Illinois Official Reports

Appellate Court

People v. Little, 2021 IL App (1st) 191108

Appellate Court 

Caption

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. 

VALEN LITTLE, Defendant-Appellant.

District & No. First District, Second Division 

No. 1-19-1108

Filed June 8, 2021

Decision Under 

Review

Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 14-CR-3260; the 

Hon. Domenica A. Stephenson, Judge, presiding.

Judgment Reversed and remanded.

Counsel on

Appeal

James E. Chadd, Douglas R. Hoff, and Deepa Punjabi, of State 

Appellate Defender’s Office, of Chicago, for appellant.

Kimberly M. Foxx, State’s Attorney, of Chicago (Alan J. Spellberg, 

Janet C. Mahoney, and David H. Iskowich, Assistant State’s 

Attorneys, of counsel), for the People.

Panel PRESIDING JUSTICE FITZGERALD SMITH delivered the 

judgment of the court, with opinion.

Justices Lavin and Cobbs concurred in the judgment and opinion.
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OPINION

¶ 1 The petitioner, Valen Little, appeals from the summary dismissal of his pro se

postconviction petition filed pursuant to the Post-Conviction Hearing Act (Act) (725 ILCS 

5/122-1 et seq. (West 2018)). On appeal, the petitioner contends that the circuit court erred in 

summarily dismissing his petition, where he made an arguable claim of ineffective assistance 

of trial counsel. Specifically, the petitioner argues that counsel was ineffective when he failed 

to challenge the State’s exclusion of an African American venireperson from the petitioner’s 

jury pursuant to Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79 (1986). For the following reasons, we reverse 

and remand.

¶ 2 I. BACKGROUND

¶ 3 The record before us reveals the following relevant facts and procedural history. In 2014, 

the petitioner was arrested and charged with aggravated criminal sexual assault after his DNA 

was matched with the male DNA profile obtained from a rape kit performed on the victim, 

V.T., immediately after her April 25, 2006, attack. The petitioner’s first jury trial resulted in a 

mistrial due to juror misconduct. The petitioner proceeded with his second jury trial on June 

22, 2015. 

¶ 4 During the jury selection process of that second trial, the trial court questioned 35 

venirepersons. Of those 35, 6 were African American (Erma Barnes, Kenneth Addo, Demetrice 

Isby, Dianna Mogobo, Lynn Ann Walter, and Anthony Collins). Only one of these six, Addo, 

was selected and seated as a juror at the petitioner’s trial. Three (Barnes, Walter, and Collins) 

were excluded by agreement for cause (two at the State’s request, and one on the court’s own 

initiative). Specifically, the court excluded Barnes because her niece worked at the courthouse 

and the trial court found her answers regarding her impartiality to be “disingenuous.” Walter 

and Collins were excluded at the State’s request because Walter had a prior commitment (i.e., 

she had to pick up her sister from the University of Missouri) and Collins had failed to disclose 

a prior arrest. The petitioner unsuccessfully attempted to remove Mogobo for cause after she 

expressed equivocation as to whether she could be impartial since one of her family members 

had been sexually molested. After the court denied the petitioner’s request, defense counsel 

used a peremptory challenge to remove Mogobo from the jury. The sixth African American 

venireperson, Isby, was peremptorily removed by the State. The State exercised four more 

peremptory challenges, one against an Asian venireperson, and three more against Caucasian 

venirepersons. 

¶ 5 Relevant to this appeal, the following information was elicited by the trial court from 

venireperson Isby. Isby was single, worked as a security guard, rented her home in the west 

side of Chicago, and had three teenage children and a five-year-old. She enjoyed traveling and 

watching television in her free time. Isby did not list any prior jury service, any arrests, or any 

experience with the judicial system. Neither she nor anyone she knew had ever been the victim 

of a crime, had been charged with an offense similar to the one at issue in this trial, or had any 

involvement in the legal or law enforcement professions. The State never asked Isby any 

questions and did not indicate why it removed her from the jury pool. 

¶ 6 The record further reveals that two similar, but non-African American venirepersons, Olya 

Koteva Ivanova and Vilma Quezada, were accepted and seated as jurors. During her voir dire, 
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Ivanova stated that she owned a home in a northern suburb, worked as a janitor, was married, 

had three grown children, and enjoyed reading, bike riding, yoga, and walking in her free time. 

Ivanova did not list any prior jury service, arrets, or experience with the judicial system. She 

had also never been the victim of a crime and did not know anyone who had been or who had 

been charged with an offense like the one at issue in this trial or had any involvement in the 

legal or law enforcement professions. Similarly, Quezada stated that she lived in the north side 

of Chicago, worked in retail, owned her home, was married, had grown children, and enjoyed 

watching movies, gardening, and traveling in her free time. Quezada did not list any prior jury 

service, arrests, any experience with the judicial system, or that she or anyone she knew had 

ever been the victim of a crime, charged with an offense like the one at issue at this trial, or 

had any involvement in the legal or law enforcement professions. 

¶ 7 The 12-member jury that was ultimately selected and presided over the petitioner’s second 

trial was comprised of 10 women and 2 men, only 1 of whom was African American. Because 

the facts of the second trial are set forth in this court’s decision on direct appeal (People v. 

Little, 2018 IL App (1st) 152711-U) and have no bearing on the resolution of the issues 

currently before us, we need not repeat them in detail here. Briefly stated, at trial the victim 

testified about the night of her sexual assault. The petitioner, on the other hand, admitted to 

having sexual relations with the victim but maintained that the encounter was consensual and 

that the victim had reported him because he had not paid her enough for the encounter. The 

jury found the petitioner guilty of two counts of aggravated criminal sexual assault (720 ILCS 

5/12-14(a)(3) (West 2006)). The trial court subsequently sentenced him to two consecutive 10-

year terms.

¶ 8 After the petitioner’s conviction was affirmed on appeal (Little, 2018 IL App (1st) 152711-

U), on January 4, 2019, the petitioner filed the instant pro se postconviction petition. Therein, 

he alleged, inter alia, that he was denied his constitutional right to effective representation 

when his trial counsel failed to challenge the jury’s composition pursuant to Batson, 476 U.S. 

79. Specifically, the petitioner asserted that (1) the State excluded “all” the African American 

venirepersons from the jury based on their race; (2) “put[ ] all white females on an aggravated 

criminal sexual assault charge”; and (3) permitted two venirepersons, Ninfa Maruffo and 

Mogobo, to be selected as jurors even though they both stated that they had family members 

who had been sexually molested in the past. In support of his claims, the petitioner only 

attached portions of his trial transcript containing the voir dire of venireperson Maruffo and 

the trial court’s subsequent denial of defense counsel’s request to exclude venirepersons 

Maruffo and Mogobo for cause. 

¶ 9 On April 3, 2019, the circuit court summarily dismissed the pro se postconviction petition, 

finding it to be frivolous and patently without merit. Specifically, with respect to the Batson

challenge, the trial court held that the petitioner’s allegations were both factually and legally 

groundless. As the court stated:

“Here, [the petitioner’s] claim that the prosecution excluded every Black juror is 

rebutted by the record. The record of voir dire for [the petitioner’s] second trial 

indicates that 6 of the 35 venirepersons questioned were Black. Of those 6: 1 was 

selected as a juror, 3 were excluded for cause (2 challenged by the defense, 1 by the 
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prosecution),[ 1 ] 1 was excluded by the defense, and only 1 was excluded by the 

prosecution. Therefore, the prosecution did not exhibit a pattern of strikes or a 

disproportionate use of strikes against Black venirepersons. [The petitioner] has not 

alleged, and the record does not reflect, that the prosecutor’s questions or statements 

during voir dire evinced a discriminatory purpose behind its single use of a peremptory 

challenge against a Black venireperson. [The petitioner] has not even arguably made a 

prima facie showing of discrimination. Therefore, [the petitioner] *** cannot establish 

that his counsel was even arguably deficient for failing to raise a Batson challenge, and 

this claim is patently without merit.”

The petitioner now appeals.

¶ 10 II. ANALYSIS

¶ 11 At the outset, we note that the Act (725 ILCS 5/122-1 et seq. (West 2018)) provides a threestep process by which a convicted defendant may assert a substantial denial of his or her 

constitutional rights in the proceedings that led to the conviction. People v. Edwards, 2012 IL 

111711, ¶ 21; People v. Tate, 2012 IL 112214, ¶ 8; see also People v. Walker, 2015 IL App 

(1st) 130530, ¶ 11 (citing People v. Harris, 224 Ill. 2d 115, 124 (2007)). A proceeding under 

the Act is a collateral attack on a prior conviction and sentence and is therefore “not a substitute 

for, or an addendum to, direct appeal.” People v. Kokoraleis, 159 Ill. 2d 325, 328 (1994); see 

Edwards, 2012 IL 111711, ¶ 21; People v. Barrow, 195 Ill. 2d 506, 519 (2001). Accordingly, 

any issues that were decided on direct appeal are res judicata, and any issues that could have 

been presented on direct appeal, but were not, are waived. Edwards, 2012 IL 111711, ¶ 21; 

see also People v. Ligon, 239 Ill. 2d 94, 103 (2010); People v. Reyes, 369 Ill. App. 3d 1, 12 

(2006). 

¶ 12 At the first stage of postconviction proceedings, such as here, the circuit court must 

independently review the petition, taking the allegations as true and determine whether “ ‘the 

petition is frivolous or is patently without merit.’ ” People v. Hodges, 234 Ill. 2d 1, 10 (2009) 

(quoting 725 ILCS 5/122-2.1(a)(2) (West 2006)); see also Tate, 2012 IL 112214, ¶ 9. At this 

stage, the court may not engage in any factual determinations or credibility findings. See 

People v. Plummer, 344 Ill. App. 3d 1016, 1020 (2003) (“[t]he Illinois Supreme Court *** 

[has] recognized that factual disputes raised by the pleadings cannot be resolved by a motion 

to dismiss at either the first stage *** or at the second stage [of postconviction proceedings] 

but, rather, [they] can only be resolved by an evidentiary hearing”); see also People v.

Coleman, 183 Ill. 2d 366, 380-81 (1998) (noting that the supreme court has “foreclosed the 

circuit court from engaging in any fact-finding at a dismissal hearing because all well-pleaded 

facts are to be taken as true at this point in the proceeding”). Instead, the court may summarily 

dismiss the petition only if it finds the petition to be frivolous or patently without merit. See 

People v. Ross, 2015 IL App (1st) 120089, ¶ 30; see also Hodges, 234 Ill. 2d at 10. A petition 

is frivolous or patently without merit if it has no arguable basis either in law or in fact. Tate, 

2012 IL 112214, ¶ 9. Our supreme court has explained that a petition lacks an arguable basis 

where it “is based on an indisputably meritless legal theory or a fanciful factual allegation”—

1

The record affirmatively rebuts this conclusion made by the circuit court. As noted above, of the 

three African American venirepersons that were removed for cause, two were challenged by the 

prosecution and one by the trial judge. 
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in other words, an allegation that is “fantastic or delusional” or is “completely contradicted by 

the record.” Hodges, 234 Ill. 2d at 16-17; People v. Brown, 236 Ill. 2d 175, 185 (2010); see 

also Ross, 2015 IL App (1st) 120089, ¶ 31. Our review of summary dismissal is de novo. Tate, 

2012 IL 112214, ¶ 10. 

¶ 13 On appeal, the petitioner contends that the circuit court erred in summarily dismissing his 

petition because he made an arguable claim that his trial counsel was ineffective when he failed 

to object to the State’s peremptory challenge of African American venireperson Isby, pursuant 

to Batson. 

¶ 14 The State first responds that the petitioner’s claim is forfeited because he did not raise it in 

his pro se postconviction petition. See 725 ILCS 5/122-3 (West 2018) (“[a]ny claim of 

substantial denial of constitutional rights not raised in the original or an amended petition is 

waived”); People v. Johnson, 352 Ill. App. 3d 442, 449 (2004) (“any issue to be reviewed on 

appeal must be presented in the petition filed in the trial court”). Specifically, the State argues 

that the petitioner “cabined his challenge to [his] counsel’s performance vis-à-vis” only two 

venirepersons, Maruffo and Mogobo, whom he explicitly named in his pro se petition. The 

State points out that Isby, whose peremptory challenge the petitioner now claims was 

discriminatory and should have been objected to by his trial counsel, was never mentioned in 

either his pro se petition or the portions of the trial transcript he attached in support thereof. 

Accordingly, the State contends that the petitioner should be barred from challenging Isby’s 

exclusion from the jury for the first time on appeal. 

¶ 15 The State’s strict construction of the petitioner’s pleading, however, is inconsistent with 

the requirement that pro se petitions be given liberal construction. See People v. Edwards, 197 

Ill. 2d 239, 244 (2001). It is axiomatic that in reviewing the dismissal of a pro se petition we 

are tasked with determining “whether the allegations in the petition, liberally construed and 

taken as true, are sufficient to invoke relief under the Act.” (Emphases added and omitted and 

internal quotation marks omitted.) People v. Cathey, 2012 IL 111746, ¶ 21; see also Edwards, 

197 Ill. 2d at 244 (a pro se petition “need only present a limited amount of detail” and “hence 

need not set forth the claim in its entirety” (internal quotation marks omitted)). In the present 

case, there can be no doubt that liberally construed, the petitioner’s pro se petition can be read 

as presenting a challenge to counsel’s effectiveness based upon counsel’s failure to object to 

Isby’s removal from the jury based on Isby’s race. The pro se petition undisputedly argued that 

counsel should have raised a Batson challenge to the striking of “all” African American 

venirepersons from the petitioner’s jury. Such an argument, liberally construed, was 

sufficiently specific to raise a challenge to all or any one of the African American 

venirepersons stricken from the jury. Moreover, the State’s complaint that the petition did not 

attach portions of the trial transcript related to Isby’s removal from the jury is immaterial. The 

Act clearly states that in considering a petition at this stage of postconviction proceedings, both 

the circuit and appellate courts may examine “the court file of the proceeding in which the 

petitioner was convicted, *** and any transcripts of such proceeding” (725 ILCS 5/122-2.1(c) 

(West 2018)) and then take “[a]ll well-pleaded factual allegations not positively rebutted by 

th[at] trial record *** as true” (People v. Sanders, 2016 IL 118123, ¶ 42). In the present case, 

the transcript of the proceedings provided to us on appeal encompasses the entire jury selection 

process, including Isby’s voir dire and her removal from the jury pool. Moreover, it is apparent 

from the circuit court’s comments that in dismissing the pro se petition, the court reviewed the 

entire transcript of the jury selection process and took into account all of the African American 
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jurors that were on the venire. As such, we fail to see how the petitioner’s failure to attach 

certain pages of that transcript to his petition should prevent us from reviewing the merits of 

his claim regarding Isby. We therefore conclude that the petitioner has not forfeited this claim 

for purposes of appeal. See People v. Thomas, 2014 IL App (2d) 121001, ¶ 48 (“[T]he pleading 

must bear some relationship to the issue raised on appeal.”).

¶ 16 Having found no impediment to our review, we turn to the merits of the petitioner’s claim. 

Every criminal defendant has a constitutional right to the effective assistance of counsel under 

the sixth amendment of the United States Constitution and the Illinois Constitution. U.S. 

Const., amends. VI, XIV; Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 8. For a claim of ineffective assistance of 

counsel, we follow the well-known standard set forth in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 

668 (1984), and adopted by our supreme court in People v. Albanese, 104 Ill. 2d 504 (1984). 

To establish ineffective assistance, the defendant must show both that (1) his counsel’s conduct 

fell below an objective standard of reasonableness and (2) he was prejudiced as a result of that 

conduct. See People v. Lacy, 407 Ill. App. 3d 442, 456 (2011); see also People v. Ward, 371 

Ill. App. 3d 382, 434 (2007) (citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687-94)). 

¶ 17 Under the first prong of Strickland, the petitioner must overcome the strong presumption 

that the challenged action or inaction might have been the product of sound trial strategy. Lacy, 

407 Ill. App. 3d at 456-57. Under the second prong of Strickland, the petitioner must show that 

“but for” counsel’s deficient performance, there is a reasonable probability that the result of 

the proceeding would have been different. Id. at 457; see also People v. Colon, 225 Ill. 2d 125, 

135 (2007). “[A] reasonable probability that the result would have been different is a 

probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome—or put another way, that 

counsel’s deficient performance rendered the result of [the proceedings] unreliable or 

fundamentally unfair.” People v. Evans, 209 Ill. 2d 194, 220 (2004); see also Plummer, 344 

Ill. App. 3d at 1019 (citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694). 

¶ 18 In the context of a first stage postconviction proceeding, such as the one here, a petitioner 

need only show that he can arguably meet these two standards, i.e., (1) it is arguable that 

counsel’s performance was deficient and (2) it is arguable that the outcome of his case would 

have been different absent the deficient representation. See People v. Wilson, 2013 IL App 

(1st) 112303, ¶ 20; see also Hodges, 234 Ill. 2d at 17.

¶ 19 For the following reasons, in the present case, we find that the pro se petition sufficiently 

alleged that counsel was arguably deficient for failing to object to the State’s peremptory 

challenge of venireperson Isby and that this deficient performance prejudiced the petitioner. 

¶ 20 It is axiomatic that the right to effective representation includes the right to effective 

assistance in preserving and establishing a claim of racial discrimination in the selection of 

one’s jury pursuant to Batson. See People v. Coulter, 352 Ill. App. 3d 151, 157 (2004); see 

also Sullivan v. United States, 877 F.3d 337, 340 (7th Cir. 2017). To show that counsel was 

ineffective for failing to raise a challenge under Batson, at the first stage of postconviction 

proceedings a defendant must make an “arguable showing” of a meritorious Batson claim. 

¶ 21 In Batson, the United States Supreme Court held that, in a criminal case, the fourteenth 

amendment’s equal protection clause prohibits a prosecutor from using a peremptory challenge 

to exclude a prospective juror solely on the basis of his or her race. Batson 476 U.S. at 89. 

Under Batson, the equal protection clause is violated when the facts show that the State 

excluded an African American venireperson on the assumption that he or she will be biased in 

favor of the defendant simply because of their shared race. Id. at 97.
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¶ 22 The Batson Court established a three-step process for evaluating claims of discrimination 

in jury selection. First, “the defendant must make a prima facie showing that the prosecutor 

has exercised peremptory challenges on the basis of race.” People v. Williams, 209 Ill. 2d 227, 

244 (2004). During the second step, once the trial court determines defendant has established 

a prima facie case, the burden shifts to the State to provide a race-neutral explanation for 

excluding the potential jury members. Id. The defendant may then rebut the proffered reason 

as pretextual. Id. Finally, during the third step of the Batson hearing, the trial court must 

determine whether the defendant has met his burden of showing purposeful discrimination in 

light of the parties’ submissions. Id.

¶ 23 Although the trial judge who presided over the jury selection process in this case did not 

address Batson given that trial counsel chose not to raise the issue, we may nevertheless 

undertake an “objective review of the record” in determining whether a Batson error arguably 

occurred. See People v. Pasch, 152 Ill. 2d 133, 163 (1992) (“Since there appears to have been 

no affirmative ruling one way or the other by the judge on this [Batson] issue, we must 

determine whether the trial judge’s action, or inaction, which presumes the lack of a 

prima facie showing, was against the manifest weight of the evidence.”); see also Coulter, 352 

Ill. App. 3d at 157 (noting “the difficulty of considering Batson arguments on appeal” when 

the reviewing court is “required to study a cold record,” but noting that “a substantive analysis 

of defendant’s Batson claim[ ] is central to a consideration of the effectiveness of defendant’s 

*** counsel”). Specifically, we may examine the record to determine whether the petitioner 

can arguably make a prima facie showing of discriminatory purpose in the State’s preemptory 

challenge of Isby, which would have arguably triggered counsel’s duty to object to her 

exclusion from the jury. In doing so, however, we are mindful that at this stage of 

postconviction proceedings, we may not engage in any credibility findings or factual 

determinations that are not apparent from the record. See Plummer, 344 Ill. App. 3d at 1020.

¶ 24 Under Batson, in order to establish a prima facie showing of discrimination, a defendant 

must present relevant factors or circumstances, which raise an inference that the prosecutor 

challenged the venirepersons on account of their race. See People v. Williams, 173 Ill. 2d 48, 

71 (1996); People v. Davis, 231 Ill. 2d 349, 360 (2008). Some of the factors generally deemed 

relevant in establishing a prima facie case of discrimination include (1) the racial identity 

between the petitioner and the excluded venirepersons; (2) a pattern of strikes against African 

American venirepersons; (3) a disproportionate use of peremptory challenges against African 

American venirepersons; (4) the level of African American representation in the venire as 

compared to the jury; (5) the State’s questions and statements during voir dire and while 

exercising peremptory challenges; (6) whether the excluded African American venirepersons 

were a heterogenous group sharing race as their only common characteristic; and (7) the race 

of the defendant, victim, and witnesses. Williams, 173 Ill. 2d at 71. These examples, however, 

are “ ‘merely illustrative’ ” and are not all inclusive. People v. Davis, 345 Ill. App. 3d 901, 907 

(2004) (quoting Batson, 476 U.S. at 97); see also People v. Holman, 132 Ill. 2d 128, 173 

(1989). Instead, in determining whether a defendant has met his burden of establishing a 

prima facie showing of discrimination, the trial court “must consider ‘the totality of the 

relevant facts’ and ‘all relevant circumstances’ surrounding the peremptory strike.” Davis, 231 

Ill. 2d at 360 (quoting Batson, 476 U.S. at 94, 96-97). 

¶ 25 In the present case, the petitioner acknowledges that factors three and seven are not 

favorable to him. He nonetheless asserts that the totality of the relevant factors and 
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circumstances are in the very least arguably sufficient to raise an inference that the prosecutor 

peremptorily challenged Isby on account of her race. In particular, the petitioner points out 

(1) the shared racial identity between himself and Isby, (2) the similarity between Isby and two 

other seated jury members (Ivanova and Quezada) who were of a different race, (3) the pattern 

of the State’s removal of other African American venirepersons (albeit for cause), and (4) the 

overall composition of the venire versus the seated jury. For the following reasons, we agree 

with the petitioner. 

¶ 26 The record below reveals that the State used a peremptory challenge to remove Isby, who 

was the only remaining African American on the venire after the for-cause challenges were 

exhausted (two by the State and one by the trial court) and after the petitioner excluded Mogobo 

because of her prior relationship to someone who had been sexually molested. 

¶ 27 Nothing in the voir dire examination of Isby reveals any basis for excluding her from the 

jury panel. Nor did the State give any explanation as to why it chose to remove her from the 

venire. During her voir dire, Isby stated that she was single, lived on the west side of Chicago, 

rented her home, worked as a security guard, had three teenage children and a five-year-old, 

and enjoyed traveling and watching television in her free time. Isby did not list any prior jury 

service, any arrests, or any experience with the judicial system. She further stated that neither 

she nor anyone she knew had ever been the victim of a crime, charged with an offense similar 

to the one at issue in the petitioner’s trial, or involved in the legal or law enforcement 

professions. Isby also acknowledged that she would follow the law, base her verdict on the 

evidence, and have no problem rendering either a guilty or not guilty verdict. 

¶ 28 Moreover, the record reveals that aside from her race, Isby had substantially the same 

characteristics as two other accepted members of the venire (Ivanova and Quezada). Like Isby, 

both Ivanova and Quezada worked in nonprofessional jobs, had older children, and had hobbies 

such as watching television and movies or traveling. Both women also listed no prior jury 

service, arrets, or experience with the judicial system and denied that they or anyone they knew 

had ever been the victim of a crime, charged with an offense similar to the one at issue in the 

petitioner’s trial, or had any involvement in the legal or law professions. 

¶ 29 This court has previously held that the exclusion of even a single African American juror 

who shares common characteristics with the selected jurors, except for race, raises an inference 

that the African American juror was excluded solely on the basis of his or her race. See Davis, 

345 Ill. App. 3d at 908; see also People v. Holmes, 272 Ill. App. 3d 1047, 1057 (1995). As we 

have explained, in such circumstances “[a]bsent some reasonable ground, apparent on the 

record, for exercising a peremptory challenge, the record raises an inference that the challenge 

was exercised for a racially discriminatory purpose.” Davis, 345 Ill. App. 3d at 908. Because 

the record here is devoid of any such reasonable ground, we find that the petitioner has 

arguably established that the prosecutor used his peremptory challenge to exclude Isby from 

the jury on account of her race. See, e.g., People v. Alvarado, 365 Ill. App. 3d 216, 220-25 

(2006) (holding that the defendant made a prima facie showing of discriminatory purpose 

where he and the stricken juror were both Hispanic and the stricken juror shared traits with 

several accepted jurors, even though the prosecutor’s questions suggested no racial animus); 

Davis, 345 Ill. App. 3d at 907-08 (finding that the African American defendant made a 

prima facie showing of discriminatory purpose where the State peremptorily removed the sole 

African American venire member but accepted Caucasian jurors who, apart from race, shared 

similar traits); Holmes, 272 Ill. App. 3d at 1054-58 (holding that the defendant made a 
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prima facie showing of discriminatory intent where the State struck two African American 

venire members and the stricken jurors shared traits with the jurors that were selected, even 

though at least three members of those seated were African Americans).

¶ 30 The State nonetheless maintains that the mere coincidence that Isby and the unchallenged 

non-African American jurors (Ivanova and Quezada) shared certain characteristics does not 

establish purposeful discrimination because Isby may have possessed an additional trait that 

caused the prosecutor to excuse her. In other words, the State essentially argues that there could 

have been race-neutral reasons that accounted for her exclusion, such as that Isby rented instead 

of owned her home and was single rather than married, unliked Quezada and Ivanova. We 

disagree.

¶ 31 At the outset, we note that, contrary to the State’s assertion, the prosecutor accepted no less 

than seven other non-African American, single non-homeowners onto the jury: Laura Fain, 

Sarai Saravia Roca, Megan Aguilar, Lynda Lanford, Janet Kaberna, Katie Moran, and Carolyn 

Sever (as an alternate). More importantly, “[a]ny such proffered reasons *** are irrelevant at 

this first stage of the Batson analysis, because at this stage, the issue is not whether there were 

any legitimate race-neutral reasons for the exclusion but, rather, whether defendant established 

a prima facie case of purposeful discrimination under Batson.” Davis, 345 Ill. App. 3d at 909; 

see also Holmes, 272 Ill. App. 3d at 1058. In addition, at this stage of postconviction 

proceedings we are not allowed to speculate as to the State’s reasons but rather must take all 

the petitioner’s allegations that are not positively rebutted by the record as true. Sanders, 2016 

IL 118123, ¶ 42. The record here by no means positively rebuts the inference that the State 

excluded Isby from the jury on account of her race. 

¶ 32 The State nonetheless asserts that the petitioner has failed to establish a prima facie case 

of discrimination because the preemptory removal of one African American venireperson does 

not constitute a pattern of strikes. We disagree. 

¶ 33 The record reveals that of the six African American members of the venire, only one 

(Addo) was selected to remain on the jury. Of the five that were stricken (namely Walter, 

Collins, Barnes, Mogobo, and Isby), three were removed upon the State’s (peremptory or forcause) request (Walter, Collins, and Isby). As such, the State was responsible for removing 

50% of African American prospective jurors from the venire. In and of itself this statistic, 

which is not positively rebutted by the record, and therefore must be taken as true, arguably 

permits an inference that the State had a discriminatory purpose. 

¶ 34 The State further assert that the ratio of African Americans on the venire as compared to 

the jury does not permit an inference of discriminatory intent. Specifically, the State argues 

that in calculating the ratio of African Americans in the venire as compared to the jury, we 

may not take into account the three venirepersons that were removed for cause. See People v. 

Evans, 125 Ill. 2d 50, 65 (1988); People v. Gutierrez, 402 Ill. App. 3d 866, 893 (2010). The 

State then contends that because 11 of the 35 venirepersons (Barnes, Walter, Collins, Brian 

Bain, Susan Cowen, Mohammed Hussein, Lydia Diacona, Jill Koski, Maria Gonzalez, 

Adrienna Carbollo Calderon, and Mary Weiss) were excluded for cause, 12.5% of the venire 

(i.e., 3 out of 24) and 7% of the sworn jury members were African American (i.e., 1 out of 14 

jurors—12 jurors and 2 alternates). According to the State, this 2.5% difference between the 

African Americans on the jury and those on the venire “is not significant enough to weigh in 

[the] petitioner’s favor.” In support, the State cites People v. Lann, 261 Ill. App. 3d 456, 464 

(1994), where the court found that a nine-point difference between the number of African 
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Americans on the venire (32%) and on the jury (23%) was only “slight evidence of 

discriminat[ion],” and People v. Mayes, 257 Ill. App. 3d 137, 148 (1993), where the court 

found that a one-point difference was “too slight to raise an inference of discriminatory intent.”

¶ 35 Contrary to the State’s position, however, under its own cited authority, we are compelled 

to conclude that the 2.5% difference in the African American composition of the venire versus 

the jury in the very least “arguably” permits an inference, albeit “slight,” of discriminatory 

intent by the State. 

¶ 36 Accordingly, under the totality of relevant factors and circumstances presented by the 

record, we conclude that the petitioner has arguably made a prima facie showing that the 

State’s preemptory exclusion of Isby from the venire was made on the basis of her race. As 

such, the petitioner’s allegation that counsel was ineffective for failing to make a Batson

objection to Isby’s removal is neither fanciful and delusional nor based upon an indisputably 

meritless legal theory so as to have warranted dismissal of his petition. 

¶ 37 The State nonetheless asserts that even if the petitioner has made an arguable claim of 

counsel’s ineffectiveness for failure to make a Batson objection to the removal of Isby, he has 

failed to establish any prejudice resulting from this failure as required under the second prong 

of Strickland. Specifically, the State contends that the petitioner has failed to establish that 

there is a reasonable probability that absent counsel’s objection, the outcome of the petitioner’s 

proceedings would have been different, i.e., counsel’s objection would have survived the entire 

Batson analysis and the court would have found the State’s submitted reasons for Isby’s 

exclusion pretextual. We disagree. 

¶ 38 At the outset we note that the State’s proffered analysis would have us engage in 

speculation as to the potential nonpretextual reasons for Isby’s removal from the jury and the 

trial court’s acceptance or rejection of those potential reasons. Such speculation, however, is 

inappropriate for first stage postconviction review. 

¶ 39 Moreover, contrary to the State’s position, the Seventh Circuit has held that, in the context 

of counsel’s failure to raise a Batson objection, prejudice under the second prong of Strickland

must be presumed. See Winston v. Boatright, 649 F.3d 618, 633 (7th Cir. 2011). In Winston, 

the Seventh Circuit specifically considered what constitutes an adequate showing of Strickland

prejudice in the context of counsel’s failure to raise a Batson objection during jury selection. 

See id. at 632. Noting that “a direct Batson claim would be viewed as a structural error and 

thus not subject to a harmless-error rule,” the court explained how prejudice should be analyzed 

when the Batson error is raised under Strickland as counsel’s failure to object. Id. As the court 

elaborated:

“[T]he [United States] Supreme Court has said that structural errors fall within ‘a 

limited class of fundamental constitutional errors that defy analysis by harmless error 

standards.’ [Neder v. United States, 527 U.S. 1, 7 (1999).] If, therefore, analysis is 

impossible for harmless-error purposes, then it is hard to see how it would be possible 

for purposes of Strickland prejudice—after all, prejudice is the central inquiry in a 

harmless error inquiry. But a closer look at Neder reveals that the Court was not so 

much dispensing with harmless error as it was finding that structural errors ‘are so 

intrinsically harmful as to require automatic reversal.’ Id. Translated into Strickland’s 

terms, it was saying that such errors inevitably ‘undermine[ ] confidence in the 

outcome’ of a proceeding. [Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694.]” Id.
- 11 -

Accordingly, the Seventh Circuit concluded that Strickland prejudice must be presumed when 

counsel fails to assert a Batson error. Id.

¶ 40 We agree with the rationale of Winston and, applying it here, find that in the context of 

counsel’s failure to object to Isby’s exclusion from the jury, prejudice must be presumed. In 

doing so, we note that in our legal system, racial discrimination in jury selection is universally 

recognized as a constitutional error of the highest magnitude, whose mere existence casts a 

pall over the entirety of the criminal proceeding so severe as to necessitate automatic reversal 

of a conviction without regard to the strength of the evidence in support of a finding of guilt. 

See Batson, 476 U.S. at 100 (once a Batson violation is established, “our precedents require 

that petitioner’s conviction be reversed” (emphasis added)); Vasquez v. Hillery, 474 U.S. 254, 

263-64 (1986) (discrimination in the jury selection “undermines the structural integrity of the 

criminal tribunal itself, and is not amenable to harmless-error review”); Avery v. Georgia, 345 

U.S. 559, 561 (1953); Rivera v. Illinois, 556 U.S. 148, 161 (2009) (a Batson error requires 

“automatic reversal”); United States v. Angel, 355 F.3d 462, 471 (6th Cir. 2004) (“[A]ny racial 

discrimination in jury selection constitutes structural error that requires automatic reversal.”).

¶ 41 Accordingly, taking, as we must, the petitioner’s well-pleaded allegations as true, we 

conclude that the petitioner has arguably established both counsel’s deficient performance and 

prejudice resulting from that performance. We therefore find that the petitioner should be 

permitted to proceed with his ineffective assistance of counsel claim.

¶ 42 III. CONCLUSION

¶ 43 For the aforementioned reasons, we reverse the trial court’s dismissal of the petitioner’s 

pro se postconviction petition and remand for further proceedings under the Act.

¶ 44 Reversed and remanded.