# Patent

## Title
Method and apparatus for floor tiles and planks

## Abstract

A piece for flooring which includes a wear layer, a pattern layer, a base layer, and a backing layer. The base layer may be made of a mixture including ilmenite powder. About one third of the mixture may be ilmenite powder. The mixture may also include calcium carbonate, wherein about one quarter of the mixture is calcium carbonate. The mixture may further include polyvinylchloride, wherein about one quarter of the mixture is polyvinylchloride. The backing layer may include a plurality of devices which are hexagonally shaped, wherein the plurality of devices form a honeycomb structure which contacts a top floor surface when the piece is placed on the top floor surface. The backing layer may have a bottom surface including anti-slip backing film, which may be comprised of polyurethane.

## Background
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to floor planks and tiles and particularly resilient floor tiles and planks, such as for example, vinyl tiles and planks, rubber tiles and planks, and other synthetic plastic floor tiles and planks. The present invention also relates to sheet vinyl and sheet rubber.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
There are various devices known in the prior art concerning floor tiles and planks. One or more prior art techniques concerning floor planks are shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,195,107 to Timm, U.S. Pat. No. 4,180,615 to Bettoli, U.S. Pat. No. 4,348,477 to Miller, U.S. Pat. No. 4,990,188 to Micek, U.S. Pat. No. 4,439,480 to Sachs, and U.S. Published Patent Application no. US 2006/0156663 to Chen-chi Mao, which are incorporated by reference herein.
A Chinese company named “Huizhou Naibao Plastics Products Co., Ltd.” has a product and/or method related to floor planks and/or tiles and has a Chinese patent application no. 200920062276.7, filed on Aug. 11, 2009. “GTP International” which is a customer of “Huizhou Naibao Plastics Products Col, Ltd.” is selling a product related to this Chinese Patent, in the United States. “GTP International” has a U.S. registered trademark for “Free-Fit” related to selling this product.
Known polyvinyl chloride (PVC) floor planks and tiles (so-called vinyl floor in U.S., or PVC floor in Europe, Australia and some other Asian and African countries) employ specialized adhesives (such as “pressure sensitive” adhesives) for affixing the floor planks or tiles to a subfloor, subfloor surface, or underlayment. Two major methods are used for applying adhesives for so called PVC or vinyl floors. In the first method, adhesive is manually applied onto the surface of subflooring or underlayment, and then the vinyl floor is manually applied to the adhesive-coated surface of subflooring or underlayment. In the second method an adhesive-backed vinyl floor plank or tile is provided, in which the adhesive is already applied over the back of vinyl floor or floor plank or tile, without the need of preparing an adhesive-coated surface on top of the subflooring or underlayment. However, typically for the second method, a flooring primer may need to be applied on top of the surface of the subflooring or underlayment, depending on the condition of the subfloor or underlayment. The second known method helps to provide a substantial saving in labor and time by simply allowing removal of a backing, such as a piece of paper or plastic film coated with releasing substance such as polyurethane, silicone, or acrylic, to expose a protected adhesive material on the back of a floor plank or tile.
However, the two aforementioned known methods of floor plank or tile installation do not provide satisfactory performance due to some significant problems. Firstly, for either method, the job of planning installation of a new floor, including many floor planks or tiles, can be confusing. It may be difficult to properly position and balance the overall vinyl floor (comprised of many floor planks or tiles) in a room. Before laying the floor planks or tiles down, measuring and centering the underlayment may be formidable. Any mistake made at a beginning stage may require removal, replacement, repair, or even entire re-installation of all of the floor planks or tiles.
Secondly, for a renewal or replacement installation, i.e. for a replacement of an existing vinyl floor with a new vinyl floor, a complete cycle for the renewal or replacement installation can be relatively long because among other reasons, removal and replacement are somewhat challenging. Sometimes, the removability of a fully adhered vinyl floor (including a plurality of floor planks or tiles) comes up with great difficulty. Furthermore, repair can be arduous, too. Repair usually involves removing existing or damaged vinyl floor planks or tiles or even an entire floor comprised of many floor planks or tiles. Repair may also involve scraping and patching the subflooring, and remedying, such as leveling and repairing, the underlayment, and re-spreading adhesive on top of the repaired or remedied subflooring.
Thirdly, diverse varieties of subflooring and underlayment with distinct qualities and conditions need to be cautiously evaluated during the preparation of installation of a vinyl flooring, including contents of moisture, smoothness of surface, leveling of ground, cleanness of surface, rating of alkali and other factors. Most of pre-installation tests can exclusively be accomplished by professional contract installers, manufacturers or laboratories.
Fourthly, the particular subflooring or underlayment onto which the vinyl floor planks or tiles must be laid may be comprised of any one of a wide variety of materials such as concrete, gypsum, plywood, and existing floorings such as vinyl, ceramic, hardwood, and laminate. Each one of these different subflooring or underlayment materials typically has different features and properties, and the adhesive applied to the subflooring must take into account these different features and properties. For example, a different adhesive may need to be applied to a concrete subflooring versus a plywood subflooring, or the adhesive may need to be applied in a different manner depending on the subflooring material
Fifthly, the brands, qualities and types of adhesive, particularly the contents, ingredients and physical properties, may influence or even impact the performance of installation of PVC or vinyl floor planks or tiles. Therefore, installers, whoever are professional contractors or amateur consumers need to spend additional time to research and study different types of adhesives, or may also need technical support from manufacturers, manufacturer's representatives or manufacturer's distributors.
Sixthly, some types of adhesive may fail to maintain adequate cohesion strength because of the problem of plasticizer migration into adhesive. Plasticizer typically exists in the base layer of vinyl floors, or may exist in some resilient type of underlayment or subflooring. Storage conditions and storage period of adhesives may also impact how the adhesives adhere to a surface.
Seventhly, excessive use of adhesives may cause “ooze”, which means adhesive coming out from seams or joints between floor tiles or planks. This “ooze” causes an undesirable visual appearance on the flooring and/or in the waste of labor and time to get rid of and clean up.
Eighthly, deficit or unevenness of spreading adhesive may cause installation failure due to loose pieces from subflooring or underlayment.
In addition to the difficulties of implementing installation satisfactorily, as mentioned above, another disadvantage is that the application of adhesive produces essentially permanent structures that are difficult to alter, repair or remove once a vinyl floor, including a plurality of vinyl planks or tiles, has been installed. There are various hardware tools and chemicals for removing adhesive-installed vinyl floors, however, it is very difficult, if not impossible to completely eliminate adhesive residue from a subflooring or underlayment, or to completely restore a subflooring to an original intact condition.
Traditionally, adhesive is absolutely required to achieve the installation of vinyl floor. However, before, during and after the use of adhesive all may have inconveniences, concerns and problems to both household amateur consumers and professional contract installers.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In at least one embodiment of the present invention an apparatus is provided which includes a piece for flooring. The piece for flooring may be a floor plank or floor tile. The piece for flooring may be comprised of a wear layer, a pattern layer, a base layer, and a backing layer. The base layer may be made of a mixture comprised of ilmenite powder. About one third of the mixture may be ilmenite powder. The mixture may also be comprised of calcium carbonate. The mixture may be comprised of calcium carbonate, wherein about one quarter of the mixture is calcium carbonate. The mixture may be further comprised of polyvinylchloride, wherein about one quarter of the mixture is polyvinylchloride. The backing layer may include a plurality of devices which are hexagonally shaped, and wherein the plurality of devices form a honeycomb structure which contacts a top floor surface when the piece is placed on the top floor surface. The backing layer may have a bottom surface including anti-slip backing film. The anti-slip backing film may be comprised of polyurethane.
At least one embodiment of the present application may include a method which may be comprised of placing a plurality of pieces for flooring on a subfloor to form a floor, wherein each of the plurality of pieces is comprised of a wear layer, a pattern layer, a base layer, and a backing layer; and wherein the base layer is made of a mixture comprised of ilmenite powder. Each of the plurality of pieces may be placed on the subfloor without applying an adhesive to adhere the plurality of pieces to the subfloor. Each of the plurality of pieces may have a structure or a composition as previously described.
At least one embodiment of the present invention provides a method and apparatus for installing floor planks or tiles. In at least one embodiment of the present invention, floor planks or tiles are installed without applying an adhesive to adhere the floor planks to a subflooring.
A principle object of one or more embodiments of the present invention is an improved technique in installing flooring, such as installing vinyl flooring, including floor tiles and planks. A floor plank or tile in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention may include an additional layer or supplemental coating, such as an anti-slip layer, on the back of the floor plank or tile.
It is another object of one or more embodiments of the present invention to provide a unique technique for attaching floor planks or tiles, such as vinyl floor planks or other resilient floor planks or tiles to subfloors, underlayments, or equivalent substrates.
It is another object of one or more embodiments of the present invention to provide floor planks or tiles which are configured to be attached to structural sub surfaces with a minimum of skill, effort and cost.
It is a further object of one or more embodiments of the present invention to provide a method and/or apparatus for floor planks or tiles, which allow floor planks or tiles to be fixed to structural sub surfaces without shifting over time, with use, due to outdoor weather, due to indoor temperature changes, due to foot traffic pivoting, or furniture movement.
It is a further object of one or more embodiments of the present invention to provide a non-movable, anti-slip layer or film laminated underneath a vinyl floor or equivalent resilient floor covering which is durable, non-deteriorating and not subject to blistering or bubbling from the effect of moisture or chemicals.
One or more embodiments of the present invention provide a non-skid substance coated over the surface of floor plank's or tile's backing layer. The non-skid substance may be durable, non-deteriorating and not subject to blistering or bubbling from the effect of moisture and chemicals.
One or more embodiments of the present invention may provide an abradant particle or particles such as carborundum, emery, corundum, asphalt, pitch, or bitumen embedded over the backing layer of a floor plank. The abradant particle, particles, or material may be durable, non-deteriorating and not subject to blistering or bubbling from the effect of moisture and chemicals.
One or more embodiments of the present invention may provide anti-slip emboss or texture on the backing layer of a floor plank, such as a resilient floor plank, which is durable, non-deteriorating and subject to strengthen the immovability of floor tiles or planks, when they are installed on a subfloor surface.
One or more embodiments of the present invention may provide a certain amount of a heavy weight substance added into a base layer as a filler for a resilient floor plank or tile. The heavy weight substance may enhance the immovability of tiles or planks.
Other objects or further scopes of applicability of one or more embodiments of the present invention will become apparent from the detailed description given hereinafter. It should be understood, however, that the detailed description and specific examples, while indicating preferred embodiments of the invention, are given by way of illustration only, since various changes and modifications within the spirit and scope of the invention will become apparent to those skilled the art from this detailed description.
At least one embodiment of the present invention provides a method comprising the steps of putting together a first piece, wherein the first piece is comprised of a protective wear layer, a pattern layer, a resilient synthetic base layer, and a non-movable, anti-slip backing layer; with the wear layer, the pattern layer, base layer and backing layer, arranged in a sandwich manner, such that the wear layer is on top of the pattern layer, the pattern layer is on top of the base layer, the base layer is on the backing layer, and the pattern layer and base layer are between the wear layer and the backing layer.
In at least one embodiment, the method includes applying numerous embossed or textured cupules or devices (by press through heat or by engraving) on the backing layer. The devices or cupules on the backing layer may be arranged like regular hexagon honeycomb or beehive, but other patterns for the devices may be provided such as honeycomb, diamond, square, triangle and other patterns such as from a treadplate. The height of regular hexagon honeycomb may be about 0.1 millimeters to 0.3 millimeters. The distance between each two horizontal sides of adjacent devices or cupules may be three millimeters (mm) to five millimeters (mm). For a better performance, above mentioned height and horizontal distance of hexagon honeycomb can be adjusted.
In at least one embodiment, a method may further include applying a PVC non-movable anti-slip film or polyurethane non-movable, anti-slip film, or other substances with similar function, such as anti-slip textile, coating of aluminum oxide infused polyurethane (PU), Epoxy resin, acrylic, or Teflon(polytetrafluoroethylene).
In at least one embodiment, a method may further include applying powdered ilmenite, or titanium powder, or copper powder, or tin powder to a synthetic mixture of polyvinyl chloride powder, Calcium Carbonate and other additives for producing the base layer of floor plank or tile, such as a resilient floor plank or tile, such as a vinyl floor plank or tile.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1A shows a top, front, right side perspective view of a floor plank or tile in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 1B shows a top, rear, left side perspective view of the floor plank or tile of FIG. 1A;
FIG. 1C shows a bottom, rear, right side perspective view of the floor plank or tile of FIG. 1A; and
FIG. 1D shows a bottom rear right side perspective view of two protruding devices of a backing layer of the floor plank or tile of FIG. 1A.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1A shows a top, front, right side perspective view of a floor plank or tile 1 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 1B shows a top, rear, left side perspective view of the floor plank or tile 1 of FIG. 1A. FIG. 1C shows a bottom, rear, right side perspective view of the floor plank or tile 1 of FIG. 1A. FIG. 1D shows a bottom rear right side perspective view of two protruding devices 10a and 10b of a backing layer 8, of the floor plank or tile 1 of FIG. 1A.
Referring to FIGS. 1A-1D, the floor plank or tile 1 includes a wear layer 2, a pattern layer 4, a base layer 6, and a backing layer 8. The backing layer 8 includes a plurality of protruding devices or members 10, including device or member 10a and device or member 10b shown in FIGS. 1A-1C. The protruding devices or members 10 may be replaced by indentation devices or grooves, each groove or indentation device having a shape similar to members 10a or 10b. 
The floor plank 1 may be considered to be a piece or may be formed from a piece in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
The wear layer 2 includes a right side 2a, a front 2b, a rear 2c, and a left side 2d as shown by FIGS. 1A and 1B. The pattern layer 4 includes a right side 4a, a front 4b, a rear 4c, and a left side 4d as shown by FIGS. 1A and 1B. The base layer 6 includes a right side 6a, a front 6b, a rear 6c, and a left side 6d as shown by FIGS. 1A and 1B. The backing layer 8 includes a right side 8a, a front 8b, a rear 8c, and a left side 8d as shown by FIGS. 1A and 1B.
The wear layer 2 may include any known wear layer. The wear layer 2 may be substantially made of PVC (Polyvinylchloride).
The pattern layer 4 may include any known pattern layer. The pattern layer 4 may be printed on a white-based PVC (Polyvinylchloride) film, or on the back of a transparent PVC film.
The wear layer 2 may be a thin transparent layer. The pattern (or design) layer may be a thin design layer, such as a synthetic wood grain design layer or a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) synthetic wood grain design layer or a polypropylene synthetic wood grain design layer.
In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, the base layer 6, may include a filler made of ilmenite powder, and in another embodiment may include a filler made of ilmenite powder and calcium carbonate. The base layer 6 may be made of a mixture of filler (such as a filler comprised of ilmenite powder and calcium carbonate), PVC (polyvinyl chloride), a plasticizer, and other additives, such as a stabilizer, such as carbon black, DOA, or rosin. These may be the only components or ingredients of base layer 6.
In at least one embodiment, for a batch of material for base layer 6, a batch may be made of a mixture of fifty kilograms (kgs) of virgin PVC, seventy-five kilograms (kgs) of ilmenite powder, sixty kilograms (kgs) of calcium carbonate, 0.45 kilograms (kgs) of carbon black, 0.3 kilograms (kgs) of rosin (or resin oil), 0.75 kilograms (kgs) of stabilizer, five kilograms (kgs) of DOA, and thirty-five kilograms (kgs) of DINP.
If virgin PVC is used (i.e. not recycled PVC) then the ratio of PVC to filler by weight may range from 1.0 to 1.0 at one end of a first range to 1.0 to 1.3 at the other end of the first range. I.e. at one end of the first range, for every one gram of filler there may be one gram of PVC and at the other end of the first range, for every one gram of PVC there may be 1.3 grams of filler.
If recycled PVC is used then the ratio of recycled PVC to filler by weight may range from 1.0 to 1.0 (1:1) at one end of a second range to 1.0 to 2.0 (1:2) at the other end of the second range. I.e. at one end of the second range, for every one gram of recycled PVC there may be one gram of filler and at the other end of the second range for every one gram of recycled PVC there may be two grams of filler. The filler may be substantially or entirely made of ilmenite powder. The filler may be made of ilmenite powered and calcium carbonate, or may contain little or no calcium carbonate and substantially or only ilmenite powder.
However, it should be noted that recycled PVC typically includes within it an amount of filler, wherein the filler in the recycled PVC may include calcium carbonate, however the particular type of filler in the recycled PVC depends on which industry the recycled PVC is from. However, in one or more embodiments, the content of PVC in recycled PVC is less than virgin PVC because recycled PVC may be a mix of calcium carbonate and PVC. If recycled PVC is used, the ratio of recycled PVC to calcium carbonate may be 1:0 (i.e. no calcium carbonate) at one end of a range to 1:1 at another end of a range.
For at least one embodiment of the present invention, the plank/tile 1 has to smoothly contact the underlayment or subfloor or surface 100a of FIG. 1A. Therefore, for at least one embodiment of the present invention, we may use higher contents of virgin PVC for the base layer 6, for example 1.0 to 1.0 (1:1) at one end of a third range to 1.0 to 2.5 (1:2.5) at another end of the third range. I.e. at one end of the third range, for every one gram of virgin PVC there may be 1.0 grams of filler and at the other end of the third range, for every one gram of virgin PVC there may be 2.5 grams of filler.
The filler of the base layer 6, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, is made of a mixture of ilmenite powder and calcium carbonate and may be made of only ilmenite powder. The ratio of ilmenite powder to calcium carbonate may be about 1.25 to 1.0 (1.25:1). I.e. for every one and a quarter grams of ilmenite powder there may be one gram of calcium carbonate. A mixture of calcium carbonate and ilmenite powder is used, for at least the reason, that calcium carbonate is less expensive than ilmenite powder. The actual formula may change subject to the quality of raw materials used for the base layer 6, the temperature of the season, and the request of customer. For example, for request of customer, the customer may want greater hardness, a different type of flexibility, or a different type of overall tile/plank thickness, and these may affect the percentages of raw materials or materials used for the base layer 6.
For the base layer 6, in at least one embodiment, all raw materials which may include filler (such as a filler comprised of ilmenite powder and calcium carbonate), PVC (polyvinyl chloride), a plasticizer, and other additives may be mixed together and heated in a mixer, such as a Banbury mixer for pre-plasticization, to form an overall mixture. A Banbury mixer as known in the art is an internal mixer produced by Farrel Corporation, used for mixing or compounding plastics and interspersing reinforcing fillers in a resin system.
After the overall mixture is formed by the mixer, such as a Banbury mixture, the overall mixture may be sent to sets of rollers or to a calendering machine to produce the base layer 6. The wear layer 2, pattern layer 4, and base layer 6 may then be laminated together with a hot press machine. The base layer 6 material may need to be cut before lamination to fit the size of the hot press machine. Some factories can also laminate by using extruder or calendering machine, they don't have to cut the base layer 6 immediately but can automatically and continuously go on producing.
It is known to make a floor plank or tile with a filler including iron powder and calcium carbonate. However, ilmenite powder is not known for use in a base layer for a floor plank or tile. Using ilmenite powder in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention for a floor plank or tile, such as floor plank or tile 1, is better than using iron powder for several reasons. Firstly, ilmenite powder is as not sensitive to temperature, as iron powder is, which means that ilmenite powder is less likely to expand and contract than iron powder, and therefore a floor plank or tile, such as floor plank or tile 1 made of a base layer including ilmenite powder is less likely to expand and contract than a floor plank or tile make of iron powder.
Secondly, ilmenite powder is better than iron powder for keeping dimensional stability of a floor plank, meaning that the floor plank or tile 1 is less likely to expand or contract with ilmenite powder used for the base layer 6 than with iron powder. Expansion or contraction of the floor plank or tile 1, after installation on a floor surface such as 100a, may change size (or even shape) of floor plank or tile 1, and would be a problem for end-user, reseller or installer. Generally, contraction or expansion of a floor plank or tile, even before or during installation may cause problem because not every piece will expand or shrink to a same size.
Thirdly, Ilmenite powder has anti-oxidization properties that are better than iron powder, which means that ilmenite powder is less likely to rust than iron powder (also, a rusted iron may have bad smell). Fourthly, Ilmenite powder typically costs less than iron powder. Fifthly, for a floor plank or tile, such as 1, of an embodiment of the present invention, which can be used, and is used in at least one embodiment, without applying adhesives to the bottom surface 8e of the backing 8 or to the outer surfaces 11a and 11b and other outer surfaces of the plurality of devices 10, it is desirable to make the floor plank or tile 1 heavier. Increasing the weight of the floor plank or tile 1, makes it more difficult for the floor plank or tile 1 to move when placed on a floor surface, such as surface 100a of floor 100 in FIG. 1. Ilmenite powder is heavier than iron powder, so a combination of ilmenite powder and calcium carbonate is heavier than a combination of iron powder and calcium carbonate. In at least one embodiment of the present invention, the mixing percentage of ilmenite powder and calcium carbonate can be adjusted to make a heavier plank.
In at least one embodiment of the present invention using ilmenite instead of iron, allows a plank or tile 1 to be made which uses 10% to 20% more calcium carbonate in the base layer 6 than in iron powder—calcium carbonate base layers of the prior art. With the same weight of ilmenite or iron, it is possible to put more calcium carbonate in the base layer 6, which means less PVC can be put in the base layer 6 compared with PVC in base layers of the prior art, so we can save cost and increase weight. Due to the use of ilmenite, we can use more calcium carbonate. The unit price of calcium carbonate is typically much lower than ilmenite powder, iron powder, or PVC, or most if not all of the components used in the base layer 6. In contrast, in the known prior art, floor planks or tiles are made as light as possible to keep down costs of transporting the floor planks and tiles. In the known prior art light calcium carbonate is used, whereas in at least one embodiment of the present invention “heavy” calcium carbonate is used. Typically there are two types of calcium carbonate. One is light weight or “light” calcium carbonate, which may be used for the base layer 6 of an embodiment of the present invention, and; another is heavy weight or “heavy” calcium carbonate, which is commonly used in paint or other industries. but which is typically not used for base layer 6 or for base layers of floor planks or tiles of the prior art. It is possible, that heavy weight or “heavy” calcium carbonate may be used for a base layer 6 in an alternative embodiment of the present invention.
The base layer 6, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention also may include an additional plasticizer, which may be made of 5% DOA (Bis(2-ethylhexyl)adipate) and 95% DINP (Di-isononyl phthalate) and which may be used in PVC in the base layer 6 as a plasticizer. This particular plasticizer has low temperature resistance and may create better flexibility for the base layer 6, than using DINP (Di-isononyl phthalate) alone, which is typically done for known base layers for known planks and tiles. In at least one embodiment of the present invention, the base layer 6 may be made of PVC, ilmenite powder, calcium carbonate, DOA, a plasticizer (such as DINP, typically used in the PVC), lubricant and some other additives.
The plasticizer used for the base layer 6 may be a Flexidone plasticizer (instead of DINP) from International Specialty Products Inc., (ISP), located in Wayne, N.J., (internet address: ispplastics.com). These Flexidone plasticizers are typically based on N-alkyl pyrrolidone chemistry.
The backing layer 8 may have a bottom surface 8e shown in FIG. 1C. An anti-slip backing film, such as made of Polyurethane (PU), may be located on the bottom surface 8e. An anti-slip backing film, such as made of Polyurethane (PU), may also be located on the outer surfaces of the protrusions or devices 10, such as on the outer surfaces 11a and 11b of the devices 10a and 10b, shown in FIGS. 1C and 1D. The anti-slip backing film may be laminated on the bottom surface 8e and the outer surfaces 11a and 11b, and similar outer surfaces of each of the plurality of devices 10.
In at least one embodiment of the present invention an, in order to form the plank or tile 1 of FIGS. 1A-C, an anti-slip PU film may be placed between the base layer 6 and an embossing plate for (lamination all components together and create honeycomb texture) a honeycomb design (i.e. the configuration of hexagonal shapes shown in FIG. 10) In such an embodiment, the anti-slip PU film may cover outer surfaces 11a and 11b and other outer surfaces of the devices 10 shown in FIG. 10, and the anti-slip PU film may come between the base layer 6 and the backing layer 8. In such an embodiment, the anti-slip film may entirely surround the backing layer 8 and the devices 10. The backing layer 8 and the devices 10, surrounded by an anti-slip film may be sent to a hot press machine with the base layer 6 to laminate the backing layer 8 onto the base layer 6, with the anti-slip film between the base layer 6 and the backing layer 8 and surrounding the devices 10. The anti-slip film may be considered to be integrated with the backing layer 8, i.e. part of the backing layer 8. The honeycomb texture, for example in FIG. 10, the devices 10 shown protruding from the backing layer 8, may be created through heat. In at least one embodiment, the anti-slip film thus covers every part of the honeycomb.
It is known in the art to place PVC film on a bottom surface of a floor plank or tile, in order to keep the floor plank or tile flat, to prevent cupping or pillow-up, and also to isolate moisture from an underlayment or subfloor. However, PVC film was not typically used to provide an adhesive free anti-slip surface. It is known in the art to use PU (polyurethane) on the top surface of a floor plank or tile, for the purpose of durability and easy cleaning.
In at least one embodiment of the present invention, PU (polyurethane) is better than PVC for use as an anti-slip film to surround the backing layer 8 and the devices 10, because PU is more environmentally friendly and is better at preventing moisture buildup. In at least one embodiment a PU anti-slip film surrounding the backing layer 8 and the devices 10 isolates moisture coming from the underlayment or subfloor, under a floor plank or tile, such as under floor plank or tile 1 of FIGS. 1A-C, and thereby prevents moisture from seeping into the base layer 6. If moisture is allowed to seep into the base layer 6, it may be absorbed by the calcium carbonate and may harm the quality of the floor plank or tile 1.
Instead of PU, the anti-slip backing film placed on the bottom surface 8e and on the outer surfaces of each device or devices 10, such as outer surfaces 11a and 11b, may be an aluminum oxide infused Polyurethane, a synthetic rubber, a plastic, or a material embedded with carborundum, however PU anti-slip film is preferred particularly in combination with ilmenite powder filler for the base layer 6 and honeycomb bottom texture or devices 10 for the backing layer 8. However, for other types of base layers or backing layers, other types of anti-slip backing films may be better. For example, for rubber floor base layers or replace all of layers 2, 4, and 6 with rubber (to rubber tile, base layer 6 typically has to be rubber or rubber synthetics0. Layer 2 & 4 can still be PVC or other plastic synthetics. A rubber floor sometimes does need layers, similar to layers 2 and 4. A rubber floor can be solid-colored or simply spread pigment in solid-colored base to create random pattern, by for example spreading colorful chips through the rubber material. Synthetic rubber for an anti-slip film may be better than PU, in one or more embodiments.
Each of the plurality of devices 10 may have the same, or substantially the same, hexagonal, six sided shape, as shown by FIGS. 1C and 1D. The plurality of devices 10 may be arranged in a honeycomb configuration as shown by FIG. 1C. As shown in FIG. 1D there may be a distance of D1 between devices 10a and 10b. Similarly there may be a distance of D1 between each of the plurality of devices 10 and any adjacent device of the plurality of devices 10. Each of the plurality of devices 10 may have a height H1 which may be 0.1 mm (millimeters) to 0.3 mm (millimeters). Each of the plurality of devices 10 may have six walls making up the hexagonal shape, and the thickness T1 of each of the walls of each of the devices 10 may be in a range of 0.30 millimeters (mm) to 1.0 millimeters (mm), or wider or narrower in some cases. For at least one embodiment of the present application, about 0.35 millimeters are used for the thickness T1, in a range of plus or minus +/−0.05 millimeters. The hexagonal shape may be delineated by a regular hexagon having a center C and a radius R1 as shown in FIG. 1D, which may be about 3.0 mm (millimeters) to 5.0 mm (millimeters). D1 may be zero because hexagonal shapes may be connected together. However, D1 may be some non-zero value, such that there is separation between adjacent hexagonal structures, such as between device 10a and 10b in FIG. 1D. It is known in the art to have circles or circular protrusions on the bottom of a floor plank or tile. However the hexagonal shape of each of devices 10 and the honeycomb configuration of an embodiment of the present invention, as shown in FIG. 10, have been found to have better anti-slip performance, than the known configuration of circles. The outer surfaces 11a and 11b (shown in FIG. 1D) and similar outer surfaces of each of the plurality of devices 10, help the floor plank or tile 1 to frictionally contact a top floor surface of a floor, such as a top floor surface 100a of a floor 100, shown in dashed lines in FIG. 1A. In FIG. 1A, the outer surfaces of the devices 10, such as outer surfaces 11a and 11b, shown in FIG. 10, and similar outer surfaces, contact the top surface 100a of the floor 100. As previously described there may be an anti-slip film on the outer surfaces 11a and 11b, such that the anti-slip film actually comes in contact with the top surface 100a of the floor 100.
Typically a cutting die would be used to form the edges of the floor plank or tile 1, such as edges at the front 2b, right side 2a, rear 2c, and left side 2d, shown in FIG. 1B. The floor plank 1 may be in the form of a conventional known plank or tile
The base layer 6 may be made in advance by calendering (sophisticated, base layer will be thin) or by sets of rollers (simple, base layer will be thicker). The wear layer 2, pattern layer 4 and base layer 6 may then be properly aligned, so that each layer has substantially the same length and width, is aligned with the other layers, and does not extend substantially beyond the other layers. After cutting, the aligned layers 2, 4, and 6 may then be sent to a hot press machine for lamination to add the backing layer 8 and the devices 10.
A cutting die can be installed with a calendering machine or extrusion machine, so the entire production process may be made to be automatic and continuous. But due to technique bottleneck or budget limit, factory can also cut lamination sheet into slab, then send to independent, or standoff, cutting die to shape into piece or floor plank or tile 1.
The wear layer 2 is transparent, and typically has a thickness of from 0.03 millimeters to 1.2 millimeters. The base layer 6, can itself be comprised of more than one layer, such as one, two, or three layers, typically depending on the thickness T2 of the plank or tile 1, shown in FIG. 1B. Although the base layer 6 may be comprised of more than one layer, it will still appear to be one layer, because any multiple layers of the base layer 6 will be laminated together, unless the layers are different colors.
The wear layer of the layer 4 of the plank, tile or piece 1, may be pure PVC, with greater pulling power(upward) when temperature goes down (for example, a relatively higher processing temperature versus relatively lower room temperature), and for such a PVC wear layer, typically a balance layer as part of the base layer 6 of the plank, tile or piece 1 is used to offset the pulling power of the wear layer 4. A leveling layer or in this case the devices 10 (and anti-slip surface) of the base layer 6 of the floor plank or tile 1, would be the bottommost layer and is placed in contact with a subfloor or underlayment surface 100a of subfloor 100, shown by dashed lines in FIG. 1A.
A fiber glass layer may optionally be placed between the pattern film layer 4 at the bottom and the base layer 6 (or may be placed between a leveling layer and balance leveler), however alternatively, fiber glass materials can be mixed in with the base layer 6 of the floor plank 1. Fiber glass materials mixed in with the base layer 6.
For the lowest (price wise) end product for residential uses, a pattern may be printed on the back of the wear layer 2, then a pure white film may be paved underneath the pattern (on the non-pattern side) layer 4, which is called a “feature layer/film”. The combination wear layer 2 (with pattern on back) and “feature layer/film” may then be laminated onto a base layer 6, and thereafter a large slab or sheet including the combination wear layer 2 and the base layer 6 may be die cut to form a plurality of pieces each identical or similar to piece or floor plank 1. For better anti-scratch, anti-cuff and better durability of the surface or top 2e shown in FIG. 1A, a coating may be spread on top of the surface or top 2e, such as a polyurethane coating. A coating of silicone, Teflon, or epoxy and other types of coatings may also be used on the surface 2e. 
On the back of the floor plank or tile such as on outer surfaces 11a and 11b shown in FIG. 10, there is typically a need to provide protection from moisture from the subfloor or underlayment 100 under the tile/plank 1.
The base layer 6, following cutting away portions of a raw material piece to form the plank 1 may be comprised of one or more of the following materials: polyvinyl chloride (PVC), calcium carbonate(filler), DOP or DINP, a lubricant, a stabilizer, and/or various additives. DOP (Dioctyl Phthalate) is a combustible non-toxic colorless oily liquid with slight odor. Disononyl phthalate (DINP) has similar functions and properties as DOP but is more environmental-friendly. The lubricant may be resin oil or rosin. The wear layer 2, the pattern film layer 4, and the base layer 6 may be laminated to each other through heat (can also be laminated by adhesive or cement). The plank 1 of FIGS. 1A-D, may be initially formed by being die cut from a raw material piece. However, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention a raw material piece is not die cut in order to modify a raw material piece into the plank 1.
Instead of die cutting to initially form a raw material piece, another method such as water jet, and CNC, Computer numerical control, which utilizes the commands of numerical control program(compiled by computer) to drive a motor of machine can be used.
Although the invention has been described by reference to particular illustrative embodiments thereof, many changes and modifications of the invention may become apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. It is therefore intended to include within this patent all such changes and modifications as may reasonably and properly be included within the scope of the present invention's contribution to the art.

## Claims

1. An apparatus comprising
a piece for flooring comprised of
a wear layer,
a pattern layer,
a base layer, and
and a backing layer including a bottom surface;

wherein the base layer is made of a mixture comprised of ilmenite powder;
wherein the base layer is sandwiched between the pattern layer and the backing layer, so that the base layer is covered on one side by the pattern layer and on an opposing side by the backing layer;
wherein the pattern layer and the backing layer do not include ilmenite;
wherein the bottom surface of the backing layer is exposed; wherein the backing layer includes a plurality of devices, each of the plurality of devices having a plurality of walls having surfaces which form a hexagonal shape, and wherein the plurality of devices form a honeycomb structure which contacts a top floor surface when the piece is placed on the top floor surface, such that the surfaces of each hexagonal shape of each of the plurality devices directly contact the top floor surface.

2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein
about one third of the mixture is ilmenite powder.

3. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein
the mixture is comprised of calcium carbonate.

4. The apparatus of claim 2 wherein
the mixture is comprised of calcium carbonate; and
wherein about one quarter of the mixture is calcium carbonate.

5. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein
the mixture is comprised of polyvinylchloride.

6. The apparatus of claim 4 wherein
the mixture is comprised of polyvinylchloride; and
wherein about one quarter of the mixture is polyvinylchloride.

7. The apparatus of claim 1
wherein the backing layer has a bottom surface including anti-slip backing film.

8. The apparatus of claim 7 wherein
the anti-slip backing film is comprised of Polyurethane.

9. A method comprising
placing a first plurality of pieces for flooring on a subfloor to form a floor;
wherein each of the first plurality of pieces is comprised of:
a wear layer,
a pattern layer,
a base layer, and
and a backing layer including a bottom surface;

wherein the base layer is made of a mixture comprised of ilmenite powder;
wherein the base layer is sandwiched between the pattern layer and the backing layer, so that the base layer is covered on one side by the pattern layer and on an opposing side by the backing layer;
wherein the pattern layer and the backing layer do not include ilmenite;
and wherein the bottom surface of the backing layer of each of the first plurality of pieces for flooring is exposed prior to placing each of the first plurality of pieces for flooring on a subfloor;
wherein the method includes placing the first plurality of pieces for flooring on the subfloor so that the bottom surfaces of the backing layers of each of the first plurality of pieces lies on the subfloor; wherein the backing layer includes a plurality of devices, each of the plurality of devices having a plurality of walls having surfaces which form a hexagonal shape, and wherein the plurality of devices form a honeycomb structure which contacts a top floor surface when each of the first plurality of pieces for flooring is placed on the top floor surface, such that the surfaces of each hexagonal shape of each of the plurality of devices directly contact the top floor surface.

10. The method of claim 9 wherein
each of the plurality of pieces of flooring is placed on the subfloor without applying an adhesive to adhere the plurality of pieces to the subfloor.

11. The method of claim 9 wherein
about one third of the mixture is ilmenite powder.

12. The method of claim 9 wherein
the mixture is comprised of calcium carbonate.

13. The method of claim 11 wherein
the mixture is comprised of calcium carbonate; and
wherein about one quarter of the mixture is calcium carbonate.

14. The method of claim 9 wherein
the mixture is comprised of polyvinylchloride.

15. The method of claim 13 wherein
the mixture is comprised of polyvinylchloride; and
wherein about one quarter of the mixture is polyvinylchloride.

16. The method of claim 9
wherein the backing layer has a bottom surface including anti-slip backing film.

17. The method of claim 16 wherein
the anti-slip backing film is comprised of Polyurethane.

18. A method comprising
placing a plurality of pieces for flooring on a subfloor to form a floor;
wherein each of the plurality of pieces is comprised of:
a wear layer,
a pattern layer,
a base layer, and
and a backing layer including a bottom surface; wherein the base layer is made of a mixture comprised of ilmenite powder;

wherein the base layer is sandwiched between the pattern layer and the backing layer so that the top surface of the base layer is covered on one side by the pattern layer and on an opposing side by the backing layer;
wherein the bottom surface of the backing layer of each of the plurality of pieces for flooring is exposed prior to placing each of the plurality of pieces for flooring on a subfloor;
and further wherein the method includes placing the plurality of pieces for flooring on the subfloor so that the bottom surfaces of the backing layers of each of the plurality of pieces lies on the subfloor;
and wherein each backing layer of each of the plurality of pieces includes a plurality of devices, each of the plurality of devices having a plurality of walls having surfaces which form a hexagonal shape, and wherein the plurality of devices of each of the plurality of pieces form a honeycomb structure which contacts a top floor surface when each of the plurality of pieces for flooring is placed on the top floor surface, such that the surfaces of each hexagonal shape of each of the plurality of devices directly contact the top floor surface.