[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________

No. 19-11798

Non-Argument Calendar

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D.C. Docket No. 6:16-cv-02061-CEM-DCI

KIA KAVIANI, D.M.D.,

 Plaintiff-Appellee,

versus

RELIANCE STANDARD LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY,

 Defendant-Appellant.

________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Middle District of Florida

________________________

(January 31, 2020)

Before MARTIN, JORDAN, and NEWSOM, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

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Dr. Kia Kaviani sued Reliance Life Insurance Company (“Reliance”), the 

administrator of his disability insurance plan, alleging it acted unreasonably by 

denying his request for benefits. The district court agreed with Kaviani. So do we.

I.

A.

On April 20, 2012, Dr. Kia Kaviani, a dentist employed by Greenberg 

Dental, was involved in an automobile accident when the car he was driving was 

hit from behind. Two days after the accident, Kaviani went to the emergency room 

for neck and back pain and was diagnosed with cervicalgia. An MRI taken in May 

2012 revealed disc bulging, herniation, and mild stenosis in certain of Kaviani’s 

vertebrae. Over the next three years, Kaviani was seen by Dr. Richard Smith, an 

orthopedic surgeon, for neck pain radiating to his shoulder, arms, hands, and 

fingers, weakness, numbness, tingling, and restless sleep. He was also treated by

Dr. Mark Sharfman, a neurologist, for headaches with neck and back pain. 

Reliance acknowledges that Kaviani’s treatment immediately after the accident and 

throughout the rest of 2012 was “significant.”

Despite continued pain, headaches, and other side effects stemming from the 

accident, Kaviani continued to practice dentistry. In June 2015, he had another 

MRI. Kaviani also told Dr. Smith that his pain was making it difficult for him to 

perform his job as a dentist without dropping his tools. Dr. Smith administered a 

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muscle strength test and reported seventeen readings that were 5/5 (i.e., normal) 

and three that were 4/5. Kaviani’s neurological examination was also normal. 

Nevertheless, Dr. Smith recommended that Kaviani change occupations. On July 

10, 2015, Kaviani submitted his resignation to Greenberg Dental, effective August 

10, 2015; he worked through August 7.

Kaviani submitted his claim for long-term disability (“LTD”) benefits to

Reliance on August 14, 2015. To qualify for benefits under the Reliance policy, 

Kaviani had to be totally disabled—defined in the policy to mean unable to 

perform the material duties of his regular occupation—for 180 consecutive days 

(the “Elimination Period”).

In support of his claim, Kaviani submitted a Physician’s Statement by Dr. 

Smith that Kaviani could not “continue [his] current occupation” due to neck pain, 

tingling, and numbness. Dr. Smith’s statement also cited Kaviani’s June 2015 

MRI, which showed cervical herniated nucleus pulposus/disc bulges, and which 

Smith indicated meant Kaviani would likely need a cervical discectomy soon. 

Kaviani also submitted a questionnaire about his daily activities in which he wrote: 

[T]he pain that I suffer as the result of the spinal injury in my neck is 

severe and does not allow me to perform my job as a dentist properly. 

The posture I have [to] be in to do dentistry makes my condition worse.

I am unable to do proper treatment on patients.

As part of its review of Kaviani’s claim, Reliance facilitated two analyses of 

Kaviani: an occupational analysis by John Zurick, a rehabilitation specialist; and a 

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medical examination by Dr. Dan Gerstenblitt. Dr. Gerstenblitt reported that 

Kaviani’s pain was self-reported and subjective and that Kaviani’s June 2015 MRI 

was “unimpressive and essentially a normal study.” Dr. Gerstenblitt also noted, 

however, that Kaviani had trouble grasping and a reduced range of neck motion,

and that there could be patient safety issues if he continued in his job. 

Nevertheless, Dr. Gerstenblitt said Kaviani had no “objective neurological deficits 

and his MRI is benign,” so “there is no basis for him to be out of work.” On 

March 10, 2016, Reliance denied Kaviani’s claim for LTD benefits. Reliance’s 

denial was based on Dr. Gerstenblitt’s report and its own independent review of 

the record.

Kaviani appealed Reliance’s denial on August 25, 2016. Kaviani submitted 

additional records in support of his appeal, which documented: continued neck and 

arm pain, with and without pain medication; cervical spasms and upper extremity 

numbness and tingling; and grip strength that showed his inability to safely 

perform his essential job functions. He also included statements from physicians 

and colleagues attesting to his physical infirmities.

In reviewing Kaviani’s appeal, Reliance had Dr. James Butler conduct a 

medical assessment of Kaviani’s file. Dr. Butler said that Kaviani would need 

cognitive behavioral therapy in order to be “a safe dentist” and that it was difficult 

to say Kaviani could do “his full work.” Dr. Butler also attested that Kaviani was 

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capable of “at least sedentary work” and later added that “[w]ith a dearth of 

objective impairments, there is nothing to show that he cannot do sedentary or light 

work on a full time basis.” Dr. Butler noted Kaviani’s complaints of pain, but 

because he would have pain in his neck “[w]hether he sits at home or whether he 

works” Kaviani’s contention that he is unable to work based on the neck pain “is 

not supported.” According to Dr. Butler, Kaviani’s functional capacity evaluation 

(“FCE”) report, which Kaviani submitted in support of his appeal, was “deemed 

invalid” but Butler gave no information about who made that decision or why the 

report was deemed invalid. Reliance denied Kaviani’s appeal on November 8, 

2016.

B.

Kaviani filed this action in federal court on November 25, 2016. Kaviani 

claimed he satisfied all conditions to be eligible to receive his LTD benefits and

that Reliance’s refusal to pay the benefits was unlawful. He requested the unpaid 

LTD benefits, plus interest, as well as statutory attorney’s fees. Reliance answered 

the complaint and, following discovery, the parties both moved for summary 

judgment.

By written order on March 27, 2019, the district court granted Kaviani’s 

motion for summary judgment and denied Reliance’s motion. The court held it 

was unreasonable to have denied Kaviani’s claim on the basis that he failed to 

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present objective evidence of his disability. The court rejected Reliance’s efforts

to discredit Kaviani. It expressly rejected Reliance’s argument that Kaviani should 

not be taken seriously because he “has not presented a neatly-packaged explanation 

as to why he could no longer work in August 2015 when he had presumably been 

in pain since the motor vehicle collision in 2012.” Rather, the court found that 

Kaviani “suffers from persistent pain that is exacerbated by stress and certain 

physical exertions—including exertions that are required when working as a 

dentist.” The court found it arbitrary and capricious for Reliance to have “cherrypicked favorable evidence,” including Dr. Butler’s “flawed” study, “while ignoring 

the abundance of unfavorable medical evidence.” The court also rejected Dr. 

Gerstenblitt’s and Dr. Butler’s conclusions that “pain cannot be the basis of 

[Kaviani’s] disability because he will be in pain whether he is working or not” as 

contrary to the evidence. The court awarded Kaviani $313,644 in past-due benefits 

and interest, and $100,000 in attorney’s fees and costs. Reliance timely appealed.

II.

Under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (“ERISA”), 

29 U.S.C. § 1001 et seq., a participant in a covered retirement plan may sue the 

plan administrator for recovery of benefits. Hamilton v. Allen-Bradley Co., 244 

F.3d 819, 824 (11th Cir. 2001). “We ‘review de novo a district court’s ruling 

affirming or reversing a plan administrator’s ERISA benefits decision, applying the 

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same legal standards that governed the district court’s decision.’” Alexandra H. v. 

Oxford Health Ins. Inc. Freedom Access Plan, 833 F.3d 1299, 1306 (11th Cir. 

2016) (quoting Blankenship v. Metro. Life Ins. Co., 644 F.3d 1350, 1354 (11th Cir. 

2011) (per curiam)). “We also review de novo a district court’s grant of summary 

judgment.” Id. Summary judgment is appropriate if the moving party “shows that 

there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and [he] is entitled to judgment 

as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a).

III.

We have set forth a six-part test for reviewing a plan administrator’s benefits 

decision:

(1) Apply the de novo standard to determine whether the claim 

administrator’s benefits-denial decision is “wrong” (i.e., the court 

disagrees with the administrator’s decision); if it is not, then end the 

inquiry and affirm the decision.

(2) If the administrator’s decision in fact is “de novo wrong,” then 

determine whether he was vested with discretion in reviewing claims; 

if not, end judicial inquiry and reverse the decision.

(3) If the administrator’s decision is “de novo wrong” and he was vested 

with discretion in reviewing claims, then determine whether 

“reasonable” grounds supported it (hence, review his decision under the 

more deferential arbitrary and capricious standard).

(4) If no reasonable grounds exist, then end the inquiry and reverse the

administrator’s decision; if reasonable grounds do exist, then determine 

if he operated under a conflict of interest.

(5) If there is no conflict, then end the inquiry and affirm the decision.

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(6) If there is a conflict, the conflict should merely be a factor for the 

court to take into account when determining whether an administrator’s 

decision was arbitrary and capricious.

Blankenship, 644 F.3d at 1355. Because Reliance was vested with discretion to 

interpret the Plan and the insurance policy, both parties agree that we should begin 

our analysis at step three: that is, whether Reliance’s decision to deny Kaviani’s 

claim was arbitrary and capricious.

“Normally, a decision to deny benefits is arbitrary and capricious if no 

reasonable basis exists for the decision.” Levinson v. Reliance Standard Life Ins. 

Co., 245 F.3d 1321, 1325–26 (11th Cir. 2001) (alteration adopted and quotation 

marks omitted); see Yochum v. Barnett Banks, Inc. Severance Pay Plan, 234 F.3d 

541, 544 (11th Cir. 2000) (per curiam) (“[T]he ‘arbitrary and capricious’ standard 

. . . is analogous to an abuse of discretion standard.”). The question is not whether 

the court or anybody else would reach a different conclusion from the plan 

administrator, but rather whether the record reasonably supports the 

administrator’s decision. See Turner v. Delta Family-Care Disability & 

Survivorship Plan, 291 F.3d 1270, 1273 (11th Cir. 2002). Whether the 

administrator had a reasonable basis for its denial of benefits is “based upon the 

facts as known to the administrator at the time the decision was made.” Jett v. 

Blue Cross & Blue Shield of Ala., Inc., 890 F.2d 1137, 1139 (11th Cir. 1989). The 

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claimant bears the burden of proving he is disabled. Glazer v. Reliance Standard 

Life Ins. Co., 524 F.3d 1241, 1247 (11th Cir. 2008).

A.

Reliance first claims the district court made improper credibility 

determinations. However, we read the district court’s order as faulting Reliance 

for its refusal to accept Kaviani’s complaints of pain when the evidence supported 

his claims of pain. In particular, Reliance took issue with the fact that Kaviani did 

not file for LTD benefits until three years after the accident; did not receive 

treatment from Dr. Smith in the year-and-a-half preceding his June 2015 visit with 

Smith; and continued to work for thirty days after giving notice of his resignation. 

In rejecting Reliance’s arguments that these facts were dispositive of Kaviani’s 

complaint, the district court did not decide that Kaviani was, in fact, credible. 

Rather, the district court held that these reasons for rejection were insufficient to 

overcome the uncontroverted evidence showing that that Kaviani’s condition 

became progressively worse and that he was likely practicing dentistry in an unsafe 

manner. And the district court also cited to precedent from our Court and others 

holding that disability is not disproved by the fact that a claimant continues to 

work. This type of analysis satisfies an arbitrary and capricious standard of 

review. See Oliver v. Coca Cola Co., 497 F.3d 1181, 1197 (11th Cir.) (“By 

denying Oliver’s claim on the ground that he had not provided ‘objective’ evidence 

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of his pain, despite Oliver’s submission of uncontroverted medical evidence of the 

only sort available to prove his disability . . . Coca-Cola engaged in capricious 

decision making.”), vacated in part on other grounds, 506 F.3d 1316 (11th Cir. 

2007).

Reliance also cites these “time-related issues” as evidence that Kaviani has

not proved his disability. Reliance’s brief is full of citations to inapposite out-ofcircuit authority.

1 Yet nowhere does it grapple with our Circuit precedent 

establishing that an employee’s “attempt to work does not forever bar [his]

collection of sickness disability benefits.” Marecek v. BellSouth Telecomms., Inc., 

49 F.3d 702, 706 (11th Cir. 1995). Nor does Reliance show that the objective 

medical evidence supports its view of the facts. The district court was correct to 

reject Reliance’s speculation in favor of evidence showing that Kaviani was 

experiencing debilitating disability in the period leading up to his resignation from 

Greenberg Dental. See Brown v. Blue Cross & Blue Shield of Ala., Inc., 898 F.2d 

1556, 1566 n.11 (11th Cir. 1990) (“Good faith requires an honest effort to ascertain 

1 Reliance also attempts to distinguish Hawkins v. First Union Corp. Long-Term 

Disability Plan, 326 F.3d 914 (7th Cir. 2003), and Nieves v. Prudential Insurance Co. of 

America, 233 F. Supp. 3d 755 (D. Ariz. 2017), both of which the district court cited in rejecting 

Reliance’s arguments on this point. While those cases are, in certain respects, factually 

distinguishable from Kaviani’s, neither court relied on the distinguishable facts when holding 

that “disability is not disproved by the mere fact that the claimant found a way to continue 

working.” Nieves, 233 F. Supp. 3d at 761; see Hawkins, 326 F.3d at 918 (holding that there is 

no “logical incompatibility between working full time and being disabled from working full 

time”). The objective medical evidence here proves Kaviani was disabled.

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the facts upon which its exercise must rest and an honest determination from such 

ascertained facts.” (quotation marks omitted)), overruled on other grounds by

Metro. Life Ins. Co. v. Glenn, 554 U.S. 105, 128 S. Ct. 2343 (2008). 

B.

Next, Reliance defends its decision to give short shrift to the FCE report and 

a neurophysiologic pain profile report by Dr. David Ross, an independent medical 

examiner (“IME”), both of which Kaviani submitted in support of his internal 

appeal. Reliance argues that the timing and content of these reports means they 

should carry less weight. We reject this argument.

The FCE report showed that Kaviani has below-functioning reaching and 

handling in his upper extremities, as demonstrated by his grip strength, shoulder 

strength, and endurance to repetitive hand use. Based on the FCE report as well as 

his own independent examination, Dr. Ross’s IME report concluded that Kaviani 

has chronic pain syndrome that rendered him unable to perform his work 

obligations safely, even with further treatment. Reliance says the FCE report is 

unreliable because it was produced after the Elimination Period ended and that the 

IME report is problematic because Dr. Ross did not review Kaviani’s treatment 

records or address an EMG test that seemed to disagree with his findings.

Reliance is correct that the FCE report is not relevant insofar it does not 

provide evidence of Kaviani’s disability during the Elimination Period. Nothing in 

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the FCE report itself discusses Kaviani’s condition during the relevant time period.

The FCE report could have been relevant on its own had Kaviani pointed us to any 

aspects of the report consistent with findings of disability during the Elimination 

Period, but he has not done so.2

That said, the FCE report was examined by Dr. Ross after Ross performed 

his IME report. Dr. Ross noted that the findings in the FCE Report “confirm[ed] 

and extend[ed]” Ross’s own independent findings. What were those findings? 

That, contrary to Dr. Gerstenblitt’s report, Kaviani was totally disabled. Dr. Ross 

noted this finding was “correct[ly]” made by Dr. Smith in June 2015. Reliance 

does not challenge the IME report on timeliness grounds, instead arguing that “Dr. 

Ross’s ultimate opinion of total disability cannot be reconciled with his own 

testing.” But the key finding Reliance points to—Dr. Ross’s note that Kaviani was 

experiencing “mild myofascial pain”—is not inconsistent with Ross’s other pain 

findings. Dr. Ross found that Kaviani’s pain would increase over the course of an 

eight-hour workday and that this pain would prevent Kaviani from being able to 

“safely perform his work obligations,” even with future treatment. And as the 

2 Nonetheless, we agree with the district court that Reliance’s delay in adjudicating 

Kaviani’s initial claim prevented him from obtaining an FCE report during the Elimination 

Period. Kaviani filed his claim right after his resignation. It would have made no sense for him 

to obtain additional medical evidence for an appeal he did not yet know would be necessary. 

Given that Reliance caused Kaviani’s difficulty in obtaining a timely FCE report, we give less 

weight to its arguments on this ground.

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district court pointed out, even Dr. Butler acknowledged Dr. Ross had “proven” 

Kaviani was in pain.

Just as Reliance was not required to give absolute deference to the findings 

in the FCE report and IME report, it could not discount them without a reasoned 

basis. See Oliver, 497 F.3d at 1198 (holding it was arbitrary and capricious for the 

plan administrator to rely on favorable evidence while ignoring contrary objective 

medical evidence in the record). Reliance acted arbitrarily and capriciously when 

it ignored the unfavorable findings of disability in these reports.

C.

Similarly, Reliance disagrees with the district court’s conclusion that 

Reliance “cherry-picked favorable evidence to rely upon while ignoring the 

abundance of unfavorable medical evidence.” According to Reliance, the evidence 

favorable to Kaviani was not reliable objective medical evidence at all, and even if 

it were it was not unreasonable for Reliance to rely on the reports by Dr. 

Gerstenblitt and Dr. Butler. The district court properly recognized that Reliance is

permitted to deny claims “on the basis of conflicting, reliable evidence.” See

Oliver, 497 F.3d at 1199. But it was arbitrary and capricious for Reliance to 

willfully blind itself to the conflict in the evidence. See id. at 1198; Levinson, 245 

F.3d at 1327 (holding that there must be “a reasonable basis for [a plan 

administrator’s] decisions, based on the evidence known to [it] at the time”). As 

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discussed above, the IME report (and, to a lesser extent, the FCE report) was 

reliable medical evidence that Reliance could not ignore. That is also the case with 

the records from Dr. Sharfman and Dr. Smith, both of whom found that Kaviani 

suffered from headaches, pain in his upper extremities, and other symptoms that 

would make it difficult for him to practice dentistry safely.3

 Reliance does not 

articulate how those doctors’ statements were flawed. We agree with the district 

court that this substantial objective evidence could not be canceled out by Dr. 

Gerstenblitt’s unsupported conclusion that Kaviani was “self-limiting” or Dr. 

Butler’s subjective belief that “pain is a perception” and that Kaviani was not 

disabled because he would be in pain regardless of whether he was sitting at home 

or working.

IV.

Although a plan administrator has substantial discretion in adjudicating 

disability claims, it cannot ignore uncontradicted record evidence of disability. We 

agree with the district court that Reliance did just that when it rejected Kaviani’s 

claim for LTD benefits. Because Reliance’s denial of Kaviani’s claim was 

arbitrary and capricious under any standard, we need not reach the question of 

whether Reliance was improperly motivated by self-interested financial concerns.

3 Reliance also argues the district court misread a note from one of Kaviani’s visits to Dr. 

Smith, which Reliance says shows Kaviani was not suffering from headaches as a general matter. 

However, Kaviani has a documented history of treatment for headaches.

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AFFIRMED.

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