SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY

APPELLATE DIVISION

DOCKET NO. A-1951-16T1

FRANCES RICHBURG (deceased),

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

ESTATE OF ROY RICHBURG,

Defendant-Respondent.

Argued October 11, 2018 – Decided November 2, 2018

Before Judges Koblitz, Currier, and Mayer.

On appeal from Superior Court of New Jersey, 

Chancery Division, Hudson County, Docket No. C000074-15.

Brian T. Flanagan argued the cause for appellant 

(Vyzas & Associates, PC, attorneys; Vincas M. Vyzas, 

of counsel; Brian T. Flanagan, on the brief). 

Respondent has not filed a brief.

PER CURIAM

NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE

APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION

This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the 

internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
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In this action to quiet title, plaintiff Frances Richburg sought to set aside 

the deeds transferring title to Frances's son,

1 defendant, Estate of Roy Richburg,2

for a property located in Jersey City (property). Frances alleged that prior to 

Roy's death, he obtained the property through "forgery, fraud, undue influence"

and inadequate consideration. Following Frances's death, her daughter, Martha 

Richburg Bolding, on leave granted by the trial court, filed an amended 

complaint in her capacity as the individual plaintiff and the co-executor of her 

mother's estate. 

After learning there was a newly filed probate action in Kings County, 

New York regarding Frances's will, the Chancery court dismissed this action on 

forum non conveniens grounds. A review of the record and applicable principles

of law constrain us to reverse the court's order as there is no other viable 

alternative forum in which plaintiff may seek recovery.

Frances's husband, Allan, died intestate in 1992, and was survived by 

Frances and their six children. At the time of his death, Allan held title to the 

property. Frances was the administrator of Allan's estate but it was not settled

 

1 We use the parties' first names for the ease of the reader as they all share a 

common last name.

2 Roy passed away prior to the institution of Frances's suit.
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prior to her death in 2015. Both Frances and Allan were New York residents at 

the time of their deaths. In April 2016, an action was filed in Kings County to 

appoint a new administrator for Allan's estate. 

Although several case management orders were executed in this action,

no discovery had taken place following Frances's death, because no one had 

authorization to approve or respond to discovery demands. Upon Martha's 

substitution as plaintiff, her counsel determined that Allan may have owned the 

property exclusively and not in common or by the entirety with Frances, as was 

previously thought. As a result, Martha presented orders to show cause for her 

appointment as temporary administrator ad litem for both of her parents' estates

in this action.

On the order to show cause return date, the Chancery judge referred to a 

letter sent to him from defendant's counsel, not in opposition to plaintiff's

application, but instead providing information about the probate of Frances's

will in Kings County, New York.3 Counsel also attached Frances's will. During 

 

3 Defendant advised a petition to probate Frances's will had been accepted and 

docketed but no further action had occurred.
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the hearing, defendant's counsel referred to the "telephone conversation" he had 

with the judge, who told him to bring certain papers to the hearing.

4

The judge acknowledged the only application before him was Martha's 

appointment as a limited administrator to prosecute the quiet title action on 

behalf of her parents' estates, and that it was unknown if Frances's will would 

be contested in New York. Nevertheless, the judge declared Frances's county

of residence was "the convenient forum for a resolution of the allegations that 

are raised in this docket number." The judge also told plaintiff she had 

"significant issues of proof" to overcome on this issue.

Plaintiff reminded the court there were two applications before it; Martha 

also sought the temporary administration of Allan's estate, which was not 

affected by any potential probate action concerning Frances's will in New York.

Furthermore, the Chancery action involved inter vivos transfers pertaining to the

property located in New Jersey. Notwithstanding, the judge gave counsel two 

weeks5to brief the issue of forum non conveniens, stating: "Unless you convince 

me otherwise, this case will be dismissed without prejudice to the heirs of 

 

4 These papers were not previously submitted to the court.

5 The order gave plaintiff one week to file her papers.
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Frances Richburg pursuing whatever claims they may have in the forum of 

Kings County, whether it's a Surrogate court or some other court."

Prior to the next hearing, the judge's law clerk emailed counsel requesting 

defendant obtain a certification from the attorney handling the probate matter in 

Kings County advising of that action's status. No certification was ever 

provided.

During oral argument in November 2016, plaintiff asserted the Chancery 

matter involved a dispute about a deed to a New Jersey property, distinct from 

any dispute that might occur regarding Frances's will in New York. In addition, 

counsel advised the statute of limitations in New York governing a quiet title 

action was ten years. Therefore, plaintiff's action was barred in New York as 

the claims pertained to deeds executed in 1997 and 2004. New Jersey's 

applicable statute of limitations was twenty years and plaintiff had filed her 

action well within that timeframe. Plaintiff cited to Gantes v. Kason 

Corporation, 145 N.J. 478, 499 (1996), and argued, under its holding, that a 

court should not dismiss a case on forum non conveniens grounds if a plaintiff 

will be left without a forum to seek recovery.

In a November 30, 2016 written statement of reasons, the Chancery judge 

conducted a forum non conveniens analysis, weighing the public and private 
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factors under D'Agostino v. Johnson & Johnson, Inc., 225 N.J. Super. 250, 263 

(App. Div. 1988), and determined New York was the proper venue for this 

action. The judge explained that "this case is intrinsically intertwined with the 

actions pending in Kings County Surrogate's Court [because] . . . [t]here would 

be identical issues, albeit over different timeframes[,] of [ ] undue influence and 

fraud." In addressing Martha's argument that New York's statute of limitations 

would bar her from recovery, the judge posited that "equitable principles may 

apply" to permit plaintiff to bring her action in New York. The complaint was 

dismissed without prejudice.

Plaintiff argues on appeal that the Chancery court erred in dismissing the 

action on forum non conveniens grounds as defendant did not meet its burden to 

justify a dismissal and the court's order divests plaintiff of any viable forum in 

which to pursue her action. Because of the substantial likelihood there is no 

other forum in which Martha may seek recovery, we reverse.

The doctrine of forum non conveniens "is equitable in nature and, 

therefore, decisions concerning its application ordinarily are left to the sound

discretion of the trial court." Kurzke v. Nissan Motor Corp. in U.S.A., 164 N.J. 

159, 165 (2000) (citations omitted). When a court granting a forum non

conveniens dismissal "misconceives the applicable law . . . de novo review is 
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required because the [trial court's] exercise of the legal discretion lacks a 

foundation and becomes an arbitrary act[.]" Paradise Enter.'s Ltd. v. Sapir, 356 

N.J. Super. 96, 102 (App. Div. 2002) (alteration in original) (citations and 

internal quotation marks omitted). "When this occurs it is the duty of the 

reviewing court to adjudicate the controversy in the light of the applicable law 

in order that a manifest denial of justice be avoided." Ibid.

Under New Jersey law, "[t]he general rule in a forum non conveniens

analysis favors retention of jurisdiction, unless the forum is manifestly 

inappropriate." Amn. Home Prods. Corp. v. Adriatic Ins. Co., 286 N.J. Super. 

24, 35 (App. Div. 1995). Furthermore, our Supreme Court has cautioned "if the 

transfer will result in significant hardship to the plaintiffs" a court "may not

dismiss the action under the doctrine of forum non conveniens." Gantes, 145 

N.J. at 499. 

In Gantes, the Court found the plaintiff had demonstrated a significant 

hardship sufficient to avert the dismissal of the New Jersey suit where the claims 

were time barred under the alternative state's statute of repose. Ibid. "[W]here 

the plaintiff will be so adversely affected by the transfer of jurisdiction, the court 

may not dismiss the action under the doctrine of forum non conveniens." Ibid.

See Yousef v. Gen. Dynamics Corp., 205 N.J. 543, 559 (2011) (adopting 
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Gantes's significant hardship rule and denying the forum non conveniens

dismissal motion in a personal injury case where the accident occurred in South 

Africa but the plaintiffs resided and worked in New Jersey); see also Greely v. 

Greely, 194 N.J. 168, 177 (2008) (acknowledging Gantes's significant hardship 

rule in rejecting the plaintiff's forum non conveniens claim in a child custody 

case).

New Jersey has a twenty-year statute of limitations to recover title to real 

estate. See N.J.S.A. 2A:14-6 to -7. In New York, a ten-year statute of 

limitations governs actions to "quiet title" to real property. See N.Y. C.P.L.R. §

212(a). Here, the deeds Martha seeks to set aside are dated 1997 and 2004. This 

action was filed in New Jersey in 2015, within the twenty-year statute of 

limitations. However, the action would be untimely if filed in New York and

Martha, therefore, would be denied recovery. As a result, the trial court erred 

in dismissing the suit on forum non conveniens grounds.

We briefly address the issue of burden of proof. We have stated that the 

doctrine of forum non conveniens is premised on the principle "that a court may 

dismiss a case when the forum selected by a plaintiff — despite the existence of 

jurisdiction and venue — is so inconvenient that it would be unfair to the 

defendant to conduct its defense of the claim in that location." Varo v. Owens-
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Illinois Inc., 400 N.J. Super. 508, 518 (App. Div. 2008). "[T]he entity invoking 

the doctrine . . . bears the burden of establishing that New Jersey is not a 

convenient forum for this litigation." In re Vioxx Litig., 395 N.J. Super. 358,

364 (2007) (citing Piper Aircraft Co. v. Reyno, 454 U.S. 235, 255 (1981)).

"Once a court of competent jurisdiction entertains the action, only a strong 

showing of very great hardship upon defendant will defeat further proceedings 

in the forum." Amercoat Corp. v. Reagent Chem. & Research, Inc., 108 N.J. 

Super. 331, 346 (App. Div. 1970). 

Here, defendant did not file a motion to dismiss the New Jersey action on

forum non conveniens grounds. Instead, after a letter and telephone call with 

defendant's counsel, the court raised the issue sua sponte and improperly placed 

the burden on Martha to retain jurisdiction in New Jersey. As a result, defendant 

has not shown "a very great hardship" requiring a dismissal of the action.

Although the Chancery court found the probate and title actions were 

"intertwined," requiring prosecution of the action in New York, New Jersey is 

the only state that can adjudicate title to the property. Higginbotham v. 

Higginbotham, 92 N.J. Super. 18, 33 (App. Div. 1966) ("[I]t is universally held 

that a court of one state cannot directly affect or determine the title to land in 

another state.") (citations omitted). Furthermore, the fact that witnesses reside 
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in Brooklyn and other parts of New York does not establish that Frances's choice

of forum was "demonstrably inappropriate." See Chubb Custom Ins. Co. v. 

Prudential Ins. Co. of Am., 394 N.J. Super. 71, 81-82 (App. Div. 2007) 

(reversing trial court's forum non conveniens dismissal as abuse of discretion 

because the balance of factors did not favor defendant, and plaintiff was entitled 

to deference in choice of forum). 

At the time of the Chancery court's order, defendant had only presented 

information that Frances's will had been submitted to probate in Kings County.

There was no evidence the will would be contested. Although the judge 

requested defendant provide a certification from New York probate counsel, it

was never supplied. Furthermore, the issues in the Chancery action were distinct

from any that might be presented in a will contest. Here, plaintiff sought a 

determination as to who rightly held title to the property before Frances died, 

not a decision as to who inherited the property after Frances's death. Without 

any other available forum to make the property title determination, and no 

demonstrable "very great hardship" to defendant, the action was properly venued 

in New Jersey. 

Reversed and remanded for further proceedings. We do not retain 

jurisdiction.