I 

111TH CONGRESS 

1ST SESSION H. R. 1206 

To strengthen sanctions against the Government of Syria, to enhance multilateral commitment to address the Government of Syria’s threatening policies, to establish a program to support a transition to a democraticallyelected government in Syria, and for other purposes. 

IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 

FEBRUARY 26, 2009 

Ms. ROS-LEHTINEN (for herself, Mr. BOEHNER, Mr. CANTOR, Mr. PENCE, 

Mr. MCCARTHY of California, Mr. MCCOTTER, Mr. CARTER, Mr. HOEKSTRA, Mr. KING of New York, Mr. BUYER, Mr. RYAN of Wisconsin, Mr. 

BLUNT, Mrs. BLACKBURN, Mr. PRICE of Georgia, Mr. BURTON of Indiana, Mr. ROYCE, Mr. MACK, Mr. WILSON of South Carolina, Mr. 

MCCAUL, Mr. POE of Texas, Mr. BILIRAKIS, Mrs. MYRICK, Mr. SHADEGG, Ms. FOXX, Mr. KIRK, Mr. FRELINGHUYSEN, Mrs. CAPITO, Mr. 

MARCHANT, Mr. SOUDER, Mr. CONAWAY, Mr. MILLER of Florida, Mr. 

GOHMERT, Mr. LINDER, Mr. LOBIONDO, Mr. BISHOP of Utah, Mr. 

TERRY, Mr. LAMBORN, Mr. TIBERI, Mr. BUCHANAN, Mr. BROUN of 

Georgia, Mr. ROONEY, Mr. SAM JOHNSON of Texas, Mr. LINCOLN DIAZBALART of Florida, and Mr. SENSENBRENNER) introduced the following 

bill; which was referred to the Committee on Foreign Affairs, and in addition to the Committees on Ways and Means, Financial Services, Oversight and Government Reform, and the Judiciary, for a period to be subsequently determined by the Speaker, in each case for consideration of 

such provisions as fall within the jurisdiction of the committee concerned 

A BILL 

To strengthen sanctions against the Government of Syria, 

to enhance multilateral commitment to address the Government of Syria’s threatening policies, to establish a 

program to support a transition to a democraticallyelected government in Syria, and for other purposes. 


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1 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa2 tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, 

3 SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF CONTENTS. 

4 (a) SHORT TITLE.—This Act may be cited as the 

5 ‘‘Syria Accountability and Liberation Act’’. 

6 (b) TABLE OF CONTENTS.—The table of contents of 

7 this Act is as follows: 

Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents. 

Sec. 2. Definitions. 

TITLE I—STRENGTHENING UNITED STATES SANCTIONS AGAINST 

SYRIA 

Sec. 101. Declarations of policy. 

Sec. 102. Codification of existing sanctions and continuation of restrictions 

against the Government of Syria. 

Sec. 103. Sanctions against certain persons. 

Sec. 104. Sanctions against certain foreign countries. 

TITLE II—SANCTIONS TARGETING SYRIA’S ENERGY SECTOR 

Sec. 201. Imposition of sanctions. 

Sec. 202. Advisory opinions. 

Sec. 203. Termination of sanctions. 

Sec. 204. Duration of sanctions; Presidential waiver. 

Sec. 205. Determinations not reviewable. 

Sec. 206. Exclusion of certain activities. 

TITLE III—SYRIA NUCLEAR WEAPONS PREVENTION 

Sec. 301. Findings. 

Sec. 302. Actions within the International Atomic Energy Agency. 

Sec. 303. Restrictions on nuclear cooperation with countries assisting the nuclear program of Syria. 

Sec. 304. Exclusion from the United States of senior officials of foreign persons 

who have aided the nuclear program of Syria. 

TITLE IV—DIPLOMATIC EFFORTS TO ISOLATE THE 

GOVERNMENT OF SYRIA 

Sec. 401. Sense of Congress relating to bilateral efforts. 

Sec. 402. Opposition to Syria’s membership and candidacy for leadership posts 

in United Nations institutions. 

Sec. 403. Actions at international financial institutions. 

Sec. 404. Establishment of United States and regional contact groups. 

Sec. 405. Report on assistance to, and commerce with, Syria. 

TITLE V—ASSISTANCE TO SUPPORT DEMOCRACY IN SYRIA 


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Sec. 501. Declarations of policy. 

Sec. 502. Assistance to support a transition to democracy in Syria. 

Sec. 503. Condemnation of Syrian human rights abuses. 

1 SEC. 2. DEFINITIONS. 

2 In this Act: 

3 (1) APPROPRIATE CONGRESSIONAL COMMIT4 TEES.—The term ‘‘appropriate congressional com5 mittees’’ means— 

6 (A) the Committee on Foreign Affairs and 

7 the Committee on Appropriations of the House 

8 of Representatives; and 

9 (B) the Committee on Foreign Relations 

10 and the Committee on Appropriations of the 

11 Senate. 

12 (2) DEVELOP; DEVELOPMENT.—The terms ‘‘de13 velop’’, or the ‘‘development’’ of, mean, with respect 

14 to petroleum resources, the exploration for, or the 

15 extraction, refining, or transportation by pipeline of, 

16 petroleum resources. 

17 (3) GOODS AND TECHNOLOGY.—The terms 

18 ‘‘goods’’ and ‘‘technology’’ have the meanings given 

19 such terms in section 16 of the Export Administra20 tion Act of 1979 (50 U.S.C. App. 2415). 

21 (4) GOVERNMENT OF SYRIA.—The term ‘‘Gov22 ernment of Syria’’ includes any agency or instru23 mentality of the Government of Syria, including any 

24 entity that is controlled by the Government of Syria. 


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1 (5) INVESTMENT.— 

2 (A) IN GENERAL.—The term ‘‘investment’’ 

3 means any of the following activities if the ac4 tivity is undertaken pursuant to an agreement, 

5 or pursuant to the exercise of rights under such 

6 an agreement, that is entered into with the 

7 Government of Syria or a nongovernmental en8 tity in Syria on or after the date of the enact9 ment of this Act: 

10 (i) The entry into a contract that in11 cludes responsibility for the development of 

12 petroleum resources located in Syria, or 

13 the entry into a contract providing for the 

14 general supervision and guarantee of an15 other person’s performance of such a con16 tract. 

17 (ii) The purchase of a share of owner18 ship, including an equity interest, in that 

19 development. 

20 (iii) The entry into a contract pro21 viding for the participation in royalties, 

22 earnings, or profits in that development, 

23 without regard to the form of the partici24 pation. 


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1 (B) EXCLUSION.—The term ‘‘investment’’ 

2 does not include the entry into, performance, or 

3 financing of a contract to sell or purchase 

4 goods, services, or technology. 

5 (C) AMENDMENTS OR MODIFICATIONS.— 

6 For purposes of this paragraph, an amendment 

7 or other modification that is made, on or after 

8 the date of the enactment of this Act, to an 

9 agreement or contract shall be treated as the 

10 entry into an agreement or contract. 

11 (6) PERSON.—The term ‘‘person’’ means— 

12 (A) a natural person; or 

13 (B) a corporation, business association, 

14 partnership, society, trust, any other non15 governmental entity, organization, or group, 

16 and any governmental entity operating as a 

17 business enterprise. 

18 (7) PETROLEUM RESOURCES.—The term ‘‘pe19 troleum resources’’ includes petroleum and natural 

20 gas resources. 

21 (8) UNITED STATES ASSISTANCE.—The term 

22 ‘‘United States assistance’’ means— 

23 (A) any assistance under the Foreign As24 sistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.), 


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1 other than urgent humanitarian assistance or 

2 medicine; 

3 (B) sales and assistance under the Arms 

4 Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2751 et seq.); 

5 (C) financing by the Commodity Credit 

6 Corporation for export sales of agricultural 

7 commodities; or 

8 (D) financing under the Export-Import 

9 Bank Act of 1945 (12 U.S.C. 635 et seq.). 

10 TITLE I—STRENGTHENING 

11 UNITED STATES SANCTIONS 

12 AGAINST SYRIA 

13 SEC. 101. DECLARATIONS OF POLICY. 

14 Congress makes the following declarations of policy: 

15 (1) The actions of the Government of the Syr16 ian Arab Republic, including its support for, and fa17 cilitation of, terrorist activities, including inside of 

18 Iraq, its development of long-range missiles and 

19 weapons of mass destruction programs and capabili20 ties, its continued interference with the internal af21 fairs of the Lebanese Republic in violation of mul22 tiple United Nations Security Council resolutions 

23 and of its international obligations, and its massive, 

24 systematic, and extraordinary violations of human 

25 rights of the Syrian people, are a threat to the naVerDate Nov 24 2008 00:59 Feb 28, 2009 Jkt 079200 PO 00000 Frm 00006 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\H1206.IH H1206

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1 tional security of the United States and inter2 national peace. 

3 (2) The policy of the United States shall be to 

4 deny the Government of Syria the ability to carry 

5 out the following: 

6 (A) To finance, provide safe-haven, or oth7 erwise support terrorist organizations. 

8 (B) To develop chemical, biological, radio9 logical, or nuclear weapons and long-range bal10 listic missiles. 

11 (C) To continue to interfere in the affairs 

12 of the Government of Lebanon in contravention 

13 of multiple United Nations Security Council 

14 resolutions and other pertinent obligations. 

15 (D) To continue to oppress the people of 

16 Syria. 

17 (3) The President should advocate for, and 

18 should instruct the United States Permanent Rep19 resentative to the United Nations to propose and 

20 seek within the United Nations Security Council, a 

21 mandatory international embargo against the Gov22 ernment of Syria, pursuant to Article 41 of the 

23 Charter of the United Nations. 

24 (4) Any effort by a country that is a recipient 

25 of United States assistance to facilitate, directly or 


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1 indirectly, the development of Syria’s chemical, bio2 logical, radiological, or nuclear weapons capabilities, 

3 long-range ballistic missile development programs, or 

4 to help make operational any nuclear facility in 

5 Syria will have a detrimental impact on United 

6 States assistance to, or commercial and financial re7 lations with, such country. 

8 SEC. 102. CODIFICATION OF EXISTING SANCTIONS AND 

9 CONTINUATION OF RESTRICTIONS AGAINST 

10 THE GOVERNMENT OF SYRIA. 

11 (a) RESTRICTIONS RELATING TO CERTAIN PROVI12 SIONS OF LAW.—Restrictions against the Government of 

13 Syria, and on persons by reason of their direction of, or 

14 contribution to, activities of the Government of Syria, that 

15 were imposed pursuant to the International Emergency 

16 Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.), the Syria 

17 Accountability and Lebanese Sovereignty Restoration Act 

18 of 2003 (Public Law 108–175), the Iran, North Korea, 

19 and Syria Nonproliferation Act (50 U.S.C. 1701 note), or 

20 any similar provision of law, as in effect on the date of 

21 the enactment of this Act, including the restrictions im22 posed under Executive Order 12938 (as amended by Exec23 utive Order 13094), Executive Order 13338, Executive 

24 Order 13399, Executive Order 13460, and any similar Ex25 ecutive Order, shall remain in effect and may not be lifted 


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1 pursuant to such provisions of law until the President cer2 tifies to the appropriate congressional committees that the 

3 Government of Syria— 

4 (1) has ceased all support for terrorism, includ5 ing by meeting the requirements of paragraphs (2), 

6 (3), and (4) of subsection (b), and has not provided 

7 such support during the preceding 5-year period and 

8 has not been determined by the Secretary of State, 

9 for the purposes of section 6(j) of the Export Ad10 ministration Act of 1979, section 620A of the For11 eign Assistance Act of 1961, section 40 of the Arms 

12 Export Control Act, or any other provision of law, 

13 to be a government that has repeatedly provided 

14 support for acts of international terrorism at any 

15 time during such 5-year period; 

16 (2)(A) has permanently dismantled Syria’s 

17 chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear weap18 ons programs; 

19 (B) has ceased all efforts to design, develop, 

20 manufacture, or acquire— 

21 (i) a nuclear explosive device or related 

22 materials and technology; 

23 (ii) chemical, biological, and radiological 

24 weapons; and 


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1 (iii) ballistic missiles and ballistic missile 

2 launch technology; and 

3 (C) has taken demonstrable steps to combat the 

4 proliferation of such weapons; 

5 (3) does not pose a threat to United States na6 tional security, United States interests, and United 

7 States allies in the region; 

8 (4) respects the boundaries, sovereignty, and 

9 right to exist of all neighboring countries; and 

10 (5) upholds and defends the human rights and 

11 civil liberties of its people. 

12 (b) RESTRICTIONS RELATING TO STATE SPONSOR OF

13 TERRORISM DETERMINATION.—Restrictions against the 

14 Government of Syria that were imposed by reason of a 

15 determination by the Secretary of State that the Govern16 ment of Syria, for purposes of section 6(j) of the Export 

17 Administration Act of 1979 (as continued in effect pursu18 ant to the International Emergency Economic Powers 

19 Act), section 40 of the Arms Export Control Act, section 

20 620A of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, or other pro21 vision of law, is a government that has repeatedly provided 

22 support for acts of international terrorism, shall remain 

23 in effect, and shall not be lifted pursuant to such provi24 sions of law, unless the President certifies to the approVerDate Nov 24 2008 00:59 Feb 28, 2009 Jkt 079200 PO 00000 Frm 00010 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\H1206.IH H1206

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1 priate congressional committees that the Government of 

2 Syria— 

3 (1) is not engaged in the illegal transfer of mis4 sile or nuclear technology to the Government of 

5 North Korea or to any country the government of 

6 which the Secretary of State has determined, for 

7 purposes of any of the provisions of law specified in 

8 the matter preceding this paragraph, is a govern9 ment that has repeatedly provided support for acts 

10 of international terrorism; 

11 (2) is no longer engaged in training, harboring, 

12 supplying, financing, or supporting in any way— 

13 (A) Hamas, Hezbollah, Palestinian Islamic 

14 Jihad, the Popular Front for the Liberation of 

15 Palestine, the Popular Front for the Liberation 

16 of Palestine-General Command, the Democratic 

17 Front for the Liberation of Palestine, Fatah al18 Intifada, or Fatah al-Islam; 

19 (B) any other organization designated by 

20 the Secretary of State as a foreign terrorist or21 ganization in accordance with section 219(a) of 

22 the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 

23 1189(a)); 

24 (C) any person included on the Annex to 

25 Executive Order 13224 (September 23, 2001) 


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1 and any other person identified under section 1 

2 of that Executive Order whose property and in3 terests in property are blocked by such section 

4 (commonly known as a ‘‘specially designated 

5 global terrorist’’); 

6 (D) any person designated under section 3 

7 of Executive Order 13338 (May 13, 2004) or 

8 under section 1 of Executive Order 13438 (July 

9 17, 2007); 

10 (E) the Syrian Social Nationalist Party; 

11 (F) any other person or organization con12 tributing to instability in Lebanon or Iraq; and 

13 (G) any agency, instrumentality, affiliate, 

14 or successor organization of the organizations 

15 listed in subparagraphs (A), (B), (C), (D), E), 

16 or (F). 

17 (3) has immediately and unconditionally 

18 stopped facilitating transit from Syria to Iraq of in19 dividuals, military equipment, and all lethal items, 

20 except as authorized by the representative, inter21 nationally recognized Government of Iraq; and 

22 (4) has ceased its support for ‘‘volunteers’’ and 

23 terrorists who are traveling from and through Syria 

24 into Iraq to launch attacks. 


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1 SEC. 103. SANCTIONS AGAINST CERTAIN PERSONS. 

2 (a) PROHIBITION.—The sanctions described in sub3 section (b) shall be imposed on a person if such person 

4 transfers or retransfers goods or technology so as to con5 tribute to the efforts by the Government of Syria to ac6 quire or develop destabilizing numbers or types of ad7 vanced conventional weapons, or to acquire, develop, 

8 produce, or stockpile biological, chemical, radiological, or 

9 nuclear weapons or long-range ballistic missiles. 

10 (b) SANCTIONS.—The sanctions to be imposed on a 

11 person pursuant to subsection (a) are as follows: 

12 (1) PROCUREMENT SANCTION.—The United 

13 States Government shall not procure, or enter into 

14 any contract for the procurement of, any goods or 

15 services from such sanctioned person. 

16 (2) EXPORT SANCTION.—The United States 

17 Government shall not issue any license for any ex18 port by or to such sanctioned person. 

19 (3) IMPORT SANCTION.—The President shall 

20 ban the importation of any article that is a product 

21 of such sanctioned person. 

22 (c) PERSONS AGAINST WHOM SANCTIONS ARE TO

23 BE IMPOSED.—The sanctions described in subsection (b) 

24 shall be imposed on— 


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1 (1) any person the President determines has 

2 carried out any of the activities described in sub3 section (a); and 

4 (2) any person the President determines— 

5 (A) is a successor entity to a person re6 ferred to in paragraph (1); 

7 (B) is a parent or subsidiary of a person 

8 referred to in paragraph (1) if such parent or 

9 subsidiary engaged in any of the activities de10 scribed in subsection (a); or 

11 (C) is an affiliate of a person referred to 

12 in paragraph (1) if such affiliate engaged in 

13 any of the activities described in subsection (a) 

14 and if such affiliate is controlled in fact by a 

15 person referred to in paragraph (1). 

16 SEC. 104. SANCTIONS AGAINST CERTAIN FOREIGN COUN17 TRIES. 

18 (a) PROHIBITION.—The President shall impose on 

19 the government of a foreign country the sanctions de20 scribed in paragraphs (1), (2), and (3) of subsection (b) 

21 and one or more of the sanctions described in paragraphs 

22 (4), (5), and (6) of subsection (b), and the sanctions de23 scribed in subsection (c), if the President determines that 

24 such government transfers or retransfers goods or tech25 nology, or provides assistance, so as to contribute to the 


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1 efforts by the Government of Syria to acquire or develop 

2 destabilizing numbers and types of advanced conventional 

3 weapons, or to acquire, develop, produce, or stockpile 

4 chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear weapons and 

5 long-range ballistic missiles. 

6 (b) SANCTIONS.—The sanctions referred to in sub7 section (a) are as follows: 

8 (1) SUSPENSION OF UNITED STATES ASSIST9 ANCE.—The United States Government shall sus10 pend United States assistance to such sanctioned 

11 country. 

12 (2) SUSPENSION OF CODEVELOPMENT OR CO13 PRODUCTION AGREEMENTS.—The United States 

14 Government shall suspend compliance with its obli15 gations under any memorandum of understanding 

16 with such sanctioned country for the codevelopment 

17 or coproduction of any item on the United States 

18 Munitions List (established under section 38 of the 

19 Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2778)), includ20 ing any obligation for implementation of such memo21 randum of understanding through the sale to such 

22 sanctioned country of technical data or assistance or 

23 the licensing for export to such sanctioned country 

24 of any component part. 


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1 (3) UNITED STATES MUNITIONS LIST.—No 

2 item on the United States Munitions List (estab3 lished pursuant to section 38 of the Arms Export 

4 Control Act) may be exported to such sanctioned 

5 country. 

6 (4) EXPORT SANCTION.—The United States 

7 Government shall not issue any license for any ex8 port by or to such sanctioned country. 

9 (5) IMPORT SANCTION.—The President shall 

10 ban the importation of any article that is a product 

11 of such sanctioned country. 

12 (6) INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTION

13 ASSISTANCE.—The Secretary of the Treasury shall 

14 instruct the United States Executive Director at 

15 each international financial institution (as defined in 

16 section 1701(c)(2) of the International Financial In17 stitutions Act) to oppose and vote against the exten18 sion by such institution of any financial or technical 

19 assistance to such sanctioned country. 

20 (c) SUSPENSION OF MILITARY AND DUAL-USE

21 TECHNICAL EXCHANGE AGREEMENTS.—The United 

22 States Government shall suspend compliance with its obli23 gations under any technical exchange agreement involving 

24 military and dual-use technology between the United 

25 States and such sanctioned country that does not directly 


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1 contribute to the national security of the United States, 

2 and no military or dual-use technology may be exported 

3 from the United States to such sanctioned country pursu4 ant to such agreement during such period. 

5 TITLE II—SANCTIONS TAR6 GETING SYRIA’S ENERGY SEC7 TOR 

8 SEC. 201. IMPOSITION OF SANCTIONS. 

9 (a) IMPOSITION OF SANCTIONS.—Except as provided 

10 in subsection (f), the President shall impose on a person 

11 the sanctions specified in paragraphs (1) and (2) of sub12 section (b) and one or more of the sanctions specified in 

13 paragraphs (3) through (6) of subsection (b), if the Presi14 dent determines that such person has, on or after the date 

15 of the enactment of this Act, made an investment of 

16 $5,000,000 or more (or any combination of investments 

17 thereof, which in the aggregate equals or exceeds 

18 $5,000,000 in any 12-month period), that contributed to 

19 the enhancement of the Government of Syria’s ability to 

20 develop petroleum resources in Syria. 

21 (b) SANCTIONS SPECIFIED.—The sanctions specified 

22 in this subsection are as follows: 

23 (1) EXPORT-IMPORT BANK ASSISTANCE FOR

24 EXPORTS TO SANCTIONED PERSONS.—The President 

25 shall direct the Export-Import Bank of the United 


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1 States not to give approval to the issuance of any 

2 guarantee, insurance, extension of credit, or partici3 pation in the extension of credit in connection with 

4 the export of any goods or services to any sanctioned 

5 person. 

6 (2) LOANS FROM UNITED STATES FINANCIAL

7 INSTITUTIONS.—The United States Government 

8 shall prohibit any United States financial institution 

9 from making loans or providing credits to any sanc10 tioned person totaling more than $10,000,000 in 

11 any 12-month period unless such person is engaged 

12 in activities to relieve human suffering and such 

13 loans or credits are provided for such activities. 

14 (3) EXPORT SANCTION.—The President may 

15 order the United States Government not to issue 

16 any specific license and not to grant any other spe17 cific permission or authority to export any goods or 

18 technology to a sanctioned person under— 

19 (A) the Export Administration Act of 

20 1979; 

21 (B) the Arms Export Control Act; 

22 (C) the Atomic Energy Act of 1954; or 

23 (D) any other statute that requires the 

24 prior review and approval of the United States 


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1 Government as a condition for the export or re2 export of goods or services. 

3 (4) PROHIBITIONS ON FINANCIAL INSTITU4 TIONS.—The following prohibitions may be imposed 

5 against a sanctioned person that is a financial insti6 tution: 

7 (A) PROHIBITION ON DESIGNATION AS

8 PRIMARY DEALER.—Neither the Board of Gov9 ernors of the Federal Reserve System nor the 

10 Federal Reserve Bank of New York may des11 ignate, or permit the continuation of any prior 

12 designation of, such financial institution as a 

13 primary dealer in United States Government 

14 debt instruments. 

15 (B) PROHIBITION ON SERVICE AS A RE16 POSITORY OF GOVERNMENT FUNDS.—Such fi17 nancial institution may not serve as an agent of 

18 the United States Government or serve as re19 pository for United States Government funds. 

20 The imposition of either sanction under subpara21 graph (A) or (B) shall be treated as one sanction for 

22 purposes of this title, and the imposition of both 

23 such sanctions shall be treated as two sanctions for 

24 purposes of this title. 


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1 (5) PROCUREMENT SANCTION.—The United 

2 States Government may not procure, or enter into 

3 any contract for the procurement of, any goods or 

4 services from a sanctioned person. 

5 (6) ADDITIONAL SANCTIONS.—The President 

6 may impose sanctions, as appropriate, to restrict im7 ports with respect to a sanctioned person, in accord8 ance with the International Emergency Economic 

9 Powers Act. 

10 (c) PERSONS AGAINST WHICH THE SANCTIONS ARE

11 TO BE IMPOSED.—The sanctions specified in subsection 

12 (b) shall be imposed on— 

13 (1) any person the President determines has 

14 carried out an activity described in subsection (a); 

15 and 

16 (2) any person the President determines— 

17 (A) is a successor entity to a person re18 ferred to in paragraph (1); 

19 (B) is a parent or subsidiary of a person 

20 referred to in paragraph (1) if such parent or 

21 subsidiary engaged in an activity described in 

22 subsection (a); or 

23 (C) is an affiliate of a person referred to 

24 in paragraph (1) if such affiliate engaged in an 

25 activity referred to in paragraph (1) and if such 


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1 affiliate is controlled in fact by a person re2 ferred to in paragraph (1). 

3 (d) PUBLICATION IN FEDERAL REGISTER.—The 

4 President shall cause to be published in the Federal Reg5 ister a current list of sanctioned persons. The removal of 

6 persons from, and the addition of persons to, such list of 

7 sanctioned persons shall also be so published. 

8 (e) PUBLICATION OF PROJECTS.—The President 

9 shall cause to be published in the Federal Register a list 

10 of all projects which have been publicly tendered in the 

11 oil and gas sector in Syria. 

12 (f) EXCEPTIONS.—The President shall not be re13 quired to apply or maintain the sanctions specified in sub14 section (b)— 

15 (1) in the case of procurement of defense arti16 cles or defense services— 

17 (A) under existing contracts or sub18 contracts, including the exercise of options for 

19 production quantities to satisfy requirements 

20 essential to the national security of the United 

21 States; 

22 (B) if the President determines and cer23 tifies in writing to the appropriate congressional 

24 committees that the person to which the sanc25 tions would otherwise be applied is a sole source 


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1 supplier of the defense articles or services, that 

2 such defense articles or services are essential, 

3 and that alternative sources are not readily or 

4 reasonably available; or 

5 (C) if the President determines and cer6 tifies in writing to the appropriate congressional 

7 committees that such articles or services are es8 sential to the national security of the United 

9 States under defense coproduction agreements; 

10 (2) in the case of procurement, to eligible prod11 ucts, as defined in section 308(4) of the Trade 

12 Agreements Act of 1979 (19 U.S.C. 2518(4)), of 

13 any foreign country or instrumentality designated 

14 under section 301(b)(1) of that Act (19 U.S.C. 

15 2511(b)(1)); 

16 (3) to products, technology, or services provided 

17 under contracts entered into before the date on 

18 which the President publishes in the Federal Reg19 ister the name of a person with respect to which the 

20 sanctions are to be imposed; 

21 (4) to— 

22 (A) spare parts which are essential to 

23 United States products or production; and 


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1 (B) component parts, but not finished 

2 products, essential to United States products or 

3 production; and 

4 (5) to medicines, medical supplies, or other hu5 manitarian items. 

6 SEC. 202. ADVISORY OPINIONS. 

7 The Secretary of State may, upon the request of any 

8 person, issue an advisory opinion to such person as to 

9 whether a proposed activity by such person would subject 

10 such person to sanctions under section 201. Any person 

11 who relies in good faith on such an advisory opinion which 

12 states that such proposed activity would not subject such 

13 person to such sanctions, and any person who thereafter 

14 engages in such activity, shall not be made subject to such 

15 sanctions on account of such activity. 

16 SEC. 203. TERMINATION OF SANCTIONS. 

17 The requirement to impose sanctions under section 

18 201 shall no longer have force or effect with respect to 

19 the Government of Syria if the President determines and 

20 certifies to the appropriate congressional committees that 

21 the requirements of section 102 (a) and (b) have been met. 

22 SEC. 204. DURATION OF SANCTIONS; PRESIDENTIAL WAIV23 ER. 

24 (a) DELAY OF SANCTIONS.— 


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1 (1) CONSULTATIONS.—If the President makes a 

2 determination under section 201 that sanctions spec3 ified in such section should be imposed with respect 

4 to a foreign person, Congress urges the President to 

5 initiate consultations immediately with the govern6 ment with primary jurisdiction over such foreign 

7 person with respect to the imposition of such sanc8 tions under such section. 

9 (2) ACTIONS BY GOVERNMENT OF JURISDIC10 TION.—In order to pursue consultations under para11 graph (1) with the government with primary juris12 diction over a foreign person described in such para13 graph, the President may delay imposition on such 

14 foreign person of sanctions under section 201 for up 

15 to 90 days. Following such consultations, the Presi16 dent shall immediately impose such sanctions unless 

17 the President determines and certifies to the appro18 priate congressional committees that such govern19 ment has taken specific and effective actions, includ20 ing the imposition of appropriate penalties, to termi21 nate the involvement of such foreign person in the 

22 activities that resulted in the determination by the 

23 President to impose on such foreign person sanc24 tions under section 201. 


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1 (b) DURATION OF SANCTIONS.—Sanctions imposed 

2 under section 201 shall remain in effect— 

3 (1) for a period of not less than two years from 

4 the date on which such sanctions are imposed; or 

5 (2) until such time as the President determines 

6 and certifies to the appropriate congressional com7 mittees that the person whose activities were the 

8 basis for imposing such sanction is no longer engag9 ing in such activities and that the President has re10 ceived reliable assurances that such person will not 

11 engage in such activities in the future, except that 

12 such sanctions shall remain in effect for a period of 

13 not less than one year. 

14 (c) PRESIDENTIAL WAIVER.—The President may, on 

15 a case by case basis, waive for a single period of not more 

16 than six months the application of a sanction imposed on 

17 a foreign person under section 201, if the President cer18 tifies to the appropriate congressional committees at least 

19 30 days before such waiver is to take effect that— 

20 (1) such waiver is vital to the national security 

21 of the United States; and 

22 (2) the government of the country with respect 

23 to which such foreign person is a national has un24 dertaken substantial measures to prevent the acqui25 sition and development of weapons of mass destrucVerDate Nov 24 2008 00:59 Feb 28, 2009 Jkt 079200 PO 00000 Frm 00025 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\H1206.IH H1206

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1 tion by the Government of Syria and to deny the 

2 Government of Syria the resources and capability to 

3 engage in the state-sponsorship of terrorism. 

4 SEC. 205. DETERMINATIONS NOT REVIEWABLE. 

5 A determination to impose sanctions under section 

6 201 shall not be reviewable in any court. 

7 SEC. 206. EXCLUSION OF CERTAIN ACTIVITIES. 

8 Nothing in this title shall apply to any activities sub9 ject to the reporting requirements of title V of the Na10 tional Security Act of 1947. 

11 TITLE III—SYRIA NUCLEAR 

12 WEAPONS PREVENTION 

13 SEC. 301. FINDINGS. 

14 Congress finds the following: 

15 (1) On September 6, 2007, Israeli warplanes 

16 bombed a site at al-Kibar in northeastern Syria, 

17 which the Syrians subsequently worked to conceal. 

18 On April 24, 2008, senior United States intelligence 

19 officials briefed Congress and the press about the al20 Kibar site, citing detailed information showing that 

21 the al Kibar facility was a nuclear reactor, built with 

22 North Korean assistance. 

23 (2) Following the briefing, Syria granted Inter24 national Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) inspectors 

25 access to Dayr al-Zor (but denied them access to 


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•HR 1206 IH

1 three other sites), where they took environmental 

2 samples on June 23, 2008. After the visit, Syria 

3 suspended cooperation with the IAEA, which later 

4 revealed that soil samples taken from the al-Kibar 

5 site revealed ‘‘a significant number of natural ura6 nium particles’’ that were produced by human action 

7 rather than being already present in the environ8 ment. 

9 (3) The natural uranium found by the IAEA is 

10 the type of fuel that would be fed into a reactor to 

11 produce plutonium, which after extraction in a re12 processing facility, could fuel a nuclear bomb. 

13 (4) Syria’s safeguards agreement with the 

14 IAEA requires notification to the agency in advance 

15 of construction of any nuclear facility, regardless of 

16 the presence of nuclear material, and, as a result, 

17 Syria’s construction of a reactor violated its IAEA 

18 obligations. 

19 SEC. 302. ACTIONS WITHIN THE INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC 

20 ENERGY AGENCY. 

21 (a) STATEMENT OF POLICY.—It shall be the policy 

22 of the United States to oppose the development or acquisi23 tion by Syria of a nuclear capability. 


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1 (b) UNITED STATES ACTIONS.—The President shall 

2 instruct the United States Permanent Representative to 

3 the International Atomic Energy Agency to— 

4 (1) seek the adoption of a resolution declaring 

5 Syria to be in violation of its IAEA obligations un6 less Syria immediately— 

7 (A) declares all nuclear-related facilities; 

8 (B) immediately and unconditionally sus9 pends any activity which could be used to de10 velop nuclear-weapons capability; and 

11 (C) provides IAEA inspectors with full ac12 cess to its nuclear-related facilities; 

13 (2) use all available political, economic, and dip14 lomatic tools, and shall use the voice, vote, and in15 fluence of the United States in all international or16 ganizations and associations of which it is a mem17 ber, including the IAEA and the Nuclear Suppliers 

18 Group, to— 

19 (A) block the development or acquisition 

20 by Syria of a capacity to fabricate nuclear fuel; 

21 (B) block the allocation of funds for any 

22 IAEA development, environmental, or nuclear 

23 science assistance or activity to Syria; 

24 (C) block the allocation of funds for IAEA 

25 development, environmental, or nuclear-related 


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1 assistance or activity to the Government of 

2 Syria, including any agency or instrumentality 

3 thereof; and 

4 (D) block membership of the Government 

5 of Syria on the Board of Governors of the 

6 IAEA; and 

7 (3) shall withhold from United States contribu8 tions to the IAEA an amount equal to that which 

9 the IAEA expends on assistance to Syria. 

10 SEC. 303. RESTRICTIONS ON NUCLEAR COOPERATION WITH 

11 COUNTRIES ASSISTING THE NUCLEAR PRO12 GRAM OF SYRIA. 

13 (a) IN GENERAL.—Notwithstanding any other provi14 sion of law or any international agreement, no agreement 

15 for cooperation between the United States and the govern16 ment of any country that is assisting the nuclear program 

17 of Syria or transferring advanced conventional weapons or 

18 missiles to Syria may be submitted to Congress pursuant 

19 to section 123 of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 (42 

20 U.S.C. 2153), no such agreement may enter into force 

21 with such country, no license may be issued for export di22 rectly or indirectly to such country of any nuclear mate23 rial, facilities, components, or other goods, services, or 

24 technology that would be subject to such agreement, and 

25 no approval may be given for the transfer or retransfer 


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1 directly or indirectly to such country of any nuclear mate2 rial, facilities, components, or other goods, services, or 

3 technology that would be subject to such agreement, until 

4 the President determines and reports to the Committee 

5 on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives and 

6 the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate that 

7 the government of such country that is assisting the nu8 clear program of Syria or transferring advanced conven9 tional weapons or missiles to Syria— 

10 (1) has suspended all nuclear assistance to 

11 Syria or suspended transferring advanced conven12 tional weapons or missiles to Syria (as the case may 

13 be); and 

14 (2) is committed to maintaining such suspen15 sion. 

16 (b) RULES OF CONSTRUCTION.—The restrictions de17 scribed in subsection (a)— 

18 (1) shall apply in addition to all other applica19 ble procedures, requirements, and restrictions re20 quired by the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 and any 

21 other law; and 

22 (2) shall not be construed as affecting the valid23 ity of agreements for cooperation that are in effect 

24 on the date of the enactment of this Act. 

25 (c) DEFINITIONS.—In this section: 


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1 (1) AGREEMENT FOR COOPERATION.—The term 

2 ‘‘agreement for cooperation’’ has the meaning given 

3 such term in section 11 (b). of the Atomic Energy 

4 Act of 1954 (42 U.S.C. 2014 b.). 

5 (2) ASSISTING THE NUCLEAR PROGRAM OF

6 SYRIA.—The term ‘‘assisting the nuclear program of 

7 Syria’’ means the intentional transfer to Syria by a 

8 government, or by a person subject to the jurisdic9 tion of a government with the knowledge and acqui10 escence of such government, of goods, services, or 

11 technology listed on the Nuclear Suppliers Group 

12 Guidelines for the Export of Nuclear Material, 

13 Equipment and Technology (published by the Inter14 national Atomic Energy Agency as Information Cir15 cular INFCIRC/254/Rev. 3/Part 1, and subsequent 

16 revisions) or Guidelines for Transfers of Nuclear-Re17 lated Dual-Use Equipment, Material, and Related 

18 Technology (published by the International Atomic 

19 Energy Agency as Information Circular INFCIR/ 

20 254/Rev. 3/Part 2, and subsequent revisions). 

21 (3) COUNTRY THAT IS ASSISTING THE NU22 CLEAR PROGRAM OF SYRIA OR TRANSFERRING AD23 VANCED CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS OR MISSILES TO

24 SYRIA.—The term ‘‘country that is assisting the nu25 clear program of Syria or transferring advanced conVerDate Nov 24 2008 00:59 Feb 28, 2009 Jkt 079200 PO 00000 Frm 00031 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\H1206.IH H1206

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1 ventional weapons or missiles to Syria’’ means any 

2 country determined by the President to be assisting 

3 the nuclear program of Syria or transferring ad4 vanced conventional weapons or missiles to Syria. 

5 (d) WAIVER.—The President may waive the applica6 tion of the sanctions described in subsection (a) if the 

7 President— 

8 (1) determines that such a waiver is vital to the 

9 national security of the United States; and 

10 (2) submits to the appropriate congressional 

11 committees a report describing the reasons for such 

12 determination. 

13 SEC. 304. EXCLUSION FROM THE UNITED STATES OF SEN14 IOR OFFICIALS OF FOREIGN PERSONS WHO 

15 HAVE AIDED THE NUCLEAR PROGRAM OF 

16 SYRIA. 

17 (a) GROUNDS FOR EXCLUSION.—Except as provided 

18 in subsection (b), the Secretary of State shall deny a visa 

19 to, and the Secretary of Homeland Security shall exclude 

20 from the United States, any alien whom the Secretary of 

21 State determines is an alien who, on or after the date of 

22 the enactment of this Act, is a— 

23 (1) person, agent, instrumentality, or official of, 

24 is affiliated with, or is serving as a representative of, 

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1 mitted pursuant to section 2(a) of the Iran, North 

2 Korea, and Syria Nonproliferation Act (Public Law 

3 106–178); 

4 (2) corporate officer, principal, or shareholder 

5 with a controlling interest of a foreign person identi6 fied in a report submitted pursuant to such section; 

7 (3) corporate officer, principal, or shareholder 

8 with a controlling interest of a successor entity to, 

9 or a parent or subsidiary of, a foreign person identi10 fied in such a report; 

11 (4) corporate officer, principal, or shareholder 

12 with a controlling interest of an affiliate of a foreign 

13 person identified in such a report, if such affiliate 

14 engaged in the activities referred to in such report, 

15 and if such affiliate is controlled in fact by the for16 eign person identified in such report; 

17 (5) spouse, minor child, or agent of a person 

18 excludable under paragraph (1), (2), (3) or (4); 

19 (6) senior official of a foreign government iden20 tified in such a report; 

21 (7) senior official of a foreign government with 

22 primary jurisdiction over a foreign person identified 

23 in such a report; or 

24 (8) spouse, minor child, or agent of a person 

25 excludable under paragraph (6) or (7). 


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1 (b) EXCEPTION.—The President may waive the sanc2 tions described in subsection (a) with respect to a person 

3 specified in paragraph (5), (6), or (7) if the President de4 termines and certifies in writing to the appropriate con5 gressional committees, on a case by case basis, that the 

6 foreign government with primary jurisdiction over such 

7 person has made and continues to make clear, specific ef8 forts to stop and deter the transfer or retransfer of, or 

9 the permitting, hosting, or other facilitating of trans10 shipments that may enable the transfer or retransfer of, 

11 goods or technology that contribute to the efforts by Syria, 

12 as the case may be, to acquire or develop advanced conven13 tional weapons, or to acquire, develop, produce, or stock14 pile radiological or nuclear weapons. 

15 (c) DEFINITIONS.—In subsection (b): 

16 (1) TRANSFER.—The term ‘‘transfer’’ means 

17 the conveyance of technological or intellectual prop18 erty, or the conversion of intellectual or technological 

19 advances into marketable goods, services, or articles 

20 of value, developed and generated in one place, to 

21 another through illegal or illicit means to a country, 

22 the government of which the Secretary of State has 

23 determined, for purposes of section 6(j)(1)(A) of the 

24 Export Administration Act of 1979 (as in effect pur25 suant to the International Emergency Economic 


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•HR 1206 IH

1 Powers Act), section 40(d) of the Arms Export Con2 trol Act (22 U.S.C. 2780(d)), and section 620A of 

3 the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 

4 2371), is a government that has repeatedly provided 

5 support for acts of international terrorism. 

6 (2) TRANSSHIPMENT.—The term ‘‘trans7 shipment’’ means the export from one country to an8 other that passes through a third country, in which 

9 cargo is off-loaded and there is some change to con10 veyance. 

11 TITLE IV—DIPLOMATIC EF12 FORTS TO ISOLATE THE GOV13 ERNMENT OF SYRIA 

14 SEC. 401. SENSE OF CONGRESS RELATING TO BILATERAL 

15 EFFORTS. 

16 It is the sense of Congress that the Secretary of State 

17 should ensure that United States diplomatic personnel 

18 abroad understand and, in their contacts with foreign offi19 cials, are communicating the reasons for United States 

20 policy and sanctions against the Government of Syria, and 

21 are urging foreign governments to cooperate more effec22 tively with the Government of the United States in com23 pelling the Government of Syria to cease policies and ac24 tivities that threaten global peace and security. 


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1 SEC. 402. OPPOSITION TO SYRIA’S MEMBERSHIP AND CAN2 DIDACY FOR LEADERSHIP POSTS IN UNITED 

3 NATIONS INSTITUTIONS. 

4 The President shall direct the United States Perma5 nent Representative to the United Nations, United Na6 tions organizations and entities, and United Nations-affili7 ated agencies and bodies, to continue to use the voice, 

8 vote, and influence of the United States to oppose Syria’s 

9 membership and candidacy for leadership posts in such 

10 institutions, and engage in diplomatic efforts to secure 

11 multilateral support for such efforts. 

12 SEC. 403. ACTIONS AT INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTI13 TUTIONS. 

14 The President shall instruct the United States Exec15 utive Director at each international financial institution 

16 (as defined in section 1701(c)(2) of the International Fi17 nancial Institutions Act) to use the voice, vote, and influ18 ence of the United States to oppose any loan or other as19 sistance to Syria and to oppose Syria’s membership in 

20 each such institution. 

21 SEC. 404. ESTABLISHMENT OF UNITED STATES AND RE22 GIONAL CONTACT GROUPS. 

23 The President shall seek to establish contact groups 

24 with relevant countries in the Middle East to provide fo25 rums in which United States officials who are responsible 

26 for counter-proliferation efforts are able to meet, at least 


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•HR 1206 IH

1 twice each year, with their counterparts from such coun2 tries to— 

3 (1) discuss the global threats presented by Syr4 ian nuclear proliferation and sponsorship of inter5 national terrorism; and 

6 (2) develop strategies to effectively address such 

7 threats. 

8 SEC. 405. REPORT ON ASSISTANCE TO, AND COMMERCE 

9 WITH, SYRIA. 

10 (a) REPORT.—Not later than 90 days after the date 

11 of the enactment of this Act and annually thereafter, the 

12 President shall transmit to the appropriate congressional 

13 committees a report on assistance to, and commerce with, 

14 Syria by other foreign countries during the preceding 12- 

15 month period. 

16 (b) CONTENTS.—Each report required under sub17 section (a) shall, for the period covered by the report, con18 tain the following information, to the extent such informa19 tion is available: 

20 (1) A description of all bilateral assistance pro21 vided to Syria by other foreign countries, including 

22 humanitarian assistance. 

23 (2) A description of Syria’s commerce with 

24 other foreign countries, including an identification of 


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1 Syria’s trading partners and the extent of such 

2 trade. 

3 (3) A description of the joint ventures com4 pleted, or under consideration, by foreign nationals, 

5 business firms, and persons involving facilities in 

6 Syria, including an identification of the location of 

7 the facilities involved and a description of the terms 

8 of agreement of the joint ventures and the names of 

9 the parties that are involved. 

10 (4) A determination of the amount of debt of 

11 the Government of Syria that is owed to each for12 eign country, including— 

13 (A) the amount of debt exchanged, for14 given, or reduced under the terms of each in15 vestment or operation in Syria involving foreign 

16 nationals; and 

17 (B) the amount of debt owed to the foreign 

18 country that has been exchanged, forgiven, or 

19 reduced in return for a grant by the Govern20 ment of Syria of an equity interest in a prop21 erty, investment, or operation of the Govern22 ment of Syria or of a Syrian national. 

23 (5) A description of the steps taken to assure 

24 that raw materials and semifinished or finished 

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1 eign nationals do not enter the United States mar2 ket, either directly or through third countries or par3 ties. 

4 (6) An identification of countries and entities 

5 that provide, or have provided, arms or military sup6 plies from Syria or that otherwise have entered into 

7 agreements with Syria that could have a military ap8 plication, including— 

9 (A) a description of the military supplies, 

10 equipment, or other material sold, bartered, or 

11 exchanged between Syria and such countries; 

12 (B) a listing of the goods, services, credits, 

13 or other consideration received by Syria in ex14 change for military supplies, equipment, or ma15 terial; and 

16 (C) the terms or conditions of any such 

17 agreement. 

18 (c) FORM.—The report submitted under subsection 

19 (a) shall be in unclassified form but may include a classi20 fied annex. 

21 TITLE V—ASSISTANCE TO 

22 SUPPORT DEMOCRACY IN SYRIA 

23 SEC. 501. DECLARATIONS OF POLICY. 

24 It shall be the policy of the United States to support 

25 independent human rights and pro-democracy forces in 


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1 Syria to promote the emergence of a democratic govern2 ment in Syria that will— 

3 (1) denounce and combat terrorism; 

4 (2) dismantle its chemical, biological, radio5 logical, and nuclear weapons programs and commit 

6 to combating the proliferation of such weapons; 

7 (3) respect the boundaries, sovereignty, and 

8 right to exist of its neighbors and live in peace and 

9 security with all the countries in the region; and 

10 (4) uphold and defend the human rights and 

11 civil liberties of its citizens. 

12 SEC. 502. ASSISTANCE TO SUPPORT A TRANSITION TO DE13 MOCRACY IN SYRIA. 

14 (a) AUTHORIZATION.—Notwithstanding any other 

15 provision of law, the President is authorized to provide as16 sistance and other support for individuals and independent 

17 nongovernmental organizations to support a transition to 

18 a freely-elected, internationally recognized democratic gov19 ernment in Syria. 

20 (b) ACTIVITIES SUPPORTED.—Assistance provided 

21 under subsection (a) shall, to the maximum extent prac22 ticable, be used to carry out the following activities: 

23 (1) Democracy-building and civil society efforts 

24 in Syria, including the provision of assistance to or25 ganizations certified by the President to be indeVerDate Nov 24 2008 00:59 Feb 28, 2009 Jkt 079200 PO 00000 Frm 00040 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\H1206.IH H1206

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1 pendent democratic organizations, victims of political 

2 repression and their families, and prisoners of con3 science and their families. 

4 (2) Radio and television broadcasting to Syria 

5 to support democracy-building and civil society ef6 forts in Syria. 

7 (c) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There 

8 are authorized to be appropriated to the President to carry 

9 out this section such sums as may be necessary for fiscal 

10 year 2010 and each subsequent fiscal year. 

11 SEC. 503. CONDEMNATION OF SYRIAN HUMAN RIGHTS 

12 ABUSES. 

13 (a) STATEMENT OF POLICY.—It shall be the policy 

14 of the United States— 

15 (1) to condemn the consistent pattern of gross 

16 violations of internationally recognized human rights 

17 by the Government of Syria in all applicable inter18 national fora; 

19 (2) to introduce and work toward the adoption 

20 of a resolution at the upcoming session of the 

21 United Nations General Assembly which details and 

22 condemns the dismal human rights record of Syria; 

23 (3) to support the people of Syria in their daily 

24 struggle for freedom, respect for human rights and 


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1 civil liberties, democratic self-governance, and the es2 tablishment of the rule of law; and 

3 (4) to reach out to dissidents, human rights ac4 tivists, and the nonviolent democratic opposition in 

5 Syria, and to assist them in their efforts. 

6 (b) ACTIONS AT THE UNITED NATIONS GENERAL

7 ASSEMBLY.—The President shall direct the United States 

8 Permanent Representative to the United Nations to take 

9 the necessary steps to secure support for the adoption of 

10 a resolution at the United Nations General Assembly hold11 ing the Government of Syria accountable for its systematic 

12 violations of human rights of Syrian and Lebanese citizens 

13 and calling for the appointment of a United Nations Spe14 cial Rapporteur to investigate such human rights viola15 tions. 

Æ 


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