STATE OF VERMONT 

ENVIRONMENTAL COURT 

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In re: Appeal of Marc and Susan Wood } Docket No. 121-7-03 Vtec 

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In re: Appeal of Wood } Docket No. 185-10-04 Vtec

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Decision and Order on Cross-Motions for Contempt

 In the above-captioned appeals, the parties have filed competing motions for contempt 

and associated relief. On August 24, 2007, in Docket No. 185-10-04 Vtec, the Town of Hartford 

(“the Town”) moved for contempt, alleging that Mr. Wood has developed his property without a 

zoning permit and in violation of an order of this Court. The Town has requested that the Court 

hold Mr. Wood in contempt and enjoin Mr. Wood from performing more work on his property. 

The Town also asks us to require Mr. Wood to undertake certain actions to stabilize a slope and 

remove a retaining wall, as well as include a requirement to hire a licensed engineer to supervise 

the process. 

On October 10, 2007, in Docket No. 121-7-03 Vtec, Appellant Marc Wood moved that 

the Town be held in contempt for allegedly ignoring an order of this Court. Mr. Wood contends 

that this Court ordered the Town to consider Mr. Wood’s application to amend his zoning permit 

(Permit #99-1180) and that the Town deliberately ignored that order. Mr. Wood has moved that 

the Town be held in contempt. Mr. Wood has requested that the Court compel the Town to 

immediately hold hearings on his application to amend his permit. Mr. Wood has also requested 

that the Court “find that the subject application is complete and ready for public hearing as a 

matter of default, due to the failure of the ZBA not delivering a ruling on the [application’s] 

completeness within 60 days of it being remanded back to them by this [C]ourt on [May 19, 

2004].” 

Mr. Wood appears pro se and has represented himself in all proceedings to this point. 

The Town is represented by William F. Ellis, Esq. 
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Background

1. On March 6, 2008, we issued an opinion announcing our decisions on a number of thenpending motions, and those decisions resolved motions pending in the following Dockets: Town 

of Hartford v. Wood, Docket Nos. 72-3-00 Vtec; In re: Appeal of Marc and Susan Wood, Docket 

No. 121-7-03 Vtec; In re: Appeal of Wood, Docket No. 185-10-04 Vtec; In re: Appeal of Wood, 

Docket No. 81-4-07 Vtec; and In re: Wood Certificate of Occupancy, Docket No. 176-8-07 Vtec 

(Vt. Envtl. Ct. Mar. 6, 2008) (“March 6 Decision”). That Decision contained a thorough 

recitation of the procedural posture and factual background of those pending motions as well as 

some of the permitting history concerning Mr. Wood’s property. We recommend review of that 

Decision in order to place this Decision into context. 

2. On April 15, 2003, Mr. and Mrs. Wood filed an application to amend their zoning permit, 

Permit 99-1180, so that they could construct a project that differed in a number of respects from 

the project that was initially authorized. In re: Appeal of Marc and Susan Wood, Docket No. 

121-7-03 Vtec slip op. at 4 (Vt. Envtl. Ct. May 19, 2004). The Zoning Administrator declined to 

accept the Woods’ application, returning the application as incomplete and asserting that Permit 

#99-1180 had expired. Id. at 2. 

3. On June 16, 2003, the Zoning Board of Adjustment of the Town of Hartford (“ZBA”) 

upheld the Zoning Administrator’s decision. The Woods appealed that decision to this Court, 

and that appeal formed the basis of Docket No. 121-7-03 Vtec. 

4. On May 19, 2004, Judge Merideth Wright granted summary judgment in part and denied 

summary judgment in part to both the Town and the Woods. Id. at 7. The Court held that: (1) 

Permit #99-1180 had not yet expired;1

 and (2) the Zoning Administrator or ZBA must consider 

the application to amend, which could include a ruling on the application’s completeness.2 In re: 

Appeal of Marc and Susan Wood, Docket No. 121-7-03 Vtec slip op. at 7 (Vt. Envtl. Ct. May 19, 

2004). A V.R.C.P. 58 Judgment Order accompanied the decision regarding the cross-motions 

for summary judgment. 

5. On June 28, 2004, Mr. Wood submitted new plans to the Zoning Administrator pursuant 

to our May 19, 2004 decision. Appeal of Wood, Docket Nos. 185-10-04 Vtec and 174-8-05 Vtec 

 

1

 As discussed in our March 6 Decision, Permit #99-1180 expired on March 10, 2007. March 6 Decision at 15. 

2

 The Court also directed that the applicable zoning regulations would be those in effect at the time the application 

was filed. 
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slip op. at 9 (Vt. Envtl. Ct. Apr. 13, 2006).3 The Zoning Administrator returned those plans to 

Mr. Wood, asserting that they were incomplete for, among other things, failing to submit site 

plans prepared by a Vermont-licensed engineer, surveyor, or architect. Id. 

6. Mr. Wood appealed the Zoning Administrator’s decision to the ZBA on July 16, 2004 

and requested that the ZBA find that the application was complete. Id. Mr. Wood also asked the 

ZBA to direct the Zoning Administrator to review his engineered Phase II plans for his proposed 

retaining wall and to toll the time remaining on his development permits. Id. at 10-11. 

7. On September 8, 2004, the ZBA upheld the Zoning Administrator’s conclusion that Mr. 

Wood’s applications were not complete because they had not been submitted to the appropriate 

planning bodies and because Mr. Wood’s revised plans had not been prepared by an engineer as 

required. Id. at 11. Mr. Wood appealed the September 8, 2004 ZBA decision; this Court 

assigned Docket No. 185-10-04 Vtec to his appeal. 

8. On April 13, 2006, in a decision that addressed several then-pending motions, we granted 

summary judgment in the Town’s favor on the issue of whether Mr. Wood must submit a 

complete application before approval may be granted for any plan, including the submission of 

site plans and other drawings “prepared by a Vermont-licensed engineer, surveyor, or architect 

consistent with” the Town of Hartford Zoning Regulations. Id. at 16. In addition, we held that 

Mr. Wood could continue working on his Hartford Diner project to the extent that his work was 

authorized by Permit #99-1180, or that he may re-submit his amendment applications with the 

appropriate supporting materials. Id. 

9. On November 20, 2006, Mr. Wood submitted an application to amend Permit #99-1180. 

Appellee’s Ex. A in Docket No. 81-4-07 Vtec. The Zoning Administrator returned the 

application to Mr. Wood, asserting that the amendment application was not complete because it 

did not contain plans completed by a Vermont-licensed engineer. Appellee’s Ex. B in Docket 

No. 81-4-07 Vtec. The ZBA upheld the Zoning Administrator’s decision on March 9, 2007. 

Appellee’s Ex. D in Docket No. 81-4-07 Vtec. Mr. Wood appealed that decision to this Court in 

Docket No. 81-4-07 Vtec; we dismissed his appeal on August 27, 2007 because it was not timely 

 

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 Mr. Wood submitted a copy of this decision as Exhibit K to his document titled “[Appellant’s Amended] 

Objections to the [Town’s] Motion for Contempt and Preliminary and Permanent Injunctive Relief Pursuing to the 

[Court’s] Order Dated September _ 07” filed with the Court on December 17, 2007, hereinafter referred to as 

“Appellant’s Amended Objections.” 
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filed. In re: Wood Zoning Permit Amendment, Docket No. 81-4-07 Vtec Entry Regarding 

Motion (Vt. Envtl. Ct. Aug. 27, 2007)). 

10. The Town has alleged that during the summer and fall of 2007, Mr. Wood performed 

work on the Hartford Diner project site without zoning permit approval in violation of this 

Court’s April 13, 2006 Order. Mr. Wood does not dispute that he performed work on his 

property; he instead asserts that he had legal authority to perform the work. 

11. On September 21, 2007, we held a hearing on the merits of the Town’s contempt motion. 

We took evidence and heard testimony, but we continued the proceedings to allow Mr. Wood to 

file his objections in writing. March 6 Decision at 2. 

12. To date, the parties have filed competing memoranda and supporting evidence regarding 

the cross-motions for contempt. The facts do not appear in dispute, so we therefore will turn to 

the central question of whether either party should be found in contempt. 

Discussion

 This Court’s power to punish disobedience of its orders is a “creature of necessity” meant 

to ensure that the Court has a means to vindicate its authority. See State v. Stell, 2007 VT 106, 

¶ 14 (quoting In re C.W., 169 Vt. 512, 517 (1999)). It is “indispensable to secure both ‘the 

proper transaction and dispatch of business [and] the respect and obedience due to the court and 

necessary for the administration of justice.’” State v. Allen, 145 Vt. 593, 600 (1985) (quoting In 

re Cooper, 32 Vt. 253, 258 (1859)) (emphasis removed). Thus, the authority granted this Court 

“carries with it implied power to punish for contempt, in so far as necessary to preserve and carry 

out the . . . authority given.” In re Morse, 98 Vt. 85, 94 (1924). Therefore, this Court may use 

its inherent powers to find a party in contempt so that the Court may preserve and carry out the 

authority it has been given. 

 Contempt proceedings come in two classes: civil and criminal. In re Morse, 98 Vt. 85, 90 

(1924). Criminal contempt is committed directly against the authority of a court and tends to 

impede the court’s proceedings and lessen its dignity, while civil contempt has the main effect of 

“depriv[ing] another party to a suit of some right, benefit, or remedy to which he is entitled under 

an order of the court.” Id.; see also In re C.W., 169 Vt. at 517-18 (quoting Morse). Because 

both Mr. Wood and the Town each allege that the actions of the other have deprived them of 

some “right, benefit, or remedy” to which they were entitled under order from this Court, we will 

consider these motions as requesting a finding of civil contempt. 
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 Viewing these motions as motions for civil contempt informs our consideration of the 

proper remedy, should either party be held in contempt. Compared with criminal contempt, 

where the purpose of the remedy is to punish a non-complying party, the purpose of a civil 

contempt remedy is to compel compliance with a court order. Sheehan v. Ryea, 171 Vt. 511, 

512 (2000) (mem.). The Court has discretion in fashioning an appropriate remedy, which may 

range from fines to even imprisonment in the appropriate circumstances. See id. (quoting 

Russell v. Armitage, 166 Vt. 392, 407-08 (1997)). However, we are also counseled that where 

the Legislature has provided an alternative remedy to contempt, we ought to apply the 

Legislature’s preferred method for addressing noncompliance with the orders of this Court. 

Stell, 2007 VT 106, ¶ 14. 

Mr. Wood’s Motion for Contempt

 Mr. Wood asserts that the Town purposefully ignored this Court’s May 19, 2004 Order to 

consider his amendment application. The May 19, 2004 Order did require the Town to consider 

Mr. Wood’s amendment application, but the Court’s Order also allowed the Town’s municipal 

planning authorities to make an initial determination of whether any amendment application Mr. 

Wood submitted was complete. See supra, Background ¶ 4. Our review of the proceedings 

before the Town of Hartford Zoning Administrator, the ZBA, and before this Court shows that, 

to date, Mr. Wood has not yet submitted the appropriate development plans, such that his 

application plans could be deemed complete. See supra, Background ¶¶ 5-9. As we recently 

discussed, the issue of whether Mr. Wood’s development applications require the assistance and 

approval of a licensed engineer has been decided. See March 6 Decision at 13 (citing Appeal of 

Wood, Docket Nos. 185-10-04 Vtec and 174-8-05 Vtec slip op. at 13, 16 (Vt. Envtl. Ct. Apr. 13, 

2006) and In re: Wood Zoning Permit Amendment, Docket No. 81-4-07 Vtec Entry Regarding 

Motion (Vt. Envtl. Ct. Aug. 27, 2007)). Until Mr. Wood submits an application properly 

approved by a Vermont-licensed engineer, the Town has the discretion to consider such an 

application incomplete. Id. 

We conclude that the Town has yet to deprive Mr. Wood of any right, benefit, or remedy 

secured by our May 19, 2004 Order because Mr. Wood has yet to submit an application 

approved by a Vermont-licensed engineer. Until Mr. Wood submits a complete application, with 

the appropriate parts of the application prepared by a Vermont-licensed engineer, the Town was 

within its authority to deem Mr. Wood’s plans incomplete. Therefore, because the Town has yet 
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to deprive Mr. Wood of any right, benefit, or remedy, Mr Wood’s request for a civil contempt 

finding is inappropriate. For these reasons, Mr. Wood’s Motion for Contempt in Docket No. 

121-7-03 Vtec is DENIED. 

The Town’s Motion for Contempt

 The Town requested that we hold Mr. Wood in contempt for violating our April 13, 2006 

Order in Docket No. 185-10-04 Vtec, granting a stay that prevented Mr. Wood from performing 

work not authorized by Permit #99-1180. See Appeal of Wood, Docket Nos. 185-10-04 Vtec 

and 174-8-05 Vtec slip op. at 15-16 (Vt. Envtl. Ct. Apr. 13, 2006). The Town has alleged that 

Mr. Wood has “continued to perform construction activities on the [Hartford Diner project 

property]” after the expiration of his zoning permit, Permit #99-1180. We recently held that 

Permit #99-1180 expired on March 10, 2007. March 6 Decision at 14. As we noted in our 

March 6 Decision, the Court had, prior to the expiration of the permit, twice explained to Mr. 

Wood how much time remained on that permit. Id. 

On September 21, 2007, we took evidence and heard testimony regarding the Town’s 

motion for contempt. Id. at 2. The Town presented photographic evidence that depicted 

construction activities occurring on the Hartford Diner project site during the summer and fall of 

2007, well after the expiration of Permit #99-1180. Town’s Exs. E-1 through E-13. In response, 

Mr. Wood does not dispute the factual allegation that he conducted further construction activities 

on the site. Instead, Mr. Wood asserts that he was legally entitled to perform construction 

activities on the property. See Appellant’s Amended Objections at 40 (asserting that Mr. Wood 

“is entitled under [Hartford Zoning Regulations §§ 5-2.3, 5-2.4] to rebuild” a structure after a 

fire). Mr. Wood’s reliance on §§ 5-2.3 and 5-2.4 is misplaced. 

Section 5-2.3 allows the repair and reconstruction of a non-complying structure that has 

been destroyed or damaged by a fire, explosion, or other catastrophe, provided the repair or 

reconstruction begins within two years after the catastrophic event and is completed within three 

years of the event. However, the right to repair or reconstruct a damaged or destroyed building 

does not exist outside the Town’s permitting framework. As the Town’s Zoning Regulations 

explain, ‘[n]o land development . . . may be commenced without a permit . . . .” Ordinance of 

the Town of Hartford, Vermont, Chapter 4, Zoning Regulations at § 1.2. 

Land development is defined by the Zoning Regulations to include the reconstruction of 

any building or structure. Id. at § 6.2. Therefore, even assuming that the Hartford Diner project 
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was non-complying, and that it was destroyed by a catastrophe within the meaning of the Zoning 

Regulations, Mr. Wood still needed to apply for a zoning permit in order to reconstruct and 

repair the structure. Section 5-2.3 did not and does not provide Mr. Wood the right to rebuild his 

structure without a zoning permit. Similarly, § 5-2.4 only allows the normal maintenance and 

repair of a non-complying structure. Mr. Wood’s assertion that he was merely rebuilding his 

structure after a catastrophe runs counter to his reliance on § 5-2.4 for authority to rebuild. That 

section speaks only to normal maintenance, which Mr. Wood does not claim he performed. 

Therefore, it is apparent that Mr. Wood performed construction activities on the Hartford 

Diner project site after the expiration of Permit #99-1180 and without any other permitting 

authority. This was a violation of this Court’s April 13, 2006 Order, staying construction 

activities not authorized by Permit #99-1180. This deprived the Town of its right to control 

development activities on this property, specifically under our April 13, 2006 Order, and more 

generally pursuant to the authority granted to it by our Legislature through the use of zoning 

bylaws. See 24 V.S.A. §§ 1971, 4402 (giving municipalities the authority to adopt regulatory 

tools including zoning bylaws). Accordingly, we must hold Mr. Wood in civil contempt for his 

violation of our Order of April 13, 2006 for engaging in construction activities not authorized by 

Permit #99-1180. 

The Town has requested that we enjoin “further construction activities” on the Hartford 

Diner project property and mandate the removal of any construction “performed without [zoning 

approval] or not in conformance with” Mr. Wood’s earlier zoning permits. To the extent that the 

Town’s request for injunctive relief asks that Mr. Wood be permanently enjoined from any 

construction activities on the property, we must decline. In civil contempt, the contemnor must 

be given an opportunity to cure the noncompliance with the Court’s order. Sheehan, 171 Vt. at 

512. However, it is appropriate to again prohibit Mr. Wood from conducting construction 

activities without proper permits. Therefore, we hereby ENJOIN Mr. Wood from conducting 

any construction activity on the Hartford Diner project site without properly approved zoning 

permits, a precursor to which would be a properly completed zoning permit application. 

Violation of this injunction could again result in contempt, as well as additional and more severe 

civil or criminal contempt penalties. 

With respect to the request that Mr. Wood remove “any construction performed without 

or not in conformance” with his now-expired permits, we must decline the Town’s request for 
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two reasons. First, this remedy does not appear aimed to secure Mr. Wood’s compliance with 

our earlier orders, and it would be impossible for him to purge the contempt, or avoid the 

sanction, through compliance with our earlier order. Mayo v. Mayo, 173 Vt. 459, 463 (2001). 

The Town’s requested relief is more similar to the relief provided in criminal contempt, where 

the goal is to punish noncompliance. Id. Therefore, this relief is inappropriate. 

Second, the balance of equities in this case does not suggest that this Court ought to 

exercise its discretion and issue a mandatory injunction to remove noncompliant construction at 

this time, in these proceedings. See Fenwick v. City of Burlington, 167 Vt. 425, 431 (1997) 

(explaining that in zoning cases, the issuance of a mandatory injunction is committed to the 

discretion of the court). In this case, the Legislature has made the relief sought by the Town 

available through other procedures. The administrative officer of a municipality may, in the 

municipality’s name, provide notice and then institute an action to “prevent, restrain, correct, or 

abate” a building or structure constructed in violation of a bylaw. 24 V.S.A. § 4452. Such an 

action may be instituted in this Court, and falls within this Court’s original jurisdiction. 

V.R.E.C.P. 3(6). The Vermont Rules of Civil Procedure and Rules of Appellate Procedure, 

along with the rights and protections they embody, would apply. Because the Legislature has 

authorized enforcement proceedings, with their procedural protections, as the method to secure 

injunctive relief for zoning bylaw violations, we decline to grant injunctive relief after a finding 

of contempt in these proceedings. Moreover, the Town bears the burden of making a record 

sufficient to support the “extraordinary and severe” remedy of a mandatory injunction. Fenwick, 

167 Vt. at 433. The Town provided little on the record that would shift the balance of equities in 

its favor. Therefore, we must DENY the Town’s request for mandatory injunctive relief. 

Conclusion

Accordingly, based on the foregoing, it is ORDERED and ADJUDGED that: 

1. Mr. Wood’s motion for contempt is DENIED; 

2. The Town’s motion for contempt is GRANTED; and 

3. The Town’s motion for injunctive relief is GRANTED to the extent that Mr. Wood is 

enjoined from conducting additional unpermitted construction activities on the 

Hartford Diner project site. The Town’s motion for injunctive relief is DENIED to 

the extent that it requests a permanent injunction of all development activities on the 

Hartford Diner project site and to the extent that it requests a mandatory injunction. 
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This resolves the motions pending in Docket Nos. 121-7-03 Vtec and 185-10-07 Vtec. 

The Court must now take up the substance of Docket No. 176-8-07 Vtec. If the parties believe 

that there are other issues that remain outstanding, we ask that they notify the Court immediately. 

Done at Berlin/Newfane, Vermont this 16th day of April, 2008. 

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 Thomas S. Durkin, Environmental Judge