79192 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 243 / Monday, December 18, 2000 / Proposed Rules

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

Fish and Wildlife Service

50 CFR Part 17

RIN 1018–AH70

Endangered and Threatened Wildlife

and Plants; Determinations of

Prudency and Designations of Critical

Habitat for Plant Species From the

Islands of Maui and Kahoolawe, Hawaii

AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service,

Interior.

ACTION: Proposed rule and Notice of

determinations of whether designation

of critical habitat is prudent.

SUMMARY: We, the U.S. Fish and

Wildlife Service, have reconsidered our

findings concerning whether

designating critical habitat for 38

federally protected plants from the

islands of Maui and Kahoolawe, some of

which may also occur on other

Hawaiian Islands, listed between 1991

and 1996, would be prudent. At the

time each plant was listed, we

determined that designation of critical

habitat was not prudent because

designation would increase the degree

of threat to the species and/or would not

benefit the plant. We have determined

that critical habitat is prudent for 37 of

these species since the potential benefits

of designating critical habitat essential

for the conservation of these species

outweigh the risks of designation that

may result from human activity. We

propose that designation of critical

habitat is not prudent for one species,

which is no longer extant in the wild

and for which no genetic material is

currently extant, because such

designation would not be beneficial to

this species.

We propose critical habitat

designations for a total of 50 species in

52 units on Maui and 4 units on

Kahoolawe at this time. The

approximate land area within these

units totals 13,574 hectares (33,614

acres) on Maui and 207 hectares (512

acres) on Kahoolawe. This proposed

rule includes proposed designations for

33 of the 37 species mentioned above.

Critical habitat is not proposed for four

species that are currently only found in

areas on Maui that are permanently

protected and managed. In addition,

critical habitat is being proposed for six

other species from Maui and Kahoolawe

that were listed in 1999. We are also

proposing critical habitat on Maui and

Kahoolawe for 11 species which also

occur on Kauai.

We solicit data and comments from

the public on all aspects of this

proposal, including data on the

economic and other impacts of the

proposed designations. We may revise

this proposal to incorporate or address

new information received during the

comment period.

DATES: We must receive comments from

all interested parties by February 16,

2001. Public hearing requests must be

received by February 1, 2001.

ADDRESSES: If you wish to comment,

you may submit your comments and

materials concerning this proposal by

any one of several methods:

You may submit written comments

and information to the Field Supervisor,

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific

Islands Office, 300 Ala Moana Blvd.,

P.O. Box 50088, Honolulu, HI 96850–

0001.

You may send comments by

electronic mail (e-mail) to

mandk_crithab_pr@fws.gov. See the

Public Comments Solicited section in

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION below for

file format and other information about

electronic filing.

You may hand-deliver written

comments to our Pacific Islands Office

at 300 Ala Moana Blvd., Room 3–122,

Honolulu, HI.

Comments and materials received, as

well as supporting documentation used

in the preparation of this proposed rule,

will be available for public inspection,

by appointment, during normal business

hours at the Pacific Islands Office.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Paul

Henson, Field Supervisor, Pacific

Islands Office (see ADDRESSES section)

(telephone: 808/541–3441; facsimile:

808/541–3470).

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

Background

We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife

Service (Service), have reconsidered our

previous findings concerning whether

designating critical habitat for some of

the 69 Federally protected plants

currently or historically found on the

islands of Maui and Kahoolawe is

prudent. Table 1 lists the species that

are currently found on Maui and/or

Kahoolawe, reported to occur on these

islands, or were historically present (not

seen for more than 30 years). Seventeen

of these species (Argyroxiphium

sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum,

Clermontia samuelii, Cyanea copelandii

ssp. haleakalaensis, Cyanea glabra,

Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora,

Cyanea mceldowneyi, Dubautia

plantaginea ssp. humilis, Geranium

arboreum, Geranium multiflorum,

Kanaloa kahoolawensis, Lipochaeta

kamolensis, Melicope adscendens,

Melicope balloui, Melicope ovalis,

Remya mauiensis, Schiedea

haleakalensis, and Tetramolopium

capillare) are endemic to the islands of

Maui and/or Kahoolawe, while 33

species (Alectryon macrococcus,

Bonamia menziesii, Cenchrus

agrimonioides, Centaurium sebaeoides,

Clermontia lindseyana, Clermontia

oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, Colubrina

oppositifolia, Ctenitis squamigera,

Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana,

Cyrtandra munroi, Diellia erecta,

Flueggea neowawraea, Hedyotis

coriacea, Hedyotis mannii,

Hesperomannia arborescens,

Hesperomannia arbuscula, Hibiscus

brackenridgei, Ischaemum byrone,

Mariscus pennatiformis, Melicope

knudsenii, Melicope mucronulata,

Neraudia sericea, Peucedanum

sandwicense, Phyllostegia mannii,

Phyllostegia mollis, Plantago princeps,

Platanthera holochila, Pteris lidgatei,

Sanicula purpurea, Sesbania tomentosa,

Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Vigna owahuensis, and Zanthoxylum

hawaiiense) are known from Maui and/

or Kahoolawe, as well as one or more

other islands (Table 1). Two species,

Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha and

Cyanea lobata, were known from Maui

and Lanai, but are currently only extant

on Maui. Lysimachia lydgatei was

known from Maui and Oahu, while

Diplazium molokaiense was known

from several islands, but currently both

species are extant only on Maui. We

believe that one species, Acaena exigua,

may be extinct. The fourteen remaining

species are known only from historical

records (pre-1970) on Maui and/or

Kahoolawe or from undocumented

observations. While these species do

occur on other islands, we do not

believe they still occur on Maui or

Kahoolawe.

Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 243 / Monday, December 18, 2000 / Proposed Rules 79193

TABLE 1.—SUMMARY OF ISLAND DISTRIBUTION OF 69 SPECIES FROM MAUI AND KAHOOLAWE

Species (common name)

Island Distribution

Kauai Oahu Molokai Lanai Maui Hawaii N.W. Isles, Kahoolawe

Niihau

Acaena exigua (liliwai) ......................................... H H

Alectryon macrococcus (mahoe) ......................... C C C C

Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp.

macrocephalum (ahinahina).

C

Asplenium fragile var. insulare (NCN*) ................ H C

Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha (ko oko olau) ... H C

Bonamia menziesii (NCN) .................................... CCHCCC

Brighamia rockii (pua ala) .................................... C H H

Cenchrus agrimonioides (kamanomano) ............. C H C R NW Isles (H)

Centaurium sebaeoides (awiwi) ........................... CCCCC

Clermontia lindseyana (oha wai) ......................... C C

Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis (oha wai) C C

Clermontia peleana (oha wai) .............................. H C

Clermontia samuelii (oha wai) ............................. C

Colubrina oppositifolia (kauila) ............................. C C C

Ctenitis squamigera (pauoa) ................................ HCHCCH

Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis (haha) ... C

Cyanea glabra (haha) .......................................... C

Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana (haha) ........ CCCC

Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora (haha) ........ C

Cyanea lobata (haha) .......................................... H C

Cyanea mceldowneyi (haha) ............................... C

Cyrtandra munroi (ha iwale) ................................ C C

Delissea undulata (NCN) ..................................... C H C Ni (H)

Diellia erecta (Asplenium-leaved diellia) .............. HHCHCC

Diplazium molokaiense (NCN) ............................. HHHHC

Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis (na ena e) ..... C

Flueggea neowawraea (mehamehame) .............. C C H C C

Geranium arboreum (nohoanu) ........................... C

Geranium multiflorum (nohoanu) ......................... C

Gouania vitifolia (NCN) ........................................ C H C

Hedyotis coriacea (kioele) .................................... H C C

Hedyotis mannii (pilo) .......................................... C C C

Hesperomannia arborescens (NCN) .................... CCHC

Hesperomannia arbuscula (NCN) ........................ C C

Hibiscus brackenridgei (mao hau hele) ............... H C H C C C Ka (R)

Ischaemum byrone (Hilo ischaemum) ................. RHCDCC

Isodendrion pyrifolium (wahine noho kula) .......... H H H H C Ni (H)

Kanaloa kahoolawensis (kohe malama malama

o kanaloa).

Ka (C)

Lipochaeta kamolensis (nehe) ............................. C

Lysimachia lydgatei (NCN) .................................. H C

Mariscus pennatiformis (NCN) ............................. H H C H NW Isles (C)

Melicopoe adcendens (alani) ............................... C

Melicope balloui (alani) ........................................ C

Melicope knudenii (alani) ..................................... C C

Melicope mucronulata (alani) ............................... C C

Melicope ovalis (alani) ......................................... C

Neraudia sericea (NCN) ....................................... C H C Ka (H)

Nototrichium humile (kului) .................................. C H

Peucedanum sandwicense (makou) .................... C C C C

Phegmariurus mannii (wawae iole) ...................... H C C

Phyotegia mannii (NCN) ...................................... C H

Phyllostegia mollis (NCN) .................................... C H C

Phyllostegia parvilfora (NCN) ............................... C H H

Planatago princeps (laukahi kuahiwi) .................. C C C C H

Plantanthera holochila (NCN) .............................. C H C C

Peteris lidgatei (NCN) .......................................... C H C

Remya mauiensis (NCN) ..................................... C

Sanicula purpurea (NCN) ..................................... C C

Schiedea haleakalensis (NCN) ............................ C

Schiedea hookeri (NCN) ...................................... C H

Schiedea nuttallii (NCN) ....................................... C C C R

Sesbania tomentosa (NCN) ................................. C C C H C C Ni (H), Ka (C), NW Isles (C)

Solanum incompletum (popolo ku mai) ............... H HHHC

Sptermolepis hawaiiensis (NCN) ......................... CCCCCC

Tetramolopium arenarium (NCN) ......................... H C

Tetramologpium capillare (pamakani) .................. C

Tetramologpium remyi (NCN) .............................. C H

79194 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 243 / Monday, December 18, 2000 / Proposed Rules

TABLE 1.—SUMMARY OF ISLAND DISTRIBUTION OF 69 SPECIES FROM MAUI AND KAHOOLAWE—Continued

Species (common name)

Island Distribution

Kauai Oahu Molokai Lanai Maui Hawaii N.W. Isles, Kahoolawe

Niihau

Vigna o-waheuensis (NCN) ................................. H C C C C Ni (H), Ka (C)

Zanthoxylum hawaiiense (a w) ............................ C CHCC

KEY ......................................................................

C (Current)—population last observed within the past 30 years.

H (Historical)—population not seen for more than 30 years.

R (Reported)—reported from undocumented observations.

* NCN—no common name.

When 38 of the above species where

listed between 1991 and 1996 (Acaena

exigua, Argyroxiphium sandwicense

ssp. macrocephalum, Bidens micrantha

ssp. kalealaha, Cenchrus agrimonioides,

Clermontia lindseyana, Clermontia

oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, Colubrina

oppositifolia, Ctenitis squamigera,

Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana,

Cyanea lobata, Cyanea mceldowneyi,

Cyrtandra munroi, Diellia erecta,

Diplazium molokaiense, Geranium

arboreum, Geranium multiflorum,

Hedyotis coriacea, Hedyotis mannii,

Hesperomannia arborescens,

Hesperomannia arbuscula, Hibiscus

brackenridgei, Ischaemum byrone,

Lipochaeta kamolensis, Lysimachia

lydgatei, Mariscus pennatiformis,

Melicope adscendens, Melicope balloui,

Melicope mucronulata, Melicope ovalis,

Neraudia sericea, Phlegmariurus

mannii, Phyllostegia mollis, Pteris

lidgatei, Remya mauiensis, Sanicula

purpurea, Schiedea haleakalensis,

Tetramolopium capillare, and Vigna owahuensis), we determined that

designation of critical habitat was not

prudent because designation would

increase the degree of threat to the

species and/or would not benefit the

plant. However, after reevaluating our

previous decision, we propose that

critical habitat designation for 37 of

these species would be prudent because

the potential benefits of designating

critical habitat essential for the

conservation of these species outweigh

the risks, resulting from human activity,

of designation (see CRITICAL HABITAT

section below). We propose that

designation of critical habitat is not

prudent for Acaena exigua, which we

believe may be extinct, because such a

designation would not be beneficial to

this species, since we believe the

species may be extinct.

Proposed determinations for 11

species that also occur on the island of

Kauai (Alectryon macrococcus,

Bonamia menziesii, Centaurium

sebaeoides, Flueggea neowawraea,

Melicope knudsenii, Peucedanum

sandwicense, Plantago princeps,

Platanthera holochila, Sesbania

tomentosa, Spermolepis hawaiiensis,

and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense) were

published in a previous proposal (65 FR

66808). In addition, the designation of

critical habitat was found to be prudent

for six species (Clermontia samuelii,

Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis,

Cyanea glabra, Cyanea hamatiflora ssp.

hamatiflora, Dubautia plantaginea ssp.

humilis, and Kanaloa kahoolawensis)

when they were listed as endangered in

1999.

An additional 14 species listed in

Table 1 are known only from historical

records (pre-1970) on Maui and/or

Kahoolawe or from undocumented

observations. Since these species do not

currently occur on Maui or Kahoolawe,

is it not prudent to designate critical

habitat for them on these islands.

However, proposed determinations and

critical habitat designations or nondesignations for these species will be

included in other proposed rules for the

islands on which they currently occur

(Table 2).

TABLE 2.—PROPOSED RULES IN WHICH PRUDENCY AND CRITICAL HABITAT DESIGNATIONS/NON-DESIGNATIONS WILL BE

PROPOSED FOR 14 SPECIES THAT NO LONGER OCCUR ON MAUI OR KAHOOLAWE.

SPECIES Proposed rule in which prudency will be proposed

Proposed rule in which critical habitat designations/non designations will be discussed

Asplenium fragile var insulare ........................... Hawaii ............................................................... Hawaii

Brighamia rockii ................................................. Molokai ............................................................. Molokai

Clermontia peleana ........................................... Hawaii ............................................................... Hawaii

Delissea undulata .............................................. Hawaii ............................................................... Hawaii

Gouania vitifolio ................................................. Hawaii ............................................................... Hawaii; Oahu

Isodendrion pyrifolium ....................................... Hawaii ............................................................... Hawaii

Nototrichium humile ........................................... Oahu ................................................................. Oahu

Phyllostegia mannii ............................................ Oahu ................................................................. Oahu

Phyllostegia parviflora ....................................... Oahu ................................................................. Oahu

Schiedea hookeri ............................................... Oahu ................................................................. Oahu

Schiedea nuttallii ............................................... Kauai (65 FR 66808) ........................................ Kauai; Oahu; Molokai

Solanum incompletum ....................................... Hawaii ............................................................... Hawaii

Tetramolopium arenarium ................................. Hawaii ............................................................... Hawaii

Tetramolopium remyi ......................................... Lanai ................................................................. Lanai

The plants discussed in this proposed

rule were listed as endangered or

threatened species under the

Endangered Species Act of 1973, as

amended (Act), between 1991 and 1999.

At the time many of these plants were

listed, we determined that designation

of critical habitat was not prudent

because designation would increase the

degree of threat to the species and/or

would not benefit the plant. These not

prudent determinations, along with 196

others, were challenged in Conservation

Council for Hawaii v. Babbitt, 2 F. Supp.

2d 1280 (D. Hawaii). On March 9, 1998,

Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 243 / Monday, December 18, 2000 / Proposed Rules 79195

the United States District Court for the

District of Hawaii directed us to review

the prudency determinations for 245

listed plant species in Hawaii. On

August 10, 1998, the court ordered us to

publish proposed critical habitat

designations or non-designations for at

least 100 species by November 30, 2000,

and to publish proposed designations or

non-designations for the remaining 145

species by April 30, 2002. (See 65 FR

66808 for complete discussion about the

above litigation.)

In addition, a second court order

(Conservation Council for Hawaii v.

Babbitt, Civ. No. 99–002283 HG (D.

Haw. Aug. 19, 1999, Feb. 16, 2000, and

March 28, 2000)) requires that we

propose critical habitat for 10 other

plant species, 6 of which are addressed

in this proposed rule (Clermontia

samuelii, Cyanea copelandii ssp.

haleakalaensis, Cyanea glabra, Cyanea

hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora, Dubautia

plantaginea ssp. humilis, Kanaloa

kahoolawensis) for which determination

was found to be prudent at the time of

listing. This second court order requires

us to publish proposed critical habitat

designations by November 30, 2000, and

to publish final critical habitat

designations by November 30, 2001.

To comply with these court orders,

we plan to publish seven proposed

rules, between now and April 30, 2002,

in the following island groupings: Kauai

and Niihau; Maui and Kahoolawe;

Lanai; Molokai; Northwest Hawaiian

Islands; Hawaii; and Oahu. Each notice

will contain the proposed prudency

determinations for species occurring on

that island for which prudency

determinations have not been

previously proposed, and proposed

designations or non-designations of

critical habitat for each plant species

known to occur from that island. The

proposed prudency determination and

proposed rule for Kauai and Niihau

plants was published in the Federal

Register on November 7, 2000 (65 FR

66808). When a plant species occurs on

more than one island, critical habitat

may be proposed in all of the proposed

rules that cover the respective islands.

The Islands of Maui and Kahoolawe

Maui, the second largest island in

Hawaii at 1,888 square kilometers (sq

km) (729 square miles (sq mi)) in area,

was formed from the remnants of two

large shield volcanoes, the older west

Maui volcano (1.3 million years) on the

west and the larger, but much younger

Haleakala volcano on the east. Stream

erosion has cut deep valleys and ridges

into the originally shield-shaped West

Maui volcano. The highest point on

West Maui is Puu Kukui at 1,764 meters

(m) (5,787 feet (ft)) elevation, which has

an average rainfall of 1,020 centimeters

(cm) (400 inches (in.)) per year, making

it the second wettest spot in Hawaii

(Department of Geography 1998).

Having erupted just 200 years ago, East

Maui’s Haleakala crater, reaching 3,055

m (10,023 ft) in elevation, has retained

its classic shield shape and lacks the

diverse vegetation typical of the older

and more eroded West Maui mountain.

Rainfall on the slopes of Haleakala is

about 89 cm (35 in.) per year, with its

windward (northeastern) slope receiving

the most precipitation. However,

Haleakala’s crater is a dry cinder desert

because it is below the level at which

precipitation develops, and is sheltered

from moisture-laden winds (Gagne and

Cuddihy 1999).

The island of Kahoolawe measures

about 17.7 km (11 mi) long by 11.3 km

(7 mi) wide, comprising some 11,655

hectares (ha) (28,800 acres (ac)). Located

in the lee of Haleakala, the island lies

approximately 11 km (6.7 mi) from East

Maui. The highest point is the rim of an

extinct volcano at 450 m (1,477 ft) above

sea level. The estimated annual

precipitation is approximately 500

millimeters (mm) (20 in.), with most if

it falling from November through

March. In addition to the low

precipitation, Kahoolawe is the windiest

of the Hawaiian Islands (Gon et al.

1992).

Discussion of the Plant Taxa

Species Endemic to Maui and/or

Kahoolawe

Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp.

macrocephalum

Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp.

macrocephalum, a long-lived perennial

and a member of the aster family

(Asteraceae), is called the Haleakala

silversword. It is a distinctive, globeshaped rosette plant with a dense

covering of silver hairs. This subspecies

is distinguished from Argyroxiphium

sandwicense ssp. sandwicense by the

shape and ratio of the dimensions of the

inflorescence, the number of ray florets

per head, and the combination of its

longer, three-angled leaves; its silvery

leaf hairs, which completely hide the

leaf surface; and its longer achenes (Carr

1985, 1999a).

This monocarpic (flowers only once,

at the end of its lifetime) plant matures

from seed to its final stage in

approximately 15–50 years (Loope and

Medeiros, in press). The plant remains

a compact rosette until it sends up an

erect, central flowering stalk, sets seed,

and dies. Flowering occurs from June to

September, with annual numbers of

flowering plants varying dramatically

from year to year. Reliable counts of

flowering plants were made in 1935

(217 flowered) and in 1941 (815

flowered) (Loope and Crivellone 1986).

Numbers recorded in recent years have

ranged from zero in 1970 to 6,632 in

1991. The environmental stimulus for

synchronous flowering is as yet

unknown. An apparent relationship of

the 1991 mass flowering event to

stratospheric alteration by the eruption

of Pinatubo Volcano in the Philippines

has been considered. Investigations are

underway by R. Pharis of the University

of Calgary and L.L. Loope to explore

whether enhanced flowering is related

to increased UV–B radiation due to

temporary reduction of stratospheric

ozone (United States Fish and Wildlife

Service (USFWS) 1997). Flying insects,

especially native bees, moths, flies,

bugs, and wasps, many of which are

pollinators, are attracted in large

numbers to the giant, aromatic

inflorescences. It has been demonstrated

that Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp.

macrocephalum cannot fertilize itself

and is reliant on insect pollinators for

reproduction. Rarely, hybrids between

A. sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum

and Dubautia menziesii, have been

observed. Primarily found within

Haleakala Crater, especially on Puu o

Pele and Puu o Maui cinder cones, these

hybrid individuals flower for several

years before dying (Carr 1985).

Currently, Argyroxiphium

sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum

occupies all of its historic range, a 1,000

ha (2,500 ac) area at 2,100–3,000 m

(6,890–9,840 ft) elevation in the crater

and outer slopes of Haleakala Volcano,

within Haleakala National Park, and

The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii’s

(TNCH) Waikamoi Preserve (Loope and

Crivellone 1986; TNC 1998). There are

a total of seven populations on Federal

and privately owned land, with 39,013

to 44,013 individual plants (TNCH

1998; Geographic Decision Systems

International (GDSI) 2000; Hawaii

Natural Heritage Program (HINHP)

Database 2000).

The habitat of this species consists

primarily of dry, well-drained,

otherwise barren, unstable slopes of

recent (less than several thousand years

old) volcanic cinder cones. Mean annual

precipitation is approximately 75–125

cm (29–49 in.). The substrate has almost

no soil development and is subject to

frequent formation of ice at night and

extreme heating during cloudless days

(USFWS 1997). This species is found in

alpine dry shrubland with native

species including: Agrostis

sandwicensis (bent grass), Deschampsia

nubigena (hair grass), Dubautia

menziesii (na ena e), Silene

79196 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 243 / Monday, December 18, 2000 / Proposed Rules

struthioloides (catchfly), Styphelia

tameiameiae (pukiawe), Metrosideros

polymorpha (ohia), Tetramolopium

humile (pamakani), and Trisetum

glomeratum (pili uka) (USFWS 1997).

The threats to this species are loss of

pollinators due to the Argentine ant

(Iridomyrmex humilis) and alien

yellowjackets (Vespula pennsylvanica);

native seed-eating and herbivorous

insects such as the tephritid fly

(Trupanea cratericola), the larvae of a

native phycitid moth (Rhynchephestia

rhabdotis), and the endemic cerambycid

beetle (Plagithmysus terryi); limited

natural range which makes it vulnerable

to extinction due to catastrophic events,

such as a natural disaster; competition

from the alien plant species Verbascum

thapsus (mullein) and Pennisetum

setaceum (fountain grass); and human

impacts (trampling and site

degradation). Although goats (Capra

hircus) and cattle (Bos taurus) have been

removed from the park, they remain a

potential threat (USFWS 1997; 57 FR

20772).

Clermontia samuelii

Clermontia samuelii, a short-lived

perennial in the bellflower family

(Campanulaceae), is a terrestrial shrub

with elliptical leaves which are

sometimes broader at the tips.

Clermontia samuelii ssp. hanaensis is

differentiated from C. samuelii ssp.

samuelii by the greenish white to white

flowers; longer, narrower leaves with

the broadest point near the base of the

leaves; and fewer hairs on the lower

surface of the leaves. This species is

separated from other members of this

endemic Hawaiian genus by the size of

the flowers and the hypanthium

(Lammers 1999).

There is very little known about the

life history of this plant. Reproductive

cycles, longevity, specific

environmental requirements, and

limiting factors are unknown (USFWS

1999).

Historically, Clermontia samuelii has

been reported from Haleakala and from

Keanae Valley on the windward side to

Manawainui on the more leeward

(southeastern) side of Haleakala

(Medeiros and Loope 1989; HINHP

Database 2000). Currently, C. samuelii

ssp. hanaensis is known from the

northeastern side of Haleakala, within

Haleakala National Park, Hanawi

Natural Area Reserve (NAR), and Hana

Forest Reserve. There is a total of five

populations with 600 individual plants

on State and Federal lands (HINHP

Database 2000; GDSI 2000; B. Hobdy in

litt. 2000; K. Wood in litt. 2000). C.

samuelii ssp. samuelii is known from

three populations totaling 50 to 100

individuals on State and Federal lands

within Haleakala National Park, Hanawi

NAR, and the Hana and Koolau forest

reserves (Warshauer 1998; USFWS

1999; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000;

K. Wood in litt. 2000).

Clermontia samuelii ssp. hanaensis is

found between 735 and 1,060 m (2,400

and 3,475 ft) elevation, while C.

samuelii ssp. samuelii is typically found

between 1,725 to 2,100 m (5,660 to

6,900 ft) elevation (64 FR 48307; HINHP

Database 2000; K. Wood in litt. 2000). C.

samuelii ssp. hanaensis is found in wet

Metrosideros polymorpha and M.

polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis

(uluhe) forest with Tetraplasandra

oahuensis (ohe mauka), Hedyotis

terminalis (manono), Hedyotis

hillebrandii (manono), Broussaisia

arguta (kanawao), Cibotium sp. (hapuu),

Argyroxiphium grayanum (greensword),

Dubautia sp. (na ena e), Clermontia

arborea (oha wai), Psychotria mariniana

(kopiko), Melicope clusifolia (alani),

Diplazium sandwichianum (NCN),

Peperomia obovatilimba (ala ala wai

nui), Adenophorus tamariscinus

(pendant fern), Vaccinium sp. (ohelo),

Carex alligata (NCN), Melicope sp.

(alani), and Cheirodendron trigynum

(olapa) (HINHP Database 2000).

Clermontia samuelii ssp. samuelii is

found in wet Metrosideros polymorpha

and M. polymorpha-Cheirodendron

trigynum forest with Hedyotis

hillebrandii, Cibotium sp., Broussaisia

arguta, Dubautia sp., Diplazium

sandwichianum, Rubus hawaiiensis

(akala), Clermontia arborescens ssp.

waihiae (oha wai), Vaccinium sp., Carex

alligata, and Melicope sp. (HINHP

Database 2000).

Threats to Clermontia samuelii ssp.

hanaensis include habitat degradation

and/or destruction by feral pigs (Sus

scrofa) and competition with alien plant

taxa such as Tibouchina herbacea

(glorybush), Paspalum urvillei (vasey

grass), Paspalum conjugatum (Hilo

grass), Juncus sp. (NCN), Hedychium

coronarium (ginger), and Hedychium

gardnerianum (64 FR 48307; K. Wood in

litt. 2000). In addition, two extremely

invasive alien plant taxa, Miconia

calvescens (velvet tree) and Clidemia

hirta (Koster’s curse), are found in

nearby areas and may invade this

habitat if not controlled (64 FR 48307).

The habitat of C. samuelii ssp. samuelii

was extensively damaged by pigs in the

past, and pigs are still a major threat to

the populations on State owned lands.

The population within the National

Park has been fenced and pigs have

been eradicated. However, due to the

large populations of pigs in adjacent

areas, the park populations must

constantly be monitored to prevent

further occurrence (64 FR 48307).

Competition with alien plant taxa such

as Holcus lanatus (velvet grass) and

Juncus planifolius (NCN) is a major

threat to this subspecies (K. Wood in

litt. 2000). In addition, rats (mainly

black rat (Rattus rattus)) and slugs

(mainly Milax gagetes) are known to eat

leaves, stems, and fruits of other

members of this genus, and therefore are

a potential threat to both subspecies (64

FR 48307).

Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis

Cyanea copelandii ssp.

haleakalaensis, a short-lived perennial

member of the bellflower family

(Campanulaceae), is a vine-like shrub

with sprawling stems and tan latex sap.

This subspecies is differentiated from

the other subspecies by its shorter

elliptical leaves. The species differs

from others in this endemic Hawaiian

genus by the vine-like stems and the

yellowish flowers that appear red due to

the covering of hairs (Lammers 1999).

There is very little known about the

life history of this plant. Reproductive

cycles, longevity, specific

environmental requirements, and

limiting factors are unknown.

Historically, Cyanea copelandii ssp.

haleakalaensis was reported from the

windward side of Haleakala and from

Waikamoi to Kipahulu Valley (Lammers

1999). Currently, this taxon is known

from three populations with a total of

205 individuals in Kipahulu Valley

within Haleakala National Park; west of

Kuhiwa Stream and Valley in Hanawi

NAR; and on lower Waikamoi flume,

which is privately owned (64 FR 48307;

Warshauer 1998; HINHP Database 2000;

GDSI 2000).

Cyanea copelandii ssp.

haleakalaensis is found on stream banks

and wet scree (a sloping mass of rocks

at the base of a cliff) slopes in montane

wet or mesic forest dominated by

Acacia koa (koa) and/or Metrosideros

polymorpha at elevations between 730

and 1,340 m (2,400 and 4,400 ft) (64 FR

48307; HINHP Database 2000).

Associated species include Cibotium

sp., Perrottetia sandwicensis (olomea),

Psychotria hawaiiensis (kopiko ula),

Broussaisia arguta, and Hedyotis

acuminata (au) (64 FR 48307; HINHP

Database 2000).

The major threats to this species are

habitat degradation and/or destruction

by feral pigs; competition with several

alien plant taxa; rats; slugs; and

potential extinction due to random

environmental events due to small

population sizes (64 FR 48307).

Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 243 / Monday, December 18, 2000 / Proposed Rules 79197

Cyanea glabra

Cyanea glabra, a member of the

bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a

short-lived, perennial shrub, with the

leaves of juvenile plants deeply

pinnately lobed, while those of the adult

plants are more or less entire and

elliptical. This species is differentiated

from others in this endemic Hawaiian

genus by the size of the flower and the

pinnately lobed juvenile leaves

(Lammers 1999).

There is very little known about the

life history of this plant. Reproductive

cycles, longevity, specific

environmental requirements, and

limiting factors are unknown.

Historically, Cyanea glabra has been

reported from West Maui and on

Haleakala, East Maui (64 FR 48307;

HINHP Database 2000). Currently, this

species is known from a single

population of 12 individual plants on

privately owned land in Kauaula Valley

(GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).

Cyanea glabra is found on soil and

rock stream banks in wet lowland forest

dominated by Acacia koa and/or

Metrosideros polymorpha, at elevations

between 800 to 1,340 m (2,625 to 4,400

ft) (HINHP Database 2000).

The threats to this species are slugs;

habitat degradation and/or destruction

by feral pigs; flooding; competition with

several alien plant taxa; rats; the twospotted leafhopper (Saphonia

rufofascia); and extinction caused by

random environmental events due to the

small number individuals in the only

remaining population (64 FR 48307).

Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora

Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora,

a short-lived perennial and member of

the bellflower family (Campanulaceae),

is a palm-like tree with tan colored

latex. This subspecies is differentiated

from the listed subspecies (C.

hamatiflora ssp. carlsonii) by its longer

calyx lobes and shorter individual

flower stalks. This species is separated

from others in this endemic Hawaiian

genus by fewer flowers per

inflorescence and narrower leaves

(Lammers 1999).

There is very little known about the

life history of this plant. Reproductive

cycles, longevity, specific

environmental requirements, and

limiting factors are unknown.

Historically, Cyanea hamatiflora ssp.

hamatiflora was known from the

windward side of Haleakala, stretching

from Puu o Kakae to Manawainui

(HINHP Database 2000). Currently, this

taxon is known from nine populations

with a total of 22 individuals in

Haipuaena Gulch in the Koolau Forest

Reserve; along East Wailuaki Stream in

the Koolau Forest Reserve; upper

Kipahulu Valley in Haleakala National

Park; and between Puu Ahulili and

Kaupo Gap (State, Federal, and privately

owned lands) (Warshauer 1998; GDSI

2000; HINHP Database 2000).

Typical habitat for this taxon is

montane wet forest dominated by

Metrosideros polymorpha, with a

Cibotium sp. and/or native shrub

understory and closed Acacia koa-M.

polymorpha wet forest from 975 to

1,500 m (3,200 to 4,920 ft) elevation

(HINHP Database 2000). Associated

native plant taxa include Dicranopteris

linearis, Cheirodendron trigynum,

Broussaisia arguta, Cyanea solenocalyx

(haha), Cyanea kunthiana (haha),

Vaccinium sp., Melicope sp., and

Myrsine sp. (kolea) (64 FR 48307;

HINHP Database 2000).

The threats to this species are habitat

degradation and/or destruction by feral

pigs; landslides; competition with the

alien plant Ageratina adenophora (Maui

pamakani); rats; and slugs (64 FR

48307).

Cyanea mceldowneyi

Cyanea mceldowneyi (a member of

the bellflower family (Campanulaceae))

is a short-lived, unbranched perennial

shrub with rough to prickly stems. This

species is distinguished from other

species of Cyanea by the combination of

a densely armed trunk, long (40 mm (1.6

in.)) white-colored corollas, and leaf

blade size and shape (Lammers 1999).

There is very little known about the

life history of this plant. Reproductive

cycles, longevity, specific

environmental requirements, and

limiting factors are unknown (USFWS

1997).

Historically, Cyanea mceldowneyi

was known from rainforest west of

Waikamoi to Honomanu on

northwestern Haleakala (Lammers

1999). Currently, this species is known

from six populations with a total of 31

individuals, in the vicinity of Waikamoi

Drainage on East Maui, on or near State

and privately owned lands (Warshauer

1998; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database

2000).

The habitat of this species is montane

wet forest with mixed Metrosideros

polymorpha-Acacia koa at elevations

between 925 and 1,280 m (3,030 and

4,200 ft) (Lammers 1999; HINHP

Database 2000). Associated native plants

include Melicope clusiifolia (kolokolo

mokihana), Hedyotis sp. (NCN),

Clermontia arborescens, Diplazium

sandwichianum, Broussaisia arguta,

Cibotium sp., Cyrtandra sp. (haiwale),

Dicranopteris linearis, and

Cheirodendron trigynum (57 FR 20772).

The threats to this species are habitat

degradation and physical destruction by

feral pigs; small number of populations

and individuals (57 FR 20772); and

competition with alien plant species,

especially Setaria palmifolia

(palmgrass) (USFWS 1997).

Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis

Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis, a

short-lived perennial of the aster family

(Asteraceae), is a dwarf shrub less than

80 cm (30 in.) tall with hairless or

strigullose (bulbous-based hairs, all

pointing in the same direction) stems.

This species differs from other Hawaiian

members of the genus by the number of

nerves in the leaves and by the close

resemblance of the leaves to the genus

Plantago (Carr 1985, 1999b). The

subspecies humilis differs from the

other two subspecies (D. plantaginea

ssp. magnifolia and Dubautia

plantaginea ssp. plantaginea) by having

fewer heads per inflorescence, but more

florets per head (Carr 1999b).

There is very little known about the

life history of this plant. Reproductive

cycles, longevity, specific

environmental requirements, and

limiting factors are unknown.

Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis has

only been reported from two locations

in Iao Valley, on West Maui. These

populations, totaling 60–65 individuals,

are on or near State and privately owned

lands (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database

2000).

The typical habitat of the species is

wet, barren, steep, rocky, wind-blown

cliffs between 350 to 400 m (1,150 to

1,300 ft) elevation. Associated native

plant taxa include Metrosideros

polymorpha, Pipturus albidus (mamaki),

Eragrostis variabilis (kawelu), Carex sp.

(NCN), Hedyotis formosa (NCN),

Lysimachia remyi (kolokolo kuahiwi),

Bidens sp. (kookoolau), Pritchardia sp.

(loulu), and Plantago princeps (64 FR

48307; HINHP Database 2000).

Threats to Dubautia plantaginea ssp.

humilis include landslides and

competition from alien plant taxa (64 FR

48307). Random environmental events,

such as landslides, are a threat because

of the limited number of individuals

and populations and their narrow

distribution.

Geranium arboreum

Geranium arboreum, a long-lived

perennial and a member of the geranium

family (Geraniaceae). It is a many

branched, spreading, woody shrub

about 1.8 to 3.7 m (6 to 12 ft) tall. This

species can be distinguished from other

Geranium by its red petals with the

upper three petals erect and the lower

79198 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 243 / Monday, December 18, 2000 / Proposed Rules

two reflexed, causing the flower to

appear curved (Wagner et al. 1999).

Geranium arboreum is the only

species in its genus that appears to be

adapted to bird-pollination (Funk 1982,

1988). Native honeycreepers appear to

be a major pollination vector. G.

arboreum from the southwest area of

Haleakala in the Kula Forest Reserve

produce seeds that are larger and fuller

than seeds from the northwest extension

of its distribution (USFWS 1997). Native

honeycreepers are reasonably abundant

in both areas (USFWS 1997).

The original range and abundance of

the species is unknown, but late 19th

and early 20th century collections

indicate that it once grew on the

southern slopes of Haleakala and that its

distribution on the northern slopes

extended beyond its presently known

range. There are ten populations totaling

142 to147 individuals, on State, private,

and federally owned lands (Warshauer

1998; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database

2000). These populations are found in

Waiohuli; west side of Puu Nianiau;

west side of Puu Koolau; Waiakoa and

Kealahou; Hapapa Gulch; Kaonoulu;

southeast and southwest side of Puu

Keokea; and Papaanui (Warshauer 1998;

HINHP Database 2000).

Geranium arboreum grows in steep,

damp, and shaded narrow canyons and

gulches, steep banks, and along

intermittent streams in Sophora

chrysophylla (mamane) subalpine dry

shrubland and Metrosideros

polymorpha montane forest, between

1,525 to 2,135 m (5,000 and 7,000 ft) in

elevation. Associated native plant

species include Vaccinium reticulatum

(ohelo ai), Dodonaea viscosa (aalii),

Styphelia tameiameiae, Rubus

hawaiiensis, and Dryopteris wallichiana

(NCN) (USFWS 1997).

The greatest immediate threat to the

survival of this species is the

encroachment and competition from

naturalized, exotic vegetation, chiefly

grasses and trees. Soil disturbance,

caused by trampling cattle and rooting

by feral pigs, also is a major threat as it

destroys plants and facilitates the

encroachment of competing species of

naturalized plants. Other less important

threats include browsing by cattle; fires;

and pollen from exotic pine trees, which

at times of the year completely cover the

stigmas of the geraniums, precluding

any fertilization by its own species

(Funk 1982, 1988). The small number of

individual plants increases the potential

for extinction from random

environmental events, and the limited

gene pool may depress reproductive

vigor (57 FR 20580; USFWS 1997).

Geranium multiflorum

Geranium multiflorum, a long-lived

member of the geranium family

(Geraniaceae). This perennial is a 1 to 3

m (3 to 10 ft) tall, many-branched shrub.

Flowers are in clusters of 25 to 50, and

have 5 white petals that are 10 to 15 mm

(0.4 to 0.6 in.) long with purple veins or

bases. This species is distinguished

from others of the genus by its white,

regularly symmetrical flowers and by

the shape and pattern of teeth on its leaf

margins (57 FR 20772; Wagner et al.

1999).

There is very little known about the

life history of this plant. Reproductive

cycles, longevity, specific

environmental requirements, and

limiting factors are unknown (USFWS

1997).

Historically, Geranium multiflorum

was known from Ukulele, Waieleele,

and Waianapanapa on East Maui

(HINHP Database 2000). This species is

now known from Haleakala National

Park, Hanawi NAR, Koolau Forest

Reserve, and Waikamoi Preserve on

Federal, State, and private lands

(Warshauer 1998; GDSI 2000; HINHP

Database 2000). The nine known

populations extend over a distance of

about 10.5 by 5.5 km (6.5 by 3.5 mi).

Due to the inaccessibility of the

populations and the difficulty in

determining the number of individuals

(due to the plant’s multi-branched

form), the total number of individuals of

this species is not known; however, it

probably does not exceed 3,000 plants

(57 FR 20772; HINHP Database 2000).

Geranium multiflorum is found in wet

or mesic Metrosideros polymorpha

montane forest and alpine mesic forest,

Styphelia tameiameiae shrubland,

Sophora chrysophylla subalpine dry

forest, open sedge swamps, fog-swept

lava flows, or montane grasslands,

between 1,580 and 2,450 m (5,180 and

8,040 ft) in elevation (Wagner et al.

1999; HINHP Database 2000).

Associated native species include

Coprosma montana (pilo), Dryopteris

glabra (hohui), Dryopteris wallichiana,

Rubus hawaiiensis, Ranunculus sp.

(makou), Vaccinium sp., Hedyotis sp.,

and Sadleria cyatheoides (amau)

(HINHP Database 2000).

The major threat to Geranium

multiflorum is competition with

encroaching alien plant species,

particularly Rubus argutus (prickly

Florida blackberry) (57 FR 20772). A

potential threat is habitat destruction by

feral pigs and goats in unfenced areas.

Kanaloa kahoolawensis

Kanaloa kahoolawensis, a short-lived

perennial and a member of the legume

family (Fabaceae), is a densely branched

shrub 0.75 to 1 m (2.5 to 3.5 ft) tall. The

leaves are divided into three pairs of

leaflets, with a leaf nectary (nectarbearing gland) at the joint between each

pair of leaflets. One to three

inflorescences are found in the leaf axils

(joint between leaf and stem),

developing with the flush of new leaves.

The inflorescence is a globose head with

20 to 54 white flowers. Up to four fruits

develop in each flowering head. One

slender, brown seed, about 2 mm (0.08

in.) long, is found in each fruit. There

is no other species of legume in Hawaii

that bears any resemblance to this

species or genus (Lorence and Wood

1994).

Additional information on the life

history of this plant, reproductive

cycles, longevity, specific

environmental requirements, and

limiting factors is generally unknown

(64 FR 48307).

Kanaloa kahoolawensis was unknown

to science until its discovery by Steve

Perlman and Ken Wood in 1992 on a

steep rocky spire on the coast of

Kahoolawe. The only known location of

Kanaloa kahoolawensis is this rocky

stack on the southern coast of the island

of Kahoolawe, which is owned by the

State of Hawaii (Lorence and Wood

1994). While there are no previous

records of the plant, pollen core studies

on the island of Oahu revealed a legume

pollen that could not be identified until

this species was discovered. The pollen

cores indicate that K. kahoolawensis

was a codominant with Dodonaea

viscosa and Pritchardia sp. from before

1210 B.C. to 1565 A.D., at which point

K. kahoolawensis disappeared from the

pollen record and D. viscosa and

Pritchardia sp. declined dramatically

(Athens et al. 1992; Athens and Ward

1993; Lorence and Wood 1994). Only

one population with two living

individuals is known (Paul Higashino,

Kahoolawe Island Reserve Commission

(KIRC), pers. comm. 2000).

The only known habitat is mixed

coastal shrubland on steep rocky talus

slopes at 45 to 60 m (150 to 200 ft)

elevation. Associated native plant taxa

include Sida fallax (ilima), Senna

gaudichaudii (kolomona), Bidens

mauiensis (kookoolau), Lipochaeta

livarum (nehe), Portulaca molokinensis

(ihi), and Capparis sandwichiana (maia

pilo) (64 FR 48307).

The major threats to Kanaloa

kahoolawensis are landslides and the

alien plant taxa Emilia fosbergii

(pualele), Chloris barbata (swollen

finger grass), and Nicotiana glauca

(tobacco tree) (Lorence and Wood 1994).

Goats played a major role in the

destruction of vegetation on Kahoolawe

Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 243 / Monday, December 18, 2000 / Proposed Rules 79199

before they were removed (Cuddihy and

Stone 1990), and K. kahoolawensis

probably survived only because the

rocky stack is almost completely

separated from the island and

inaccessible to goats (Lorence and Wood

1994). Rats are a potential threat to

Kanaloa kahoolawensis, because the

species has seeds similar in appearance

and presentation to the seeds of the

federally endangered Caesalpinia

kavaiense (Uhiuhi), which are eaten by

rats. Rats may have been the cause of

the decline of this species 800 years ago.

Trampling and habitat degradation from

cats and seabirds are also potential

threats (P. Higashino, pers. comm.

2000). Random environmental events

and/or reduced reproductive vigor are

also a threat to this species, because

only two individuals are known (64 FR

48307).

Lipochaeta kamolensis

Lipochaeta kamolensis, a short-lived

perennial herb of the aster family

(Asteraceae), has trailing or climbing

stems that are woody at the base and

reach a length of 0.3 to 3 m (1 to 10 ft).

This species is distinguished from

others of the genus by the simple leaves

which are pinnately lobed or cut and by

the size of the flower heads (Wagner et

al. 1999).

Lipochaeta kamolensis has been

observed flowering from December

through February, as well as in April.

The growing season coincides with the

wet season between November and

April/May. Plants are dry and appear to

be metabolically inactive during the dry

season. Additional information on the

life history of this plant, reproductive

cycles, longevity, specific

environmental requirements, and

limiting factors is generally unknown

(USFWS 1997).

Historically, Lipochaeta kamolensis

was known from Kamole Gulch, west of

Kepuni Gulch, and 7.2 km (11.8 mi)

southeast of Ulupalakua Ranch Office

(Wagner et al. 1999). This species still

occurs in the Kamole Gulch, as well as

Kepuni Gulch, both above and below

Highway 31 on State-owned and private

lands. The only known population,

which extends over an area of about 40

ha (100 ac), is estimated to contain less

than 500 individuals (GDSI 2000,

HINHP Database 2000; Kenneth Wood,

National Tropical Botanical Garden

(NTBG) in litt. 1999).

Lipochaeta kamolensis typically

grows along the bottom of rock ledges in

dry to mesic scrub or dry lowland

forests at elevations from 220 to 250 m

(720 to 820 ft) (Wagner et al. 1999).

Associated vegetation includes

Dodonaea viscosa, Plumbago zeylanica

(iliee), and Ipomoea indica (koali awa)

(K. Wood, in litt. 1999).

The major threats to Lipochaeta

kamolensis are habitat destruction and

predation by cattle and goats,

competition with alien plants such as

Lantana camara, fire, and the small

number of populations subject to

extinction by random environmental

events (57 FR 20772; USFWS 1997).

Melicope adscendens

Melicope adscendens, a long-lived

perennial of the citrus family

(Rutaceae), is a sprawling shrub with

long, slender branches covered with

gray hairs when young, which become

hairless when older. M. adscendens is

distinguished from other species of the

genus by its growth habit, the distinct

follicles of its fruit, and the persistent

(remaining attached) sepals and petals

(Stone et al. 1999).

Melicope adscendens fruits have been

collected in March and July. Additional

information on the life history of this

plant, reproductive cycles, longevity,

specific environmental requirements,

and limiting factors is generally

unknown (USFWS 1997).

Melicope adscendens has been found

only on the southwestern slope of

Haleakala; two plants, separated by an

unspecified distance, were found by

Forbes in 1920. Today, there are a total

of three known populations on State

and private lands: one of the original

plants persists near Puu Ouli on

privately owned land, 26 individuals

are known from Auwahi, and one

individual has been found in the Kanaio

NAR (GDSI 2000, HINHP Database

2000).

This species typically grows at

elevations between 770 and 1,220 m

(2,520 and 4,000 ft) in Nestegis

sandwicensis (olopua) lowland mesic

forest or open dry forest on a‘a lava

flows (a particular type of lava flow

with very sharp edges) with pockets of

soil. Associated native plant species

include: Pleomele auwahiensis (hala

pepe), Dodonaea viscosa, Osteomeles

anthyllidifolia (ulei), Alphitonia

ponderosa (kauila), Chamaesyce

celastroides var. lorifolia (akoko),

Santalum ellipticum (iliahialo e),

Pouteria sandwicensis (alaa), Styphelia

tameiameiae and Xylosma hawaiiensis

(maua) (HINHP Database 2000, K.

Wood, in litt. 1999).

Major threats are habitat damage and

trampling by cattle, competition with

alien plant species, including Lantana

camara, Bocconia frutescens (NCN), and

Pennisetum clandestinum, and reduced

reproductive vigor or extinction from

random environmental events due to the

small number of individuals and narrow

distribution. Potential threats include

habitat degradation and damage to

plants by axis deer (Axis axis), feral

goats, feral pigs, black twig borer, fire,

and ranch activities (59 FR 62346;

USFWS 1997; HINHP Database 2000).

Melicope balloui

Melicope balloui, a long-lived

perennial of the citrus family

(Rutaceae), is a small tree or shrub. New

growth has yellowish brown woolly

hairs and waxy scales; plant parts later

become nearly hairless. M. balloui is

distinguished from other species of the

genus by the partially fused carpels of

its four-lobed capsule and usually

persistent sepals and petals (Stone et al.

1999).

Additional information on the life

history of this plant, reproductive

cycles, longevity, specific

environmental requirements, and

limiting factors is generally unknown

(USFWS 1997).

Melicope balloui has been found only

on the northern and southeastern slopes

of Haleakala. There are two known

populations, located approximately 4.0

km (2.5 mi) apart; one near Puu o Kakae

on privately owned land and the second

on federally owned land in Kipahulu

Valley within Haleakala National Park.

The two populations are comprised of

approximately 50 individuals (GDSI

2000; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood,

in litt. 1999).

This species typically grows in Acacia

koa and Metrosideros polymorpha

dominated montane wet forest at

elevations between 760 and 1,520 m

(2,500 and 5,000 ft). Associated taxa

include Machaerina angustifolia (uki),

Cheirodendron trigynum, Labordia

hedyosmifolia (kamakahala), Coprosma

sp. (pilo), Dicranopteris linearis,

Joinvillea ascendens ssp. ascendens

(ohe), and Peperomia subpetiolata (ala

ala wai nui) (HINHP Database 2000,

USFWS 2000).

Major threats are habitat degradation

and damage to plants by feral pigs and

axis deer and reduced reproductive

vigor or extinction caused by random

environmental events due to the small

number of existing populations and

individuals. Potential threats include

competition with alien plant taxa, such

as Paspalum conjugatum, Clidemia

hirta, Paspalum urvillei, Andropogon

virginicus (broomsedge), and Psidium

cattleianum (strawberry guava);

susceptibility to black twig borer; and

predation by rats (59 FR 62346; USFWS

1997; HINHP Database 2000).

Melicope ovalis

Melicope ovalis, a long-lived

perennial of the citrus family

79200 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 243 / Monday, December 18, 2000 / Proposed Rules

(Rutaceae), is a tree growing up to 5 m

(16 ft) tall. New growth has fine, short,

brownish hairs, but soon becomes

hairless. Leaves are opposite, leathery,

and broadly elliptic. The upper and

lower surfaces of the leaves are hairless,

and bruised foliage has an anise odor

similar to that of M. anisata. Each flower

cluster is on a main stalk and comprises

three to seven flowers on individual

stalks. Further details of the flowers are

unknown. The fruit, a capsule, has

carpels that are fused along almost their

entire length. Each fertile carpel

contains one or two glossy black seeds.

The exocarp and endocarp are both

hairless. M. ovalis is distinguished from

other species of the genus by the almost

entirely fused carpels of its capsule, its

nonpersistent sepals and petals, and its

well-developed petioles (Stone et al.

1999).

Additional information on the life

history of this plant, reproductive

cycles, longevity, specific

environmental requirements, and

limiting factors is generally unknown

(USFWS 1997).

Melicope ovalis has been found only

on the eastern and southeastern slopes

of Haleakala. There is one known

population with less than 300

individuals, found on federally owned

land in Kipahulu Valley in Haleakala

National Park (GDSI 2000; HINHP

Database 2000; K. Wood, in litt. 1999).

This species typically grows in Acacia

koa and Metrosideros polymorphadominated montane wet forests along

streams at elevations between 850 and

1,430 m (2,800 and 4,700 ft). Associated

taxa include Dicranopteris linearis,

Machaerina angustifolia, Labordia

hedyosmifolia, Wikstroemia oahuensis

(akia), Dubautia plantaginea, Hedyotis

hillebrandii, Broussaisia arguta,

Cheirodendron trigynum, and

Perrottetia sandwicensis (USFWS 1997;

HINHP Database 2000).

Major threats to the only known

population are habitat degradation and

damage to plants by feral pigs and

reduced reproductive vigor and/or

extinction due to random environmental

events. Competition with introduced

plants such as Paspalum conjugatum,

Clidemia hirta, Rubus rosifolius

(thimbleberry) and Psidium

cattleianum, seed predation by rats, and

susceptibility to black twig borer are

also threats to this species (59 FR 62346;

USFWS 1997; HINHP 2000; K. Wood in

litt. 1999). Habitat degradation and

damage to plants by feral goats and axis

deer are potential threats if the integrity

of the fence currently surrounding the

population is compromised.

Remya mauiensis

Remya mauiensis is a short-lived

perennial member of the aster family

(Asteraceae). The genus Remya is

endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. It is a

small perennial shrub, about 90 cm (3

ft) tall, with many slender, sprawling, or

scandent to weakly erect branches,

covered with a fine tan fuzz near their

tips. The leaves are narrow, up to about

15 cm (6 in.) long, and are bunched at

the ends of the branches. The coarsely

toothed leaf blade is 5 to 12 times longer

than wide, has a long-attenuate base,

and a petiole of less than 1 cm (0.4 in.)

long. The leaves are green on the upper

surface and covered with a dense mat of

fine white hairs on the lower surface.

The flowers are small, about 0.7 cm (0.3

in.) in diameter, dark yellow, and

densely clustered at the ends of their

stems (Wagner et al. 1999).

Additional information on the life

history of this plant, reproductive

cycles, longevity, specific

environmental requirements, and

limiting factors is generally unknown

(USFWS 1997).

Remya mauiensis was collected twice

by William Hillebrand on West Maui

between 1851 and 1871, and again in

1920 by Charles Forbes, also on West

Maui. It was thought to be extinct until

its rediscovery in 1971 by L.E. Bishop,

W. Gagne, and S. Montgomery on the

slopes of Manawainui Gulch, West

Maui. Currently, R. mauiensis is known

from three small populations on

adjacent ridges on State-owned land in

West Maui: Manawainui, Papaalua

Gulch, and Ukemehame (GDSI 2000).

Because of the sprawling habit of this

species, and the often dense growth of

the surrounding vegetation, it is difficult

to determine the exact number of

individuals in a population; however,

there is an estimate of 26 individuals

(HINHP Database 2000).

Remya mauiensis grows chiefly on

steep, north or northeast-facing slopes

between 850 to 1,250 m (2,800 to 4,100

ft) in elevation, primarily in mixed

mesophytic forests, Metrosideros

polymorpha montane wet forest, or the

remnants of such forests. Associated

species include: Diospyros sandwicensis

(lama), Xylosma hawaiiensis, Nestegis

sandwicensis, Myrsine lessertiana (kolea

lau nui), Wikstroemia sp. (akia),

Dodonaea viscosa, Diplazium

sandwichianum, Lysimachia remyi,

Microlepia strigosa (palapalai), Melicope

sp., Alyxia oliviformis (maile),

Psychotria mariniana, Ctenitis

squamigera, Pleomele auwahiensis, and

Styphelia tameiameiae (HINHP

Database 2000, USFWS 1997).

This species is threatened by

extinction due to random catastrophic

environmental events by virtue of the

extremely small size of the populations

coupled with a limited distribution of

the remaining populations. The limited

gene pool may depress reproductive

vigor, or a single environmental

disturbance could destroy a significant

percentage of the known individuals.

However, the primary threat to this

species is the loss and degradation of its

habitat due to the introduction of alien

plants, such as Rubus rosifolius and

Tibouchina herbacea, and feral pigs (56

FR 1450; USFWS 1997).

Schiedea haleakalensis

Schiedea haleakalensis, a short-lived

perennial of the pink family

(Caryophyllaceae), is a hairless shrub,

with slightly fleshy, narrow leaves and

a single vein. Flowers are arranged in

clusters at the ends of the branches. The

flower has 5 green, oval sepals; no

petals; 5 nectaries; and 10 stamens.

Capsules contain grayish to reddish

brown seeds. This species differs from

other species of the genus on East Maui

by its crowded, hairless inflorescence

composed of bisexual flowers (Wagner

et al. 1999).

Schiedea haleakalensis is

gynodioecious (individuals either have

only female flowers or only perfect

flowers) and so likely needs cross

pollination by small insects. Small,

short-flighted flies and moths have been

observed visiting flowers. Fruits and

seeds have been observed from August

through September. Additional

information on the life history of this

plant, reproductive cycles, longevity,

specific environmental requirements,

and limiting factors is generally

unknown (USFWS 1997).

Due to the lack of early collections or

sightings, the historical range of

Schiedea haleakalensis is unknown.

This species is known only from Holua

and the west side of Kaupo Gap in the

federally owned Haleakala National

Park (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database

2000). The two populations are

estimated to contain a total of 100 to 200

individuals, which together extend over

a total area of 11 ha (28 ac) (HINHP

Database 2000).

Schiedea haleakalensis typically

grows on sheer, north-facing arid

subalpine cliffs at elevations of 1,830 to

2,140 m (6,000 to 7,020 ft) (Wagner et

al. 1999). Associated vegetation

includes Artemisia mauiensis

(hinahina), Bidens micrantha (NCN),

Dubautia sp., and Viola chamissoniana

(pamakani) (USFWS 1997; HINHP

Database 2000).

Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 243 / Monday, December 18, 2000 / Proposed Rules 79201

The greatest threats to Schiedea

haleakalensis are fire and other

catastrophic events that could severely

impact the species due the small

number and restricted distribution of

remaining individuals and populations

(57 FR 20772; USFWS 1997).

Tetramolopium capillare

Tetramolopium capillare, a shortlived perennial of the sunflower family

(Asteraceae), is a sprawling shrub with

stems measuring 50 to 80 cm (20 to 31

in.) long and covered with many glands

when young. The very firm, stalkless

leaves are involute (edges rolled under).

Flower heads are situated singly at the

ends of stalks. Located beneath each

flower head are 45 to 50 bracts, arranged

in a structure 3 to 4 mm (about 0.1 in.)

high and 7 to 10 mm (0.3 to 0.4 in.) in

diameter. In each flower head, 30 to 50

white, male ray florets are surround by

15 to 25 greenish yellow tinged with

red, functionally female florets. The

achenes (dry, one-seeded fruits) are

topped by a white pappus comprising a

single series of bristles. T. capillare

differs from other species of the genus

by its very firm leaves with edges rolled

under, its solitary flower heads, the

color of its disk florets, and its shorter

pappus. It differs from T. remyi, with

which it sometimes grows, by its more

sprawling habit and the shorter stalks of

its smaller flower heads (Lowrey 1999).

Additional information on the life

history of this plant, reproductive

cycles, longevity, specific

environmental requirements, and

limiting factors is generally unknown

(USFWS 1997).

Historically, Tetramolopium capillare

is known from Lahainaluna to Wailuku

on West Maui (Lowrey 1999). Currently,

four known populations with a total of

between 130 and 150 individuals are

known to be extant near Halepohaku,

Koai, and Kauaula on State and

privately owned lands (GDSI 2000;

USFWS 2000).

Tetramolopium capillare typically

grows on rocky substrates at elevations

between 610 and 1,050 m (2,000–3,440

ft) in Metrosideros polymorphaStyphelia tameiameiae montane mesic

or wet shrubland or in Heteropogon

contortus (pili grass) lowland dry forest.

Plant species associated with the higher

elevation populations include

Dodonaea viscosa, Metrosideros

polymorpha, and Styphelia

tameiameiae. Dodonaea viscosa,

Heteropogon contortus, and Myoporum

sandwicense (naio) are associates of the

other populations (USFWS 1997).

The major threats to Tetramolopium

capillare are fires; competition from

alien plant species, particularly Lantana

camara, Leucaena leucocephala (koa

haole), and Rhynchelytrum repens (natal

redtop); and reduced reproductive vigor

and/or extinction from random

environmental events due to the small

number of existing populations and

individuals (59 FR 49860; USFWS

1997).

Multi-Island Species

Alectryon macrococcus

Alectryon macrococcus, a long-lived

perennial and a member of the

soapberry family (Sapindaceae), consists

of two varieties, macrococcus and

auwahiensis, both trees with reddishbrown branches and net-veined paper or

leather-like leaves with one to five pairs

of sometimes asymmetrical egg-shaped

leaflets. The underside of the leaf has

dense brown hairs, only when young in

A. macrococcus var. macrococcus, and

persistent in A. macrococcus var.

auwahiensis. The only member of its

genus found in Hawaii, this species is

distinguished from other Hawaiian

members of its family by being a tree

with a hard fruit 2.5 cm (1 in.) or more

in diameter (57 FR 20772; Wagner et al.

1999).

Alectryon macrococcus is a relatively

slow-growing, long-lived tree that grows

in xeric to mesic sites and is adapted to

periodic drought. Little else is known

about the life history of A. macrococcus.

Flowering cycles, pollination vectors,

seed dispersal agents, longevity, and

specific environmental requirements are

unknown.

Historically and currently, Alectryon

macrococcus var. macrococcus is

known from Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, and

Maui. On Maui, this taxon is found

along the Honokowai Ditch Trail and in

Launiupoko Valley, on or near State and

privately owned lands (GDSI 2000;

HINHP Database 2000). There are three

populations with a total of four

individuals (HINHP Database 2000).

Currently, A. macrococcus var.

auwahiensis is known from three

populations with 22 individuals on

leeward East Maui in the Auwahi and

Kanaio districts, and on the slopes of

Haleakala on private land and Stateowned, but privately leased, ranchland

(Medeiros et al. 1986; GDSI 2000;

HINHP Database 2000).

The habitat of Alectryon macrococcus

var. macrococcus is dry slopes or in

gulches in dense mesic mixed

Metrosideros polymorpha forest or

Diospyros sandwicensis forest at

elevations of 360–1,070 m (1,180–3,510

ft) (HINHP Database 2000). Associated

native plants include Nestegis

sandwicensis and Antidesma

platyphyllum (hame). The habitat of A.

macrococcus var. auwahiensis is mixed

lowland dry forest at elevations of 360–

1,070 m (1,180–3,510 ft). Associated

native plants include Diospyros

sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa,

Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, Alphitonia

ponderosa, Santalum ellipticum,

Xylosma hawaiiensis, Nestegis

sandwicensis, Streblus pendulinus

(aiai), and Pleomele auwahiensis

(HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, in litt.

1999).

The threats to Alectryon macrococcus

var. macrococcus on Maui include feral

goats and pigs; alien plant species, such

as Melinus minutiflora (molasses grass),

Pennisetum clandestinum (kikuyu

grass), Schinus terebinthifolius

(Christmasberry), and Psidium

cattleianum; damage from the black

twig borer; seed predation by rats and

mice (Mus musculus); fire; seed

predation by insects (probably the

endemic microlepidopteran Prays cf.

fulvocanella); loss of pollinators;

depressed reproductive vigor; and due

to the very small remaining number of

individuals and their limited

distribution, a single natural or humancaused environmental disturbance

could easily be catastrophic. The threats

to A. macrococcus var. auwahiensis on

Maui are damage from the black twig

borer; seed predation by rats and mice;

habitat degradation by feral pigs and

escaped cattle; seed predation by insects

(probably Prays cf. fulvocanella); loss of

pollinators; depressed reproductive

vigor; and due to the very small

remaining number of individuals and

their limited distribution, a single

natural or human-caused environmental

disturbance could easily be catastrophic

(57 FR 20772).

Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha

Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha, a

short-lived member of the aster family

(Asteraceae), is an erect perennial herb.

This subspecies can be distinguished

from other subspecies by the shape of

the seeds, the density of the flower

clusters, the numbers of ray and disk

florets per head, differences in leaf

surfaces, and other characteristics (57

FR 20772; Ganders and Nagata 1999).

Bidens micrantha is known to

hybridize with other native Bidens, such

as B. mauiensis and B. menziesii, and

possibly B. conjuncta (Ganders and

Nagata 1999). Little else is known about

the life history of Bidens micrantha ssp.

kalealaha. Flowering cycles, pollination

vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity,

and specific environmental

requirements are unknown.

Historically, Bidens micrantha ssp.

kalealaha was known from Lanai, the

south slope of Haleakala on East Maui,

79202 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 243 / Monday, December 18, 2000 / Proposed Rules

and from one locality on West Maui

(Ganders and Nagata 1999; HINHP

Database 2000). Currently, this taxon

remains only on East Maui in Kahua,

Manawainui to Wailaulau, and in

Haleakala National Park, on State and

Federal lands. There are a total of four

populations with less than 2,000

individuals altogether (USFWS 1999;

GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).

The habitat of Bidens micrantha ssp.

kalealaha is blocky lava flows with little

or no soil development, deep pit craters,

and sheer rock walls in open canopy

Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia koa

forest, montane shrubland, or cliff faces

at elevations of 1,600 to 2,300 m (5,250

to 7,550 ft) (Ganders and Nagata 1999;

HINHP Database 2000). Associated

native species include Styphelia

tameiameiae, Coprosma montana,

Dodonaea viscosa, Lysimachia remyi,

Viola chamissoniana, Dubautia

menziesii, and Dubautia platyphylla (na

ena e) (Ganders and Nagata 1999;

HINHP Database 2000).

The threats to this species on Maui

are habitat destruction by feral goats,

pigs, and cattle; competition from a

variety of invasive plant species; and

fire (57 FR 20772).

Bonamia menziesii

Bonamia menziesii, a short-lived

perennial member of the morning-glory

family (Convolvulaceae), is a vine with

twining branches that are fuzzy when

young. This species is the only member

of the genus that is endemic to the

Hawaiian Islands and differs from other

genera in the family by its two styles,

longer stems and petioles, and rounder

leaves (Austin 1999).

Little is known about the life history

of this plant. Reproductive cycles,

longevity, specific environmental

requirements, and limiting factors are

unknown.

Historically, Bonamia menziesii was

known from Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, one

location on West Maui, and the island

of Hawaii (HINHP Database 2000).

Currently, this species is known from

Kauai, Oahu, Lanai, Maui, and Hawaii.

On Maui, this species is known from

Puu o kali; Honokowai Ditch Trail; and

Kanaio NAR. Currently there are three

populations containing a total of 11

individuals on State and privately

owned lands (GDSI 2000; HINHP

Database 2000; K. Wood, in litt. 1999).

Bonamia menziesii is found on a‘a

lava in mixed open dry forest, or

Erythrina sandwicensis (wiliwili)

lowland dry forest, and in mesic mixed

Metrosideros polymorpha forest at

elevations between 150 and 850 m (490

and 2,800 ft) (HINHP database 1999; K.

Wood, in litt. 1999). Associated species

include Nestegis sandwicensis,

Pleomele auwahiensis, Dodonaea

viscosa, Osteomeles anthyllidifolia,

Alphitonia ponderosa, Santalum

ellipticum, Xylosma hawaiiensis,

Nothocestrum latifolium (aiea), Pouteria

sandwicensis, Achyranthes splendens

(NCN), Acacia koaia (koaia), Sida fallax,

Reynoldsia sandwicensis (ohe), Sicyos

sp. (anunu), Lipochaeta rockii (nehe),

Nototrichium sp. (kului), Myoporum

sandwicense (HINHP Database 2000; K.

Wood, in litt. 1999).

The primary threats to this species on

Maui are habitat degradation and

possible predation by feral pigs, goats,

axis deer, and cattle; competition with

a variety of alien plant species,

particularly Pennisetum setaceum,

Lantana camara, and Bocconia

frutescens; and an alien beetle

(Physomerus grossipes) (59 FR 56333).

Cenchrus agrimonioides

Cenchrus agrimonioides is a shortlived perennial member of the grass

family (Poaceae) with leaf blades which

are flat or folded and have a prominent

midrib. There are two varieties, C.

agrimonioides var. laysanensis and C.

agrimonioides var. agrimonioides. They

differ from each other in that var.

agrimonioides has smaller burs, shorter

stems, and narrower leaves. This species

is distinguished from others in the

genus by the cylindrical to lance-shaped

bur and the arrangement and position of

the bristles (O’Connor 1999).

Little is known about the life history

of this plant. Reproductive cycles,

longevity, specific environmental

requirements, and limiting factors are

generally unknown, however, this

species has been observed to produce

fruit year round (USFWS 1999).

Historically, Cenchrus agrimonioides

var. agrimonioides was known from the

Oahu, Lanai, and the south slope of

Haleakala and Ulupalakua on Maui, and

an undocumented report from the Island

of Hawaii (61 FR 53108). Historically, C.

agrimonioides var laysanensis was

known from Laysan, Kure, and Midway,

all within the Northwestern Hawaiian

Islands National Wildlife Refuge. This

variety has not been seen since 1973 (61

FR 53108; Corn 1980). Currently,

Cenchrus agrimonioides var.

agrimonioides is known from Oahu and

Maui. On Maui, this variety is known

from a single population within the

Kanaio NAR, containing an unknown

number of individuals (HINHP Database

2000).

Cenchrus agrimonioides var.

agrimonioides is found on rough a‘a

lava scree in mesic Metrosideros

polymorpha-Acacia koa forest at

elevations between 560 and 820 m

(1,830 and 2,700 ft). Associated plants

include Alyxia oliviformis, Canthium

odoratum (alahee), Carex sp., Diospyros

sp. (lama), Styphelia tameiameiae, and

Eragrostis variabilis (61 FR 53108;

HINHP Database 2000).

The major threats to the only known

population of Cenchrus agrimonioides

var. agrimonioides on Maui are

competition with alien plants; browsing

and habitat degradation by goats and

cattle; and a risk of extinction from

naturally occurring events and/or

reduced reproductive vigor due to the

small number of existing individuals (61

FR 53108).

Centaurium sebaeoides

Centaurium sebaeoides is an annual

herb in the gentian family

(Gentianaceae), with fleshy leaves and

stalkless flowers. This species is

distinguished from C. erythraea, which

is naturalized in Hawaii, by its fleshy

leaves and the unbranched arrangement

of the flower cluster (56 FR 55770;

Wagner et al. 1999).

Centaurium sebaeoides has been

observed flowering in April. Flowering

may be induced by heavy rainfall.

Populations are found in dry areas, and

plants are more likely to be found

following heavy rains (USFWS 1995c).

Other than that, little is known about

the life history of this plant.

Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific

environmental regulations, and limiting

factors are generally unknown.

Historically and currently,

Centaurium sebaeoides is known from

Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, and Maui

(Wagner et al. 1999). On Maui, there are

three populations of this species, with a

total of more than 50 individuals, on or

near State and privately owned lands,

north of Waihee; Puu Koae; and near the

mouth of Makamakaole Stream (HINHP

Database 2000).

This species typically grows in

volcanic or clay soils or on cliffs in arid

coastal areas below 250 m (820 ft)

elevation (56 FR 55770; Wagner et al.

1999). Associated species include

Panicum torridum (kakonakona),

Lysimachia mauritiana (kolokolo

kuahiwi), Schiedea globosa (NCN),

Lipochaeta integrifolia (nehe),

Argemone glauca (pua kala), Bidens

mauiensis, Lycium sandwicense (ohelo

kai), and Dicranopteris linearis (HINHP

Database 2000).

The major threats to this species on

Maui are habitat degradation by feral

goats and cattle; competition from the

alien plant species Leucaena

leucocephala; trampling by humans on

or near trails; and fire (56 FR 55770).

Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 243 / Monday, December 18, 2000 / Proposed Rules 79203

Clermontia lindseyana

Clermontia lindseyana, a short-lived

perennial and a member of the

bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a

small, branched tree that grows 2.5–6 m

(8.2 to 20 ft) tall (Lammers 1999).

Clermontia lindseyana is either

terrestrial or epiphytic, living on the

surface of other plants. The upper

surface of the oblong-shaped leaves is

dark green while the lower is pale green

or purplish and hairy. Leaf stalks are

2.5–7 cm (1–2.8 in.) long and hairy.

Berries are 2.5–4 cm (1–1.6 in.) wide,

almost round, and orange. Clermontia

lindseyana is easily separable from the

other taxa within this genus by several

characters: much larger leaves and

flowers, similar petals and sepals, and

spreading floral lobes (Cuddihy et al.

1983; Lammers 1999). Rock (1962)

commented on the leaves being

conspicuously hairy beneath.

This species was observed in fruit

from June to October, and in flower

from February to August (HINHP

Database 2000). No other life history

information is currently available.

Historically, Clermontia lindseyana

was known on Maui from the southern

slope of Haleakala and the eastern

portion of the island, and on the island

of Hawaii. Since 1975, populations of

Clermontia lindseyana have been

identified on Maui and Hawaii (59 FR

10305). The two Maui populations are

located in Waiopai and Wailaulau

Gulches in the Kahikinui Forest Reserve

and in Kula Forest Reserve on State and

private lands, and are estimated to total

about 330 individuals (Arthur Medeiros,

U.S. Geological Survey, Biological

Resources Division, in litt. 2000; HINHP

Database 2000; GDSI 2000).

The extant populations grow in

remnant Acacia koa mesic forest on the

leeward slopes between 1,311 and 2,150

m (4,300 and 7,041 ft). Associated

native taxa include the following native

plant species: Cyrtandra oxybapha,

native fern species, Phlegmariurus

mannii, Ilex anomala (aiea), Coprosma

sp., and Myrsine sp. (HINHP Database

2000; USFWS 1996).

The threats to Clermontia lindseyana

are trampling and grazing by cattle,

trampling and browsing by goats, and

rooting and trampling by pigs;

competition with the alien plant

Pennisetum clandestinum; and

consumption of berries, flowers, and

vegetation by black rats (59 FR 10305).

Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis

Clermontia oblongifolia ssp.

mauiensis, a short-lived perennial and a

member of the bellflower family

(Campanulaceae), is a shrub or tree with

oblong to lance-shaped leaves on leaf

stalks (petioles). Clermontia oblongifolia

is distinguished from other members of

the genus by its calyx and corolla,

which are similar in color and are each

fused into a curved tube that falls off as

the flower ages. The species is also

distinguished by the leaf shape, the

male floral parts, the shape of the flower

buds, and the lengths of the leaf and

flower stalks, the flower, and the

smooth green basal portion of the flower

(the hypanthium) (57 FR 20772;

Lammers 1988, 1999). Clermontia

oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis is reported

from Maui and Lanai, while ssp.

oblongifolia is only known from Oahu

and ssp. brevipes is only known from

Molokai.

Clermontia oblongifolia ssp.

mauiensis is known to flower from

November to July (Rock 1919). Little is

known regarding pollination vectors,

seed dispersal, or other factors.

Historically, Clermontia oblongifolia

ssp. mauiensis was known from Lanai

and from Honomanu Valley on

Haleakala, East Maui (57 FR 20772;

Lammers 1999). Currently, it is reported

from Lanai and Maui. On West Maui,

this taxon is known from one

population with an unknown number of

individuals, along the trail to Puu Kukui

in the Honokowai section of the West

Maui NAR on or near State and

privately owned lands (GDSI 2000;

HINHP Database 2000; Lammers 1999).

This plant typically grows on the

sides of ridges in Metrosideros

polymorpha-dominated montane wet

forest at elevations between 850–1,000

m (2,800–3,280 ft) (57 FR 20772; HINHP

Database 2000). Associated native

species include Dicranopteris linearis,

Coprosma sp., Clermontia sp., Hedyotis

sp., and Melicope sp. (57 FR 20772;

HINHP Database 2000).

The only known population of this

species on Maui is vulnerable to

extinction from a natural or humancaused environmental disturbance due

to its small size; depressed reproductive

vigor; and habitat degradation by feral

pigs (57 FR 20772; USFWS 1997).

Colubrina oppositifolia

Colubrina oppositifolia, a member of

the buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae), is a

long-lived tree with extremely hard red

wood. This species is readily

distinguished from the other species in

Hawaii by the opposite leaf position,

dull leaf surface, and entire leaf margins

(Wagner et al. 1999).

This species was observed in fruit and

flower during September 1929 and June

1968, and in flower during December

1947 and January 1984 (HINHP

Database 2000). No other life history

information is currently available.

Historically and currently, Colubrina

oppositifolia is known from Oahu,

Maui, and the Island of Hawaii (59 FR

10305). Currently on Maui, there are

two populations containing one

individual each on privately owned

lands in the Kapunakea Preserve on

West Maui and on privately owned

lands in the Auwahi area of East Maui

(Warshauer 1998; GDSI 2000; HINHP

Database 2000).

Habitats of this species are lowland

dry and mesic forests dominated by

Diospyros sandwicensis, and found at

elevations between 240 and 915 m (800

and 3,000 ft). Associated native species

include Dodonaea viscosa, Canavalia

sp. (awikiwiki), Wikstroemia sp.,

Canthium odoratum, and Reynoldsia

sandwicensis (HINHP Database 2000).

The threats to this species on Maui

are habitat destruction by feral pigs;

competition with the alien plants

Lantana camara, Pennisetum setaceum,

and Schinus terebinthifolius; black twig

borer; Chinese rose beetles (Adoretus

sinicus); fire; and its small population

numbers and limited distribution (59 FR

10305; USFWS 1996).

Ctenitis squamigera

Ctenitis squamigera is a short-lived

perennial of the wood fern family

(Dryopteridaceae) (Wagner and Wagner

1992). It has a rhizome (horizontal stem)

5 to 10 mm (0.2 to 0.4 in.) thick,

creeping above the ground and densely

covered with scales similar to those on

the lower part of the leaf stalk. The leaf

stalks are densely clothed with tancolored scales up to 1.8 cm (0.7 in.) long

and 1 mm (0.04 in.) wide. The sori are

tan-colored when mature and are in a

single row one-third of the distance

from the margin to the midrib of the

ultimate segments (Degener and Degener

1957). The indusium is whitish before

wrinkling, thin, suborbicular with a

narra sinus extending about half way,

glabrous except for a circular margin

which is ciliolate with simple severalcelled glandular and nonglandular hairs

arising directly from the margin or from

the deltoid base (Degener and Degener

1957). Ctenitis squamigera can be

readily distinguished from other

Hawaiian species of Ctenitis by the

dense covering of tan-colored scales on

its frond (Wagner and Wagner 1992).

Reproductive cycles, longevity,

specific environmental requirements

and limiting factors are unknown.

Historically, Ctenitis squamigera was

recorded from the islands of Kauai,

Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and

Hawaii (HINHP Database 2000). It is

currently found on Oahu, Lanai,

79204 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 243 / Monday, December 18, 2000 / Proposed Rules

Molokai, and Maui. There are currently

six populations with between 52 and 58

individuals on State and privately

owned lands on the island of Maui

(GDSI 2000; Hank Oppenheimer, Maui

Pineapple Co., in litt. 2000; K. Wood,

pers. comm. 2000; Joel Lau, HINHP,

pers. comm. 2000 and in litt. 2000).

These populations are all on West Maui,

in Honolua Valley; Kahanaiki Gulch;

Kanaha Valley; Ukumehame Valley;

Kapunakea Preserve; and Iao Valley (H.

Oppenheimer, in litt. 2000; K. Wood

and J. Lau, pers. comm. 2000).

This species is found in the forest

understory at elevations of 380 to 1,000

m (1,250 to 3,280 ft) (HINHP Database

2000; H. Oppenheimer, pers. comm.

2000), in Metrosideros polymorpha

montane wet forest, Metrosideros

polymorpha-Diospyros sp. mesic forest

and diverse mesic forest (HINHP

Database 2000). Associated native plant

taxa include Alyxia oliviformis,

Freycinetia arborea (ieie), Coprosma sp.,

Pleomele sp. (hala pepe), Thelypteris

globulifera (NCN), Sadleria sp. (amau),

Doodia sp. (okupukupu lauii),

Pittosporum sp. (ho awa), Dryopteris

sp., Bobea sp. (ahakea), Antidesma sp.

(hame), Peperomia sp., Dicranopteris

linearis, Schiedea pubescens var.

pubescens, Hibiscus kokio ssp. kokio

(kokio), Hedyotis formosa, Pritchardia

forbesiana (loulu), Myrsine sp.,

Psychotria sp. (kopiko), and Xylosma

sp. (maua) (USFWS 1998a; HINHP

Database 2000).

The primary threats to Ctenitis

squamigera are habitat degradation by

feral pigs, goats, and axis deer;

competition with alien plant taxa,

especially Psidium cattleianum and

Schinus terebinthifolius; fire; and

extinction from naturally occurring

events due to the small number of

existing populations and individuals

(USFWS 1998a).

Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana

Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, a

short-lived member of the bellflower

family (Campanulaceae), is a perennial

shrub with pinnately divided leaves.

This species is distinguished from

others in this endemic Hawaiian genus

by the pinnately lobed leaf margins and

the width of the leaf blades. This

subspecies is distinguished from the

other two subspecies by the shape and

size of the calyx lobes, which overlap at

the base (Lammers 1999).

Little is known about the life history

of this plant. On Molokai, flowering

plants have been reported in July and

August. Reproductive cycles, longevity,

specific environmental requirements,

and limiting factors are unknown.

Historically and currently, Cyanea

grimesiana ssp. grimesiana is known

from Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, and

scattered locations on Maui (61 FR

53108). Currently on Maui, there are

two populations with a total of five

individuals in Iao Valley on State and

privately owned lands (61 FR 53108;

GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).

This species is typically found in

mesic forest often dominated by

Metrosideros polymorpha or

Metrosideros polymorpha and Acacia

koa, on rocky or steep slopes of stream

banks, at elevations between 350 and

945 m (1,150 and 3,100 ft). Associated

plants include Antidesma sp., Bobea

sp., Myrsine sp., Nestegis sandwicensis,

Psychotria sp., and Xylosma sp. (61 FR

53108).

The threats to this species on Maui

are habitat degradation and/or

destruction caused by axis deer, goats,

and pigs; competition with various alien

plants; randomly naturally occurring

events that could cause extinction due

to the small number of existing

individuals; trampling by hikers;

landslides; rats; and slugs (61 FR 53108;

USFWS 1999).

Cyanea lobata

Cyanea lobata, a short-lived member

of the bellflower family

(Campanulaceae), is a sparingly

branched perennial shrub with smooth

to somewhat rough stems and oblong,

irregularly lobed leaves. This species is

distinguished from other species of

Cyanea by the size of the flower and the

irregularly lobed leaves with petioles

(Lammers 1999).

Cyanea lobata is known to flower

from August to February, even in

individuals as small as 50 cm (20 in.) in

height (Rock 1919, Degener 1936).

Historically, Cyanea lobata was

known from Lanai and West Maui

(Lammers 1999; HINHP Database 2000).

It is no longer extant on Lanai, and was

rediscovered at 600 m (1,970 ft)

elevation on privately owned land in

Waikapu Valley on West Maui in 1982

(HINHP Database 2000). The single

known plant of this species was later

destroyed by a landslide triggered by

heavy rains (Hobdy et al. 1990; HINHP

Database 2000). Another population of

three individuals was discovered in

1996 at 560 m (1,840 ft) elevation on

privately owned land in Honokohau

Valley on West Maui (GDSI 2000:

HINHP Database 2000).

This species has been seen and

collected on steep stream banks in deep

shade in wet forest at elevations of 550–

915 m (1,800–3,000 ft) with Touchardia

latifolia (olona), Morinda trimera (noni),

and Athyrium sp. (akolea) ( 57 FR

20772; Lammers 1999; HINHP Database

2000).

The threats to this species on Maui

are habitat degradation by feral pigs;

depressed reproductive vigor; and

natural or human-caused environmental

disturbance that could easily be

catastrophic to the only known

population due to the small number of

remaining individuals and the limited

and scattered distribution of the species

(57 FR 20772; USFWS 1997).

Cyrtandra munroi

Cyrtandra munroi, a short-lived

perennial and member of the African

violet family (Gesneriaceae), is a shrub

with opposite, elliptic to almost circular

leaves which are sparsely to moderately

hairy on the upper surface and covered

with velvety, rust-colored hairs

underneath. This species is

distinguished from other species of the

genus by the broad opposite leaves, the

length of the flower cluster stalks, the

size of the flowers, and the amount of

hair on various parts of the plant

(Wagner et al. 1999).

Some work has been done on the

reproductive biology of some species of

Cyrtandra (USFWS 1995b), but not on

that of C. munroi specifically. The

pollinators of these plants have not been

identified, although studies indicate

that a specific pollinator may be

necessary for successful pollination.

Seed dispersal may be carried out by

birds which eat the fruits (USFWS

1995b). Flowering time, longevity of

plants and seeds, specific

environmental requirements, and other

limiting factors are unknown.

Historically and currently, Cyrtandra

munroi is known from Lanai and West

Maui (Wagner et al. 1999; HINHP

Database 2000). Currently on Maui,

there is a single population in Kahana

Valley containing more than 30

individuals on State and privately

owned lands (GDSI 2000; HINHP

Database 2000).

The habitat of this species is lowland

wet Metrosideros polymorphaDicranopteris linearis forest, typically

on rich, moist to wet, moderately steep

talus slopes from 300 to 920 m (980–

3,020 ft). It occurs on soil and rock

substrates on slopes from watercourses

in gulch bottoms and up the sides of

gulch slopes to near ridgetops.

Associated native species include

Diospyros sp., Hedyotis acuminata,

Clermontia sp., Alyxia oliviformis,

Bobea sp., Coprosma sp., Freycinetia

arborea, Melicope sp., Myrsine sp.,

Perrottetia sandwicensis, Pipturus sp.

(mamaki), Pittosporum sp., Pleomele

sp., Pouteria sandwicensis, Psychotria

sp., Sadleria sp., Scaevola sp.

Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 243 / Monday, December 18, 2000 / Proposed Rules 79205

(naupaka), Xylosma sp., and other

Cyrtandra sp. ( 57 FR 20772; HINHP

Database 2000).

The threats to this species on Maui

are from browsing and habitat

disturbance by axis deer; competition

with the alien plant species Psidium

cattleianum, Myrica faya (firetree),

Leptospermum scoparium (tea tree),

Pluchea symphytifolia (sourbush),

Melinis minutiflora, Rubus rosifolius,

and Paspalum conjugatum (Hilo grass);

loss of appropriate pollinators; a very

small number of extant individuals

which can cause depressed reproductive

vigor; and the effects of random

environmental events that could easily

be catastrophic to the only known

population on Maui (57 FR 20772;

USFWS 1995b).

Diellia erecta

Diellia erecta, a short-lived perennial

fern in the spleenwort family

(Aspleniaceae), grows in tufts of 3 to 9

lance-shaped fronds emerging from a

rhizome covered with brown to dark

gray scales. This species differs from

other members of the genus in having

brown or dark gray scales usually more

than 2 cm (0.8 in.) in length, fused or

separate sori along both margins, shiny

black midribs that have a hardened

surface, and veins that do not usually

encircle the sori (Smith 1934; Degener

and Greenwell 1950; Wagner 1952).

Little is known about the life history

of this taxon. Reproductive cycles,

longevity, specific environmental

requirements, and limiting factors are

unknown.

Historically, Diellia erecta was known

on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai,

scattered locations on Maui, and various

locations on the Island of Hawaii

(USFWS 1999). Currently, it is only

known from Molokai, Maui, and

Hawaii. On Maui, there are four known

populations containing 23 individual

plants on or near State or privately

owned lands in Iao Valley, Manawainui

Plant Sanctuary, Papalaua Gulch, and

Waiopai Gulch (GDSI 2000; HINHP

Database 2000).

This species is found in deep shade

on steep slopes or gulch bottoms in

Diospyros sandwicensis-Metrosideros

polymorpha lowland mesic forest at

elevations between 210 and 1,590 m

(700 and 5,200 ft) (HINHP Database

2000; USFWS 1999). Associated native

plant species include Nestegis sp.,

Styphelia tameiameiae, Melicope sp.,

Coprosma sp., Dodonaea viscosa,

Dryopteris unidentata (NCN), Myrsine

sp., Psychotria sp., Pleomele

auwahiensis, Syzygium sandwicensis

(ohia ha), and Wikstroemia sp. (HINHP

Database 2000; USFWS 1999).

The major threats to Diellia erecta on

Maui are habitat degradation by pigs,

goats, and cattle; competition with alien

plant species, including Blechnum

occidentale (NCN); and random

naturally occurring events that could

cause extinction and/or reduced

reproductive vigor due to the small

number of existing individuals (59 FR

56333; USFWS 1996).

Diplazium molokaiense

Diplazium molokaiense, a short-lived

perennial member of the woodfern

family (Dryopteridaceae), has a short

prostrate rhizome and green or strawcolored leaf stalks with thin-textured

fronds. This species can be

distinguished from other species of

Diplazium in the Hawaiian Islands by a

combination of characteristics,

including venation pattern, the length

and arrangement of the sori, frond

shape, and the degree of dissection of

the frond (Wagner and Wagner 1992).

There is little known about the life

history of this plant. Reproductive

cycles, longevity, specific

environmental requirements, and

limiting factors are unknown.

Historically, Diplazium molokaiense

was found on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai,

Lanai, and Ainahou Valley and Maliko

Gulch (East Maui) and Wailuku (Iao)

Valley and Waikapu (West Maui) on

Maui (HINHP Database 2000). Currently,

this species is only known from Maui.

Two populations with one individual

each are found in Waiopai Gulch and

Makawao Forest Reserve, on or near

State or privately owned lands

(Warshauer 1998; GDSI 2000; HINHP

Database 2000).

This species occurs near water falls in

lowland or montane mesic Metrosideros

polymorpha-Acacia koa forest between

850 and 1,680 m (2,800 and 5,500 ft) in

elevation (USFWS 1998a; HINHP

Database 2000).

The primary threats on Maui are

habitat degradation by feral goats, cattle,

pigs, and axis deer; competition with

alien plant taxa; decreased reproductive

vigor; and extinction from randomly

occurring natural events due to the

small number of populations and

individuals (59 FR 49025; USFWS

1998a; HINHP Database 2000).

Flueggea neowawraea

Flueggea neowawraea, a long-lived

perennial and a member of the spurge

family (Euphorbiaceae), is a large tree

with white oblong pores covering its

scaly, pale brown bark. This species is

the only member of the genus found in

Hawaii and can be distinguished from

other species in the genus by its large

size, scaly bark, the shape, size, and

color of the leaves, flowers clustered

along the branches, and the size and

shape of the fruits (Linney 1982;

Hayden 1999).

Individual trees of Flueggea

neowawraea bear only male or female

flowers, and must be cross-pollinated

from a different tree to produce viable

seed (Hayden 1999). Little else is known

about the life history of this species.

Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific

environmental requirements, and

limiting factors are unknown.

Historically, Flueggea neowawraea

was known from the islands of Molokai,

Oahu, Kauai, and Hawaii (HINHP

Database 2000). Currently, populations

are known from Kauai, Oahu, East Maui,

and Hawaii. It is now known from two

populations with a total of three trees on

East Maui at Auwahi, and above the

Lualailua Hills on the southwest slope

of Haleakala, on State and privately

owned lands (GDSI 2000; HINHP

Database 2000; Mahealani

Kaiaokamelie, (formerly with)

Ulupalakua Ranch, in litt. 2000).

Flueggea neowawraea occurs in dry or

mesic forest at elevations of 250 to 1,000

m (820 to 3,280 ft) (Hayden 1999).

Associated native plant species include

Alectryon macrococcus, Bobea

timonioides (ahakea), Charpentiera sp.

(papala), Hibiscus sp. (aloalo), Melicope

sp., Myrsine lanaiensis (kolea),

Tetraplasandra sp. (ohe ohe), Psychotria

mariniana (kopiko), Diplazium

sandwichianum, Freycinetia arborea,

Nesoluma polynesicum (keahi),

Diospyros sp., Antidesma pulvinatum

(hame), A. platyphyllum, Canthium

odoratum, Nestegis sandwicensis,

Rauvolfia sandwicensis (hao),

Pittosporum sp., Pleomele sp., Pouteria

sandwicensis, and Streblus pendulinus

(HINHP Database 2000).

The threats to the populations on

Maui are the black twig borer; habitat

degradation by feral pigs, goats, deer,

and cattle; competition with alien plant

species; depressed reproductive vigor;

the risk of extinction from a random

environmental event due to the small

number of individuals; and predation of

the fruit by rats (59 FR 56333; USFWS

1999; HINHP Database 2000).

Hedyotis coriacea

Hedyotis coriacea, a member of the

coffee family (Rubiaceae), is a small,

short-lived perennial shrub with

leathery leaves which are generally

elliptic to oblong in shape, 3 to 8 cm

(1.2 to 3.1 in.) long and usually 1.5 to

3 cm (0.6 to 1.2 in.) wide. This species

is distinguished from others of the

genus by its small, triangular calyx

lobes, which do not enlarge in fruit, and

the combination of capsules which are

79206 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 243 / Monday, December 18, 2000 / Proposed Rules

longer than wide and flower buds which

are square in cross section (Wagner et al.

1999).

Little is known about the life history

of this plant. Flowering cycles,

pollination vectors, seed dispersal

agents, longevity, specific

environmental requirements, and

limiting factors are unknown.

Historically, Hedyotis coriacea was

known from Oahu and the Island of

Hawaii (HINHP Database 2000).

Considered extinct on all islands in

recent years, this species was

rediscovered in 1990 by Steve Perlman

in the State-owned Lihau section of the

West Maui NAR and in 1991 on the

1859 lava flow in the Pohakuloa

Training Area, Island of Hawaii (HINHP

Database 2000; USFWS 1997).

Currently, only a single individual is

known from West Maui on State-owned

land (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database

2000).

Hedyotis coriacea is found on steep,

rocky, slopes in dry lowland Dodonaea

viscosa dominated shrublands at

elevations between 470 to 2,300 m

(1,540 to 7,550 ft) (HINHP Database

2000). Associated species include Sida

fallax, Gouania hillebrandii (NCN),

Bidens menziesii, Lipochaeta livarum,

Myoporum sp. (naio), and Schiedea

menziesii (NCN) (HINHP Database

2000).

The single remaining individual of

Hedyotis coriacea on Maui is threatened

by extinction from a random naturally

occurring event.

Hedyotis mannii

Hedyotis mannii, a member of the

coffee family (Rubiaceae), is a shortlived perennial plant with smooth,

usually erect stems 30 to 60 cm (1 to 2

ft) long, which are woody at the base

and four-angled or winged. The leaves

are opposite, thin in texture, and elliptic

to sometimes lance-shaped. Stipules

(leaf-like appendages), which are

attached to the slightly winged leaf

stalks where they join and clasp the

stem, are triangular. Flowers are

arranged in loose clusters up to 30 cm

(1 ft) long at the ends of the stems and

are either bisexual or female. This

species’ growth habit, its quadrangular

or winged stems, the shape, size, and

texture of its leaves, and its dry capsule,

which opens when mature, separate it

from other species of the genus (Wagner

et al. 1999).

Currently, no life history information

is available for this species (USFWS

1996).

Currently and historically, Hedyotis

mannii is known from Lanai, West

Maui, and Molokai (USFWS 1992). On

Maui, there is a single population of

approximately 20 individuals located on

private land in Kauaula Valley (GDSI

2000; K. Wood in litt. 2000).

The population on Maui is found on

basalt cliffs along stream banks in

Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris

linearis montane wet forest between 825

and 885 m (2,700 and 2,900 ft) (K. Wood

in litt. 2000). Associated plant species

include Machaerina sp. (uki), Carex

meyenii (NCN), Phyllostegia sp. (NCN),

Hedyotis acuminata, Cyrtandra

platyphylla (haiwale), Cyanea sp.

(haha), and Isachne distichophylla (ohe)

(K. Wood in litt. 2000).

Hedyotis mannii on Maui is

threatened by landslides; competition

with the alien plant species Rubus

rosifolius, Ageratina adenophora,

Buddleia asiatica (butterfly bush),

Pluchea carolinensis (sourbush), and

Clidemia hirta; and the low number of

individuals makes it extremely

vulnerable to extinction by random

naturally occurring events (USFWS

1996; K. Wood in litt. 2000).

Hesperomannia arborescens

Hesperomannia arborescens, a longlived perennial of the aster family

(Asteraceae), is a small shrubby tree that

usually stands 1.5 to 5 m (5 to 16 ft) tall.

This member of an endemic Hawaiian

genus differs from other Hesperomannia

species in having the following

combination of characteristics: erect to

ascending flower heads, thick flower

head stalks, and usually hairless and

relatively narrow leaves (Wagner et al.

1999).

This species was observed in flower

from April through June and fruit

during March 1993 and June 1997

(USFWS 1998). No other information is

available on reproductive cycles,

longevity, specific environmental

requirements, and limiting factors.

Hesperomannia arborescens was

formerly known from Lanai, Molokai,

and Oahu (HINHP Database 2000). This

species is now known from Oahu,

Molokai, and Maui. There is currently

one population with four individuals on

East Maui, between Lanilili and

Keahikauo on State and privatelyowned lands (GDSI 2000; HINHP

Database 2000).

Hesperomannia arborescens is found

on slopes or ridges in lowland mesic or

wet forest between 360 and 750 m

(1,180 and 2,460 ft) in elevation, in

association with Metrosideros

polymorpha, Myrsine sandwicensis

(kolea), Isachne distichophylla, Pipturus

sp., Antidesma sp., Psychotria sp.,

Clermontia sp., Cibotium sp.,

Dicranopteris linearis, Bobea sp.,

Coprosma sp., Sadleria sp., Melicope

sp., Machaerina sp., Cheirodendron sp.,

and Freycinetia arborea (HINHP

Database 2000).

The major threats to Hesperomannia

arborescens on Maui are habitat

degradation by feral pigs and goats;

competition with alien plant taxa;

extinction due to random environmental

events or reduced reproductive vigor

due to the small number of individuals

in one remaining population; and

impact by humans (59 FR 14482; HINHP

Database 2000).

Hesperomannia arbuscula

Hesperomannia arbuscula, a longlived perennial member of the aster

family (Asteraceae), is a small shrubby

tree, 2 to 3.3 m (7 to 11 ft) tall. This

species can be distinguished from other

members of the genus by the erect

flower heads and the leaves, usually

hairy beneath, which are one to two

times as long as wide (Wagner et al.

1999).

Hesperomannia arbuscula usually

flowers in the spring depending on

precipitation. Seeds mature in about six

weeks and trees last about 10 to 15 years

(USFWS 1995c). No other information is

available on reproductive cycles,

longevity, specific environmental

requirements, and limiting factors.

Historically and currently,

Hesperomannia arbuscula is known

from Oahu and West Maui (HINHP

Database 2000). On Maui, this species is

found in three populations, containing

13 individuals, on privately owned land

in Iao and Waihee Valleys (GDSI 2000;

HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, in litt.

1999).

Hesperomannia arbuscula typically

grows on slopes and ridges in mesic or

wet forest dominated by Acacia koa and

Metrosideros polymorpha at elevations

of 350 to 900 m (1,150 to 2,950 ft)

(Wagner et al. 1999; HINHP Database

2000). Associated species include

Bidens sp., Tetraplasandra sp., Alyxia

oliviformis, and Psychotria sp. (HINHP

Database 2000).

The major threats to Hesperomannia

arbuscula on Maui are habitat

degradation by feral pigs, competition

from alien plant species, trampling by

humans, and extinction from naturally

occurring random events due to the

small number of populations (56 FR

55770).

Hibiscus brackenridgei

Hibiscus brackenridgei, a short-lived

perennial and a member of the mallow

family (Malvaceae). The species is a

sprawling to erect shrub or small tree.

This species differs from other members

of the genus in having the following

combination of characteristics: yellow

petals, a calyx consisting of triangular

Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 243 / Monday, December 18, 2000 / Proposed Rules 79207

lobes with raised veins and a single

midrib, bracts attached below the calyx,

and thin stipules that fall off, leaving an

elliptic scar. Two subspecies are

currently recognized, Hibiscus

brackenridgei ssp. brackenridgei and H.

brackenridgei ssp. mokuleianus (Bates

1999).

Hibiscus brackenridgei is known to

flower continuously from early February

through late May, and intermittently at

other times of year. Intermittent

flowering may possibly be tied to day

length (USFWS 1999). Little else is

known about the life history of this

plant. Pollination biology, longevity,

specific environmental requirements,

and limiting factors are unknown.

Historically, Hibiscus brackenridgei

was known from the islands of Kauai,

Oahu, Lanai, Maui, Molokai, and

Hawaii (USFWS 1999; HINHP Database

2000). Hibiscus brackenridgei was

collected from an undocumented site on

Kahoolawe, though the subspecies has

never been determined (USFWS 1999).

Currently, Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp.

mokuleianus is known from Oahu and

from undocumented observations on

Kauai (Bates 1999; USFWS 1999).

Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp.

brackenridgei is currently known from

Lanai, Maui, and Hawaii. On Maui,

Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp.

brackenridgei is found in five

populations, containing 38 individuals,

on or near State and privately owned

lands at the northern base of Puu o kali,

in the Lihau section of the West Maui

NAR, Kaonohua Gulch, Keokea, and

south of Puu o kali (GDSI 2000; HINHP

Database 2000).

Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp.

brackenridgei occurs in lowland dry

forest from 130 to 800 m (425 to 2,625

ft) in elevation, sometimes with

Erythrina sandwicensis as the dominant

tree (Geesink et al. 1999; HINHP

Database 2000). Associated plant

species include Myoporum sp.,

Chenopodium sp. (ahe ahea),

Achyranthes sp. (NCN), Nototrichium

sp., Diospyros sp., Chamaesyce

celastroides var. lorifolia, Dodonaea

viscosa, Canthium odoratum, Eurya

sandwicensis (anini), Isachne

distichophylla, and Sida fallax (HINHP

Database 2000).

The primary threats to Hibiscus

brackenridgei ssp. brackenridgei on

Maui are habitat degradation and

possible predation by pigs, goats, cattle,

axis deer, and rats; competition with

alien plant species; and susceptibility to

extinction caused by random

environmental events or reduced

reproductive vigor due to small

population size and a limited number of

populations (59 FR 56333).

Ischaemum byrone

Ischaemum byrone, a short-lived

member of the grass family (Poaceae), is

a perennial species with creeping

underground and erect stems.

Ischaemum byrone can be distinguished

from other Hawaiian grasses by its tough

outer flower bracts, dissimilar basic

flower units, which are awned and twoflowered, and a di- or trichotomouslybranching inflorescence (O’Connor

1999).

Additional information on the life

history of this plant, reproductive

cycles, longevity, specific

environmental requirements, and

limiting factors is generally unknown

(USFWS 1996).

Historically, Ischaemum byrone was

reported from Oahu, Molokai, East

Maui, the Island of Hawaii, and an

undocumented site on Kauai (59 FR

10305; HINHP Database 2000).

Currently, this species is found on

Molokai, Hawaii, and Maui. On Maui, it

is known from along the coast on

private and State owned lands at

Kahanu Gardens, Pauwalu Point,

Honokalani, Kauiki Head, and on the

following offshore islets: Keopuka Islet,

Mokuhuki Islet, and Puukii Islet (GDSI

2000; HINHP Database 2000). There is a

total of six populations with less than

3,000 individuals (HINHP Database

2000).

The habitat of Ischaemum byrone is

coastal dry shrubland, occurring near

the ocean among rocks or on basalt cliffs

between sea level and 75 m (250 ft)

(O’Connor 1999). Associated taxa

include Bidens sp., Fimbristylis cymosa

(Maui u aki aki), and Scaevola sericea

(naupaka kahakai) (HINHP Database

2000).

The most serious threat to Ischaemum

byrone is the invasion of alien plants,

particularly Digitaria ciliaris (Henry’s

crabgrass), Ardisia elliptica (shoebutton

ardesia) and Casuarina equisetifolia

(paina). Additionally, fire may pose a

threat in areas infested with alien

grasses, provided enough fuel is present.

Other potential threats include grazing

and browsing by goats and axis deer;

disturbance incurred from these

ungulates further promotes the

introduction and establishment of alien

weeds. Some populations are also

threatened from residential

development (59 FR 10305; USFWS

1996; HINHP Database 2000).

Lysimachia lydgatei

Lysimachia lydgatei, a short-lived

perennial member of the primrose

family (Primulaceae), is a sprawling,

branched shrub with stems from 1 to 1.3

m (3 to 4 ft) long. This species is

distinguished from others in the genus

by the dense hairs on both the upper

and lower surfaces of mature leaves

(Wagner et al. 1999).

Additional information on the life

history of this plant, reproductive

cycles, longevity, specific

environmental requirements, and

limiting factors is generally unknown

(USFWS 1997).

Lysimachia lydgatei was known

historically from a gulch behind

Lahaina on West Maui and from Oahu.

Currently, it is found only on Maui in

the following locations on State-owned

land in the Lihau section of the West

Maui NAR: Halepohaku, Helu, and

Kauaula-Olowalu (Wagner et al. 1999;

HINHP Database 2000). The three Maui

populations number approximately 240

individuals (GDSI 2000).

Lysimachia lydgatei typically grows

on the sides of steep ridges in

Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris

linearis dominated wet to mesic

shrubland or MetrosiderosCheirodendron montane forest between

elevations of about 915 to 1,415 m

(3,000–4,640 ft) (HINHP Database 2000).

Associated vegetation includes

Lycopodium sp. (wawae iole), Ilex sp.,

Dodonaea viscosa, Vaccinium sp.,

Eurya sandwicensis, Styphelia

tameiameiae, Coprosma sp., Ochrosia

sp. (holei), Astelia sp. (painiu),

Broussaisia arguta, and mat ferns, such

as Dicranopteris sp. (HINHP Database

2000).

The greatest threats to Lysimachia

lydgatei are the threat of extinction from

a random environmental event due to

the small number of populations;

competition with alien plant species,

such as Rubus argutus; and fire (57 FR

20772; USFWS 1997).

Mariscus pennatiformis

Mariscus pennatiformis, a short-lived

member of the sedge family

(Cyperaceae), is a perennial plant with

a woody root system covered with

brown scales. Mariscus pennatiformis is

subdivided into two subspecies, ssp.

bryanii and ssp. pennatiformis, which

are distinguished by the length and

width of the spikelets; color, length, and

width of the glume; and by the shape

and length of the achenes. This species

differs from other members of the genus

by its three-sided, slightly concave,

smooth stems; the length and number of

spikelets; the leaf width; and the length

and diameter of stems (Koyama 1999).

Mariscus pennatiformis is known to

flower from November to December

after heavy rainfall. Additional

information on the life history of this

plant, reproductive cycles, longevity,

specific environmental requirements,

79208 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 243 / Monday, December 18, 2000 / Proposed Rules

and limiting factors is generally

unknown (USFWS 1999).

Historically, Mariscus pennatiformis

was known from Kauai, Oahu, East

Maui (Keanae Valley, Hana, and

Nahiku), the Island of Hawaii, and from

Laysan in the Northwestern Hawaiian

Islands (HINHP Database 2000). M.

pennatiformis ssp. bryanii is only

known from Laysan Island in the

Northwestern Hawaiian Islands

National Wildlife Refuge. M.

pennatiformis ssp. pennatiformis is

currently found only on East Maui. One

population of approximately 30

individuals is found on State owned

land near the mouth of Hanawi Stream

(GDSI 2000; K. Wood in litt. 1999).

On Maui, Mariscus pennatiformis ssp.

pennatiformis is found at elevations

between sea-level and 6 m (20 ft) on

brown soil with talus in Pandanus

coastal wet cliffs and within reach of

ocean spray. Associated native plant

species include: Sadleria pallida

(amau), Pandanus tectorius (hala),

Lysimachia mauritiana (kolokolo

kuahiwi), Cyperus laevigatus (makaloa),

Eragrostis variabilis, and Ipomoea sp.

(morning glory) (Koyama 1999; HINHP

Database 2000; K. Wood in litt. 1999).

Threats to the only known population

of Mariscus pennatiformis ssp.

pennatiformis on Maui include grazing

and habitat destruction caused by

ungulates; competition from alien plant

species; and extinction from random

naturally occurring events (59 FR 56333;

USFWS 1999).

Melicope knudsenii

Melicope knudsenii, a long-lived

perennial and a member of the citrus

family (Rutaceae), is a tree with smooth

gray bark and yellowish brown to olivebrown hairs on the tips of the branches.

The species is distinguished from M.

haupensis and other members of the

genus by the distinct carpels present in

the fruit, a hairless endocarp, a larger

number of flowers per cluster, and the

distribution of hairs on the underside of

the leaves (Stone et al. 1999).

Additional information on the life

history of this plant, reproductive

cycles, longevity, specific

environmental requirements, and

limiting factors is generally unknown.

Historically, Melicope knudsenii was

known only from the southeast slope of

Haleakala on Maui and from Kauai

(HINHP Database 2000). This species

remains on Kauai, but is only found on

privately owned lands at the following

locations on Maui: Auwahi, Puu Mahoi,

and the Kanaio area. There are three

populations with a single individual at

each location (GDSI 2000; HINHP

Database 2000).

Melicope knudsenii grows on forested

flats or talus slopes in Nestegis-Pleomele

mixed open dry forests at elevations of

about 450 to 1,220 m (1,480 to 4,000 ft)

(Stone et al. 1999). Associated native

plant species include Dodonaea viscosa,

Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, Alphitonia

ponderosa, Santalum ellipticum, and

Xylosma hawaiiensis (HINHP Database

2000).

Threats to Melicope knudsenii

include habitat degradation by alien

animals, such as goats and pigs; reduced

reproductive vigor; fire; natural aging

and death; and invasive plant species,

such as Pennisetum clandestinum (59

FR 9304; USFWS 1995a).

Melicope mucronulata

Melicope mucronulata, a long-lived

perennial of the citrus family

(Rutaceae), is a small tree up to 4 m (13

ft) tall with oval to elliptic-oval leaves,

8 to 16 cm (3 to 6.5 in.) long and 3.5

to 6.5 cm (1.5 to 2.5 in.) wide. This

species is distinguished from others in

the genus by the growth habit, the

number of flowers in each flower

cluster, the size and shape of the fruit,

and the degree of hairiness of the leaves

and fruit walls (Stone et al. 1999).

Additional information on the life

history of this plant, reproductive

cycles, longevity, specific

environmental requirements, and

limiting factors is generally unknown

(USFWS 1997).

First discovered in 1920 in Kanaio,

East Maui, Melicope mucronulata was

not relocated until 1983 when it was

reported from State land with an

unknown number of plants. This

species was also found two years later

on East Molokai (Stone et al. 1999; GDSI

2000; HINHP Database 2000).

Melicope mucronulata typically

grows on steep, west- or north-facing,

dry to mesic, forested lowland slopes at

elevations of 670 to 1,070 m (2,200 to

3,500 ft) (HINHP Database 2000).

Associated native species include

Dodonaea viscosa, Metrosideros

polymorpha, Styphelia tameiameiae,

and Dubautia linearis (na ena e)

(USFWS 1997).

The major threat to the continued

existence of the only known population

of Melicope mucronulata on Maui is the

risk of extinction from a random

environmental event. Habitat

degradation by goats and pigs, predation

by goats, and competition with alien

plants, particularly Melinis minutiflora,

also pose immediate threats to this

species (57 FR 20772; USFWS 1997).

Neraudia sericea

Neraudia sericea, a short-lived

perennial member of the nettle family

(Urticaceae), is a 3 to 5 m (10 to 16 ft)

tall shrub with densely hairy branches.

The elliptic or oval leaves have smooth

margins or slightly toothed margins on

young leaves. The upper leaf surface is

moderately hairy and the lower leaf

surface is densely covered with

irregularly curved, silky gray to white

hairs along the veins. The male flowers

may be stalkless or have short stalks.

The female flowers are stalkless and

have a densely hairy calyx that is either

toothed, collar-like, or divided into

narrow unequal segments. The fruits are

achenes with the apical section

separated from the basal portion by a

deep constriction. Seeds are oval with a

constriction across the upper half. N.

sericea differs from the other four

closely related species of this endemic

Hawaiian genus by the density, length,

color, and posture of the hairs on the

lower leaf surface and by its mostly

entire leaf margins (Wagner et al. 1999).

Additional information on the life

history of this plant, reproductive

cycles, longevity, specific

environmental requirements, and

limiting factors is generally unknown

(USFWS 1999).

Neraudia sericea was known

historically from Molokai, Lanai,

Olowalu Valley on West Maui, the

southern slopes of Haleakala on East

Maui, and from Kahoolawe (HINHP

Database 2000). Currently, this species

is known from Molokai and Maui. On

Maui, three populations totaling more

than four individuals are found in

Pohakea Gulch (West Maui) and in

Manawainui and Kamole Gulches (East

Maui). These populations occur on State

and privately owned lands (GDSI 2000;

HINHP Database 2000; M. Kaiaokamelie,

in litt. 2000).

Neraudia sericea generally occurs in

lowland dry to mesic Metrosideros

polymorpha-Dodonaea viscosaStyphelia tameiameiae shrubland or

forest or Acacia koa forest between 670

and 1,480 m (2,200 and 4,850 ft) in

elevation (Wagner et al. 1999; HINHP

Database 2000; M. Bruegmann in litt.

1995). Other associated plant species

include Huperzia mannii (NCN), Urera

glabra (opuhe), Cyrtandra oxybapha

(haiwale), Cyrtandra platyphylla, Sida

fallax, Diospyros sp., Bobea sp.,

Coprosma sp., and Hedyotis sp. (HINHP

Database 2000; M. Bruegmann in litt.

1995).

The primary threats to Neraudia

sericea on Maui are habitat degradation

by feral pigs and goats; competition

with the alien plants, Melinus

minutiflora, Pennisetum clandestinum,

Holcus lanatus, Cymbopogon refractus

(barbwire grass), and nonnative

Eragrostis sp. (love grass); and a risk of

Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 243 / Monday, December 18, 2000 / Proposed Rules 79209

extinction due to random environmental

events (59 FR 56333; USFWS 1999).

Peucedanum sandwicense

Peucedanum sandwicense, a member

of the parsley family (Apiaceae), is a

short-lived, parsley-scented, sprawling

herb. Hollow stems arise from a short,

vertical, perennial stem with several

fleshy roots. This species is the only

member of the genus in the Hawaiian

Islands (Constance and Affolter 1999).

Additional information on the life

history of this plant, reproductive

cycles, longevity, specific

environmental requirements, and

limiting factors is generally unknown

(USFWS 1995a).

Historically and currently,

Peucedanum sandwicense is known

from Molokai, Maui, and Kauai (HINHP

Database 2000). Discoveries in 1990

extended the known distribution of this

species to the island of Oahu (USFWS

1995a). A population is known from

State-owned Keopuka Islet, off the coast

of Maui with a total of between 20–30

individuals (GDSI 2000; HINHP

Database 2000).

This species grows in cliff habitats

from sea level to above 900 m (2,950 ft)

(Constance and Affolter 1999) and is

associated with native species such as

Chamaesyce sp. (akoko), Eragrostis sp.,

Diospyros sp., and Metrosideros

polymorpha (USFWS 1995a; HINHP

Database 2000).

Competition with introduced plants is

the major threat to Peucedanum

sandwicense on Keopuka Rock (59 FR

9304; USFWS 1995a).

Phlegmariurus mannii

Phlegmariurus mannii, a short-lived

member of the clubmoss family

(Lycopodiaceae), is a hanging epiphyte

(growing on the outside of other plants

instead of being rooted in the ground)

with clustered, delicate red stems and

forked reproductive spikes; these traits

distinguish it from others in the genus

in Hawaii (Degener and Degener 1959;

St. John 1981; Wagner and Wagner

1992).

Additional information on the life

history of this plant, reproductive

cycles, longevity, specific

environmental requirements, and

limiting factors is generally unknown

(USFWS 1997).

Historically, Phlegmariurus mannii

was known from Kauai, West Maui

(Haelaau and Hanaula), and the Island

of Hawaii (HINHP Database 2000).

Currently, this species is found on Maui

and Hawaii. On Maui, this species is

now known on State and private lands

from Kaupo, Nuanualoa Stream, and

Manawainui on East Maui; and from

Lihau and Puu Kukui on West Maui

(GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).

There are five populations with fewer

than 300 individuals total (HINHP

Database 2000).

On Maui, Phlegmariurus mannii

typically grows in moist protected

gulches on the native tree species

Metrosideros polymorpha, and Acacia

koa, in mesic to wet montane M.

polymorpha-A. koa forests at elevations

of 900 to 1,600 m (2,950 to 5,250 ft)

(HINHP Database 2000). Associated

native species include Thelypteris sp.,

Athyrium sp., Styphelia tameiameiae,

Cyanea sp., Machaerina sp., Cyrtandra

sp., Sadleria sp., Vaccinium sp.,

Dodonaea viscosa, Astelia menziesiana

(kaluaha), Coprosma sp., Cheirodendron

trigynum, Ilex anomala, and Myrsine sp.

(HINHP Database 2000).

The primary reasons for the

endangerment of this species are habitat

alteration by goats, cattle and pigs, and

the impacts of alien plant species.

Additionally, small population sizes

also make the species subject to

extinction due to random environmental

events (57 FR 20772; USFWS 1997).

Phyllostegia mollis

Phyllostegia mollis, a short-lived

member of the mint family (Lamiaceae),

grows as a nearly erect, densely hairy,

nonaromatic, perennial herb. Leaves are

oval in outline with rounded teeth.

Flowers, usually in groups of 6, are

spaced along a stem; there are 2 shorter

flowering stems directly below the main

stem. The flowers have fused sepals and

white petals fused into a tube and

flaring into a smaller upper and a larger

lower lip. Fruits are fleshy, dark green

to black nutlets. A suite of technical

characteristics concerning the kind and

amount of hair, the number of flowers

in a cluster, and details of the various

plant parts separate this species from

other members of the genus (Wagner et

al. 1999).

Individual Phyllostegia mollis plants

live for approximately five years. The

species is known to flower in late winter

and spring. Additional information on

the life history of this plant,

reproductive cycles, specific

environmental requirements, and

limiting factors is generally unknown

(USFWS 1998b).

Historically, Phyllostegia mollis was

known from Oahu, Molokai, and East

Maui (Wagner et al. 1999, HINHP

Database 2000). Currently, this species

is only known from Oahu and Maui. On

East Maui, a single population of an

unknown number of individuals

remains on State and private lands in

Waiopai Gulch (GDSI 2000; HINHP

Database 2000).

Phyllostegia mollis typically grows on

steep slopes and in gulches in diverse

mesic to wet forests at an elevation of

450 to 1,830 m (1,480 to 6,000 ft)

(Wagner et al. 1999). Associated plants

include ferns, Psychotria sp., and

Pisonia sp. (papala kepau) (HINHP

Database 2000).

The major threats to Phyllostegia

mollis are competition from the alien

plant species Rubus sp. and Schinus

terebinthifolius; and a risk of extinction

of the only known population of this

species on Maui due to random

environmental events (56 FR 55770;

USFWS 1998b).

Plantago princeps

Plantago princeps, a short-lived

member of the plantain family

(Plantaginaceae), is a small shrub or

robust perennial herb. This species

differs from other native members of the

genus in Hawaii by its large branched

stems, flowers at nearly right angles to

the axis of the flower cluster, and fruits

that break open at a point two-thirds

from the base. The four varieties,

anomala, laxiflora, longibracteata, and

princeps, are distinguished by the

branching and pubescence of the stems;

the size, pubescence, and venation of

the leaves; the density of the

inflorescence; and the orientation of the

flowers (Wagner et al. 1999).

Little is known about the life history

of this plant. Reproductive cycles,

longevity, specific environmental

requirements, and limiting factors are

generally unknown. However,

individuals have been observed in fruit

from April through September (USFWS

1999).

Plantago princeps is historically and

currently found on Kauai, Oahu,

Molokai, and Maui. It is no longer

extant on the Island of Hawaii. Plantago

princeps var. anomala is currently

known from Kauai and Oahu; var.

longibracteata is known from Kauai and

Oahu; var. princeps is known from

Oahu; and var. laxiflora is known from

Molokai and Maui. On Maui, there are

five populations of Plantago princeps

var. laxiflora, with a total of 67

individuals, on State, Federal and

privately owned lands. This variety is

found on East Maui at Koolau Gap,

Kaupo Gap, and Kipahulu Valley, and

on West Maui in Iao Valley and Kauaula

Valley (USFWS 1999; GDSI 2000;

HINHP Database 2000).

On Maui, Plantago princeps var.

laxiflora is typically found on basalt

cliffs in Metrosideros polymorpha

lowland wet forest or Acacia koa-M.

polymorpha montane wet forest or M.

polymorpha montane wet shrubland,

from 400 to 2,050 m (1,300 to 6,700 ft)

79210 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 243 / Monday, December 18, 2000 / Proposed Rules

elevation (Wagner et al. 1999).

Associated plant species include

Eragrostis variabilis, Hedyotis formosa,

and Dubautia plantaginea spp. humilis

(USFWS 1999; HINHP Database 2000).

The primary threats to Plantago

princeps var. laxiflora on Maui are

herbivory and habitat degradation by

feral pigs and goats, and competition

with various alien plant species (59 FR

56333; USFWS 1999).

Platanthera holochila

Platanthera holochila, a short-lived,

perennial member of the orchid family

(Orchidaceae), is an erect, deciduous

herb. The stems arise from underground

tubers, the pale green leaves are lance to

egg-shaped and the greenish-yellow

flowers occur in open spikes. This is the

only species of this genus that occurs in

the Hawaiian Islands (Wagner et al.

1999).

Little is known about the life history

of this plant. Reproductive cycles,

longevity, specific environmental

requirements, and limiting factors are

unknown.

Historically, Platanthera holochila

was known from Maui, Oahu, Molokai,

and Kauai (HINHP Database 2000).

Currently, Platanthera holochila is

extant on Kauai, Molokai, and Maui

(HINHP Database 2000). On Maui, three

populations with 28 individuals are

reported on State and privately owned

lands from Hanaula and the Kapaloa

Gulch rim on West Maui, and from

Koolau Gap on East Maui (GDSI 2000;

HINHP Database 2000).

Platanthera holochila is found in

Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris

linearis montane wet forest or M.

polymorpha mixed montane bog or

mesic scrubby M. polymorpha forest

between 1,050–2,120 m (3,440–6,960 ft)

elevation. Associated native plants

include Cibotium sp., Coprosma

ernodeoides (nene), Oreobolus furcatus

(NCN), Styphelia tameiameiae,

Wikstroemia sp., Scaevola

chamissoniana (naupaka kuahiwi),

Sadleria sp., Lythrum maritimum

(pukamole), Deschampsia sp.,

Metrosideros polymorpha, Luzula

hawaiiensis (wood rush), Sisyrinchium

acre (Maui u la ili), Broussaisia arguta,

Clermontia sp., Lycopodium cernuum

(wawae iole), Dubautia scabra (na ena

e), Polypodium pellucidum, Gahnia

gahniiformis (NCN), and Vaccinium

reticulatum (61 FR 53108; USFWS

1999).

The primary threats to Platanthera

holochila on Maui are habitat

degradation and/or destruction by feral

pigs; competition with alien plants; and

a risk of extinction on Maui from

naturally occurring events and/or

reduced reproductive vigor, due to the

small number of remaining populations

and individuals. Predation by slugs may

also be a potential threat to this species

(61 FR 53108; USFWS 1999).

Pteris lidgatei

Pteris lidgatei, a short-lived member

of the maidenhair fern family

(Adiantaceae), is a coarse perennial

herb, 0.5 to 1 m (1.6 to 3.3 ft) tall. It has

a horizontal rhizome 1.5 cm (0.6 in.)

thick and at least 10 cm (3.9 in.) long

when mature. The fronds, including the

leaf stalks, are 60 to 95 cm (24 to 37 in.)

long and 20 to 45 cm (8 to 18 in.) wide.

The leafy portion of the frond is oblongdeltoid to broadly ovate-deltoid, thick,

brittle, and dark gray-green. The sori are

apparently marginal in position, either

fused into long linear sori, or more

typically separated into distinct shorter

sori, with intermediate conditions being

common (Wagner 1949). P. lidgatei can

be distinguished from other species of

Pteris in the Hawaiian Islands by the

texture of its fronds and the tendency of

the sori along the leaf margins to be

broken into short segments instead of

being fused into continuous marginal

sori (Wagner and Wagner 1992).

Additional information on the life

history of this plant, reproductive

cycles, longevity, specific

environmental requirements, and

limiting factors is generally unknown

(USFWS 1998a).

Historically, Pteris lidgatei was found

on Oahu, Molokai, and Waihee on West

Maui (HINHP Database 2000). Currently,

this species is known from Oahu and

Maui. Two populations with

approximately 20 individuals occur on

Maui, one population on privately

owned land in Kahuaula Valley and the

other population on State owned land

near Kahakuloa Stream (GDSI 2000;

HINHP Database 2000).

This species grows on steep stream

banks between 915 to 1,070 m (3,000 to

3,500 ft) elevation in wet Metrosideros

polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis

montane forest with mosses and other

ferns, including Cibotium chamissoi

(hapuu), Dicranopteris linearis,

Elaphoglossum crassifolium (ekaha),

Sadleria squarrosa (amau), and

Sphenomeris chusana (palaa) (HINHP

Database 2000).

The primary threats to Pteris lidgatei

on Maui are the alien plant Clidemia

hirta, habitat destruction by feral pigs,

and a risk of extinction due to random

environmental events (59 FR 49025;

USFWS 1998a).

Sanicula purpurea

Sanicula purpurea, a short-lived

member of the parsley family

(Apiaceae), is a stout perennial herb, 8

to 36 cm (3 to 14 in.) tall, arising from

a massive perennial stem. The stems are

tufted and branched, with the lower

portion of the stem lying close to the

ground, while the upper portion rises.

The basal leaves are numerous and

leathery in texture and are kidneyshaped or circular to egg-heart-shaped,

with three to seven lobes. The leaf lobes

are circular to inversely egg-shaped. The

leaf veins are impressed on the upper

surface and prominent on the lower

surface. The leaf margins bear short,

sharp teeth. The basal leaf stalks are

slender and abruptly sheathed at the

base. The leaves are palmately three-to

five-lobed. The small purple, or creamcolored with a purple tinge, flowers

occur in branched terminal clusters,

each of which contains six to ten

flowers. Each flower cluster contains

one to three perfect flowers and five to

seven staminate flowers. Below the

inflorescence is a series of about ten

oblong or inversely lance-shaped bracts.

The nearly spherical fruits are covered

with prickles. This species is

distinguished from others in the genus

by the number of flowers per cluster and

by the color of the petals (Constance and

Affolter 1999).

Additional information on the life

history of this plant, reproductive

cycles, longevity, specific

environmental requirements, and

limiting factors is generally unknown

(USFWS 1999).

Historically and currently, Sanicula

purpurea is known from Oahu and West

Maui (HINHP Database 2000). On West

Maui, four populations totaling between

130 and 250 individuals are currently

known on State and private lands in

Keahikauo, Eke Crater, Violet Lake, and

Puu Kukui (GSDI 2000; HINHP Database

2000).

This species typically grows in open

Metrosideros polymorpha mixed

montane bogs between 1,000 and 1,620

m (3,280 and 5,330 ft) elevation (HINHP

Database 2000). Associated plant taxa

include Styphelia tameiameiae, Gahnia

beechyi (NCN), Geranium humile

(nohoanu), Myrsine vaccinioides (kolea),

Viola mauiensis (pamakani),

Argyroxiphium caliginis (eke

silversword), Plantago pachyphylla

(laukahi kuahiwi), Lycopodium sp.,

Argyroxiphium grayanum, Lagenifera

mauiensis (howaiaulu), Machaerina sp.,

and Oreobolus furcatus (HINHP

Database 2000).

Habitat degradation by feral pigs, a

risk of extinction due to random

environmental events, and/or reduced

reproductive vigor due to the small

number of existing populations are the

major threats to Sanicula purpurea (61

Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 243 / Monday, December 18, 2000 / Proposed Rules 79211

FR 53108; USFWS 1999; HINHP

Database 2000).

Sesbania tomentosa

Sesbania tomentosa, a short-lived

member of the legume family

(Fabaceae), is typically a sprawling

shrub, but may also be a small tree. Each

compound leaf consists of 18 to 38

oblong to elliptic leaflets which are

usually sparsely to densely covered

with silky hairs. The flowers are salmon

tinged with yellow, orange-red, scarlet

or rarely, pure yellow. S. tomentosa is

the only endemic Hawaiian species in

the genus, differing from the naturalized

S. sesban by the color of the flowers, the

longer petals and calyx, and the number

of seeds per pod (Geesink et al. 1999).

The pollination biology of Sesbania

tomentosa is being studied by David

Hopper, a graduate student in the

Department of Zoology at the University

of Hawaii at Manoa. His preliminary

findings suggest that although many

insects visit Sesbania flowers, the

majority of successful pollination is

accomplished by native bees of the

genus Hylaeus and that populations at

Kaena Point on Oahu are probably

pollinator limited. Flowering at Kaena

Point is highest during the winter-spring

rains, and gradually declines throughout

the rest of the year (USFWS 1999).

Other aspects of this plant’s life history

are unknown.

Currently, Sesbania tomentosa occurs

on at least six of the eight main

Hawaiian Islands (Kauai, Oahu,

Molokai, Kahoolawe, Maui, and Hawaii)

and in the Northwestern Hawaiian

Islands (Nihoa and Necker). It is no

longer extant on Niihau and Lanai (59

FR 56333; USFWS 1999; GDSI 2000;

HINHP Database 2000). On Maui, S.

tomentosa is known from seven

populations with a total of 83

individuals. The populations are located

on State-leased land at Kanaio Training

Area on East Maui; and on State and

privately owned lands at Olowalu

Canyon, Mokolea Point, Kahakuloa,

Nakalele Point, and Poelua Bay on West

Maui(GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000;

B. Hobdy in litt. 2000). Off the south

central coast of Kahoolawe,

approximately 100 individuals of S.

tomentosa are found on a small islet,

Puu Koae, a State-owned seabird

sanctuary (USFWS 1999; HINHP

Database 2000).

Sesbania tomentosa is found in

Scaevola sericea coastal dry shrublands

on windswept slopes, sea cliffs and

cinder slopes between sea level and 580

m (1,900 ft) elevation (HINHP Database

2000). Associated plant species include

Lipochaeta integrifolia, Jacquemontia

ovalifolia ssp. sandwicensis (pa uohi

iaka), Rhynchelytrum repens, Sida

fallax, and Dodonaea viscosa (USFWS

1999; HINHP Database 2000).

The primary threats to Sesbania

tomentosa on Maui are habitat

degradation caused by competition with

various alien plant species such as

Lantana camara, Waltheria sp., and

grass species; feral cattle; lack of

adequate pollination; seed predation by

rats, mice and, potentially, alien insects;

fire; and destruction by off-road vehicles

and other human disturbances (59 FR

56333; USFWS 1999). Threats to

Sesbania tomentosa on Puu Koae

include habitat degradation caused by

competition with various alien plant

species, erosion, and trampling by cats

and seabirds (P. Higashino, pers. comm.

2000).

Spermolepis hawaiiensis

Spermolepis hawaiiensis, a member of

the parsley family (Apiaceae), is a

slender annual herb with few branches.

Its leaves, dissected into narrow, lanceshaped divisions, are oblong to

somewhat oval in outline and grow on

stalks. Flowers are arranged in a loose,

compound umbrella-shaped

inflorescence arising from the stem,

opposite the leaves. Spermolepis

hawaiiensis is the only member of the

genus native to Hawaii. It is

distinguished from other native

members of the family by being a

nonsucculent annual with an umbrellashaped inflorescence (Constance and

Affolter 1999).

Little is known about the life history

of Spermolepis hawaiiensis.

Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific

environmental requirements, and

limiting factors are unknown (USFWS

1999).

Historically, Spermolepis hawaiiensis

was known from the islands of Kauai,

Oahu, Lanai, and Hawaii (HINHP

Database 2000). Currently, it is extant on

Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, West

Maui, and Hawaii (59 FR 56333; GDSI

2000; HINHP Database 2000). On Maui,

there are three known populations with

hundreds to thousands of individuals

on State owned lands in Kuia NAR and

Kanaio NAR, and on privately owned

land in Lihau (USFWS 1999; GDSI 2000;

HINHP Database 2000; C. Chimera, pers.

comm. 2000).

Spermolepis hawaiiensis is known

from shady spots in Dodonaea viscosa

lowland dry shrubland, at elevations

from 300 to 550 m (980 to 1,800 ft).

Associated plant species include

Eragrostis variabilis, Wikstroemia sp.,

Erythrina sandwicensis, Diospyros sp.,

Pleomele sp., Lipochaeta livarum, Sida

fallax, Myoporum sandwicensis,

Santalum ellipticum, and Heteropogon

contortus (USFWS 1999; HINHP

Database 2000; C. Chimera, pers. comm.

2000).

The primary threats to Spermolepis

hawaiiensis on Maui are habitat

degradation by feral goats, pigs, and axis

deer; competition with various alien

plants, such as Rhynchelytrum repens

and Lantana camara; and erosion,

landslides, and rockslides due to natural

weathering which result in the death of

individual plants, as well as habitat

destruction (59 FR 56333; USFWS

1999).

Vigna o-wahuensis

Vigna o-wahuensis, a member of the

legume family (Fabaceae), is a slender,

twining, long-lived perennial herb with

fuzzy stems. Each leaf is made up of

three leaflets which vary in shape from

round to linear, and are sparsely or

moderately covered with coarse hairs.

Flowers, in clusters of one to four, have

thin, translucent, pale yellow or

greenish yellow petals. The two

lowermost petals are fused and appear

distinctly beaked. The sparsely hairy

calyx has asymmetrical lobes. The fruits

are long slender pods that may or may

not be slightly inflated and contain 7 to

15 gray to black seeds. This species

differs from others in the genus by its

thin yellowish petals, sparsely hairy

calyx, and thin pods which may or may

not be slightly inflated (Geesink et al.

1999).

Additional information on the life

history of this plant, reproductive

cycles, longevity, specific

environmental requirements, and

limiting factors is generally unknown

(USFWS 1999).

Historically, Vigna o-wahuensis was

known from Niihau, Oahu, and on East

Maui in Makawao, Waiakoa, and

Haleakala, and at an unspecified site on

West Maui (HINHP Database 2000).

Currently, Vigna o-wahuensis is known

from the islands of Molokai, Lanai,

Kahoolawe, Maui, and Hawaii. There

are no currently known populations on

Niihau or Oahu (HINHP Database 2000).

On the State-owned island of

Kahoolawe, there are a total of three

populations with an unknown number

of individuals in the Makaalae/Lua

Kealialalo area at 140 m (460 ft)

elevation, the Puhi a Nanue area near a

tidal pond, and on Lua Makika (GDSI

2000; HINHP Database 2000). On Maui,

there is a single population of 2

individuals on State owned land in the

Kanaio Beach area of East Maui (GDSI

2000; C. Chimera, pers. comm. 2000)

On Kahoolawe, Vigna o-wahuensis

occurs in dry to mesic grassland and

shrubland from 10 to 140 m (30 to 460

ft) in elevation (Geesink et al. 1999;

79212 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 243 / Monday, December 18, 2000 / Proposed Rules

HINHP Database 2000). Associated plant

species include Sida fallax,

Chenopodium sp., Dubautia menziesii,

and Osteomeles anthyllidifolia (HINHP

Database 2000). On Maui, Vigna owahuensis occurs in dry forests around

12 m (40 ft) elevation (C. Chimera, pers.

comm. 2000). Associated plant species

on Maui include Dodonaea viscosa,

Chamaesyce sp., Nothocestrum

latifolium, and Nesoluma polynesicum

(C. Chimera, pers. comm. 2000).

The primary threats to Vigna owahuensis on Kahoolawe are

competition with various alien plant

species; fire; and a risk of extinction due

to random environmental events, and/or

reduced reproductive vigor due to the

small number of existing populations

and individuals (59 FR 56333; USFWS

1999). The primary threats to this

species on Maui are competition with

the alien plant species Lantana camara

and Cenchrus ciliaris (buffelgrass) and

herbivory by axis deer and goats.

Zanthoxylum hawaiiense

Zanthoxylum hawaiiense, a long-lived

perennial, is a medium-size tree with

pale to dark gray bark, and lemonscented leaves in the rue family

(Rutaceae). Alternate leaves are

composed of three small triangular-oval

to lance-shaped, toothed leaves (leaflets)

with surfaces usually without hairs.

Zanthoxylum hawaiiense is

distinguished from other Hawaiian

members of the genus by several

characters: three leaflets all of similar

size, one joint on lateral leaf stalk, and

sickle-shape fruits with a rounded tip

(Stone et al. 1999).

Additional information on the life

history of this plant, reproductive

cycles, longevity, specific

environmental requirements, and

limiting factors is generally unknown

(USFWS 1996).

Historically, Zanthoxylum hawaiiense

was known from the islands of Kauai,

Molokai, Lanai, Hawaii, and southern

and southwestern slopes of Haleakala

on Maui. Currently, Zanthoxylum

hawaiiense is extant on Kauai, Molokai,

Maui, and Hawaii. This species is found

on eastern Maui in three populations

(unknown number of individuals) on

private and State lands at Auwahi,

Lualailua, and Kanaio (GDSI 2000;

HINHP Database 2000).

Zanthoxylum hawaiiense is reported

from open lowland dry or mesic

Nestegis sandwicensis-Pleomele

auwahiensis forests, or montane dry

forest, at elevations between 550 and

1,740 m (1,800 and 5,710 ft) (59 FR

10305; Stone et al. 1999; HINHP

Database 2000). Associated species

include Metrosideros polymorpha,

Diospyros sandwicensis, Pisonia sp.,

Xylosma hawaiiensis, Santalum

ellipticum, Alphitonia ponderosa,

Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, Alectryon

macrococcus, Charpentiera sp.,

Melicope sp., Dodonaea viscosa,

Streblus pendulinus, Myrsine

lanaiensis, and Sophora chrysophylla

(HINHP Database 2000).

The threats to Zanthoxylum

hawaiiense on Maui include browsing,

grazing, and trampling by feral goats

and cattle; competition with the alien

plant species Melia azedarach

(chinaberry), Lantana camara, and

Pennisetum setaceum; fire; human

disturbance; and risk of extinction from

naturally occurring events and/or

reduced reproductive vigor due to the

small number of populations (59 FR

10305; USFWS 1996).

A summary of populations and

landownership for the 55 plant species

on Maui and Kahoolawe is given in

Table 3.

TABLE 3.—SUMMARY OF POPULATIONS AND LANDOWNERSHIP FOR 55 SPECIES ON MAUI AND KAHOOLAWE

Species

Number of

current populations

Landownership

Federal State Private

Acaena exigua ..................................................................................................................................... 0

Alectryon macrococcus ....................................................................................................................... 6 X X

Argyroxiphium sandwicense ................................................................................................................ 7 X X

Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha ........................................................................................................ 4 X X

Bonamia menziesii .............................................................................................................................. 3 X X

Cenchrus agrimonioides ...................................................................................................................... 1 X

Centaurium sebaeoides ...................................................................................................................... 3 X X

Clermontia lindseyana ......................................................................................................................... 2 X X

Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis ............................................................................................... 1 X X

Clermontia samuelii ............................................................................................................................. 8 X X

Colubrina oppositifolia ......................................................................................................................... 2 X

Ctenitis squamigera ............................................................................................................................. 6 X X

Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis .............................................................................................. 3 X X X

Cyanea glabra ..................................................................................................................................... 1 X

Cyanea grimesiana spp. grimesiana ................................................................................................... 2 X X

Cyanea hamatiflora spp. hamatiflora .................................................................................................. 9 X X X

Cyanea lobata ..................................................................................................................................... 1 X

Cyanea mceldowneyi .......................................................................................................................... 6 X X

Cyrtandra munroi ................................................................................................................................. 1 X X

Diellia erecta ........................................................................................................................................ 4 X X

Diplazium molokaiense ....................................................................................................................... 2 X X

Dubautia plantaginea spp. humilis ...................................................................................................... 2 X X

Flueggea neowawraea ........................................................................................................................ 2 X X

Geranium arboreum ............................................................................................................................ 10 X X X

Geranium multiflorum .......................................................................................................................... 9 X X X

Hedyotis coriacea ................................................................................................................................ 1X

Hedyotis mannii ................................................................................................................................... 1 X

Hesperomannia arborescens .............................................................................................................. 1 X X

Hesperomannia arbuscula .................................................................................................................. 3 X

Hibiscus brackenridgei ........................................................................................................................ 5 X X

Ischaemum byrone .............................................................................................................................. 6 X X

Kanaloa kahoolawensis ....................................................................................................................... 1 X

Lipochaeta kamolensis ........................................................................................................................ 1 X X

Lysimachia lydgatei ............................................................................................................................. 3 X

Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 243 / Monday, December 18, 2000 / Proposed Rules 79213

TABLE 3.—SUMMARY OF POPULATIONS AND LANDOWNERSHIP FOR 55 SPECIES ON MAUI AND KAHOOLAWE—Continued

Species

Number of

current populations

Landownership

Federal State Private

Mariscus pennatiformis ....................................................................................................................... 1 X

Melicope adscendens .......................................................................................................................... 3 X X

Melicope balloui ................................................................................................................................... 2 X X

Melicope knudsenii .............................................................................................................................. 3 X

Melicope mucronulata ......................................................................................................................... 1 X

Melicope ovalis .................................................................................................................................... 1 X

Neraudia sericea ................................................................................................................................. 3 X X

Peucedanum sandwicense ................................................................................................................. 1 X

Phlegmariurus mannii .......................................................................................................................... 5 X X

Phyllostegia mollis ............................................................................................................................... 1 XX

Plantago princeps ................................................................................................................................ 5X X X

Platanthera holochila ........................................................................................................................... 3 X X

Pteris lidgatei ....................................................................................................................................... 2 X X

Remya mauiensis ................................................................................................................................ 3X

Sanicula purpurea ............................................................................................................................... 4 XX

Schiedea haleakalensis ....................................................................................................................... 2 X

Sesbania tomentosa ............................................................................................................................ 8 X X

Spermolepis hawaiiensis ..................................................................................................................... 3 X X

Tetramolopium capillare ...................................................................................................................... 4 X X

Vigna o-wahuensis .............................................................................................................................. 4 X

Zanthoxylum hawaiiense ..................................................................................................................... 3 X X

Previous Federal Action

Federal action on these plants began

as a result of Section 12 of the Act,

which directed the Secretary of the

Smithsonian Institution to prepare a

report on plants considered to be

endangered, threatened, or extinct in the

United States. This report, designated as

House Document No. 94–51, was

presented to Congress on January 9,

1975. In that document, Alectryon

macrococcus (as Alectryon

macrococcum var. macrococcum and

Alectryon mahoe), Bonamia menziesii,

Clermontia lindseyana, Colubrina

oppositifolia, Cyanea glabra (as Cyanea

scabra var. variabilis), Cyanea lobata (as

Cyanea baldwinii), Cyanea

mceldowneyi, Flueggea neowawraea (as

Drypetes phyllanthoides), Geranium

arboreum, Geranium multiflorum (as

Geranium multiflorum var. multiflorum,

var. obatifolium, and var. superbum),

Hedyotis mannii (as Hedyotis thyrsoidea

var. thyrsoidea), Hesperomannia

arborescens (as Hesperomannia

arborescens var. bushiana and var.

swezeyi), Hesperomannia arbuscula,

Hibiscus brackenridgei (as Hibiscus

brackenridgei var. brackenridgei, var.

mokuleianus, and var. ‘‘from Hawaii’’),

Ischaemum byrone, Melicope balloui (as

Pelea balloui), Melicope knudsenii (as

Pelea multiflora), Melicope ovalis (as

Pelea ovalis), Neraudia sericea (as

Neraudia kahoolawensis), Peucedanum

sandwicense (as Peucedanum

kauaiense), Phyllostegia mollis,

Plantago princeps (as Plantago princeps

var. elata, var. laxifolia, var. princeps),

Remya mauiensis, Sesbania tomentosa

(as Sesbania hobdyi and Sesbania

tomentosa var. tomentosa), Vigna owahuensis (as Vigna sandwicensis var.

heterophylla and var. sandwicensis),

and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense (as

Zanthoxylum hawaiiense var.

citiodora), were considered to be

endangered; Cyrtandra munroi, Diellia

erecta, and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense (as

Zanthoxylum hawaiiense var.

hawaiiense and var. velutinosum) were

considered to be threatened; and, Bidens

micrantha ssp. kalealaha (as Bidens

distans and Bidens micrantha spp.

kalealaha), Ctenitis squamigera,

Diplazium molokaiense, Hedyotis

coriacea, Melicope knudsenii (as Pelea

knudsenii and Pelea tomentosa),

Melicope mucronulata (as Pelea

mucronulata), Phlegmariurus mannii

(as Lycopodium mannii), Plantago

princeps (as Plantago princeps var.

acaulis, var. denticulata, and var.

queleniana), Pteris lidgatei, and

Tetramolopium capillare were

considered extinct. On July 1, 1975, the

Service published notice in the Federal

Register (40 FR 27823) of its acceptance

of the Smithsonian report as a petition

within the context of Section 4(c)(2)

(now Section 4(b)(3)) of the Act, and

gave notice of its intention to review the

status of the plant taxa named therein.

As a result of that review, on June 16,

1976, the Service published a proposed

rule in the Federal Register (41 FR

24523) to determine endangered status

pursuant to Section 4 of the Act for

approximately 1,700 vascular plant taxa,

including all of the above taxa

considered to be endangered or thought

to be extinct except for Cyanea glabra

and Cyrtandra munroi; additionally,

Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp.

macrocephalum (as Argyroxiphium

macrocephalum) appeared in the 1976

proposed rule as endangered. The list of

1,700 plant taxa was assembled on the

basis of comments and data received by

the Smithsonian Institution and the

Service in response to House Document

No. 94–51 and the July 1, 1975, Federal

Register publication.

General comments received in

response to the 1976 proposal are

summarized in an April 26, 1978,

Federal Register publication (43 FR

17909). In 1978, amendments to the Act

required that all proposals over two

years old be withdrawn. A one-year

grace period was given to proposals

already over two years old. On

December 10, 1979, the Service

published a notice in the Federal

Register (44 FR 70796) withdrawing the

portion of the June 16, 1976, proposal

that had not been made final, along with

four other proposals that had expired.

The Service published updated notices

of review for plants on December 15,

1980 (45 FR 82479), September 27, 1985

(50 FR 39525), February 21, 1990 (55 FR

6183), September 30, 1993 (58 FR

51144), February 28, 1996 (61 FR 7596),

and September 19, 1997 (62 FR 49398).

A summary of the status categories for

the 55 plant species in the 1980–1997

notices of review can be found in Table

4(a). The 55 species were listed as

endangered or threatened between 1991

and 1999. A summary of the listing

actions can be found in Table 4(b).

79214 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 243 / Monday, December 18, 2000 / Proposed Rules

TABLE 4(A).—SUMMARY OF CANDIDACY STATUS FOR 55 PLANT SPECIES ON MAUI AND KAHOOLAWE

Species

FEDERAL REGISTER Notice of Review

1980 1985 1990 1993 1996 1997

Acaena exigua ................................................................................................................................... C1 C1 C1

Alectryon macrococcus ...................................................................................................................... C1 C1 C1

Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum ............................................................................ C1 C1 C1

Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha ....................................................................................................... C1 C1 C1

Bonamia menziesii ............................................................................................................................. C1 C1 C1

Cenchrus agrimonioides

Centaurium sebaeoides ..................................................................................................................... C1

Clermontia lindseyana ....................................................................................................................... C1 C1 C1

Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis ............................................................................................. C1

Clermontia samuelii

Colubrina oppositifolia ........................................................................................................................ C1 C1 C1

Ctenitis squamigera ........................................................................................................................... C1* C1* C1*

Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis ............................................................................................. C

Cyanea glabra .................................................................................................................................... C

Cyanea grimesiana spp. grimesiana ................................................................................................. C1 C1 C2

Cyanea hamatiflora spp. hamatiflora ................................................................................................. C

Cyanea lobata .................................................................................................................................... C1 C1 C1

Cyanea mceldowneyi ......................................................................................................................... C1 C1 C1

Cyrtandra munroi ............................................................................................................................... C2 C2 C1

Diellia erecta ...................................................................................................................................... C1 C1 C1

Diplazium molokaiense ...................................................................................................................... C1* C1* C1

Dubautia plantaginea spp. humilis ..................................................................................................... C2 C2 C

Flueggea neowawraea ....................................................................................................................... C1 C1 C1

Geranium arboreum ........................................................................................................................... C1 C1 C1

Geranium multiflorum ......................................................................................................................... C1 C1 C1

Hedyotis coriacea .............................................................................................................................. C1 C1 C1

Hedyotis mannii ................................................................................................................................. C1 C1 C1

Hesperomannia arborescens ............................................................................................................. C1 C1 C1

Hesperomannia arbuscula ................................................................................................................. C1 C1 C1

Hibiscus brackenridgei ....................................................................................................................... C1 C1 C1

Ischaemum byrone ............................................................................................................................ C1 C1 C1

Kanaloa kahoolawensis ..................................................................................................................... C

Lipochaeta kamolensis ...................................................................................................................... C1 C1 C1

Lysimachia lydgatei ............................................................................................................................ C1

Mariscus pennatiformis ...................................................................................................................... C1 C1

Melicope adscendens ........................................................................................................................ 3A

Melicope balloui ................................................................................................................................. C1 C1 C1*

Melicope knudsenii ............................................................................................................................ C1* C1* C1

Melicope mucronulata ........................................................................................................................ C1 C1 C1

Melicope ovalis .................................................................................................................................. C1 C1* C1*

Neraudia sericea ................................................................................................................................ 3A 3A C1

Peucedanum sandwicense ................................................................................................................ C2 C2 C2

Phlegmariurus mannii ........................................................................................................................ C1 C1 C1

Phyllostegia mollis ............................................................................................................................. C1 C1 C1

Plantago princeps .............................................................................................................................. C2 C2 C1

Platanthera holochila ......................................................................................................................... C1 C1 C1 C2

Pteris lidgatei ..................................................................................................................................... C1 C1 C1

Remya mauiensis .............................................................................................................................. C1 C1

Sanicula purpurea

Schiedea haleakalensis ..................................................................................................................... C1 C1

Sesbania tomentosa .......................................................................................................................... C1* C1* C1

Spermolepis hawaiiensis ................................................................................................................... C1

Tetramolopium capillare ..................................................................................................................... C1* C1* C1*

Vigna o-wahuensis ............................................................................................................................. C1 C1 C1

Zanthoxylum hawaiiense ................................................................................................................... C1 C1 C1

Key:

C: Taxa for which the Service sufficient information on biological vulnerability and threats to support proposals to list them as endangered or

threatened taxa.

C1: Taxa for which the Service has on file enough substantial information on biological vulnerability and threat(s) to support proposals to list

them as endangered or threatened species.

C1*: Taxa of known vulnerable status in the recent past that may already have become extinct.

C2: Taxa for which there is some evidence of vulnerability, but for which there are not enough data to support listing proposals at this time.

3A: Taxa for which the Service has persuasive evidence of extinction. If rediscovered, such taxa might acquire high priority for listing.

Federal Register Notice of Review

1980: 45 FR 82479

1985: 50 FR 39525

1990: 55 FR 6183

1993: 58 FR 51144

1996: 61 FR 7596

1997: 62 FR 49398

Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 243 / Monday, December 18, 2000 / Proposed Rules 79215

TABLE 4(B).—SUMMARY OF LISTING ACTIONS FOR 55 PLANT SPECIES ON MAUI AND KAHOOLAWE

Species Federal

status

Proposed rule Final rule

Date Federal Register Date Federal Register

Acaena exigua ........................................................................................... E 05/24/91 56 FR 23842 05/15/92 57 FR 20787

Alecryon macrococcus .............................................................................. E 05/24/91 56 FR 23842 05/15/92 57 FR 20772

Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum ................................... T 05/24/91 56 FR 23842 05/15/92 57 FR 20772

Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha .............................................................. E 05/24/91 56 FR 23842 05/15/92 57 FR 20772

Bonamia menziesii .................................................................................... E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333

Cenchrus agrimonioides ............................................................................ E 10/02/95 60 FR 51417 10/10/96 61 FR 53108

Centaurium sebaeoides ............................................................................ E 09/28/90 55 FR 39664 10/29/91 56 FR 55770

Clermontia lindseyana ............................................................................... E 12/17/92 57 FR 59951 03/04/94 59 FR 10305

Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis ..................................................... E 05/24/91 56 FR 23842 05/15/92 57 FR 20772

Clermontia samuelii ................................................................................... E 05/15/97 62 FR 26757 09/03/99 64 FR 48307

Colubrina oppositifolia ............................................................................... E 12/17/92 57 FR 59951 03/04/94 59 FR 10305

Ctenitis squamigera ................................................................................... E 06/24/93 58 FR 34231 09/09/94 59 FR 49025

Cyanca copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis .................................................... E 05/15/97 62 FR 26757 09/03/99 64 FR 48307

Cyanea glabra ........................................................................................... E 05/15/97 62 FR 26757 09/03/99 64 FR 48307

Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana ......................................................... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51417 10/10/96 61 FR 53108

Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora ........................................................ E 05/15/97 62 FR 26757 09/03/99 64 FR 48307

Cyanea lobata ........................................................................................... E 05/24/91 56 FR 23842 05/15/92 57 FR 20772

Cyanea mceldowneyi ................................................................................ E 05/24/91 56 FR 23842 05/15/92 57 FR 20772

Cyrtandra munroi ....................................................................................... E 05/24/91 56 FR 23842 05/15/92 57 FR 20772

Diellia erecta .............................................................................................. E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333

Diplazium molokaiense ............................................................................. E 06/24/93 58 FR 34241 09/09/94 59 FR 49025

Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis ............................................................ E 05/15/97 62 FR 26757 09/03/99 64 FR 48307

Flueggea neowawraea .............................................................................. E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333

Geranium arboreum .................................................................................. E 01/23/91 56 FR 2490 05/13/92 57 FR 20589

Geranium multiflorum ................................................................................ E 05/24/91 56 FR 23842 05/15/92 57 FR 20772

Hedyotis coriacea ...................................................................................... E 05/24/91 56 FR 23842 05/15/92 57 FR 20772

Hedyotis mannii ......................................................................................... E 09/20/91 56 FR 47718 10/08/92 57 FR 46325

Hesperomannia arborescens .................................................................... E 10/14/92 57 FR 47028 03/28/94 59 FR 14482

Hesperomannia arbuscuia ........................................................................ E 09/28/90 55 FR 39664 10/29/91 56 FR 55770

Hibiscus brackenridgei .............................................................................. E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333

Ischaemum byrone .................................................................................... E 12/17/92 57 FR 59951 03/04/94 59 FR 10305

Kanaloa kahoolawensis ............................................................................. E 05/15/97 62 FR 26757 09/03/99 64 FR 48307

Lipochaeta kamolensis .............................................................................. E 05/24/91 56 FR 23842 05/15/92 57 FR 20772

Lysimachia lydgatei ................................................................................... E 05/24/91 56 FR 23842 05/15/92 57 FR 20772

Mariscus pennatiformis ............................................................................. E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333

Melicope adscendens ................................................................................ E 05/11/93 58 FR 18073 12/05/94 59 FR 62346

Melicope balloui ......................................................................................... E 05/11/93 58 FR 18073 12/05/94 59 FR 62346

Melicope knudsenii .................................................................................... E 10/30/91 56 FR 5562 02/25/94 59 FR 09304

Melicope mucronulata ............................................................................... E 05/24/91 56 FR 23842 05/15/92 57 FR 20772

Melicope ovalis .......................................................................................... E 05/11/93 58 FR 18073 12/05/94 59 FR 62346

Neraudia sericea ....................................................................................... E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333

Peucedanum sandwicense ....................................................................... T 10/30/91 56 FR 5562 02/25/94 59 FR 09304

Phlegmariurus mannii ................................................................................ E 05/24/91 56 FR 23842 05/15/92 57 FR 20772

Phyllostegia mollis ..................................................................................... E 09/28/90 55 FR 39664 10/29/91 56 FR 55770

Plantago princeps ...................................................................................... E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333

Platanthera holochila ................................................................................. E 10/02/95 60 FR 51417 10/10/96 61 FR 53108

Pteris lidgatei ............................................................................................. E 06/24/93 58 FR 34231 09/09/94 59 FR 49025

Remya mauiensis ...................................................................................... E 10/02/89 54 FR 40447 01/14/91 56 FR 1450

Sanicula purpurea ..................................................................................... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51417 10/10/96 61 FR 53108

Schiedea haleakalensis ............................................................................. E 05/24/91 56 FR 23842 05/15/92 57 FR 20772

Sesbania tomentosa .................................................................................. E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333

Spermolepis hawaiiensis ........................................................................... E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333

Tetramolopium capillare ............................................................................ E 03/25/93 58 FR 16164 09/30/94 59 FR 49860

Vigna o-wahuensis .................................................................................... E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333

Zanthoxylum hawaiiense ........................................................................... E 12/17/92 57 FR 59951 03/04/94 59 FR 10305

Key:

E=Endangered

T=Threatened

Section 4(a)(3) of the Act, as

amended, and implementing regulations

(50 CFR 424.12) require that, to the

maximum extent prudent and

determinable, the Secretary designate

critical habitat at the time the species is

determined to be endangered or

threatened. Our regulations (50 CFR

424.12(a)(1)) state that designation of

critical habitat is not prudent when one

or both of the following situations exist:

(1) The species is threatened by taking

or other human activity, and

identification of critical habitat can be

expected to increase the degree of threat

to the species, or (2) such designation of

critical habitat would not be beneficial

to the species. At the time each plant

was listed, we determined that

designation of critical habitat was

prudent for six of these plants

79216 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 243 / Monday, December 18, 2000 / Proposed Rules

(Clermontia samuelii, Cyanea

copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis, Cyanea

glabra, Cyanea hamatiflora ssp.

hamatiflora, Dubautia plantaginea ssp.

humilis, and Kanaloa kahoolawensis)

and not prudent for the other 49 plants

because it would not benefit the plant

and/or would increase the degree of

threat to the species.

The not prudent determinations were

challenged in Conservation Council for

Hawaii v. Babbitt. 2 F. Supp. 2d 1280

(D. Haw. 1998). On March 9, 1998, the

United States District Court for the

District of Hawaii directed us to review

the prudency determinations for 245

listed plant species in Hawaii, including

49 of these 55 species. Among other

things, the court held that in most cases

we did not sufficiently demonstrate that

the species are threatened by human

activity or that such threats would

increase with the designation of critical

habitat. Id. At 1283—85. The court also

held that we failed to balance any risks

of designating critical habitat against

any benefits. Id. For example, the court

suggested that, before concluding

critical habitat would not be prudent,

the Service should consider whether

designation might prevent an

inadvertent act of destruction by

educating the public.

Regarding our determination that

designating critical habitat would have

no additional benefits to the species

above and beyond those already

provided through the section 7

consultation requirement of the Act, the

court ruled that we failed to consider

the specific effect of the consultation

requirement on each species Id. at

1286–88. In addition, the court stated

that we did not consider benefits

outside of the consultation

requirements. In the court’s view, these

potential benefits include substantive

and procedural protections. The court

held that substantively, designation

establishes a ‘‘uniform protection plan’’

prior to consultation and indicates

where compliance with section 7 of the

Act is required. Procedurally, the court

stated that the designation of critical

habitat educates the public and State

and local governments and affords them

an opportunity to participate in the

designation Id. at 1288. The court also

stated that private lands may not be

excluded from critical habitat

designation even though section 7

requirements apply only to Federal

agencies. In addition to the potential

benefit of informing the public and State

and local governments of the listing and

of the areas that are essential to the

species’ conservation, the court found

that there may be Federal activity on the

private property in the future, even

though no such activity may be

occurring there at the present Id. at

1285–88.

On August 10, 1998, the court ordered

us to publish proposed critical habitat

designations or non-designations for at

least 100 species by November 30, 2000,

and to publish proposed designations or

non-designations for the remaining 145

species by April 30, 2002. 24 F. Supp.

2d 1074.

At the time we listed Clermontia

samuelii, Cyanea copelandii ssp.

haleakalaensis, Cyanea glabra, Cyanea

hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora, Dubautia

plantaginea ssp. humilis, and Kanaloa

kahoolawensis (64 FR 48307) we

determined that designation of critical

habitat was prudent and that we would

develop critical habitat designations for

these six taxa, along with four others, at

the same time we developed

designations for the 245 Hawaiian plant

species. This timetable was challenged

in Conservation Council for Hawaii v.

Babbitt, Civ. No. 99–00283 HG (D. Haw.

Aug. 19, 1999, Feb. 16, 2000, and March

28, 2000). The court agreed, however,

that it was reasonable for us to integrate

these ten Maui Nui (Maui, Lanai,

Molokai, and Kahoolawe) plant taxa

into the schedule established for

designating critical habitat for the other

245 Hawaiian plants, and ordered us to

publish proposed critical habitat

designations for the ten Maui Nui

species by November 30, 2000, and to

publish final critical habitat

designations by November 30, 2001.

This notice responds to the court orders.

On November 30, 1998, we published

a notice in the Federal Register

requesting public comments on our

reevaluation of whether designation of

critical habitat is prudent for the 245

Hawaiian plants at issue (63 FR 65805).

The comment period closed on March 1,

1999, and was reopened from March 24,

1999, to May 24, 1999 (64 FR 14209).

We received over 100 responses from

individuals, non-profit organizations,

the State of Hawaii’s Division of

Forestry and Wildlife, county

governments, and Federal agencies (U.S.

Department of Defense-Army, Navy, Air

Force). Only a few responses offered

information on the status of individual

plant species or on current management

actions for one or more of the 245

Hawaiian plants. While some

respondents expressed support for the

designation of critical habitat for 245

Hawaiian plants, more than 80 percent

opposed the designation of critical

habitat for these plants. In general, these

respondents opposed designation

because they believed it will cause

economic hardship, chill cooperative

projects, polarize relationships with

hunters, or potentially increase trespass

or vandalism on private lands. In

addition, commenters also cited a lack

of information on the biological and

ecological needs of these plants which,

they suggest, may lead to designation

based on guesswork. The respondents

who supported the designation of

critical habitat cited that designation

would provide a uniform protection

plan for the Hawaiian Islands; promote

funding for management of these plants;

educate the public and State

government; and protect partnerships

with landowners and build trust.

On December 29, 1999, we mailed

letters to over 130 landowners on the

islands of Maui and Kahoolawe

requesting any information considered

germane to the management of any of

the 245 plants on his/her property, and

containing a copy of the November 30,

1998, Federal Register notice, a map

showing the general locations of the

plants that may be on his/her property,

and a handout containing general

information on critical habitat. We

received 20 written responses to our

landowner mailing with varying types

of information on their current land

management activities. These responses

included information on the following:

fencing; weeding; access to hunters or

limited hunting; ungulate control;

scientific research; fire control; and

propagation and/or planting of native

plants. We held two open houses on the

island of Maui, at the Lahaina Civic

Center and the Wailuku Community

Center, on January 11 and 12, 2000,

respectively, to meet one-on-one with

local landowners and other interested

members of the public. A total of 30

people attended the two open houses.

On November 7, 2000, we published

the first of the court-ordered prudency

determinations and proposed critical

habitat designations or non-designations

for Kauai and Niihau plants (65 FR

66808). In that proposal, we determined

that critical habitat was prudent for

eleven species (Alectryon macrococcus,

Bonamia menziesii, Centaurium

sebaeoides, Flueggea neowawraea,

Melicope knudsenii, Peucedanum

sandwicense, Plantago princeps,

Platanthera holochila, Sesbania

tomentosa, Spermolepis hawaiiensis,

and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense) from

Kauai and/or Niihau that also occur on

Maui and/or Kahoolawe.

Critical Habitat

Critical habitat is defined in section 3

of the Act as—(i) the specific areas

within the geographic area occupied by

a species, at the time it is listed in

accordance with the Act, on which are

found those physical or biological

Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 243 / Monday, December 18, 2000 / Proposed Rules 79217

features (I) essential to the conservation

of the species and (II) that may require

special management considerations or

protection; and (ii) specific areas

outside the geographic area occupied by

a species at the time it is listed, upon

a determination that such areas are

essential for the conservation of the

species. ‘‘Conservation’’ means the use

of all methods and procedures that are

necessary to bring an endangered or a

threatened species to the point at which

listing under the Act is no longer

necessary.

Critical habitat receives protection

under section 7 of the Act through the

prohibition against destruction or

adverse modification of critical habitat

with regard to actions carried out,

funded, or authorized by a Federal

agency. Section 7 also requires

conferences on Federal actions that are

likely to result in the destruction or

adverse modification of proposed

critical habitat. In our regulations at 50

CFR 402.02, we define destruction or

adverse modification as ‘‘ * * * the

direct or indirect alteration that

appreciably diminishes the value of

critical habitat for both the survival and

recovery of a listed species. Such

alterations include, but are not limited

to, alterations adversely modifying any

of those physical or biological features

that were the basis for determining the

habitat to be critical.’’ Aside from the

added protection that may be provided

under section 7, the Act does not

provide other forms of protection to

lands designated as critical habitat.

Because consultation under section 7 of

the Act does not apply to activities on

private or other non-Federal lands that

do not involve a Federal nexus, critical

habitat designation would not afford

any additional protections under the

Act against such activities.

In order to be included in a critical

habitat designation, the habitat must

first be ‘‘essential to the conservation of

the species.’’ Critical habitat

designations identify, to the extent

known using the best scientific and

commercial data available, habitat areas

that provide essential life cycle needs of

the species (i.e., areas on which are

found the primary constituent elements,

as defined at 50 CFR 424.12(b)).

Section 4 requires that we designate

critical habitat at the time of listing and

based on what we know at the time of

the designation. When we designate

critical habitat at the time of listing or

under short court-ordered deadlines, we

will often not have sufficient

information to identify all areas of

critical habitat. We are required,

nevertheless, to make a decision and

thus must base our designations on

what, at the time of designation, we

know to be critical habitat.

Within the geographic area occupied

by the species, we will designate only

areas currently known to be essential.

Essential areas should already have the

features and habitat characteristics that

are necessary to sustain the species. We

will not speculate about what areas

might be found to be essential if better

information became available, or what

areas may become essential over time. If

the information available at the time of

designation does not show that an area

provides essential life cycle needs of the

species, then the area should not be

included in the critical habitat

designation. Within the geographic area

occupied by the species, we will not

designate areas that do not now have the

primary constituent elements , as

defined at 50 CFR 424.12(b), that

provide essential life cycle needs of the

species.

Our regulations state that, ‘‘The

Secretary shall designate as critical

habitat areas outside the geographic area

presently occupied by the species only

when a designation limited to its

present range would be inadequate to

ensure the conservation of the species.’’

(50 CFR 424.12(e)). Accordingly, when

the best available scientific and

commercial data do not demonstrate

that the conservation needs of the

species require designation of critical

habitat outside of occupied areas, we

will not designate critical habitat in

areas outside the geographic area

occupied by the species.

The Service’s Policy on Information

Standards Under the Endangered

Species Act, published in the Federal

Register on July 1, 1994 (Vol. 59, p.

34271), provides criteria, establishes

procedures, and provides guidance to

ensure that decisions made by the

Service represent the best scientific and

commercial data available. It requires

Service biologists, to the extent

consistent with the Act and with the use

of the best scientific and commercial

data available, to use primary and

original sources of information as the

basis for recommendations to designate

critical habitat. When determining

which areas are critical habitat, a

primary source of information should be

the listing package for the species.

Additional information may be obtained

from a recovery plan, articles in peerreviewed journals, conservation plans

developed by states and counties,

scientific status surveys and studies,

and biological assessments or other

unpublished materials (i.e., gray

literature).

Habitat is often dynamic, and species

may move from one area to another over

time. Furthermore, we recognize that

designation of critical habitat may not

include all of the habitat areas that may

eventually be determined to be

necessary for the recovery of the

species. For these reasons, all should

understand that critical habitat

designations do not signal that habitat

outside the designation is unimportant

or may not be required for recovery.

Areas outside the critical habitat

designation will continue to be subject

to conservation actions that may be

implemented under Section 7(a)(1) and

to the regulatory protections afforded by

the section 7(a)(2) jeopardy standard

and the Section 9 take prohibition, as

determined on the basis of the best

available information at the time of the

action. We specifically anticipate that

federally funded or assisted projects

affecting listed species outside their

designated critical habitat areas may

still result in jeopardy findings in some

cases. Similarly, critical habitat

designations made on the basis of the

best available information at the time of

designation will not control the

direction and substance of future

recovery plans, habitat conservation

plans, or other species conservation

planning efforts if new information

available to these planning efforts calls

for a different outcome.

A. Prudency Redetermination

Designation of critical habitat is not

prudent when one or both of the

following situations exist: (i) The

species is threatened by taking or other

human activity, and identification of

critical habitat can be expected to

increase the degree of such threat to the

species; or (ii) such designation of

critical habitat would not be beneficial

to the species (50 CFR 424.12(a)(1)).

To determine whether critical habitat

would be prudent for each of the 38

species discussed in this rule for which

a prudency determination has not been

made previously, we analyzed the

potential threats and benefits for each

species in accordance with the court’s

order. One species, Acaena exigua,

known only from Kauai and Maui, is no

longer extant in the wild. On Kauai, this

species was only known from a

collection by Heinrich Wawra between

1869–1870 (Wagner et al. 1999). Acaena

exigua was last collected on West Maui

between April 22–24, 1997; however, no

individuals were seen in two

subsequent visits (1998 and 1999) to the

only known location (H. Oppenheimer

and S. Perlman, pers. comm. 2000). In

addition, this species is not known to be

in storage or under propagation.

Therefore, we believe this species may

be extinct. Under these circumstances,

79218 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 243 / Monday, December 18, 2000 / Proposed Rules

we propose that designation of critical

habitat for Acaena exigua is not prudent

because such designation would be of

no benefit to this species. If this species

is rediscovered we may revise this

proposal to incorporate or address new

information as new data becomes

available. See 16 U.S.C. 1532(5)(B); 50

CFR 424.12(f).

Due to low numbers of individuals

and/or populations and their inherent

immobility, the other 37 plants may be

vulnerable to unrestricted collection,

vandalism or disturbance. However,

consistent with applicable regulations

(50 CFR 424.12(a)(1)(i)) and the court’s

discussion of these regulations, we do

not find that any of these species are

currently threatened by taking or other

human activity that would be

exacerbated by the designation of

critical habitat.

In the absence of finding that critical

habitat would increase threats to a

species, if there are any benefits to

critical habitat designation, then a

prudent finding is warranted. The

potential benefits include: (1) Triggering

section 7 consultation in new areas

where it would not otherwise occur

because, for example, it is or has

become unoccupied or the occupancy is

in question; (2) focusing conservation

activities on the most essential areas; (3)

providing educational benefits to State

or county governments or private

entities; and (4) preventing people from

causing inadvertent harm to the species.

In the case of these 37 species, there

would be some benefits to critical

habitat. The primary regulatory effect of

critical habitat is the section 7

requirement that Federal agencies

refrain from taking any action that

destroys or adversely affects critical

habitat. At least fourteen of these

species are reported from federally

owned lands (Argyroxiphium

sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum,

Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha,

Clermontia samuelii, Cyanea copelandii

ssp. haleakalaensis, Cyanea hamatiflora

ssp. hamatiflora, Geranium arboreum,

Geranium multiflorum, Melicope

balloui, Melicope ovalis, Plantago

princeps, and Schiedea haleakalaensis)

or lands under Federal jurisdiction

(Sesbania tomentosa), or lands subject

to federally funded actions such as the

clearing of military ordinance on

Kahoolawe (Kanaloa kahoolawensis,

Sesbania tomentosa, and Vigna owahuensis) (see Table 3), where most

actions would be subject to section 7.

While a majority of these species are

located exclusively on non-Federal

lands with limited Federal activities,

there could be Federal actions affecting

these lands in the future. While a

critical habitat designation for habitat

currently occupied by these species

would not be likely to change the

section 7 consultation outcome because

an action that destroys or adversely

modifies such critical habitat would

also be likely to result in jeopardy to the

species, there may be instances where

section 7 consultation would be

triggered only if critical habitat were

designated. There may also be some

educational or informational benefits to

the designation of critical habitat.

Educational benefits include the

notification of landowner(s), land

managers, and the general public of the

importance of protecting the habitat of

these species and dissemination of

information regarding their essential

habitat requirements.

Therefore, we propose that critical

habitat is prudent for 37 plant species:

Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp.

macrocephalum, Bidens micrantha ssp.

kalealaha, Cenchrus agrimonioides,

Clermontia lindseyana, Clermontia

oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, Colubrina

oppositifolia, Ctenitis squamigera,

Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana,

Cyanea lobata, Cyanea mceldowneyi,

Cyrtandra munroi, Diellia erecta,

Diplazium molokaiense, Geranium

arboreum, Geranium multiflorum,

Hedyotis coriacea, Hedyotis mannii,

Hesperomannia arborescens,

Hesperomannia arbuscula, Hibiscus

brackenridgei, Ischaemum byrone,

Lipochaeta kamolensis, Lysimachia

lydgatei, Mariscus pennatiformis,

Melicope adscendens, Melicope balloui,

Melicope mucronulata, Melicope ovalis,

Neraudia sericea, Phlegmariurus

mannii, Phyllostegia mollis, Pteris

lidgatei, Remya mauiensis, Sanicula

purpurea, Schiedea haleakalensis,

Tetramolopium capillare, and Vigna owahuensis.

Prudency determinations have

previously been made for the other 17

species discussed in this proposed rule.

Therefore, a critical habitat designation

is prudent for 54 of the 69 plant species

historically or currently found on Maui

and Kahoolawe.

B. Primary Constituent Elements

In accordance with section 4(b)(2) of

the Act and regulations at 50 CFR

424.12, in determining which areas to

propose as critical habitat, we are

required to base critical habitat

determinations on the best scientific

and commercial data available and to

consider those physical and biological

features that are essential to the

conservation of the species and that may

require special management

considerations or protection. Such

requirements include, but are not

limited to, space for individual and

population growth, and for normal

behavior; food, water, air, light,

minerals, or other nutritional or

physiological requirements; cover or

shelter; sites for breeding, reproduction,

or rearing of offspring, germination, or

seed dispersal; and habitats that are

protected from disturbance or are

representative of the historic

geographical and ecological

distributions of a species.

As described above in the discussion

for each of the 54 species, very little is

known about the specific physical and

biological requirements of these species.

The recovery plans that have been

published for many of these species

generally discuss management practices

that are needed for the conservation of

these species (e.g., rodent, invasive

species, and ungulate control), as

oppose to identifying essential areas

need by the species. As a result, we are

proposing to define the primary

constituent elements on the basis of the

habitat features of the areas in which the

plant species are currently found,

including the type of plant community

and their physical location (e.g., steep

rocky cliffs, talus slopes, stream banks)

and elevation. Therefore, the

descriptions of the physical elements of

the locations of each of these species

and the plant community associated

with the species, as described in the

Discussion of the Plant Taxa section

above, constitute the primary

constituent elements for these species.

C. Methods for Selection of Areas for

Proposed Critical Habitat Designations

Critical habitat is defined as the

specific areas within the geographic area

occupied by the species, at the time it

is listed in accordance with the

provisions of section 4 of the Act, on

which are found those physical or

biological features (I) essential to the

conservation of the species and (II)

which may require special management

considerations or protection (16 U.S.C.

1532(5)(A)(i)). As discussed above,

although we have published recovery

plans for most of these species, very

little is known about the specific

physical and biological requirements of

most of these 54 species. However,

given that all of these species are either

threatened or endangered with

extinction, we feel that all existing sites

where these plants occur needs to be

designated. Therefore, we have defined

primary constituent elements based on

the general habitat features of the areas

in which they currently occur, such as

the type of plant community the plants

are growing in, their physical location

(e.g., steep rocky cliffs, talus slopes,

Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 243 / Monday, December 18, 2000 / Proposed Rules 79219

stream banks), and elevation. The areas

we are proposing to designate as critical

habitat provide some or all of the habitat

components essential for the

conservation of the 54 plant species.

Critical habitat may also include areas

outside the geographic area presently

occupied by a species upon a

determination that such areas are

essential to the conservation of the

species (16 U.S.C. 1532(5)(A)(ii)). This

may include, for example, potentially

suitable unoccupied habitat that is

important to the recovery of the species.

However, we have not included such

areas in the proposed designations for

these 54 species because of our limited

knowledge of the historical range (the

geographical area outside the area

presently occupied by the species), and

our lack of more detailed information on

the specific physical or biological

features essential for the conservation of

the species that would be needed, for

instance, to determine where to

reintroduce a species.

The historical (pre-1970) or even post1970 records for a species may be based

on herbarium specimens that contain

only the most rudimentary collection

information, such as only the name of

the island from which the specimen was

collected or a general place name (e.g.,

west Maui, Haleakala, above Lahaina).

In the main Hawaiian Islands, climatic

and ecological conditions such as

rainfall, elevation, slope, and aspect,

may vary dramatically within a

relatively short distance. Therefore, a

simple place name does not provide

adequate information on the physical

and biological features that may have

occurred there or may occur there now.

The unpredictable distribution of

Hawaiian plant species also makes it

difficult to designate potentially suitable

unoccupied habitat. For example,

currently a species may be known from

northern and southern (or eastern and

western) locations on an island, but not

from intervening locations in similar

habitat. Based on the best available

information, we are unable to determine

whether a species once occurred in the

intervening areas and disappeared from

there prior to Polynesian or European

times (thus never having been collected

or documented there) or simply never

occurred there.

The Service considers reintroduction

(the planting of propagated individuals

or seedlings into an area) to be an

acceptable method to try to achieve

plant species recovery. However, native

plant reintroductions are difficult, and

successful efforts are not common. We

do not know enough about these 54

species to identify areas where

reintroductions are likely to be

successful. We will continue to support

experimental efforts to reintroduce

species that may eventually provide us

with additional information on the

physical and biological features

essential to the conservation of these

species, and thus, may eventually result

in identification of unoccupied habitat

for future revisions of the appropriate

designations.

As required by the Act and

regulations (section 4(b)(2) and 50 CFR

424.12), we used the best scientific

information available to determine areas

that contain those physical and

biological features that are essential for

the survival and recovery of the 54 plant

species. This information included sitespecific species information from the

Hawaii Natural Heritage Program

(HINHP) and our rare plant database,

species information from the Center for

Plant Conservation’s (CPC) rare plant

monitoring database housed at the

University of Hawaii’s Lyon Arboretum,

recent biological surveys and reports,

our recovery plans for 48 of these 54

species, discussions with botanical

experts, and recommendations (see

below) from the Hawaii and Pacific

Plant Recovery Coordinating Committee

(HPPRCC) (USFWS 1995a, 1995b,

1995c, 1996, 1997, 1998a, 1998b, 1999;

HPPRCC 1998; HINHP Database 2000; S.

Perlman, pers. comm. 2000; R. Hobdy,

pers. comm. 2000; CPC in litt. 1999).

In 1994, the HPPRCC initiated an

effort to identify and map habitat

believed to be important for the

recovery of 282 endangered and

threatened Hawaiian plant species. The

HPPRCC identified these areas on most

of the islands in the Hawaiian chain,

and in 1999, we published them in our

Recovery Plan for the Multi-Island

Plants (USFWS 1999). The HPPRCC

expects there will be subsequent efforts

to further refine the locations of

important habitat areas and that new

survey information or research findings

may also lead to additional refinements

(HPPRCC 1998). Because the HPPRCC

identified essential habitat areas for all

listed, proposed, and candidate plant

species and evaluated species of

concern to determine if essential habitat

areas would provide for their habitat

needs as well, the HPPRCC’s mapping of

habitat is distinct from the regulatory

designation of critical habitat, as

defined by the Act. While these habitat

maps are a planning tool to focus

conservation efforts on the areas that

may be most important to the

conservation of Hawaii’s listed plant

species, as well as other plant species of

concern, it does not substitute for the

more exacting regulatory process of

designating critical habitat. Therefore,

the proposed critical habitat

designations in this proposed rule do

not include all of the habitat, in

particular unoccupied habitat,

identified by the HPPRCC.

For these 54 plant species from Maui

and Kahoolawe, currently occupied

habitat was examined and critical

habitat boundaries were delineated as

multi-species units in such a way that

locations with a high density of

endangered plants could be depicted

clearly. However, these multi-species

critical habitat units were not

homogenous or uniform in nature.

Critical habitat units often encompassed

a number of plant community types.

When developing critical habitat

units, every current (post-1970) location

of every plant specimen was delineated

within a 586 m (1,924 ft) radius circle,

in order to insure enough area to

provide for the proper ecological

functioning of the habitat immediately

supporting the plant. Due to

inaccuracies in mapping locations, it

has been determined that the actual

location of the plant specimen is within

536 m (1,760 ft) of the center of the

delineated circle. The 536 m (1,760 ft)

distance is consistent with standard

mapping methodology for rare species

used by the HINHP (1996). An

additional 50 m (164 ft) included in the

delineated circle to be consistent with

the guidelines identified in the recovery

plans for these species for minimumsized exclosures for rare plants (USFWS

1994, 1995, 1996, 1998a, 1998b, 1999).

In cases of isolated species’ locations, an

area with a radius of roughly 586 m

(1,924 ft) is proposed as critical habitat

(HINHP 1996; USFWS 1994, 1995, 1996,

1998a, 1998b, 1999).

In areas with multiple species

locations, critical habitat units were

developed as follows.

• Known current locations of each

species were delineated using the

guidelines explained above (Figure

1(a)).

• The perimeter boundaries of

individual circular areas were

connected to form unit area boundaries

(Figure 1(b)).

• Unit area boundaries were

delineated to follow significant

topographic features (50 CFR 424.12(c))

such as coastlines, ridgelines, and

valleys (Figure 1(c)).

This delineation method was used to

facilitate identification of boundary

lines and to aid in implementation of

on-the-ground conservation measures.

When delineating critical habitat units,

we made an effort to avoid developed

areas such as towns, agricultural lands,

and other lands unlikely to contribute to

the conservation of the 54 species.

79220 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 243 / Monday, December 18, 2000 / Proposed Rules

Existing features and structures within

proposed areas, such as buildings,

roads, aqueducts, telecommunications

equipment, arboreta and gardens, heiaus

(indigenous place of worship, shrine),

and other man-made features, do not

contain, and are not likely to develop,

constituent elements. Therefore, these

features or structures would not be

included in the critical habitat

designation.

All currently occupied sites

containing one or more of the primary

constituent elements were first

evaluated to determine if the site was

essential to the conservation of the

listed plant species. If the site was

considered essential to the conservation

of any of these 54 plant species, the site

was then examined to determine if

additional special management

considerations or protection is required

above those currently provided. We

reviewed all available management

information on these plants at these

sites, including published reports and

surveys; annual performance and

progress reports; management plans;

grants; memoranda of understanding

and cooperative agreements; State of

Hawaii, Division of Forestry and

Wildlife (DOFAW) planning documents;

internal letters and memos; biological

assessments and environmental impact

statements; and section 7 consultations.

Additionally, each public (i.e., county,

state, or Federal government holdings)

and private landowner on Maui and

Kahoolawe with a known occurrence of

one of the 54 species was contacted by

mail. We reviewed all information

received during the public comment

period held in response to our

landowner mailing and open houses

held on Maui on January 11 and 12,

2000. When clarification was required

Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 243 / Monday, December 18, 2000 / Proposed Rules 79221

on the information provided to us, we

followed up with a telephone contact.

Lastly, because of the large amount of

land on Maui under State of Hawaii

jurisdiction, we met with staff from the

Maui DOFAW office to discuss their

current management for the plants on

their lands. In addition, we contacted

the State’s Department of Hawaiian

Home Lands regarding management for

the plants on lands under their

jurisdiction.

Pursuant to the definition of critical

habitat, an area must also require

‘‘special management considerations or

protections.’’ This is a term that

originates in the definition of critical

habitat in section 3 of the Act. Adequate

special management or protection is

provided by a legally operative plan that

addresses the maintenance and

improvement of the essential elements

and manages for the long-term

conservation of the species. The Service

considers a plan adequate when it meets

all of the following three criteria: (1)

The plan provides a conservation

benefit to the species (i.e., the plan must

maintain or provide for an increase in

the species’ population or the

enhancement or restoration of its habitat

within the area covered by the plan); (2)

the plan provides assurances that the

management plan will be implemented

(i.e., those responsible for implementing

the plan are capable of accomplishing

the objectives, have an implementation

schedule and/or have adequate funding

for the management plan); and (3) the

plan provides assurances the

conservation plan will be effective (i.e.,

it identifies biological goals, has

provisions for reporting progress, and is

of a duration sufficient to implement the

plan and achieves the plan’s goals and

objectives). If an area is covered by a

plan that meets these criteria, it does not

constitute critical habitat as defined by

the Act.

In determining and weighing the

relative significance of the threats that

would need to be addressed in

management plans or agreements, we

considered the following:

• The factors that led to the listing of

the species, as described in the final

rules for listing each of the species. For

all or nearly all endangered and

threatened plants in Hawaii, the major

threats include adverse impacts due to

nonnative plant and animal species.

Direct browsing, digging, and trampling

by ungulates, including pigs, goats,

cattle, sheep, and deer, and direct

competition from nonnative plants have

led to the decline of Hawaii’s native

flora (Smith 1985; Stone 1985; Wagner

et al. 1985; Scott et al. 1986; Cuddihy

and Stone 1990; Vitousek 1992; USFWS

1995, 1996a, 1996b, 1997, 1998, 1999;

Loope in Mack et al. 1998). Ungulate

activity in most areas results in an

increase of nonnative plants because

most of these nonnative plants are able

to colonize newly disturbed areas more

quickly and effectively than Hawaii’s

native plants (Cuddihy and Stone 1990;

Mack 1992; Scott et al. 1986; Smith

1985; Tunison et al. 1992; USFWS 1995,

1996a, 1996b, 1997, 1998, 1999).

• The recommendations from the

HPPRCC in their 1998 report to the

Service (‘‘Habitat Essential to the

Recovery of Hawaiian Plants’’). As

summarized in this report, recovery

goals for endangered Hawaiian plant

species cannot be achieved with

ungulates (e.g., pigs, goats, deer, and

sheep) present in Essential Habitat

Areas.

• The management actions needed for

assurance of survival and ultimate

recovery of Hawaii’s endangered plants.

These actions are described in the

Service’s recovery plans for 48 of the 54

species (USFWS 1995a, 1995b, 1995c,

1996, 1997, 1998a, 1998b, 1999), in the

1998 HPPRCC report to the Service

(HPPRCC 1998), and in various other

documents and publications relating to

plant conservation in Hawaii (MuellerDombois 1985; Smith 1985; Stone 1985;

Cuddihy and Stone 1990; Stone et al.

1992). In addition to monitoring the

plant populations, these actions

include, but are not limited to: (1) Feral

ungulate control; (2) nonnative plant

control; (3) rodent control; (4)

invertebrate pest control; (5) fire control;

(6) maintenance of genetic material of

the endangered and threatened plants

species; (7) propagation, reintroduction,

and/or augmentation of existing

populations into areas deemed essential

for the recovery of these species; (8)

ongoing management of the wild,

outplanted, and augmented populations;

and (9) habitat management and

restoration in areas deemed essential for

the recovery of these species.

In general, taking all of the above

recommended management actions into

account, the following management

actions are ranked in order of

importance. It should be noted,

however, that, on a case-by-case basis,

some of these actions may rise to a

higher level of importance for a

particular species or area, depending on

the biological and physical

requirements of the species and the

location(s) of the individual plants:

• Feral ungulate control;

• Nonnative plant control;

• Rodent control;

• Invertebrate pest control;

• Fire control;

• Maintenance of genetic material of

the endangered and threatened plant

species;

• Propagation; reintroduction and/or

augmentation of existing populations

into areas deemed essential for the

recovery of the species;

• Ongoing management of the wild,

outplanted and augmented populations;

• Maintenance of natural pollinators

and pollinating systems, when known;

• Habitat management and restoration

in areas deemed essential for the

recovery of the species;

• Monitoring of the wild, outplanted

and augmented populations;

• Rare plant surveys; and

• Control of human activities/access.

As shown in Table 3, these 54 species

of plants occur on Federal, State, and

private lands on the islands of Maui and

Kahoolawe. In response to our two

public notices, letters to the

landowners, open houses, and meetings,

along with information in our files, we

received varying amounts and various

types of information on the conservation

management actions occurring on these

lands. Some landowners reported that

they are not conducting conservation

management actions on their lands

while others provided information on

various activities such as fencing,

weeding, ungulate control, control of

human access, scientific research, fire

control, and propagation and/or

planting of native plants.

Contractors for the U.S. Navy are

clearing the state-owned island of

Kahoolawe of military ordinance

utilizing Congressional funding that

expires in 2003. The Navy has consulted

with the Service under section 7 of the

Endangered Species Act, as amended, to

ensure protection of threatened and

endangered species during the clearance

activities. In June 1998, the State of

Hawaii Kahoolawe Island Reserve

Commission developed an

environmental restoration plan for

Kahoolawe (Social Science Research

Institute, University of Hawaii 1998).

The plan, however, does not address

specific management actions to protect

and conserve endangered plant species.

While the island is isolated and remote,

and access is restricted due to the

presence of unexploded ordnance

hazards, this action alone is not

sufficient to indicate that additional

special management is not required for

the listed plant species, and areas on the

island are included within the proposed

critical habitat units for Kanaloa

kahoolawensis, Sesbania tomentosa,

and Vigna o-wahuensis.

Protective fencing and monitoring of

the endangered plant Sesbania

tomentosa on the leased U.S. military

79222 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 243 / Monday, December 18, 2000 / Proposed Rules

lands (Hawaii Army National Guard) at

Kanaio Training Area, Maui, were

initially funded in 1998. Since then,

however, these management activities

for Sesbania tomentosa have been

curtailed due to a lack of funding (Lt.

Col. Richard Young, Hawaii Army

National Guard, in litt. 2000). Therefore,

this area has been included within the

proposed critical habitat units.

Eleven species (Argyroxiphium

sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum,

Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha,

Clermontia samuelii, Cyanea copelandii

ssp. haleakalaensis, Cyanea hamatiflora

ssp. hamatiflora, Geranium arboreum,

Geranium multiflorum, Melicope

balloui, Melicope ovalis, Plantago

princeps, and Schiedea haleakalaensis)

are reported from U.S. National Park

lands at Haleakala National Park, Maui

(GDSI 2000; HINHP 2000). Two of these

species, Melicope ovalis and Schiedea

haleakalaensis, are currently only found

in Haleakala National Park.

Haleakala National Park was

established by Congress in 1916 as the

Haleakala Section of Hawaii National

Park. In 1960, an Act of Congress

established Haleakala as an independent

unit of the National Park System to

preserve for visitor enjoyment and

scientific study the outstanding scenic,

geological, and biological resources and

the natural environment of Haleakala

Crater (Resources Management Division

1999). Management programs,

objectives, and their implementation

schedules are documented in the Park’s

1999 draft Resources Management Plan

(Resources Management Division 1999).

This plan details the management issues

and strategies used by the Park to

protect, restore, and enhance the rare

and native plants and their habitats

within the park (Resources Management

Division 1999). These management

strategies address factors which led to

the listing of the 11 species including

control of, or research on, nonnative

species of ungulates, rodents,

invertebrates, and weeds. Management

strategies for control of fire within the

Park are outlined in their fire

management plan (Resources

Management Division 1999). In

addition, habitat restoration, including

propagation and outplanting of native

and endangered plants, and monitoring

are also included in this plan. Because

the Resources Management Plan and the

park’s fire management plan provides

conservation benefits to the listed

species within the park and provides

assurances that the plan will be effective

and will continue to be implemented,

these lands are not in need of special

management considerations or

protection. Therefore, we have

determined that the Federal lands

within Haleakala National Park do not

meet the definition of critical habitat in

the Act, and we are not proposing

designation of these lands as critical

habitat.

Twelve species (Alectryon

macrococcus, Argyroxiphium

sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum,

Bonamia menziesii, Colubrina

oppositifolia, Ctenitis squamigera,

Diplazium molokaiense, Geranium

arboreum, Geranium multiflorum,

Melicope balloui, Plantago princeps,

Platanthera holochila, and Sanicula

purpurea) are reported from The Nature

Conservancy’s Waikamoi and

Kapunakea Preserves which are located

on the northeast slopes of Haleakala and

in the West Maui mountains,

respectively (The Nature Conservancy of

Hawaii (TNCH) 1997, 1998; GDSI 2000;

HINHP Database 2000). Both preserves

were established by grants of perpetual

conservation easements from the private

landowners to TNCH and are included

in the state’s Natural Area Partnership

(NAP) program which provides

matching funds for the management of

private lands that have been

permanently dedicated to conservation

(TNCH 1997, 1998).

Under the NAP program, the State of

Hawaii provides matching funds on a

two-for-one basis for management of

private lands dedicated to conservation.

In order to qualify for this program, the

land must be dedicated in perpetuity

through transfer of fee title or a

conservation easement to the State or a

cooperating entity. The land must be

managed by the cooperating entity or a

qualified landowner according to a

detailed management plan approved by

the Board of Land and Natural

Resources. Once approved, the six-year

partnership agreement between the

State and the managing entity is

automatically renewed each year so that

there are always six years remaining in

the term, although the management plan

is updated and funding amounts are reauthorized by the board at least every

six years. By April 1 of any year, the

managing partner may notify the state

that it does not intend to renew the

agreement; however, in such case the

partnership agreement remains in effect

for the balance of the existing six year

term, and the conservation easement

remains in full effect in perpetuity. The

conservation easement may be revoked

by the landowner only if state funding

is terminated without the concurrence

of the landowner and cooperating

entity. Prior to terminating funding, the

State must conduct one or more public

hearings. The NAP program is funded

through real estate conveyance taxes

which are placed in a Natural Area

Reserve Fund. Participants in the NAP

program must provide annual reports to

the Department of Land and Natural

Resources (DLNR) and DLNR makes

annual inspections of the work in the

reserve areas. See Haw. Rev.

Stat.§§ 195–1—195–11; Hawaii

Administrative Rules § 13–210.

Management programs within the

preserves are documented in long-range

management plans and yearly

operational plans. These plans detail

management measures that protect,

restore, and enhance the rare plants and

their habitats within the preserves and

in adjacent areas (TNCH 1997, 1998,

1999). These management measures

address factors which led to the listing

of the 12 species including control of

nonnative species of ungulates, rodents,

and weeds. In addition, habitat

restoration and monitoring are also

included in these plans.

The primary management goals for

both Kapunakea and Waikamoi

Preserves are to (1) prevent degradation

of native forest by reducing feral

ungulate damage; (2) improve or

maintain the integrity of native

ecosystems in selected areas of the

preserve by reducing the effects of

nonnative plants; (3) increase the

understanding of threats posed by small

mammals and reduce their negative

impact, where possible; (4) prevent

extinction of rare species in the

preserve; (5) track the biological and

physical resources in the preserves and

to evaluate changes in these resources

over time; (6) identify new threats to the

preserves before they become

established pests; and (7) build public

understanding and support for the

preservation of natural areas, and to

enlist volunteer assistance for preserve

management (TNCH 1997, 1998).

The goal of the ungulate program is to

bring pig populations to zero as rapidly

as possible. Specific management

actions to address feral ungulate

impacts include the construction of

fences, including strategic fencing

(fences placed in proximity to natural

barriers such as cliffs), annual

monitoring of ungulate presence

transects, and trained staff and

volunteer hunting. Since axis deer may

also pose a threat to the preserves,

TNCH is a member of the Maui Axis

Deer Group (MADG) and staff meet

regularly with other MADG members to

seek solutions. In Waikamoi Preserve,

the management actions also include

working with community hunters in

conjunction with the East Maui

Watershed Partnership (EMWP). In

Kapunakea Preserve, a system of

transects extend the length of the

Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 243 / Monday, December 18, 2000 / Proposed Rules 79223

preserve to monitor resource threats,

including ungulate presence. By

monitoring ungulate activity within the

preserve, the staff is able to assess the

success of the hunting program. If

increased hunting pressure does not

reduce feral ungulate activity in the

preserves, the preserve staff work with

the hunting group to identify and

implement alternative methods (TNCH

1997, 1998).

The nonnative plant control program

within both preserves focuses on

controlling habitat modifying nonnative

plants (weeds) in intact native

communities and preventing the

introduction of additional alien plants.

Based on the degree of threat to native

ecosystems, a weed priority list has

been compiled for the preserves, and

control and monitoring of the highest

priority species are on-going. Weeds are

controlled manually, chemically, or a

through a combination of both.

Preventative measures (prevention

protocol) are required by all (volunteers,

riders, and hiking participants) who

enter the preserves. This protocol

includes such things as brushing

footgear before entering the preserves to

remove seeds of nonnative plants.

Weeds are monitored along transects

annually, weed priority maps are

maintained, staff participate as members

of the Melastome Action Committee and

the Maui Invasive Species Committee

(MISC), and cooperate with the Division

of Conservation and Resources

Enforcement (DOCARE) in marijuana

control, as needed.

The effects of nonnative invertebrates

and small mammals on native Hawaiian

ecosystems is poorly understood. Initial

control measures such as anti-coagulant

diphacinone bait stations are being used

to control rats in areas of suspected

impact; however, valid conclusions

from data gathered have not been

drawn. Adaptive management will be

applied when new information becomes

available (TNCH 1997, 1998).

Natural resource monitoring and

research address the need to track the

biological and physical resources of the

preserves and evaluate changes in these

resources to guide management

programs. Vegetation is monitored

throughout the preserves to document

long term ecological changes, and rare

plant species are monitored to assess

population status. Cuttings of

endangered plants are taken to the

University of Hawaii’s tissue culture lab

at Lyon Arboretum for propagation. In

addition, the preserve staff provides

logistical support to scientists and

others who are conducting research

within the preserves.

Kapunakea Preserve is adjacent to two

areas that are also managed to protect

natural resources: Puu Kukui Watershed

Management Area (WMA) and the

Honokawai section of the state West

Maui NAR. The Conservancy currently

acts as a consultant to Maui Land and

Pineapple Co., managers of Puu Kukui

WMA, and has a Master Cooperative

Agreement with the state DOFAW.

These agreements are used to coordinate

management and sharing of staff and

equipment, and expertise to maximize

management efficiency.

Waikamoi Preserve is adjacent to

three other large areas that are also

managed to protect natural resources:

Haleakala National Park, the state’s

Koolau Forest Reserve, and the state

Hanawi NAR. An agreement between

the Division of Land and Natural

Resources (DLNR), East Maui Irrigation

Co., Keola Hana Maui Inc., Haleakala

Ranch Company, County of Maui, The

Nature Conservancy, and Haleakala

National Park implementing a joint

management plan (East Maui Watershed

Partnership Plan) for the entire East

Maui Watershed. Management efforts at

Waikamoi will, as much as possible,

complement the objectives of the plan.

The partnership agreement will be used

to coordinate management and sharing

of staff and equipment, and expertise to

maximize management efficiency

(TNCH 1998).

Because the preserves and the

continuing management plans being

implemented for these plants and their

habitats within the preserves provided a

conservation benefit to the species and

are permanently protected and

managed, these lands meet the three

criteria for determining that an area is

not in need of special management.

Therefore, we have determined that the

private lands within Waikamoi Preserve

and Kapunakea Preserve do not meet

the definition of critical habitat in the

Act, and we are not proposing

designation of these lands as critical

habitat. Should the status of any of these

reserves change, for example by nonrenewal of a partnership agreement or

termination of NAP funding, we will

reconsider whether it then meets the

definition of critical habitat. If so, we

have the authority to propose to amend

critical habitat to include such area at

that time. 50 CFR 424.12(g).

Seven species (Ctenitis squamigera,

Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis,

Cyanea lobata, Hesperomannia

arbuscula, Phlegmariurus mannii, Pteris

lidgatei, and Sanicula purpurea) are

reported from the Maui Pineapple

Company’s Puu Kukui Watershed

Management Area (Puu Kukui WMA),

located in the West Maui mountains

(GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000;

Maui Land and Pineapple Co., Ltd.

undated). At just over 8,600 acres, the

Puu Kukui WMA is the largest

privately-owned preserve in the State.

In 1993, the Puu Kukui WMA became

the first private landowner participant

in the Natural Areas Partnership

program. In the sixth fiscal year (1999)

of the Natural Area Partnership program

with the Hawaii Department of Land

and Natural Resources, Puu Kukui

Watershed Management Area staff is

pursuing four management programs

stipulated in their Long Range

Management Plan with an emphasis on

reducing nonnative species that

immediately threaten the management

area (Maui Pineapple Company 1999).

The primary management goals

within Puu Kukui WMA are to (1)

eliminate ungulate activity in all Puu

Kukui management units; (2) reduce the

range of habitat-modifying weeds and

prevent introduction of nonnative

plants; (3) reduce the negative impacts

of nonnative invertebrates and small

animals; (4) monitor and track biological

and physical resources in the watershed

in order to improve management

understanding of the watershed’s

resources; and (5) prevent the extinction

of rare species within the watershed.

Specific management actions to

address feral ungulates include the

construction of fences surrounding 10

management units, and allowing public

hunting with State permit holders

within the Puu Kukui WMA.

The nonnative plant control program

within Puu Kukui WMA focuses on

habitat modifying nonnative plants

(weeds), prioritizing them according to

the degree of threat to native

ecosystems, and preventing the

introduction of new weeds. The weed

control program includes mapping and

monitoring along established transects,

and manual/mechanical control.

Biological control of the melastome

plant, Clidemia hirta was tried by

releasing Antiblemma acclinalis moth

larvae.

Natural resource monitoring and

research address the need to track

biological and physical resources of the

Puu Kukui WMA and evaluate changes

to these resources in order to guide

management programs. Vegetation is

monitored through permanent photo

points, alien species are monitored

along permanent transects, and rare,

endemic, and indigenous species are

monitored. Additionally, logistical and

other support for approved research

projects, interagency cooperative

agreements, remote survey trips within

the watershed are provided.

79224 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 243 / Monday, December 18, 2000 / Proposed Rules

The management of Puu Kukui WMA

meets the three criteria for determining

that an area is not in need of special

management (see above). Therefore, we

have determined that the private land

within Puu Kukui WMA does not meet

the definition of critical habitat in the

Act, and we are not proposing

designation of this land as critical

habitat. Should the status of this reserve

change, for example by non-renewal of

a partnership agreement or termination

of NAP funding, we will reconsider

whether it then meets the definition of

critical habitat. If so, we have the

authority to propose to amend critical

habitat to include such area at that time.

50 CFR 424.12(g).

Two plant species, Geranium

multiflorum and Clermontia samuelii

ssp. hanaensis, are reported from the

upper areas of Hanawi Natural Area

Reserve (HNAR) (GDSI 2000; HINHP

Database 2000). The HNAR was

established in 1986, and comprises

7,500 acres of diverse native ecosystems

and endangered forest bird habitats.

Natural Area Reserves are managed by

the Department of Land and Natural

Resources (DLNR), except that any use

must be specifically approved by the

Natural Area Reserve System

Commission. Natural Area Reserves are

held in trust by the State and may not

be alienated except upon a finding by

the DLNR of an imperative and

unavoidable necessity. DLNR must

provide public notice and conduct

public hearings before revoking or

modifying an executive order that sets

aside lands for the reserve system (Haw.

Rev. Stat. §§ 195–1—195–11). The

primary goals of the HNAR are to (1)

protect the upper areas of the reserve by

fencing smaller manageable units to

restrict pig movements; (2) prevent

degradation of native forest by reducing

feral ungulate damage; and (3) improve

or maintain the integrity of native

ecosystems in selected areas of the

preserve by reducing the effects of

nonnative plants.

Specific management actions to

address feral ungulate impacts include

the construction of fences, including

strategic fencing of smaller manageable

units, and staff hunting. Currently, the

upper 2,000 acres has been fenced and

pigs removed. Fences are constructed

along the western boundaries of the

HNAR, along the 1,585 m (5,200 ft)

contour to the east up to the Haleakala

National Park boundary on state land.

The Haleakala National Park fence

serves as the upper fence boundary for

HNAR. Additionally, fences have been

constructed to separate three distinct

management units: Puu Alaea Unit,

Poouli Unit, and Kuhiwai/Waieleele

Unit. Since the removal of pigs in these

upper forest units of the HNAR,

vegetation monitoring has been

implemented to determine recovery of

native plant species. Currently, a fence

is being constructed along the 1,100 m

(3,600 ft) contour of the HNAR which

will comprise the ‘‘middle forest unit’’

(B. Evanson, pers. comm. 1999).

The nonnative plant control program

within HNAR focuses on habitat

modifying nonnative plants (weeds). A

weed priority list has been compiled for

HNAR and control and monitoring of

the highest priority species are on going.

Weeds are controlled manually,

chemically, or through a combination of

both. Monitoring transects will help

locate developing populations of other

priority weed species and, if necessary,

removal of these populations will be

conducted (DLNR 1989).

Because these plants and their

habitats within the upper areas of

Hanawi NAR (above 1,525 m (5,000 ft))

are permanently protected and managed

and because the continued successful

management of this area is assured, this

area is not in need of special

management considerations or

protection. Therefore, we have

determined that the State land within

the upper areas of Hanawi NAR does

not meet the definition of critical habitat

in the Act, and we are not proposing

designation of this area as critical

habitat. Should the status of this reserve

change, for example by revocation or

modification of the NAR, we will

reconsider whether it then meets the

definition of critical habitat. If so, we

have the authority to propose to amend

critical habitat to include such area at

that time. 50 CFR 424.12(g).

In summary, we believe that the

habitat within Waikamoi and

Kapunakea Preserves, Puu Kukui

Watershed Management Area, the upper

area (above 1,525 m (5,000 ft)) of

Hanawi Natural Area Reserve, and

Haleakala National Park are being

adequately managed for the

conservation of the listed species that

occur within these areas and are not in

need of special management

considerations or protection. Therefore,

we have determined that these lands do

not meet the definition of critical habitat

in the Act, and we are not proposing

designation of these lands as critical

habitat. Four species include in this

proposed rule (Argyroxiphium

sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum,

Melicope balloui, Melicope ovalis, and

Schiedea haleakalensis) are currently

only found in Waikamoi Preserve and/

or Haleakala National Park. Since these

two areas are not in need of special

management, critical habitat is not

proposed for these four species.

However, we are specifically soliciting

comments on the appropriateness of this

approach.

As described above, we are aware that

other private landowners and the State

of Hawaii are considering the

development of land management plans

or agreements that may promote the

conservation and recovery of

endangered and threatened plant

species on the islands of Maui and

Kahoolawe. The Service supports these

efforts and provides technical assistance

whenever possible. In addition, we are

soliciting comments in this proposed

rule on whether current land

management plans or practices applied

within the areas proposed as critical

habitat adequately address the threats to

these listed species. We are also

soliciting comments on whether future

development and approval of

conservation measures (e.g.,

Conservation Agreements, Safe Harbor

Agreements) should trigger revision of

proposed critical habitat to exclude

such lands and, if so, by what

mechanism.

In summary, the proposed critical

habitat areas described below constitute

our best assessment of the physical and

biological features needed for the

conservation of the 50 plant species,

and are based on the best scientific and

commercial information available and

described above. We put forward this

proposal acknowledging that we have

incomplete information regarding many

of the primary biological and physical

requirements for these species.

However, both the Act and the relevant

court orders require us to proceed with

designation at this time based on the

best information available. As new

information accrues, we may reevaluate

which areas warrant critical habitat

designation. We anticipate that

comments received through the public

review process and from any public

hearings, if requested, will provide us

with additional information to use in

our decision-making process and in

assessing the potential impacts of

designating critical habitat for one or

more of these species.

The approximate areas of proposed

critical habitat by landownership are

shown in Tables 5(a) and 5(b). Proposed

critical habitat includes habitat for 50

species predominantly in the upland

areas on the eastern and western sides

of Maui. Lands proposed as critical

habitat have been divided into 52 units

on Maui and four units on Kahoolawe.

A brief description of each unit is

presented below.

Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 243 / Monday, December 18, 2000 / Proposed Rules 79225

TABLE 5(A).—APPROXIMATE PROPOSED CRITICAL HABITAT AREA BY UNIT AND LAND OWNERSHIP OR JURISDICTION, MAUI,

MAUI COUNTY, HAWAII

Unit name County or state Private Federal Total

Maui A ............................... 2 ha ................................... 47 ha ................................. N/A .................................... 49 ha

(5 ac) ................................. (116 ac) ............................. N/A .................................... (121 ac)

Maui B ............................... 21 ha ................................. 46 ha ................................. N/A .................................... 67 ha

(52 ac) ............................... (114 ac) ............................. N/A .................................... (166 ac)

Maui C ............................... 144 ha ............................... 0.1 ha ................................ N/A .................................... 144.1 ha

(357 ac) ............................. (0.3 ac) .............................. N/A .................................... (357.3 ac)

Maui D ............................... 36 ha ................................. 9 ha ................................... N/A .................................... 45 ha

(90 ac) ............................... (21 ac) ............................... N/A .................................... (111 ac)

Maui E ............................... 34 ha ................................. 45 ha ................................. N/A .................................... 79 ha

(83 ac) ............................... (111 ac) ............................. N/A .................................... (194 ac)

Maui F ............................... N/A .................................... 61 ha ................................. N/A .................................... 61 ha

N/A .................................... (150 ac) ............................. N/A .................................... (150 ac)

Maui G ............................... 1 ha ................................... N/A .................................... N/A .................................... 1 ha

(2 ac) ................................. N/A .................................... N/A .................................... (2 ac)

Maui H ............................... 1 ha ................................... 41 ha ................................. N/A .................................... 42 ha

(2 ac) ................................. (102 ac) ............................. N/A .................................... (104 ac)

Maui I ................................. 0.1 ha ................................ N/A .................................... N/A .................................... 0.1 ha

(0.3 ac) .............................. N/A .................................... N/A .................................... (0.3 ac)

Maui J ................................ 19 ha ................................. 44 ha ................................. N/A .................................... 63 ha

(48 ac) ............................... (109 ac) ............................. N/A .................................... (157 ac)

Maui K ............................... N/A .................................... 61 ha ................................. N/A .................................... 61 ha

N/A .................................... (150 ac) ............................. N/A .................................... (150 ac)

Maui L ................................ 50 ha ................................. N/A .................................... N/A .................................... 50 ha

(124 ac) ............................. N/A .................................... N/A .................................... (124 ac)

Maui M ............................... 0.3 ha ................................ 14 ha ................................. N/A .................................... 14.3 ha

(0.7 ac) .............................. (35 ac) ............................... N/A .................................... (35.7 ac)

Maui N ............................... 114 ha ............................... 1 ha ................................... N/A .................................... 115 ha

(282 ac) ............................. (2 ac) ................................. N/A .................................... (284 ac)

Maui O ............................... 278 ha ............................... N/A .................................... N/A .................................... 278 ha

(688 ac) ............................. N/A .................................... N/A .................................... (688 ac)

Maui P ............................... 58 ha ................................. N/A .................................... N/A .................................... 58 ha

(144 ac) ............................. N/A .................................... N/A .................................... (144 ac)

Maui Q ............................... 759 ha ............................... 1,579 ha ............................ N/A .................................... 2,338 ha

(1,880 ac) .......................... (3,911 ac) .......................... N/A .................................... (5,791 ac)

Maui R ............................... 0.1 ha ................................ 299 ha ............................... N/A .................................... 299.1 ha

(0.3 ac) .............................. (740 ac) ............................. N/A .................................... (740.3 ac)

Maui S ............................... 109 ha ............................... 34 ha ................................. N/A .................................... 143 ha

(270 ac) ............................. (84 ac) ............................... N/A .................................... (354 ac)

Maui T ............................... 391 ha ............................... 189 ha ............................... N/A .................................... 580 ha

(968 ac) ............................. (468 ac) ............................. N/A .................................... (1,436 ac)

Maui U ............................... 104 ha ............................... 16 ha ................................. N/A .................................... 120 ha

(258 ac) ............................. (40 ac) ............................... N/A .................................... (298 ac)

Maui V ............................... N/A .................................... 103 ha ............................... N/A .................................... 103 ha

N/A .................................... (255 ac) ............................. N/A .................................... (255 ac)

Maui W .............................. 67 ha ................................. 2 ha ................................... N/A .................................... 69 ha

(167 ac) ............................. (5 ac) ................................. N/A .................................... (172 ac)

Maui X ............................... 197 ha ............................... 7 ha ................................... N/A .................................... 204 ha

(488 ac) ............................. (17 ac) ............................... N/A .................................... (505 ac)

Maui Y ............................... 107 ha ............................... 9 ha ................................... N/A .................................... 116 ha

(265 ac) ............................. (22 ac) ............................... N/A .................................... (287 ac)

Maui Z ............................... 60 ha ................................. 55 ha ................................. N/A .................................... 115 ha

(148 ac) ............................. (136 ac) ............................. N/A .................................... (284 ac)

Maui Aa ............................. 74 ha ................................. 0.3 ha ................................ N/A .................................... 74.3 ha

(183 ac) ............................. (0.7 ac) .............................. N/A .................................... (183.7 ac)

Maui Bb ............................. 12 ha ................................. 340 ha ............................... N/A .................................... 352 ha

(30 ac) ............................... (842 ac) ............................. N/A .................................... (872 ac)

Maui Cc ............................. N/A .................................... 117 ha ............................... N/A .................................... 117 ha

N/A .................................... (290 ac) ............................. N/A .................................... (290 ac)

Maui Dd ............................. N/A .................................... 213 ha ............................... N/A .................................... 213 ha

N/A .................................... (528 ac) ............................. N/A .................................... (528 ac)

Maui Ee ............................. 130 ha ............................... 58 ha ................................. N/A .................................... 188 ha

(322 ac) ............................. (144 ac) ............................. N/A .................................... (466 ac)

Maui Ff .............................. 119 ha ............................... N/A .................................... N/A .................................... 119 ha

(295 ac) ............................. N/A .................................... N/A .................................... (295 ac)

Maui Gg ............................. 177 ha ............................... N/A .................................... N/A .................................... 177 ha

(438 ac) ............................. N/A .................................... N/A .................................... (438 ac)

Maui Hh ............................. 117 ha ............................... N/A .................................... N/A .................................... 117 ha

(290 ac) ............................. N/A .................................... N/A .................................... (290 ac)

Maui Ii ................................ 879 ha ............................... N/A .................................... N/A .................................... 879 ha

(2,177 ac) .......................... N/A .................................... N/A .................................... (2,177 ac)

Maui Jj ............................... 93 ha ................................. N/A .................................... N/A .................................... 93 ha

79226 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 243 / Monday, December 18, 2000 / Proposed Rules

TABLE 5(A).—APPROXIMATE PROPOSED CRITICAL HABITAT AREA BY UNIT AND LAND OWNERSHIP OR JURISDICTION, MAUI,

MAUI COUNTY, HAWAII—Continued

Unit name County or state Private Federal Total

(230 ac) ............................. N/A .................................... N/A .................................... (230 ac)

Maui Kk ............................. 144 ha ............................... N/A .................................... N/A .................................... 144 ha

(357 ac) ............................. N/A .................................... N/A .................................... (357 ac)

Maui Ll ............................... N/A .................................... 45 ha ................................. N/A .................................... 45 ha

N/A .................................... (111 ac) ............................. N/A .................................... (111 ac)

Maui Mm ............................ 133 ha ............................... 34 ha ................................. N/A .................................... 167 ha

(329 ac) ............................. (84 ac) ............................... N/A .................................... (413 ac)

Maui Nn ............................. 510 ha ............................... 182 ha ............................... N/A .................................... 692 ha

(1,263 ac) .......................... (451 ac) ............................. N/A .................................... (1,714 ac)

Maui Oo ............................. 116 ha ............................... N/A .................................... N/A .................................... 116 ha

(287 ac) ............................. N/A .................................... N/A .................................... (287 ac)

Maui Pp ............................. 82 ha ................................. 31 ha ................................. N/A .................................... 113 ha

(203 ac) ............................. (77 ac) ............................... N/A .................................... (280 ac)

Maui Qq ............................. 973 ha ............................... N/A .................................... N/A .................................... 973 ha

(2,410 ac) .......................... N/A .................................... N/A .................................... (2,410 ac)

Maui Rr .............................. 104 ha ............................... 11 ha ................................. N/A .................................... 115 ha

(258 ac) ............................. (27 ac) ............................... N/A .................................... (285 ac)

Maui Ss ............................. 1,014 ha ............................ 910 ha ............................... N/A .................................... 1,924 ha

(2,512 ac) .......................... (2,254 ac) .......................... N/A .................................... (4,766 ac)

Maui Tt .............................. 103 ha ............................... 11 ha ................................. N/A .................................... 114 ha

(255 ac) ............................. (27 ac) ............................... N/A .................................... (282 ac)

Maui Uu ............................. 79 ha ................................. 42 ha ................................. N/A .................................... 121 ha

(196 ac) ............................. (104 ac) ............................. N/A .................................... (300 ac)

Maui Vv ............................. 76 ha ................................. 1 ha ................................... N/A .................................... 77 ha

(188 ac) ............................. (2 ac) ................................. N/A .................................... (190 ac)

Maui Ww ............................ 133 ha ............................... N/A .................................... N/A .................................... 133 ha

(329 ac) ............................. N/A .................................... N/A .................................... (329 ac)

Maui Xx ............................. 4 ha ................................... 56 ha ................................. N/A .................................... 60 ha

(10 ac) ............................... (139 ac) ............................. N/A .................................... (149 ac)

Maui Yy ............................. 29 ha ................................. 1,089 ha ............................ N/A .................................... 1,118 ha

(72 ac) ............................... (2,697 ac) .......................... N/A .................................... (2,769 ac)

Maui Zz .............................. 118 ha ............................... N/A .................................... N/A .................................... 118 ha

(292 ac) ............................. N/A .................................... N/A .................................... (292 ac)

Total ................................... 7,771.5 ha .........................

(19,248.3 ac) .....................

5,802.4 ha .........................

(14,366.0 ac) .....................

N/A ....................................

N/A ....................................

13,573.9 ha

(33,614.3 ac)

TABLE 5 (B).—APPROXIMATE PROPOSED CRITICAL HABITAT AREA BY UNIT AND LAND OWNERSHIP OR JURISDICTION,

KAHOOLAWE, MAUI COUNTY, HAWAII

Unit name County or state Private Federal Total

Kahoolawe B ..................... 38 ha .................................

(94 ac) ...............................

N/A ....................................

N/A ....................................

N/A ....................................

N/A ....................................

38 ha

(94 ac)

Kahoolawe C ..................... 50 ha .................................

(124 ac) .............................

N/A ....................................

N/A ....................................

N/A ....................................

N/A ....................................

50 ha

(124 ac)

Kahoolawe D ..................... 114 ha ...............................

(282 ac) .............................

N/A ....................................

N/A ....................................

N/A ....................................

N/A ....................................

114 ha

(282 ac)

Total ........................... 207 ha ...............................

(512 ac) .............................

N/A ....................................

N/A ....................................

N/A ....................................

N/A ....................................

207 ha

(512 ac)

Descriptions of Critical Habitat Units

Maui A

The proposed Maui A provides

critical habitat for one species: Sesbania

tomentosa. This unit contains a total of

49 ha (121 ac). The lands contained

within this unit are owned by Maui

County and a private entity. The natural

feature found in this unit is Nakalele

Point.

Maui B

The proposed Maui B provides

critical habitat for one species: Sesbania

tomentosa. This unit contains a total of

67 ha (166 ac). The lands contained

within this unit are owned by the State

and a private entity. The natural

features found in this unit are

Keawalua, Corral, Akaluanui, and

Akhluaiki. This area is bound on the

north by Poelua Bay.

Maui C

The proposed Maui C provides

critical habitat for one species: Sesbania

tomentosa. This unit contains

approximately 144 ha (357 ac). The land

contained within this unit is

predominately owned by the State, with

a very small portion privately owned.

The natural features found in this unit

are Mokolea Point, portions of Alapapa

Gulch, Papanalahoa Point, and

Kaikaina.

Maui D

The proposed Maui D provides

critical habitat for two species:

Centaurium sebaeoides and Sesbania

tomentosa. This unit contains 45 ha

(111 ac). The lands contained within

this unit are owned by the State and a

private entity. The natural features

Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 243 / Monday, December 18, 2000 / Proposed Rules 79227

found in this unit are Kahakuloa Head,

Puu Koae, and Puu Kahulianapa. This

unit is bound on the west by Kahakuloa

Bay, on the southwest by Kahakuloa

town, and on the east by Mahinanui.

Maui E

The proposed Maui E provides critical

habitat for one species: Centaurium

sebaeoides. This unit contains a total of

79 ha (194 ac). The lands contained

within this unit are owned by State and

private owners. The natural features

found in this unit are portions of

Makamakaole Stream, Lahoole and

Waiokila Gulch.

Maui F

The proposed Maui F provides critical

habitat for one species: Centaurium

sebaeoides. This unit contains a total of

61 ha (150 ac). The land contained

within this unit is owned solely by a

private owner. The natural feature

found in this unit is Kupaa Gulch.

Maui G

The proposed Maui G provides

critical habitat for two species:

Ischaemum byrone and Peucedanum

sandwicense. This unit contains a total

of 1 ha (2 ac). The land contained

within this unit is owned by the State.

This unit is the entire Keopuka Islet.

Maui H

The proposed Maui H provides

critical habitat for one species:

Ischaemum byrone. This unit contains a

total of 42 ha (104 ac). The lands

contained within this unit are owned by

the State and private owners. The

natural features found in this unit are

Pauwalu Point, Paepaemoana Point, and

Waianu.

Maui I

The proposed Maui I provides critical

habitat for one species: Ischaemum

byrone. This unit contains a total of 0.1

ha (0.3 ac). The land contained within

this unit is owned by the State. This

unit is Moku Huki.

Maui J

The proposed Maui J provides critical

habitat for one species: Mariscus

pennatiformis. This unit contains a total

of 63 ha (157 ac). The lands contained

within this unit are owned the State and

private owners. The natural feature

found in this unit is Hanawi Stream.

Maui K

The proposed Maui K provides

critical habitat for one species:

Ischaemum byrone. This unit contains a

total of 61 ha (150 ac). The land

contained within this unit is owned

solely by private owners. The natural

feature found in this unit is Kalahu

Point.

Maui L

The proposed Maui L provides critical

habitat for one species: Ischaemum

byrone. This unit contains a total of 50

ha (124 ac). The land contained within

this unit is owned by the State. The

natural features found in this unit are

portions of Keakulikuli Point,

Kapukaulua, Pukaulua Point and

Waianapanapa Cave. This unit is bound

on the east by Keauaiki and Pailoa Bays.

Maui M

The proposed Maui M provides

critical habitat for one species:

Ischaemum byrone. This unit contains a

total of 14.3 ha (35.7 ac). The lands

contained within this unit are owned by

the State and a private owner. The

natural feature found in this unit is

Kauiki Head.

Maui N

The proposed Maui N provides

critical habitat for one species:

Lipochaeta kamolensis. This unit

contains a total of 115 ha (284 ac). The

lands contained within this unit are

owned by the State and a private owner.

The natural feature found in this unit is

Kepuni Gulch.

Maui O

The proposed Maui O provides

critical habitat for two species: Bonamia

menziesii and Hibiscus brackenridgei.

This unit contains a total of 278 ha (688

ac). The land contained within this unit

is owned by the State. The natural

feature found in this unit is Puu o kali.

Maui P

The proposed Maui P provides critical

habitat for one species: Clermontia

oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis. This unit

contains a total of 58 ha (144 ac) and is

found in the State’s Honokowai section

of the West Maui NAR and the West

Maui Forest Reserve. The land

contained within this unit is owned

solely by the State. The natural feature

found in this unit is a portion of Amalu

Stream.

Maui Q

The proposed Maui Q provides

critical habitat for 15 species: Alectryon

macrococcus, Ctenitis squamigera,

Cyanea glabra, Cyanea grimesiana ssp.

grimesiana, Cyanea lobata, Diellia

erecta, Dubautia plantaginea ssp.

humilis, Hedyotis mannii,

Hesperomannia arbuscula, Lysimachia

lydgatei, Phlegmariurus mannii,

Plantago princeps, Pteris lidgatei,

Sanicula purpurea and Tetramolopium

capillare. This unit contains a total of

2,338 ha (5,791 ac) and is found in the

State’s Lihau and Panaewa sections of

the West Maui NAR and the West Maui

Forest Reserve. The lands contained

within this unit are owned by the State

and private owners. The natural features

found in this unit are portions of

Kahoma Stream, Kanaha Stream, Makila

Stream, Launiupaku Stream, Kinihapai

Stream, Ae Stream, Olowalu Stream,

Nukalaloa Stream, and Poohahoahoa

Stream; portions of Kahoolewa Ridge;

Kauaula; Helu; Launiupoko; Lihau;

Olowalu; Halepohaku; Ulaula; portions

of Ukumehame Gulch and Stream; Koai;

portions of the back of Iao Valley and

Stream; the Needle; portions of Kapilau

Ridge; Paunau; portions of Waikapu

Valley; and Hanaula.

Maui R

The proposed Maui R provides

critical habitat for two species:

Hesperomannia arbuscula and Sanicula

purpurea. This unit contains a total of

299.1 ha (740.3 ac). The lands contained

within this unit are owned by a private

owner and the State. The natural feature

found in this unit is a portion of Waihee

River.

Maui S

The proposed Maui S provides critical

habitat for one species: Sanicula

purpurea. This unit contains a total of

143 ha (354 ac). The lands contained

within this unit are owned by the State

and a private owner. The natural

features found in this unit are

Kahakuloa, portions of Kahakuloa

Stream and Hulupueo Stream, and

Keahikauo.

Maui T

The proposed Maui T provides

critical habitat for five species: Ctenitis

squamigera, Diellia erecta, Neraudia

sericea, Platanthera holochila, and

Remya mauiensis. This unit contains a

total of 580 ha (1,436 ac) and is found

in the State’s West Maui Forest Reserve

and Manawainui Plant Sanctuary. The

lands contained within this unit are

owned by the State and a private owner.

The natural features found in this unit

are portions of Pohakea Gulch,

Kaonehua Gulch, Papalaua Gulch, and

Manawainui Gulch; portions of

Ukumehame; Hanaulaiki; Polanui; and

Puu Anu.

Maui U

The proposed Maui U provides

critical habitat for one species:

Spermolepis hawaiiensis. This unit

contains a total of 120 ha (298 ac). The

lands contained within this unit are

79228 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 243 / Monday, December 18, 2000 / Proposed Rules

owned by the State and a private land

owner. The natural feature found in this

unit is a portion of Kanaha Stream.

Maui V

The proposed Maui V provides

critical habitat for one species: Hibiscus

brackenridgei. This unit contains a total

of 103 ha (255 ac). The land contained

within this unit are owned solely by

private owners. The natural features

found in this unit are portions of

Kaunoahua ridge, portions of Paleaahu

Gulch, and portions of Kaonohua Gulch.

Maui W

The proposed Maui W provides

critical habitat for two species:

Phlegmariurus mannii and Sanicula

purpurea. This unit contains a total of

69 ha (172 ac) and is found in the State’s

Kahakuloa section of the West Maui

NAR. The lands contained within this

unit are owned by the State and a

private land owner. The natural features

found in this unit are Violet Lake and

a portion of Kapuloa Stream.

Maui X

The proposed Maui X provides

critical habitat for four species: Hedyotis

coriacea, Hibiscus brackenridgei,

Sesbania tomentosa, and Spermolepis

hawaiiensis. This unit contains a total of

204 ha (505 ac) and is found in the

State’s Lihau section of the West Maui

NAR. The lands contained within this

unit are owned by the State and a

private owner. This unit is bound on the

east by Olowalu.

Maui Y

The proposed Maui Y provides

critical habitat for one species:

Cyrtandra munroi. This unit contains a

total of 116 ha (287 ac) and is found

within the State’s West Maui Forest

Reserve. The lands contained within

this unit are owned by the State and a

private owner. The natural feature

found in this unit is a portion of

Makamakaole Stream.

Maui Z

The proposed Maui Z provides

critical habitat for one species:

Hesperomannia arborescens. This unit

contains a total of 115 ha (284 ac) and

is found within the State’s Kahakuloa

section of the West Maui NAR and the

West Maui Forest Reserve. The lands

contained within this unit are owned by

the State and a private owner. The

natural features found in this unit are

portions of Makamakaole Stream,

portions of Huluhulupueo Stream, and

Lanilili.

Maui Aa

The proposed Maui Aa provides

critical habitat for one species: Pteris

lidgatei. This unit contains a total of

74.3 ha (183.7 ac) and is found within

the State’s Kahakuloa section of the

West Maui NAR. The lands contained

within this unit are owned privately and

by the State. The natural features found

in this unit are Kahakuloa and

Honokohau.

Maui Bb

The proposed Maui Bb provides

critical habitat for two species: Cyanea

copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis and

Cyanea mceldowneyi. This unit

contains a total of 352 ha (872 ac) and

is located within the State’s Makawao

Forest Reserve. The lands contained

within this unit are owned by the State

and private owners. The natural features

found in this unit are Haiku Uka,

portions of Opana Gulch, portions of

Kailua Stream, portions of Waiohiwi

Gulch, and portions of Waikamoi

Stream.

Maui Cc

The proposed unit Maui Cc provides

critical habitat for one species: Cyanea

hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora. This unit

contains a total of 117 ha (290 ac). The

land contained within this unit is

owned solely by a private owner. The

natural features found in this unit are

portions of Haipuaena Stream and

Puohakamoa Stream.

Maui Dd

The proposed Maui Dd provides

critical habitat for two species: Cyanea

hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora and

Cyanea mceldowneyi. This unit

contains a total of 213 ha (528 ac). The

land contained within this unit is

owned solely by a private land owner.

The natural features found in this unit

are portions of Puohokamoa Stream and

Haipuaena Stream.

Maui Ee

The proposed Maui Ee provides

critical habitat for one species:

Geranium multiflorum. This unit

contains a total of 188 ha (466 ac) and

is found in the State’s Koolau Forest

Reserve. The lands contained within

this unit are owned by the State and a

private owner. The natural feature

found in this unit is Puu Alaea.

Maui Ff

The proposed Maui Ff provides

critical habitat for one species: Cyanea

hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora. This unit

contains a total of 119 ha (295 ac) and

is found in the State’s Hanawi NAR and

Koolau Forest Reserve. The land

contained within this unit is owned by

the State. The natural features found in

this unit are portions of the east

Wailuaiki Stream and portions of the

Kopiliula Stream.

Maui Gg

The proposed Maui Gg provides

critical habitat for two species: Cyanea

copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis and

Cyanea mceldowneyi. This unit

contains a total of 177 ha (438 ac) and

is found within the State’s Hanawi

NAR. The land contained within this

unit is owned by the State. The natural

features found in this unit are western

portions of Kuhiwa Valley and portions

of Kuhiwa Stream and Mukupiui

Stream.

Maui Hh

The proposed Maui Hh provides

critical habitat for two species:

Clermontia samuelii ssp. hanaensis and

Cyanea mceldowneyi. This unit

contains a total of 117 ha (290 ac) and

is found in the State’s Hanawi NAR. The

land contained within this unit is

owned by the State. The natural feature

found in this unit is the eastern portion

of Kuhiwa Valley.

Maui Ii

The proposed Maui Ii provides

critical habitat for one species:

Clermontia samuelii. This unit contains

a total of 879 ha (2,177 ac) and is found

in the State’s Koolau and Hana Forest

Reserves. The land contained within

this unit is owned by the State. The

natural feature found in this unit is

portions of the Mokulehua Gulch.

Maui Jj

Proposed Maui Jj provides critical

habitat for one species: Phlegmariurus

mannii. This unit contains a total of 93

ha (230 ac) and is found in the State’s

Kipahulu Forest Reserve. The lands

contained within this unit are owned by

the State. The natural features found in

this unit are portions of Healani Stream

and western portions of Manawainui

Valley.

Maui Kk

The proposed Maui Kk provides

critical habitat for two species:

Phlegmariurus mannii and Cyanea

hanatiflora ssp. hamatiflora. This unit

contains a total of 144 ha (357 ac) and

is found within the State’s Kipahulu

Forest Reserve. The lands contained

within this unit are owned by the State.

The natural features found in this unit

are northeastern portions of

Manawainui Valley, Puu Ahulili, and

Niniao.

Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 243 / Monday, December 18, 2000 / Proposed Rules 79229

Maui Ll

The proposed Maui Ll provides

critical habitat for one species:

Geranium arboreum. This unit contains

a total of 45 ha (111 ac). The lands

contained within this unit are owned

privately. The natural feature found in

this unit is a portion of Kamehaneiki

Gulch.

Maui Mm

The proposed Maui Mm provides

critical habitat for one species:

Geranium arboreum. This unit contains

a total of 167 ha (413 ac) and is found

in the State’s Kula Forest Reserve. The

lands contained within this unit are

owned by the State and private owners.

The natural features found in this unit

are a portion of Keahuaiwi Gulch,

Waiakoa, and a portion of Naalae Gulch.

Maui Nn

The proposed Maui Nn provides

critical habitat for one species:

Geranium arboreum. This unit contains

a total of 692 ha (1,714 ac) and is found

in the State’s Kula and Kahikinui Forest

Reserves. The lands contained within

this unit are owned by the State and

private owners. The natural features

found in this unit are a portion of

Kaipoioi Gulch, Kaonoulu, Waiohuli,

portions of Waiohuli Gulch, and

Papaanui.

Maui Oo

The proposed Maui Oo provides

critical habitat for one species: Bidens

micrantha ssp. kalealaha. This unit

contains a total of 116 ha (287 ac). The

land contained within this unit is

owned by the State. The natural features

found in this unit are Kahua and

Kahikinui.

Maui Pp

The proposed Maui Pp provides

critical habitat for one species:

Geranium arboreum. This unit contains

a total of 113 ha (280 ac) and is found

in the State’s Kula and Kahikinui Forest

Reserves. The lands contained within

this unit are owned by the State and

private owners. The natural feature

found in this unit is Kanaio.

Maui Qq

The proposed Maui Qq provides

critical habitat for seven species: Bidens

micrantha ssp. kalealaha; Clermontia

lindseyana, Diellia erecta, Diplazium

molokaiense, Neraudia sericea,

Phlegmariurus mannii, and Phyllostegia

mollis. This unit contains a total of 973

ha (2,410 ac) and is found in the State’s

Kahikinui Forest Reserve. The land

contained within this unit is owned by

the State. The natural features found in

this unit are portions of Waiopai Gulch,

Manawainui Gulch, Wailaulau Gulch,

and Kapuni Gulch, and Kula.

Maui Rr

The proposed Maui Rr provides

critical habitat for one species:

Alectryon macrococcus. This unit

contains a total of 115 ha (285 ac) and

is found in the State’s Kahikinui Forest

Reserve. The lands contained within

this unit are owned by the State and

private owners. The natural features

found in this unit are Kula and portions

of Panini Gulch.

Maui Ss

The proposed Maui Ss provides

critical habitat for ten species: Alectryon

macrococcus, Bonamia menziesii,

Cenchrus agrimonioides, Colubrina

oppositifolia, Flueggea neowawraea,

Melicope adscendens, Melicope

knudsenii, Melicope mucronulata,

Spermolepis hawaiiensis, and

Zanthoxylum hawaiiense. This unit

contains a total of 1,924 ha (4,766 ac),

portions of which are found in the

Kanaio NAR. The land contained within

this unit is owned by the State and

private owners. The natural features

found in this unit are Puu Ouli,

Maunanu, Kalmaloo, Luapelani, Puu

Mahoe, Auwahi, and Kanaio.

Maui Tt

The proposed Maui Tt provides

critical habitat for one species: Sesbania

tomentosa. This unit contains a total of

114 ha (282 ac). The lands contained

within this unit are owned by the State

and leased by the U.S. Department of

Defense (Hawaii Army National Guard)

for the Kanaio Training Area, and

private owners. The natural features

found in this unit are Pimoe and

Kanaio.

Maui Uu

The proposed Maui Uu provides

critical habitat for one species: Hibiscus

brackenridgei. This unit contains a total

of 121 ha (300 ac). The lands contained

within this unit are owned by the State

and private owners. The natural feature

found in this unit is Keokea.

Maui Vv

The proposed Maui Vv provides

critical habitat for one species: Vigna owahuensis. This unit contains a total of

77 ha (190 ac). The land contained

within this unit is owned by the State.

The natural features found in this unit

are Kamanamana, a portion of Kaloi,

and a portion of Kaunauhane.

Maui Ww

The proposed Maui Ww provides

critical habitat for one species: Flueggea

neowawraea. This unit contains a total

of 133 ha (329 ac). The lands contained

within this unit are owned by the State.

The natural feature found in this unit is

a portion of the Lualailua Hills.

Maui Xx

The proposed Maui Xx provides

critical habitat for one species: Ctenitis

squamigera. This unit contains a total of

60 ha (149 ac) and is found within the

State’s West Maui Forest Reserve. The

lands contained within this unit are

owned by the State and private owners.

The natural features found in this unit

are Kahana, portions of Kahanaiki

Gulch, Mahinahina, and Moomoku.

Maui Yy

The proposed Maui Yy provides

critical habitat for one species:

Clermontia lindseyana. This unit

contains a total of 1,118 ha (2,769 ac).

The lands contained within this unit are

owned by the State and private owners.

The natural features found within this

unit are Kamaole, Keauhou, Keonenelu,

and Waihou Spring.

Maui Zz

The proposed Maui Zz provides

critical habitat for one species: Ctenitis

squamigera. This unit contains a total of

118 ha (292 ac). The lands contained

within this unit are owned by the State

and private owners. The natural features

found in this unit are portions of

Kanaha Stream, Panaewa, and Kuia.

Kahoolawe A

The proposed Kahoolawe A, the islet

Puu Koae off the southern coast of

Kahoolawe, provides critical habitat for

one species: Sesbania tomentosa. This

unit contains a total of 5 ha (12 ac). The

land contained within this unit is

owned by the State.

Kahoolawe B

The proposed Kahoolawe B provides

critical habitat for one species: Kanaloa

kahoolawensis. This unit contains a

total of 38 ha (94 ac). The land

contained within this unit is owned by

the State. The natural feature found in

this unit is Aleale.

Kahoolawe C

The proposed Kahoolawe C provides

critical habitat for one species: Vigna owahuensis. This unit contains a total of

50 ha (124 ac). The land contained

within this unit is owned by the State.

The natural feature found in this unit is

a tidal pond.

79230 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 243 / Monday, December 18, 2000 / Proposed Rules

Kahoolawe D

The proposed Kahoolawe D provides

critical habitat for one species: Vigna owahuensis. This unit contains a total of

114 ha (282 ac). The land contained

within this unit is owned by the State.

Effects of Critical Habitat Designation

Section 7(a) of the Act requires

Federal agencies, including the Service,

to ensure that actions they fund,

authorize, or carry out do not destroy or

adversely modify critical habitat to the

extent that the action appreciably

diminishes the value of the critical

habitat for the survival and recovery of

the species. Individuals, organizations,

states, local governments, and other

non-Federal entities are affected by the

designation of critical habitat only if

their actions occur on Federal lands,

require a Federal permit, license, or

other authorization, or involve Federal

funding.

Section 7(a) of the Act requires

Federal agencies to evaluate their

actions with respect to any species that

is proposed or listed as endangered or

threatened and with respect to its

critical habitat, if any is designated or

proposed. Regulations implementing

this interagency cooperation provision

of the Act are codified at 50 CFR part

402. Section 7(a)(4) requires Federal

agencies to confer with us on any action

that is likely to jeopardize the continued

existence of a proposed species or result

in destruction or adverse modification

of proposed critical habitat. Conference

reports provide conservation

recommendations to assist the agency in

eliminating conflicts that may be caused

by the proposed action. The

conservation recommendations in a

conference report are advisory. If a

species is listed or critical habitat is

designated, section 7(a)(2) requires

Federal agencies to ensure that actions

they authorize, fund, or carry out are not

likely to jeopardize the continued

existence of such a species or to destroy

or adversely modify its critical habitat.

If a Federal action may affect a listed

species or its critical habitat, the

responsible Federal agency (action

agency) must enter into consultation

with us. Through this consultation we

would ensure that the permitted actions

do not destroy or adversely modify

critical habitat.

When we issue a biological opinion

concluding that a project is likely to

result in the destruction or adverse

modification of critical habitat, we also

provide reasonable and prudent

alternatives to the project, if any are

identifiable. Reasonable and prudent

alternatives are defined at 50 CFR

402.02 as alternative actions identified

during consultation that can be

implemented in a manner consistent

with the intended purpose of the action,

that are consistent with the scope of the

Federal agency’s legal authority and

jurisdiction, that are economically and

technologically feasible, and that the

Director believes would avoid

destruction or adverse modification of

critical habitat. Reasonable and prudent

alternatives can vary from slight project

modifications to extensive redesign or

relocation of the project. Costs

associated with implementing a

reasonable and prudent alternative are

similarly variable.

Regulations at 50 CFR 402.16 require

Federal agencies to reinitiate

consultation on previously reviewed

actions in instances where critical

habitat is subsequently designated and

the Federal agency has retained

discretionary involvement or control

over the action or such discretionary

involvement or control is authorized by

law. Consequently, some Federal

agencies may request reinitiation of

consultation with us on actions for

which formal consultation has been

completed if those actions may affect

designated critical habitat. Further,

some Federal agencies may have

conferenced with us on proposed

critical habitat. We may adopt the

formal conference report as the

biological opinion when critical habitat

is designated, if no significant new

information or changes in the action

alter the content of the opinion (see 50

CFR 402.10(d)).

Activities on lands being proposed as

critical habitat for these 50 species or

activities that may indirectly affect such

lands and that are conducted by a

Federal agency, funded by a Federal

agency or require a permit from a

Federal agency will be subject to the

section 7 consultation process. Federal

actions not affecting critical habitat, as

well as actions on non-Federal lands

that are not federally funded or

permitted, will not require section 7

consultation.

Section 4(b)(8) of the Act requires us

to briefly describe and evaluate in any

proposed or final regulation that

designates critical habitat those

activities involving a Federal action that

may adversely modify such habitat or

that may be affected by such

designation. We note that such activities

may also jeopardize the continued

existence of the species. Activities that,

when carried out, funded, or authorized

by a Federal agency, may affect critical

habitat include, but are not limited to:

(1) Activities that degrade or destroy

habitat defined as a primary constituent

element, including but not limited to:

Overgrazing; maintenance of feral

ungulates; clearing, cutting of native

live trees and shrubs, whether by

burning or mechanical, chemical, or

other means (e.g., woodcutting,

bulldozing, construction, road building,

mining, herbicide application);

introducing or enabling the spread of

nonnative species; and taking actions

that pose a risk of fire.

(2) Water diversion or impoundment,

groundwater pumping, or other activity

that alters water quality or quantity to

an extent that wet forest or bog

vegetation is significantly affected;

(3) Recreational activities that degrade

vegetation; and

(4) Activities that may destroy or

adversely modify critical habitat include

those that alter the primary constituent

elements to the extent that the value of

critical habitat for both the survival and

recovery of any one of the 50 species is

appreciably reduced.

To properly portray the effects of

critical habitat designation, we must

first compare the section 7 requirements

for actions that may affect critical

habitat with the requirements for

actions that may affect a listed species.

Section 7 prohibits actions funded,

authorized, or carried out by Federal

agencies from jeopardizing the

continued existence of a listed species

or destroying or adversely modifying the

listed species’ critical habitat. Actions

likely to ‘‘jeopardize the continued

existence’’ of a species are those that

would appreciably reduce the

likelihood of both the survival and

recovery of a listed species. Actions

likely to result in the destruction or

adverse modification of critical habitat

are those that would appreciably reduce

the value of critical habitat for both the

survival and recovery of the listed

species.

Common to both definitions is an

appreciable detrimental effect on both

survival and recovery of a listed species.

Given the similarity of these definitions,

actions likely to result in the destruction

or adverse modification of critical

habitat would almost always result in

jeopardy to the species concerned,

particularly when the area of the

proposed action is occupied by the

species concerned. In those cases,

critical habitat provides little additional

protection to a species, and the

ramifications of its designation are few

or none. However, if occupied habitat

becomes unoccupied in the future, there

is a potential benefit from critical

habitat in such areas.

Federal agencies already consult with

us on activities in areas currently

occupied by the species to ensure that

Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 243 / Monday, December 18, 2000 / Proposed Rules 79231

their actions do not jeopardize the

continued existence of the species.

These actions include, but are not

limited to:

(1) Regulation of activities affecting

waters of the United States by the Army

Corps of Engineers under section 404 of

the Clean Water Act;

(2) Development requiring permits

from other Federal agencies such as

Housing and Urban Development;

(3) Regulation of grazing and

recreation, and federally funded

silviculture/forestry projects and

research by the U.S. Department of

Agriculture (Forest Service);

(4) Regulation of airport improvement

activities by the Federal Aviation

Administration jurisdiction;

(5) Road construction and

maintenance by, or funded by, the U.S.

Department of Transportation;

(6) Military training or similar

activities of the U.S. Department of

Defense (Hawaii Army National Guard)

on lands under their jurisdiction;

(7) Unexploded ordinance clean-up or

similar activities of the U.S. Department

of Defense (Navy) or their contractors on

the island of Kahoolawe;

(8) Federally funded importation of

alien species for research, agriculture,

and aquiculture, and the release or

authorization of release of biological

control agents by the U.S. Department of

Agriculture;

(9) Regulation of activities affecting

point source pollution discharges into

waters of the United States by the

Environmental Protection Agency under

section 402 of the Clean Water Act.;

(10) Hazard mitigation and postdisaster repairs funded by the Federal

Emergency Management Agency;

(11) Installation and maintenance of

U.S. Coast Guard navigational aids;

(12) Construction of communication

sites licensed by the Federal

Communications Commission;

(13) Construction activities by the

U.S. Department of Interior (National

Park Service); and

(14) Activities not mentioned above

funded or authorized by the U.S.

Department of Agriculture (Forest

Service, Natural Resources Conservation

Service), Department of Defense,

Department of Transportation,

Department of Energy, Department of

Interior (U.S. Geological Survey,

National Park Service), Department of

Commerce (National Oceanic and

Atmospheric Administration) or any

other Federal agency.

All lands designated as critical habitat

are within the geographical area

occupied by these species. Thus, we

consider all critical habitat proposed in

this rule to be occupied. Federal

agencies already consult with us on

activities in areas currently occupied by

the species or if the species may be

affected by the action to ensure that

their actions do not jeopardize the

continued existence of the species.

Because of this, we do not expect any

additional project modifications or

restrictions or anticipate additional

regulatory protection will result from

critical habitat designation.

If you have questions regarding

whether specific activities may affect or

will constitute adverse modification of

critical habitat, contact the Field

Supervisor, Pacific Islands Ecological

Services Field Office (see ADDRESSES

section). Requests for copies of the

regulations on listed plants and animals,

and general inquiries regarding

prohibitions and permits, may be

addressed to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife

Service, Endangered Species Permits,

911 N.E. 11th Ave., Portland, Oregon

97232–4181 (telephone 503–231–2063;

facsimile 503–231–6243).

Consideration of Economic and Other

Relevant Impacts

Section 4(b)(2) of the Act requires us

to designate critical habitat on the basis

of the best scientific and commercial

data available and to consider the

economic and other relevant impacts of

designating a particular area as critical

habitat. We may exclude areas from

critical habitat upon a determination

that the benefits of such exclusions

outweigh the benefits of specifying such

areas as critical habitat. We cannot

exclude such areas from critical habitat

when such exclusion will result in the

extinction of the species.

We will conduct the economic

analysis for this proposal prior to a final

determination. When the draft economic

analysis is completed, we will announce

its availability with a notice in the

Federal Register, and we will have a

comment period for 30 days at that time

to accept comments.

We will utilize the final economic

analysis, and take into consideration all

comments and information regarding

economic or other impacts submitted

during the public comment period and

any public hearings, if requested, to

make final critical habitat designations.

We may exclude areas from critical

habitat upon a determination that the

benefits of such exclusions outweigh the

benefits of specifying such areas as part

of critical habitat; however, we cannot

exclude areas from critical habitat when

such exclusion will result in the

extinction of the species.

Public Comments Solicited

It is our intent that any final action

resulting from this proposal be as

accurate and as effective as possible.

Therefore, we solicit comments or

suggestions from the public, other

concerned governmental agencies, the

scientific community, industry, or any

other interested party concerning this

proposed rule.

In this proposed rule, we do not

propose to designate critical habitat on

the private lands within Waikamoi and

Kapunakea Preserves, Puu Kukui

Watershed Management Area, and on

the State lands in the upper areas of

Hanawi Natural Area Reserve because

these areas are permanently dedicated

to conservation and managed to address

the threats to the plant species at issue.

We believe that these areas are not in

need of special management

considerations or protection and,

therefore, do not meet the definition of

critical habitat in the Act. Since we do

not believe these areas meet the

definition of critical habitat, critical

habitat is not proposed for the four

species that are only found in Waikamoi

Preserve and/or Haleakala National Park

(Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp.

macrocephalum, Melicope balloui,

Melicope ovalis, and Schiedea

haleakalensis). However, we are

specifically soliciting comments on the

appropriateness of this approach.

The Service also invites comments

from the public that provide

information on whether lands within

proposed critical habitat are currently

being managed to address conservation

needs of these listed plants. As stated

earlier in this proposed rule, if we

receive information that any of the areas

proposed as critical habitat are

adequately managed, we may delete

such areas from designation in the final

rule, because they would not meet the

definition in section 3(5)(A)(i) of the

Act. In determining adequacy of

management, we must find that the

management effort is sufficiently certain

to be implemented and effective so as to

contribute to the elimination or

adequate reduction of relevant threats to

the species.

In determining whether an action is

likely to be implemented, we will

generally consider the following:

• Whether or not a management plan

or agreement exists which specifies the

management actions being

implemented, or if to be implemented,

the schedule for implementation;

• Whether there are responsible

party(ies) and funding source(s) or other

resources necessary to implement the

79232 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 243 / Monday, December 18, 2000 / Proposed Rules

actions, with a high level of assurance

that the funding will be provided; and

• The authority and long-term

commitment of the party(ies) to the

agreement or plan to implement the

management actions, as demonstrated,

for example, by a legal instrument

providing enduring protection and

management of the lands.

In determining whether an action is

likely to be effective, we would

generally consider whether or not the

plan is specific concerning the threats to

be addressed by the management

actions; whether such actions have been

successful in the past; whether there are

provisions for monitoring and

assessment of the effectiveness of the

management actions; and whether

adaptive management principles have

been incorporated into the plan.

We are aware that the State of Hawaii

and some private landowners are

considering the development and

implementation of land management

plans or agreements that may promote

the conservation and recovery of

endangered and threatened plant

species on the island of Maui. We are

soliciting comments in this proposed

rule on whether current land

management plans or practices applied

within the areas proposed as critical

habitat provide for the conservation of

the species by adequately addressing the

threats. We are also soliciting comments

on whether future development and

approval of conservation measures (e.g.,

Conservation Agreements, Safe Harbor

Agreements) should be excluded from

critical habitat and if so, by what

mechanism.

In addition, we are seeking comments

on the following:

(1) The reasons why critical habitat

for any of these species is prudent or not

prudent as provided by section 4 of the

Act and 50 CFR 424.12(a)(1), including

whether the benefits of designation

would outweigh any threats to these

species due to designation;

(2) The reasons why any particular

area should or should not be designated

as critical habitat for any of these

species, as critical habitat is defined by

section 3 of the Act (16 U.S.C. 1532(5));

(3) Specific information on the

amount and distribution of habitat for

Acaena exigua, Alectryon macrococcus,

Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp.

macrocephalum, Bidens micrantha ssp.

kalealaha, Bonamia menziesii,

Cenchrus agrimonioides, Centaurium

sebaeoides, Clermontia lindseyana,

Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis,

Clermontia samuelii, Colubrina

oppositifolia, Ctenitis squamigera,

Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis,

Cyanea glabra, Cyanea grimesiana ssp.

grimesiana, Cyanea hamatiflora ssp.

hamatiflora, Cyanea lobata, Cyanea

mceldowneyi, Cyrtandra munroi, Diellia

erecta, Diplazium molokaiense,

Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis,

Flueggea neowawraea, Geranium

arboreum, Geranium multiflorum,

Hedyotis coriacea, Hedyotis mannii,

Hesperomannia arborescens,

Hesperomannia arbuscula, Hibiscus

brackenridgei, Ischaemum byrone,

Kanaloa kahoolawensis, Lipochaeta

kamolensis, Lysimachia lydgatei,

Mariscus pennatiformis, Melicope

adscendens, Melicope balloui, Melicope

knudsenii, Melicope mucronulata,

Melicope ovalis, Neraudia sericea,

Peucedanum sandwicense,

Phlegmariurus mannii, Phyllostegia

mollis, Plantago princeps, Platanthera

holochila, Pteris lidgatei, Remya

mauiensis, Sanicula purpurea, Schiedea

haleakalensis, Sesbania tomentosa,

Spermolepis hawaiiensis,

Tetramolopium capillare, Vigna owahuensis, and Zanthoxylum

hawaiiense, and what habitat is

essential to the conservation of the

species and why;

(4) Land use practices and current or

planned activities in the subject areas

and their possible impacts on proposed

critical habitat;

(5) Any economic or other impacts

resulting from the proposed

designations of critical habitat,

including any impacts on small entities

or families; and

(6) Economic and other potential

values associated with designating

critical habitat for the above 50 plant

species such as those derived from nonconsumptive uses (e.g., hiking, camping,

birding, enhanced watershed protection,

increased soil retention, ‘‘existence

values,’’ and reductions in

administrative costs).

If you wish to comment, you may

submit your comments and materials

concerning this proposal by any one of

several methods.

1. You may submit written comments

and information to the Field Supervisor,

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific

Islands Office, 300 Ala Moana Blvd.,

P.O. Box 50088, Honolulu, HI 96850–

0001.

2. If you would like to submit

comments by e-mail

(mandk_crithab_pr@fws.gov), please

submit e-mail comments as an ASCII

file format and avoid the use of special

characters and encryption. Please

include ‘‘Attn: RIN 1018–AH70’’ and

your name and return address in your

e-mail message. If you do not receive a

confirmation from the system that we

have received your e-mail message,

contact us directly by calling our Pacific

Islands Office at phone number 808/

541–3441. Please note that the e-mail

address will be closed out at the

termination of the public comment

period.

3. You may hand-deliver written

comments to our Pacific Islands Office

at 300 Ala Moana Blvd., Room 3–122,

Honolulu, HI.

Our practice is to make comments,

including names and home addresses of

respondents, available for public review

during regular business hours.

Respondents may request that we

withhold their home address, which we

will honor to the extent allowable by

law. There also may be circumstances in

which we would withhold a

respondent’s identity, as allowable by

law. If you wish us to withhold your

name and/or address, you must state

this request prominently at the

beginning of your comment. However,

we will not consider anonymous

comments. To the extent consistent with

applicable law, we will make all

submissions from organizations or

businesses, and from individuals

identifying themselves as

representatives or officials of

organizations or businesses, available

for public inspection in their entirety.

Comments and materials received will

be available for public inspection, by

appointment, during normal business

hours at the above address.

Peer Review

In accordance with our policy

published on July 1, 1994 (59 FR

34270), we will seek the expert opinions

of at least three appropriate and

independent specialists regarding this

proposed rule. The purpose of such

review is to ensure listing and critical

habitat decisions are based on

scientifically sound data, assumptions,

and analyses. We will send copies of

this proposed rule to these peer

reviewers immediately following

publication in the Federal Register. We

will invite the peer reviewers to

comment, during the public comment

period, on the specific assumptions and

conclusions regarding the proposed

designations of critical habitat.

We will consider all comments and

data received during the 60-day

comment period on this proposed rule

during preparation of a final

rulemaking. Accordingly, the final

decision may differ from this proposal.

Clarity of the Rule

Executive Order 12866 requires each

agency to write regulations and notices

that are easy to understand. We invite

your comments on how to make this

proposed rule easier to understand

Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 243 / Monday, December 18, 2000 / Proposed Rules 79233

including answers to questions such as

the following: (1) Are the requirements

in the proposed rule clearly stated? (2)

Does the proposed rule contain

technical language or jargon that

interferes with the clarity? (3) Does the

format of the proposed rule (grouping

and order of sections, use of headings,

paragraphing, etc.) aid or reduce its

clarity? (4) Is the description of the

proposed rule in the ‘‘Supplementary

Information’’ section of the preamble

helpful in understanding the document?

(5) What else could we do to make the

proposed rule easier to understand?

Send a copy of any comments that

concern how we could make this notice

easier to understand to: Office of

Regulatory Affairs, Department of the

Interior, Room 7229, 1849 C Street,

NW., Washington, DC 20240. You may

e-mail your comments to this address:

Execsec@ios.doi.gov.

Required Determinations

Regulatory Planning and Review

In accordance with Executive Order

12866, this action was submitted for

review by the Office of Management and

Budget (OMB). We are in the process of

preparing an economic analysis to

determine the economic consequences

of designating the specific areas

identified as critical habitat. If our

economic analysis reveals that the

economic impacts of designating any

area as critical habitat outweigh the

benefits of designation, we may exclude

those areas from consideration, unless

such exclusion will result in the

extinction of the species.

(a) While we will prepare an

economic analysis to assist us in

considering whether areas should be

excluded pursuant to section 4 of the

Act at this time, we do not believe this

rule will have an annual economic

effect of $100 million or adversely affect

an economic sector, productivity, jobs,

the environment, or other units of

government. Therefore we do not

believe a cost benefit and economic

analysis pursuant to Executive Order

12866 is required.

The 50 plants were listed as

endangered or threatened species

between the years 1991 and 1999. The

areas proposed for critical habitat are

currently occupied by one or more of

these species. Under section 7 of the

Act, critical habitat may not be

destroyed or adversely modified by a

Federal agency action; it does not

impose any restrictions on non-Federal

persons unless they are conducting

activities funded or otherwise

sponsored or permitted by a Federal

agency (see Table 6).

TABLE 6.—IMPACTS OF CRITICAL HABITAT DESIGNATION FOR 50 PLANTS FROM MAUI AND KAHOOLAWE

Categories of activities Activities potentially affected by species listing only

Additional activities

potentially affected by

critical habitat

designation 1

Federal activities

protentially affected 2.

Activities conducted by the Army Corps of Engineers, Department of Transportation, Department of Defense, Department of Agriculture, Environmental Protection Agency, Federal

Emergency Management Agency, Federal Aviation Administration, Federal Communications Commission, Department of Interior.

None.

Private or other nonFederal activities potentially affected 3.Activities that require a Federal action (permit, authorization, or funding) and may remove or

destroy habitat for these plants by mechanical, chemical, or other means (e.g., overgrazing, clearing, cutting native live trees and shrubs, water diversion, impoundment,

groundwater pumping, road building, mining, herbicide application, recreational use etc.)

or appreciably decrease habitat value or quality through indirect effects (e.g., edge effects,

invasion of exotic plants or animals, fragmentation of habitat).

None.

1This column represents activities potentially affected by the critical habitat designation in addition to those activities potentially affected by listing the species. 2Activities initiated by a Federal agency.

3Activities initiated by a private or other non-Federal entity that may need Federal authorization or funding.

Section 7 also requires Federal agencies

to ensure that they do not jeopardize the

continued existence of the species.

Based on our experience, due to the

limited number of individuals and

populations, and limited range, we

conclude that any Federal action or

authorized action that could potentially

cause an adverse modification of the

proposed critical habitat for any of these

50 species would also likely cause

‘‘jeopardy’’ to that species. Accordingly,

the designation of currently occupied

areas as critical habitat would not have

any additional incremental impacts on

what actions may or may not be

conducted by Federal agencies or nonFederal persons that receive Federal

authorization or funding. Non-Federal

persons that do not have a Federal

involvement in their actions are not

restricted by the designation of critical

habitat.

(b) This rule will not create

inconsistencies with other agencies’

actions. As discussed above, Federal

agencies have been required to ensure

that their actions not jeopardize the

continued existence of the 50 plant

species since their listing between 1991

and 1999. The prohibition against

adverse modification of critical habitat

would not be expected to impose any

additional restrictions to those that

currently exist because all proposed

critical habitat is currently occupied.

(c) This rule will not materially affect

entitlements, grants, user fees, loan

programs, or the rights and obligations

of their recipients. Federal agencies are

currently required to ensure that their

activities do not jeopardize the

continued existence of the species, and

as discussed above we do not anticipate

that the adverse modification

prohibition resulting from critical

habitat designation will have any

incremental effects.

(d) This rule will not raise novel legal

or policy issues. The proposed rule

follows the requirements for

determining critical habitat contained in

the Endangered Species Act.

Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601

et seq.)

In the economic analysis, we will

determine whether designation of

critical habitat will have a significant

effect on a substantial number of small

entities. As discussed under Regulatory

Planning and Review above, this rule is

not expected to result in any restrictions

in addition to those currently in

existence. As indicated on Table 5 (see

‘‘Methods for Selection of Areas for

Proposed Critical Habitat Designations’’)

we have designated property owned by

Federal and State governments, and

private property.

79234 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 243 / Monday, December 18, 2000 / Proposed Rules

Within these areas, the types of

Federal actions or authorized activities

that we have identified as potential

concerns are:

(1) Regulation of activities affecting

waters of the United States by the Army

Corps of Engineers under section 404 of

the Clean Water Act;

(2) Development on private or State

lands requiring permits from other

Federal agencies such as Housing and

Urban Development;

(3) Federally funded silviculture/

forestry projects and research and

research by the U.S. Department of

Agriculture (Forest Service);

(4) Regulation of airport improvement

activities by the Federal Aviation

Administration jurisdiction;

(5) Road construction and

maintenance by, or funded by, the U.S.

Department of Transportation;

(6) Military training or similar

activities of the U.S. Department of

Defense (Hawaii Army National Guard)

on lands under their jurisdiction;

(7) Unexploded ordnance clean-up or

similar activities of the U.S. Department

of Defense (Navy) or their contractors on

the island of Kahoolawe;

(8) Federally funded importation of

alien species for research, agriculture,

and aquiculture, and the release or

authorization of release of biological

control agents by the U.S. Department of

Agriculture;

(9) Regulation of activities affecting

point source pollution discharges into

waters of the United States by the

Environmental Protection Agency under

section 402 of the Clean Water Act;

(10) Hazard mitigation and postdisaster repairs funded by the Federal

Emergency Management Agency;

(11) Installation and maintenance of

U.S. Coast Guard navigational aids;

(12) Construction of communication

sites licensed by the Federal

Communications Commission; and

(13) Activities not mentioned above

funded or authorized by the U.S.

Department of Agriculture (Forest

Service, Natural Resources Conservation

Service), Department of Defense,

Department of Transportation,

Department of Energy, Department of

Interior (U.S. Geological Survey,

National Park Service), Department of

Commerce (National Oceanic and

Atmospheric Administration) or any

other Federal agency.

Many of these activities authorized or

funded by Federal agencies within the

proposed critical habitat areas are

carried out by small entities (as defined

by the Regulatory Flexibility Act)

through contract, grant, permit, or other

Federal authorization. As discussed in

section 1 above, these actions are

currently required to comply with the

protections of the Act that are triggered

by listing, such as avoiding jeopardy to

these species, and the designation of

critical habitat is not anticipated to have

any additional effects on these

activities.

For actions on non-Federal property

that do not have a Federal connection

(such as funding or authorization), the

current State restrictions concerning

take of listed threatened or endangered

plant species remain in effect, and this

rule would impose no additional

restrictions.

Small Business Regulatory Enforcement

Fairness Act (5 U.S.C. 804(2)).

In the economic analysis, we will

determine whether designation of

critical habitat will cause (a) any effect

on the economy of $100 million or

more, (b) any increases in costs or prices

for consumers, individual industries,

Federal, State, or local government

agencies, or geographic regions in the

economic analysis, or (c) any significant

adverse effects on competition,

employment, investment, productivity,

innovation, or the ability of U.S.-based

enterprises to compete with foreignbased enterprises.

Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (2

U.S.C. 1501 et seq.)

In accordance with the Unfunded

Mandates Reform Act (2 U.S.C. 1501 et

seq.):

(a) This rule will not ‘‘significantly or

uniquely’’ affect small governments. A

Small Government Agency Plan is not

required. Small governments will only

be affected to the extent that any Federal

agency that funds, permits or other

authorized activities must ensure that

their actions will not adversely affect

the critical habitat. However, as

discussed in section 1, these actions are

currently subject to equivalent

restrictions through the listing

protections of the species, and no

further restrictions are anticipated.

(b) This rule will not produce a

Federal mandate of $100 million or

greater in any year, that is, it is not a

‘‘significant regulatory action’’ under

the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act.

The designation of critical habitat

imposes no obligations on State or local

governments.

Takings

In accordance with Executive Order

12630, this rule does not have

significant takings implications. A

takings implication assessment is not

required. As discussed above, the

designation of critical habitat affects

only Federal agency actions. The rule

will not increase or decrease the current

restrictions on private property

concerning take of these 50 plant

species. We do not anticipate that

property values will be affected by the

critical habitat designations.

Landowners in areas that are included

in the designated critical habitat will

continue to have opportunity to utilize

their property in ways consistent with

State law and with the continued

survival of the plant species.

Federalism

In accordance with Executive Order

13132, the rule does not have significant

Federalism effects. A Federalism

assessment is not required. As discussed

above, the designation of critical habitat

in areas currently occupied by the 50

plant species would have little

incremental impact on State and local

governments and their activities. The

designations may have some benefit to

these governments in that the areas

essential to the conservation of these

species are more clearly defined, and

the primary constituent elements of the

habitat necessary to the survival of the

species are identified. While this

definition and identification does not

alter where and what federally

sponsored activities may occur, it may

assist these local governments in long

range planning rather than waiting for

case-by-case section 7 consultation to

occur.

Civil Justice Reform

In accordance with Executive Order

12988, the Office of the Solicitor has

determined that the rule does not

unduly burden the judicial system and

meets the requirements of sections 3(a)

and 3(b)(2) of the Order. We designate

critical habitat in accordance with the

provisions of the Endangered Species

Act. The rule uses standard property

descriptions and identifies the primary

constituent elements within the

designated areas to assist the public in

understanding the habitat needs of the

plant species.

Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44

U.S.C. 3501 et seq.)

This rule does not contain any

information collection requirements for

which OMB approval under the

Paperwork Reduction Act is required.

National Environmental Policy Act

We have determined that an

Environmental Assessment and/or an

Environmental Impact Statement as

defined by the National Environmental

Policy Act of 1969 need not be prepared

in connection with regulations adopted

pursuant to section 4(a) of the Act, as

Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 243 / Monday, December 18, 2000 / Proposed Rules 79235

amended. A notice outlining our reason

for this determination was published in

the Federal Register on October 25,

1983 (48 FR 49244). This proposed rule

does not constitute a major Federal

action significantly affecting the quality

of the human environment.

Government-to-Government

Relationship with Tribes

In accordance with the President’s

memorandum of April 29, 1994,

‘‘Government-to-Government Relations

with Native American Tribal

Governments’’ (59 FR 22951) and 512

DM 2, we understand that Federally

recognized Tribes must be related to on

a Government-to-Government basis. The

1997 Secretarial Order on Native

Americans and the Act clearly states

that Tribal lands should not be

designated unless absolutely necessary

for the conservation of the species.

According to the Secretarial Order,

‘‘Critical habitat shall not be designated

in an area that may impact Tribal trust

resources unless it is determined

essential to conserve a listed species. In

designating critical habitat, the Services

shall evaluate and document the extent

to which the conservation needs of a

listed species can be achieved by

limiting the designation to other lands.’’

We determined that no Tribal lands

are essential for the conservation of the

plant species discussed in this proposed

ruler because they do not support

populations or suitable habitat.

Therefore, we are not proposing to

designate critical habitat for these

species on Tribal lands.

References Cited

A complete list of all references cited

in this proposed rule is available upon

request from the Pacific Islands

Ecoregion Office (see ADDRESSES

section).

Authors

The primary authors of this notice are

Christa Russell, Michelle Stephens, and

Marigold Zoll of the Pacific Islands

Field Office (see ADDRESSES section).

List of Subjects in 50 CFR Part 17

Endangered and threatened species,

Exports, Imports, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements, Transportation.

Proposed Regulation Promulgation

Accordingly, we propose to amend

part 17, subchapter B of chapter I, title

50 of the Code of Federal Regulations as

set forth below:

PART 17—[AMENDED]

1. The authority citation for part 17

continues to read as follows:

Authority: 16 U.S.C. 1361–1407; 16 U.S.C.

1531–1544; 16 U.S.C. 4201–4245; Pub. L. 99–

625, 100 Stat. 3500; unless otherwise noted.

2. In § 17.12(h) revise the entries for

Alectryon macrococcus, Bidens

micrantha ssp. kalealaha, Bonamia

menziesii, Cenchrus agrimonioides,

Centaurium sebaeoides, Clermontia

lindseyana, Clermontia oblongifolia ssp.

mauiensis, Clermontia samuelii,

Colubrina oppositifolia, Cyanea

copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis, Cyanea

glabra, Cyanea grimesiana ssp.

grimesiana, Cyanea hamatiflora ssp.

hamatiflora, Cyanea lobata, Cyanea

mceldowneyi, Cyrtandra munroi,

Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis,

Flueggea neowawraea, Geranium

arboreum, Geranium multiflorum,

Hedyotis coriacea, Hedyotis mannii,

Hesperomannia arborescens,

Hesperomannia arbuscula, Hibiscus

brackenridgei, Ischaemum byrone,

Kanaloa kahoolawensis, Lipochaeta

kamolensis, Lysimachia lydgatei,

Mariscus pennatiformis, Melicope

adscendens, Melicope knudsenii,

Melicope (=Pelea) mucronulata,

Neraudia sericea, Peucedanum

sandwicense, Phyllostegia mollis,

Plantago princeps, Platanthera

holochila, Remya mauiensis, Sanicula

purpurea, Sesbania tomentosa,

Spermolepis hawaiiensis,

Tetramolopium capillare, Vigna owahuensis, and Zanthoxylum

hawaiiense under ‘‘FLOWERING

PLANTS’’ and Ctenitis squamigera,

Diellia erecta, Diplazium molokaiense,

Phlegmariurus (=Lycopodium,

=Huperzia) mannii, and Pteris lidgatei

under ‘‘FERNS AND ALLIES’’ to read as

follows:

§ 17.12 Endangered and threatened plants.

* * * * *

(h) * * *

Species

Historic range Family name Status When listed Critical

habitat

Special

rules Scientific name Common name

FLOWERING PLANTS

*******

Alectryon

macrococcus.

Mahoe ..................... U.S.A.(HI) ............... Sapindaceae ........... E 467 17.96(a) NA

*******

Bidens micrantha

ssp. kalealaha.

Ko‘oko‘olau ............. U.S.A.(HI) ............... Asteraceae ............. E 467 17.96(a) NA

*******

Bonamia menziesii .. None ....................... U.S.A.(HI) ............... Convolvulaceae ...... E 559 17.96(a) NA

*******

Cenchrus

agrimonioides.

Kamanomano .........

(=Sandbur, agrimony).

U.S.A.(HI) ............... Poaceae ................. E 592 17.96(a) NA

*******

Centaurium

sebaeoides.

Awiwi ...................... U.S.A.(HI) ............... Gentianaceae ......... E 448 17.96(a) NA

*******

Clermontia

lindseyana.

‘Oha wai ................. U.S.A.(HI) ............... Campanulaceae ..... E 467 17.96(a) NA

79236 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 243 / Monday, December 18, 2000 / Proposed Rules

Species

Historic range Family name Status When listed Critical

habitat

Special

rules Scientific name Common name

*******

Clermontia

oblongifolia ssp.

mauiensis.

‘Oha wai ................. U.S.A.(HI) ............... Campanulaceae ..... E 466 17.96(a) NA

*******

Clermontia samuelii ‘Oha wai ................. U.S.A.(HI) ............... Campanulaceae ..... E 666 17.96(a) NA

*******

Colubrina

oppositifolia.

Kauila ...................... U.S.A.(HI) ............... Rhamnaceae .......... E 532 17.96(a) NA

*******

Cyanea copelandii

ssp.

haleakalaensis.

Haha ....................... U.S.A.(HI) ............... Campanulaceae ..... E 666 17.96(a) NA

*******

Cyanea glabra ......... Haha ....................... U.S.A.(HI) ............... Campanulaceae ..... E 666 17.96(a) NA

*******

Cyanea grimesiana

ssp. grimesiana.

Haha ....................... U.S.A.(HI) ............... Campanulaceae ..... E 592 17.96(a) NA

*******

Cyanea hamatiflora

ssp. hamatiflora.

Haha ....................... U.S.A.(HI) ............... Campanulaceae ..... E 666 17.96(a) NA

*******

Cyanea lobata ......... Haha ....................... U.S.A.(HI) ............... Campanulaceae ..... E 467 17.96(a) NA

*******

Cyanea mceldowneyi Haha ....................... U.S.A.(HI) ............... Campanulaceae ..... E 467 17.96(a) NA

*******

Cyrtandra munroi ..... Ha‘iwale .................. U.S.A.(HI) ............... Gesneriaceae ......... E 467 17.96(a) NA

*******

Dubautia plantaginea

ssp. humilis ..............

Na‘ena‘e ................. U.S.A.(HI) ............... Asteraceae ............. E 666 17.96(a) NA

*******

Flueggea

neowawraea.

Mehamehame ......... U.S.A.(HI) ............... Euphorbiaceae ....... E 559 17.96(a) NA

*******

Geranium arboreum Hawaiian red-flowered Geranium.U.S.A.(HI) ............... Geraniaceae ........... E 465 17.96(a) NA

Geranium

multiflorum.

Nohoanu ................. U.S.A.(HI) ............... Geraniaceae ........... E 467 17.96(a) NA

*******

Hedyotis coriacea .... Kio‘ele ..................... U.S.A.(HI) ............... Rubiaceae .............. E 467 17.96(a) NA

*******

Hedyotis mannii ....... Pilo .......................... U.S.A.(HI) ............... Rubiaceae .............. E 480 17.96(a) NA

*******

Hesperomannia

arborescens.

None ....................... U.S.A.(HI) ............... Asteraceae ............. E 536 17.96(a) NA

Hesperomannia

arbuscula.

None ....................... U.S.A.(HI) ............... Asteraceae ............. E 448 17.96(a) NA

*******

Hibiscus

brackenridgei.

Ma‘o hau hele ......... U.S.A.(HI) ............... Malvaceae .............. E 559 17.96(a) NA

*******

Ischaemum byrone .. Hilo ischaemum ...... U.S.A.(HI) ............... Poaceae ................. E 532 17.96(a) NA

Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 243 / Monday, December 18, 2000 / Proposed Rules 79237

Species

Historic range Family name Status When listed Critical

habitat

Special

rules Scientific name Common name

*******

Kanaloa

kahoolawensis.

Kohe malama

malama o kanaloa.

U.S.A.(HI) ............... Fabaceae ................ E 666 17.96(a) NA

*******

Lipochaeta

kamolensis.

Nehe ....................... U.S.A.(HI) ............... Asteraceae ............. E 467 17.96(a) NA

*******

Lysimachia lydgatei None ....................... U.S.A.(HI) ............... Primulaceae ............ E 467 17.96(a) NA

*******

Mariscus

pennatiformis.

None ....................... U.S.A.(HI) ............... Cyperaceae ............ E 559 17.96(a) NA

*******

Melicope

adscendens.

Alani ........................ U.S.A.(HI) ............... Rutaceae ................ E 565 17.96(a) NA

*******

Melicope knudsenii .. Alani ........................ U.S.A.(HI) ............... Rutaceae ................ E 530 17.96(a) NA

*******

Melicope (= Pelea) ..

mucronulata)

Alani ........................ U.S.A.(HI) ............... Rutaceae ................ E 467 17.96(a) NA

*******

Neraudia sericea ..... None ....................... U.S.A.(HI) ............... Urticaceae .............. E 559 17.96(a) NA

*******

Peucedanum

sandwicense.

Makou ..................... U.S.A.(HI) ............... Apiaceae ................. T 530 17.96(a) NA

*******

Phyllostegia mollis ... None ....................... U.S.A.(HI) ............... Lamiaceae .............. E 448 17.96(a) NA

*******

Plantago princeps .... Laukahi kuahiwi ...... U.S.A.(HI) ............... Plantaginaceae ....... E 559 17.96(a) NA

Platanthera holochila None ....................... U.S.A.(HI) ............... Orchidaceae ........... E 592 17.96(a) NA

*******

Remya mauiensis .... Maui remya ............. U.S.A.(HI) ............... Asteraceae ............. E 413 17.96(a) NA

*******

Sanicula purpurea ... None ....................... U.S.A.(HI) ............... Apiaceae ................. E 592 17.96(a) NA

*******

Sesbania tomentosa Ohai ........................ U.S.A.(HI) ............... Fabaceae ................ E 559 17.96(a) NA

*******

Spermolepis

hawaiiensis.

None ....................... U.S.A.(HI) ............... Apiaceae ................. E 559 17.96(a) NA

*******

Tetramolopium

capillare.

Pamakani ................ U.S.A.(HI) ............... Asteraceae ............. E 555 17.96(a) NA

*******

Vigna o-wahuensis .. None ....................... U.S.A.(HI) ............... Fabaceae ................ E 559 17.96(a) NA

*******

Zanthoxylum

hawaiiense.

A‘e .......................... U.S.A.(HI) ............... Rutaceae ................ E 532 17.96(a) NA

*******

FERNS AND ALLIES

*******

Ctenitis squamigera Pauoa ..................... U.S.A.(HI) ............... Dryopteridaceae ..... E 553 17.96(a) NA

*******

Diellia erecta ............ Asplenium-leaved

diellia.

U.S.A.(HI) ............... Aspleniaceae .......... E 559 17.96(a) NA

79238 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 243 / Monday, December 18, 2000 / Proposed Rules

Species

Historic range Family name Status When listed Critical

habitat

Special

rules Scientific name Common name

*******

Diplazium

molokaiense.

None ....................... U.S.A.(HI) ............... Aspleniaceae .......... E 553 17.96(a) NA

*******

Phlegmariurus

(Lycopodium,

=Huperzia) mannii.

Wawae‘iole ............. U.S.A.(HI) ............... Lycopodiaceae ....... E 467 17.96(a) NA

*******

Pteris lidgatei ........... None ....................... U.S.A.(HI) ............... Adiantaceae ............ E 553 17.96(a) NA

*******

3. In § 17.96, as proposed to be

amended at 65 FR 66865, November 7,

2000, add introductory text to paragraph

(a)(1)(i), add paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) and

(a)(1)(i)(D), and revise paragraphs

(a)(1)(ii)(A) and (a)(1)(ii)(B) to read as

follows:

§ 17.96 Critical habitat—plants.

(a) * * *

(1) * * *

(i) Maps and critical habitat unit

descriptions. The following sections

contain the legal descriptions of the

critical habitat units designated for each

of the Hawaiian islands. Existing

features and structures within proposed

areas, such as buildings, roads,

aqueducts, telecommunication

equipment, arboreta and gardens, heiaus

(indigenous place of worship, shrine),

and other man-made features, do not

contain, and are not likely to develop,

the constituent elements described for

each species in paragraphs (a)(1)(ii)(A)

and (a)(1)(ii)(B) of this section.

Therefore, these features or structures

are not included in the critical habitat

designation.

* * * * *

(C) Maui. Critical habitat units are

described below. Coordinates are in

UTM Zone 4 with units in meters using

North American Datum of 1983

(NAD83). The following map shows the

general locations of the 52 critical

habitats units designated on the island

of Maui.

Note: Map Follows:

Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 243 / Monday, December 18, 2000 / Proposed Rules 79239

Critical Habitat Maui A (49 ha; 121 ac)

Unit consists of the following seven

boundary points and the intermediate

coastline: 750633, 2326772; 750456,

2326683; 750130, 2326703; 749888,

2326884; 749886, 2327030; 749750,

2327258; 749774, 2327433.

Note: Map follows:

Critical Habitat Maui B (67 ha; 166 ac)

Unit consists of the following nine

boundary points and the intermediate

coastline: 751694, 2325923; 751701,

2325885; 751529, 2325612; 751186,

2325473; 750835, 2325553; 750612,

2325770; 750532, 2326078; 750587,

2326375; 750748, 2326531.

Note: Map follows:

Critical Habitat Maui C (144.1 ha; 357.3

ac)

Area consists of the following seven

points and intermediate coastline: Start

approximately at the coastline at UTM

coordinate 754097, 2324739; 753959,

2324610; 753471, 2324616; 753034,

2325110; 752505, 2325093; 751841,

2325621; 751777, 2325920.

NOTE: Map follows:

79240 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 243 / Monday, December 18, 2000 / Proposed Rules

Critical Habitat Maui D (45 ha; 111 ac)

Unit consists of the following nine

boundary points and the intermediate

coastline: 755603, 2323416; 755458,

2323375; 755192, 2323407; 755029,

2323524; 755023, 2323623; 754989,

2323720; 754905, 2323851; 754823,

2323887; 754754, 2323893.

NOTE: Map follows:

Critical Habitat Maui E (79 ha; 194 ac)

Unit consists of the following eight

boundary points and the intermediate

coastline: 757806, 2319806; 757685,

2319625; 757377, 2319478; 756960,

2319544; 756704, 2319914; 756704,

2320323; 756970, 2320617; 757205,

2320672.

NOTE: Map follows:

Critical Habitat Maui F (61 ha; 150 ac)

Unit consists of the following seven

boundary points and the intermediate

coastline: 758780, 2318541; 758624,

2318378; 758239, 2318333; 757873,

2318527; 757741, 2318914; 757835,

2319306; 758062, 2319448.

Note: Map follows:

Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 243 / Monday, December 18, 2000 / Proposed Rules 79241

Critical Habitat Maui G (1 ha; 2 ac)

Unit consists of the entire island,

located at UTM coordinate 794211,

2310986.

Note: Map follows:

Critical Habitat Maui H (42 ha; 104 ac)

Unit consists of the following five

boundary points and the intermediate

coastline: 798775, 2308545; 798511,

2308422; 798109, 2308552; 797895,

2308879; 797900, 2309107.

Note: Map follows:

Critical Habitat Maui I (0.1 ha; 0.3 ac)

Unit consists of the entire island,

located at UTM coordinate 800254,

2305748.

Note: Map follows:

79242 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 243 / Monday, December 18, 2000 / Proposed Rules

Critical Habitat Maui J (63 ha; 157 ac)

Unit consists of the following six

boundary points and the intermediate

coastline: 802363, 2305610; 802394,

2305272; 802072, 2304901; 801579,

2304862; 801251, 2305132; 801206,

2305331.

Note: Map follows:

Critical Habitat Maui K (61 ha; 150 ac)

Unit consists of the following twelve

boundary points and the intermediate

coastline: 808655, 2303467; 808652,

2303423; 808501, 2303430; 808499,

2303256; 808577, 2303146; 808506,

2303006; 808369, 2302880; 808087,

2302805; 807783, 2302870; 807561,

2303089; 807460, 2303384; 807518,

2303589.

Note: Map follows:

Critical Habitat Maui L (50 ha; 124 ac)

Unit consists of the following nine

boundary points and the intermediate

coastline: 811990, 2301607; 811819,

2301595; 811486, 2301731; 811327,

2302067; 811331, 2302315; 811456,

2302318; 811455, 2302431; 811419,

2302481; 811458, 2302548.

Note: Map follows:

Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 243 / Monday, December 18, 2000 / Proposed Rules 79243

Critical Habitat Maui M (14.3 ha; 35.7

ac)

Unit consists of the following eight

boundary points and the intermediate

coastline: 814158, 2297468; 814095,

2297500; 814187, 2297634; 814242,

2297672; 814116, 2297928; 814198,

2297932; 814268, 2297968; 814303,

2298064.

Note: Map follows:

Critical Habitat Maui N (115 ha; 284 ac)

Unit consists of the following nine

boundary points: 786248, 2282907;

786554, 2282957; 786936, 2282772;

787107, 2282321; 786893, 2281864;

786401, 2281705; 785985, 2281950;

785844, 2282345; 785967, 2282728.

Note: Map follows:

Critical Habitat Maui O (278 ha; 688 ac)

Unit consists of the following eight

boundary points: 771668, 2295517;

772176, 2295586; 772539, 2295263;

772790, 2293479; 772527, 2293084;

772026, 2292986; 771623, 2293297;

771351, 2295136.

Note: Map follows:

79244 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 243 / Monday, December 18, 2000 / Proposed Rules

Critical Habitat Maui P (58 ha; 144 ac)

Unit consists of the following thirteen

boundary points: 748750, 2315870;

748926, 2315818; 749219, 2315615;

749336, 2315565; 749244, 2315410;

748854, 2315265; 748457, 2315426;

748247, 2315790; 748306, 2316197;

748486, 2316360; 748551, 2316304;

748584, 2316209; 748668, 2316115.

Note: Map follows:

Critical Habitat Maui Q (2,338 ha; 5,791

ac)

Unit consists of the following sixtyfive boundary points: 750771, 2312124;

750790, 2311697; 750578, 2311354;

751367, 2310653; 752118, 2310799;

753695, 2310630; 754534, 2311735;

755091, 2312174; 755559, 2312225;

756008, 2311720; 755784, 2311189;

755248, 2310771; 754859, 2310651;

754315, 2310226; 755033, 2308654;

755940, 2308099; 756110, 2307598;

755825, 2307180; 755406, 2307098;

754741, 2307185; 754188, 2307390;

753983, 2307802; 753340, 2307955;

753129, 2308088; 753088, 2308412;

753261, 2308676; 752903, 2309029;

752695, 2309644; 750916, 2309529;

750598, 2309792; 750316, 2309596;

750439, 2309356; 750292, 2308660;

750320, 2308277; 750095, 2307938;

751915, 2307054; 752216, 2306733;

752165, 2306253; 751768, 2305894;

751845, 2305755; 751784, 2304903;

751556, 2304475; 751223, 2304157;

750736, 2304202; 750467, 2304503;

750289, 2305559; 750449, 2306075;

750805, 2306520; 749621, 2306816;

749314, 2307195; 749385, 2307517;

748814, 2307874; 748699, 2308271;

748949, 2308977; 749251, 2309111;

749218, 2309383; 748891, 2309495;

748997, 2310228; 749635, 2310991;

749876, 2310977; 749988, 2311296;

749540, 2311646; 749543, 2312185;

749873, 2312535; 750410, 2312543.

Note: Map follows:

Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 243 / Monday, December 18, 2000 / Proposed Rules 79245

Critical Habitat Maui R (299.1 ha; 740.3

ac)

Unit consists of the following twentyone boundary points: 752540, 2314961;

752773, 2314883; 752997, 2314576;

752995, 2314200; 753348, 2314121;

753615, 2313849; 753691, 2313211;

753468, 2312810; 753085, 2312694;

752612, 2312832; 751992, 2312757;

751497, 2313211; 751524, 2313557;

751582, 2313614; 751746, 2313692;

751933, 2314010; 752006, 2314036;

752164, 2313975; 752394, 2314306;

752308, 2314642; 752358, 2314769.

Note: Map follows:

Critical Habitat Maui S (143 ha; 354 ac)

Unit consists of the following thirteen

boundary points: 752751, 2317904;

753106, 2318187; 753571, 2317718;

753990, 2317221; 753879, 2317115;

753513, 2316860; 753439, 2316618;

753273, 2316414; 752929, 2316198;

752932, 2316027; 752839, 2315991;

752670, 2316256; 752869, 2316683.

Note: Map follows:

Critical Habitat Maui T (580 ha; 1,436

ac)

Unit consists of the following fifteen

boundary points: 753246, 230584;

753238, 2306579; 753759, 2306849;

754750, 2306605; 755757, 2305428;

755763, 2305006; 754900, 2303806;

753297, 2303611; 752908, 2303851;

752785, 2304448; 753174, 2304779;

753962, 2304969; 754581, 2304970;

754515, 2305458; 753623, 2305561.

Note: Map follows:

79246 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 243 / Monday, December 18, 2000 / Proposed Rules

Critical Habitat Maui U (120 ha; 298 ac)

Unit consists of the following seven

boundary points: 744526, 2312185;

744948, 2311845; 745071, 2311334;

744655, 2310891; 744008, 2310932;

743776, 2311456; 743947, 2311954.

Note: Map follows:

Critical Habitat Maui V (103 ha; 255 ac)

Unit consists of the following ten

boundary points: 758083, 2305035;

758421, 2304900; 758346, 2304479;

758653, 2304334; 758566, 2304050;

758222, 2303804; 757824, 2303841;

757517, 2304094; 757436, 2304539;

757665, 2304897.

Note: Map follows:

Critical Habitat Maui W (69 ha; 172 ac)

Unit consists of the following twentyone boundary points: 750403, 2314584;

750470, 2313939; 750431, 2313836;

750429, 2313611; 750465, 2313493;

750581, 2313305; 750705, 2313201;

750756, 2313045; 750814, 2312992;

750650, 2312902; 750660, 2312967;

750541, 2313163; 750455, 2313243;

750267, 2313325; 750046, 2313596;

749865, 2313788; 749906, 2313905;

750108, 2314098; 749945, 2314364;

749932, 2314648; 750027, 2314876.

Note: Map follows:

Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 243 / Monday, December 18, 2000 / Proposed Rules 79247

Critical Habitat Maui X (204 ha; 505 ac)

Unit consists of the following nine

boundary points: 747781, 2306743;

748893, 2306503; 749197, 2306248;

749279, 2305850; 749084, 2305460;

748688, 2305318; 747967, 2305419;

747371, 2305769; 747379, 2306377.

Note: Map follows:

Critical Habitat Maui Y (116 ha; 287 ac)

Unit consists of the following eight

boundary points: 755267, 2319597;

755686, 2319662; 756061, 2319419;

756179, 2318978; 755912, 2318493;

755321, 2318439; 754959, 2318795;

754947, 2319319.

Note: Map follows:

Critical Habitat Maui Z (115 ha; 284 ac)

Unit consists of the following nine

boundary points: 754334, 2318638;

754726, 2318445; 754908, 2318033;

754740, 2317636; 754431, 2317403;

754002, 2317451; 753690, 2317749;

753658, 2318167; 753894, 2318536.

Note: Map follows:

79248 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 243 / Monday, December 18, 2000 / Proposed Rules

Critical Habitat Maui Aa (74.3 ha; 183.7

ac)

Unit consists of the following twelve

boundary points: 751685, 2317244;

751861, 2317323; 752265, 2317256;

752494, 2316959; 752538, 2316661;

752442, 2316337; 752076, 2316112;

751770, 2316146; 751858, 2316497;

751827, 2316694; 751730, 2317048;

751671, 2317144.

Note: Map follows:

Critical Habitat Maui Bb (352 ha; 872 ac)

Unit consists of the following eight

boundary points: 786494, 2305496;

787116, 2305481; 788158, 2304306;

788186, 2303838; 787832, 2303458;

786315, 2303459; 785903, 2303731;

785907, 2304339.

Note: Map follows:

Critical Habitat Maui Cc (117 ha; 290 ac)

Unit consists of the following seven

boundary points: 789332, 2303848;

789877, 2303630; 789978, 2303093;

789690, 2302650; 789130, 2302572;

788734, 2302992; 788804, 2303568.

Note: Map follows:

Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 243 / Monday, December 18, 2000 / Proposed Rules 79249

Critical Habitat Maui Dd (213 ha; 528

ac)

Unit consists of the following eight

boundary points: 789799, 2305535;

790790, 2304877; 790965, 2304501;

790745, 2304009; 790234, 2303824;

789107, 2304563; 789014, 2305084;

789332, 2305496.

Note: Map follows:

Critical Habitat Maui Ee (188 ha; 466 ac)

Unit consists of the following eleven

boundary points: 796711, 2295634;

796710, 2295635; 795482, 2296515;

795599, 2296973; 796086, 2297177;

796536, 2297003; 796794, 2296434;

797172, 2296594; 797523, 2296403;

797594, 2295645.

Note: Map follows:

Critical Habitat Maui Ff (119 ha; 295 ac)

Unit consists of the following seven

boundary points: 797202, 2301058;

797754, 2300721; 797684, 2300057;

797349, 2299792; 796752, 2299869;

796501, 2300323; 796630, 2300861.

Note: Map follows:

79250 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 243 / Monday, December 18, 2000 / Proposed Rules

Critical Habitat Maui Gg (177 ha; 438 ac)

Unit consists of the following eight

boundary points: 800493, 2300503;

800980, 2300308; 801139, 2299872;

800770, 2298929; 800273, 2298755;

799837, 2298965; 799657, 2299406;

800037, 2300287.

Note: Map follows:

Critical Habitat Maui Hh (117 ha; 290

ac)

Unit consists of the following eight

boundary points: 802095, 2299801;

802425, 2299477; 802436, 2298965;

802041, 2298606; 801503, 2298668;

801221, 2299078; 801288, 2299532;

801656, 2299847.

Note: Map follows:

Critical Habitat Maui Ii (879 ha; 2,177

ac)

Area consists of the following

seventeen boundary points: 805238,

2298452; 805576, 2298173; 806413,

2298749; 806900, 2298797; 807464,

2298080; 808649, 2297831; 808888,

2297229; 808802, 2296455; 808162,

2295863; 807311, 2295538; 806298,

2295949; 805380, 2297248; 804885,

2297212; 804541, 2297354; 804363,

2297678; 804389, 2298093; 804817,

2298473.

Note: Map follows:

Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 243 / Monday, December 18, 2000 / Proposed Rules 79251

Critical Habitat Maui Jj (93 ha; 230 ac)

Area consists of the following seven

boundary points: 799552, 2290323;

799747, 2289854; 799568, 2289425;

799156, 2289228; 798721, 2289360;

798574, 2289611; 798604, 2290076.

Note: Map follows:

Critical Habitat Maui Kk (144 ha; 357

ac)

Area consists of the following eleven

boundary points: 801153, 2290510;

801442, 2289674; 801609, 2289474;

801598, 2289363; 801378, 2289110;

800998, 2288986; 800631, 2289145;

800196, 2289818; 800288, 2290244;

800574, 2290492; 800729, 2290430.

Note: Map follows:

Critical Habitat Maui Ll (45 ha; 111 ac)

Unit consists of the following five

boundary points: 783589, 2296659;

784000, 2296654; 784967, 2296159;

784832, 2295889; 783494, 2296508.

Note: Map follows:

79252 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 243 / Monday, December 18, 2000 / Proposed Rules

Critical Habitat Maui Mm (167 ha; 413

ac)

Unit consists of the following seven

boundary points: 782830, 2294931;

783011, 2294575; 782534, 2293852;

781957, 2293641; 781364, 2294063;

781685, 2294761; 782208, 2295353.

Note: Map follows:

Critical Habitat Maui Nn (692 ha; 1,714

ac)

Unit consists of the following thirteen

boundary points: 781075, 2293492;

781722, 2293238; 781873, 2292610;

780491, 2291044; 780607, 2290475;

781404, 2290215; 781633, 2289724;

781347, 2289152; 780735, 2289097;

778589, 2291163; 778569, 2291767;

779128, 2292134; 779587, 2291948.

Note: Map follows:

Critical Habitat Maui Oo (116 ha; 287

ac)

Unit consists of the following eight

boundary points: 783432, 2289367;

783891, 2289477; 784355, 2289252;

784455, 2288843; 784320, 2288448;

783896, 2288229; 783412, 2288353;

783182, 2288863.

Note: Map follows:

Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 243 / Monday, December 18, 2000 / Proposed Rules 79253

Critical Habitat Maui Pp (113 ha; 280 ac)

Unit consists of the following nine

boundary points: 779224, 2288833;

779613, 2288669; 779777, 2288242;

779648, 2287836; 779274, 2287608;

778821, 2287681; 778552, 2288052;

778584, 2288508; 778865, 2288759.

Note: Map follows:

Critical Habitat Maui Qq (973 ha; 2,410

ac)

Area consists of the following nine

boundary points: 788449, 2289678;

788781, 2288670; 788991, 2287745;

786579, 2286901; 785388, 2286272;

784631, 2286272; 783991, 2287256;

784711, 2288228; 785979, 2288989.

Note: Map follows:

Critical Habitat Maui Rr (115 ha; 285 ac)

Unit consists of the following nine

boundary points: 790276, 2288397;

790690, 2288169; 790792, 2287741;

790666, 2287391; 790310, 2287180;

789926, 2287204; 789627, 2287483;

789552, 2287894; 789817, 2288315.

Note: Map follows:

79254 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 243 / Monday, December 18, 2000 / Proposed Rules

Critical Habitat Maui Ss (1,924 ha; 4,766

ac)

Area consists of the following twentyfive boundary points: 780501, 2286848;

780927, 2286422; 780770, 2285354;

779731, 2285040; 779466, 2283384;

779123, 2283100; 777373, 2283047;

776807, 2281254; 776345, 2281058;

775844, 2281254; 775677, 2281738;

775731, 2282933; 773830, 2283419;

772456, 2283024; 772033, 2283419;

772016, 2283883; 772325, 2284261;

773463, 2284406; 775419, 2285365;

776282, 2285216; 776574, 2285704;

777509, 2285789; 777862, 2285268;

779290, 2285366; 779854, 2286823.

Note: Map follows:

Critical Habitat Maui Tt (114 ha; 282 ac)

Unit consists of the following nine

boundary points: 774319, 2281799;

774618, 2281476; 774669, 2281046;

774382, 2280688; 773988, 2280597;

773613, 2280770; 773436, 2281145;

773519, 2281543; 773869, 2281811.

Note: Map follows:

Critical Habitat Maui Uu (121 ha; 300

ac)

Unit consists of the following seven

boundary points: 769955, 2294333;

770473, 2294204; 770702, 2293706;

770473, 2293188; 769886, 2293079;

769428, 2293417; 769448, 2294075.

Note: Map follows:

Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 243 / Monday, December 18, 2000 / Proposed Rules 79255

Critical Habitat Maui Vv (77 ha; 190 ac)

Area consists of the following six

points and intermediate coastline:

771083, 2278155; 771319, 2278521;

771790, 2278629; 772219, 2278359;

772290, 2277919; 772238, 2277802.

Note: Map follows:

Critical Habitat Maui Ww (133 ha; 329

ac)

Area consists of the following eight

boundary points: 780044, 2283292;

780309, 2283700; 780996, 2283798;

781368, 2283449; 781414, 2282999;

781117, 2282618; 780439, 2282530;

780114, 2282850.

Note: Map follows:

Critical Habitat Maui Xx (60 ha; 149 ac)

Unit consists of the following seven

boundary points: 746756, 2318265;

746358, 2317155; 746152, 2317238;

745959, 2317483. 745933, 2317923;

746230, 2318270; 746618, 2318351.

Note: Map follows:

79256 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 243 / Monday, December 18, 2000 / Proposed Rules

Critical Habitat Maui Yy (1,118 ha;

12,769 ac)

Unit consists of the following seven

boundary points: 774248, 2289989;

776203, 2289741; 777204, 2289104;

777136, 2288299; 775497, 2286508;

773256, 2285420; 772970, 2285926.

Note: Map follows:

Critical Habitat Maui Zz (118 ha; 292 ac)

Unit consists of the following seven

boundary points: 746920, 2312344;

747339, 2312013; 747462, 2311502;

747063, 2311063; 746450, 2311101;

746173, 2311638; 746338, 2312122.

Note: Map follows:

Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 243 / Monday, December 18, 2000 / Proposed Rules 79257

TABLE (A)(1)(I)(C).—PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT ON MAUI

Unit name Species

Maui A .................................. Sesbania tomentosa.

Maui B .................................. Sesbania tomentosa.

Maui C .................................. Sesbania tomentosa.

Maui D .................................. Centaurium sebaeoides and Sesbania tomentosa.

Maui E .................................. Centaurium sebaeoides.

Maui F .................................. Centaurium sebaeoides.

Maui G .................................. Ischaemum byrone and Peucedanum sandwicense.

Maui H .................................. Ischaemum byrone.

Maui I ................................... Ischaemum byrone.

Maui J ................................... Mariscus pennatiformis.

Maui K .................................. Ischaemum byrone.

Maui L .................................. Ischaemum byrone.

Maui M ................................. Ischaemum byrone.

Maui N .................................. Lipochaeta kamolensis.

Maui O .................................. Bonamia menziesii and Hibiscus brackenridgei.

Maui P .................................. Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis.

Maui Q .................................. Alectryon macrococcus, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea glabra, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea

lobata, Diellia erecta, Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis, Hedyotis mannii, Hesperomannia arbuscula,

Lysimachia lydgatei, Phlegmariurus mannii, Plantago princeps, Pteris lidgatei, Sanicula purpurea, and

Tetramolopium capillare.

Maui R .................................. Hesperomannia arbuscula and Sanicula purpurea.

Maui S .................................. Sanicula purpurea.

Maui T .................................. Ctenitis squamigera, Diellia erecta, Neraudia sericea, Platanthera holochila, and Remya mauiensis.

Maui U .................................. Spermolepis hawaiiensis.

Maui V .................................. Hibiscus brackenridgei.

Maui W ................................. Phlegmariurus mannii and Sanicula purpurea.

Maui X .................................. Hedyotis coriacea, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Sesbania tomentosa, and Spermolepis hawaiiensis.

Maui Y .................................. Cyrtandra munroi.

Maui Z .................................. Hesperomannia arborescens.

Maui Aa ................................ Pteris lidgatei.

Maui Bb ................................ Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis and Cyanea mceldowneyi.

Maui Cc ................................ Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora.

Maui Dd ................................ Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora and Cyanea mceldowneyi.

Maui Ee ................................ Geranium multiflorum.

Maui Ff ................................. Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora.

Maui Gg ................................ Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis and Cyanea mceldowneyi.

Maui Hh ................................ Clermontia samuelii and Cyanea mceldowneyi.

Maui Ii ................................... Clermontia samuelii.

Maui Jj .................................. Phlegmariurus mannii.

Maui Kk ................................ Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora and Phlegmariurus mannii.

Maui Ll .................................. Geranium arboreum.

Maui Mm .............................. Geranium arboreum.

Maui Nn ................................ Geranium arboreum.

Maui Oo ................................ Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha.

Maui Pp ................................ Geranium arboreum.

Maui Qq ................................ Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha; Clermontia lindseyana, Diellia erecta, Diplazium molokaiense, Neraudia sericea,

Phlegmariurus mannii, and Phyllostegia mollis.

Maui Rr ................................. Alectryon macrococcus.

Maui Ss ................................ Alectryon macrococcus, Bonamia menziesii, Cenchrus agrimonioides, Colubrina oppositifolia, Flueggea

neowawraea, Melicope adscendens, Melicope knudsenii, Melicope mucronulata, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, and

Zanthoxylum hawaiiense.

Maui Tt ................................. Sesbania tomentosa.

Maui Uu ................................ Hibiscus brackenridgei.

Maui Vv ................................ Vigna o-wahuensis.

Maui Ww .............................. Flueggea neowawraea.

Maui Xx ................................ Ctenitis squamigera.

Maui Yy ................................ Clermontia lindseyana.

Maui Zz ................................ Ctenitis squamigera.

79258 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 243 / Monday, December 18, 2000 / Proposed Rules

(D) Kahoolawe. Critical habitat units

are described below. Coordinates are in

UTM Zone 4 with units in meters using

North American Datum of 1983

(NAD83).

Critical Habitat Kahoolawe A (5 ha; 12

ac)

Unit consists of the entire islet,

located at UTM coordinate 749248,

2269914.

Note: Map follows:

Critical Habitat Kahoolawe B (38 ha; 94

ac)

Unit consists of the following five

boundary points: 749258, 2270360;

749316, 2270548; 749609, 2270771;

749934, 2270789; 750070, 2270730.

Note: Map follows:

Critical Habitat Kahoolawe C (50 ha; 124

ac)

Unit consists of the following five

boundary points: 741673, 2269672;

741903, 2269761; 742323, 2269587;

742526, 2269182; 742449, 2268925.

Note: Map follows:

Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 243 / Monday, December 18, 2000 / Proposed Rules 79259

Critical Habitat Kahoolawe D (114 ha;

282 ac)

Unit consists of the following eight

boundary points: 745602, 2274210;

745392, 2273720; 744942, 2273560;

744467, 2273770; 744329, 2274239;

744543, 2274682; 744977, 2274799;

745382, 2274666.

Note: Map follows:

TABLE (A)(1)(I)(D).—PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT ON KAHOOLAWE

Unit name Species

Kahoolawe A Sesbania tomentosa.

Kahoolawe B Kanaloa kahoolawensis.

Kahoolawe C Vigna o-wahuensis.

Kahoolawe D Vigna o-wahuensis.

(ii) Hawaiian plants—Constituent

elements.

(A) Flowering plants.

Family Apiaceae: Peucedanum

sandwicense (makou)

i. Kauai F, G, I, and M, identified in

the legal descriptions in paragraph

(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute

critical habitat for Peucedanum

sandwicense on Kauai. Within these

units, the currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

are habitat components that provide: (1)

Cliff habitats (a) in mixed shrub coastal

dry cliff communities or diverse mesic

forest and (b) containing one or more of

the following associated native plant

species: Hibiscus kokio, Brighamia

insignis, Bidens sp., Artemisia sp.,

Lobelia niihauensis, Wilkesia

gymnoxiphium, Canthium odoratum,

Dodonaea viscosa, Psychotria sp.,

Acacia koa, Kokio kauaiensis, Carex

meyenii, Panicum lineale, Chamaesyce

celastroides, Eragrostis sp., Diospyros

sp., or Metrosideros polymorpha; and

(2) elevations from sea level to above

915 m (3,000 ft).

ii. Maui unit G, identified in the legal

description in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of

this section, of this section constitutes

critical habitat for Peucedanum

sandwicense on Maui. Within this unit

the currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Peucedanum sandwicense on Maui

are habitat components that provide: (1)

cliff habitats containing one or more of

the following associated native species:

Chamaesyce sp., Eragrostis sp.,

Diospyros sp., or Metrosideros

polymorpha; and (2) elevations from sea

level to above 900 m (2,950 ft).

Family Apiaceae: Sanicula purpurea

(No Common Name)

Maui units Q, R, S, and W, identified

in the legal descriptions in paragraph

(a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitute

critical habitat for Sanicula purpurea on

Maui. Within these units the currently

known primary constituent elements of

critical habitat for Sanicula purpurea on

Maui are the habitat components that

provide: (1) Open Metrosideros

polymorpha mixed montane bogs

containing one or more of the following

associated plant taxa: Styphelia

tameiameiae, Gahnia beechyi,

Geranium humile, Myrsine vaccinioides,

Viola mauiensis, Argyroxiphium

caliginis, Plantago pachyphylla,

Lycopodium sp., Argyroxiphium

grayanum, Lagenifera mauiensis,

Machaerina sp., or Oreobolus furcatus;

and (2) elevations between 1,000 and

1,620 m (3,280 and 5,330 ft).

Family Apiaceae: Spermolepis

hawaiiensis (No Common Name)

i. Kauai B and I, identified in the legal

descriptions in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of

this section, constitute critical habitat

for Spermolepis hawaiiensis on Kauai.

Within these units, the currently known

primary constituent elements of critical

habitat are habitat components that

provide: (1) Metrosideros polymorpha

forests or Dodonaea viscosa lowland dry

shrubland containing one or more of the

following associated plant species:

Eragrostis variabilis, Bidens

sandvicensis, Schiedea spergulina,

Lipochaeta sp., Cenchrus

agrimonioides, Sida fallax, Doryopteris

sp., or Gouania hillebrandii; and (2)

elevations of about 305 to 610 m (1,000

to 2,000 ft).

ii. Maui units U and Ss, identified in

the legal descriptions in paragraph

(a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitute

critical habitat for Spermolepis

hawaiiensis on Maui. Within these units

the currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Spermolepis hawaiiensis on Maui

are the habitat components that provide:

(1) Shady spots (a) in Dodonaea viscosa

lowland dry shrubland and (b)

containing one or more of the following

associated native species: Eragrostis

variabilis, Wikstroemia sp., Erythrina

sandwicensis, Diospyros sp., Pleomele

sp., Lipochaeta livarum, Sida fallax,

Myoporum sandwicensis, Santalum

ellipticum, or Heteropogon contortus;

and (2) elevations of 300 to 550 m (980

to 1,800 ft).

Family Apocynaceae: Pteralyxia

kauaiensis (Kaulu)

Kauai F, G, I, M, Q, T, and U,

identified in the legal descriptions in

paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of this section,

constitute critical habitat for Pteralyxia

kauaiensis on Kauai. Within these units,

the currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

are habitat components that provide: (1)

Diverse mesic or wet forests containing

one or more of the following associated

plant taxa: Pisonia sandwicensis,

Euphorbia haeleeleana, Charpentiera

elliptica, Pipturus sp., Neraudia

kauaiensis, Hedyotis terminalis,

Pritchardia sp., Gardenia remyi,

Syzygium sp., Pleomele sp., Cyanea sp.,

Hibiscus sp., Kokia kauaiensis,

Alectryon macrococcus, Canthium

odoratum, Nestegis sandwicensis, Bobea

timonioides, Rauvolfia sandwicensis,

Nesoluma polynesicum, Myrsine

lanaiensis, Caesalpinia kauaiensis,

Tetraplasandra sp., Acacia koa,

Styphelia tameiameiae, Dodonaea

viscosa, Gahnia sp., Freycinetia arborea,

79260 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 243 / Monday, December 18, 2000 / Proposed Rules

Psychotria mariniana, Diplazium

sandwichianum, Zanthoxylum

dipetalum, Carex sp., Delissea sp.,

Xylosma hawaiiense, Alphitonia

ponderosa, Santalum freycinetianum,

Antidesma sp., Diospyros sp.,

Metrosideros polymorpha, Dianella

sandwicensis, Poa sandwicensis,

Schiedea stellarioides, Peperomia

macraeana, Claoxylon sandwicense, or

Pouteria sandwicensis; and (2)

elevations between 250 to 610 m (820 to

2,000 ft).

Family Araliaceae: Munroidendron

racemosum (No Common Name)

Kauai G, I, M, and N, identified in the

legal descriptions in paragraph

(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute

critical habitat for Munroidendron

racemosum on Kauai. Within these

units the currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

are habitat components that provide: (1)

Steep exposed cliffs or ridge slopes (a)

in coastal or lowland mesic forest and

(b) containing one or more of the

following associated plant taxa: Pisonia

umbellifera, Canavalia galeata, Sida

fallax, Brighamia insignis, Canthium

odoratum, Psychotria sp., Nestegis

sandwicensis, Tetraplasandra sp.,

Bobea timonioides, Rauvolfia

sandwicensis, Pleomele sp., Pouteria

sandwicensis, or Diospyros sp.; and (2)

elevations between 120 to 400 m (395 to

1,310 ft).

Family Asteraceae: Bidens micrantha

ssp. kalealaha (Ko‘oko‘olau)

Maui units Oo and Qq, identified in

the legal descriptions in paragraph

(a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitute

critical habitat for Bidens micrantha

ssp. kalealaha on Maui. Within these

units the currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha on

Maui are the habitat components that

provide: (1) Blocky lava flows with little

or no soil development, deep pit craters,

or sheer rock walls (a) in open canopy

Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia koa

forest, montane shrubland, or cliff faces;

and (b) containing one or more of the

following associated native plant

species: Styphelia tameiameiae,

Coprosma montana, Dodonaea viscosa,

Lysimachia remyi, Viola

chamissoniana, Dubautia menziesii, or

Dubautia platyphylla; and (2) elevations

of 1,600 to 2,300 m (5,250 to 7,550 ft).

Family Asteraceae: Dubautia latifolia

(Na‘ena‘e)

Kauai G and I, identified in the legal

descriptions in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of

this section, constitute critical habitat

for Dubautia latifolia on Kauai. Within

these units, the currently known

primary constituent elements of critical

habitat are habitat components that

provide: (1) Gentle or steep slopes on

well drained soil in (a) semi-open or

closed, diverse montane mesic forest

dominated by Acacia koa and/or

Metrosideros polymorpha and (b)

containing one or more of the following

native plant species: Pouteria

sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa,

Nestegis sandwicensis, Diplazium

sandwichianum, Elaeocarpus bifidus,

Claoxylon sandwicense, Bobea sp.,

Pleomele sp., Antidesma sp., Cyrtandra

sp., Xylosma sp., Alphitonia ponderosa,

Coprosma waimeae, Dicranopteris

linearis, Hedyotis terminalis, Ilex

anomala, Melicope anisata, Psychotria

mariniana, or Scaevola sp.; and (2)

elevations between 800 to 1,220 m

(2,625 to 4,000 ft).

Family Asteraceae: Dubautia

pauciflorula (Na‘ena‘e)

Kauai L, identified in the legal

description in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of

this section, description above,

constitutes critical habitat for Dubautia

pauciflorula on Kauai. Within this unit,

the currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

are habitat components that provide: (1)

Lowland wet forest within stream

drainages; and (2) elevations between

670–700 m (2,200–2,300 ft).

Family Asteraceae: Dubautia

plantaginea ssp. humilis (Na‘ena‘e)

Maui unit Q, identified in the legal

description in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of

this section, constitutes critical habitat

for Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis

on Maui. Within this unit the currently

known primary constituent elements of

critical habitat for Dubautia plantaginea

ssp. humilis on Maui are the habitat

components that provide: (1) Wet,

barren, steep, rocky, wind-blown cliffs

containing one or more of the following

associated native plant species:

Metrosideros polymorpha, Pipturus

albidus, Eragrostis variabilis, Carex sp.,

Hedyotis formosa, Lysimachia remyi,

Bidens sp., Pritchardia sp., or Plantago

princeps; and (2) elevations between

350 to 400 m (1,150 to 1,300 ft).

Family Asteraceae: Hesperomannia

arborescens (No Common Name)

Maui unit Z, identified in the legal

description in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of

this section, constitutes critical habitat

for Hesperomannia arborescens on

Maui. Within this unit the currently

known primary constituent elements of

critical habitat for Hesperomannia

arborescens on Maui are the habitat

components that provide: (1) Slopes or

ridges (a) in lowland mesic or wet forest

and (b) containing one or more of the

following associated native plant

species: Metrosideros polymorpha,

Myrsine sandwicensis, Isachne

distichophylla, Pipturus sp., Antidesma

sp., Psychotria sp., Clermontia sp.,

Cibotium sp., Dicranopteris linearis,

Bobea sp., Coprosma sp., Sadleria sp.,

Melicope sp., Machaerina sp.,

Cheirodendron sp., or Freycinetia

arborea; and (2) elevations between 360

and 750 m (1,180 and 2,460 ft).

Family Asteraceae: Hesperomannia

arbuscula (No Common Name)

Maui units Q and R, identified in the

legal descriptions in paragraph

(a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitute

critical habitat for Hesperomannia

arbuscula on Maui. Within these units

the currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Hesperomannia arbuscula on Maui

are the habitat components that provide:

(1) Slopes and ridges (a) in mesic or wet

forest dominated by Acacia koa and

Metrosideros polymorpha and (b)

containing one or more of the following

associated native plant species: Bidens

sp., Tetraplasandra sp., Alyxia

oliviformis, or Psychotria sp.; and (2)

elevation between 350 to 900 m (1,150

to 2,950 ft).

Family Asteraceae: Hesperomannia

lydgatei (No Common Name)

Kauai F, L, and P, identified in the

legal descriptions in paragraph

(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute

critical habitat for Hesperomannia

lydgatei on Kauai. Within these units,

the currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

are habitat components that provide: (1)

Stream banks with rich brown soil and

silty clay (a) in Metrosideros

polymorpha or Metrosideros

polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis

lowland wet forest and (b) containing

one or more of the following associated

native plant species: Adenophorus sp.,

Antidesma sp., Broussaisia arguta,

Cheirodendron sp., Elaphoglossum sp.,

Freycinetia arborea, Hedyotis

terminalis, Labordia lydgatei,

Machaerina angustifolia, Peperomia sp.,

Pritchardia sp., Psychotria hexandra,

and Syzygium sandwicensis; and (2)

elevations between 410–915 m (1,345–

3,000 ft).

Family Asteraceae: Lipochaeta fauriei

(Nehe)

Kauai G, I, and U, identified in the

legal descriptions in paragraph

(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute

critical habitat for Lipochaeta fauriei on

Kauai. Within these units, the currently

Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 243 / Monday, December 18, 2000 / Proposed Rules 79261

known primary constituent elements of

critical habitat are habitat components

that provide: (1) Moderate shade to full

sun on the sides of steep gulches (a) in

diverse lowland mesic forests and (b)

containing one or more of the following

native species: Diospyros sp., Myrsine

lanaiensis, Euphorbia haeleeleana,

Acacia koa, Pleomele aurea, Sapindus

oahuensis, Nestegis sandwicensis,

Dodonaea viscosa, Psychotria

mariniana, Psychotria greenwelliae,

Kokia kauaiensis, or Hibiscus waimeae;

and (2) elevations between 480 and 900

m (1,575 and 2,950 ft).

Family Asteraceae: Lipochaeta

kamolensis (Nehe)

Maui unit N, identified in the legal

description in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of

this section, constitutes critical habitat

for Lipochaeta kamolensis on Maui.

Within this unit the currently known

primary constituent elements of critical

habitat for Lipochaeta kamolensis on

Maui are the habitat components that

provide: (1) Bottoms of rock ledges (a)

in dry to mesic scrub or dry lowland

forest and (b) containing one or more of

the following associated native plant

species: Dodonaea viscosa, Plumbago

zeylanica, or Ipomoea indica; and (2)

elevations between 219 to 250 m (720 to

820 ft).

Family Asteraceae: Lipochaeta

micrantha (Nehe)

i. Kauai I and M, identified in the

legal descriptions in paragraph

(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute

critical habitat for Lipochaeta micrantha

on Kauai. Within these units the

currently known primary constituent

elements of critical habitat for

Lipochaeta micrantha var. exigua are

habitat components that provide: (1)

Cliffs, ridges, or slopes (a) in grassy,

shrubby or dry mixed communities and

(b) containing one or more of the

following associated native plant

species: Artemisia australis, Bidens

sandvicensis, Plectranthus parviflorus,

Chamaesyce celastroides, Diospyros sp.,

Canthium odoratum, Neraudia sp.,

Pipturus sp., Hibiscus kokio, Sida

fallax, Eragrostis sp., or Lepidium

bidentatum; and (2) elevations between

305–430 m (1,000–1,400 ft).

ii. Within these units, the currently

known primary constituent elements of

critical habitat for Lipochaeta micrantha

var. micrantha are habitat components

that provide: (1) Basalt cliffs, stream

banks, or level ground (a) in mesic or

diverse Metrosideros polymorphaDiospyros sp. forest and (b) containing

one or more of the following associated

native plant species: Lobelia

niihauensis, Chamaesyce celastroides

var. hanapepensis, Neraudia

kauaiensis, Rumex sp., Nontrichium sp.

(kului), Artemisia sp., Dodonaea

viscosa, Antidesma sp., Hibiscus sp.,

Xylosma sp., Pleomele sp., Melicope sp.,

Bobea sp., and Acacia koa; and (2)

elevations between 610–720 m (2,000–

2,360 ft).

Family Asteraceae: Lipochaeta

waimeaensis (Nehe)

Kauai B, identified in the legal

description in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of

this section, constitutes critical habitat

for Lipochaeta waimeaensis on Kauai.

Within this unit, the currently known

primary constituent elements of critical

habitat are habitat components that

provide: (1) Precipitous, shrub-covered

gulch (a) in diverse lowland forest and

(b) containing the native species

Dodonaea viscosa or Lipochaeta

connata; and (2) elevations between 350

and 400 m (1,150 and 1,310 ft).

Family Asteraceae: Remya kauaiensis

(No Common Name)

Kauai G, I, and U, identified in the

legal descriptions in paragraph

(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute

critical habitat for Remya kauaiensis on

Kauai. Within these units, the currently

known primary constituent elements of

critical habitat are habitat components

that provide: (1) Steep, north or

northeast facing slopes (a) in Acacia

koa-Metrosideros polymorpha lowland

mesic forest and (b) containing one or

more of the following associated native

plant species: Chamaesyce sp., Nestegis

sandwicensis, Diospyros sp., Hedyotis

terminalis, Melicope ssp., Pouteria

sandwicensis, Schiedea membranacea,

Psychotria mariniana, Dodonaea

viscosa, Dianella sandwicensis,

Tetraplasandra kauaiensis, or

Claoxylon sandwicensis; and (2)

elevations between 850 to 1,250 m

(2,800 to 4,100 ft).

Family Asteraceae: Remya mauiensis

(No Common Name)

Maui unit T, identified in the legal

description in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of

this section, constitutes critical habitat

for Remya mauiensis on Maui. Within

this unit the currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Remya mauiensis on Maui are the

habitat components that provide: (1)

Steep, north or northeast-facing slopes

(a) in mixed mesophytic forests or

Metrosideros polymorpha montane wet

forests and (b) containing one or more

of the following associated native

species: Diospyros sandwicensis,

Xylosma hawaiiense, Nestegis

sandwicensis, Myrsine lessertiana,

Wikstroemia sp., Dodonaea viscosa,

Diplazium sandwichianum, Lysimachia

remyi, Microlepia strigosa, Melicope sp.,

Alyxia oliviformis, Pleomele

auwahiensis, Psychotria mariniana,

Ctenitis squamigera, or Styphelia

tameiameiae; and (2) elevations

between 850 and 1,250 m (2,800 and

4,100 ft).

Family Asteraceae: Remya montgomeryi

(No Common Name)

Kauai G and I, identified in the legal

descriptions in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of

this section, constitute critical habitat

for Remya montgomeryi on Kauai.

Within these units, the currently known

primary constituent elements of critical

habitat are habitat components that

provide: (1) Steep, north or northeastfacing slopes, cliffs, or stream banks

near waterfalls (a) in Metrosideros

polymorpha mixed mesic forest and (b)

containing one or more of the following

associated native plant species:

Lysimachia glutinosa, Lepidium serra,

Boehmeria grandis, Poa mannii,

Stenogyne campanulata, Myrsine

linearifolia, Bobea timonioides, Ilex

anomala, Zanthoxylum dipetalum,

Claoxylon sandwicensis,

Tetraplasandra spp., Artemisia sp.,

Nototrichium sp., Cyrtandra sp.,

Dubautia plantaginea, Sadleria sp.,

Cheirodendron sp., Scaevola sp., or

Pleomele sp.; and (2) elevations between

850 to 1,250 m (2,800 to 4,100 ft).

Family Asteraceae: Tetramolopium

capillare (Pamakani)

Maui unit Q, identified in the legal

description in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of

this section, constitutes critical habitat

for Tetramolopium capillare on Maui.

Within this unit the currently known

primary constituent elements of critical

habitat for Tetramolopium capillare on

Maui are the habitat components that

provide: (1) Rocky substrates (a) in

Heteropogon contortus lowland dry

forest and (b) containing one or more of

the following associated native plants:

Dodonaea viscosa, or Myoporum

sandwicense; or (c) in Metrosideros

polymorpha-Styphelia tameiameiae

montane mesic or wet shrubland and (d)

containing one or more of the following

associated plants: Metrosideros

polymorpha, and Styphelia

tameiameiae, and Dodonaea viscosa;

and (2) elevations between 609 and

1,050 m (2,000 and 3,440 ft).

Family Asteraceae: Wilkesia hobdyi

(Dwarf Iliau)

Kauai G and J, identified in the legal

descriptions in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of

this section, constitute critical habitat

for Wilkesia hobdyi on Kauai. Within

these units, the currently known

79262 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 243 / Monday, December 18, 2000 / Proposed Rules

primary constituent elements of critical

habitat are habitat components that

provide: (1) Coastal dry cliffs or very dry

ridges containing one or more of the

following associated native plant

species: Artemisia sp., Wilkesia

gymnoxiphium, Lipochaeta connata,

Lobelia niihauensis, Peucedanum

sandwicensis, Hibiscus kokio ssp. saint

johnianus, Canthium odoratum,

Peperomia sp., Myoporum sandwicense,

Sida fallax, Waltheria indica, Dodonaea

viscosa, or Eragrostis variabilis; and (2)

elevations between 275 to 400 m (900 to

1,310 ft).

Family Campanulaceae: Brighamia

insignis (‘Olulu)

Kauai E, G, and M, identified in the

legal descriptions in paragraph

a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, and Niihau B,

identified in the legal descriptions in

paragraph (a)(1)(i)(B) of this section,

constitute critical habitat for Brighamia

insignis on Kauai and Niihau. Within

these units, the currently known

primary constituent elements of critical

habitat are habitat components that

provide: (1) Rocky ledges with little soil

or steep sea cliffs (a) in lowland dry

grasslands or shrublands with annual

rainfall that is usually less than 170 cm

(65 in.) and (b) containing one or more

of the following native plant species:

Artemisia sp., Chamaesyce celastroides,

Canthium odoratum, Eragrostis

variabilis, Heteropogon contortus,

Hibiscus kokio, Hibiscus

saintjohnianus, Lepidium serra,

Lipochaeta succulenta, Munroidendron

racemosum, or Sida fallax; and (2)

elevations between sea level to 480 m

(1,575 ft) elevation.

Family Campanulaceae: Clermontia

lindseyana (‘Oha Wai)

Maui units Qq and Yy, identified in

the legal descriptions in paragraph

(a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitute

critical habitat for Clermontia

lindseyana on Maui. Within these units

the currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Clermontia lindseyana on Maui are

the habitat components that provide: (1)

Remnant Acacia koa mesic forest

containing one or more of the following

associated native plant species:

Cyrtandra oxybapha, native fern

species, Phlegmariurus mannii, Ilex

anomala, Coprosma sp., or Myrsine sp.;

and (2) elevations between 4,300 and

7,041 ft (1,311 and 2,150 m).

Family Campanulaceae: Clermontia

oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis (‘Oha Wai)

Maui unit P, identified in the legal

description in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of

this section, constitutes critical habitat

for Clermontia oblongifolia ssp.

mauiensis on Maui. Within this unit the

currently known primary constituent

elements of critical habitat for

Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis

on Maui are the habitat components that

provide: (1) The sides of ridges (a) in

Metrosideros polymorpha-dominated

montane wet forest and (b) containing

one or more of the following associated

native plant species: Dicranopteris

linearis, Coprosma sp., Clermontia sp.,

Hedyotis sp., or Melicope sp.; and (2)

elevations between 850 and 1,000 m

(2,800 and 3,280 ft).

Family Campanulaceae: Clermontia

samuelii (‘Oha Wai)

Maui units Hh and Ii, identified in the

legal descriptions in paragraph

(a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitute

critical habitat for Clermontia samuelii

on Maui. Within these units the

currently known primary constituent

elements of critical habitat for

Clermontia samuelii ssp. hanaensis on

Maui are the habitat components that

provide: (1) Wet Metrosideros

polymorpha and Metrosideros

polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis

forest containing one or more of the

following associated native plant

species: Tetraplasandra oahuensis,

Hedyotis terminalis, Hedyotis

hillebrandii, Broussaisia arguta,

Cibotium sp., Argyroxiphium grayanum,

Dubautia sp., Clermontia arborea,

Psychotria mariniana, Melicope

clusifolia, Diplazium sandwichianum,

Peperomia obovatilimba, Adenophorus

tamariscinus, Vaccinium sp., Carex

alligata, Melicope sp., or Cheirodendron

trigynum; and (2) elevations between

915 and 1,059 m (3,000 and 3,600 ft).

Within these units, the currently known

primary constituent elements of critical

habitat for Clermontia samuelii ssp.

samuelii on Maui are the habitat

components that provide: (1) Wet

Metrosideros polymorpha and

Metrosideros polymorphaCheirodendron trigynum forest and

containing one or more of the following

native plant species: Hedyotis

hillebrandii, Cibotium sp., Broussaisia

arguta, Diplazium sandwichianum,

Rubus hawaiiensis, Clermontia

arborescens ssp. waihiae, Dubautia sp.,

Clermontia sp., Hedyotis sp., Vaccinium

sp., Carex alligata, or Melicope sp.; and

(2) elevations between 1,726 to 2,100 m

(5,870 to 6,900 ft).

Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea

asarifolia (Haha)

Kauai R and T, identified in the legal

descriptions in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of

this section, constitute critical habitat

for Cyanea asarifolia on Kauai. Within

these units, the currently known

primary constituent elements of critical

habitat are habitat components that

provide: (1) Pockets of soil on sheer rock

cliffs (a) in lowland wet forests and (b)

containing one or more of the following

native plant species: Hedyotis elatior,

Machaerina angustifolia, Metrosideros

polymorpha, Touchardia latifolia, or

Urera glabra; and (2) elevations between

330 to 730 m (1,080 to 2,400 ft).

Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea

copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis (Haha)

Maui units Bb and Gg, identified in

the legal descriptions in paragraph

(a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitute

critical habitat for Cyanea copelandii

ssp. haleakalaensis on Maui. Within

these units the currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Cyanea copelandii ssp.

haleakalaensis on Maui are the habitat

components that provide: (1) Stream

banks and wet scree slopes (a) in

montane wet or mesic forest dominated

by Acacia koa and/or Metrosideros

polymorpha and (b) containing one or

more of the following associated native

plant species: Cibotium sp, Perrottetia

sandwicensis, Psychotria hawaiiensis,

Broussaisia arguta, or Hedyotis

acuminata; and (2) elevations between

730 and 1,340 m (2,400 and 4,400 ft).

Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea glabra

(Haha)

Maui unit Q, identified in the legal

description in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of

this section, constitutes critical habitat

for Cyanea glabra on Maui. Within this

unit the currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Cyanea glabra on Maui are the

habitat components that provide: (1)

Soil and rock stream banks (a) in wet

lowland forest and dominated by Acacia

koa and/or Metrosideros polymorpha;

and (2) elevations from 800 to 1,340 m

(2,625 to 4,400 ft).

Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea

grimesiana ssp. grimesiana (Haha)

Maui unit Q, identified in the legal

description in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of

this section, constitutes critical habitat

for Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana

on Maui. Within this unit the currently

known primary constituent elements of

critical habitat for Cyanea grimesiana

ssp. grimesiana on Maui are the habitat

components that provide: (1) Rocky or

steep slopes of stream banks (a) in mesic

forest often dominated by Metrosideros

polymorpha or Metrosideros

polymorpha and Acacia koa and (b)

containing one or more of the following

associated native plant species:

Antidesma sp., Bobea sp., Myrsine sp.,

Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 243 / Monday, December 18, 2000 / Proposed Rules 79263

Nestegis sandwicensis, Psychotria sp.,

or Xylosma sp.; and (2) elevations

between 350 and 945 m (1,150 and

3,100 ft).

Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea

hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora (Haha)

Maui units Cc, Dd, Ff, and Kk,

identified in the legal descriptions in

paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of this section,

constitute critical habitat for Cyanea

hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora on Maui.

Within these units the currently known

primary constituent elements of critical

habitat for Cyanea hamatiflora ssp.

hamatiflora on Maui are the habitat

components that provide: (1) Montane

wet forest dominated by Metrosideros

polymorpha, with a Cibotium sp. and/or

native shrub understory or closed

Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha

wet forest containing one or more of the

following associated native plant

species: Dicranopteris linearis,

Cheirodendron trigynum, Broussaisia

arguta, Cyanea solenocalyx, Cyanea

kunthiana, Vaccinium sp., Melicope sp.,

or Myrsine sp.; and (2) elevations from

975 to 1,500 m (3,200 to 4,920 ft).

Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea lobata

(Haha)

Maui unit Q, identified in the legal

description in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of

this section, constitutes critical habitat

for Cyanea lobata on Maui. Within this

unit the currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Cyanea lobata on Maui are the

habitat components that provide: (1)

Steep stream banks in deep shade (a) in

wet forest and (b) containing one or

more of the following associated native

plant species: Touchardia latifolia,

Morinda trimera, or Athyrium sp.; and

(2) elevations of 550 to 915 m (1,800 to

3,000 ft).

Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea

mceldowneyi (Haha)

Maui units Bb, Dd, Gg, and Hh,

identified in the legal descriptions in

paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of this section,

constitute critical habitat for Cyanea

mceldowneyi on Maui. Within these

units the currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Cyanea mceldowneyi on Maui are

the habitat components that provide: (1)

Montane wet forest with mixed

Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia koa

containing one or more of the following

associated native plant species:

Melicope clusiifolia, Hedyotis sp.,

Clermontia arborescens, Diplazium

sandwichianum, Broussaisia arguta,

Cibotium sp., Cyrtandra sp.,

Dicranopteris linearis, or Cheirodendron

trigynum; and (2) elevations between

925 and 1,280 m (3,034 and 4,200 ft).

Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea recta

(Haha)

Kauai K, O, P, and R, identified in the

legal descriptions in paragraph

(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute

critical habitat for Cyanea recta on

Kauai. Within these units, the currently

known primary constituent elements of

critical habitat are habitat components

that provide: (1) Gulches or slopes (a) in

lowland wet or mesic Metrosideros

polymorpha forest or shrubland and (b)

containing one or more of the following

native plant species: Dicranopteris

linearis, Psychotria sp., Antidesma sp.,

Cheirodendron platyphyllum, Cibotium

sp., or Diplazium sp.; and (2) elevations

between 400 to 1,200 m (1,310 to 3,940

ft).

Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea remyi

(Haha)

Kauai L, P, R, and T, identified in the

legal descriptions in paragraph

(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute

critical habitat for Cyanea remyi on

Kauai. Within these units, the currently

known primary constituent elements of

critical habitat are habitat components

that provide: (1) Lowland wet forest or

shrubland and containing one or more

of the following native plant species:

Antidesma sp., Cheirodendron sp.,

Diospyros sp., Broussaisia arguta,

Metrosideros polymorpha, Freycinetia

arborea, Hedyotis terminalis,

Machaerina angustifolia, Perrottetia

sandwicensis, Psychotria hexandra, or

Syzygium sandwicensis; and (2)

elevations between 360 to 930 m (1,180

to 3,060 ft).

Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea

undulata (Haha)

Kauai L, identified in the legal

descriptions in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of

this section, constitutes critical habitat

for Cyanea undulata on Kauai. Within

these units, the currently known

primary constituent elements of critical

habitat are habitat components that

provide: (1) Pristine, undisturbed sites

along shady stream banks or steep to

vertical slopes; and (2) elevations

between 630 to 800 m (2,070 to 2,625 ft).

Family Campanulaceae: Delissea

rhytidosperma (No Common Name)

Kauai F, G, and M, identified in the

legal descriptions in paragraph

(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute

critical habitat for Delissea

rhytidosperma on Kauai. Within these

units, the currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

are habitat components that provide: (1)

Well-drained soils with medium or finetextured subsoil (a) in diverse lowland

mesic forests or Acacia koa dominated

lowland dry forests and (b) containing

one or more of the following native

species: Euphorbia haeleeleana,

Psychotria hobdyi, Pisonia sp.,

Pteralyxia sp., Dodonaea viscosa,

Cyanea sp., Hedyotis sp., Dianella

sandwicensis, Diospyros sandwicensis,

Styphelia tameiameiae, or Nestegis

sandwicensis; and (2) elevations

between 120 and 915 m (400 and 3,000

ft).

Family Campanulaceae: Delissea

rivularis (‘Oha)

Kauai G, identified in the legal

description in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of

this section, constitutes critical habitat

for Delissea rivularis on Kauai. Within

this unit, the currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

are habitat components that provide: (1)

Steep slopes near streams (a) in

Metrosideros polymorpha—

Cheirodendron trigynum montane wet

or mesic forest and (b) containing one or

more of the following native plant

species: Broussaisia arguta, Carex sp.,

Coprosma sp., Melicope clusiifolia, M.

anisata, Psychotria hexandra, Dubautia

knudsenii, Diplazium sandwichianum,

Hedyotis foggiana, Ilex anomala, or

Sadleria sp.; and (2) elevations between

1,100 to 1,220 m (3,610 to 4,000 ft).

Family Campanulaceae: Delissea

undulata (No Common Name)

Kauai G, identified in the legal

description in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of

this section, constitutes critical habitat

for Delissea undulata on Kauai. Within

this unit, the currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

are habitat components that provide: (1)

Dry or mesic open Sophora

chrysophylla-Metrosideros polymorpha

forests containing one or more of the

following native plant species:

Diospyros sandwicensis, Dodonaea

viscosa, Psychotria mariniana, P.

greenwelliae, Santalum ellipticum,

Nothocestrum breviflorum, or Acacia

koa; and (2) elevations between 610–

1,740 m (2,000–5,700 ft).

Family Campanulaceae: Lobelia

niihauensis (No Common Name)

Kauai F, G, I, and J, identified in the

legal descriptions in paragraph

(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute

critical habitat for Lobelia niihauensis

on Kauai. Within these units, the

currently known primary constituent

elements of critical habitat are habitat

components that provide: (1) Exposed

mesic mixed shrubland or coastal dry

cliffs containing one or more of the

79264 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 243 / Monday, December 18, 2000 / Proposed Rules

following associated native plant

species: Eragrostis sp., Bidens sp.,

Plectranthus parviflorus, Lipochaeta sp.,

Lythrum sp., Wilkesia hobdyi, Hibiscus

kokio ssp. saint johnianus,

Nototrichium sp., Schiedea

apokremnos, Chamaesyce celastroides,

Charpentiera sp., or Artemisia sp.; and

(2) elevations between 100 to 830 m

(330 to 2720 ft).

Family Caryophyllaceae: Alsinidendron

lychnoides (Kuawawaenohu)

Kauai G and H, identified in the legal

descriptions in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of

this section, constitute critical habitat

for Alsinidendron lychnoides on Kauai.

Within these units, the currently known

primary constituent elements of critical

habitat are habitat components that

provide: (1) Montane wet forests (a)

dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha

and Cheirodendron sp., or by

Metrosideros polymorpha and

Dicranopteris linearis and (b) containing

one or more of the following native

plant species: Carex sp., Cyrtandra sp.,

Machaerina sp., Vaccinium sp.,

Peperomia sp., Hedyotis terminalis,

Astelia sp., or Broussaisia arguta; and

(2) elevations between 1,100 and 1,320

m (3,610 and 4,330 ft).

Family Caryophyllaceae: Alsinidendron

viscosum (No Common Name)

Kauai I, identified in the legal

description in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of

this section, constitutes critical habitat

for Alsinidendron viscosum on Kauai.

Within this unit, the currently known

primary constituent elements of critical

habitat are habitat components that

provide: (1) Steep slopes (a) in Acacia

koa-Metrosideros polymorpha lowland,

montane mesic, or wet forest and (b)

containing one or more of the following

native plant species: Alyxia

olivaeformis, Bidens cosmoides, Bobea

sp., Carex sp., Coprosma sp., Dodonaea

viscosa, Gahnia sp., Ilex anomala,

Melicope sp., Pleomele sp., Psychotria

sp., or Schiedea stellarioides; and (2)

elevations between 820 and 1,200 m

(2,700 and 3,940 ft).

Family Caryophyllaceae: Schiedea

apokremnos (Ma‘oli‘oli)

Kauai G and J, identified in the legal

descriptions in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of

this section, constitute critical habitat

for Schiedea apokremnos on Kauai.

Within these units, the currently known

primary constituent elements of critical

habitat are habitat components that

provide: (1) Crevices of near-vertical

coastal cliff faces (a) in sparse dry

coastal shrub vegetation and (b)

containing one or more of the following

associated native plant species:

Heliotropium sp., Chamaesyce sp.,

Bidens sp., Artemisia australis, Lobelia

niihauensis, Wilkesia hobdyi,

Lipochaeta connata, Myoporum

sandwicense, Canthium odoratum, or

Peperomia sp.; and (2) elevations

between 60 to 330 m (200 to 1,080 ft).

Family Caryophyllaceae: Schiedea

helleri (No Common Name)

Kauai I, identified in the legal

description in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of

this section, constitutes critical habitat

for Schiedea helleri on Kauai. Within

this unit, the currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

are habitat components that provide: (1)

Ridges and steep cliffs (a) in closed

Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris

linearis montane wet forest, or

Metrosideros polymorphaCheirodendron sp. montane wet forest,

or Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha

montane mesic forest, and (b)

containing one or more of the following

associated native plant species:

Dubautia raillardioides, Scaevola

procera, Hedyotis terminalis, Syzygium

sandwicensis, Melicope clusifolia,

Cibotium sp., Broussaisia arguta,

Cheirodendron sp., Cyanea hirtella,

Dianella sandwicensis, Viola

wailenalenae, or Poa sandvicensis; and

(2) elevations between 1,065–1,100 m

(3,490–3,610 ft).

Family Caryophyllaceae: Schiedea

kauaiensis (No Common Name)

Kauai G, identified in the legal

description in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of

this section, constitutes critical habitat

for Schiedea kauaiensis on Kauai.

Within this unit, the currently known

primary constituent elements of critical

habitat are habitat components that

provide: (1) Steep slopes (a) in diverse

mesic or wet forest and (b) containing

one or more of the following associated

plant taxa: Psychotria mariniana,

Psychotria hexandra, Canthium

odoratum, Pisonia sp., Microlepia

speluncae, Exocarpos luteolus,

Diospyros sp., Peucedanum

sandwicense, or Euphorbia haeleeleana;

and (2) elevations between 680–790 m

(2,230–2,590 ft).

Family Caryophyllaceae: Schiedea

membranacea (No Common Name)

Kauai G, I, and K, identified in the

legal descriptions in paragraph

(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute

critical habitat for Schiedea

membranacea on Kauai. Within these

units, the currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

are habitat components that provide: (1)

Cliffs or cliff bases (a) in mesic or wet

habitats, (b) in lowland, or montane

shrubland, or forest communities

dominated by Acacia koa, Pipturus sp.

or Metrosideros polymorpha and (c)

containing one or more of the following

associated native plant species:

Hedyotis terminalis, Melicope sp.,

Pouteria sandwicensis, Poa mannii,

Hibiscus waimeae, Psychotria

mariniana, Canthium odoratum,

Pisonia sp., Perrottetia sandwicensis,

Scaevola procera, Sadleria cyatheoides,

Diplazium sandwicensis, Thelypteris

sandwicensis, Boehmeria grandis,

Dodonaea viscosa, Myrsine sp., Bobea

brevipes, Alyxia olivaeformis,

Psychotria greenwelliae, Pleomele sp.,

Alphitonia ponderosa, Joinvillea

ascendens ssp. ascendens, Athyrium

sandwichianum, Machaerina

angustifolia, Cyrtandra paludosa,

Touchardia latifolia, Thelypteris

cyatheoides, Lepidium serra, Eragrostis

variabilis, Remya kauaiensis,

Lysimachia kalalauensis, Labordia

helleri, Mariscus pennatiformis,

Asplenium praemorsum, or Poa

sandvicensis; and (2) elevations

between 520 and 1,160 m (1,700 and

3,800 ft).

Family Caryophyllaceae: Schiedea

nuttallii (No Common Name)

Kauai M, identified in the legal

description in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of

this section, constitutes critical habitat

for Schiedea nuttallii on Kauai. Within

this unit, the currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

are habitat components that provide: (1)

Diverse lowland mesic forest, often with

Metrosideros polymorpha dominant,

containing one or more of the following

associated native plant species:

Antidesma sp, Psychotria sp.,

Perrottetia sandwicensis, Pisonia sp., or

Hedyotis acuminata; and (2) elevations

between 415 and 790 m (1,360 and

2,590 ft).

Family Caryophyllaceae: Schiedea

spergulina var. leiopoda (No Common

Name)

Kauai C, identified in the legal

description in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of

this section, constitutes critical habitat

for Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda on

Kauai. Within this unit, the currently

known primary constituent elements of

critical habitat are habitat components

that provide: (1) Bare rock outcrops or

sparsely vegetated portions of rocky cliff

faces or cliff bases (a) in diverse lowland

mesic forests and (b) containing one or

more of the following native plants:

Bidens sandvicensis, Doryopteris sp.,

Peperomia leptostachya, or Plectranthus

parviflorus; and (2) elevations between

180 and 800 m (590 and 2,625 ft).

Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 243 / Monday, December 18, 2000 / Proposed Rules 79265

Family Caryophyllaceae: Schiedea

spergulina var. spergulina (No Common

Name)

Kauai G and I, identified in the legal

descriptions in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of

this section, constitute critical habitat

for Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina

on Kauai. Within these units, the

currently known primary constituent

elements of critical habitat are habitat

components that provide: (1) Bare rock

outcrops or sparsely vegetated portions

of rocky cliff faces or cliff bases (a) in

diverse lowland mesic forests and (b)

containing one or more of the following

associated plant taxa: Heliotropium sp.,

or Nototrichium sandwicense; and (2)

elevations between 180 and 800 m (590

and 2,625 ft).

Family Caryophyllaceae: Schiedea

stellarioides (laulihilihi (=ma‘oli‘oli))

Kauai I, identified in the legal

description in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of

this section, constitutes critical habitat

for Schiedea stellarioides on Kauai.

Within this unit, the currently known

primary constituent elements of critical

habitat are habitat components that

provide: (1) Steep slopes (a) in closed

Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha

lowland or montane mesic forest or

shrubland and (b) containing one or

more of the following native plant

species: Nototrichium sp., Artemisia sp.,

Dodonaea viscosa, Melicope sp.,

Dianella sandwicensis, Bidens

cosmoides, Mariscus sp., or Styphelia

tameiameiae; and (2) elevations

between 610 and 1,120 m (2,000 and

3,680 ft).

Family Convolvulaceae: Bonamia

menziesii (No Common Name)

(i.) Kauai G and L, identified in the

legal descriptions in paragraph

(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute

critical habitat for Bonamia menziesii

on Kauai. Within these units, the

currently known primary constituent

elements of critical habitat are habitat

components that provide: (1) Dry, mesic

or wet forests containing one or more of

the following native plant species:

Metrosideros polymorpha, Canthium

odoratum, Dianella sandwicensis,

Diospyros sandwicensis, Dodonaea

viscosa, Hedyotis terminalis, Melicope

anisata, Melicope barbigera, Myoporum

sandwicense, Nestegis sandwicense,

Pisonia sp., Pittosporum sp., Pouteria

sandwicensis, or Sapindus oahuensis;

and (2) elevations between 150 and 850

m (500 and 2,800 ft).

(ii.) Maui units O and Ss, identified in

the legal descriptions in paragraph

(a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitute

critical habitat for Bonamia menziesii

on Maui. Within these units the

currently known primary constituent

elements of critical habitat for Bonamia

menziesii on Maui are the habitat

components that provide: (1) A‘a lava

(a) in mixed open dry forest or Erythrina

sandwicensis lowland dry forest, or in

mesic mixed Metrosideros polymorpha

forest and (b) containing one or more of

the following associated native plant

species: Nestegis sandwicensis,

Pleomele auwahiensis, Dodonaea

viscosa, Osteomeles anthyllidifolia,

Alphitonia ponderosa, Santalum

ellipticum, Xylosma hawaiiensis,

Nothocestrum latifolium, Pouteria

sandwicensis, Achyranthes splendens,

Acacia koaia, Sida fallax, Reynoldsia

sandwicensis, Sicyos sp., Lipochaeta

rockii, Nototrichium sp., or Myoporum

sandwicense; and (2) elevations between

150 and 854 m (490 and 2,800 ft).

Family Cyperaceae: Cyperus

trachysanthos (pu‘uka‘a)

Kauai G, identified in the legal

descriptions in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of

this section, and Niihau A, identified in

the legal descriptions in paragraph

(a)(1)(i)(B) of this section, constitute

critical habitat for Cyperus

trachysanthos on Kauai and Niihau.

Within these units, the currently known

primary constituent elements of critical

habitat are habitat components that

provide: (1) Wet sites (mud flats, wet

clay soil, or wet cliff seeps) (a) on

coastal cliffs or talus slopes and (b)

containing the native plant species

Hibiscus tiliaceus; and (2) elevations

between 3 and 160 m (10 and 525 ft).

Family Cyperaceae: Mariscus

pennatiformis (No Common Name)

Maui unit J, identified in the legal

description in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of

this section, constitutes critical habitat

for Mariscus pennatiformis on Maui.

Within this unit the currently known

primary constituent elements of critical

habitat for Mariscus pennatiformis on

Maui are the habitat components that

provide: (1) Cliffs with brown soil and

talus within reach of ocean spray (a) in

Pandanus coastal wet forests and (b)

containing one or more of the following

associated native plant species: Sadleria

pallida, Pandanus tectorius, Lysimachia

mauritiana, Cyperus laevigatus,

Eragrostis sp., or Ipomoea sp.; and (2)

elevations between sea-level and 6 m

(20 ft).

Family Euphorbiaceae: Chamaesyce

halemanui (No Common Name)

Kauai G and I, identified in the legal

descriptions in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of

this section, constitute critical habitat

for Chamaesyce halemanui on Kauai.

Within these units, the currently known

primary constituent elements of critical

habitat are habitat components that

provide: (1) Steep slopes of gulches (a)

in mesic Acacia koa forests and (b)

containing one or more of the following

native plant species: Metrosideros

polymorpha, Alphitonia ponderosa,

Antidesma platyphyllum, Bobea

brevipes, Cheirodendron trigynum,

Coprosma sp., Diospyros sandwicensis,

Dodonaea viscosa, Elaeocarpus bifidus,

Hedyotis terminalis, Kokia kauaiensis,

Melicope haupuensis, Pisonia sp.,

Pittosporum sp., Pleomele aurea,

Psychotria mariniana, Psychotria

greenwelliae, Pouteria sandwicensis,

Santalum freycinetianum, or Styphelia

tameiameiae; and (2) elevations

between 660 to 1,100 m (2,165 to 3,610

ft).

Family Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia

haeleeleana (‘Akoko)

Kauai G, I, and U, identified in the

legal descriptions in paragraph

(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute

critical habitat for Euphorbia

haeleeleana on Kauai. Within these

units, the currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

are habitat components that provide: (1)

Lowland mixed mesic or dry forest that

(a) is often dominated by Metrosideros

polymorpha, Acacia koa, or Diospyros

sp. and (b) containing one or more of the

following native plant species: Acacia

koaia, Antidesma platyphyllum,

Claoxylon sp., Carex meyenii, Carex

wahuensis, Diplazium sandwichianum,

Dodonaea viscosa, Erythrina

sandwicensis, Kokia kauaiensis,

Pleomele aurea, Psychotria mariniana,

P. greenwelliae, Pteralyxia

sandwicensis, Rauvolfia sandwicensis,

Reynoldsia sandwicensis, Sapindus

oahuensis, Tetraplasandra kauaiensis,

Pouteria sandwicensis, Pisonia

sandwicensis, or Xylosma sp.; and (2)

elevations between 205 and 670 m (680

and 2,200 ft).

Family Euphorbiaceae: Flueggea

neowawraea (Mehamehame)

(i.) Kauai F, G, and I, identified in the

legal descriptions in paragraph

(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute

critical habitat for Flueggea neowawraea

on Kauai. Within these units, the

currently known primary constituent

elements of critical habitat are habitat

components that provide: (1) Dry or

mesic forests containing one or more of

the following native plant species:

Alectryon macrococcus, Bobea

timonioides, Charpentiera sp.,

Caesalpinia kauaiense, Hibiscus sp.,

Melicope sp., Metrosideros polymorpha,

Myrsine lanaiensis, Munroidendron

79266 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 243 / Monday, December 18, 2000 / Proposed Rules

racemosum, Tetraplasandra sp., Kokia

kauaiensis, Isodendrion sp., Pteralyxia

kauaiensis, Psychotria mariniana,

Diplazium sandwichianum, Freycinetia

arborea, Nesoluma polynesicum,

Diospyros sp., Antidesma pulvinatum,

A. platyphyllum, Canthium odoratum,

Nestegis sandwicensis, Rauvolfia

sandwicensis, Pittosporum sp.,

Tetraplasandra sp., Pouteria

sandwicensis, Xylosma sp., Pritchardia

sp., Bidens sp., or Streblus pendulinus;

and (2) elevations of 250 to 1,000 m (820

to 3,280 ft).

(ii.) Maui units Ss and Ww, identified

in the legal descriptions in paragraph

(a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitute

critical habitat for Flueggea neowawraea

on Maui. Within these units the

currently known primary constituent

elements of critical habitat for Flueggea

neowawraea on Maui are the habitat

components that provide: (1) Dry or

mesic forest containing one or more of

the following associated native plant

species: Alectryon macrococcus, Bobea

timonioides, Charpentiera sp., Hibiscus

sp., Melicope sp., Myrsine lanaiensis,

Tetraplasandra sp., Psychotria

mariniana, Diplazium sandwichianum,

Freycinetia arborea, Nesoluma

polynesicum, Diospyros sp., Antidesma

pulvinatum, A. platyphyllum, Canthium

odoratum, Nestegis sandwicensis,

Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Pittosporum

sp., Pleomele sp., Pouteria

sandwicensis, or Streblus pendulina;

and (2) elevations of 250 to 1,000 m (820

to 3,280 ft).

Family Fabaceae: Kanaloa

kahoolawensis (Kohe Malama Malama

O Kanaloa)

Kahoolawe unit B, identified in the

legal description in paragraph

(a)(1)(i)(D) of this section, constitutes

critical habitat for Kanaloa

kahoolawensis on Kahoolawe. Within

this unit the currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Kanaloa kahoolawensis on

Kahoolawe are the habitat components

that provide: (1) Steep rocky talus

slopes (a) in mixed coastal shrubland

and (b) containing one or more of the

following associated native plants: Sida

fallax, Senna gaudichaudii, Bidens

mauiensis, Lipochaeta livarum,

Portulaca molokinensis, or Capparis

sandwichiana; and (2) elevations

between 45 to 60 m (150 to 200 ft).

Family Fabaceae: Sesbania tomentosa

(‘Ohai)

(i.) Kauai J, identified in the legal

description in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of

this section, constitutes critical habitat

for Sesbania tomentosa on Kauai.

Within these units, the currently known

primary constituent elements of critical

habitat are habitat components that

provide: (1) Sandy beaches, dunes, soil

pockets on lava, or pond margins (a) in

coastal dry shrublands, or open

Metrosideros polymorpha forests, or

mixed coastal dry cliffs, and (b)

containing one or more of the following

associated native plant species: Sida

fallax, Heteropogon contortus,

Myoporum sandwicense, Sporobolus

virginicus, Scaevola sericea, or

Dodonaea viscosa; and (2) elevations

between sea level and 12 m (0 and 40

ft).

(ii.) Maui units A, B, C, D, X, Tt,

identified in the legal descriptions in

paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, and

the Kahoolawe unit A, identified in the

legal descriptions in paragraph

(a)(1)(i)(D) of this section, constitute

critical habitat for Sesbania tomentosa

on Maui and Kahoolawe, respectively.

Within these units the currently known

primary constituent elements of critical

habitat for Sesbania tomentosa on Maui

and Kahoolawe are the habitat

components that provide: (1)

Windswept slopes, sea cliffs and cinder

slopes (a) in Scaevola sericea coastal dry

shrublands and (b) containing one or

more of the following associated native

plant species: Lipochaeta integrifolia,

Jacquemontia ovalifolia ssp.

sandwicensis, Rhynchelytrum repens,

Sida fallax, and Dodonaea viscosa; and

(2) elevations between sea-level and 580

m (1,900 ft).

Family Fabaceae: Vigna o-wahuensis

(No Common Name)

Maui unit Vv, identified in the legal

descriptions in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of

this section, and Kahoolawe units C and

D, identified in the legal descriptions in

paragraph (a)(1)(i)(D) of this section,

constitute critical habitat for Vigna owahuensis on Maui and Kahoolawe,

respectively. Within these units the

currently known primary constituent

elements of critical habitat for Vigna owahuensis on Maui and Kahoolawe are

the habitat components that provide: (1)

Dry or mesic grassland or shrubland

containing one or more of the following

associated plant taxa: Sida fallax,

Chenopodium sp., Dubautia menziesii,

Dodonaea viscosa, Chamaesyce sp.,

Nothocestrum latifolium, and Nesoluma

polynesicum, or Osteomeles

anthyllidifolia; and (2) elevations from

10 to 140 m (30 to 460 ft).

Family Flacourtiaceae: Xylosma

crenatum (No Common Name)

Kauai G and I, identified in the legal

descriptions in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of

this section, constitute critical habitat

for Xylosma crenatum on Kauai. Within

these units, the currently known

primary constituent elements of critical

habitat are habitat components that

provide: (1) Diverse Acacia koaMetrosideros polymorpha montane

mesic forest, or Metrosideros

polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis

montane wet forest, or Acacia koaMetrosideros polymorpha montane wet

forest, and containing one or more of the

following associated native plant

species: Tetraplasandra kauaiensis,

Hedyotis terminalis, Pleomele aurea,

Ilex anomala, Claoxylon sandwicense,

Myrsine alyxifolia, Nestegis

sandwicensis, Streblus pendulinus,

Psychotria sp., Diplazium

sandwichianum, Pouteria sandwicensis,

Scaevola procera, Coprosma sp.,

Athyrium sandwichianum, Touchardia

latifolia, Dubautia knudsenii,

Cheirodendron sp., Lobelia yuccoides,

Cyanea hirta, Poa sandwicensis, or

Diplazium sandwichianum; and (2)

elevations between 975 to 1,065 m

(3,200 to 3,490 ft).

Family Gentianaceae: Centaurium

sebaeoides (‘Awiwi)

(i.) Kauai G, identified in the legal

description in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of

this section, constitutes critical habitat

for Centaurium sebaeoides on Kauai.

Within this unit, the currently known

primary constituent elements of critical

habitat are habitat components that

provide: (1) Volcanic or clay soils or

cliffs (a) in arid coastal areas and (b)

containing one or more of the following

native plant species; Artemisia sp.,

Bidens sp., Chamaesyce celastroides,

Dodonaea viscosa, Fimbristylis cymosa,

Heteropogon contortus, Jaquemontia

ovalifolia, Lipochaeta succulenta,

Lipochaeta heterophylla, Lipochaeta

integrifolia, Lycium sandwicense,

Lysimachia mauritiana, Mariscus

phloides, Panicum fauriei, P. torridum,

Scaevola sericea, Schiedea globosa,

Sida fallax, or Wikstroemia uva-ursi;

and (2) elevations above 250 m (800 ft).

(ii.) Maui units D, E, and F, identified

in the legal descriptions in paragraph

(a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitute

critical habitat for Centaurium

sebaeoides on Maui. Within these units

the currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Centaurium sebaeoides on Maui are

the habitat components that provide: (1)

Volcanic or clay soils or cliffs (a) in arid

coastal areas and (b) containing one or

more of the following associated native

plant species: Panicum torridum,

Lysimachia mauritiana, Schiedea

globosa, Lipochaeta integrifolia,

Argemone glauca, Bidens mauiensis,

Lycium sandwicense, or Dicranopteris

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linearis; and (2) elevations below 250 m

(820 ft).

Family Geraniaceae: Geranium

arboreum (Nohoanu)

Maui units Ll, Mm, Nn, and Pp,

identified in the legal descriptions in

paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of this section,

constitute critical habitat for Geranium

arboreum on Maui. Within these units

the currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Geranium arboreum on Maui are the

habitat components that provide: (1)

Steep, damp and shaded narrow

canyons and gulches, steep banks, and

intermittent streams (a) in Sophora

chrysophylla subalpine dry shrubland

or Metrosideros polymorpha montane

forest and (b) containing one or more of

the following associated native plant

species: Vaccinium reticulatum,

Dodonaea viscosa, Styphelia

tameiameiae, Rubus hawaiiensis, or

Dryopteris wallichiana; and (2)

elevations between 1,525 to 2,135 m

(5,000 and 7,000 ft).

Family Geraniaceae: Geranium

multiflorum (Nohoanu)

Maui unit Ee, identified in the legal

description in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of

this section, constitutes critical habitat

for Geranium multiflorum on Maui.

Within this unit the currently known

primary constituent elements of critical

habitat for Geranium multiflorum on

Maui are the habitat components that

provide: (1) Wet or mesic Metrosideros

polymorpha montane forest or alpine

mesic forest, Styphelia tameiameiae

shrubland, Sophora chrysophylla

subalpine dry forest, open sedge

swamps, fog-swept lava flows, or

montane grasslands containing one or

more of the following associated native

plant species: Coprosma montana,

Dryopteris glabra, Dryopteris

wallichiana, Rubus hawaiiensis,

Ranunculus sp., Vaccinium sp.,

Metrosideros polymorpha, Hedyotis sp.,

Styphelia tameiameiae or Sadleria

cyatheoides; and (2) elevations between

1,580 and 2,450 m (5,180 and 8,040 ft).

Family Gesneriaceae: Cyrtandra

cyaneoides (Mapele)

Kauai K, P, and R, identified in the

legal descriptions in paragraph

(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute

critical habitat for Cyrtandra cyaneoides

on Kauai. Within these units, the

currently known primary constituent

elements of critical habitat are habitat

components that provide: (1) Steep

slopes or cliffs near streams or

waterfalls (a) in lowland or montane wet

forest or shrubland dominated by

Metrosideros polymorpha or a mixture

of Metrosideros polymorpha and

Dicranopteris linearis and (b) containing

one or more of the following native

species: Perrottetia sandwicensis,

Pipturus sp., Bidens sp., Psychotria sp.,

Pritchardia sp., Freycinetia arborea,

Cyanea sp., Cyrtandra limahuliensis,

Diplazium sandwichianum, Gunnera

sp., Coprosma sp., Stenogyne sp.,

Machaerina sp., Boehmeria grandis,

Pipturus sp., Cheirodendron sp.,

Hedyotis terminalis, or Hedyotis

tryblium; and (2) elevations between

550 and 1,220 meter (1,800 and 4,000

ft).

Family Gesneriaceae: Cyrtandra

limahuliensis (Ha‘iwale)

Kauai A, F, K, L, O, P, Q, R, and T,

identified in the legal descriptions in

paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of this section,

constitute critical habitat for Cyrtandra

limahuliensis on Kauai. Within these

units, the currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

are habitat components that provide: (1)

Stream banks (a) in lowland wet forests

and (b) containing one or more of the

following native plant species:

Antidesma sp., Cyrtandra kealiea,

Pisonia sp., Pipturus sp., Cibotium

glaucum, Eugenia sp, Hedyotis

terminalis, Dubautia sp., Boehmeria

grandis, Touchardia latifolia, Bidens

sp., Hibiscus waimeae, Charpentiera sp.,

Urera glabra, Pritchardia sp., Cyanea

sp., Perrottetia sandwicensis,

Metrosideros polymorpha, Dicranopteris

linearis, Gunnera kauaiensis, or

Psychotria sp.; and (2) elevations

between 245 and 915 m (800 and 3,000

ft).

Family Gesneriaceae: Cyrtandra munroi

(Hiawale)

Maui unit Y, identified in the legal

description in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of

this section, constitutes critical habitat

for Cyrtandra munroi on Maui. Within

this unit the currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Cyrtandra munroi on Maui are the

habitat components that provide: (1)

Rich, moist to wet, moderately steep

talus slopes (a) in lowland wet

Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris

linearis forest and (b) containing one or

more of the following associated native

plant species: Diospyros sp., Hedyotis

acuminata, Clermontia sp., Alyxia

oliviformis, Bobea sp., Coprosma sp.,

Freycinetia arborea, Melicope sp.,

Myrsine sp., Perrottetia sandwicensis,

Pipturus sp., Pittosporum sp., Pleomele

sp., Pouteria sandwicensis, Psychotria

sp., Sadleria sp., Scaevola sp., Xylosma

sp., or other Cyrtandra sp.; and (2)

elevations from 300 to 920 m (980 to

3,020 ft).

Family Lamiaceae: Phyllostegia

knudsenii (No Common Name)

Kauai I, identified in the legal

description in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of

this section, constitutes critical habitat

for Phyllostegia knudsenii on Kauai.

Within this unit, the currently known

primary constituent elements of critical

habitat are habitat components that

provide: (1) Metrosideros polymorpha

lowland mesic or wet forest containing

one or more of the following associated

native plant species: Perrottetia

sandwicensis, Cyrtandra kauaiensis,

Cyrtandra paludosa, Elaeocarpus

bifidus, Claoxylon sandwicensis,

Cryptocarya mannii, Ilex anomala,

Myrsine linearifolia, Bobea timonioides,

Selaginella arbuscula, Diospyros sp.,

Zanthoxylum dipetalum, Pittosporum

sp., Tetraplasandra spp., Pouteria

sandwicensis, or Pritchardia minor; and

(2) elevations between 865–975 m

(2,840–3,200 ft).

Family Lamiaceae: Phyllostegia mollis

(No Common Name)

Maui unit Qq, identified in the legal

description in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of

this section, constitutes critical habitat

for Phyllostegia mollis on Maui. Within

this unit the currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Phyllostegia mollis on Maui are the

habitat components that provide: (1)

Steep slopes and gulches (a) in diverse

mesic or wet forests and (b) containing

one or more of the following associated

native plant taxa: ferns, Psychotria sp.,

or Pisonia sp.; and (2) elevations

between 450 and 1,830 m (1,480 to

6,000 ft).

Family Lamiaceae: Phyllostegia

wawrana (No Common Name)

Kauai G, I, and R, identified in the

legal descriptions in paragraph

(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute

critical habitat for Phyllostegia wawrana

on Kauai. Within these units, the

currently known primary constituent

elements of critical habitat are habitat

components that provide: (1)

Metrosideros polymorpha dominated

lowland or montane wet or mesic forest

with (a) Cheirodendron sp. or

Dicranopteris linearis as co-dominants,

and (b) containing one or more of the

following associated native plant

species: Delissea rivularis, Diplazium

sandwichianum, Vaccinium sp.,

Broussaisia arguta, Myrsine lanaiensis,

Psychotria sp., Dubautia knudsenii,

Scaevola procera, Gunnera sp.,

Pleomele aurea, Claoxylon

sandwicense, Elaphoglossum sp.,

Hedyotis sp., Sadleria sp., and

Syzygium sandwicensis; and (2)

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elevations between 780–1,210 m (2,560–

3,920 ft).

Family Lamiaceae: Stenogyne

campanulata (No Common Name)

Kauai G, identified in the legal

description in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of

this section, constitutes critical habitat

for Stenogyne campanulata on Kauai.

Within this unit, the currently known

primary constituent elements of critical

habitat are habitat components that

provide: (1) Rock faces of nearly

vertical, north-facing cliffs (a) in diverse

lowland or montane mesic forest and (b)

containing one or more of the following

associated native plant species:

Heliotropium sp., Lepidium serra,

Lysimachia glutinosa, Perrottetia

sandwicensis, or Remya montgomeryi;

and (2) an elevation of 1,085 m (3,560

ft).

Family Loganiaceae: Labordia lydgatei

(Kamakahala)

Kauai F, K, L, P, R, and T, identified

in the legal descriptions in paragraph

(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute

critical habitat for Labordia lydgatei on

Kauai. Within these units, the currently

known primary constituent elements of

critical habitat are habitat components

that provide: (1) Metrosideros

polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis

lowland wet forest containing one or

more of the following associated native

plant species: Psychotria sp., Hedyotis

terminalis sp., Cyanea sp., Cyrtandra

sp., Labordia hirtella, Antidesma

platyphyllum var. hillebrandii,

Syzygium sandwicensis, Ilex anomala,

or Dubautia knudsenii; and (2)

elevations between 635 and 855 m

(2,080 to 2,800 ft).

Family Loganiaceae: Labordia tinifolia

var. wahiawaensis (Kamakahala)

Kauai L, identified in the legal

description in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of

this section, constitutes critical habitat

for Labordia tinifolia var. wahiawaensis

on Kauai. Within this unit, the currently

known primary constituent elements of

critical habitat are habitat components

that provide: (1) Streambanks (a) in

lowland wet forests dominated by

Metrosideros polymorpha and (b)

containing one or more of the following

associated species: Cheirodendron sp.,

Dicranopteris linearis, Cyrtandra sp.,

Antidesma sp., Psychotria sp., Hedyotis

terminalis, or Athyrium microphyllum;

and (2) elevations between 300 to 920 m

(985 to 3,020 ft).

Family Malvaceae: Hibiscadelphus

woodii (Hau Kuahiwi)

Kauai G, identified in the legal

description in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of

this section, constitutes critical habitat

for Hibiscadelphus woodii on Kauai.

Within this unit, the currently known

primary constituent elements of critical

habitat are habitat components that

provide: (1) Basalt talus or cliff walls (a)

in Metrosideros polymorpha montane

mesic forest and (b) containing one or

more of the following associated native

plant species: Bidens sandwicensis,

Artemisia australis, Melicope pallida,

Dubautia sp., Lepidium serra,

Lipochaeta sp., Lysimachia glutinosa,

Carex meyenii, Chamaesyce celastroides

var. hanapepensis, Hedyotis sp.,

Nototrichium sp., Panicum lineale,

Myrsine sp., Stenogyne campanulata,

Lobelia niihauensis, or Poa mannii; and

(2) elevations around 915m (3,000 ft).

Family Malvaceae: Hibiscus

brackenridgei (Ma‘o Hau Hele)

Maui units O, V, X, and Uu, identified

in the legal descriptions in paragraph

(a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitute

critical habitat for Hibiscus

brackenridgei on Maui. Within these

units the currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Hibiscus brackenridgei on Maui are

the habitat components that provide: (1)

Lowland dry forest sometimes with

Erythrina sandwicensis as the dominant

tree containing one or more of the

following associated native plant

species: Myoporum sp., Chenopodium

sp., Achyranthes sp., Nototrichium sp.,

Diospyros sp., Chamaesyce celastroides

var. lorifolia, Dodonaea viscosa,

Canthium odoratum, Eurya

sandwicensis, Isachne distichophylla, or

Sida fallax; and (2) elevations between

130 to 800 m (425 to 2,625 ft).

Family Malvaceae: Hibiscus clayi

(Clay’s Hibiscus)

Kauai N, identified in the legal

description in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of

this section, constitutes critical habitat

for Hibiscus clayi on Kauai. Within this

unit, the currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

are habitat components that provide: (1)

Slopes (a) in Acacia koa or Diospyros

sp.-Pisonia sp.-Metrosideros

polymorpha lowland dry or mesic forest

and (b) containing one or more of the

following associated native plant

species: Hedyotis acuminata, Pipturus

sp., Psychotria sp., Cyanea hardyi,

Artemisia australis, or Bidens sp.; and

(2) elevations between 230 to 350 m

(750 to 1,150 ft).

Family Malvaceae: Hibiscus waimeae

ssp. hannerae (Koki‘o Ke‘oke‘o)

Kauai F, identified in the legal

description in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of

this section, constitutes critical habitat

for Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae on

Kauai. Within this unit, the currently

known primary constituent elements of

critical habitat are habitat components

that provide: (1) Metrosideros

polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis or

Pisonia sp.-Charpentiera elliptica

lowland wet or mesic forest and

containing one or more of the following

associated native plant species:

Antidesma sp., Psychotria sp., Pipturus

sp., Bidens sp., Bobea sp., Sadleria sp.,

Cyrtandra sp., Cyanea sp., Cibotium sp.,

Perrottetia sandwicensis, or Syzygium

sandwicensis; and (2) elevations

between 190 and 560 m (620 and 1,850

ft).

Family Malvaceae: Kokia kauaiensis

(Koki‘o)

Kauai G and I, identified in the legal

descriptions in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of

this section, constitute critical habitat

for Kokia kauaiensis on Kauai. Within

these units, the currently known

primary constituent elements of critical

habitat are habitat components that

provide: (1) Diverse mesic forest

containing one or more of the following

associated native plant species: Acacia

koa, Metrosideros polymorpha, Bobea

sp., Diospyros sandwicensis, Hedyotis

sp., Pleomele sp., Pisonia sp., Xylosma

sp., Isodendrion sp., Syzygium

sandwicensis, Antidesma sp., Alyxia

olivaeformis, Pouteria sandwicensis,

Streblus pendulinus, Canthium

odoratum, Nototrichium sp., Pteralyxia

kauaiensis, Dicranopteris linearis,

Hibiscus sp., Flueggea neowawraea,

Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Melicope sp.,

Diellia laciniata, Tetraplasandra sp.,

Chamaesyce celastroides, Lipochaeta

fauriei, Dodonaea viscosa, Santalum

sp., Claoxylon sp., or Nestegis

sandwicensis; and (2) elevations

between 350–660 m (1,150–2,165 ft).

Family Myrsinaceae: Myrsine

linearifolia (Kolea)

Kauai F, G, H, I, L, and P, identified

in the legal descriptions in paragraph

(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute

critical habitat for Myrsine linearifolia

on Kauai. Within these units, the

currently known primary constituent

elements of critical habitat are habitat

components that provide: (1) Diverse

mesic or wet lowland or montane

Metrosideros polymorpha forest with (a)

Cheirodendron sp. or Dicranopteris

linearis as co-dominants, and (b)

containing one or more of the following

associated native plant species:

Dubautia sp., Cryptocarya mannii,

Sadleria pallida, Myrsine sp., Syzygium

sandwicensis, Machaerina angustifolia,

Freycinetia arborea, Hedyotis

terminalis, Cheirodendron sp., Bobea

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brevipes, Nothocestrum sp., Melicope

sp., Eurya sandwicensis, Psychotria sp.,

Lysimachia sp., or native ferns; and (2)

elevations between 585 to 1,280 m

(1,920 to 4,200 ft).

Family Orchidaceae: Platanthera

holochila (No Common Name)

(i.) Kauai H, identified in the legal

description in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of

this section, constitutes critical habitat

for Platanthera holochila on Kauai.

Within this unit, the currently known

primary constituent elements of critical

habitat are habitat components that

provide: (1) Metrosideros polymorphaDicranopteris linearis montane wet

forest or M. polymorpha mixed bog

containing one or more of the following

associated native plants: Myrsine

denticulata, Cibotium sp., Coprosma

ernodeoides, Oreobolus furcatus,

Styphelia tameiameiae, or Vaccinium

sp.; and (2) elevations between 1,050

and 1,600 m (3,450 and 5,245 ft).

(ii.) Maui unit T, identified in the

legal description in paragraph

(a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitutes

critical habitat for Platanthera holochila

on Maui. Within this unit the currently

known primary constituent elements of

critical habitat for Platanthera holochila

on Maui are the habitat components that

provide: (1) Metrosideros polymorphaDicranopteris linearis montane wet

forest or Metrosideros polymorpha

mixed montane bog or mesic scrubby

Metrosideros polymorpha forest

containing one or more of the following

associated native plants: Cibotium sp.,

Coprosma ernodeoides, Oreobolus

furcatus, Styphelia tameiameiae,

Wikstroemia sp., Scaevola

chamissoniana, Sadleria sp., Lythrum

maritimum, Deschampsia sp.,

Metrosideros polymorpha, Luzula

hawaiiensis, Sisyrinchium acre,

Broussaisia arguta, Clermontia sp.,

Lycopodium cernuum, Dubautia scabra,

Polypodium pellucidum, Gahnia

gahniiformis, and Vaccinium

reticulatum; and (2) elevations between

1,050 and 2,120 m (3,440 and 6,960 ft).

Family Plantaginaceae: Plantago

princeps (Laukahi Kuahiwi)

(i.) Kauai G, K, P, and T, identified in

the legal descriptions in paragraph

(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute

critical habitat for Plantago princeps on

Kauai. Within these units, the currently

known primary constituent elements of

critical habitat are habitat components

that provide: (1) Steep slopes, rock

walls, or bases of waterfalls (a) in mesic

or wet Metrosideros polymorpha forest

and (b) containing one or more of the

following associated native plant

species: Dodonaea viscosa, Psychotria

sp., Dicranopteris linearis, Cyanea sp.,

Hedyotis sp., Melicope sp., Dubautia

plantaginea, Exocarpos luteolus, Poa

siphonoglossa, Nothocestrum peltatum,

Remya montgomeryi, Stenogyne

campanulata, Xylosma sp., Pleomele

sp., Machaerina angustifolia, Athyrium

sp., Bidens sp., Eragrostis sp.,

Lysimachia filifolia, Pipturus sp.,

Cyrtandra sp., or Myrsine linearifolia;

and (2) elevations between 480 to 1,100

m (1,580 to 3,610 ft).

(ii.) Maui unit Q, identified in the

legal description in paragraph

(a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitutes

critical habitat for Plantago princeps on

Maui. Within this unit the currently

known primary constituent elements of

critical habitat for Plantago princeps on

Maui are the habitat components that

provide: (1) Basalt cliffs (a) in

Metrosideros polymorpha lowland wet

forest; or Acacia koa-Metrosideros

polymorpha montane wet forest; or

Metrosideros polymorpha montane wet

shrubland and (b) containing one or

more of the following associated native

plant species: Eragrostis variabilis,

Hedyotis formosa, and Dubautia

plantaginea spp. humile; and (2)

elevations between 400 and 2,050 m

(1,300 and 6,700 ft).

Family Poaceae: Cenchrus

agrimonioides (Kamanomano

(=Sandbur, Agrimony))

Maui unit Ss, identified in the legal

description in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of

this section, constitutes critical habitat

for Cenchrus agrimonioides on Maui.

Within this unit the currently known

primary constituent elements of critical

habitat for Cenchrus agrimonioides on

Maui are the habitat components that

provide: (1) Rough a‘a lava scree (a) in

mesic Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia

koa forest and (b) containing one or

more of the following associated native

plant species: Alyxia oliviformis,

Canthium odoratum, Carex sp.,

Diospyros sp., Styphelia tameiameiae,

or Eragrostis variabilis; and (2)

elevations between 560 and 820 m

(1,830 and 2,700 ft).

Family Poaceae: Ischaemum byrone

(Hilo Ischaemum)

Maui units G, H, I, K, L, and M,

identified in the legal descriptions in

paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of this section,

constitute critical habitat for Ischaemum

byrone on Maui. Within these units the

currently known primary constituent

elements of critical habitat for

Ischaemum byrone on Maui are the

habitat components that provide: (1)

Close proximity to the ocean, among

rocks or on basalt cliffs (a) in coastal dry

shrubland and (b) containing one or

more of the following associated native

plant species: Bidens sp., Fimbristylis

cymosa, or Scaevola sericea; and (2)

elevations from sea level to 75 m (250

ft).

Family Poaceae: Panicum niihauense

(Lau ‘ehu)

Kauai J, identified in the legal

description in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of

this section, constitutes critical habitat

for Panicum niihauense on Kauai.

Within this unit, the currently known

primary constituent elements of critical

habitat are habitat components that

provide: (1) Sand dunes (a) in coastal

shrubland and (b) containing one or

more of the following associated native

plant species: Dodonaea viscosa,

Cassytha filiformis, Scaevola sericea,

Sida fallax, Vitex rotundifolia, or

Sporobolus sp.; and (2) elevations of 100

m or less (330 ft).

Family Poaceae: Poa mannii (Mann’s

Bluegrass)

Kauai G, identified in the legal

description in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of

this section, constitutes critical habitat

for Poa mannii on Kauai. Within this

unit, the currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

are habitat components that provide: (1)

Cliffs, rock faces, or stream banks (a) in

lowland or montane wet, dry, or mesic

Metrosideros polymorpha or Acacia

koa-Metrosideros polymorpha montane

mesic forest and (b) containing one or

more of the following associated native

plant species: Alectryon macrococcus,

Antidesma platyphyllum, Bidens

cosmoides, Chamaesyce celastroides

var. hanapepensis, Artemisia australis,

Bidens sandwicensis, Lobelia

sandwicensis, Wilkesia gymnoxiphium,

Eragrostis variabilis, Panicum lineale,

Mariscus phloides, Luzula hawaiiensis,

Carex meyenii, C. wahuensis, Cyrtandra

wawrae, Dodonaea viscosa, Exocarpos

luteolus, Labordia helleri, Nototrichium

sp., Schiedea amplexicaulis, Hedyotis

terminalis, Melicope anisata, M.

barbigera, M. pallida, Pouteria

sandwicensis, Schiedea membranacea,

Diospyros sandwicensis, Psychotria

mariniana, P. greenwelliae, or Kokia

kauaiensis; and (2) elevations between

460 and 1,150 m (1,510 and 3,770 ft).

Family Poaceae: Poa sandvicensis

(Hawaiian Bluegrass)

Kauai G and I, identified in the legal

descriptions in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of

this section, constitute critical habitat

for Poa sandvicensis on Kauai. Within

these units, the currently known

primary constituent elements of critical

habitat are habitat components that

provide: (1) Wet, shaded, gentle or steep

79270 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 243 / Monday, December 18, 2000 / Proposed Rules

slopes, ridges, or rock ledges (a) in semiopen or closed, mesic or wet, diverse

montane forest dominated by

Metrosideros polymorpha and (b)

containing one or more of the following

associated native species: Dodonaea

viscosa, Dubautia sp., Coprosma sp.,

Melicope sp., Dianella sandwicensis,

Alyxia olivaeformis, Bidens sp.,

Dicranopteris linearis, Schiedea

stellarioides, Peperomia macraeana,

Claoxylon sandwicense, Acacia koa,

Psychotria sp., Hedyotis sp., Scaevola

sp., Cheirodendron sp., or Syzygium

sandwicensis; and (2) elevations

between 1,035 to 1,250 m (3,400 to

4,100 ft).

Family Poaceae: Poa siphonoglossa (No

Common Name)

Kauai G, I, and U, identified in the

legal descriptions in paragraph

(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute

critical habitat for Poa siphonoglossa on

Kauai. Within these units, the currently

known primary constituent elements of

critical habitat are habitat components

that provide: (1) Shady banks near ridge

crests (a) in mesic Metrosideros

polymorpha forest and (b) containing

one or more of the following associated

native plant species: Acacia koa,

Psychotria sp., Scaevola sp., Alphitonia

ponderosa, Zanthoxylum dipetalum,

Tetraplasandra kauaiensis, Dodonaea

viscosa, Hedyotis sp., Melicope sp.,

Vaccinium sp., Styphelia tameiameiae,

Carex meyenii, Carex wahuensis, or

Wilkesia gymnoxiphium; and (2)

elevations between 1,000 to 1,200 m

(3,300 and 3,900 ft).

Family Primulaceae: Lysimachia filifolia

(No Common Name)

Kauai T, identified in the legal

description in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of

this section, constitutes critical habitat

for Lysimachia filifolia on Kauai. Within

this unit, the currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

are habitat components that provide: (1)

Mossy banks at the base of cliff faces

within the spray zone of waterfalls or

along streams in lowland wet forests

and containing one or more of the

following associated native plant

species: mosses, ferns, liverworts,

Machaerina sp., Heteropogon contortus,

or Melicope sp.; and (2) elevations

between 240 to 680 m (800 to 2,230 ft).

Family Primulaceae: Lysimachia

lydgatei (No Common Name)

Maui unit Q, identified in the legal

description in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of

this section, constitutes critical habitat

for Lysimachia lydgatei on Maui. Within

this unit the currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Lysimachia lydgatei on Maui are the

habitat components that provide: (1)

Sides of steep ridges (a) in Metrosideros

polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis

dominated wet to mesic shrubland or

Metrosideros polymorphaCheirodendron sp. montane forest and

(b) containing one or more of the

following associated native plant

species: Lycopodium sp., Ilex sp.,

Dodonaea viscosa, Vaccinium sp.,

Eurya sp., Styphelia tameiameiae,

Coprosma sp., Ochna sp., Astelia sp.,

Broussaisia arguta or mat ferns; and (2)

elevations between 915 and 1,415 m

(3,000 and 4,640 ft).

Family Rhamnaceae: Colubrina

oppositifolia (Kauila)

Maui unit Ss, identified in the legal

description in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of

this section, constitutes critical habitat

for Colubrina oppositifolia on Maui.

Within this unit the currently known

primary constituent elements of critical

habitat for Colubrina oppositifolia on

Maui are the habitat components that

provide: (1) Lowland dry and mesic

forests dominated by Diospyros

sandwicensis containing one or more of

the following associated native plant

species: Dodonaea viscosa, Canavalia

sp., Wikstroemia sp., Canthium

odoratum, or Reynoldsia sandwicensis;

and (2) elevations between 240–915 m

(800 and 3,000 ft).

Family Rhamnaceae: Gouania meyenii

(No Common Name)

Kauai G and I, identified in the legal

descriptions in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of

this section, constitute critical habitat

for Gouania meyenii on Kauai. Within

these units, the currently known

primary constituent elements of critical

habitat are habitat components that

provide: (1) Rocky ledges, cliff faces, or

ridge tops (a) in dry shrubland or

Metrosideros polymorpha lowland

mesic forest and (b) containing one or

more of the following native plant

species: Dodonaea viscosa, Chamaesyce

sp., Psychotria sp., Hedyotis sp.,

Melicope sp., Nestegis sandwicensis,

Bidens sp., Carex meyenii, Diospyros

sp., Lysimachia sp., or Senna

gaudichaudii; and (2) elevations

between 490 to 880 m (1,600 to 2,880 ft).

Family Rubiaceae: Hedyotis cookiana

(‘Awiwi)

Kauai G, identified in the legal

description in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of

this section, constitutes critical habitat

for Hedyotis cookiana on Kauai. Within

this unit, the currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

are habitat components that provide: (1)

Streambeds or steep cliffs close to water

sources in lowland wet forest

communities; and (2) elevations

between 170 and 370 m (560 and 1,210

ft).

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Family Rubiaceae: Hedyotis coriacea

(Kio’ele)

Maui unit X, identified in the legal

description in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of

this section, constitutes critical habitat

for Hedyotis coriacea on Maui. Within

this unit the currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Hedyotis coriacea on Maui are the

habitat components that provide: (1)

Steep, rocky, slopes (a) in dry lowland

Dodonaea viscosa dominated

shrublands and (b) containing one or

more of the following associated native

plant species: Sida fallax, Gouania

hillebrandii, Bidens menziesii,

Lipochaeta livarum, Myoporum sp., or

Schiedea menziesii; and (2) elevation of

470 to 2,300 m (1,540 to 7,550 ft).

Family Rubiaceae: Hedyotis mannii

(Pilo)

Maui unit Q, identified in the legal

description in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of

this section, constitutes critical habitat

for Hedyotis mannii on Maui. Within

this unit the currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Hedyotis mannii on Maui are the

habitat components that provide: (1)

Basalt cliffs along stream banks (a) in

Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris

linearis montane wet forest and (b)

containing one or more of the following

associated native plant species:

Machaerina sp., Carex meyenii,

Phyllostegia sp., Hedyotis acuminata,

Cyrtandra platyphylla, Cyanea sp., and

Isachne distichophylla; and (2)

elevation of 826 to 882 m (2,800 to 3,000

ft).

Family Rubiaceae: Hedyotis st.-johnii

(Na Pali Beach Hedyotis)

Kauai G and J, identified in the legal

descriptions in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of

this section, constitute critical habitat

for Hedyotis st.-johnii on Kauai. Within

these units, the currently known

primary constituent elements of critical

habitat are habitat components that

provide: (1) Crevices of north-facing,

near-vertical coastal cliff faces within

the spray zone (a) in sparse dry coastal

shrubland and (b) containing one or

more of the following native plant

species: Myoporum sandwicense,

Eragrostis variabilis, Lycium

sandwicense, Heteropogon contortus,

Artemisia australis or Chamaesyce

celastroides; and (2) elevations above 75

m (250 ft).

Family Rutaceae: Melicope adscendens

(Alani)

Maui unit Ss, identified in the legal

description in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of

this section, constitutes critical habitat

for Melicope adscendens on Maui.

Within this unit the currently known

primary constituent elements of critical

habitat for Melicope adscendens on

Maui are the habitat components that

provide: (1) A‘a lava with pockets of soil

(a) in Nestegis sandwicensis-Pleomele

lowland mesic forest or open dry forest

and (b) containing one or more of the

following associated native plant taxa:

Pleomele auwahiensis, Dodonaea

viscosa, Osteomeles anthyllidifolia,

Alphitonia ponderosa, Chamaesyce

celastroides var. lorifolia, Santalum

ellipticum, Pouteria sandwicensis,

Styphelia tameiameiae or Xylosma

hawaiiensis; and (2) elevations between

768 and 1,220 m (2,520 and 4,000 ft).

Family Rutaceae: Melicope haupuensis

(Alani)

Kauai G and I, identified in the legal

descriptions in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of

this section, constitute critical habitat

for Melicope haupuensis on Kauai.

Within these units, the currently known

primary constituent elements of critical

habitat are habitat components that

provide: (1) Moist talus slopes (a) in

Metrosideros polymorpha dominated

lowland mesic forests or Metrosideros

polymorpha-Acacia koa montane mesic

forest and (b) containing one or more of

the following associated native plant

species: Dodonaea viscosa, Diospyros

sp., Psychotria mariniana, P.

greenwelliae, Melicope ovata, M.

anisata, M. barbigera, Dianella

sandwicensis, Pritchardia minor,

Tetraplasandra waimeae, Claoxylon

sandwicensis, Cheirodendron trigynum,

Pleomele aurea, Cryptocarya mannii,

Pouteria sandwicensis, Bobea brevipes,

Hedyotis terminalis, Elaeocarpus

bifidus, or Antidesma sp; and (2)

elevations between 375 to 1,075 m

(1,230 to 3,530 ft).

Family Rutaceae: Melicope knudsenii

(Alani)

(i.) Kauai G and I, identified in the

legal descriptions in paragraph

(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute

critical habitat for Melicope knudsenii

on Kauai. Within these units, the

currently known primary constituent

elements of critical habitat are habitat

components that provide: (1) Forested

flats or talus slopes (a) in lowland dry

or montane mesic forests and (b)

containing one or more of the following

associated native plant species:

Dodonaea viscosa, Antidesma sp.,

Metrosideros polymorpha, Xylosma sp.,

Hibiscus sp., Myrsine lanaiensis,

Diospyros sp., Rauvolfia sandwicensis,

Bobea sp., Nestegis sandwicensis,

Hedyotis sp., Melicope sp., Psychotria

sp., or Pittosporum kauaiensis; and (2)

elevations between 450 to 1,000 m

(1,480 to 3,300 ft).

79272 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 243 / Monday, December 18, 2000 / Proposed Rules

(ii.) Maui unit Ss, identified in the

legal description in paragraph

(a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitutes

critical habitat for Melicope knudsenii

on Maui. Within this unit the currently

known primary constituent elements of

critical habitat for Melicope knudsenii

on Maui are the habitat components that

provide: (1) Forested flats or talus slopes

(a) in Nestegis-Pleomele mixed open dry

forests and (b) containing one or more

of the following associated native plant

species: Dodonaea viscosa, Osteomeles

anthyllidifolia, Alphitonia ponderosa,

Santalum ellipticum, or Xylosma

hawaiiensis; and (2) elevations between

450 and 1,220 m (1,480 and 4,000 ft).

Family Rutaceae: Melicope mucronulata

(Alani)

Maui unit Ss, identified in the legal

description in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of

this section, constitutes critical habitat

for Melicope mucronulata on Maui.

Within this unit the currently known

primary constituent elements of critical

habitat for Melicope mucronulata on

Maui are the habitat components that

provide: (1) Steep west or north-facing

slopes (a) in lowland dry to mesic forest

and (b) containing one or more of the

following associated species: Dodonaea

viscosa, Metrosideros polymorpha,

Styphelia tameiameiae, or Dubautia

linearis; and (2) elevations between 670

and 1,070 m (2,200 and 3,500 ft).

Family Rutaceae: Melicope pallida

(Alani)

Kauai G and I, identified in the legal

descriptions in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of

this section, constitute critical habitat

for Melicope pallida on Kauai. Within

these units, the currently known

primary constituent elements of critical

habitat are habitat components that

provide: (1) Steep rock faces (a) in

lowland or montane mesic or wet forests

or shrubland and (b) containing one or

more of the following associated native

plant species: Dodonaea viscosa,

Lepidium serra, Pleomele sp.,

Boehmeria grandis, Coprosma sp.,

Hedyotis terminalis, Melicope sp.,

Pouteria sandwicensis, Poa mannii,

Schiedea membranacea, Psychotria

mariniana, Dianella sandwicensis,

Pritchardia minor, Chamaesyce

celastroides var hanapepensis,

Nototrichium sp., Carex meyenii,

Artemisia sp., Abutilon sandwicense,

Alyxia olivaeformis, Dryopteris sp.,

Metrosideros polymorpha, Pipturus

albidus, Sapindus oahuensis,

Tetraplasandra sp., or Xylosma

hawaiiense; and (2) elevations between

490 to 915 m (1,600 to 3,000 ft).

Family Rutaceae: Zanthoxylum

hawaiiense (A‘e)

(i.) Kauai I, identified in the legal

description in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of

this section, constitutes critical habitat

for Zanthoxylum hawaiiense on Kauai.

Within this unit, the currently known

primary constituent elements of critical

habitat are habitat components that

provide: (1) Lowland dry or mesic

forests, or montane dry forest, (a)

dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha

or Diospyros sandwicensis, and (b)

containing one or more of the following

associated plant species: Pleomele

auwahiensis, Antidesma platyphyllum,

Pisonia sp., Alectryon macrococcus,

Charpentiera sp., Melicope sp., Streblus

pendulinus, Myrsine lanaiensis,

Sophora chrysophylla, or Dodonaea

viscosa; and (2) elevations between 550

and 730 m (1,800 and 2,400 ft).

(ii.) Maui unit Ss, identified in the

legal description in paragraph

(a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitutes

critical habitat for Zanthoxylum

hawaiiense on Maui. Within this unit

the currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Zanthoxylum hawaiiense on Maui

are the habitat components that provide:

(1) Open lowland dry or mesic Nestegis

sandwicensis-Pleomele auwahiensis

forests, or montane dry forest containing

one or more of the following associated

native species: Metrosideros

polymorpha, Diospyros sandwicensis,

Pisonia sp., Xylosma hawaiiensis,

Santalum ellipticum, Alphitonia

ponderosa, Osteomeles anthyllidifolia,

Alectryon macrococcus, Charpentiera

sp., Melicope sp., Dodonaea viscosa,

Streblus pendulinus, Myrsine

lanaiensis, or Sophora chrysophylla;

and (2) elevations between 550 and

1,740 m (1,800 and 5,710 ft).

Family Santalaceae: Exocarpos luteolus

(Heau)

Kauai G, H, I, L, and S, identified in

the legal descriptions in paragraph

(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute

critical habitat for Exocarpos luteolus on

Kauai. Within these units, the currently

known primary constituent elements of

critical habitat are habitat components

that provide: (1) Wet places bordering

swamps; open, dry ridges (a) in lowland

or montane Metrosideros polymorpha

dominated wet forest communities and

(b) containing one or more of the

following native plant species: Acacia

koa, Cheirodendron trigynum, Pouteria

sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa,

Pleomele aurea, Psychotria mariniana,

Psychotria greenwelliae, Bobea brevipes,

Hedyotis terminalis, Elaeocarpus

bifidus, Melicope haupuensis, Dubautia

laevigata, Dianella sandwicensis, Poa

sandvicensis, Schiedea stellarioides,

Peperomia macraeana, Claoxylon

sandwicense, Santalum freycinetianum,

Styphelia tameiameiae, or Dicranopteris

linearis; and (2) elevations between 475

and 1,290 m (1,560 and 4,220 ft).

Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 243 / Monday, December 18, 2000 / Proposed Rules 79273

Family Sapindaceae: Alectryon

macrococcus (Mahoe)

(i.) Kauai G, I, and U, identified in the

legal descriptions in paragraph

(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute

critical habitat for Alectryon

macrococcus on Kauai. Within these

units, the currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

are habitat components that provide: (1)

Dry slopes or gulches (a) in Diospyros

sp., Metrosideros polymorpha lowland

mesic forest, Metrosideros polymorpha

mixed mesic forest, or Diospyros sp.

mixed mesic forest, (b) containing one

or more of the following native plant

species: Nestegis sandwicensis,

Psychotria sp., Pisonia sp., Xylosma sp.,

Streblus pendulinus, Hibiscus sp.,

Antidesma sp., Pleomele sp., Acacia

koa, Melicope knudsenii, Hibiscus

waimeae, Pteralyxia sp., Zanthoxylum

sp., Kokia kauaiensis, Rauvolfia

sandwicensis, Myrsine lanaiensis,

Canthium odoratum, Canavalia sp.,

Alyxia oliviformis, Nesoluma

polynesicum, Munroidendron

racemosum, Caesalpinia kauaiense,

Tetraplasandra sp., Pouteria

sandwicensis, or Bobea timonioides;

and (2) elevations between 360 to 1,070

m (1,180 to 3,510 ft).

(ii.) Maui units Q, Rr, and Ss,

identified in the legal descriptions in

paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of this section,

constitute critical habitat for Alectryon

macrococcus on Maui. Within these

units the currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Alectryon macrococcus var.

auwahiensis on Maui are the habitat

components that provide: (1) Mixed

lowland dry forest containing one or

more of the following associated native

plant species: Diospyros sandwicensis,

Dodonaea viscosa, Osteomeles

anthyllidifolia, Alphitonia ponderosa,

Santalum ellipticum, Xylosma

hawaiiensis, Nestegis sandwicensis,

Streblus pendulinus, or Pleomele

auwahiensis; and (2) elevations of 360

to 1,070 m (1,180 to 3,510 ft). Within

these units the currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Alectryon macrococcus var.

macrococcus on Maui are the habitat

components that provide: (1) Dry slopes

or gulches (a) in dense mesic mixed

Metrosideros polymorpha forest or

Diospyros sandwicensis forest which

contain (b) one or more of the following

associated native plant species: Nestegis

sandwicensis or Antidesma platyphylla;

and (2) elevations of 360 to 1,070 m

(1,180 to 3,510 ft).

Family Solanaceae: Nothocestrum

peltatum (‘Aiea)

Kauai G and I, identified in the legal

descriptions in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of

this section, constitute critical habitat

for Nothocestrum peltatum on Kauai.

Within these units, the currently known

primary constituent elements of critical

habitat are habitat components that

provide: (1) Rich soil on steep slopes (a)

in montane or lowland mesic or wet

forest dominated by Acacia koa or a

mixture of Acacia koa and Metrosideros

polymorpha, and (b) containing one or

more of the following associated native

plant species: Antidesma sp.,

Dicranopteris linearis, Bobea brevipes,

Elaeocarpus bifidus, Alphitonia

ponderosa, Melicope anisata, M.

barbigera, M. haupuensis, Pouteria

sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa,

Dianella sandwicensis, Tetraplasandra

kauaiensis, Claoxylon sandwicensis,

Cheirodendron trigynum, Psychotria

mariniana, P. greenwelliae, Hedyotis

terminalis, Ilex anomala, Xylosma sp.,

Cryptocarya mannii, Coprosma sp.,

Pleomele aurea, Diplazium

sandwicensis, Broussaisia arguta, or

Perrottetia sandwicensis; and (2)

elevations between 915 to 1,220 m

(3,000 to 4,000 ft).

Family Solanaceae: Solanum

sandwicense (‘Aiakeaakua, Popolu)

Kauai D, G, and I, identified in the

legal descriptions in paragraph

(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute

critical habitat for Solanum

sandwicense on Kauai. Within these

units, the currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

are habitat components that provide: (1)

Open, sunny areas (a) in diverse

lowland or montane mesic or wet forests

and (b) containing one or more of the

following associated plants: Alphitonia

ponderosa, Ilex anomala, Xylosma sp.,

Athyrium sandwicensis, Syzygium

sandwicensis, Bidens cosmoides,

Dianella sandwicensis, Poa

siphonoglossa, Carex meyenii, Hedyotis

sp., Coprosma sp., Dubautia sp.,

Pouteria sandwicensis, Cryptocarya

mannii, Acacia koa, Metrosideros

polymorpha, Dicranopteris linearis,

Psychotria sp., or Melicope sp.; and (2)

elevations between 760 and 1,220 m

(2,500 and 4,000 ft).

79274 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 243 / Monday, December 18, 2000 / Proposed Rules

Family Urticaceae: Neraudia sericea (No

Common Name)

Maui units T and Qq, identified in the

legal descriptions in paragraph

(a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitute

critical habitat for Neraudia sericea on

Maui. Within these units the currently

known primary constituent elements of

critical habitat for Neraudia sericea on

Maui are the habitat components that

provide: (1) Lowland dry to mesic

Metrosideros polymorpha-Dodonaea

viscosa-Styphelia tameiameiae

shrubland or forest or Acacia koa forest

containing one or more of the following

associated native plant taxa: Huperzia

mannii, Urera glabra, Cyrtandra

oxybapha, Cyrtandra platyphylla, Sida

fallax, Diospyros sp., Bobea sp.,

Coprosma sp., or Hedyotis sp.; and (2)

elevations between 670 and 1,480 m

(2,200 and 4,850 ft).

Family Violaceae: Isodendrion

laurifolium (Aupaka)

Kauai G, I, and U, identified in the

legal descriptions in paragraph

(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute

critical habitat for Isodendrion

laurifolium on Kauai. Within these

units, the currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

are habitat components that provide: (1)

Diverse mesic or wet forest (a)

dominated by Metrosideros

polymorpha, Acacia koa, or Diospyros

sp. and (b) containing one or more of the

following associated native plant

species: Kokia kauaiensis, Streblus sp.,

Elaeocarpus bifidus, Canthium

odoratum, Antidesma sp., Xylosma

hawaiiense, Hedyotis terminalis,

Pisonia sp., Nestegis sandwicensis,

Dodonaea viscosa, Euphorbia

haeleeleana, Pleomele sp., Pittosporum

sp., Melicope sp., Claoxylon

sandwicense, Alphitonia ponderosa,

Myrsine lanaiensis, or Pouteria

sandwicensis; and (2) elevations

between 490 and 820 m (1,600 and

2,700 ft).

Family Violaceae: Isodendrion

longifolium (Aupaka)

Kauai F, G, L, M, and P, identified in

the legal descriptions in paragraph

(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute

critical habitat for Isodendrion

longifolium on Kauai. Within these

units, the currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

are habitat components that provide: (1)

Steep slopes, gulches, or stream banks

(a) in mesic or wet Metrosideros

polymorpha forests and (b) containing

one or more of the following native

species: Dicranopteris linearis, Eugenia

sp., Diospyros sp., Pritchardia sp.,

Canthium odoratum, Melicope sp.,

Cheirodendron sp., Ilex anomala,

Pipturus sp., Hedyotis fluviatilis,

Peperomia sp., Bidens sp., Nestegis

sandwicensis, Cyanea hardyi, Syzygium

sp., Cibotium sp., Bobea brevipes,

Antidesma sp., Cyrtandra sp., Hedyotis

terminalis, Peperomia sp., Perrottetia

sandwicensis, Pittosporum sp., or

Psychotria sp.; and (2) elevations

between 410 to 760 m (1,345 to 2,500 ft).

Family Violaceae: Viola helenae (No

Common Name)

Kauai L, identified in the legal

description in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of

this section, constitutes critical habitat

for Viola helenae on Kauai. Within this

unit, the currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

are habitat components that provide: (1)

Stream banks or adjacent valley bottoms

with light to moderate shade in

Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris

linearis lowland wet forest; and (2)

elevations between 610–855 m (2,000–

2,800 ft).

Family Violaceae: Viola kauaiensis var.

wahiawaensis (Nani Wai‘ale‘ale)

Kauai L, identified in the legal

description in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of

this section, constitutes critical habitat

for Viola kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis

on Kauai. Within this unit, the currently

known primary constituent elements of

critical habitat are habitat components

that provide: (1) Open montane bog or

wet shrubland containing one or more

of the following native plant species:

Dicranopteris linearis, Diplopterygium

pinnatum, Syzygium sandwicensis, or

Metrosideros polymorpha; and (2)

elevations between 640 and 865 m

(2,100 and 2,840 ft).

(B) Ferns and Allies

Family Adiantaceae: Pteris lidgatei (No

Common Name)

Maui units Q and Aa, identified in the

legal descriptions in paragraph

(a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitute

critical habitat for Pteris lidgatei on

Maui. Within these units the currently

known primary constituent elements of

critical habitat for Pteris lidgatei on

Maui are the habitat components that

provide: (1) Steep stream banks (a) in

wet Metrosideros polymorphaDicranopteris linearis montane forest

and (b) containing one or more of the

following native plant taxa: Cibotium

chamissoi, Dicranopteris linearis,

Elaphoglossum crassifolium, Sadleria

squarrosa, or Sphenomeris chusana;

and (2) elevations between 915 and

1,070 m (3,000 and 3,500 ft).

Family Aspleniaceae: Ctenitis

squamigera (Pauoa)

Maui units Q, T, Xx, and Zz,

identified in the legal descriptions in

paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of this section,

constitute critical habitat for Ctenitis

squamigera on Maui. Within these units

the primary constituent elements of

critical habitat for Ctenitis squamigera

on Maui are the habitat components that

provide: Forest understory (a) in

Metrosideros polymorpha montane wet

forest, Metrosideros polymorphaDiospyros sp. mesic forest or diverse

mesic forest and (b) containing one or

more of the following native plant

species: Alyxia oliviformis, Freycinetia

arborea, Coprosma sp., Pleomele sp.,

Thelypteris globulifera, Sadleria sp.,

Doodia sp., Pittosporum sp., Dryopteris

sp., Bobea sp., Antidesma sp.,

Peperomia sp., Dicranopteris linearis,

Schiedea pubescens var. pubescens,

Hibiscus kokio ssp. kokio, Hedyotis

formosa, Pritchardia forbesiana,

Myrsine sp., Psychotria sp., or Xylosma

sp.; and (2) elevations between 380 and

1,000 m (1,250 and 3,280 feet).

Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 243 / Monday, December 18, 2000 / Proposed Rules 79275

Family Aspleniaceae: Diellia erecta (No

Common Name)

Maui units Q, T, and Qq, identified in

the legal descriptions in paragraph

(a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitute

critical habitat for Diellia erecta on

Maui. Within these units the currently

known primary constituent elements of

critical habitat for Diellia erecta on

Maui are the habitat components that

provide: (1) Steep slopes or gulch

bottoms in deep shade (a) in Diospyros

sandwicensis-Metrosideros polymorpha

lowland mesic forest and (b) containing

one or more of the following associated

native plant species: Nestegis sp.,

Styphelia tameiameiae, Melicope sp.,

Coprosma sp., Dodonaea viscosa,

Dryopteris unidentata, Myrsine sp.,

Psychotria sp., Pleomele auwahiensis,

Syzygium sandwicensis, or Wikstroemia

sp.; and (2) elevations between 210 and

1,590 m (700 and 5,200 ft).

Family Aspleniaceae: Diellia pallida

(No Common Name)

Kauai G and I, identified in the legal

descriptions in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of

this section, constitute critical habitat

for Diellia pallida on Kauai. Within

these units, the currently known

primary constituent elements of critical

habitat are habitat components that

provide: (1) Bare soil on steep, rocky,

dry slopes (a) in lowland mesic forests

and (b) containing one or more of the

following native plant species: Acacia

koa, Alectryon macrococcus, Antidesma

platyphyllum, Metrosideros

polymorpha, Myrsine lanaiensis,

Zanthoxylum dipetalum,

Tetraplasandra kauaiensis, Psychotria

mariniana, Carex meyenii, Diospyros

hillebrandii, Hedyotis knudsenii,

Canthium odoratum, Pteralyxia

kauaiensis, Nestegis sandwicensis,

Alyxia olivaeformis, Wilkesia

gymnoxiphium, Alphitonia ponderosa,

Styphelia tameiameiae, or Rauvolfia

sandwicensis; and (2) elevations

between 530 to 915 m (1,700 to 3,000 ft).

Family Aspleniaceae: Diplazium

molokaiense (No Common Name)

Maui unit Qq, identified in the legal

description in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of

this section, constitutes critical habitat

for Diplazium molokaiense on Maui.

Within this unit the currently known

primary constituent elements of critical

habitat for Diplazium molokaiense on

Maui are the habitat components that

provide: (1) Proximity to waterfalls in

lowland or montane mesic Metrosideros

polymorpha-Acacia koa forest; and (2)

elevations between 850 and 1,680 m

(2,800 and 5,500 ft).

Family Grammitidaceae: Adenophorus

periens (Pendant Kihi Fern)

Kauai F, G, K, L, P, and R, identified

in the legal descriptions in paragraph

(a)(1)(i)(A) of this section, constitute

critical habitat for Adenophorus periens

on Kauai. Within these units, the

currently known primary constituent

elements of critical habitat are habitat

components that provide: (1) Welldeveloped, closed canopy that provides

deep shade or high humidity (a) In

Metrosideros polymorpha-Cibotium

glaucum lowland wet forests, open

Metrosideros polymorpha montane wet

forest, or Metrosideros polymorphaDicranopteris linearis lowland wet

forest, and (b) containing one or more of

the following native plant species:

Athyrium sandwicensis, Broussaisia sp.,

Cheirodendron trigynum, Cyanea sp.,

Cyrtandra sp., Dicranopteris linearis,

Freycinetia arborea, Hedyotis

terminalis, Labordia hirtella,

Machaerina angustifolia, Psychotria sp.,

Psychotria hexandra, or Syzygium

sandwicensis; and (2) elevations

between 400 and 1,265 m (1,310 and

4,150 ft).

Family Lycopodiaceae: Phlegmariurus

mannii (Wawae‘iole)

Maui units Q, W, Jj, Kk, and Qq,

identified in the legal descriptions in

paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of this section,

constitute critical habitat for

Phlegmariurus mannii on Maui. Within

these units the currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Phlegmariurus mannii on Maui are

the habitat components that provide: (1)

As an epiphyte on Metrosideros

polymorpha, and Acacia koa trees in

moist protected gulches (a) in mesic to

wet montane Metrosideros polymorphaAcacia koa forests or wet montane

Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia koa

forests and (b) containing one or more

of the following associated native plant

taxa: Thelypteris sp., Athyrium sp.,

Styphelia sp., Cyanea atra, Machaerina

sp., Cyrtandra sp., Sadleria sp.,

Vaccinium sp., Dodonaea viscosa,

Astelia menziesii, Coprosma sp.,

Cheirodendron trigynum, Ilex anomala,

or Myrsine sp.; and (2) elevations from

900 to 1,600 m (2,950 to 5,250 ft).

Dated: November 29, 2000.

Kenneth L. Smith,

Acting Assistant Secretary for Fish and

Wildlife and Parks.

[FR Doc. 00–31078 Filed 12–15–00; 8:45 am]

BILLING CODE 4310–55–P