to this program is provided at this website. Transcripts of witness testimony are also provided from Charles E. Samuels, Jr., The Honorable Craig DeRoche, Piper Kerman, Marc Levin, Rick Raemisch, and Damon Thibodeaux, and The Honorable Dick Durbin.Document ID: 027970Administrative Segregation, Degrees of Isolation, and Incarceration: A National Overview of State and Federal Correctional Policies**Metcalf, Hope; et al. A Project of the Liman Public Interest Program at Yale Law School, 2013**“This report provides an overview of state and federal policies related to long-term isolation of inmates, a practice common in the United States and one that has drawn attention in recent years from many sectors. All jurisdictions in the United States provide for some form of separation of inmates from the general population. Prison administrators see the ability to separate inmates as central to protecting the safety of both inmates and staff. Yet many correctional systems are reviewing their use of segregated confinement; as controversy surrounds this form of control, its duration, and its effects” (p. 1). Sections following an overview of findings include: criteria for placement in administrative segregation; procedures and processes for placement; periodic review; and conditions, step-down programs, visitation, and degrees of isolation.Document ID: 027420Bureau of Prisons: Improvements Needed in Bureau of Prisons' Monitoring and Evaluation of Impact of Segregated Housing**U.S. Government Accountability Office, 2013**The segregated housing unit practices of the United States Bureau of Prisons (BOP) and compliance with them are reviewed. Sections comprising this report are: background to the investigation; Segregated Housing Unit population and number of cells have increased since Fiscal Year 2008; BOP’s monitoring of segregated housing policies varies by type of unit, and some facilities’ documentation is incomplete; BOP estimates that segregated housing costs more than housing inmates in the general population; BOP has not evaluated the impact of segregated housing units on institutional safety or the impacts of long-term segregation on inmates; concluding remarks; recommendations for Executive Action; and BOP comments and GAO evaluation. “GAO recommends that BOP (1) develop ADX-specific monitoring requirements; (2) develop a plan that clarifies how BOP will address documentation concerns GAO identified, through the new software program; (3) ensure that any current study to assess segregated housing also includes reviews of its impact on institutional safety; and (4) assess the impact of long-term segregation. BOP agreed with these recommendations and reported it would take actions to address them."Document ID: 027354Review of the Use of Segregation for ICE Detainees**U.S. Dept. of Homeland Security, Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), 2013**“This directive establishes policy and procedures for U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) review of ICE detainees placed into segregated housing ... Placement of detainees in segregated housing is a serious step that requires careful consideration of alternatives. Placement in segregation should occur only when necessary and in compliance with applicable detention standards. In particular, placement in administrative segregation due to a special vulnerability should be used only as a last resort and when no other viable housing options exist ... Consistent with the agency's detention standards and relevant special housing policies, ICE shall take additional steps to ensure appropriate review and oversight of decisions to retain detainees in segregated housing for over 14 days, or placements in segregation for any length of time in the case of detainees for whom heightened concerns exist based on known special vulnerabilities and other factors related to the detainee's health or the risk of victimization” (p. 1). Sections of this policy cover: ICE division responsibilities; field review of detainee segregation status; facility compliance; ICE headquarters oversight and reporting regarding use of segregation; and training.Administrative Segregation**Colorado Department of Corrections, 2012**This administrative regulation (AR) establishes criteria and guidelines for placing offenders on administrative segregation status. Administrative segregation is an offender management process and is not used as a punitive measure" (p. 1). Procedures cover: assignment to administrative segregation; behavior warranting administrative segregation review after admission to the DOC; multi-disciplinary staffing; administrative segregation hearings and due process; offender appeal; general conditions of confinement; progressive management; administrative segregation privilege levels; level movement; monitoring and reviews; release from administrative segregation; and administrative segregation ACA standards.Document ID: 026424
          Do you have information about what to do if taken hostage, also training for hostage negotiators?
  View the full content of this Hot Topic
   Published: 2013-05-03
5 Strategies to Prepare for Hostage Incidents

**Benusa, Steven, correctionsone.com, 2010**

A Guide to Preparing for and Responding to Jail Emergencies: Self-Audit Checklists, Resource Materials, Case Studies

**Schwartz, Jeffrey A., and Cynthia Barry, National Institute of Corrections (NIC), 2009**

This guide will be broadly useful to U.S. jails in planning for crises, emergencies, and natural disasters and in developing the appropriate response capacities to cope with these events where they cannot be prevented.

Document ID: 023494

Survival Tips If You Are Taken Hostage [Article]

**Barnhart, Tracy E., The Corrections Connection, 2009**

Hostage Situations in Detention Settings: Planning and Tactical Considerations[Article]

**The FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, 2008**
          How Can I Find Your National Directory of Programs for Women with Criminal Justice Involvement?
  View the full content of this Hot Topic
   Published: 2012-12-04
The NIC's **National Directory of Programs for Women with Criminal Justice Involvement** is on our website. Programs related to women involved with the criminal justice system are displayed by state. Information given (if provided) for each program listed are program description, agency information, program contact, related programs, who is helped, and additional information (i.e., stages of criminal justice, areas of service, keywords, program evaluation, and published curriculum availability.)
Learn more about NIC's services and resources dealing with women offenders on the **Justice-Involved Women Project**page.

**Additional Resources:**

**Map: State Standards for Pregnancy-Related Health Care and Abortion for Women in Prison**

**The National Resource Center on Children and Families of the Incarcerated**

**Directory of Programs Serving Children & Families of the Incarcerated**

**Directory of Community-Based Programs for Women Offenders**
          What is the appropriate temperature for jail/prison housing units?
  View the full content of this Hot Topic
   Published: 2013-04-19
Question:

We get periodic complaints from inmates about the temperature in their cells. Sometimes we do issue extra blankets but need to watch for hoarding. Is there an ideal temperature setting for institutional housing units?

Answer:

There are recommended ranges of temperature (often called comfort zones) which can vary by season. The problem is there is an objective component but also a subjective component (not everybody "feels" temperature or comfort the same). Since heating and cooling systems in institutions are complex, try to achieve a "happy medium" within the recommended ranges.

This issue is not as simple as temperature. Thermal comfort is a combination of temperature, humidity, activity levels, metabolic rate, clothing, season, etc. It gets really complex. To appreciate how complex calculating thermal comfort is, look at the factors needed for this Thermal Comfort Tool online calculator.

The American Correctional Association standards, which are voluntary unless you are undergoing accreditation with them, state:

"Temperature and humidity are mechanically raised or lowered to acceptable comfort levels." The previous version of that standard used to refer to "acceptable summer and winter comfort zones."

The general standard concerning building comfort levels is ASHRAE 55 Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy. (2010). Builders and maintenance folks tend to conform to ASHRAE 55 standards in terms of building thermal comfort. They are not mandatory unless they have been adopted as part of a jurisdiction's building code or environment climate codes.

A given temperature will not meet the needs of everybody in the same environment. While not a jail or prison but an office environment, this article TheThermal Comfort Zone concludes that it may not be possible to provide thermal conditions that please all occupants all the time (but that hasn't stopped facilities managers from trying):

"ASHRAE indicates thermal comfort is achieved when environmental conditions satisfy 80 percent of office occupants suggests just how difficult it is to please all occupants even some of the time."

Bottom line: consider this in your decision making

**How many inmates are requesting extra blankets?** If it is just a few, you are probably within norms, but might want to honor those requests. Everybody feels temperature differently, so those requests can be legitimate. So unless there is a hoarding issue, or it has become a "game", perhaps second blankets are easier than inmate grievances, litigation, and behavior issues.
	**Keep in mind some differences:**70 degrees with low humidity might feel cool to an inactive population while staff who are moving around feel just fine. So anything in a range of 69-76 degrees could be acceptable in terms of thermal comfort depending on levels of humidity (and factoring in ambient conditions in summer or winter).
	A good solution is to get your agency to request an assessment by a legitimate building services provider or institutional heating and cooling systems specialist to measure comfort levels in all housing units. It is important to document your efforts at providing an acceptable housing environment for the offenders.Here is how a major jail system deals with issues around "abnormal temperature conditions" . It might give you some ideas for policy and procedure. It actually comes in collaboration their Department of Environment Health:

**What temperatures (indoor and outdoor) are considered outside the normal range and require notifications/actions?**The Department requires that tour commanders notify the warden and the assistant commissioner for environmental health of any temperatures that are below 68° F. in all are as and above 80° F. in medical, mental health, and air conditioned areas. The assistant commissioner for environmental health initiates two hour temperature monitoring, so that decisions can be made whether inmates need to be relocated. For temperatures below 68° F. maintenance is notified to repair the heating system. Inmates are provided with additional blankets, clothing if necessary, and hot beverages. Inmates are relocated if the heat will not be repaired in a reasonable number of hours and the temperature remains below 68° F., if maintenance determines that the heat cannot be repaired, or if the temperature is below 60° F. Again, this is at the discretion of the assistant commissioner for environmental health and security. At temperatures at or above 80° F., maintenance is notified to repair the air conditioning, ice is provided for the inmates, two fans are placed in the housing areas, and it is determined how many heat sensitive inmates are housed in the area. Heat sensitive inmates will be relocated if the temperatures reaches or exceeds 85° F., if the temperature remains above 80° F. for a period of time and maintenance is unable to resolve the issue within a reasonable amount of time, or if the air conditioning cannot be repaired that day. Any non-heat sensitive inmates will remain in the housing area.
	**At what temperatures, both hot and cold, is outdoor recreation restricted?**At what high and low temperatures is it prohibited? Outdoor recreation is canceled at the discretion of the tour commander since it is voluntary and inmates may decide not to participate.
	**How is the status of "heat risk inmate" conveyed by medical staff to correctional staff?**The medical staff submit a heat sensitive identification form to the clinic captain.
	**What are the temperature thresholds for heat risk subjects?**In general, heat sensitive inmates are housed in air conditioned areas. The Department makes notification of high temperatures at 80° F. allowing time to correct the air conditioning deficiency before we would relocate the heat sensitive inmates at 85° F.
	**What discretionary language, if any, is used to permit judgment calls with regard to allowing outdoor recreation?**Outdoor recreation is held at the discretion of the tour commander.
          What can our agency do about turnover rates and employee retention?
  View the full content of this Hot Topic
   Published: 2013-03-18
Staff Recruitment and Retention in Corrections

**Corrections Today, 2023**

Employees are the most valuable assets in corrections, especially when managed, trained, and appropriately utilized for success. Corrections relies on well-trained, experienced, and devoted workforces to provide the most cost-effective required security service to their community and stay on track with the larger mission of public safety.

Employee Retention: Preventing a “Great Resignation” in Your Public Safety Agency

**Scism, Rex, 2022**

Why are employees throwing in the towel, and how can public safety leaders slow the exodus?

Why Does No One Want to Be a Correctional Officer?!

**Carter, TaLisa J., 2022**

Being a corrections officer, perhaps unsurprisingly, is one of the least desirable professions in the United States. The attrition rate for US correctional officers is high, with 40 percent of state correctional officers in Texas, for example, leaving their jobs in 2020. Currently, at least 12 states have officer vacancies of 20 percent or more, and Mississippi and Alabama have 50 and 58 percent of correctional officer positions empty.

Countering Threats to Correctional Institution Security

**Russo, Joe, Woods, Dulani, Jackson, Brian A.  (2019)**

In light of the ongoing challenges the corrections sector faces in countering these threats, RAND researchers convened an expert workshop to better understand the challenges and identify the high-priority needs associated with threats to institutional security.

Building a High-Quality Correctional Workforce: Identifying Challenges and Needs

**Russo, Joe, Woods, Dulani, Drake, George B., Jackson, Brian A.  (2018)**

This report presents the results of an expert panel discussion focused on identifying and prioritizing ways to address workforce concerns in the corrections sector. Panelists identified needs related to recruitment, selection, onboarding, retention, leadership development, and misconduct that, if addressed, would help to build a high-quality workforce.

The Corrections Profession: Maintaining Safety and Sanity, Part 1

**Spinaris, Caterina, Mike Denhof, and Greg Morton, Desert Waters Correctional Outreach, National Institute of Corrections (NIC) Academy, 2014**

The webinar will describe a process model developed and modified over several years by DWCO [Desert Waters Correctional Outreach], entitled “From Corrections Fatigue to FulfillmentTM.” Once Corrections Fatigue manifests, it can promote toxic adaptations to work demands, consequently undermining job performance, employee morale, health, personal and professional relationships, and employee retention.”

Document ID: 027907

The Corrections Profession: Maintaining Safety and Sanity, Part 2

**Spinaris, Caterina, Mike Denhof, and Greg Morton, Desert Waters Correctional Outreach, National Institute of Corrections (NIC) Academy, 2014**

This program is the second of a two-part webinar, and covers the physical and emotional challenges faced by correctional personnel. “The dangers correctional staff encounter on the job are well known to their leaders. A lesser known but possibly more hazardous set of factors involves the cumulative negative side effects of what staff experience through daily interactions with justice-involved individuals and immersion in uniquely challenging workplace conditions. Such side effects can be understood as examples of “Corrections Fatigue.”

Document ID: 027908

Organizational Stressors Associated With Job Stress and Burnout in Correctional Officers: A Systematic Review

**Finney, Caitlin; Stergiopoulos, Erene; Hensel, Jennifer; Bonato, Sarah; and Carolyn S. Dewa, BMC Public Health, 2013**

The results of this review indicate that the organizational structure and climate of correctional institutions has the most consistent relationship with COs’ job stress and burnout. Limitations of the studies reviewed include the cross-sectional design and the use of varying measures for organizational stressors. The results of this review indicate that interventions should aim to improve the organizational structure and climate of the correctional facility by improving communication between management and COs.

Should I Stay or Should I Go? Job Satisfaction and Turnover Intent of Jail Staff Throughout the United States

**Leip, Leslie A.; and Jeanne B. Stinchcomb, Criminal Justice Review, 2013**

"This study analyzes data from a national survey of 1,924 line-level jail staff to assess the impact of both work-related variables and personal characteristics on the intention of employees to resign."

Document ID: 027698

Correctional Officers: Strategies to Improve Retention

**Nink, Carl, Management & Training Corporation (MTC) Institute, 2010**

"This report explores issues impacting correctional agencies and companies, such as changing workforce demands, a dynamic labor market, predictors of turnover, and various reasons for why COs (correctional officers) leave their positions."

The Future is Now: Recruiting, Retaining, and Developing the 21st Century Jail Workforce

**Stinchcomb, Jeanne B.; McCampbell, Susan W.; and Leslie Leip, Center for Innovative Public Policies, Inc., 2009**

This "comprehensive workforce planning blueprint" is designed to help jail administrators in recruiting, retaining, and developing leaders.

Document ID: 023688
          Cultural Competencies in the Correctional Workplace
  View the full content of this Hot Topic
   Published: 2012-10-03
Tip 59: Improving Cultural Competence

**The CDM Group, Inc., Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), 2014**

Document ID: 028407

Best Practices in Creating and Delivering LGBTQ Cultural Competency Training for Health and Social Services Agencies

**Margolies, Liz, Rej Joo, and Jenna McDavid, 2014**

Document ID: 029909

Cultural Competence [Article]

**ToersBijns, Carl, 2014**

Safe & Respected: Policy, Best Practices & Guidance for Serving Transgender & Gender Non-Conforming Children and Youth in the Child Welfare, Detention, and Juvenile Justice Systems

**Perry, J. Rhodes, and Eli R. Green, New York City's Administration for Children's Services (ACS), LGBTQ Policy and Practice Office, 2014**

Document ID: 028254

Cultural Competence: The Nuts & Bolts of Diversity & Inclusion[Article]

**Martin, Mercedes, and Billy Vaughn, diversityofficermagazine.com, 2012**

Document ID: 026276

Employing Your Mission: Building Cultural Competence in Reentry Service Agencies Through the Hiring of Individuals Who Are Formerly Incarcerated and/or in Recovery

**Fortune Society, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, Prisoner Reentry Institute, Columbia University, Teachers College, International Center for Cooperation and Conflict Resolution (ICCCR), 2011**

Document ID: 025304

Building Community Trust: Improving Cross-Cultural Communication in the Criminal Justice System

**American Bar Association (ABA) Criminal Justice Section, ABA Section of Individual Rights and Responsibilities, ABA Council on Racial and Ethnic Justice, 2010**
          Where can I find information about extremist and radicalized groups in prisons?
  View the full content of this Hot Topic
   Published: 2012-03-26
Countering Violent Extremism, Part 1 (video)**C-SPAN, 2017**Countering Violent Extremism, Part 2 (video)**CSPAN, 2017**Combating Violent Extremism, Part 3 (video)**C-SPAN, 2017**Countering Violent Extremism in Prisons Program**Global Center on Cooperative Security, 2017**6 strategies for preventing radicalization in US jails and prisons**Atherton, Eugene, 2017**Having a comprehensive, written policy is very important in managing inmates who wish to radicalize others towards terrorist behaviorFirst UN manual to address violent extremism in prisons launched by UNODC**United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2017**Handbook on the Management of Violent Extremist Prisoners and the Prevention of Radicalization to Violence in Prisons**United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2016**Terror Inmates: Countering Violent Extremism in Prison and Beyond**Statement of Jerome P. Bjelopera, Specialist in Organized Crime and Terrorism before Committee on Homeland Security, Subcommittee on Counter-terrorism and Intelligence, U.S. House of Representatives, 2015**Violent Extremism and Its Roots in the U.S. Corrections System**Winters, Robert, 2015**Community-Level Efforts to Prevent Violent Extremism [Video]**National Institute of Justice (NIJ), 2016**Across the Universe? A Comparative Analysis of Violent Behavior and Radicalization Across Three Offender Types with Implications for Criminal Justice**Horgan, John G., et al., 2016**Violent Extremism and Its Roots in the U.S. Corrections System**Winters, Robert, 2015**Radicalization and Violent Extremism: Lessons Learned from Canada, the U.K. and the U.S.**National Institute of Justice (NIJ), 2015**Are Prisons Really Schools for Terrorism? Challenging the Rhetoric on Prison Radicalization**Jones, Clarke R., 2014**"This article challenges contemporary research on prison radicalization and recruitment by highlighting several factors that may hamper these activities to demonstrate why some prison regimes and their programmes for housing terrorist inmates face a greater risk than others."Document ID: 031360Facts and Fictions about Islam in Prison: Assessing Prisoner Radicalization in Post-9/11 America**Institute for Social Policy and Understanding (ISPU), 2013**"This report explains how violence due to prison radicalization by Muslims is a rare event."Document ID: 028460
          Do you have research on the social/cultural lifestyles of the inmate population?
  View the full content of this Hot Topic
   Published: 2013-08-28
**Ear Hustle...**

**...**brings you the stories of life inside prison,shared and produced by those living it. The podcast is a partnership between **Earlonne Woods** and **Antwan Williams**, currently incarcerated at San Quentin State Prison, and **Nigel Poor**, a Bay Area artist. (2017)

Chapter 10: Prison Subculture and Prison Gang Influence

**Hanser, Robert D., Introduction to Corrections, 2013**

The Role of Masculine Norms and Informal Support on Mental Health in Incarcerated Men

**Iwamoto, Derek Kenji, Derricl Gordon, Arazais Oliveros, Arturo Perez-Cabello, Tamika Brabham, Steve Lanza, and William Dyson, 2012**

Maintaining Prison Order: Understanding Causes of Inmate Misconduct within and Across Ohio Correctional Institutions

**Steiner, Benjamin, 2008**

"This study involved an examination of the relative effects of measures of inmate characteristics, features of facility environments, and managerial practices, including the perceived legitimacy of the correctional staff, on both the prevalence and incidence of violent, drug, and other nonviolent misconduct."

Document ID: 023710

Measurement of Prison Social Climate: A Comparison of an Inmate Measure in England and the US

**Ross, Michael W., Pamela Diamond, Alison Liebling, and William Saylor, 2007**

The Culture of Prison Sexual Violence

**Fleisher, Mark S., and Jessie L. Krienert, 2006**

"Results from a national, socio-cultural study of prison sexual violence in men's and women's high-security prisons across the United States are provided."

Document ID: 022009
          What are the collateral consequences of a criminal conviction?
  View the full content of this Hot Topic
   Published: 2013-03-28
National Inventory of the Collateral Consequences of Conviction

The National Inventory of Collateral Consequences of Conviction is a searchable database of the collateral consequences in all U.S. Jurisdictions.

Collateral Consequences Resource Center

Promote public discussion of the collateral consequences of conviction, the legal restrictions and social stigma that burden people with a criminal record long after their court-imposed sentence has been served.

Monetary Sanctions, Legal and Collateral Consequences, and Probation & Parole: Where Do We Go From Here?

**Link, Nathan, Jordan M. Hyatt, Ebony Ruhland, 2020**

This report examines the premise that fines and fees should be calibrated according to an individual’s particular situation and ability to pay.

Criminal Background Checks: Impact on Employment and Recidivism

**Duane, Marina, Nancy G. LaVigne, Emily Reimal, and Mathew Lynch, 2017**

This report examines criminal background checks as a significant collateral consequence for justice-involved people and explores the importance of employment to reducing recidivism.

Collateral Consequences of Criminal Conviction

**Chin, Gabriel "Jack", 2017**

Often applicable for life, the United States, the 50 states, and their agencies and subdivisions impose collateral consequences based on convictions from any jurisdiction.

Collateral Consequences: Protecting Public Safety or Encouraging Recidivism?

**Malcolm, John, and John-Michael Seibler, 2017**

Putting Time Limits on the Punitiveness of the Criminal Justice System

**Piehl, Anne Morrison, 2016**

Legislating Forgiveness: A Study of Post-Conviction Certificates as Policy to Address the Employment Consequences of a Conviction

**Garretson, Heather J., 2016**

New York State has the oldest and most robust certificate system, and is a model for much of the recent certificate legislation. This paper contains the first comprehensive research on New York’s certificates. The research asks whether New York’s certificates are accessible and relevant to employment. It combines statutory analysis with qualitative research. It is a study of how certificate legislation is supposed to work – and how it actually does.

Collateral Consequences of a Criminal Conviction: Impact on Corrections and Reentry

**Forrest, Catherine E., 2016**

The consequences of a criminal conviction don’t end with the prison sentence served or fines paid. Collateral consequences
separate from and in addition to direct consequences, such as imprisonment, fines and community supervision — continue to affect millions of Americans who have been convicted of a crime as they attempt to develop productive lives after their release and rehabilitation.

The Effectiveness of Certificates of Relief as Collateral Consequence Relief Mechanisms: An Experimental Study

**Leasure, Peter, and Tia Stevens Anderson, 2016**

The current study, which examines Ohio’s program for certificates of relief, presents the results of the first empirical test of the effectiveness of such certificates.

Redemption and Certificates of Rehabilitation Project Page

**NIC Information Center, 2016**

A selection of resources on the topics of :

Redemption - the process of lifting the burden of the prior record. (Blumstein and Nakamura, 2010)

Certificates of Rehabilitation - The Certificate serves as an official document to demonstrate an individual’s rehabilitation, which could result in enhanced employment opportunities. (also referred to as Restoration of Rights or Certificate of Relief from Disabilities or Certificate of Good Conduct)
          A collection of Green Corrections Resources from NIC
  View the full content of this Hot Topic
   Published: 2012-03-13
The NIC Green Corrections Initiative seeks to increase awareness among corrections professionals about environmental issues related to the practice of corrections and focus attention on the need to make correctional facilities more energy and resource efficient.
          How Can I Design Valid and Reliable Performance Measures and Program Evaluations?
  View the full content of this Hot Topic
   Published: 2013-03-19
Four Tips from Idaho for Overhauling Correctional Programming**Council of State Governments Justice Center, 2017**Performance Measures in Community Corrections: Measuring Effective Supervision Practices with Existing Agency Data**Blasko, Brandy L., Karen A. Souza, Brittney Via, Sara Del Principe, and Faye S. Taxman, 2016**Best Practices for Effective Correctional Programs**Askew, LaQuana, 2016**This research brief examines those key concepts that demonstrate the components of an effective program.Justice Research and Statistics Association (JRSA) [Website]**Justice Research and Statistics Association (JRSA), 2015**JRSA conducts and publishes multistate, policy-relevant research on justice issues; provides training and technical assistance to build research and evaluation capacity and knowledge of evidence-based practices at the state and local levels; and maintains information on state criminal and juvenile justice research and programs.Advancing the Quality of Cost-Benefit Analysis for Justice Programs**Matthies, Carl, Vera Institute of Justice, 2014**Cost-benefit analysis is an economic assessment tool that compares the costs and benefits of policies and programs for the time they produce their impacts.Document ID: 028035Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) Model Programs Guide**U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP), 2014**The Model Programs Guide [MPG] is intended to be a central, reliable, and credible resource to help practitioners and policymakers understand what works in juvenile justice-related programs and practices.Risk Assessment Instruments Validated and Implemented in Correctional Settings in the United States: An Empirical Guide**Desmarais, SarahL., and Jay P. Singh, Council of State Governments (CSG) Justice Center, 2013**Document ID: 028352Measuring What Matters: Outcome and Performance Measures for the Pretrial Services**National Institute of Corrections (NIC), 2011**Document ID: 025172Is This A Good Quality Outcome Evaluation Report? A Guide for Practitioners**Poulin, Mary, Orchowsky, Stan, and Jason Trask, U.S. Bureau of Justice Assistance, Center for Program Evaluation and Performance Measurement, Justice Research and Statistics Association, 2011**Document ID: 025537
          Defining (and Changing) Your Organization's Culture, Values, Assumptions and Beliefs
  View the full content of this Hot Topic
   Published: 2012-10-10
Changing Culture -- Part 1**ToersBijns, Carl, 2017****Changing Culture -- Part 2****ToersBijns, Carl, 2017**The Corrections Learning Organization**National Institute of Corrections, 2016**This NIC White Papers explains how you can make your agency into a learning organization by utilizing the work of Peter Senge and following the example of the Blue Angels.DOCUMENT ID: 032739Corrections Administrators Must Change Their Leadership Style**Stelter, Leischen, 2016**Achieving Performance Excellence (APEX)Achieving Performance Excellence (APEX) is a business model that offers a systems approach to change, specifically for correctional organizations. It provides multiple tools and strategies to build sustainable capacity toward higher performance, evidence-based practices, and data-driven decision making. Safety and security is one of the foundational principles of APEX. In addition, this model provides a pathway for agencies to create an organizational culture and a management environment that encourages innovative ideas to improve services, processes, and results.APEX includes these components:The APEX Public Safety ModelThe APEX Guidebook SeriesThe APEX Assessment Tool ProtocolThe APEX Change Agent TrainingThe APEX Public Safety Model includes eight domains that reflect the shared vision and operating values of everyone working in any corrections system. In this model, the Organizational Culture domain is placed at the top to show that it is an umbrella over the organization, how it operates, and what it values. The Leadership, Strategic Planning, Stakeholder Focus, Workforce Focus, and Operations Focus domains rest on a foundation of Measurement, Analysis, and Knowledge Management. All domains lead to Results.Corrections Innovations Needs Tool**RAND Corporation, Safety and Justice Program, 2015**Institutional and community corrections agencies face increasingly complex tasks and challenges today. It is important, therefore, to identify opportunities where changes in tools, technology, practices, or approaches can help agencies respond more effectively to solve problems and mitigate risks in their role to protect the public.Document ID: 029764Resilience in Corrections: A Proactive Approach to Changing Conditions**Connelly, Michael, and David Feldman, 2014**This white paper describes the issues facing corrections policy and leadership as the impacts of climate change and its related consequences confront departments, agencies, and facilities in coming years.Document ID: 028089Mastering Your Role As a Front-Line Effective Supervisor: 10 Keys To Build Towards Success**McDonald, Dalonika, 2013**This is an excellent overview of what it takes for you to be a truly successful front-line supervisor.Document ID: 027313Corrections Staff Well-Being Programs -- To Implement or Not?**Spinaris, Caterina, Gregory Morton, and Mike Denhof, 2012**This article examines issues that correctional agencies might consider when discussing the implementation of programs designed to prevent and remediate Corrections Fatigue and related organizational climate and staff well-being issues.
          Correctional Health Care Costs
  View the full content of this Hot Topic
   Published: 2012-05-22
Prison Health Care Costs and Quality: How and why states strive for high-performing systems

**The Pew Charitable Trusts, 2017**

Better Planning and Evaluation Needed to Understand and Control Rising Inmate Health Care Costs

**United States Government Accountability Office, 2017**

State Prisons Turn to Telemedicine to Improve Health and Save Money

**Ollove, Michael, 2016**

How and When Medicaid Covers People Under Correctional Supervision

**The Pew Charitable Trusts, 2016**

Federally-Assisted Healthcare Coverage among Male State Prisoners with Chronic Health Problems

**Rosen, David L., Catherine A. Grodensky, and Tara K. Holley, 2016**

Efficiency of Health Care in State Correctional Institutions

**Hollenbeak, Christopher S., Eric W. Schaefer, Janice Penrod, Susan J. Loeb, and Carol A. Smith, 2015**

Medicaid: Information on Inmate Eligibility and Federal Costs for Allowable Services

**U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO), 2014**

Document ID: 028424

State Prison Health Care Spending: An Examination

**Pew Charitable Trusts, John D. and Catherine MacArthur Foundation, 2014**

Document ID: 028283

Maximizing Medicaid: An Innovative Approach to Finance Health Care for Criminal Justice Populations [Webinar]

**National Reentry Resource Center, U.S. Department of Justice's Bureau of Justice Assistance, 2014**

Document ID: 028277

Managing Corrections Costs Report

**Lawrence, Alison, National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL), 2014**

Document ID: 028354
          Staff supervision and interaction with justice-involved women.
  View the full content of this Hot Topic
   Published: 2013-08-06
Testing a New Intervention With Incarcerated Women Serving Life Sentences**Fedock, Gina, Sheryl Kubiak, and Deborah Bybee, 2017**A Meta-Analytic Review of Correctional Interventions for Women Offenders: Gender-Neutral Versus Gender-Informed Approaches**Gobeil, Renee, Kelley Blanchette, and Lynn Stewart, 2016**Moving On: An Outcome Evaluation of a Gender-Responsive, Cognitive-Behavioral Program for Female Offenders**Duwe, Grant, and Valerie Clark, 2015**National Institute of Corrections (NIC) Services in Managing Justice-Involved Women**Buell, Maureen. National Institute of Corrections (NIC), 2014**Document ID: 028163National Resource Center on Justice Involved Women (NRCJIW): Offender Management and Supervision**National Resource Center on Justice Involved Women (NRCJIW), 2014**Document ID: 025993Using Trauma-Informed Practices to Enhance Safety and Security in Women's Correctional Facilities**Benedict, Alyssa. National Resource Center on Justice Involved Women (NRCJIW), 2014**Document ID: 028184Best Practices in the Use of Restraints with Pregnant Women and Girls Under Correctional Custody**King, Kristen. National Task Force on the Use of Restraints with Pregnant Women Under Correctional Custody, Center for Effective Public Policy (CEPP), 2014**Document ID: 028143Ten Truths that Matter When Working with Justice Involved Women**Ney, Becki, Rachelle Ramirez and Marilyn Van Dieten. National Resource Center on Justice Involved Women (NRCJIW), 2012**Document ID: 026027Strategies for Working With Female Inmates in Jail**Grinde, Diane, Kelley Heifort and Sharen Southard. Minnesota Department of Corrections, Advisory Task Force on the Woman and Juvenile Female Offender in Corrections, Women in Local Lockups (WILL), 2011**
          What information is available on adult and juvenile probation caseload size?
  View the full content of this Hot Topic
   Published: 2013-01-07
Probation Caseload Size: Adult

Division of Adult Correction and Juvenile Justice Community Corrections Legislative Report on Probation and Parole Caseloads

**State of North Carolina Department of Public Safety, 2017**

Fidelity to the Intensive Supervision Probation with Services Model: An Examination of Adult Redeploy Illinois Programs

**Reichert, Jessica, Caitlin Delong, Risa Sacomani, and Sara Gonzales, 2016**

Workload and Resource Assessment Resource Guide

**National Center for State Courts (NCSC), 2016**

Maryland Department of Public Safety and Correctional Services: Parole and Probation Agent Workload Study Final Report

**Cotten, P. Ann, Thomas A. Mitchell, and Jeffrey Ian Ross: Schafer Center for Public Policy, 2015**

Colorado Community Parole Officer Time and Workload Assessment Study

**National Center for State Courts (NCSC), 2014**

A Multi-Site Evaluation of Reduced Probation Caseload Size in an Evidence-Based Practice Setting

**Jalbert, Sarah Kuck, William Rhodes, Michael Kane, Elyse Clawson, Bradford Bogue, Chris Flygare, Ryan Kling, and Meaghan Guevara, 2011**

The Importance of a Low Span of Control in Effective Implementation of Evidence Based Probation and Parole Practices

**Armstrong, Gaylene, Doug Dretke and Cassandra Atkin, 2010**

Document ID: 024881

Caseload Standards for Probation and Parole

**Burrell, William, American Probation & Parole Association (APPA), 2006**

**Probation Caseload Size: Juvenile**

**LA Probation Governance Study: Review of Best Practices in Probation**

**Resource Development Associates, 2017**

OYA Juvenile Parole Probation Officer Staffing Analysis Project

**Oregon Youth Authority, Research and Evaluation, 2011**

Alabama Juvenile Probation Officers Weighted Workload Assessment Study: Final Report

**NCSC, Court Services Division, 2010**

**Juvenile Delinquency Probation Caseload, 2009**

**Livsey, Sarah, U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP), 2009**
          Do Canine Programs in Prison Have Any Positive Effect?
  View the full content of this Hot Topic
   Published: 2012-09-21
Prison-Based Dog Training Programs: Standard Protocol

**Flynn, Erin, Tyler M. Han, Jaci Gandenberger, Emily Gould, and Joseph Winchell, 2018**

Taking a PAWS to Reflect on How the Work of a Therapy Dog Supports a Trauma-Informed Approach to Prisoner Health

**Dell, Colleen Anne, and Nancy Poole, 2015**

Partnering Shelter Dogs with Prison Inmates: An Alternative Strategy to Reduce Recidivism and Teach Social Therapy [Theses]

**Zimmer, Randi Michelle, 2014**

Prison-Based Animal Programs (PAPs) and Mental Health Outcome Measures

**Swyers, Kaitlyn N., Undergraduate Honors Theses, Portland State University, 2014**

Canines (and Cats!) in Correctional Institutions: Legal and Ethical Issues Relating to Companion Animal Programs

**Huss, Rebecca, 2014**

Prison Animal Programs: A Brief Review of the Literature

**Wenner, Alexandria, Massachusetts Department of Correction, 2012**
          Where can I find protocols and policies for palliative/hospice care in corrections?
  View the full content of this Hot Topic
   Published: 2013-03-04
Caring to learn, learning to care: Inmate Hospice Volunteers and the Delivery of Prison End-of-Life Care

**Cloyes, Kristin G., Susan J. Rosenkranz, Katherine P. Supiano, Patricia H. Berry, Meghan Routt, Sarah M. Llanque, and Kathleen Shannon-Dorey, 2017**

Medical Classification System Procedure

**California Correctional Health Care Services, 2017**

**Offender Health Plan (OHP)**

**Washington State Department of Corrections, 2017**

**New York State's Aging Prison Population**

**Office of the New York State Comptroller, 2017**

Analysis of United States Compassionate and Geriatric Release Laws: Towards a Rights-Based Response for Diverse Elders and Their Families and Communities

**Maschi, Tina, Alexandra Kalmanofsky, Kimberly Wescott, and Lauren Pappacena, 2015**

Palliative and End-of-Life Care in Prisons: A Content Analysis of the Literature

**Maschi, Tina, Suzanne Marmo, and Junghee Han, International Journal of Prisoner Health, 2014**

Essential Elements of an Effective and Sustainable Prison Hospice Program

**Cloyes, Kristin G., Susan J. Rosenkranz, Patricia H. Berry, Katharine P. Supiano, Meghan Routt, Kathleen Shannon-Dorcy, and Sarah M. Llanque, 2015**

Responding to the Needs of an Aging Prison Population

**Connecticut Department of Correction, 2014**

Health Services Hospice and Palliative Care Program

**Osborne Association, The Florence V. Burden Foundation, 2014**

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