IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF FLORIDA

FIFTH DISTRICT

NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO

FILE MOTION FOR REHEARING AND

DISPOSITION THEREOF IF FILED

DEPARTMENT OF CHILDREN 

AND FAMILIES AND STATEWIDE 

GUARDIAN AD LITEM,

Appellants,

v. Case No. 5D23-0655 

 LT Case No. 2022-DP-1107

J.J., FATHER OF E.J., AND C.J., CHILDREN

Appellee.

________________________________/

Opinion filed July 24, 2023

Appeal from the Circuit Court 

for Brevard County,

John Dean Moxley, Jr., Judge.

Kelley Schaeffer, of Children’s Legal 

Services, Department of Children and 

Families, Bradenton, for Appellant,

Department of Children and Families.

Sara Elizabeth Goldfarb, Statewide 

Director of Appeals and Amanda 

Victoria Glass, Senior Attorney, of 

Guardian ad Litem Program, 

Tallahassee, for Appellant, Guardian 

ad Litem Program.

No Appearance for Appellee.

WALLIS, J.
2

The Department of Children and Families (“DCF”) and the Statewide 

Guardian ad Litem (“the GAL”) appeal two orders from the trial court, which 

denied DCF’s petitions to adjudicate C.J. and E.J. (“the Children”) dependent 

as to their father, J.J. (“Father”). DCF and the GAL argue that the trial court 

erred when it refused to assess the credibility of two child witnesses, relied 

on outdated law when denying the petitions for dependency, and lost judicial 

neutrality by appearing to be partial to Father. Father did not file an answer 

brief. We agree with DCF and the GAL. Therefore, we reverse and remand 

for a new hearing.

Facts and Proceedings Below

E.J. and C.J. are Father’s biological children. K.H. is E.J.’s mother and 

S.F. is C.J.’s mother. A.H., an eleven-year-old girl, is E.J.’s half-sister by her 

mother, K.H., but she is not Father’s biological daughter and she is not 

involved in this dependency case. However, because A.H. was present in 

Father’s and K.H.’s home, she provided testimony at the adjudicatory 

hearing in this case, which is relevant to this appeal. 

In May 2022, DCF received a report that K.H. had fallen asleep in her 

car while it was running with E.J. in the backseat. When police responded, 

they determined that K.H. was intoxicated and they arrested her for DUI and 

child neglect. A subsequent report to DCF revealed that C.J. had witnessed 
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domestic violence between Father and K.H. During DCF’s investigation of 

that report, C.J. revealed that Father and K.H. drank alcohol regularly, which 

led to verbal and physical altercations. An interview with A.H. confirmed that 

Father and K.H. fought and Father pushed her on more than one occasion.

As a result of its investigation, DCF filed a shelter petition seeking to 

shelter the Children. It also filed Petitions for Dependency for the Children 

pursuant to section 39.01(14)(a), (e), and (f), Florida Statutes. The 

allegations included: domestic violence in the Children’s presence, 

excessive alcohol use, housing instability, Father’s history of violence and 

substance abuse, and the failure to cooperate with DCF’s investigation. 

The trial court sheltered the Children, finding probable cause of 

domestic violence between the parents and that they had substance abuse 

issues. DCF attempted to conduct a home study on Father, but Father 

threatened DCF’s employees. Thus, a home study for Father was not 

completed. Both K.H. and S.F. consented to dependency and the Children 

were adjudicated dependent. However, Father did not consent to 

dependency. As a result, DCF sought a supplemental adjudication of 

dependency as to Father under section 39.507(7)(b), Florida Statutes. 

After Father’s attorney withdrew from the case, Father proceeded pro 

se. Before the supplemental adjudication hearing, the GAL and DCF 
4

requested that the trial court use written questions from the parties to

question A.H. and C.J. without the parties being present. They argued that 

the child witnesses should not be subjected to questioning directly by the pro 

se Father. The trial court agreed to the procedure requested by DCF and the 

GAL.

During the hearing, DCF called the child protective investigator and the 

case manager involved in Father’s case. Both of those witnesses described 

their interactions with Father, which included him being belligerent and

making threatening comments. Due to Father’s aggressive behavior, neither 

witness was able to complete a home study on Father. As a result, DCF 

could not place the Children with Father because, without a home study, it 

was not clear that doing so would be safe for the Children.

DCF also called A.H. and C.J. to testify. The trial judge used the 

parties’ written questions and he questioned each child separately in a childfriendly room where they could not see Father. During her testimony, A.H. 

stated that Father has no “humor” and is “mean sometimes.” When asked 

whether she missed Father, A.H. responded “not really.”

C.J., who was six years old, testified that Father and K.H. fought and 

sometimes those fights included hitting. In addition, she had seen her 

mother, S.F., and Father fight, and their fights involved yelling. C.J. also 
5

stated that she knew what alcohol was, Father drank alcohol, and Father 

became drunk. She described Father as being “normal” after he was “done 

getting drunk,” but every time he “gets drugs, they get crazy again.”1 

Father did not testify. He called K.H., but he did not ask her about 

domestic violence in the home. Father also called his mother, who testified 

that she had not witnessed domestic violence or substance abuse in Father’s

home. 

On December 5, 2022, after taking the matter under advisement, the 

trial court issued its first order on the Petitions for Dependency (“the 

December 5th Order”). In that order, the court explained that DCF had to 

show that Father “actually abused or neglected the children.” It then 

described the manner in which A.H. and C.J. were questioned during the 

hearing, and concluded that that procedure deprived it of the ability to 

accurately assess the child witnesses’ credibility. Accordingly, the trial court 

concluded as follows:

While it is true that there was testimony that [Father] 

was mean, that [Father] drinks and gets crazy and 

has hit [K.H.] before, the Court was not able to 

determine the credibility of that testimony. The Court 

cannot base a decision on testimony that was not 

and could not be judged for its credibility. 

Accordingly, a credible basis for the testimony cannot 

1 It is unclear whether C.J. meant “drugs” or “drunk” in this answer. 
6

be concluded and, therefore, [DCF] has not proven 

abuse or neglect by a preponderance of the 

evidence.

The December 5th Order also found that there was no evidence showing 

that a home study for Father had been completed. Therefore, the trial court 

ordered that the parties appear for a new hearing so that it could reconsider 

the home study issue. 

DCF filed a motion for rehearing, arguing that the trial court applied the 

wrong standard when it required that DCF prove actual harm. It also argued 

that the trial court erred in refusing to the assess the credibility of the child 

witnesses when their testimony was uncontroverted and in failing to rule on 

the allegations related to section 39.01(14)(e).

At the reconvened hearing, DCF asked the trial court under which 

authority it was proceeding. DCF argued that the adjudicatory hearing had 

already taken place and all parties had rested their cases. The trial court 

responded that it was reopening the case based on the “inherent power of 

the Court.” 

Thereafter, Father attempted to testify. Ultimately, the trial court 

questioned Father, during which time he testified that two DCF employees 

came to his house and asked him questions, took pictures, and gave him a 

drug test. He also filled out some paperwork and signed some documents. 
7

Father acknowledged that he was not fingerprinted during that visit and he 

never received a paper copy of a home study. However, the DCF employees 

told him that he would be approved. Later, when DCF inquired whether 

Father had rested his case, the trial court responded: “Yes.” 

DCF called a dependency case manager supervisor who was assigned 

to Father’s case. She testified that she reviewed Father’s file and she looked 

in the computer system that held all of the case notes associated with the

case. She stated that there were home studies conducted in this case, but 

there were no home studies for Father. 

After DCF presented its evidence, the trial court sua sponte asked 

Father more questions about the two DCF employees who had visited him. 

The trial court asked DCF if it wished to subpoena those witnesses. DCF 

declined to do so. In response, the trial court informed DCF that it was “going 

to lose without doing that.” DCF again declined to subpoena those 

witnesses.

After hearing DCF’s closing argument, the trial court orally denied 

DCF’s Petition for Dependency as to Father and its motion for rehearing from 

the December 5th Order. On December 19, 2022, the trial court entered an 

order denying the Petitions for Dependency and the Motion for Rehearing 

(“the December 19th Order”) without elaboration.
8

DCF again moved for rehearing, arguing, inter alia, that the trial court 

erred in sua sponte reconvening the parties after they had rested and had 

not moved to reopen the evidence. DCF also argued that the trial court 

violated its due process rights by reopening the case and actively taking part 

in the litigation by questioning Father. The trial court denied DCF’s second 

motion for rehearing. 

DCF and the GAL timely appealed the December 5th Order and the 

December 19th Order. They raise a number of issues on appeal, three of 

which merit discussion. We address those arguments below.

Refusal to Assess Credibility of Child Witnesses

DCF and the GAL argue that the trial court erred in refusing to assess 

the credibility of A.H. and C.J. while conducting the in-camera examination. 

Florida Rule of Juvenile Procedure 8.255(d)(2)(A) provides that “[o]n motion 

and hearing, the child may be examined by the court outside the presence 

of other parties as provided by law. The court shall assure that proceedings 

are recorded, unless otherwise stipulated by the parties.” 

It is axiomatic that if a trial judge conducts an in-camera examination 

of a child under this rule, it must assess that child’s credibility as part of that 

examination. Otherwise, the procedure would be pointless. Here, the trial 
9

court agreed to examine two child witnesses in camera, but after questioning 

the witnesses, it erroneously refused to assess their credibility and denied 

DCF’s Petitions for Dependency due to its inability to assess the child 

witnesses’ credibility. This error requires reversal.

In addition, by refusing to assess the child witnesses’ credibility, the 

trial court rejected testimony that was uncontroverted. “[W]here the 

testimony on the pivotal issues of fact is not contradicted or impeached in 

any respect, and no conflicting evidence is introduced, these statements of 

fact can not be wholly disregarded or arbitrarily rejected.” Guardian ad Litem 

Program v. K.H., 276 So. 3d 897, 902 n.2 (Fla. 3d DCA 2019) (quoting 

Duncanson v. Serv. First, Inc., 157 So. 2d 696, 699 (Fla. 3d DCA 1963));

State v. Fernandez, 526 So. 2d 192, 193 (Fla. 3d DCA 1988).

A.H. and C.J. were the only witnesses who testified about living in 

Father’s home. More specifically, C.J. was the only witness who observed 

Father arguing with K.H. and S.F., and who testified that those arguments 

included hitting and yelling. C.J. was also the only witness to describe Father 

when he drank alcohol and was drunk, which she described as “crazy.” No 

other witnesses contradicted that testimony. Because A.H. and C.J. 

provided testimony that was not impeached, discredited, contradicted by 

other witnesses who testified during the hearing, internally inconsistent, or 
10

physically impossible, the trial court additionally erred when it refused to 

accept the evidence as true. See K.H., 276 So. 3d at 902 n.2; Fernandez, 

526 So. 2d at 193. This error also requires reversal. 

The Trial Judge’s Reliance on Outdated Law

DCF and the GAL additionally argue that the trial court relied on 

outdated law when it required that DCF prove “actual harm” or “actual abuse” 

by Father to prove the allegations in the Petitions for Dependency. We 

agree.

After a petition for dependency is filed, an adjudicatory hearing shall 

be held as soon as practicable. § 39.507(1)(a), Fla. Stat. (2022). “For as long 

as a court maintains jurisdiction over a dependency case, only one order 

adjudicating each child in the case dependent shall be entered.” § 

39.507(7)(a), Fla. Stat. That “order establishes the legal status of the child 

for purposes of proceedings under this chapter and may be based on the 

conduct of one parent, both parents, or a legal custodian.” § 39.507(7)(a), 

Fla. Stat. When a court has determined that a child is dependent as to one 

parent and a second parent has been served and brought into the 

proceeding, section 39.507(7)(b), Florida Statutes (2022), applies. That 

statute provides, in relevant part:
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If a second parent is served and brought into the 

proceeding after the adjudication and if an 

evidentiary hearing for the second parent is 

conducted, the court shall supplement the 

adjudicatory order, disposition order, and the case 

plan, as necessary. The petitioner is not required 

to prove actual harm or actual abuse by the 

second parent in order for the court to make 

supplemental findings regarding the conduct of 

the second parent.

§ 39.507(7)(b), Fla. Stat. (emphasis added).

In the December 5th Order, the trial court stated that DCF must show 

that Father “actually abused or neglected the children.” As support for this 

statement, the trial court cited to J.L. v. Department of Children & Families, 

87 So. 3d 54 (Fla. 5th DCA 2012). 

However, in 2017, section 39.507(7)(b) was amended to specifically 

state that the “petitioner is not required to prove actual harm or actual abuse 

by the second parent in order for the court to make supplemental findings 

regarding the conduct of the second parent.” Ch. 2017-151, § 10, Laws of 

Fla.; see In Interest of E.T., 268 So. 3d 821, 825–26 (Fla. 2d DCA 2019) 

(discussing 2017 amendment to section 39.507(7)(b) and explaining that 

DCF is not required to prove actual harm or actual abuse in order for the 

court to make supplemental findings regarding the conduct of the second 

parent).
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It is clear from the plain language of section 39.507(7)(b) that, after 

2017, DCF is not required to prove actual harm or actual abuse in order to 

obtain a supplemental adjudication of dependency against a second parent. 

Thus, the trial court erred in relying on J.L. and in requiring that DCF prove 

actual harm or actual abuse. Consequently, because the trial court applied 

an incorrect legal standard when it entered the December 5th Order, we 

reverse and remand for a new hearing so that the trial court can reconsider 

its decision and apply the correct standard. See Thompson v. Douds, 852 

So. 2d 299, 305 (Fla. 2d DCA 2003) (“Usually when a trial court applies the 

incorrect legal standard, we reverse and remand for a new hearing at which 

the trial court must reconsider its decision in light of the proper legal 

standard.”).

The Trial Judge’s Lack of Neutrality

DCF and the GAL also argue that the trial judge gave the appearance 

of partiality when it reopened the adjudicatory hearing after the parties had 

rested for the express purpose of allowing additional testimony on the home 

study issue. They further argue that the trial judge overstepped the bounds 

of impartiality when he became overly involved in the hearing.

A trial judge is prohibited “from stepping away from the appearance of 

neutrality to become an advocate for either party.” Evans v. State, 831 So. 
13

2d 808, 811 (Fla. 4th DCA 2002). However, the rule that a trial judge remain 

neutral does not prohibit “a judge from asking questions designed to make 

previously received ambiguous testimony clear.” Sears v. State, 889 So. 2d 

956, 959 (Fla. 5th DCA 2004). Although a trial judge is permitted to ask 

questions to clarify ambiguities, he departs from a position of neutrality when 

he supplies essential elements in a parties’ case and when he “sua sponte 

orders the production of evidence” that a party never sought to offer. 

McFadden v. State, 732 So. 2d 1180, 1185 (Fla. 4th DCA 1999) (quoting J.F. 

v. State, 718 So. 2d 251, 252 (Fla. 4th DCA 1998)). A trial judge’s failure to 

remain neutral during a proceeding is a due process violation that requires 

reversal. Sparks v. State, 740 So. 2d 33, 36 (Fla. 1st DCA 1999).

In this case, two witnesses provided uncontroverted evidence that they 

were unable to perform home studies on Father because of his belligerent 

and threatening behavior toward them. However, in the December 5th 

Order, the trial judge appeared to imply that DCF was responsible for failing 

to conduct a home study and then it sua sponte reopened the adjudicatory 

hearing to consider whether there was evidence of a home study on Father. 

Neither party requested that he do so and DCF questioned the basis for the 

trial court reopening the hearing at the reconvened hearing. As DCF and the 

GAL argue, the trial judge’s decision to allow Father an opportunity to present 
14

evidence on the home study issue gave the appearance of partiality in favor 

of Father and deprived DCF of its right to a neutral judge. See In re T.W., 

846 So. 2d 581, 582 (Fla. 2d DCA 2003) (explaining that “the trial judge gave 

the appearance of partiality by sua sponte reopening the case after all parties 

had rested and he had commented that the trial was concluded,” which 

deprived the parents of their right to an impartial magistrate).

The trial judge additionally erred by failing to remain neutral at the 

reconvened hearing. The trial judge’s actions at the reconvened hearing 

went far beyond asking questions to clarify ambiguous testimony. Instead, 

the trial judge conducted Father’s entire direct examination and rested 

Father’s case, thereby essentially acting as his attorney. The trial judge’s 

comments to DCF also suggested that he had already determined the 

outcome of the case before the close of the evidence. Thus, the trial judge’s 

collective actions of reopening the evidence and actively participating in the 

reconvened hearing gave the appearance of partiality in favor of Father, 

which violated DCF’s due process rights. See Sparks, 740 So. 2d at 37 

(reversing where trial judge failed to remain neutral and assumed the role of 

prosecutor); McFadden, 732 So. 2d at 1183 (“Simply stated, the trial judge’s 

conduct crossed the line of ostensible neutrality and impartiality and 

operated to deny the defendant essential due process by depriving him of 
15

the appearance of an unbiased magistrate and an impartial trier of fact.”); 

see also Dep’t of Child. & Fams. v. B.Y., 260 So. 3d 438, 439–40 (Fla. 5th 

DCA 2018) (recognizing that procedures in dependency cases must comply 

with due process principles and the trial court’s actions violated DCF’s and 

the child’s due process rights). The cumulative effect of the court’s actions 

below demonstrates error that requires reversal and remand for a new 

adjudicatory hearing before a different judge. See In re T.W., 846 So. 2d at 

582.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the trial court committed a number of errors below. 

Therefore, we reverse the orders denying the Petitions for Dependency and 

remand for a new hearing in front of a different judge.2

REVERSED AND REMANDED WITH INSTRUCTIONS.

BOATWRIGHT and MACIVER, JJ., concur.

2 We also agree with DCF and the GAL that the trial court erred when 

it failed to determine whether a home study had been completed for Father. 

On remand, the trial court must make findings of fact related to that issue.