UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT

________________ _________________ FRANK LUIS CAYETANO-CASTILLO, Petitioner,

v. LORETTA E. LYNCH, United States Attorney General, Respondent. No. 15-9503 (Petition for Review)

________________ _________________ ORDER AND JUDGMENT *

________________ _________________ Before HARTZ , PORFILIO , and PHILLIPS , Circuit Judges.

________________ _________________ Frank Luis Cayetano-Castillo, a native a nd citizen of Peru, seeks review of a decision by the Board of Immigration App eals (BIA) upholding the denial of his applications for asylum, rest riction on removal, relief under the Convention Against Torture (CAT), and administrative closure. We dismiss the challenges regarding asylum and administrative closure for lack of jurisdiction and deny the remainder of the petition.

* After examining the briefs and appellate record, th is panel has determined unanimously to honor the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore submitted without oral argument. This or der and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the ca se, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. But it may be cited for it s persuasive value. See Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 ; 10th Cir. R. 32.1. FILED United States Court of Appeals Tenth Circuit 

### October 27, 2015
Elisabeth A. Shumaker Clerk of Court2 B ACKGROUND Cayetano entered the United States in 2000 without admission or inspection. In 2008 the Department of Homeland S ecurity (DHS) charged him with being removable. He conceded the charge before an immigration judge (IJ), and in 2009 he submitted an application for asylum, wit hholding of removal, and CAT protection. At his hearing in April 2013, Cayetano stated that he did not seek asylum earlier because he “had no information about this possibility and [he was] very, very afraid to go back to [Peru] fo r fear to be murdered.” R. at 189. He testified that his fear stemmed from his problems with the “Apocalypse” gang in Peru. Id. at 172. According to Cayetano, Apocalypse gang me mbers twice tried to rob him and “they insulted [him and his family] with racial comments.” Id. at 175. He claimed that the gang members were able to identify where he was from “because of the color of [his] skin” and because “people from the h ills” have a diff erent accent. Id. at 176. He conceded, however, that he was born in Li ma and had lived there “[a]lmost [his] whole life.” Id. at 193. Cayetano provided the following account of one sequence of attacks by the Apocalypse gang. While in Lima with his mo ther in January 2000, four or five gang members robbed them and tried to rape he r. He fought back, stabbing one of the assailants in the neck w ith some house keys. While the gang members were attending to their fallen associate, Cayeta no and his mother escaped. But several hours later the gang members broke into his home and beat, knifed, and shot him. He was hospitalized for three days and soon af terwards fled the country. His father3 contacted the police, but the resulting police report—which indicated he “was threatened by two . . . construc tion masons because . . . [he] tried to inva de, trespass in the territory”—was fabricated by police to protect the gang. Id. at 186. Cayetano further stated that after he le ft Peru the gang members threatened his parents. As recently as five months before the hearing (and more than a decade after he left Peru), gang members purportedly br oke into his family’s home and told his parents “that if [he] ever return[ed] to Peru [he] was going to be murdered” along with “the rest of [his] family.” Id. at 183. His parents did not report the threat to police and he testified that he was unable to obtain any evidence to support the recent threat because he was unde rgoing cancer treatment. Cayetano sought asylum a nd withholding of removal on the ground that he had been persecuted as a member of a social group of “[i] ndividuals from the Peruvian countryside [who] have relocated to the c ity of Lima [and] who have retaliated against the Apocalypse gang.” R. at 167. He also requested CAT protection. And he sought administrative closure to provide time for him to deal with his health if he was unable to obtain other relief. The IJ denied all relief and the BIA upheld the decision. First, the BIA concluded that Cayeta no’s asylum application was untimel y as he had failed to file within one year of arriving in the Unite d States and had not shown changed or extraordinary circumstan ces to excuse the late filing. Second, it rejected restriction on removal because he had failed to show (1) that he belonged to a cognizable particular social group, (2 ) that the Apocalypse gang ta rgeted him because of his4 membership in any social group, or (3) that Peruvian authorities were unable or unwilling to protect him. 1 Third, it denied CAT protec tion because he had not shown that he was tortured in Peru or that th e Peruvian government would instigate or acquiesce in his torture by a private group. And fourth, it concluded that the IJ had properly exercised her judgment in finding administrative closure inappropriate.
D ISCUSSION I. Standards of Review A single member of the BIA affirmed th e IJ’s decision in a brief order. We review the BIA’s decision, but “we are not precluded from consulting the IJ’s more complete explanation of those same grounds.” Uanreroro v. Gonzales , 443 F.3d 1197, 1204 (10th Cir. 2006). “We review the BIA’s legal determinations de novo and its findings of fact fo r substantial evidence.” Dallakoti v. Holder , 619 F.3d 1264, 1267 (10th Cir. 2010). Under the substantia l-evidence standard, factual findings are “conclusive unless any reasonabl e adjudicator would be comp elled to conclude to the contrary.” Ritonga v. Holder , 633 F.3d 971, 974 (10th Cir. 2011) (internal quotation marks omitted). II. Asylum An alien must apply for asylum with in one year of arriving in the United States. See 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(2)(B). A late application may be considered,

1 The BIA determined that Cayetano’s restriction-on-removal claim failed on the additional ground that he had not provid ed sufficient corrobora tive evidence. The government concedes that this determinat ion was erroneous in part, but argues that the error was harmless. We agre e on harmlessness because Cayetano’s restriction-on-removal claim fails on independent alternative grounds.5 however, if the alien demonstrates “extraor dinary circumstances relating to the delay in filing an application.” Id. § 1158(a)(2)(D). Cayetano asserts that we must remand to the BIA to consider whether his anxiety disorder, which “resu lt[ed] from the b eating he was subjected to in January of 2000, constitutes . . . an extrao rdinary circumstance.” Pet’ r’s Br. at 20. But both the IJ and the BIA rejected this attempt to avoid the time bar, and we cannot review their decision. Under 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(3 ) we ordinarily lack “j urisdiction to review a decision regarding whether an alien es tablished changed or extraordinary circumstances that would excu se [his] untimely filing.” Ferry v. Gonzales , 457 F.3d 1117, 1130 (10th Cir. 2006) (internal quotation marks omitted). Although there are exceptions to this ju risdictional bar for constitutional claims and ques tions of law,

see 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(D), neither of th ose exceptions applies in this case. Cayetano’s challenge is “directed solely at the agency’s discretionary and factual determinations” and “remain[ s] outside of the scope of judicial review.” Ferry , 457 F.3d at 1130 (10th Cir. 200 6) (internal quotation marks omitted). We therefore dismiss this part of Cayetano’s petition for lack of jurisdiction. III. Restriction on Removal “Generally speaking, an alien may not be removed to a particular country if he or she can establish a clear probability of persecution in that country on the basis of race, religion, nationality, me mbership in a particular social group, or political opinion.” Elzour v. Ashcroft , 378 F.3d 1143, 1149 (10th Cir. 2004).6 An alien may create a rebuttable presump tion of eligibility for restriction on removal by either (1) demonstrating past persecution in the proposed country of removal on account of one of the protected gro unds[ ]; or (2) showing that it is more likely than no t that the alien would be subject to persecution on one of the specified gro unds upon returning to the proposed country of removal[.] Sidabutar v. Gonzales , 503 F.3d 1116, 1123-24 (10t h Cir. 2007) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). Cayetano argues that the BIA erred in c oncluding that he did not belong to a cognizable particul ar social group. 2 We disagree. For an alien to belong to such a group, the group must be “s ocially distinct” and not “inde terminate[,] too subjective, inchoate, and variable.” Rodas-Orellana v. Holder , 780 F.3d 982, 990-91 (10th Cir. 2015). The BIA properly determined that Cayetano’s propos ed social group— “[i]ndividuals from the Peruvian countryside [w ho] have relocated to the city of Lima [and] who have retaliated against the A pocalypse gang,” R. at 167—is not socially distinct. A set of traits defines a socially distinct group if “citizens of the applicant’s country would consider individuals with the pertinent trait[s] to constitute a distinct social group” and “the applicant’s community is capable of identifying an individual as belonging to the group.” Rodas-Orellana , 780 F.3d at 991 (internal quotation

2 The government argues that we s hould “apply the substantial evidence standard of review to the question of wh ether a proposed social group is cognizable in a particular case.” Resp. Br. at 19 n.3. It recognizes, however, that in Cruz-Funez v. Gonzales , 406 F.3d 1187, 1191 (10th Cir. 2005) , this court prescribed de novo review of an issue in this context. To re solve this case we need not decide to what extent the social-gro up determination may be fact- bound and reviewed under a more deferential standard.7 marks omitted) . Cayetano has not pointed to a ny evidence that Peruvian society considers residents of Lima who relocated from the countryside a nd retaliated against the Apocalypse gang to be a distinct social group. Nor has he indicated how an individual with those traits would “be potentially identifiable by members of the community.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). At most, he has shown that his family would be identifiabl e as being “from the Peruvi an countryside” because of their “accent and skin color.” Pet’r’s Br. at 33. But he does not explain how his retaliation against the gang woul d be identifiable or how he would fit into his claimed social group given his testimony that he wa s born in Lima and had lived there most of his life. Further, the IJ and BIA properly found that Cayetano had not shown that the Apocalypse gang targeted him because he be longed to any particul ar social group. See Niang v. Gonzales , 422 F.3d 1187, 1200 (10th Cir. 2005) (“For persecution to be ‘on account of’ membership in a social group, the victim’s protected characteristic must be central to the persecutor’s deci sion to act against the victim.”). His testimony indicates that the gang’s princi pal motivation was crim inal profit. He testified that the gang robbe d him on several occasions, atte mpted to rape his mother, and then attempted to murder him for injuring a gang member . Nothing in the record suggests that these crimes we re motivated by Cayetano’s membership in any social
group. See R. at 319 (“Peru is said to have one of the highest reported crime rates in Latin America” with “a crime occur[ing] ever y three minutes in th e city of Lima.”); id. at 331 (“[T]here are several gangs operati ng in Lima which study and choose their8 ‘marks’ at banks and outside financial establishments.”); id. at 335 (“Crime . . . has been an ongoing issue in Lima . . . .”). We affirm the denial of restriction on removal. IV. The CAT To be eligible for protection under the CAT, an alien must show “that it is more likely than not that he . . . would be tortured if removed to that country.” Elzour , 378 F.3d at 1150. The anticipated to rture must be “inflicted by or at the instigation of or with the consent or acqui escence of a public offi cial or other person acting in an official capacity .” 8 C.F.R. § 1208.18(a)(1). The BIA determined that Cayetano faile d to “establish that he was tortured in Peru or that the Peruvian government will instigate or acquiesce to [Cayetano’s] being . . . torture[d] by any pr ivate person or group.” R. at 6. He now contends that his case must be remanded for the agency “to discuss whether the beating” by the Apocalypse gang constituted torture. Pet’r’s Br. at 44. We reject this contention on two groun ds. First, Cayeta no did not argue on appeal to the BIA that his beating rose to the level of torture; indeed, he did not advance any CAT claim before the BIA. Or dinarily, arguments not raised before the BIA are waived for failure to exhaust. See Tulengkey v. Gonzales , 425 F.3d 1277, 1279 n.1 (10th Cir. 2005). Second, even if we overlook the waiver because the BIA generally addressed the CAT claim, see Sidabutar , 503 F.3d at 1122, and even if we assume that the beating constituted torture, Ca yetano still failed to establis h an essential element of9 his CAT claim. He must show that the Pe ruvian government would more than likely consent or acquiesce in his future tortur e by the Apocalypse gang. He cites only his testimony that after his father told police about the bea ting, the police prepared a “report [that was] completely fa lse . . . to protect the[ ] crim inals.” R. at 184. The IJ found this testimony insufficien t to show a likelihood of fu ture torture acquiesced in by the government, and the BIA determined that the record supported the IJ’s finding. We cannot say that the IJ and BIA were unreasonable in being unpersuaded by Cayetano’s evidence. See Sidabutar , 503 F.3d at 1122 (“Ag ency findings of fact are conclusive unless the reco rd demonstrates that any reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to the contra ry.” (internal quotati on marks omitted)). V. Administrative Closure “Administrative closure is a procedural tool created for the convenience of the Immigration Courts and the Board.” Matter of Avetisyan , 25 I. & N. Dec. 688, 690 (BIA 2012). It “is used to temporarily remove a case from an [IJ’s] active calendar or from the Board’s docket . . . to await an action or event that is relevant to immigration proceedings but is outside the control of the parties or the court and may not occur for a significant or und etermined period of time.” Id. at 692. Cayetano argues that the IJ and BIA abused their di scretion by not administratively closing the case so he could remain in the United Stat es under the supervision of a doctor for one more year “to establish that his hea lth is stable.” Pet’r’s Br. at 47. The BIA has offered the following standa rds to judge the appropriateness of administrative closure:10 [I]t is appropriate for an [IJ] or the [BIA] to weigh all relevant factors presented in the case, including bu t not limited to: (1) the reason administrative closure is sought; (2) the basis for any opposition to administrative closure; (3) the like lihood the respondent will succeed on any petition, application, or other action he or she is pursuing outside of removal proceedings; (4) the anticipated duration of the closure; (5) the responsibility of either party, if any, in contributing to any current or anticipated delay; and (6) the ultimat e outcome of removal proceedings (for example, termination of the proceedings or entry of a removal order) when the case is recalendared before the [IJ] or the appeal is reinstated before the [BIA]. Avetisyan , 25 I. & N. Dec. at 696. Further, it sa ys that closure is not appropriate for “an event or action that may or may not affe ct the course of an alien’s immigration proceedings.” Id. The decision to deny administrative cl osure would appear to be in keeping with these criteria, particular ly in light of the irrelevan ce of Cayetano’s health to his immigration case and the long delays that ha d already occurred in the case. But we do not resolve that issue. The government argues that we have no jurisdiction to review the denial of closure because there are no meaningful standards to review the agency action. This question ha s divided our fellow circuits. Compare Hernandez v. Holder , 606 F.3d 900, 904 (8th Cir. 2010) (there is no meaningf ul standard of review to judge the agency’s action); Diaz-Covarrubias v. Mukasey , 551 F.3d 1114, 1117 (9th Cir. 2009) (same), with Vahora v. Holder , 626 F.3d 907, 918–19 (7th Cir. 2010) (denial of administrative clos ure is “most closely akin” to the denial of a continuance and should be reviewed for abuse of discretion); Cantu-Delgadillo v. Holder , 584 F.3d 682, 686 (5th Cir. 2009) (reviewi ng denial of administrative closure); Garza-Moreno v. Gonzales , 489 F.3d 239, 242-43 (6th Cir. 2007) (same).11 On some future occasion th is court may need to ex amine this jurisdictional issue carefully. But Cayetano apparently thinks it wa s not worth his effort to respond on the matter in a reply brief, perhaps b ecause of a sense that his position on the merits (assuming we had jurisdiction to address them) was so weak. In that circumstance, we are not required to do his work for him and dissect the government’s plausible argument. We agre e with the Seventh Circuit that “[w]hen an appellee advances an alternative ground for upholding a ruling by the [lower tribunal], and the appellant does not respond in his reply brief . . . , he [does not] concede[] the correctness of the ruling . . . [,] [b]ut he waives, as a practical matter anyway, any objections not obvious to the court to specific points urged by the appellee.” Hardy v. City Optical Inc. , 39 F.3d 765, 771 (7th Cir. 1994); see also In re FCC 11-161 , 753 F.3d 1015, 1100-01 (10th Cir. 2014) (rejecting appellant’s argument when its reply brief does not address appellee’s counterargument), cert. denied , 135 S. Ct. 2050, and cert. denied , 135 S. Ct. 2072 (2015); Velazquez-Perez v. Developers Diversified Realty Corp. , 753 F.3d 265, 278-79 (1st Cir. 2014) (employment-retaliation claim waived where plaintiff failed to address in his opening brief or file a reply brie f addressing the employer’s ar gument against the claim); Bonte v. U.S. Bank, N.A. , 624 F.3d 461, 466 (7th Cir. 20 10) (failure of plaintiffs to file a reply brief addressing defendant’s argument amounted to a concession that their claim was meritless); City of Olmsted Falls v. Fed. Aviation Admin. , 292 F.3d 261, 274 (D.C. Cir. 2002) (dismissing plaintiff’s claim as jurisdicti onally barred where plaintiff failed to respond in its reply brie f to an allegation of waiver). We will12 accept the government’s juri sdictional argument for the purposes of this case and dismiss the administrative-closure claim for lack of jurisdiction. 3
C ONCLUSION The petition for review is dismissed to the extent it concerns asylum and administrative closure, and it is denied in all other respects.

Entered for the Court

Harris L Hartz Circuit Judge

3 Of course, before exercising jurisdic tion and addressing the merits, we would have to independently examine and determine our jurisdiction.