CHAPTER 3. MAR KET AND TECHNOLOGY A SSESSMENT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

3.1 INTRODUCTION

................................ ................................ ................................................ 3-1 3.2 EQUIPMENT DEFINITION S

................................ ............................................................ 3-1 3. 3 EQUIPMENT CLASSES

................................ ................................ .................................... 3-2 3.4 ENERGY USE METRIC AN D EQUIPMENT TEST PRO CEDURES

.......................... 3-4 3.5 MANUFACTURER TRADE G ROUPS

................................ ............................................ 3-4 3.6 MANUFACTURER INFORMA TION

................................ .............................................. 3-4 3.6.1 Manufacturers and Market Shares

................................ .......................................... 3-5 3.6.2 Small Businesses

................................ ................................ ...................................... 3-7 3.7 REGULATORY PROGRAMS

................................ ........................................................... 3-7 3.7.1 Current Federal Energy Conservation Standards

................................................... 3-8 3.7.2 ASHRAE Energy Conservation Standards for PTACs and PTHPs

..................... 3-8 3.7.3 State Energy Conservation Standards

................................ .................................... 3-9 3.7.4 Canadian Energy Conservation Standards

............................................................. 3-9 3.7.5 Mexican Energy Conservation Standards

............................................................ 3- 10 3.8 VOLUNTARY PROGRAMS

................................ ........................................................... 3- 10 3.8. 1 ENERGY STAR

................................ ................................ .................................... 3- 10 3.8.2 Rebate Programs

................................ ................................ .................................... 3- 11 3.9 SHIPMENTS

................................ ................................ ...................................................... 3- 12 3.9.1 Unit Shipments

................................ ................................ ....................................... 3- 12 3.9.2 Equipment Lifetime

................................ ............................................................... 3- 12 3.10 MARKET CHARACTERIZAT ION

................................ ................................................ 3- 13 3.11 TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMEN T

................................ ..................................................... 3- 16 3.11.1 Baseline Equipment Components and Operation

................................................ 3- 16 3.11.2 Technology Options

................................ .............................................................. 3- 16 3.11.3 Energy Efficiency

................................ ................................ .................................. 3- 17

LIST OF TABLES

Table 3.3.1 Existing Federal Equipment Classes for PTACs and PTHPs

................................... 3-3 Table 3.6.1 Large Manufacturers of Standard Size PTACs and PTHPs

...................................... 3-5 Table 3.6.2 Other Manufacturers of Standard Size PTACs and PTHPs

...................................... 3-5 Table 3.6.3 PTAC and PTHP Manufacturers AHRI Members

.................................................... 3-6 Table 3.6.4 PTAC and PTHP Manufacturers Non

- AHRI Members with AHRI Certified Equipment

................................ ................................ ................................ ......................................... 3-7 Table 3.7.1 Current Federal Energy Conservation Standards for PTACS and PTHPs

............... 3-8 Table 3.7.2 ASHRAE/IESNA/IES Standard 90.1

- 2013 Energy Efficiency Levels for PTACs and PTHPs

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................................ 3-9 Table 3.7.3 Canadian Energy Conservation Standards for PTACS and PTHPs

....................... 3- 10 Table 3.9.1 AHRI Estimated Shipment Data for PTAC and PTHP Industry (Standard and Non

Standard)

................................ ................................ ................................ ......................................... 3- 12

3-iTable 3.11.1 Potential Technology Options for Improving Energy Efficiency of PTACs and PTHPs

................................ ................................ ................................ .............................................. 3- 17

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 3.2.1 Number of Certified Standard Size PTAC Models by Cooling Capacity – 2013 AHRI Directory and Manufacturer Catalogs

................................ ................................................ 3- 13 Figure 3.2.2 Number of Certified Standard Size PTHP Models by Cooling Capacity – 2013 AHRI Directory and Manufacturer Catalogs

................................ ................................................ 3- 14 Figure 3.2.3 Non

- Standard Size PTAC Models by Cooling Capacity – 2013 AHRI Directory and Manufacturer Catalogs

................................ ................................ ................................................... 3- 15 Figure 3.2.4 Non

- Standard Size PTAC Models by Cooling Capacity – 2013 AHRI Directory and Manufacturer Catalogs

................................ ................................ ................................................... 3- 15 Figure 3.2.5 Standard Size PTAC EER versus Cooling Capacity – 2013 AHRI Directory

..... 3- 18 Figure 3.2.6 Standard Size PTHP EER versus Cooling Capacity – 2013 AHRI Directory

..... 3- 18 Figure 3.2.7 Non

- Standard Size PTAC EER versus Cooling Capacity – 2013 AHRI Directory and Manufacturers’ Catalogs

................................ ................................ ......................................... 3- 19 Figure 3.2.8 Non

- Standard Size PTHP EER versus Cooling Capacity – 2013 AHRI Directory and Manufacturers’ Catalogs

................................ ................................ ......................................... 3- 19 Figure 3.2.9 Standard Size PTHP COP versus Cooling Capacity – 2013 AHRI Directory

..... 3- 20 Figure 3.2.10 Non

- Standard Size PTHP COP versus Cooling Capacity – 2013 AHRI Directory and Other Publicly Available Data

................................ ................................ ................................ 3- 20

3- iiCH APTER 3

. MARKET AND TECHNOLOG Y ASSESSMENT

3.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter details the market and technology assessment that the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE ) ha s conducted i n support of the ongoing energy conservation standards rulemaking for packaged terminal air conditioners (PTACs) and packaged terminal heat pu mps (PTHPs). The goal of the assessment is to develop a qualitative and quantitative characterization of the PTAC and PTHP industry and market structure based on publicly available information and data and information submitted by manufacturers and other stakeholders. Publicly available information includes the equipment certification directory from the Air

- Conditioning , Heating, and Refrigeration Institute a (A H RI), as well as Current Industry Reports (CIR) from the U.S. Census Bureau.

This chapter firs t defines the PTAC and PTHP equipment that is the subject of this rulemaking (section 3.2 ), divides the equipment into equipment classes ( 3.3 ), describes the metrics and test procedures that are used to characterize PTAC and PTHP equipment ( 3.4 ). Next, the chapter defines the equipment producers by discussing trade groups ( 3.5 ), manufacturers and market shares ( 3.6 ), and the regulatory programs ( 3.7 ) and voluntary programs ( 3.8 ) to which they may adhere. Then the chapter describes the market by discussing shipment data ( 3.9 ), characterizing the market for different equipment types ( 3.10 ). The chapter closes with a technology assessment that presents a preliminary list of technologies ( referred to as technology options) that may improve the energy efficiency of PTACs and PTHPs.

3.2 EQUIPMENT DEFINITIONS

Section 340 of the Energy Policy and Conservation Act ( EPCA ) defines a “packaged terminal air conditioner” as “a wall sleeve and a separate unencased combination of heating and cooling assemblies specified by the builder and intended for mounting through the wall. It includes a prime source of refrigeration, separable outdoor louvers, forced ventilation, and heating availability by builder's choice of hot water, steam, or electricity.” (42 U.S.C. 6311(10)(A)) EPCA defines a “packaged terminal heat pump” as “a packaged terminal air conditioner that utilizes reverse cycle refrigeration as its prime heat source and should have

a The Air -Conditioning, Heating, and Refrigeration Institute (AHRI), for merly referred to as ARI, is the trade association representin g PTAC and PTHP manufacturers.

3-1supplementary hea t source available to builders with the choice of hot water, steam, or electric resistant heat.” (42 U.S.C. 6311(10)(B)) DOE codified these definitions in 10 CFR 431.92 in a final rule issued October 21, 2004. 69 FR 61970.

PTACs and PTHPs are self

- conta ined heating and air

- conditioning units encased inside a sleeve specifically designed to go through the exterior building wall. The basic design of a PTAC is comprised of a compressor, an evaporator, a condenser, a fan, and an enclosure. Basic PTHPs feat ure additional items to those found in PTACs, such as more sophisticated metering devices, a reversing valve, and more sophisticated controls. All manufacturers offer PTACs and PTHPs with supplemental heating, with some offering a variety of add

- on option s. PTACs and PTHPs are installed by inserting them into the wall sleeve and plugging them into an electrical outlet. They are primarily used to provide space conditioning for commercial facilities such as hotels and motels, assisted living facilities, ho spitals, apartments, dormitories, schools, and offices.

There is a wide variety of wall sleeve sizes found in different buildings. These wall sleeve size s are market driven (i.e., the applications or facilities where the PTACs or PTHPs are installed is wh at determines the “market standard” wall sleeve dimension) and require manufacturers to offer various PTACs and PTHPs that can fit into various wall sleeve dimensions. For new units, the industry has standardized the wall sleeve dimension for PTACs and PT HPs in buildings ove r the past 25 years to be 16 inches high by 42 inches wide. Therefore, units that have a wall sleeve dimension of 16 inches high or greater by 42 inches wide or greater are considered “standard size” equipment and all other units are considered “non

standard size” equipment. In contrast, the industry does not have a common wall sleeve dimension that is typical for all older existing facilities. These facilities, such as high

- rise buildings found in large cities, typically use non

- stan dard size equipment. In these installations, altering the existing wall sleeve opening to accommodate the more efficient, standard size equipment could include extensive structural changes to the building, could b e very costly, and is therefore rarely don e.

3.3 EQUIPMENT CLASSES

When evaluating and establishing energy conservation standards, DOE divides covered equipment into equipment classes by the type of energy used or by capacity or other performance

- related features that justify a different standard. In making a determination whether a performance

- related feature justifies a different standard, DOE considers such factors as the utility to the customer of the feature and other factors DOE determines are appropriate.

The current eq uipment classes as established in the final rule issu ed on October 7, 2008, d ivide PTAC and PTHP equipment into twelve equipment classes

. 73 FR 58772 (Oct ober 7, 2008) Equipment classes are based on whether the equipment is an air conditioner or heat pump, the cooling capacity, and the equipment’s wall sleeve dimensions, which fall into two categories:

s tandard size PTAC or PTHP equipment with wall sleeve dimensions greater than or equal to 16 inches high, or greater than or equal to 42 inches wide; and n on

- standard size PTAC or PTHP equipment with wall sleeve dimensions less than 16 inches hi gh and less than 42 inches wide. Table 3.3.1 shows the current equipment class structure.

3-2Table 3.3 .1 Existing Federal Equipment Classes for PTACs and PTHPs Equipment Class Equipment Category Cooling Capacity

PTAC Standard Size * <7,000 Btu/h ≥7,000 Btu/h and

≤15,000 Btu/h >15,000 Btu/h

Non

- Standard Size ** <7,000 Btu/h ≥7,000 Btu/h and

≤15,000 Btu/h >15,000 Btu/h

PTHP Standard Size * <7,000 Btu/h ≥7,000 Btu/h and

≤15,000 Btu/h >15,000 Btu/h

Non

- Standard Size ** <7,000 Btu/h ≥7,000 Btu/h and

≤15,000 Btu/h >15,000 Btu/h

* Standard size refers to PTAC or PTHP equipment with wall sleeve dimensions having an external wall opening greater than or equal to 16 inches high or greater than or equal to 42 inches wide, and a cross- sectional area greater than or equal to 670 square inches.

** Non -standard size refers to PTAC or PTHP equipment with existing wall sleeve dimensions having an external wall opening of less than 16 inches high or less than 42 inches wide, and a cross- sectional area less than 670 square inches.

DOE is not considering amended energy conservation standards for non

- standard size PTAC and PTHP equipment in this rulemaking, because the non

- standard size equipment class es represent a small and declining portion of the market, an d because of a lack of adequate information to analyze non

- standard size units. The shipments analysis conducted for the 2008 final rule projected that shipments of non

- standard size PTACs and PTHPs would decline from about 30,000 units in 2012 (6.6% of the entire PTAC and PTHP market) to about 16,000 units in 2042 (2.4% of the entire PTAC and PTHP market). b

b See DOE’s discussion regarding shipment projections for standard and non-standard PTAC and PTHP equipment and the results of shipment projections in the technical support document for the 2008 PTAC and PTHP energy conservation standard at: http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=EERE-2007- BT -STD-0012-0032 (Chapter 10, Section 10.5).

3-33.4 ENERGY USE METRIC AN D EQUIPMENT TEST PROCE DURES

The energy conservation standards for PTACs and PTHPs are represented in terms of the energy efficiency ratio (EER) and the coefficient of performance (COP) as defined by the ANSI /AHRI Standard 310/380

- 2004 Standard for Packaged Terminal Air

- Conditioners and Heat Pumps (ANSI/AHRI /CSA 310/380

- 2004) test procedure. EER is defined as “the ratio of the produced cooling effect of an air conditioner or heat pump to its net work input, expressed in Btu/watt

- hour.” COP is defined as “the ratio of the produced coo ling effect of an air conditioner or heat pump (or its produced heating effect, depending on the mode of operation) to its net work input, when both the cooling (or heating) effect and the net work input are expressed in identical units of measurement.” D OE has incorporated these definitions and test procedures into its regulations at 10 CFR Part 431.92 and 10 CFR Part 431.96, respectively.

3.5 MANUFACTURER TRADE GROUPS

DOE identified the Air

- Conditioning, Heating, and Refrigeration Institute (AHRI) as the onl y trade group that supports, or has an interest in, the PTAC and PTHP industry. Formed in 1953, A HRI , previously known as ARI, is the national trade association representing manufacturers of more than 90 percent of North American produced central air

- condi tioning and commercial refrigeration equipment. ARI and the Gas Appliance Manufacturers Association (GAMA) merged to become AHRI on Jan. 1, 2008.

AHRI develops and publishes technical standards for residential and commercial air

conditioning, heating, and refrigeration equipment using rating criteria and procedures for measuring and certifying equipment performance. The current Federal test procedure for PTACs and PTHPs incorporates by reference an AHRI standard

– ANSI/AHRI/CSA 310/380

- 2004. AHRI has developed a certification program that a number of manufacturers in the PTAC and PTHP industry have used to certify their equipment. Manufacturers certify their own equipment by providing AHRI with test data. Through the AHRI certification program, AHRI evaluates test data, determines if equipment conforms to ANSI/AHRI/CSA 310/380

- 2004, and verifies that manufacturer

- reported ratings are accurate. AHRI also maintains the Directory of Certified Product Performance, which is a database of equipment ratings for all manufacturers who elect to participate in the program. DOE used AHRI’s certification data, retrieved from the 2013 AHRI D irectory of C ert ified Product Performance

, in the engineering analysis (Chapter 5 of this Technical Support Document (TSD)).

3.6 MANUFACTURER INFORMA TION

The following section details information regarding manufacturers of PTAC and PTHP equipment, including estimated market shares (section 3.6.1 ) and small business es (section 3.6.2 ).

3-43.6.1 Manufacturers and Market Shares

DOE identified three large manufacturers of standard size PTAC an d PTHP equipment that hold approximately 8 0 percent of the standard size market in terms of shipments. Table 3.6.1 shows these manufacturers.

Table 3.6 .1 Large Manufacturers of Standard Size PTACs and PTHPs Daikin Applied c General Electric (GE) Company Goodman Manufacturing Co mpany d

Ten other manufacturers listed in Table 3.6.2 hold the remaining 2 0 percent of the standard size PTAC and PTHP market.

Table 3.6 .2 Other Manufacturers of Standard Size PTACs and PTHPs Comitale National, Inc. E

- A ir , LLC ECR International e Electrolux Home Products, Inc. Fedders Islandaire, Inc. Friedrich Air Conditioning Company GREE Electric Appliances of Zhuhai Haier America Heat Controller, Inc. LG Electronics YMGI Group, LLC

DOE estimated market share data for standard size PTAC and PTHP manufacturers using publicly available data including the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) 10

- K reports filed by publicly owned manufacturers and from stakeholder input

. Market share data has been aggregated for this report to avoid disclosing confidential company data.

c Daikin Applied (formally McQuay International) is a subsidiary of Daikin Industries, Ltd. More information about the company can be found at http://www.daikinapplied.co m. d Goodman Manufacturing Company brands its PTAC and PTHP equipment under the Amana name, a trademark of the Maytag Corporation. More information about the company can be found at http://www.amana- ptac.com.

e ECR International brands its PTAC and PTHP equipment under the RetroAire brand name. More information about the company can be found at http://www.retroaire.com.

3-5The standard size PTAC and PTHP market differs from the non

- standard size P TAC and PTHP industry in that several of the manufacturers of standard size units are domestically owned with manufacturing facilities located outside of the United States. (In contrast, most non

- standard size PTAC and PTHP production occurs in the United States.) Currently there is only one major manufacturer of standard size PTAC and PTHP equipment manufacturing equipment in the United States. Several foreign

- owned companies have recently entered the U.S. market for standard

- sized PTACs and PTHPs.

DOE i dentified three major manufacturers of non

- standard size PTAC and PTHP equipment: Daikin Applied, ECR International , and Fedders Corporation f . These three manufacturers share the majority of the non

- standard size PTAC and PTHP market. Other manufacturers of non

- standard size units include: Air

- Con International, Cold Point Corporation, Co mitale National Inc., E

- Air LLC , Evergreen LLC, Heat Controller Inc., Ice Air LLC, International Refrigeration Products, Prem Sales LLC, Simon

- Aire Inc., and YMGI Group L LC. Market share data for non

- standard size PTAC and PTHP manufacturers was estimated using publicly available data including the SEC 10

- K reports filed by publicly owned manufacturers.

Table 3.6.3 shows current A H RI members, with parent companies shown in parentheses, if applicable.

Table 3.6 .3 PTAC and PTHP Manufacturers A H RI Members

Dai kin Applied (Daikin Industries) EAIR, LLC ECR International, Inc. Friedrich Air Conditioning Company Goodman Manufacturing Company GREE Electric Appliances of Zhuhai
Haier America LG Electronics
Source: These PTAC and PTHP manufacturers were listed as of July 2014 at http://www.ahrinet.org/site/661/About- Us/AHRI

- Members

All of the member companies offer equipment certified under A H RI’s PTAC and PTHP certification program. The companies that are not A H RI members use A H RI and ASHRAE test procedures and standards to rate the performance of their equipment. Manufacturers are able to certify their equipment under A H RI’s PTAC and PTHP certification program without being members of A H RI. Table 3.6 .4 shows a list of manufacturers that certify PTACs and PTHPs under A H RI’s PTAC and PTHP certification program but are not members of A HRI.

f Fedders Corporation brands its non-standard PTAC and PTHP equipment under the Fedders Islandaire brand name. More information about the company can be found at http://www.islandaire.com.

3-6Table 3.6 .4 PTAC and PTHP Manufacturers Non -AH RI Members with A H RI Certified Equipment

Air

- Con International Cold Point Corporation Comitale National, Inc. Electrolux Home Products, Inc. Evergreen, LLC Fedders Islandaire, Inc. Genera l Electric (GE) Company Heat Controller, Inc. Ice Air, LLC YMGI Group, LLC

3.6.2 Small Businesses

DOE considered the possibility that energy conservation standards for PTACs and PTHPs could adversely affect small businesses. For manufacturers of PTACs and PTHPs, the Small Business Administration (SBA) has set a size threshold, which defines those entit ies classified as “small businesses.” DOE used the SBA’s small business size standards to determine whether any small entities would be subject to the requirements of the rule. 65 FR 30836, 30848 (May 15, 2000), as amended at 65 FR 53533, 53544 (Sept. 5, 2000) and codified at 13 CFR part 121. The size standards are listed by North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) code and industry description and are published by the SBA . Manufacturing of PTACs and PTHPs is classified under NAICS 333415, “Air

- Conditioning and Warm Air Heating Equipment and Commercial and Industrial Refrigeration Equipment Manufacturing.” The SBA sets a threshold of 750 employees or less for an entity to be considered as a small business for this category.

DOE studied the potential impacts on these small businesses in detail during the manufacturer impact analysis, which was conducted as a part of the notice of proposed rulemaking (NOPR) analysis. DOE initially identified 22 companies that sell PTAC and PTHP equipment that would be affected by today’s proposal. Of these 22 companies, DOE identified 12 as small businesses. Of the 12 small businesses contacted, DOE was able to reach and discuss potential standards with two. DOE also obtained information about small businesses and potential impacts on small businesses while interviewing large manufacturers.

Within the PTAC and PTHP industry, DOE did not identify any small business es that are original equipment manufacturer s (OEMs) of equipment covered under this rulemaking. Ra ther, small businesses tend to import, rebrand, and distribute PTACs and PTHPs manufactured overseas, primarily in China. Some small businesses identified are original equipment manufacturers of non

- standard size PTACs and PTHPs; however, non

- standard equi pment are not impacted by this rulemaking and therefore are not considered in this small business subgroup analysis. Chapter 12 of this TSD contains more details regarding the manufacturer impact analysis.

3.7 REGULATORY PROGRAMS

The following section details current regulatory programs mandating energy conservation standards for PTACs and PTHPs. Section 3.7.1 discusses current Federal energy conservati on standards; section 3.7.2 discusses ASHRAE’s energy conservation standards ; and section 3.7.3

3-7provides an overview of existing State standards. Sections 3.7.4 and 3.7.5 review standards in both Canada a nd Mexico that may affect the companies servicing the North American market.

3.7.1 Current Federal Energy Conservation Standards

For PTAC and PTHP equipment, the last final rule issued by DOE was on October 7, 2008, which codified the amended standards and separ ated PTAC and PTHP equipment classes into sub

- categories of standard size equipment and non

- standard size equipment. 73 FR 58772 The current standards are shown in Table 3.7.1

.

Table 3.7 .1 Current Federal Energy Conservation Standards for PTACS and PTHPs Equipment Class Efficiency Level Compliance Date Equipment Type Sub

Category Cooling Capacity

PTAC Standard Size * <7,000 Btu/h EER = 11 .7 Oct. 8, 2012 ≥7,000 Btu/h and

≤15,000 Btu/h EER = 1 3.8 – (0.300 x Cap † ) Oct. 8, 2012

>15,000 Btu/h EER = 9.3 Oct. 8, 2012

Non

Standard

Size ** <7,000 Btu/h EER = 9.4 Oct. 7, 2010 ≥7,000 Btu/h and

≤15,000 Btu/h EER = 10.9 – (0.213 x Cap † ) Oct. 7, 2010

>15,000 Btu/h EER = 7.7 Oct. 7, 2010

PTHP Standard Size * <7,000 Btu/h EER = 11.9 COP = 3. 3 Oct. 8, 2012

≥7,000 Btu/h and

≤15,000 Btu/h EER = 14.0

– (0.300 x Cap † ) COP = 3.7

– (0.052 x Cap † ) Oct. 8, 2012

>15,000 Btu/h EER = 9.5 COP = 2.9 Oct. 8, 2012

Non

Standard

Size ** <7,000 Btu/h EER = 9.3 COP = 2.7 Oct. 7, 2010

≥7,000 Btu/h and

≤15,000 Btu/h EER = 10.8

– (0.213 x Cap † ) COP = 2.9

– (0.026 x Cap † ) Oct. 7, 2010

>15,000 Btu/h EER = 7.6 COP = 2.5 Oct. 7, 2010

* Standard size refers to PTAC or PTHP equipment with wall sleeve dimensions greater than or equal to 16 inches high, or greater than or equal to 42 inches wide. ** Non -standard size refers to PTAC or PTHP equipment with w all sleeve dimen sions less than 16 inches high and less than 42 inches wide. † Cap means cooling capacity in kBtu/h at 95oF outdoor dry-bulb temperature.

3.7.2 ASHRAE Energy Conservation Standards for PTACs and PTHPs

On October 9

, 2013 , ASHRAE adopted ASHRAE/IESNA /IES Standard 90.1

- 2013

, which increased ASHRAE efficiency standard s for standard size PTAC equipment to be equal to efficiency standard s for standard size PTHP equipment

. Table 3.7.2 shows the efficiency levels in ASHRAE/IESNA/IES Standard 90.1

- 2013 for PTACs and PTHPs.

3-8Table 3.7 .2 ASHRAE/IESNA/IES Standard 90.1

- 2013 Energy Efficiency Levels for PTACs and PTHPs Equipment Class Minimum Efficiency Equipment Category Cooling Capacity

PTAC Standard Size * <7,000 Btu/h EER = 11.9 ≥7,000 Btu/h and

≤15,000 Btu/h EER = 1 4.0 – (0. 300 x Cap /1000 † )
>15,000 Btu/h EER = 9.5

Non

Standard

Size ** <7,000 Btu/h EER = 9.4 ≥7,000 Btu/h and

≤15,000 Btu/h EER = 10.9 – (0.213 x Ca p/1000 † )
>15,000 Btu/h EER = 7.7

PTHP Standard Size * <7,000 Btu/h EER = 11.9 COP = 3.3 ≥7,000 Btu/h and

≤15,000 Btu/h EER = 14.0

– (0. 300 x Cap /1000 † ) COP = 3.7

– (0.052 x Cap /1000 † )
>15,000 Btu/h EER = 9.5 COP = 2.9

Non

Standard

Size ** <7,000 Btu/h EER = 9.3 COP = 2.7 ≥7,000 Btu/h and

≤15,000 Btu/h EER = 10.8

– (0.213 x Cap /1000 † ) COP = 2.9

– (0.026 x Cap /1000 † )
>15,000 Btu/h EER = 7.6 COP = 2.5 * Standard size refers to PTAC or PTHP equipment with wall sleeve dimensions greater than or equal to 16 inches high, or greater than or equal to 42 inches wide.

** Non

- standard size refers to PTAC or PTHP equipment with wall sleeve d imensions less than 16 inches high and less than 42 inches wide. † Cap means cooling capacity in Btu/h at 95oF outdoor dry-bulb temperature.

3.7.3 State Energy Conservation Standards

DOE recognizes that pursuant to EPCA, states may petition to have more stringent energy conservation standards than those codified into law by DOE (see 42 U.S.C. 6297(d)). DOE has not yet granted a petition to any state to establish more stringent energy conservation standards than the levels established by EPCA for PTACs an d PTHPs.

3.7.4 Canadian Energy Conservation Standards

The Natural Resources Canada Office of Energy Efficiency regulation mandates minimum energy conservation standards for PTACs and PTHPs. These standards apply to factory

- assembled PTACs and PTHPs intended for use in residential, commercial, and industrial heating and cooling systems. 1 The current standards went into effect November 15, 2006, and are shown in Table 3.7.3

. The Canadian energy conservation standards for standard size PTACs and PTHPs are less stringent than the current U.S. standards for standard size PTACs and PTHPs. The Canadian energy conservation standards for non

- standard size PTACs and PTHPs are identical to the current U.S. standards for non

- standard size PTACs and PTHPs.

3-9Table 3.7 .3 Canadian Energy Conservation St andards for PTACS and PTHPs Equipment Type Minimum Efficiency Ratio PTAC EER New Construction (cooling)* 12.5

- (0.213 x cap/293.1)† (12.5

- (0.213 x cap/1000))
PTAC EER Replacement (cooling) 10.9

- (0.213 x cap/293.1) (10.9

- (0.213 x cap/1000))

PTHP EER New Construction (cooling) 12.3

- (0.213 x cap/293.1) (12.3

- (0.213 x cap/1000))
PTHP EER Replacement (cooling) 10.8

- (0.213 x cap/293.1) (10.8

- (0.213 x cap/1000))
PTHP COP New Construction (heating)** 3.2

- (0.026 x cap/293.1) (3.2

- (0.026 x ca p/1000))
PTHP COP Replacement†† (heating) 2.9

- (0.026 x cap/293.1) (2.9

- (0.026 x cap/1000)) *EER = Energy efficiency ratio – a ratio calculated by dividing the cooling capacity in Btu per hour by the power input in watts at any given set of rating conditions **COP =Coefficient of performance – a ratio for both the cooling and heating modes calculated by dividing the capacity expressed in watts by the power input in watts, excluding any supplementary heat † cap = The rated cooling capacity in watts (u pper formula) or Btu/h (lower formula). †† Replacement units are to be labeled according to the requirements of CAN/CSA C744-04

3.7.5 Mexican Energy Conservation Standards

Although Mexico has minimum energy conservation standards for air conditioners and heat pumps in general, it currently does not have minimum energy conservation standards for PTACs and PTHPs.

3.8 VOLUNTARY PROGRAMS

3.8.1 ENERGY STAR

ENERGY STAR, g a voluntary labeling program back ed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and DOE, identifies energy

- efficient products through a qualification process. To qualify, a product must exceed Federal minimum standards by a specified amount, or if no Federal standard exists, exhibi t selected energy saving features. The ENERGY STAR program recognizes the top quartile of products on the market, meaning that approximately 25

g For more information, please visit www.energystar.gov.

3-10percent of equipment on the market meet or exceed the ENERGY STAR levels. PTACs do not qualify for ENERGY STAR under the room air conditioner criteria, and there are currently no plans to develop ENERGY STAR criteria for PTACs and PTHPs. 2

3.8.2 Rebate Programs

DOE has identified and reviewed various local utility rebate programs. These include the Platte River Power Au thority (PRPA) , Xcel Energy Cooling Efficiency Rebate Program, Modesto Irrigation District MPower Business Rebate Program, Shakopee Public Utilities Ener g y Efficiency Incentive Program

, CPS Energy Savers Commercial Rebate Program, and the Southern Californ ia Edison (SCE) Multifamily Energy Efficiency Rebate Program.

Platte River Power Authority (PRPA), an organization that generates and delivers electricity to its owner communities of Estes Park, Fort Collins, Longmont and Loveland, Colorado, offers custome rs cash rebates for upgrading standard and non

- standard size PTACs and PTHPs to energy

- efficient units through its Efficiency Works Rebate Program. The rebate includes all cooling capacities of PTACs that achieve or exceed 11.0 EER. 3

Xcel Energy promotes the installation of energy

- efficient equipment through the Cooling Efficiency Rebate Program. Rebates are available to the utility’s commercial customers. Under this program, commercial business with PTACs can receive a base payment of $65 per ton for

un its rated at 11.0 EER and $5 per ton for every incremental increase of 0.1 EER above base requirements. 4

Modesto Irrigation District’s MPower Business Rebate Program offers commercial, industrial, and agricultural customers cash rebates for the purchase and installation of energy

efficient standard and non

- standard size PTACs and PTHPs. Cash rebates of $75 per unit are available for units that meet min imum efficiency requirements, which vary by capacity. Units with capacity less than or equal to 7,000 Btu/h must meet a minimum 11.29 EER; units with capacity between 7,000 and 24,000 Btu/h must meet a minimum 10.27 EER. 5

Shakopee Public Utilities promotes installation of energy

- efficient equipment through the C ommercial and Industrial Energy Efficiency R ebate P rogram. Rebates are available to the utility’s commercial customers. Under this program, commercial and industrial businesses installing PTACs and PTHPs can receive a rebate of $45 per ton of capacity for units that meet or exceed the minimum cooling efficiency, which is calculated using the equation below. 6

Minimum Efficiency ( EER ) = 12 .8 − �
0. 213 × Cooling Capacity ( Btu h )

1000 �

CPS Energy, the Nation’s lar gest municipally owned energy company

, offers rebates for
energy

- efficient PTACs and PTHPs through the CPS Energy Savers Commercial Rebate Program. Rebates only apply to building improvement or retrofit projects and are not available for new construction projects . The rebate amounts are separated by two tiers of efficiency

. A rebate of $65 per ton of cooling capacity is available for PTACs and PTHPs with EER of 11.5 or greater (and COP of 4.9 or greater for PTHPs). A rebate of $150 per ton of cooling capacity is

3-11available for PTACs and PTHPs with EER of 12.5 or greater (and COP of 5.9 or greater for PTHPs). 7

SCE offers rebates to business customers for standard and non

- standard size PTAC and PTHP equipment through its Multifamily Energy Efficiency Rebate Program. The program provides a fixed $15 0 rebate fo r PTACs and PTHPs t hat have EER at least 20 percent above California’s appliance efficiency regulations, also known as Title 20. The rebate is valid for all units with cooling capacity below 24,000 Btu/h. 8 Under the California Code of Regulations, Title 20, Section 1605.1 b(2), PTACs and PTHPs energy conservation standards are calculated using the equations below, and are less stringent than current Federal PTAC and PTHP energy conservation standards. 9

Minimum Efficiency ( EER ) = 10 .0

− (0. 00016 × Cooling Capacity (in Btu/h))

Minimum Efficiency ( COP ) = 1.3 + [0. 16 ( 10 .0

− 0. 00016 × Cooling Capacity (in Btu/h)]

3.9 SHIPMENTS

Information about annual equipment shipment trends allows DOE to estimate the impacts of energy conservation standards on the PTAC and PTHP industry. Using data from A HRI estimates, DOE examined unit shipments and value of shipments for PTACs and PTHPs

. More information about shipments for PTACs and PTHPs can be found in the shipments analysis section (Chapter 9) of the TSD.

3.9.1 Unit Shipments

Until 2010, the U.S. Census Burea u published an annual Current Industrial Report (CIR)

, which provide d annual unit shipments and value of shipments for various industries including the PTAC and PTHP industry. However, the CIR has not published shipments data for PTACs or PTHPs since before 2008, due to data disclosure issues and to termination of the CIR series. 10

Table 3.9.1 presents the total shipments estimated by A H RI of the PTAC and PTHP industry from 2003

- 2012

. The AH RI data show s a decrease in shipments between the 2003

- 07 period and the 2008

- 12 period.

Table 3.9 .1 AH RI Estimated Shipment Data for PTAC and PTHP Industry (Standard and Non

- Standard)

Years Total Shipments Over All Years (Thousands of Units) PTAC PTHP 2008

- 2012 1,105.9 986.0 2003

- 2007 1,352.3 1,068.8

3.9.2 Equipment Lifetime

DOE reviewed available literature and consulted with manufacturers in order to establish typical equipment lifetimes. The literature and experts consulted offered a wide range of typical

3-12equipment lifetimes. Individuals with previous experience in manufa cturing or distribution of PTACs and PTHPs suggested a typical lifetime of 5 to 10 years. Some experts suggested that the lifetime could be even lower because of the daily or continuous use of the equipment and neglect of maintenance such as cleaning the heat exchangers or replacing the air filters. In addition, the equipment is typically replaced about every 5 years for cosmetic reasons during remodeling in lodging applications. The 2000 Screening Analysis for EPACT

- Covered Commercial Heating, Ventilati ng and Air

- Conditioning and Water

- Heating Equipment report (commonly referred to as the 2000 Screening Analysis) u sed a 15

- year lifetime for PTACs and PTHPs based on data from ASHRAE’s 1995 Handbook of HVAC Applications

. 11 For this PTAC and PTHP rulemaking

, DOE assumed the equipment lifetime for PTACs and PTHPs to be 10 years based on the review of available literature and manufacturer information. More information about PTAC and PTHP equipment lifetime is available in the life

- cycle cost and payback perio d analyses section (Chapter 8) of this TSD.

3.10 MARKET CHARACTERIZATION

DOE combined information from the 20 13 AHRI Directory of Certified Product Performance ( 201 3 AH RI directory) with other publicly available data from manufacturer catalogs of PTACs and PTHPs to develop an understanding of the industry. 12 The database contains information such as manufacturer name, model number, cooling capacity, EER, COP where applicable , heating capacity where applicable, and wall sleeve dimensions. To maintain consist ency in the analysis, DOE divided the data into standard and non

- standard size classifications in the database based on DOE’s equipment classes

. Figure 3.2 .1 and Figure 3.2 .2 show the distribution of standard size PTACs and PTHPs respectively in the 20 12 AHRI directory.

Figure 3.2 .1 Number of Certified Standard Size PTAC Models by Cooling Capacity – 2013 AH RI Directory and Manufacturer Catalogs 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 406,8007,2007,6008,0008,4008,8009,2009,60010,00010,40010,80011,20011,60012,00012,40012,80013,20013,60014,00014,40014,80015,20015,60016,00016,40016,800Number of Certified Models

Cooling Capacity (Btu/h)

3-13Figure 3.2 .2 Number of Certified Standard Size PTHP Mo dels by Cooling Capacity – 2013 AHRI Directory and Manufacturer Catalogs

T he standard size PTAC models listed in the 2013 AH RI directory and manufacturers’ catalogs may be grouped into several clusters of cooling capacity. These range from 6,800 Btu/h
to 7,800 Btu/h; 8,600 Btu/h to 9,800 Btu/h; 11,200 Btu/h to 12, 8 00 Btu/h; and 1 4,0 00 Btu/h to 15,100 Btu/h. Standard size PTHPs may be similarly clustered, with cluster ranges from 7,000 Btu/h to 7,800 Btu/h; 8,800 Btu/h to 9,800 Btu/h; 11,200 Btu/h to 12,800 Btu/h; and 14,000 Btu/h to 15,000 Btu/h.

Figure 3.2 .3 and Figure 3.2 .4 show the distribution of non

- standard size PTACs and PTHP s respective ly from the 201 3 AH RI directory and other manufacturer catalogs. 0 5 10 15 20 25 306,8007,2007,6008,0008,4008,8009,2009,60010,00010,40010,80011,20011,60012,00012,40012,80013,20013,60014,00014,40014,80015,20015,60016,00016,40016,800Number of Certified Models

Cooling Capacity (Btu/h)

3-14Figure 3.2 .3 Non

- Standard Size PTAC Models by Cooling Capacity – 2013 AHRI Directory and Manufacturer Catalogs

Figure 3.2 .4 Non

- Standard Size PT HP M odels by Cooling Capacity – 2013 AHRI Directory and Manufacturer Catalogs

The non

- standard size PTAC models listed in the 2013 AHRI directory and manufacturers’ catalogs may be grouped into several clusters of cooling capacity. These range from 7,000 Btu/h to 7,800 Btu/h; 8,800 Btu/h to 9,800 Btu/h; 11,200 Btu/h to 12,800 Btu/h; and 14, 000 Btu/h to 15,000 Btu/h. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 406,8007,2007,6008,0008,4008,8009,2009,60010,00010,40010,80011,20011,60012,00012,40012,80013,20013,60014,00014,40014,80015,20015,60016,00016,40016,800Number of Certified Models

Cooling Capacity (Btu/h)

0 5 10 15 20 25 306,8007,2007,6008,0008,4008,8009,2009,60010,00010,40010,80011,20011,60012,00012,40012,80013,20013,60014,00014,40014,80015,20015,60016,00016,40016,800Number of Certified Models

Cooling Capacity (Btu/h)

3-153.11 TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMEN T

This sect ion provides a technology assessment for PTAC and PTHP equipment. The purpose of the technology assessment is to develop a preliminary list of technologies that could potentially be used to improve the efficiency of PTACs and PTHPs . The following assessmen t provides descriptions of technologies and designs that apply to all equipment classes of PTACs and PTHPs.

Contained in this technology assessment are details about equipment characteristics and operation (section 3.11.1 ), an examination of possible technological improvements (section 3.11.2 ), and a characterization of the e quipment efficiency levels currently commercially available (section 3.11.3 ).

3.11.1 Baseline Equipment Components and Operation

In preparation for the screening analysis and engineering analysi s (Chapter s 4 and 5 of the TSD, respectively ), DOE identified several possible technology options and examined the most common efficiency improvements used today. These identified technologies will provide a deeper understanding of the technological improvements used to increase the energy conservation of PTACs and PTHPs.

The baseline PTAC is an air conditioner that incorporates a complete air

- cooled refrigeration and air

- handling system in an individual package. Each PTAC has a s elf

- contained, direct

- expansion (DX) cooling system and packaged control including electromechanical function switches. Models may feature various heating options (electric, hot water, or steam). The basic PTAC DX cooling system is composed of a compress or (typically a rotary compressor), an evaporator, and a condenser. Other components of the PTAC include a fan and fan motor, a thermostat, outer casing, and a wall sleeve. Manufacturers typically differentiate high

- efficiency models from basic models by installing any combination of the following: a higher efficiency compressor, digital controls with energy savings settings, automatic fan controls , higher efficiency fan motor s , multiple fan s , or a more efficient heat exchanger

.

3.11.2 Technology Options

DOE uses information about existing and past technology options and prototype designs to help identify technologies that manufacturers could use to improve the efficiency of PTACs and PTHPs. This assessment provides the technical background and structure on which DOE bases its screening analysis (C hapter 4 of this TSD) and engineering analyses (C hapter 5). In surveying PTAC and PTHP technology options, DOE considered a wide assortment of equipment literature, information derived from the teardown analysis , information derived from the stakeholder interviews, and the previous DOE energy conservation standards rulemaking for air

- conditioning products and equipment.

Table 3.11 .1 lists all of the potential technology options considered, including options listed in the Framework Document and options suggested in stakeholder comments, for improving energy efficiency of PTACs and PTHPs.

3-16Table 3.11 .1 Potential Technology Options for Improving Energy Efficiency of PTACs and PTHPs

Compressor Improvements

• Scroll Compressors

• Variable

- speed Compressors

• Higher Efficiency Compressors Complex Control Boards Condenser and evaporator fan and fan motor improvements:

• Higher Efficiency Fan Motors

• Clutched Motor Fans Microchannel Heat Exchangers Rifled Interior Heat Exchanger Tube Walls Increased Heat Exchanger Area Hydrophobic Materia l Treatment of Heat Exchangers Re

- circuiting Heat Exchanger Coils Improved Air Flow and Fan Design Heat Pipes Corrosion Protection Thermostatic Expansion Valve Alternate Refrigerants (such as HCFC

- 32)

3.11.3 Energy Efficiency

Using a list of PTAC and PTHP models assembled from the 201 3 AHRI directory and manufacturer catalogues , DOE examined the relationship between EER and cooling capacity for PTACs and PTHPs of both standard and non

- standard size categories. Figure 3.2 .5 and Figure 3.2 .6 show the relationship between EER and cooling capacity for certified models of standard size PTACs and PTHPs , r espectively , listed in the 2013 AHRI Directory . These figures also identify the current Federal energy conservation standards (ECS), and the ASHRAE/IESNA/IES Standard 90.1

- 2013 efficiency levels.

3-17Figure 3.2 .5 Standard Size PTAC EER versus Cooling Capacity – 201 3 AH RI Directory

As shown in Figure 3.2 .5 , the EER of standard si ze PTACs generally decreases as cooling capacity increases. All of the certified standard size PTAC units are above Federal minimum efficiency levels, while close to 80 percent are at or above ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1

- 2013 efficiency levels.

Fig ure 3.2 .6 Standard Size PTHP EE R versus Cooling Capacity – 201 3 AH RI Directory

As with PTACs, Figure 3.2 .6 shows the EER of standard size PTHPs decreases as cooling capacity increases. All of the certified standard size PTHP units are above Federal 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0

6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000 18,000EER (Btu/Wh)

Cooling Capacity (Btu/h) 2012 Standard Size PTAC ECS

ANSI/ASHRAE/IES 90.1-2013

8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0

6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000 18,000EER (Btu/Wh)

Cooling Capacity (Btu/h) 2012 Standard Size PTHP ECS

ANSI/ASHRAE/IES 90.1-2013

3-18minimum efficiency levels, which are equivalent to ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1

- 2013 efficiency levels.

Figure 3.2 .7 and Figure 3.2 .8 demonstrate the relationship between EER and cooling capacity for non

- standard size PTACs and PTHPs respectively. These figures also identify the current Federal ECS and the ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1

- 2013 efficiency levels for non

standard size equipment.

Figure 3.2 .7 Non

- Standard Size PTAC EER versus Cooling Capacity – 201 3 AH RI Directory and Manufacturers’ Catalogs

Figure 3.2 .8 Non

- Standard Size PTHP EER versus Cooling Capacity – 2013 AH RI Directory and Manufacturers’ Catalogs 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0

6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000 18,000EER (Btu/Wh)

Cooling Capacity (Btu/h) 2012 Non-Standard Size PTAC ECS

ANSI/ASHRAE/IES 90.1-2013

7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0

6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000 18,000EER (Btu/Wh)

Cooling Capacity (Btu/h) 2012 Non-Standard Size PTHP ECS
ANSI/ASHRAE/IES 90.1-2013

3-19Similar to standard size PTACs, the EER of a non

- standard size PTAC decreases as cooling capacity increases . All of the reviewed non

- standard size PTAC units excepts one model

are rated at or above Federal minimum efficiency levels, which are equivalent to ANSI/ASHRAE/IES 90.1

- 2013 efficiency levels. All of the reviewed non

- standard size PTHP units are rated at or above Federal minimum and ANSI/ASHRAE/IES 90.1

- 2013 efficiency levels.

DOE also examined the relationship between COP and co oling capacity for standard size and non

- standard size PTHPs, shown in Figure 3.2 .9 and Figure 3.2

. 10 , respectively. These figures also identify the current Federal ECS and the ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1

- 2013 efficiency levels for standard size and non

- standard size equipment

.

Figure 3.2 .9 Standard Size PTHP CO P versus Cooling Capacity – 2013 AH RI Directory

Figure 3.2

. 10 Non

- Standard Size PTHP C OP versus Cooling Capacity – 2013 AH RI Directory and Other Publicly Available Data 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5

6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000 18,000COP (no unit)

Cooling Capacity (Btu/h) 2012 Standard Size PTHP ECS
ANSI/ASHRAE/IES 90.1-2013

2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5

6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000 18,000COP (no unit)

Cooling Capacity (Btu/h) 2012 Non-Standard Size PTHP ECS
ANSI/ASHRAE/IES 90.1-2013

3-20As with EER, COP tends to decrease with cooling capacity. COP levels for all of the reviewed standard size PTHP units are above Federal efficiency levels , which are equivalent to ANSI/ASHRAE/IES 90 .1

- 2013 efficiency levels. COP levels for all of the reviewed non

standard size PTHP units meet or exceed the Federal minimum and ANSI/ ASHRAE/IES 90.1

- 2013 efficiency levels.

3-211 Canada Natural Resources

- Office of Energy Efficiency. Packaged Terminal Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps – Proposed Minimum EER for PTAC/HP November 2006. December 17, 2013. http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/node/6923 (Last accessed 7/16/14)

2 ENERGY STAR. Are Packaged Terminal Air Conditioners (PTACs) and Packaged Terminal Heat Pumps (PTHPs) ENERGY STAR qualified? 2011

. ht tp://energystar.supportportal.com/link/portal/23002/23018/Article/13998/Are

Packaged

- Terminal

- Air

- Conditioners

- PTACs

- and

- Packaged

- Terminal

- Heat

- Pumps

PTHPs

- ENERGY

- STAR

- qualified . (Last accessed 7/17/14)

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. 2013. https://www.xcelenergy.com/staticfiles/xe/Marketing/Files/CO -Bus- Cooling

Equipment

- Rebate

- Application.pdf . (Last accessed 08/22/2014)

5 Modesto Irrigation District. MPower Business 2014 Express Rebate Catalog . 2013. http://www.mid.org/rebates/commercial/documents/CommCatalog_002.pdf . (Last accessed 8/22 /14)

6 Shakopee Public Utilities. 2014 Efficient Heating & Cooling: Rebate Requirements & Claim Sheet . 2013. http://spucweb.com/wp

- content/uploads/2014

- Heat ing

- and

Cooling

- Commercial.pdf

. (Last accessed 8/22/14)

7 CPS Energy. Commercial HVAC Rebate Matrix . 2013. http://www.cpsenergysavers.com/docs/commercial

- documents/commercial

- hvac

variable -refrigerant- flow

- ac

- matrix.pdf . (Last accessed 8/22/14)

8 Southern California Edision. Multifamily Energy Efficiency Rebate Program . January 1, 2013. https://www.sce.com/wps/wcm/connect/94cded9e

- f114

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- b833

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3-22 REFERENCES9 State of California Energy Commission. California Code of Regulations: Title 20. Public Utilities and Energy. 2013. http://www.energy.ca.gov/2014publications/CEC

- 140

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- 002/CEC

- 140

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- 002.pdf

. (Last accessed 8/22/2014)

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- Conditioning, and Warm Air Heating Equipment: 2010 and 2009.” 2009 - 2010 Curr ent Industrial Reports (CIR). U.S. Census Bureau, June 2014.

11 U.S. Department of Energy

- Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. Energy Conservation Program for Consumer Products: Screening Analysis for EPACT

- Covered Commercial HVAC and Water

- Heating Equipment Screening Analysis. April 2000.

12 Air

- Conditioning, Heating, and Refrigeration Institute. AHRI Directory Of Certified Performance . 201 3. https://www.ahridirectory.org/ahridirectory/pages/ptac/defaultSearch.aspx . (Last accessed 7/19/14)

3-23