CHAPTER 3. MARKET AND TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

3.1 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................ 3-1

3.2 EQUIPMENT DEFINITIONS ............................................................................................ 3-1

3.3 EQUIPMENT CLASSES .................................................................................................... 3-2

3.4 ENERGY USE METRIC AND EQUIPMENT TEST PROCEDURES .......................... 3-4

3.5 MANUFACTURER TRADE GROUPS ............................................................................ 3-4

3.6 MANUFACTURER INFORMATION .............................................................................. 3-4

3.6.1 Manufacturers and Market Shares.......................................................................... 3-5

3.6.2 Small Businesses...................................................................................................... 3-7

3.7 REGULATORY PROGRAMS........................................................................................... 3-7

3.7.1 Current Federal Energy Conservation Standards................................................... 3-8

3.7.2 ASHRAE Energy Conservation Standards for PTACs and PTHPs..................... 3-8

3.7.3 State Energy Conservation Standards .................................................................... 3-9

3.7.4 Canadian Energy Conservation Standards............................................................. 3-9

3.7.5 Mexican Energy Conservation Standards............................................................ 3-10

3.8 VOLUNTARY PROGRAMS ........................................................................................... 3-10

3.8.1 ENERGY STAR.................................................................................................... 3-10

3.8.2 Rebate Programs.................................................................................................... 3-11

3.9 SHIPMENTS...................................................................................................................... 3-12

3.9.1 Unit Shipments....................................................................................................... 3-12

3.9.2 Equipment Lifetime............................................................................................... 3-12

3.10 MARKET CHARACTERIZATION ................................................................................ 3-13

3.11 TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT ..................................................................................... 3-16

3.11.1 Baseline Equipment Components and Operation ................................................ 3-16

3.11.2 Technology Options .............................................................................................. 3-16

3.11.3 Energy Efficiency .................................................................................................. 3-17

LIST OF TABLES

Table 3.3.1 Existing Federal Equipment Classes for PTACs and PTHPs................................... 3-3

Table 3.6.1 Large Manufacturers of Standard Size PTACs and PTHPs...................................... 3-5

Table 3.6.2 Other Manufacturers of Standard Size PTACs and PTHPs...................................... 3-5

Table 3.6.3 PTAC and PTHP Manufacturers AHRI Members.................................................... 3-6

Table 3.6.4 PTAC and PTHP Manufacturers Non-AHRI Members with AHRI Certified 

Equipment ......................................................................................................................................... 3-7

Table 3.7.1 Current Federal Energy Conservation Standards for PTACS and PTHPs............... 3-8

Table 3.7.2 ASHRAE/IESNA/IES Standard 90.1-2013 Energy Efficiency Levels for PTACs and 

PTHPs................................................................................................................................................ 3-9

Table 3.7.3 Canadian Energy Conservation Standards for PTACS and PTHPs....................... 3-10

Table 3.9.1 AHRI Estimated Shipment Data for PTAC and PTHP Industry (Standard and NonStandard) ......................................................................................................................................... 3-12

3-i 
Table 3.11.1 Potential Technology Options for Improving Energy Efficiency of PTACs and 

PTHPs.............................................................................................................................................. 3-17

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 3.2.1 Number of Certified Standard Size PTAC Models by Cooling Capacity – 2013 

AHRI Directory and Manufacturer Catalogs................................................................................ 3-13

Figure 3.2.2 Number of Certified Standard Size PTHP Models by Cooling Capacity – 2013 

AHRI Directory and Manufacturer Catalogs................................................................................ 3-14

Figure 3.2.3 Non-Standard Size PTAC Models by Cooling Capacity – 2013 AHRI Directory and 

Manufacturer Catalogs................................................................................................................... 3-15

Figure 3.2.4 Non-Standard Size PTAC Models by Cooling Capacity – 2013 AHRI Directory and 

Manufacturer Catalogs................................................................................................................... 3-15

Figure 3.2.5 Standard Size PTAC EER versus Cooling Capacity – 2013 AHRI Directory..... 3-18

Figure 3.2.6 Standard Size PTHP EER versus Cooling Capacity – 2013 AHRI Directory ..... 3-18

Figure 3.2.7 Non-Standard Size PTAC EER versus Cooling Capacity – 2013 AHRI Directory 

and Manufacturers’ Catalogs......................................................................................................... 3-19

Figure 3.2.8 Non-Standard Size PTHP EER versus Cooling Capacity – 2013 AHRI Directory 

and Manufacturers’ Catalogs......................................................................................................... 3-19

Figure 3.2.9 Standard Size PTHP COP versus Cooling Capacity – 2013 AHRI Directory ..... 3-20

Figure 3.2.10 Non-Standard Size PTHP COP versus Cooling Capacity – 2013 AHRI Directory 

and Other Publicly Available Data ................................................................................................ 3-20

3-ii
CHAPTER 3. MARKET AND TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT

3.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter details the market and technology assessment that the U.S. Department of 

Energy (DOE) has conducted in support of the ongoing energy conservation standards 

rulemaking for packaged terminal air conditioners (PTACs) and packaged terminal heat pumps 

(PTHPs). The goal of the assessment is to develop a qualitative and quantitative characterization 

of the PTAC and PTHP industry and market structure based on publicly available information 

and data and information submitted by manufacturers and other stakeholders. Publicly available 

information includes the equipment certification directory from the Air-Conditioning, Heating,

and Refrigeration Institutea (AHRI), as well as Current Industry Reports (CIR) from the U.S. 

Census Bureau. 

This chapter first defines the PTAC and PTHP equipment that is the subject of this 

rulemaking (section 3.2), divides the equipment into equipment classes (3.3), describes the 

metrics and test procedures that are used to characterize PTAC and PTHP equipment (3.4). 

Next, the chapter defines the equipment producers by discussing trade groups (3.5), 

manufacturers and market shares (3.6), and the regulatory programs (3.7) and voluntary 

programs (3.8) to which they may adhere. Then the chapter describes the market by discussing 

shipment data (3.9), characterizing the market for different equipment types (3.10). The chapter 

closes with a technology assessment that presents a preliminary list of technologies (referred to 

as technology options) that may improve the energy efficiency of PTACs and PTHPs.

3.2 EQUIPMENT DEFINITIONS

Section 340 of the Energy Policy and Conservation Act (EPCA) defines a “packaged 

terminal air conditioner” as “a wall sleeve and a separate unencased combination of heating and 

cooling assemblies specified by the builder and intended for mounting through the wall. It 

includes a prime source of refrigeration, separable outdoor louvers, forced ventilation, and 

heating availability by builder's choice of hot water, steam, or electricity.” (42 U.S.C. 

6311(10)(A)) EPCA defines a “packaged terminal heat pump” as “a packaged terminal air 

conditioner that utilizes reverse cycle refrigeration as its prime heat source and should have 

a The Air-Conditioning, Heating, and Refrigeration Institute (AHRI), formerly referred to as ARI, is the trade 

association representing PTAC and PTHP manufacturers. 

3-1 

 
supplementary heat source available to builders with the choice of hot water, steam, or electric 

resistant heat.” (42 U.S.C. 6311(10)(B)) DOE codified these definitions in 10 CFR 431.92 in a 

final rule issued October 21, 2004. 69 FR 61970.

PTACs and PTHPs are self-contained heating and air-conditioning units encased inside a 

sleeve specifically designed to go through the exterior building wall. The basic design of a 

PTAC is comprised of a compressor, an evaporator, a condenser, a fan, and an enclosure. Basic 

PTHPs feature additional items to those found in PTACs, such as more sophisticated metering 

devices, a reversing valve, and more sophisticated controls. All manufacturers offer PTACs and 

PTHPs with supplemental heating, with some offering a variety of add-on options. PTACs and 

PTHPs are installed by inserting them into the wall sleeve and plugging them into an electrical 

outlet. They are primarily used to provide space conditioning for commercial facilities such as 

hotels and motels, assisted living facilities, hospitals, apartments, dormitories, schools, and 

offices.

There is a wide variety of wall sleeve sizes found in different buildings. These wall 

sleeve sizes are market driven (i.e., the applications or facilities where the PTACs or PTHPs are 

installed is what determines the “market standard” wall sleeve dimension) and require 

manufacturers to offer various PTACs and PTHPs that can fit into various wall sleeve 

dimensions. For new units, the industry has standardized the wall sleeve dimension for PTACs 

and PTHPs in buildings over the past 25 years to be 16 inches high by 42 inches wide. 

Therefore, units that have a wall sleeve dimension of 16 inches high or greater by 42 inches wide 

or greater are considered “standard size” equipment and all other units are considered “nonstandard size” equipment. In contrast, the industry does not have a common wall sleeve 

dimension that is typical for all older existing facilities. These facilities, such as high-rise 

buildings found in large cities, typically use non-standard size equipment. In these installations, 

altering the existing wall sleeve opening to accommodate the more efficient, standard size 

equipment could include extensive structural changes to the building, could be very costly, and is 

therefore rarely done. 

3.3 EQUIPMENT CLASSES

When evaluating and establishing energy conservation standards, DOE divides covered 

equipment into equipment classes by the type of energy used or by capacity or other 

performance-related features that justify a different standard. In making a determination whether 

a performance-related feature justifies a different standard, DOE considers such factors as the 

utility to the customer of the feature and other factors DOE determines are appropriate.

The current equipment classes as established in the final rule issued on October 7, 2008, 

divide PTAC and PTHP equipment into twelve equipment classes. 73 FR 58772 (October 7, 

2008) Equipment classes are based on whether the equipment is an air conditioner or heat pump,

the cooling capacity, and the equipment’s wall sleeve dimensions, which fall into two categories:

standard size PTAC or PTHP equipment with wall sleeve dimensions greater than or equal to 16 

inches high, or greater than or equal to 42 inches wide; and non-standard size PTAC or PTHP 

equipment with wall sleeve dimensions less than 16 inches high and less than 42 inches wide. 

Table 3.3.1 shows the current equipment class structure.

3-2 
Table 3.3.1 Existing Federal Equipment Classes for PTACs and PTHPs

Equipment Class

Equipment Category Cooling Capacity

PTAC

Standard Size*

<7,000 Btu/h

≥7,000 Btu/h and 

≤15,000 Btu/h

>15,000 Btu/h

Non-Standard Size**

<7,000 Btu/h

≥7,000 Btu/h and 

≤15,000 Btu/h

>15,000 Btu/h

PTHP

Standard Size*

<7,000 Btu/h

≥7,000 Btu/h and 

≤15,000 Btu/h

>15,000 Btu/h

Non-Standard Size**

<7,000 Btu/h

≥7,000 Btu/h and

≤15,000 Btu/h

>15,000 Btu/h *

 Standard size refers to PTAC or PTHP equipment with wall sleeve dimensions having an external wall opening 

greater than or equal to 16 inches high or greater than or equal to 42 inches wide, and a cross-sectional area greater 

than or equal to 670 square inches. 

** Non-standard size refers to PTAC or PTHP equipment with existing wall sleeve dimensions having an external 

wall opening of less than 16 inches high or less than 42 inches wide, and a cross-sectional area less than 670 square 

inches.

DOE is not considering amended energy conservation standards for non-standard size 

PTAC and PTHP equipment in this rulemaking, because the non-standard size equipment classes 

represent a small and declining portion of the market, and because of a lack of adequate 

information to analyze non-standard size units. The shipments analysis conducted for the 2008 

final rule projected that shipments of non-standard size PTACs and PTHPs would decline from 

about 30,000 units in 2012 (6.6% of the entire PTAC and PTHP market) to about 16,000 units in 

2042 (2.4% of the entire PTAC and PTHP market).b

 

b

 See DOE’s discussion regarding shipment projections for standard and non-standard PTAC and PTHP equipment 

and the results of shipment projections in the technical support document for the 2008 PTAC and PTHP energy 

conservation standard at: http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=EERE-2007-BT-STD-0012-0032

(Chapter 10, Section 10.5). 

3-3 

 
3.4 ENERGY USE METRIC AND EQUIPMENT TEST PROCEDURES

The energy conservation standards for PTACs and PTHPs are represented in terms of the 

energy efficiency ratio (EER) and the coefficient of performance (COP) as defined by the 

ANSI/AHRI Standard 310/380-2004 Standard for Packaged Terminal Air-Conditioners and 

Heat Pumps (ANSI/AHRI/CSA 310/380-2004) test procedure. EER is defined as “the ratio of 

the produced cooling effect of an air conditioner or heat pump to its net work input, expressed in 

Btu/watt-hour.” COP is defined as “the ratio of the produced cooling effect of an air conditioner 

or heat pump (or its produced heating effect, depending on the mode of operation) to its net work 

input, when both the cooling (or heating) effect and the net work input are expressed in identical 

units of measurement.” DOE has incorporated these definitions and test procedures into its 

regulations at 10 CFR Part 431.92 and 10 CFR Part 431.96, respectively.

3.5 MANUFACTURER TRADE GROUPS

DOE identified the Air-Conditioning, Heating, and Refrigeration Institute (AHRI) as the 

only trade group that supports, or has an interest in, the PTAC and PTHP industry. Formed in 

1953, AHRI, previously known as ARI, is the national trade association representing 

manufacturers of more than 90 percent of North American produced central air-conditioning and 

commercial refrigeration equipment. ARI and the Gas Appliance Manufacturers Association 

(GAMA) merged to become AHRI on Jan. 1, 2008. 

AHRI develops and publishes technical standards for residential and commercial airconditioning, heating, and refrigeration equipment using rating criteria and procedures for 

measuring and certifying equipment performance. The current Federal test procedure for PTACs 

and PTHPs incorporates by reference an AHRI standard – ANSI/AHRI/CSA 310/380-2004. 

AHRI has developed a certification program that a number of manufacturers in the PTAC and 

PTHP industry have used to certify their equipment. Manufacturers certify their own equipment 

by providing AHRI with test data. Through the AHRI certification program, AHRI evaluates 

test data, determines if equipment conforms to ANSI/AHRI/CSA 310/380-2004, and verifies that 

manufacturer-reported ratings are accurate. AHRI also maintains the Directory of Certified 

Product Performance, which is a database of equipment ratings for all manufacturers who elect 

to participate in the program. DOE used AHRI’s certification data, retrieved from the 2013 

AHRI Directory of Certified Product Performance, in the engineering analysis (Chapter 5 of this 

Technical Support Document (TSD)).

3.6 MANUFACTURER INFORMATION 

The following section details information regarding manufacturers of PTAC and PTHP 

equipment, including estimated market shares (section 3.6.1) and small businesses (section 

3.6.2). 

3-4 
3.6.1 Manufacturers and Market Shares

DOE identified three large manufacturers of standard size PTAC and PTHP equipment

that hold approximately 80 percent of the standard size market in terms of shipments. Table 

3.6.1 shows these manufacturers. 

Table 3.6.1 Large Manufacturers of Standard Size PTACs and PTHPs

Daikin Appliedc

General Electric (GE) Company

Goodman Manufacturing Companyd

Ten other manufacturers listed in Table 3.6.2 hold the remaining 20 percent of the standard size 

PTAC and PTHP market.

Table 3.6.2 Other Manufacturers of Standard Size PTACs and PTHPs

Comitale National, Inc.

E-Air, LLC

ECR International e

Electrolux Home Products, Inc.

Fedders Islandaire, Inc.

Friedrich Air Conditioning Company

GREE Electric Appliances of Zhuhai

Haier America

Heat Controller, Inc.

LG Electronics

YMGI Group, LLC

DOE estimated market share data for standard size PTAC and PTHP manufacturers using 

publicly available data including the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) 10-K reports 

filed by publicly owned manufacturers and from stakeholder input. Market share data has been

aggregated for this report to avoid disclosing confidential company data.

c

 Daikin Applied (formally McQuay International) is a subsidiary of Daikin Industries, Ltd. More information about 

the company can be found at http://www.daikinapplied.com.

d

 Goodman Manufacturing Company brands its PTAC and PTHP equipment under the Amana name, a trademark of 

the Maytag Corporation. More information about the company can be found at http://www.amana-ptac.com. e

 ECR International brands its PTAC and PTHP equipment under the RetroAire brand name. More information 

about the company can be found at http://www.retroaire.com. 

3-5 

 
The standard size PTAC and PTHP market differs from the non-standard size PTAC and 

PTHP industry in that several of the manufacturers of standard size units are domestically owned 

with manufacturing facilities located outside of the United States. (In contrast, most non-standard 

size PTAC and PTHP production occurs in the United States.) Currently there is only one major 

manufacturer of standard size PTAC and PTHP equipment manufacturing equipment in the 

United States. Several foreign-owned companies have recently entered the U.S. market for 

standard-sized PTACs and PTHPs.

DOE identified three major manufacturers of non-standard size PTAC and PTHP 

equipment: Daikin Applied, ECR International, and Fedders Corporationf

. These three 

manufacturers share the majority of the non-standard size PTAC and PTHP market. Other 

manufacturers of non-standard size units include: Air-Con International, Cold Point Corporation, 

Comitale National Inc., E-Air LLC, Evergreen LLC, Heat Controller Inc., Ice Air LLC, 

International Refrigeration Products, Prem Sales LLC, Simon-Aire Inc., and YMGI Group LLC. 

Market share data for non-standard size PTAC and PTHP manufacturers was estimated using 

publicly available data including the SEC 10-K reports filed by publicly owned manufacturers. 

Table 3.6.3 shows current AHRI members, with parent companies shown in parentheses, 

if applicable.

Table 3.6.3 PTAC and PTHP Manufacturers AHRI Members

Daikin Applied (Daikin Industries) EAIR, LLC

ECR International, Inc. Friedrich Air Conditioning Company

Goodman Manufacturing Company GREE Electric Appliances of Zhuhai

Haier America LG Electronics

Source: These PTAC and PTHP manufacturers were listed as of July 2014 at 

http://www.ahrinet.org/site/661/About-Us/AHRI-Members

All of the member companies offer equipment certified under AHRI’s PTAC and PTHP 

certification program. The companies that are not AHRI members use AHRI and ASHRAE test

procedures and standards to rate the performance of their equipment. Manufacturers are able to 

certify their equipment under AHRI’s PTAC and PTHP certification program without being 

members of AHRI. Table 3.6.4 shows a list of manufacturers that certify PTACs and PTHPs 

under AHRI’s PTAC and PTHP certification program but are not members of AHRI. 

f

 Fedders Corporation brands its non-standard PTAC and PTHP equipment under the Fedders Islandaire brand name. 

More information about the company can be found at http://www.islandaire.com. 

3-6 

 
Table 3.6.4 PTAC and PTHP Manufacturers Non-AHRI Members with AHRI Certified 

Equipment

Air-Con International Cold Point Corporation

Comitale National, Inc. Electrolux Home Products, Inc.

Evergreen, LLC Fedders Islandaire, Inc.

General Electric (GE) Company Heat Controller, Inc.

Ice Air, LLC YMGI Group, LLC

3.6.2 Small Businesses

DOE considered the possibility that energy conservation standards for PTACs and 

PTHPs could adversely affect small businesses. For manufacturers of PTACs and PTHPs, the 

Small Business Administration (SBA) has set a size threshold, which defines those entities 

classified as “small businesses.” DOE used the SBA’s small business size standards to determine 

whether any small entities would be subject to the requirements of the rule. 65 FR 30836, 30848 

(May 15, 2000), as amended at 65 FR 53533, 53544 (Sept. 5, 2000) and codified at 13 CFR part 

121. The size standards are listed by North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 

code and industry description and are published by the SBA. Manufacturing of PTACs and 

PTHPs is classified under NAICS 333415, “Air-Conditioning and Warm Air Heating Equipment 

and Commercial and Industrial Refrigeration Equipment Manufacturing.” The SBA sets a 

threshold of 750 employees or less for an entity to be considered as a small business for this 

category.

DOE studied the potential impacts on these small businesses in detail during the 

manufacturer impact analysis, which was conducted as a part of the notice of proposed 

rulemaking (NOPR) analysis. DOE initially identified 22 companies that sell PTAC and PTHP 

equipment that would be affected by today’s proposal. Of these 22 companies, DOE identified 

12 as small businesses. Of the 12 small businesses contacted, DOE was able to reach and 

discuss potential standards with two. DOE also obtained information about small businesses and 

potential impacts on small businesses while interviewing large manufacturers. 

Within the PTAC and PTHP industry, DOE did not identify any small businesses that are 

original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) of equipment covered under this rulemaking. Rather, 

small businesses tend to import, rebrand, and distribute PTACs and PTHPs manufactured 

overseas, primarily in China. Some small businesses identified are original equipment 

manufacturers of non-standard size PTACs and PTHPs; however, non-standard equipment are 

not impacted by this rulemaking and therefore are not considered in this small business subgroup 

analysis. Chapter 12 of this TSD contains more details regarding the manufacturer impact 

analysis.

3.7 REGULATORY PROGRAMS

The following section details current regulatory programs mandating energy conservation 

standards for PTACs and PTHPs. Section 3.7.1 discusses current Federal energy conservation 

standards; section 3.7.2 discusses ASHRAE’s energy conservation standards; and section 3.7.3

3-7 
provides an overview of existing State standards. Sections 3.7.4 and 3.7.5 review standards in 

both Canada and Mexico that may affect the companies servicing the North American market.

3.7.1 Current Federal Energy Conservation Standards

For PTAC and PTHP equipment, the last final rule issued by DOE was on October 7, 

2008, which codified the amended standards and separated PTAC and PTHP equipment classes 

into sub-categories of standard size equipment and non-standard size equipment. 73 FR 58772 

The current standards are shown in Table 3.7.1. 

Table 3.7.1 Current Federal Energy Conservation Standards for PTACS and PTHPs

Equipment Class

Efficiency Level Compliance 

Date Equipment

Type

SubCategoryCooling 

Capacity

PTAC

Standard 

Size*

<7,000 Btu/h EER = 11.7 Oct. 8, 2012

≥7,000 Btu/h and 

≤15,000 Btu/h EER = 13.8 – (0.300 x Cap†

) Oct. 8, 2012

>15,000 Btu/h EER = 9.3 Oct. 8, 2012

NonStandard 

Size**

<7,000 Btu/h EER = 9.4 Oct. 7, 2010

≥7,000 Btu/h and 

≤15,000 Btu/h EER = 10.9 – (0.213 x Cap†

) Oct. 7, 2010

>15,000 Btu/h EER = 7.7 Oct. 7, 2010

PTHP

Standard 

Size*

<7,000 Btu/h EER = 11.9

COP = 3.3

Oct. 8, 2012

≥7,000 Btu/h and 

≤15,000 Btu/h

EER = 14.0 – (0.300 x Cap†)

COP = 3.7 – (0.052 x Cap†)

Oct. 8, 2012

>15,000 Btu/h EER = 9.5

COP = 2.9

Oct. 8, 2012

NonStandard 

Size**

<7,000 Btu/h EER = 9.3

COP = 2.7

Oct. 7, 2010

≥7,000 Btu/h and 

≤15,000 Btu/h

EER = 10.8 – (0.213 x Cap†)

COP = 2.9 – (0.026 x Cap†)

Oct. 7, 2010

>15,000 Btu/h EER = 7.6

COP = 2.5

Oct. 7, 2010

* Standard size refers to PTAC or PTHP equipment with wall sleeve dimensions greater than or equal to 16 inches 

high, or greater than or equal to 42 inches wide. 

** Non-standard size refers to PTAC or PTHP equipment with wall sleeve dimensions less than 16 inches high and 

less than 42 inches wide. 

†

 Cap means cooling capacity in kBtu/h at 95oF outdoor dry-bulb temperature. 

3.7.2 ASHRAE Energy Conservation Standards for PTACs and PTHPs

On October 9, 2013, ASHRAE adopted ASHRAE/IESNA/IES Standard 90.1-2013, 

which increased ASHRAE efficiency standards for standard size PTAC equipment to be equal to 

efficiency standards for standard size PTHP equipment. Table 3.7.2 shows the efficiency levels 

in ASHRAE/IESNA/IES Standard 90.1-2013 for PTACs and PTHPs.

3-8 
Table 3.7.2 ASHRAE/IESNA/IES Standard 90.1-2013 Energy Efficiency Levels for PTACs 

and PTHPs

Equipment Class Minimum Efficiency Equipment Category Cooling Capacity

PTAC

Standard 

Size*

<7,000 Btu/h EER = 11.9

≥7,000 Btu/h and 

≤15,000 Btu/h EER = 14.0 – (0.300 x Cap/1000†

)

>15,000 Btu/h EER = 9.5

NonStandard 

Size**

<7,000 Btu/h EER = 9.4

≥7,000 Btu/h and 

≤15,000 Btu/h EER = 10.9 – (0.213 x Cap/1000†

)

>15,000 Btu/h EER = 7.7

PTHP

Standard 

Size*

<7,000 Btu/h EER = 11.9

COP = 3.3

≥7,000 Btu/h and 

≤15,000 Btu/h

EER = 14.0 – (0.300 x Cap/1000†)

COP = 3.7 – (0.052 x Cap/1000†)

>15,000 Btu/h EER = 9.5

COP = 2.9

NonStandard 

Size**

<7,000 Btu/h EER = 9.3

COP = 2.7

≥7,000 Btu/h and 

≤15,000 Btu/h

EER = 10.8 – (0.213 x Cap/1000†)

COP = 2.9 – (0.026 x Cap/1000†)

>15,000 Btu/h EER = 7.6

COP = 2.5

* Standard size refers to PTAC or PTHP equipment with wall sleeve dimensions greater than or equal to 16 inches 

high, or greater than or equal to 42 inches wide. 

** Non-standard size refers to PTAC or PTHP equipment with wall sleeve dimensions less than 16 inches high and 

less than 42 inches wide. 

† Cap means cooling capacity in Btu/h at 95oF outdoor dry-bulb temperature. 

3.7.3 State Energy Conservation Standards

DOE recognizes that pursuant to EPCA, states may petition to have more stringent energy 

conservation standards than those codified into law by DOE (see 42 U.S.C. 6297(d)). DOE has 

not yet granted a petition to any state to establish more stringent energy conservation standards 

than the levels established by EPCA for PTACs and PTHPs.

3.7.4 Canadian Energy Conservation Standards

The Natural Resources Canada Office of Energy Efficiency regulation mandates 

minimum energy conservation standards for PTACs and PTHPs. These standards apply to 

factory-assembled PTACs and PTHPs intended for use in residential, commercial, and industrial 

heating and cooling systems.1

 The current standards went into effect November 15, 2006, and 

are shown in Table 3.7.3. The Canadian energy conservation standards for standard size PTACs 

and PTHPs are less stringent than the current U.S. standards for standard size PTACs and 

PTHPs. The Canadian energy conservation standards for non-standard size PTACs and PTHPs 

are identical to the current U.S. standards for non-standard size PTACs and PTHPs.

3-9 
Table 3.7.3 Canadian Energy Conservation Standards for PTACS and PTHPs

Equipment Type Minimum Efficiency Ratio

PTAC EER New Construction (cooling)* 12.5 - (0.213 x cap/293.1)†

(12.5 - (0.213 x cap/1000))

PTAC EER Replacement (cooling) 10.9 - (0.213 x cap/293.1)

(10.9 - (0.213 x cap/1000))

PTHP EER New Construction (cooling) 12.3 - (0.213 x cap/293.1)

(12.3 - (0.213 x cap/1000))

PTHP EER Replacement (cooling) 10.8 - (0.213 x cap/293.1)

(10.8 - (0.213 x cap/1000))

PTHP COP New Construction (heating)** 3.2 - (0.026 x cap/293.1)

(3.2 - (0.026 x cap/1000))

PTHP COP Replacement†† (heating) 2.9 - (0.026 x cap/293.1)

(2.9 - (0.026 x cap/1000))

*EER = Energy efficiency ratio – a ratio calculated by dividing the cooling capacity in Btu per hour by the power 

input in watts at any given set of rating conditions 

**COP =Coefficient of performance – a ratio for both the cooling and heating modes calculated by dividing the 

capacity expressed in watts by the power input in watts, excluding any supplementary heat 

†cap = The rated cooling capacity in watts (upper formula) or Btu/h (lower formula). 

††Replacement units are to be labeled according to the requirements of CAN/CSA C744-04 

3.7.5 Mexican Energy Conservation Standards

Although Mexico has minimum energy conservation standards for air conditioners and 

heat pumps in general, it currently does not have minimum energy conservation standards for 

PTACs and PTHPs. 

3.8 VOLUNTARY PROGRAMS

3.8.1 ENERGY STAR

ENERGY STAR,g a voluntary labeling program backed by the U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency (EPA) and DOE, identifies energy-efficient products through a qualification 

process. To qualify, a product must exceed Federal minimum standards by a specified amount, 

or if no Federal standard exists, exhibit selected energy saving features. The ENERGY STAR 

program recognizes the top quartile of products on the market, meaning that approximately 25 

g

 For more information, please visit www.energystar.gov. 

3-10 

 
percent of equipment on the market meet or exceed the ENERGY STAR levels. PTACs do not 

qualify for ENERGY STAR under the room air conditioner criteria, and there are currently no 

plans to develop ENERGY STAR criteria for PTACs and PTHPs. 2

3.8.2 Rebate Programs 

DOE has identified and reviewed various local utility rebate programs. These include the 

Platte River Power Authority (PRPA), Xcel Energy Cooling Efficiency Rebate Program, 

Modesto Irrigation District MPower Business Rebate Program, Shakopee Public Utilities Energy 

Efficiency Incentive Program, CPS Energy Savers Commercial Rebate Program, and the 

Southern California Edison (SCE) Multifamily Energy Efficiency Rebate Program.

Platte River Power Authority (PRPA), an organization that generates and delivers

electricity to its owner communities of Estes Park, Fort Collins, Longmont and Loveland, 

Colorado, offers customers cash rebates for upgrading standard and non-standard size PTACs 

and PTHPs to energy-efficient units through its Efficiency Works Rebate Program. The rebate 

includes all cooling capacities of PTACs that achieve or exceed 11.0 EER.3

Xcel Energy promotes the installation of energy-efficient equipment through the Cooling 

Efficiency Rebate Program. Rebates are available to the utility’s commercial customers. Under 

this program, commercial business with PTACs can receive a base payment of $65 per ton for 

units rated at 11.0 EER and $5 per ton for every incremental increase of 0.1 EER above base 

requirements. 4

 

Modesto Irrigation District’s MPower Business Rebate Program offers commercial, 

industrial, and agricultural customers cash rebates for the purchase and installation of energyefficient standard and non-standard size PTACs and PTHPs. Cash rebates of $75 per unit are 

available for units that meet minimum efficiency requirements, which vary by capacity. Units 

with capacity less than or equal to 7,000 Btu/h must meet a minimum 11.29 EER; units with 

capacity between 7,000 and 24,000 Btu/h must meet a minimum 10.27 EER.5

Shakopee Public Utilities promotes installation of energy-efficient equipment through the 

Commercial and Industrial Energy Efficiency Rebate Program. Rebates are available to the 

utility’s commercial customers. Under this program, commercial and industrial businesses 

installing PTACs and PTHPs can receive a rebate of $45 per ton of capacity for units that meet 

or exceed the minimum cooling efficiency, which is calculated using the equation below. 6

Minimum Efficiency (EER) = 12.8 − �0.213 × 

Cooling Capacity ( Btu

h )

1000 �

CPS Energy, the Nation’s largest municipally owned energy company, offers rebates for 

energy-efficient PTACs and PTHPs through the CPS Energy Savers Commercial Rebate 

Program. Rebates only apply to building improvement or retrofit projects and are not available 

for new construction projects. The rebate amounts are separated by two tiers of efficiency. A 

rebate of $65 per ton of cooling capacity is available for PTACs and PTHPs with EER of 11.5 or 

greater (and COP of 4.9 or greater for PTHPs). A rebate of $150 per ton of cooling capacity is 

3-11 
available for PTACs and PTHPs with EER of 12.5 or greater (and COP of 5.9 or greater for 

PTHPs).7

SCE offers rebates to business customers for standard and non-standard size PTAC and 

PTHP equipment through its Multifamily Energy Efficiency Rebate Program. The program 

provides a fixed $150 rebate for PTACs and PTHPs that have EER at least 20 percent above 

California’s appliance efficiency regulations, also known as Title 20. The rebate is valid for all 

units with cooling capacity below 24,000 Btu/h.8

 Under the California Code of Regulations, 

Title 20, Section 1605.1 b(2), PTACs and PTHPs energy conservation standards are calculated 

using the equations below, and are less stringent than current Federal PTAC and PTHP energy 

conservation standards.9

Minimum Efficiency (EER) = 10.0 − (0.00016 × Cooling Capacity (in Btu/h))

Minimum Efficiency (COP) = 1.3 + [0.16(10.0 − 0.00016 × Cooling Capacity (in Btu/h)]

3.9 SHIPMENTS 

Information about annual equipment shipment trends allows DOE to estimate the impacts 

of energy conservation standards on the PTAC and PTHP industry. Using data from AHRI 

estimates, DOE examined unit shipments and value of shipments for PTACs and PTHPs. More 

information about shipments for PTACs and PTHPs can be found in the shipments analysis 

section (Chapter 9) of the TSD.

3.9.1 Unit Shipments

Until 2010, the U.S. Census Bureau published an annual Current Industrial Report (CIR), 

which provided annual unit shipments and value of shipments for various industries including 

the PTAC and PTHP industry. However, the CIR has not published shipments data for PTACs 

or PTHPs since before 2008, due to data disclosure issues and to termination of the CIR series.10 

Table 3.9.1 presents the total shipments estimated by AHRI of the PTAC and PTHP 

industry from 2003-2012. The AHRI data shows a decrease in shipments between the 2003-07 

period and the 2008-12 period.

Table 3.9.1 AHRI Estimated Shipment Data for PTAC and PTHP Industry (Standard and 

Non-Standard)

Years Total Shipments Over All Years (Thousands of Units)

PTAC PTHP

2008-2012 1,105.9 986.0

2003-2007 1,352.3 1,068.8

3.9.2 Equipment Lifetime 

DOE reviewed available literature and consulted with manufacturers in order to establish 

typical equipment lifetimes. The literature and experts consulted offered a wide range of typical 

3-12 
equipment lifetimes. Individuals with previous experience in manufacturing or distribution of 

PTACs and PTHPs suggested a typical lifetime of 5 to 10 years. Some experts suggested that the 

lifetime could be even lower because of the daily or continuous use of the equipment and neglect 

of maintenance such as cleaning the heat exchangers or replacing the air filters. In addition, the 

equipment is typically replaced about every 5 years for cosmetic reasons during remodeling in 

lodging applications. The 2000 Screening Analysis for EPACT-Covered Commercial Heating, 

Ventilating and Air-Conditioning and Water-Heating Equipment report (commonly referred to as

the 2000 Screening Analysis) used a 15-year lifetime for PTACs and PTHPs based on data from 

ASHRAE’s 1995 Handbook of HVAC Applications.

11 For this PTAC and PTHP rulemaking, 

DOE assumed the equipment lifetime for PTACs and PTHPs to be 10 years based on the review 

of available literature and manufacturer information. More information about PTAC and PTHP 

equipment lifetime is available in the life-cycle cost and payback period analyses section 

(Chapter 8) of this TSD. 

3.10 MARKET CHARACTERIZATION

DOE combined information from the 2013 AHRI Directory of Certified Product 

Performance (2013 AHRI directory) with other publicly available data from manufacturer 

catalogs of PTACs and PTHPs to develop an understanding of the industry. 12 The database 

contains information such as manufacturer name, model number, cooling capacity, EER, COP

where applicable, heating capacity where applicable, and wall sleeve dimensions. To maintain 

consistency in the analysis, DOE divided the data into standard and non-standard size 

classifications in the database based on DOE’s equipment classes. Figure 3.2.1 and Figure 3.2.2

show the distribution of standard size PTACs and PTHPs respectively in the 2012 AHRI 

directory.

Figure 3.2.1 Number of Certified Standard Size PTAC Models by Cooling Capacity – 2013

AHRI Directory and Manufacturer Catalogs

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

6,8007,2007,6008,0008,4008,8009,2009,600

10,00010,40010,80011,20011,60012,00012,40012,80013,20013,60014,00014,40014,80015,20015,60016,00016,40016,800

Number of Certified Models

Cooling Capacity (Btu/h)

3-13 
Figure 3.2.2 Number of Certified Standard Size PTHP Models by Cooling Capacity – 2013

AHRI Directory and Manufacturer Catalogs

The standard size PTAC models listed in the 2013 AHRI directory and manufacturers’ 

catalogs may be grouped into several clusters of cooling capacity. These range from 6,800 Btu/h 

to 7,800 Btu/h; 8,600 Btu/h to 9,800 Btu/h; 11,200 Btu/h to 12,800 Btu/h; and 14,000 Btu/h to 

15,100 Btu/h. Standard size PTHPs may be similarly clustered, with cluster ranges from 7,000 

Btu/h to 7,800 Btu/h; 8,800 Btu/h to 9,800 Btu/h; 11,200 Btu/h to 12,800 Btu/h; and 14,000 

Btu/h to 15,000 Btu/h.

Figure 3.2.3 and Figure 3.2.4 show the distribution of non-standard size PTACs and 

PTHPs respectively from the 2013 AHRI directory and other manufacturer catalogs.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

6,8007,2007,6008,0008,4008,8009,2009,600

10,00010,40010,80011,20011,60012,00012,40012,80013,20013,60014,00014,40014,80015,20015,60016,00016,40016,800

Number of Certified Models

Cooling Capacity (Btu/h)

3-14 
Figure 3.2.3 Non-Standard Size PTAC Models by Cooling Capacity – 2013 AHRI 

Directory and Manufacturer Catalogs

Figure 3.2.4 Non-Standard Size PTHP Models by Cooling Capacity – 2013 AHRI 

Directory and Manufacturer Catalogs

The non-standard size PTAC models listed in the 2013 AHRI directory and 

manufacturers’ catalogs may be grouped into several clusters of cooling capacity. These range 

from 7,000 Btu/h to 7,800 Btu/h; 8,800 Btu/h to 9,800 Btu/h; 11,200 Btu/h to 12,800 Btu/h; and 

14,000 Btu/h to 15,000 Btu/h.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

6,8007,2007,6008,0008,4008,8009,2009,600

10,00010,40010,80011,20011,60012,00012,40012,80013,20013,60014,00014,40014,80015,20015,60016,00016,40016,800

Number of Certified Models

Cooling Capacity (Btu/h)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

6,8007,2007,6008,0008,4008,8009,2009,600

10,00010,40010,80011,20011,60012,00012,40012,80013,20013,60014,00014,40014,80015,20015,60016,00016,40016,800

Number of Certified Models

Cooling Capacity (Btu/h)

3-15 
3.11 TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT 

This section provides a technology assessment for PTAC and PTHP equipment. The 

purpose of the technology assessment is to develop a preliminary list of technologies that could 

potentially be used to improve the efficiency of PTACs and PTHPs. The following assessment 

provides descriptions of technologies and designs that apply to all equipment classes of PTACs 

and PTHPs.

Contained in this technology assessment are details about equipment characteristics and 

operation (section 3.11.1), an examination of possible technological improvements (section 

3.11.2), and a characterization of the equipment efficiency levels currently commercially 

available (section 3.11.3). 

3.11.1 Baseline Equipment Components and Operation

In preparation for the screening analysis and engineering analysis (Chapters 4 and 5 of 

the TSD, respectively), DOE identified several possible technology options and examined the 

most common efficiency improvements used today. These identified technologies will provide a 

deeper understanding of the technological improvements used to increase the energy 

conservation of PTACs and PTHPs.

The baseline PTAC is an air conditioner that incorporates a complete air-cooled 

refrigeration and air-handling system in an individual package. Each PTAC has a self-contained, 

direct-expansion (DX) cooling system and packaged control including electromechanical 

function switches. Models may feature various heating options (electric, hot water, or steam). 

The basic PTAC DX cooling system is composed of a compressor (typically a rotary 

compressor), an evaporator, and a condenser. Other components of the PTAC include a fan and 

fan motor, a thermostat, outer casing, and a wall sleeve. Manufacturers typically differentiate 

high-efficiency models from basic models by installing any combination of the following: a 

higher efficiency compressor, digital controls with energy savings settings, automatic fan 

controls, higher efficiency fan motors, multiple fans, or a more efficient heat exchanger. 

3.11.2 Technology Options

DOE uses information about existing and past technology options and prototype designs 

to help identify technologies that manufacturers could use to improve the efficiency of PTACs 

and PTHPs. This assessment provides the technical background and structure on which DOE 

bases its screening analysis (Chapter 4 of this TSD) and engineering analyses (Chapter 5). In 

surveying PTAC and PTHP technology options, DOE considered a wide assortment of 

equipment literature, information derived from the teardown analysis, information derived from 

the stakeholder interviews, and the previous DOE energy conservation standards rulemaking for 

air-conditioning products and equipment. 

Table 3.11.1 lists all of the potential technology options considered, including options 

listed in the Framework Document and options suggested in stakeholder comments, for 

improving energy efficiency of PTACs and PTHPs.

3-16 
Table 3.11.1 Potential Technology Options for Improving Energy Efficiency of PTACs and 

PTHPs

Compressor Improvements

• Scroll Compressors

• Variable-speed Compressors

• Higher Efficiency Compressors

Complex Control Boards

Condenser and evaporator fan and fan motor improvements:

• Higher Efficiency Fan Motors

• Clutched Motor Fans

Microchannel Heat Exchangers

Rifled Interior Heat Exchanger Tube Walls

Increased Heat Exchanger Area

Hydrophobic Material Treatment of Heat Exchangers

Re-circuiting Heat Exchanger Coils

Improved Air Flow and Fan Design

Heat Pipes

Corrosion Protection

Thermostatic Expansion Valve

Alternate Refrigerants (such as HCFC-32)

3.11.3 Energy Efficiency

Using a list of PTAC and PTHP models assembled from the 2013 AHRI directory and 

manufacturer catalogues, DOE examined the relationship between EER and cooling capacity for 

PTACs and PTHPs of both standard and non-standard size categories. Figure 3.2.5 and Figure 

3.2.6 show the relationship between EER and cooling capacity for certified models of standard 

size PTACs and PTHPs, respectively, listed in the 2013 AHRI Directory. These figures also 

identify the current Federal energy conservation standards (ECS), and the ASHRAE/IESNA/IES 

Standard 90.1-2013 efficiency levels. 

3-17 
Figure 3.2.5 Standard Size PTAC EER versus Cooling Capacity – 2013 AHRI Directory

As shown in Figure 3.2.5, the EER of standard size PTACs generally decreases as 

cooling capacity increases. All of the certified standard size PTAC units are above Federal 

minimum efficiency levels, while close to 80 percent are at or above ANSI/ASHRAE/IES

Standard 90.1-2013 efficiency levels. 

Figure 3.2.6 Standard Size PTHP EER versus Cooling Capacity – 2013 AHRI Directory

As with PTACs, Figure 3.2.6 shows the EER of standard size PTHPs decreases as 

cooling capacity increases. All of the certified standard size PTHP units are above Federal 

8.0

9.0

10.0

11.0

12.0

13.0

14.0

6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000 18,000

EER (Btu/Wh)

Cooling Capacity (Btu/h)

2012 Standard Size PTAC ECS

ANSI/ASHRAE/IES 90.1-2013

8.0

9.0

10.0

11.0

12.0

13.0

14.0

6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000 18,000

EER (Btu/Wh)

Cooling Capacity (Btu/h)

2012 Standard Size PTHP ECS

ANSI/ASHRAE/IES 90.1-2013

3-18 
minimum efficiency levels, which are equivalent to ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1-2013 efficiency 

levels. 

Figure 3.2.7 and Figure 3.2.8 demonstrate the relationship between EER and cooling 

capacity for non-standard size PTACs and PTHPs respectively. These figures also identify the 

current Federal ECS and the ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1-2013 efficiency levels for nonstandard size equipment.

Figure 3.2.7 Non-Standard Size PTAC EER versus Cooling Capacity – 2013 AHRI 

Directory and Manufacturers’ Catalogs

Figure 3.2.8 Non-Standard Size PTHP EER versus Cooling Capacity – 2013 AHRI 

Directory and Manufacturers’ Catalogs

7.0

8.0

9.0

10.0

11.0

12.0

13.0

 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000 18,000

EER (Btu/Wh)

Cooling Capacity (Btu/h)

2012 Non-Standard Size PTAC ECS

ANSI/ASHRAE/IES 90.1-2013

7.0

8.0

9.0

10.0

11.0

12.0

13.0

 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000 18,000

EER (Btu/Wh)

Cooling Capacity (Btu/h)

2012 Non-Standard Size PTHP ECS

ANSI/ASHRAE/IES 90.1-2013

3-19 
Similar to standard size PTACs, the EER of a non-standard size PTAC decreases as 

cooling capacity increases. All of the reviewed non-standard size PTAC units excepts one model 

are rated at or above Federal minimum efficiency levels, which are equivalent to 

ANSI/ASHRAE/IES 90.1-2013 efficiency levels. All of the reviewed non-standard size PTHP 

units are rated at or above Federal minimum and ANSI/ASHRAE/IES 90.1-2013 efficiency 

levels.

DOE also examined the relationship between COP and cooling capacity for standard size 

and non-standard size PTHPs, shown in Figure 3.2.9 and Figure 3.2.10, respectively. These 

figures also identify the current Federal ECS and the ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1-2013 

efficiency levels for standard size and non-standard size equipment. 

Figure 3.2.9 Standard Size PTHP COP versus Cooling Capacity – 2013 AHRI Directory

Figure 3.2.10 Non-Standard Size PTHP COP versus Cooling Capacity – 2013 AHRI 

Directory and Other Publicly Available Data

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000 18,000

COP (no unit)

Cooling Capacity (Btu/h)

2012 Standard Size PTHP ECS

ANSI/ASHRAE/IES 90.1-2013

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000 18,000

COP (no unit)

Cooling Capacity (Btu/h)

2012 Non-Standard Size PTHP ECS

ANSI/ASHRAE/IES 90.1-2013

3-20 
As with EER, COP tends to decrease with cooling capacity. COP levels for all of the 

reviewed standard size PTHP units are above Federal efficiency levels, which are equivalent to 

ANSI/ASHRAE/IES 90.1-2013 efficiency levels. COP levels for all of the reviewed nonstandard size PTHP units meet or exceed the Federal minimum and ANSI/ASHRAE/IES 90.1-

2013 efficiency levels.

3-21 
1

 Canada Natural Resources-Office of Energy Efficiency. Packaged Terminal Air 

Conditioners and Heat Pumps – Proposed Minimum EER for PTAC/HP November 2006. 

December 17, 2013. http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/node/6923 (Last accessed 7/16/14)

2

 ENERGY STAR. Are Packaged Terminal Air Conditioners (PTACs) and Packaged 

Terminal Heat Pumps (PTHPs) ENERGY STAR qualified? 2011. 

http://energystar.supportportal.com/link/portal/23002/23018/Article/13998/ArePackaged-Terminal-Air-Conditioners-PTACs-and-Packaged-Terminal-Heat-PumpsPTHPs-ENERGY-STAR-qualified. (Last accessed 7/17/14)

3

 Efficiency Works. Efficiency Works Rebate Application. 2013. 

http://www.efficiencyworks.co/files/xls/ewapp.xls. (Last accessed 8/22/14)

4

 Xcel Energy. Cooling Efficiency 2013/2014 Cooling Equipment Rebate Application. 

2013. https://www.xcelenergy.com/staticfiles/xe/Marketing/Files/CO-Bus-CoolingEquipment-Rebate-Application.pdf. (Last accessed 08/22/2014)

5

 Modesto Irrigation District. MPower Business 2014 Express Rebate Catalog. 2013. 

http://www.mid.org/rebates/commercial/documents/CommCatalog_002.pdf. (Last 

accessed 8/22/14)

6

 Shakopee Public Utilities. 2014 Efficient Heating & Cooling: Rebate Requirements & 

Claim Sheet. 2013. http://spucweb.com/wp-content/uploads/2014-Heating-andCooling-Commercial.pdf. (Last accessed 8/22/14)

7

 CPS Energy. Commercial HVAC Rebate Matrix. 2013. 

http://www.cpsenergysavers.com/docs/commercial-documents/commercial-hvacvariable-refrigerant-flow-ac-matrix.pdf. (Last accessed 8/22/14)

8

 Southern California Edision. Multifamily Energy Efficiency Rebate Program. January 1, 

2013. https://www.sce.com/wps/wcm/connect/94cded9e-f114-41ee-b833-

46beec00f0ee/2013-2014+SCE+MFEER+Program+Application.pdf?MOD=AJPERES. 

(Last accessed 8/22/14)

3-22 

REFERENCES 
9

 State of California Energy Commission. California Code of Regulations: Title 20. Public 

Utilities and Energy. 2013. http://www.energy.ca.gov/2014publications/CEC-140-2014-

002/CEC-140-2014-002.pdf. (Last accessed 8/22/2014)

10 “Table 2. Quantity and Value of Shipments of Refrigeration, Air-Conditioning, and 

Warm Air Heating Equipment: 2010 and 2009.” 2009 - 2010 Current Industrial Reports 

(CIR). U.S. Census Bureau, June 2014.

11 U.S. Department of Energy-Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. Energy 

Conservation Program for Consumer Products: Screening Analysis for EPACT-Covered 

Commercial HVAC and Water-Heating Equipment Screening Analysis. April 2000.

12 Air-Conditioning, Heating, and Refrigeration Institute. AHRI Directory Of Certified 

Performance. 2013.

https://www.ahridirectory.org/ahridirectory/pages/ptac/defaultSearch.aspx. (Last 

accessed 7/19/14)

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