IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 23-0746

Filed August 9, 2023

IN THE INTEREST OF C.A., C.A., M.A., and L.N.,

Minor Children,

S.T., Mother,

Appellant.

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Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Benton County, Carrie K. Bryner, 

District Associate Judge.

A mother appeals the termination of her parental rights. AFFIRMED.

Alexander S. Momany of Howes Law Firm, P.C., Cedar Rapids, for 

appellant mother.

Brenna Bird, Attorney General, and Tamara Knight, Assistant Attorney 

General, for appellee State.

Rebecca Williams, Cedar Rapids, attorney and guardian ad litem for minor 

children.

Considered by Tabor, P.J., and Ahlers and Buller, JJ.
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BULLER, Judge.

A mother appeals the termination of her parental rights to her four children, 

arguing the State did not prove the statutory elements of termination, the State did 

not provide reasonable efforts at reunification, she should receive an extension of 

time to work toward reunification, and a permissive exception should preclude 

termination. We reject each argument and affirm the juvenile court.

I. Background Facts & Proceedings

The mother’s four children—C.A. (born 2012), C.A. (born 2013), M.A. (born 

2015), and L.N. (born 2016)—came to the attention of the Iowa Department of 

Health and Human Services (HHS) in August 2021, after the agency received 

reports that the mother and her paramour were using methamphetamine in the 

presence of the children. The mother initially refused to allow her children to be 

drug tested but, after the children were removed from the mother in November 

2021, three of the children tested positive for methamphetamine. All of the children 

were initially placed with their maternal grandmother, but one was later moved to 

foster care due to behavioral issues. 

The fathers of the children were rarely involved with reunification services

and almost never visited their children throughout the lifetime of the case. The 

mother engaged with some services offered but did not make meaningful progress 

with any of them. The mother missed almost every drug test offered since removal, 

she never meaningfully engaged in substance-abuse treatment, and she admitted 

to using methamphetamine and marijuana up to the termination hearing.

HHS also offered the mother visits with her children, but she rarely utilized 

them, visiting her children 24 out of a possible 112 times. Social workers tried to 
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facilitate visits for the mother, working around her schedule and offering to give her 

gas cards or drive her, but the mother refused to cooperate or take advantage of 

these opportunities. 

This lack of cooperation with HHS extended past visits with the children, as 

the mother also refused to provide updates on housing and employment, which 

led HHS to believe the mother was homeless. Only during the termination hearing 

did the mother explain that she was living with a paramour not approved by the 

agency to be around the children. 

Based on this lack of progress from any parent, the State petitioned to 

terminate the mother’s and fathers’ parental rights in October 2022, which then 

proceeded to hearing in January 2023. In April 2023, the juvenile court issued an 

order terminating the parents’ rights. Only the mother appeals.

II. Standard of Review

We review termination-of-parental-rights proceedings de novo. In re 

D.W., 791 N.W.2d 703, 707 (Iowa 2010). “[W]e may affirm the juvenile court’s 

termination order on any ground that we find supported by clear and convincing 

evidence.” Id.

III. Discussion

On appeal, the mother argues the State did not prove the statutory elements 

of termination, the State did not provide reasonable efforts at reunification, she 

should have received an extension of time to work toward reunification, and a 

permissive exception should preclude termination. We reject all of these 

arguments. 
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The mother first contests whether the State proved the statutory elements 

of termination, namely whether the State demonstrated that her children could not 

be safely returned to her at the time of the termination hearing. See Iowa Code 

§ 232.116(1)(f) (2022). On review, we find they could not be safely returned. 

Throughout the case, the mother never meaningfully addressed her drug 

addictions and failed to make significant progress at any treatment program she 

entered. We presume her numerous no-shows for testing would have returned 

positive results, and the mother admitted to using methamphetamine and 

marijuana up until the termination hearing. See In re R.A., No. 21-0746, 2021 

WL 4891011, at *1 (Iowa Ct. App. Oct. 20, 2021) (“[The parent] missed several 

drug tests over the life of this case. We presume these missed tests would have 

been positive for illegal substances.”). These unrelenting drug addictions, which 

persisted through the time of termination, are enough to show the children could 

not be safely returned to their mother. See State v. Petithory, 702 N.W.2d 854, 

859 (Iowa 2005) (“What parent among us would entrust a three-year old to a meth 

addict? No right thinking parent would do so, because of the dangers and 

hazards.”). 

In addition to these issues with controlled substances, the mother was 

unable to secure stable housing, she lived with a paramour not approved to be 

around her children, and she never showed a consistent interest in being with her

children. These factors further convince us that the children could not be safely 

returned at the time of the termination hearing. 

Second, the mother complains that HHS failed to provide reasonable efforts 

to reunify her with her children. In re C.B., 611 N.W.2d 489, 493 (Iowa 2000); see 
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Iowa Code § 232.116(1)(f). We find this allegation unfounded. Throughout the 

proceedings, HHS provided the mother with assistance to visits, mental-health 

services, and substance-abuse services. HHS provided reasonable efforts, and 

we affirm the juvenile court on this issue.

Third, the mother requests a six-month extension of time to work toward 

reunification. See Iowa Code § 232.104(2)(b). We reject this request. The mother 

showed little lasting improvement over the course of proceedings, and her past 

conduct suggests that her situation would not meaningfully change over an 

additional six months. See In re W.T., 967 N.W.2d 315, 323 (Iowa 2021) (“[T]he 

juvenile court may deny termination and give the parent an additional six months 

for reunification only if the need for removal ‘will no longer exist at the end of 

additional six-month period.’” (quoting Iowa Code § 232.104(2)(b))); In re C.K., 558 

N.W.2d 170, 172 (Iowa 1997) (“[T]he parents’ past performance ... may indicate 

the quality of care the parent is capable of providing in the future.”). The children 

could not be returned to their mother at the time of the termination hearing, and we 

are convinced they could not be returned to their mother within six months either. 

Last, we decline to apply any permissive exceptions to termination. See 

Iowa Code § 232.116(3). The mother bears the burden to prove the application of 

any exception. In re A.S., 906 N.W.2d 467, 476 (Iowa 2018). She argues for the 

application of an exception based on a relative’s legal custody of the children and 

based on the closeness of the parent-child relationship. See Iowa Code 

§ 232.116(3)(a), (c). We reject both arguments. The first requested exception is 

inapplicable, as HHS held legal custody of the children at termination. In re 

A.B., 956 N.W.2d 162, 170 (Iowa 2021) (“[T]his exception can come into play only 
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when a relative has ‘legal custody.’” (citing Iowa Code 232.116(3)(a))). The 

mother’s second argument does not persuade us either. When determining 

whether to apply this exception, “our consideration must center on whether the 

child[ren] will be disadvantaged by termination, and whether the disadvantage 

overcomes [the parent’s] inability to provide for [the children’s] developing needs.” 

D.W., 791 N.W.2d at 709. While the mother has a bond with her children, the 

children have been placed in safe and stable environments where they can mature 

and grow, and these benefits of safety, stability, and growth far outweigh the 

potential disadvantages of termination. We affirm the termination of parental 

rights.

AFFIRMED.