USA CUN11 SOIL Nursery Stock—Fruit, Nut, And Rose Open Field Page 1 of 11

NOMINATING PARTY: The United States of America

FILE NAME: USA CUN11 SOIL NURSERY STOCK—FRUIT, NUT, AND ROSE Open

Field

BRIEF DESCRIPTIVE TITLE OF NOMINATION: Methyl Bromide Critical Use Nomination for Preplant Soil Use for Nursery Stock—Fruit, Nut,

And Rose in Open Fields (Submitted in 2009 for 2011 Use Sea son)

CROP NAME (OPEN FIELD OR PROTECTED): Nursery Stock—Fruit, Nut, And Rose Open Field

QUANTITY OF METHYL BROMIDE REQUESTED:

T ABLE 1: Q UANTITY OF M ETHYL B ROMIDE R EQUESTED IN E ACH Y EAR OF N OMINATION

Year N OMINATION A MOUNT
2011 7,955 kilograms

NOMINATING PARTY CONTACT DETAILS: Contact Person: Hodayah Finman Title: Foreign Affairs Officer Address: Office of Environmental Policy U.S. Department of State 2201 C Street, N.W. Room 2658 Washington, D.C. 20520

U.S.A. Telephone: (202) 647-1123 Fax: (202) 647-5947

E-mail: finmanhh@state.gov

Following the requirements of Decision IX/6 paragra ph (a)(1) The United States of America has determin ed that the specific use detailed in this Critical Use Nominati on is critical because the lack of availability of methyl bromide for

this use would result in a significant market disru ption. 

### ■ Yes  No

Signature Name Date

Title:

(Details on this page are requested under Decision Ex. I/4(7), for posting on the Ozone Secretariat we bsite under Decision Ex. I/4(8).)

In assessing nominations submitted in this format, TEAP and MBTOC will also refer to the original nomi nation on which the Party’s first-year exemption was approved , as well as any supplementary information provided by the Party in relation to that original nomination. As this earlier information is retained by MBTOC, a Pa rty need not re-submit that earlier information.USA CUN11 SOIL Nursery Stock—Fruit, Nut, And Rose Open Field Page 2 of 11

CONTACT OR EXPERT(S) FOR FURTHER TECHNICAL DETAILS:
Contact/Expert Person: Jack Housenger Title: Director (Acting) Address: Biological and Economic Analysis Division Office of Pesticide Programs U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W. Mailcode 7503P Washington, D.C. 20460

U.S.A. Telephone: (703) 308-8200 Fax: (703) 308-7042

E-mail: Housenger.Jack@epa.gov

LIST OF DOCUMENTS SENT TO THE OZONE SECRETARIAT IN OFFICIAL NOMINATION PACKAGE:

1. PAPER DOCUMENTS: Title of paper documents and appendices No. of pages Date sent to

Ozone

Secretariat USA CUN11 SOIL NURSERY STOCK—FRUIT, NUT, AND ROSE Open

Field 11

2. ELECTRONIC COPIES OF ALL PAPER DOCUMENTS: *Title of each electronic file (for naming conventi on see notes above) No. of kilobytes Date sent to

Ozone

Secretariat USA CUN11 SOIL NURSERY STOCK—FRUIT, NUT, AND ROSE Open

Field

* Identical to paper documentsUSA CUN11 SOIL Nursery Stock—Fruit, Nut, And Rose Open Field Page 3 of 11



### METHYL BROMIDE CRITICAL USE RENOMINATION FOR PREPLANT SOIL USE (OPEN FIELD OR PROTECTED ENVIRONM ENT)

NURSERY STOCK—FRUIT, NUT, AND ROSE

1. SUMMARY OF THE NEED FOR METHYL BROMIDE AS A CRITICA L USE

Nursery producers provide pest-free stock plants th at are used for the establishment of orchards and gardens. Nurseries in this sector provide plan ts to commercial growers of rose bush stock plants, and such diverse fruit crops as apricots, p eaches, prunes, nectarines, cherries, plums, apples, pears, Asian pears, and ornamental pears. Nut trees produced by these nurseries include almonds, walnuts, pistachios, pecans, and chestnuts . Approximately 95% of the trees are fruit and nut varieties sold to commercial producers; the other 5% are ornamental types used for landscaping. Deciduous trees are primarily produce d in the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys

of California.

Nurseries provide pest-free stock plants in order t o meet state-mandated certification requirements for plant material (CDFA, 2003). Comp liance with federal regulations for movement of plant material may also be required (US DA-APHIS, 2007; USDA-APHIS, 2004). To achieve pest-free status, nurseries have relied on methyl bromide to provide effective fumigation on soils in diverse locations with vario us soil types and moisture conditions. In some situations the use of 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) c an provide an effective alternative to methyl

bromide for nematode control to enable nurseries to attain certification for stock. However, use of 1,3-D is restricted by township cap regulations and, for optimal efficacy, requires a soil type and moisture level that is compatible with the chem ical activity (e.g., Hanson et al., 2008; Hanson et al., 2007). Moisture restrictions for 1, 3-D may be more limiting than township caps. Nurseries with heavy soils or moisture greater than 12% (especially common in clay soils at depths of 1 to 1.5 meters) may not use 1,3-D to red uce nematode populations. Currently, where pathogens and nematodes are key pests, as in most n urseries, methyl bromide is critical.

Deciduous tree nurseries range in size from 15 to o ver 600 hectares in field beds. A typical operation ranges between 80 and 120 hectares. The climate and soil is ideal for fruit and nut tree nurseries (as well as for fruit and nut production) . While some nurseries concentrate on specific tree crops, most nurseries grow and sell a variety of different trees. Nursery stock is grown on a cropping system that includes crop rotation or cove r cropping between tree production cycles; therefore, not all of the nursery area is in tree p roduction in a given year. The tree production cycle can be anywhere from a single year to several years depending on the type of tree crop being produced. Nursery production of trees takes from one to four years in the ground depending on the type being produced. In order to prepare the ground for planting, the fields are disked, deep ripped, leveled, and then fumigated to meet certification standards set by the California Department of Food and Agriculture (CDFA , 2003). Methyl bromide is applied by shank and treated area is usually covered with a ta rp. The fumigation is carried out around August and September, and planting begins in Octobe r, and may continue through January.

Nursery roses are grown in open field plots. A typ ical crop rotation for a two-year rose cropUSA CUN11 SOIL Nursery Stock—Fruit, Nut, And Rose Open Field Page 4 of 11

includes one year fallow, followed by one or two ye ars of rotational crops, and then a two-year rose crop. The two-year rose crop cycle begins wit h land preparation (removing the cover crop, deep cultivation, and fumigation with methyl bromid e), followed by planting the rootstock and T-bud grafting. In late winter of the first year, the rootstock tops are removed. The rose crop matures by the second autumn and is then harvested. This cycle varies depending on the type of rose crop being produced (e.g., two-year roses, one -year minis and patio trees, or 18-month mini bushes).

Where soil conditions and regulations allow, 1, 3-D may be used as an alternative to methyl bromide, but it appears to have a relatively limite d use due to regulatory restrictions and soil moisture requirements (Hanson et al., 2007).

2. SUMMARIZE WHY KEY ALTERNATIVES ARE NOT FEASIBLE

The only alternative allowed by regulation for open field nursery stock in California is 1,3-D (CDFA, 2003). However, 1,3-D is restricted by town ship cap regulations and requires a soil type and moisture level that are compatible with the che mical activity (e.g., McKenry, 2000; Schneider et al., 2004). Moisture restrictions for 1,3-D may be more limiting than township caps. Nurseries with heavy soils or moisture great er than 12% (especially common in clay soils at depths of 1 to 1.5 meters) do not receive certif ication of nursery stock. In these situations methyl bromide is critical.

The requested amount of methyl bromide in the U.S. nomination includes those areas where 1,3- D would not meet the certification requirements or would be limited by township caps. Under California regulatory laws, nursery crops must be “ free of especially injurious pests and disease symptoms” in order to qualify for a CDFA Nursery St ock Certificate for Interstate and Intrastate Shipments (CDFA, 2003). If an approved fumigation is not used in the nursery, a nematode sampling procedure is imposed by CDFA, and if nemat odes are found all nursery stock in an area are destroyed resulting in a complete loss. M ethyl bromide meets the certification guidelines. Under certain soil conditions 1,3-D ma y also meet guidelines for nematode infestations. Control of pathogens and weeds, whic h are also important pests of nurseries and part of the pest-free certification requirements, r equires rigorous multi-year testing of

alternatives. This nomination is for the critical use of methyl bromide where alternatives cannot

be used or are not effective.

3. IS THE USE COVERED BY A CERTIFICATION STANDARD?

Nurseries in this sector are covered by certificati on requirements as described in state (e.g., CDFA, 2003) and federal (e.g., USDA-APHIS, 2007; US DA-APHIS, 2004) regulations. For example, “Section 3640, CCR, makes it mandatory tha t nursery stock for farm planting be commercially clean with respect to economically imp ortant nematodes” (CDFA, 2003). The regulations list methyl bromide and 1,3-D as approp riate fumigants for control of nematodes. For other pests, methyl bromide currently may be th e only acceptable fumigant.USA CUN11 SOIL Nursery Stock—Fruit, Nut, And Rose Open Field Page 5 of 11

The requested amount of methyl bromide in the U.S. nomination is for nursery soils that require methyl bromide to meet the certification requiremen ts. Under California regulatory laws, nursery crops must be “free of especially injurious pests and disease symptoms” in order to qualify for a CDFA Nursery Stock Certificate for In terstate and Intrastate Shipments (CDFA, 2003). If an approved fumigation is not used in th e nursery, a nematode sampling procedure is imposed by CDFA, and if nematodes are found all nur sery stock in an area should be destroyed resulting in a complete loss. Also, while in certa in soil conditions 1,3-D meets certification guidelines; California township caps may limit the use of 1,3-D.

If nematodes are found and the nursery stock is not “free of especially injurious pests and disease symptoms”, then a total loss is likely because the nursery stock: 1) would not qualify for a CDFA Nursery Stock Certificate for Interstate and I ntrastate Shipments, 2) would likely not be marketable since resale for planting is severely re stricted by the CDFA, and 3) should be destroyed to prevent further infestation.

CALIFORNIA (CDFA, 2003)

California regulations (e.g., CDFA, 2003—NIPM #3) f or nursery standards (reg. 3060.2-a)

include:

“All nursery stock shall be kept ‘commercially’ cle an with respect to established pests of general distribution. Commercially clean shall mea n that pests are under effective control, are present only to a light degree, and that only a few of the plants in any lot or block of nursery stock or on the premises show any infestati on or infection, and of these none show more than a few individuals of any insect, animal o r weed pests, or more than a few individual infestations of any plant disease.”

4. IF PART OF THE CROP AREA IS TREATED WITH METHYL BROMIDE,

INDICATE THE REASON WHY METHYL BROMIDE IS NOT USED IN THE OTHER AREA, AND IDENTIFY W HAT ALTERNATIVE STRATEGIES ARE USED TO

CONTROL THE TARGET PATHOGENS AND WEEDS W ITHOUT METHYL

BROMIDE THERE.

Methyl bromide is used on nurseries where effective pest management and regulatory constrains preclude the use of 1,3-D. Regulatory restrictions on 1,3-D, can limit the use for a portion of nurseries of this sector. For example, depending o n the season, the deciduous fruit and nut tree growers may use 1,3-D as an alternative on approxim ately 35% of nursery land. These areas are able to achieve less than 12% moisture (up to 1.5 m ) on light soils. Sites on which 1,3-D is used

are not included in the nomination.

5. WOULD IT BE FEASIBLE TO EXPAND THE USE OF THESE METHODS TO COVER AT LEAST PART OF THE CROP THAT HAS REQUESTED USE OF

METHYL BROMIDE? WHAT CHANGES WOULD BE NECESSARY TO ENABLE

THIS?USA CUN11 SOIL Nursery Stock—Fruit, Nut, And Rose Open Field Page 6 of 11

According to the requesting consortium, advances us ing alternatives are being made. Some deciduous tree nurseries use a double application o f 1,3-D where moisture of less than 12% can be achieved on light soils, although weeding costs may be higher. This is allowed by California certification regulations, except where township re strictions apply or where plantback restrictions prevent the planting of a rotational c rop.

6. SUMMARY OF RECENT RESEARCH

Raspberry nurseries did not repeat their request fo r a critical use of methyl bromide for 2011.

Reasons for the critical need for methyl bromide in clude: 1) 1,3-D is not an approved treatment for fine-textured soils; 2) greater inputs are requ ired for soil preparation and moisture management; 3) township caps and buffer zone requir ements; 4) weed management efficacy; and 5) air quality standards related to volatile organi c compounds.

Research is continuing in order to identify and dev elop an alternative methodology for nurseries (Hanson et al., 2007). The only treatment other th an methyl bromide sanctioned for field-grown stock is 1,3-D (CDFA, 2003; Hanson et al., 2008). Until methods have been identified that can ensure that nursery stock will receive certificatio n with comparable efforts and costs to methyl bromide, methyl bromide is considered critical for this sector.

Research is continuing to identify alternatives tha t will be effective and acceptable for certification. Methyl bromide has historically pro vided nurseries with an effective means of managing weeds. Few effective herbicides are avail able to nursery managers in California (Shrestha et al., 2008). Without methyl bromide Ca lifornia nurseries require alternatives that will allow certification of stock and not significa ntly increase costs due to hand-weeding. Shrestha et al. (2008) found that:

• The alternative fumigants (iodomethane:chloropicrin , 1,3-D, 1,3-D:chloropicrin (61:35) with HDPE or VIF), and drip 1,3-D/chloropicrin (InL ine) generally provided similar weed control to soils treated with methyl bromide:c hloropicrin (98:2)

• There were differences in weed species and weed den sities at four locations; however, the efficacy of alternatives, with regard to weed seed germination and weed control, were generally comparable to methyl bromide treatments

• Alternative fumigants and methyl bromide, in genera l, resulted in similar hand-weeding

efforts

• In general, there did not appear to be a difference between VIF or HDPE film in weed control or hand-weeding time

Fumigant trials previously reported (Hanson et al., 2007) in rose nurseries have continued to identify possible alternatives (Hanson et al., 2008 ). Recent results of rose nursery trials at two locations indicated that 1,3-D (373 kg/ha) used wit h standard or VIF films resulted in similar Pythium

, Fusarium , and citrus nematode control compared to methyl br omide:chloropicrin (392 kg/ha of 98:2) used with standard HDPE film. Total weed populations in plots fumigated with alternatives were similar to plots treated with met hyl bromide.USA CUN11 SOIL Nursery Stock—Fruit, Nut, And Rose Open Field Page 7 of 11

7. ECONOMIC INFEASIBILITY OF ALTERNATIVES

Please note that in this study net revenue is calcu lated as gross revenue minus operating costs. This is a good measure as to the direct losses of i ncome that may be suffered by the users. It should be noted that net revenue does not represent net income to the users. Net income, which indicates profitability of an operation for an ente rprise, is gross revenue minus the sum of operating and fixed costs. Net income is smaller t han the net revenue measured in this study, often substantially so. We did not include fixed c osts because they are difficult to measure and verify.

The economic analysis of the nursery stock applicat ion compared data on yields, crop prices, revenues and costs using methyl bromide and using a lternative pest control regimens in order to estimate the loss of methyl bromide availability. The alternatives identified as technically feasible - in cases of low pest infestation 1 – for different regions by the U.S. are: 1,3- Dichloroporopene (or Telone®) plus Chloropicrin.

The economic factors that really drives the feasibi lity analysis for nursery stock production uses of methyl bromide are: (1) yield losses, referring to reductions in the quantity produced, (2) increased production costs, which may be due to the higher-cost of using an alternative, additional pest control requirements, and/or result ing shifts in other production or harvesting practices (3) quality losses, which generally affec t the quantity and price received for the goods, and (4) missed market windows due to plant back tim e restrictions, which also affect the quantity and price received for the goods.

The economic reviewers then analyzed crop budgets f or pre-plant sectors to determine the likely economic impact if methyl bromide were unavailable. Various measures were used to quantify the impacts, including the following:

(1) Loss per Hectare. For crops, this measure is closely tied to income . It is relatively easy to measure, but may be difficult to interpret in isola tion.

(2) Loss per Kilogram of Methyl Bromide . This measure indicates the value of methyl bromide to crop production.

(3) Loss as a Percentage of Gross Revenue. This measure has the advantage that gross revenues are usually easy to measure, at least over some unit, e.g. , a hectare of land or a storage operation. However, high value commodities or crop s may provide high revenues but may also entail high costs. Losses of even a small percenta ge of gross revenues could have important impacts on the profitability of the activity.

(4) Loss as a Percentage of Net Operating Revenue . We define net cash revenues as gross revenues minus operating costs. This is a very goo d indicator as to the direct losses of income

1 It should be noted that the USG does not request m ethyl bromide for use in areas of low to moderate pest pressure. Only cases where key pests are present at moderate to high levels require methyl bromide for pest pressure.USA CUN11 SOIL Nursery Stock—Fruit, Nut, And Rose Open Field Page 8 of 11

that may be suffered by the owners or operators of an enterprise. However, operating costs can often be difficult to measure and verify.

(5) Operating Profit Margin . We define operating profit margin to be net oper ating revenue divided by gross revenue per hectare. This measure would provide the best indication of the total impact of the loss of methyl bromide to an en terprise. Again, operating costs may be

difficult to measure and fixed costs even more diff icult, therefore fixed costs were not included in the analysis.

These measures represent different ways to assess t he economic feasibility of methyl bromide alternatives for methyl bromide users, who are nurs ery stock producers in this case. Because producers (suppliers) represent an integral part of any definition of a market, we interpret the threshold of significant market disruption to be me t if there is a significant impact on commodity suppliers using methyl bromide. The economic measu res provide the basis for making that

determination.

Certification requirements . The requested amount of methyl bromide in the U. S. nomination includes those areas where 1,3-D would not meet the certification requirements or would be limited by township caps. Under California regulat ory laws, nursery crops must be “free of especially injurious pests and disease symptoms” in order to qualify for a CDFA Nursery Stock Certificate for Interstate and Intrastate Shipments (CDFA, 2003). If an approved fumigation is not used in the nursery, a nematode sampling proced ure is imposed by CDFA, and if nematodes are found all nursery stock in an area should be de stroyed resulting in a complete loss. Methyl bromide meets the certification guidelines. Also, in certain soil conditions, 1,3-D meets certification guidelines; California township caps may limit the use of 1,3-D.

If nematodes are found and the nursery stock is not “free of especially injurious pests and disease symptoms”, then a total loss is likely because the nursery stock:

• Would not qualify for a CDFA Nursery Stock Certific ate for Interstate and Intrastate Shipments,

• Would probably not be marketable, since resale for planting is severely restricted by the

CDFA.

• Should be destroyed to prevent further infestation.

Yield loss . It is likely that yield losses would also occur where soil conditions are not ideal, but little data are available. The yield loss could be 100% if the nursery stock cannot be certified as pest-free.

Reduced pesticide use . An effective fumigation results in a growth resp onse that allows an initial growth spurt. This growth response helps m aintain a healthy plant, which is able to better handle the stress induced by pathogens and pests. A healthier plant consequently requires a fewer number of pesticide sprays during the season.

Beyond the nursery . Healthier plants and trees provide benefits beyo nd the nursery in terms of higher yields of fruit and nuts and reduced infesta tions. One hectare of nursery stock provides these benefits to many hectares producing fruits an d nuts.USA CUN11 SOIL Nursery Stock—Fruit, Nut, And Rose Open Field Page 9 of 11

California Rose Growers

We conclude that, at present, 1,3-Dichloroporopene (or Telone®) plus Chloropicrin would be the economically feasible alternative to methyl bromide for use in California Rose Production where Telone® restrictions do not apply. Telone® appears to have similar yields as methyl bromide yet is a cheaper alternative, thus, growers may pre fer to use Telone®. However, township

restrictions and certification restrictions hinder growers from using Telone® and render it technically infeasible.

T ABLE 2. C ALIFORNIA R OSE G ROWERS : E CONOMIC I MPACTS OF M ETHYL B ROMIDE A LTERNATIVES

CALIFORNIA ROSE GROW ERS M ETHYL B ROMIDE 1,3-D ICHLOROPROPENE

+ C HLOROPICRIN

P RODUCTION L OSS (%) 0% 0%

P RODUCTION PER H ECTARE ( CWT ) 38,112 38,112

* P RICE PER U NIT ( US $) $ 2 $ 2

= G ROSS R EVENUE PER H ECTARE ( US $) $ 87,182 $ 87,182

- O PERATING C OSTS PER H ECTARE ( US $)* $ 72,511 $ 71,973

= N ET R EVENUE PER H ECTARE ( US $) $ 14,671 $ 15,209

1. L OSS PER H ECTARE ( US $) $ - $ (537)

2. L OSS PER K ILOGRAM OF M ETHYL B ROMIDE ( US $) $ - $ (2)

3. L OSS AS A P ERCENTAGE OF G ROSS R EVENUE (%) 0% -1%

4. L OSS AS A P ERCENTAGE OF N ET O PERATING R EVENUE (%) 0% -4%

5. O PERATING P ROFIT M ARGIN (%) 17% 17%

*Note that the measures in the tables below must be interpreted carefully. Operating costs do not inc lude fixed costs and net revenue equals gross revenue minus operatin g costs.

California Deciduous Fruit and Nut Nursery Tree Gro wers

We conclude that, at present, 1,3-Dichloroporopene (or Telone®) plus Chloropicrin would be the economically feasible alternative to methyl bromide for use in California Deciduous Fruit and Nut Nursery Trees where Telone® restrictions do not apply. Telone® appears to have similar yields as methyl bromide yet is a cheaper alternati ve, thus, growers may prefer to use Telone®. However, township restrictions and certification re strictions hinder growers from using Telone® and render it technically infeasible.USA CUN11 SOIL Nursery Stock—Fruit, Nut, And Rose Open Field Page 10 of 11

T ABLE 3. C ALIFORNIA D ECIDUOUS F RUIT AND N UT N URSERY T REE G ROWERS : E CONOMIC I MPACTS OF

M ETHYL B ROMIDE A LTERNATIVES

CALIFORNIA DECIDUOUS FRUIT AND NUT

NURSERY TREE GROWERS M ETHYL B ROMIDE 1,3-D ICHLOROPROPENE

+ C HLOROPICRIN

P RODUCTION L OSS (%) 0% 0%

P RODUCTION PER H ECTARE (BOX 25 LBS ) 45,898 45,898

* P RICE PER U NIT ( US $) $ 5 $ 5

= G ROSS R EVENUE PER H ECTARE ( US $) $ 228,801 $ 228,801

- O PERATING C OSTS PER H ECTARE ( US $)* $ 97,490 $ 96,214

= N ET R EVENUE PER H ECTARE ( US $) $ 131,311 $ 132,587

1. L OSS PER H ECTARE ( US $) $ - $ (1,276)

2. L OSS PER K ILOGRAM OF M ETHYL B ROMIDE ( US $) $ - $ (4)

3. L OSS AS A P ERCENTAGE OF G ROSS R EVENUE (%) 0% -1%

4. L OSS AS A P ERCENTAGE OF N ET O PERATING R EVENUE (%) 0% -1%

5. O PERATING P ROFIT M ARGIN (%) 57% 58%

*Note that the measures in the tables below must be interpreted carefully. Operating costs do not inc lude fixed costs and net revenue equals gross revenue minus operatin g costs.

8. RESULTANT CHANGES TO REQUESTED EXEMPTION QUANTI TIES

T ABLE 4. N OMINATION A MOUNT : 2011 Methyl Bromide Usage Newer Numerical Index (BUNNI) – Transition Use Reduction Description Spreadsheet

.

California R ose

Growers California Assoc

of Nursery and

Garden C enters Sector Total /

Average

Quantity Requested for 2010: Amount (kgs) 1,020 7,445

8,465

Quantity Recommended by

MBTOC/TEAP for 2010 : Amount (kgs) 955 7,000

7,955

Amount (kgs) 955

7,000

7,955

Area (ha) 5

35

40

Rate 191

200

199

Transition from 2010
Baseline Adjusted Value Percentage
(%) -6% -6% -6%

Amount (kgs) 

### 955

7,000

7,955

Area (ha) 

### 5 35 40

Rate 

### 191 200

199 SECTOR NURSERY STOCK

Quantity Approved by Parties

for 2010:



### Quantity Required for

2011 Nomination:USA CUN11 SOIL Nursery Stock—Fruit, Nut, And Rose Open Field Page 11 of 11

CITATIONS

CDFA (California Department of Food and Agriculture ). 2003. http://www.cdfa.ca.gov/phpps/PE/Nursery/NIPM.html Regulation for nursery and seed inspection (NIPM # 3), http://www.cdfa.ca.gov//phpps/PE/Nursery/pdfs/nipm_ 3_regs_nsy_sees_insp.pdf ; Approved treatment and handling procedures to ensu re against nematode pest infestation of nursery stock (NIPM #7), http://www.cdfa.ca.gov/phpps/PE/Nursery/pdfs/NIPM_7 .pdf ;

Hanson, B. D., Gao, S., Gerik, J., Wang, D., and Qi n, R. 2008. Pest control with California approved nursery stock certification 1,3-D treatmen ts. Annual International Research Conference on Methyl Bromide Alternatives (2008). http://mbao.org/

Hanson, B. D., Gao, S., McKenry, M., Gerik, J., Wan g, D., Klonsky, K., Cox, D., Correiar, B., and Yates, S. 2007. Efficacy and 1,3-D emissions with approved nursery stock certification treatments applied with two shank designs. 2007 Ann ual International Research Conference on Methyl Bromide Alternatives. http://www.mbao.org/2007/Proceedings/013HansonBMBAO 2007PAWproject.pdf

McKenry, M. V. 2000. Evaluation of alternatives t o methyl bromide for soil fumigation at

commercial fruit and nut tree nurseries. Contractor for California Association of Nurseryman. Prepared for California Department of Pesticide Regulation. http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/pestmgt/grants/98-99/fi nlrpts/98-0281.pdf

Schneider, S., T. Trout, J. Gerik, and H. Ajwa. 20 04. Perennial crop nurseries—performance of methyl bromide alternatives in the field. Annual In ternational Research Conference on Methyl Bromide Alternatives and Emissions Reduction s (2004). www.mbao.org

Shrestha, A., Browne, G. T., Lampinen, B. D., Schne ider, S. M., Simon, L. and Trout, T. J. 2008. Perennial crop nurseries treated with methyl bromide and alternative fumigants: effects on weed seed viability, weed densities, and time required for hand weeding. Weed Technology 22:267-274.

USDA-APHIS (Animal and Plant Health Inspection Serv ice), Plant Protection and Quarantine. 2007. Official regulatory protocol for wholesale an d production nurseries containing plants

infected with Phytophthora ramorum

. http://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/plant_pest_i nfo/pram/downloads/pdf_files/CNPv8. 0-7-20-07.pdf

USDA-APHIS (Animal and Plant Health Inspection Serv ice), Plant Protection and Quarantine. 2004. Sudden Oak Death. Amended order restricting movement of nursery stock from California nurseries, April, 2004. http://www.aphis.usda.gov/newsroom/hot_issues/sod/c ontent/printable_version/SOD_Order _4-22-04.pdf