Affirmed and Opinion filed March 21, 2013.

In The

Fourteenth Court of Appeals 

NO. 14-12-00162-CR

SHANEQUA TERRY, Appellant

V.

THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

On Appeal from the 228th District Court

Harris County, Texas

Trial Court Cause No. 1288605

O P I N I O N

Appellant Shanequa Terry appeals her conviction of aggregate theft, 

stemming from her applications for and receipt of food stamps. She challenges the 

sufficiency of the evidence to support the conviction. In addition, she asserts the 
2

trial court violated her rights under the Confrontation Clause of the United States 

Constitution by admitting certain records into evidence. We affirm.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

Appellant was charged by indictment with the felony offense of theft in 

connection with appellant’s applications for and receipt of food stamps. As alleged 

in the indictment, “pursuant to one scheme and continuing course of conduct”

appellant unlawfully appropriated, by acquiring and exercising control over, food 

stamps owned by the State with intent to deprive the State of that property. The 

conduct was alleged to have occurred beginning on or about May 1, 2007, and 

continuing through March 31, 2008, and November 1, 2009, and continuing

through December 31, 2009. The value of the food stamps was $3,026. Appellant

pleaded “not guilty” to the charged offense.

At trial, the State presented evidence that appellant, a single mother of three 

children, applied for assistance with the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance 

Program (“SNAP”), a “food-stamp” program associated with the Texas Health and 

Human Services Commission. According to testimony at trial, the program

provides a “Lone Star Card,” a special debit card that contains a fixed amount of 

money that a recipient may use to purchase food and other basic necessities. 

Generally, after an applicant files a handwritten application, a caseworker

from the Health and Human Services Commission interviews the applicant and

enters the applicant’s answers into a computer program during the interview. 

According to the record, when calculating benefits, the caseworkers rely heavily on 

applicants’ representations in entering information into the computer program. 

Although caseworkers attempt to verify representations for accuracy, not all 

employers are required to report employment information to the State, and, with 
3

respect to those that do report, the information could be two to three months old at 

the time it is reported. 

Based on the information entered into the computer, a “generic worksheet” 

is generated by the computer program. The generic worksheet reflects all of the 

information that the computer program uses to calculate benefits awarded to the 

applicant, including the interviewer’s work product, a synthesis of information 

from the applicant’s handwritten application, supporting documents, and oral 

responses given by the applicant at the interview. Recipients of the assistance may 

apply every six months to renew the benefits.

Kenneth Martin, a program supervisor for the Texas Health and Human 

Services Commission, testified that an applicant’s eligibility for assistance and the 

benefit amount is not determined by the caseworker; rather, “the [computer]

system determines” it. Martin further testified that income and household size are 

primary factors for calculating benefits. According to Martin, if an applicant failed 

to report income, the applicant could receive more benefits than the applicant

would be entitled to receive.

The record reflects that the Texas Department of Health and Human 

Services first received an application for SNAP benefits for appellant and two

children on May 8, 2007.

1

 As reflected in the handwritten application, appellant 

had not worked in the prior three months. Appellant attended an interview with a 

caseworker on May 21, 2007. A generic worksheet, State’s Exhibit 7, prepared 

during the interview reflects the following statements:

appellant’s only income was from child support; 

 

1 The document bears appellant’s purported signature and the date “4/11/07.”
4

appellant had no other income or contributions from any other 

sources; and

appellant had not worked in the past twelve months.

The record reflects that appellant was eligible for $408 in monthly SNAP benefits. 

Although the generic worksheet was admitted into evidence, the caseworker who 

conducted the interview with appellant did not testify.

The record reflects that appellant filed a renewal application for SNAP 

benefits on November 5, 2007, for herself and two children. The application 

reflects that appellant had not worked in the prior three-month period. Appellant 

attended an interview on November 16, 2007. A generic worksheet, State’s 

Exhibit 4, compiled during appellant’s interview on November 16, 2007, reflects 

the following statements:

appellant’s only income was from child support; and

appellant was looking for work.

Although the generic worksheet was admitted into evidence, the worker who 

conducted the interview with appellant did not testify.

It is undisputed that appellant continued to receive SNAP benefits through 

December 2009. The record contains another application for renewal of SNAP 

benefits, received on April 15, 2009, for appellant and three children.2 The 

application reflects that appellant had not worked in the prior three months and 

listed child support as appellant’s only income. 

The record reflects that appellant attended another interview with a 

caseworker on October 22, 2009, but there was no application in the record 

associated with this interview. As reflected in this generic worksheet, State’s 

 

2 The record reflects that a third child was born in 2008.
5

Exhibit 2, generated during the interview, appellant continued to receive child 

support, but was “no longer working for Pubsco, Inc. as of 7/15/2009.” As 

reflected in the generic worksheet, appellant also had received “vendor payments.” 

The interviewer who prepared the generic worksheet did not testify.

In June 2010, the Department of Health and Human Services initiated an 

investigation of appellant’s SNAP benefits after the Texas Workforce Commission 

reported that appellant had been receiving income from two companies: “Bargain 

Network” and “Pubsco.” Richard Ramirez, a senior investigator with an 

investigative division of Texas Health and Human Services Commission, 

conducted the investigation of welfare fraud. Ramirez obtained pay records from 

the Bargain Network, reflecting a pay period for appellant beginning April 16, 

2007, and that appellant’s last pay period ended in March 2008. Pay records from 

Pubsco reflect that appellant first received a paycheck on September 11, 2009, and 

that appellant’s last paycheck was dated January 8, 2010. 

Because Ramirez’s investigation for welfare fraud pertained to two relevant 

time periods, he obtained the generic worksheets associated with appellant’s 

receipt of SNAP benefits relevant to those time periods and compared them to the 

employers’ records. Ramirez did not have access to the applications associated 

with those same time periods. After reviewing those generic worksheets, Ramirez 

determined that appellant’s income from Bargain Network and Pubsco had not 

been reported to the Texas Health and Human Services Commission; none of the 

generic worksheets reflected that she reported such income to a caseworker.

Ramirez entered appellant’s pay information from Bargain Network into a 

computer program, which calculated that, from May 2007 until March 2008, 

appellant had received $2,798 more in benefits than she was eligible to receive.
6

Based on appellant’s employment with Pubsco, appellant received $228 per month 

more than she was entitled to receive in November 2009 and December 2009. In 

all, appellant received $3,026 more in benefits than she should have received. 

Ramirez testified that failing to report income would not have disqualified 

appellant from receiving SNAP benefits, but that appellant’s income from her 

employment at Bargain Network and Pubsco would have affected the amount of 

benefits she was entitled to receive each month. According to Ramirez, appellant 

was not entitled to receive any benefits in some months, based on appellant’s

income during that time.

Ramirez testified that he interviewed appellant on October 12, 2010; the 

recorded audio interview was offered into evidence. As reflected in the video, 

appellant claimed to have reported income from the two part-time jobs to a local 

SNAP office at “Greenspoint.” Appellant claimed that SNAP records at the 

Greenspoint office would reflect that she offered the information. Ramirez

attempted to locate records of those telephone calls at the local office, but did not 

locate them. Ramirez surmised that the records could be in storage in Austin, 

Texas; he indicated he was unable to access them. Ramirez stated that if an 

applicant already was working at the time of an application or interview, there 

would be no need to report the same employment by telephone at a later date. 

Ramirez filed a report with the Harris County District Attorney’s Office one month 

later, which resulted in the charges against appellant. 

At the close of the State’s case, appellant moved for an instructed verdict, 

which the trial court denied. The jury found appellant guilty of the charged 

offense. Appellant was sentenced to 180 days’ confinement in state jail, probated 

for two years. She now appeals the conviction.
7

ISSUES AND ANALYSIS

Is the evidence sufficient to support appellant’s conviction for aggregate

theft?

In her first issue, appellant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to 

support her conviction, claiming that reasonable doubt exists as to whether she 

reported her part-time employment to the State when she applied for benefits. In 

evaluating a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence supporting a criminal 

conviction, we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict. 

Wesbrook v. State, 29 S.W.3d 103, 111 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). The issue on 

appeal is not whether we, as a court, believe the State’s evidence or believe that 

appellant’s evidence outweighs the State’s evidence. Wicker v. State, 667 S.W.2d 

137, 143 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984). The verdict may not be overturned unless it is 

irrational or unsupported by proof beyond a reasonable doubt. Matson v. State, 

819 S.W.2d 839, 846 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991). The trier of fact “is the sole judge 

of the credibility of the witnesses and of the strength of the evidence.” Fuentes v. 

State, 991 S.W.2d 267, 271 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999). The trier of fact may choose 

to believe or disbelieve any portion of the witnesses’ testimony. Sharp v. State, 

707 S.W.2d 611, 614 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986). When faced with conflicting 

evidence, we presume the trier of fact resolved conflicts in favor of the prevailing 

party. Turro v. State, 867 S.W.2d 43, 47 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993). Therefore, if 

any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime 

beyond a reasonable doubt, we must affirm. McDuff v. State, 939 S.W.2d 607, 614 

(Tex. Crim. App. 1997).

Unlawful appropriation of food stamps is chargeable under the general theft 

statute. See Gomez v. State, 663 S.W.2d 662, 663–64 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 

1983, no pet.); see also Ex Parte Mangrum, 564 S.W.2d 751, 756 (Tex. Crim. App. 
8

1978) (providing that unlawfully obtaining welfare assistance is properly charged 

under the general theft statute). A person commits the offense of theft if that 

person unlawfully appropriates property with intent to deprive the owner of the 

property. See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 31.03(a) (West Supp. 2012). As alleged in 

this case, a person commits the offense, a state jail felony, if the property 

unlawfully appropriated is valued at $1,500 or more, but less than $20,000. See 

Tex. Penal Code Ann. §§ 31.03(a), 31.03(e)(4)(A) (West Supp. 2012). A person 

acts with intent when it is the person’s conscious objective or desire to engage in 

the conduct or cause the result. Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 6.03(a) (West 2011). 

Appropriation of property is unlawful if it is “without the owner’s effective 

consent.” Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 31.03(b)(1). Consent is not effective if it is 

induced by deception or coercion. Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 31.01(3)(A) (West 

Supp. 2012). Deception means “[c]reating or confirming by words or conduct a 

false impression of law or fact that is likely to affect the judgment of another in the 

transaction, and that the actor does not believe to be true.” Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 

31.01(1)(A). Intent may be inferred from the circumstances. See Smith v. State, 

965 S.W.2d 509, 518 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998); Reed v. State, 158 S.W.3d 44, 48 

(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2005, pet. ref’d). 

The Texas Penal Code allows multiple thefts committed pursuant to one 

scheme or continuing course of conduct—even at different times and against 

different victims—to aggregate within one offense for the purposes of determining 

the grade of the offense.” Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 31.09 (West 2011); Anderson v. 

State, 322 S.W.3d 401, 407–08 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2010, pet. ref’d). 

Aggregation under section 31.09 creates a single offense for purposes of 

jurisdiction, punishment, and statute of limitations. Graves v. State, 795 S.W.2d 

185, 187 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990); Anderson, 322 S.W.3d at 408. Each individual 
9

theft and its elements become an element of the aggregate theft offense. State v. 

Weaver, 982 S.W.2d 892, 893 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998); Anderson, 322 S.W.3d at 

408. A theft is complete when all the elements have occurred. Barnes v. State,

824 S.W.2d 560, 562 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991), overruled on other grounds by

Proctor v. State, 967 S.W.2d 840, 842 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998); Anderson, 322 

S.W.3d at 408. Theft is not a continuing offense as it does not continue as long as 

the actor retains control of the property. Barnes, 824 S.W.2d at 562; Anderson, 

322 S.W.3d at 408. Likewise, the aggregate-theft statute does not convert theft 

into a continuing offense. See Dickens v. State, 981 S.W.2d 186, 188 (Tex. Crim. 

App. 1998) (providing that aggregate theft is the sum of all its “parts” and that a 

part is a completed theft whose elements have all been proven). Aggregate theft is 

an offense with continuing conduct that ends with the last theft and not after. Tita 

v. State, 267 S.W.3d 33, 35 n.1 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008) (providing that date of the 

last theft is the end date of the scheme or continuing course of conduct); Anderson, 

322 S.W.3d at 408. 

Circumstantial evidence is as probative as direct evidence in establishing the 

guilt of an actor, and circumstantial evidence, alone, is sufficient to establish guilt. 

Hooper v. State, 214 S.W.3d 9, 13 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). While an inference is 

a conclusion reached by considering other facts and deducing a logical sequence 

from those facts, speculation is mere theorizing or guessing about the possible 

meaning of facts and evidence. Id. at 16. Although a conclusion based on 

speculation may not be unreasonable, it is not sufficiently based on facts or 

evidence to support a finding beyond a reasonable doubt. See id.

The record reflects that Ramirez obtained pay records from Bargain 

Network and Pubsco, showing that appellant was receiving income from April 

2007 through March 2008 and from September 2009 through January 2010. 
10

Ramirez testified that he obtained generic worksheets3prepared during appellant’s 

interviews with caseworkers during each of the periods of alleged fraud. Ramirez 

determined that none of the generic worksheets reflected that appellant reported the 

income to the caseworker. See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 31.01(1)(A) (defining 

“deception” as creating a false impression through words or conduct that will 

likely affect the judgment of another in a transaction that the actor does not believe

is true). The State’s evidence established that in May 2007 and November 2007, 

and again in October 2009, appellant was employed when she applied for SNAP 

benefits, interviewed with a caseworker, and ultimately received SNAP benefits as 

a result of the applications or interviews. It is undisputed that appellant 

continuously received SNAP benefits from May 2007 through December 2009; the 

record reflects that appellant was approved to receive and actually did receive 

SNAP benefits for a six-month period after each application and interview. The 

record reflects that on each of the applications and interviews, appellant failed to 

report the income from Bargain Network or Pubsco and received in total $3,026 

more in benefits than she should have received during those same intervals. On 

each of these occasions, evidence that appellant applied for and received the 

benefits without reporting income from Bargain Network or Pubsco supported the 

jury’s finding that appellant unlawfully appropriated the benefits by deceiving the 

Texas Health and Human Services Commission. See Tex. Penal Code Ann. §§ 

31.01(1)(A), 31.01(3)(A), 31.03(a), 31.03(b)(1). The evidence likewise supports 

 

3

In her second issue, which we address below, appellant challenges the propriety of the 

trial court’s admission of the generic worksheets. But, in a sufficiency review, a reviewing court 

considers all evidence, whether properly or improperly admitted at trial, that the jury was 

permitted to consider. Moff v. State, 131 S.W.3d 485, 488, 488–89 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004); see 

Wooten v. State, 267 S.W.3d 289, 295 n.2 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2008, pet. ref’d).
11

the conclusion that appellant intended to deprive the Texas Health and Human 

Services Commission of the benefits. See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 6.03(a).

Appellant asserts that reasonable doubt exists on the record as to whether 

appellant reported her employment at Bargain Network and Pubsco. Appellant 

asserts that there is a two-year “gap” in the State’s proof that could have shown, as 

appellant claimed, that appellant reported her income from Bargain Network and 

Pubsco, in her interview with Ramirez. Appellant points to the October 2009 

generic worksheet, reflecting statements that her employment ended at Pubsco in 

July 2009, and asserts that this evidence suggests that documents from this twoyear “gap” would contain proof that she previously had disclosed her employment. 

Appellant also asserts the same two-year “gap” exists in the indictment, noting that 

despite the allegation of a continuing course of conduct, the indictment alleged 

conduct that ended in March 2008, and began again in November 2009.

As for appellant’s complaint that a two-year “gap” exists in the indictment, 

the State did not allege aggregate theft during the times appellant had no income.

With aggregate theft, each individual theft offense is complete when all elements 

have occurred. Anderson, 322 S.W.3d at 408. Theft is not a continuing offense, 

continuing as long as the actor retains control of the property. See id. The record 

reflects that appellant received benefits for a six-month period following the 

applications or interviews in May 2007, November 2007, and October 2009. Each 

time that appellant concealed her Bargain Network or Pubsco income in an 

application or interview and then received SNAP benefits resulted in overpayment 

of benefits and was a completed theft. See id. Whether appellant later disclosed 

income is not relevant because the thefts were completed at the time she accepted 

the benefits. See id. (involving a defendant that continued to make 

misrepresentations after elements of a theft were completed, but providing that the 
12

misrepresentations did not create a new theft since the prior thefts, comprising 

aggregate theft, already were complete). Likewise, the fact that the State did not 

present all of appellant’s applications or worksheets does not change the fact that 

appellant committed the offense of theft in the aggregate. See Tex. Penal Code 

Ann. §§ 31.03(a), 31.03(e)(4)(A); see Anderson, 322 S.W.3d at 408 (providing that 

theft is completed when all of the elements of theft are met). Multiple thefts 

committed pursuant to one scheme or continuing course of conduct at different 

times and against different people may be aggregated within one offense for 

purposes of the offense grade. Id. at 407–08. 

To the extent appellant relies on the statements in the October 2009 generic 

worksheet about her work at Pubsco ending in July 2009 as evidence suggesting 

she previously had to have informed caseworkers about her employment at Pubsco, 

the record reflects that appellant did not begin to receive income or paychecks 

from Pubsco until September 11, 2009, and that she remained employed at Pubsco 

at the time of her October 22, 2009 interview with the caseworker. Given the 

record evidence that appellant was untruthful about the dates she worked at 

Pubsco, the jury was entitled to conclude that appellant’s explanation to Ramirez 

about reporting the income at a later date was not credible. See, e.g., Fuentes, 991 

S.W.2d at 271 (providing that the trier of fact “is the sole judge of the credibility of 

the witnesses and of the strength of the evidence”); Sharp, 707 S.W.2d at 614 

(providing that a trier of fact may choose to believe or disbelieve any portion of the 

witnesses’ testimony).

Appellant points to Martin’s testimony that proper procedures and protocols 

are followed during applicants’ interviews with caseworkers in “most” cases, 

suggesting incompetence on the part of caseworkers in failing to record appellant’s 

statements about her income during an interview. Arguably, though it might be 
13

reasonable to infer that one of the caseworkers who interviewed appellant might 

have failed include remarks in a generic worksheet that appellant earned income 

from Bargain Network or Pubsco, the jury reasonably could have concluded from 

all of the generic worksheets and all of the applications admitted into evidence that 

appellant omitted information about her income and employment at the time of the 

applications or interviews because it is undisputed that she was employed during 

those times. See Smith, 965 S.W.2d at 518 (providing that intent could be inferred 

from circumstances). A juror reasonably could infer that had appellant already 

reported her income, she would have continued to include that income in 

subsequent applications, especially given that she consistently reported child 

support. See id. The record also contains Ramirez’s testimony that there would be 

no need to report income at a later date if appellant already was employed at the 

time of an application or an interview with a caseworker. The jury was entitled to 

weigh Ramirez’s testimony and credibility and accept or reject it. See Fuentes,

991 S.W.2d at 271 (providing that the trier of fact “is the sole judge of the 

credibility of the witnesses and of the strength of the evidence”); Sharp, 707 

S.W.2d at 614 (providing that a trier of fact may choose to believe or disbelieve 

any portion of the witnesses’ testimony).

Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, the evidence 

is sufficient to support beyond a reasonable doubt that appellant unlawfully 

appropriated $3,026 from the Texas Health and Human Services Commission from 

May 1, 2007, and continuing through March 31, 2008, and from November 1, 

2009, continuing through December 31, 2009, with intent to deprive the Texas 

Health and Human Services Commission of this sum. See Anderson, 322 S.W.3d 

at 408. We find no merit in appellant’s challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence 

supporting her conviction. Accordingly, we overrule appellant’s first issue.
14

Did the trial court err in admitting into evidence worksheets from

caseworkers’ interviews with appellant?

In her second issue, appellant claims the trial court erred in admitting three 

of the generic worksheets used to calculate benefits that were compiled by state 

employees who interviewed appellant. According to appellant, her Sixth 

Amendment right to confrontation was violated by the admission of these 

documents because the interviewers who prepared the reports did not testify. She 

complains of Exhibits 2, 4, and 7, the generic worksheets generated following her 

interviews with caseworkers. The record reflects that before trial, appellant sought 

to suppress the admission of these worksheets, and the trial court overruled 

appellant’s objections, and granted appellant a running objection. When the State 

offered the generic worksheets into evidence, the trial court overruled appellant’s 

renewed objections.

The Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment to the United States 

Constitution states: “In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right . 

. . to be confronted with the witnesses against him.” U.S. Const. amend. VI. The 

Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution makes the Confrontation 

Clause binding on the States. Pointer v. Texas, 380 U.S. 400, 403, 85 S.Ct. 1065, 

1068, 13 L.Ed.2d 923 (1965). In Crawford v. Washington, after reviewing the 

Confrontation Clause’s historical underpinnings, the United States Supreme Court 

held that the Confrontation Clause guarantees a defendant’s right to confront those 

“who ‘bear testimony’” against him. See 541 U.S. 36, 51, 68, 124 S. Ct. 1354, 

1364, 158 L. Ed. 2d 177 (2004). A witness’s testimony against a defendant is thus 

inadmissible unless the witness appears at trial or, if the witness is unavailable, the 

defendant had a prior opportunity for cross-examination.4Id., 541 U.S. at 54, 124 

 

4

The record is silent as to the unavailability of the caseworkers.
15

S. Ct. at 1365. The high court has limited the Confrontation Clause’s reach to 

testimonial statements. Id., 541 U.S. at 68, 124 S. Ct. at 1374. 

To determine whether the admission of the generic worksheets violated the 

Confrontation Clause, we must determine whether the statements in these 

worksheets are testimonial. See id. Statements are testimonial when the 

circumstances objectively indicate that there is no ongoing emergency, and that the 

primary purpose of the interrogation is to establish or prove past events potentially 

relevant to later criminal prosecution. See Michigan v. Bryant, —U.S.—,—, 131 

S. Ct. 1143, 1154–55, 1165, 179 L. Ed. 2d 93 (2011); Davis v. Washington, 547 

U.S. 813, 822, 126 S. Ct. 2266, 2273–74, 165 L. Ed. 2d 224 (2006). Statements in 

business records may be testimonial statements if they satisfy the foregoing legal 

standard because the regularly conducted business activity may be “the production 

of evidence for use at trial.” Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts, 557 U.S. 305, 321, 

129 S. Ct. 2527, 2538, 174 L. Ed. 2d 314 (2009). Statements are nontestimonial 

when made in the course of police interrogation under circumstances objectively 

indicating that the primary purpose of the interrogation is to enable police 

assistance to meet an ongoing emergency.5 See Bryant, —U.S. at—, 131 S. Ct. at 

1154–55; Davis, 547 U.S. at 822, 126 S. Ct. at 2273–74. In circumstances not 

involving ongoing emergencies, statements are nontestimonial if the primary 

purpose of the interrogation is not to establish or prove past events potentially 

relevant to later criminal prosecution. See Bryant, —U.S. at—, 131 S. Ct. at 1155. 

In determining whether the Confrontation Clause bars the admission of a 

statement at trial, we must determine the “primary purpose of the interrogation” by 

 

5 As the Davis court did, we presume without deciding that the acts of the caseworkers may be 

considered to be acts of the police. See Davis, 547 U.S. at 823, n.2, 126 S. Ct. at 2274, n.2.
16

objectively evaluating the statements and actions of the parties to the encounter, in 

light of the circumstances in which the interrogation occurred. See id., —U.S. at 

—, 131 S. Ct. at 1162. Whether an ongoing emergency existed when the 

statements were made is an important circumstance that must be taken into 

account. See id. This court must also consider the formality of the encounter 

during which the statements were made. See id., —U.S. at—, 131 S. Ct. at 1160. 

Formality is not the sole touchstone of the primary purpose inquiry. See id. 

Although formality suggests the absence of an emergency and therefore an 

increased likelihood that the purpose of the interrogation is to “establish or prove 

past events potentially relevant to later criminal prosecution,” informality does not 

necessarily indicate the presence of an emergency or the lack of testimonial intent. 

See id. A trial court’s legal ruling as to whether an out-of-court statement is 

testimonial is a question of law that we review de novo. See Wall v. State, 184 

S.W.3d 730, 742 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). 

The parties have not cited and research has not revealed any precedent 

addressing whether documents generated during interviews of a party seeking 

government benefits contain testimonial statements. Although appellant claims 

that the observations of the caseworkers, as reflected in the generic worksheets, are 

testimonial in nature and argues that they were generated in anticipation of 

litigation and were used for that purpose, the record does not support the assertion. 

The record reflects that caseworkers with the Texas Health and Human Services 

Commission review applications and certify applicants for welfare benefits

following an interview with an applicant. As reflected in the record, the objective 

purpose of the caseworker’s interviews and generating the generic worksheets is to 

gather and record information about an applicant’s current income and household 

size, among other things, to determine future benefit amounts. 
17

Appellant characterizes the reports as being prepared in an “investigative 

setting.” According to appellant, because employees with the Texas Health and 

Human Services Commission “generate” prosecutions, an interview with a 

caseworker for SNAP benefits is in anticipation of litigation. She points to the 

application for SNAP benefits, which references criminal prosecution for an 

applicant’s failure to provide true information in applying for benefits. Although 

the application contains a warning of criminal prosecution for an applicant who 

does not provide true information, the record reflects that the primary purpose for 

preparing and generating the generic worksheets is to document an applicant’s

statements to determine eligibility and the amount of an applicant’s SNAP 

benefits. The record likewise establishes that there is an investigative division 

within the Texas Health and Human Services Commission. The caseworkers who 

interviewed appellant, however, are not part of that division, and the work they 

performed in interviewing applicants and recording information provided by 

applicants was not for an investigative purpose or in furtherance of an 

investigation. Though the application contains a warning pertaining to the 

applicant’s duty to tell the truth, the worksheets were created for the purpose of 

administering SNAP, a “food-stamp” program associated with the Texas Health 

and Human Services Commission. 

An ongoing emergency did not exist when the worksheets were generated, 

and the interviews may be considered a formal encounter. Nonetheless, 

objectively evaluating the statements and actions of the parties to the encounter, in 

light of the circumstances in which the interviews occurred, the primary purpose of 

the interrogation during these interviews is not to establish or prove past events 

potentially relevant to later criminal prosecution. See Bryant, —U.S. at —,131 S. 

Ct. at 1154–55. Therefore, the statements contained in the generic worksheets are 
18

not testimonial, and the trial court’s admission of the worksheets did not violate 

appellant’s rights under the Confrontation Clause. See id. Accordingly, we 

overrule appellant’s second issue.

Having overruled each of appellant’s issues, we affirm the trial court’s 

judgment.

/s/ Kem Thompson Frost

Justice

Panel consists of Justices Frost, Christopher, and Jamison.

Publish — TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).