[Cite as State v. Marcellino, 2019-Ohio-4837.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS 

ELEVENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT 

GEAUGA COUNTY, OHIO 

STATE OF OHIO, : O P I N I O N 

 Plaintiff-Appellee, : 

 CASE NOS. 2019-G-0195

 - vs - : 2019-G-0196 

BIANCA MARCELLINO, : 

 Defendant-Appellant. : 

Criminal Appeals from the Chardon Municipal Court. 

Case Nos. 2018 CRB 00664 A & 2018 CRB 00664 B. 

Judgment: Affirmed in part, reversed and vacated in part. 

J. Jeffrey Holland and Danamarie Kristyna Pannella, Holland and Muirden, 1343 SharonCopley Road, P.O. Box 345, Sharon Center, OH 44274 (For Plaintiff-Appellee). 

Gregory C. Sasse, Gregory C. Sasse, LLC, 6642 Silvermound Drive, P.O. Box 941, 

Mentor, OH 44060 (For Defendant-Appellant). 

TIMOTHY P. CANNON, J. 

{¶1} Appellant, Bianca Marcellino (“Marcellino”), appeals from the March 5, 2019 

judgment entry of the Chardon Municipal Court finding her guilty, following a jury trial, of 

two counts of cruelty to animals, misdemeanors of the second degree, in violation of R.C. 

959.13(A)(1). We affirm in part, and reverse and vacate in part, the trial court’s judgment. 

{¶2} The evidence and testimony germane to the issues before us on appeal are 

as follows: 
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{¶3} Marcellino was charged with two counts of cruelty to animals after a search 

of her residence revealed two horses in need of emergency medical aid. Initially, the 

condition of the horses was reported by a neighbor of Marcellino’s to Christian Courtwright 

(“Courtwright”), an agent of the Geauga County Humane Society (the “Humane Society”). 

After multiple visits to Marcellino’s property to observe the condition of the horses over 

the course of approximately one month, Courtwright was concerned about the lack of 

progress in rehabilitating them. Despite his concerns, he claimed that Marcellino was 

uncooperative and eventually refused him entry onto the property. Courtwright then 

submitted an affidavit for a search warrant (the “Courtwright Affidavit”) to the trial court 

detailing his concerns and observations regarding the horses, which led to a search 

warrant being issued to remove them from the premises. The relevant contents of the 

Courtwright Affidavit are discussed in great detail in Marcellino’s second assignment of 

error. Courtwright seized the horses from the property after receiving the search warrant 

for removal. At trial, Marcellino denied the claim that she was uncooperative. 

{¶4} The two horses were removed from Marcellino’s residence, consistent with 

the recommendation of a veterinarian who testified that they were in severe need of care 

at the time of removal. The veterinarian also testified about the extensive medical testing 

conducted and observations made in order to determine the horses were emaciated and 

in need of immediate care. After being removed, the horses were placed on a starvation 

feeding program and cared for by the Humane Society at its own cost. According to the 

veterinarian’s testimony, the Humane Society was successfully able to rehabilitate the 

horses to a healthier and unemaciated status within 60 days of their removal. 

{¶5} Ultimately, Marcellino was found guilty by a jury on both counts of animal 

cruelty. At the sentencing hearing on March 5, 2019, she was sentenced to 90 days in 
 3

jail, which were suspended pending successful completion of a five-year probation term. 

Also, she was ordered to pay restitution to the Humane Society in the amount of 

$14,773.03 for the total cost of impounding the two horses. 

{¶6} Marcellino filed timely notices of appeal, which were consolidated for 

review, and raises two assignments of error. For clarity and convenience, we consider 

the assignments out of order as necessary. 

{¶7} Marcellino’s second assignment of error pertains to the affidavit submitted 

by Courtwright in support of granting a search warrant. It states: 

{¶8} “The trial court erred and abused its discretion by denying the motion for a 

Franks hearing where there were affidavits demonstrating material false statements in 

the affidavit for a search warrant.” 

{¶9} In this case, typical of a Franks challenge, Marcellino also filed a motion to 

suppress. For reasons that are not clear from the record, the motion to suppress was 

withdrawn. Obviously, if the motion to suppress had been maintained, many of the 

contentions in the Franks motion would have been addressed at the hearing on the motion 

to suppress. The trial court was confronted with a Franks motion but no motion to 

suppress. The initial question involves our standard of review in light of this procedural 

posture. In U.S. v. Fowler, 535 F.3d 408 (6th Cir.2008), the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals 

noted that “[t]he standard of review with respect to the denial of a Franks hearing is 

unsettled.” Id. at 415, fn. 2. “Some circuits employ a clear error standard, while others 

review the denial de novo.” Id. 

{¶10} We hold that when the trial court denies a challenge pursuant to Franks 

based on the pleadings alone, we review the decision not to hold a hearing under a clear 

error standard of review. Under this standard, we give due weight to inferences the trial 
 4

court drew from the facts. See, e.g. State v. Hummel, 11th Dist. Portage No. 2002-P0060, 2003-Ohio-4602, ¶11. 

{¶11} The United States Supreme Court’s opinion in Franks v. Delaware, 438 U.S. 

154 (1978) contemplates an evidentiary hearing for challenges to search warrant 

affidavits in the following circumstances: 

To mandate an evidentiary hearing, the challenger’s attack must be 

more than conclusory and must be supported by more than a mere 

desire to cross-examine. There must be allegations of deliberate 

falsehood or of reckless disregard for the truth, and those allegations 

must be accompanied by an offer of proof. They should point out

specifically the portion of the warrant affidavit that is claimed to be 

false; and they should be accompanied by a statement of supporting 

reasons. Affidavits or sworn or otherwise reliable statements of 

witnesses should be furnished, or their absence satisfactorily 

explained. Allegations of negligence or innocent mistake are 

insufficient. * * * 

Finally, if these requirements are met, and if, when material that is 

the subject of the alleged falsity or reckless disregard is set to one 

side, there remains sufficient content in the warrant affidavit to 

support a finding of probable cause, no hearing is required. 

On the other hand, if the remaining content is insufficient, the 

defendant is entitled, under the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments, 

to his hearing. 

Id. at 171-172. 

{¶12} Thus, “[t]he Supreme Court of the United States, in Franks v. Delaware, set 

forth a two-part test to be applied in addressing such challenge to affidavits offered in 

support of a search warrant.” State v. Bangera, 11th Dist. Geauga No. 2015-G-0021, 

2016-Ohio-4596, ¶55. “First, the defendant must make a preliminary showing that the 

affiant included in his affidavit false statements that were made deliberately or with 

reckless disregard for their truth.” Id.; see also State v. Kidd, 11th Dist. Lake No. 2006-

L-193, 2007-Ohio-4113, ¶42. “‘Reckless disregard for the truth’ in this context means the 
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affiant had serious doubts as to the truth of his allegations, a very high standard.” Id., 

citing United States v. Williams, 737 F.2d 594, 602 (7th Cir.1984). 

{¶13} “Second, the court must determine if the allegedly false statements were 

necessary to the issuing judge’s finding of probable cause.” Id., citing Franks, supra. See 

also State v. Gross, 97 Ohio St.3d 121, 2002-Ohio-5524, ¶17, quoting U.S. v. Karo, 468 

U.S. 705, 719 (1984) (“after excising tainted information from a supporting affidavit, ‘if 

sufficient untainted evidence was presented in the warrant affidavit to establish probable 

cause, the warrant was nevertheless valid’”) and State v. Jackson, 11th Dist. Lake No. 9-

130, 1983 WL 6126, *2 (Oct. 28 1983) (“The Franks decision also stands for the 

proposition that if the questioned material is found to be false and is set aside and there 

remains sufficient content in the affidavit to support a finding of probable cause, then the 

search warrant is valid.”). 

{¶14} A charge of cruelty to animals requires a finding that Marcellino, inter alia, 

tortured an animal, deprived it of necessary sustenance, or impounded or confined an 

animal without supplying it during such confinement with a sufficient quantity of good 

wholesome food and water. R.C. 959.13(A)(1). There is no doubt that the Courtwright 

Affidavit, if accepted as true, establishes probable cause to believe that a violation of R.C. 

959.13(A)(1) had occurred on the Marcellino property. 

{¶15} Marcellino argues that the Courtwright Affidavit contained the following 

deliberately or recklessly false statements: 

1) The affidavit states that the Defendant’s horses were not under 

the care of a Veterinarian. The veterinarian submitted an affidavit 

stating that he told the humane agent that the horses were under his 

care. 
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2) The affidavit states that there were no future veterinarian visits to 

be scheduled whereas the Vet [sic] veterinarian told him that there 

were to be future visits. 

3) The affidavit claimed the horses were kept in make shift stalls. 

Affidavits contradicted this. 

4) The affidavit claimed the horses were kept in filthy stalls. Affidavits 

contradicted this. 

5) The affidavit claimed the horses lacked food and water. Affidavits 

contradicted this. 

6) The affidavit claimed that a woman with whom the defendant 

boarded horses, Marne South, was upset with the defendant’s failure 

to care for those horses. Marne South’s affidavit contradicts this. 

7) Courtwright claimed that Dr. Baugher indicated concerns about 

Marcellino’s care of the horses but was willing to give her a chance 

since she had only had them for a short period of time. Baugher’s 

affidavit contradicts this. 

8) “Other statements” in the warrant affidavit are contradicted by 

affidavits stating that individuals never told the agent what he said 

they told him, such as, defendant refusing to arrange for the horses 

to be seen by a veterinarian, etc. 

{¶16} The record does not establish any statement in the Courtwright Affidavit that 

rises to the level of being deliberately or recklessly false. Marcellino failed to demonstrate 

that Courtwright had serious doubts as to the truth of his allegations. In fact, Courtwright 

ultimately testified as to the statements made in the affidavit. On cross examination, 

nothing Courtwright provided in the affidavit was clearly contradicted. Further, the 

affidavits provided by Marcellino after the seizure of the horses do not demonstrate that 

Courtwright acted deliberately or with reckless disregard for the truth. 

{¶17} Finally, the allegedly false statements cited by Marcellino were not 

necessary to the issuing judge’s finding of probable cause on the animal cruelty charges. 

Setting aside the allegedly false statements in the Courtwright Affidavit as presented by 
 7

Marcellino on appeal, there remains an overwhelming amount of sufficient and 

uncontradicted statements to support a finding of probable cause for charges of cruelty 

to animals regarding the two horses. Therefore, the trial court did not err in failing to hold 

a hearing based on the Franks motion. 

{¶18} Marcellino’s second assignment of error is without merit. 

{¶19} Marcellino’s first assignment of error pertains to the order of restitution. It 

states: 

{¶20} “The Trial Court erred and abused its discretion in ordering restitution.” 

{¶21} Marcellino presents three issues for review in her first assignment of error: 

[1.] Did the Trial Court err and abuse its discretion by ordering 

restitution because the Geauga Humane Society was not the victim 

of the offenses? 

[2.] Did the Trial Court err and abuse its discretion by ordering 

restitution because restitution is limited to the economic loss suffered 

by the victim? 

[3.] Did the Trial Court err and abuse its discretion by ordering 

restitution because there was no evidence in the record on Bianca 

Marcellino’s ability to pay? 

{¶22} The only portion of Marcellino’s sentence that has been appealed in the 

matter sub judice is the court’s order of restitution. 

{¶23} We review an order of restitution for an abuse of discretion. State v. 

Flanagan, 11th Dist. Ashtabula No. 2015-A-0020, 2015-Ohio-5528, ¶42, citing State v. 

Silbaugh, 11th Dist. Portage No. 2008-P-0059, 2009-Ohio-1489, ¶16. “The term ‘abuse 

of discretion’ is one of art, connoting judgment exercised by a court which neither 

comports with reason, nor the record.” Id., citing State v. Ferranto, 112 Ohio St. 667, 

676-678 (1925). “An abuse of discretion may be found when the trial court ‘applies the 

wrong legal standard, misapplies the correct legal standard, or relies on clearly erroneous 
 8

findings of fact.’” Id., quoting Thomas v. Cleveland, 176 Ohio App.3d 401, 2008-Ohio1720, ¶15 (8th Dist.). 

{¶24} “‘Prior to imposing a restitution order, a trial court must determine the 

amount of restitution to a reasonable degree of certainty, ensuring that the amount is 

supported by competent, credible evidence.’” Id. at ¶43, quoting State v. Coldiron, 12th 

Dist. Clermont No. CA2008-06-062, 2009-Ohio-2105, ¶21. “The restitution ordered must 

‘bear a reasonable relationship to the actual loss suffered by the victim (* * *).’ State v. 

Stamper, 12th Dist. No. CA2009-04-115, 2010-Ohio-1939, ¶17.” Id., quoting State v. 

Jones, 11th Dist. Lake No. 2012-L-072, 2013-Ohio-2616, ¶11. 

{¶25} R.C. 2929.28 governs the issuance of financial sanctions on misdemeanor 

offenders. That statute states, in pertinent part: 

(A) In addition to imposing court costs pursuant to section 2947.23 

of the Revised Code, the court imposing a sentence upon an 

offender for a misdemeanor, including a minor misdemeanor, may 

sentence the offender to any financial sanction or combination of 

financial sanctions authorized under this section. If the court in its 

discretion imposes one or more financial sanctions, the financial 

sanctions that may be imposed pursuant to this section include, but 

are not limited to, the following: 

(1) * * * restitution by the offender to the victim of the offender’s crime 

or any survivor of the victim, in an amount based on the victim’s 

economic loss. * * * 

If the court imposes restitution, the court shall determine the amount 

of restitution to be paid by the offender. If the court imposes

restitution, the court may base the amount of restitution it orders on 

an amount recommended by the victim, the offender, a presentence 

investigation report, estimates or receipts indicating the cost of 

repairing or replacing property, and other information, provided that 

the amount the court orders as restitution shall not exceed the

amount of the economic loss suffered by the victim as a direct and 

proximate result of the commission of the offense. * * * 
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{¶26} Marcellino points to various instances where a governmental agency cannot 

be awarded restitution for the cost of conducting business in pursuit of investigating a 

crime because the agencies are not “victims.” Those cases are inapposite to the present 

matter because there were two victims of Marcellino’s actions—the two horses. As the 

horses cannot receive restitution on their own behalf as victims, the Humane Society 

argues it is logical that any entity providing for their rehabilitation and care should be 

reimbursed for those costs. Our inquiry, however, is whether an order of restitution is an 

authorized means under the statute to reimburse the Humane Society for costs 

associated with caring for the abused horses. 

{¶27} The Third District Court of Appeals addressed this issue in State v. Ham, 

3d Dist. Wyandot No. 16-09-01, 2009-Ohio-3822, which contained similar facts to the 

present matter. There, the court of appeals concluded as follows: 

Although this Court has not interpreted R.C. 2929.28(A)(1), we have 

interpreted R.C. 2929.18(A)(1), which contains very similar 

language, and determined that the General Assembly intended 

restitution be available only to actual victims of the offense. We have 

also found that, except under certain specified circumstances, 

governmental entities are not ‘victims’ entitled to restitution for their 

expenditure of public funds for fighting crime. * * * Therefore, we 

hold that trial courts have authority to order restitution under R.C. 

2929.28(A)(1) only to the actual victim(s) of the offense or survivor(s) 

of the victim in accord with the statute’s plain language. 

The trial court sub judice ordered that Ham pay [an] amount [] exactly 

equal to the costs incurred by the Wyandot County Humane Society 

for the care of Ham’s dog, including: food and board, transportation, 

veterinary evaluations, vaccinations, and other administered 

medications. * * * 

We, however, find that the trial court lacked authority under R.C. 

2929.28(A)(1) to order restitution to the humane society. The 

Wyandot County Humane Society was not a victim of Ham’s crime 

or a survivor of the victim as those terms are used in R.C. 

2929.28(A)(1). * * * Accordingly, as governmental entities, humane 

societies are not ‘victims’ under the statute, unless otherwise
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specifically provided. Additionally, the Court of Appeals for the Tenth 

Appellate District has found that R.C. 2929.28(A)(1) does not 

authorize restitution to a humane society for the cost of care of 

animals seized under R.C. Chapter 959. 

Id. at ¶48-50 (internal citations omitted) (emphasis sic). 

{¶28} As discussed therein, the Tenth Appellate District has also taken the 

position that an order of restitution in favor of a humane society is not authorized by R.C. 

2929.28. See State v. Angus, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 05AP-1054, 2006-Ohio-4455, ¶32. 

{¶29} Further, as noted in Ham, R.C. 959.13(C) contemplates financial recourse 

for humane societies through fines where there is an animal cruelty violation: “‘All fines 

collected for violations of this section shall be paid to the society or association for the 

prevention of cruelty to animals, if there be such in the county, township, or municipal 

corporation where such violation occurred.’” Ham, supra, at ¶51-52, quoting R.C. 

959.13(C). 

{¶30} Therefore, we agree with the Third and Tenth Appellate District Courts that 

restitution cannot be ordered to be paid to a humane society—or other governmental 

entity—for the costs of caring for an animal victim of abuse under R.C. 2929.28. 

{¶31} Marcellino’s first assignment of error has merit. 

{¶32} The judgment of the Chardon Municipal Court is affirmed in part. The 

portion of Marcellino’s sentence ordering restitution in the amount of $14,773.03 is 

reversed and vacated. 

CYNTHIA WESTCOTT RICE, J., 

MATT LYNCH, J., 

concur.