Opinion filed August 21 , 20 2 4



### In The 

# Eleventh Court of Appeals

__________ No. 11

- 2 3

- 001 26

- C V

__________ JOHN DEATON AND DEATON LAW FIRM, LLC , Appellant s V. LAW OFFICES OF STEVEN M. JOHNSON, P.C. , Appellee

On Appeal from the 48th District Court Tarrant County , Texas Trial Court Cause No. 048

- 283747

- 16

O P I N I O N At tim es, minor disagreements and contrasting views evolve into lingering and contentious litigation. In the eyes of many, disputes of this nature are never

ending and fade into an abyss. This case

— as other courts have also noted

— is no exception. The matter before us concerns the latest chapter in the parties ’ ongoing feud , which has spanned decades, over the distribution of attorney’s fees. The parties have battle d o ver this issue in numerous state and federal courts in Texas

— at all levels of the judiciary

— and in other venues beyond our state’s borders ; however, none of2 these courts , or the arbitration tribunals to whom these courts have deferred, ha ve determined the merits of the parties ’ core dispute . We do so today.
Here , 1 Appellants, John Deaton and Deaton Law Firm, challenge the trial
court’s grant of the motion to compel arbitration filed by Appellee , the Law Offices of Steven M. Johnson, P.C., a nd its order confirm ing the arbitrator’s final award. In three issues, Appellants contend that (1) the trial court erred when it compelled arbitration because no signed arbitration agreement existed between the parties , (2) vacatur of the arbitrat or’s award i s warranted because arbitration without an agreement to arbitrate is an abuse of authority , which is an express ground for vacatur under both the Federal Arbitration Act (FAA) and the Texas General Arbitration Act (TGAA) , and (3) a mandatory forum selection clause and an already

pending law suit in another jurisdiction prohibited the parties from arbitrating in this

case

. For the reasons expressed below, w e affirm.

1 Appellants o riginally appealed to the Second Court of Appeals . T his appeal was subsequently transferred to our court by order of the Texas Supreme Court after the seven justices of the Second Court of Appeals recused. See T EX

. G OV ’ T C ODE A NN

. § 73.001(a) (West Supp. 2023 ) ; Miles v. Ford Motor Co. , 914 S.W.2d 135, 137 (Tex. 1995); see also T EX

. R. A PP

. P. 16.2 (grounds for recusal of an appellate court justice or judge ); T EX

. R. C IV

. P. 18b(b) (grounds for recusal). As the transferee court, we must decide the issues raised in this appeal in accordance with the precedent of the Second Court of Appeals if its precedent conflicts with ours

. See T EX

. R. A PP

. P. 41.3.3 I. Factual and Procedural Background This appeal is the nex t e dition 2 to a n already tortur ed procedural chronicle “that exceeds all bounds of reasonable behavior.” 3 At the bottom of this litigious bog lies an unpleasant truth. Working together in mass tort litigation that involv ed hernia repair Kugel Mesh , from approximately 2008 to 2015, the parties agreed to share attorney’s fees that were generated from that litigation. Eventually , their relationship soured and, rather tha n resolving their disagreements in a civil manner , for years they have opted to engage in costly , prolonged, and largely ineffective litigation across the full gamut of available dispute resolution mediums

— including filings in multiple state and federal trial and appellate courts, as well as engaging in, at times over objection, mediati on and arbitration. Because the context of the parties’ unraveled relationship is important to our analysis, we review the background of their dispute s and resulting battles in grave detail. 4

2 See In re: All Individual Kugel Mesh Cases , No . PC

- 2008

- 9999, 2022 WL 19705089 , at *1

– 9 ( R.I. Sup er . Ct. Nov. 1 0 , 2022 ) ( providing an exhaustive review of the relevant background and history of the parties’ dispute s ); Deaton v. Johnson , C.A. No. 22

- 187WES, 2023 WL 3158933 , at *1 n.1 (D. R.I

. Apr

. 26, 2023) (recounting the abundant decisions , opinions, and orders pertaining to the parties’ dispute s )

. Additionally, the United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas , Fort Worth Division, recently dismissed the claims that Appellants asserted against Appellee and others for breach of contract, fraud and fraud in the inducement, tortious interference, and conspiracy , because the se claims had already been litigated and adjudicated or could have been litigated or adjudicated in the arbitration proceeding underl ying this appeal

. See Deaton v. Johnson , No. 4:23

- CV

- 00415

- O, 2024 WL 920082 (N.D. Tex. Mar

. 4, 2024) (slip op.)

.
3 The Hon orable Mark Whittington , the a rbitrator in the underlying proceeding , who is also a former state district court judge and a former j ustice of the Fifth Court of Appeals sitting in Dallas, keenly describ ed this feud as an “extraordinary dispute” in which “ [ b ] oth sides have engaged in unprofessional conduct and their actions have benefitted neither themselves nor their clients.” We agree

.
4 Here, w e focus primarily on Appellants’ conduct because it is their conduct that determines whether they “embraced” the ARAs under the doctrine of direct benefits estoppel. This focus does not imply that either party ’s behavior was more or less unreasonable as th eir dispute s percolated over t ime

.4 A. The Parties’ Original Agreements Th e genesis of the parties’ relationship began in 2008, when Appellee began fil ing lawsuits in Rhode Island and elsewhere on behalf of numerous cl ien ts 5 alleging that the clients’ injuries and conditions were caused by defective Kugel Mesh implants that were manufactured by C.R. Bard , Inc., and its subsidiary Davol,
Inc

. (following the parties’ style in their briefs, we will refer to the manufacturer

defendants collectively as Bard/Davol )

. Appellee, a Texas law firm, e xecut ed an Attorney Representation Agreement (ARA) with each client , including Moreno

. T he ARAs specif y that they (1) were e xecut ed in Tarrant County, (2) are to be construed pursuant to Texas law, (3) are performable in Texas, (4) permit Appellee to retain associate counsel to represent the clients, and (5) require the clients and Appellee to arbitrate “any dispute arising from the interpretation, performance, or breach” of the agreement in Fort Worth. In connection with some of the ARAs, and through a general fee

- sharing agreement, Appellee engaged Appellants to act as local counsel for Appellee by filing Kugel Mesh lawsuits in a Rhode Island s uperior c ourt. Initially, the parties to this appeal agreed that Appellants would receive five percent of all attorney’s fees that were ultimately recovered in the lawsuits that they filed as local counsel for Appellee. This fee

- sharing agreement, which is expressed in an e

- mail from Appellee to Appellants, is reproduced below:

5 One such client i s Margaret Moreno, the original plaintiff in the underlying law suit that generated this appeal

. Moreno originally filed a legal malpractice action against both Appellee and Appellants and moved to compel arbitration. Appellee answered and filed cross

- claims against Appellants. Moreno later nonsuited her claims.5 As further stated below, t he parties later agreed to increase Appellants’ attorney’s fee recovery to ten percent :

Appellants filed 176 Kugel Mesh lawsuits in a Rhode Island s uperior c ourt as local counsel for Appellee. Appellee prepared each individual client’s original complaint and sent them to Appellants, who filed the complaints in the s uperior c ourt. The parties also agreed that Appellants would file and argue any motions regarding the reduction of certain fees related to the mass tort litigation and that Appellee would consider paying a bonus to Appellants based on the results of these additional efforts

. B. The Patton Referral Appellee also filed Kugel Mesh lawsuits in federal court , which were later consolidated with other pending lawsuits into a multi

- district litigation (MDL)6 docket in the United States Court for the District of Rhode Island. After the federal district court there slated one of Appellee’s lawsuits , for a p laintiff named Rickie
Patton , as a bellwether case in the MDL proceedings, 6 Appellee and Appellants executed a separate referral agreement , reproduced below, through which the y agreed that Appellants would serve as Patton’s lead trial counsel , and Appellee would receive one
- third of the re covered fees :

Th is agreement was executed in August 2012. At the outset, Appellants asserted that , by this agreement , Appellee relinquished settlement authority to the m for the
Patton lawsuit ; however, Appellants later conceded that this was not so . Appellants

“ [ f ] ront [ ed ] tens of thousands of dollars” to develop Patton’s lawsuit for trial, including conducting nine depositions, propounding discovery, retaining and deposing experts, and engaging in motion practice. Appellee reimbursed Appellants for some of the costs asso ciated with their efforts

. In this regard, Appellant Deaton stated that he essentially put his entire law practice on hold for approximately six months so that he could focus exclusively on the Patton lawsuit

.

6 See All Individual Kugel Mesh Cases , 2022 WL 19705089, at *1

.7 T he Patton lawsuit morphed into a momentous point of contention between the parties , who , not surprisingly, contest the facts underlying that dispute

. Patton’s lawsuit was selected as a bellwether case by Bard/Davol. “Bellwether” lawsuits help establish a “ party liability ” baseline for similar lawsuits

. As such, rather than proceeding to trial in every individual lawsuit , the parties litigate a small number of bellwether lawsuits , the results of which serve as benchmarks that can extrapolate the “floor” and the “ceiling” of settlement values for all such lawsuits . Typically, the defendants and the plaintiffs in the se cases are both permitted to select some of the lawsuits that will be tried as bellwether cases. Consequently, product liability defendants like Bard/Davol would select lawsuits that had very poor prospects of establish ing liability for those defendants as bellwether cases, while plaintiffs would select focal cases that best present ed their theory of product liability. Regarding Patton’s lawsuit , Appellee believed that “enormous problems” existed with it , namely that Patton had a preexisting medical history of developing hernias, which complicated proving a causal link between the alleged Kugel Mesh defects and Patton’s claimed injuries. Because of this, according to Appellee, some expert witnesses were not willing to testify that the Kugel Mesh specifically caused Patton’s injuries. In addition, the timeline of Patton’s lawsuit was compressed by an impending statute

- of

- limitations deadline a nd a constricted scheduling order imposed by the federal district court. Appellants were aware of the “ issues ” that existed in Patton’s lawsuit but agreed to accept a referral and to take the lead in preparing Patton’s lawsuit for trial.
I n November 2012 , the Patton lawsuit was removed from the federal district
court’s active docket, and it was never tried as a bellwether case. Appellee asserts that this was because Patton’s lawsuit was weak from the beginning, had little chance of success, and Appellants had failed to work up the case adequately, which resulted in their causation expert witness being struck. Appellants, on the other hand,8 believed that they had diligently created enough uncertainty in the outcome of the
Patton lawsuit , that they had clearly demonstrated their commitment to taking the case to trial, and that their preparation had influenced Bard/Davol’s decision to settle all of Appellee’s pending Kugel Mesh lawsuits . Appellants also believed that
Patton’s lawsuit ha d a potentially high settlement value based on other settled cases that Appellants perceived to be factually similar to Patton’s.
C. Appellee and Bard/Davol Settle
In June 2014 , Appellee reached a global settlement with Bard/Davol for its state and federal court Kugel Mesh clients , and a Master Settlement Agreement (MSA) was executed , which provided a framework for individual settlements between Bard/Davol and Appellee’s clients. Although Appellants assert that the development of the Patton lawsuit was a significant factor in the negotiation and execution of the MSA , Appellee contends that unrelated developments in Kugel Mesh lawsuits that they filed in Illinois , for which Appellants did not serve as local counsel, were the moving force toward consummating the settlement. In any event, settlement negotiations had been ongoing for some time and Appellants and Appellee were both involved in those negotiations. At some point, Appellee and Bard/Davol agreed t hat the Honorable Alice Gibney of the Rhode Island s uperior c ourt should preside over the mediation of all of Appellee’s pending lawsuits , including those filed in other state and federal courts. While mediation was ongoing, Ju stice Gibney appointed Appellants to take the lead in negotiati ng with Bard/Davol because Appellee’s interactions with Bard/Davol had bec o me contentious

. The MSA provide d that each claimant could choose to execut e a release of all claims asserted, or to be asserted, against Bard/Davol. In consideration, Bard/Davol agreed to pay each claimant a confidential settlement amount, inclusive of attorney’s fees and costs. This settlement proposal was contingent on a certain threshold9 percentage of Appellee’s clients opting into the settlement framework. Once the requisite percentage of Appellee’s clients reach ed these thresholds, Bard/Davol agreed to fund a Qualified Settlement Fund (QSF), which would be established by the Rhode Island s uperior c ourt pursuant to Section 468B of the Internal Revenue Code and be administered by an independent third

- party administrator. The MSA contain ed a confidentiality provision that applie d , among other things, to the disclosure of settlement amount s paid to settling claimant s

. The MSA provide d that only counsel, co

- counsel, and claimants , as defined in the MSA, are exempted from the confidentiality requirement and define d “Claimants’ Counsel” as “the Johnson Law Firm and the counsel, if any, listed on Exhibit 2.” No “Exhibit 2” is included in the record before us and it is undisputed that Appellants were neither listed n or identified in this exhibit

. The MSA further provide d tha t “Claimants’ Counsel represents and warrants that 100% of its known Claimants are participating in this A greement.” The MSA also require d that “ [a] ny dispute arising under th is Agreement or relating to the subject matter thereof, shall be filed only in the Superior C ourt of Rhode Island and Settling Claimants, Claimants’ Counsel and/or Co

- Counsel hereby submit himself, herself, itself, or themselves to the personal jurisdiction of the Superior Court of Rhode Island.”
D. The Parties’ Fee Dispute Erupts Although Appellee claim ed that it notified Appellants that they had negotiat ed a global settlement for the Kugel Mesh clients , Appellants assert ed that they only discovered the global settlement amount through Patton, who had received a settlement packet in the mail from Appellee that contained information about the global settlement

. Appellants began inquir ing about the global settlement’s terms

a nd how the terms would pertain to Patton specifically ; however, Appellee did not immediately discuss those particular s with Appellants. Appellants claim ed that10 Patton had high expectations for the amount of monies that he would receive from the settlement and that they had incurred significant expenses in prepar ing Patton’s case for trial. However, Appellants stated that, as long as Patton consented to and agreed with the settlement terms, Appellant s would accept the settlement terms as well. Patton opted into the global settlement without Appellants ’ immediate knowledge

. Appellants speculated that Appellee avoided disclosing settlement information to them because the settlement amount allocated to Patton was lower than Appellants believed it should have been. Appellants suggested that Patton may not have opted into the global settlement if they had been able to advise him of its implications. Sometime after the execution of the MSA , Appellee sent Appellants a stipulation to sign ; the executed stipulation was required to establish the QSF

. In the letter that accompan ied the stipulation , Appellee stressed the time sensitivity of the QSF stipulation, because it was a requisite part of moving forward with the QSF , and they requested that Appellants execute it immediately

. Appellants also were contacted by Bard/Davol during this time and were asked to dismiss their client s’ lawsuits because a settlement had been reached

. The QSF stipulation did not purport to dismiss any pending lawsuits nor did it refer to any specific claimant settlements , and Appellee did not ask Appellants to sign any client dismissals in connection with the QSF stipulation

. Instead of executing the QSF stipulation, Appellants repeatedly asked Appellee for information to evaluate the global settlement , explaining that they need ed to ensure that the settlement was in the clients’ best interests and that it would be inappropriate for them to sign dismissals or to execute the QSF without reviewing the settlement information. Appellants also informed Bard/Davol that they would11 not sign the QSF stipulation , or dismiss any pending lawsuit s , until they had received and reviewed th is settlement information. Appellee was concerned that Appellants could not be exempted from the MSA confidentiality requirement because Appellants had worked with other law firms and clients in the Kugel Mesh litigation , and therefore could not meet the MSA provision that “Claimants’ Counsel represents and warrants” that 100% of its known claimants were participating in the MSA. Appellee also complained that Appellants never specified what information they w ish ed to receive , although Appellants insisted that they had listed and identified such information in the letters they sent to Appellee

. Appellants emphasized that they were the only counsel of record in the Rhode Island
state court lawsuits , that they at times had spearheaded the settlement negotiations between Appellee and Bard/Davol, and that the confidentiality concerns cited by Appellee were absurd. Appellee asserted that , due to the contentious relationship with the attorneys representing Bard/Davol , Appellee was concerned that these attorneys would consider the disclosure of any MSA information to Appellants to be a breach of the
MSA , and therefore void the settlement. However, in a letter to Appellee, Bard/Davol’s counsel authorized Appellee to “share any and all information with [Appellants] as if [they were] a c laimant’s Counsel and/or c o
- Counsel, as those terms are defined and used in the MSA. ” Even after this, Appellee did not provide settlement information to Appellants and continued to cite confidentiality concerns as the reason.
I n connection with this dispute, Appellants eventually sent a letter to Bard/Davol that provided notice of their intent to file a $1 million attorney’s fee lien against the settlement funds. Appellants later expressed that the information they required included: (1) which clients had opt ed in or out of the global settlement, (2) which clients’ lawsuits would be dismissed with prejudice, (3) whether12 Appellant should take the lead for the clients who opted out of the settlement, and (4) the contingency fee percentages contained in each client’s ARA, so that Appellants could determine their attorney’s fee recovery

. Appellants’ refusal to execute the QSF stipulation delayed the funding of the QSF for months. Because Appellants refused to pursue any requested action to establish the QSF and thus facilitate the payment of the settlement funds to the clients, Appellee terminated Appellants as local counsel and engaged replacement local counsel who promptly executed the QSF stipulation. Appellants refused to accept this , even though they receiv ed multiple client affidavits confirming the ir termination ; they also refused to withdraw from the lawsuits filed in the Rhode Island s uperior c ourt. E. $1 Million of QSF Funds are Segregated for Distribution Despite their termination, Appellants filed a motion on behalf of all Kugel Mesh clients in the Rhode Island s uperior c ourt for whom they had filed lawsuits , in which Appellants moved to compel Appellee to disclose the settlement allocations and to enforce their attorney’s fee lien. In that motion, Appellants argued that they needed the settlement information, including each client’s retainer information, to determine the amount of attorney’s fees they were owed. On March 11, 2016, t he Rhode Island s uperior c ourt held a hearing on Appellants’ motion and ultimately sign ed an order directing (1) the third

- party administrator of the QSF to segregate $1 million of the settlement funds , (2) A ppellee to provide Appellants with client
ARAs , and (3) Bard/Davol to provide Appellants with the requested settlement allocations

. Over the next several months, Appellee , as directed, provided Appellants with client ARAs. Prior to these disclosures, Appellants executed a stipulation of non

disclosure of client information in which they stated that they had acted as counsel13 in the Kugel Mesh litigation pursuant to the authority granted in the client ARAs

. Th is stipulation is reproduced below:

From th e information contained in the ARAs , it became evident that Appellants’ maximum potential claim and recovery for the shared attorney’s fees was less than $400,000. Nevertheless, Appellants did not modify or limit their attorney’s fee lien or inform the Rhode Island s uperior c ourt that the segregated amount far exceeded their maximum potential claim and recovery

. In addition to the excessive amount of the segregated funds, the s uperior

c ourt’s segregation order failed to limit the source of the se funds to o nly attorney’s fees

— which were also to be paid from the QSF

— thus, the segregated funds include funds that are due the clients. In fact, t he segregated funds remain in the QSF today

. F. Patton Sues and Appellants Finance Patton’s Laws uit Soon afterwards , Patton sued Appellee and others for legal malpractice in federal court in Rhode Island

. See Patton v. Johnson , C.A. No. 17

- 259WES, 2018 WL 3655785 (D. R.I. Aug. 2, 2018). The outcome of that law suit need not be fully discuss ed here ; however, it is significant that Patton’s protract ed litigation against14 Appellee in that case was promoted and financed by Appellan ts (who did not represent Patton in that law suit)

. See Deaton v. Johnson , C.A. No. 20

- 78WES, 2020 WL 4673834, at * 2 n.5 (D. R.I. Aug. 12, 2020) ( noting the “potentially troubling” fact that Appellants’ expenditures in financing Patton’s law suit substantially exceed ed any possible amount that Patton could recover). Following its own procedural ly complex route, Patton’s law suit eventually wound up in arbitration in Texas

. T he arbitrator rejected all of the claims that Patton had asserted against Appellee , and the United States District Court for the Northern
D istrict of Texas , Fort Worth Division, confirmed the arbitrator’s award and signed a final judgment, which neither party appealed. See Patton v. Johnson , No. 4:19

- CV

- 00698

- O, 2022 WL 3012537 (N.D. Tex. June 23, 2022) ; see also All Individual Kugel Mesh Cases , 2022 WL 1970 5089 , at * 1

– 9, * 15

– 16 ( comprehensively reviewing the travel s of Patton’s law suit and ultimately determining that the Northern District of Texas Court’s confirmation order and final judgment precluded further litigation on the issue of arbitrability between Patton , Appellee, and Appellee’s attorneys ). It is Appellants’ involvement in that litigation, rather than its substantive outcome, that is relevant to this appeal

. As discussed below, Appellants not only financed Patton’s lawsuit aga inst Appellee, but they also later sought to recover the amounts they expended in that case from the $1 million segregated QSF funds.
G. The Filing of Multiple Motions to Disburse the Segregated Funds Since 2020, Appellants have filed two motions to disburse the segregated QSF funds

. First, i n January 2020, Appellants filed a motion for attorney’s fees on their own behalf with the Rhode Island s uperior c ourt , which requested that the entire $1 million in segregated funds be disbursed to them from the QSF. See In re: All Individual Kugel Mesh Cases , No. PC

- 2008

- 9999, 2020 WL 63359 55 , at *2 (R. I. Sup er . Ct. Oct. 22, 2020)

. In that motion, Appellants argu ed that the attorney’s fees15 they incurred for the lawsuits filed in the Rhode Island s uperior c ourt were between $387,000 and $396,000. Appellants dedicated the majority of the ir motion to argument s concerning events that occurred in the Patton lawsuit , which included allegations that an attorney who worked for Appellee met with Patton and misrepresented the amount of settlement funds that Patton would receive if he opted into the global settlement

. Appellants later conceded that these allegations , which

were supplied by Patton’s affidavit, were false

. Appellants explained that , as a result of their representation of Patton , (1) they had incurred approximately $477,000 in attorney’s fees and (2) the s uperior c ourt could, on its face, accept that they would incur additional, substantial attorney’s fees and costs that would likely exceed $130,000, th us incurring a combined attorney’s fee debt in excess of $1 million. Interestingly, Appellants attorney’s fees for Patton’s Kugel Mesh settlement amounted only to approximately $37,000. The remainder of the attorney’s fee amount that Appellants quoted in the ir motion concerned the fees and costs that they incurred in Patton’s legal malpractice law suit against Appellee and its attorney s

— an entirely separate affair that is not governed by the parties’ referral agreement, and which Appellants , among other things, financed by retain ing and compensat ing other attorneys a nd paying other litigation
costs. Appellee intervened and removed th is lawsuit to federal court, but it was later remanded to the s uperior c ourt. Deaton , 2020 WL 4673834 , at * 9

. There, Appellee moved to stay Appellants disbursal motion , in part, on the basis that Appellants’ entitlement to the segregated funds should be determined in the then

- pending arbitration that is the focus of th e appeal before us , in accordance with the FAA’s mandatory stay provisions. All Individual Kugel Mesh Cases , 2020 WL 63359 55 , at *3

. The s uperior c ourt denied Appellee’s request for a stay and, in doing so, discuss ed whether the doctrine of direct

- benefits estoppel should bind Appellants to16 the arbitration provision of the ARA. Id. at *4

– 5. The s uperior c ourt foun d that it did not, because Appellants ha d not yet received any direct benefits , as , in its opinion, the application of the doctrine requires . It stated : To date, [Deaton] has received no benefits from the referral agreements that he signed, and which contained no arbitration clauses. It seems [the Johnson Law Firm] want s this Court to compel [Deaton] to arbitrate before he can receive the direct benefit of his agreement to
serve as co
- counsel based on the idea that [Deaton] has derived direct benefits from the [ARAs]. These two kinds of agreements are distinct and [ the Johnson Law Firm ’s] attempts to conflate them are unavailing. Id. at *5 (internal citations omitted). The s uperior c ourt further reasoned that Appellants had properly brought the motion to disburse, as Appellee had agreed to do under the MSA , because the MSA stipulation and the s uperior c ourt’s March 11, 2016 order segregating the $1 million of QSF funds and compel ling Appellee to disclose settlement information to Appellants required it

. Id. Finally, the s uperior c ourt noted that, although the doctrine of direct

- benefits estoppel applies in cases that involve non

- signatories who embrace the contract but then attempt to repudiate its arbitration clause during the litigation process , Appellants ha d n ever attempted to repudiate the arbitration clause ; rather , Appellants ha d simply pointed out that they were not a party to it. Id. Accordingly, the s uperior c ourt declined to exercise its discretion to impose an obligation to arbitrate on Appellants. Id. Appellee has appealed the s uperior c ourt’s ruling

. Recently, o n July 9 , 2024 , the Rhode Island Supreme Court issued an order regarding that appeal

. In re Kugel Patch , 317 A.3d 781 (R.I. 2024)

. In its order, t he court stated that “[i]t is clear to us that the circumstances of this case are far different now than

. . . when the Superior Court issued its decision on Johnson’s motion to stay.” Id. at 783

. Recognizing that the appeal of the s uperior c ourt’s ruling would become moot once the appeal now pending before us is decid ed and any further appeals are exhausted, the court17 “deem [ed] it prudent to stay any further action on Deaton’s motion to disburse until the remaining arbitration in Texas is finally resolved.” Id. The court noted that, whatever the result of th is or any subsequent appeal , it expressed no opinion regarding the “ preclusive effect, if any, the arbitral proceedings may have on the issues that may later be raised in Superior Court.” Id. at 783 n.2. Appellants ’ second motion to disburse was filed i n May 2022, when Patton request ed that the Rhode Island s uperior c ourt , through his attorney of record,
Deaton , disburse his allocation of the QSF funds to Deaton as his trustee

. All Individual Kugel Mesh Cases , 2022 WL 19705089, at *8. Th is motion apparently also asserts that, pursuant to the referral agreement between Appellants and Appellee, Appellants must receive the ir attorney’s fees from Patton’s recovery and

are solely responsible for assert ing any claims for litigation expenses. Id. Once again, Appellee intervened and moved to stay Patton’s motion. Id. Based on the preclusive effect of the many decisions issued by the state and federal courts in Texas that found Patton had agreed to arbitrate his disputes under the ARA, t he Rhode Island s uperior c ourt determined that the issues raised in Patton’s motion were referable to arbitration under his ARA ; accordingly , it granted Appellee ’s motion to stay Appellants’ motion to disburse. Id. at * 11

– 16. Significantly, the s uperior c ourt also noted that its retention of continuing jurisdiction over the QSF “did not thereby bind all claimants and their attorneys

. . . to resolve all disputes underlying the proper calculation of their ‘ legal fees and costs ’ through de novo hearings or mini

- trials before this Court.” Id. at *15. The s uperior

c ourt further explained that “[g]iven the existence of a judicially confirmed

— and evidently , an ongoing

— arbitration proceeding between Patton and [Appellee ] , it is time to put the issue of arbitrability to bed so that the p arties can resolve their18 remaining substantive disputes.” 7 Id. Finally, the s uperior c ourt reaffirmed , albeit in a footnote , that although the MSA provides that venue for all disputes arising from the MSA rests with the s uperior c ourt of Rhode Island, those provisions “do not change the outcome [of its decision to grant the stay], as the underlying proceedings before the Court involve a dispute between Patton and [Appellee] over attorneys’ fees and costs, rather than any dispute over the substance of the Settlement Agreement.” Id. at *16 n.11. Thus, two stayed motions

— one by Appellants and one by Patton, through his attorney, Appellant Deaton

— to disburse the segregated funds from the QSF remain pending in the Rhode Island s uperior c ourt

. H. Special Appearance, Arbitration, and the Appeal in This Case In February 2016, a bout a month before Appellants fil ed their motion to compel in the Rhode Island s uperior c ourt, Moreno filed the underlying lawsuit against Appellants and Appellee in the 48th District Court of Tarrant County. She subsequently moved to compel arbitration based on her ARA. Appellee answered, filed cross

- claims against Appellants, and eventually joined in Moreno’s motion to compel arbitration. Appellants filed a special appearance challeng ing the trial court’s personal jurisdiction over them. Appellants contended that they were not signatories to the Moreno ARA, which contained a forum

- selection clause as well as an arbitration clause designating Fort Worth and Tarrant County as the proper forum for any dispute resolution proceeding . The trial court denied Appellants’ special

7 Although a final award has been entered and confirmed in the Patton arbitration, the superior court characterized the arbitration as “ongoing.” All Individual Kugel Mesh Cases , 2022 WL 1 9705089 , at *15. This is, in one court’s estimation, because Appellee’s fee entitlement has not yet been resolved and will not be until the QSF administrator issues its final determination of deductible court costs and expenses, and Patton receives the net disbursement from which he will owe Appellee its fee. See Deaton , 2023 WL 3158933, at *4 n.6.19 appearance. On appeal from the trial court’s ruling , the Second Court of Appeals affirmed the denial and , in doing so, explicitly relied on the language in the stipulation of nondisclosure that Appellants had executed

. See Deaton v. Moreno , No. 02

- 16

- 00188

- CV, 2017 WL 4683940 , at *5 (Tex. App.

— Fort Worth Oct. 19, 2017, pet. denied) (mem. op.)

. The court h e ld that, for jurisdictional purposes, as

non
- signatories, Appellants were subject to the forum

- selection clause in the Moreno ARA under the doctrine of direct

- benefits estoppel. Id.
T he trial court subsequently ordered the parties to arbitration, over Appellants’ o bjection . With Moreno having nonsuited her claims , Appellants and Appellee proceeded to arbitration. Upon the conclusion of the arbitration, t he arbitrator determined that the fee

- sharing agreement between Appellants and Appellee was unenforceable as against public policy because the y had failed to obtain client consent s to enter into the agreement. See T EX

. D ISCIPLINARY R ULES P ROF ’ L C ONDUCT R. 1.04(f), reprinted in T EX

. G OV ’ T C ODE A NN

. , tit. 2, subtit. G app. A ( Tex. State Bar R. art. X, § 9); Cokinos, Bosien & Young v. Moore , No. 05

- 18

- 01340

- CV, 2020 WL 549066, at *2

– 6 (Tex. App.

— Dallas Feb. 4, 2020, no pet.) ( mem. op.). The arbitrator then awarded Appellants $135,000 in quantum meruit damages for services rendered to Appellee. Appellee thereafter filed an application to confirm the arbitrat or’s award

. Appellants opposed Appellee’s motion and filed

a separate motion that (1) challenged the trial court’s ruling that ordered the parties

to arbitration , (2) challenged the resulting arbitration proceeding , and (3) sought to vacate the arbitrat or’s award. The trial court confirmed the arbitrator’s award , Appellants appealed , and the appeal was later transferred to our court

. I. Appellants File Suit Against Appel lee in Federal Court in Rhode Island Around May 2022, Appellants filed suit against Steven Johnson, Blake Norvell, Jennifer Andrews , and Appellee in the Rhode Island s uperior c ourt, and re
urg ed the fraud and breach

- of

- contract claims they had asserted against Appellee in20 the appeal now before us

. See Deaton v. Johnson , C.A. No. 22

- 187WES, 2023 WL 3158933, at * 7 (D. R.I

. Apr

. 26, 2023)

. In this lawsuit, Appellants added claims for tortious interference and conspiracy against Appellee and the attorney defendants, alleging that the named defendants strategically conspired to force Appellants to arbitrat e in Texas and thus avoid Appellee’s obligation to share the disputed attorney’s fees. Id. Th is lawsuit was removed to federal court in Rhode Island but

was the reafter transferred to the United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas , Fort Worth Division ; that court has since determined that all of Appellants’ claims are precluded by the underlying lawsuit and arbitration proceedings that are the basis of the appeal that is now before us

. See id. at *9

– 11 ; see also Deaton v. Johnson , No. 4:23

- CV

- 00415

- O, 2024 WL 920082 , at *2, * 4

– 5 (N.D. Tex. Mar

. 4, 2024) (slip op.)

. As a result, the claims asserted by Appellants against each defendant were dismissed with prejudice

. See Deaton , 2024 WL 920082 , at *6

. Notably, in its ruling, t he federal district court also denied the defendants’ motion to declare Appellants as vexatious litigants, but issue d a warning at the conclusion of its order that “any additional lawsuits [filed] in the Northern District of Texas, Fort Worth Division , which are of a similarly duplicative or antagonistic
nature SHALL result in either a monetary sanction . . . or an injunction restraining [the attorney’s] capacity to file or otherwise appear . . . in the Fort Worth Division.” Id. at *6.
II. Standard s of Review and Applicable Law
A. The Trial Court’s Order to Compel Arbitration We may review a trial court’s order to compel arbitration as part of an appeal of a final judgment. See In re Gulf Expl., LLC , 289 S.W.3d 836, 842

– 43 (Tex. 2009); Perry Homes v. Cull , 258 S.W.3d 580, 586

– 87 & n.9 (Tex. 2008); Chambers v. O’Quinn , 242 S.W.3d 30, 32 (Tex. 2007) (citing Green Tree Fin. Corp. v. Randolph , 531 U.S. 79, 89 (2000))

. We review a trial court’s order granting a motion to compel21 arbitration for an abuse of discretion ; in this regard, we defer to the trial court’s factual determinations if they are supported by the evidence, but we review its legal determination s de novo. In re Labatt Food Serv., L.P. , 279 S.W.3d 640, 642

– 43 (Tex. 2009) (orig. proceeding) ; see Perry Homes , 258 S.W.3d at 585

– 87 & n.15. Where an abuse of discretion standard applies, and , as in this case, the trial court does not issue findings of fact and conclusions of law with its ruling, all facts necessary to support the trial court’s judgment and whi ch are supported by the evidence are implied. See BMC Software Belgium, N.V. v. Marchand , 83 S.W.3d 789, 795 (Tex. 2002); see also Labatt Food Serv. , 279 S.W.3d at 643. We review de novo whether an arbitration agreement is enforceable. See Rachal v. Reitz , 403 S.W.3d 840, 843 (Tex. 2013) ; Labatt Food Serv. , 279 S.W.3d at 643.
G eneral ly , 8 arbitration is required if (1) the parties agreed to arbitrate, and (2) the claims raised fall within the scope of the arbitration agreement. See 9 U.S.C. §§ 2, 4 (FAA); C IV

. P RAC

. & R EM

. §§ 171.001, 171

. 002, 171.021 (West 2019 ) (TGAA); Rachal , 403 S.W.3d at 843 (T G AA); In re Rubiola , 334 S.W.3d 220, 223 (Tex. 2011) (FAA); In re Kellogg Brown & Root, Inc. , 166 S.W.3d 732, 738 (Tex. 2005) (FAA)

. Whether parties have agreed to arbitrate is a gateway matter that is ordinarily committed to the trial court and controlled by state law that govern s “the

8 The arbitration clause at issue in this appeal does not specifically invoke either the FA A or the TGAA, and neither party addresses this point. The FAA governs a contract that involv es interstate commerce if the contract contains a valid arbitration provision and does not specify that the FAA will not apply. Brand FX, LLC v. Rhine , 458 S.W.3d 195, 202 (Tex. App.

— Fort Worth 2015, no pet.). When both state and federal law apply to an arbitration agreement, state law is preempted “to the extent that it actually conflicts with federal law

— that is, to the extent that it ‘stands as an obstacle to the accomplishment and execution of the full purposes and objectives of Congress.’” Nafta Traders, Inc. v. Quinn , 339 S.W.3d 84, 97

– 98 (Tex. 2011) (quoting Volt Info. Scis., Inc. v. Bd. of Trs. of Leland Stanford Junior Univ. , 489 U.S. 468, 477 (1989)). The T G AA and the FAA may both be applicable to an agreement, absent the parties’ explicit selection of one or the other. Id. at 97 n.64 (citing In re L & L Kempwood Assocs., L.P. , 9 S.W.3d 125, 127

– 28 (Tex. 1999)). Here, t he ground for which Appellant s seek vacatur is substantially similar under either statute. Compare 9 U.S.C. § 10(a)(4), with C IV

. P RAC

. & R EM

. § 171.088(a)(3)(A); see Gulf Expl., LLC , 289 S.W.3d at 842. Because the substantive principles that are applicable to our analysis in this appeal and the available grounds to review an arbitration award are the same under both statutes, we may find guidance in court decisions that aris e under either. See Howerton v. Wood , No. 02

- 15

- 00327

- CV, 2017 WL 710631, at *2 (Tex. App.

— Fort Worth Feb. 23 , 2017, no pet.) (mem. op.).22 validity, revocability, and enforceability of contracts generally.” Jody James Farms, JV v. Altman Grp., Inc. , 547 S.W.3d 624, 631 (Tex. 2018) (quoting Arthur Anderson LLP v. Carlisle , 556 U.S. 624, 631 (2009)); see In re Weekley Homes, L.P. , 180 S.W.3d 127, 130

– 31 (Tex. 2005). Thus , the ordinary principles of contract law of the forum state determine whether the parties have a valid agreement to arbitrate. Rubiola , 334 S.W.3d at 224. Although state law determines the validity of an arbitration agreement, courts have applied both federal and state law to determine the related, but distinct, issue of whether non

- signatories to the agreement should be compelled to arbitrate their claims. See Kellogg , 166 S.W.3d at 738 (collecting cases). The Texas Supreme Court has endeavored to resolve such questions through the application of state law “informed by persuasive and well

- reasoned federal precedent,” and , in doing so, the
court recognizes that it is “important for federal and state law to be as consistent as possible in this area.” Id. at 739. A s such , consistent with federal precedent , the
Texas Supreme Court has recognized six theories , that aris e from common principles of contract and agency law, that may bind non

- signatories to arbitration agreements: (1) incorporation by reference; (2) assumption; (3) agency; (4) alter ego; (5) equitable estoppel; and (6) third

- party beneficiary. See G. T. Leach Builders, LLC v. Sapphire V.P., L.P. , 458 S.W.3d 502, 524 (Tex. 2015); Kellogg , 166 S.W.3d at 739 (citing Bridas S.A.P.I.C. v. Gov’t of Turkm. , 345 F.3d 347, 356 (5th Cir. 2003)).
B

. Confirmation of the Arbitrat or’s Award The Second Court of Appeals has set forth the following standard for review ing arbitration awards , with which we agree: An arbitration award is conclusive on the parties as to all matters of fact and law submitted to the arbitrator and has the effect of a judgment of a court of last resort. Accordingly, judicial review of an23 arbitration award is extraordinarily narrow, and we may vacate an arbitration award only in very unusual circumstances. To protect the strong deference accorded to arbitration awards, we review a trial court’s ruling to vacate or confirm an arbitration award de novo based on the entire record. All reasonable presumptions are indulged in favor of the award, and the challenging party bears the burden to establish an allowable ground for vacatur. We must focus on the integrity of the process, not the propriety of the result.
Howerton v. Wood , No. 02

- 15

- 00327

- CV, 2017 WL 710631, at * 3 (Tex. App.

— Fort Worth Feb. 23, 2017, no pet. ) (mem. op.) (internal citations omitted)

. III. Analysis In their first issue, Appellants contend that the trial court erred when it order ed them to arbitration because no agreement to arbitrate exists between the parties

. In support of this contention, Appellants argue that (1) the Second Court of Appeals’ decision affirming the denial of their special appearance, which specifically held that the doctrine of direct

- benefits estoppel rendered the forum

- selection clause in Moreno’s ARA enforceable as to Appellants, carries no preclusive effect in this appeal, and (2) direct

- benefits estoppel does not apply to them based on this record

. Although we agree with Appe llants’ first point, contrary to Appellants’ second assertion, we conclude that direct

- benefits estoppel applies here.
A. Law of the Case The partie s’ opening sallies concern the applicability of the doctrine of law of the case. Because the Second Court of Appeals ’ decision , which affirmed the denial of Appellants’ special appearance , was based on many of the same facts as well as the same l egal principles

— that the parties assert are applicable and dispositive here

— Appellee urges that we must apply the preclusive effect of the law of the case doctrine to the matter before us

. Under this doctrine, “a court of appeals is ordinarily bound by its initial decision if there is a subsequent appeal in the same case.” Briscoe v. Goodmark24 Corp. , 102 S.W.3d 714, 716 (Tex. 2003) (citing Hudson v. Wakefield , 711 S.W.2d 628, 630 (Tex. 1986))

. Law of the case applies when the appellate court is presented with facts that are “substantially the same” as those that existed when the matter was first decided

. See Hudson , 711 S.W.2d at 630

. “The doctrine

. . . only applies to questions of law and does not apply to questions of fact.” Id. Functionally, the doctrine narrows the issues in subsequent stages of the litigation, thus achieving uniformity of decision and judicial economy and efficiency. Id. Suffice it to say, the parties to this appeal have yet to subscribe to the principles of judicial economy and efficiency. Nevertheless, a decision rendered on an issue b y the appellate court does not absolutely bar the reconsideration of the same issue i n a second appeal.
Briscoe , 102 S.W.3d at 716. Instead, a pplication of the doctrine lies within the discretion of the appellate court, depending on the particular circumstances that are presented in the case before it

. Id. The prior stage of litigation , to which the parties refer , only concern s the trial
court’s exe rcise of personal jurisdiction over Appellants , which they challenged via special appearance. Deaton , 2017 WL 4 683940, at * 3

– 5

. Rule 120a of the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure addresses the procedure for making and contesting a special
appearance , and the rule makes clear th at the parameters of inquir y

— personal jurisdiction

— at that stage are only preliminary

. See T EX

. R. C IV

. P. 120a. For instance, a mong other things, the rule sets out what may be considered and form the basis of a trial court’s ruling on a special appearance: “ [T] he pleadings, any stipulations made by and between parties, such affidavits and attachments as may be filed by the parties, the results of discovery processes, and any oral testimony. ”
T EX

. R. C IV

. P. 120a ( 3) ; see In re Christianson Air Conditioning & Plumbing, LLC , 639 S.W.3d 671, 676

– 78 (Tex. 2022) (orig. proceeding) (discovery under Rule 120a is limited to information “ essential ” to the plaintiff’s theory of personal jurisdiction)

. The rule also “ recognizes that issues of fact determined in a special appearance may25 also be relevant to the merits , as it expressly leaves those issues open for redetermination at the merits stage. ” Christianson Air Condition ing , 639 S.W.3d at 677 ; see T EX

. R. C IV

. P. 120a(2) (“No determination of any issue of fact in connection with the objection to jurisdiction is a determination of the merits of the case or any aspect thereof.”). Thus, Rule 120a specifically limit s what t he trial court may consider , as well as the extent of the resulting findings, in its jurisdictional inquiry

. Although some courts have applied the law of the case doctrine to appeals that involv e the

re consideration of a trial court’s finding ( s ) in a special appearance setting , we have not found an example , nor have the parties cited to or directed us to any, that parallel s the circumstances before us , in which a court has applied the doctrine in the manner urged by Appellee

— that is, to treat the finding ( s ) f rom a special appearance ruling , which is clearly a jurisdictional

- only determination , as binding i n a subsequent determination o n the merits. As such, w e decline to do so here

. 9
B. Direct

- Benefits Estoppel Despite the parties’ jurisdictional arguments, t he primary thrust of Appellants’

c omplaint s on appeal is that direct

- benefits estoppel is inapplicable to the circumstances that we must confront in this appeal , and that they therefore cannot be bound by the arbitration clause in Appellee’s representation agreement with Moreno. We disagree. Direct

- benefits estoppel is a type of equitable estoppel under which a non

signatory plaintiff who seek s the benefits under a contract is estopped from simultaneously attempting to avoid the contract’s burdens, such as the obligation to

9 See also Perry Homes , 258 S.W.3d at 585

– 86 ( rejecting the argument that pre

- arbitration mandamus proceedings

— in which requests to stay the order compelling arbitration were denied without addressing or comment ing on the merits

— established the law of the case and precluded the defendants from raising the same arguments when challenging on direct appeal, post

- arbitration, the trial court’s order to compel arbitration ).26 arbitrate disputes. See Kellogg , 166 S.W.3d at 739 (citing Bridas , 345 F.3d at 361

– 62). Direct

- benefits estoppel involves “non

- signatories who, during the life of the contract, have embraced the contract despite their non

- signatory status but then, during litigation, attempt to repudiate the arbitration clause in the contract.” Hellenic Inv. Fund, Inc. v. Det Norske Veritas , 464 F.3d 514, 517

– 18 (5th Cir. 2006) (emphasis added) (quoting E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co. v. Rhone Poulenc Fiber & Resin Intermed iates, S.A.S. , 269 F.3d 187, 200 (3 r d Cir. 2001)). There are two circumstances in which direct

- benefits estoppel may apply : “A

non
- signatory can ‘ embrace ’ a contract containing an arbitration clause in two ways: (1) by knowingly seeking and obtaining ‘direct benefits’ from that contract; or (2) by seeking to enforce the terms of that contract or asserting claims that must be determined by reference to that contract.” Noble Drilling Servs., Inc. v. Certex USA,
Inc. , 620 F.3d 469, 473 (5th Cir. 2010) (emphasis added) (quoting Hellenic Inv. Fund , 464 F.3d at 517

– 20)); see Taylor Morrison of Tex ., Inc. v. Ha , 660 S.W.3d 529, 533 (Tex. 2023 ) (holding that even though a home

- construction contract that included an arbitration clause was signed by only one spo use, the non

- signatory spouse and the ir children were nonetheless bound by the contract’s arbitration clause , and thus were required to arbitrate their construction defect claims , because they sought and obtained direct benefits and “ embraced ” the contract by residing in the home that the signatory spouse purchased) ; see also Weekley Homes , 180 S.W.3d

at 131

– 33. Here, Appellants have not asserted any claims against Moreno or Appellee in this case, 10 therefore they have n ei t her sought to enforce the terms of the
ARA n or have they asserted claims that must be determined by reference to it.

10 A lthough A ppellants assert ed counterclaims in the arbitration proceeding , our analysis only concerns the applicability of the arbitration clause as to Appellants. The c laims that they did assert in the arbitration proceeding do not affect that analysis.27 However, and based on our thorough review of the record and the circumstances before us, we conclu d e that Appellants have embraced the ARA by knowingly seeking and obtaining direct benefits from it. Appellants claim that (1) they had a fee

- sharing contract with Appellee which did not contain an arbitration clause, (2) this contract defined the parties’ relationship, and (3) the ARA and its arbitration clause are entirely superfluous to that relationship. In light of Appellants ’ arguments , we will first discuss how they sought and obtained direct benefits from the ARA. Next , we will explain how Appellants did so “ consistent ly and knowing ly.” Weekley Homes , 180 S.W.3d at 135 ; see Ha , 660 S.W.3d at 533.
1. Appellants “Sought and Obtained Direct Benefits” A party can bind itself to an arbitration provision through its conduct during the life of the contract. See Weekley Homes , 180 S.W.3d at 132. For example, the use of a trade name that is pursuant to an agreement that includes an arbitration clause, or the receipt of lower insurance rates and the ability to sail under the French flag because a contract contain s an arbitration clause ha ve been found t o bind non
signatories to the arbitration provisions in those scenarios because these intangible or abstrac t benefits were derived directly from agreements that includ ed arbitration provisions

. Deloitte Noraudit A/S v. Deloitte Haskins & Sells, U.S. , 9 F.3d 1060, 1064 (2 n d Cir. 1993) (holding that, under ordinary contract and agency principles,

non
- signatory Noraudit was estopped from denying its obligation to arbitrate because it knowingly accepted the benefits of the agreement through its continued use of the name “Deloitte”) (citing McCallister Bros. Inc. v. A & S Transp. Co. , 621 F.2d 519, 524 (2 n d Cir. 1980)) ; s ee Am. Bureau of Shipping v. Tencara Shipyard
S.P.A. , 170 F.3d 349, 353 (2 n d Cir. 1999) ; see also Ha , 660 S.W.3d at 533 (“[R]egardless of whether they asserted contract claims , Mrs. Ha and the children are nevertheless bound to the arbitrat ion provision through direct

- benefits estoppel [because]

. . . [they] lived in the home at issue

. [This] indicates that they accepted28 the benefits of Mr. Ha’s purchase agreement and therefore may be compelled to arbitrate.”).
A non
- signatory’s conduct in seeking and obtaining direct benefits must be knowing and consistent in order to “embrace” the contract, as opposed to merely “shake[] hands with it.” Weekley Homes , 180 S.W.3d at 134

– 35. Because “the equitable nature of the doctrine may render firm standards inappropriate ,” the doctrine requires “ trial courts to exercise some discretion based on the facts of each
case.” Id. at 135 (citing Bridas , 345 F.3d at 360). Nevertheless, “when a nonparty consistently and knowingly in sists that others treat it as a party [to the contract] , it cannot later ‘turn[] its back on the portions of the contract, such as an arbitration clause, that it finds distasteful.’” Id. (quoting DuPont , 269 F.3d at 200) (internal citations omitted). Simply put, the North Star and guiding principle for courts to follow in determining whether to apply the doctrine is this: “A nonparty cannot both have his contract and defeat it too.” Id.
I n our view, and based on the record before us, Appellants sought and obtained a direct benefit from the ARAs by actively and continu ously expand ing their role in the Kugel M esh litigation beyond that which they and Appellee had contemplated in their fee

- sharing agreement. T his expansion was not sufficiently accounted for by the revised fee

- sharing agreement

. K ey developments in the litigation and the global settlement that were spurred by Appellants’ conduct indicate that

— both before and after they became aware of the arbitration provisions contained in the client ARAs

— Appellants purposefully sought and occupied a role that exceeded the scope of what their fee

- sharing agreement specified

. Together, these key developments establish that Appellants sought and obtained direct benefits from the client ARAs by purporting to wield authority on behalf of the clients that their fee

- sharing agreement with Appellee did not grant them.29 The “key” developments referenced above are: Appellants ’ (1) belief that, through their ongoing efforts, they had so rehabilitated Patton’s lawsuit as to have
create d a high value for th at individual case , which in turn influence d the settlement value of all of Appellee’s cases ; (2) role as lead negotiator during the unsuccessful mediation in the Rhode Island s uperior c ourt ; (3) refusal to cooperate in the establishment of the QSF, which was necessary to consummate any individual client settlements, until Appellants ’ demands were met; (4) refusal to accept Appellee’s decision to terminat e them , levying of an attorney’s fee lien , and filing motion s to segregate $1 million of the QSF funds ; (5) execution of the stipulation for nondisclosure of client information, con firming that the ARAs were the source of their authority, and (6) filing motion s to disburse the entire $1 million years later, despite their possession of the client ARAs and knowledge that their maximum claim and recovery for attorney’s fees as it related to the Kugel Mesh litigation amount ed to approximately $400,000. The first two developments essentially acted to change Appellants’ expectations of the case and their perception of their role in it. Whether this change was justified or correct is not relevant to our analysis. It is sufficient to conclude that Appellants expended significant time, effort, and mon ies into developing the
Patton lawsuit and leading the negotiations during the mediation in the Rhode Island

s uperior c ourt. And, to Appellants’ understanding, these efforts collectively contributed in a significant way to the overall team effort of reaching a global settlement of Appellee’s lawsuits

. Next, Appellants claim that as settlement negotiations neared their successful conclusion, Appellee did not communicat e with them in a manner that Appellants considered to be to their satisfaction. Again, the reasonableness of Appellants’ perception of these events is not relevant here. Appellants repeatedly requested updates about the status of settlement negotiations and received little or no response

.30 Then, after the global settlement was reached in principle, Appellants believed that they were not appropriately informed of this development and its implications. Ultimately, Appellants’ response to this uncertainty was to a dvance their position that the settlement c ould not proceed until their demands and concerns were addressed and met. They refused to sign the QSF stipulation and thus delayed , and
po tential ly jeopardized, the entire global settlement. During this time, Appellants asserted their autho rity to delay the settlement proceedings because they were the only counsel of record in the Rhode Island state court lawsuits . They also claim ed that Appellee’s alleged confidentiality concerns were absurd because Appellants had been the lead negotiators during the s uperior c ourt mediation and were a fee

- sharing counsel to th os e state court lawsuits . They did not address Appellee’s expressed concern that they could not meet the confidentiality requirements and definitions in the MSA because they separately represented other Kugel Mesh clients as local counsel i n other lawsuits

. When, because of their refusal to facilitate the global settlement, Appellants were terminated as local counsel for nearly all the lawsuits pending in the Rhode Island s uperior c ourt, Appellants refused to either accept that they had been terminat ed or were required to withdraw from the lawsuit s , despite having receiv ed client affidavits con firming the ir termination in most of the cases. Then Appellants filed a motion, purportedly on behalf of all the same clients, to compel the disclosure of settlement information from Appellee and Bard/Davol, and to segregate an exorbitant amount of the settlement funds for the sole and exclusive purpose of funding , and allow ing them to address , their decades

- long dispute with Appellee. Though Appellants argue that they intended th eir “ informal ” attorney’s fee lien to apply only to attorney’s fee funds, the actual and unfortunate result of the segregation order affected the di stribution of client funds as well.31 After they receiv ed the client ARAs, the global settlement MSA, and information regarding the QSF fund s , Appellants still did not alter their position or seek to reduce the amount of funds in the QSF that were segregated at their request, although it was apparent that the maximum amount of attorney’s fees to which they were entitled amounted only to approximately $400,000. Appellants did not disavow the stipulation they signed before receiving the ARAs, which explicitly

con firmed that they acted pursuant to the authority granted to them in the ARAs. In fact, in 2020, years after receiving the first ARAs in the summer of 2016 pursuant to the s uperior c ourt’s order, Appellants took affirmative action to obtain the entire $1 million of the segregated funds f rom the QSF. Their motion to disburse primarily focused on the legal malpractice lawsuit that Patton filed against Appellee, which Appellants had funded to the tune of almost $500,000

— funds which Appellants now request be reimbursed to them through the segregated $1 million

. Whether Appellants ’ actions in all of this were justified, reasonable, or otherwise , does not factor into our analysis of this quagmire

. Rather, the question that we must addre ss is whether Appellants knowingly sought and obtained direct benefits from the ARAs. Based on the record before us, w e conclude that they did. Like sailing under the French flag , see Am. Bureau of Shipping , 170 F.3d at 353, using the well

- known tradename “Deloitte,” see Deloitte , 9 F.3d 1064, or residing in a home that the signatory spouse purchased when the construction contract included an arbitration clause as one of its terms, see Ha , 660 S.W.3d at 533, Appellants exercised their authority as counsel for the Kugel Mesh clients to interfere with and affect the entire global settlement in several respect s

— authority Appellants’ sparse fee

- sharing agreement could not reasonably confer upon them and ways in which it did not contemplate. Disregarding any confidentiality

concerns, whether those were ultimately reasonable or not, Appellants blocked the32 global settlement for a n extended period of time by refusing to sign the QSF stipulation until their concerns and demands were addressed to their satisfaction. In this instance, Appellants persistent conduct constitutes “ embrac ing ” the authority granted to them by the ARAs, beyond any level that the fee

- sharing agreement could purport to grant. Appellants ’ concerns about their attorney’s fee
recovery did not necessitate or authorize them to take the fate of the entire global settlement into their hands

— their proffered justifications for doing so, such as concerns about the values of client settlements, had nothing to do with their attorney’s fee recovery

. Despite this, we note that Appellants later conceded that signing the requested QSF documents would not have resulted in the dismissal of any client lawsuit s or affected the individual settlements that ha d yet to be allocated.
T he context of their relationship with Appellee, especially concerning Appellants ’ efforts in the Patton lawsuit , implies that Appellants believed they were unfairly excluded from a process to which they had significantly contributed and developed

. This reading of the parties’ history is especially vindicated by Appellants protracted and disproportional financial support of Patton’s subsequent legal malpractice law suit against Appellee and its attorneys. To be sure, we do not necessarily give credence to Appellee’s touted confidentiality concerns with respect to its refusal to tender basic settlement information to an attorney and firm with which they had litigated and settled cas es for the past six years. However, in seeking to assert their interests, Appellants purposely chose to take actions in the ir capacity as counsel for the Kugel Mesh clients

. Such actions could only have been authorized by the client ARAs, not the fee

- sharing agreement. But Appellants did not stop at thwart ing the purpose of the QSF . T hey refused

to either accept their termination as local counsel or withdraw from the pending Kugel Mesh lawsuit s. Appellants then filed a motion on behalf of the very clients who had terminated them , without the clients’ consent, the result of which was to33 segregate a large sum from the general settlement fund for their own, exclusive interests. Finally, y ears later, when they un questionab ly knew that their claim for attorney’s fees did not , and could not, approach anything close to $1 million, Appellants still sought to extract the entire amount

. Based on this record, w e conclude that the facts before us constitute a conscious insistence by Appellants that they be treated as a party to the client ARAs. In this regard, t h e insistence was knowing and consistent, and it sought and obtained a direct benefit for Appellants from the ARAs

— the authority to act on behalf of all the Kugel Mesh clients, independently and even in opposition to Appellee, the clients ’ primary counsel, in ways that affected all of the clients’ settlements , which authority was far beyond and exceeded the ir designated duties as local counsel.
2. Appellants “Knowingly” Embraced the ARAs Importantly, although many of the actions taken by Appellants in seeking and obtaining a direct benefit from the ARAs occurred before Appellants became aware of the arbitration provision in the client ARAs, Appellants consistently maintained and reaffirmed their position as the parties’ disputes unfolded even after they became aware of the arbitration provision and have continued to take affirmative action in furtherance of their positions since that time

. The knowledge element of direct

- benefits estoppel has been held by the Second Court of Appeals to require “actual knowledge” or something closely a kin

to it. See Telsmith, Inc. v. 37 Building Products, Ltd. , No. 02

- 19

- 00220

- CV, 2020 WL 719445, at *4

– 5 & n.4 (Tex. App.

— Fort Worth Feb. 13, 2020, no pet.) (mem. op.) ( H olding that direct

- benefits estoppel would likely be satisfied if the non

signatory had (1) access to a copy of the arbitration agreement, (2) a summary of its essential terms, or (3) a “similar indicia of knowledge.”). Here, the record show s that Appellants first came into possession of the client ARAs during the summer of 2016, after the issuance of the Rhode Island s uperior34 c ourt’s March 1 1 order that directed Appellee to provide them to Appellants. Prior to this, it is largely undisputed

— and the record shows no indication to the contrary

— that Appellants had n ei t her seen an y client ARA s n or were they otherwise aware of the attendant arbitration provision. Throughout the Kugel M esh litigation, the resulting client settlement s , and the subsequent attorney’s fee dispute, Appellants have asserted a clear position based

o n authority that emanated exclusively from the client ARA s . When Appellants became aware of the arbitration provision in the ARA s , they did not alter or disclaim
any aspect of their position ; instead , they continued to pursue aggressive, affirmative action in furtherance of that position, all the while knowing that the basis of their position flowed directly from the ARA’s grant of authority, rather than their fee

sharing agreement with Appellee. Appellants consistently insisted by their conduct that they be treated as a party to the ARA s , even after they came into possession of the ARA s , and therefore knew at that time, if not sooner , that the ARAs contained an arbitration clause

. With respect to the Rhode Island s uperior c ourt ’s rulings , we view Appellants’ effort s to avoid arbitration under the ARAs necessarily as attempts by them to repudiate a contract which they knowingly “ embraced .” As such , we conclude that Appellants are bound by the ARA’s terms under the doctrine of direct

- benefits estoppel.
Because Appellants knowingly embraced the terms of the client ARAs , the trial court , in its discretion, correctly (1) applied the equitable doctrine of direct

benefits estoppel to bind Appellants to the terms of the ARAs and (2) ordered them to arbitration pursuant to the ARAs arbitration provision. The refore, the trial court did not abuse its discretion as Appellants suggest

. Accordingly, we overrule Appellants’ first issue. Moreover, b ecause a valid agreement to arbitrate exists between the parties, the arbitrator did not abuse its powers by conducting the arbitration and issuing an35 award , and the trial court did not err when it confirmed the arbitrat or’s award. Accordingly, we also overrule Appellants’ second issue.
C. The Forum Selection Clause of the MSA Finally, i n their third issue, Appellants contend that “ [ c ] ompelling and conducting arbitration were also error because of a mandatory forum selection clause and an already

- pending suit” in the Rhode Island s uperior c ourt. We disagree. The
MSA provides: Any dispute arising under this agreement or relating to the subject matter thereof, shall be filed only in the Superior Court of Rhode Island and Settling Claimants, Claimants’ Counsel and/or Co

- Counsel hereby submit himself, herself, itself, or themselves to the personal jurisdiction of the Superior Court of Rhode Island. In its October 2020 order denying Appellee’s motion to stay Appellants’ motion to disburse the QSF funds, the Rhode Island s uperior c ourt addressed the question of whether direct

- benefits estoppel should bind Appellants to the client ARAs and its arbitration provisions. See All Individual Kugel Mesh Cases , 2020 WL 63359 55 , at *4

– 5. The s uperior c ourt declined to exercise its discretion to impose this equitable estoppel theory on Appellants and further noted that Appellants had “properly brought [their] motion to disburse here, to this Court, as [Appellee] agreed to do under the master settlement a greement, the stipulation filed as to the master settlement agreement, and the March 11, 2016 order of this Court.” Id. at *5. However, the s uperior c ourt later granted Appellee’s motion to stay, stating that ret aining continuing jurisdiction over the QSF “did not thereby bind all claimants and their attorneys . . . to resolve all disputes underlying the proper calculation of their ‘ legal fees and costs ’ through de novo hearings or mini

- trials before this Court.” All Individual Kugel Mesh Cases , 2022 WL 19705089, at *15. The United States District Court for the District of Rhode Island described this ruling36 to mean that the “litigation of disputes (including those impacting the allocation of attorney’s fees and expenses from the QSF) that are governed by the ARA clauses requiring binding arbitration in Texas ” are not governed by the forum selection clause in the MSA, which “does not apply to such disputes because [the effect of this clause ] is limited ‘to any dispute over the substance of the Settlement Agreement.’” Deaton , 2023 WL 3158933, at * 4 (quoting All Individual Kugel Mesh
Cases , 2022 WL 1 9705089 , at *15

– 16 n.11). Moreover, as previously mentioned, the Rhode Island Supreme Court has issued a stay in the parties ’ appeal of the s uperior c ourt’s October 2020 denial of Appellee’s motion to stay. Kugel Patch , 317 A.3d at 783

. Noting tha t a disposition of th e matter before us was likely imminent, and that Appellee’s prayed

- for relief

— to stay all proceedings pending the resolution of the Texas arbitrations

— in th e Rhode Island appeal would thus be rendered moot, the court deemed it prudent to stay its proceedings until the pair of arbitrations conducted in Texas have reached final resolution and all appellate review has been exhausted

. Id. It is significant that t he dispute before us is not brought under the MSA

. Rather, this appeal concerns only whether Appellants are obligated to arbitrate under the terms of the client ARAs. Although the parties’ attorney’s fee dispute will undoubtedly return to the Rhode Island s uperior c ourt as they seek the allocation and disbursement of QSF funds , we h ave no jurisdiction over the resolution of that distinct question. Instead, o ur opinion today affirms the trial court’s order to compel arbitration and its judgment confirming the arbitrat or’s award of $135,000 to Appellants in quantum meruit damages because Appellants agreed to arbitrate any dispute arising under the client ARAs when they embrac ed the terms of those agreements

. Accordingly, we overrule Appellants ’ third issue.37 IV. This Court’s Ruling For the reasons stated above, w e affirm the judgment of the trial court.

W. STACY TROTTER JUSTICE

August 21 , 20 2 4 Panel consists of: Bailey , C.J., Trotter , J., and Williams, J.