IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT

_______________

No. 96-11332

No. 96-11439

_______________

DOROTHY L. OZEE, etc., et al.

Plaintiffs,

BOYD L. RICHIE,

as Guardian of the Estate of LOUISE T. PETER,

on Behalf of LOUISE T. PETER Individually

and on Behalf of All Others Similarly Situated,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

VERSUS

THE AMERICAN COUNCIL ON GIFT ANNUITIES, INC.,

Individually and as Successor to

the COMMITTEE ON GIFT ANNUITIES,

an Unincorporated Association,

THE LUTHERAN CHURCH-MISSOURI SYNOD,

THE LUTHERAN FOUNDATION OF TEXAS, BAPTIST FOUNDATION OF TEXAS,

GRAY, PLANT, MOOTY, MOOTY & BENNETT,

GENERAL CONFERENCE CORPORATION OF SEVENTH-DAY ADVENTISTS,

d/b/a GENERAL CONFERENCE OF SEVENTH-DAY ADVENTISTS,

ANDERSON UNIVERSITY, INC., d/b/a ANDERSON UNIVERSITY,

MOUNT HOLYOKE COLLEGE, GOOD SHEPHERD HOME FOUNDATION,

NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY, UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO FOUNDATION, INC.,

THE SALVATION ARMY, A NEW YORK CORPORATION,

THE SALVATION ARMY, A GEORGIA CORPORATION,

THE SALVATION ARMY, A CALIFORNIA CORPORATION,

THE SALVATION ARMY, AN ILLINOIS CORPORATION,

UNITED CHURCH OF CHRIST,

PLANNED GIVING SERVICES, INC., d/b/a PLANNED GIVING SERVICES,

PLANNED GIVING RESOURCES, HAY/HUGGINS COMPANY, INC.,

PRERAU & TEITELL, VASSAR COLLEGE,

AMERICAN BAPTIST FOREIGN MISSION SOCIETY, ST. OLAF COLLEGE,

WITTENBERG UNIVERSITY, EVANGELICAL LUTHERAN CHURCH IN AMERICA,

THE MOODY BIBLE INSTITUTE OF CHICAGO,

d/b/a MOODY BIBLE INSTITUTE,

THE AMERICAN BIBLE SOCIETY,

and

AMERICAN LEPROSY MISSIONS, INC.,

Defendants-Appellants,

DAN MORALES,

Appellants.
2

In re AMERICAN COUNCIL ON GIFT ANNUITIES, INC., et al.,

Petitioners

_________________________

Appeals from the United States District Court for

the Northern District of Texas

_________________________

June 12, 1998

ON REMAND FROM THE SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES

Before REAVLEY, SMITH, and EMILIO M. GARZA, Circuit Judges.

JERRY E. SMITH, Circuit Judge:

An annuitant's guardian sued a collection of charities and

universities, alleging that they conspired to fix rates of return

on charitable gift annuities. We dismissed defendants' appeals for

want of jurisdiction and imposed sanctions. See Ozee v. American

Council on Gift Annuities, Inc., 110 F.3d 1082 (5th Cir. 1997).

The Supreme Court vacated and remanded for further consideration in

light of the Charitable Donation Antitrust Immunity Act of 1997,

Pub. L. No. 105-26, 111 Stat. 241 (1997) (to be codified at

15 U.S.C. § 37-37(a)). See American Bible Soc'y v. Richie,

118 S. Ct. 596 (1997). We now dismiss plaintiff's antitrust

claims, reinstate the sanctions, grant the motion to intervene, and

remand for determination of whether any state law claims survive.

I.

The facts and proceedings are set forth at length in our prior

opinion. See 110 F.3d at 1088-90. To summarize briefly: The

defendants were accused of suppressing competition in the market
 

1 The Texas legislature passed parallel legislation to foreclose Richie's

state law claims.

3

for charitable gift annuities. A purchaser of a charitable gift

annuity receives a fixed stream of income in exchange for his

“donation” to the charity; the annual payout is referred to as the

charitable gift annuity rate, which rate the defendants were

accused of fixing.

Dorothy Ozee (later replaced by Boyd Richie) sued the

charities on behalf of Louise Peter, an elderly woman who purchased

these annuities. She asserted a claim under § 1 of the Sherman Act

and added supplemental Texas state law claims. The defendants,

having lost their initial motion to dismiss, persuaded Congress to

pass a bill aimed at squelching this suit. The Charitable Gift

Annuity Antitrust Relief Act of 1995 (“Relief Act”) provided that

it shall not be unlawful under any of the antitrust laws,

or under a State law similar to any of the antitrust

laws, for 2 or more persons described in section

501(c)(3) of Title 26 that are exempt from taxation under

section 501(a) of Title 26 to use, or to agree to use,

the same annuity rate for the purpose of issuing 1 or

more charitable gift annuities.

15 U.S.C. § 37(a) (1996).1 The defendants collectively filed a

motion to dismiss; defendant Northwestern University filed a motion

for summary judgment. The district court denied these motions, see

Richie v. American Council on Gift Annuities, 943 F. Supp. 685

(N.D. Tex. 1996), and the defendants appealed.

We concluded that we lacked jurisdiction to entertain the

appeal under the collateral order doctrine. Our reasoning was

based on the fact that Richie's amended complaint alleged a
 

2 Excluded from the sanctions order was Texas Attorney General Dan Morales,

who sought to intervene as of right and whose appeal was not frivolous.

4

conspiracy involving organizations not exempt under § 501(c)(3);

the allegations therefore were not covered by the plain language of

the Relief Act, which did not encompass “hybrid” conspiracies

between exempt and non-exempt organizations. See Ozee, 110 F.3d at

1091-92. We sanctioned the defendants under FED. R. APP. P. 38 for

filing a frivolous appeal, noting that in pursuing their collateral

appeal, the defendants had blithely ignored the nature of the claim

and the basis of the district court's ruling. We ordered the

defendants and Northwestern University to pay Richie $15,000 in

partial compensation of his costs and attorneys' fees. See Ozee,

110 F.3d at 1097.2

II.

The defendants sought relief from our decision in both

Congress and the Supreme Court. Congress acted first, once again

enacting a statute targeting the instant lawsuit. The Charitable

Donation Antitrust Immunity Act of 1997 (“Immunity Act”), signed

into law on July 3, 1997, amended the Relief Act. The section

entitled “Immunity” provides:

[A]ny person subjected to any legal proceeding for

damages, injunction, penalties, or other relief of any

kind under the antitrust laws, or any State law similar

to any of the antitrust laws, on account of setting or

agreeing to rates of return or other terms for,

negotiating, issuing, participating in, implementing, or

otherwise being involved in the planning, issuance, or

payment of charitable gift annuities or charitable

remainder trusts shall have immunity from suit under the

antitrust laws, including the right not to bear the cost,
5

burden, and risk of discovery and trial . . . . 

15 U.S.C. § 37(b) (1998). The statute also directs, more

generally, that “the antitrust laws, and any State law similar to

any of the antitrust laws, shall not apply to charitable gift

annuities or charitable remainder trusts.” 15 U.S.C. § 37(a).

Finally, Congress provided that the Immunity Act have retroactive

application to all judicial actions pending on its enactment date.

See Pub. L. No. 105-26, § 3, 111 Stat. 241, 247 (1997). After

enactment of the statute, the Supreme Court granted the defendants'

petitions for writs of certiorari, vacated the judgment, and

remanded for further consideration in light of the Immunity Act.

See American Bible Soc'y v. Richie, 118 S. Ct. 596 (1997).

III.

Richie concedes that the Immunity Act applies to the instant

case. We agree. The Immunity Act amends the Relief Act by

affording a far broader exemption to organizations engaging in

anticompetitive behavior related to the issuance or payment of

charitable gift annuities. Specifically, the Immunity Act expands

the Relief Act's protections to include anticompetitive practices

by non-exempt entities or by participants in a hybrid conspiracy.

The defendants are covered by the plain language of the amended

statute.

Richie urges us to postpone the inevitable and remand to the

district court for consideration of the new law. As authority, he

cites Concerned Citizens v. Sills, 567 F.2d 646, 649-50 (5th Cir.
 

3 See also Spiess v. C. Itoh & Co. (Am.), Inc., 687 F.2d 129, 129 (5th Cir.

1982) (on remand from Supreme Court) (remanding to district court because

“[r]esolution of . . . remaining issues may involve several factual

determinations that have not yet been made”).

 

4 See In re Holloway, 955 F.2d 1008, 1015 (5th Cir. 1992) (“We see no

compelling reason to subject the parties and the courts to further delays and

expense by remanding the case for application of the proper legal standard to the

undisputed facts.”).

 

5 See Ozee, 110 F.3d at 1092 n.11 (“Even were we to assume arguendo that

the Relief Act legalizes conspiracies between exempt and non-exempt entities,

there would not be an appealable immunity issue, as the bases on which Richie has

challenged the defendants' § 501(c)(3) determinations are factual.”).

6

1978), where we observed that “[b]ecause the factual basis for the

district court's holding was eliminated within days after final

judgment was entered, we conclude that the judgment should be

vacated and the case remanded for reconsideration in light of the

facts as they now stand.” Concerned that intervening events might

have deprived the court of jurisdiction, we directed the district

court “to determine whether plaintiffs still desire to engage in

any arguably protected activity which they likely would forego in

the absence of the relief they seek.” Id. at 651. As this

language suggests, Sills is not on point, because there a remand

was necessary for additional fact-finding.3

Here, by contrast, there are no additional facts that await

development.4 The Immunity Act erases the distinction between

exempt and non-exempt organizationsSSa distinction that might

otherwise preclude our exercise of jurisdiction under the

collateral order doctrine.5 But as explained above, the Immunity

Act moots the factual questions that did exist, leaving us with an
 

6 Cf. Martin v. Memorial Hosp., 86 F.3d 1391, 1396-97 (5th Cir. 1996)

(holding that a denial of a claim of state action immunity that turns on a

question of law is an appealable “final decision” for purposes of 28 U.S.C.

§ 1291).

7

easily-resolved question of law.6 Accordingly, we reverse the

order denying the motions to dismiss and render a judgment of

dismissal. We remand to the district court for the limited purpose

of determining whether any state law claims survive.

IV.

That leaves the matter of sanctions. The defendants argue

that, under United States v. Schooner Peggy, 1 Cranch 103, 109

(1801), we are obliged to “decide according to existing law” the

issue of the frivolousness of their appeal. They contend that

because the Supreme Court vacated the prior judgment, there is no

frivolous “original appeal” remaining, and it would be improper for

us to impose “new” sanctions based on their currentSSand, in light

of existing law, meritoriousSSappeal.

We do not agree. That Congress subsequently amended the law

to conform to the defendants' interpretation in no way justifies

their earlier conduct. We measure the frivolity of an appeal by

the law existing at the time, not the law as it evolves or is

amended in subsequent years. Defendants point to language from the

Immunity Act's legislative history suggesting that this court did

not interpret the Relief Act “as broadly as it was intended by

Congress.” See H.R. REP. No. 146, 105th Cong., 1st Sess. 3 (1997).

Yet, even if we assume that the defendants' interpretation
 

7 We have no need to revisit several of the motions presented in the first

appeal. The defendants have withdrawn their petition for writ of mandamus. And

given that we have granted the defendants' motion to dismiss, Richie's motion to

dismiss the appeal is denied. Morales's appeal, however, is not moot, because

he may wish to participate in any proceedings, on remand, regarding whether any

state law claims survive. Accordingly, we once again reverse the order denying

Morales's motion to intervene as of right, and we grant that motion. See Ozee,

110 F.3d at 1094-96.

8

harmonized with after-expressed congressional intent, their appeal

was frivolous under the plain statutory language that existed at

the time.

The defendants' contention that they should not be penalized

for pursuing an appeal in a case of first impression is

unpersuasive. While it is true that we have called sanctions

“inappropriate” when the case is one of first impression, see

Estiverne v. Sak's Fifth Avenue, 9 F.3d 1171, 1174 (5th Cir. 1993)

(per curiam), the novelty of a legal issue merely cuts against, but

does not preclude, the imposition of sanctions. See United States

v. Alexander, 981 F.2d 250, 253 (5th Cir. 1993) (“Of course, a

claim that is utterly insupportable may be sanctionable even if the

circuit has not addressed the issue.”). Were this not the case, a

patently frivolous but novel legal argumentSS“novel,” perhaps,

because no litigant would dream of bringing it with a straight

faceSSwould not be sanctionable. 

The specter of sanctions deters not only the raising of claims

that have been considered and rejected repeatedly, but also the

pursuit of untested claims that are worthless on their face. We

decline to adopt a rule of “first-impression immunity” and,

accordingly, we now reimpose the sanctions.7
9

V.

The motion to dismiss plaintiff's antitrust claims is GRANTED,

and a judgment of dismissal of that claim is hereby RENDERED. The

order denying Morales's motion to intervene as of right is

REVERSED, and the case is REMANDED for purposes of determining

whether any state law claims survive. Pursuant to FED R. APP.

P. 38, the defendants and Northwestern University are sanctioned

$15,000 for their frivolous appeals and are hereby ORDERED to remit

that sum to Richie.