[Federal Register Volume 65, Number 243 (Monday, December 18, 2000)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 79192-79275]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 00-31078]



[[Page 79191]]

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Part III





Department of the Interior





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Fish and Wildlife Service



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50 CFR Part 17



Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Determinations of 
Prudency and Proposed Designations of Critical Habitat for Plant 
Species From the Islands of Maui and Kahoolawe, Hawaii; Proposed Rule

Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 243 / Monday, December 18, 2000 / 
Proposed Rules

[[Page 79192]]


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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

Fish and Wildlife Service

50 CFR Part 17

RIN 1018-AH70


Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Determinations of 
Prudency and Designations of Critical Habitat for Plant Species From 
the Islands of Maui and Kahoolawe, Hawaii

AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior.

ACTION: Proposed rule and Notice of determinations of whether 
designation of critical habitat is prudent.

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SUMMARY: We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, have reconsidered our 
findings concerning whether designating critical habitat for 38 
federally protected plants from the islands of Maui and Kahoolawe, some 
of which may also occur on other Hawaiian Islands, listed between 1991 
and 1996, would be prudent. At the time each plant was listed, we 
determined that designation of critical habitat was not prudent because 
designation would increase the degree of threat to the species and/or 
would not benefit the plant. We have determined that critical habitat 
is prudent for 37 of these species since the potential benefits of 
designating critical habitat essential for the conservation of these 
species outweigh the risks of designation that may result from human 
activity. We propose that designation of critical habitat is not 
prudent for one species, which is no longer extant in the wild and for 
which no genetic material is currently extant, because such designation 
would not be beneficial to this species.
    We propose critical habitat designations for a total of 50 species 
in 52 units on Maui and 4 units on Kahoolawe at this time. The 
approximate land area within these units totals 13,574 hectares (33,614 
acres) on Maui and 207 hectares (512 acres) on Kahoolawe. This proposed 
rule includes proposed designations for 33 of the 37 species mentioned 
above. Critical habitat is not proposed for four species that are 
currently only found in areas on Maui that are permanently protected 
and managed. In addition, critical habitat is being proposed for six 
other species from Maui and Kahoolawe that were listed in 1999. We are 
also proposing critical habitat on Maui and Kahoolawe for 11 species 
which also occur on Kauai.
    We solicit data and comments from the public on all aspects of this 
proposal, including data on the economic and other impacts of the 
proposed designations. We may revise this proposal to incorporate or 
address new information received during the comment period.

DATES: We must receive comments from all interested parties by February 
16, 2001. Public hearing requests must be received by February 1, 2001.

ADDRESSES: If you wish to comment, you may submit your comments and 
materials concerning this proposal by any one of several methods:
    You may submit written comments and information to the Field 
Supervisor, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific Islands Office, 300 
Ala Moana Blvd., P.O. Box 50088, Honolulu, HI 96850-0001.
    You may send comments by electronic mail (e-mail) to 
<a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#d0bdb1beb4bb8fb3a2b9a4b8b1b28fa0a290b6a7a3feb7bfa6"><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="92fff3fcf6f9cdf1e0fbe6faf3f0cde2e0d2f4e5e1bcf5fde4">[email protected]</span></a>. See the Public Comments Solicited section in 
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION below for file format and other information 
about electronic filing.
    You may hand-deliver written comments to our Pacific Islands Office 
at 300 Ala Moana Blvd., Room 3-122, Honolulu, HI.
    Comments and materials received, as well as supporting 
documentation used in the preparation of this proposed rule, will be 
available for public inspection, by appointment, during normal business 
hours at the Pacific Islands Office.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Paul Henson, Field Supervisor, Pacific 
Islands Office (see ADDRESSES section) (telephone: 808/541-3441; 
facsimile: 808/541-3470).

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

Background

    We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service), have reconsidered 
our previous findings concerning whether designating critical habitat 
for some of the 69 Federally protected plants currently or historically 
found on the islands of Maui and Kahoolawe is prudent. Table 1 lists 
the species that are currently found on Maui and/or Kahoolawe, reported 
to occur on these islands, or were historically present (not seen for 
more than 30 years). Seventeen of these species (Argyroxiphium 
sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum, Clermontia samuelii, Cyanea copelandii 
ssp. haleakalaensis, Cyanea glabra, Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. 
hamatiflora, Cyanea mceldowneyi, Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis, 
Geranium arboreum, Geranium multiflorum, Kanaloa kahoolawensis, 
Lipochaeta kamolensis, Melicope adscendens, Melicope balloui, Melicope 
ovalis, Remya mauiensis, Schiedea haleakalensis, and Tetramolopium 
capillare) are endemic to the islands of Maui and/or Kahoolawe, while 
33 species (Alectryon macrococcus, Bonamia menziesii, Cenchrus 
agrimonioides, Centaurium sebaeoides, Clermontia lindseyana, Clermontia 
oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, Colubrina oppositifolia, Ctenitis 
squamigera, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyrtandra munroi, 
Diellia erecta, Flueggea neowawraea, Hedyotis coriacea, Hedyotis 
mannii, Hesperomannia arborescens, Hesperomannia arbuscula, Hibiscus 
brackenridgei, Ischaemum byrone, Mariscus pennatiformis, Melicope 
knudsenii, Melicope mucronulata, Neraudia sericea, Peucedanum 
sandwicense, Phyllostegia mannii, Phyllostegia mollis, Plantago 
princeps, Platanthera holochila, Pteris lidgatei, Sanicula purpurea, 
Sesbania tomentosa, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Vigna o-wahuensis, and 
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense) are known from Maui and/or Kahoolawe, as well 
as one or more other islands (Table 1). Two species, Bidens micrantha 
ssp. kalealaha and Cyanea lobata, were known from Maui and Lanai, but 
are currently only extant on Maui. Lysimachia lydgatei was known from 
Maui and Oahu, while Diplazium molokaiense was known from several 
islands, but currently both species are extant only on Maui. We believe 
that one species, Acaena exigua, may be extinct. The fourteen remaining 
species are known only from historical records (pre-1970) on Maui and/
or Kahoolawe or from undocumented observations. While these species do 
occur on other islands, we do not believe they still occur on Maui or 
Kahoolawe.

[[Page 79193]]



                                     Table 1.--Summary of Island Distribution of 69 Species From Maui and Kahoolawe
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                    Island Distribution
                                  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
      Species (common name)                                                                                                              N.W. Isles,
                                        Kauai             Oahu           Molokai          Lanai           Maui           Hawaii        Kahoolawe Niihau
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Acaena exigua (liliwai)..........  H                                                                 H
Alectryon macrococcus (mahoe)....  C                C                C                               C
Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp.                                                                       C
 macrocephalum (ahinahina).
Asplenium fragile var. insulare                                                                      H               C
 (NCN*).
Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha                                                      H               C
 (ko oko olau).
Bonamia menziesii (NCN)..........  C                C                H               C               C               C
Brighamia rockii (pua ala).......                                    C               H               H
Cenchrus agrimonioides                              C                                H               C               R               NW Isles (H)
 (kamanomano).
Centaurium sebaeoides (awiwi)....  C                C                C               C               C
Clermontia lindseyana (oha wai)..                                                                    C               C
Clermontia oblongifolia ssp.                                                         C               C
 mauiensis (oha wai).
Clermontia peleana (oha wai).....                                                                    H               C
Clermontia samuelii (oha wai)....                                                                    C
Colubrina oppositifolia (kauila).                   C                                                C               C
Ctenitis squamigera (pauoa)......  H                C                H               C               C               H
Cyanea copelandii ssp.                                                                               C
 haleakalaensis (haha).
Cyanea glabra (haha).............                                                                    C
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana                   C                C               C               C
 (haha).
Cyanea hamatiflora ssp.                                                                              C
 hamatiflora (haha).
Cyanea lobata (haha).............                                                    H               C
Cyanea mceldowneyi (haha)........                                                                    C
Cyrtandra munroi (ha iwale)......                                                    C               C
Delissea undulata (NCN)..........  C                                                                 H               C               Ni (H)
Diellia erecta (Asplenium-leaved   H                H                C               H               C               C
 diellia).
Diplazium molokaiense (NCN)......  H                H                H               H               C
Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis                                                                    C
 (na ena e).
Flueggea neowawraea (mehamehame).  C                C                H                               C               C
Geranium arboreum (nohoanu)......                                                                    C               ..............
Geranium multiflorum (nohoanu)...                                                                    C
Gouania vitifolia (NCN)..........                   C                                                H               C
Hedyotis coriacea (kioele).......                   H                                                C               C
Hedyotis mannii (pilo)...........                                    C               C               C
Hesperomannia arborescens (NCN)..                   C                C               H               C
Hesperomannia arbuscula (NCN)....                   C                                                C
Hibiscus brackenridgei (mao hau    H                C                H               C               C               C               Ka (R)
 hele).
Ischaemum byrone (Hilo ischaemum)  R                H                C               D               C               C
Isodendrion pyrifolium (wahine                      H                H               H               H               C               Ni (H)
 noho kula).
Kanaloa kahoolawensis (kohe                                                                                                          Ka (C)
 malama malama o kanaloa).
Lipochaeta kamolensis (nehe).....                                                                    C
Lysimachia lydgatei (NCN)........                   H                                                C
Mariscus pennatiformis (NCN).....  H                H                                                C               H               NW Isles (C)
Melicopoe adcendens (alani)......                                                                    C
Melicope balloui (alani).........                                                                    C
Melicope knudenii (alani)........  C                                                                 C
Melicope mucronulata (alani).....                                    C                               C
Melicope ovalis (alani)..........                                                                    C
Neraudia sericea (NCN)...........                                    C               H               C                               Ka (H)
Nototrichium humile (kului)......                   C                                                H
Peucedanum sandwicense (makou)...  C                C                C                               C
Phegmariurus mannii (wawae iole).  H                                                                 C               C
Phyotegia mannii (NCN)...........                                    C                               H
Phyllostegia mollis (NCN)........                   C                H                               C
Phyllostegia parvilfora (NCN)....                   C                                                H               H
Planatago princeps (laukahi        C                C                C                               C               H
 kuahiwi).
Plantanthera holochila (NCN).....  C                H                C                               C
Peteris lidgatei (NCN)...........                   C                H                               C
Remya mauiensis (NCN)............                                                                    C
Sanicula purpurea (NCN)..........                   C                                                C
Schiedea haleakalensis (NCN).....                                                                    C
Schiedea hookeri (NCN)...........                   C                                                H
Schiedea nuttallii (NCN).........  C                C                C                               R
Sesbania tomentosa (NCN).........  C                C                C               H               C               C               Ni (H), Ka (C), NW
                                                                                                                                      Isles (C)
Solanum incompletum (popolo ku     H                                 H               H               H               C
 mai).
Sptermolepis hawaiiensis (NCN)...  C                C                C               C               C               C
Tetramolopium arenarium (NCN)....                                                                                    H               C
Tetramologpium capillare                                                                             C
 (pamakani).
Tetramologpium remyi (NCN).......                                                    C               H

[[Page 79194]]

 
Vigna o-waheuensis (NCN).........                   H                C               C               C               C               Ni (H), Ka (C)
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense (a w).....  C                                 C               H               C               C
KEY..............................  ...............  ...............  ..............  ..............  ..............  ..............  ...................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
C (Current)--population last observed within the past 30 years.
H (Historical)--population not seen for more than 30 years.
R (Reported)--reported from undocumented observations.
* NCN--no common name.

    When 38 of the above species where listed between 1991 and 1996 
(Acaena exigua, Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum, Bidens 
micrantha ssp. kalealaha, Cenchrus agrimonioides, Clermontia 
lindseyana, Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, Colubrina 
oppositifolia, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, 
Cyanea lobata, Cyanea mceldowneyi, Cyrtandra munroi, Diellia erecta, 
Diplazium molokaiense, Geranium arboreum, Geranium multiflorum, 
Hedyotis coriacea, Hedyotis mannii, Hesperomannia arborescens, 
Hesperomannia arbuscula, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Ischaemum byrone, 
Lipochaeta kamolensis, Lysimachia lydgatei, Mariscus pennatiformis, 
Melicope adscendens, Melicope balloui, Melicope mucronulata, Melicope 
ovalis, Neraudia sericea, Phlegmariurus mannii, Phyllostegia mollis, 
Pteris lidgatei, Remya mauiensis, Sanicula purpurea, Schiedea 
haleakalensis, Tetramolopium capillare, and Vigna o-wahuensis), we 
determined that designation of critical habitat was not prudent because 
designation would increase the degree of threat to the species and/or 
would not benefit the plant. However, after reevaluating our previous 
decision, we propose that critical habitat designation for 37 of these 
species would be prudent because the potential benefits of designating 
critical habitat essential for the conservation of these species 
outweigh the risks, resulting from human activity, of designation (see 
CRITICAL HABITAT section below). We propose that designation of 
critical habitat is not prudent for Acaena exigua, which we believe may 
be extinct, because such a designation would not be beneficial to this 
species, since we believe the species may be extinct.
    Proposed determinations for 11 species that also occur on the 
island of Kauai (Alectryon macrococcus, Bonamia menziesii, Centaurium 
sebaeoides, Flueggea neowawraea, Melicope knudsenii, Peucedanum 
sandwicense, Plantago princeps, Platanthera holochila, Sesbania 
tomentosa, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense) were 
published in a previous proposal (65 FR 66808). In addition, the 
designation of critical habitat was found to be prudent for six species 
(Clermontia samuelii, Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis, Cyanea 
glabra, Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora, Dubautia plantaginea ssp. 
humilis, and Kanaloa kahoolawensis) when they were listed as endangered 
in 1999.
    An additional 14 species listed in Table 1 are known only from 
historical records (pre-1970) on Maui and/or Kahoolawe or from 
undocumented observations. Since these species do not currently occur 
on Maui or Kahoolawe, is it not prudent to designate critical habitat 
for them on these islands. However, proposed determinations and 
critical habitat designations or non-designations for these species 
will be included in other proposed rules for the islands on which they 
currently occur (Table 2).

     Table 2.--Proposed rules in which prudency and critical habitat
  designations/non-designations will be proposed for 14 species that no
                   longer occur on Maui or Kahoolawe.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                       Proposed rule in
                                                        which critical
                                   Proposed rule in         habitat
             SPECIES                which prudency     designations/non
                                   will be proposed    designations will
                                                         be discussed
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Asplenium fragile var insulare..  Hawaii............  Hawaii
Brighamia rockii................  Molokai...........  Molokai
Clermontia peleana..............  Hawaii............  Hawaii
Delissea undulata...............  Hawaii............  Hawaii
Gouania vitifolio...............  Hawaii............  Hawaii; Oahu
Isodendrion pyrifolium..........  Hawaii............  Hawaii
Nototrichium humile.............  Oahu..............  Oahu
Phyllostegia mannii.............  Oahu..............  Oahu
Phyllostegia parviflora.........  Oahu..............  Oahu
Schiedea hookeri................  Oahu..............  Oahu
Schiedea nuttallii..............  Kauai (65 FR        Kauai; Oahu;
                                   66808).             Molokai
Solanum incompletum.............  Hawaii............  Hawaii
Tetramolopium arenarium.........  Hawaii............  Hawaii
Tetramolopium remyi.............  Lanai.............  Lanai
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The plants discussed in this proposed rule were listed as 
endangered or threatened species under the Endangered Species Act of 
1973, as amended (Act), between 1991 and 1999. At the time many of 
these plants were listed, we determined that designation of critical 
habitat was not prudent because designation would increase the degree 
of threat to the species and/or would not benefit the plant. These not 
prudent determinations, along with 196 others, were challenged in 
Conservation Council for Hawaii v. Babbitt, 2 F. Supp. 2d 1280 (D. 
Hawaii). On March 9, 1998,

[[Page 79195]]

the United States District Court for the District of Hawaii directed us 
to review the prudency determinations for 245 listed plant species in 
Hawaii. On August 10, 1998, the court ordered us to publish proposed 
critical habitat designations or non-designations for at least 100 
species by November 30, 2000, and to publish proposed designations or 
non-designations for the remaining 145 species by April 30, 2002. (See 
65 FR 66808 for complete discussion about the above litigation.)
    In addition, a second court order (Conservation Council for Hawaii 
v. Babbitt, Civ. No. 99-002283 HG (D. Haw. Aug. 19, 1999, Feb. 16, 
2000, and March 28, 2000)) requires that we propose critical habitat 
for 10 other plant species, 6 of which are addressed in this proposed 
rule (Clermontia samuelii, Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis, 
Cyanea glabra, Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora, Dubautia 
plantaginea ssp. humilis, Kanaloa kahoolawensis) for which 
determination was found to be prudent at the time of listing. This 
second court order requires us to publish proposed critical habitat 
designations by November 30, 2000, and to publish final critical 
habitat designations by November 30, 2001.
    To comply with these court orders, we plan to publish seven 
proposed rules, between now and April 30, 2002, in the following island 
groupings: Kauai and Niihau; Maui and Kahoolawe; Lanai; Molokai; 
Northwest Hawaiian Islands; Hawaii; and Oahu. Each notice will contain 
the proposed prudency determinations for species occurring on that 
island for which prudency determinations have not been previously 
proposed, and proposed designations or non-designations of critical 
habitat for each plant species known to occur from that island. The 
proposed prudency determination and proposed rule for Kauai and Niihau 
plants was published in the Federal Register on November 7, 2000 (65 FR 
66808). When a plant species occurs on more than one island, critical 
habitat may be proposed in all of the proposed rules that cover the 
respective islands.

The Islands of Maui and Kahoolawe

    Maui, the second largest island in Hawaii at 1,888 square 
kilometers (sq km) (729 square miles (sq mi)) in area, was formed from 
the remnants of two large shield volcanoes, the older west Maui volcano 
(1.3 million years) on the west and the larger, but much younger 
Haleakala volcano on the east. Stream erosion has cut deep valleys and 
ridges into the originally shield-shaped West Maui volcano. The highest 
point on West Maui is Puu Kukui at 1,764 meters (m) (5,787 feet (ft)) 
elevation, which has an average rainfall of 1,020 centimeters (cm) (400 
inches (in.)) per year, making it the second wettest spot in Hawaii 
(Department of Geography 1998). Having erupted just 200 years ago, East 
Maui's Haleakala crater, reaching 3,055 m (10,023 ft) in elevation, has 
retained its classic shield shape and lacks the diverse vegetation 
typical of the older and more eroded West Maui mountain. Rainfall on 
the slopes of Haleakala is about 89 cm (35 in.) per year, with its 
windward (northeastern) slope receiving the most precipitation. 
However, Haleakala's crater is a dry cinder desert because it is below 
the level at which precipitation develops, and is sheltered from 
moisture-laden winds (Gagne and Cuddihy 1999).
    The island of Kahoolawe measures about 17.7 km (11 mi) long by 11.3 
km (7 mi) wide, comprising some 11,655 hectares (ha) (28,800 acres 
(ac)). Located in the lee of Haleakala, the island lies approximately 
11 km (6.7 mi) from East Maui. The highest point is the rim of an 
extinct volcano at 450 m (1,477 ft) above sea level. The estimated 
annual precipitation is approximately 500 millimeters (mm) (20 in.), 
with most if it falling from November through March. In addition to the 
low precipitation, Kahoolawe is the windiest of the Hawaiian Islands 
(Gon et al. 1992).

Discussion of the Plant Taxa

Species Endemic to Maui and/or Kahoolawe

Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum

    Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum, a long-lived 
perennial and a member of the aster family (Asteraceae), is called the 
Haleakala silversword. It is a distinctive, globe-shaped rosette plant 
with a dense covering of silver hairs. This subspecies is distinguished 
from Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. sandwicense by the shape and ratio 
of the dimensions of the inflorescence, the number of ray florets per 
head, and the combination of its longer, three-angled leaves; its 
silvery leaf hairs, which completely hide the leaf surface; and its 
longer achenes (Carr 1985, 1999a).
    This monocarpic (flowers only once, at the end of its lifetime) 
plant matures from seed to its final stage in approximately 15-50 years 
(Loope and Medeiros, in press). The plant remains a compact rosette 
until it sends up an erect, central flowering stalk, sets seed, and 
dies. Flowering occurs from June to September, with annual numbers of 
flowering plants varying dramatically from year to year. Reliable 
counts of flowering plants were made in 1935 (217 flowered) and in 1941 
(815 flowered) (Loope and Crivellone 1986). Numbers recorded in recent 
years have ranged from zero in 1970 to 6,632 in 1991. The environmental 
stimulus for synchronous flowering is as yet unknown. An apparent 
relationship of the 1991 mass flowering event to stratospheric 
alteration by the eruption of Pinatubo Volcano in the Philippines has 
been considered. Investigations are underway by R. Pharis of the 
University of Calgary and L.L. Loope to explore whether enhanced 
flowering is related to increased UV-B radiation due to temporary 
reduction of stratospheric ozone (United States Fish and Wildlife 
Service (USFWS) 1997). Flying insects, especially native bees, moths, 
flies, bugs, and wasps, many of which are pollinators, are attracted in 
large numbers to the giant, aromatic inflorescences. It has been 
demonstrated that Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum cannot 
fertilize itself and is reliant on insect pollinators for reproduction. 
Rarely, hybrids between A. sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum and Dubautia 
menziesii, have been observed. Primarily found within Haleakala Crater, 
especially on Puu o Pele and Puu o Maui cinder cones, these hybrid 
individuals flower for several years before dying (Carr 1985).
    Currently, Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum occupies 
all of its historic range, a 1,000 ha (2,500 ac) area at 2,100-3,000 m 
(6,890-9,840 ft) elevation in the crater and outer slopes of Haleakala 
Volcano, within Haleakala National Park, and The Nature Conservancy of 
Hawaii's (TNCH) Waikamoi Preserve (Loope and Crivellone 1986; TNC 
1998). There are a total of seven populations on Federal and privately 
owned land, with 39,013 to 44,013 individual plants (TNCH 1998; 
Geographic Decision Systems International (GDSI) 2000; Hawaii Natural 
Heritage Program (HINHP) Database 2000).
    The habitat of this species consists primarily of dry, well-
drained, otherwise barren, unstable slopes of recent (less than several 
thousand years old) volcanic cinder cones. Mean annual precipitation is 
approximately 75-125 cm (29-49 in.). The substrate has almost no soil 
development and is subject to frequent formation of ice at night and 
extreme heating during cloudless days (USFWS 1997). This species is 
found in alpine dry shrubland with native species including: Agrostis 
sandwicensis (bent grass), Deschampsia nubigena (hair grass), Dubautia 
menziesii (na ena e), Silene

[[Page 79196]]

struthioloides (catchfly), Styphelia tameiameiae (pukiawe), 
Metrosideros polymorpha (ohia), Tetramolopium humile (pamakani), and 
Trisetum glomeratum (pili uka) (USFWS 1997).
    The threats to this species are loss of pollinators due to the 
Argentine ant (Iridomyrmex humilis) and alien yellowjackets (Vespula 
pennsylvanica); native seed-eating and herbivorous insects such as the 
tephritid fly (Trupanea cratericola), the larvae of a native phycitid 
moth (Rhynchephestia rhabdotis), and the endemic cerambycid beetle 
(Plagithmysus terryi); limited natural range which makes it vulnerable 
to extinction due to catastrophic events, such as a natural disaster; 
competition from the alien plant species Verbascum thapsus (mullein) 
and Pennisetum setaceum (fountain grass); and human impacts (trampling 
and site degradation). Although goats (Capra hircus) and cattle (Bos 
taurus) have been removed from the park, they remain a potential threat 
(USFWS 1997; 57 FR 20772).

Clermontia samuelii

    Clermontia samuelii, a short-lived perennial in the bellflower 
family (Campanulaceae), is a terrestrial shrub with elliptical leaves 
which are sometimes broader at the tips. Clermontia samuelii ssp. 
hanaensis is differentiated from C. samuelii ssp. samuelii by the 
greenish white to white flowers; longer, narrower leaves with the 
broadest point near the base of the leaves; and fewer hairs on the 
lower surface of the leaves. This species is separated from other 
members of this endemic Hawaiian genus by the size of the flowers and 
the hypanthium (Lammers 1999).
    There is very little known about the life history of this plant. 
Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, 
and limiting factors are unknown (USFWS 1999).
    Historically, Clermontia samuelii has been reported from Haleakala 
and from Keanae Valley on the windward side to Manawainui on the more 
leeward (southeastern) side of Haleakala (Medeiros and Loope 1989; 
HINHP Database 2000). Currently, C. samuelii ssp. hanaensis is known 
from the northeastern side of Haleakala, within Haleakala National 
Park, Hanawi Natural Area Reserve (NAR), and Hana Forest Reserve. There 
is a total of five populations with 600 individual plants on State and 
Federal lands (HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000; B. Hobdy in litt. 2000; 
K. Wood in litt. 2000). C. samuelii ssp. samuelii is known from three 
populations totaling 50 to 100 individuals on State and Federal lands 
within Haleakala National Park, Hanawi NAR, and the Hana and Koolau 
forest reserves (Warshauer 1998; USFWS 1999; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 
2000; K. Wood in litt. 2000).
    Clermontia samuelii ssp. hanaensis is found between 735 and 1,060 m 
(2,400 and 3,475 ft) elevation, while C. samuelii ssp. samuelii is 
typically found between 1,725 to 2,100 m (5,660 to 6,900 ft) elevation 
(64 FR 48307; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood in litt. 2000). C. samuelii 
ssp. hanaensis is found in wet Metrosideros polymorpha and M. 
polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis (uluhe) forest with Tetraplasandra 
oahuensis (ohe mauka), Hedyotis terminalis (manono), Hedyotis 
hillebrandii (manono), Broussaisia arguta (kanawao), Cibotium sp. 
(hapuu), Argyroxiphium grayanum (greensword), Dubautia sp. (na ena e), 
Clermontia arborea (oha wai), Psychotria mariniana (kopiko), Melicope 
clusifolia (alani), Diplazium sandwichianum (NCN), Peperomia 
obovatilimba (ala ala wai nui), Adenophorus tamariscinus (pendant 
fern), Vaccinium sp. (ohelo), Carex alligata (NCN), Melicope sp. 
(alani), and Cheirodendron trigynum (olapa) (HINHP Database 2000). 
Clermontia samuelii ssp. samuelii is found in wet Metrosideros 
polymorpha and M. polymorpha-Cheirodendron trigynum forest with 
Hedyotis hillebrandii, Cibotium sp., Broussaisia arguta, Dubautia sp., 
Diplazium sandwichianum, Rubus hawaiiensis (akala), Clermontia 
arborescens ssp. waihiae (oha wai), Vaccinium sp., Carex alligata, and 
Melicope sp. (HINHP Database 2000).
    Threats to Clermontia samuelii ssp. hanaensis include habitat 
degradation and/or destruction by feral pigs (Sus scrofa) and 
competition with alien plant taxa such as Tibouchina herbacea 
(glorybush), Paspalum urvillei (vasey grass), Paspalum conjugatum (Hilo 
grass), Juncus sp. (NCN), Hedychium coronarium (ginger), and Hedychium 
gardnerianum (64 FR 48307; K. Wood in litt. 2000). In addition, two 
extremely invasive alien plant taxa, Miconia calvescens (velvet tree) 
and Clidemia hirta (Koster's curse), are found in nearby areas and may 
invade this habitat if not controlled (64 FR 48307). The habitat of C. 
samuelii ssp. samuelii was extensively damaged by pigs in the past, and 
pigs are still a major threat to the populations on State owned lands. 
The population within the National Park has been fenced and pigs have 
been eradicated. However, due to the large populations of pigs in 
adjacent areas, the park populations must constantly be monitored to 
prevent further occurrence (64 FR 48307). Competition with alien plant 
taxa such as Holcus lanatus (velvet grass) and Juncus planifolius (NCN) 
is a major threat to this subspecies (K. Wood in litt. 2000). In 
addition, rats (mainly black rat (Rattus rattus)) and slugs (mainly 
Milax gagetes) are known to eat leaves, stems, and fruits of other 
members of this genus, and therefore are a potential threat to both 
subspecies (64 FR 48307).
Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis
    Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis, a short-lived perennial 
member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a vine-like shrub 
with sprawling stems and tan latex sap. This subspecies is 
differentiated from the other subspecies by its shorter elliptical 
leaves. The species differs from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus 
by the vine-like stems and the yellowish flowers that appear red due to 
the covering of hairs (Lammers 1999).
    There is very little known about the life history of this plant. 
Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, 
and limiting factors are unknown.
    Historically, Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis was reported 
from the windward side of Haleakala and from Waikamoi to Kipahulu 
Valley (Lammers 1999). Currently, this taxon is known from three 
populations with a total of 205 individuals in Kipahulu Valley within 
Haleakala National Park; west of Kuhiwa Stream and Valley in Hanawi 
NAR; and on lower Waikamoi flume, which is privately owned (64 FR 
48307; Warshauer 1998; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).
    Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis is found on stream banks and 
wet scree (a sloping mass of rocks at the base of a cliff) slopes in 
montane wet or mesic forest dominated by Acacia koa (koa) and/or 
Metrosideros polymorpha at elevations between 730 and 1,340 m (2,400 
and 4,400 ft) (64 FR 48307; HINHP Database 2000). Associated species 
include Cibotium sp., Perrottetia sandwicensis (olomea), Psychotria 
hawaiiensis (kopiko ula), Broussaisia arguta, and Hedyotis acuminata 
(au) (64 FR 48307; HINHP Database 2000).
    The major threats to this species are habitat degradation and/or 
destruction by feral pigs; competition with several alien plant taxa; 
rats; slugs; and potential extinction due to random environmental 
events due to small population sizes (64 FR 48307).

[[Page 79197]]

Cyanea glabra

    Cyanea glabra, a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), 
is a short-lived, perennial shrub, with the leaves of juvenile plants 
deeply pinnately lobed, while those of the adult plants are more or 
less entire and elliptical. This species is differentiated from others 
in this endemic Hawaiian genus by the size of the flower and the 
pinnately lobed juvenile leaves (Lammers 1999).
    There is very little known about the life history of this plant. 
Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, 
and limiting factors are unknown.
    Historically, Cyanea glabra has been reported from West Maui and on 
Haleakala, East Maui (64 FR 48307; HINHP Database 2000). Currently, 
this species is known from a single population of 12 individual plants 
on privately owned land in Kauaula Valley (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 
2000).
    Cyanea glabra is found on soil and rock stream banks in wet lowland 
forest dominated by Acacia koa and/or Metrosideros polymorpha, at 
elevations between 800 to 1,340 m (2,625 to 4,400 ft) (HINHP Database 
2000).
    The threats to this species are slugs; habitat degradation and/or 
destruction by feral pigs; flooding; competition with several alien 
plant taxa; rats; the two-spotted leafhopper (Saphonia rufofascia); and 
extinction caused by random environmental events due to the small 
number individuals in the only remaining population (64 FR 48307).
Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora
    Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora, a short-lived perennial and 
member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a palm-like tree 
with tan colored latex. This subspecies is differentiated from the 
listed subspecies (C. hamatiflora ssp. carlsonii) by its longer calyx 
lobes and shorter individual flower stalks. This species is separated 
from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by fewer flowers per 
inflorescence and narrower leaves (Lammers 1999).
    There is very little known about the life history of this plant. 
Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, 
and limiting factors are unknown.
    Historically, Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora was known from 
the windward side of Haleakala, stretching from Puu o Kakae to 
Manawainui (HINHP Database 2000). Currently, this taxon is known from 
nine populations with a total of 22 individuals in Haipuaena Gulch in 
the Koolau Forest Reserve; along East Wailuaki Stream in the Koolau 
Forest Reserve; upper Kipahulu Valley in Haleakala National Park; and 
between Puu Ahulili and Kaupo Gap (State, Federal, and privately owned 
lands) (Warshauer 1998; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).
    Typical habitat for this taxon is montane wet forest dominated by 
Metrosideros polymorpha, with a Cibotium sp. and/or native shrub 
understory and closed Acacia koa-M. polymorpha wet forest from 975 to 
1,500 m (3,200 to 4,920 ft) elevation (HINHP Database 2000). Associated 
native plant taxa include Dicranopteris linearis, Cheirodendron 
trigynum, Broussaisia arguta, Cyanea solenocalyx (haha), Cyanea 
kunthiana (haha), Vaccinium sp., Melicope sp., and Myrsine sp. (kolea) 
(64 FR 48307; HINHP Database 2000).
    The threats to this species are habitat degradation and/or 
destruction by feral pigs; landslides; competition with the alien plant 
Ageratina adenophora (Maui pamakani); rats; and slugs (64 FR 48307).

Cyanea mceldowneyi

    Cyanea mceldowneyi (a member of the bellflower family 
(Campanulaceae)) is a short-lived, unbranched perennial shrub with 
rough to prickly stems. This species is distinguished from other 
species of Cyanea by the combination of a densely armed trunk, long (40 
mm (1.6 in.)) white-colored corollas, and leaf blade size and shape 
(Lammers 1999).
    There is very little known about the life history of this plant. 
Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, 
and limiting factors are unknown (USFWS 1997).
    Historically, Cyanea mceldowneyi was known from rainforest west of 
Waikamoi to Honomanu on northwestern Haleakala (Lammers 1999). 
Currently, this species is known from six populations with a total of 
31 individuals, in the vicinity of Waikamoi Drainage on East Maui, on 
or near State and privately owned lands (Warshauer 1998; GDSI 2000; 
HINHP Database 2000).
    The habitat of this species is montane wet forest with mixed 
Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia koa at elevations between 925 and 1,280 
m (3,030 and 4,200 ft) (Lammers 1999; HINHP Database 2000). Associated 
native plants include Melicope clusiifolia (kolokolo mokihana), 
Hedyotis sp. (NCN), Clermontia arborescens, Diplazium sandwichianum, 
Broussaisia arguta, Cibotium sp., Cyrtandra sp. (haiwale), 
Dicranopteris linearis, and Cheirodendron trigynum (57 FR 20772).
    The threats to this species are habitat degradation and physical 
destruction by feral pigs; small number of populations and individuals 
(57 FR 20772); and competition with alien plant species, especially 
Setaria palmifolia (palmgrass) (USFWS 1997).

Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis

    Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis, a short-lived perennial of the 
aster family (Asteraceae), is a dwarf shrub less than 80 cm (30 in.) 
tall with hairless or strigullose (bulbous-based hairs, all pointing in 
the same direction) stems. This species differs from other Hawaiian 
members of the genus by the number of nerves in the leaves and by the 
close resemblance of the leaves to the genus Plantago (Carr 1985, 
1999b). The subspecies humilis differs from the other two subspecies 
(D. plantaginea ssp. magnifolia and Dubautia plantaginea ssp. 
plantaginea) by having fewer heads per inflorescence, but more florets 
per head (Carr 1999b).
    There is very little known about the life history of this plant. 
Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, 
and limiting factors are unknown.
    Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis has only been reported from two 
locations in Iao Valley, on West Maui. These populations, totaling 60-
65 individuals, are on or near State and privately owned lands (GDSI 
2000; HINHP Database 2000).
    The typical habitat of the species is wet, barren, steep, rocky, 
wind-blown cliffs between 350 to 400 m (1,150 to 1,300 ft) elevation. 
Associated native plant taxa include Metrosideros polymorpha, Pipturus 
albidus (mamaki), Eragrostis variabilis (kawelu), Carex sp. (NCN), 
Hedyotis formosa (NCN), Lysimachia remyi (kolokolo kuahiwi), Bidens sp. 
(kookoolau), Pritchardia sp. (loulu), and Plantago princeps (64 FR 
48307; HINHP Database 2000).
    Threats to Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis include landslides and 
competition from alien plant taxa (64 FR 48307). Random environmental 
events, such as landslides, are a threat because of the limited number 
of individuals and populations and their narrow distribution.

Geranium arboreum

    Geranium arboreum, a long-lived perennial and a member of the 
geranium family (Geraniaceae). It is a many branched, spreading, woody 
shrub about 1.8 to 3.7 m (6 to 12 ft) tall. This species can be 
distinguished from other Geranium by its red petals with the upper 
three petals erect and the lower

[[Page 79198]]

two reflexed, causing the flower to appear curved (Wagner et al. 1999).
    Geranium arboreum is the only species in its genus that appears to 
be adapted to bird-pollination (Funk 1982, 1988). Native honeycreepers 
appear to be a major pollination vector. G. arboreum from the southwest 
area of Haleakala in the Kula Forest Reserve produce seeds that are 
larger and fuller than seeds from the northwest extension of its 
distribution (USFWS 1997). Native honeycreepers are reasonably abundant 
in both areas (USFWS 1997).
    The original range and abundance of the species is unknown, but 
late 19th and early 20th century collections indicate that it once grew 
on the southern slopes of Haleakala and that its distribution on the 
northern slopes extended beyond its presently known range. There are 
ten populations totaling 142 to147 individuals, on State, private, and 
federally owned lands (Warshauer 1998; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000). 
These populations are found in Waiohuli; west side of Puu Nianiau; west 
side of Puu Koolau; Waiakoa and Kealahou; Hapapa Gulch; Kaonoulu; 
southeast and southwest side of Puu Keokea; and Papaanui (Warshauer 
1998; HINHP Database 2000).
    Geranium arboreum grows in steep, damp, and shaded narrow canyons 
and gulches, steep banks, and along intermittent streams in Sophora 
chrysophylla (mamane) subalpine dry shrubland and Metrosideros 
polymorpha montane forest, between 1,525 to 2,135 m (5,000 and 7,000 
ft) in elevation. Associated native plant species include Vaccinium 
reticulatum (ohelo ai), Dodonaea viscosa (aalii), Styphelia 
tameiameiae, Rubus hawaiiensis, and Dryopteris wallichiana (NCN) (USFWS 
1997).
    The greatest immediate threat to the survival of this species is 
the encroachment and competition from naturalized, exotic vegetation, 
chiefly grasses and trees. Soil disturbance, caused by trampling cattle 
and rooting by feral pigs, also is a major threat as it destroys plants 
and facilitates the encroachment of competing species of naturalized 
plants. Other less important threats include browsing by cattle; fires; 
and pollen from exotic pine trees, which at times of the year 
completely cover the stigmas of the geraniums, precluding any 
fertilization by its own species (Funk 1982, 1988). The small number of 
individual plants increases the potential for extinction from random 
environmental events, and the limited gene pool may depress 
reproductive vigor (57 FR 20580; USFWS 1997).

Geranium multiflorum

    Geranium multiflorum, a long-lived member of the geranium family 
(Geraniaceae). This perennial is a 1 to 3 m (3 to 10 ft) tall, many-
branched shrub. Flowers are in clusters of 25 to 50, and have 5 white 
petals that are 10 to 15 mm (0.4 to 0.6 in.) long with purple veins or 
bases. This species is distinguished from others of the genus by its 
white, regularly symmetrical flowers and by the shape and pattern of 
teeth on its leaf margins (57 FR 20772; Wagner et al. 1999).
    There is very little known about the life history of this plant. 
Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, 
and limiting factors are unknown (USFWS 1997).
    Historically, Geranium multiflorum was known from Ukulele, 
Waieleele, and Waianapanapa on East Maui (HINHP Database 2000). This 
species is now known from Haleakala National Park, Hanawi NAR, Koolau 
Forest Reserve, and Waikamoi Preserve on Federal, State, and private 
lands (Warshauer 1998; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000). The nine known 
populations extend over a distance of about 10.5 by 5.5 km (6.5 by 3.5 
mi). Due to the inaccessibility of the populations and the difficulty 
in determining the number of individuals (due to the plant's multi-
branched form), the total number of individuals of this species is not 
known; however, it probably does not exceed 3,000 plants (57 FR 20772; 
HINHP Database 2000).
    Geranium multiflorum is found in wet or mesic Metrosideros 
polymorpha montane forest and alpine mesic forest, Styphelia 
tameiameiae shrubland, Sophora chrysophylla subalpine dry forest, open 
sedge swamps, fog-swept lava flows, or montane grasslands, between 
1,580 and 2,450 m (5,180 and 8,040 ft) in elevation (Wagner et al. 
1999; HINHP Database 2000). Associated native species include Coprosma 
montana (pilo), Dryopteris glabra (hohui), Dryopteris wallichiana, 
Rubus hawaiiensis, Ranunculus sp. (makou), Vaccinium sp., Hedyotis sp., 
and Sadleria cyatheoides (amau) (HINHP Database 2000).
    The major threat to Geranium multiflorum is competition with 
encroaching alien plant species, particularly Rubus argutus (prickly 
Florida blackberry) (57 FR 20772). A potential threat is habitat 
destruction by feral pigs and goats in unfenced areas.

Kanaloa kahoolawensis

    Kanaloa kahoolawensis, a short-lived perennial and a member of the 
legume family (Fabaceae), is a densely branched shrub 0.75 to 1 m (2.5 
to 3.5 ft) tall. The leaves are divided into three pairs of leaflets, 
with a leaf nectary (nectar-bearing gland) at the joint between each 
pair of leaflets. One to three inflorescences are found in the leaf 
axils (joint between leaf and stem), developing with the flush of new 
leaves. The inflorescence is a globose head with 20 to 54 white 
flowers. Up to four fruits develop in each flowering head. One slender, 
brown seed, about 2 mm (0.08 in.) long, is found in each fruit. There 
is no other species of legume in Hawaii that bears any resemblance to 
this species or genus (Lorence and Wood 1994).
    Additional information on the life history of this plant, 
reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, 
and limiting factors is generally unknown (64 FR 48307).
    Kanaloa kahoolawensis was unknown to science until its discovery by 
Steve Perlman and Ken Wood in 1992 on a steep rocky spire on the coast 
of Kahoolawe. The only known location of Kanaloa kahoolawensis is this 
rocky stack on the southern coast of the island of Kahoolawe, which is 
owned by the State of Hawaii (Lorence and Wood 1994). While there are 
no previous records of the plant, pollen core studies on the island of 
Oahu revealed a legume pollen that could not be identified until this 
species was discovered. The pollen cores indicate that K. kahoolawensis 
was a codominant with Dodonaea viscosa and Pritchardia sp. from before 
1210 B.C. to 1565 A.D., at which point K. kahoolawensis disappeared 
from the pollen record and D. viscosa and Pritchardia sp. declined 
dramatically (Athens et al. 1992; Athens and Ward 1993; Lorence and 
Wood 1994). Only one population with two living individuals is known 
(Paul Higashino, Kahoolawe Island Reserve Commission (KIRC), pers. 
comm. 2000).
    The only known habitat is mixed coastal shrubland on steep rocky 
talus slopes at 45 to 60 m (150 to 200 ft) elevation. Associated native 
plant taxa include Sida fallax (ilima), Senna gaudichaudii (kolomona), 
Bidens mauiensis (kookoolau), Lipochaeta livarum (nehe), Portulaca 
molokinensis (ihi), and Capparis sandwichiana (maia pilo) (64 FR 
48307).
    The major threats to Kanaloa kahoolawensis are landslides and the 
alien plant taxa Emilia fosbergii (pualele), Chloris barbata (swollen 
finger grass), and Nicotiana glauca (tobacco tree) (Lorence and Wood 
1994). Goats played a major role in the destruction of vegetation on 
Kahoolawe

[[Page 79199]]

before they were removed (Cuddihy and Stone 1990), and K. kahoolawensis 
probably survived only because the rocky stack is almost completely 
separated from the island and inaccessible to goats (Lorence and Wood 
1994). Rats are a potential threat to Kanaloa kahoolawensis, because 
the species has seeds similar in appearance and presentation to the 
seeds of the federally endangered Caesalpinia kavaiense (Uhiuhi), which 
are eaten by rats. Rats may have been the cause of the decline of this 
species 800 years ago. Trampling and habitat degradation from cats and 
seabirds are also potential threats (P. Higashino, pers. comm. 2000). 
Random environmental events and/or reduced reproductive vigor are also 
a threat to this species, because only two individuals are known (64 FR 
48307).

Lipochaeta kamolensis

    Lipochaeta kamolensis, a short-lived perennial herb of the aster 
family (Asteraceae), has trailing or climbing stems that are woody at 
the base and reach a length of 0.3 to 3 m (1 to 10 ft). This species is 
distinguished from others of the genus by the simple leaves which are 
pinnately lobed or cut and by the size of the flower heads (Wagner et 
al. 1999).
    Lipochaeta kamolensis has been observed flowering from December 
through February, as well as in April. The growing season coincides 
with the wet season between November and April/May. Plants are dry and 
appear to be metabolically inactive during the dry season. Additional 
information on the life history of this plant, reproductive cycles, 
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors is 
generally unknown (USFWS 1997).
    Historically, Lipochaeta kamolensis was known from Kamole Gulch, 
west of Kepuni Gulch, and 7.2 km (11.8 mi) southeast of Ulupalakua 
Ranch Office (Wagner et al. 1999). This species still occurs in the 
Kamole Gulch, as well as Kepuni Gulch, both above and below Highway 31 
on State-owned and private lands. The only known population, which 
extends over an area of about 40 ha (100 ac), is estimated to contain 
less than 500 individuals (GDSI 2000, HINHP Database 2000; Kenneth 
Wood, National Tropical Botanical Garden (NTBG) in litt. 1999).
    Lipochaeta kamolensis typically grows along the bottom of rock 
ledges in dry to mesic scrub or dry lowland forests at elevations from 
220 to 250 m (720 to 820 ft) (Wagner et al. 1999). Associated 
vegetation includes Dodonaea viscosa, Plumbago zeylanica (iliee), and 
Ipomoea indica (koali awa) (K. Wood, in litt. 1999).
    The major threats to Lipochaeta kamolensis are habitat destruction 
and predation by cattle and goats, competition with alien plants such 
as Lantana camara, fire, and the small number of populations subject to 
extinction by random environmental events (57 FR 20772; USFWS 1997).

Melicope adscendens

    Melicope adscendens, a long-lived perennial of the citrus family 
(Rutaceae), is a sprawling shrub with long, slender branches covered 
with gray hairs when young, which become hairless when older. M. 
adscendens is distinguished from other species of the genus by its 
growth habit, the distinct follicles of its fruit, and the persistent 
(remaining attached) sepals and petals (Stone et al. 1999).
    Melicope adscendens fruits have been collected in March and July. 
Additional information on the life history of this plant, reproductive 
cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting 
factors is generally unknown (USFWS 1997).
    Melicope adscendens has been found only on the southwestern slope 
of Haleakala; two plants, separated by an unspecified distance, were 
found by Forbes in 1920. Today, there are a total of three known 
populations on State and private lands: one of the original plants 
persists near Puu Ouli on privately owned land, 26 individuals are 
known from Auwahi, and one individual has been found in the Kanaio NAR 
(GDSI 2000, HINHP Database 2000).
    This species typically grows at elevations between 770 and 1,220 m 
(2,520 and 4,000 ft) in Nestegis sandwicensis (olopua) lowland mesic 
forest or open dry forest on a`a lava flows (a particular type of lava 
flow with very sharp edges) with pockets of soil. Associated native 
plant species include: Pleomele auwahiensis (hala pepe), Dodonaea 
viscosa, Osteomeles anthyllidifolia (ulei), Alphitonia ponderosa 
(kauila), Chamaesyce celastroides var. lorifolia (akoko), Santalum 
ellipticum (iliahialo e), Pouteria sandwicensis (alaa), Styphelia 
tameiameiae and Xylosma hawaiiensis (maua) (HINHP Database 2000, K. 
Wood, in litt. 1999).
    Major threats are habitat damage and trampling by cattle, 
competition with alien plant species, including Lantana camara, 
Bocconia frutescens (NCN), and Pennisetum clandestinum, and reduced 
reproductive vigor or extinction from random environmental events due 
to the small number of individuals and narrow distribution. Potential 
threats include habitat degradation and damage to plants by axis deer 
(Axis axis), feral goats, feral pigs, black twig borer, fire, and ranch 
activities (59 FR 62346; USFWS 1997; HINHP Database 2000).

Melicope balloui

    Melicope balloui, a long-lived perennial of the citrus family 
(Rutaceae), is a small tree or shrub. New growth has yellowish brown 
woolly hairs and waxy scales; plant parts later become nearly hairless. 
M. balloui is distinguished from other species of the genus by the 
partially fused carpels of its four-lobed capsule and usually 
persistent sepals and petals (Stone et al. 1999).
    Additional information on the life history of this plant, 
reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, 
and limiting factors is generally unknown (USFWS 1997).
    Melicope balloui has been found only on the northern and 
southeastern slopes of Haleakala. There are two known populations, 
located approximately 4.0 km (2.5 mi) apart; one near Puu o Kakae on 
privately owned land and the second on federally owned land in Kipahulu 
Valley within Haleakala National Park. The two populations are 
comprised of approximately 50 individuals (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 
2000; K. Wood, in litt. 1999).
    This species typically grows in Acacia koa and Metrosideros 
polymorpha dominated montane wet forest at elevations between 760 and 
1,520 m (2,500 and 5,000 ft). Associated taxa include Machaerina 
angustifolia (uki), Cheirodendron trigynum, Labordia hedyosmifolia 
(kamakahala), Coprosma sp. (pilo), Dicranopteris linearis, Joinvillea 
ascendens ssp. ascendens (ohe), and Peperomia subpetiolata (ala ala wai 
nui) (HINHP Database 2000, USFWS 2000).
    Major threats are habitat degradation and damage to plants by feral 
pigs and axis deer and reduced reproductive vigor or extinction caused 
by random environmental events due to the small number of existing 
populations and individuals. Potential threats include competition with 
alien plant taxa, such as Paspalum conjugatum, Clidemia hirta, Paspalum 
urvillei, Andropogon virginicus (broomsedge), and Psidium cattleianum 
(strawberry guava); susceptibility to black twig borer; and predation 
by rats (59 FR 62346; USFWS 1997; HINHP Database 2000).

Melicope ovalis

    Melicope ovalis, a long-lived perennial of the citrus family

[[Page 79200]]

(Rutaceae), is a tree growing up to 5 m (16 ft) tall. New growth has 
fine, short, brownish hairs, but soon becomes hairless. Leaves are 
opposite, leathery, and broadly elliptic. The upper and lower surfaces 
of the leaves are hairless, and bruised foliage has an anise odor 
similar to that of M. anisata. Each flower cluster is on a main stalk 
and comprises three to seven flowers on individual stalks. Further 
details of the flowers are unknown. The fruit, a capsule, has carpels 
that are fused along almost their entire length. Each fertile carpel 
contains one or two glossy black seeds. The exocarp and endocarp are 
both hairless. M. ovalis is distinguished from other species of the 
genus by the almost entirely fused carpels of its capsule, its 
nonpersistent sepals and petals, and its well-developed petioles (Stone 
et al. 1999).
    Additional information on the life history of this plant, 
reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, 
and limiting factors is generally unknown (USFWS 1997).
    Melicope ovalis has been found only on the eastern and southeastern 
slopes of Haleakala. There is one known population with less than 300 
individuals, found on federally owned land in Kipahulu Valley in 
Haleakala National Park (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, in 
litt. 1999).
    This species typically grows in Acacia koa and Metrosideros 
polymorpha-dominated montane wet forests along streams at elevations 
between 850 and 1,430 m (2,800 and 4,700 ft). Associated taxa include 
Dicranopteris linearis, Machaerina angustifolia, Labordia 
hedyosmifolia, Wikstroemia oahuensis (akia), Dubautia plantaginea, 
Hedyotis hillebrandii, Broussaisia arguta, Cheirodendron trigynum, and 
Perrottetia sandwicensis (USFWS 1997; HINHP Database 2000).
    Major threats to the only known population are habitat degradation 
and damage to plants by feral pigs and reduced reproductive vigor and/
or extinction due to random environmental events. Competition with 
introduced plants such as Paspalum conjugatum, Clidemia hirta, Rubus 
rosifolius (thimbleberry) and Psidium cattleianum, seed predation by 
rats, and susceptibility to black twig borer are also threats to this 
species (59 FR 62346; USFWS 1997; HINHP 2000; K. Wood in litt. 1999). 
Habitat degradation and damage to plants by feral goats and axis deer 
are potential threats if the integrity of the fence currently 
surrounding the population is compromised.

Remya mauiensis

    Remya mauiensis is a short-lived perennial member of the aster 
family (Asteraceae). The genus Remya is endemic to the Hawaiian 
Islands. It is a small perennial shrub, about 90 cm (3 ft) tall, with 
many slender, sprawling, or scandent to weakly erect branches, covered 
with a fine tan fuzz near their tips. The leaves are narrow, up to 
about 15 cm (6 in.) long, and are bunched at the ends of the branches. 
The coarsely toothed leaf blade is 5 to 12 times longer than wide, has 
a long-attenuate base, and a petiole of less than 1 cm (0.4 in.) long. 
The leaves are green on the upper surface and covered with a dense mat 
of fine white hairs on the lower surface. The flowers are small, about 
0.7 cm (0.3 in.) in diameter, dark yellow, and densely clustered at the 
ends of their stems (Wagner et al. 1999).
    Additional information on the life history of this plant, 
reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, 
and limiting factors is generally unknown (USFWS 1997).
    Remya mauiensis was collected twice by William Hillebrand on West 
Maui between 1851 and 1871, and again in 1920 by Charles Forbes, also 
on West Maui. It was thought to be extinct until its rediscovery in 
1971 by L.E. Bishop, W. Gagne, and S. Montgomery on the slopes of 
Manawainui Gulch, West Maui. Currently, R. mauiensis is known from 
three small populations on adjacent ridges on State-owned land in West 
Maui: Manawainui, Papaalua Gulch, and Ukemehame (GDSI 2000). Because of 
the sprawling habit of this species, and the often dense growth of the 
surrounding vegetation, it is difficult to determine the exact number 
of individuals in a population; however, there is an estimate of 26 
individuals (HINHP Database 2000).
    Remya mauiensis grows chiefly on steep, north or northeast-facing 
slopes between 850 to 1,250 m (2,800 to 4,100 ft) in elevation, 
primarily in mixed mesophytic forests, Metrosideros polymorpha montane 
wet forest, or the remnants of such forests. Associated species 
include: Diospyros sandwicensis (lama), Xylosma hawaiiensis, Nestegis 
sandwicensis, Myrsine lessertiana (kolea lau nui), Wikstroemia sp. 
(akia), Dodonaea viscosa, Diplazium sandwichianum, Lysimachia remyi, 
Microlepia strigosa (palapalai), Melicope sp., Alyxia oliviformis 
(maile), Psychotria mariniana, Ctenitis squamigera, Pleomele 
auwahiensis, and Styphelia tameiameiae (HINHP Database 2000, USFWS 
1997).
    This species is threatened by extinction due to random catastrophic 
environmental events by virtue of the extremely small size of the 
populations coupled with a limited distribution of the remaining 
populations. The limited gene pool may depress reproductive vigor, or a 
single environmental disturbance could destroy a significant percentage 
of the known individuals. However, the primary threat to this species 
is the loss and degradation of its habitat due to the introduction of 
alien plants, such as Rubus rosifolius and Tibouchina herbacea, and 
feral pigs (56 FR 1450; USFWS 1997).

Schiedea haleakalensis

    Schiedea haleakalensis, a short-lived perennial of the pink family 
(Caryophyllaceae), is a hairless shrub, with slightly fleshy, narrow 
leaves and a single vein. Flowers are arranged in clusters at the ends 
of the branches. The flower has 5 green, oval sepals; no petals; 5 
nectaries; and 10 stamens. Capsules contain grayish to reddish brown 
seeds. This species differs from other species of the genus on East 
Maui by its crowded, hairless inflorescence composed of bisexual 
flowers (Wagner et al. 1999).
    Schiedea haleakalensis is gynodioecious (individuals either have 
only female flowers or only perfect flowers) and so likely needs cross 
pollination by small insects. Small, short-flighted flies and moths 
have been observed visiting flowers. Fruits and seeds have been 
observed from August through September. Additional information on the 
life history of this plant, reproductive cycles, longevity, specific 
environmental requirements, and limiting factors is generally unknown 
(USFWS 1997).
    Due to the lack of early collections or sightings, the historical 
range of Schiedea haleakalensis is unknown. This species is known only 
from Holua and the west side of Kaupo Gap in the federally owned 
Haleakala National Park (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000). The two 
populations are estimated to contain a total of 100 to 200 individuals, 
which together extend over a total area of 11 ha (28 ac) (HINHP 
Database 2000).
    Schiedea haleakalensis typically grows on sheer, north-facing arid 
subalpine cliffs at elevations of 1,830 to 2,140 m (6,000 to 7,020 ft) 
(Wagner et al. 1999). Associated vegetation includes Artemisia 
mauiensis (hinahina), Bidens micrantha (NCN), Dubautia sp., and Viola 
chamissoniana (pamakani) (USFWS 1997; HINHP Database 2000).

[[Page 79201]]

    The greatest threats to Schiedea haleakalensis are fire and other 
catastrophic events that could severely impact the species due the 
small number and restricted distribution of remaining individuals and 
populations (57 FR 20772; USFWS 1997).

Tetramolopium capillare

    Tetramolopium capillare, a short-lived perennial of the sunflower 
family (Asteraceae), is a sprawling shrub with stems measuring 50 to 80 
cm (20 to 31 in.) long and covered with many glands when young. The 
very firm, stalkless leaves are involute (edges rolled under). Flower 
heads are situated singly at the ends of stalks. Located beneath each 
flower head are 45 to 50 bracts, arranged in a structure 3 to 4 mm 
(about 0.1 in.) high and 7 to 10 mm (0.3 to 0.4 in.) in diameter. In 
each flower head, 30 to 50 white, male ray florets are surround by 15 
to 25 greenish yellow tinged with red, functionally female florets. The 
achenes (dry, one-seeded fruits) are topped by a white pappus 
comprising a single series of bristles. T. capillare differs from other 
species of the genus by its very firm leaves with edges rolled under, 
its solitary flower heads, the color of its disk florets, and its 
shorter pappus. It differs from T. remyi, with which it sometimes 
grows, by its more sprawling habit and the shorter stalks of its 
smaller flower heads (Lowrey 1999).
    Additional information on the life history of this plant, 
reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, 
and limiting factors is generally unknown (USFWS 1997).
    Historically, Tetramolopium capillare is known from Lahainaluna to 
Wailuku on West Maui (Lowrey 1999). Currently, four known populations 
with a total of between 130 and 150 individuals are known to be extant 
near Halepohaku, Koai, and Kauaula on State and privately owned lands 
(GDSI 2000; USFWS 2000).
    Tetramolopium capillare typically grows on rocky substrates at 
elevations between 610 and 1,050 m (2,000-3,440 ft) in Metrosideros 
polymorpha-Styphelia tameiameiae montane mesic or wet shrubland or in 
Heteropogon contortus (pili grass) lowland dry forest. Plant species 
associated with the higher elevation populations include Dodonaea 
viscosa, Metrosideros polymorpha, and Styphelia tameiameiae. Dodonaea 
viscosa, Heteropogon contortus, and Myoporum sandwicense (naio) are 
associates of the other populations (USFWS 1997).
    The major threats to Tetramolopium capillare are fires; competition 
from alien plant species, particularly Lantana camara, Leucaena 
leucocephala (koa haole), and Rhynchelytrum repens (natal redtop); and 
reduced reproductive vigor and/or extinction from random environmental 
events due to the small number of existing populations and individuals 
(59 FR 49860; USFWS 1997).

Multi-Island Species

Alectryon macrococcus

    Alectryon macrococcus, a long-lived perennial and a member of the 
soapberry family (Sapindaceae), consists of two varieties, macrococcus 
and auwahiensis, both trees with reddish-brown branches and net-veined 
paper or leather-like leaves with one to five pairs of sometimes 
asymmetrical egg-shaped leaflets. The underside of the leaf has dense 
brown hairs, only when young in A. macrococcus var. macrococcus, and 
persistent in A. macrococcus var. auwahiensis. The only member of its 
genus found in Hawaii, this species is distinguished from other 
Hawaiian members of its family by being a tree with a hard fruit 2.5 cm 
(1 in.) or more in diameter (57 FR 20772; Wagner et al. 1999).
    Alectryon macrococcus is a relatively slow-growing, long-lived tree 
that grows in xeric to mesic sites and is adapted to periodic drought. 
Little else is known about the life history of A. macrococcus. 
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, 
longevity, and specific environmental requirements are unknown.
    Historically and currently, Alectryon macrococcus var. macrococcus 
is known from Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, and Maui. On Maui, this taxon is 
found along the Honokowai Ditch Trail and in Launiupoko Valley, on or 
near State and privately owned lands (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000). 
There are three populations with a total of four individuals (HINHP 
Database 2000). Currently, A. macrococcus var. auwahiensis is known 
from three populations with 22 individuals on leeward East Maui in the 
Auwahi and Kanaio districts, and on the slopes of Haleakala on private 
land and State-owned, but privately leased, ranchland (Medeiros et al. 
1986; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).
    The habitat of Alectryon macrococcus var. macrococcus is dry slopes 
or in gulches in dense mesic mixed Metrosideros polymorpha forest or 
Diospyros sandwicensis forest at elevations of 360-1,070 m (1,180-3,510 
ft) (HINHP Database 2000). Associated native plants include Nestegis 
sandwicensis and Antidesma platyphyllum (hame). The habitat of A. 
macrococcus var. auwahiensis is mixed lowland dry forest at elevations 
of 360-1,070 m (1,180-3,510 ft). Associated native plants include 
Diospyros sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, 
Alphitonia ponderosa, Santalum ellipticum, Xylosma hawaiiensis, 
Nestegis sandwicensis, Streblus pendulinus (aiai), and Pleomele 
auwahiensis (HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, in litt. 1999).
    The threats to Alectryon macrococcus var. macrococcus on Maui 
include feral goats and pigs; alien plant species, such as Melinus 
minutiflora (molasses grass), Pennisetum clandestinum (kikuyu grass), 
Schinus terebinthifolius (Christmasberry), and Psidium cattleianum; 
damage from the black twig borer; seed predation by rats and mice (Mus 
musculus); fire; seed predation by insects (probably the endemic 
microlepidopteran Prays cf. fulvocanella); loss of pollinators; 
depressed reproductive vigor; and due to the very small remaining 
number of individuals and their limited distribution, a single natural 
or human-caused environmental disturbance could easily be catastrophic. 
The threats to A. macrococcus var. auwahiensis on Maui are damage from 
the black twig borer; seed predation by rats and mice; habitat 
degradation by feral pigs and escaped cattle; seed predation by insects 
(probably Prays cf. fulvocanella); loss of pollinators; depressed 
reproductive vigor; and due to the very small remaining number of 
individuals and their limited distribution, a single natural or human-
caused environmental disturbance could easily be catastrophic (57 FR 
20772).
Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha
    Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha, a short-lived member of the aster 
family (Asteraceae), is an erect perennial herb. This subspecies can be 
distinguished from other subspecies by the shape of the seeds, the 
density of the flower clusters, the numbers of ray and disk florets per 
head, differences in leaf surfaces, and other characteristics (57 FR 
20772; Ganders and Nagata 1999).
    Bidens micrantha is known to hybridize with other native Bidens, 
such as B. mauiensis and B. menziesii, and possibly B. conjuncta 
(Ganders and Nagata 1999). Little else is known about the life history 
of Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha. Flowering cycles, pollination 
vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, and specific environmental 
requirements are unknown.
    Historically, Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha was known from Lanai, 
the south slope of Haleakala on East Maui,

[[Page 79202]]

and from one locality on West Maui (Ganders and Nagata 1999; HINHP 
Database 2000). Currently, this taxon remains only on East Maui in 
Kahua, Manawainui to Wailaulau, and in Haleakala National Park, on 
State and Federal lands. There are a total of four populations with 
less than 2,000 individuals altogether (USFWS 1999; GDSI 2000; HINHP 
Database 2000).
    The habitat of Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha is blocky lava flows 
with little or no soil development, deep pit craters, and sheer rock 
walls in open canopy Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia koa forest, montane 
shrubland, or cliff faces at elevations of 1,600 to 2,300 m (5,250 to 
7,550 ft) (Ganders and Nagata 1999; HINHP Database 2000). Associated 
native species include Styphelia tameiameiae, Coprosma montana, 
Dodonaea viscosa, Lysimachia remyi, Viola chamissoniana, Dubautia 
menziesii, and Dubautia platyphylla (na ena e) (Ganders and Nagata 
1999; HINHP Database 2000).
    The threats to this species on Maui are habitat destruction by 
feral goats, pigs, and cattle; competition from a variety of invasive 
plant species; and fire (57 FR 20772).

Bonamia menziesii

    Bonamia menziesii, a short-lived perennial member of the morning-
glory family (Convolvulaceae), is a vine with twining branches that are 
fuzzy when young. This species is the only member of the genus that is 
endemic to the Hawaiian Islands and differs from other genera in the 
family by its two styles, longer stems and petioles, and rounder leaves 
(Austin 1999).
    Little is known about the life history of this plant. Reproductive 
cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting 
factors are unknown.
    Historically, Bonamia menziesii was known from Kauai, Oahu, 
Molokai, one location on West Maui, and the island of Hawaii (HINHP 
Database 2000). Currently, this species is known from Kauai, Oahu, 
Lanai, Maui, and Hawaii. On Maui, this species is known from Puu o 
kali; Honokowai Ditch Trail; and Kanaio NAR. Currently there are three 
populations containing a total of 11 individuals on State and privately 
owned lands (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, in litt. 1999).
    Bonamia menziesii is found on a`a lava in mixed open dry forest, or 
Erythrina sandwicensis (wiliwili) lowland dry forest, and in mesic 
mixed Metrosideros polymorpha forest at elevations between 150 and 850 
m (490 and 2,800 ft) (HINHP database 1999; K. Wood, in litt. 1999). 
Associated species include Nestegis sandwicensis, Pleomele auwahiensis, 
Dodonaea viscosa, Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, Alphitonia ponderosa, 
Santalum ellipticum, Xylosma hawaiiensis, Nothocestrum latifolium 
(aiea), Pouteria sandwicensis, Achyranthes splendens (NCN), Acacia 
koaia (koaia), Sida fallax, Reynoldsia sandwicensis (ohe), Sicyos sp. 
(anunu), Lipochaeta rockii (nehe), Nototrichium sp. (kului), Myoporum 
sandwicense (HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, in litt. 1999).
    The primary threats to this species on Maui are habitat degradation 
and possible predation by feral pigs, goats, axis deer, and cattle; 
competition with a variety of alien plant species, particularly 
Pennisetum setaceum, Lantana camara, and Bocconia frutescens; and an 
alien beetle (Physomerus grossipes) (59 FR 56333).

Cenchrus agrimonioides

    Cenchrus agrimonioides is a short-lived perennial member of the 
grass family (Poaceae) with leaf blades which are flat or folded and 
have a prominent midrib. There are two varieties, C. agrimonioides var. 
laysanensis and C. agrimonioides var. agrimonioides. They differ from 
each other in that var. agrimonioides has smaller burs, shorter stems, 
and narrower leaves. This species is distinguished from others in the 
genus by the cylindrical to lance-shaped bur and the arrangement and 
position of the bristles (O'Connor 1999).
    Little is known about the life history of this plant. Reproductive 
cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting 
factors are generally unknown, however, this species has been observed 
to produce fruit year round (USFWS 1999).
    Historically, Cenchrus agrimonioides var. agrimonioides was known 
from the Oahu, Lanai, and the south slope of Haleakala and Ulupalakua 
on Maui, and an undocumented report from the Island of Hawaii (61 FR 
53108). Historically, C. agrimonioides var laysanensis was known from 
Laysan, Kure, and Midway, all within the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands 
National Wildlife Refuge. This variety has not been seen since 1973 (61 
FR 53108; Corn 1980). Currently, Cenchrus agrimonioides var. 
agrimonioides is known from Oahu and Maui. On Maui, this variety is 
known from a single population within the Kanaio NAR, containing an 
unknown number of individuals (HINHP Database 2000).
    Cenchrus agrimonioides var. agrimonioides is found on rough a`a 
lava scree in mesic Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia koa forest at 
elevations between 560 and 820 m (1,830 and 2,700 ft). Associated 
plants include Alyxia oliviformis, Canthium odoratum (alahee), Carex 
sp., Diospyros sp. (lama), Styphelia tameiameiae, and Eragrostis 
variabilis (61 FR 53108; HINHP Database 2000).
    The major threats to the only known population of Cenchrus 
agrimonioides var. agrimonioides on Maui are competition with alien 
plants; browsing and habitat degradation by goats and cattle; and a 
risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced 
reproductive vigor due to the small number of existing individuals (61 
FR 53108).

Centaurium sebaeoides

    Centaurium sebaeoides is an annual herb in the gentian family 
(Gentianaceae), with fleshy leaves and stalkless flowers. This species 
is distinguished from C. erythraea, which is naturalized in Hawaii, by 
its fleshy leaves and the unbranched arrangement of the flower cluster 
(56 FR 55770; Wagner et al. 1999).
    Centaurium sebaeoides has been observed flowering in April. 
Flowering may be induced by heavy rainfall. Populations are found in 
dry areas, and plants are more likely to be found following heavy rains 
(USFWS 1995c). Other than that, little is known about the life history 
of this plant. Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental 
regulations, and limiting factors are generally unknown.
    Historically and currently, Centaurium sebaeoides is known from 
Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, and Maui (Wagner et al. 1999). On Maui, 
there are three populations of this species, with a total of more than 
50 individuals, on or near State and privately owned lands, north of 
Waihee; Puu Koae; and near the mouth of Makamakaole Stream (HINHP 
Database 2000).
    This species typically grows in volcanic or clay soils or on cliffs 
in arid coastal areas below 250 m (820 ft) elevation (56 FR 55770; 
Wagner et al. 1999). Associated species include Panicum torridum 
(kakonakona), Lysimachia mauritiana (kolokolo kuahiwi), Schiedea 
globosa (NCN), Lipochaeta integrifolia (nehe), Argemone glauca (pua 
kala), Bidens mauiensis, Lycium sandwicense (ohelo kai), and 
Dicranopteris linearis (HINHP Database 2000).
    The major threats to this species on Maui are habitat degradation 
by feral goats and cattle; competition from the alien plant species 
Leucaena leucocephala; trampling by humans on or near trails; and fire 
(56 FR 55770).

[[Page 79203]]

Clermontia lindseyana

    Clermontia lindseyana, a short-lived perennial and a member of the 
bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a small, branched tree that grows 
2.5-6 m (8.2 to 20 ft) tall (Lammers 1999). Clermontia lindseyana is 
either terrestrial or epiphytic, living on the surface of other plants. 
The upper surface of the oblong-shaped leaves is dark green while the 
lower is pale green or purplish and hairy. Leaf stalks are 2.5-7 cm (1-
2.8 in.) long and hairy. Berries are 2.5-4 cm (1-1.6 in.) wide, almost 
round, and orange. Clermontia lindseyana is easily separable from the 
other taxa within this genus by several characters: much larger leaves 
and flowers, similar petals and sepals, and spreading floral lobes 
(Cuddihy et al. 1983; Lammers 1999). Rock (1962) commented on the 
leaves being conspicuously hairy beneath.
    This species was observed in fruit from June to October, and in 
flower from February to August (HINHP Database 2000). No other life 
history information is currently available.
    Historically, Clermontia lindseyana was known on Maui from the 
southern slope of Haleakala and the eastern portion of the island, and 
on the island of Hawaii. Since 1975, populations of Clermontia 
lindseyana have been identified on Maui and Hawaii (59 FR 10305). The 
two Maui populations are located in Waiopai and Wailaulau Gulches in 
the Kahikinui Forest Reserve and in Kula Forest Reserve on State and 
private lands, and are estimated to total about 330 individuals (Arthur 
Medeiros, U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, in 
litt. 2000; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).
    The extant populations grow in remnant Acacia koa mesic forest on 
the leeward slopes between 1,311 and 2,150 m (4,300 and 7,041 ft). 
Associated native taxa include the following native plant species: 
Cyrtandra oxybapha, native fern species, Phlegmariurus mannii, Ilex 
anomala (aiea), Coprosma sp., and Myrsine sp. (HINHP Database 2000; 
USFWS 1996).
    The threats to Clermontia lindseyana are trampling and grazing by 
cattle, trampling and browsing by goats, and rooting and trampling by 
pigs; competition with the alien plant Pennisetum clandestinum; and 
consumption of berries, flowers, and vegetation by black rats (59 FR 
10305).

Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis

    Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, a short-lived perennial and 
a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a shrub or tree 
with oblong to lance-shaped leaves on leaf stalks (petioles). 
Clermontia oblongifolia is distinguished from other members of the 
genus by its calyx and corolla, which are similar in color and are each 
fused into a curved tube that falls off as the flower ages. The species 
is also distinguished by the leaf shape, the male floral parts, the 
shape of the flower buds, and the lengths of the leaf and flower 
stalks, the flower, and the smooth green basal portion of the flower 
(the hypanthium) (57 FR 20772; Lammers 1988, 1999). Clermontia 
oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis is reported from Maui and Lanai, while ssp. 
oblongifolia is only known from Oahu and ssp. brevipes is only known 
from Molokai.
    Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis is known to flower from 
November to July (Rock 1919). Little is known regarding pollination 
vectors, seed dispersal, or other factors.
    Historically, Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis was known from 
Lanai and from Honomanu Valley on Haleakala, East Maui (57 FR 20772; 
Lammers 1999). Currently, it is reported from Lanai and Maui. On West 
Maui, this taxon is known from one population with an unknown number of 
individuals, along the trail to Puu Kukui in the Honokowai section of 
the West Maui NAR on or near State and privately owned lands (GDSI 
2000; HINHP Database 2000; Lammers 1999).
    This plant typically grows on the sides of ridges in Metrosideros 
polymorpha-dominated montane wet forest at elevations between 850-1,000 
m (2,800-3,280 ft) (57 FR 20772; HINHP Database 2000). Associated 
native species include Dicranopteris linearis, Coprosma sp., Clermontia 
sp., Hedyotis sp., and Melicope sp. (57 FR 20772; HINHP Database 2000).
    The only known population of this species on Maui is vulnerable to 
extinction from a natural or human-caused environmental disturbance due 
to its small size; depressed reproductive vigor; and habitat 
degradation by feral pigs (57 FR 20772; USFWS 1997).

Colubrina oppositifolia

    Colubrina oppositifolia, a member of the buckthorn family 
(Rhamnaceae), is a long-lived tree with extremely hard red wood. This 
species is readily distinguished from the other species in Hawaii by 
the opposite leaf position, dull leaf surface, and entire leaf margins 
(Wagner et al. 1999).
    This species was observed in fruit and flower during September 1929 
and June 1968, and in flower during December 1947 and January 1984 
(HINHP Database 2000). No other life history information is currently 
available.
    Historically and currently, Colubrina oppositifolia is known from 
Oahu, Maui, and the Island of Hawaii (59 FR 10305). Currently on Maui, 
there are two populations containing one individual each on privately 
owned lands in the Kapunakea Preserve on West Maui and on privately 
owned lands in the Auwahi area of East Maui (Warshauer 1998; GDSI 2000; 
HINHP Database 2000).
    Habitats of this species are lowland dry and mesic forests 
dominated by Diospyros sandwicensis, and found at elevations between 
240 and 915 m (800 and 3,000 ft). Associated native species include 
Dodonaea viscosa, Canavalia sp. (awikiwiki), Wikstroemia sp., Canthium 
odoratum, and Reynoldsia sandwicensis (HINHP Database 2000).
    The threats to this species on Maui are habitat destruction by 
feral pigs; competition with the alien plants Lantana camara, 
Pennisetum setaceum, and Schinus terebinthifolius; black twig borer; 
Chinese rose beetles (Adoretus sinicus); fire; and its small population 
numbers and limited distribution (59 FR 10305; USFWS 1996).

Ctenitis squamigera

    Ctenitis squamigera is a short-lived perennial of the wood fern 
family (Dryopteridaceae) (Wagner and Wagner 1992). It has a rhizome 
(horizontal stem) 5 to 10 mm (0.2 to 0.4 in.) thick, creeping above the 
ground and densely covered with scales similar to those on the lower 
part of the leaf stalk. The leaf stalks are densely clothed with tan-
colored scales up to 1.8 cm (0.7 in.) long and 1 mm (0.04 in.) wide. 
The sori are tan-colored when mature and are in a single row one-third 
of the distance from the margin to the midrib of the ultimate segments 
(Degener and Degener 1957). The indusium is whitish before wrinkling, 
thin, suborbicular with a narra sinus extending about half way, 
glabrous except for a circular margin which is ciliolate with simple 
several-celled glandular and nonglandular hairs arising directly from 
the margin or from the deltoid base (Degener and Degener 1957). 
Ctenitis squamigera can be readily distinguished from other Hawaiian 
species of Ctenitis by the dense covering of tan-colored scales on its 
frond (Wagner and Wagner 1992).
    Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements 
and limiting factors are unknown.
    Historically, Ctenitis squamigera was recorded from the islands of 
Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and Hawaii (HINHP Database 2000). It 
is currently found on Oahu, Lanai,

[[Page 79204]]

Molokai, and Maui. There are currently six populations with between 52 
and 58 individuals on State and privately owned lands on the island of 
Maui (GDSI 2000; Hank Oppenheimer, Maui Pineapple Co., in litt. 2000; 
K. Wood, pers. comm. 2000; Joel Lau, HINHP, pers. comm. 2000 and in 
litt. 2000). These populations are all on West Maui, in Honolua Valley; 
Kahanaiki Gulch; Kanaha Valley; Ukumehame Valley; Kapunakea Preserve; 
and Iao Valley (H. Oppenheimer, in litt. 2000; K. Wood and J. Lau, 
pers. comm. 2000).
    This species is found in the forest understory at elevations of 380 
to 1,000 m (1,250 to 3,280 ft) (HINHP Database 2000; H. Oppenheimer, 
pers. comm. 2000), in Metrosideros polymorpha montane wet forest, 
Metrosideros polymorpha-Diospyros sp. mesic forest and diverse mesic 
forest (HINHP Database 2000). Associated native plant taxa include 
Alyxia oliviformis, Freycinetia arborea (ieie), Coprosma sp., Pleomele 
sp. (hala pepe), Thelypteris globulifera (NCN), Sadleria sp. (amau), 
Doodia sp. (okupukupu lauii), Pittosporum sp. (ho awa), Dryopteris sp., 
Bobea sp. (ahakea), Antidesma sp. (hame), Peperomia sp., Dicranopteris 
linearis, Schiedea pubescens var. pubescens, Hibiscus kokio ssp. kokio 
(kokio), Hedyotis formosa, Pritchardia forbesiana (loulu), Myrsine sp., 
Psychotria sp. (kopiko), and Xylosma sp. (maua) (USFWS 1998a; HINHP 
Database 2000).
    The primary threats to Ctenitis squamigera are habitat degradation 
by feral pigs, goats, and axis deer; competition with alien plant taxa, 
especially Psidium cattleianum and Schinus terebinthifolius; fire; and 
extinction from naturally occurring events due to the small number of 
existing populations and individuals (USFWS 1998a).

Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana

    Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, a short-lived member of the 
bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a perennial shrub with pinnately 
divided leaves. This species is distinguished from others in this 
endemic Hawaiian genus by the pinnately lobed leaf margins and the 
width of the leaf blades. This subspecies is distinguished from the 
other two subspecies by the shape and size of the calyx lobes, which 
overlap at the base (Lammers 1999).
    Little is known about the life history of this plant. On Molokai, 
flowering plants have been reported in July and August. Reproductive 
cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting 
factors are unknown.
    Historically and currently, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana is 
known from Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, and scattered locations on Maui (61 FR 
53108). Currently on Maui, there are two populations with a total of 
five individuals in Iao Valley on State and privately owned lands (61 
FR 53108; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).
    This species is typically found in mesic forest often dominated by 
Metrosideros polymorpha or Metrosideros polymorpha and Acacia koa, on 
rocky or steep slopes of stream banks, at elevations between 350 and 
945 m (1,150 and 3,100 ft). Associated plants include Antidesma sp., 
Bobea sp., Myrsine sp., Nestegis sandwicensis, Psychotria sp., and 
Xylosma sp. (61 FR 53108).
    The threats to this species on Maui are habitat degradation and/or 
destruction caused by axis deer, goats, and pigs; competition with 
various alien plants; randomly naturally occurring events that could 
cause extinction due to the small number of existing individuals; 
trampling by hikers; landslides; rats; and slugs (61 FR 53108; USFWS 
1999).

Cyanea lobata

    Cyanea lobata, a short-lived member of the bellflower family 
(Campanulaceae), is a sparingly branched perennial shrub with smooth to 
somewhat rough stems and oblong, irregularly lobed leaves. This species 
is distinguished from other species of Cyanea by the size of the flower 
and the irregularly lobed leaves with petioles (Lammers 1999).
    Cyanea lobata is known to flower from August to February, even in 
individuals as small as 50 cm (20 in.) in height (Rock 1919, Degener 
1936).
    Historically, Cyanea lobata was known from Lanai and West Maui 
(Lammers 1999; HINHP Database 2000). It is no longer extant on Lanai, 
and was rediscovered at 600 m (1,970 ft) elevation on privately owned 
land in Waikapu Valley on West Maui in 1982 (HINHP Database 2000). The 
single known plant of this species was later destroyed by a landslide 
triggered by heavy rains (Hobdy et al. 1990; HINHP Database 2000). 
Another population of three individuals was discovered in 1996 at 560 m 
(1,840 ft) elevation on privately owned land in Honokohau Valley on 
West Maui (GDSI 2000: HINHP Database 2000).
    This species has been seen and collected on steep stream banks in 
deep shade in wet forest at elevations of 550-915 m (1,800-3,000 ft) 
with Touchardia latifolia (olona), Morinda trimera (noni), and Athyrium 
sp. (akolea) ( 57 FR 20772; Lammers 1999; HINHP Database 2000).
    The threats to this species on Maui are habitat degradation by 
feral pigs; depressed reproductive vigor; and natural or human-caused 
environmental disturbance that could easily be catastrophic to the only 
known population due to the small number of remaining individuals and 
the limited and scattered distribution of the species (57 FR 20772; 
USFWS 1997).

Cyrtandra munroi

    Cyrtandra munroi, a short-lived perennial and member of the African 
violet family (Gesneriaceae), is a shrub with opposite, elliptic to 
almost circular leaves which are sparsely to moderately hairy on the 
upper surface and covered with velvety, rust-colored hairs underneath. 
This species is distinguished from other species of the genus by the 
broad opposite leaves, the length of the flower cluster stalks, the 
size of the flowers, and the amount of hair on various parts of the 
plant (Wagner et al. 1999).
    Some work has been done on the reproductive biology of some species 
of Cyrtandra (USFWS 1995b), but not on that of C. munroi specifically. 
The pollinators of these plants have not been identified, although 
studies indicate that a specific pollinator may be necessary for 
successful pollination. Seed dispersal may be carried out by birds 
which eat the fruits (USFWS 1995b). Flowering time, longevity of plants 
and seeds, specific environmental requirements, and other limiting 
factors are unknown.
    Historically and currently, Cyrtandra munroi is known from Lanai 
and West Maui (Wagner et al. 1999; HINHP Database 2000). Currently on 
Maui, there is a single population in Kahana Valley containing more 
than 30 individuals on State and privately owned lands (GDSI 2000; 
HINHP Database 2000).
    The habitat of this species is lowland wet Metrosideros polymorpha-
Dicranopteris linearis forest, typically on rich, moist to wet, 
moderately steep talus slopes from 300 to 920 m (980-3,020 ft). It 
occurs on soil and rock substrates on slopes from watercourses in gulch 
bottoms and up the sides of gulch slopes to near ridgetops. Associated 
native species include Diospyros sp., Hedyotis acuminata, Clermontia 
sp., Alyxia oliviformis, Bobea sp., Coprosma sp., Freycinetia arborea, 
Melicope sp., Myrsine sp., Perrottetia sandwicensis, Pipturus sp. 
(mamaki), Pittosporum sp., Pleomele sp., Pouteria sandwicensis, 
Psychotria sp., Sadleria sp., Scaevola sp.

[[Page 79205]]

(naupaka), Xylosma sp., and other Cyrtandra sp. ( 57 FR 20772; HINHP 
Database 2000).
    The threats to this species on Maui are from browsing and habitat 
disturbance by axis deer; competition with the alien plant species 
Psidium cattleianum, Myrica faya (firetree), Leptospermum scoparium 
(tea tree), Pluchea symphytifolia (sourbush), Melinis minutiflora, 
Rubus rosifolius, and Paspalum conjugatum (Hilo grass); loss of 
appropriate pollinators; a very small number of extant individuals 
which can cause depressed reproductive vigor; and the effects of random 
environmental events that could easily be catastrophic to the only 
known population on Maui (57 FR 20772; USFWS 1995b).

Diellia erecta

    Diellia erecta, a short-lived perennial fern in the spleenwort 
family (Aspleniaceae), grows in tufts of 3 to 9 lance-shaped fronds 
emerging from a rhizome covered with brown to dark gray scales. This 
species differs from other members of the genus in having brown or dark 
gray scales usually more than 2 cm (0.8 in.) in length, fused or 
separate sori along both margins, shiny black midribs that have a 
hardened surface, and veins that do not usually encircle the sori 
(Smith 1934; Degener and Greenwell 1950; Wagner 1952).
    Little is known about the life history of this taxon. Reproductive 
cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting 
factors are unknown.
    Historically, Diellia erecta was known on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, 
Lanai, scattered locations on Maui, and various locations on the Island 
of Hawaii (USFWS 1999). Currently, it is only known from Molokai, Maui, 
and Hawaii. On Maui, there are four known populations containing 23 
individual plants on or near State or privately owned lands in Iao 
Valley, Manawainui Plant Sanctuary, Papalaua Gulch, and Waiopai Gulch 
(GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).
    This species is found in deep shade on steep slopes or gulch 
bottoms in Diospyros sandwicensis-Metrosideros polymorpha lowland mesic 
forest at elevations between 210 and 1,590 m (700 and 5,200 ft) (HINHP 
Database 2000; USFWS 1999). Associated native plant species include 
Nestegis sp., Styphelia tameiameiae, Melicope sp., Coprosma sp., 
Dodonaea viscosa, Dryopteris unidentata (NCN), Myrsine sp., Psychotria 
sp., Pleomele auwahiensis, Syzygium sandwicensis (ohia ha), and 
Wikstroemia sp. (HINHP Database 2000; USFWS 1999).
    The major threats to Diellia erecta on Maui are habitat degradation 
by pigs, goats, and cattle; competition with alien plant species, 
including Blechnum occidentale (NCN); and random naturally occurring 
events that could cause extinction and/or reduced reproductive vigor 
due to the small number of existing individuals (59 FR 56333; USFWS 
1996).

Diplazium molokaiense

    Diplazium molokaiense, a short-lived perennial member of the 
woodfern family (Dryopteridaceae), has a short prostrate rhizome and 
green or straw-colored leaf stalks with thin-textured fronds. This 
species can be distinguished from other species of Diplazium in the 
Hawaiian Islands by a combination of characteristics, including 
venation pattern, the length and arrangement of the sori, frond shape, 
and the degree of dissection of the frond (Wagner and Wagner 1992).
    There is little known about the life history of this plant. 
Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, 
and limiting factors are unknown.
    Historically, Diplazium molokaiense was found on Kauai, Oahu, 
Molokai, Lanai, and Ainahou Valley and Maliko Gulch (East Maui) and 
Wailuku (Iao) Valley and Waikapu (West Maui) on Maui (HINHP Database 
2000). Currently, this species is only known from Maui. Two populations 
with one individual each are found in Waiopai Gulch and Makawao Forest 
Reserve, on or near State or privately owned lands (Warshauer 1998; 
GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).
    This species occurs near water falls in lowland or montane mesic 
Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia koa forest between 850 and 1,680 m 
(2,800 and 5,500 ft) in elevation (USFWS 1998a; HINHP Database 2000).
    The primary threats on Maui are habitat degradation by feral goats, 
cattle, pigs, and axis deer; competition with alien plant taxa; 
decreased reproductive vigor; and extinction from randomly occurring 
natural events due to the small number of populations and individuals 
(59 FR 49025; USFWS 1998a; HINHP Database 2000).

Flueggea neowawraea

    Flueggea neowawraea, a long-lived perennial and a member of the 
spurge family (Euphorbiaceae), is a large tree with white oblong pores 
covering its scaly, pale brown bark. This species is the only member of 
the genus found in Hawaii and can be distinguished from other species 
in the genus by its large size, scaly bark, the shape, size, and color 
of the leaves, flowers clustered along the branches, and the size and 
shape of the fruits (Linney 1982; Hayden 1999).
    Individual trees of Flueggea neowawraea bear only male or female 
flowers, and must be cross-pollinated from a different tree to produce 
viable seed (Hayden 1999). Little else is known about the life history 
of this species. Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental 
requirements, and limiting factors are unknown.
    Historically, Flueggea neowawraea was known from the islands of 
Molokai, Oahu, Kauai, and Hawaii (HINHP Database 2000). Currently, 
populations are known from Kauai, Oahu, East Maui, and Hawaii. It is 
now known from two populations with a total of three trees on East Maui 
at Auwahi, and above the Lualailua Hills on the southwest slope of 
Haleakala, on State and privately owned lands (GDSI 2000; HINHP 
Database 2000; Mahealani Kaiaokamelie, (formerly with) Ulupalakua 
Ranch, in litt. 2000).
    Flueggea neowawraea occurs in dry or mesic forest at elevations of 
250 to 1,000 m (820 to 3,280 ft) (Hayden 1999). Associated native plant 
species include Alectryon macrococcus, Bobea timonioides (ahakea), 
Charpentiera sp. (papala), Hibiscus sp. (aloalo), Melicope sp., Myrsine 
lanaiensis (kolea), Tetraplasandra sp. (ohe ohe), Psychotria mariniana 
(kopiko), Diplazium sandwichianum, Freycinetia arborea, Nesoluma 
polynesicum (keahi), Diospyros sp., Antidesma pulvinatum (hame), A. 
platyphyllum, Canthium odoratum, Nestegis sandwicensis, Rauvolfia 
sandwicensis (hao), Pittosporum sp., Pleomele sp., Pouteria 
sandwicensis, and Streblus pendulinus (HINHP Database 2000).
    The threats to the populations on Maui are the black twig borer; 
habitat degradation by feral pigs, goats, deer, and cattle; competition 
with alien plant species; depressed reproductive vigor; the risk of 
extinction from a random environmental event due to the small number of 
individuals; and predation of the fruit by rats (59 FR 56333; USFWS 
1999; HINHP Database 2000).

Hedyotis coriacea

    Hedyotis coriacea, a member of the coffee family (Rubiaceae), is a 
small, short-lived perennial shrub with leathery leaves which are 
generally elliptic to oblong in shape, 3 to 8 cm (1.2 to 3.1 in.) long 
and usually 1.5 to 3 cm (0.6 to 1.2 in.) wide. This species is 
distinguished from others of the genus by its small, triangular calyx 
lobes, which do not enlarge in fruit, and the combination of capsules 
which are

[[Page 79206]]

longer than wide and flower buds which are square in cross section 
(Wagner et al. 1999).
    Little is known about the life history of this plant. Flowering 
cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific 
environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown.
    Historically, Hedyotis coriacea was known from Oahu and the Island 
of Hawaii (HINHP Database 2000). Considered extinct on all islands in 
recent years, this species was rediscovered in 1990 by Steve Perlman in 
the State-owned Lihau section of the West Maui NAR and in 1991 on the 
1859 lava flow in the Pohakuloa Training Area, Island of Hawaii (HINHP 
Database 2000; USFWS 1997). Currently, only a single individual is 
known from West Maui on State-owned land (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 
2000).
    Hedyotis coriacea is found on steep, rocky, slopes in dry lowland 
Dodonaea viscosa dominated shrublands at elevations between 470 to 
2,300 m (1,540 to 7,550 ft) (HINHP Database 2000). Associated species 
include Sida fallax, Gouania hillebrandii (NCN), Bidens menziesii, 
Lipochaeta livarum, Myoporum sp. (naio), and Schiedea menziesii (NCN) 
(HINHP Database 2000).
    The single remaining individual of Hedyotis coriacea on Maui is 
threatened by extinction from a random naturally occurring event.

Hedyotis mannii

    Hedyotis mannii, a member of the coffee family (Rubiaceae), is a 
short-lived perennial plant with smooth, usually erect stems 30 to 60 
cm (1 to 2 ft) long, which are woody at the base and four-angled or 
winged. The leaves are opposite, thin in texture, and elliptic to 
sometimes lance-shaped. Stipules (leaf-like appendages), which are 
attached to the slightly winged leaf stalks where they join and clasp 
the stem, are triangular. Flowers are arranged in loose clusters up to 
30 cm (1 ft) long at the ends of the stems and are either bisexual or 
female. This species' growth habit, its quadrangular or winged stems, 
the shape, size, and texture of its leaves, and its dry capsule, which 
opens when mature, separate it from other species of the genus (Wagner 
et al. 1999).
    Currently, no life history information is available for this 
species (USFWS 1996).
    Currently and historically, Hedyotis mannii is known from Lanai, 
West Maui, and Molokai (USFWS 1992). On Maui, there is a single 
population of approximately 20 individuals located on private land in 
Kauaula Valley (GDSI 2000; K. Wood in litt. 2000).
    The population on Maui is found on basalt cliffs along stream banks 
in Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis montane wet forest 
between 825 and 885 m (2,700 and 2,900 ft) (K. Wood in litt. 2000). 
Associated plant species include Machaerina sp. (uki), Carex meyenii 
(NCN), Phyllostegia sp. (NCN), Hedyotis acuminata, Cyrtandra 
platyphylla (haiwale), Cyanea sp. (haha), and Isachne distichophylla 
(ohe) (K. Wood in litt. 2000).
    Hedyotis mannii on Maui is threatened by landslides; competition 
with the alien plant species Rubus rosifolius, Ageratina adenophora, 
Buddleia asiatica (butterfly bush), Pluchea carolinensis (sourbush), 
and Clidemia hirta; and the low number of individuals makes it 
extremely vulnerable to extinction by random naturally occurring events 
(USFWS 1996; K. Wood in litt. 2000).

Hesperomannia arborescens

    Hesperomannia arborescens, a long-lived perennial of the aster 
family (Asteraceae), is a small shrubby tree that usually stands 1.5 to 
5 m (5 to 16 ft) tall. This member of an endemic Hawaiian genus differs 
from other Hesperomannia species in having the following combination of 
characteristics: erect to ascending flower heads, thick flower head 
stalks, and usually hairless and relatively narrow leaves (Wagner et 
al. 1999).
    This species was observed in flower from April through June and 
fruit during March 1993 and June 1997 (USFWS 1998). No other 
information is available on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific 
environmental requirements, and limiting factors.
    Hesperomannia arborescens was formerly known from Lanai, Molokai, 
and Oahu (HINHP Database 2000). This species is now known from Oahu, 
Molokai, and Maui. There is currently one population with four 
individuals on East Maui, between Lanilili and Keahikauo on State and 
privately-owned lands (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).
    Hesperomannia arborescens is found on slopes or ridges in lowland 
mesic or wet forest between 360 and 750 m (1,180 and 2,460 ft) in 
elevation, in association with Metrosideros polymorpha, Myrsine 
sandwicensis (kolea), Isachne distichophylla, Pipturus sp., Antidesma 
sp., Psychotria sp., Clermontia sp., Cibotium sp., Dicranopteris 
linearis, Bobea sp., Coprosma sp., Sadleria sp., Melicope sp., 
Machaerina sp., Cheirodendron sp., and Freycinetia arborea (HINHP 
Database 2000).
    The major threats to Hesperomannia arborescens on Maui are habitat 
degradation by feral pigs and goats; competition with alien plant taxa; 
extinction due to random environmental events or reduced reproductive 
vigor due to the small number of individuals in one remaining 
population; and impact by humans (59 FR 14482; HINHP Database 2000).

Hesperomannia arbuscula

    Hesperomannia arbuscula, a long-lived perennial member of the aster 
family (Asteraceae), is a small shrubby tree, 2 to 3.3 m (7 to 11 ft) 
tall. This species can be distinguished from other members of the genus 
by the erect flower heads and the leaves, usually hairy beneath, which 
are one to two times as long as wide (Wagner et al. 1999).
    Hesperomannia arbuscula usually flowers in the spring depending on 
precipitation. Seeds mature in about six weeks and trees last about 10 
to 15 years (USFWS 1995c). No other information is available on 
reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, 
and limiting factors.
    Historically and currently, Hesperomannia arbuscula is known from 
Oahu and West Maui (HINHP Database 2000). On Maui, this species is 
found in three populations, containing 13 individuals, on privately 
owned land in Iao and Waihee Valleys (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; 
K. Wood, in litt. 1999).
    Hesperomannia arbuscula typically grows on slopes and ridges in 
mesic or wet forest dominated by Acacia koa and Metrosideros polymorpha 
at elevations of 350 to 900 m (1,150 to 2,950 ft) (Wagner et al. 1999; 
HINHP Database 2000). Associated species include Bidens sp., 
Tetraplasandra sp., Alyxia oliviformis, and Psychotria sp. (HINHP 
Database 2000).
    The major threats to Hesperomannia arbuscula on Maui are habitat 
degradation by feral pigs, competition from alien plant species, 
trampling by humans, and extinction from naturally occurring random 
events due to the small number of populations (56 FR 55770).

Hibiscus brackenridgei

    Hibiscus brackenridgei, a short-lived perennial and a member of the 
mallow family (Malvaceae). The species is a sprawling to erect shrub or 
small tree. This species differs from other members of the genus in 
having the following combination of characteristics: yellow petals, a 
calyx consisting of triangular

[[Page 79207]]

lobes with raised veins and a single midrib, bracts attached below the 
calyx, and thin stipules that fall off, leaving an elliptic scar. Two 
subspecies are currently recognized, Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. 
brackenridgei and H. brackenridgei ssp. mokuleianus (Bates 1999).
    Hibiscus brackenridgei is known to flower continuously from early 
February through late May, and intermittently at other times of year. 
Intermittent flowering may possibly be tied to day length (USFWS 1999). 
Little else is known about the life history of this plant. Pollination 
biology, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting 
factors are unknown.
    Historically, Hibiscus brackenridgei was known from the islands of 
Kauai, Oahu, Lanai, Maui, Molokai, and Hawaii (USFWS 1999; HINHP 
Database 2000). Hibiscus brackenridgei was collected from an 
undocumented site on Kahoolawe, though the subspecies has never been 
determined (USFWS 1999). Currently, Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. 
mokuleianus is known from Oahu and from undocumented observations on 
Kauai (Bates 1999; USFWS 1999). Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. 
brackenridgei is currently known from Lanai, Maui, and Hawaii. On Maui, 
Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. brackenridgei is found in five populations, 
containing 38 individuals, on or near State and privately owned lands 
at the northern base of Puu o kali, in the Lihau section of the West 
Maui NAR, Kaonohua Gulch, Keokea, and south of Puu o kali (GDSI 2000; 
HINHP Database 2000).
    Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. brackenridgei occurs in lowland dry 
forest from 130 to 800 m (425 to 2,625 ft) in elevation, sometimes with 
Erythrina sandwicensis as the dominant tree (Geesink et al. 1999; HINHP 
Database 2000). Associated plant species include Myoporum sp., 
Chenopodium sp. (ahe ahea), Achyranthes sp. (NCN), Nototrichium sp., 
Diospyros sp., Chamaesyce celastroides var. lorifolia, Dodonaea 
viscosa, Canthium odoratum, Eurya sandwicensis (anini), Isachne 
distichophylla, and Sida fallax (HINHP Database 2000).
    The primary threats to Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. brackenridgei on 
Maui are habitat degradation and possible predation by pigs, goats, 
cattle, axis deer, and rats; competition with alien plant species; and 
susceptibility to extinction caused by random environmental events or 
reduced reproductive vigor due to small population size and a limited 
number of populations (59 FR 56333).

Ischaemum byrone

    Ischaemum byrone, a short-lived member of the grass family 
(Poaceae), is a perennial species with creeping underground and erect 
stems. Ischaemum byrone can be distinguished from other Hawaiian 
grasses by its tough outer flower bracts, dissimilar basic flower 
units, which are awned and two-flowered, and a di- or trichotomously-
branching inflorescence (O'Connor 1999).
    Additional information on the life history of this plant, 
reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, 
and limiting factors is generally unknown (USFWS 1996).
    Historically, Ischaemum byrone was reported from Oahu, Molokai, 
East Maui, the Island of Hawaii, and an undocumented site on Kauai (59 
FR 10305; HINHP Database 2000). Currently, this species is found on 
Molokai, Hawaii, and Maui. On Maui, it is known from along the coast on 
private and State owned lands at Kahanu Gardens, Pauwalu Point, 
Honokalani, Kauiki Head, and on the following offshore islets: Keopuka 
Islet, Mokuhuki Islet, and Puukii Islet (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 
2000). There is a total of six populations with less than 3,000 
individuals (HINHP Database 2000).
    The habitat of Ischaemum byrone is coastal dry shrubland, occurring 
near the ocean among rocks or on basalt cliffs between sea level and 75 
m (250 ft) (O'Connor 1999). Associated taxa include Bidens sp., 
Fimbristylis cymosa (Maui u aki aki), and Scaevola sericea (naupaka 
kahakai) (HINHP Database 2000).
    The most serious threat to Ischaemum byrone is the invasion of 
alien plants, particularly Digitaria ciliaris (Henry's crabgrass), 
Ardisia elliptica (shoebutton ardesia) and Casuarina equisetifolia 
(paina). Additionally, fire may pose a threat in areas infested with 
alien grasses, provided enough fuel is present. Other potential threats 
include grazing and browsing by goats and axis deer; disturbance 
incurred from these ungulates further promotes the introduction and 
establishment of alien weeds. Some populations are also threatened from 
residential development (59 FR 10305; USFWS 1996; HINHP Database 2000).

Lysimachia lydgatei

    Lysimachia lydgatei, a short-lived perennial member of the primrose 
family (Primulaceae), is a sprawling, branched shrub with stems from 1 
to 1.3 m (3 to 4 ft) long. This species is distinguished from others in 
the genus by the dense hairs on both the upper and lower surfaces of 
mature leaves (Wagner et al. 1999).
    Additional information on the life history of this plant, 
reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, 
and limiting factors is generally unknown (USFWS 1997).
    Lysimachia lydgatei was known historically from a gulch behind 
Lahaina on West Maui and from Oahu. Currently, it is found only on Maui 
in the following locations on State-owned land in the Lihau section of 
the West Maui NAR: Halepohaku, Helu, and Kauaula-Olowalu (Wagner et al. 
1999; HINHP Database 2000). The three Maui populations number 
approximately 240 individuals (GDSI 2000).
    Lysimachia lydgatei typically grows on the sides of steep ridges in 
Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis dominated wet to mesic 
shrubland or Metrosideros-Cheirodendron montane forest between 
elevations of about 915 to 1,415 m (3,000-4,640 ft) (HINHP Database 
2000). Associated vegetation includes Lycopodium sp. (wawae iole), Ilex 
sp., Dodonaea viscosa, Vaccinium sp., Eurya sandwicensis, Styphelia 
tameiameiae, Coprosma sp., Ochrosia sp. (holei), Astelia sp. (painiu), 
Broussaisia arguta, and mat ferns, such as Dicranopteris sp. (HINHP 
Database 2000).
    The greatest threats to Lysimachia lydgatei are the threat of 
extinction from a random environmental event due to the small number of 
populations; competition with alien plant species, such as Rubus 
argutus; and fire (57 FR 20772; USFWS 1997).

Mariscus pennatiformis

    Mariscus pennatiformis, a short-lived member of the sedge family 
(Cyperaceae), is a perennial plant with a woody root system covered 
with brown scales. Mariscus pennatiformis is subdivided into two 
subspecies, ssp. bryanii and ssp. pennatiformis, which are 
distinguished by the length and width of the spikelets; color, length, 
and width of the glume; and by the shape and length of the achenes. 
This species differs from other members of the genus by its three-
sided, slightly concave, smooth stems; the length and number of 
spikelets; the leaf width; and the length and diameter of stems (Koyama 
1999).
    Mariscus pennatiformis is known to flower from November to December 
after heavy rainfall. Additional information on the life history of 
this plant, reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental 
requirements,

[[Page 79208]]

and limiting factors is generally unknown (USFWS 1999).
    Historically, Mariscus pennatiformis was known from Kauai, Oahu, 
East Maui (Keanae Valley, Hana, and Nahiku), the Island of Hawaii, and 
from Laysan in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (HINHP Database 2000). 
M. pennatiformis ssp. bryanii is only known from Laysan Island in the 
Northwestern Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge. M. 
pennatiformis ssp. pennatiformis is currently found only on East Maui. 
One population of approximately 30 individuals is found on State owned 
land near the mouth of Hanawi Stream (GDSI 2000; K. Wood in litt. 
1999).
    On Maui, Mariscus pennatiformis ssp. pennatiformis is found at 
elevations between sea-level and 6 m (20 ft) on brown soil with talus 
in Pandanus coastal wet cliffs and within reach of ocean spray. 
Associated native plant species include: Sadleria pallida (amau), 
Pandanus tectorius (hala), Lysimachia mauritiana (kolokolo kuahiwi), 
Cyperus laevigatus (makaloa), Eragrostis variabilis, and Ipomoea sp. 
(morning glory) (Koyama 1999; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood in litt. 
1999).
    Threats to the only known population of Mariscus pennatiformis ssp. 
pennatiformis on Maui include grazing and habitat destruction caused by 
ungulates; competition from alien plant species; and extinction from 
random naturally occurring events (59 FR 56333; USFWS 1999).

Melicope knudsenii

    Melicope knudsenii, a long-lived perennial and a member of the 
citrus family (Rutaceae), is a tree with smooth gray bark and yellowish 
brown to olive-brown hairs on the tips of the branches. The species is 
distinguished from M. haupensis and other members of the genus by the 
distinct carpels present in the fruit, a hairless endocarp, a larger 
number of flowers per cluster, and the distribution of hairs on the 
underside of the leaves (Stone et al. 1999).
    Additional information on the life history of this plant, 
reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, 
and limiting factors is generally unknown.
    Historically, Melicope knudsenii was known only from the southeast 
slope of Haleakala on Maui and from Kauai (HINHP Database 2000). This 
species remains on Kauai, but is only found on privately owned lands at 
the following locations on Maui: Auwahi, Puu Mahoi, and the Kanaio 
area. There are three populations with a single individual at each 
location (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).
    Melicope knudsenii grows on forested flats or talus slopes in 
Nestegis-Pleomele mixed open dry forests at elevations of about 450 to 
1,220 m (1,480 to 4,000 ft) (Stone et al. 1999). Associated native 
plant species include Dodonaea viscosa, Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, 
Alphitonia ponderosa, Santalum ellipticum, and Xylosma hawaiiensis 
(HINHP Database 2000).
    Threats to Melicope knudsenii include habitat degradation by alien 
animals, such as goats and pigs; reduced reproductive vigor; fire; 
natural aging and death; and invasive plant species, such as Pennisetum 
clandestinum (59 FR 9304; USFWS 1995a).

Melicope mucronulata

    Melicope mucronulata, a long-lived perennial of the citrus family 
(Rutaceae), is a small tree up to 4 m (13 ft) tall with oval to 
elliptic-oval leaves, 8 to 16 cm (3 to 6.5 in.) long and 3.5 to 6.5 cm 
(1.5 to 2.5 in.) wide. This species is distinguished from others in the 
genus by the growth habit, the number of flowers in each flower 
cluster, the size and shape of the fruit, and the degree of hairiness 
of the leaves and fruit walls (Stone et al. 1999).
    Additional information on the life history of this plant, 
reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, 
and limiting factors is generally unknown (USFWS 1997).
    First discovered in 1920 in Kanaio, East Maui, Melicope mucronulata 
was not relocated until 1983 when it was reported from State land with 
an unknown number of plants. This species was also found two years 
later on East Molokai (Stone et al. 1999; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 
2000).
    Melicope mucronulata typically grows on steep, west- or north-
facing, dry to mesic, forested lowland slopes at elevations of 670 to 
1,070 m (2,200 to 3,500 ft) (HINHP Database 2000). Associated native 
species include Dodonaea viscosa, Metrosideros polymorpha, Styphelia 
tameiameiae, and Dubautia linearis (na ena e) (USFWS 1997).
    The major threat to the continued existence of the only known 
population of Melicope mucronulata on Maui is the risk of extinction 
from a random environmental event. Habitat degradation by goats and 
pigs, predation by goats, and competition with alien plants, 
particularly Melinis minutiflora, also pose immediate threats to this 
species (57 FR 20772; USFWS 1997).

Neraudia sericea

    Neraudia sericea, a short-lived perennial member of the nettle 
family (Urticaceae), is a 3 to 5 m (10 to 16 ft) tall shrub with 
densely hairy branches. The elliptic or oval leaves have smooth margins 
or slightly toothed margins on young leaves. The upper leaf surface is 
moderately hairy and the lower leaf surface is densely covered with 
irregularly curved, silky gray to white hairs along the veins. The male 
flowers may be stalkless or have short stalks. The female flowers are 
stalkless and have a densely hairy calyx that is either toothed, 
collar-like, or divided into narrow unequal segments. The fruits are 
achenes with the apical section separated from the basal portion by a 
deep constriction. Seeds are oval with a constriction across the upper 
half. N. sericea differs from the other four closely related species of 
this endemic Hawaiian genus by the density, length, color, and posture 
of the hairs on the lower leaf surface and by its mostly entire leaf 
margins (Wagner et al. 1999).
    Additional information on the life history of this plant, 
reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, 
and limiting factors is generally unknown (USFWS 1999).
    Neraudia sericea was known historically from Molokai, Lanai, 
Olowalu Valley on West Maui, the southern slopes of Haleakala on East 
Maui, and from Kahoolawe (HINHP Database 2000). Currently, this species 
is known from Molokai and Maui. On Maui, three populations totaling 
more than four individuals are found in Pohakea Gulch (West Maui) and 
in Manawainui and Kamole Gulches (East Maui). These populations occur 
on State and privately owned lands (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; M. 
Kaiaokamelie, in litt. 2000).
    Neraudia sericea generally occurs in lowland dry to mesic 
Metrosideros polymorpha-Dodonaea viscosa-Styphelia tameiameiae 
shrubland or forest or Acacia koa forest between 670 and 1,480 m (2,200 
and 4,850 ft) in elevation (Wagner et al. 1999; HINHP Database 2000; M. 
Bruegmann in litt. 1995). Other associated plant species include 
Huperzia mannii (NCN), Urera glabra (opuhe), Cyrtandra oxybapha 
(haiwale), Cyrtandra platyphylla, Sida fallax, Diospyros sp., Bobea 
sp., Coprosma sp., and Hedyotis sp. (HINHP Database 2000; M. Bruegmann 
in litt. 1995).
    The primary threats to Neraudia sericea on Maui are habitat 
degradation by feral pigs and goats; competition with the alien plants, 
Melinus minutiflora, Pennisetum clandestinum, Holcus lanatus, 
Cymbopogon refractus (barbwire grass), and nonnative Eragrostis sp. 
(love grass); and a risk of

[[Page 79209]]

extinction due to random environmental events (59 FR 56333; USFWS 
1999).

Peucedanum sandwicense

    Peucedanum sandwicense, a member of the parsley family (Apiaceae), 
is a short-lived, parsley-scented, sprawling herb. Hollow stems arise 
from a short, vertical, perennial stem with several fleshy roots. This 
species is the only member of the genus in the Hawaiian Islands 
(Constance and Affolter 1999).
    Additional information on the life history of this plant, 
reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, 
and limiting factors is generally unknown (USFWS 1995a).
    Historically and currently, Peucedanum sandwicense is known from 
Molokai, Maui, and Kauai (HINHP Database 2000). Discoveries in 1990 
extended the known distribution of this species to the island of Oahu 
(USFWS 1995a). A population is known from State-owned Keopuka Islet, 
off the coast of Maui with a total of between 20-30 individuals (GDSI 
2000; HINHP Database 2000).
    This species grows in cliff habitats from sea level to above 900 m 
(2,950 ft) (Constance and Affolter 1999) and is associated with native 
species such as Chamaesyce sp. (akoko), Eragrostis sp., Diospyros sp., 
and Metrosideros polymorpha (USFWS 1995a; HINHP Database 2000).
    Competition with introduced plants is the major threat to 
Peucedanum sandwicense on Keopuka Rock (59 FR 9304; USFWS 1995a).

Phlegmariurus mannii

    Phlegmariurus mannii, a short-lived member of the clubmoss family 
(Lycopodiaceae), is a hanging epiphyte (growing on the outside of other 
plants instead of being rooted in the ground) with clustered, delicate 
red stems and forked reproductive spikes; these traits distinguish it 
from others in the genus in Hawaii (Degener and Degener 1959; St. John 
1981; Wagner and Wagner 1992).
    Additional information on the life history of this plant, 
reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, 
and limiting factors is generally unknown (USFWS 1997).
    Historically, Phlegmariurus mannii was known from Kauai, West Maui 
(Haelaau and Hanaula), and the Island of Hawaii (HINHP Database 2000). 
Currently, this species is found on Maui and Hawaii. On Maui, this 
species is now known on State and private lands from Kaupo, Nuanualoa 
Stream, and Manawainui on East Maui; and from Lihau and Puu Kukui on 
West Maui (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000). There are five populations 
with fewer than 300 individuals total (HINHP Database 2000).
    On Maui, Phlegmariurus mannii typically grows in moist protected 
gulches on the native tree species Metrosideros polymorpha, and Acacia 
koa, in mesic to wet montane M. polymorpha-A. koa forests at elevations 
of 900 to 1,600 m (2,950 to 5,250 ft) (HINHP Database 2000). Associated 
native species include Thelypteris sp., Athyrium sp., Styphelia 
tameiameiae, Cyanea sp., Machaerina sp., Cyrtandra sp., Sadleria sp., 
Vaccinium sp., Dodonaea viscosa, Astelia menziesiana (kaluaha), 
Coprosma sp., Cheirodendron trigynum, Ilex anomala, and Myrsine sp. 
(HINHP Database 2000).
    The primary reasons for the endangerment of this species are 
habitat alteration by goats, cattle and pigs, and the impacts of alien 
plant species. Additionally, small population sizes also make the 
species subject to extinction due to random environmental events (57 FR 
20772; USFWS 1997).

Phyllostegia mollis

    Phyllostegia mollis, a short-lived member of the mint family 
(Lamiaceae), grows as a nearly erect, densely hairy, nonaromatic, 
perennial herb. Leaves are oval in outline with rounded teeth. Flowers, 
usually in groups of 6, are spaced along a stem; there are 2 shorter 
flowering stems directly below the main stem. The flowers have fused 
sepals and white petals fused into a tube and flaring into a smaller 
upper and a larger lower lip. Fruits are fleshy, dark green to black 
nutlets. A suite of technical characteristics concerning the kind and 
amount of hair, the number of flowers in a cluster, and details of the 
various plant parts separate this species from other members of the 
genus (Wagner et al. 1999).
    Individual Phyllostegia mollis plants live for approximately five 
years. The species is known to flower in late winter and spring. 
Additional information on the life history of this plant, reproductive 
cycles, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors is 
generally unknown (USFWS 1998b).
    Historically, Phyllostegia mollis was known from Oahu, Molokai, and 
East Maui (Wagner et al. 1999, HINHP Database 2000). Currently, this 
species is only known from Oahu and Maui. On East Maui, a single 
population of an unknown number of individuals remains on State and 
private lands in Waiopai Gulch (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).
    Phyllostegia mollis typically grows on steep slopes and in gulches 
in diverse mesic to wet forests at an elevation of 450 to 1,830 m 
(1,480 to 6,000 ft) (Wagner et al. 1999). Associated plants include 
ferns, Psychotria sp., and Pisonia sp. (papala kepau) (HINHP Database 
2000).
    The major threats to Phyllostegia mollis are competition from the 
alien plant species Rubus sp. and Schinus terebinthifolius; and a risk 
of extinction of the only known population of this species on Maui due 
to random environmental events (56 FR 55770; USFWS 1998b).

Plantago princeps

    Plantago princeps, a short-lived member of the plantain family 
(Plantaginaceae), is a small shrub or robust perennial herb. This 
species differs from other native members of the genus in Hawaii by its 
large branched stems, flowers at nearly right angles to the axis of the 
flower cluster, and fruits that break open at a point two-thirds from 
the base. The four varieties, anomala, laxiflora, longibracteata, and 
princeps, are distinguished by the branching and pubescence of the 
stems; the size, pubescence, and venation of the leaves; the density of 
the inflorescence; and the orientation of the flowers (Wagner et al. 
1999).
    Little is known about the life history of this plant. Reproductive 
cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting 
factors are generally unknown. However, individuals have been observed 
in fruit from April through September (USFWS 1999).
    Plantago princeps is historically and currently found on Kauai, 
Oahu, Molokai, and Maui. It is no longer extant on the Island of 
Hawaii. Plantago princeps var. anomala is currently known from Kauai 
and Oahu; var. longibracteata is known from Kauai and Oahu; var. 
princeps is known from Oahu; and var. laxiflora is known from Molokai 
and Maui. On Maui, there are five populations of Plantago princeps var. 
laxiflora, with a total of 67 individuals, on State, Federal and 
privately owned lands. This variety is found on East Maui at Koolau 
Gap, Kaupo Gap, and Kipahulu Valley, and on West Maui in Iao Valley and 
Kauaula Valley (USFWS 1999; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).
    On Maui, Plantago princeps var. laxiflora is typically found on 
basalt cliffs in Metrosideros polymorpha lowland wet forest or Acacia 
koa-M. polymorpha montane wet forest or M. polymorpha montane wet 
shrubland, from 400 to 2,050 m (1,300 to 6,700 ft)

[[Page 79210]]

elevation (Wagner et al. 1999). Associated plant species include 
Eragrostis variabilis, Hedyotis formosa, and Dubautia plantaginea spp. 
humilis (USFWS 1999; HINHP Database 2000).
    The primary threats to Plantago princeps var. laxiflora on Maui are 
herbivory and habitat degradation by feral pigs and goats, and 
competition with various alien plant species (59 FR 56333; USFWS 1999).

Platanthera holochila

    Platanthera holochila, a short-lived, perennial member of the 
orchid family (Orchidaceae), is an erect, deciduous herb. The stems 
arise from underground tubers, the pale green leaves are lance to egg-
shaped and the greenish-yellow flowers occur in open spikes. This is 
the only species of this genus that occurs in the Hawaiian Islands 
(Wagner et al. 1999).
    Little is known about the life history of this plant. Reproductive 
cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting 
factors are unknown.
    Historically, Platanthera holochila was known from Maui, Oahu, 
Molokai, and Kauai (HINHP Database 2000). Currently, Platanthera 
holochila is extant on Kauai, Molokai, and Maui (HINHP Database 2000). 
On Maui, three populations with 28 individuals are reported on State 
and privately owned lands from Hanaula and the Kapaloa Gulch rim on 
West Maui, and from Koolau Gap on East Maui (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 
2000).
    Platanthera holochila is found in Metrosideros polymorpha-
Dicranopteris linearis montane wet forest or M. polymorpha mixed 
montane bog or mesic scrubby M. polymorpha forest between 1,050-2,120 m 
(3,440-6,960 ft) elevation. Associated native plants include Cibotium 
sp., Coprosma ernodeoides (nene), Oreobolus furcatus (NCN), Styphelia 
tameiameiae, Wikstroemia sp., Scaevola chamissoniana (naupaka kuahiwi), 
Sadleria sp., Lythrum maritimum (pukamole), Deschampsia sp., 
Metrosideros polymorpha, Luzula hawaiiensis (wood rush), Sisyrinchium 
acre (Maui u la ili), Broussaisia arguta, Clermontia sp., Lycopodium 
cernuum (wawae iole), Dubautia scabra (na ena e), Polypodium 
pellucidum, Gahnia gahniiformis (NCN), and Vaccinium reticulatum (61 FR 
53108; USFWS 1999).
    The primary threats to Platanthera holochila on Maui are habitat 
degradation and/or destruction by feral pigs; competition with alien 
plants; and a risk of extinction on Maui from naturally occurring 
events and/or reduced reproductive vigor, due to the small number of 
remaining populations and individuals. Predation by slugs may also be a 
potential threat to this species (61 FR 53108; USFWS 1999).

Pteris lidgatei

    Pteris lidgatei, a short-lived member of the maidenhair fern family 
(Adiantaceae), is a coarse perennial herb, 0.5 to 1 m (1.6 to 3.3 ft) 
tall. It has a horizontal rhizome 1.5 cm (0.6 in.) thick and at least 
10 cm (3.9 in.) long when mature. The fronds, including the leaf 
stalks, are 60 to 95 cm (24 to 37 in.) long and 20 to 45 cm (8 to 18 
in.) wide. The leafy portion of the frond is oblong-deltoid to broadly 
ovate-deltoid, thick, brittle, and dark gray-green. The sori are 
apparently marginal in position, either fused into long linear sori, or 
more typically separated into distinct shorter sori, with intermediate 
conditions being common (Wagner 1949). P. lidgatei can be distinguished 
from other species of Pteris in the Hawaiian Islands by the texture of 
its fronds and the tendency of the sori along the leaf margins to be 
broken into short segments instead of being fused into continuous 
marginal sori (Wagner and Wagner 1992).
    Additional information on the life history of this plant, 
reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, 
and limiting factors is generally unknown (USFWS 1998a).
    Historically, Pteris lidgatei was found on Oahu, Molokai, and 
Waihee on West Maui (HINHP Database 2000). Currently, this species is 
known from Oahu and Maui. Two populations with approximately 20 
individuals occur on Maui, one population on privately owned land in 
Kahuaula Valley and the other population on State owned land near 
Kahakuloa Stream (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).
    This species grows on steep stream banks between 915 to 1,070 m 
(3,000 to 3,500 ft) elevation in wet Metrosideros polymorpha-
Dicranopteris linearis montane forest with mosses and other ferns, 
including Cibotium chamissoi (hapuu), Dicranopteris linearis, 
Elaphoglossum crassifolium (ekaha), Sadleria squarrosa (amau), and 
Sphenomeris chusana (palaa) (HINHP Database 2000).
    The primary threats to Pteris lidgatei on Maui are the alien plant 
Clidemia hirta, habitat destruction by feral pigs, and a risk of 
extinction due to random environmental events (59 FR 49025; USFWS 
1998a).

Sanicula purpurea

    Sanicula purpurea, a short-lived member of the parsley family 
(Apiaceae), is a stout perennial herb, 8 to 36 cm (3 to 14 in.) tall, 
arising from a massive perennial stem. The stems are tufted and 
branched, with the lower portion of the stem lying close to the ground, 
while the upper portion rises. The basal leaves are numerous and 
leathery in texture and are kidney-shaped or circular to egg-heart-
shaped, with three to seven lobes. The leaf lobes are circular to 
inversely egg-shaped. The leaf veins are impressed on the upper surface 
and prominent on the lower surface. The leaf margins bear short, sharp 
teeth. The basal leaf stalks are slender and abruptly sheathed at the 
base. The leaves are palmately three-to five-lobed. The small purple, 
or cream-colored with a purple tinge, flowers occur in branched 
terminal clusters, each of which contains six to ten flowers. Each 
flower cluster contains one to three perfect flowers and five to seven 
staminate flowers. Below the inflorescence is a series of about ten 
oblong or inversely lance-shaped bracts. The nearly spherical fruits 
are covered with prickles. This species is distinguished from others in 
the genus by the number of flowers per cluster and by the color of the 
petals (Constance and Affolter 1999).
    Additional information on the life history of this plant, 
reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, 
and limiting factors is generally unknown (USFWS 1999).
    Historically and currently, Sanicula purpurea is known from Oahu 
and West Maui (HINHP Database 2000). On West Maui, four populations 
totaling between 130 and 250 individuals are currently known on State 
and private lands in Keahikauo, Eke Crater, Violet Lake, and Puu Kukui 
(GSDI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).
    This species typically grows in open Metrosideros polymorpha mixed 
montane bogs between 1,000 and 1,620 m (3,280 and 5,330 ft) elevation 
(HINHP Database 2000). Associated plant taxa include Styphelia 
tameiameiae, Gahnia beechyi (NCN), Geranium humile (nohoanu), Myrsine 
vaccinioides (kolea), Viola mauiensis (pamakani), Argyroxiphium 
caliginis (eke silversword), Plantago pachyphylla (laukahi kuahiwi), 
Lycopodium sp., Argyroxiphium grayanum, Lagenifera mauiensis 
(howaiaulu), Machaerina sp., and Oreobolus furcatus (HINHP Database 
2000).
    Habitat degradation by feral pigs, a risk of extinction due to 
random environmental events, and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to 
the small number of existing populations are the major threats to 
Sanicula purpurea (61

[[Page 79211]]

FR 53108; USFWS 1999; HINHP Database 2000).

Sesbania tomentosa

    Sesbania tomentosa, a short-lived member of the legume family 
(Fabaceae), is typically a sprawling shrub, but may also be a small 
tree. Each compound leaf consists of 18 to 38 oblong to elliptic 
leaflets which are usually sparsely to densely covered with silky 
hairs. The flowers are salmon tinged with yellow, orange-red, scarlet 
or rarely, pure yellow. S. tomentosa is the only endemic Hawaiian 
species in the genus, differing from the naturalized S. sesban by the 
color of the flowers, the longer petals and calyx, and the number of 
seeds per pod (Geesink et al. 1999).
    The pollination biology of Sesbania tomentosa is being studied by 
David Hopper, a graduate student in the Department of Zoology at the 
University of Hawaii at Manoa. His preliminary findings suggest that 
although many insects visit Sesbania flowers, the majority of 
successful pollination is accomplished by native bees of the genus 
Hylaeus and that populations at Kaena Point on Oahu are probably 
pollinator limited. Flowering at Kaena Point is highest during the 
winter-spring rains, and gradually declines throughout the rest of the 
year (USFWS 1999). Other aspects of this plant's life history are 
unknown.
    Currently, Sesbania tomentosa occurs on at least six of the eight 
main Hawaiian Islands (Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Kahoolawe, Maui, and 
Hawaii) and in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (Nihoa and Necker). It 
is no longer extant on Niihau and Lanai (59 FR 56333; USFWS 1999; GDSI 
2000; HINHP Database 2000). On Maui, S. tomentosa is known from seven 
populations with a total of 83 individuals. The populations are located 
on State-leased land at Kanaio Training Area on East Maui; and on State 
and privately owned lands at Olowalu Canyon, Mokolea Point, Kahakuloa, 
Nakalele Point, and Poelua Bay on West Maui(GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 
2000; B. Hobdy in litt. 2000). Off the south central coast of 
Kahoolawe, approximately 100 individuals of S. tomentosa are found on a 
small islet, Puu Koae, a State-owned seabird sanctuary (USFWS 1999; 
HINHP Database 2000).
    Sesbania tomentosa is found in Scaevola sericea coastal dry 
shrublands on windswept slopes, sea cliffs and cinder slopes between 
sea level and 580 m (1,900 ft) elevation (HINHP Database 2000). 
Associated plant species include Lipochaeta integrifolia, Jacquemontia 
ovalifolia ssp. sandwicensis (pa uohi iaka), Rhynchelytrum repens, Sida 
fallax, and Dodonaea viscosa (USFWS 1999; HINHP Database 2000).
    The primary threats to Sesbania tomentosa on Maui are habitat 
degradation caused by competition with various alien plant species such 
as Lantana camara, Waltheria sp., and grass species; feral cattle; lack 
of adequate pollination; seed predation by rats, mice and, potentially, 
alien insects; fire; and destruction by off-road vehicles and other 
human disturbances (59 FR 56333; USFWS 1999). Threats to Sesbania 
tomentosa on Puu Koae include habitat degradation caused by competition 
with various alien plant species, erosion, and trampling by cats and 
seabirds (P. Higashino, pers. comm. 2000).

Spermolepis hawaiiensis

    Spermolepis hawaiiensis, a member of the parsley family (Apiaceae), 
is a slender annual herb with few branches. Its leaves, dissected into 
narrow, lance-shaped divisions, are oblong to somewhat oval in outline 
and grow on stalks. Flowers are arranged in a loose, compound umbrella-
shaped inflorescence arising from the stem, opposite the leaves. 
Spermolepis hawaiiensis is the only member of the genus native to 
Hawaii. It is distinguished from other native members of the family by 
being a nonsucculent annual with an umbrella-shaped inflorescence 
(Constance and Affolter 1999).
    Little is known about the life history of Spermolepis hawaiiensis. 
Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, 
and limiting factors are unknown (USFWS 1999).
    Historically, Spermolepis hawaiiensis was known from the islands of 
Kauai, Oahu, Lanai, and Hawaii (HINHP Database 2000). Currently, it is 
extant on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, West Maui, and Hawaii (59 FR 
56333; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000). On Maui, there are three known 
populations with hundreds to thousands of individuals on State owned 
lands in Kuia NAR and Kanaio NAR, and on privately owned land in Lihau 
(USFWS 1999; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; C. Chimera, pers. comm. 
2000).
    Spermolepis hawaiiensis is known from shady spots in Dodonaea 
viscosa lowland dry shrubland, at elevations from 300 to 550 m (980 to 
1,800 ft). Associated plant species include Eragrostis variabilis, 
Wikstroemia sp., Erythrina sandwicensis, Diospyros sp., Pleomele sp., 
Lipochaeta livarum, Sida fallax, Myoporum sandwicensis, Santalum 
ellipticum, and Heteropogon contortus (USFWS 1999; HINHP Database 2000; 
C. Chimera, pers. comm. 2000).
    The primary threats to Spermolepis hawaiiensis on Maui are habitat 
degradation by feral goats, pigs, and axis deer; competition with 
various alien plants, such as Rhynchelytrum repens and Lantana camara; 
and erosion, landslides, and rockslides due to natural weathering which 
result in the death of individual plants, as well as habitat 
destruction (59 FR 56333; USFWS 1999).

Vigna o-wahuensis

    Vigna o-wahuensis, a member of the legume family (Fabaceae), is a 
slender, twining, long-lived perennial herb with fuzzy stems. Each leaf 
is made up of three leaflets which vary in shape from round to linear, 
and are sparsely or moderately covered with coarse hairs. Flowers, in 
clusters of one to four, have thin, translucent, pale yellow or 
greenish yellow petals. The two lowermost petals are fused and appear 
distinctly beaked. The sparsely hairy calyx has asymmetrical lobes. The 
fruits are long slender pods that may or may not be slightly inflated 
and contain 7 to 15 gray to black seeds. This species differs from 
others in the genus by its thin yellowish petals, sparsely hairy calyx, 
and thin pods which may or may not be slightly inflated (Geesink et al. 
1999).
    Additional information on the life history of this plant, 
reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, 
and limiting factors is generally unknown (USFWS 1999).
    Historically, Vigna o-wahuensis was known from Niihau, Oahu, and on 
East Maui in Makawao, Waiakoa, and Haleakala, and at an unspecified 
site on West Maui (HINHP Database 2000). Currently, Vigna o-wahuensis 
is known from the islands of Molokai, Lanai, Kahoolawe, Maui, and 
Hawaii. There are no currently known populations on Niihau or Oahu 
(HINHP Database 2000). On the State-owned island of Kahoolawe, there 
are a total of three populations with an unknown number of individuals 
in the Makaalae/Lua Kealialalo area at 140 m (460 ft) elevation, the 
Puhi a Nanue area near a tidal pond, and on Lua Makika (GDSI 2000; 
HINHP Database 2000). On Maui, there is a single population of 2 
individuals on State owned land in the Kanaio Beach area of East Maui 
(GDSI 2000; C. Chimera, pers. comm. 2000)
    On Kahoolawe, Vigna o-wahuensis occurs in dry to mesic grassland 
and shrubland from 10 to 140 m (30 to 460 ft) in elevation (Geesink et 
al. 1999;

[[Page 79212]]

HINHP Database 2000). Associated plant species include Sida fallax, 
Chenopodium sp., Dubautia menziesii, and Osteomeles anthyllidifolia 
(HINHP Database 2000). On Maui, Vigna o-wahuensis occurs in dry forests 
around 12 m (40 ft) elevation (C. Chimera, pers. comm. 2000). 
Associated plant species on Maui include Dodonaea viscosa, Chamaesyce 
sp., Nothocestrum latifolium, and Nesoluma polynesicum (C. Chimera, 
pers. comm. 2000).
    The primary threats to Vigna o-wahuensis on Kahoolawe are 
competition with various alien plant species; fire; and a risk of 
extinction due to random environmental events, and/or reduced 
reproductive vigor due to the small number of existing populations and 
individuals (59 FR 56333; USFWS 1999). The primary threats to this 
species on Maui are competition with the alien plant species Lantana 
camara and Cenchrus ciliaris (buffelgrass) and herbivory by axis deer 
and goats.

Zanthoxylum hawaiiense

    Zanthoxylum hawaiiense, a long-lived perennial, is a medium-size 
tree with pale to dark gray bark, and lemon-scented leaves in the rue 
family (Rutaceae). Alternate leaves are composed of three small 
triangular-oval to lance-shaped, toothed leaves (leaflets) with 
surfaces usually without hairs. Zanthoxylum hawaiiense is distinguished 
from other Hawaiian members of the genus by several characters: three 
leaflets all of similar size, one joint on lateral leaf stalk, and 
sickle-shape fruits with a rounded tip (Stone et al. 1999).
    Additional information on the life history of this plant, 
reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, 
and limiting factors is generally unknown (USFWS 1996).
    Historically, Zanthoxylum hawaiiense was known from the islands of 
Kauai, Molokai, Lanai, Hawaii, and southern and southwestern slopes of 
Haleakala on Maui. Currently, Zanthoxylum hawaiiense is extant on 
Kauai, Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii. This species is found on eastern Maui 
in three populations (unknown number of individuals) on private and 
State lands at Auwahi, Lualailua, and Kanaio (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 
2000).
    Zanthoxylum hawaiiense is reported from open lowland dry or mesic 
Nestegis sandwicensis-Pleomele auwahiensis forests, or montane dry 
forest, at elevations between 550 and 1,740 m (1,800 and 5,710 ft) (59 
FR 10305; Stone et al. 1999; HINHP Database 2000). Associated species 
include Metrosideros polymorpha, Diospyros sandwicensis, Pisonia sp., 
Xylosma hawaiiensis, Santalum ellipticum, Alphitonia ponderosa, 
Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, Alectryon macrococcus, Charpentiera sp., 
Melicope sp., Dodonaea viscosa, Streblus pendulinus, Myrsine 
lanaiensis, and Sophora chrysophylla (HINHP Database 2000).
    The threats to Zanthoxylum hawaiiense on Maui include browsing, 
grazing, and trampling by feral goats and cattle; competition with the 
alien plant species Melia azedarach (chinaberry), Lantana camara, and 
Pennisetum setaceum; fire; human disturbance; and risk of extinction 
from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due 
to the small number of populations (59 FR 10305; USFWS 1996).
    A summary of populations and landownership for the 55 plant species 
on Maui and Kahoolawe is given in Table 3.

             Table 3.--Summary of Populations and Landownership for 55 Species on Maui and Kahoolawe
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                        Number of                           Landownership
               Species                   current   -------------------------------------------------------------
                                       populations        Federal               State               Private
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Acaena exigua........................            0
Alectryon macrococcus................            6                       X                    X
Argyroxiphium sandwicense............            7  X                                         X
Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha......            4  X                    X
Bonamia menziesii....................            3                       X                    X
Cenchrus agrimonioides...............            1                       X
Centaurium sebaeoides................            3                       X                    X
Clermontia lindseyana................            2                       X                    X
Clermontia oblongifolia ssp.                     1                       X                    X
 mauiensis.
Clermontia samuelii..................            8  X                    X
Colubrina oppositifolia..............            2                                            X
Ctenitis squamigera..................            6                       X                    X
Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis            3  X                    X                    X
Cyanea glabra........................            1                                            X
Cyanea grimesiana spp. grimesiana....            2                       X                    X
Cyanea hamatiflora spp. hamatiflora..            9  X                    X                    X
Cyanea lobata........................            1                                            X
Cyanea mceldowneyi...................            6                       X                    X
Cyrtandra munroi.....................            1                       X                    X
Diellia erecta.......................            4                       X                    X
Diplazium molokaiense................            2                       X                    X
Dubautia plantaginea spp. humilis....            2                       X                    X
Flueggea neowawraea..................            2                       X                    X
Geranium arboreum....................           10  X                    X                    X
Geranium multiflorum.................            9  X                    X                    X
Hedyotis coriacea....................            1                       X
Hedyotis mannii......................            1                                            X
Hesperomannia arborescens............            1                       X                    X
Hesperomannia arbuscula..............            3                                            X
Hibiscus brackenridgei...............            5                       X                    X
Ischaemum byrone.....................            6                       X                    X
Kanaloa kahoolawensis................            1                       X
Lipochaeta kamolensis................            1                       X                    X
Lysimachia lydgatei..................            3                       X

[[Page 79213]]

 
Mariscus pennatiformis...............            1                       X
Melicope adscendens..................            3                       X                    X
Melicope balloui.....................            2  X                                         X
Melicope knudsenii...................            3                                            X
Melicope mucronulata.................            1                       X
Melicope ovalis......................            1  X
Neraudia sericea.....................            3                       X                    X
Peucedanum sandwicense...............            1                       X
Phlegmariurus mannii.................            5                       X                    X
Phyllostegia mollis..................            1                       X                    X
Plantago princeps....................            5  X                    X                    X
Platanthera holochila................            3                       X                    X
Pteris lidgatei......................            2                       X                    X
Remya mauiensis......................            3                       X
Sanicula purpurea....................            4                       X                    X
Schiedea haleakalensis...............            2  X
Sesbania tomentosa...................            8                       X                    X
Spermolepis hawaiiensis..............            3                       X                    X
Tetramolopium capillare..............            4                       X                    X
Vigna o-wahuensis....................            4                       X
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense...............            3                       X                    X
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Previous Federal Action

    Federal action on these plants began as a result of Section 12 of 
the Act, which directed the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution to 
prepare a report on plants considered to be endangered, threatened, or 
extinct in the United States. This report, designated as House Document 
No. 94-51, was presented to Congress on January 9, 1975. In that 
document, Alectryon macrococcus (as Alectryon macrococcum var. 
macrococcum and Alectryon mahoe), Bonamia menziesii, Clermontia 
lindseyana, Colubrina oppositifolia, Cyanea glabra (as Cyanea scabra 
var. variabilis), Cyanea lobata (as Cyanea baldwinii), Cyanea 
mceldowneyi, Flueggea neowawraea (as Drypetes phyllanthoides), Geranium 
arboreum, Geranium multiflorum (as Geranium multiflorum var. 
multiflorum, var. obatifolium, and var. superbum), Hedyotis mannii (as 
Hedyotis thyrsoidea var. thyrsoidea), Hesperomannia arborescens (as 
Hesperomannia arborescens var. bushiana and var. swezeyi), 
Hesperomannia arbuscula, Hibiscus brackenridgei (as Hibiscus 
brackenridgei var. brackenridgei, var. mokuleianus, and var. ``from 
Hawaii''), Ischaemum byrone, Melicope balloui (as Pelea balloui), 
Melicope knudsenii (as Pelea multiflora), Melicope ovalis (as Pelea 
ovalis), Neraudia sericea (as Neraudia kahoolawensis), Peucedanum 
sandwicense (as Peucedanum kauaiense), Phyllostegia mollis, Plantago 
princeps (as Plantago princeps var. elata, var. laxifolia, var. 
princeps), Remya mauiensis, Sesbania tomentosa (as Sesbania hobdyi and 
Sesbania tomentosa var. tomentosa), Vigna o-wahuensis (as Vigna 
sandwicensis var. heterophylla and var. sandwicensis), and Zanthoxylum 
hawaiiense (as Zanthoxylum hawaiiense var. citiodora), were considered 
to be endangered; Cyrtandra munroi, Diellia erecta, and Zanthoxylum 
hawaiiense (as Zanthoxylum hawaiiense var. hawaiiense and var. 
velutinosum) were considered to be threatened; and, Bidens micrantha 
ssp. kalealaha (as Bidens distans and Bidens micrantha spp. kalealaha), 
Ctenitis squamigera, Diplazium molokaiense, Hedyotis coriacea, Melicope 
knudsenii (as Pelea knudsenii and Pelea tomentosa), Melicope 
mucronulata (as Pelea mucronulata), Phlegmariurus mannii (as Lycopodium 
mannii), Plantago princeps (as Plantago princeps var. acaulis, var. 
denticulata, and var. queleniana), Pteris lidgatei, and Tetramolopium 
capillare were considered extinct. On July 1, 1975, the Service 
published notice in the Federal Register (40 FR 27823) of its 
acceptance of the Smithsonian report as a petition within the context 
of Section 4(c)(2) (now Section 4(b)(3)) of the Act, and gave notice of 
its intention to review the status of the plant taxa named therein. As 
a result of that review, on June 16, 1976, the Service published a 
proposed rule in the Federal Register (41 FR 24523) to determine 
endangered status pursuant to Section 4 of the Act for approximately 
1,700 vascular plant taxa, including all of the above taxa considered 
to be endangered or thought to be extinct except for Cyanea glabra and 
Cyrtandra munroi; additionally, Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. 
macrocephalum (as Argyroxiphium macrocephalum) appeared in the 1976 
proposed rule as endangered. The list of 1,700 plant taxa was assembled 
on the basis of comments and data received by the Smithsonian 
Institution and the Service in response to House Document No. 94-51 and 
the July 1, 1975, Federal Register publication.
    General comments received in response to the 1976 proposal are 
summarized in an April 26, 1978, Federal Register publication (43 FR 
17909). In 1978, amendments to the Act required that all proposals over 
two years old be withdrawn. A one-year grace period was given to 
proposals already over two years old. On December 10, 1979, the Service 
published a notice in the Federal Register (44 FR 70796) withdrawing 
the portion of the June 16, 1976, proposal that had not been made 
final, along with four other proposals that had expired. The Service 
published updated notices of review for plants on December 15, 1980 (45 
FR 82479), September 27, 1985 (50 FR 39525), February 21, 1990 (55 FR 
6183), September 30, 1993 (58 FR 51144), February 28, 1996 (61 FR 
7596), and September 19, 1997 (62 FR 49398). A summary of the status 
categories for the 55 plant species in the 1980-1997 notices of review 
can be found in Table 4(a). The 55 species were listed as endangered or 
threatened between 1991 and 1999. A summary of the listing actions can 
be found in Table 4(b).

[[Page 79214]]



               Table 4(a).--Summary of Candidacy Status for 55 Plant Species on Maui and Kahoolawe
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                          Federal Register Notice of Review
              Species              -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                        1980         1985         1990         1993         1996         1997
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Acaena exigua.....................  C1           C1           C1
Alectryon macrococcus.............  C1           C1           C1
Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp.      C1           C1           C1
 macrocephalum.
Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha...  C1           C1           C1
Bonamia menziesii.................  C1           C1           C1
Cenchrus agrimonioides
Centaurium sebaeoides.............                            C1
Clermontia lindseyana.............  C1           C1           C1
Clermontia oblongifolia ssp.                                  C1
 mauiensis.
Clermontia samuelii
Colubrina oppositifolia...........  C1           C1           C1
Ctenitis squamigera...............  C1*          C1*          C1*
Cyanea copelandii ssp.                                                                  C
 haleakalaensis.
Cyanea glabra.....................                                                      C
Cyanea grimesiana spp. grimesiana.  C1           C1                        C2
Cyanea hamatiflora spp.                                                                 C
 hamatiflora.
Cyanea lobata.....................  C1           C1           C1
Cyanea mceldowneyi................  C1           C1           C1
Cyrtandra munroi..................  C2           C2           C1
Diellia erecta....................  C1           C1           C1
Diplazium molokaiense.............  C1*          C1*          C1
Dubautia plantaginea spp. humilis.                            C2           C2           C
Flueggea neowawraea...............  C1           C1           C1
Geranium arboreum.................  C1           C1           C1
Geranium multiflorum..............  C1           C1           C1
Hedyotis coriacea.................  C1           C1           C1
Hedyotis mannii...................  C1           C1           C1
Hesperomannia arborescens.........  C1           C1           C1
Hesperomannia arbuscula...........  C1           C1           C1
Hibiscus brackenridgei............  C1           C1           C1
Ischaemum byrone..................  C1           C1           C1
Kanaloa kahoolawensis.............                                                      C
Lipochaeta kamolensis.............  C1           C1           C1
Lysimachia lydgatei...............                            C1
Mariscus pennatiformis............               C1           C1
Melicope adscendens...............                            3A
Melicope balloui..................  C1           C1           C1*
Melicope knudsenii................  C1*          C1*          C1
Melicope mucronulata..............  C1           C1           C1
Melicope ovalis...................  C1           C1*          C1*
Neraudia sericea..................  3A           3A           C1
Peucedanum sandwicense............  C2           C2           C2
Phlegmariurus mannii..............  C1           C1           C1
Phyllostegia mollis...............  C1           C1           C1
Plantago princeps.................  C2           C2           C1
Platanthera holochila.............  C1           C1           C1           C2
Pteris lidgatei...................  C1           C1           C1
Remya mauiensis...................  C1           C1
Sanicula purpurea
Schiedea haleakalensis............               C1           C1
Sesbania tomentosa................  C1*          C1*          C1
Spermolepis hawaiiensis...........                            C1
Tetramolopium capillare...........  C1*          C1*          C1*
Vigna o-wahuensis.................  C1           C1           C1
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense............  C1           C1           C1
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Key:
C: Taxa for which the Service sufficient information on biological vulnerability and threats to support
  proposals to list them as endangered or threatened taxa.
C1: Taxa for which the Service has on file enough substantial information on biological vulnerability and
  threat(s) to support proposals to list them as endangered or threatened species.
C1*: Taxa of known vulnerable status in the recent past that may already have become extinct.
C2: Taxa for which there is some evidence of vulnerability, but for which there are not enough data to support
  listing proposals at this time.
3A: Taxa for which the Service has persuasive evidence of extinction. If rediscovered, such taxa might acquire
  high priority for listing.

Federal Register Notice of Review

1980: 45 FR 82479
1985: 50 FR 39525
1990: 55 FR 6183
1993: 58 FR 51144
1996: 61 FR 7596
1997: 62 FR 49398

[[Page 79215]]



               Table 4(b).--Summary of Listing Actions for 55 Plant Species on Maui and Kahoolawe
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                         Proposed rule                      Final rule
            Species                 Federal    -----------------------------------------------------------------
                                     status         Date      Federal Register       Date      Federal Register
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Acaena exigua..................  E                 05/24/91  56 FR 23842            05/15/92  57 FR 20787
Alecryon macrococcus...........  E                 05/24/91  56 FR 23842            05/15/92  57 FR 20772
Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp.   T                 05/24/91  56 FR 23842            05/15/92  57 FR 20772
 macrocephalum.
Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha  E                 05/24/91  56 FR 23842            05/15/92  57 FR 20772
Bonamia menziesii..............  E                 09/14/93  58 FR 48012            11/10/94  59 FR 56333
Cenchrus agrimonioides.........  E                 10/02/95  60 FR 51417            10/10/96  61 FR 53108
Centaurium sebaeoides..........  E                 09/28/90  55 FR 39664            10/29/91  56 FR 55770
Clermontia lindseyana..........  E                 12/17/92  57 FR 59951            03/04/94  59 FR 10305
Clermontia oblongifolia ssp.     E                 05/24/91  56 FR 23842            05/15/92  57 FR 20772
 mauiensis.
Clermontia samuelii............  E                 05/15/97  62 FR 26757            09/03/99  64 FR 48307
Colubrina oppositifolia........  E                 12/17/92  57 FR 59951            03/04/94  59 FR 10305
Ctenitis squamigera............  E                 06/24/93  58 FR 34231            09/09/94  59 FR 49025
Cyanca copelandii ssp.           E                 05/15/97  62 FR 26757            09/03/99  64 FR 48307
 haleakalaensis.
Cyanea glabra..................  E                 05/15/97  62 FR 26757            09/03/99  64 FR 48307
Cyanea grimesiana ssp.           E                 10/02/95  60 FR 51417            10/10/96  61 FR 53108
 grimesiana.
Cyanea hamatiflora ssp.          E                 05/15/97  62 FR 26757            09/03/99  64 FR 48307
 hamatiflora.
Cyanea lobata..................  E                 05/24/91  56 FR 23842            05/15/92  57 FR 20772
Cyanea mceldowneyi.............  E                 05/24/91  56 FR 23842            05/15/92  57 FR 20772
Cyrtandra munroi...............  E                 05/24/91  56 FR 23842            05/15/92  57 FR 20772
Diellia erecta.................  E                 09/14/93  58 FR 48012            11/10/94  59 FR 56333
Diplazium molokaiense..........  E                 06/24/93  58 FR 34241            09/09/94  59 FR 49025
Dubautia plantaginea ssp.        E                 05/15/97  62 FR 26757            09/03/99  64 FR 48307
 humilis.
Flueggea neowawraea............  E                 09/14/93  58 FR 48012            11/10/94  59 FR 56333
Geranium arboreum..............  E                 01/23/91  56 FR 2490             05/13/92  57 FR 20589
Geranium multiflorum...........  E                 05/24/91  56 FR 23842            05/15/92  57 FR 20772
Hedyotis coriacea..............  E                 05/24/91  56 FR 23842            05/15/92  57 FR 20772
Hedyotis mannii................  E                 09/20/91  56 FR 47718            10/08/92  57 FR 46325
Hesperomannia arborescens......  E                 10/14/92  57 FR 47028            03/28/94  59 FR 14482
Hesperomannia arbuscuia........  E                 09/28/90  55 FR 39664            10/29/91  56 FR 55770
Hibiscus brackenridgei.........  E                 09/14/93  58 FR 48012            11/10/94  59 FR 56333
Ischaemum byrone...............  E                 12/17/92  57 FR 59951            03/04/94  59 FR 10305
Kanaloa kahoolawensis..........  E                 05/15/97  62 FR 26757            09/03/99  64 FR 48307
Lipochaeta kamolensis..........  E                 05/24/91  56 FR 23842            05/15/92  57 FR 20772
Lysimachia lydgatei............  E                 05/24/91  56 FR 23842            05/15/92  57 FR 20772
Mariscus pennatiformis.........  E                 09/14/93  58 FR 48012            11/10/94  59 FR 56333
Melicope adscendens............  E                 05/11/93  58 FR 18073            12/05/94  59 FR 62346
Melicope balloui...............  E                 05/11/93  58 FR 18073            12/05/94  59 FR 62346
Melicope knudsenii.............  E                 10/30/91  56 FR 5562             02/25/94  59 FR 09304
Melicope mucronulata...........  E                 05/24/91  56 FR 23842            05/15/92  57 FR 20772
Melicope ovalis................  E                 05/11/93  58 FR 18073            12/05/94  59 FR 62346
Neraudia sericea...............  E                 09/14/93  58 FR 48012            11/10/94  59 FR 56333
Peucedanum sandwicense.........  T                 10/30/91  56 FR 5562             02/25/94  59 FR 09304
Phlegmariurus mannii...........  E                 05/24/91  56 FR 23842            05/15/92  57 FR 20772
Phyllostegia mollis............  E                 09/28/90  55 FR 39664            10/29/91  56 FR 55770
Plantago princeps..............  E                 09/14/93  58 FR 48012            11/10/94  59 FR 56333
Platanthera holochila..........  E                 10/02/95  60 FR 51417            10/10/96  61 FR 53108
Pteris lidgatei................  E                 06/24/93  58 FR 34231            09/09/94  59 FR 49025
Remya mauiensis................  E                 10/02/89  54 FR 40447            01/14/91  56 FR 1450
Sanicula purpurea..............  E                 10/02/95  60 FR 51417            10/10/96  61 FR 53108
Schiedea haleakalensis.........  E                 05/24/91  56 FR 23842            05/15/92  57 FR 20772
Sesbania tomentosa.............  E                 09/14/93  58 FR 48012            11/10/94  59 FR 56333
Spermolepis hawaiiensis........  E                 09/14/93  58 FR 48012            11/10/94  59 FR 56333
Tetramolopium capillare........  E                 03/25/93  58 FR 16164            09/30/94  59 FR 49860
Vigna o-wahuensis..............  E                 09/14/93  58 FR 48012            11/10/94  59 FR 56333
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense.........  E                 12/17/92  57 FR 59951            03/04/94  59 FR 10305
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Key:
E=Endangered
T=Threatened

    Section 4(a)(3) of the Act, as amended, and implementing 
regulations (50 CFR 424.12) require that, to the maximum extent prudent 
and determinable, the Secretary designate critical habitat at the time 
the species is determined to be endangered or threatened. Our 
regulations (50 CFR 424.12(a)(1)) state that designation of critical 
habitat is not prudent when one or both of the following situations 
exist: (1) The species is threatened by taking or other human activity, 
and identification of critical habitat can be expected to increase the 
degree of threat to the species, or (2) such designation of critical 
habitat would not be beneficial to the species. At the time each plant 
was listed, we determined that designation of critical habitat was 
prudent for six of these plants

[[Page 79216]]

(Clermontia samuelii, Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis, Cyanea 
glabra, Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora, Dubautia plantaginea ssp. 
humilis, and Kanaloa kahoolawensis) and not prudent for the other 49 
plants because it would not benefit the plant and/or would increase the 
degree of threat to the species.
    The not prudent determinations were challenged in Conservation 
Council for Hawaii v. Babbitt. 2 F. Supp. 2d 1280 (D. Haw. 1998). On 
March 9, 1998, the United States District Court for the District of 
Hawaii directed us to review the prudency determinations for 245 listed 
plant species in Hawaii, including 49 of these 55 species. Among other 
things, the court held that in most cases we did not sufficiently 
demonstrate that the species are threatened by human activity or that 
such threats would increase with the designation of critical habitat. 
Id. At 1283--85. The court also held that we failed to balance any 
risks of designating critical habitat against any benefits. Id. For 
example, the court suggested that, before concluding critical habitat 
would not be prudent, the Service should consider whether designation 
might prevent an inadvertent act of destruction by educating the 
public.
    Regarding our determination that designating critical habitat would 
have no additional benefits to the species above and beyond those 
already provided through the section 7 consultation requirement of the 
Act, the court ruled that we failed to consider the specific effect of 
the consultation requirement on each species Id. at 1286-88. In 
addition, the court stated that we did not consider benefits outside of 
the consultation requirements. In the court's view, these potential 
benefits include substantive and procedural protections. The court held 
that substantively, designation establishes a ``uniform protection 
plan'' prior to consultation and indicates where compliance with 
section 7 of the Act is required. Procedurally, the court stated that 
the designation of critical habitat educates the public and State and 
local governments and affords them an opportunity to participate in the 
designation Id. at 1288. The court also stated that private lands may 
not be excluded from critical habitat designation even though section 7 
requirements apply only to Federal agencies. In addition to the 
potential benefit of informing the public and State and local 
governments of the listing and of the areas that are essential to the 
species' conservation, the court found that there may be Federal 
activity on the private property in the future, even though no such 
activity may be occurring there at the present Id. at 1285-88.
    On August 10, 1998, the court ordered us to publish proposed 
critical habitat designations or non-designations for at least 100 
species by November 30, 2000, and to publish proposed designations or 
non-designations for the remaining 145 species by April 30, 2002. 24 F. 
Supp. 2d 1074.
    At the time we listed Clermontia samuelii, Cyanea copelandii ssp. 
haleakalaensis, Cyanea glabra, Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora, 
Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis, and Kanaloa kahoolawensis (64 FR 
48307) we determined that designation of critical habitat was prudent 
and that we would develop critical habitat designations for these six 
taxa, along with four others, at the same time we developed 
designations for the 245 Hawaiian plant species. This timetable was 
challenged in Conservation Council for Hawaii v. Babbitt, Civ. No. 99-
00283 HG (D. Haw. Aug. 19, 1999, Feb. 16, 2000, and March 28, 2000). 
The court agreed, however, that it was reasonable for us to integrate 
these ten Maui Nui (Maui, Lanai, Molokai, and Kahoolawe) plant taxa 
into the schedule established for designating critical habitat for the 
other 245 Hawaiian plants, and ordered us to publish proposed critical 
habitat designations for the ten Maui Nui species by November 30, 2000, 
and to publish final critical habitat designations by November 30, 
2001. This notice responds to the court orders.
    On November 30, 1998, we published a notice in the Federal Register 
requesting public comments on our reevaluation of whether designation 
of critical habitat is prudent for the 245 Hawaiian plants at issue (63 
FR 65805). The comment period closed on March 1, 1999, and was reopened 
from March 24, 1999, to May 24, 1999 (64 FR 14209). We received over 
100 responses from individuals, non-profit organizations, the State of 
Hawaii's Division of Forestry and Wildlife, county governments, and 
Federal agencies (U.S. Department of Defense-Army, Navy, Air Force). 
Only a few responses offered information on the status of individual 
plant species or on current management actions for one or more of the 
245 Hawaiian plants. While some respondents expressed support for the 
designation of critical habitat for 245 Hawaiian plants, more than 80 
percent opposed the designation of critical habitat for these plants. 
In general, these respondents opposed designation because they believed 
it will cause economic hardship, chill cooperative projects, polarize 
relationships with hunters, or potentially increase trespass or 
vandalism on private lands. In addition, commenters also cited a lack 
of information on the biological and ecological needs of these plants 
which, they suggest, may lead to designation based on guesswork. The 
respondents who supported the designation of critical habitat cited 
that designation would provide a uniform protection plan for the 
Hawaiian Islands; promote funding for management of these plants; 
educate the public and State government; and protect partnerships with 
landowners and build trust.
    On December 29, 1999, we mailed letters to over 130 landowners on 
the islands of Maui and Kahoolawe requesting any information considered 
germane to the management of any of the 245 plants on his/her property, 
and containing a copy of the November 30, 1998, Federal Register 
notice, a map showing the general locations of the plants that may be 
on his/her property, and a handout containing general information on 
critical habitat. We received 20 written responses to our landowner 
mailing with varying types of information on their current land 
management activities. These responses included information on the 
following: fencing; weeding; access to hunters or limited hunting; 
ungulate control; scientific research; fire control; and propagation 
and/or planting of native plants. We held two open houses on the island 
of Maui, at the Lahaina Civic Center and the Wailuku Community Center, 
on January 11 and 12, 2000, respectively, to meet one-on-one with local 
landowners and other interested members of the public. A total of 30 
people attended the two open houses.
    On November 7, 2000, we published the first of the court-ordered 
prudency determinations and proposed critical habitat designations or 
non-designations for Kauai and Niihau plants (65 FR 66808). In that 
proposal, we determined that critical habitat was prudent for eleven 
species (Alectryon macrococcus, Bonamia menziesii, Centaurium 
sebaeoides, Flueggea neowawraea, Melicope knudsenii, Peucedanum 
sandwicense, Plantago princeps, Platanthera holochila, Sesbania 
tomentosa, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense) from 
Kauai and/or Niihau that also occur on Maui and/or Kahoolawe.

Critical Habitat

    Critical habitat is defined in section 3 of the Act as--(i) the 
specific areas within the geographic area occupied by a species, at the 
time it is listed in accordance with the Act, on which are found those 
physical or biological

[[Page 79217]]

features (I) essential to the conservation of the species and (II) that 
may require special management considerations or protection; and (ii) 
specific areas outside the geographic area occupied by a species at the 
time it is listed, upon a determination that such areas are essential 
for the conservation of the species. ``Conservation'' means the use of 
all methods and procedures that are necessary to bring an endangered or 
a threatened species to the point at which listing under the Act is no 
longer necessary.
    Critical habitat receives protection under section 7 of the Act 
through the prohibition against destruction or adverse modification of 
critical habitat with regard to actions carried out, funded, or 
authorized by a Federal agency. Section 7 also requires conferences on 
Federal actions that are likely to result in the destruction or adverse 
modification of proposed critical habitat. In our regulations at 50 CFR 
402.02, we define destruction or adverse modification as `` * * * the 
direct or indirect alteration that appreciably diminishes the value of 
critical habitat for both the survival and recovery of a listed 
species. Such alterations include, but are not limited to, alterations 
adversely modifying any of those physical or biological features that 
were the basis for determining the habitat to be critical.'' Aside from 
the added protection that may be provided under section 7, the Act does 
not provide other forms of protection to lands designated as critical 
habitat. Because consultation under section 7 of the Act does not apply 
to activities on private or other non-Federal lands that do not involve 
a Federal nexus, critical habitat designation would not afford any 
additional protections under the Act against such activities.
    In order to be included in a critical habitat designation, the 
habitat must first be ``essential to the conservation of the species.'' 
Critical habitat designations identify, to the extent known using the 
best scientific and commercial data available, habitat areas that 
provide essential life cycle needs of the species (i.e., areas on which 
are found the primary constituent elements, as defined at 50 CFR 
424.12(b)).
    Section 4 requires that we designate critical habitat at the time 
of listing and based on what we know at the time of the designation. 
When we designate critical habitat at the time of listing or under 
short court-ordered deadlines, we will often not have sufficient 
information to identify all areas of critical habitat. We are required, 
nevertheless, to make a decision and thus must base our designations on 
what, at the time of designation, we know to be critical habitat.
    Within the geographic area occupied by the species, we will 
designate only areas currently known to be essential. Essential areas 
should already have the features and habitat characteristics that are 
necessary to sustain the species. We will not speculate about what 
areas might be found to be essential if better information became 
available, or what areas may become essential over time. If the 
information available at the time of designation does not show that an 
area provides essential life cycle needs of the species, then the area 
should not be included in the critical habitat designation. Within the 
geographic area occupied by the species, we will not designate areas 
that do not now have the primary constituent elements , as defined at 
50 CFR 424.12(b), that provide essential life cycle needs of the 
species.
    Our regulations state that, ``The Secretary shall designate as 
critical habitat areas outside the geographic area presently occupied 
by the species only when a designation limited to its present range 
would be inadequate to ensure the conservation of the species.'' (50 
CFR 424.12(e)). Accordingly, when the best available scientific and 
commercial data do not demonstrate that the conservation needs of the 
species require designation of critical habitat outside of occupied 
areas, we will not designate critical habitat in areas outside the 
geographic area occupied by the species.
    The Service's Policy on Information Standards Under the Endangered 
Species Act, published in the Federal Register on July 1, 1994 (Vol. 
59, p. 34271), provides criteria, establishes procedures, and provides 
guidance to ensure that decisions made by the Service represent the 
best scientific and commercial data available. It requires Service 
biologists, to the extent consistent with the Act and with the use of 
the best scientific and commercial data available, to use primary and 
original sources of information as the basis for recommendations to 
designate critical habitat. When determining which areas are critical 
habitat, a primary source of information should be the listing package 
for the species. Additional information may be obtained from a recovery 
plan, articles in peer-reviewed journals, conservation plans developed 
by states and counties, scientific status surveys and studies, and 
biological assessments or other unpublished materials (i.e., gray 
literature).
    Habitat is often dynamic, and species may move from one area to 
another over time. Furthermore, we recognize that designation of 
critical habitat may not include all of the habitat areas that may 
eventually be determined to be necessary for the recovery of the 
species. For these reasons, all should understand that critical habitat 
designations do not signal that habitat outside the designation is 
unimportant or may not be required for recovery. Areas outside the 
critical habitat designation will continue to be subject to 
conservation actions that may be implemented under Section 7(a)(1) and 
to the regulatory protections afforded by the section 7(a)(2) jeopardy 
standard and the Section 9 take prohibition, as determined on the basis 
of the best available information at the time of the action. We 
specifically anticipate that federally funded or assisted projects 
affecting listed species outside their designated critical habitat 
areas may still result in jeopardy findings in some cases. Similarly, 
critical habitat designations made on the basis of the best available 
information at the time of designation will not control the direction 
and substance of future recovery plans, habitat conservation plans, or 
other species conservation planning efforts if new information 
available to these planning efforts calls for a different outcome.

A. Prudency Redetermination

    Designation of critical habitat is not prudent when one or both of 
the following situations exist: (i) The species is threatened by taking 
or other human activity, and identification of critical habitat can be 
expected to increase the degree of such threat to the species; or (ii) 
such designation of critical habitat would not be beneficial to the 
species (50 CFR 424.12(a)(1)).
    To determine whether critical habitat would be prudent for each of 
the 38 species discussed in this rule for which a prudency 
determination has not been made previously, we analyzed the potential 
threats and benefits for each species in accordance with the court's 
order. One species, Acaena exigua, known only from Kauai and Maui, is 
no longer extant in the wild. On Kauai, this species was only known 
from a collection by Heinrich Wawra between 1869-1870 (Wagner et al. 
1999). Acaena exigua was last collected on West Maui between April 22-
24, 1997; however, no individuals were seen in two subsequent visits 
(1998 and 1999) to the only known location (H. Oppenheimer and S. 
Perlman, pers. comm. 2000). In addition, this species is not known to 
be in storage or under propagation. Therefore, we believe this species 
may be extinct. Under these circumstances,

[[Page 79218]]

we propose that designation of critical habitat for Acaena exigua is 
not prudent because such designation would be of no benefit to this 
species. If this species is rediscovered we may revise this proposal to 
incorporate or address new information as new data becomes available. 
See 16 U.S.C. 1532(5)(B); 50 CFR 424.12(f).
    Due to low numbers of individuals and/or populations and their 
inherent immobility, the other 37 plants may be vulnerable to 
unrestricted collection, vandalism or disturbance. However, consistent 
with applicable regulations (50 CFR 424.12(a)(1)(i)) and the court's 
discussion of these regulations, we do not find that any of these 
species are currently threatened by taking or other human activity that 
would be exacerbated by the designation of critical habitat.
    In the absence of finding that critical habitat would increase 
threats to a species, if there are any benefits to critical habitat 
designation, then a prudent finding is warranted. The potential 
benefits include: (1) Triggering section 7 consultation in new areas 
where it would not otherwise occur because, for example, it is or has 
become unoccupied or the occupancy is in question; (2) focusing 
conservation activities on the most essential areas; (3) providing 
educational benefits to State or county governments or private 
entities; and (4) preventing people from causing inadvertent harm to 
the species.
    In the case of these 37 species, there would be some benefits to 
critical habitat. The primary regulatory effect of critical habitat is 
the section 7 requirement that Federal agencies refrain from taking any 
action that destroys or adversely affects critical habitat. At least 
fourteen of these species are reported from federally owned lands 
(Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum, Bidens micrantha ssp. 
kalealaha, Clermontia samuelii, Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis, 
Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora, Geranium arboreum, Geranium 
multiflorum, Melicope balloui, Melicope ovalis, Plantago princeps, and 
Schiedea haleakalaensis) or lands under Federal jurisdiction (Sesbania 
tomentosa), or lands subject to federally funded actions such as the 
clearing of military ordinance on Kahoolawe (Kanaloa kahoolawensis, 
Sesbania tomentosa, and Vigna o-wahuensis) (see Table 3), where most 
actions would be subject to section 7. While a majority of these 
species are located exclusively on non-Federal lands with limited 
Federal activities, there could be Federal actions affecting these 
lands in the future. While a critical habitat designation for habitat 
currently occupied by these species would not be likely to change the 
section 7 consultation outcome because an action that destroys or 
adversely modifies such critical habitat would also be likely to result 
in jeopardy to the species, there may be instances where section 7 
consultation would be triggered only if critical habitat were 
designated. There may also be some educational or informational 
benefits to the designation of critical habitat. Educational benefits 
include the notification of landowner(s), land managers, and the 
general public of the importance of protecting the habitat of these 
species and dissemination of information regarding their essential 
habitat requirements.
    Therefore, we propose that critical habitat is prudent for 37 plant 
species: Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum, Bidens micrantha 
ssp. kalealaha, Cenchrus agrimonioides, Clermontia lindseyana, 
Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, Colubrina oppositifolia, 
Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea lobata, 
Cyanea mceldowneyi, Cyrtandra munroi, Diellia erecta, Diplazium 
molokaiense, Geranium arboreum, Geranium multiflorum, Hedyotis 
coriacea, Hedyotis mannii, Hesperomannia arborescens, Hesperomannia 
arbuscula, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Ischaemum byrone, Lipochaeta 
kamolensis, Lysimachia lydgatei, Mariscus pennatiformis, Melicope 
adscendens, Melicope balloui, Melicope mucronulata, Melicope ovalis, 
Neraudia sericea, Phlegmariurus mannii, Phyllostegia mollis, Pteris 
lidgatei, Remya mauiensis, Sanicula purpurea, Schiedea haleakalensis, 
Tetramolopium capillare, and Vigna o-wahuensis.
    Prudency determinations have previously been made for the other 17 
species discussed in this proposed rule. Therefore, a critical habitat 
designation is prudent for 54 of the 69 plant species historically or 
currently found on Maui and Kahoolawe.

B. Primary Constituent Elements

    In accordance with section 4(b)(2) of the Act and regulations at 50 
CFR 424.12, in determining which areas to propose as critical habitat, 
we are required to base critical habitat determinations on the best 
scientific and commercial data available and to consider those physical 
and biological features that are essential to the conservation of the 
species and that may require special management considerations or 
protection. Such requirements include, but are not limited to, space 
for individual and population growth, and for normal behavior; food, 
water, air, light, minerals, or other nutritional or physiological 
requirements; cover or shelter; sites for breeding, reproduction, or 
rearing of offspring, germination, or seed dispersal; and habitats that 
are protected from disturbance or are representative of the historic 
geographical and ecological distributions of a species.
    As described above in the discussion for each of the 54 species, 
very little is known about the specific physical and biological 
requirements of these species. The recovery plans that have been 
published for many of these species generally discuss management 
practices that are needed for the conservation of these species (e.g., 
rodent, invasive species, and ungulate control), as oppose to 
identifying essential areas need by the species. As a result, we are 
proposing to define the primary constituent elements on the basis of 
the habitat features of the areas in which the plant species are 
currently found, including the type of plant community and their 
physical location (e.g., steep rocky cliffs, talus slopes, stream 
banks) and elevation. Therefore, the descriptions of the physical 
elements of the locations of each of these species and the plant 
community associated with the species, as described in the Discussion 
of the Plant Taxa section above, constitute the primary constituent 
elements for these species.

C. Methods for Selection of Areas for Proposed Critical Habitat 
Designations

    Critical habitat is defined as the specific areas within the 
geographic area occupied by the species, at the time it is listed in 
accordance with the provisions of section 4 of the Act, on which are 
found those physical or biological features (I) essential to the 
conservation of the species and (II) which may require special 
management considerations or protection (16 U.S.C. 1532(5)(A)(i)). As 
discussed above, although we have published recovery plans for most of 
these species, very little is known about the specific physical and 
biological requirements of most of these 54 species. However, given 
that all of these species are either threatened or endangered with 
extinction, we feel that all existing sites where these plants occur 
needs to be designated. Therefore, we have defined primary constituent 
elements based on the general habitat features of the areas in which 
they currently occur, such as the type of plant community the plants 
are growing in, their physical location (e.g., steep rocky cliffs, 
talus slopes,

[[Page 79219]]

stream banks), and elevation. The areas we are proposing to designate 
as critical habitat provide some or all of the habitat components 
essential for the conservation of the 54 plant species.
    Critical habitat may also include areas outside the geographic area 
presently occupied by a species upon a determination that such areas 
are essential to the conservation of the species (16 U.S.C. 
1532(5)(A)(ii)). This may include, for example, potentially suitable 
unoccupied habitat that is important to the recovery of the species. 
However, we have not included such areas in the proposed designations 
for these 54 species because of our limited knowledge of the historical 
range (the geographical area outside the area presently occupied by the 
species), and our lack of more detailed information on the specific 
physical or biological features essential for the conservation of the 
species that would be needed, for instance, to determine where to 
reintroduce a species.
    The historical (pre-1970) or even post-1970 records for a species 
may be based on herbarium specimens that contain only the most 
rudimentary collection information, such as only the name of the island 
from which the specimen was collected or a general place name (e.g., 
west Maui, Haleakala, above Lahaina). In the main Hawaiian Islands, 
climatic and ecological conditions such as rainfall, elevation, slope, 
and aspect, may vary dramatically within a relatively short distance. 
Therefore, a simple place name does not provide adequate information on 
the physical and biological features that may have occurred there or 
may occur there now.
    The unpredictable distribution of Hawaiian plant species also makes 
it difficult to designate potentially suitable unoccupied habitat. For 
example, currently a species may be known from northern and southern 
(or eastern and western) locations on an island, but not from 
intervening locations in similar habitat. Based on the best available 
information, we are unable to determine whether a species once occurred 
in the intervening areas and disappeared from there prior to Polynesian 
or European times (thus never having been collected or documented 
there) or simply never occurred there.
    The Service considers reintroduction (the planting of propagated 
individuals or seedlings into an area) to be an acceptable method to 
try to achieve plant species recovery. However, native plant 
reintroductions are difficult, and successful efforts are not common. 
We do not know enough about these 54 species to identify areas where 
reintroductions are likely to be successful. We will continue to 
support experimental efforts to reintroduce species that may eventually 
provide us with additional information on the physical and biological 
features essential to the conservation of these species, and thus, may 
eventually result in identification of unoccupied habitat for future 
revisions of the appropriate designations.
    As required by the Act and regulations (section 4(b)(2) and 50 CFR 
424.12), we used the best scientific information available to determine 
areas that contain those physical and biological features that are 
essential for the survival and recovery of the 54 plant species. This 
information included site-specific species information from the Hawaii 
Natural Heritage Program (HINHP) and our rare plant database, species 
information from the Center for Plant Conservation's (CPC) rare plant 
monitoring database housed at the University of Hawaii's Lyon 
Arboretum, recent biological surveys and reports, our recovery plans 
for 48 of these 54 species, discussions with botanical experts, and 
recommendations (see below) from the Hawaii and Pacific Plant Recovery 
Coordinating Committee (HPPRCC) (USFWS 1995a, 1995b, 1995c, 1996, 1997, 
1998a, 1998b, 1999; HPPRCC 1998; HINHP Database 2000; S. Perlman, pers. 
comm. 2000; R. Hobdy, pers. comm. 2000; CPC in litt. 1999).
    In 1994, the HPPRCC initiated an effort to identify and map habitat 
believed to be important for the recovery of 282 endangered and 
threatened Hawaiian plant species. The HPPRCC identified these areas on 
most of the islands in the Hawaiian chain, and in 1999, we published 
them in our Recovery Plan for the Multi-Island Plants (USFWS 1999). The 
HPPRCC expects there will be subsequent efforts to further refine the 
locations of important habitat areas and that new survey information or 
research findings may also lead to additional refinements (HPPRCC 
1998). Because the HPPRCC identified essential habitat areas for all 
listed, proposed, and candidate plant species and evaluated species of 
concern to determine if essential habitat areas would provide for their 
habitat needs as well, the HPPRCC's mapping of habitat is distinct from 
the regulatory designation of critical habitat, as defined by the Act. 
While these habitat maps are a planning tool to focus conservation 
efforts on the areas that may be most important to the conservation of 
Hawaii's listed plant species, as well as other plant species of 
concern, it does not substitute for the more exacting regulatory 
process of designating critical habitat. Therefore, the proposed 
critical habitat designations in this proposed rule do not include all 
of the habitat, in particular unoccupied habitat, identified by the 
HPPRCC.
    For these 54 plant species from Maui and Kahoolawe, currently 
occupied habitat was examined and critical habitat boundaries were 
delineated as multi-species units in such a way that locations with a 
high density of endangered plants could be depicted clearly. However, 
these multi-species critical habitat units were not homogenous or 
uniform in nature. Critical habitat units often encompassed a number of 
plant community types.
    When developing critical habitat units, every current (post-1970) 
location of every plant specimen was delineated within a 586 m (1,924 
ft) radius circle, in order to insure enough area to provide for the 
proper ecological functioning of the habitat immediately supporting the 
plant. Due to inaccuracies in mapping locations, it has been determined 
that the actual location of the plant specimen is within 536 m (1,760 
ft) of the center of the delineated circle. The 536 m (1,760 ft) 
distance is consistent with standard mapping methodology for rare 
species used by the HINHP (1996). An additional 50 m (164 ft) included 
in the delineated circle to be consistent with the guidelines 
identified in the recovery plans for these species for minimum-sized 
exclosures for rare plants (USFWS 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998a, 1998b, 
1999). In cases of isolated species' locations, an area with a radius 
of roughly 586 m (1,924 ft) is proposed as critical habitat (HINHP 
1996; USFWS 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998a, 1998b, 1999).
    In areas with multiple species locations, critical habitat units 
were developed as follows.
    <bullet> Known current locations of each species were delineated 
using the guidelines explained above (Figure 1(a)).
    <bullet> The perimeter boundaries of individual circular areas were 
connected to form unit area boundaries (Figure 1(b)).
    <bullet> Unit area boundaries were delineated to follow significant 
topographic features (50 CFR 424.12(c)) such as coastlines, ridgelines, 
and valleys (Figure 1(c)).
This delineation method was used to facilitate identification of 
boundary lines and to aid in implementation of on-the-ground 
conservation measures. When delineating critical habitat units, we made 
an effort to avoid developed areas such as towns, agricultural lands, 
and other lands unlikely to contribute to the conservation of the 54 
species.

[[Page 79220]]

Existing features and structures within proposed areas, such as 
buildings, roads, aqueducts, telecommunications equipment, arboreta and 
gardens, heiaus (indigenous place of worship, shrine), and other man-
made features, do not contain, and are not likely to develop, 
constituent elements. Therefore, these features or structures would not 
be included in the critical habitat designation.
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.000

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.001

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.002

    All currently occupied sites containing one or more of the primary 
constituent elements were first evaluated to determine if the site was 
essential to the conservation of the listed plant species. If the site 
was considered essential to the conservation of any of these 54 plant 
species, the site was then examined to determine if additional special 
management considerations or protection is required above those 
currently provided. We reviewed all available management information on 
these plants at these sites, including published reports and surveys; 
annual performance and progress reports; management plans; grants; 
memoranda of understanding and cooperative agreements; State of Hawaii, 
Division of Forestry and Wildlife (DOFAW) planning documents; internal 
letters and memos; biological assessments and environmental impact 
statements; and section 7 consultations. Additionally, each public 
(i.e., county, state, or Federal government holdings) and private 
landowner on Maui and Kahoolawe with a known occurrence of one of the 
54 species was contacted by mail. We reviewed all information received 
during the public comment period held in response to our landowner 
mailing and open houses held on Maui on January 11 and 12, 2000. When 
clarification was required

[[Page 79221]]

on the information provided to us, we followed up with a telephone 
contact. Lastly, because of the large amount of land on Maui under 
State of Hawaii jurisdiction, we met with staff from the Maui DOFAW 
office to discuss their current management for the plants on their 
lands. In addition, we contacted the State's Department of Hawaiian 
Home Lands regarding management for the plants on lands under their 
jurisdiction.
    Pursuant to the definition of critical habitat, an area must also 
require ``special management considerations or protections.'' This is a 
term that originates in the definition of critical habitat in section 3 
of the Act. Adequate special management or protection is provided by a 
legally operative plan that addresses the maintenance and improvement 
of the essential elements and manages for the long-term conservation of 
the species. The Service considers a plan adequate when it meets all of 
the following three criteria: (1) The plan provides a conservation 
benefit to the species (i.e., the plan must maintain or provide for an 
increase in the species' population or the enhancement or restoration 
of its habitat within the area covered by the plan); (2) the plan 
provides assurances that the management plan will be implemented (i.e., 
those responsible for implementing the plan are capable of 
accomplishing the objectives, have an implementation schedule and/or 
have adequate funding for the management plan); and (3) the plan 
provides assurances the conservation plan will be effective (i.e., it 
identifies biological goals, has provisions for reporting progress, and 
is of a duration sufficient to implement the plan and achieves the 
plan's goals and objectives). If an area is covered by a plan that 
meets these criteria, it does not constitute critical habitat as 
defined by the Act.
    In determining and weighing the relative significance of the 
threats that would need to be addressed in management plans or 
agreements, we considered the following:
    <bullet> The factors that led to the listing of the species, as 
described in the final rules for listing each of the species. For all 
or nearly all endangered and threatened plants in Hawaii, the major 
threats include adverse impacts due to nonnative plant and animal 
species. Direct browsing, digging, and trampling by ungulates, 
including pigs, goats, cattle, sheep, and deer, and direct competition 
from nonnative plants have led to the decline of Hawaii's native flora 
(Smith 1985; Stone 1985; Wagner et al. 1985; Scott et al. 1986; Cuddihy 
and Stone 1990; Vitousek 1992; USFWS 1995, 1996a, 1996b, 1997, 1998, 
1999; Loope in Mack et al. 1998). Ungulate activity in most areas 
results in an increase of nonnative plants because most of these 
nonnative plants are able to colonize newly disturbed areas more 
quickly and effectively than Hawaii's native plants (Cuddihy and Stone 
1990; Mack 1992; Scott et al. 1986; Smith 1985; Tunison et al. 1992; 
USFWS 1995, 1996a, 1996b, 1997, 1998, 1999).
    <bullet> The recommendations from the HPPRCC in their 1998 report 
to the Service (``Habitat Essential to the Recovery of Hawaiian 
Plants''). As summarized in this report, recovery goals for endangered 
Hawaiian plant species cannot be achieved with ungulates (e.g., pigs, 
goats, deer, and sheep) present in Essential Habitat Areas.
    <bullet> The management actions needed for assurance of survival 
and ultimate recovery of Hawaii's endangered plants. These actions are 
described in the Service's recovery plans for 48 of the 54 species 
(USFWS 1995a, 1995b, 1995c, 1996, 1997, 1998a, 1998b, 1999), in the 
1998 HPPRCC report to the Service (HPPRCC 1998), and in various other 
documents and publications relating to plant conservation in Hawaii 
(Mueller-Dombois 1985; Smith 1985; Stone 1985; Cuddihy and Stone 1990; 
Stone et al. 1992). In addition to monitoring the plant populations, 
these actions include, but are not limited to: (1) Feral ungulate 
control; (2) nonnative plant control; (3) rodent control; (4) 
invertebrate pest control; (5) fire control; (6) maintenance of genetic 
material of the endangered and threatened plants species; (7) 
propagation, reintroduction, and/or augmentation of existing 
populations into areas deemed essential for the recovery of these 
species; (8) ongoing management of the wild, outplanted, and augmented 
populations; and (9) habitat management and restoration in areas deemed 
essential for the recovery of these species.
    In general, taking all of the above recommended management actions 
into account, the following management actions are ranked in order of 
importance. It should be noted, however, that, on a case-by-case basis, 
some of these actions may rise to a higher level of importance for a 
particular species or area, depending on the biological and physical 
requirements of the species and the location(s) of the individual 
plants:
    <bullet> Feral ungulate control;
    <bullet> Nonnative plant control;
    <bullet> Rodent control;
    <bullet> Invertebrate pest control;
    <bullet> Fire control;
    <bullet> Maintenance of genetic material of the endangered and 
threatened plant species;
    <bullet> Propagation; reintroduction and/or augmentation of 
existing populations into areas deemed essential for the recovery of 
the species;
    <bullet> Ongoing management of the wild, outplanted and augmented 
populations;
    <bullet> Maintenance of natural pollinators and pollinating 
systems, when known;
    <bullet> Habitat management and restoration in areas deemed 
essential for the recovery of the species;
    <bullet> Monitoring of the wild, outplanted and augmented 
populations;
    <bullet> Rare plant surveys; and
    <bullet> Control of human activities/access.
    As shown in Table 3, these 54 species of plants occur on Federal, 
State, and private lands on the islands of Maui and Kahoolawe. In 
response to our two public notices, letters to the landowners, open 
houses, and meetings, along with information in our files, we received 
varying amounts and various types of information on the conservation 
management actions occurring on these lands. Some landowners reported 
that they are not conducting conservation management actions on their 
lands while others provided information on various activities such as 
fencing, weeding, ungulate control, control of human access, scientific 
research, fire control, and propagation and/or planting of native 
plants.
    Contractors for the U.S. Navy are clearing the state-owned island 
of Kahoolawe of military ordinance utilizing Congressional funding that 
expires in 2003. The Navy has consulted with the Service under section 
7 of the Endangered Species Act, as amended, to ensure protection of 
threatened and endangered species during the clearance activities. In 
June 1998, the State of Hawaii Kahoolawe Island Reserve Commission 
developed an environmental restoration plan for Kahoolawe (Social 
Science Research Institute, University of Hawaii 1998). The plan, 
however, does not address specific management actions to protect and 
conserve endangered plant species. While the island is isolated and 
remote, and access is restricted due to the presence of unexploded 
ordnance hazards, this action alone is not sufficient to indicate that 
additional special management is not required for the listed plant 
species, and areas on the island are included within the proposed 
critical habitat units for Kanaloa kahoolawensis, Sesbania tomentosa, 
and Vigna o-wahuensis.
    Protective fencing and monitoring of the endangered plant Sesbania 
tomentosa on the leased U.S. military

[[Page 79222]]

lands (Hawaii Army National Guard) at Kanaio Training Area, Maui, were 
initially funded in 1998. Since then, however, these management 
activities for Sesbania tomentosa have been curtailed due to a lack of 
funding (Lt. Col. Richard Young, Hawaii Army National Guard, in litt. 
2000). Therefore, this area has been included within the proposed 
critical habitat units.
    Eleven species (Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum, 
Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha, Clermontia samuelii, Cyanea copelandii 
ssp. haleakalaensis, Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora, Geranium 
arboreum, Geranium multiflorum, Melicope balloui, Melicope ovalis, 
Plantago princeps, and Schiedea haleakalaensis) are reported from U.S. 
National Park lands at Haleakala National Park, Maui (GDSI 2000; HINHP 
2000). Two of these species, Melicope ovalis and Schiedea 
haleakalaensis, are currently only found in Haleakala National Park.
    Haleakala National Park was established by Congress in 1916 as the 
Haleakala Section of Hawaii National Park. In 1960, an Act of Congress 
established Haleakala as an independent unit of the National Park 
System to preserve for visitor enjoyment and scientific study the 
outstanding scenic, geological, and biological resources and the 
natural environment of Haleakala Crater (Resources Management Division 
1999). Management programs, objectives, and their implementation 
schedules are documented in the Park's 1999 draft Resources Management 
Plan (Resources Management Division 1999). This plan details the 
management issues and strategies used by the Park to protect, restore, 
and enhance the rare and native plants and their habitats within the 
park (Resources Management Division 1999). These management strategies 
address factors which led to the listing of the 11 species including 
control of, or research on, nonnative species of ungulates, rodents, 
invertebrates, and weeds. Management strategies for control of fire 
within the Park are outlined in their fire management plan (Resources 
Management Division 1999). In addition, habitat restoration, including 
propagation and outplanting of native and endangered plants, and 
monitoring are also included in this plan. Because the Resources 
Management Plan and the park's fire management plan provides 
conservation benefits to the listed species within the park and 
provides assurances that the plan will be effective and will continue 
to be implemented, these lands are not in need of special management 
considerations or protection. Therefore, we have determined that the 
Federal lands within Haleakala National Park do not meet the definition 
of critical habitat in the Act, and we are not proposing designation of 
these lands as critical habitat.
    Twelve species (Alectryon macrococcus, Argyroxiphium sandwicense 
ssp. macrocephalum, Bonamia menziesii, Colubrina oppositifolia, 
Ctenitis squamigera, Diplazium molokaiense, Geranium arboreum, Geranium 
multiflorum, Melicope balloui, Plantago princeps, Platanthera 
holochila, and Sanicula purpurea) are reported from The Nature 
Conservancy's Waikamoi and Kapunakea Preserves which are located on the 
northeast slopes of Haleakala and in the West Maui mountains, 
respectively (The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii (TNCH) 1997, 1998; GDSI 
2000; HINHP Database 2000). Both preserves were established by grants 
of perpetual conservation easements from the private landowners to TNCH 
and are included in the state's Natural Area Partnership (NAP) program 
which provides matching funds for the management of private lands that 
have been permanently dedicated to conservation (TNCH 1997, 1998).
    Under the NAP program, the State of Hawaii provides matching funds 
on a two-for-one basis for management of private lands dedicated to 
conservation. In order to qualify for this program, the land must be 
dedicated in perpetuity through transfer of fee title or a conservation 
easement to the State or a cooperating entity. The land must be managed 
by the cooperating entity or a qualified landowner according to a 
detailed management plan approved by the Board of Land and Natural 
Resources. Once approved, the six-year partnership agreement between 
the State and the managing entity is automatically renewed each year so 
that there are always six years remaining in the term, although the 
management plan is updated and funding amounts are re-authorized by the 
board at least every six years. By April 1 of any year, the managing 
partner may notify the state that it does not intend to renew the 
agreement; however, in such case the partnership agreement remains in 
effect for the balance of the existing six year term, and the 
conservation easement remains in full effect in perpetuity. The 
conservation easement may be revoked by the landowner only if state 
funding is terminated without the concurrence of the landowner and 
cooperating entity. Prior to terminating funding, the State must 
conduct one or more public hearings. The NAP program is funded through 
real estate conveyance taxes which are placed in a Natural Area Reserve 
Fund. Participants in the NAP program must provide annual reports to 
the Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR) and DLNR makes 
annual inspections of the work in the reserve areas. See Haw. Rev. 
Stat.Secs. 195-1--195-11; Hawaii Administrative Rules Sec. 13-210.
    Management programs within the preserves are documented in long-
range management plans and yearly operational plans. These plans detail 
management measures that protect, restore, and enhance the rare plants 
and their habitats within the preserves and in adjacent areas (TNCH 
1997, 1998, 1999). These management measures address factors which led 
to the listing of the 12 species including control of nonnative species 
of ungulates, rodents, and weeds. In addition, habitat restoration and 
monitoring are also included in these plans.
    The primary management goals for both Kapunakea and Waikamoi 
Preserves are to (1) prevent degradation of native forest by reducing 
feral ungulate damage; (2) improve or maintain the integrity of native 
ecosystems in selected areas of the preserve by reducing the effects of 
nonnative plants; (3) increase the understanding of threats posed by 
small mammals and reduce their negative impact, where possible; (4) 
prevent extinction of rare species in the preserve; (5) track the 
biological and physical resources in the preserves and to evaluate 
changes in these resources over time; (6) identify new threats to the 
preserves before they become established pests; and (7) build public 
understanding and support for the preservation of natural areas, and to 
enlist volunteer assistance for preserve management (TNCH 1997, 1998).
    The goal of the ungulate program is to bring pig populations to 
zero as rapidly as possible. Specific management actions to address 
feral ungulate impacts include the construction of fences, including 
strategic fencing (fences placed in proximity to natural barriers such 
as cliffs), annual monitoring of ungulate presence transects, and 
trained staff and volunteer hunting. Since axis deer may also pose a 
threat to the preserves, TNCH is a member of the Maui Axis Deer Group 
(MADG) and staff meet regularly with other MADG members to seek 
solutions. In Waikamoi Preserve, the management actions also include 
working with community hunters in conjunction with the East Maui 
Watershed Partnership (EMWP). In Kapunakea Preserve, a system of 
transects extend the length of the

[[Page 79223]]

preserve to monitor resource threats, including ungulate presence. By 
monitoring ungulate activity within the preserve, the staff is able to 
assess the success of the hunting program. If increased hunting 
pressure does not reduce feral ungulate activity in the preserves, the 
preserve staff work with the hunting group to identify and implement 
alternative methods (TNCH 1997, 1998).
    The nonnative plant control program within both preserves focuses 
on controlling habitat modifying nonnative plants (weeds) in intact 
native communities and preventing the introduction of additional alien 
plants. Based on the degree of threat to native ecosystems, a weed 
priority list has been compiled for the preserves, and control and 
monitoring of the highest priority species are on-going. Weeds are 
controlled manually, chemically, or a through a combination of both. 
Preventative measures (prevention protocol) are required by all 
(volunteers, riders, and hiking participants) who enter the preserves. 
This protocol includes such things as brushing footgear before entering 
the preserves to remove seeds of nonnative plants. Weeds are monitored 
along transects annually, weed priority maps are maintained, staff 
participate as members of the Melastome Action Committee and the Maui 
Invasive Species Committee (MISC), and cooperate with the Division of 
Conservation and Resources Enforcement (DOCARE) in marijuana control, 
as needed.
    The effects of nonnative invertebrates and small mammals on native 
Hawaiian ecosystems is poorly understood. Initial control measures such 
as anti-coagulant diphacinone bait stations are being used to control 
rats in areas of suspected impact; however, valid conclusions from data 
gathered have not been drawn. Adaptive management will be applied when 
new information becomes available (TNCH 1997, 1998).
    Natural resource monitoring and research address the need to track 
the biological and physical resources of the preserves and evaluate 
changes in these resources to guide management programs. Vegetation is 
monitored throughout the preserves to document long term ecological 
changes, and rare plant species are monitored to assess population 
status. Cuttings of endangered plants are taken to the University of 
Hawaii's tissue culture lab at Lyon Arboretum for propagation. In 
addition, the preserve staff provides logistical support to scientists 
and others who are conducting research within the preserves.
    Kapunakea Preserve is adjacent to two areas that are also managed 
to protect natural resources: Puu Kukui Watershed Management Area (WMA) 
and the Honokawai section of the state West Maui NAR. The Conservancy 
currently acts as a consultant to Maui Land and Pineapple Co., managers 
of Puu Kukui WMA, and has a Master Cooperative Agreement with the state 
DOFAW. These agreements are used to coordinate management and sharing 
of staff and equipment, and expertise to maximize management 
efficiency.
    Waikamoi Preserve is adjacent to three other large areas that are 
also managed to protect natural resources: Haleakala National Park, the 
state's Koolau Forest Reserve, and the state Hanawi NAR. An agreement 
between the Division of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR), East Maui 
Irrigation Co., Keola Hana Maui Inc., Haleakala Ranch Company, County 
of Maui, The Nature Conservancy, and Haleakala National Park 
implementing a joint management plan (East Maui Watershed Partnership 
Plan) for the entire East Maui Watershed. Management efforts at 
Waikamoi will, as much as possible, complement the objectives of the 
plan. The partnership agreement will be used to coordinate management 
and sharing of staff and equipment, and expertise to maximize 
management efficiency (TNCH 1998).
    Because the preserves and the continuing management plans being 
implemented for these plants and their habitats within the preserves 
provided a conservation benefit to the species and are permanently 
protected and managed, these lands meet the three criteria for 
determining that an area is not in need of special management. 
Therefore, we have determined that the private lands within Waikamoi 
Preserve and Kapunakea Preserve do not meet the definition of critical 
habitat in the Act, and we are not proposing designation of these lands 
as critical habitat. Should the status of any of these reserves change, 
for example by non-renewal of a partnership agreement or termination of 
NAP funding, we will reconsider whether it then meets the definition of 
critical habitat. If so, we have the authority to propose to amend 
critical habitat to include such area at that time. 50 CFR 424.12(g).
    Seven species (Ctenitis squamigera, Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. 
mauiensis, Cyanea lobata, Hesperomannia arbuscula, Phlegmariurus 
mannii, Pteris lidgatei, and Sanicula purpurea) are reported from the 
Maui Pineapple Company's Puu Kukui Watershed Management Area (Puu Kukui 
WMA), located in the West Maui mountains (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 
2000; Maui Land and Pineapple Co., Ltd. undated). At just over 8,600 
acres, the Puu Kukui WMA is the largest privately-owned preserve in the 
State. In 1993, the Puu Kukui WMA became the first private landowner 
participant in the Natural Areas Partnership program. In the sixth 
fiscal year (1999) of the Natural Area Partnership program with the 
Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources, Puu Kukui Watershed 
Management Area staff is pursuing four management programs stipulated 
in their Long Range Management Plan with an emphasis on reducing 
nonnative species that immediately threaten the management area (Maui 
Pineapple Company 1999).
    The primary management goals within Puu Kukui WMA are to (1) 
eliminate ungulate activity in all Puu Kukui management units; (2) 
reduce the range of habitat-modifying weeds and prevent introduction of 
nonnative plants; (3) reduce the negative impacts of nonnative 
invertebrates and small animals; (4) monitor and track biological and 
physical resources in the watershed in order to improve management 
understanding of the watershed's resources; and (5) prevent the 
extinction of rare species within the watershed.
    Specific management actions to address feral ungulates include the 
construction of fences surrounding 10 management units, and allowing 
public hunting with State permit holders within the Puu Kukui WMA.
    The nonnative plant control program within Puu Kukui WMA focuses on 
habitat modifying nonnative plants (weeds), prioritizing them according 
to the degree of threat to native ecosystems, and preventing the 
introduction of new weeds. The weed control program includes mapping 
and monitoring along established transects, and manual/mechanical 
control. Biological control of the melastome plant, Clidemia hirta was 
tried by releasing Antiblemma acclinalis moth larvae.
    Natural resource monitoring and research address the need to track 
biological and physical resources of the Puu Kukui WMA and evaluate 
changes to these resources in order to guide management programs. 
Vegetation is monitored through permanent photo points, alien species 
are monitored along permanent transects, and rare, endemic, and 
indigenous species are monitored. Additionally, logistical and other 
support for approved research projects, interagency cooperative 
agreements, remote survey trips within the watershed are provided.

[[Page 79224]]

    The management of Puu Kukui WMA meets the three criteria for 
determining that an area is not in need of special management (see 
above). Therefore, we have determined that the private land within Puu 
Kukui WMA does not meet the definition of critical habitat in the Act, 
and we are not proposing designation of this land as critical habitat. 
Should the status of this reserve change, for example by non-renewal of 
a partnership agreement or termination of NAP funding, we will 
reconsider whether it then meets the definition of critical habitat. If 
so, we have the authority to propose to amend critical habitat to 
include such area at that time. 50 CFR 424.12(g).
    Two plant species, Geranium multiflorum and Clermontia samuelii 
ssp. hanaensis, are reported from the upper areas of Hanawi Natural 
Area Reserve (HNAR) (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000). The HNAR was 
established in 1986, and comprises 7,500 acres of diverse native 
ecosystems and endangered forest bird habitats. Natural Area Reserves 
are managed by the Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR), 
except that any use must be specifically approved by the Natural Area 
Reserve System Commission. Natural Area Reserves are held in trust by 
the State and may not be alienated except upon a finding by the DLNR of 
an imperative and unavoidable necessity. DLNR must provide public 
notice and conduct public hearings before revoking or modifying an 
executive order that sets aside lands for the reserve system (Haw. Rev. 
Stat. Secs. 195-1--195-11). The primary goals of the HNAR are to (1) 
protect the upper areas of the reserve by fencing smaller manageable 
units to restrict pig movements; (2) prevent degradation of native 
forest by reducing feral ungulate damage; and (3) improve or maintain 
the integrity of native ecosystems in selected areas of the preserve by 
reducing the effects of nonnative plants.
    Specific management actions to address feral ungulate impacts 
include the construction of fences, including strategic fencing of 
smaller manageable units, and staff hunting. Currently, the upper 2,000 
acres has been fenced and pigs removed. Fences are constructed along 
the western boundaries of the HNAR, along the 1,585 m (5,200 ft) 
contour to the east up to the Haleakala National Park boundary on state 
land. The Haleakala National Park fence serves as the upper fence 
boundary for HNAR. Additionally, fences have been constructed to 
separate three distinct management units: Puu Alaea Unit, Poouli Unit, 
and Kuhiwai/Waieleele Unit. Since the removal of pigs in these upper 
forest units of the HNAR, vegetation monitoring has been implemented to 
determine recovery of native plant species. Currently, a fence is being 
constructed along the 1,100 m (3,600 ft) contour of the HNAR which will 
comprise the ``middle forest unit'' (B. Evanson, pers. comm. 1999).
    The nonnative plant control program within HNAR focuses on habitat 
modifying nonnative plants (weeds). A weed priority list has been 
compiled for HNAR and control and monitoring of the highest priority 
species are on going. Weeds are controlled manually, chemically, or 
through a combination of both. Monitoring transects will help locate 
developing populations of other priority weed species and, if 
necessary, removal of these populations will be conducted (DLNR 1989).
    Because these plants and their habitats within the upper areas of 
Hanawi NAR (above 1,525 m (5,000 ft)) are permanently protected and 
managed and because the continued successful management of this area is 
assured, this area is not in need of special management considerations 
or protection. Therefore, we have determined that the State land within 
the upper areas of Hanawi NAR does not meet the definition of critical 
habitat in the Act, and we are not proposing designation of this area 
as critical habitat. Should the status of this reserve change, for 
example by revocation or modification of the NAR, we will reconsider 
whether it then meets the definition of critical habitat. If so, we 
have the authority to propose to amend critical habitat to include such 
area at that time. 50 CFR 424.12(g).
    In summary, we believe that the habitat within Waikamoi and 
Kapunakea Preserves, Puu Kukui Watershed Management Area, the upper 
area (above 1,525 m (5,000 ft)) of Hanawi Natural Area Reserve, and 
Haleakala National Park are being adequately managed for the 
conservation of the listed species that occur within these areas and 
are not in need of special management considerations or protection. 
Therefore, we have determined that these lands do not meet the 
definition of critical habitat in the Act, and we are not proposing 
designation of these lands as critical habitat. Four species include in 
this proposed rule (Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum, 
Melicope balloui, Melicope ovalis, and Schiedea haleakalensis) are 
currently only found in Waikamoi Preserve and/or Haleakala National 
Park. Since these two areas are not in need of special management, 
critical habitat is not proposed for these four species. However, we 
are specifically soliciting comments on the appropriateness of this 
approach.
    As described above, we are aware that other private landowners and 
the State of Hawaii are considering the development of land management 
plans or agreements that may promote the conservation and recovery of 
endangered and threatened plant species on the islands of Maui and 
Kahoolawe. The Service supports these efforts and provides technical 
assistance whenever possible. In addition, we are soliciting comments 
in this proposed rule on whether current land management plans or 
practices applied within the areas proposed as critical habitat 
adequately address the threats to these listed species. We are also 
soliciting comments on whether future development and approval of 
conservation measures (e.g., Conservation Agreements, Safe Harbor 
Agreements) should trigger revision of proposed critical habitat to 
exclude such lands and, if so, by what mechanism.
    In summary, the proposed critical habitat areas described below 
constitute our best assessment of the physical and biological features 
needed for the conservation of the 50 plant species, and are based on 
the best scientific and commercial information available and described 
above. We put forward this proposal acknowledging that we have 
incomplete information regarding many of the primary biological and 
physical requirements for these species. However, both the Act and the 
relevant court orders require us to proceed with designation at this 
time based on the best information available. As new information 
accrues, we may reevaluate which areas warrant critical habitat 
designation. We anticipate that comments received through the public 
review process and from any public hearings, if requested, will provide 
us with additional information to use in our decision-making process 
and in assessing the potential impacts of designating critical habitat 
for one or more of these species.
    The approximate areas of proposed critical habitat by landownership 
are shown in Tables 5(a) and 5(b). Proposed critical habitat includes 
habitat for 50 species predominantly in the upland areas on the eastern 
and western sides of Maui. Lands proposed as critical habitat have been 
divided into 52 units on Maui and four units on Kahoolawe. A brief 
description of each unit is presented below.

[[Page 79225]]



 Table 5(a).--Approximate Proposed Critical Habitat Area by Unit and Land Ownership or Jurisdiction, Maui, Maui
                                                 County, Hawaii
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
            Unit name               County or state         Private             Federal              Total
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Maui A..........................  2 ha..............  47 ha.............  N/A...............  49 ha
                                  (5 ac)............  (116 ac)..........  N/A...............  (121 ac)
Maui B..........................  21 ha.............  46 ha.............  N/A...............  67 ha
                                  (52 ac)...........  (114 ac)..........  N/A...............  (166 ac)
Maui C..........................  144 ha............  0.1 ha............  N/A...............  144.1 ha
                                  (357 ac)..........  (0.3 ac)..........  N/A...............  (357.3 ac)
Maui D..........................  36 ha.............  9 ha..............  N/A...............  45 ha
                                  (90 ac)...........  (21 ac)...........  N/A...............  (111 ac)
Maui E..........................  34 ha.............  45 ha.............  N/A...............  79 ha
                                  (83 ac)...........  (111 ac)..........  N/A...............  (194 ac)
Maui F..........................  N/A...............  61 ha.............  N/A...............  61 ha
                                  N/A...............  (150 ac)..........  N/A...............  (150 ac)
Maui G..........................  1 ha..............  N/A...............  N/A...............  1 ha
                                  (2 ac)............  N/A...............  N/A...............  (2 ac)
Maui H..........................  1 ha..............  41 ha.............  N/A...............  42 ha
                                  (2 ac)............  (102 ac)..........  N/A...............  (104 ac)
Maui I..........................  0.1 ha............  N/A...............  N/A...............  0.1 ha
                                  (0.3 ac)..........  N/A...............  N/A...............  (0.3 ac)
Maui J..........................  19 ha.............  44 ha.............  N/A...............  63 ha
                                  (48 ac)...........  (109 ac)..........  N/A...............  (157 ac)
Maui K..........................  N/A...............  61 ha.............  N/A...............  61 ha
                                  N/A...............  (150 ac)..........  N/A...............  (150 ac)
Maui L..........................  50 ha.............  N/A...............  N/A...............  50 ha
                                  (124 ac)..........  N/A...............  N/A...............  (124 ac)
Maui M..........................  0.3 ha............  14 ha.............  N/A...............  14.3 ha
                                  (0.7 ac)..........  (35 ac)...........  N/A...............  (35.7 ac)
Maui N..........................  114 ha............  1 ha..............  N/A...............  115 ha
                                  (282 ac)..........  (2 ac)............  N/A...............  (284 ac)
Maui O..........................  278 ha............  N/A...............  N/A...............  278 ha
                                  (688 ac)..........  N/A...............  N/A...............  (688 ac)
Maui P..........................  58 ha.............  N/A...............  N/A...............  58 ha
                                  (144 ac)..........  N/A...............  N/A...............  (144 ac)
Maui Q..........................  759 ha............  1,579 ha..........  N/A...............  2,338 ha
                                  (1,880 ac)........  (3,911 ac)........  N/A...............  (5,791 ac)
Maui R..........................  0.1 ha............  299 ha............  N/A...............  299.1 ha
                                  (0.3 ac)..........  (740 ac)..........  N/A...............  (740.3 ac)
Maui S..........................  109 ha............  34 ha.............  N/A...............  143 ha
                                  (270 ac)..........  (84 ac)...........  N/A...............  (354 ac)
Maui T..........................  391 ha............  189 ha............  N/A...............  580 ha
                                  (968 ac)..........  (468 ac)..........  N/A...............  (1,436 ac)
Maui U..........................  104 ha............  16 ha.............  N/A...............  120 ha
                                  (258 ac)..........  (40 ac)...........  N/A...............  (298 ac)
Maui V..........................  N/A...............  103 ha............  N/A...............  103 ha
                                  N/A...............  (255 ac)..........  N/A...............  (255 ac)
Maui W..........................  67 ha.............  2 ha..............  N/A...............  69 ha
                                  (167 ac)..........  (5 ac)............  N/A...............  (172 ac)
Maui X..........................  197 ha............  7 ha..............  N/A...............  204 ha
                                  (488 ac)..........  (17 ac)...........  N/A...............  (505 ac)
Maui Y..........................  107 ha............  9 ha..............  N/A...............  116 ha
                                  (265 ac)..........  (22 ac)...........  N/A...............  (287 ac)
Maui Z..........................  60 ha.............  55 ha.............  N/A...............  115 ha
                                  (148 ac)..........  (136 ac)..........  N/A...............  (284 ac)
Maui Aa.........................  74 ha.............  0.3 ha............  N/A...............  74.3 ha
                                  (183 ac)..........  (0.7 ac)..........  N/A...............  (183.7 ac)
Maui Bb.........................  12 ha.............  340 ha............  N/A...............  352 ha
                                  (30 ac)...........  (842 ac)..........  N/A...............  (872 ac)
Maui Cc.........................  N/A...............  117 ha............  N/A...............  117 ha
                                  N/A...............  (290 ac)..........  N/A...............  (290 ac)
Maui Dd.........................  N/A...............  213 ha............  N/A...............  213 ha
                                  N/A...............  (528 ac)..........  N/A...............  (528 ac)
Maui Ee.........................  130 ha............  58 ha.............  N/A...............  188 ha
                                  (322 ac)..........  (144 ac)..........  N/A...............  (466 ac)
Maui Ff.........................  119 ha............  N/A...............  N/A...............  119 ha
                                  (295 ac)..........  N/A...............  N/A...............  (295 ac)
Maui Gg.........................  177 ha............  N/A...............  N/A...............  177 ha
                                  (438 ac)..........  N/A...............  N/A...............  (438 ac)
Maui Hh.........................  117 ha............  N/A...............  N/A...............  117 ha
                                  (290 ac)..........  N/A...............  N/A...............  (290 ac)
Maui Ii.........................  879 ha............  N/A...............  N/A...............  879 ha
                                  (2,177 ac)........  N/A...............  N/A...............  (2,177 ac)
Maui Jj.........................  93 ha.............  N/A...............  N/A...............  93 ha

[[Page 79226]]

 
                                  (230 ac)..........  N/A...............  N/A...............  (230 ac)
Maui Kk.........................  144 ha............  N/A...............  N/A...............  144 ha
                                  (357 ac)..........  N/A...............  N/A...............  (357 ac)
Maui Ll.........................  N/A...............  45 ha.............  N/A...............  45 ha
                                  N/A...............  (111 ac)..........  N/A...............  (111 ac)
Maui Mm.........................  133 ha............  34 ha.............  N/A...............  167 ha
                                  (329 ac)..........  (84 ac)...........  N/A...............  (413 ac)
Maui Nn.........................  510 ha............  182 ha............  N/A...............  692 ha
                                  (1,263 ac)........  (451 ac)..........  N/A...............  (1,714 ac)
Maui Oo.........................  116 ha............  N/A...............  N/A...............  116 ha
                                  (287 ac)..........  N/A...............  N/A...............  (287 ac)
Maui Pp.........................  82 ha.............  31 ha.............  N/A...............  113 ha
                                  (203 ac)..........  (77 ac)...........  N/A...............  (280 ac)
Maui Qq.........................  973 ha............  N/A...............  N/A...............  973 ha
                                  (2,410 ac)........  N/A...............  N/A...............  (2,410 ac)
Maui Rr.........................  104 ha............  11 ha.............  N/A...............  115 ha
                                  (258 ac)..........  (27 ac)...........  N/A...............  (285 ac)
Maui Ss.........................  1,014 ha..........  910 ha............  N/A...............  1,924 ha
                                  (2,512 ac)........  (2,254 ac)........  N/A...............  (4,766 ac)
Maui Tt.........................  103 ha............  11 ha.............  N/A...............  114 ha
                                  (255 ac)..........  (27 ac)...........  N/A...............  (282 ac)
Maui Uu.........................  79 ha.............  42 ha.............  N/A...............  121 ha
                                  (196 ac)..........  (104 ac)..........  N/A...............  (300 ac)
Maui Vv.........................  76 ha.............  1 ha..............  N/A...............  77 ha
                                  (188 ac)..........  (2 ac)............  N/A...............  (190 ac)
Maui Ww.........................  133 ha............  N/A...............  N/A...............  133 ha
                                  (329 ac)..........  N/A...............  N/A...............  (329 ac)
Maui Xx.........................  4 ha..............  56 ha.............  N/A...............  60 ha
                                  (10 ac)...........  (139 ac)..........  N/A...............  (149 ac)
Maui Yy.........................  29 ha.............  1,089 ha..........  N/A...............  1,118 ha
                                  (72 ac)...........  (2,697 ac)........  N/A...............  (2,769 ac)
Maui Zz.........................  118 ha............  N/A...............  N/A...............  118 ha
                                  (292 ac)..........  N/A...............  N/A...............  (292 ac)
                                 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total...........................  7,771.5 ha........  5,802.4 ha........  N/A...............  13,573.9 ha
                                  (19,248.3 ac).....  (14,366.0 ac).....  N/A...............  (33,614.3 ac)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


 Table 5 (b).--Approximate Proposed Critical Habitat Area by Unit and Land Ownership or Jurisdiction, Kahoolawe,
                                               Maui County, Hawaii
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
            Unit name               County or state         Private             Federal              Total
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kahoolawe B.....................  38 ha.............  N/A...............  N/A...............  38 ha
                                  (94 ac)...........  N/A...............  N/A...............  (94 ac)
Kahoolawe C.....................  50 ha.............  N/A...............  N/A...............  50 ha
                                  (124 ac)..........  N/A...............  N/A...............  (124 ac)
Kahoolawe D.....................  114 ha............  N/A...............  N/A...............  114 ha
                                  (282 ac)..........  N/A...............  N/A...............  (282 ac)
    Total.......................  207 ha............  N/A...............  N/A...............  207 ha
                                  (512 ac)..........  N/A...............  N/A...............  (512 ac)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Descriptions of Critical Habitat Units

Maui A

    The proposed Maui A provides critical habitat for one species: 
Sesbania tomentosa. This unit contains a total of 49 ha (121 ac). The 
lands contained within this unit are owned by Maui County and a private 
entity. The natural feature found in this unit is Nakalele Point.

Maui B

    The proposed Maui B provides critical habitat for one species: 
Sesbania tomentosa. This unit contains a total of 67 ha (166 ac). The 
lands contained within this unit are owned by the State and a private 
entity. The natural features found in this unit are Keawalua, Corral, 
Akaluanui, and Akhluaiki. This area is bound on the north by Poelua 
Bay.

Maui C

    The proposed Maui C provides critical habitat for one species: 
Sesbania tomentosa. This unit contains approximately 144 ha (357 ac). 
The land contained within this unit is predominately owned by the 
State, with a very small portion privately owned. The natural features 
found in this unit are Mokolea Point, portions of Alapapa Gulch, 
Papanalahoa Point, and Kaikaina.

Maui D

    The proposed Maui D provides critical habitat for two species: 
Centaurium sebaeoides and Sesbania tomentosa. This unit contains 45 ha 
(111 ac). The lands contained within this unit are owned by the State 
and a private entity. The natural features

[[Page 79227]]

found in this unit are Kahakuloa Head, Puu Koae, and Puu Kahulianapa. 
This unit is bound on the west by Kahakuloa Bay, on the southwest by 
Kahakuloa town, and on the east by Mahinanui.

Maui E

    The proposed Maui E provides critical habitat for one species: 
Centaurium sebaeoides. This unit contains a total of 79 ha (194 ac). 
The lands contained within this unit are owned by State and private 
owners. The natural features found in this unit are portions of 
Makamakaole Stream, Lahoole and Waiokila Gulch.

Maui F

    The proposed Maui F provides critical habitat for one species: 
Centaurium sebaeoides. This unit contains a total of 61 ha (150 ac). 
The land contained within this unit is owned solely by a private owner. 
The natural feature found in this unit is Kupaa Gulch.

Maui G

    The proposed Maui G provides critical habitat for two species: 
Ischaemum byrone and Peucedanum sandwicense. This unit contains a total 
of 1 ha (2 ac). The land contained within this unit is owned by the 
State. This unit is the entire Keopuka Islet.

Maui H

    The proposed Maui H provides critical habitat for one species: 
Ischaemum byrone. This unit contains a total of 42 ha (104 ac). The 
lands contained within this unit are owned by the State and private 
owners. The natural features found in this unit are Pauwalu Point, 
Paepaemoana Point, and Waianu.

Maui I

    The proposed Maui I provides critical habitat for one species: 
Ischaemum byrone. This unit contains a total of 0.1 ha (0.3 ac). The 
land contained within this unit is owned by the State. This unit is 
Moku Huki.

Maui J

    The proposed Maui J provides critical habitat for one species: 
Mariscus pennatiformis. This unit contains a total of 63 ha (157 ac). 
The lands contained within this unit are owned the State and private 
owners. The natural feature found in this unit is Hanawi Stream.

Maui K

    The proposed Maui K provides critical habitat for one species: 
Ischaemum byrone. This unit contains a total of 61 ha (150 ac). The 
land contained within this unit is owned solely by private owners. The 
natural feature found in this unit is Kalahu Point.

Maui L

    The proposed Maui L provides critical habitat for one species: 
Ischaemum byrone. This unit contains a total of 50 ha (124 ac). The 
land contained within this unit is owned by the State. The natural 
features found in this unit are portions of Keakulikuli Point, 
Kapukaulua, Pukaulua Point and Waianapanapa Cave. This unit is bound on 
the east by Keauaiki and Pailoa Bays.

Maui M

    The proposed Maui M provides critical habitat for one species: 
Ischaemum byrone. This unit contains a total of 14.3 ha (35.7 ac). The 
lands contained within this unit are owned by the State and a private 
owner. The natural feature found in this unit is Kauiki Head.

Maui N

    The proposed Maui N provides critical habitat for one species: 
Lipochaeta kamolensis. This unit contains a total of 115 ha (284 ac). 
The lands contained within this unit are owned by the State and a 
private owner. The natural feature found in this unit is Kepuni Gulch.

Maui O

    The proposed Maui O provides critical habitat for two species: 
Bonamia menziesii and Hibiscus brackenridgei. This unit contains a 
total of 278 ha (688 ac). The land contained within this unit is owned 
by the State. The natural feature found in this unit is Puu o kali.

Maui P

    The proposed Maui P provides critical habitat for one species: 
Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis. This unit contains a total of 
58 ha (144 ac) and is found in the State's Honokowai section of the 
West Maui NAR and the West Maui Forest Reserve. The land contained 
within this unit is owned solely by the State. The natural feature 
found in this unit is a portion of Amalu Stream.

Maui Q

    The proposed Maui Q provides critical habitat for 15 species: 
Alectryon macrococcus, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea glabra, Cyanea 
grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea lobata, Diellia erecta, Dubautia 
plantaginea ssp. humilis, Hedyotis mannii, Hesperomannia arbuscula, 
Lysimachia lydgatei, Phlegmariurus mannii, Plantago princeps, Pteris 
lidgatei, Sanicula purpurea and Tetramolopium capillare. This unit 
contains a total of 2,338 ha (5,791 ac) and is found in the State's 
Lihau and Panaewa sections of the West Maui NAR and the West Maui 
Forest Reserve. The lands contained within this unit are owned by the 
State and private owners. The natural features found in this unit are 
portions of Kahoma Stream, Kanaha Stream, Makila Stream, Launiupaku 
Stream, Kinihapai Stream, Ae Stream, Olowalu Stream, Nukalaloa Stream, 
and Poohahoahoa Stream; portions of Kahoolewa Ridge; Kauaula; Helu; 
Launiupoko; Lihau; Olowalu; Halepohaku; Ulaula; portions of Ukumehame 
Gulch and Stream; Koai; portions of the back of Iao Valley and Stream; 
the Needle; portions of Kapilau Ridge; Paunau; portions of Waikapu 
Valley; and Hanaula.

Maui R

    The proposed Maui R provides critical habitat for two species: 
Hesperomannia arbuscula and Sanicula purpurea. This unit contains a 
total of 299.1 ha (740.3 ac). The lands contained within this unit are 
owned by a private owner and the State. The natural feature found in 
this unit is a portion of Waihee River.

Maui S

    The proposed Maui S provides critical habitat for one species: 
Sanicula purpurea. This unit contains a total of 143 ha (354 ac). The 
lands contained within this unit are owned by the State and a private 
owner. The natural features found in this unit are Kahakuloa, portions 
of Kahakuloa Stream and Hulupueo Stream, and Keahikauo.

Maui T

    The proposed Maui T provides critical habitat for five species: 
Ctenitis squamigera, Diellia erecta, Neraudia sericea, Platanthera 
holochila, and Remya mauiensis. This unit contains a total of 580 ha 
(1,436 ac) and is found in the State's West Maui Forest Reserve and 
Manawainui Plant Sanctuary. The lands contained within this unit are 
owned by the State and a private owner. The natural features found in 
this unit are portions of Pohakea Gulch, Kaonehua Gulch, Papalaua 
Gulch, and Manawainui Gulch; portions of Ukumehame; Hanaulaiki; 
Polanui; and Puu Anu.

Maui U

    The proposed Maui U provides critical habitat for one species: 
Spermolepis hawaiiensis. This unit contains a total of 120 ha (298 ac). 
The lands contained within this unit are

[[Page 79228]]

owned by the State and a private land owner. The natural feature found 
in this unit is a portion of Kanaha Stream.

Maui V

    The proposed Maui V provides critical habitat for one species: 
Hibiscus brackenridgei. This unit contains a total of 103 ha (255 ac). 
The land contained within this unit are owned solely by private owners. 
The natural features found in this unit are portions of Kaunoahua 
ridge, portions of Paleaahu Gulch, and portions of Kaonohua Gulch.

Maui W

    The proposed Maui W provides critical habitat for two species: 
Phlegmariurus mannii and Sanicula purpurea. This unit contains a total 
of 69 ha (172 ac) and is found in the State's Kahakuloa section of the 
West Maui NAR. The lands contained within this unit are owned by the 
State and a private land owner. The natural features found in this unit 
are Violet Lake and a portion of Kapuloa Stream.

Maui X

    The proposed Maui X provides critical habitat for four species: 
Hedyotis coriacea, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Sesbania tomentosa, and 
Spermolepis hawaiiensis. This unit contains a total of 204 ha (505 ac) 
and is found in the State's Lihau section of the West Maui NAR. The 
lands contained within this unit are owned by the State and a private 
owner. This unit is bound on the east by Olowalu.

Maui Y

    The proposed Maui Y provides critical habitat for one species: 
Cyrtandra munroi. This unit contains a total of 116 ha (287 ac) and is 
found within the State's West Maui Forest Reserve. The lands contained 
within this unit are owned by the State and a private owner. The 
natural feature found in this unit is a portion of Makamakaole Stream.

Maui Z

    The proposed Maui Z provides critical habitat for one species: 
Hesperomannia arborescens. This unit contains a total of 115 ha (284 
ac) and is found within the State's Kahakuloa section of the West Maui 
NAR and the West Maui Forest Reserve. The lands contained within this 
unit are owned by the State and a private owner. The natural features 
found in this unit are portions of Makamakaole Stream, portions of 
Huluhulupueo Stream, and Lanilili.

Maui Aa

    The proposed Maui Aa provides critical habitat for one species: 
Pteris lidgatei. This unit contains a total of 74.3 ha (183.7 ac) and 
is found within the State's Kahakuloa section of the West Maui NAR. The 
lands contained within this unit are owned privately and by the State. 
The natural features found in this unit are Kahakuloa and Honokohau.

Maui Bb

    The proposed Maui Bb provides critical habitat for two species: 
Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis and Cyanea mceldowneyi. This unit 
contains a total of 352 ha (872 ac) and is located within the State's 
Makawao Forest Reserve. The lands contained within this unit are owned 
by the State and private owners. The natural features found in this 
unit are Haiku Uka, portions of Opana Gulch, portions of Kailua Stream, 
portions of Waiohiwi Gulch, and portions of Waikamoi Stream.

Maui Cc

    The proposed unit Maui Cc provides critical habitat for one 
species: Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora. This unit contains a 
total of 117 ha (290 ac). The land contained within this unit is owned 
solely by a private owner. The natural features found in this unit are 
portions of Haipuaena Stream and Puohakamoa Stream.

Maui Dd

    The proposed Maui Dd provides critical habitat for two species: 
Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora and Cyanea mceldowneyi. This unit 
contains a total of 213 ha (528 ac). The land contained within this 
unit is owned solely by a private land owner. The natural features 
found in this unit are portions of Puohokamoa Stream and Haipuaena 
Stream.

Maui Ee

    The proposed Maui Ee provides critical habitat for one species: 
Geranium multiflorum. This unit contains a total of 188 ha (466 ac) and 
is found in the State's Koolau Forest Reserve. The lands contained 
within this unit are owned by the State and a private owner. The 
natural feature found in this unit is Puu Alaea.

Maui Ff

    The proposed Maui Ff provides critical habitat for one species: 
Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora. This unit contains a total of 119 
ha (295 ac) and is found in the State's Hanawi NAR and Koolau Forest 
Reserve. The land contained within this unit is owned by the State. The 
natural features found in this unit are portions of the east Wailuaiki 
Stream and portions of the Kopiliula Stream.

Maui Gg

    The proposed Maui Gg provides critical habitat for two species: 
Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis and Cyanea mceldowneyi. This unit 
contains a total of 177 ha (438 ac) and is found within the State's 
Hanawi NAR. The land contained within this unit is owned by the State. 
The natural features found in this unit are western portions of Kuhiwa 
Valley and portions of Kuhiwa Stream and Mukupiui Stream.

Maui Hh

    The proposed Maui Hh provides critical habitat for two species: 
Clermontia samuelii ssp. hanaensis and Cyanea mceldowneyi. This unit 
contains a total of 117 ha (290 ac) and is found in the State's Hanawi 
NAR. The land contained within this unit is owned by the State. The 
natural feature found in this unit is the eastern portion of Kuhiwa 
Valley.

Maui Ii

    The proposed Maui Ii provides critical habitat for one species: 
Clermontia samuelii. This unit contains a total of 879 ha (2,177 ac) 
and is found in the State's Koolau and Hana Forest Reserves. The land 
contained within this unit is owned by the State. The natural feature 
found in this unit is portions of the Mokulehua Gulch.

Maui Jj

    Proposed Maui Jj provides critical habitat for one species: 
Phlegmariurus mannii. This unit contains a total of 93 ha (230 ac) and 
is found in the State's Kipahulu Forest Reserve. The lands contained 
within this unit are owned by the State. The natural features found in 
this unit are portions of Healani Stream and western portions of 
Manawainui Valley.

Maui Kk

    The proposed Maui Kk provides critical habitat for two species: 
Phlegmariurus mannii and Cyanea hanatiflora ssp. hamatiflora. This unit 
contains a total of 144 ha (357 ac) and is found within the State's 
Kipahulu Forest Reserve. The lands contained within this unit are owned 
by the State. The natural features found in this unit are northeastern 
portions of Manawainui Valley, Puu Ahulili, and Niniao.

[[Page 79229]]

Maui Ll

    The proposed Maui Ll provides critical habitat for one species: 
Geranium arboreum. This unit contains a total of 45 ha (111 ac). The 
lands contained within this unit are owned privately. The natural 
feature found in this unit is a portion of Kamehaneiki Gulch.

Maui Mm

    The proposed Maui Mm provides critical habitat for one species: 
Geranium arboreum. This unit contains a total of 167 ha (413 ac) and is 
found in the State's Kula Forest Reserve. The lands contained within 
this unit are owned by the State and private owners. The natural 
features found in this unit are a portion of Keahuaiwi Gulch, Waiakoa, 
and a portion of Naalae Gulch.

Maui Nn

    The proposed Maui Nn provides critical habitat for one species: 
Geranium arboreum. This unit contains a total of 692 ha (1,714 ac) and 
is found in the State's Kula and Kahikinui Forest Reserves. The lands 
contained within this unit are owned by the State and private owners. 
The natural features found in this unit are a portion of Kaipoioi 
Gulch, Kaonoulu, Waiohuli, portions of Waiohuli Gulch, and Papaanui.

Maui Oo

    The proposed Maui Oo provides critical habitat for one species: 
Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha. This unit contains a total of 116 ha 
(287 ac). The land contained within this unit is owned by the State. 
The natural features found in this unit are Kahua and Kahikinui.

Maui Pp

    The proposed Maui Pp provides critical habitat for one species: 
Geranium arboreum. This unit contains a total of 113 ha (280 ac) and is 
found in the State's Kula and Kahikinui Forest Reserves. The lands 
contained within this unit are owned by the State and private owners. 
The natural feature found in this unit is Kanaio.

Maui Qq

    The proposed Maui Qq provides critical habitat for seven species: 
Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha; Clermontia lindseyana, Diellia erecta, 
Diplazium molokaiense, Neraudia sericea, Phlegmariurus mannii, and 
Phyllostegia mollis. This unit contains a total of 973 ha (2,410 ac) 
and is found in the State's Kahikinui Forest Reserve. The land 
contained within this unit is owned by the State. The natural features 
found in this unit are portions of Waiopai Gulch, Manawainui Gulch, 
Wailaulau Gulch, and Kapuni Gulch, and Kula.

Maui Rr

    The proposed Maui Rr provides critical habitat for one species: 
Alectryon macrococcus. This unit contains a total of 115 ha (285 ac) 
and is found in the State's Kahikinui Forest Reserve. The lands 
contained within this unit are owned by the State and private owners. 
The natural features found in this unit are Kula and portions of Panini 
Gulch.

Maui Ss

    The proposed Maui Ss provides critical habitat for ten species: 
Alectryon macrococcus, Bonamia menziesii, Cenchrus agrimonioides, 
Colubrina oppositifolia, Flueggea neowawraea, Melicope adscendens, 
Melicope knudsenii, Melicope mucronulata, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, and 
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense. This unit contains a total of 1,924 ha (4,766 
ac), portions of which are found in the Kanaio NAR. The land contained 
within this unit is owned by the State and private owners. The natural 
features found in this unit are Puu Ouli, Maunanu, Kalmaloo, Luapelani, 
Puu Mahoe, Auwahi, and Kanaio.

Maui Tt

    The proposed Maui Tt provides critical habitat for one species: 
Sesbania tomentosa. This unit contains a total of 114 ha (282 ac). The 
lands contained within this unit are owned by the State and leased by 
the U.S. Department of Defense (Hawaii Army National Guard) for the 
Kanaio Training Area, and private owners. The natural features found in 
this unit are Pimoe and Kanaio.

Maui Uu

    The proposed Maui Uu provides critical habitat for one species: 
Hibiscus brackenridgei. This unit contains a total of 121 ha (300 ac). 
The lands contained within this unit are owned by the State and private 
owners. The natural feature found in this unit is Keokea.

Maui Vv

    The proposed Maui Vv provides critical habitat for one species: 
Vigna o-wahuensis. This unit contains a total of 77 ha (190 ac). The 
land contained within this unit is owned by the State. The natural 
features found in this unit are Kamanamana, a portion of Kaloi, and a 
portion of Kaunauhane.

Maui Ww

    The proposed Maui Ww provides critical habitat for one species: 
Flueggea neowawraea. This unit contains a total of 133 ha (329 ac). The 
lands contained within this unit are owned by the State. The natural 
feature found in this unit is a portion of the Lualailua Hills.

Maui Xx

    The proposed Maui Xx provides critical habitat for one species: 
Ctenitis squamigera. This unit contains a total of 60 ha (149 ac) and 
is found within the State's West Maui Forest Reserve. The lands 
contained within this unit are owned by the State and private owners. 
The natural features found in this unit are Kahana, portions of 
Kahanaiki Gulch, Mahinahina, and Moomoku.

Maui Yy

    The proposed Maui Yy provides critical habitat for one species: 
Clermontia lindseyana. This unit contains a total of 1,118 ha (2,769 
ac). The lands contained within this unit are owned by the State and 
private owners. The natural features found within this unit are 
Kamaole, Keauhou, Keonenelu, and Waihou Spring.

Maui Zz

    The proposed Maui Zz provides critical habitat for one species: 
Ctenitis squamigera. This unit contains a total of 118 ha (292 ac). The 
lands contained within this unit are owned by the State and private 
owners. The natural features found in this unit are portions of Kanaha 
Stream, Panaewa, and Kuia.

Kahoolawe A

    The proposed Kahoolawe A, the islet Puu Koae off the southern coast 
of Kahoolawe, provides critical habitat for one species: Sesbania 
tomentosa. This unit contains a total of 5 ha (12 ac). The land 
contained within this unit is owned by the State.

Kahoolawe B

    The proposed Kahoolawe B provides critical habitat for one species: 
Kanaloa kahoolawensis. This unit contains a total of 38 ha (94 ac). The 
land contained within this unit is owned by the State. The natural 
feature found in this unit is Aleale.

Kahoolawe C

    The proposed Kahoolawe C provides critical habitat for one species: 
Vigna o-wahuensis. This unit contains a total of 50 ha (124 ac). The 
land contained within this unit is owned by the State. The natural 
feature found in this unit is a tidal pond.

[[Page 79230]]

Kahoolawe D

    The proposed Kahoolawe D provides critical habitat for one species: 
Vigna o-wahuensis. This unit contains a total of 114 ha (282 ac). The 
land contained within this unit is owned by the State.

Effects of Critical Habitat Designation

    Section 7(a) of the Act requires Federal agencies, including the 
Service, to ensure that actions they fund, authorize, or carry out do 
not destroy or adversely modify critical habitat to the extent that the 
action appreciably diminishes the value of the critical habitat for the 
survival and recovery of the species. Individuals, organizations, 
states, local governments, and other non-Federal entities are affected 
by the designation of critical habitat only if their actions occur on 
Federal lands, require a Federal permit, license, or other 
authorization, or involve Federal funding.
    Section 7(a) of the Act requires Federal agencies to evaluate their 
actions with respect to any species that is proposed or listed as 
endangered or threatened and with respect to its critical habitat, if 
any is designated or proposed. Regulations implementing this 
interagency cooperation provision of the Act are codified at 50 CFR 
part 402. Section 7(a)(4) requires Federal agencies to confer with us 
on any action that is likely to jeopardize the continued existence of a 
proposed species or result in destruction or adverse modification of 
proposed critical habitat. Conference reports provide conservation 
recommendations to assist the agency in eliminating conflicts that may 
be caused by the proposed action. The conservation recommendations in a 
conference report are advisory. If a species is listed or critical 
habitat is designated, section 7(a)(2) requires Federal agencies to 
ensure that actions they authorize, fund, or carry out are not likely 
to jeopardize the continued existence of such a species or to destroy 
or adversely modify its critical habitat. If a Federal action may 
affect a listed species or its critical habitat, the responsible 
Federal agency (action agency) must enter into consultation with us. 
Through this consultation we would ensure that the permitted actions do 
not destroy or adversely modify critical habitat.
    When we issue a biological opinion concluding that a project is 
likely to result in the destruction or adverse modification of critical 
habitat, we also provide reasonable and prudent alternatives to the 
project, if any are identifiable. Reasonable and prudent alternatives 
are defined at 50 CFR 402.02 as alternative actions identified during 
consultation that can be implemented in a manner consistent with the 
intended purpose of the action, that are consistent with the scope of 
the Federal agency's legal authority and jurisdiction, that are 
economically and technologically feasible, and that the Director 
believes would avoid destruction or adverse modification of critical 
habitat. Reasonable and prudent alternatives can vary from slight 
project modifications to extensive redesign or relocation of the 
project. Costs associated with implementing a reasonable and prudent 
alternative are similarly variable.
    Regulations at 50 CFR 402.16 require Federal agencies to reinitiate 
consultation on previously reviewed actions in instances where critical 
habitat is subsequently designated and the Federal agency has retained 
discretionary involvement or control over the action or such 
discretionary involvement or control is authorized by law. 
Consequently, some Federal agencies may request reinitiation of 
consultation with us on actions for which formal consultation has been 
completed if those actions may affect designated critical habitat. 
Further, some Federal agencies may have conferenced with us on proposed 
critical habitat. We may adopt the formal conference report as the 
biological opinion when critical habitat is designated, if no 
significant new information or changes in the action alter the content 
of the opinion (see 50 CFR 402.10(d)).
    Activities on lands being proposed as critical habitat for these 50 
species or activities that may indirectly affect such lands and that 
are conducted by a Federal agency, funded by a Federal agency or 
require a permit from a Federal agency will be subject to the section 7 
consultation process. Federal actions not affecting critical habitat, 
as well as actions on non-Federal lands that are not federally funded 
or permitted, will not require section 7 consultation.
    Section 4(b)(8) of the Act requires us to briefly describe and 
evaluate in any proposed or final regulation that designates critical 
habitat those activities involving a Federal action that may adversely 
modify such habitat or that may be affected by such designation. We 
note that such activities may also jeopardize the continued existence 
of the species. Activities that, when carried out, funded, or 
authorized by a Federal agency, may affect critical habitat include, 
but are not limited to:
    (1) Activities that degrade or destroy habitat defined as a primary 
constituent element, including but not limited to: Overgrazing; 
maintenance of feral ungulates; clearing, cutting of native live trees 
and shrubs, whether by burning or mechanical, chemical, or other means 
(e.g., woodcutting, bulldozing, construction, road building, mining, 
herbicide application); introducing or enabling the spread of nonnative 
species; and taking actions that pose a risk of fire.
    (2) Water diversion or impoundment, groundwater pumping, or other 
activity that alters water quality or quantity to an extent that wet 
forest or bog vegetation is significantly affected;
    (3) Recreational activities that degrade vegetation; and
    (4) Activities that may destroy or adversely modify critical 
habitat include those that alter the primary constituent elements to 
the extent that the value of critical habitat for both the survival and 
recovery of any one of the 50 species is appreciably reduced.
    To properly portray the effects of critical habitat designation, we 
must first compare the section 7 requirements for actions that may 
affect critical habitat with the requirements for actions that may 
affect a listed species. Section 7 prohibits actions funded, 
authorized, or carried out by Federal agencies from jeopardizing the 
continued existence of a listed species or destroying or adversely 
modifying the listed species' critical habitat. Actions likely to 
``jeopardize the continued existence'' of a species are those that 
would appreciably reduce the likelihood of both the survival and 
recovery of a listed species. Actions likely to result in the 
destruction or adverse modification of critical habitat are those that 
would appreciably reduce the value of critical habitat for both the 
survival and recovery of the listed species.
    Common to both definitions is an appreciable detrimental effect on 
both survival and recovery of a listed species. Given the similarity of 
these definitions, actions likely to result in the destruction or 
adverse modification of critical habitat would almost always result in 
jeopardy to the species concerned, particularly when the area of the 
proposed action is occupied by the species concerned. In those cases, 
critical habitat provides little additional protection to a species, 
and the ramifications of its designation are few or none. However, if 
occupied habitat becomes unoccupied in the future, there is a potential 
benefit from critical habitat in such areas.
    Federal agencies already consult with us on activities in areas 
currently occupied by the species to ensure that

[[Page 79231]]

their actions do not jeopardize the continued existence of the species. 
These actions include, but are not limited to:
    (1) Regulation of activities affecting waters of the United States 
by the Army Corps of Engineers under section 404 of the Clean Water 
Act;
    (2) Development requiring permits from other Federal agencies such 
as Housing and Urban Development;
    (3) Regulation of grazing and recreation, and federally funded 
silviculture/forestry projects and research by the U.S. Department of 
Agriculture (Forest Service);
    (4) Regulation of airport improvement activities by the Federal 
Aviation Administration jurisdiction;
    (5) Road construction and maintenance by, or funded by, the U.S. 
Department of Transportation;
    (6) Military training or similar activities of the U.S. Department 
of Defense (Hawaii Army National Guard) on lands under their 
jurisdiction;
    (7) Unexploded ordinance clean-up or similar activities of the U.S. 
Department of Defense (Navy) or their contractors on the island of 
Kahoolawe;
    (8) Federally funded importation of alien species for research, 
agriculture, and aquiculture, and the release or authorization of 
release of biological control agents by the U.S. Department of 
Agriculture;
    (9) Regulation of activities affecting point source pollution 
discharges into waters of the United States by the Environmental 
Protection Agency under section 402 of the Clean Water Act.;
    (10) Hazard mitigation and post-disaster repairs funded by the 
Federal Emergency Management Agency;
    (11) Installation and maintenance of U.S. Coast Guard navigational 
aids;
    (12) Construction of communication sites licensed by the Federal 
Communications Commission;
    (13) Construction activities by the U.S. Department of Interior 
(National Park Service); and
    (14) Activities not mentioned above funded or authorized by the 
U.S. Department of Agriculture (Forest Service, Natural Resources 
Conservation Service), Department of Defense, Department of 
Transportation, Department of Energy, Department of Interior (U.S. 
Geological Survey, National Park Service), Department of Commerce 
(National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) or any other Federal 
agency.
    All lands designated as critical habitat are within the 
geographical area occupied by these species. Thus, we consider all 
critical habitat proposed in this rule to be occupied. Federal agencies 
already consult with us on activities in areas currently occupied by 
the species or if the species may be affected by the action to ensure 
that their actions do not jeopardize the continued existence of the 
species. Because of this, we do not expect any additional project 
modifications or restrictions or anticipate additional regulatory 
protection will result from critical habitat designation.
    If you have questions regarding whether specific activities may 
affect or will constitute adverse modification of critical habitat, 
contact the Field Supervisor, Pacific Islands Ecological Services Field 
Office (see ADDRESSES section). Requests for copies of the regulations 
on listed plants and animals, and general inquiries regarding 
prohibitions and permits, may be addressed to the U.S. Fish and 
Wildlife Service, Endangered Species Permits, 911 N.E. 11th Ave., 
Portland, Oregon 97232-4181 (telephone 503-231-2063; facsimile 503-231-
6243).

Consideration of Economic and Other Relevant Impacts

    Section 4(b)(2) of the Act requires us to designate critical 
habitat on the basis of the best scientific and commercial data 
available and to consider the economic and other relevant impacts of 
designating a particular area as critical habitat. We may exclude areas 
from critical habitat upon a determination that the benefits of such 
exclusions outweigh the benefits of specifying such areas as critical 
habitat. We cannot exclude such areas from critical habitat when such 
exclusion will result in the extinction of the species.
    We will conduct the economic analysis for this proposal prior to a 
final determination. When the draft economic analysis is completed, we 
will announce its availability with a notice in the Federal Register, 
and we will have a comment period for 30 days at that time to accept 
comments.
    We will utilize the final economic analysis, and take into 
consideration all comments and information regarding economic or other 
impacts submitted during the public comment period and any public 
hearings, if requested, to make final critical habitat designations. We 
may exclude areas from critical habitat upon a determination that the 
benefits of such exclusions outweigh the benefits of specifying such 
areas as part of critical habitat; however, we cannot exclude areas 
from critical habitat when such exclusion will result in the extinction 
of the species.

Public Comments Solicited

    It is our intent that any final action resulting from this proposal 
be as accurate and as effective as possible. Therefore, we solicit 
comments or suggestions from the public, other concerned governmental 
agencies, the scientific community, industry, or any other interested 
party concerning this proposed rule.
    In this proposed rule, we do not propose to designate critical 
habitat on the private lands within Waikamoi and Kapunakea Preserves, 
Puu Kukui Watershed Management Area, and on the State lands in the 
upper areas of Hanawi Natural Area Reserve because these areas are 
permanently dedicated to conservation and managed to address the 
threats to the plant species at issue. We believe that these areas are 
not in need of special management considerations or protection and, 
therefore, do not meet the definition of critical habitat in the Act. 
Since we do not believe these areas meet the definition of critical 
habitat, critical habitat is not proposed for the four species that are 
only found in Waikamoi Preserve and/or Haleakala National Park 
(Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum, Melicope balloui, 
Melicope ovalis, and Schiedea haleakalensis). However, we are 
specifically soliciting comments on the appropriateness of this 
approach.
    The Service also invites comments from the public that provide 
information on whether lands within proposed critical habitat are 
currently being managed to address conservation needs of these listed 
plants. As stated earlier in this proposed rule, if we receive 
information that any of the areas proposed as critical habitat are 
adequately managed, we may delete such areas from designation in the 
final rule, because they would not meet the definition in section 
3(5)(A)(i) of the Act. In determining adequacy of management, we must 
find that the management effort is sufficiently certain to be 
implemented and effective so as to contribute to the elimination or 
adequate reduction of relevant threats to the species.
    In determining whether an action is likely to be implemented, we 
will generally consider the following:
    <bullet> Whether or not a management plan or agreement exists which 
specifies the management actions being implemented, or if to be 
implemented, the schedule for implementation;
    <bullet> Whether there are responsible party(ies) and funding 
source(s) or other resources necessary to implement the

[[Page 79232]]

actions, with a high level of assurance that the funding will be 
provided; and
    <bullet> The authority and long-term commitment of the party(ies) 
to the agreement or plan to implement the management actions, as 
demonstrated, for example, by a legal instrument providing enduring 
protection and management of the lands.
    In determining whether an action is likely to be effective, we 
would generally consider whether or not the plan is specific concerning 
the threats to be addressed by the management actions; whether such 
actions have been successful in the past; whether there are provisions 
for monitoring and assessment of the effectiveness of the management 
actions; and whether adaptive management principles have been 
incorporated into the plan.
    We are aware that the State of Hawaii and some private landowners 
are considering the development and implementation of land management 
plans or agreements that may promote the conservation and recovery of 
endangered and threatened plant species on the island of Maui. We are 
soliciting comments in this proposed rule on whether current land 
management plans or practices applied within the areas proposed as 
critical habitat provide for the conservation of the species by 
adequately addressing the threats. We are also soliciting comments on 
whether future development and approval of conservation measures (e.g., 
Conservation Agreements, Safe Harbor Agreements) should be excluded 
from critical habitat and if so, by what mechanism.
    In addition, we are seeking comments on the following:
    (1) The reasons why critical habitat for any of these species is 
prudent or not prudent as provided by section 4 of the Act and 50 CFR 
424.12(a)(1), including whether the benefits of designation would 
outweigh any threats to these species due to designation;
    (2) The reasons why any particular area should or should not be 
designated as critical habitat for any of these species, as critical 
habitat is defined by section 3 of the Act (16 U.S.C. 1532(5));
    (3) Specific information on the amount and distribution of habitat 
for Acaena exigua, Alectryon macrococcus, Argyroxiphium sandwicense 
ssp. macrocephalum, Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha, Bonamia menziesii, 
Cenchrus agrimonioides, Centaurium sebaeoides, Clermontia lindseyana, 
Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, Clermontia samuelii, Colubrina 
oppositifolia, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea copelandii ssp. 
haleakalaensis, Cyanea glabra, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, 
Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora, Cyanea lobata, Cyanea mceldowneyi, 
Cyrtandra munroi, Diellia erecta, Diplazium molokaiense, Dubautia 
plantaginea ssp. humilis, Flueggea neowawraea, Geranium arboreum, 
Geranium multiflorum, Hedyotis coriacea, Hedyotis mannii, Hesperomannia 
arborescens, Hesperomannia arbuscula, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Ischaemum 
byrone, Kanaloa kahoolawensis, Lipochaeta kamolensis, Lysimachia 
lydgatei, Mariscus pennatiformis, Melicope adscendens, Melicope 
balloui, Melicope knudsenii, Melicope mucronulata, Melicope ovalis, 
Neraudia sericea, Peucedanum sandwicense, Phlegmariurus mannii, 
Phyllostegia mollis, Plantago princeps, Platanthera holochila, Pteris 
lidgatei, Remya mauiensis, Sanicula purpurea, Schiedea haleakalensis, 
Sesbania tomentosa, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium capillare, 
Vigna o-wahuensis, and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense, and what habitat is 
essential to the conservation of the species and why;
    (4) Land use practices and current or planned activities in the 
subject areas and their possible impacts on proposed critical habitat;
    (5) Any economic or other impacts resulting from the proposed 
designations of critical habitat, including any impacts on small 
entities or families; and
    (6) Economic and other potential values associated with designating 
critical habitat for the above 50 plant species such as those derived 
from non-consumptive uses (e.g., hiking, camping, birding, enhanced 
watershed protection, increased soil retention, ``existence values,'' 
and reductions in administrative costs).
    If you wish to comment, you may submit your comments and materials 
concerning this proposal by any one of several methods.
    1. You may submit written comments and information to the Field 
Supervisor, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific Islands Office, 300 
Ala Moana Blvd., P.O. Box 50088, Honolulu, HI 96850-0001.
    2. If you would like to submit comments by e-mail 
(<a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#88e5e9e6ece3d7ebfae1fce0e9ead7f8fac8eefffba6efe7fe"><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="3558545b515e6a56475c415d54576a4547755342461b525a43">[email protected]</span></a>), please submit e-mail comments as an ASCII 
file format and avoid the use of special characters and encryption. 
Please include ``Attn: RIN 1018-AH70'' and your name and return address 
in your e-mail message. If you do not receive a confirmation from the 
system that we have received your e-mail message, contact us directly 
by calling our Pacific Islands Office at phone number 808/541-3441. 
Please note that the e-mail address will be closed out at the 
termination of the public comment period.
    3. You may hand-deliver written comments to our Pacific Islands 
Office at 300 Ala Moana Blvd., Room 3-122, Honolulu, HI.
    Our practice is to make comments, including names and home 
addresses of respondents, available for public review during regular 
business hours. Respondents may request that we withhold their home 
address, which we will honor to the extent allowable by law. There also 
may be circumstances in which we would withhold a respondent's 
identity, as allowable by law. If you wish us to withhold your name 
and/or address, you must state this request prominently at the 
beginning of your comment. However, we will not consider anonymous 
comments. To the extent consistent with applicable law, we will make 
all submissions from organizations or businesses, and from individuals 
identifying themselves as representatives or officials of organizations 
or businesses, available for public inspection in their entirety. 
Comments and materials received will be available for public 
inspection, by appointment, during normal business hours at the above 
address.

Peer Review

    In accordance with our policy published on July 1, 1994 (59 FR 
34270), we will seek the expert opinions of at least three appropriate 
and independent specialists regarding this proposed rule. The purpose 
of such review is to ensure listing and critical habitat decisions are 
based on scientifically sound data, assumptions, and analyses. We will 
send copies of this proposed rule to these peer reviewers immediately 
following publication in the Federal Register. We will invite the peer 
reviewers to comment, during the public comment period, on the specific 
assumptions and conclusions regarding the proposed designations of 
critical habitat.
    We will consider all comments and data received during the 60-day 
comment period on this proposed rule during preparation of a final 
rulemaking. Accordingly, the final decision may differ from this 
proposal.

Clarity of the Rule

    Executive Order 12866 requires each agency to write regulations and 
notices that are easy to understand. We invite your comments on how to 
make this proposed rule easier to understand

[[Page 79233]]

including answers to questions such as the following: (1) Are the 
requirements in the proposed rule clearly stated? (2) Does the proposed 
rule contain technical language or jargon that interferes with the 
clarity? (3) Does the format of the proposed rule (grouping and order 
of sections, use of headings, paragraphing, etc.) aid or reduce its 
clarity? (4) Is the description of the proposed rule in the 
``Supplementary Information'' section of the preamble helpful in 
understanding the document? (5) What else could we do to make the 
proposed rule easier to understand?
    Send a copy of any comments that concern how we could make this 
notice easier to understand to: Office of Regulatory Affairs, 
Department of the Interior, Room 7229, 1849 C Street, NW., Washington, 
DC 20240. You may e-mail your comments to this address: 
<a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#5f1a273a3c2c3a3c1f36302c713b303671383029"><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="c580bda0a6b6a0a685acaab6eba1aaaceba2aab3">[email protected]</span></a>.

Required Determinations

Regulatory Planning and Review

    In accordance with Executive Order 12866, this action was submitted 
for review by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB). We are in the 
process of preparing an economic analysis to determine the economic 
consequences of designating the specific areas identified as critical 
habitat. If our economic analysis reveals that the economic impacts of 
designating any area as critical habitat outweigh the benefits of 
designation, we may exclude those areas from consideration, unless such 
exclusion will result in the extinction of the species.
    (a) While we will prepare an economic analysis to assist us in 
considering whether areas should be excluded pursuant to section 4 of 
the Act at this time, we do not believe this rule will have an annual 
economic effect of $100 million or adversely affect an economic sector, 
productivity, jobs, the environment, or other units of government. 
Therefore we do not believe a cost benefit and economic analysis 
pursuant to Executive Order 12866 is required.
    The 50 plants were listed as endangered or threatened species 
between the years 1991 and 1999. The areas proposed for critical 
habitat are currently occupied by one or more of these species. Under 
section 7 of the Act, critical habitat may not be destroyed or 
adversely modified by a Federal agency action; it does not impose any 
restrictions on non-Federal persons unless they are conducting 
activities funded or otherwise sponsored or permitted by a Federal 
agency (see Table 6).

             Table 6.--Impacts of Critical Habitat Designation for 50 Plants From Maui and Kahoolawe
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                          Additional activities
                                          Activities potentially affected by species     potentially affected by
       Categories of activities                          listing only                        critical habitat
                                                                                             designation \1\
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Federal activities protentially        Activities conducted by the Army Corps of         None.
 affected \2\.                          Engineers, Department of Transportation,
                                        Department of Defense, Department of
                                        Agriculture, Environmental Protection Agency,
                                        Federal Emergency Management Agency, Federal
                                        Aviation Administration, Federal Communications
                                        Commission, Department of Interior.
Private or other non-Federal           Activities that require a Federal action          None.
 activities potentially affected \3\.   (permit, authorization, or funding) and may
                                        remove or destroy habitat for these plants by
                                        mechanical, chemical, or other means (e.g.,
                                        overgrazing, clearing, cutting native live
                                        trees and shrubs, water diversion, impoundment,
                                        groundwater pumping, road building, mining,
                                        herbicide application, recreational use etc.)
                                        or appreciably decrease habitat value or
                                        quality through indirect effects (e.g., edge
                                        effects, invasion of exotic plants or animals,
                                        fragmentation of habitat).
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ This column represents activities potentially affected by the critical habitat designation in addition to
  those activities potentially affected by listing the species.
\2\ Activities initiated by a Federal agency.
\3\ Activities initiated by a private or other non-Federal entity that may need Federal authorization or
  funding.

Section 7 also requires Federal agencies to ensure that they do not 
jeopardize the continued existence of the species. Based on our 
experience, due to the limited number of individuals and populations, 
and limited range, we conclude that any Federal action or authorized 
action that could potentially cause an adverse modification of the 
proposed critical habitat for any of these 50 species would also likely 
cause ``jeopardy'' to that species. Accordingly, the designation of 
currently occupied areas as critical habitat would not have any 
additional incremental impacts on what actions may or may not be 
conducted by Federal agencies or non-Federal persons that receive 
Federal authorization or funding. Non-Federal persons that do not have 
a Federal involvement in their actions are not restricted by the 
designation of critical habitat.
    (b) This rule will not create inconsistencies with other agencies' 
actions. As discussed above, Federal agencies have been required to 
ensure that their actions not jeopardize the continued existence of the 
50 plant species since their listing between 1991 and 1999. The 
prohibition against adverse modification of critical habitat would not 
be expected to impose any additional restrictions to those that 
currently exist because all proposed critical habitat is currently 
occupied.
    (c) This rule will not materially affect entitlements, grants, user 
fees, loan programs, or the rights and obligations of their recipients. 
Federal agencies are currently required to ensure that their activities 
do not jeopardize the continued existence of the species, and as 
discussed above we do not anticipate that the adverse modification 
prohibition resulting from critical habitat designation will have any 
incremental effects.
    (d) This rule will not raise novel legal or policy issues. The 
proposed rule follows the requirements for determining critical habitat 
contained in the Endangered Species Act.

Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.)

    In the economic analysis, we will determine whether designation of 
critical habitat will have a significant effect on a substantial number 
of small entities. As discussed under Regulatory Planning and Review 
above, this rule is not expected to result in any restrictions in 
addition to those currently in existence. As indicated on Table 5 (see 
``Methods for Selection of Areas for Proposed Critical Habitat 
Designations'') we have designated property owned by Federal and State 
governments, and private property.

[[Page 79234]]

    Within these areas, the types of Federal actions or authorized 
activities that we have identified as potential concerns are:
    (1) Regulation of activities affecting waters of the United States 
by the Army Corps of Engineers under section 404 of the Clean Water 
Act;
    (2) Development on private or State lands requiring permits from 
other Federal agencies such as Housing and Urban Development;
    (3) Federally funded silviculture/forestry projects and research 
and research by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (Forest Service);
    (4) Regulation of airport improvement activities by the Federal 
Aviation Administration jurisdiction;
    (5) Road construction and maintenance by, or funded by, the U.S. 
Department of Transportation;
    (6) Military training or similar activities of the U.S. Department 
of Defense (Hawaii Army National Guard) on lands under their 
jurisdiction;
    (7) Unexploded ordnance clean-up or similar activities of the U.S. 
Department of Defense (Navy) or their contractors on the island of 
Kahoolawe;
    (8) Federally funded importation of alien species for research, 
agriculture, and aquiculture, and the release or authorization of 
release of biological control agents by the U.S. Department of 
Agriculture;
    (9) Regulation of activities affecting point source pollution 
discharges into waters of the United States by the Environmental 
Protection Agency under section 402 of the Clean Water Act;
    (10) Hazard mitigation and post-disaster repairs funded by the 
Federal Emergency Management Agency;
    (11) Installation and maintenance of U.S. Coast Guard navigational 
aids;
    (12) Construction of communication sites licensed by the Federal 
Communications Commission; and
    (13) Activities not mentioned above funded or authorized by the 
U.S. Department of Agriculture (Forest Service, Natural Resources 
Conservation Service), Department of Defense, Department of 
Transportation, Department of Energy, Department of Interior (U.S. 
Geological Survey, National Park Service), Department of Commerce 
(National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) or any other Federal 
agency.
    Many of these activities authorized or funded by Federal agencies 
within the proposed critical habitat areas are carried out by small 
entities (as defined by the Regulatory Flexibility Act) through 
contract, grant, permit, or other Federal authorization. As discussed 
in section 1 above, these actions are currently required to comply with 
the protections of the Act that are triggered by listing, such as 
avoiding jeopardy to these species, and the designation of critical 
habitat is not anticipated to have any additional effects on these 
activities.
    For actions on non-Federal property that do not have a Federal 
connection (such as funding or authorization), the current State 
restrictions concerning take of listed threatened or endangered plant 
species remain in effect, and this rule would impose no additional 
restrictions.

Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act (5 U.S.C. 804(2)).

    In the economic analysis, we will determine whether designation of 
critical habitat will cause (a) any effect on the economy of $100 
million or more, (b) any increases in costs or prices for consumers, 
individual industries, Federal, State, or local government agencies, or 
geographic regions in the economic analysis, or (c) any significant 
adverse effects on competition, employment, investment, productivity, 
innovation, or the ability of U.S.-based enterprises to compete with 
foreign-based enterprises.

Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (2 U.S.C. 1501 et seq.)

    In accordance with the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (2 U.S.C. 1501 
et seq.):
    (a) This rule will not ``significantly or uniquely'' affect small 
governments. A Small Government Agency Plan is not required. Small 
governments will only be affected to the extent that any Federal agency 
that funds, permits or other authorized activities must ensure that 
their actions will not adversely affect the critical habitat. However, 
as discussed in section 1, these actions are currently subject to 
equivalent restrictions through the listing protections of the species, 
and no further restrictions are anticipated.
    (b) This rule will not produce a Federal mandate of $100 million or 
greater in any year, that is, it is not a ``significant regulatory 
action'' under the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act. The designation of 
critical habitat imposes no obligations on State or local governments.

Takings

    In accordance with Executive Order 12630, this rule does not have 
significant takings implications. A takings implication assessment is 
not required. As discussed above, the designation of critical habitat 
affects only Federal agency actions. The rule will not increase or 
decrease the current restrictions on private property concerning take 
of these 50 plant species. We do not anticipate that property values 
will be affected by the critical habitat designations. Landowners in 
areas that are included in the designated critical habitat will 
continue to have opportunity to utilize their property in ways 
consistent with State law and with the continued survival of the plant 
species.

Federalism

    In accordance with Executive Order 13132, the rule does not have 
significant Federalism effects. A Federalism assessment is not 
required. As discussed above, the designation of critical habitat in 
areas currently occupied by the 50 plant species would have little 
incremental impact on State and local governments and their activities. 
The designations may have some benefit to these governments in that the 
areas essential to the conservation of these species are more clearly 
defined, and the primary constituent elements of the habitat necessary 
to the survival of the species are identified. While this definition 
and identification does not alter where and what federally sponsored 
activities may occur, it may assist these local governments in long 
range planning rather than waiting for case-by-case section 7 
consultation to occur.

Civil Justice Reform

    In accordance with Executive Order 12988, the Office of the 
Solicitor has determined that the rule does not unduly burden the 
judicial system and meets the requirements of sections 3(a) and 3(b)(2) 
of the Order. We designate critical habitat in accordance with the 
provisions of the Endangered Species Act. The rule uses standard 
property descriptions and identifies the primary constituent elements 
within the designated areas to assist the public in understanding the 
habitat needs of the plant species.

Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq.)

    This rule does not contain any information collection requirements 
for which OMB approval under the Paperwork Reduction Act is required.

National Environmental Policy Act

    We have determined that an Environmental Assessment and/or an 
Environmental Impact Statement as defined by the National Environmental 
Policy Act of 1969 need not be prepared in connection with regulations 
adopted pursuant to section 4(a) of the Act, as

[[Page 79235]]

amended. A notice outlining our reason for this determination was 
published in the Federal Register on October 25, 1983 (48 FR 49244). 
This proposed rule does not constitute a major Federal action 
significantly affecting the quality of the human environment.

Government-to-Government Relationship with Tribes

    In accordance with the President's memorandum of April 29, 1994, 
``Government-to-Government Relations with Native American Tribal 
Governments'' (59 FR 22951) and 512 DM 2, we understand that Federally 
recognized Tribes must be related to on a Government-to-Government 
basis. The 1997 Secretarial Order on Native Americans and the Act 
clearly states that Tribal lands should not be designated unless 
absolutely necessary for the conservation of the species. According to 
the Secretarial Order, ``Critical habitat shall not be designated in an 
area that may impact Tribal trust resources unless it is determined 
essential to conserve a listed species. In designating critical 
habitat, the Services shall evaluate and document the extent to which 
the conservation needs of a listed species can be achieved by limiting 
the designation to other lands.''
    We determined that no Tribal lands are essential for the 
conservation of the plant species discussed in this proposed ruler 
because they do not support populations or suitable habitat. Therefore, 
we are not proposing to designate critical habitat for these species on 
Tribal lands.

References Cited

    A complete list of all references cited in this proposed rule is 
available upon request from the Pacific Islands Ecoregion Office (see 
ADDRESSES section).

Authors

    The primary authors of this notice are Christa Russell, Michelle 
Stephens, and Marigold Zoll of the Pacific Islands Field Office (see 
ADDRESSES section).

List of Subjects in 50 CFR Part 17

    Endangered and threatened species, Exports, Imports, Reporting and 
record-keeping requirements, Transportation.

Proposed Regulation Promulgation

    Accordingly, we propose to amend part 17, subchapter B of chapter 
I, title 50 of the Code of Federal Regulations as set forth below:

PART 17--[AMENDED]

    1. The authority citation for part 17 continues to read as follows:

    Authority: 16 U.S.C. 1361-1407; 16 U.S.C. 1531-1544; 16 U.S.C. 
4201-4245; Pub. L. 99-625, 100 Stat. 3500; unless otherwise noted.

    2. In Sec. 17.12(h) revise the entries for Alectryon macrococcus, 
Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha, Bonamia menziesii, Cenchrus 
agrimonioides, Centaurium sebaeoides, Clermontia lindseyana, Clermontia 
oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, Clermontia samuelii, Colubrina 
oppositifolia, Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis, Cyanea glabra, 
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora, 
Cyanea lobata, Cyanea mceldowneyi, Cyrtandra munroi, Dubautia 
plantaginea ssp. humilis, Flueggea neowawraea, Geranium arboreum, 
Geranium multiflorum, Hedyotis coriacea, Hedyotis mannii, Hesperomannia 
arborescens, Hesperomannia arbuscula, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Ischaemum 
byrone, Kanaloa kahoolawensis, Lipochaeta kamolensis, Lysimachia 
lydgatei, Mariscus pennatiformis, Melicope adscendens, Melicope 
knudsenii, Melicope (=Pelea) mucronulata, Neraudia sericea, Peucedanum 
sandwicense, Phyllostegia mollis, Plantago princeps, Platanthera 
holochila, Remya mauiensis, Sanicula purpurea, Sesbania tomentosa, 
Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium capillare, Vigna o-wahuensis, 
and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense under ``FLOWERING PLANTS'' and Ctenitis 
squamigera, Diellia erecta, Diplazium molokaiense, Phlegmariurus 
(=Lycopodium, =Huperzia) mannii, and Pteris lidgatei under ``FERNS AND 
ALLIES'' to read as follows:


Sec. 17.12  Endangered and threatened plants.

* * * * *
    (h) * * *

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                        Species
--------------------------------------------------------    Historic range        Family name          Status      When listed    Critical     Special
         Scientific name                Common name                                                                               habitat       rules
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
         Flowering Plants
 
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *
Alectryon macrococcus............  Mahoe...............  U.S.A.(HI).........  Sapindaceae........  E                       467     17.96(a)           NA
 
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *
Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha..  Ko`oko`olau.........  U.S.A.(HI).........  Asteraceae.........  E                       467     17.96(a)           NA
 
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *
Bonamia menziesii................  None................  U.S.A.(HI).........  Convolvulaceae.....  E                       559     17.96(a)           NA
 
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *
Cenchrus agrimonioides...........  Kamanomano..........  U.S.A.(HI).........  Poaceae............  E                       592     17.96(a)           NA
                                   (=Sandbur, agrimony)
 
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *
Centaurium sebaeoides............  Awiwi...............  U.S.A.(HI).........  Gentianaceae.......  E                       448     17.96(a)           NA
 
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *
Clermontia lindseyana............  `Oha wai............  U.S.A.(HI).........  Campanulaceae......  E                       467     17.96(a)           NA
 

[[Page 79236]]

 
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *
Clermontia oblongifolia ssp.       `Oha wai............  U.S.A.(HI).........  Campanulaceae......  E                       466     17.96(a)           NA
 mauiensis.
 
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *
Clermontia samuelii..............  `Oha wai............  U.S.A.(HI).........  Campanulaceae......  E                       666     17.96(a)           NA
 
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *
Colubrina oppositifolia..........  Kauila..............  U.S.A.(HI).........  Rhamnaceae.........  E                       532     17.96(a)           NA
 
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *
Cyanea copelandii ssp.             Haha................  U.S.A.(HI).........  Campanulaceae......  E                       666     17.96(a)           NA
 haleakalaensis.
 
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *
Cyanea glabra....................  Haha................  U.S.A.(HI).........  Campanulaceae......  E                       666     17.96(a)           NA
 
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana  Haha................  U.S.A.(HI).........  Campanulaceae......  E                       592     17.96(a)           NA
 
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *
Cyanea hamatiflora ssp.            Haha................  U.S.A.(HI).........  Campanulaceae......  E                       666     17.96(a)           NA
 hamatiflora.
 
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *
Cyanea lobata....................  Haha................  U.S.A.(HI).........  Campanulaceae......  E                       467     17.96(a)           NA
 
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *
Cyanea mceldowneyi...............  Haha................  U.S.A.(HI).........  Campanulaceae......  E                       467     17.96(a)           NA
 
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *
Cyrtandra munroi.................  Ha`iwale............  U.S.A.(HI).........  Gesneriaceae.......  E                       467     17.96(a)           NA
 
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *
Dubautia plantaginea.............  Na`ena`e............  U.S.A.(HI).........  Asteraceae.........  E                       666     17.96(a)           NA
ssp. humilis.....................
 
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *
Flueggea neowawraea..............  Mehamehame..........  U.S.A.(HI).........  Euphorbiaceae......  E                       559     17.96(a)           NA
 
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *
Geranium arboreum................  Hawaiian red-         U.S.A.(HI).........  Geraniaceae........  E                       465     17.96(a)           NA
                                    flowered Geranium.
Geranium multiflorum.............  Nohoanu.............  U.S.A.(HI).........  Geraniaceae........  E                       467     17.96(a)           NA
 
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *
Hedyotis coriacea................  Kio`ele.............  U.S.A.(HI).........  Rubiaceae..........  E                       467     17.96(a)           NA
 
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *
Hedyotis mannii..................  Pilo................  U.S.A.(HI).........  Rubiaceae..........  E                       480     17.96(a)           NA
 
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *
Hesperomannia arborescens........  None................  U.S.A.(HI).........  Asteraceae.........  E                       536     17.96(a)           NA
Hesperomannia arbuscula..........  None................  U.S.A.(HI).........  Asteraceae.........  E                       448     17.96(a)           NA
 
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *
Hibiscus brackenridgei...........  Ma`o hau hele.......  U.S.A.(HI).........  Malvaceae..........  E                       559     17.96(a)           NA
 
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *
Ischaemum byrone.................  Hilo ischaemum......  U.S.A.(HI).........  Poaceae............  E                       532     17.96(a)           NA
 

[[Page 79237]]

 
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *
Kanaloa kahoolawensis............  Kohe malama malama o  U.S.A.(HI).........  Fabaceae...........  E                       666     17.96(a)           NA
                                    kanaloa.
 
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *
Lipochaeta kamolensis............  Nehe................  U.S.A.(HI).........  Asteraceae.........  E                       467     17.96(a)           NA
 
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *
Lysimachia lydgatei..............  None................  U.S.A.(HI).........  Primulaceae........  E                       467     17.96(a)           NA
 
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *
Mariscus pennatiformis...........  None................  U.S.A.(HI).........  Cyperaceae.........  E                       559     17.96(a)           NA
 
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *
Melicope adscendens..............  Alani...............  U.S.A.(HI).........  Rutaceae...........  E                       565     17.96(a)           NA
 
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *
Melicope knudsenii...............  Alani...............  U.S.A.(HI).........  Rutaceae...........  E                       530     17.96(a)           NA
 
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *
Melicope (= Pelea)...............  Alani...............  U.S.A.(HI).........  Rutaceae...........  E                       467     17.96(a)           NA
mucronulata).....................
 
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *
Neraudia sericea.................  None................  U.S.A.(HI).........  Urticaceae.........  E                       559     17.96(a)           NA
 
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *
Peucedanum sandwicense...........  Makou...............  U.S.A.(HI).........  Apiaceae...........  T                       530     17.96(a)           NA
 
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *
Phyllostegia mollis..............  None................  U.S.A.(HI).........  Lamiaceae..........  E                       448     17.96(a)           NA
 
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *
Plantago princeps................  Laukahi kuahiwi.....  U.S.A.(HI).........  Plantaginaceae.....  E                       559     17.96(a)           NA
Platanthera holochila............  None................  U.S.A.(HI).........  Orchidaceae........  E                       592     17.96(a)           NA
 
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *
Remya mauiensis..................  Maui remya..........  U.S.A.(HI).........  Asteraceae.........  E                       413     17.96(a)           NA
 
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *
Sanicula purpurea................  None................  U.S.A.(HI).........  Apiaceae...........  E                       592     17.96(a)           NA
 
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *
Sesbania tomentosa...............  Ohai................  U.S.A.(HI).........  Fabaceae...........  E                       559     17.96(a)           NA
 
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *
Spermolepis hawaiiensis..........  None................  U.S.A.(HI).........  Apiaceae...........  E                       559     17.96(a)           NA
 
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *
Tetramolopium capillare..........  Pamakani............  U.S.A.(HI).........  Asteraceae.........  E                       555     17.96(a)           NA
 
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *
Vigna o-wahuensis................  None................  U.S.A.(HI).........  Fabaceae...........  E                       559     17.96(a)           NA
 
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense...........  A`e.................  U.S.A.(HI).........  Rutaceae...........  E                       532     17.96(a)           NA
 
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *
         Ferns and Allies
 
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *
Ctenitis squamigera..............  Pauoa...............  U.S.A.(HI).........  Dryopteridaceae....  E                       553     17.96(a)           NA
 
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *
Diellia erecta...................  Asplenium-leaved      U.S.A.(HI).........  Aspleniaceae.......  E                       559     17.96(a)           NA
                                    diellia.

[[Page 79238]]

 
 
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *
Diplazium molokaiense............  None................  U.S.A.(HI).........  Aspleniaceae.......  E                       553     17.96(a)           NA
 
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *
Phlegmariurus (Lycopodium,         Wawae`iole..........  U.S.A.(HI).........  Lycopodiaceae......  E                       467     17.96(a)           NA
 =Huperzia) mannii.
 
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *
Pteris lidgatei..................  None................  U.S.A.(HI).........  Adiantaceae........  E                       553     17.96(a)           NA
 
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    3. In Sec. 17.96, as proposed to be amended at 65 FR 66865, 
November 7, 2000, add introductory text to paragraph (a)(1)(i), add 
paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) and (a)(1)(i)(D), and revise paragraphs 
(a)(1)(ii)(A) and (a)(1)(ii)(B) to read as follows:

Sec. 17.96 Critical habitat--plants.

    (a) * * *
    (1) * * *
    (i) Maps and critical habitat unit descriptions. The following 
sections contain the legal descriptions of the critical habitat units 
designated for each of the Hawaiian islands. Existing features and 
structures within proposed areas, such as buildings, roads, aqueducts, 
telecommunication equipment, arboreta and gardens, heiaus (indigenous 
place of worship, shrine), and other man-made features, do not contain, 
and are not likely to develop, the constituent elements described for 
each species in paragraphs (a)(1)(ii)(A) and (a)(1)(ii)(B) of this 
section. Therefore, these features or structures are not included in 
the critical habitat designation.
* * * * *
    (C) Maui. Critical habitat units are described below. Coordinates 
are in UTM Zone 4 with units in meters using North American Datum of 
1983 (NAD83). The following map shows the general locations of the 52 
critical habitats units designated on the island of Maui.
    Note: Map Follows:
    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.003
    

[[Page 79239]]


Critical Habitat Maui A (49 ha; 121 ac)
    Unit consists of the following seven boundary points and the 
intermediate coastline: 750633, 2326772; 750456, 2326683; 750130, 
2326703; 749888, 2326884; 749886, 2327030; 749750, 2327258; 749774, 
2327433.
    Note: Map follows:
    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.004
    
Critical Habitat Maui B (67 ha; 166 ac)
    Unit consists of the following nine boundary points and the 
intermediate coastline: 751694, 2325923; 751701, 2325885; 751529, 
2325612; 751186, 2325473; 750835, 2325553; 750612, 2325770; 750532, 
2326078; 750587, 2326375; 750748, 2326531.
    Note: Map follows:
    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.005
    
Critical Habitat Maui C (144.1 ha; 357.3 ac)

Area consists of the following seven points and intermediate coastline: 
Start approximately at the coastline at UTM coordinate 754097, 2324739; 
753959, 2324610; 753471, 2324616; 753034, 2325110; 752505, 2325093; 
751841, 2325621; 751777, 2325920.
    Note: Map follows:
    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.006
    

[[Page 79240]]


Critical Habitat Maui D (45 ha; 111 ac)

Unit consists of the following nine boundary points and the 
intermediate coastline: 755603, 2323416; 755458, 2323375; 755192, 
2323407; 755029, 2323524; 755023, 2323623; 754989, 2323720; 754905, 
2323851; 754823, 2323887; 754754, 2323893.
    Note: Map follows:
    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.007
    
Critical Habitat Maui E (79 ha; 194 ac)

Unit consists of the following eight boundary points and the 
intermediate coastline: 757806, 2319806; 757685, 2319625; 757377, 
2319478; 756960, 2319544; 756704, 2319914; 756704, 2320323; 756970, 
2320617; 757205, 2320672.
    Note: Map follows:
    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.008
    
Critical Habitat Maui F (61 ha; 150 ac)

Unit consists of the following seven boundary points and the 
intermediate coastline: 758780, 2318541; 758624, 2318378; 758239, 
2318333; 757873, 2318527; 757741, 2318914; 757835, 2319306; 758062, 
2319448.

    Note: Map follows:

    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.009
    

[[Page 79241]]


Critical Habitat Maui G (1 ha; 2 ac)

Unit consists of the entire island, located at UTM coordinate 794211, 
2310986.

    Note: Map follows:

    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.010
    
Critical Habitat Maui H (42 ha; 104 ac)

Unit consists of the following five boundary points and the 
intermediate coastline: 798775, 2308545; 798511, 2308422; 798109, 
2308552; 797895, 2308879; 797900, 2309107.

    Note: Map follows:

    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.011
    
Critical Habitat Maui I (0.1 ha; 0.3 ac)
    Unit consists of the entire island, located at UTM coordinate 
800254, 2305748.


    Note: Map follows:

    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.012
    

[[Page 79242]]


Critical Habitat Maui J (63 ha; 157 ac)
    Unit consists of the following six boundary points and the 
intermediate coastline: 802363, 2305610; 802394, 2305272; 802072, 
2304901; 801579, 2304862; 801251, 2305132; 801206, 2305331.


    Note: Map follows:

    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.013
    
Critical Habitat Maui K (61 ha; 150 ac)
    Unit consists of the following twelve boundary points and the 
intermediate coastline: 808655, 2303467; 808652, 2303423; 808501, 
2303430; 808499, 2303256; 808577, 2303146; 808506, 2303006; 808369, 
2302880; 808087, 2302805; 807783, 2302870; 807561, 2303089; 807460, 
2303384; 807518, 2303589.


    Note: Map follows:

    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.014
    
Critical Habitat Maui L (50 ha; 124 ac)
    Unit consists of the following nine boundary points and the 
intermediate coastline: 811990, 2301607; 811819, 2301595; 811486, 
2301731; 811327, 2302067; 811331, 2302315; 811456, 2302318; 811455, 
2302431; 811419, 2302481; 811458, 2302548.


    Note: Map follows:

    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.015
    

[[Page 79243]]


Critical Habitat Maui M (14.3 ha; 35.7 ac)
    Unit consists of the following eight boundary points and the 
intermediate coastline: 814158, 2297468; 814095, 2297500; 814187, 
2297634; 814242, 2297672; 814116, 2297928; 814198, 2297932; 814268, 
2297968; 814303, 2298064.


    Note: Map follows:

    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.016
    
Critical Habitat Maui N (115 ha; 284 ac)
    Unit consists of the following nine boundary points: 786248, 
2282907; 786554, 2282957; 786936, 2282772; 787107, 2282321; 786893, 
2281864; 786401, 2281705; 785985, 2281950; 785844, 2282345; 785967, 
2282728.


    Note: Map follows:

    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.017
    
Critical Habitat Maui O (278 ha; 688 ac)
    Unit consists of the following eight boundary points: 771668, 
2295517; 772176, 2295586; 772539, 2295263; 772790, 2293479; 772527, 
2293084; 772026, 2292986; 771623, 2293297; 771351, 2295136.


    Note: Map follows:

    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.018
    

[[Page 79244]]


Critical Habitat Maui P (58 ha; 144 ac)
    Unit consists of the following thirteen boundary points: 748750, 
2315870; 748926, 2315818; 749219, 2315615; 749336, 2315565; 749244, 
2315410; 748854, 2315265; 748457, 2315426; 748247, 2315790; 748306, 
2316197; 748486, 2316360; 748551, 2316304; 748584, 2316209; 748668, 
2316115.


    Note: Map follows:

    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.019
    
Critical Habitat Maui Q (2,338 ha; 5,791 ac)
    Unit consists of the following sixty-five boundary points: 750771, 
2312124; 750790, 2311697; 750578, 2311354; 751367, 2310653; 752118, 
2310799; 753695, 2310630; 754534, 2311735; 755091, 2312174; 755559, 
2312225; 756008, 2311720; 755784, 2311189; 755248, 2310771; 754859, 
2310651; 754315, 2310226; 755033, 2308654; 755940, 2308099; 756110, 
2307598; 755825, 2307180; 755406, 2307098; 754741, 2307185; 754188, 
2307390; 753983, 2307802; 753340, 2307955; 753129, 2308088; 753088, 
2308412; 753261, 2308676; 752903, 2309029; 752695, 2309644; 750916, 
2309529; 750598, 2309792; 750316, 2309596; 750439, 2309356; 750292, 
2308660; 750320, 2308277; 750095, 2307938; 751915, 2307054; 752216, 
2306733; 752165, 2306253; 751768, 2305894; 751845, 2305755; 751784, 
2304903; 751556, 2304475; 751223, 2304157; 750736, 2304202; 750467, 
2304503; 750289, 2305559; 750449, 2306075; 750805, 2306520; 749621, 
2306816; 749314, 2307195; 749385, 2307517; 748814, 2307874; 748699, 
2308271; 748949, 2308977; 749251, 2309111; 749218, 2309383; 748891, 
2309495; 748997, 2310228; 749635, 2310991; 749876, 2310977; 749988, 
2311296; 749540, 2311646; 749543, 2312185; 749873, 2312535; 750410, 
2312543.


    Note: Map follows:

    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.020
    

[[Page 79245]]


Critical Habitat Maui R (299.1 ha; 740.3 ac)
    Unit consists of the following twenty-one boundary points: 752540, 
2314961; 752773, 2314883; 752997, 2314576; 752995, 2314200; 753348, 
2314121; 753615, 2313849; 753691, 2313211; 753468, 2312810; 753085, 
2312694; 752612, 2312832; 751992, 2312757; 751497, 2313211; 751524, 
2313557; 751582, 2313614; 751746, 2313692; 751933, 2314010; 752006, 
2314036; 752164, 2313975; 752394, 2314306; 752308, 2314642; 752358, 
2314769.


    Note: Map follows:

    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.021
    
Critical Habitat Maui S (143 ha; 354 ac)
    Unit consists of the following thirteen boundary points: 752751, 
2317904; 753106, 2318187; 753571, 2317718; 753990, 2317221; 753879, 
2317115; 753513, 2316860; 753439, 2316618; 753273, 2316414; 752929, 
2316198; 752932, 2316027; 752839, 2315991; 752670, 2316256; 752869, 
2316683.


    Note: Map follows:

    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.022
    
Critical Habitat Maui T (580 ha; 1,436 ac)
    Unit consists of the following fifteen boundary points: 753246, 
230584; 753238, 2306579; 753759, 2306849; 754750, 2306605; 755757, 
2305428; 755763, 2305006; 754900, 2303806; 753297, 2303611; 752908, 
2303851; 752785, 2304448; 753174, 2304779; 753962, 2304969; 754581, 
2304970; 754515, 2305458; 753623, 2305561.


    Note: Map follows:

    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.023
    

[[Page 79246]]


Critical Habitat Maui U (120 ha; 298 ac)
    Unit consists of the following seven boundary points: 744526, 
2312185; 744948, 2311845; 745071, 2311334; 744655, 2310891; 744008, 
2310932; 743776, 2311456; 743947, 2311954.


    Note: Map follows:

    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.024
    
Critical Habitat Maui V (103 ha; 255 ac)
    Unit consists of the following ten boundary points: 758083, 
2305035; 758421, 2304900; 758346, 2304479; 758653, 2304334; 758566, 
2304050; 758222, 2303804; 757824, 2303841; 757517, 2304094; 757436, 
2304539; 757665, 2304897.


    Note: Map follows:

    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.025
    
Critical Habitat Maui W (69 ha; 172 ac)
    Unit consists of the following twenty-one boundary points: 750403, 
2314584; 750470, 2313939; 750431, 2313836; 750429, 2313611; 750465, 
2313493; 750581, 2313305; 750705, 2313201; 750756, 2313045; 750814, 
2312992; 750650, 2312902; 750660, 2312967; 750541, 2313163; 750455, 
2313243; 750267, 2313325; 750046, 2313596; 749865, 2313788; 749906, 
2313905; 750108, 2314098; 749945, 2314364; 749932, 2314648; 750027, 
2314876.


    Note: Map follows:

    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.026
    

[[Page 79247]]


Critical Habitat Maui X (204 ha; 505 ac)
    Unit consists of the following nine boundary points: 747781, 
2306743; 748893, 2306503; 749197, 2306248; 749279, 2305850; 749084, 
2305460; 748688, 2305318; 747967, 2305419; 747371, 2305769; 747379, 
2306377.


    Note: Map follows:

    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.027
    
Critical Habitat Maui Y (116 ha; 287 ac)
    Unit consists of the following eight boundary points: 755267, 
2319597; 755686, 2319662; 756061, 2319419; 756179, 2318978; 755912, 
2318493; 755321, 2318439; 754959, 2318795; 754947, 2319319.


    Note: Map follows:

    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.028
    
Critical Habitat Maui Z (115 ha; 284 ac)
    Unit consists of the following nine boundary points: 754334, 
2318638; 754726, 2318445; 754908, 2318033; 754740, 2317636; 754431, 
2317403; 754002, 2317451; 753690, 2317749; 753658, 2318167; 753894, 
2318536.


    Note: Map follows:

    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.029
    

[[Page 79248]]


Critical Habitat Maui Aa (74.3 ha; 183.7 ac)
    Unit consists of the following twelve boundary points: 751685, 
2317244; 751861, 2317323; 752265, 2317256; 752494, 2316959; 752538, 
2316661; 752442, 2316337; 752076, 2316112; 751770, 2316146; 751858, 
2316497; 751827, 2316694; 751730, 2317048; 751671, 2317144.


    Note: Map follows:

    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.030
    
Critical Habitat Maui Bb (352 ha; 872 ac)
    Unit consists of the following eight boundary points: 786494, 
2305496; 787116, 2305481; 788158, 2304306; 788186, 2303838; 787832, 
2303458; 786315, 2303459; 785903, 2303731; 785907, 2304339.

    Note: Map follows:

     [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.031
    
Critical Habitat Maui Cc (117 ha; 290 ac)
    Unit consists of the following seven boundary points: 789332, 
2303848; 789877, 2303630; 789978, 2303093; 789690, 2302650; 789130, 
2302572; 788734, 2302992; 788804, 2303568.


    Note: Map follows:

     [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.032
    

[[Page 79249]]


Critical Habitat Maui Dd (213 ha; 528 ac)
    Unit consists of the following eight boundary points: 789799, 
2305535; 790790, 2304877; 790965, 2304501; 790745, 2304009; 790234, 
2303824; 789107, 2304563; 789014, 2305084; 789332, 2305496.


    Note: Map follows:

     [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.033
    
Critical Habitat Maui Ee (188 ha; 466 ac)
    Unit consists of the following eleven boundary points: 796711, 
2295634; 796710, 2295635; 795482, 2296515; 795599, 2296973; 796086, 
2297177; 796536, 2297003; 796794, 2296434; 797172, 2296594; 797523, 
2296403; 797594, 2295645.


    Note: Map follows:

    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.034
    
Critical Habitat Maui Ff (119 ha; 295 ac)
    Unit consists of the following seven boundary points: 797202, 
2301058; 797754, 2300721; 797684, 2300057; 797349, 2299792; 796752, 
2299869; 796501, 2300323; 796630, 2300861.


    Note: Map follows:

    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.035
    

[[Page 79250]]


Critical Habitat Maui Gg (177 ha; 438 ac)
    Unit consists of the following eight boundary points: 800493, 
2300503; 800980, 2300308; 801139, 2299872; 800770, 2298929; 800273, 
2298755; 799837, 2298965; 799657, 2299406; 800037, 2300287.


    Note: Map follows:

    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.036
    
Critical Habitat Maui Hh (117 ha; 290 ac)
    Unit consists of the following eight boundary points: 802095, 
2299801; 802425, 2299477; 802436, 2298965; 802041, 2298606; 801503, 
2298668; 801221, 2299078; 801288, 2299532; 801656, 2299847.


    Note: Map follows:

    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.037
    
Critical Habitat Maui Ii (879 ha; 2,177 ac)
    Area consists of the following seventeen boundary points: 805238, 
2298452; 805576, 2298173; 806413, 2298749; 806900, 2298797; 807464, 
2298080; 808649, 2297831; 808888, 2297229; 808802, 2296455; 808162, 
2295863; 807311, 2295538; 806298, 2295949; 805380, 2297248; 804885, 
2297212; 804541, 2297354; 804363, 2297678; 804389, 2298093; 804817, 
2298473.


    Note: Map follows:

    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.038
    

[[Page 79251]]


Critical Habitat Maui Jj (93 ha; 230 ac)
    Area consists of the following seven boundary points: 799552, 
2290323; 799747, 2289854; 799568, 2289425; 799156, 2289228; 798721, 
2289360; 798574, 2289611; 798604, 2290076.


    Note: Map follows:

    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.039
    
Critical Habitat Maui Kk (144 ha; 357 ac)
    Area consists of the following eleven boundary points: 801153, 
2290510; 801442, 2289674; 801609, 2289474; 801598, 2289363; 801378, 
2289110; 800998, 2288986; 800631, 2289145; 800196, 2289818; 800288, 
2290244; 800574, 2290492; 800729, 2290430.


    Note: Map follows:

    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.040
    
Critical Habitat Maui Ll (45 ha; 111 ac)
    Unit consists of the following five boundary points: 783589, 
2296659; 784000, 2296654; 784967, 2296159; 784832, 2295889; 783494, 
2296508.


    Note: Map follows:

    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.041
    

[[Page 79252]]


Critical Habitat Maui Mm (167 ha; 413 ac)
    Unit consists of the following seven boundary points: 782830, 
2294931; 783011, 2294575; 782534, 2293852; 781957, 2293641; 781364, 
2294063; 781685, 2294761; 782208, 2295353.


    Note: Map follows:

    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.042
    
Critical Habitat Maui Nn (692 ha; 1,714 ac)
    Unit consists of the following thirteen boundary points: 781075, 
2293492; 781722, 2293238; 781873, 2292610; 780491, 2291044; 780607, 
2290475; 781404, 2290215; 781633, 2289724; 781347, 2289152; 780735, 
2289097; 778589, 2291163; 778569, 2291767; 779128, 2292134; 779587, 
2291948.


    Note: Map follows:

    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.043
    
Critical Habitat Maui Oo (116 ha; 287 ac)
    Unit consists of the following eight boundary points: 783432, 
2289367; 783891, 2289477; 784355, 2289252; 784455, 2288843; 784320, 
2288448; 783896, 2288229; 783412, 2288353; 783182, 2288863.


    Note: Map follows:

    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.044
    

[[Page 79253]]


Critical Habitat Maui Pp (113 ha; 280 ac)
    Unit consists of the following nine boundary points: 779224, 
2288833; 779613, 2288669; 779777, 2288242; 779648, 2287836; 779274, 
2287608; 778821, 2287681; 778552, 2288052; 778584, 2288508; 778865, 
2288759.


    Note: Map follows:

    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.045
    
Critical Habitat Maui Qq (973 ha; 2,410 ac)
    Area consists of the following nine boundary points: 788449, 
2289678; 788781, 2288670; 788991, 2287745; 786579, 2286901; 785388, 
2286272; 784631, 2286272; 783991, 2287256; 784711, 2288228; 785979, 
2288989.


    Note: Map follows:

    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.046
    
Critical Habitat Maui Rr (115 ha; 285 ac)
    Unit consists of the following nine boundary points: 790276, 
2288397; 790690, 2288169; 790792, 2287741; 790666, 2287391; 790310, 
2287180; 789926, 2287204; 789627, 2287483; 789552, 2287894; 789817, 
2288315.


    Note: Map follows:

    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.047
    

[[Page 79254]]


Critical Habitat Maui Ss (1,924 ha; 4,766 ac)
    Area consists of the following twenty-five boundary points: 780501, 
2286848; 780927, 2286422; 780770, 2285354; 779731, 2285040; 779466, 
2283384; 779123, 2283100; 777373, 2283047; 776807, 2281254; 776345, 
2281058; 775844, 2281254; 775677, 2281738; 775731, 2282933; 773830, 
2283419; 772456, 2283024; 772033, 2283419; 772016, 2283883; 772325, 
2284261; 773463, 2284406; 775419, 2285365; 776282, 2285216; 776574, 
2285704; 777509, 2285789; 777862, 2285268; 779290, 2285366; 779854, 
2286823.


    Note: Map follows:

    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.048
    
Critical Habitat Maui Tt (114 ha; 282 ac)
    Unit consists of the following nine boundary points: 774319, 
2281799; 774618, 2281476; 774669, 2281046; 774382, 2280688; 773988, 
2280597; 773613, 2280770; 773436, 2281145; 773519, 2281543; 773869, 
2281811.


    Note: Map follows:

    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.049
    
Critical Habitat Maui Uu (121 ha; 300 ac)
    Unit consists of the following seven boundary points: 769955, 
2294333; 770473, 2294204; 770702, 2293706; 770473, 2293188; 769886, 
2293079; 769428, 2293417; 769448, 2294075.


    Note: Map follows:

    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.050
    

[[Page 79255]]


Critical Habitat Maui Vv (77 ha; 190 ac)
    Area consists of the following six points and intermediate 
coastline: 771083, 2278155; 771319, 2278521; 771790, 2278629; 772219, 
2278359; 772290, 2277919; 772238, 2277802.


    Note: Map follows:

    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.051
    
Critical Habitat Maui Ww (133 ha; 329 ac)
    Area consists of the following eight boundary points: 780044, 
2283292; 780309, 2283700; 780996, 2283798; 781368, 2283449; 781414, 
2282999; 781117, 2282618; 780439, 2282530; 780114, 2282850.


    Note: Map follows:

    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.052
    
Critical Habitat Maui Xx (60 ha; 149 ac)
    Unit consists of the following seven boundary points: 746756, 
2318265; 746358, 2317155; 746152, 2317238; 745959, 2317483. 745933, 
2317923; 746230, 2318270; 746618, 2318351.


    Note: Map follows:

    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.053
    

[[Page 79256]]


Critical Habitat Maui Yy (1,118 ha; 12,769 ac)
    Unit consists of the following seven boundary points: 774248, 
2289989; 776203, 2289741; 777204, 2289104; 777136, 2288299; 775497, 
2286508; 773256, 2285420; 772970, 2285926.


    Note: Map follows:

    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.054
    
Critical Habitat Maui Zz (118 ha; 292 ac)
    Unit consists of the following seven boundary points: 746920, 
2312344; 747339, 2312013; 747462, 2311502; 747063, 2311063; 746450, 
2311101; 746173, 2311638; 746338, 2312122.

    Note: Map follows:

    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.055
    

[[Page 79257]]



Table (a)(1)(i)(C).--Protected Species Within Each Critical Habitat Unit
                                 on Maui
------------------------------------------------------------------------
          Unit name                             Species
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Maui A.......................  Sesbania tomentosa.
Maui B.......................  Sesbania tomentosa.
Maui C.......................  Sesbania tomentosa.
Maui D.......................  Centaurium sebaeoides and Sesbania
                                tomentosa.
Maui E.......................  Centaurium sebaeoides.
Maui F.......................  Centaurium sebaeoides.
Maui G.......................  Ischaemum byrone and Peucedanum
                                sandwicense.
Maui H.......................  Ischaemum byrone.
Maui I.......................  Ischaemum byrone.
Maui J.......................  Mariscus pennatiformis.
Maui K.......................  Ischaemum byrone.
Maui L.......................  Ischaemum byrone.
Maui M.......................  Ischaemum byrone.
Maui N.......................  Lipochaeta kamolensis.
Maui O.......................  Bonamia menziesii and Hibiscus
                                brackenridgei.
Maui P.......................  Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis.
Maui Q.......................  Alectryon macrococcus, Ctenitis
                                squamigera, Cyanea glabra, Cyanea
                                grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea
                                lobata, Diellia erecta, Dubautia
                                plantaginea ssp. humilis, Hedyotis
                                mannii, Hesperomannia arbuscula,
                                Lysimachia lydgatei, Phlegmariurus
                                mannii, Plantago princeps, Pteris
                                lidgatei, Sanicula purpurea, and
                                Tetramolopium capillare.
Maui R.......................  Hesperomannia arbuscula and Sanicula
                                purpurea.
Maui S.......................  Sanicula purpurea.
Maui T.......................  Ctenitis squamigera, Diellia erecta,
                                Neraudia sericea, Platanthera holochila,
                                and Remya mauiensis.
Maui U.......................  Spermolepis hawaiiensis.
Maui V.......................  Hibiscus brackenridgei.
Maui W.......................  Phlegmariurus mannii and Sanicula
                                purpurea.
Maui X.......................  Hedyotis coriacea, Hibiscus
                                brackenridgei, Sesbania tomentosa, and
                                Spermolepis hawaiiensis.
Maui Y.......................  Cyrtandra munroi.
Maui Z.......................  Hesperomannia arborescens.
Maui Aa......................  Pteris lidgatei.
Maui Bb......................  Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis and
                                Cyanea mceldowneyi.
Maui Cc......................  Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora.
Maui Dd......................  Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora and
                                Cyanea mceldowneyi.
Maui Ee......................  Geranium multiflorum.
Maui Ff......................  Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora.
Maui Gg......................  Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis and
                                Cyanea mceldowneyi.
Maui Hh......................  Clermontia samuelii and Cyanea
                                mceldowneyi.
Maui Ii......................  Clermontia samuelii.
Maui Jj......................  Phlegmariurus mannii.
Maui Kk......................  Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora and
                                Phlegmariurus mannii.
Maui Ll......................  Geranium arboreum.
Maui Mm......................  Geranium arboreum.
Maui Nn......................  Geranium arboreum.
Maui Oo......................  Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha.
Maui Pp......................  Geranium arboreum.
Maui Qq......................  Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha;
                                Clermontia lindseyana, Diellia erecta,
                                Diplazium molokaiense, Neraudia sericea,
                                Phlegmariurus mannii, and Phyllostegia
                                mollis.
Maui Rr......................  Alectryon macrococcus.
Maui Ss......................  Alectryon macrococcus, Bonamia menziesii,
                                Cenchrus agrimonioides, Colubrina
                                oppositifolia, Flueggea neowawraea,
                                Melicope adscendens, Melicope knudsenii,
                                Melicope mucronulata, Spermolepis
                                hawaiiensis, and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense.
Maui Tt......................  Sesbania tomentosa.
Maui Uu......................  Hibiscus brackenridgei.
Maui Vv......................  Vigna o-wahuensis.
Maui Ww......................  Flueggea neowawraea.
Maui Xx......................  Ctenitis squamigera.
Maui Yy......................  Clermontia lindseyana.
Maui Zz......................  Ctenitis squamigera.
------------------------------------------------------------------------


[[Page 79258]]

    (D) Kahoolawe. Critical habitat units are described below. 
Coordinates are in UTM Zone 4 with units in meters using North American 
Datum of 1983 (NAD83).
Critical Habitat Kahoolawe A (5 ha; 12 ac)
    Unit consists of the entire islet, located at UTM coordinate 
749248, 2269914.


    Note: Map follows:

    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.056
    
Critical Habitat Kahoolawe B (38 ha; 94 ac)
    Unit consists of the following five boundary points: 749258, 
2270360; 749316, 2270548; 749609, 2270771; 749934, 2270789; 750070, 
2270730.


    Note: Map follows:

    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.057
    
Critical Habitat Kahoolawe C (50 ha; 124 ac)
    Unit consists of the following five boundary points: 741673, 
2269672; 741903, 2269761; 742323, 2269587; 742526, 2269182; 742449, 
2268925.


    Note: Map follows:

    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.058
    

[[Page 79259]]


Critical Habitat Kahoolawe D (114 ha; 282 ac)
    Unit consists of the following eight boundary points: 745602, 
2274210; 745392, 2273720; 744942, 2273560; 744467, 2273770; 744329, 
2274239; 744543, 2274682; 744977, 2274799; 745382, 2274666.


    Note: Map follows:

    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP18DE00.059
    

Table (a)(1)(i)(D).--Protected Species Within Each Critical Habitat Unit
                              on Kahoolawe
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                 Unit name                             Species
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kahoolawe A...............................  Sesbania tomentosa.
Kahoolawe B...............................  Kanaloa kahoolawensis.
Kahoolawe C...............................  Vigna o-wahuensis.
Kahoolawe D...............................  Vigna o-wahuensis.
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    (ii) Hawaiian plants--Constituent elements.
    (A) Flowering plants.
Family Apiaceae: Peucedanum sandwicense (makou)
    i. Kauai F, G, I, and M, identified in the legal descriptions in 
paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute critical habitat for 
Peucedanum sandwicense on Kauai. Within these units, the currently 
known primary constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat 
components that provide: (1) Cliff habitats (a) in mixed shrub coastal 
dry cliff communities or diverse mesic forest and (b) containing one or 
more of the following associated native plant species: Hibiscus kokio, 
Brighamia insignis, Bidens sp., Artemisia sp., Lobelia niihauensis, 
Wilkesia gymnoxiphium, Canthium odoratum, Dodonaea viscosa, Psychotria 
sp., Acacia koa, Kokio kauaiensis, Carex meyenii, Panicum lineale, 
Chamaesyce celastroides, Eragrostis sp., Diospyros sp., or Metrosideros 
polymorpha; and (2) elevations from sea level to above 915 m (3,000 
ft).
    ii. Maui unit G, identified in the legal description in paragraph 
(a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, of this section constitutes critical 
habitat for Peucedanum sandwicense on Maui. Within this unit the 
currently known primary constituent elements of critical habitat for 
Peucedanum sandwicense on Maui are habitat components that provide: (1) 
cliff habitats containing one or more of the following associated 
native species: Chamaesyce sp., Eragrostis sp., Diospyros sp., or 
Metrosideros polymorpha; and (2) elevations from sea level to above 900 
m (2,950 ft).
Family Apiaceae: Sanicula purpurea (No Common Name)
    Maui units Q, R, S, and W, identified in the legal descriptions in 
paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitute critical habitat for 
Sanicula purpurea on Maui. Within these units the currently known 
primary constituent elements of critical habitat for Sanicula purpurea 
on Maui are the habitat components that provide: (1) Open Metrosideros 
polymorpha mixed montane bogs containing one or more of the following 
associated plant taxa: Styphelia tameiameiae, Gahnia beechyi, Geranium 
humile, Myrsine vaccinioides, Viola mauiensis, Argyroxiphium caliginis, 
Plantago pachyphylla, Lycopodium sp., Argyroxiphium grayanum, 
Lagenifera mauiensis, Machaerina sp., or Oreobolus furcatus; and (2) 
elevations between 1,000 and 1,620 m (3,280 and 5,330 ft).
Family Apiaceae: Spermolepis hawaiiensis (No Common Name)
    i. Kauai B and I, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph 
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute critical habitat for 
Spermolepis hawaiiensis on Kauai. Within these units, the currently 
known primary constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat 
components that provide: (1) Metrosideros polymorpha forests or 
Dodonaea viscosa lowland dry shrubland containing one or more of the 
following associated plant species: Eragrostis variabilis, Bidens 
sandvicensis, Schiedea spergulina, Lipochaeta sp., Cenchrus 
agrimonioides, Sida fallax, Doryopteris sp., or Gouania hillebrandii; 
and (2) elevations of about 305 to 610 m (1,000 to 2,000 ft).
    ii. Maui units U and Ss, identified in the legal descriptions in 
paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitute critical habitat for 
Spermolepis hawaiiensis on Maui. Within these units the currently known 
primary constituent elements of critical habitat for Spermolepis 
hawaiiensis on Maui are the habitat components that provide: (1) Shady 
spots (a) in Dodonaea viscosa lowland dry shrubland and (b) containing 
one or more of the following associated native species: Eragrostis 
variabilis, Wikstroemia sp., Erythrina sandwicensis, Diospyros sp., 
Pleomele sp., Lipochaeta livarum, Sida fallax, Myoporum sandwicensis, 
Santalum ellipticum, or Heteropogon contortus; and (2) elevations of 
300 to 550 m (980 to 1,800 ft).
Family Apocynaceae: Pteralyxia kauaiensis (Kaulu)
    Kauai F, G, I, M, Q, T, and U, identified in the legal descriptions 
in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute critical habitat 
for Pteralyxia kauaiensis on Kauai. Within these units, the currently 
known primary constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat 
components that provide: (1) Diverse mesic or wet forests containing 
one or more of the following associated plant taxa: Pisonia 
sandwicensis, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Charpentiera elliptica, Pipturus 
sp., Neraudia kauaiensis, Hedyotis terminalis, Pritchardia sp., 
Gardenia remyi, Syzygium sp., Pleomele sp., Cyanea sp., Hibiscus sp., 
Kokia kauaiensis, Alectryon macrococcus, Canthium odoratum, Nestegis 
sandwicensis, Bobea timonioides, Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Nesoluma 
polynesicum, Myrsine lanaiensis, Caesalpinia kauaiensis, Tetraplasandra 
sp., Acacia koa, Styphelia tameiameiae, Dodonaea viscosa, Gahnia sp., 
Freycinetia arborea,

[[Page 79260]]

Psychotria mariniana, Diplazium sandwichianum, Zanthoxylum dipetalum, 
Carex sp., Delissea sp., Xylosma hawaiiense, Alphitonia ponderosa, 
Santalum freycinetianum, Antidesma sp., Diospyros sp., Metrosideros 
polymorpha, Dianella sandwicensis, Poa sandwicensis, Schiedea 
stellarioides, Peperomia macraeana, Claoxylon sandwicense, or Pouteria 
sandwicensis; and (2) elevations between 250 to 610 m (820 to 2,000 
ft).
Family Araliaceae: Munroidendron racemosum (No Common Name)
    Kauai G, I, M, and N, identified in the legal descriptions in 
paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute critical habitat for 
Munroidendron racemosum on Kauai. Within these units the currently 
known primary constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat 
components that provide: (1) Steep exposed cliffs or ridge slopes (a) 
in coastal or lowland mesic forest and (b) containing one or more of 
the following associated plant taxa: Pisonia umbellifera, Canavalia 
galeata, Sida fallax, Brighamia insignis, Canthium odoratum, Psychotria 
sp., Nestegis sandwicensis, Tetraplasandra sp., Bobea timonioides, 
Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Pleomele sp., Pouteria sandwicensis, or 
Diospyros sp.; and (2) elevations between 120 to 400 m (395 to 1,310 
ft).
Family Asteraceae: Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha (Ko`oko`olau)
    Maui units Oo and Qq, identified in the legal descriptions in 
paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitute critical habitat for 
Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha on Maui. Within these units the 
currently known primary constituent elements of critical habitat for 
Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha on Maui are the habitat components that 
provide: (1) Blocky lava flows with little or no soil development, deep 
pit craters, or sheer rock walls (a) in open canopy Metrosideros 
polymorpha-Acacia koa forest, montane shrubland, or cliff faces; and 
(b) containing one or more of the following associated native plant 
species: Styphelia tameiameiae, Coprosma montana, Dodonaea viscosa, 
Lysimachia remyi, Viola chamissoniana, Dubautia menziesii, or Dubautia 
platyphylla; and (2) elevations of 1,600 to 2,300 m (5,250 to 7,550 
ft).
Family Asteraceae: Dubautia latifolia (Na`ena`e)
    Kauai G and I, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph 
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Dubautia 
latifolia on Kauai. Within these units, the currently known primary 
constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components that 
provide: (1) Gentle or steep slopes on well drained soil in (a) semi-
open or closed, diverse montane mesic forest dominated by Acacia koa 
and/or Metrosideros polymorpha and (b) containing one or more of the 
following native plant species: Pouteria sandwicensis, Dodonaea 
viscosa, Nestegis sandwicensis, Diplazium sandwichianum, Elaeocarpus 
bifidus, Claoxylon sandwicense, Bobea sp., Pleomele sp., Antidesma sp., 
Cyrtandra sp., Xylosma sp., Alphitonia ponderosa, Coprosma waimeae, 
Dicranopteris linearis, Hedyotis terminalis, Ilex anomala, Melicope 
anisata, Psychotria mariniana, or Scaevola sp.; and (2) elevations 
between 800 to 1,220 m (2,625 to 4,000 ft).
Family Asteraceae: Dubautia pauciflorula (Na`ena`e)
    Kauai L, identified in the legal description in paragraph 
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, description above, constitutes critical 
habitat for Dubautia pauciflorula on Kauai. Within this unit, the 
currently known primary constituent elements of critical habitat are 
habitat components that provide: (1) Lowland wet forest within stream 
drainages; and (2) elevations between 670-700 m (2,200-2,300 ft).
Family Asteraceae: Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis (Na`ena`e)
    Maui unit Q, identified in the legal description in paragraph 
(a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for Dubautia 
plantaginea ssp. humilis on Maui. Within this unit the currently known 
primary constituent elements of critical habitat for Dubautia 
plantaginea ssp. humilis on Maui are the habitat components that 
provide: (1) Wet, barren, steep, rocky, wind-blown cliffs containing 
one or more of the following associated native plant species: 
Metrosideros polymorpha, Pipturus albidus, Eragrostis variabilis, Carex 
sp., Hedyotis formosa, Lysimachia remyi, Bidens sp., Pritchardia sp., 
or Plantago princeps; and (2) elevations between 350 to 400 m (1,150 to 
1,300 ft).
Family Asteraceae: Hesperomannia arborescens (No Common Name)
    Maui unit Z, identified in the legal description in paragraph 
(a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for 
Hesperomannia arborescens on Maui. Within this unit the currently known 
primary constituent elements of critical habitat for Hesperomannia 
arborescens on Maui are the habitat components that provide: (1) Slopes 
or ridges (a) in lowland mesic or wet forest and (b) containing one or 
more of the following associated native plant species: Metrosideros 
polymorpha, Myrsine sandwicensis, Isachne distichophylla, Pipturus sp., 
Antidesma sp., Psychotria sp., Clermontia sp., Cibotium sp., 
Dicranopteris linearis, Bobea sp., Coprosma sp., Sadleria sp., Melicope 
sp., Machaerina sp., Cheirodendron sp., or Freycinetia arborea; and (2) 
elevations between 360 and 750 m (1,180 and 2,460 ft).
Family Asteraceae: Hesperomannia arbuscula (No Common Name)
    Maui units Q and R, identified in the legal descriptions in 
paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitute critical habitat for 
Hesperomannia arbuscula on Maui. Within these units the currently known 
primary constituent elements of critical habitat for Hesperomannia 
arbuscula on Maui are the habitat components that provide: (1) Slopes 
and ridges (a) in mesic or wet forest dominated by Acacia koa and 
Metrosideros polymorpha and (b) containing one or more of the following 
associated native plant species: Bidens sp., Tetraplasandra sp., Alyxia 
oliviformis, or Psychotria sp.; and (2) elevation between 350 to 900 m 
(1,150 to 2,950 ft).
Family Asteraceae: Hesperomannia lydgatei (No Common Name)
    Kauai F, L, and P, identified in the legal descriptions in 
paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute critical habitat for 
Hesperomannia lydgatei on Kauai. Within these units, the currently 
known primary constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat 
components that provide: (1) Stream banks with rich brown soil and 
silty clay (a) in Metrosideros polymorpha or Metrosideros polymorpha-
Dicranopteris linearis lowland wet forest and (b) containing one or 
more of the following associated native plant species: Adenophorus sp., 
Antidesma sp., Broussaisia arguta, Cheirodendron sp., Elaphoglossum 
sp., Freycinetia arborea, Hedyotis terminalis, Labordia lydgatei, 
Machaerina angustifolia, Peperomia sp., Pritchardia sp., Psychotria 
hexandra, and Syzygium sandwicensis; and (2) elevations between 410-915 
m (1,345-3,000 ft).
Family Asteraceae: Lipochaeta fauriei (Nehe)
    Kauai G, I, and U, identified in the legal descriptions in 
paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute critical habitat for 
Lipochaeta fauriei on Kauai. Within these units, the currently

[[Page 79261]]

known primary constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat 
components that provide: (1) Moderate shade to full sun on the sides of 
steep gulches (a) in diverse lowland mesic forests and (b) containing 
one or more of the following native species: Diospyros sp., Myrsine 
lanaiensis, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Acacia koa, Pleomele aurea, Sapindus 
oahuensis, Nestegis sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Psychotria 
mariniana, Psychotria greenwelliae, Kokia kauaiensis, or Hibiscus 
waimeae; and (2) elevations between 480 and 900 m (1,575 and 2,950 ft).
Family Asteraceae: Lipochaeta kamolensis (Nehe)
    Maui unit N, identified in the legal description in paragraph 
(a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for 
Lipochaeta kamolensis on Maui. Within this unit the currently known 
primary constituent elements of critical habitat for Lipochaeta 
kamolensis on Maui are the habitat components that provide: (1) Bottoms 
of rock ledges (a) in dry to mesic scrub or dry lowland forest and (b) 
containing one or more of the following associated native plant 
species: Dodonaea viscosa, Plumbago zeylanica, or Ipomoea indica; and 
(2) elevations between 219 to 250 m (720 to 820 ft).
Family Asteraceae: Lipochaeta micrantha (Nehe)
    i. Kauai I and M, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph 
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute critical habitat for 
Lipochaeta micrantha on Kauai. Within these units the currently known 
primary constituent elements of critical habitat for Lipochaeta 
micrantha var. exigua are habitat components that provide: (1) Cliffs, 
ridges, or slopes (a) in grassy, shrubby or dry mixed communities and 
(b) containing one or more of the following associated native plant 
species: Artemisia australis, Bidens sandvicensis, Plectranthus 
parviflorus, Chamaesyce celastroides, Diospyros sp., Canthium odoratum, 
Neraudia sp., Pipturus sp., Hibiscus kokio, Sida fallax, Eragrostis 
sp., or Lepidium bidentatum; and (2) elevations between 305-430 m 
(1,000-1,400 ft).
    ii. Within these units, the currently known primary constituent 
elements of critical habitat for Lipochaeta micrantha var. micrantha 
are habitat components that provide: (1) Basalt cliffs, stream banks, 
or level ground (a) in mesic or diverse Metrosideros polymorpha-
Diospyros sp. forest and (b) containing one or more of the following 
associated native plant species: Lobelia niihauensis, Chamaesyce 
celastroides var. hanapepensis, Neraudia kauaiensis, Rumex sp., 
Nontrichium sp. (kului), Artemisia sp., Dodonaea viscosa, Antidesma 
sp., Hibiscus sp., Xylosma sp., Pleomele sp., Melicope sp., Bobea sp., 
and Acacia koa; and (2) elevations between 610-720 m (2,000-2,360 ft).
Family Asteraceae: Lipochaeta waimeaensis (Nehe)
    Kauai B, identified in the legal description in paragraph 
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for 
Lipochaeta waimeaensis on Kauai. Within this unit, the currently known 
primary constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components 
that provide: (1) Precipitous, shrub-covered gulch (a) in diverse 
lowland forest and (b) containing the native species Dodonaea viscosa 
or Lipochaeta connata; and (2) elevations between 350 and 400 m (1,150 
and 1,310 ft).
Family Asteraceae: Remya kauaiensis (No Common Name)
    Kauai G, I, and U, identified in the legal descriptions in 
paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute critical habitat for 
Remya kauaiensis on Kauai. Within these units, the currently known 
primary constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components 
that provide: (1) Steep, north or northeast facing slopes (a) in Acacia 
koa-Metrosideros polymorpha lowland mesic forest and (b) containing one 
or more of the following associated native plant species: Chamaesyce 
sp., Nestegis sandwicensis, Diospyros sp., Hedyotis terminalis, 
Melicope ssp., Pouteria sandwicensis, Schiedea membranacea, Psychotria 
mariniana, Dodonaea viscosa, Dianella sandwicensis, Tetraplasandra 
kauaiensis, or Claoxylon sandwicensis; and (2) elevations between 850 
to 1,250 m (2,800 to 4,100 ft).
Family Asteraceae: Remya mauiensis (No Common Name)
    Maui unit T, identified in the legal description in paragraph 
(a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for Remya 
mauiensis on Maui. Within this unit the currently known primary 
constituent elements of critical habitat for Remya mauiensis on Maui 
are the habitat components that provide: (1) Steep, north or northeast-
facing slopes (a) in mixed mesophytic forests or Metrosideros 
polymorpha montane wet forests and (b) containing one or more of the 
following associated native species: Diospyros sandwicensis, Xylosma 
hawaiiense, Nestegis sandwicensis, Myrsine lessertiana, Wikstroemia 
sp., Dodonaea viscosa, Diplazium sandwichianum, Lysimachia remyi, 
Microlepia strigosa, Melicope sp., Alyxia oliviformis, Pleomele 
auwahiensis, Psychotria mariniana, Ctenitis squamigera, or Styphelia 
tameiameiae; and (2) elevations between 850 and 1,250 m (2,800 and 
4,100 ft).
Family Asteraceae: Remya montgomeryi (No Common Name)
    Kauai G and I, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph 
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Remya 
montgomeryi on Kauai. Within these units, the currently known primary 
constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components that 
provide: (1) Steep, north or northeast-facing slopes, cliffs, or stream 
banks near waterfalls (a) in Metrosideros polymorpha mixed mesic forest 
and (b) containing one or more of the following associated native plant 
species: Lysimachia glutinosa, Lepidium serra, Boehmeria grandis, Poa 
mannii, Stenogyne campanulata, Myrsine linearifolia, Bobea timonioides, 
Ilex anomala, Zanthoxylum dipetalum, Claoxylon sandwicensis, 
Tetraplasandra spp., Artemisia sp., Nototrichium sp., Cyrtandra sp., 
Dubautia plantaginea, Sadleria sp., Cheirodendron sp., Scaevola sp., or 
Pleomele sp.; and (2) elevations between 850 to 1,250 m (2,800 to 4,100 
ft).
Family Asteraceae: Tetramolopium capillare (Pamakani)
    Maui unit Q, identified in the legal description in paragraph 
(a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for 
Tetramolopium capillare on Maui. Within this unit the currently known 
primary constituent elements of critical habitat for Tetramolopium 
capillare on Maui are the habitat components that provide: (1) Rocky 
substrates (a) in Heteropogon contortus lowland dry forest and (b) 
containing one or more of the following associated native plants: 
Dodonaea viscosa, or Myoporum sandwicense; or (c) in Metrosideros 
polymorpha-Styphelia tameiameiae montane mesic or wet shrubland and (d) 
containing one or more of the following associated plants: Metrosideros 
polymorpha, and Styphelia tameiameiae, and Dodonaea viscosa; and (2) 
elevations between 609 and 1,050 m (2,000 and 3,440 ft).
Family Asteraceae: Wilkesia hobdyi (Dwarf Iliau)
    Kauai G and J, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph 
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Wilkesia 
hobdyi on Kauai. Within these units, the currently known

[[Page 79262]]

primary constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components 
that provide: (1) Coastal dry cliffs or very dry ridges containing one 
or more of the following associated native plant species: Artemisia 
sp., Wilkesia gymnoxiphium, Lipochaeta connata, Lobelia niihauensis, 
Peucedanum sandwicensis, Hibiscus kokio ssp. saint johnianus, Canthium 
odoratum, Peperomia sp., Myoporum sandwicense, Sida fallax, Waltheria 
indica, Dodonaea viscosa, or Eragrostis variabilis; and (2) elevations 
between 275 to 400 m (900 to 1,310 ft).
Family Campanulaceae: Brighamia insignis (`Olulu)
    Kauai E, G, and M, identified in the legal descriptions in 
paragraph a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, and Niihau B, identified in the 
legal descriptions in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(B) of this section, 
constitute critical habitat for Brighamia insignis on Kauai and Niihau. 
Within these units, the currently known primary constituent elements of 
critical habitat are habitat components that provide: (1) Rocky ledges 
with little soil or steep sea cliffs (a) in lowland dry grasslands or 
shrublands with annual rainfall that is usually less than 170 cm (65 
in.) and (b) containing one or more of the following native plant 
species: Artemisia sp., Chamaesyce celastroides, Canthium odoratum, 
Eragrostis variabilis, Heteropogon contortus, Hibiscus kokio, Hibiscus 
saintjohnianus, Lepidium serra, Lipochaeta succulenta, Munroidendron 
racemosum, or Sida fallax; and (2) elevations between sea level to 480 
m (1,575 ft) elevation.
Family Campanulaceae: Clermontia lindseyana (`Oha Wai)
    Maui units Qq and Yy, identified in the legal descriptions in 
paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitute critical habitat for 
Clermontia lindseyana on Maui. Within these units the currently known 
primary constituent elements of critical habitat for Clermontia 
lindseyana on Maui are the habitat components that provide: (1) Remnant 
Acacia koa mesic forest containing one or more of the following 
associated native plant species: Cyrtandra oxybapha, native fern 
species, Phlegmariurus mannii, Ilex anomala, Coprosma sp., or Myrsine 
sp.; and (2) elevations between 4,300 and 7,041 ft (1,311 and 2,150 m).
Family Campanulaceae: Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis (`Oha Wai)
    Maui unit P, identified in the legal description in paragraph 
(a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for 
Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis on Maui. Within this unit the 
currently known primary constituent elements of critical habitat for 
Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis on Maui are the habitat 
components that provide: (1) The sides of ridges (a) in Metrosideros 
polymorpha-dominated montane wet forest and (b) containing one or more 
of the following associated native plant species: Dicranopteris 
linearis, Coprosma sp., Clermontia sp., Hedyotis sp., or Melicope sp.; 
and (2) elevations between 850 and 1,000 m (2,800 and 3,280 ft).
Family Campanulaceae: Clermontia samuelii (`Oha Wai)
    Maui units Hh and Ii, identified in the legal descriptions in 
paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitute critical habitat for 
Clermontia samuelii on Maui. Within these units the currently known 
primary constituent elements of critical habitat for Clermontia 
samuelii ssp. hanaensis on Maui are the habitat components that 
provide: (1) Wet Metrosideros polymorpha and Metrosideros polymorpha-
Dicranopteris linearis forest containing one or more of the following 
associated native plant species: Tetraplasandra oahuensis, Hedyotis 
terminalis, Hedyotis hillebrandii, Broussaisia arguta, Cibotium sp., 
Argyroxiphium grayanum, Dubautia sp., Clermontia arborea, Psychotria 
mariniana, Melicope clusifolia, Diplazium sandwichianum, Peperomia 
obovatilimba, Adenophorus tamariscinus, Vaccinium sp., Carex alligata, 
Melicope sp., or Cheirodendron trigynum; and (2) elevations between 915 
and 1,059 m (3,000 and 3,600 ft). Within these units, the currently 
known primary constituent elements of critical habitat for Clermontia 
samuelii ssp. samuelii on Maui are the habitat components that provide: 
(1) Wet Metrosideros polymorpha and Metrosideros polymorpha-
Cheirodendron trigynum forest and containing one or more of the 
following native plant species: Hedyotis hillebrandii, Cibotium sp., 
Broussaisia arguta, Diplazium sandwichianum, Rubus hawaiiensis, 
Clermontia arborescens ssp. waihiae, Dubautia sp., Clermontia sp., 
Hedyotis sp., Vaccinium sp., Carex alligata, or Melicope sp.; and (2) 
elevations between 1,726 to 2,100 m (5,870 to 6,900 ft).
Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea asarifolia (Haha)
    Kauai R and T, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph 
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Cyanea 
asarifolia on Kauai. Within these units, the currently known primary 
constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components that 
provide: (1) Pockets of soil on sheer rock cliffs (a) in lowland wet 
forests and (b) containing one or more of the following native plant 
species: Hedyotis elatior, Machaerina angustifolia, Metrosideros 
polymorpha, Touchardia latifolia, or Urera glabra; and (2) elevations 
between 330 to 730 m (1,080 to 2,400 ft).
Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis (Haha)
    Maui units Bb and Gg, identified in the legal descriptions in 
paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitute critical habitat for 
Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis on Maui. Within these units the 
currently known primary constituent elements of critical habitat for 
Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis on Maui are the habitat 
components that provide: (1) Stream banks and wet scree slopes (a) in 
montane wet or mesic forest dominated by Acacia koa and/or Metrosideros 
polymorpha and (b) containing one or more of the following associated 
native plant species: Cibotium sp, Perrottetia sandwicensis, Psychotria 
hawaiiensis, Broussaisia arguta, or Hedyotis acuminata; and (2) 
elevations between 730 and 1,340 m (2,400 and 4,400 ft).
Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea glabra (Haha)
    Maui unit Q, identified in the legal description in paragraph 
(a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for Cyanea 
glabra on Maui. Within this unit the currently known primary 
constituent elements of critical habitat for Cyanea glabra on Maui are 
the habitat components that provide: (1) Soil and rock stream banks (a) 
in wet lowland forest and dominated by Acacia koa and/or Metrosideros 
polymorpha; and (2) elevations from 800 to 1,340 m (2,625 to 4,400 ft).
Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana (Haha)
    Maui unit Q, identified in the legal description in paragraph 
(a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for Cyanea 
grimesiana ssp. grimesiana on Maui. Within this unit the currently 
known primary constituent elements of critical habitat for Cyanea 
grimesiana ssp. grimesiana on Maui are the habitat components that 
provide: (1) Rocky or steep slopes of stream banks (a) in mesic forest 
often dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha or Metrosideros polymorpha 
and Acacia koa and (b) containing one or more of the following 
associated native plant species: Antidesma sp., Bobea sp., Myrsine sp.,

[[Page 79263]]

Nestegis sandwicensis, Psychotria sp., or Xylosma sp.; and (2) 
elevations between 350 and 945 m (1,150 and 3,100 ft).
Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora (Haha)
    Maui units Cc, Dd, Ff, and Kk, identified in the legal descriptions 
in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitute critical habitat 
for Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora on Maui. Within these units the 
currently known primary constituent elements of critical habitat for 
Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora on Maui are the habitat components 
that provide: (1) Montane wet forest dominated by Metrosideros 
polymorpha, with a Cibotium sp. and/or native shrub understory or 
closed Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha wet forest containing one or 
more of the following associated native plant species: Dicranopteris 
linearis, Cheirodendron trigynum, Broussaisia arguta, Cyanea 
solenocalyx, Cyanea kunthiana, Vaccinium sp., Melicope sp., or Myrsine 
sp.; and (2) elevations from 975 to 1,500 m (3,200 to 4,920 ft).
Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea lobata (Haha)
    Maui unit Q, identified in the legal description in paragraph 
(a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for Cyanea 
lobata on Maui. Within this unit the currently known primary 
constituent elements of critical habitat for Cyanea lobata on Maui are 
the habitat components that provide: (1) Steep stream banks in deep 
shade (a) in wet forest and (b) containing one or more of the following 
associated native plant species: Touchardia latifolia, Morinda trimera, 
or Athyrium sp.; and (2) elevations of 550 to 915 m (1,800 to 3,000 
ft).
Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea mceldowneyi (Haha)
    Maui units Bb, Dd, Gg, and Hh, identified in the legal descriptions 
in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitute critical habitat 
for Cyanea mceldowneyi on Maui. Within these units the currently known 
primary constituent elements of critical habitat for Cyanea mceldowneyi 
on Maui are the habitat components that provide: (1) Montane wet forest 
with mixed Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia koa containing one or more of 
the following associated native plant species: Melicope clusiifolia, 
Hedyotis sp., Clermontia arborescens, Diplazium sandwichianum, 
Broussaisia arguta, Cibotium sp., Cyrtandra sp., Dicranopteris 
linearis, or Cheirodendron trigynum; and (2) elevations between 925 and 
1,280 m (3,034 and 4,200 ft).
Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea recta (Haha)
    Kauai K, O, P, and R, identified in the legal descriptions in 
paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute critical habitat for 
Cyanea recta on Kauai. Within these units, the currently known primary 
constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components that 
provide: (1) Gulches or slopes (a) in lowland wet or mesic Metrosideros 
polymorpha forest or shrubland and (b) containing one or more of the 
following native plant species: Dicranopteris linearis, Psychotria sp., 
Antidesma sp., Cheirodendron platyphyllum, Cibotium sp., or Diplazium 
sp.; and (2) elevations between 400 to 1,200 m (1,310 to 3,940 ft).
Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea remyi (Haha)
    Kauai L, P, R, and T, identified in the legal descriptions in 
paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute critical habitat for 
Cyanea remyi on Kauai. Within these units, the currently known primary 
constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components that 
provide: (1) Lowland wet forest or shrubland and containing one or more 
of the following native plant species: Antidesma sp., Cheirodendron 
sp., Diospyros sp., Broussaisia arguta, Metrosideros polymorpha, 
Freycinetia arborea, Hedyotis terminalis, Machaerina angustifolia, 
Perrottetia sandwicensis, Psychotria hexandra, or Syzygium 
sandwicensis; and (2) elevations between 360 to 930 m (1,180 to 3,060 
ft).
Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea undulata (Haha)
    Kauai L, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph 
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for Cyanea 
undulata on Kauai. Within these units, the currently known primary 
constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components that 
provide: (1) Pristine, undisturbed sites along shady stream banks or 
steep to vertical slopes; and (2) elevations between 630 to 800 m 
(2,070 to 2,625 ft).
Family Campanulaceae: Delissea rhytidosperma (No Common Name)
    Kauai F, G, and M, identified in the legal descriptions in 
paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute critical habitat for 
Delissea rhytidosperma on Kauai. Within these units, the currently 
known primary constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat 
components that provide: (1) Well-drained soils with medium or fine-
textured subsoil (a) in diverse lowland mesic forests or Acacia koa 
dominated lowland dry forests and (b) containing one or more of the 
following native species: Euphorbia haeleeleana, Psychotria hobdyi, 
Pisonia sp., Pteralyxia sp., Dodonaea viscosa, Cyanea sp., Hedyotis 
sp., Dianella sandwicensis, Diospyros sandwicensis, Styphelia 
tameiameiae, or Nestegis sandwicensis; and (2) elevations between 120 
and 915 m (400 and 3,000 ft).
Family Campanulaceae: Delissea rivularis (`Oha)
    Kauai G, identified in the legal description in paragraph 
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for Delissea 
rivularis on Kauai. Within this unit, the currently known primary 
constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components that 
provide: (1) Steep slopes near streams (a) in Metrosideros polymorpha--
Cheirodendron trigynum montane wet or mesic forest and (b) containing 
one or more of the following native plant species: Broussaisia arguta, 
Carex sp., Coprosma sp., Melicope clusiifolia, M. anisata, Psychotria 
hexandra, Dubautia knudsenii, Diplazium sandwichianum, Hedyotis 
foggiana, Ilex anomala, or Sadleria sp.; and (2) elevations between 
1,100 to 1,220 m (3,610 to 4,000 ft).
Family Campanulaceae: Delissea undulata (No Common Name)
    Kauai G, identified in the legal description in paragraph 
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for Delissea 
undulata on Kauai. Within this unit, the currently known primary 
constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components that 
provide: (1) Dry or mesic open Sophora chrysophylla-Metrosideros 
polymorpha forests containing one or more of the following native plant 
species: Diospyros sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Psychotria 
mariniana, P. greenwelliae, Santalum ellipticum, Nothocestrum 
breviflorum, or Acacia koa; and (2) elevations between 610-1,740 m 
(2,000-5,700 ft).
Family Campanulaceae: Lobelia niihauensis (No Common Name)
    Kauai F, G, I, and J, identified in the legal descriptions in 
paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute critical habitat for 
Lobelia niihauensis on Kauai. Within these units, the currently known 
primary constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components 
that provide: (1) Exposed mesic mixed shrubland or coastal dry cliffs 
containing one or more of the

[[Page 79264]]

following associated native plant species: Eragrostis sp., Bidens sp., 
Plectranthus parviflorus, Lipochaeta sp., Lythrum sp., Wilkesia hobdyi, 
Hibiscus kokio ssp. saint johnianus, Nototrichium sp., Schiedea 
apokremnos, Chamaesyce celastroides, Charpentiera sp., or Artemisia 
sp.; and (2) elevations between 100 to 830 m (330 to 2720 ft).
Family Caryophyllaceae: Alsinidendron lychnoides (Kuawawaenohu)
    Kauai G and H, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph 
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute critical habitat for 
Alsinidendron lychnoides on Kauai. Within these units, the currently 
known primary constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat 
components that provide: (1) Montane wet forests (a) dominated by 
Metrosideros polymorpha and Cheirodendron sp., or by Metrosideros 
polymorpha and Dicranopteris linearis and (b) containing one or more of 
the following native plant species: Carex sp., Cyrtandra sp., 
Machaerina sp., Vaccinium sp., Peperomia sp., Hedyotis terminalis, 
Astelia sp., or Broussaisia arguta; and (2) elevations between 1,100 
and 1,320 m (3,610 and 4,330 ft).
Family Caryophyllaceae: Alsinidendron viscosum (No Common Name)
    Kauai I, identified in the legal description in paragraph 
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for 
Alsinidendron viscosum on Kauai. Within this unit, the currently known 
primary constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components 
that provide: (1) Steep slopes (a) in Acacia koa-Metrosideros 
polymorpha lowland, montane mesic, or wet forest and (b) containing one 
or more of the following native plant species: Alyxia olivaeformis, 
Bidens cosmoides, Bobea sp., Carex sp., Coprosma sp., Dodonaea viscosa, 
Gahnia sp., Ilex anomala, Melicope sp., Pleomele sp., Psychotria sp., 
or Schiedea stellarioides; and (2) elevations between 820 and 1,200 m 
(2,700 and 3,940 ft).
Family Caryophyllaceae: Schiedea apokremnos (Ma`oli`oli)
    Kauai G and J, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph 
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Schiedea 
apokremnos on Kauai. Within these units, the currently known primary 
constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components that 
provide: (1) Crevices of near-vertical coastal cliff faces (a) in 
sparse dry coastal shrub vegetation and (b) containing one or more of 
the following associated native plant species: Heliotropium sp., 
Chamaesyce sp., Bidens sp., Artemisia australis, Lobelia niihauensis, 
Wilkesia hobdyi, Lipochaeta connata, Myoporum sandwicense, Canthium 
odoratum, or Peperomia sp.; and (2) elevations between 60 to 330 m (200 
to 1,080 ft).
Family Caryophyllaceae: Schiedea helleri (No Common Name)
    Kauai I, identified in the legal description in paragraph 
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for Schiedea 
helleri on Kauai. Within this unit, the currently known primary 
constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components that 
provide: (1) Ridges and steep cliffs (a) in closed Metrosideros 
polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis montane wet forest, or Metrosideros 
polymorpha-Cheirodendron sp. montane wet forest, or Acacia koa-
Metrosideros polymorpha montane mesic forest, and (b) containing one or 
more of the following associated native plant species: Dubautia 
raillardioides, Scaevola procera, Hedyotis terminalis, Syzygium 
sandwicensis, Melicope clusifolia, Cibotium sp., Broussaisia arguta, 
Cheirodendron sp., Cyanea hirtella, Dianella sandwicensis, Viola 
wailenalenae, or Poa sandvicensis; and (2) elevations between 1,065-
1,100 m (3,490-3,610 ft).
Family Caryophyllaceae: Schiedea kauaiensis (No Common Name)
    Kauai G, identified in the legal description in paragraph 
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for Schiedea 
kauaiensis on Kauai. Within this unit, the currently known primary 
constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components that 
provide: (1) Steep slopes (a) in diverse mesic or wet forest and (b) 
containing one or more of the following associated plant taxa: 
Psychotria mariniana, Psychotria hexandra, Canthium odoratum, Pisonia 
sp., Microlepia speluncae, Exocarpos luteolus, Diospyros sp., 
Peucedanum sandwicense, or Euphorbia haeleeleana; and (2) elevations 
between 680-790 m (2,230-2,590 ft).
Family Caryophyllaceae: Schiedea membranacea (No Common Name)
    Kauai G, I, and K, identified in the legal descriptions in 
paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute critical habitat for 
Schiedea membranacea on Kauai. Within these units, the currently known 
primary constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components 
that provide: (1) Cliffs or cliff bases (a) in mesic or wet habitats, 
(b) in lowland, or montane shrubland, or forest communities dominated 
by Acacia koa, Pipturus sp. or Metrosideros polymorpha and (c) 
containing one or more of the following associated native plant 
species: Hedyotis terminalis, Melicope sp., Pouteria sandwicensis, Poa 
mannii, Hibiscus waimeae, Psychotria mariniana, Canthium odoratum, 
Pisonia sp., Perrottetia sandwicensis, Scaevola procera, Sadleria 
cyatheoides, Diplazium sandwicensis, Thelypteris sandwicensis, 
Boehmeria grandis, Dodonaea viscosa, Myrsine sp., Bobea brevipes, 
Alyxia olivaeformis, Psychotria greenwelliae, Pleomele sp., Alphitonia 
ponderosa, Joinvillea ascendens ssp. ascendens, Athyrium sandwichianum, 
Machaerina angustifolia, Cyrtandra paludosa, Touchardia latifolia, 
Thelypteris cyatheoides, Lepidium serra, Eragrostis variabilis, Remya 
kauaiensis, Lysimachia kalalauensis, Labordia helleri, Mariscus 
pennatiformis, Asplenium praemorsum, or Poa sandvicensis; and (2) 
elevations between 520 and 1,160 m (1,700 and 3,800 ft).
Family Caryophyllaceae: Schiedea nuttallii (No Common Name)
    Kauai M, identified in the legal description in paragraph 
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for Schiedea 
nuttallii on Kauai. Within this unit, the currently known primary 
constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components that 
provide: (1) Diverse lowland mesic forest, often with Metrosideros 
polymorpha dominant, containing one or more of the following associated 
native plant species: Antidesma sp, Psychotria sp., Perrottetia 
sandwicensis, Pisonia sp., or Hedyotis acuminata; and (2) elevations 
between 415 and 790 m (1,360 and 2,590 ft).
Family Caryophyllaceae: Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda (No Common 
Name)
    Kauai C, identified in the legal description in paragraph 
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for Schiedea 
spergulina var. leiopoda on Kauai. Within this unit, the currently 
known primary constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat 
components that provide: (1) Bare rock outcrops or sparsely vegetated 
portions of rocky cliff faces or cliff bases (a) in diverse lowland 
mesic forests and (b) containing one or more of the following native 
plants: Bidens sandvicensis, Doryopteris sp., Peperomia leptostachya, 
or Plectranthus parviflorus; and (2) elevations between 180 and 800 m 
(590 and 2,625 ft).

[[Page 79265]]

Family Caryophyllaceae: Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina (No Common 
Name)
    Kauai G and I, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph 
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Schiedea 
spergulina var. spergulina on Kauai. Within these units, the currently 
known primary constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat 
components that provide: (1) Bare rock outcrops or sparsely vegetated 
portions of rocky cliff faces or cliff bases (a) in diverse lowland 
mesic forests and (b) containing one or more of the following 
associated plant taxa: Heliotropium sp., or Nototrichium sandwicense; 
and (2) elevations between 180 and 800 m (590 and 2,625 ft).
Family Caryophyllaceae: Schiedea stellarioides (laulihilihi 
(=ma`oli`oli))
    Kauai I, identified in the legal description in paragraph 
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for Schiedea 
stellarioides on Kauai. Within this unit, the currently known primary 
constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components that 
provide: (1) Steep slopes (a) in closed Acacia koa-Metrosideros 
polymorpha lowland or montane mesic forest or shrubland and (b) 
containing one or more of the following native plant species: 
Nototrichium sp., Artemisia sp., Dodonaea viscosa, Melicope sp., 
Dianella sandwicensis, Bidens cosmoides, Mariscus sp., or Styphelia 
tameiameiae; and (2) elevations between 610 and 1,120 m (2,000 and 
3,680 ft).
Family Convolvulaceae: Bonamia menziesii (No Common Name)
    (i.) Kauai G and L, identified in the legal descriptions in 
paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute critical habitat for 
Bonamia menziesii on Kauai. Within these units, the currently known 
primary constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components 
that provide: (1) Dry, mesic or wet forests containing one or more of 
the following native plant species: Metrosideros polymorpha, Canthium 
odoratum, Dianella sandwicensis, Diospyros sandwicensis, Dodonaea 
viscosa, Hedyotis terminalis, Melicope anisata, Melicope barbigera, 
Myoporum sandwicense, Nestegis sandwicense, Pisonia sp., Pittosporum 
sp., Pouteria sandwicensis, or Sapindus oahuensis; and (2) elevations 
between 150 and 850 m (500 and 2,800 ft).
    (ii.) Maui units O and Ss, identified in the legal descriptions in 
paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitute critical habitat for 
Bonamia menziesii on Maui. Within these units the currently known 
primary constituent elements of critical habitat for Bonamia menziesii 
on Maui are the habitat components that provide: (1) A`a lava (a) in 
mixed open dry forest or Erythrina sandwicensis lowland dry forest, or 
in mesic mixed Metrosideros polymorpha forest and (b) containing one or 
more of the following associated native plant species: Nestegis 
sandwicensis, Pleomele auwahiensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Osteomeles 
anthyllidifolia, Alphitonia ponderosa, Santalum ellipticum, Xylosma 
hawaiiensis, Nothocestrum latifolium, Pouteria sandwicensis, 
Achyranthes splendens, Acacia koaia, Sida fallax, Reynoldsia 
sandwicensis, Sicyos sp., Lipochaeta rockii, Nototrichium sp., or 
Myoporum sandwicense; and (2) elevations between 150 and 854 m (490 and 
2,800 ft).
Family Cyperaceae: Cyperus trachysanthos (pu`uka`a)
    Kauai G, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph 
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, and Niihau A, identified in the legal 
descriptions in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(B) of this section, constitute 
critical habitat for Cyperus trachysanthos on Kauai and Niihau. Within 
these units, the currently known primary constituent elements of 
critical habitat are habitat components that provide: (1) Wet sites 
(mud flats, wet clay soil, or wet cliff seeps) (a) on coastal cliffs or 
talus slopes and (b) containing the native plant species Hibiscus 
tiliaceus; and (2) elevations between 3 and 160 m (10 and 525 ft).
Family Cyperaceae: Mariscus pennatiformis (No Common Name)
    Maui unit J, identified in the legal description in paragraph 
(a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for Mariscus 
pennatiformis on Maui. Within this unit the currently known primary 
constituent elements of critical habitat for Mariscus pennatiformis on 
Maui are the habitat components that provide: (1) Cliffs with brown 
soil and talus within reach of ocean spray (a) in Pandanus coastal wet 
forests and (b) containing one or more of the following associated 
native plant species: Sadleria pallida, Pandanus tectorius, Lysimachia 
mauritiana, Cyperus laevigatus, Eragrostis sp., or Ipomoea sp.; and (2) 
elevations between sea-level and 6 m (20 ft).
Family Euphorbiaceae: Chamaesyce halemanui (No Common Name)

    Kauai G and I, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph 
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute critical habitat for 
Chamaesyce halemanui on Kauai. Within these units, the currently known 
primary constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components 
that provide: (1) Steep slopes of gulches (a) in mesic Acacia koa 
forests and (b) containing one or more of the following native plant 
species: Metrosideros polymorpha, Alphitonia ponderosa, Antidesma 
platyphyllum, Bobea brevipes, Cheirodendron trigynum, Coprosma sp., 
Diospyros sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Elaeocarpus bifidus, Hedyotis 
terminalis, Kokia kauaiensis, Melicope haupuensis, Pisonia sp., 
Pittosporum sp., Pleomele aurea, Psychotria mariniana, Psychotria 
greenwelliae, Pouteria sandwicensis, Santalum freycinetianum, or 
Styphelia tameiameiae; and (2) elevations between 660 to 1,100 m (2,165 
to 3,610 ft).
Family Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia haeleeleana (`Akoko)
    Kauai G, I, and U, identified in the legal descriptions in 
paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute critical habitat for 
Euphorbia haeleeleana on Kauai. Within these units, the currently known 
primary constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components 
that provide: (1) Lowland mixed mesic or dry forest that (a) is often 
dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha, Acacia koa, or Diospyros sp. and 
(b) containing one or more of the following native plant species: 
Acacia koaia, Antidesma platyphyllum, Claoxylon sp., Carex meyenii, 
Carex wahuensis, Diplazium sandwichianum, Dodonaea viscosa, Erythrina 
sandwicensis, Kokia kauaiensis, Pleomele aurea, Psychotria mariniana, 
P. greenwelliae, Pteralyxia sandwicensis, Rauvolfia sandwicensis, 
Reynoldsia sandwicensis, Sapindus oahuensis, Tetraplasandra kauaiensis, 
Pouteria sandwicensis, Pisonia sandwicensis, or Xylosma sp.; and (2) 
elevations between 205 and 670 m (680 and 2,200 ft).
Family Euphorbiaceae: Flueggea neowawraea (Mehamehame)
    (i.) Kauai F, G, and I, identified in the legal descriptions in 
paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute critical habitat for 
Flueggea neowawraea on Kauai. Within these units, the currently known 
primary constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components 
that provide: (1) Dry or mesic forests containing one or more of the 
following native plant species: Alectryon macrococcus, Bobea 
timonioides, Charpentiera sp., Caesalpinia kauaiense, Hibiscus sp., 
Melicope sp., Metrosideros polymorpha, Myrsine lanaiensis, 
Munroidendron

[[Page 79266]]

racemosum, Tetraplasandra sp., Kokia kauaiensis, Isodendrion sp., 
Pteralyxia kauaiensis, Psychotria mariniana, Diplazium sandwichianum, 
Freycinetia arborea, Nesoluma polynesicum, Diospyros sp., Antidesma 
pulvinatum, A. platyphyllum, Canthium odoratum, Nestegis sandwicensis, 
Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Pittosporum sp., Tetraplasandra sp., Pouteria 
sandwicensis, Xylosma sp., Pritchardia sp., Bidens sp., or Streblus 
pendulinus; and (2) elevations of 250 to 1,000 m (820 to 3,280 ft).
    (ii.) Maui units Ss and Ww, identified in the legal descriptions in 
paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitute critical habitat for 
Flueggea neowawraea on Maui. Within these units the currently known 
primary constituent elements of critical habitat for Flueggea 
neowawraea on Maui are the habitat components that provide: (1) Dry or 
mesic forest containing one or more of the following associated native 
plant species: Alectryon macrococcus, Bobea timonioides, Charpentiera 
sp., Hibiscus sp., Melicope sp., Myrsine lanaiensis, Tetraplasandra 
sp., Psychotria mariniana, Diplazium sandwichianum, Freycinetia 
arborea, Nesoluma polynesicum, Diospyros sp., Antidesma pulvinatum, A. 
platyphyllum, Canthium odoratum, Nestegis sandwicensis, Rauvolfia 
sandwicensis, Pittosporum sp., Pleomele sp., Pouteria sandwicensis, or 
Streblus pendulina; and (2) elevations of 250 to 1,000 m (820 to 3,280 
ft).
Family Fabaceae: Kanaloa kahoolawensis (Kohe Malama Malama O Kanaloa)
    Kahoolawe unit B, identified in the legal description in paragraph 
(a)(1)(i)(D) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for Kanaloa 
kahoolawensis on Kahoolawe. Within this unit the currently known 
primary constituent elements of critical habitat for Kanaloa 
kahoolawensis on Kahoolawe are the habitat components that provide: (1) 
Steep rocky talus slopes (a) in mixed coastal shrubland and (b) 
containing one or more of the following associated native plants: Sida 
fallax, Senna gaudichaudii, Bidens mauiensis, Lipochaeta livarum, 
Portulaca molokinensis, or Capparis sandwichiana; and (2) elevations 
between 45 to 60 m (150 to 200 ft).

Family Fabaceae: Sesbania tomentosa (`Ohai)

    (i.) Kauai J, identified in the legal description in paragraph 
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for Sesbania 
tomentosa on Kauai. Within these units, the currently known primary 
constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components that 
provide: (1) Sandy beaches, dunes, soil pockets on lava, or pond 
margins (a) in coastal dry shrublands, or open Metrosideros polymorpha 
forests, or mixed coastal dry cliffs, and (b) containing one or more of 
the following associated native plant species: Sida fallax, Heteropogon 
contortus, Myoporum sandwicense, Sporobolus virginicus, Scaevola 
sericea, or Dodonaea viscosa; and (2) elevations between sea level and 
12 m (0 and 40 ft).
    (ii.) Maui units A, B, C, D, X, Tt, identified in the legal 
descriptions in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, and the 
Kahoolawe unit A, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph 
(a)(1)(i)(D) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Sesbania 
tomentosa on Maui and Kahoolawe, respectively. Within these units the 
currently known primary constituent elements of critical habitat for 
Sesbania tomentosa on Maui and Kahoolawe are the habitat components 
that provide: (1) Windswept slopes, sea cliffs and cinder slopes (a) in 
Scaevola sericea coastal dry shrublands and (b) containing one or more 
of the following associated native plant species: Lipochaeta 
integrifolia, Jacquemontia ovalifolia ssp. sandwicensis, Rhynchelytrum 
repens, Sida fallax, and Dodonaea viscosa; and (2) elevations between 
sea-level and 580 m (1,900 ft).
Family Fabaceae: Vigna o-wahuensis (No Common Name)
    Maui unit Vv, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph 
(a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, and Kahoolawe units C and D, identified 
in the legal descriptions in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(D) of this section, 
constitute critical habitat for Vigna o-wahuensis on Maui and 
Kahoolawe, respectively. Within these units the currently known primary 
constituent elements of critical habitat for Vigna o-wahuensis on Maui 
and Kahoolawe are the habitat components that provide: (1) Dry or mesic 
grassland or shrubland containing one or more of the following 
associated plant taxa: Sida fallax, Chenopodium sp., Dubautia 
menziesii, Dodonaea viscosa, Chamaesyce sp., Nothocestrum latifolium, 
and Nesoluma polynesicum, or Osteomeles anthyllidifolia; and (2) 
elevations from 10 to 140 m (30 to 460 ft).
Family Flacourtiaceae: Xylosma crenatum (No Common Name)

    Kauai G and I, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph 
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Xylosma 
crenatum on Kauai. Within these units, the currently known primary 
constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components that 
provide: (1) Diverse Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha montane mesic 
forest, or Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis montane wet 
forest, or Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha montane wet forest, and 
containing one or more of the following associated native plant 
species: Tetraplasandra kauaiensis, Hedyotis terminalis, Pleomele 
aurea, Ilex anomala, Claoxylon sandwicense, Myrsine alyxifolia, 
Nestegis sandwicensis, Streblus pendulinus, Psychotria sp., Diplazium 
sandwichianum, Pouteria sandwicensis, Scaevola procera, Coprosma sp., 
Athyrium sandwichianum, Touchardia latifolia, Dubautia knudsenii, 
Cheirodendron sp., Lobelia yuccoides, Cyanea hirta, Poa sandwicensis, 
or Diplazium sandwichianum; and (2) elevations between 975 to 1,065 m 
(3,200 to 3,490 ft).
Family Gentianaceae: Centaurium sebaeoides (`Awiwi)
    (i.) Kauai G, identified in the legal description in paragraph 
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for 
Centaurium sebaeoides on Kauai. Within this unit, the currently known 
primary constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components 
that provide: (1) Volcanic or clay soils or cliffs (a) in arid coastal 
areas and (b) containing one or more of the following native plant 
species; Artemisia sp., Bidens sp., Chamaesyce celastroides, Dodonaea 
viscosa, Fimbristylis cymosa, Heteropogon contortus, Jaquemontia 
ovalifolia, Lipochaeta succulenta, Lipochaeta heterophylla, Lipochaeta 
integrifolia, Lycium sandwicense, Lysimachia mauritiana, Mariscus 
phloides, Panicum fauriei, P. torridum, Scaevola sericea, Schiedea 
globosa, Sida fallax, or Wikstroemia uva-ursi; and (2) elevations above 
250 m (800 ft).
    (ii.) Maui units D, E, and F, identified in the legal descriptions 
in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitute critical habitat 
for Centaurium sebaeoides on Maui. Within these units the currently 
known primary constituent elements of critical habitat for Centaurium 
sebaeoides on Maui are the habitat components that provide: (1) 
Volcanic or clay soils or cliffs (a) in arid coastal areas and (b) 
containing one or more of the following associated native plant 
species: Panicum torridum, Lysimachia mauritiana, Schiedea globosa, 
Lipochaeta integrifolia, Argemone glauca, Bidens mauiensis, Lycium 
sandwicense, or Dicranopteris

[[Page 79267]]

linearis; and (2) elevations below 250 m (820 ft).
Family Geraniaceae: Geranium arboreum (Nohoanu)
    Maui units Ll, Mm, Nn, and Pp, identified in the legal descriptions 
in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitute critical habitat 
for Geranium arboreum on Maui. Within these units the currently known 
primary constituent elements of critical habitat for Geranium arboreum 
on Maui are the habitat components that provide: (1) Steep, damp and 
shaded narrow canyons and gulches, steep banks, and intermittent 
streams (a) in Sophora chrysophylla subalpine dry shrubland or 
Metrosideros polymorpha montane forest and (b) containing one or more 
of the following associated native plant species: Vaccinium 
reticulatum, Dodonaea viscosa, Styphelia tameiameiae, Rubus 
hawaiiensis, or Dryopteris wallichiana; and (2) elevations between 
1,525 to 2,135 m (5,000 and 7,000 ft).
Family Geraniaceae: Geranium multiflorum (Nohoanu)
    Maui unit Ee, identified in the legal description in paragraph 
(a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for Geranium 
multiflorum on Maui. Within this unit the currently known primary 
constituent elements of critical habitat for Geranium multiflorum on 
Maui are the habitat components that provide: (1) Wet or mesic 
Metrosideros polymorpha montane forest or alpine mesic forest, 
Styphelia tameiameiae shrubland, Sophora chrysophylla subalpine dry 
forest, open sedge swamps, fog-swept lava flows, or montane grasslands 
containing one or more of the following associated native plant 
species: Coprosma montana, Dryopteris glabra, Dryopteris wallichiana, 
Rubus hawaiiensis, Ranunculus sp., Vaccinium sp., Metrosideros 
polymorpha, Hedyotis sp., Styphelia tameiameiae or Sadleria 
cyatheoides; and (2) elevations between 1,580 and 2,450 m (5,180 and 
8,040 ft).
Family Gesneriaceae: Cyrtandra cyaneoides (Mapele)
    Kauai K, P, and R, identified in the legal descriptions in 
paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute critical habitat for 
Cyrtandra cyaneoides on Kauai. Within these units, the currently known 
primary constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components 
that provide: (1) Steep slopes or cliffs near streams or waterfalls (a) 
in lowland or montane wet forest or shrubland dominated by Metrosideros 
polymorpha or a mixture of Metrosideros polymorpha and Dicranopteris 
linearis and (b) containing one or more of the following native 
species: Perrottetia sandwicensis, Pipturus sp., Bidens sp., Psychotria 
sp., Pritchardia sp., Freycinetia arborea, Cyanea sp., Cyrtandra 
limahuliensis, Diplazium sandwichianum, Gunnera sp., Coprosma sp., 
Stenogyne sp., Machaerina sp., Boehmeria grandis, Pipturus sp., 
Cheirodendron sp., Hedyotis terminalis, or Hedyotis tryblium; and (2) 
elevations between 550 and 1,220 meter (1,800 and 4,000 ft).
Family Gesneriaceae: Cyrtandra limahuliensis (Ha`iwale)
    Kauai A, F, K, L, O, P, Q, R, and T, identified in the legal 
descriptions in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute 
critical habitat for Cyrtandra limahuliensis on Kauai. Within these 
units, the currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat are habitat components that provide: (1) Stream banks (a) in 
lowland wet forests and (b) containing one or more of the following 
native plant species: Antidesma sp., Cyrtandra kealiea, Pisonia sp., 
Pipturus sp., Cibotium glaucum, Eugenia sp, Hedyotis terminalis, 
Dubautia sp., Boehmeria grandis, Touchardia latifolia, Bidens sp., 
Hibiscus waimeae, Charpentiera sp., Urera glabra, Pritchardia sp., 
Cyanea sp., Perrottetia sandwicensis, Metrosideros polymorpha, 
Dicranopteris linearis, Gunnera kauaiensis, or Psychotria sp.; and (2) 
elevations between 245 and 915 m (800 and 3,000 ft).
Family Gesneriaceae: Cyrtandra munroi (Hiawale)
    Maui unit Y, identified in the legal description in paragraph 
(a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for 
Cyrtandra munroi on Maui. Within this unit the currently known primary 
constituent elements of critical habitat for Cyrtandra munroi on Maui 
are the habitat components that provide: (1) Rich, moist to wet, 
moderately steep talus slopes (a) in lowland wet Metrosideros 
polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis forest and (b) containing one or more 
of the following associated native plant species: Diospyros sp., 
Hedyotis acuminata, Clermontia sp., Alyxia oliviformis, Bobea sp., 
Coprosma sp., Freycinetia arborea, Melicope sp., Myrsine sp., 
Perrottetia sandwicensis, Pipturus sp., Pittosporum sp., Pleomele sp., 
Pouteria sandwicensis, Psychotria sp., Sadleria sp., Scaevola sp., 
Xylosma sp., or other Cyrtandra sp.; and (2) elevations from 300 to 920 
m (980 to 3,020 ft).
Family Lamiaceae: Phyllostegia knudsenii (No Common Name)
    Kauai I, identified in the legal description in paragraph 
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for 
Phyllostegia knudsenii on Kauai. Within this unit, the currently known 
primary constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components 
that provide: (1) Metrosideros polymorpha lowland mesic or wet forest 
containing one or more of the following associated native plant 
species: Perrottetia sandwicensis, Cyrtandra kauaiensis, Cyrtandra 
paludosa, Elaeocarpus bifidus, Claoxylon sandwicensis, Cryptocarya 
mannii, Ilex anomala, Myrsine linearifolia, Bobea timonioides, 
Selaginella arbuscula, Diospyros sp., Zanthoxylum dipetalum, 
Pittosporum sp., Tetraplasandra spp., Pouteria sandwicensis, or 
Pritchardia minor; and (2) elevations between 865-975 m (2,840-3,200 
ft).
Family Lamiaceae: Phyllostegia mollis (No Common Name)
    Maui unit Qq, identified in the legal description in paragraph 
(a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for 
Phyllostegia mollis on Maui. Within this unit the currently known 
primary constituent elements of critical habitat for Phyllostegia 
mollis on Maui are the habitat components that provide: (1) Steep 
slopes and gulches (a) in diverse mesic or wet forests and (b) 
containing one or more of the following associated native plant taxa: 
ferns, Psychotria sp., or Pisonia sp.; and (2) elevations between 450 
and 1,830 m (1,480 to 6,000 ft).
Family Lamiaceae: Phyllostegia wawrana (No Common Name)
    Kauai G, I, and R, identified in the legal descriptions in 
paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute critical habitat for 
Phyllostegia wawrana on Kauai. Within these units, the currently known 
primary constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components 
that provide: (1) Metrosideros polymorpha dominated lowland or montane 
wet or mesic forest with (a) Cheirodendron sp. or Dicranopteris 
linearis as co-dominants, and (b) containing one or more of the 
following associated native plant species: Delissea rivularis, 
Diplazium sandwichianum, Vaccinium sp., Broussaisia arguta, Myrsine 
lanaiensis, Psychotria sp., Dubautia knudsenii, Scaevola procera, 
Gunnera sp., Pleomele aurea, Claoxylon sandwicense, Elaphoglossum sp., 
Hedyotis sp., Sadleria sp., and Syzygium sandwicensis; and (2)

[[Page 79268]]

elevations between 780-1,210 m (2,560-3,920 ft).
Family Lamiaceae: Stenogyne campanulata (No Common Name)
    Kauai G, identified in the legal description in paragraph 
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for 
Stenogyne campanulata on Kauai. Within this unit, the currently known 
primary constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components 
that provide: (1) Rock faces of nearly vertical, north-facing cliffs 
(a) in diverse lowland or montane mesic forest and (b) containing one 
or more of the following associated native plant species: Heliotropium 
sp., Lepidium serra, Lysimachia glutinosa, Perrottetia sandwicensis, or 
Remya montgomeryi; and (2) an elevation of 1,085 m (3,560 ft).
Family Loganiaceae: Labordia lydgatei (Kamakahala)
    Kauai F, K, L, P, R, and T, identified in the legal descriptions in 
paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute critical habitat for 
Labordia lydgatei on Kauai. Within these units, the currently known 
primary constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components 
that provide: (1) Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis 
lowland wet forest containing one or more of the following associated 
native plant species: Psychotria sp., Hedyotis terminalis sp., Cyanea 
sp., Cyrtandra sp., Labordia hirtella, Antidesma platyphyllum var. 
hillebrandii, Syzygium sandwicensis, Ilex anomala, or Dubautia 
knudsenii; and (2) elevations between 635 and 855 m (2,080 to 2,800 
ft).
Family Loganiaceae: Labordia tinifolia var. wahiawaensis (Kamakahala)
    Kauai L, identified in the legal description in paragraph 
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for Labordia 
tinifolia var. wahiawaensis on Kauai. Within this unit, the currently 
known primary constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat 
components that provide: (1) Streambanks (a) in lowland wet forests 
dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha and (b) containing one or more of 
the following associated species: Cheirodendron sp., Dicranopteris 
linearis, Cyrtandra sp., Antidesma sp., Psychotria sp., Hedyotis 
terminalis, or Athyrium microphyllum; and (2) elevations between 300 to 
920 m (985 to 3,020 ft).
Family Malvaceae: Hibiscadelphus woodii (Hau Kuahiwi)
    Kauai G, identified in the legal description in paragraph 
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for 
Hibiscadelphus woodii on Kauai. Within this unit, the currently known 
primary constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components 
that provide: (1) Basalt talus or cliff walls (a) in Metrosideros 
polymorpha montane mesic forest and (b) containing one or more of the 
following associated native plant species: Bidens sandwicensis, 
Artemisia australis, Melicope pallida, Dubautia sp., Lepidium serra, 
Lipochaeta sp., Lysimachia glutinosa, Carex meyenii, Chamaesyce 
celastroides var. hanapepensis, Hedyotis sp., Nototrichium sp., Panicum 
lineale, Myrsine sp., Stenogyne campanulata, Lobelia niihauensis, or 
Poa mannii; and (2) elevations around 915m (3,000 ft).
Family Malvaceae: Hibiscus brackenridgei (Ma`o Hau Hele)
    Maui units O, V, X, and Uu, identified in the legal descriptions in 
paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitute critical habitat for 
Hibiscus brackenridgei on Maui. Within these units the currently known 
primary constituent elements of critical habitat for Hibiscus 
brackenridgei on Maui are the habitat components that provide: (1) 
Lowland dry forest sometimes with Erythrina sandwicensis as the 
dominant tree containing one or more of the following associated native 
plant species: Myoporum sp., Chenopodium sp., Achyranthes sp., 
Nototrichium sp., Diospyros sp., Chamaesyce celastroides var. 
lorifolia, Dodonaea viscosa, Canthium odoratum, Eurya sandwicensis, 
Isachne distichophylla, or Sida fallax; and (2) elevations between 130 
to 800 m (425 to 2,625 ft).
Family Malvaceae: Hibiscus clayi (Clay's Hibiscus)
    Kauai N, identified in the legal description in paragraph 
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for Hibiscus 
clayi on Kauai. Within this unit, the currently known primary 
constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components that 
provide: (1) Slopes (a) in Acacia koa or Diospyros sp.-Pisonia sp.-
Metrosideros polymorpha lowland dry or mesic forest and (b) containing 
one or more of the following associated native plant species: Hedyotis 
acuminata, Pipturus sp., Psychotria sp., Cyanea hardyi, Artemisia 
australis, or Bidens sp.; and (2) elevations between 230 to 350 m (750 
to 1,150 ft).
Family Malvaceae: Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae (Koki`o Ke`oke`o)
    Kauai F, identified in the legal description in paragraph 
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for Hibiscus 
waimeae ssp. hannerae on Kauai. Within this unit, the currently known 
primary constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components 
that provide: (1) Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis or 
Pisonia sp.-Charpentiera elliptica lowland wet or mesic forest and 
containing one or more of the following associated native plant 
species: Antidesma sp., Psychotria sp., Pipturus sp., Bidens sp., Bobea 
sp., Sadleria sp., Cyrtandra sp., Cyanea sp., Cibotium sp., Perrottetia 
sandwicensis, or Syzygium sandwicensis; and (2) elevations between 190 
and 560 m (620 and 1,850 ft).
Family Malvaceae: Kokia kauaiensis (Koki`o)
    Kauai G and I, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph 
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Kokia 
kauaiensis on Kauai. Within these units, the currently known primary 
constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components that 
provide: (1) Diverse mesic forest containing one or more of the 
following associated native plant species: Acacia koa, Metrosideros 
polymorpha, Bobea sp., Diospyros sandwicensis, Hedyotis sp., Pleomele 
sp., Pisonia sp., Xylosma sp., Isodendrion sp., Syzygium sandwicensis, 
Antidesma sp., Alyxia olivaeformis, Pouteria sandwicensis, Streblus 
pendulinus, Canthium odoratum, Nototrichium sp., Pteralyxia kauaiensis, 
Dicranopteris linearis, Hibiscus sp., Flueggea neowawraea, Rauvolfia 
sandwicensis, Melicope sp., Diellia laciniata, Tetraplasandra sp., 
Chamaesyce celastroides, Lipochaeta fauriei, Dodonaea viscosa, Santalum 
sp., Claoxylon sp., or Nestegis sandwicensis; and (2) elevations 
between 350-660 m (1,150-2,165 ft).
Family Myrsinaceae: Myrsine linearifolia (Kolea)
    Kauai F, G, H, I, L, and P, identified in the legal descriptions in 
paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute critical habitat for 
Myrsine linearifolia on Kauai. Within these units, the currently known 
primary constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components 
that provide: (1) Diverse mesic or wet lowland or montane Metrosideros 
polymorpha forest with (a) Cheirodendron sp. or Dicranopteris linearis 
as co-dominants, and (b) containing one or more of the following 
associated native plant species: Dubautia sp., Cryptocarya mannii, 
Sadleria pallida, Myrsine sp., Syzygium sandwicensis, Machaerina 
angustifolia, Freycinetia arborea, Hedyotis terminalis, Cheirodendron 
sp., Bobea

[[Page 79269]]

brevipes, Nothocestrum sp., Melicope sp., Eurya sandwicensis, 
Psychotria sp., Lysimachia sp., or native ferns; and (2) elevations 
between 585 to 1,280 m (1,920 to 4,200 ft).
Family Orchidaceae: Platanthera holochila (No Common Name)
    (i.) Kauai H, identified in the legal description in paragraph 
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for 
Platanthera holochila on Kauai. Within this unit, the currently known 
primary constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components 
that provide: (1) Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis 
montane wet forest or M. polymorpha mixed bog containing one or more of 
the following associated native plants: Myrsine denticulata, Cibotium 
sp., Coprosma ernodeoides, Oreobolus furcatus, Styphelia tameiameiae, 
or Vaccinium sp.; and (2) elevations between 1,050 and 1,600 m (3,450 
and 5,245 ft).
    (ii.) Maui unit T, identified in the legal description in paragraph 
(a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for 
Platanthera holochila on Maui. Within this unit the currently known 
primary constituent elements of critical habitat for Platanthera 
holochila on Maui are the habitat components that provide: (1) 
Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis montane wet forest or 
Metrosideros polymorpha mixed montane bog or mesic scrubby Metrosideros 
polymorpha forest containing one or more of the following associated 
native plants: Cibotium sp., Coprosma ernodeoides, Oreobolus furcatus, 
Styphelia tameiameiae, Wikstroemia sp., Scaevola chamissoniana, 
Sadleria sp., Lythrum maritimum, Deschampsia sp., Metrosideros 
polymorpha, Luzula hawaiiensis, Sisyrinchium acre, Broussaisia arguta, 
Clermontia sp., Lycopodium cernuum, Dubautia scabra, Polypodium 
pellucidum, Gahnia gahniiformis, and Vaccinium reticulatum; and (2) 
elevations between 1,050 and 2,120 m (3,440 and 6,960 ft).
Family Plantaginaceae: Plantago princeps (Laukahi Kuahiwi)
    (i.) Kauai G, K, P, and T, identified in the legal descriptions in 
paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute critical habitat for 
Plantago princeps on Kauai. Within these units, the currently known 
primary constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components 
that provide: (1) Steep slopes, rock walls, or bases of waterfalls (a) 
in mesic or wet Metrosideros polymorpha forest and (b) containing one 
or more of the following associated native plant species: Dodonaea 
viscosa, Psychotria sp., Dicranopteris linearis, Cyanea sp., Hedyotis 
sp., Melicope sp., Dubautia plantaginea, Exocarpos luteolus, Poa 
siphonoglossa, Nothocestrum peltatum, Remya montgomeryi, Stenogyne 
campanulata, Xylosma sp., Pleomele sp., Machaerina angustifolia, 
Athyrium sp., Bidens sp., Eragrostis sp., Lysimachia filifolia, 
Pipturus sp., Cyrtandra sp., or Myrsine linearifolia; and (2) 
elevations between 480 to 1,100 m (1,580 to 3,610 ft).
    (ii.) Maui unit Q, identified in the legal description in paragraph 
(a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for Plantago 
princeps on Maui. Within this unit the currently known primary 
constituent elements of critical habitat for Plantago princeps on Maui 
are the habitat components that provide: (1) Basalt cliffs (a) in 
Metrosideros polymorpha lowland wet forest; or Acacia koa-Metrosideros 
polymorpha montane wet forest; or Metrosideros polymorpha montane wet 
shrubland and (b) containing one or more of the following associated 
native plant species: Eragrostis variabilis, Hedyotis formosa, and 
Dubautia plantaginea spp. humile; and (2) elevations between 400 and 
2,050 m (1,300 and 6,700 ft).
Family Poaceae: Cenchrus agrimonioides (Kamanomano (=Sandbur, 
Agrimony))
    Maui unit Ss, identified in the legal description in paragraph 
(a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for Cenchrus 
agrimonioides on Maui. Within this unit the currently known primary 
constituent elements of critical habitat for Cenchrus agrimonioides on 
Maui are the habitat components that provide: (1) Rough a`a lava scree 
(a) in mesic Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia koa forest and (b) 
containing one or more of the following associated native plant 
species: Alyxia oliviformis, Canthium odoratum, Carex sp., Diospyros 
sp., Styphelia tameiameiae, or Eragrostis variabilis; and (2) 
elevations between 560 and 820 m (1,830 and 2,700 ft).
Family Poaceae: Ischaemum byrone (Hilo Ischaemum)
    Maui units G, H, I, K, L, and M, identified in the legal 
descriptions in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitute 
critical habitat for Ischaemum byrone on Maui. Within these units the 
currently known primary constituent elements of critical habitat for 
Ischaemum byrone on Maui are the habitat components that provide: (1) 
Close proximity to the ocean, among rocks or on basalt cliffs (a) in 
coastal dry shrubland and (b) containing one or more of the following 
associated native plant species: Bidens sp., Fimbristylis cymosa, or 
Scaevola sericea; and (2) elevations from sea level to 75 m (250 ft).
Family Poaceae: Panicum niihauense (Lau `ehu)
    Kauai J, identified in the legal description in paragraph 
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for Panicum 
niihauense on Kauai. Within this unit, the currently known primary 
constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components that 
provide: (1) Sand dunes (a) in coastal shrubland and (b) containing one 
or more of the following associated native plant species: Dodonaea 
viscosa, Cassytha filiformis, Scaevola sericea, Sida fallax, Vitex 
rotundifolia, or Sporobolus sp.; and (2) elevations of 100 m or less 
(330 ft).
Family Poaceae: Poa mannii (Mann's Bluegrass)
    Kauai G, identified in the legal description in paragraph 
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for Poa 
mannii on Kauai. Within this unit, the currently known primary 
constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components that 
provide: (1) Cliffs, rock faces, or stream banks (a) in lowland or 
montane wet, dry, or mesic Metrosideros polymorpha or Acacia koa-
Metrosideros polymorpha montane mesic forest and (b) containing one or 
more of the following associated native plant species: Alectryon 
macrococcus, Antidesma platyphyllum, Bidens cosmoides, Chamaesyce 
celastroides var. hanapepensis, Artemisia australis, Bidens 
sandwicensis, Lobelia sandwicensis, Wilkesia gymnoxiphium, Eragrostis 
variabilis, Panicum lineale, Mariscus phloides, Luzula hawaiiensis, 
Carex meyenii, C. wahuensis, Cyrtandra wawrae, Dodonaea viscosa, 
Exocarpos luteolus, Labordia helleri, Nototrichium sp., Schiedea 
amplexicaulis, Hedyotis terminalis, Melicope anisata, M. barbigera, M. 
pallida, Pouteria sandwicensis, Schiedea membranacea, Diospyros 
sandwicensis, Psychotria mariniana, P. greenwelliae, or Kokia 
kauaiensis; and (2) elevations between 460 and 1,150 m (1,510 and 3,770 
ft).
Family Poaceae: Poa sandvicensis (Hawaiian Bluegrass)
    Kauai G and I, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph 
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Poa 
sandvicensis on Kauai. Within these units, the currently known primary 
constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components that 
provide: (1) Wet, shaded, gentle or steep

[[Page 79270]]

slopes, ridges, or rock ledges (a) in semi-open or closed, mesic or 
wet, diverse montane forest dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha and 
(b) containing one or more of the following associated native species: 
Dodonaea viscosa, Dubautia sp., Coprosma sp., Melicope sp., Dianella 
sandwicensis, Alyxia olivaeformis, Bidens sp., Dicranopteris linearis, 
Schiedea stellarioides, Peperomia macraeana, Claoxylon sandwicense, 
Acacia koa, Psychotria sp., Hedyotis sp., Scaevola sp., Cheirodendron 
sp., or Syzygium sandwicensis; and (2) elevations between 1,035 to 
1,250 m (3,400 to 4,100 ft).
Family Poaceae: Poa siphonoglossa (No Common Name)
    Kauai G, I, and U, identified in the legal descriptions in 
paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute critical habitat for 
Poa siphonoglossa on Kauai. Within these units, the currently known 
primary constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components 
that provide: (1) Shady banks near ridge crests (a) in mesic 
Metrosideros polymorpha forest and (b) containing one or more of the 
following associated native plant species: Acacia koa, Psychotria sp., 
Scaevola sp., Alphitonia ponderosa, Zanthoxylum dipetalum, 
Tetraplasandra kauaiensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Hedyotis sp., Melicope 
sp., Vaccinium sp., Styphelia tameiameiae, Carex meyenii, Carex 
wahuensis, or Wilkesia gymnoxiphium; and (2) elevations between 1,000 
to 1,200 m (3,300 and 3,900 ft).
Family Primulaceae: Lysimachia filifolia (No Common Name)
    Kauai T, identified in the legal description in paragraph 
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for 
Lysimachia filifolia on Kauai. Within this unit, the currently known 
primary constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components 
that provide: (1) Mossy banks at the base of cliff faces within the 
spray zone of waterfalls or along streams in lowland wet forests and 
containing one or more of the following associated native plant 
species: mosses, ferns, liverworts, Machaerina sp., Heteropogon 
contortus, or Melicope sp.; and (2) elevations between 240 to 680 m 
(800 to 2,230 ft).
Family Primulaceae: Lysimachia lydgatei (No Common Name)
    Maui unit Q, identified in the legal description in paragraph 
(a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for 
Lysimachia lydgatei on Maui. Within this unit the currently known 
primary constituent elements of critical habitat for Lysimachia 
lydgatei on Maui are the habitat components that provide: (1) Sides of 
steep ridges (a) in Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis 
dominated wet to mesic shrubland or Metrosideros polymorpha-
Cheirodendron sp. montane forest and (b) containing one or more of the 
following associated native plant species: Lycopodium sp., Ilex sp., 
Dodonaea viscosa, Vaccinium sp., Eurya sp., Styphelia tameiameiae, 
Coprosma sp., Ochna sp., Astelia sp., Broussaisia arguta or mat ferns; 
and (2) elevations between 915 and 1,415 m (3,000 and 4,640 ft).
Family Rhamnaceae: Colubrina oppositifolia (Kauila)
    Maui unit Ss, identified in the legal description in paragraph 
(a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for 
Colubrina oppositifolia on Maui. Within this unit the currently known 
primary constituent elements of critical habitat for Colubrina 
oppositifolia on Maui are the habitat components that provide: (1) 
Lowland dry and mesic forests dominated by Diospyros sandwicensis 
containing one or more of the following associated native plant 
species: Dodonaea viscosa, Canavalia sp., Wikstroemia sp., Canthium 
odoratum, or Reynoldsia sandwicensis; and (2) elevations between 240-
915 m (800 and 3,000 ft).
Family Rhamnaceae: Gouania meyenii (No Common Name)
    Kauai G and I, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph 
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Gouania 
meyenii on Kauai. Within these units, the currently known primary 
constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components that 
provide: (1) Rocky ledges, cliff faces, or ridge tops (a) in dry 
shrubland or Metrosideros polymorpha lowland mesic forest and (b) 
containing one or more of the following native plant species: Dodonaea 
viscosa, Chamaesyce sp., Psychotria sp., Hedyotis sp., Melicope sp., 
Nestegis sandwicensis, Bidens sp., Carex meyenii, Diospyros sp., 
Lysimachia sp., or Senna gaudichaudii; and (2) elevations between 490 
to 880 m (1,600 to 2,880 ft).
Family Rubiaceae: Hedyotis cookiana (`Awiwi)
    Kauai G, identified in the legal description in paragraph 
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for Hedyotis 
cookiana on Kauai. Within this unit, the currently known primary 
constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components that 
provide: (1) Streambeds or steep cliffs close to water sources in 
lowland wet forest communities; and (2) elevations between 170 and 370 
m (560 and 1,210 ft).

[[Page 79271]]

Family Rubiaceae: Hedyotis coriacea (Kio'ele)
    Maui unit X, identified in the legal description in paragraph 
(a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for Hedyotis 
coriacea on Maui. Within this unit the currently known primary 
constituent elements of critical habitat for Hedyotis coriacea on Maui 
are the habitat components that provide: (1) Steep, rocky, slopes (a) 
in dry lowland Dodonaea viscosa dominated shrublands and (b) containing 
one or more of the following associated native plant species: Sida 
fallax, Gouania hillebrandii, Bidens menziesii, Lipochaeta livarum, 
Myoporum sp., or Schiedea menziesii; and (2) elevation of 470 to 2,300 
m (1,540 to 7,550 ft).
Family Rubiaceae: Hedyotis mannii (Pilo)
    Maui unit Q, identified in the legal description in paragraph 
(a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for Hedyotis 
mannii on Maui. Within this unit the currently known primary 
constituent elements of critical habitat for Hedyotis mannii on Maui 
are the habitat components that provide: (1) Basalt cliffs along stream 
banks (a) in Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis montane wet 
forest and (b) containing one or more of the following associated 
native plant species: Machaerina sp., Carex meyenii, Phyllostegia sp., 
Hedyotis acuminata, Cyrtandra platyphylla, Cyanea sp., and Isachne 
distichophylla; and (2) elevation of 826 to 882 m (2,800 to 3,000 ft).
Family Rubiaceae: Hedyotis st.-johnii (Na Pali Beach Hedyotis)
    Kauai G and J, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph 
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Hedyotis 
st.-johnii on Kauai. Within these units, the currently known primary 
constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components that 
provide: (1) Crevices of north-facing, near-vertical coastal cliff 
faces within the spray zone (a) in sparse dry coastal shrubland and (b) 
containing one or more of the following native plant species: Myoporum 
sandwicense, Eragrostis variabilis, Lycium sandwicense, Heteropogon 
contortus, Artemisia australis or Chamaesyce celastroides; and (2) 
elevations above 75 m (250 ft).
Family Rutaceae: Melicope adscendens (Alani)
    Maui unit Ss, identified in the legal description in paragraph 
(a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for Melicope 
adscendens on Maui. Within this unit the currently known primary 
constituent elements of critical habitat for Melicope adscendens on 
Maui are the habitat components that provide: (1) A`a lava with pockets 
of soil (a) in Nestegis sandwicensis-Pleomele lowland mesic forest or 
open dry forest and (b) containing one or more of the following 
associated native plant taxa: Pleomele auwahiensis, Dodonaea viscosa, 
Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, Alphitonia ponderosa, Chamaesyce 
celastroides var. lorifolia, Santalum ellipticum, Pouteria 
sandwicensis, Styphelia tameiameiae or Xylosma hawaiiensis; and (2) 
elevations between 768 and 1,220 m (2,520 and 4,000 ft).
Family Rutaceae: Melicope haupuensis (Alani)
    Kauai G and I, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph 
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Melicope 
haupuensis on Kauai. Within these units, the currently known primary 
constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components that 
provide: (1) Moist talus slopes (a) in Metrosideros polymorpha 
dominated lowland mesic forests or Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia koa 
montane mesic forest and (b) containing one or more of the following 
associated native plant species: Dodonaea viscosa, Diospyros sp., 
Psychotria mariniana, P. greenwelliae, Melicope ovata, M. anisata, M. 
barbigera, Dianella sandwicensis, Pritchardia minor, Tetraplasandra 
waimeae, Claoxylon sandwicensis, Cheirodendron trigynum, Pleomele 
aurea, Cryptocarya mannii, Pouteria sandwicensis, Bobea brevipes, 
Hedyotis terminalis, Elaeocarpus bifidus, or Antidesma sp; and (2) 
elevations between 375 to 1,075 m (1,230 to 3,530 ft).
Family Rutaceae: Melicope knudsenii (Alani)
    (i.) Kauai G and I, identified in the legal descriptions in 
paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute critical habitat for 
Melicope knudsenii on Kauai. Within these units, the currently known 
primary constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components 
that provide: (1) Forested flats or talus slopes (a) in lowland dry or 
montane mesic forests and (b) containing one or more of the following 
associated native plant species: Dodonaea viscosa, Antidesma sp., 
Metrosideros polymorpha, Xylosma sp., Hibiscus sp., Myrsine lanaiensis, 
Diospyros sp., Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Bobea sp., Nestegis 
sandwicensis, Hedyotis sp., Melicope sp., Psychotria sp., or 
Pittosporum kauaiensis; and (2) elevations between 450 to 1,000 m 
(1,480 to 3,300 ft).

[[Page 79272]]

    (ii.) Maui unit Ss, identified in the legal description in 
paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitutes critical habitat 
for Melicope knudsenii on Maui. Within this unit the currently known 
primary constituent elements of critical habitat for Melicope knudsenii 
on Maui are the habitat components that provide: (1) Forested flats or 
talus slopes (a) in Nestegis-Pleomele mixed open dry forests and (b) 
containing one or more of the following associated native plant 
species: Dodonaea viscosa, Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, Alphitonia 
ponderosa, Santalum ellipticum, or Xylosma hawaiiensis; and (2) 
elevations between 450 and 1,220 m (1,480 and 4,000 ft).
Family Rutaceae: Melicope mucronulata (Alani)
    Maui unit Ss, identified in the legal description in paragraph 
(a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for Melicope 
mucronulata on Maui. Within this unit the currently known primary 
constituent elements of critical habitat for Melicope mucronulata on 
Maui are the habitat components that provide: (1) Steep west or north-
facing slopes (a) in lowland dry to mesic forest and (b) containing one 
or more of the following associated species: Dodonaea viscosa, 
Metrosideros polymorpha, Styphelia tameiameiae, or Dubautia linearis; 
and (2) elevations between 670 and 1,070 m (2,200 and 3,500 ft).
Family Rutaceae: Melicope pallida (Alani)
    Kauai G and I, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph 
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Melicope 
pallida on Kauai. Within these units, the currently known primary 
constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components that 
provide: (1) Steep rock faces (a) in lowland or montane mesic or wet 
forests or shrubland and (b) containing one or more of the following 
associated native plant species: Dodonaea viscosa, Lepidium serra, 
Pleomele sp., Boehmeria grandis, Coprosma sp., Hedyotis terminalis, 
Melicope sp., Pouteria sandwicensis, Poa mannii, Schiedea membranacea, 
Psychotria mariniana, Dianella sandwicensis, Pritchardia minor, 
Chamaesyce celastroides var hanapepensis, Nototrichium sp., Carex 
meyenii, Artemisia sp., Abutilon sandwicense, Alyxia olivaeformis, 
Dryopteris sp., Metrosideros polymorpha, Pipturus albidus, Sapindus 
oahuensis, Tetraplasandra sp., or Xylosma hawaiiense; and (2) 
elevations between 490 to 915 m (1,600 to 3,000 ft).
Family Rutaceae: Zanthoxylum hawaiiense (A`e)
    (i.) Kauai I, identified in the legal description in paragraph 
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for 
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense on Kauai. Within this unit, the currently known 
primary constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components 
that provide: (1) Lowland dry or mesic forests, or montane dry forest, 
(a) dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha or Diospyros sandwicensis, and 
(b) containing one or more of the following associated plant species: 
Pleomele auwahiensis, Antidesma platyphyllum, Pisonia sp., Alectryon 
macrococcus, Charpentiera sp., Melicope sp., Streblus pendulinus, 
Myrsine lanaiensis, Sophora chrysophylla, or Dodonaea viscosa; and (2) 
elevations between 550 and 730 m (1,800 and 2,400 ft).
    (ii.) Maui unit Ss, identified in the legal description in 
paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitutes critical habitat 
for Zanthoxylum hawaiiense on Maui. Within this unit the currently 
known primary constituent elements of critical habitat for Zanthoxylum 
hawaiiense on Maui are the habitat components that provide: (1) Open 
lowland dry or mesic Nestegis sandwicensis-Pleomele auwahiensis 
forests, or montane dry forest containing one or more of the following 
associated native species: Metrosideros polymorpha, Diospyros 
sandwicensis, Pisonia sp., Xylosma hawaiiensis, Santalum ellipticum, 
Alphitonia ponderosa, Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, Alectryon 
macrococcus, Charpentiera sp., Melicope sp., Dodonaea viscosa, Streblus 
pendulinus, Myrsine lanaiensis, or Sophora chrysophylla; and (2) 
elevations between 550 and 1,740 m (1,800 and 5,710 ft).
Family Santalaceae: Exocarpos luteolus (Heau)
    Kauai G, H, I, L, and S, identified in the legal descriptions in 
paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute critical habitat for 
Exocarpos luteolus on Kauai. Within these units, the currently known 
primary constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components 
that provide: (1) Wet places bordering swamps; open, dry ridges (a) in 
lowland or montane Metrosideros polymorpha dominated wet forest 
communities and (b) containing one or more of the following native 
plant species: Acacia koa, Cheirodendron trigynum, Pouteria 
sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Pleomele aurea, Psychotria mariniana, 
Psychotria greenwelliae, Bobea brevipes, Hedyotis terminalis, 
Elaeocarpus bifidus, Melicope haupuensis, Dubautia laevigata, Dianella 
sandwicensis, Poa sandvicensis, Schiedea stellarioides, Peperomia 
macraeana, Claoxylon sandwicense, Santalum freycinetianum, Styphelia 
tameiameiae, or Dicranopteris linearis; and (2) elevations between 475 
and 1,290 m (1,560 and 4,220 ft).

[[Page 79273]]

Family Sapindaceae: Alectryon macrococcus (Mahoe)
    (i.) Kauai G, I, and U, identified in the legal descriptions in 
paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute critical habitat for 
Alectryon macrococcus on Kauai. Within these units, the currently known 
primary constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components 
that provide: (1) Dry slopes or gulches (a) in Diospyros sp., 
Metrosideros polymorpha lowland mesic forest, Metrosideros polymorpha 
mixed mesic forest, or Diospyros sp. mixed mesic forest, (b) containing 
one or more of the following native plant species: Nestegis 
sandwicensis, Psychotria sp., Pisonia sp., Xylosma sp., Streblus 
pendulinus, Hibiscus sp., Antidesma sp., Pleomele sp., Acacia koa, 
Melicope knudsenii, Hibiscus waimeae, Pteralyxia sp., Zanthoxylum sp., 
Kokia kauaiensis, Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Myrsine lanaiensis, Canthium 
odoratum, Canavalia sp., Alyxia oliviformis, Nesoluma polynesicum, 
Munroidendron racemosum, Caesalpinia kauaiense, Tetraplasandra sp., 
Pouteria sandwicensis, or Bobea timonioides; and (2) elevations between 
360 to 1,070 m (1,180 to 3,510 ft).
    (ii.) Maui units Q, Rr, and Ss, identified in the legal 
descriptions in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitute 
critical habitat for Alectryon macrococcus on Maui. Within these units 
the currently known primary constituent elements of critical habitat 
for Alectryon macrococcus var. auwahiensis on Maui are the habitat 
components that provide: (1) Mixed lowland dry forest containing one or 
more of the following associated native plant species: Diospyros 
sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, Alphitonia 
ponderosa, Santalum ellipticum, Xylosma hawaiiensis, Nestegis 
sandwicensis, Streblus pendulinus, or Pleomele auwahiensis; and (2) 
elevations of 360 to 1,070 m (1,180 to 3,510 ft). Within these units 
the currently known primary constituent elements of critical habitat 
for Alectryon macrococcus var. macrococcus on Maui are the habitat 
components that provide: (1) Dry slopes or gulches (a) in dense mesic 
mixed Metrosideros polymorpha forest or Diospyros sandwicensis forest 
which contain (b) one or more of the following associated native plant 
species: Nestegis sandwicensis or Antidesma platyphylla; and (2) 
elevations of 360 to 1,070 m (1,180 to 3,510 ft).
Family Solanaceae: Nothocestrum peltatum (`Aiea)
    Kauai G and I, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph 
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute critical habitat for 
Nothocestrum peltatum on Kauai. Within these units, the currently known 
primary constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components 
that provide: (1) Rich soil on steep slopes (a) in montane or lowland 
mesic or wet forest dominated by Acacia koa or a mixture of Acacia koa 
and Metrosideros polymorpha, and (b) containing one or more of the 
following associated native plant species: Antidesma sp., Dicranopteris 
linearis, Bobea brevipes, Elaeocarpus bifidus, Alphitonia ponderosa, 
Melicope anisata, M. barbigera, M. haupuensis, Pouteria sandwicensis, 
Dodonaea viscosa, Dianella sandwicensis, Tetraplasandra kauaiensis, 
Claoxylon sandwicensis, Cheirodendron trigynum, Psychotria mariniana, 
P. greenwelliae, Hedyotis terminalis, Ilex anomala, Xylosma sp., 
Cryptocarya mannii, Coprosma sp., Pleomele aurea, Diplazium 
sandwicensis, Broussaisia arguta, or Perrottetia sandwicensis; and (2) 
elevations between 915 to 1,220 m (3,000 to 4,000 ft).
Family Solanaceae: Solanum sandwicense (`Aiakeaakua, Popolu)
    Kauai D, G, and I, identified in the legal descriptions in 
paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute critical habitat for 
Solanum sandwicense on Kauai. Within these units, the currently known 
primary constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components 
that provide: (1) Open, sunny areas (a) in diverse lowland or montane 
mesic or wet forests and (b) containing one or more of the following 
associated plants: Alphitonia ponderosa, Ilex anomala, Xylosma sp., 
Athyrium sandwicensis, Syzygium sandwicensis, Bidens cosmoides, 
Dianella sandwicensis, Poa siphonoglossa, Carex meyenii, Hedyotis sp., 
Coprosma sp., Dubautia sp., Pouteria sandwicensis, Cryptocarya mannii, 
Acacia koa, Metrosideros polymorpha, Dicranopteris linearis, Psychotria 
sp., or Melicope sp.; and (2) elevations between 760 and 1,220 m (2,500 
and 4,000 ft).

[[Page 79274]]

Family Urticaceae: Neraudia sericea (No Common Name)
    Maui units T and Qq, identified in the legal descriptions in 
paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitute critical habitat for 
Neraudia sericea on Maui. Within these units the currently known 
primary constituent elements of critical habitat for Neraudia sericea 
on Maui are the habitat components that provide: (1) Lowland dry to 
mesic Metrosideros polymorpha-Dodonaea viscosa-Styphelia tameiameiae 
shrubland or forest or Acacia koa forest containing one or more of the 
following associated native plant taxa: Huperzia mannii, Urera glabra, 
Cyrtandra oxybapha, Cyrtandra platyphylla, Sida fallax, Diospyros sp., 
Bobea sp., Coprosma sp., or Hedyotis sp.; and (2) elevations between 
670 and 1,480 m (2,200 and 4,850 ft).
Family Violaceae: Isodendrion laurifolium (Aupaka)
    Kauai G, I, and U, identified in the legal descriptions in 
paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute critical habitat for 
Isodendrion laurifolium on Kauai. Within these units, the currently 
known primary constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat 
components that provide: (1) Diverse mesic or wet forest (a) dominated 
by Metrosideros polymorpha, Acacia koa, or Diospyros sp. and (b) 
containing one or more of the following associated native plant 
species: Kokia kauaiensis, Streblus sp., Elaeocarpus bifidus, Canthium 
odoratum, Antidesma sp., Xylosma hawaiiense, Hedyotis terminalis, 
Pisonia sp., Nestegis sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Euphorbia 
haeleeleana, Pleomele sp., Pittosporum sp., Melicope sp., Claoxylon 
sandwicense, Alphitonia ponderosa, Myrsine lanaiensis, or Pouteria 
sandwicensis; and (2) elevations between 490 and 820 m (1,600 and 2,700 
ft).
Family Violaceae: Isodendrion longifolium (Aupaka)
    Kauai F, G, L, M, and P, identified in the legal descriptions in 
paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute critical habitat for 
Isodendrion longifolium on Kauai. Within these units, the currently 
known primary constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat 
components that provide: (1) Steep slopes, gulches, or stream banks (a) 
in mesic or wet Metrosideros polymorpha forests and (b) containing one 
or more of the following native species: Dicranopteris linearis, 
Eugenia sp., Diospyros sp., Pritchardia sp., Canthium odoratum, 
Melicope sp., Cheirodendron sp., Ilex anomala, Pipturus sp., Hedyotis 
fluviatilis, Peperomia sp., Bidens sp., Nestegis sandwicensis, Cyanea 
hardyi, Syzygium sp., Cibotium sp., Bobea brevipes, Antidesma sp., 
Cyrtandra sp., Hedyotis terminalis, Peperomia sp., Perrottetia 
sandwicensis, Pittosporum sp., or Psychotria sp.; and (2) elevations 
between 410 to 760 m (1,345 to 2,500 ft).
Family Violaceae: Viola helenae (No Common Name)
    Kauai L, identified in the legal description in paragraph 
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for Viola 
helenae on Kauai. Within this unit, the currently known primary 
constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components that 
provide: (1) Stream banks or adjacent valley bottoms with light to 
moderate shade in Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis 
lowland wet forest; and (2) elevations between 610-855 m (2,000-2,800 
ft).
Family Violaceae: Viola kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis (Nani Wai`ale`ale)
    Kauai L, identified in the legal description in paragraph 
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for Viola 
kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis on Kauai. Within this unit, the currently 
known primary constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat 
components that provide: (1) Open montane bog or wet shrubland 
containing one or more of the following native plant species: 
Dicranopteris linearis, Diplopterygium pinnatum, Syzygium sandwicensis, 
or Metrosideros polymorpha; and (2) elevations between 640 and 865 m 
(2,100 and 2,840 ft).

(B) Ferns and Allies

Family Adiantaceae: Pteris lidgatei (No Common Name)
    Maui units Q and Aa, identified in the legal descriptions in 
paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitute critical habitat for 
Pteris lidgatei on Maui. Within these units the currently known primary 
constituent elements of critical habitat for Pteris lidgatei on Maui 
are the habitat components that provide: (1) Steep stream banks (a) in 
wet Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis montane forest and 
(b) containing one or more of the following native plant taxa: Cibotium 
chamissoi, Dicranopteris linearis, Elaphoglossum crassifolium, Sadleria 
squarrosa, or Sphenomeris chusana; and (2) elevations between 915 and 
1,070 m (3,000 and 3,500 ft).
Family Aspleniaceae: Ctenitis squamigera (Pauoa)
    Maui units Q, T, Xx, and Zz, identified in the legal descriptions 
in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitute critical habitat 
for Ctenitis squamigera on Maui. Within these units the primary 
constituent elements of critical habitat for Ctenitis squamigera on 
Maui are the habitat components that provide: Forest understory (a) in 
Metrosideros polymorpha montane wet forest, Metrosideros polymorpha-
Diospyros sp. mesic forest or diverse mesic forest and (b) containing 
one or more of the following native plant species: Alyxia oliviformis, 
Freycinetia arborea, Coprosma sp., Pleomele sp., Thelypteris 
globulifera, Sadleria sp., Doodia sp., Pittosporum sp., Dryopteris sp., 
Bobea sp., Antidesma sp., Peperomia sp., Dicranopteris linearis, 
Schiedea pubescens var. pubescens, Hibiscus kokio ssp. kokio, Hedyotis 
formosa, Pritchardia forbesiana, Myrsine sp., Psychotria sp., or 
Xylosma sp.; and (2) elevations between 380 and 1,000 m (1,250 and 
3,280 feet).

[[Page 79275]]

Family Aspleniaceae: Diellia erecta (No Common Name)
    Maui units Q, T, and Qq, identified in the legal descriptions in 
paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitute critical habitat for 
Diellia erecta on Maui. Within these units the currently known primary 
constituent elements of critical habitat for Diellia erecta on Maui are 
the habitat components that provide: (1) Steep slopes or gulch bottoms 
in deep shade (a) in Diospyros sandwicensis-Metrosideros polymorpha 
lowland mesic forest and (b) containing one or more of the following 
associated native plant species: Nestegis sp., Styphelia tameiameiae, 
Melicope sp., Coprosma sp., Dodonaea viscosa, Dryopteris unidentata, 
Myrsine sp., Psychotria sp., Pleomele auwahiensis, Syzygium 
sandwicensis, or Wikstroemia sp.; and (2) elevations between 210 and 
1,590 m (700 and 5,200 ft).
Family Aspleniaceae: Diellia pallida (No Common Name)
    Kauai G and I, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph 
(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Diellia 
pallida on Kauai. Within these units, the currently known primary 
constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components that 
provide: (1) Bare soil on steep, rocky, dry slopes (a) in lowland mesic 
forests and (b) containing one or more of the following native plant 
species: Acacia koa, Alectryon macrococcus, Antidesma platyphyllum, 
Metrosideros polymorpha, Myrsine lanaiensis, Zanthoxylum dipetalum, 
Tetraplasandra kauaiensis, Psychotria mariniana, Carex meyenii, 
Diospyros hillebrandii, Hedyotis knudsenii, Canthium odoratum, 
Pteralyxia kauaiensis, Nestegis sandwicensis, Alyxia olivaeformis, 
Wilkesia gymnoxiphium, Alphitonia ponderosa, Styphelia tameiameiae, or 
Rauvolfia sandwicensis; and (2) elevations between 530 to 915 m (1,700 
to 3,000 ft).
Family Aspleniaceae: Diplazium molokaiense (No Common Name)
    Maui unit Qq, identified in the legal description in paragraph 
(a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for 
Diplazium molokaiense on Maui. Within this unit the currently known 
primary constituent elements of critical habitat for Diplazium 
molokaiense on Maui are the habitat components that provide: (1) 
Proximity to waterfalls in lowland or montane mesic Metrosideros 
polymorpha-Acacia koa forest; and (2) elevations between 850 and 1,680 
m (2,800 and 5,500 ft).
Family Grammitidaceae: Adenophorus periens (Pendant Kihi Fern)
    Kauai F, G, K, L, P, and R, identified in the legal descriptions in 
paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute critical habitat for 
Adenophorus periens on Kauai. Within these units, the currently known 
primary constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components 
that provide: (1) Well-developed, closed canopy that provides deep 
shade or high humidity (a) In Metrosideros polymorpha-Cibotium glaucum 
lowland wet forests, open Metrosideros polymorpha montane wet forest, 
or Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis lowland wet forest, 
and (b) containing one or more of the following native plant species: 
Athyrium sandwicensis, Broussaisia sp., Cheirodendron trigynum, Cyanea 
sp., Cyrtandra sp., Dicranopteris linearis, Freycinetia arborea, 
Hedyotis terminalis, Labordia hirtella, Machaerina angustifolia, 
Psychotria sp., Psychotria hexandra, or Syzygium sandwicensis; and (2) 
elevations between 400 and 1,265 m (1,310 and 4,150 ft).
Family Lycopodiaceae: Phlegmariurus mannii (Wawae`iole)
    Maui units Q, W, Jj, Kk, and Qq, identified in the legal 
descriptions in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitute 
critical habitat for Phlegmariurus mannii on Maui. Within these units 
the currently known primary constituent elements of critical habitat 
for Phlegmariurus mannii on Maui are the habitat components that 
provide: (1) As an epiphyte on Metrosideros polymorpha, and Acacia koa 
trees in moist protected gulches (a) in mesic to wet montane 
Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia koa forests or wet montane Metrosideros 
polymorpha-Acacia koa forests and (b) containing one or more of the 
following associated native plant taxa: Thelypteris sp., Athyrium sp., 
Styphelia sp., Cyanea atra, Machaerina sp., Cyrtandra sp., Sadleria 
sp., Vaccinium sp., Dodonaea viscosa, Astelia menziesii, Coprosma sp., 
Cheirodendron trigynum, Ilex anomala, or Myrsine sp.; and (2) 
elevations from 900 to 1,600 m (2,950 to 5,250 ft).

    Dated: November 29, 2000.
Kenneth L. Smith,
Acting Assistant Secretary for Fish and Wildlife and Parks.
[FR Doc. 00-31078 Filed 12-15-00; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4310-55-P


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