Importation of Fresh Pepper Fruit – Capsicum annuum L., 

Capsicum baccatum L., Capsicum chinense Jacq., Capsicum 

frutescens L., and Capsicum pubescens Ruiz & Pav. – from 

Ecuador into the United States

A Pathway-Initiated Risk Assessment

January 16, 2013

Version 3

Agency Contact:

Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory

Center for Plant Health Science and Technology

United States Department of Agriculture

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Plant Protection and Quarantine

1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300

Raleigh, NC 27606
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador

Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 ii

Executive Summary

The Republic of Ecuador requested authorization to export fresh pepper fruit, Capsicum annuum 

L., into the continental United States. We assessed the pest risk for C. annuum, C. frutescens, C. 

baccatum, and C. chinense due to some taxonomic uncertainty regarding the species status. We 

prepared a pest risk assessment based on documentation submitted by the Ecuadorian national 

plant protection organization, USDA data on intercepted pests at ports-of-entry, scientific 

literature, and other information.

We identified eight quarantine pests that are likely to follow the pathway of fresh peppers from 

Ecuador, as follows:

Type Pest Taxonomy Pest risk potential

Arthropods Anastrepha fraterculus Wiedemann Diptera: Tephritidae High

Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann Diptera: Tephritidae High

Neoleucinodes elegantalis (Guenée) Lepidoptera: Pyralidae Medium

Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) Lepidoptera: Noctuidae High

Thrips palmi Karny Thysanoptera: Thripidae High

Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) Povolny Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae High

Fungi Puccinia pampeana Speg. Urediniomycetes: Uredinales High

Viruses Andean potato mottle virus (APMoV) Comoviridae Medium

We rated the following six pests (five insects and one fungus) as High pest risk potential: the 

insects, Anastrepha fraterculus, Ceratitis capitata, Spodoptera litura, Thrips palmi, and Tuta 

absoluta, and the fungus, Puccinia pampeana. We rated the other two pests—the insect 

Neoleucinodes elegantalis, and the virus, Andean potato mottle virus—with Medium pest risk 

potentials. 

Specific phytosanitary measures beyond port-of-entry inspection are strongly recommended for 

pests with High pest risk potentials, and may be necessary for pests with Medium pest risk 

potential. Detailed examination and choice of appropriate phytosanitary measures to mitigate pest 

risk are part of the pest risk management phase within APHIS and are not addressed in this 

document.
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador

Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 iii

Table of Contents

Executive Summary...................................................................................................................... ii

1. Introduction............................................................................................................................... 1

1.1. Background.................................................................................................................... 1

1.2. Commodity information................................................................................................. 1

1.3. Production in Ecuador.................................................................................................... 2

1.4. Standard post-harvest processing................................................................................... 3

2. Risk Assessment ........................................................................................................................ 3

2.1. Initiating Event: Proposed Action.................................................................................. 3

2.2. Assessment of Weed Potential of Capsicum annuum.................................................... 3

2.3. Previous Risk Assessments, Current Status, Decision History, and Pest Interceptions 5

2.4. Pest Categorization - Identification of Pests of Capsicum spp. in Ecuador................... 6

2.5. Analysis of Quarantine Pests....................................................................................... 45

2.6. Pest Risk Potential and Conclusion ............................................................................. 58

3. Literature Cited ...................................................................................................................... 58

4. Author, Contributors, and Reviewers................................................................................... 75

5. Appendix.................................................................................................................................. 77

Appendix A. Pest Interceptions on Capsicum spp. entering the United States. ................. 77

Appendix B. Quarantine pests reported on Capsicum spp. (in any country) and present in 

Ecuador. ............................................................................................................................ 113
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador

Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 1

1. Introduction

1.1. Background

This document was prepared by the Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory of the 

Center for Plant Health Science and Technology, USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection 

Service (APHIS), Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ), in response to a request to evaluate the 

risks associated with the importation of commercially produced pepper fruit from Ecuador into 

the continental United States. We considered the risk associated with C. annuum, C. frutescens, 

C. baccatum, and C. chinense due to some taxonomic uncertainty regarding the species status 

(Walsh and Hoot, 2001) and because wild populations of C. annuum may interbreed with C.

frutescens and C. chinense (Eshbaugh, 1993). Furthermore, because of the wide overlap of 

common name usage among all domesticated Capsicum species (Bosland, 1996), the cultivated 

species (C. pubescens) was also included.

The International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) provides guidance for conducting pest risk 

analyses. The methods used here are consistent with guidelines provided by the IPPC, 

specifically the International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPM) on ‘Pest Risk 

Analysis for Quarantine Pests, including Analysis of Environmental Risks and Living Modified 

Organisms’ (IPPC, 2009: ISPM #11). The use of biological and phytosanitary terms is consistent 

with the ‘Glossary of Phytosanitary Terms and the Compendium of Phytosanitary Terms’ (IPPC, 

2009: ISPM #5). 

Three stages of pest risk analysis are described in international standards: Stage 1, Initiation, 

Stage 2, Risk Assessment, and Stage 3, Risk Management. This document satisfies the 

requirements of Stages 1 and 2. 

This is a qualitative risk analysis; estimates of risk are expressed in terms of High, Medium, and 

Low pest risk potentials based on the combined ratings for specified risk elements (PPQ, 2000) 

related to the probability and consequences of importing peppers from Ecuador. For the purposes 

of this assessment High, Medium, and Low probabilities will be defined as:

High: More likely to occur than not to occur

Medium: As likely to occur as not to occur

Low: Less likely to occur than not to occur

The appropriate risk management strategy for a particular pest depends on the risk posed by that 

pest. Identification of appropriate sanitary and phytosanitary measures to mitigate the risk, if any, 

for this pest is undertaken as part of Stage 3 (Risk Management). Other than listing possible 

mitigation options for the pests of concern, we did not discuss risk management in this 

document.

1.2. Commodity information

1.2.1. Taxonomy

The genus Capsicum is in the Solanaceae family, which also includes tomato, potato, tobacco, 

and petunia. The genus Capsicum consists of approximately 22 wild species and five 
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador

Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 2

domesticated species: C. annuum, C. baccatum, C. chinense, C. frutescens, and C. pubescens

(Bosland, 1996). Chili pepper fruits are considered vegetables, but are berries botanically. 

Despite their many trait differences (Fig. 1), most commercially cultivated chili pepper cultivars

belong to the species C. annuum (Bosland, 1996). 

1.2.2. Origin and Distribution

The genus Capsicum is endemic to the western hemisphere, and the pre-Columbian distribution 

extended from the southernmost border of the United States to the temperate zone of southern 

South America (Bosland, 1996). Mexico is believed to be the center of origin of C. annuum 

(CABI, 2006). Capsicum annuum is a perennial small shrub in suitable climatic conditions, 

living for a decade or more in tropical South and Central America. In the genus Capsicum, C. 

annuum is the best-known domesticated species and the most economically important species 

(Bosland, 1996; Eshbaugh, 1993). Capsicum annuum is now cultivated all over the world. The 

non-pungent form, bell pepper, is widely used as a vegetable. Another non-pungent form, 

"pimento," is also grown throughout much of the globe. The hot, spicy forms of this species have 

come to dominate spicy foods in Latin America and the rest of the world (Eshbaugh, 1993).

1.2.3. Cultivar types

Pepper is a warm-season crop and is sensitive to cold weather (University of California, 2007). 

There are two types of peppers: the large-fruited, mild-flavored bell types, preferred by most 

gardeners; and the hot varieties, which may be used green (University of California, 2007). The 

mild peppers include bell, banana, pimiento, and sweet cherry, while the hot peppers include 

cayenne, celestial, large cherry, serrano, tabasco, and jalapeno (University of California, 2007). 

The sweet bell pepper is the most popular type; if allowed to ripen, the fruit turns red, orange, 

cream, yellow, or purple depending on cultivar and remains sweet. Bell peppers, measuring 7.6 

cm (3 in) wide by 10.1 cm (4 in) long, usually have 3 to 4 lobes and a blocky appearance. Mild 

peppers are harvested when they are green or red-ripe. When allowed to mature on the plant, 

most varieties turn red and sweeter and increase in vitamin A and C content (University of 

California, 2007). Fruits are large, thick-walled, and non-pungent. Skin is smooth, but fruits are 

lobed and depressed. Shape varies from conic to near rectangular. This group comprises most of 

the peppers sold fresh in the United States (Magness et al., 1971).

1.3. Production in Ecuador

The growing areas of pepper in Ecuador are located in the ecological zones with temperatures 

between 20°C to 26°C (68-79°F) and tropical dry forests conditions. These areas correspond to

the Cañar, El Oro, Esmeraldas, Guayas, Imbabura, Loja, Manabí, Pichincha, and Napo regions

(PROFIAGRO, 2007). In 2006, the harvested area of pepper in Ecuador was 2,182 hectares 

(5,392 acres), of which most are concentrated in the provinces of Guayas and Manabi with 1,085 

and 780 hectares (2,681 and 1,927 acres), respectively (PROFIAGRO, 2007); in 2008 the 

harvested area was 1,800 hectares (4,447 acres) (CABI, 2010).
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador

Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 3

Figure 1. Capsicum annuum cultivars (UBC, 2006)

1.4. Standard post-harvest processing

We have no information that any standard post-harvest treatments are being used in Ecuador on 

peppers, then we do not include any specialized phytosanitary treatment that would be used to 

mitigate pest risk on this commodity. 

2. Risk Assessment

2.1. Initiating Event: Proposed Action

We completed this commodity-based, pathway-initiated assessment in response to a request 

made by the Ecuadorian Animal and Plant Health Service (SESA) (SESA, 2006) to the USDA to 

authorize the importation of fresh pepper fruit grown in Ecuador into the continental United 

States. The movement of fruits and vegetables from foreign countries, into the United States is 

regulated in 7 CFR §319.56 (7 CFR § 319, 2011). Currently, the entry of pepper from Ecuador 

into the United States is not authorized under 7 CFR §319.56; the government of Ecuador seeks 

a change in this Federal regulation to allow importation.

2.2. Assessment of Weed Potential of Capsicum annuum

If the species considered for import poses a risk as a weed pest, then a “pest-initiated” risk 

assessment is conducted. The results of the weed screening for peppers (Table 1) did not prompt 

a pest-initiated risk assessment.
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador

Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 4

Table 1. Assessment of the weed potential of Capsicum or pepper species (Solanaceae).

Scientific names, synonyms, and common names (NGRP, 2008; NRCS, 2008):

Capsicum annuum L. (Syn.: C. cordiforme Mill) Bell pepper, sweet pepper, chili pepper, 

green pepper, paprika, cayenne pepper, aji, chiltepines

C. baccatum L. Aji; Aji limon; Aji mono; Aji norteno; Locoto

C. chinense Jacq. Bonnet pepper; Datil pepper; Habanero pepper; Piripiri pepper; Squash 

pepper; Yellow squash pepper; Rocotillo

C. frutescens L. (Syn.: C. fastigiatum Blume; C. annuum L. var. frutescens (L.) Kuntze; C. 

minimum) Bird pepper; Cayenne pepper; Chili pepper; Tabasco pepper; Aji; Chile

C. pubescens Ruiz. & Pav. (Syn.: Brachistus lanceaefolius Miers; C. guatemalense Bitter; 

C. lanceaefolium (Miers) Kuntze; C. violaceum Kunth.) Apple chile; Rocoto; Lacoto; 

Chile caballo

Phase 1: Distribution in the United States

C. annuum is widely cultivated throughout the world and the United States (CABI, 2006;

NRCS, 2008). 

C. baccatum is a popular condiment in South America (Eshbaugh, 1993), but is not grown 

commercially in the United States. It is likely planted in private gardens. 

C. chinense is cultivated in Brazil, Colombia, and throughout the Caribbean (Bosland and 

Votava, 2000; NGRP, 2008). It is not known to be in the United States. 

C. frutescens is distributed worldwide and cultivated in the United States (NRCS, 2008).

C. pubescens is native to South America (Bosland and Votava, 2000). It is probably grown 

in private gardens in the United States.

Phase 2: Invasive/Weed Status: Listing as a weed

C. annuum C. baccatum,

C. frutescens

C. chinense,

C. pubescens

References

No No No APHIS, 2006; Gunn and Ritchie, 1988 ; Holm et 

al., 1977; Holm et al., 1997; ISSG, 2008; Reed, 

1977; Skinner et al., 2008; Weber, 2003; WSSA, 

2007

Yes Yes No Holm et al., 1979; Randall, 2002

Yes No No Swearingen, 2008

Phase 3: Summary and Conclusions:

Although C. annuum, C. baccatum, and C. frutescens have been listed as weeds and as

naturalized species for some countries (Holm et al., 1979; Randall, 2002; Swearingen, 

2008), they do not appear to be particularly invasive in either natural or agricultural 

systems (Koop, 2004a, 2004c, 2005). We found no evidence in the literature of invasive 

behavior by C. chinense and C. pubescens, and they are not likely to become problematic 

species in the United States (Koop, 2004b, 2004d). Thus, we recommend that fruit of C. 

annuum, C. frutescens, C. baccatum, C. pubescens, and C. chinense be considered for 

import following an appropriate pest risk assessment.

Conclusion: Proceed with the pest risk assessment.
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador

Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 5

2.3. Previous Risk Assessments, Current Status, Decision History, and Pest Interceptions

2.3.1. Previous Risk Assessments

APHIS has previously completed the following pest risk assessments for peppers in Latin 

America:

2009 Importation of Fresh Pepper – Capsicum annuum L., Capsicum baccatum L., Capsicum 

chinense Jacq, Capsicum frutescens L., and Capsicum pubescens Ruiz & Pav. – Fruit 

with Stems from Central America into the United States

2004 Importation of Fresh Pepper Fruit with Stems (Capsicum annuum L., C. frutescens L., C. 

baccatum L., C. pubescens Ruiz & Pav., and C. chinense Jacq.) from Costa Rica, El 

Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua into the United States

1996 Importation of fresh pepper fruit, Capsicum annuum from Chile into the continental 

United States.

2.3.2. Current Status

Currently peppers are authorized to enter the United States from the following countries: Antigua 

and Barbuda, Australia (from Tasmania), Bahamas, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Canada, 

Cayman Islands, Chile, Costa Rica, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Ghana (under 

T105-a-2 Irradiation treatment), Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, 

Israel, Jamaica (under T104-a-2 treatment), Japan, Martinique, Mexico, Montserrat, Netherlands, 

New Zealand, Nicaragua, Poland, Saint Barthelemy, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint 

Vincent and Grenadines, South Korea, Spain, and Trinidad and Tobago (APHIS, 2010).

2.3.3. Decision History

The decision history for the importation of peppers (Capsicum annuum and Capsicum spp.)

(CPHST, 2009) is listed below (Table 2).

2.3.4. Pest Interceptions

During 1984-2010, 1143 different pests were intercepted on Capsicum spp. entering the United 

States from 155 different countries [see Appendix A, Pest Interceptions on Capsicum spp. 

entering the U.S. (PestID, 2010)].

Intercepted pests identified at family level or higher are present in the interception report 

(PestID, 2010), but are not included in the pest list (Table 3), because the genus of the 

intercepted organisms could not be determined. The pest list includes interceptions at genus level 

(e.g., Gnorimoschema sp.) only if they were from Ecuador.

Table 2. Decision history for importation of peppers into the United States.

Year Country Comment

1969 Peru Deny entry due to Ceratitis capitata.

1971 Venezuela Deny entry due to entomology findings (Medfly) and absence of 

approved treatment facilities.

1971 Nicaragua Deny entry due to lack of acceptable treatment for C. capitata.

1971 Costa Rica Deny entry due to lack of acceptable treatment for C. capitata.

1973 Surinam Entry approved North Atlantic ports
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador

Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 6

Year Country Comment

1982 Ecuador Deny entry due to lack of acceptable treatment for C. capitata.

1983 Chile Deny entry due to lack of acceptable treatment for Rhagoletis 

ochraspis

1984 Panama Deny entry due to lack of C. capitata

1984 Honduras Deny entry due to lack of acceptable treatment for C. capitata.

1988 Guatemala Deny entry due to lack of acceptable treatment for C. capitata.

1988 Colombia Deny entry due to lack of acceptable treatment for C. capitata. 

Complete assessment not done.

1992 Belize Entry approved. Fruit only, from Medfly-free district.

1992 Cook Island Deny entry due to lack of acceptable treatment for Bactrocera spp.

1993 Uruguay Permit entry with acceptable treatment for C. capitata, Anastrepha 

obliqua and Rhagoletis ferruginea.

1995 Senegal Deny entry due to lack of pest data and quarantine treatment.

2.4. Pest Categorization - Identification of Pests of Capsicum spp. in Ecuador

Below we list the pests associated with pepper (C. annuum) and related species (C. baccatum, C.

chinense, C. frutescens, C. pubescens, and Capsicum sp.) in any country that also occur in 

Ecuador on any host (Table 3). In this list we specify the scientific name, reference(s) that report 

the pest on C. annuum, C. baccatum, C. chinense, C. frutescens, C. pubescens, or Capsicum sp.,

the reported distribution of the pest with respect to Ecuador and the United States, the quarantine 

status of the pest in the United States, the generally affected plant part(s), and if the pest is likely

to follow the pathway of commercially exported pepper fruit without leaves or stems from 

Ecuador to the United States. Each pest listed includes the pertinent citation for, the distribution, 

record on the host, and plant part association. 

We do not provide information on plant part association and whether the pest is likely to follow 

the pathway for non-quarantine pests. Even if non-quarantine pests are able to follow the 

pathway, phytosanitary measures against these pests would not be justified because they already 

occur in the continental United States. Therefore, for non-quarantine pests we indicate that 

information with N/A (not applicable). Shaded rows indicate quarantine pests likely to follow the 

commodity pathway and selected for further analysis. 
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador

Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 7

Table 3. Pests reported on Capsicum spp. (in any country) and present in Ecuador.

Pest Scientific Name Reported on Capsicum 

spp.

US and Ecuador 

Distribution1

Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

assoc.

2

Follow 

pathway

ARTHROPODS

ACARI

Eriophyidae

Aculops lycopersici

(Tryon)

C. annuum (CABI, 2006) EC (Rogg, 2000);

US (CABI, 2006)

No N/A N/A

Tarsonemidae

Polyphagotarsonemus 

latus Banks

C. annuum (Arias, 2002; 

Cedeño, 2002; CABI, 

2006; Ochoa et al., 1994);

C. frutescens (CABI, 2006; 

MAG, 1986b; Rogg, 2000; 

Vázquez et al., 2005); C. 

sp. (CABI, 2006; Ochoa et 

al., 1994; PestID, 2010; 

University of Hawaii, 

2006)

EC (Arias, 2002; 

Cedeño, 2002; 

MAG, 1986b; Rogg, 

2000; Universidad 

Central del Ecuador, 

2004); US (CABI, 

2006) 

No N/A N/A

Tetranychidae

Tetranychus 

cinnabarinus

(Boisduval)

Capsicum sp. (CABI, 

2006)

EC (MAG, 1986b; 

Rogg, 2000; 

Sponagel, 1999); US

(CABI, 2006)

No N/A N/A

Tetranychus evansi

Baker & Pritchard

C. annuum (Bolland et al., 

1998)

EC (Rogg, 2000); 

US (CABI, 2006) 

No N/A N/A

Tetranychus marianae

McGregor

C. annuum (Bolland et al., 

1998)

EC (Rogg, 2000); 

US (Bolland et al., 

1998; CABI, 2006)

No N/A N/A

Tetranychus sp. C. annuum (Cedeño, 2002; 

RFDS, 1994; Universidad 

Central del Ecuador, 2004)

EC (Cedeño, 2002; 

RFDS, 1994; 

Ruales, 1958; 

Universidad Central 

del Ecuador, 2004)

Yes3 L (Cedeño, 

2002; 

Universidad 

Central del 

Ecuador, 

2004)

No

Tetranychus urticae

Koch

C. annuum (Bolland et al., 

1998; CABI, 2006; 

Cedeño, 2002; Ochoa et 

al., 1994); C. frutescens 

(CABI, 2006); Capsicum 

sp. (CABI, 2006; 

University of California, 

2000)

EC (Camacho, 1994; 

Cedeño, 2002; 

MAG, 1986b; 

Merino, 2003; Rogg,

2000); US (Bolland

et al., 1998; CABI, 

2006; Chaney et al., 

2003)

No N/A N/A

 

1 Geographic Distribution: EC = Ecuador, US = United States.

2 Acronyms used for plant parts: B = Branch; Fl = Flower; F = Fruit; L = Leaf; R = Root; Sd = Seedling; Se = Seed; Sh = 

Shoot; and S = Stem

3 This genus is present in the United States. We generally do not further analyze organisms identified only to the genus or 

higher taxonomic level if the taxon in question is reported in the PRA area of the United States. 
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador

Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 8

Pest Scientific Name Reported on Capsicum 

spp.

US and Ecuador 

Distribution1

Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

assoc.

2

Follow 

pathway

INSECTA

Coleoptera: Anobiidae

Lasioderma serricorne

Fabricius

Capsicum sp. (PestID, 

2010; CABI, 2006)

EC (Rogg, 2000); 

US (Arnett Jr., 2000; 

CABI, 2006)

No N/A N/A

Stegobium paniceum

(Linnaeus)

C. annuum, Capsicum sp.

(PestID, 2010)

EC (Rogg, 2000); 

US (Arnett Jr., 2000; 

CABI, 2006)

No N/A N/A

Coleoptera: Bostrichidae

Rhyzopertha dominica

(Fabricius)

C. annuum, C. frutescens

(CABI, 2006)

EC (Vaughan, 1982; 

Yust and Cevallos, 

1955); US (Arnett 

Jr., 2000; CABI, 

2006)

No N/A N/A

Coleoptera: Bruchidae

Acanthoscelides 

obtectus Say

Capsicum sp. (PestID, 

2010)

EC (MAG, 1986b; 

Rogg, 2000; Ruales, 

1984); US (Arnett 

Jr., 2000; CABI, 

2006)

No N/A N/A

Callosobruchus 

maculatus (Fabricius)

C. annuum, Capsicum sp.

(PestID, 2010)

EC (Arias et al., 

1991; Rogg, 2000);

US (Arnett Jr., 2000; 

CABI, 2006)

No N/A N/A

Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae

Cerotoma variegata

(Fabricius)

C. frutescens (Rogg, 2000) EC (Rogg, 2000) Yes L (Rogg, 

2000)

No

Diabrotica bicolor

Jacoby

C. frutescens (Rogg, 2000) EC (Rogg, 2000) Yes L (Rogg, 

2000)

No

Diabrotica decolor

Erichson

C. annuum (RFDS, 1994);

C. frutescens (MAG, 

1986b; RFDS, 1994;

Rogg, 2000)

EC (MAG, 1986b; 

RFDS, 1994; Rogg, 

2000)

Yes L (Rogg, 

2000)

No

Diabrotica sp. C. annuum (MAG, 1986b; 

Vaughan, 1982); C. 

frutescens (Ruales, 1984; 

Vaughan, 1982)

EC (Ruales, 1958; 

Ruales, 1984; 

Vaughan, 1982)

Yes3 L (MAG, 

1986b; 

Ruales, 1984;

Vaughan, 

1982)

No

Diabrotica speciosa

(Germar)

Capsicum sp. (CABI, 

2006)

EC (CABI, 2006; 

MAG, 1986b; Rogg, 

2000; Ruales, 1958)

Yes L, R (MAG, 

1986b; Rogg, 

2000)

No
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador

Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 9

Pest Scientific Name Reported on Capsicum 

spp.

US and Ecuador 

Distribution1

Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

assoc.

2

Follow 

pathway

Epitrix cucumeris

(Harris)

C. annuum (CABI, 2006); 

Capsicum sp. (NSF, 2005)

EC (CABI, 2006; 

Rogg, 2000; Ruales, 

1984); US (Arnett 

Jr., 2000; CABI, 

2006; Chaney et al., 

2003)

No N/A N/A

Epitrix sp. C. annuum (RFDS, 1994);

C. frutescens (RFDS, 

1994; Rogg, 2000)

EC (Rogg, 2000; 

RFDS, 1994)

Yes3 L (Rogg, 

2000)

No

Epitrix subcrinata

LeConte 

C. annuum (Chaney et al., 

2003)

EC (Rogg, 2000); 

US (Arnett Jr., 2000; 

Chaney et al., 2003)

No N/A N/A

Epitrix tuberis Gentner C. frutescens (CABI, 

2006)

EC (CABI, 2006); 

US (Arnett Jr., 2000; 

CABI, 2006)

No N/A N/A

Systena sp. C. frutescens (Rogg, 2000) EC (Rogg, 2000) Yes3 L (Rogg, 

2000)

No

Coleoptera: Curculionidae

Lissorhoptrus 

oryzophilus Kuschel

Capsicum sp. (PestID, 

2010)

EC (Rogg, 2000); 

US (Arnett Jr., 2000; 

CABI, 2006)

No N/A N/A

Coleoptera: Elateridae

Aeolus sp. C. frutescens (Rogg, 2000) EC (Rogg, 2000) Yes3 R (Rogg, 

2000)

No

Agriotes lineatus

(Linnaeus)

C. frutescens (Rogg, 2000) EC (Rogg, 2000); 

US (Arnett Jr., 2000; 

CABI, 2006)

No N/A N/A

Agriotes mancus (Say) C. frutescens (Rogg, 2000) EC (Rogg, 2000); 

US (Arnett Jr., 2000; 

Byers and Barker, 

2000)

No N/A N/A

Conoderus sp. C. frutescens (Rogg, 2000) EC (Rogg, 2000) Yes3 R (Rogg, 

2000)

No

Melanotus sp. C. frutescens (Rogg, 2000) EC (Rogg, 2000) Yes3 R (Rogg, 

2000)

No

Coleoptera: Meloidae

Epicauta adspersa

(Klug)

C. frutescens (Rogg, 2000) EC (Rogg, 2000) Yes L (Rogg, 

2000)

No

Coleoptera: Scolytidae

Xyleborus volvulus

(Fabricius)

Capsicum sp. (PestID, 

2010)

EC, US (CABI, 

2006)

No N/A N/A

Coleoptera: Silvanidae

Ahasverus advena

(Waltl)

Capsicum sp. (PestID, 

2010)

EC, US (CABI, 

2006)

No N/A N/A
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador

Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 10

Pest Scientific Name Reported on Capsicum 

spp.

US and Ecuador 

Distribution1

Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

assoc.

2

Follow 

pathway

Oryzaephilus 

surinamensis

(Linnaeus)

C. frutescens (PestID, 

2010); Capsicum sp.

(PestID, 2010)

EC (Rogg, 2000; 

Ruales, 1958; Yust 

and Cevallos, 1955); 

US (Arnett Jr., 2000; 

CABI, 2006)

No N/A N/A

Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae

Eleodes sp. C. annuum (Universidad 

Central del Ecuador, 2004)

EC (Universidad 

Central del Ecuador, 

2004)

Yes3 R 

(Universidad 

Central del 

Ecuador, 

2004)

No

Tribolium castaneum

Herbst

C. annuum, Capsicum sp.

(CABI, 2006)

EC (CABI, 2006; 

Ruales, 1984; Yust 

and Cevallos, 1955); 

US (Arnett Jr., 2000;

CABI, 2006)

No N/A N/A

Diptera: Agromyzidae

Liriomyza huidobrensis

(Blanchard)

C. annuum (CABI, 2006; 

EPPO, 2005; Steck, 1999)

EC (CABI, 2006; 

Díaz and Gallegos, 

2003; Chulde and 

Gallegos, 2003); US

(Arnett Jr., 2000; 

CABI, 2006)

Yes L 

(Kharizanova 

and Pavlov, 

2007)

No4

Liriomyza sativae

Blanchard

C. annuum (CABI, 2006;

EPPO, 2005); Capsicum 

sp. (CABI, 2006; 

University of Hawaii, 

2006)

EC (CABI, 2006; 

MAG, 1986b; Rogg, 

2000); US (Arnett 

Jr., 2000; CABI, 

2006)

No N/A N/A

Liriomyza sp. C. frutescens (Rogg, 

2000); Capsicum sp.

(INIAP, 1996)

EC (INIAP, 1996; 

Rogg, 2000)

Yes3 L (INIAP, 

1996); S 

(Rogg, 2000)

No

Liriomyza trifolii

Burgess in Comstock

C. annuum (CABI, 2006; 

Chaney et al., 2003; EPPO, 

2005); C. frutescens 

(Vázquez et al., 2005); 

Capsicum sp. (University 

of California, 2000)

EC (CABI, 2006; 

Moreta, 1993; 

Sponagel, 1999); US

(CABI, 2006; 

Chaney et al., 2003)

No N/A N/A

Diptera: Cecidomyiidae

Prodiplosis longifila

Gagné

C. annuum (Valarezo et 

al., 2003)

EC (Valarezo et al., 

2003); US [(FL) 

(Peña et al., 1989)]

[Yes] F, L, Sh

(Valarezo et 

al., 2003)

No5

 

4 We found no specific information indicating that L. huidobrensis pupates in pepper fruits; typically it pupates in the ground 

(Braun and Shepard, 1997). Pupa may fall on the fruit, but are highly unlikely to remain after post-harvest processing.

Liriomyza huidobresis has not been intercepted on peppers from any part in the world (PestID, 2010). Consequently, this 

pest is highly unlikely to follow the pathway.
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador

Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 11

Pest Scientific Name Reported on Capsicum 

spp.

US and Ecuador 

Distribution1

Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

assoc.

2

Follow 

pathway

Diptera: Muscidae

Atherigona orientalis

Schiner

C. annuum, C. frutescens

(CABI, 2006); Capsicum 

sp. (PestID, 2010)

EC (CABI, 2006); 

US (Arnett Jr., 2000; 

CABI, 2006)

No N/A N/A

Cyclorrhapha sp. Capsicum sp. (PestID, 

2010)

EC (PestID, 2010) Yes3F, S (PestID, 

2010)

Yes

Diptera: Otitidae

Euxesta eluta Loew Capsicum sp. (CABI, 

2006)

EC (CABI, 2006; 

MAG, 1986b; 

Merino, 2003); US 

(Goyal et al., 2007)

No N/A N/A

Diptera: Tephritidae

Anastrepha fraterculus

Wiedemann

C. annuum (MAG, 1986b; 

RFDS, 1994); C. 

frutescens (MAG, 1986b;

RFDS, 1994; Rogg, 2000)

EC (Arias and 

Carrasco, 2002; 

CABI, 2006; INIAP, 

1997; MAG, 1986b; 

Molineros et al., 

1992; RFDS, 1994; 

Rogg, 2000; Ruales,

1984; Vaughan, 

1982)

Yes F (RFDS, 

1994; Rogg, 

2000)

Yes

Ceratitis capitata

(Wiedemann)

C. annuum (PestID, 2010; 

CABI, 2006; Thomas et 

al., 2001; Vaughan, 1982); 

C. baccatum (Thomas et 

al., 2001); C. frutescens 

(CABI, 2006; Rogg, 2000; 

Thomas et al., 2001); 

Capsicum sp. (PestID, 

2010; Mau and Martin, 

1992)

EC (CABI, 2006; 

Camacho, 1994; 

CDFA, 2008; 

Molineros et al., 

1992; Rogg, 2000; 

Vaughan, 1982)

Yes F (CABI, 

2006; Rogg, 

2000; 

Thomas and 

Heppner, 

2001)

Yes

Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae

Aleurodicus dispersus

Russell

C. annuum (PestID, 2010); 

Capsicum sp. (CABI, 

2006)

EC (CABI, 2006; 

Rogg, 2000); US 

(CABI, 2006)

Yes L (PestID, 

2010)

No

Aleurotrachelus socialis

Bondar

C. annuum (Valarezo, 

2002)

EC (CABI, 2006; 

Valarezo, 2002)

Yes L (CABI, 

2006)

No

 

5 This insect is an external feeder that attacks young fruits, deforming the fruit surface and making it unmarketable (Valarezo

et al., 2003). Ripe fruits showing such damage should be culled (Valarezo et al., 2003), so P. longifila is highly unlikely to

follow the pathway.
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador

Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 12

Pest Scientific Name Reported on Capsicum 

spp.

US and Ecuador 

Distribution1

Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

assoc.

2

Follow 

pathway

Aleurotrachelus 

trachoides Back

C. annuum (Arnal et al., 

1993; CABI, 2006); C.

frutescens (Arnal et al., 

1993; Rogg, 2000; 

Vázquez et al., 2005);

Capsicum sp. (CABI, 

2006)

EC (Rogg, 2000); 

US (Hodges and 

Evans, 2005)

No N/A N/A

Bemisia tabaci (B 

biotype) (Gennadius)

Syn. B. argentifolii

Bellows, Perring, Gill 

& Hendrick

C. annuum (CABI, 2006; 

Marcano, 1996); C.

frutescens (Marcano, 1996; 

Rogg, 2000); Capsicum sp.

(University of Hawaii, 

2006)

EC (INIAP, 1999; 

Rogg, 2000); US

(CABI, 2006)

No N/A N/A

Bemisia tabaci

(Gennadius)

C. annuum (CABI, 2006; 

Cedeño, 2002; Universidad 

Central del Ecuador, 2004; 

Valarezo, 2002); Capsicum 

sp. (PestID, 2010)

EC (CABI, 2006; 

Cedeño, 2002; 

Universidad Central 

del Ecuador, 2004; 

Valarezo, 2002); US

(Arnett Jr., 2000;

CABI, 2006)

No N/A N/A

Trialeurodes 

vaporariorum

Westwood

C. annuum (CABI, 2006; 

Universidad Central del 

Ecuador, 2004); C. 

frutescens (Rogg, 2000); 

Capsicum sp. (CABI, 

2006; PestID, 2010;

University of California, 

2000)

EC (INIAP, 1999; 

Rogg, 2000; 

Singuenza, 2003; 

Universidad Central 

del Ecuador, 2004; 

Valarezo, 2002); US

(Arnett Jr., 2000; 

CABI, 2006)

No N/A N/A

Hemiptera: Aphididae

Acyrthosiphon pisum

Harris

C. frutescens (Sánchez et 

al., 2000)

EC (Rogg, 2000; 

Ruales, 1984); US

(Arnett Jr., 2000; 

CABI, 2006)

No N/A N/A

Aphis craccivora Koch C. frutescens (Cermeli, 

1970); Capsicum sp.

(CABI, 2006)

EC (Merino, 2003; 

Rogg, 2000); US

(Arnett Jr., 2000; 

CABI, 2006)

No N/A N/A

Aphis fabae Scopoli C. annuum (CABI, 2006);

Capsicum sp. (CABI, 

2006; University of 

Hawaii, 2006)

EC (MAG, 1986b; 

Ruales, 1984; 

Vaughan, 1982); US

(Arnett Jr., 2000; 

CABI, 2006)

No N/A N/A
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador

Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 13

Pest Scientific Name Reported on Capsicum 

spp.

US and Ecuador 

Distribution1

Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

assoc.

2

Follow 

pathway

Aphis gossypii Glover C. annuum (CABI, 2006; 

Universidad Central del 

Ecuador, 2004); C. 

frutescens (CABI, 2006; 

Rogg, 2000); Capsicum sp.

(Mau and Martin, 1991; 

NSF, 2005; PestID, 2010)

EC (MAG, 1986b; 

Rogg, 2000; Ruales, 

1958; Universidad 

Central del Ecuador, 

2004; Vaughan, 

1982); US (Arnett 

Jr., 2000; CABI, 

2006)

No N/A N/A

Aphis sp. C. annuum (Vaughan, 

1982); C. frutescens 

(MAG, 1986b, Ruales, 

1984; Vaughan, 1982);

Capsicum sp. (PestID, 

2010)

EC (Flores and 

Tapia, 2003; MAG, 

1986b; Ruales, 

1984; Vaughan, 

1982) 

Yes3F (PestID, 

2010); L 

(MAG, 

1986b;

Ruales, 1984;

Vaughan, 

1982)

Yes

Aphis spiraecola Patch C. annuum (CABI, 2006) EC (CABI, 2006; 

MAG, 1986b; 

Vaughan, 1982); US

(Arnett Jr., 2000; 

CABI, 2006)

No N/A N/A

Aulacorthum solani

Kaltenbach

C. annuum (CABI, 2006; 

PestID, 2010); Capsicum 

sp. (PestID, 2010)

EC (CABI, 2006; 

Rogg, 2000); US

(CABI, 2006)

No N/A N/A

Macrosiphum 

euphorbiae Thomas

C. annuum (Delfino, 2005; 

PestID, 2010); C.

frutescens (Rogg, 2000); 

Capsicum sp. (CABI, 

2006)

EC (CABI, 2006; 

MAG, 1986b; Rogg, 

2000; Sponagel, 

1999); US (Arnett 

Jr., 2000; CABI, 

2006)

No N/A N/A

Myzus persicae Sulzer C. annuum (Arias and 

Gallegos, 1998; Arias et 

al., 1991; CABI, 2006; 

Chaney et al., 2003; 

Cedeño, 2002; Delfino, 

2005; INIAP, 1999; MAG, 

1986b; Posada, 1989; 

Universidad Central del 

Ecuador, 2004); C. 

frutescens (Delfino, 2005; 

PestID, 2010; Rogg, 

2000); Capsicum sp.

(CABI, 2006; Cermeli, 

1970; University of 

California, 2000)

EC (Arias and 

Gallegos, 1998; 

Arias et al., 1991; 

CABI, 2006; 

Cedeño, 2002; 

INIAP, 1999; Rogg, 

2000; Ruales, 1958; 

Universidad Central 

del Ecuador, 2004; 

Vaughan, 1982); US

(Arnett Jr., 2000; 

CABI, 2006, 

Chaney et al., 2003)

No N/A N/A
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador

Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 14

Pest Scientific Name Reported on Capsicum 

spp.

US and Ecuador 

Distribution1

Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

assoc.

2

Follow 

pathway

Myzus sp. C. annuum (PestID, 2010; 

RFDS, 1994); C. 

frutescens (RFDS, 1994);

Capsicum sp. (PestID, 

2010)

EC (RFDS, 1994) Yes3F (PestID, 

2010)

Yes

Rhopalosiphum maidis

(Fitch)

Capsicum sp. (Cerkauskas, 

2004)

EC (CABI, 2006; 

MAG, 1986b; Rogg, 

2000); US (Arnett 

Jr., 2000; CABI, 

2006)

No N/A N/A

Toxoptera citricida

(Kirkaldy)

Capsicum sp. (Cerkauskas, 

2004)

EC (CABI, 2006; 

Rogg, 2000); US

(Arnett Jr., 2000; 

CABI, 2006)

No N/A N/A

Hemiptera: Cicadellidae

Empoasca fabae Harris C. frutescens (MAG, 

1986b; Rogg, 2000; 

Ruales, 1984); Capsicum 

sp. (Yust and Cevallos, 

1955)

EC (MAG, 1986b; 

Rogg, 2000; Ruales, 

1958; Ruales, 1984; 

Yust and Cevallos, 

1955); US (Arnett 

Jr., 2000; CABI, 

2006)

No N/A N/A

Empoasca sp. C. annuum (MAG, 1986b);

C. frutescens (Rogg, 2000)

EC (MAG, 1986b; 

Rogg, 2000)

Yes3 L (MAG, 

1986b; Rogg, 

2000); S 

(Rogg, 2000)

No

Hemiptera: Coccidae

Coccus hesperidum

Linnaeus

C. frutescens (Ben-Dov et 

al., 2007); Capsicum sp.

(CABI, 2006)

EC (CABI, 2006; 

MAG, 1986b; 

Ruales, 1984); US

(Arnett Jr., 2000; 

CABI, 2006)

No N/A N/A

Parasaissetia nigra

(Nietner)

C. frutescens (Ben-Dov et 

al., 2007); Capsicum sp.

(Ben-Dov et al., 2007; 

CABI, 2006)

EC (Ben-Dov et al., 

2007; CABI, 2006); 

US (Arnett Jr., 2000; 

CABI, 2006)

No N/A N/A

Saissetia coffeae

(Walker)

C. annuum, C. frutescens

(Ben-Dov et al., 2007);

Capsicum sp. (CABI, 

2006; PestID, 2010)

EC (CABI, 2006; 

Rogg, 2000); US

(Arnett Jr., 2000; 

Ben-Dov et al., 

2007; CABI, 2006)

No N/A N/A

Saissetia oleae (Olivier) C. frutescens (Araya, 

2000)

EC (CABI, 2006; 

Ruales, 1984; Yust 

and Cevallos, 1955); 

US (Arnett Jr., 2000; 

CABI, 2006)

No N/A N/A
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador

Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 15

Pest Scientific Name Reported on Capsicum 

spp.

US and Ecuador 

Distribution1

Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

assoc.

2

Follow 

pathway

Hemiptera: Coreidae

Acanthocephala sp. C. frutescens (Rogg, 2000) EC (Rogg, 2000) Yes3 L, S (Rogg, 

2000)

No

Anasa scorbutica

(Fabricius)

C. frutescens (Rogg, 2000) EC (Rogg, 2000); 

US (ITIS, 2008; 

Nuessly et al., 2004)

No N/A N/A

Leptoglossus zonatus

(Dallas)

C. frutescens (Rogg, 2000) EC (Moretta, 1995; 

Rogg, 2000; 

Santillan and Neira, 

1988); US (Buss et 

al., 2007)

No N/A N/A

Phthia picta (Drury) C. annuum, C. frutescens 

(Rogg, 2000)

EC (Rogg, 2000); 

US (Coile, 2000)

No N/A N/A

Hemiptera: Diaspididae

Aonidiella aurantii

(Maskell)

C. frutescens (Ben-Dov et 

al., 2007)

EC (Rogg, 2000); 

US (Arnett Jr., 2000; 

Ben-Dov et al., 

2007; CABI, 2006)

No N/A N/A

Aspidiotus destructor

Signoret

C. annuum (Ben-Dov et 

al., 2007); Capsicum sp.

(CABI, 2006)

EC (Ben-Dov et al., 

2007; MAG, 1986b; 

Vaughan, 1982); US

(Arnett Jr., 2000; 

Ben-Dov et al., 

2007; CABI, 2006)

No N/A N/A

Aspidiotus nerii Bouché Capsicum sp. (PestID, 

2010)

EC (CABI, 2006); 

US (Arnett Jr., 2000; 

CABI, 2006)

No N/A N/A

Hemiberlesia lataniae

(Signoret)

C. frutescens (Ben-Dov et 

al., 2007)

EC (Ben-Dov et al., 

2007; CABI, 2006; 

Vaughan, 1982); US

(Arnett Jr., 2000; 

Ben-Dov et al., 

2007; CABI, 2006)

No N/A N/A

Pinnaspis aspidistrae

(Signoret)

C. annuum (Ben-Dov et 

al., 2007)

EC (MAG, 1986b; 

Rogg, 2000); US

(Arnett Jr., 2000; 

Ben-Dov et al., 

2007)

No N/A N/A

Pinnaspis strachani

(Cooley) 

C. annuum (Ben-Dov et 

al., 2007; CABI, 2006); C. 

frutescens (CABI, 2006); 

C. sp (Ben-Dov et al., 

2007; CABI, 2006;

University of Hawaii, 

2006)

EC (Ben-Dov et al., 

2007; Ruales, 1984; 

Yust and Cevallos, 

1955); US (Arnett 

Jr., 2000; Ben-Dov 

et al., 2007; CABI, 

2006)

No N/A N/A
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador

Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 16

Pest Scientific Name Reported on Capsicum 

spp.

US and Ecuador 

Distribution1

Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

assoc.

2

Follow 

pathway

Pseudaonidia 

trilobitiformis (Green)

C. annuum, C. frutescens,

Capsicum sp. (Ben-Dov et 

al., 2007)

EC (Ben-Dov et al., 

2007; Rogg, 2000); 

US (Arnett Jr., 2000; 

Ben-Dov et al., 

2007)

Yes L (Watson, 

2005)

No

Pseudaulacaspis 

pentagona (Targioni 

Tozzetti) 

MacGillivray

C. annuum (Ben-Dov et 

al., 2007); Capsicum sp.

(CABI, 2006)

EC (Rogg, 2000); 

US (Arnett Jr., 2000; 

Ben-Dov et al., 

2007; CABI, 2006)

No N/A N/A

Unaspis citri

(Comstock)

Capsicum sp. (CABI, 

2006)

EC (CABI, 2006; 

Klein, 1989; 

Sanchez, 1982); US

(Arnett Jr., 2000; 

CABI, 2006)

No N/A N/A

Hemiptera: Miridae

Polymerus testaceipes

(Stål)

Capsicum sp. (PestID, 

2010)

EC (Ruales, 1984); 

US (ITIS, 2008)

No N/A N/A

Hemiptera: Ortheziidae

Orthezia insignis

Browne

Capsicum sp. (CABI, 

2006)

EC (CABI, 2006); 

US (Arnett Jr., 2000; 

CABI, 2006)

No N/A N/A

Praelongorthezia 

praelonga Gouglas

Syn. Orthezia 

praelonga Douglas

Capsicum sp. (Ben-Dov et 

al., 2007; PestID, 2010)

EC (Ben-Dov et al., 

2007; Rogg, 2000; 

Ruales, 1958; 

Ruales, 1984)

Yes L (PestID, 

2010)

No

Hemiptera: Pentatomidae

Acrosternum 

marginatum (Palisot 

de Beauvois)

C. annuum (CABI, 2006); 

C. frutescens (Rogg, 2000)

EC (Rogg, 2000); 

US (CABI, 2006)

No N/A N/A

Edessa meditabunda

(Fabricius)

C. annuum (CABI, 2006) EC (Rogg, 2000) Yes L, S (Panizzi, 

2000)

No

Nezara viridula

(Linnaeus)

C. annuum (CABI, 2006);

C. frutescens (Rogg, 

2000); Capsicum sp. (Mau 

and Martin, 1992; PestID, 

2010)

EC (Arias et al., 

1991; Rogg, 2000); 

US (Arnett Jr., 2000; 

CABI, 2006)

No N/A N/A

Piezodorus guildinii

(Westwood)

C. annuum (CABI, 2006) EC (Arias et al., 

1991; MAG, 1986b; 

Rogg, 2000); US

(CABI, 2006)

No N/A N/A

Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae

Dysmicoccus brevipes

(Cockerell)

C. annuum (PestID, 2010);

Capsicum sp. (Ben-Dov, 

1994; Ben-Dov et al., 

2007; CABI, 2006; PestID, 

2010)

EC (Ben-Dov, 1994; 

CABI, 2006; MAG, 

1986b); US (Arnett 

Jr., 2000; Ben-Dov, 

1994; CABI, 2006)

No N/A N/A
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador

Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 17

Pest Scientific Name Reported on Capsicum 

spp.

US and Ecuador 

Distribution1

Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

assoc.

2

Follow 

pathway

Dysmicoccus grassii

Leonardi

Capsicum sp. (PestID, 

2010)

EC (Ben-Dov, 

1994); US (Miller 

and Miller, 2002)

No N/A N/A

Ferrisia virgata

Cockerell

C. annuum, C. sp (PestID, 

2010)

EC (Ben-Dov, 1994; 

Ben-Dov et al., 

2007; CABI, 2006); 

US (Arnett Jr., 2000; 

Ben-Dov, 1994; 

Ben-Dov et al., 

2007; CABI, 2006)

No N/A N/A

Phenacoccus 

madeirensis Green

C. annuum (Ben-Dov, 

1994; CABI, 2006; PestID, 

2010); Capsicum sp.

(PestID, 2010)

EC (Ben-Dov, 1994; 

CABI, 2006); US

(Arnett Jr., 2000; 

Ben-Dov, 1994; 

CABI, 2006)

No N/A N/A

Phenacoccus solani

Ferris

C. annuum, Capsicum sp.

(PestID, 2010)

EC (Ben-Dov, 

1994); US (Arnett 

Jr., 2000; Ben-Dov, 

1994)

No N/A N/A

Phenacoccus solenopsis

Tinsley

C. annuum, Capsicum sp.

(PestID, 2010)

EC, US (Ben-Dov, 

1994)

No N/A N/A

Planococcus citri

(Risso)

Capsicum sp. (PestID, 

2010)

EC (Ben-Dov, 1994; 

CABI, 2006; MAG, 

1986b); US (Arnett 

Jr., 2000; Ben-Dov, 

1994; CABI, 2006)

No N/A N/A

Planococcus minor

(Maskell)

C. annuum (Ben-Dov, 

1994; PestID, 2010); C.

baccatum, C. frutescens,

Capsicum sp. (PestID, 

2010)

EC6(Cox, 1989;

defra, 2005; INIAP, 

2005; PestID, 2010); 

US [(HI) (NAPIS, 

2010)]

No N/A N/A

Pseudococcus viburni

Signoret

C. annuum, Capsicum sp.

(PestID, 2010)

EC, US (Ben-Dov, 

1994)

No N/A N/A

Saccharicoccus 

sacchari (Cockerell)

Capsicum sp. (PestID, 

2010)

EC (Ben-Dov, 1994; 

CABI, 2006; BenDov, 1994; MAG, 

1986b); US (Arnett 

Jr., 2000; CABI, 

2006)

No N/A N/A

Hemiptera: Psyllidae

Calophya sp. C. frutescens (Rogg, 2000) EC (Rogg, 2000) Yes3 L (PestID, 

2010)

No

 

6 The presence of P. minor in Ecuador has apparently not been certified due to the difficulty of distinguishing it from other 

Planococcus species (SESA, 2007). Given that P. minor has been intercepted 206 times from Ecuador on different 

commodities (PestID, 2010), we think it is likely present in the country.
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador

Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 18

Pest Scientific Name Reported on Capsicum 

spp.

US and Ecuador 

Distribution1

Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

assoc.

2

Follow 

pathway

Hemiptera: Pyrrhocoridae

Dysdercus mimulus

Hussey

Capsicum sp. (PestID, 

2010)

EC (MAG, 1986b; 

Rogg, 2000); US

(Arnett Jr., 2000)

No N/A N/A

Hymenoptera: Formicidae

Atta capiguara

Goncalves

C. frutescens (Rogg, 2000) EC (Rogg, 2000) Yes L (Rogg, 

2000)

No

Solenopsis geminata

(Fabricius)

Capsicum sp. (PestID, 

2010)

EC (CABI, 2006); 

US (Arnett Jr., 2000; 

CABI, 2006)

No N/A N/A

Lepidoptera: Arctiidae

Estigmene acraea Drury 

(Revisar escritura)

C. annuum (CATIE, 1993) EC (INIAP-Asoflex, 

1998); US (Arnett 

Jr., 2000; CABI, 

2006)

No N/A N/A

Lepidoptera: Crambidae

Diaphania nitidalis

(Stoll)

Capsicum sp. (PestID, 

2010)

EC (Arias et al., 

1991; INIAP, 1999; 

MAG, 1986b); US

(Arnett Jr., 2000; 

CABI, 2006)

No N/A N/A

Herpetogramma 

bipunctalis

(Fabricius)

C. frutescens (Robinson et 

al., 2007)

EC (CABI, 2006; 

Rogg, 2000); US

(Arnett Jr., 2000; 

CABI, 2006)

No N/A N/A

Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae

Gnorimoschema sp. Capsicum sp. (PestID, 

2010)

EC (PestID, 2010) Yes3F (PestID, 

2010)

Yes

Keiferia lycopersicella 

Walsingham

Capsicum sp. (PestID, 

2010)

EC (PestID, 2010); 

US (CABI, 2006)

No N/A N/A

Phthorimaea 

operculella (Zeller)

C. annuum (CABI, 2006; 

Robinson et al., 2007); 

Capsicum sp. (PestID, 

2010)

EC (CABI, 2006; 

Rogg, 2000); US

(Arnett Jr., 2000; 

CABI, 2006)

No N/A N/A

Symmetrischema 

capsicum (Bradley & 

Povolny)

Capsicum sp. (PestID, 

2010)

EC (PestID, 2010); 

US (CABI, 2006)

No N/A N/A

Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) 

Povolny

Syn.: 

Scrobipalpuloides 

absoluta (Meyrick) 

Povolny 

C. frutescens (Rogg, 2000) EC (CABI, 2006;

Klein, 1989; Rogg, 

2000)

Yes F, L, S 

(EPPO, 

2006)

Yes
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador

Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 19

Pest Scientific Name Reported on Capsicum 

spp.

US and Ecuador 

Distribution1

Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

assoc.

2

Follow 

pathway

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

Agrotis ipsilon

(Hufnagel)

C. annuum (CABI, 2006; 

Robinson et al., 2007)

EC (CABI, 2006; 

MAG, 1986b; 

Vaughan, 1982); US

(Arnett Jr., 2000; 

CABI, 2006)

No N/A N/A

Agrotis malefida

Guenée

C. annuum (Robinson et 

al., 2007); Capsicum sp.

(PestID, 2010)

EC (MAG, 1986b; 

Rogg, 2000); US

(Arnett Jr., 2000; 

CABI, 2006)

No N/A N/A

Agrotis segetum Denis 

& Schiffermüller

C. annuum, Capsicum sp.

(CABI, 2006)

EC (Flores and 

Tapia, 2003)

Yes L, R, S 

(CABI, 2006; 

Mukuka et 

al., 2002)

No

Agrotis sp. C. annuum (RFDS, 1994; 

Universidad Central del 

Ecuador, 2004);

C. frutescens (RFDS, 

1994; Rogg, 2000);

Capsicum sp. (PestID, 

2010)

EC (RFDS, 1994; 

Rogg, 2000; 

Universidad Central 

del Ecuador, 2004)

Yes3F (PestID, 

2010); L 

(Rogg, 2000)

Yes

Chrysodeixis includens

(Walker)

C. annuum (CABI, 2006) EC, US (CABI, 

2006)

No N/A N/A

Feltia subterranea

(Fabricius)

C. annuum (CABI, 2006; 

Robinson et al., 2007); C. 

frutescens (Rogg, 2000)

EC (Rogg, 2000); 

US (CABI, 2006)

No N/A N/A

Helicoverpa sp. C. annuum (PestID, 2010) EC (PestID, 2010) Yes3F (PestID, 

2010)

Yes

Helicoverpa zea

(Boddie)

C. annuum (CABI, 2006; 

Chaney et al., 2003; NSF, 

2005; Robinson et al., 

2007); C. frutescens

(Robinson et al., 2007);

Capsicum sp. (CABI, 

2006; PestID, 2010; 

Robinson et al., 2007)

EC (CABI, 2006; 

Rogg, 2000); US

(Arnett Jr., 2000; 

CABI, 2006; 

Chaney et al., 2003)

No N/A N/A

Heliothis virescens

(Fabricius)

C. annuum (CABI, 2006);

C. frutescens (Rogg, 

2000); Capsicum sp.

(PestID, 2010)

EC (CABI, 2006; 

MAG, 1986b; Rogg, 

2000); US (Arnett 

Jr., 2000; CABI, 

2006)

No N/A N/A

Peridroma saucia

(Hübner)

C. annuum (CABI, 2006; 

Robinson et al., 2007); C. 

frutescens (Rogg, 2000); 

Capsicum sp. (Schooley, 

2005)

EC (Andrade, 1990; 

MAG, 1986b; Rogg, 

2000; Ruales, 1984); 

US (Arnett Jr., 2000; 

CABI, 2006; 

Schooley, 2005)

No N/A N/A
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador

Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 20

Pest Scientific Name Reported on Capsicum 

spp.

US and Ecuador 

Distribution1

Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

assoc.

2

Follow 

pathway

Spodoptera albula 

(Walker)

C. annuum (CABI, 2006);

Capsicum sp. (PestID, 

2010)

EC (Pogue, 2003); 

US (Barlett, 2005)

No N/A N/A

Spodoptera dolichos 

(Fabricius)

Capsicum sp. (PestID, 

2010)

EC (Pogue, 2003; 

Rogg, 2000); US

(Heppner and 

Habeck, 1976)

No N/A N/A

Spodoptera eridania 

Stoll

C. annuum (CABI, 2006; 

EPPO, 2005; Robinson et 

al., 2007); C. frutescens 

(Robinson et al., 2007);

Capsicum sp. (PestID, 

2010)

EC (CABI, 2006; 

INIAP-Asoflex, 

1998; Sponagel, 

1999); US (Arnett 

Jr., 2000; CABI, 

2006)

No N/A N/A

Spodoptera exigua 

(Hübner)

C. annuum (CABI, 2006; 

Chaney et al., 2003; NSF, 

2001; Robinson et al., 

2007); Capsicum sp.

(CABI, 2006; Mau and 

Martin, 1991; NSF, 1999; 

NSF, 2005; PestID, 2010)

EC (Rogg, 2000; 

Sponagel, 1999); US

(Arnett Jr., 2000; 

CABI, 2006; 

Chaney et al., 2003; 

NSF, 1999; NSF, 

2001; NSF, 2005)

No N/A N/A

Spodoptera frugiperda 

J.E. Smith

C. annuum (Cedeño, 2002; 

PestID, 2010; Posada, 

1989); C. frutescens 

(Robinson et al., 2007);

Capsicum sp. (PestID, 

2010; CABI, 2006)

EC (CABI, 2006; 

Cedeño, 2002; 

Espinoza et al., 

1996; INIAP, 1996; 

Klein, 1989; 

Vaughan, 1982; 

Young, 1974; 

Zambrano, 1984); 

US (Arnett Jr., 2000; 

CABI, 2006)

No N/A N/A

Spodoptera latifascia 

(Walker)

C. annuum (CABI, 2006; 

Robinson et al., 2007); 

Capsicum sp. (PestID, 

2010)

EC (CABI, 2006; 

Rogg, 2000; Ruales, 

1984); US (Pogue, 

2003)

No N/A N/A

Spodoptera litura 

(Fabricius)

C. annuum (EPPO, 2005; 

Robinson et al., 2007); C. 

frutescens (CABI, 2006; 

Robinson et al., 2007)

EC (MAG, 1986b; 

Rogg, 2000); US

(CABI, 2006)

Yes F (PestID, 

2010); L 

(CABI, 2006)

Yes

Spodoptera ornithogalli

(Guenée)

C. annuum (CABI, 2006; 

NSF, 2001); C. frutescens 

(Robinson et al., 2007)

EC (Rogg, 2000); 

US (Arnett Jr., 2000; 

CABI, 2006; NSF, 

2001)

No N/A N/A

Spodoptera sp. C. frutescens (Rogg, 

2000); Capsicum sp.

(PestID, 2010)

EC (PestID, 2010; 

Rogg, 2000)

Yes3F, L (PestID, 

2010)

Yes
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador

Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 21

Pest Scientific Name Reported on Capsicum 

spp.

US and Ecuador 

Distribution1

Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

assoc.

2

Follow 

pathway

Trichoplusia ni

(Hübner)

C. annuum (CABI, 2006) EC (Rogg, 2000; 

Sponagel, 1999); US

(Arnett Jr., 2000; 

CABI, 2006; NSF, 

2005)

No N/A N/A

Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae

Pteronymia notilla

Butler & Druce

Capsicum sp. (Young, 

1974)

EC (Robinson et al., 

2007)

Yes L (Young, 

1974)

No

Lepidoptera: Pieridae

Ascia monuste

(Linnaeus)

C. annuum, Capsicum sp.

(PestID, 2010)

EC (MAG, 1986b; 

Rogg, 2000); US

(Arnett Jr., 2000)

No N/A N/A

Lepidoptera: Pyralidae

Cadra cautella Walker C. annuum (PestID, 2010);

Capsicum sp. (PestID, 

2010)

EC (CABI, 2006; 

Rogg, 2000); US

(Arnett Jr., 2000; 

CABI, 2006)

No N/A N/A

Corcyra cephalonica 

(Stainton)

C. annuum (CABI, 2006) EC (Rogg, 2000); 

US (Arnett Jr., 2000; 

CABI, 2006)

No N/A N/A

Elasmopalpus 

lignosellus (Zeller)

C. frutescens (Rogg, 2000) EC (Arias et al., 

1991; MAG, 1986b; 

Rogg, 2000); US

(Arnett Jr., 2000; 

CABI, 2006)

No N/A N/A

Ephestia elutella

Hübner

Capsicum sp. (PestID, 

2010)

EC (Rogg, 2000); 

US (Arnett Jr., 2000; 

CABI, 2006)

No N/A N/A

Ephestia kuehniella

Zeller

Capsicum sp. (CABI, 

2006)

EC (CABI, 2006; 

MAG, 1986b; 

Ruales, 1958; Yust 

and Cevallos, 1955); 

US (CABI, 2006)

No N/A N/A

Etiella zinckenella

(Treitschke)

C. annuum (Robinson et 

al., 2007); Capsicum sp.

(PestID, 2010)

EC (CABI, 2006; 

Rogg, 2000); US

(Arnett Jr., 2000; 

CABI, 2006)

No N/A N/A

Herculia sp. Capsicum sp. (PestID, 

2010)

EC (PestID, 2010) Yes3F (PestID, 

2010)

Yes

Neoleucinodes 

elegantalis (Guenée)

C. annuum (PestID, 2010; 

Robinson et al., 2007); C. 

frutescens (Rogg, 2000);

Capsicum sp. (PestID, 

2010)

EC (MAG, 1986b; 

MAG, 1986a; Oleas

et al., 1990; Rogg, 

2000)

Yes F (Marcano, 

1991a; 

PestID, 

2010); L 

(PestID, 

2010)

Yes
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador

Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 22

Pest Scientific Name Reported on Capsicum 

spp.

US and Ecuador 

Distribution1

Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

assoc.

2

Follow 

pathway

Lepidoptera: Sphingidae

Manduca lucetius

(Cramer)

C. annuum (Robinson et 

al., 2007)

EC (Guevara et al., 

2002; Vaughan, 

1982)

Yes L (Robinson 

et al., 2007)

No

Manduca 

quinquemaculata

(Haworth)

C. annuum (CABI, 2006);

C. frutescens (Rogg, 2000)

EC (Rogg, 2000); 

US (Arnett Jr., 2000; 

CABI, 2006)

No N/A N/A

Manduca sexta

(Linnaeus)

C. annuum (CABI, 2006; 

Robinson et al., 2007); C. 

frutescens (Rogg, 2000); 

Capsicum sp. (NSF, 2005)

EC (CABI, 2006; 

Guevara et al., 2002; 

MAG, 1986b; Rogg, 

2000; Vaughan, 

1982); US (Arnett 

Jr., 2000; CABI, 

2006; Robinson et 

al., 2007)

No N/A N/A

Orthoptera: Gryllidae

Gryllus assimilis

Fabricius

C. annuum (INIAP, 1999);

Capsicum sp. (PestID, 

2010)

EC (INIAP, 1999; 

MAG, 1986b; Rogg, 

2000); US (Arnett 

Jr., 2000; CABI, 

2006)

No N/A N/A

Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae

Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa

(Linnaeus)

Capsicum sp. (CABI, 

2006)

EC (Paliz and 

Mendoza, 1990); US

(Arnett Jr., 2000; 

CABI, 2006)

No N/A N/A

Scapteriscus didactylus

(Latreille)

C. annuum, Capsicum sp.

(CABI, 2006)

EC (Rogg, 2000) Yes R, S (Frank, 

1987)

No

Thysanoptera: Aeolothripidae

Franklinothrips 

vespiformis (D.L. 

Crawford)

C. annuum, Capsicum sp.

(PestID, 2010)

EC (Ruales, 1984); 

US (Arnett Jr., 2000; 

CABI, 2006)

No N/A N/A

Thysanoptera: Thripidae

Chaetanaphothrips 

orchidii (Moulton)

Capsicum sp. (PestID, 

2010)

EC, US (CABI, 

2006)

No N/A N/A

Frankliniella 

occidentalis 

(Pergande)

C. annuum (Avila et al., 

2006; CABI, 2006; 

Chaney et al., 2003); C. 

frutescens (PestID, 2010);

Capsicum sp. (NSF, 1999; 

PestID, 2010; Schooley, 

2005)

EC (CABI, 2006;

Flor and Flor, 2001; 

Ojeda and Gallegos, 

2003; Tayupanta 

and Gallegos, 2001); 

US (Arnett Jr., 2000; 

CABI, 2006; 

Chaney et al., 2003; 

NSF, 1999)

No N/A N/A
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador

Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 23

Pest Scientific Name Reported on Capsicum 

spp.

US and Ecuador 

Distribution1

Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

assoc.

2

Follow 

pathway

Frankliniella 

panamensis Hood

Capsicum sp. (PestID, 

2010)

EC (MAG, 1986b; 

Sponagel, 1999; 

Ruales, 1984); US

(ITIS, 2008)

No N/A N/A

Frankliniella parvula 

Hood

Capsicum sp. (PestID, 

2010)

EC (MAG, 1986b; 

PestID, 2010; 

Ruales, 1958; 

Vaughan, 1982)

Yes Fl (PestID, 

2010)

No

Frankliniella schultzei 

(Trybom)

C. annuum, C. frutescens 

(PestID, 2010)

EC (PestID, 2010; 

Rogg, 2000); US 

[(FL) (CABI, 2006)]

No N/A N/A

Heliothrips 

haemorrhoidalis 

Bouché

Capsicum sp. (PestID, 

2010)

EC (CABI, 2006; 

Sponagel, 1999; 

Yust and Cevallos, 

1955); US (Arnett 

Jr., 2000; CABI, 

2006)

No N/A N/A

Thrips fuscipennis 

Haliday

Capsicum sp. (PestID, 

2010)

EC (Rogg, 2000; 

Sponagel, 1999); US

(ITIS, 2008)

No N/A No

Thrips palmi Karny C. annuum (CABI, 2006);

C. frutescens (Vázquez et 

al., 2005); Capsicum sp.

(CABI, 2006; Mau and 

Martin, 1992; PestID, 

2010)

EC (Triviño et al., 

1999); US [(FL) 

(CABI, 2006; 

EPPO, 2005)]

[Yes] F, L, Sd 

(CABI, 

2006); F, L 

(Martin and 

Mau, 1992)

Yes

Thrips tabaci Lindeman C. annuum, Capsicum sp.

(PestID, 2010)

EC (CABI, 2006; 

Gabela, 1999; 

INIAP, 1990; 

Ruales, 1958); US

(Arnett Jr., 2000; 

CABI, 2006; 

Chaney et al., 2003)

No N/A N/A

MOLLUSKS

Achatina fulica 

Bowdich

Capsicum sp. (Robinson, 

2002)

EC(Correoso, 2006);

US [(HI, VI) (CABI, 

2010)]

[Yes] F, L, S, R 

(CABI, 2010)

Yes7

Cornu aspersum Müller

Syn. Helix aspersa

Müller

Capsicum sp. (CABI, 

2010)

EC, US (CABI, 

2010)

No N/A N/A

NEMATODES

Aphelenchus sp. C. frutescens (MAG, 

1986b)

EC (MAG, 1986b) Yes3 R (MAG, 

1986b)

No

 

7 Hatchling A. fulica are large enough to be easily detected and removed from the pathway, even if hiding in fruit or 

vegetable shipments (Smith and Fowler, 2003).
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador

Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 24

Pest Scientific Name Reported on Capsicum 

spp.

US and Ecuador 

Distribution1

Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

assoc.

2

Follow 

pathway

Ditylenchus destructor

Thorne 

C. annuum (CABI, 2006) EC, US (CABI, 

2006)

No N/A N/A

Dorylaimus sp. C. annuum (García, 2002) EC (García, 2002) Yes3 R (García, 

2002)

No

Helicotylenchus 

dihystera (Cobb) Sher 

C. annuum (CABI, 2006) EC (Handoo et al., 

2008); US (CABI, 

2006; Handoo et al., 

2008)

No N/A N/A

Helicotylenchus sp. C. annuum (García, 2002) EC (García, 2002) Yes3 R (García, 

2002)

No

Longidorus sp. Capsicum sp. (Crespo, 

2002)

EC (Crespo, 2002) Yes3 R (Crespo, 

2002)

No

Meloidogyne arenaria

(Neal) Chitwood 

C. annuum (Fery and 

Thies, 2007; Nemabase, 

2007); C. baccatum, C. 

chinense (Nemabase, 

2007); C. frutescens 

(CABI, 2006; Nemabase, 

2007)

EC (CABI, 2006; 

INIAP, 1990); US 

(CABI, 2006; 

Nemabase, 2007)

No N/A N/A

Meloidogyne exigua

Goeldi

C. annuum (CABI, 2006) EC (Rogg, 2000) Yes R (CABI, 

2006)

No

Meloidogyne hapla

Chitwood

C. annuum (CABI, 2006; 

Nemabase, 2007); C.

baccatum, C. chinense, C. 

frutescens (Nemabase, 

2007)

EC (CABI, 2006; 

Eguiguren, 1982; 

Eguiguren and 

Défaz, 1992; 

Nemabase, 2007); 

US (CABI, 2006)

No N/A N/A

Meloidogyne incognita

(Kofoid & White) 

Chitwood

C. annuum (CABI, 2006; 

Chaney et al., 2003; Fery 

and Thies, 2007; 

Nemabase, 2007; Thies et 

al., 2004;); C. baccatum,

C. chinense, C. frutescens 

(Nemabase, 2007); 

Capsicum sp. (Nemabase, 

2007; University of 

California, 2000; Welcing, 

2000)

EC (Eguiguren, 

1982; Eguiguren and 

Défaz, 1992; 

Nemabase, 2007); 

US (Chaney et al., 

2003; Thies et al., 

2004; University of 

California, 2000)

No N/A N/A
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador

Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 25

Pest Scientific Name Reported on Capsicum 

spp.

US and Ecuador 

Distribution1

Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

assoc.

2

Follow 

pathway

Meloidogyne javanica

(Treub) Chitwood 

C. annuum (CABI, 2006; 

Chaney et al., 2003; Fery 

and Thies, 2007; 

Nemabase, 2007); C.

baccatum, C. chinense, C. 

frutescens (Nemabase, 

2007); Capsicum sp.

(Nemabase, 2007; 

University of California, 

2000)

EC (CABI, 2006; 

Eguiguren and 

Défaz, 1992; Triviño 

and Figueroa, 1993); 

US (CABI, 2006; 

Chaney et al., 2003; 

University of 

California, 2000)

No N/A N/A

Meloidogyne sp. C. annuum (García, 2002; 

Mendoza and Zambrano, 

1991; Navarrete, 2000); C. 

frutescens (MAG, 1986b; 

Rogg, 2000)

EC (García, 2002; 

MAG, 1986b; 

Mendoza and 

Zambrano, 1991; 

Navarrete, 2000; 

Rogg, 2000)

Yes3 R (Buriticá, 

1999; García, 

2002; MAG, 

1986b; 

Mendoza and 

Zambrano, 

1991; 

Wellman, 

1977)

No

Nacobbus aberrans

(Thorne) Thorne & 

Allen

C. annuum (CABI, 2010; 

EPPO, 2005)

EC (CABI, 2010; 

Rogg, 2000); US

(CABI, 2010; 

EPPO, 2005; 

Nemabase, 2007)

Yes8 L, R (CABI, 

2010)

No

Paratrichodorus minor

(Colbran) Siddiqi 

C. annuum (Chaney et al., 

2003); Capsicum sp.

(University of California, 

2000)

EC (CABI, 2006); 

US (CABI, 2006; 

Chaney et al., 2003; 

University of 

California, 2000)

No N/A N/A

Pratylenchus penetrans

(Cobb) Filipjev & 

Schuurmans 

Stekhoven 

C. annuum, C. frutescens

(CABI, 2006)

EC (Moretta, 1995; 

Nemabase, 2007); 

US (CABI, 2006)

No N/A N/A

Pratylenchus sp. C. annuum (García, 2002; 

MAG, 1986b); C. 

frutescens (MAG, 1986b)

EC (García, 2002; 

MAG, 1986b)

Yes3 R (García, 

2002; 

Wellman, 

1977)

No

Pratylenchus zeae

Graham 

C. annuum (CABI, 2006) EC, US (CABI, 

2006)

No N/A N/A

 

8 This is a reportable pest due to a potato pathotype.
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador

Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 26

Pest Scientific Name Reported on Capsicum 

spp.

US and Ecuador 

Distribution1

Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

assoc.

2

Follow 

pathway

Radopholus similis

(Cobb) Thorne

C. annuum (Nemabase, 

2007)

EC (CABI, 2010; 

Perez, 1990; 

Vaughan, 1982); US

[(CA, FL, HI, LA, 

MD, SC, TX) 

(CABI, 2010; 

Handoo et al., 

2008)]

[Yes]

9 R (CABI, 

2010)

No

Rotylenchulus 

reniformis Linford & 

Oliveira

C. annuum (CABI, 2006; 

Nemabase, 2007); C.

frutescens (Nemabase, 

2007); Capsicum sp.

(CABI, 2006)

EC (Nemabase, 

2007; Triviño and 

Figueroa, 1993); US

(CABI, 2006; 

Nemabase, 2007)

No N/A N/A

Tylenchus sp. C. annuum (García, 2002);

C. frutescens (MAG, 

1986b);

EC (MAG, 1986b; 

García, 2002)

Yes3 R (García, 

2002)

No

Xiphinema sp. C. spp. (Crespo, 2002) EC (Crespo, 2002) Yes3 R (Eguiguren 

and Défaz, 

1992)

No

FUNGI10

Alternaria alternata

(Fr.:Fr.) Keissl. Syn.

Alternaria tenuis

(Fries) Keissler

C. annuum (CABI, 2006; 

Cruz and Apunte, 1975;

Farr and Rossman, 2011; 

Wall and Biles, 1993; 

Wellman, 1977); C.

frutescens (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011; MAG, 

1986b; Wellman, 1977); 

Capsicum sp. (CABI, 

2006)

EC (Cruz and 

Apunte, 1975; 

MAG, 1986b; 

Wellman, 1977); US

(CABI, 2006; Farr 

and Rossman, 2011)

No N/A N/A

Alternaria brassicae

(Berk.) Sacc.

C. annuum (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011)

EC (Cruz and 

Apunte, 1975; 

MAG, 1986b; 

Vaughan, 1982); US

(CABI, 2006; Farr 

and Rossman, 2011)

No N/A N/A

 

9 Quarantine pest with limited distribution in the United States (Cavey, 2008).

10 Fungi are listed by the sexual state first (if it is known). Bold font is used to indicate the fungal stage or synonym reported 

in Ecuador. Fungal taxonomy is written according toFarr and Rossman, 2011) and NCBI, 2010).
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador

Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 27

Pest Scientific Name Reported on Capsicum 

spp.

US and Ecuador 

Distribution1

Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

assoc.

2

Follow 

pathway

Alternaria solani

Sorauer 

C. annuum (Alfieri et al., 

1994; CABI, 2006; Farr 

and Rossman, 2011; MAG, 

1986b; NSF, 2001; USDA, 

1970; Wellman, 1977); C.

baccatum (Buriticá, 1999; 

Wellman, 1977); C. 

frutescens (Alfieri et al., 

1994; Buriticá, 1999; Farr 

and Rossman, 2011; 

USDA, 1970; Wellman, 

1977); Capsicum sp. 

(CABI, 2006; Buriticá, 

1999; Farr and Rossman, 

2011)

EC (Cruz and 

Apunte, 1975; 

MAG, 1986b; 

RFDS, 1994; 

Wellman, 1977); US

(Alfieri et al., 1994; 

CABI, 2006; Farr 

and Rossman, 2011; 

NSF, 2001; USDA, 

1970)

No N/A N/A

Alternaria sp. C. annuum (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011; Holliday, 

1980; Universidad Central 

del Ecuador, 2004; USDA, 

1970); C. frutescens (Farr 

and Rossman, 2011; 

Holliday, 1980; MAG, 

1986b; USDA, 1970); C.

pubescens (Holliday, 

1980); Capsicum sp. (Farr 

and Rossman, 2011)

EC (MAG, 1986b; 

Universidad Central 

del Ecuador, 2004)

Yes3F (MAG, 

1986b; 

USDA, 

1970); L 

(Farr and 

Rossman, 

2011; 

Universidad 

Central del 

Ecuador, 

2004)

Yes

Alternaria tenuíssima

(Nees & T. Nees : Fr.) 

Wiltshire Syn.:

Alternaria tomato

(Kunze) Wiltshire

C. annuum (Alfieri et al., 

1994; Farr and Rossman, 

2011); C. frutescens (Farr 

and Rossman, 2011; 

PestID, 2010)

EC (Cruz and 

Apunte, 1975); US

(Alfieri et al., 1994; 

CABI, 2006; Farr 

and Rossman, 2011)

No N/A N/A

Armillaria mellea (Vahl: 

Fr.) P. Kumm.

C. annuum (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011)

EC (Agribusiness, 

1992; Pionce and 

Olvera, 1997; 

Vaughan, 1982); US

(CABI, 2006; Farr 

and Rossman, 2011)

No N/A N/A

Aspergillus niger Tiegh. C. annuum (CABI, 2006; 

Farr and Rossman, 2011; 

Vaughan, 1982); C.

frutescens (CABI, 2006; 

Vaughan, 1982)

EC (Espinoza and 

Armijos, 1984; 

INIAP, 1996; MAG, 

1986b; Vaughan, 

1982); US (CABI, 

2006; Farr and 

Rossman, 2011)

No N/A N/A
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador

Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 28

Pest Scientific Name Reported on Capsicum 

spp.

US and Ecuador 

Distribution1

Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

assoc.

2

Follow 

pathway

Athelia rolfsii (Curzi) 

Tu & Kimbr.

Syn.: Corticium 

rolfsii Curzi;

Anamorph: 

Sclerotium rolfsii

C. annuum (Alfieri et al., 

1994; Farr and Rossman, 

2011; Navarrete, 2000; 

USDA, 1970; Vaughan, 

1982; Wellman, 1977); C. 

baccatum (Wellman, 

1977); C. frutescens 

(Alfieri et al., 1994; Farr

and Rossman, 2011; MAG, 

1986b; USDA, 1970; 

Vaughan, 1982; Wellman, 

1977); Capsicum sp. (Farr 

and Rossman, 2011)

EC (INIAP, 1992; 

INIAP, 1996; MAG, 

1986b; Navarrete, 

2000; Triviño et al., 

2000; Vaughan, 

1982); US (Alfieri et 

al., 1994; CABI, 

2006; Farr and 

Rossman, 2011; 

USDA, 1970; 

Wellman, 1977)

No N/A N/A

Botryodiplodia 

palmarum (Cooke) 

Petr. & Syd

C. annuum, C. frutescens 

(CABI, 2006); Capsicum 

sp. (Farr and Rossman, 

2011)

EC (MAG, 1986b); 

US (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011)

No N/A N/A

Botryotinia fuckeliana

(de Bary) Whetzel

Syn.: Botrytis cinerea

Pers.: Fr.

C. annuum (Alfieri et al., 

1994; Farr and Rossman, 

2011; USDA, 1970; 

Wellman, 1977); C.

baccatum (Wellman, 

1977); C. frutescens 

(Alfieri et al., 1994; Farr 

and Rossman, 2011; 

USDA, 1970; Wellman, 

1977); Capsicum sp.

(CABI, 2006; Farr and 

Rossman, 2011; PestID, 

2010)

EC (Cruz and 

Apunte, 1975; 

RFDS, 1994); US

(Alfieri et al., 1994; 

CABI, 2006; Farr 

and Rossman, 2011; 

USDA, 1970)

No N/A N/A

Cercospora apii Fresen. C. annuum (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011); C. 

frutescens (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011; PestID, 

2010); Capsicum sp.

(PestID, 2010)

EC (Rogg, 2000); 

US (CABI, 2006;

Farr and Rossman, 

2011)

No N/A N/A
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador

Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 29

Pest Scientific Name Reported on Capsicum 

spp.

US and Ecuador 

Distribution1

Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

assoc.

2

Follow 

pathway

Cercospora physalidis 

Ellis

Syn.: Cercospora 

capsici Heald & F.A. 

Wolf 

C. annuum (Alfieri et al., 

1994; CABI, 2006; Cruz 

and Apunte, 1975; Farr 

and Rossman, 2011; MAG, 

1986b; NSF, 2001; 

Vaughan, 1982; Wellman, 

1977); C. baccatum

(Buriticá, 1999; Farr and 

Rossman, 2011; Wellman, 

1977); C. frutescens

(Alfieri et al., 1994; 

Buriticá, 1999; Farr and 

Rossman, 2011; MAG, 

1986b; Rogg, 2000; 

Vaughan, 1982; Wellman, 

1977); Capsicum sp.

(Buriticá, 1999; CABI, 

2006; Farr and Rossman, 

2011; NSF, 1999; PestID, 

2010; Welcing, 2000)

EC (Cruz and 

Apunte, 1975; Farr 

and Rossman, 2011;

INIAP, 1990; MAG, 

1986b; Rogg, 2000; 

Vaughan, 1982); US

(Alfieri et al., 1994;

Farr and Rossman, 

2011; NSF, 1999; 

NSF, 2001)

No N/A N/A

Choanephora 

cucurbitarum (Berk. 

& Ravenel) Thaxt. 

C. annuum (Alfieri et al., 

1994; Farr and Rossman, 

2011; USDA, 1970; 

Wellman, 1977); C.

baccatum (Wellman, 

1977); C. frutescens 

(Alfieri et al., 1994; CABI, 

2006; Farr and Rossman, 

2011; USDA, 1970; 

Wellman, 1977);

Capsicum sp. (CABI, 

2006; Farr and Rossman, 

2011; Roberts et al., 2003)

EC (Guerra, 1986; 

Rogg, 2000); US

(Alfieri et al., 1994; 

CABI, 2006; Farr 

and Rossman, 2011; 

Roberts et al., 2003; 

USDA, 1970; 

Wellman, 1977)

No N/A N/A

Cladosporium 

cucumerinum Ellis & 

Arthur 

C. annuum (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011)

EC (MAG, 1986b, 

Vaughan, 1982); US

(CABI, 2006; Farr 

and Rossman, 2011)

No N/A N/A

Cladosporium sp. C. annuum (Alfieri et al., 

1994); Capsicum sp.

(MAG, 2001)

EC (MAG, 2001) Yes3F (MAG, 

2001); L 

(Alfieri et al., 

1994)

Yes
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador

Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 30

Pest Scientific Name Reported on Capsicum 

spp.

US and Ecuador 

Distribution1

Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

assoc.

2

Follow 

pathway

Cochliobolus lunatus

R.R. Nelson & Haasis

Anamorph:

Curvularia lunata

(Wakker) Boedijn

C. annuum (Alfieri et al., 

1994; Farr and Rossman, 

2011; USDA, 1970; 

Wellman, 1977); C.

baccatum (Wellman, 

1977); C. frutescens 

(Alfieri et al., 1994; CABI, 

2006; Farr and Rossman, 

2011; USDA, 1970; 

Wellman, 1977);

Capsicum sp. (CABI, 

2006)

EC (MAG, 1986b; 

Vaughan, 1982); US

(Alfieri et al., 1994; 

CABI, 2006; Farr 

and Rossman, 2011; 

USDA, 1970)

No N/A N/A

Colletotrichum 

coccodes (Wallr.) S. 

Hughes

C. annuum (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011; Holliday, 

1980; Wellman, 1977); C.

baccatum (Wellman, 

1977); C. frutescens (Farr 

and Rossman, 2011; 

Holliday, 1980; Wellman, 

1977); C. pubescens 

(Holliday, 1980);

Capsicum sp. (CABI, 

2006; PestID, 2010)

EC (Rogg, 2000);

US (CABI, 2006;

Farr and Rossman, 

2011)

No N/A N/A

Colletotrichum sp. C. annuum (INIAP, 1999) EC (INIAP, 1999) Yes3F (Alfieri et 

al., 1994; 

PestID, 2010)

Yes

Colletotrichum 

truncatum (Schwein.) 

Andrus & W.D. 

Moore 

C. annuum (CABI, 2006;

Farr and Rossman, 2011); 

C. frutescens, Capsicum 

sp. (Farr and Rossman, 

2011)

EC (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011; 

Rogg, 2000); US

(CABI, 2006; Farr 

and Rossman, 2011)

No N/A N/A

Corticium koleroga 

(Cooke) Höhn.

Syn.: Pellicularia 

koleroga Cooke

C. annuum (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011)

EC (INIAP, 1966; 

Muñoz, 1982); US

(CABI, 2006; Farr 

and Rossman, 2011) 

No N/A N/A

Corynespora cassiicola

(Berk. & M.A. Curtis) 

C.T. Wei 

C. annuum (Alfieri et al., 

1994; Farr and Rossman, 

2011); C. frutescens (Farr 

and Rossman, 2011);

Capsicum sp. (PestID, 

2010)

EC (MAG, 1986b; 

Triviño et al., 2000; 

Vaughan, 1982); US

(Alfieri et al., 1994; 

CABI, 2006; Farr 

and Rossman, 2011)

No N/A N/A
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador

Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 31

Pest Scientific Name Reported on Capsicum 

spp.

US and Ecuador 

Distribution1

Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

assoc.

2

Follow 

pathway

Davidiella tassiana (De 

Not.) Crous & U. 

Braun

Anamorph: 

Cladosporium 

herbarum (Pers. : Fr) 

Link

C. annuum, C. frutescens

(Farr and Rossman, 2011; 

USDA, 1970; Wellman, 

1977); C. baccatum 

(Wellman, 1977);

Capsicum sp. (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011; PestID, 

2010)

EC (Guzman, 2000; 

MAG, 1986b; 

Vaughan, 1982); US

(CABI, 2006; Farr 

and Rossman, 2011; 

USDA, 1970; 

Wellman, 1977)

No N/A N/A

Diaporthe phaseolorum

(Cooke & Ellis) Sacc.

C. annuum, C. frutescens

(Farr and Rossman, 2011; 

USDA, 1970; Wellman, 

1977); C. baccatum

(Wellman, 1977);

Capsicum sp. (CABI, 

2006)

EC (MAG, 1986b; 

Rogg, 2000; 

Vaughan, 1982); US

(CABI, 2006; Farr 

and Rossman, 2011; 

USDA, 1970)

No N/A N/A

Diaporthe phaseolorum

var. sojae (Lehman) 

Wehm. 

C. frutescens (CABI, 2006;

Farr and Rossman, 2011)

EC, US (CABI, 

2006; Farr and 

Rossman, 2011)

No N/A N/A

Didymostilbe capsici

(Pat.) Seifert

Syn.: Stilbum capsici

Pat.

C. pubescens (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011)

EC (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011)

Yes S (Saccardo, 

1895)

No

Fusarium culmorum

(Wm.G. Sm.) Sacc.

C. annuum (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011)

EC (Ochoa, 1990; 

Vaughan, 1982); US

(CABI, 2006; Farr 

and Rossman, 2011)

No N/A N/A

Fusarium oxysporum

Schltdl.:Fr.

C. annuum (Alfieri et al., 

1994; Farr and Rossman, 

2011; USDA, 1970; 

Wellman, 1977); C. 

baccatum (Wellman, 

1977); C. frutescens 

(Alfieri et al., 1994; Farr 

and Rossman, 2011; Rogg, 

2000; USDA, 1970; 

Wellman, 1977);

Capsicum sp. (CABI, 

2006; Farr and Rossman, 

2011)

EC (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011; 

Gallardo, 2003; 

MAG, 1986b; Rogg,

2000; Vaughan, 

1982; Wellman, 

1977); US (Alfieri et 

al., 1994; CABI, 

2006; Farr and 

Rossman, 2011; 

USDA, 1970; 

Wellman, 1977)

No N/A N/A

Fusarium sp. C. annuum (MAG, 1986b; 

Mendoza and Zambrano, 

1991; Navarrete, 2000); C. 

frutescens (MAG, 1986b);

Capsicum sp. (MAG, 

2001)

EC (Flores and 

Tapia, 2003; MAG, 

1986b; Mendoza 

and Zambrano, 

1991; Navarrete, 

2000)

Yes3F, L, S 

(Vaughan, 

1982); R 

(Mendoza 

and 

Zambrano, 

1991)

Yes
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador

Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 32

Pest Scientific Name Reported on Capsicum 

spp.

US and Ecuador 

Distribution1

Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

assoc.

2

Follow 

pathway

Galactomyces 

geotrichum (E.E. 

Butler & L.J. 

Petersen) Redhead & 

Malloch Anamorph: 

Geotrichum 

candidum Link

C. annuum (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011)

EC (Rogg, 2000); 

US (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011)

No N/A N/A

Gibberella moniliformis

Wineland

Syn.: Fusarium 

moniliforme11

Sheldon 

C. annuum, Capsicum sp.

(Farr and Rossman, 2011)

EC (Espinoza et al., 

1982; Triviño et al., 

1998); US (CABI, 

2006; Farr and 

Rossman, 2011)

No N/A N/A

Gibberella zeae 

(Schwein.:Fr.) Petch

Anamorph: Fusarium 

graminearum 

Schwabe 

C. frutescens (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011)

EC (MAG, 1986b); 

US (CABI, 2006; 

Farr and Rossman, 

2011) 

No N/A N/A

Globisporangium 

debaryanum (R. 

Hesse) Uzuhashi,

Tojo & Kakish.

Syn.: Pythium 

debaryanum R. Hesse 

C. annuum (CABI, 2006; 

Farr and Rossman, 2011; 

USDA, 1970); C. 

frutescens (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011; USDA, 

1970); Capsicum sp. (Farr 

and Rossman, 2011)

EC (Cruz and 

Apunte, 1975; 

MAG, 1986b; Oleas

et al., 1990; 

Wellman, 1977); US

(CABI, 2006; Farr 

and Rossman, 2011; 

USDA, 1970; 

Wellman, 1977)

No N/A N/A

Globisporangium 

ultimum (Trow) 

Uzuhashi, Tojo &

Kakish.

Syn.: Pythium 

ultimum Trow 

C. annuum (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011; USDA, 

1970; Wellman, 1977); C. 

baccatum (Wellman, 

1977); C. frutescens (Farr 

and Rossman, 2011; 

USDA, 1970; Wellman, 

1977); Capsicum sp.

(CABI, 2006; Farr and 

Rossman, 2011)

EC (MAG, 1986b; 

Rogg, 2000); US

(CABI, 2006; Farr 

and Rossman, 2011; 

USDA, 1970; 

Wellman, 1977)

No N/A N/A

Gloeosporium 

piperatum Ellis & 

Everh.

C. annuum (Cruz and 

Apunte, 1975; Farr and 

Rossman, 2011); C. 

frutescens (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011)

EC(Cruz and 

Apunte, 1975); US

(Farr and Rossman, 

2011)

No N/A N/A

 

11 The name Fusarium moniliforme should no longer be used (Farr and Rossman, 2011).
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador

Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 33

Pest Scientific Name Reported on Capsicum 

spp.

US and Ecuador 

Distribution1

Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

assoc.

2

Follow 

pathway

Glomerella acutata 

Guerber & J.C. 

Correll

Anamorph : 

Colletotrichum 

acutatum J.H. 

Simmonds

C. annuum (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011; Harp, 

2006); C. frutescens (Dyko 

and Mordue, 1979; Farr 

and Rossman, 2011);

Capsicum sp. (CABI, 

2006; Lewis et al., 2004)

EC (CABI, 2006); 

US (CABI, 2006; 

Farr and Rossman, 

2011; Harp, 2006)

No N/A N/A

Glomerella cingulata

(Stonem.) Spauld. & 

Schrenk

Syn.: Colletotrichum 

gloeosporioides

(Penz.) Sacc. 

C. annuum (Alfieri et al., 

1994; CABI, 2006; Farr 

and Rossman, 2011; 

USDA, 1970; Wellman, 

1977); C. baccatum

(Buriticá, 1999; Wellman, 

1977); C. frutescens 

(Buriticá, 1999; Farr and 

Rossman, 2011; Manaaki, 

2007; USDA, 1970; 

Wellman, 1977);

Capsicum sp. (Buriticá, 

1999; CABI, 2006; Farr 

and Rossman, 2011; Harp, 

2006; Schooley, 2005)

EC (Cruz and 

Apunte, 1975; 

MAG, 1986b; Rogg, 

2000; Vaughan, 

1982); US (Alfieri et 

al., 1994; CABI, 

2006; Farr and 

Rossman, 2011; 

Harp, 2006; 

Schooley, 2005; 

USDA, 1970; 

Wellman, 1977)

No N/A N/A

Golovinomyces 

cichoracearum (DC.) 

V.P. Heluta

Syn.: Erysiphe 

cichoracearum DC.

C. annuum (Alfieri et al., 

1994; Farr and Rossman, 

2011); Capsicum sp. (Farr 

and Rossman, 2011)

EC (Cruz and 

Apunte, 1975; 

INIAP, 1999; Rogg, 

2000); US (Alfieri et 

al., 1994; CABI, 

2006; Farr and 

Rossman, 2011)

No N/A N/A

Haematonectria 

haematococca (Berk. 

& Broome) Samuels 

& Rossman

Syn.: Nectria 

haematococca Berk. 

& Broome 

C. annuum (CABI, 2006; 

Jarvis and Khosla, 1994); 

Capsicum sp. (CABI, 

2006)

EC (Oleas et al., 

1990; Sigcha, 2003); 

US (CABI, 2006; 

Farr and Rossman, 

2011)

No N/A N/A

Helminthosporium sp. C. annuum (Alfieri et al., 

1994; Farr and Rossman, 

2011; Vaughan, 1982; 

Wellman, 1977); C. 

baccatum (Wellman, 

1977); C. frutescens 

(MAG, 1986b; Vaughan, 

1982; Wellman, 1977);

Capsicum sp. (INIAP, 

1966)

EC (MAG, 1986b; 

Vaughan, 1982; 

Wellman, 1977)

Yes3 L (MAG, 

1986b; 

Wellman, 

1977)

No
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador

Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 34

Pest Scientific Name Reported on Capsicum 

spp.

US and Ecuador 

Distribution1

Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

assoc.

2

Follow 

pathway

Lasiodiplodia 

theobromae Griffon 

& Maubl. Syn.

Botryodiplodia 

theobromae Pat.

C. annuum (CABI, 2006; 

Farr and Rossman, 2011);

C. frutescens (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011);

Capsicum sp. (CABI, 

2006)

EC (CABI, 2006; 

Cruz and Apunte, 

1975; INIAP, 1996;

MAG, 1986b; 

Vaughan, 1982); US

(CABI, 2006; Farr 

and Rossman, 2011)

No N/A N/A

Leptosphaerulina trifolii

(Rostr.) Petr. 

C. frutescens (Manaaki, 

2007); Capsicum sp.

(CABI, 2006)

EC (Rogg, 2000); 

US (CABI, 2006; 

Farr and Rossman, 

2011)

No N/A N/A

Leveillula taurica (Lév.) 

G. Arnaud 

C. annuum (CABI, 2006; 

Farr and Rossman, 2011; 

Holliday, 1980; Wellman, 

1977); C. baccatum 

(Wellman, 1977); C. 

frutescens (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011; Holliday, 

1980; Rogg, 2000; 

Wellman, 1977); C. 

pubescens (Holliday, 

1980); Capsicum sp.

(CABI, 2006; Farr and 

Rossman, 2011; PestID, 

2010; University of 

California, 2000)

EC (Rogg, 2000); 

US (CABI, 2006; 

Farr and Rossman, 

2011)

No N/A N/A

Macrophomina 

phaseolina (Tassi) 

Goid.

C. annuum (CABI, 2006; 

Farr and Rossman, 2011; 

INIAP, 1999; Mendoza 

and Zambrano, 1991; 

Navarrete, 2000; USDA, 

1970; Vaughan, 1982; 

Welman, 1977);

C. baccatum (Welman, 

1977); C. frutescens

(MAG, 1986b; USDA, 

1970; Vaughan, 1982; 

Welman, 1977); Capsicum 

sp. (Farr and Rossman, 

2011)

EC (INIAP, 1999; 

MAG, 1986b; 

Mendoza and 

Zambrano, 1991; 

Navarrete, 2000; 

Vaughan, 1982); US

(CABI, 2006; Farr 

and Rossman, 2011; 

USDA, 1970; 

Welman, 1977)

No N/A N/A

Moniliophthora 

perniciosa (Stahel) 

Aime & PhillipsMora

C. annuum (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011; Marelli et 

al., 2009)

EC (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011)

Yes Fl, F, S (Farr 

and 

Rossman, 

2011)

Yes12

 

12Moniliophthora perniciosa biotype C only affects leaves, flowers, stems, and fruits of cocoa (Theobroma cacao), while

biotype S affects solanaceous species, including Capsicum (Marelli et al., 2009). This pest is reported in Ecuador only on
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador

Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 35

Pest Scientific Name Reported on Capsicum 

spp.

US and Ecuador 

Distribution1

Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

assoc.

2

Follow 

pathway

Myrothecium roridum

Tode: Fr.

C. annuum (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011)

EC (MAG, 1986b; 

Vaughan, 1982); US

(CABI, 2006; Farr 

and Rossman, 2011)

No N/A N/A

Nematospora coryli

Peglion 

C. annuum (USDA, 1970; 

Wellman, 1977); C. 

baccatum (Wellman, 

1977); C. frutescens 

(Alfieri et al., 1994; Farr 

and Rossman, 2011; 

USDA, 1970; Wellman, 

1977)

EC (MAG, 1986b; 

Vaughan, 1982); US

(Alfieri et al., 1994; 

CABI, 2006; Farr 

and Rossman, 2011; 

USDA, 1970; 

Wellman, 1977)

No N/A N/A

Oidium sp. Capsicum sp. (Flor and 

Flor, 2001)

EC (Flor and Flor, 

2001)

Yes3 L (Flor and 

Flor, 2001)

No

Passalora fulva (Cooke) 

U. Braun & Crous

Syn.: Cladosporium 

fulvum Cooke

C. annuum (Tamayo and 

Jaramillo, 2006)

EC (Espinoza et al., 

1983; INIAP, 1999; 

MAG, 1986b); US

(CABI, 2006; Farr 

and Rossman, 2011)

No N/A N/A

Petromyces flavus B.W. 

Horn, I. Carbone et 

G.G. Moore

Syn. Aspergillus 

flavus Link: Fr

C. frutescens (CABI, 

2006); Capsicum sp.

(CABI, 2006)

EC (Ullaury et al., 

2003); US (CABI, 

2006; Farr and 

Rossman, 2011)

No N/A N/A

Phoma destructiva var.

destructiva Plowr.

Syn.: Phoma 

destructiva Plowr. 

C. annuum, C. frutescens

(Alfieri et al., 1994; Farr 

and Rossman, 2011; MAG, 

1986b; USDA, 1970; 

Wellman, 1977); C. 

baccatum (Wellman, 

1977); Capsicum sp.

(PestID, 2010; CABI, 

2006; Farr and Rossman, 

2011)

EC (MAG, 1986b; 

Rogg, 2000; 

Wellman, 1977); US

(Alfieri et al., 1994;

Farr and Rossman, 

2011; USDA, 1970; 

Wellman, 1977)

No N/A N/A

Phoma exigua var.

exigua Desm.

Syn.: Phoma exigua

Desm.

C. annuum, C. frutescens 

(Alfieri et al., 1994; Farr 

and Rossman, 2011);

Capsicum sp. (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011)

EC (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011; 

INIAP, 1999); US

Alfieri et al., 1994;

Farr and Rossman, 

2011)

No N/A N/A

 

cocoa and Arrabidadea verrucosa (Farr and Rossman, 2011). Given its host specificity and the report on cocoa in Ecuador, 

the evidence seems to indicate that only biotype C is present. Therefore, we did not further analyze this pathogen.
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador

Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 36

Pest Scientific Name Reported on Capsicum 

spp.

US and Ecuador 

Distribution1

Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

assoc.

2

Follow 

pathway

Phoma gossypiicola

Gruyter

Syn.: Ascochyta 

gossypii (Woronichin) 

Syd. 

C. annuum, C. frutescens,

C. pubescens (Holliday, 

1980)

EC (MAG, 1986b, 

Vaughan, 1982); US

(CABI, 2006; Farr 

and Rossman, 2011)

No N/A N/A

Phoma medicaginis var. 

medicaginis Malbr. & 

Roum.

Syn.: Phoma 

medicaginis Malbr. & 

Roum

C. annuum (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011)

EC (MAG, 1986b); 

US (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011)

No N/A N/A

Phytophthora cactorum

(Lebert & Cohn) J. 

Schröt.

C. annuum, C. frutescens 

(Farr and Rossman, 2011)

EC (Rogg, 2000; 

Rodriguez and 

Velastegui, 1998); 

US (CABI, 2006;

Farr and Rossman, 

2011)

No N/A N/A

Phytophthora capsici

Leonian 

C. annuum (Alfieri et al., 

1994; CABI, 2006; Cruz 

and Apunte, 1975; Farr 

and Rossman, 2011; 

Holliday, 1980; INIAP, 

1999; MAG, 1986b; 

RFDS, 1994; Universidad 

Central del Ecuador, 2004; 

USDA, 1970; Wellman, 

1977); C. baccatum

(Wellman, 1977); C. 

frutescens (Alfieri et al., 

1994; CABI, 2006; Farr 

and Rossman, 2011; 

Holliday, 1980; MAG, 

1986b; RFDS, 1994; 

Rogg, 2000; Wellman, 

1977); C. pubescens

(Holliday, 1980);

Capsicum sp. (CABI, 

2006; Farr and Rossman, 

2011; PestID, 2010; 

University of California, 

2000)

EC (Cruz and 

Apunte, 1975; 

Flores and Tapia, 

2003; INIAP, 1999; 

MAG, 1986b; 

RFDS, 1994; Rogg, 

2000; Universidad 

Central del Ecuador, 

2004); US (Alfieri et 

al., 1994; CABI, 

2006; Chaney et al., 

2003; Farr and 

Rossman, 2011; 

NSF, 1999; USDA, 

1970; Zitter, 1989)

No N/A N/A

Phytophthora 

citrophthora (R.E. 

Sm. & E.H. Sm.) 

Leonian 

C. annuum (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011; Triviño et 

al., 2001; Wellman, 1977);

C. baccatum, C. frutescens

(Wellman, 1977); C.

pubescens (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011)

EC (CABI, 2006; 

INIAP, 2001; 

Triviño et al., 2001); 

US (CABI, 2006;

Farr and Rossman, 

2011; Wellman, 

1977)

No N/A N/A
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador

Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 37

Pest Scientific Name Reported on Capsicum 

spp.

US and Ecuador 

Distribution1

Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

assoc.

2

Follow 

pathway

Phytophthora cryptogea

Pethybr. & Laff. 

C. annuum (CABI, 2006;

Farr and Rossman, 2011)

EC, US (CABI, 

2006; Farr and 

Rossman, 2011) 

No N/A N/A

Phytophthora infestans

(Mont.) de Bary

C. annuum (CABI, 2006;

Farr and Rossman, 2011; 

RFDS, 1994; Wellman, 

1977); C. baccatum

(Wellman, 1977); C. 

frutescens (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011; RFDS, 

1994; Wellman, 1977)

EC (CABI, 2006;

Farr and Rossman, 

2011; RFDS, 1994; 

Vaughan, 1982); US

(CABI, 2006; Farr 

and Rossman, 2011)

No N/A N/A

Phytophthora 

nicotianae Breda de 

Haan 

C. annuum (Alfieri et al., 

1994); C. frutescens 

(Alfieri et al., 1994);

Capsicum sp. (CABI, 

2006)

EC (MAG, 1986b); 

US (Alfieri et al., 

1994; CABI, 2006;

Farr and Rossman, 

2011)

No N/A N/A

Phytophthora palmivora 

var. palmivora (E.J. 

Butler) E.J. Butler

Syn. P. palmivora (E. 

J. Butler) E. J. Butler 

C. annuum (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011; Wellman, 

1977); C. baccatum, C.

frutescens (Wellman, 

1977)

EC (CABI, 2006; 

MAG, 1986b; 

Vaughan, 1982); US

(CABI, 2006; Farr 

and Rossman, 2011) 

No N/A N/A

Phytophthora sp. C. annuum (Vaughan, 

1982); C. frutescens 

(MAG, 1986b; Vaughan, 

1982); Capsicum sp. (Flor 

and Flor, 2001)

EC (Flor and Flor, 

2001; MAG, 1986b; 

Vaughan, 1982)

Yes3F (MAG, 

1986b; 

Vaughan, 

1982); R 

(MAG, 

1986b)

Yes

Pleospora herbarum

(Pers.:Fr.) Rabenh.

Syn.: Stemphylium 

botryosum Wallr.

C. annuum (Holliday, 

1980; USDA, 1970; 

Wellman, 1977);

C. baccatum (Wellman, 

1977); 

C. frutescens (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011; Holliday, 

1980; USDA, 1970; 

Wellman, 1977)

EC (Universidad 

Central del EcuadorExpoflores, 1999); 

US (Alfieri et al., 

1994; CABI, 2006;

Farr and Rossman, 

2011; USDA, 1970; 

Wellman, 1977)

No N/A N/A

Puccinia pampeana

Speg.

Syn.: P. capsici

Mayor; P. paulensis

Rangel

C. annuum, C. frutescens

(Buriticá, 1999; Farr and 

Rossman, 2011; Tamayo 

and Jaramillo, 2006); C.

baccatum, Capsicum sp.

(Buriticá, 1999; Farr and 

Rossman, 2011)

EC (Rogg, 2000;

Farr and Rossman, 

2011)

Yes F, L, S, Sh 

(Passador et 

al., 2009); L, 

S, Sh 

(Figueiredo, 

2000; 

Tamayo and 

Jaramillo, 

2006)

Yes
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador

Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 38

Pest Scientific Name Reported on Capsicum 

spp.

US and Ecuador 

Distribution1

Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

assoc.

2

Follow 

pathway

Pythium sp. C. annuum (RFDS, 1994; 

Vaughan, 1982); C. 

frutescens (MAG, 1986b; 

RFDS, 1994; Vaughan, 

1982); Capsicum sp. (Flor 

and Flor, 2001)

EC (Flor and Flor, 

2001; MAG, 1986b; 

RFDS, 1994; 

Vaughan, 1982)

Yes3Sd (MAG, 

1986b)

No

Ramularia sp. C. frutescens (Rogg, 2000) EC (Rogg, 2000) Yes3 L (Rogg, 

2000)

No

Rhizoctonia sp. C. annuum (Mendoza and 

Zambrano, 1991; 

Navarrete, 2000; RFDS, 

1994); C. frutescens 

(RFDS, 1994); Capsicum 

sp. (Flor and Flor, 2001; 

MAG, 2001)

EC (Flor and Flor, 

2001; Mendoza and 

Zambrano, 1991; 

Navarrete, 2000; 

RFDS, 1994)

Yes3 R, S (MAG, 

2001; 

Mendoza and 

Zambrano, 

1991)

No

Sclerotinia minor Jagger C. annuum (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011)

EC (MAG, 1986b; 

Rogg, 2000); US

(CABI, 2006; Farr 

and Rossman, 2011)

No N/A N/A

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

(Lib.) de Bary 

C. annuum (Alfieri et al., 

1994; CABI, 2006; Farr 

and Rossman, 2011; 

Universidad Central del 

Ecuador, 2004; USDA, 

1970; Vaughan, 1982; 

Wellman, 1977); C. 

baccatum (Wellman, 

1977); C. frutescens 

(Alfieri et al., 1994; CABI, 

2006; Farr and Rossman, 

2011; MAG, 1986b; 

USDA, 1970; Vaughan, 

1982; Wellman, 1977);

Capsicum sp. (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011)

EC (CABI, 2006; 

Cruz and Apunte, 

1975; MAG, 1986b; 

Universidad Central 

del Ecuador, 2004; 

Vaughan, 1982; 

Wellman, 1977); US

(Alfieri et al., 1994; 

CABI, 2006; Farr 

and Rossman, 2011; 

USDA, 1970; 

Wellman, 1977)

No N/A N/A

Septoria lycopersici var. 

lycopersici Speg.

Syn.: S. lycopersici

Speg. 

C. annuum (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011)

EC (MAG, 1986b; 

Vaughan, 1982); US

(CABI, 2006; Farr 

and Rossman, 2011)

No N/A N/A

Spongospora 

subterranea f.sp. 

subterranea 

Tomlinson

C. annuum (CABI, 2006) EC, US (CABI,

2006)

No N/A N/A
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador

Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 39

Pest Scientific Name Reported on Capsicum 

spp.

US and Ecuador 

Distribution1

Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

assoc.

2

Follow 

pathway

Stemphylium lycopersici

(Enjoji) W. Yamam.

Syn. S. floridanum 

Hannon & G.F. 

Weber

C. annuum, C. frutescens

(Alfieri et al., 1994; Farr 

and Rossman, 2011)

EC (Rogg, 2000); 

US (Alfieri et al., 

1994; Farr and 

Rossman, 2011)

No N/A N/A

Stemphylium solani G.F. 

Weber 

C. annuum, C. frutescens 

(Alfieri et al., 1994; Farr 

and Rossman, 2011; 

Holliday, 1980; USDA, 

1970; Wellman, 1977); C. 

baccatum (Wellman, 

1977); C. pubescens

(Holliday, 1980)

EC (Triviño et al., 

1998); US (Alfieri et 

al., 1994; Farr and 

Rossman, 2011; 

USDA, 1970; 

Wellman, 1977)

No N/A N/A

Thanatephorus 

cucumeris (A.B. 

Frank) Donk 

Anamorph: 

Rhizoctonia solani 

J.G. Kühn 

C. annuum (Alfieri et al., 

1994; CABI, 2006; Cruz 

and Apunte, 1975; Farr 

and Rossman, 2011; MAG, 

1986b; USDA, 1970; 

Vaughan, 1982; Wellman, 

1977); C. baccatum

(Buriticá, 1999; Wellman, 

1977); C. frutescens

(Alfieri et al., 1994; 

Buriticá, 1999; MAG, 

1986b; USDA, 1970; 

Vaughan, 1982; Wellman, 

1977); Capsicum sp. 

(Buriticá, 1999; Farr and 

Rossman, 2011)

EC (Cruz and 

Apunte, 1975; 

Guamán et al., 2004; 

INIAP, 1996; MAG, 

1986b; Vaughan, 

1982); US (Alfieri et 

al., 1994; CABI, 

2006; Farr and 

Rossman, 2011; 

USDA, 1970)

No N/A N/A

Trichothecium roseum

(Pers.:Fr.) Link 

Capsicum sp. (CABI, 

2006)

EC (MAG, 1986b); 

US (CABI, 2006;

Farr and Rossman, 

2011)

No N/A N/A

Verticillium albo-atrum

Reinke & Berthier

C. annuum, C. frutescens

(Alfieri et al., 1994; Farr 

and Rossman, 2011; 

USDA, 1970)

EC (CABI, 2006; 

Cruz and Apunte, 

1975; Leon, 1999; 

Moretta, 1995); US

(Alfieri et al., 1994; 

CABI, 2006; Farr 

and Rossman, 2011; 

USDA, 1970)

No N/A N/A
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador

Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 40

Pest Scientific Name Reported on Capsicum 

spp.

US and Ecuador 

Distribution1

Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

assoc.

2

Follow 

pathway

Verticillium dahliae

Kleb.

C. annuum (CABI, 2006; 

Chaney et al., 2003; Farr 

and Rossman, 2010, 2011; 

Holliday, 1980); C. 

frutescens (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011; Holliday, 

1980; Welcing, 2000); C. 

pubescens (Holliday, 

1980); Capsicum sp.

(Schooley, 2005; Welcing, 

2000)

EC (Moretta, 1995; 

Rogg, 2000); US

(CABI, 2006; 

Chaney et al., 2003;

Farr and Rossman, 

2011; Schooley, 

2005)

No N/A N/A

BACTERIA

Clavibacter 

michiganensis subsp. 

michiganensis

(Smith) Davis et al. 

C. annuum (CABI, 2006);

Capsicum sp. (MedinaMora et al., 2000)

EC (CABI, 2006); 

US (CABI, 2006; 

Medina-Mora et al., 

2000)

No N/A N/A

Dickeya chrysanthemi 

(Burkholder et al.) 

Samson et al.

Syn.: Erwinia 

chrysanthemi 

(Burkh.) Young et al. 

C. annuum (Alfieri et al., 

1994; CABI, 2006)

EC (CABI, 2006; 

Triviño et al., 2001; 

Vaughan, 1982); US

(Alfieri et al., 1994; 

CABI, 2006)

No N/A N/A

Erwinia sp. C. annuum, C. frutescens 

(RFDS, 1994)

EC (RFDS, 1994) Yes3S (INIAP, 

1992)

No

Pectobacterium 

carotovorum (Jones) 

Waldee

Syn.: Erwinia 

carotovora (Jones) 

Bergey et al. 

C. annuum (Alfieri et al., 

1994; Universidad Central 

del Ecuador, 2004; USDA, 

1970; Wellman, 1977); C.

baccatum (Wellman, 

1977); C. frutescens 

(Alfieri et al., 1994; Rogg, 

2000; USDA, 1970; 

Wellman, 1977);

Capsicum sp. (CABI, 

2006; MAG, 2001)

EC (MAG, 1986b; 

MAG, 2001; Rogg, 

2000; Universidad 

Central del Ecuador, 

2004; Vaughan, 

1982); US (Alfieri et 

al., 1994; CABI, 

2006; USDA, 1970; 

Schooley, 2005)

No N/A N/A

Ralstonia solanacearum

(Smith) Yabuuchi et 

al.

Syn.: Pseudomonas 

solanacearum (Smith) 

Smith

C. annuum (CABI, 2006; 

Navarrete, 2000; Wellman, 

1977); C. baccatum, C.

frutescens (Wellman, 

1977); Capsicum sp.

(INIAP, 2001)

EC (CABI, 2006; 

INIAP, 1996; 

INIAP, 2001; 

Navarrete, 2000; 

Triviño et al., 2001); 

US (CABI, 2006)

No N/A N/A

Ralstonia solanacearum

race 1 (Smith) 

Yabuuchi et al. 

C. annuum (CABI, 2006) EC, US (CABI, 

2006)

No N/A N/A
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador

Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 41

Pest Scientific Name Reported on Capsicum 

spp.

US and Ecuador 

Distribution1

Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

assoc.

2

Follow 

pathway

Rhizobium radiobacter

(Beijerinck & van 

Delden) Young et al.

Syn. Agrobacterium 

tumefaciens (Smith & 

Townsend) Conn; A. 

radiobacter

(Beijerinck & van 

Delden) Conn

C. annuum (CABI, 2006) EC (Agribusiness, 

1992; Universidad 

Central del EcuadorExpoflores, 1999); 

US (CABI, 2006)

No N/A N/A

Xanthomonas 

campestris (Pammel) 

Dowson 

C. annuum, C. frutescens

(Alfieri et al., 1994; CABI, 

2006); Capsicum sp.

(PestID, 2010; CABI, 

2006)

EC (MAG, 1986b); 

US (Alfieri et al., 

1994; CABI, 2006)

No N/A N/A

Xanthomonas 

vesicatoria (Doidge) 

Vauterin et al.

Syn: X. campestris 

pv. vesicatoria 

(Doidge) Dye

C. annuum (CABI, 2006; 

NSF, 2001; Sahin, 2001; 

USDA, 1970; Wellman, 

1977); C. baccatum

(Wellman, 1977); C. 

frutescens (Rogg, 2000; 

USDA, 1970; Wellman,

1977); Capsicum sp.

(CABI, 2006; NSF, 1999; 

Sahin, 2001; University of 

California, 2000; Welcing, 

2000)

EC (Rogg, 2000); 

US (CABI, 2006; 

Kousik and Ritchie, 

1995; NSF, 2001; 

Sahin, 2001; 

University of 

California, 2000; 

USDA, 1970)

No N/A N/A

VIRUSES

Alfalfa mosaic virus

(AMV)

C. annuum (Brunt et al., 

1990; Brunt et al., 1996; 

CABI, 2006; Ceballos, 

1997; Chaney et al., 2003; 

NSF, 2001); C. frutescens 

(Brunt et al., 1996; 

Ceballos, 1997); Capsicum 

sp. (CABI, 2006; Ceballos, 

1997; Welcing, 2000)

EC (Ceballos, 1997; 

Vizuete and Ochoa, 

2003); US (CABI, 

2006; Chaney et al., 

2003; Hamm, 1995; 

NSF, 2001)

No N/A N/A

Andean potato mottle 

virus (APMoV)

Capsicum sp. (CABI, 

2010)

EC (CABI, 2010) Yes F, L, R, S, Sd

(CABI, 2010)

Yes
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador

Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 42

Pest Scientific Name Reported on Capsicum 

spp.

US and Ecuador 

Distribution1

Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

assoc.

2

Follow 

pathway

Cucumber mosaic virus

(CMV)

C. annuum (Alfieri et al., 

1994; Brunt et al., 1990; 

Brunt et al., 1996; CABI, 

2006; Ceballos, 1997; Ravi

et al., 1997; Universidad 

Central del Ecuador, 2004; 

USDA, 1970; Zitter and 

Florini, 1984); C. 

frutescens (Alfieri et al., 

1994; Brunt et al., 1996; 

CABI, 2006; Grube et al., 

2000; USDA, 1970);

Capsicum sp. (NSF, 1999; 

University of California, 

2000; Welcing, 2000)

EC (Ceballos, 1997; 

Universidad Central 

del Ecuador, 2004); 

US (Alfieri et al., 

1994; CABI, 2006; 

NSF, 1999; USDA, 

1970; Zitter and 

Florini, 1984)

No N/A N/A

Potato virus A (PVA) Capsicum sp. (CABI, 

2006)

EC (Rogg, 2000); 

US (CABI, 2006; 

Thomas, 2004)

No N/A N/A

Potato virus X (PVX) C. annuum (CABI, 2006; 

Ceballos, 1997); C. 

frutescens (CABI, 2006)

EC (Ceballos, 1997; 

MAG, 1986b; 

MAG, 1986a); US

(CABI, 2006)

No N/A N/A

Potato virus Y (PVY) C. annuum (Alfieri et al., 

1994; Brunt et al., 1990; 

Brunt et al., 1996; CABI, 

2006; Chalá et al., 1982; 

INIAP, 1999; Vaughan, 

1982); C. frutescens (Brunt

et al., 1996; MAG, 1986b; 

Vaughan, 1982); Capsicum 

sp. (NSF, 1999; CABI, 

2006)

EC (Brunt et al., 

1990; Ceballos, 

1997; Chalá et al., 

1982; INIAP, 1999; 

MAG, 1986b; 

Vaughan, 1982); US

(Alfieri et al., 1994; 

CABI, 2006; NSF, 

1999)

No N/A N/A

Tobacco etch virus

(TEV)

C. annuum (Alfieri et al., 

1994; Brunt et al., 1990; 

Brunt et al., 1996; CABI, 

2006; Chalá et al., 1982; 

Ceballos, 1997; INIAP, 

1999; USDA, 1970; 

Vaughan, 1982; Wellman, 

1977); C. baccatum

(Wellman, 1977); C. 

frutescens (Brunt et al., 

1996; Ceballos, 1997; 

MAG, 1986b; USDA, 

1970; Vaughan, 1982; 

Wellman, 1977)

EC (Brunt et al., 

1990; Ceballos, 

1997; Chalá et al., 

1982; INIAP, 1999; 

MAG, 1986b; 

Vaughan, 1982); US

(Alfieri et al., 1994; 

CABI, 2006; USDA, 

1970)

No N/A N/A
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador

Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 43

Pest Scientific Name Reported on Capsicum 

spp.

US and Ecuador 

Distribution1

Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

assoc.

2

Follow 

pathway

Tobacco mosaic virus

(TMV)

C. annuum (Brunt et al., 

1996; CABI, 2006; Chalá

et al., 1982; Ceballos, 

1997; INIAP, 1999; NSF, 

2001; USDA, 1970; 

Vaughan, 1982; Wellman, 

1977); C. baccatum 

(Wellman, 1977); C. 

frutescens (Brunt et al., 

1996; Ceballos, 1997; 

MAG, 1986b; USDA, 

1970; Vaughan, 1982; 

Wellman, 1977); 

Capsicum sp. (NSF, 1999)

EC (Ceballos, 1997; 

Chalá et al., 1982; 

INIAP, 1999; MAG, 

1986b; Vaughan, 

1982; Wellman, 

1977); US (CABI, 

2006; NSF, 1999; 

NSF, 2001; USDA, 

1970)

No N/A N/A

Tobacco streak virus

(TSV)

C. annuum (Brunt et al., 

1990; CABI, 2006); C. 

frutescens (Brunt et al., 

1996)

EC (Rogg, 2000); 

US (CABI, 2006)

No N/A N/A

Tomato spotted wilt 

virus (TSWV)

C. annuum (Alfieri et al., 

1994; Brunt et al., 1990; 

Brunt et al., 1996; CABI, 

2010; Ceballos, 1997; 

Chaney et al., 2003; 

Universidad Central del 

Ecuador, 2004); C.

frutescens (Ceballos, 

1997); Capsicum sp.

(CABI, 2010)

EC (Brunt et al., 

1990; CABI, 2010; 

Ceballos, 1997; 

Rogg, 2000

Universidad Central 

del Ecuador, 2004); 

US (Alfieri et al., 

1994; CABI, 2010; 

Chaney et al., 2003 )

No N/A N/A

2.4.1. Quarantine Pests Not Considered for Risk Mitigation

Some quarantine plant pests listed above may be detrimental to U.S. agricultural production 

systems but were not chosen for further analysis, for reasons explained below. For example, they

may be mainly associated with plant parts other than the commodity; associated with the 

commodity, but not likely to remain with the commodity through standard harvest and postharvest processing; have been intercepted as biological contaminants of these commodities 

during U.S. agricultural port-of-entry inspection, but are not likely to be present in commercial 

shipments; or were identified only to the genus level, and the genus in question occurs in the 

continental United States.

Organisms Not Identified to Species. We generally do not further analyze organisms identified 

only to the genus or higher taxonomic level if the taxon in question is reported in the PRA area 

of the United States. Often there are many species within a genus, and we cannot know if the 

unidentified species occurs in the continental United States and, consequently, whether it meets 

the definition of a quarantine pest for the continental United States. Here, we did not further 

analyze the following genera for that reason: Acanthocephala sp., Aeolus sp., Agrotis sp., 
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador

Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 44

Alternaria sp., Aphelenchus sp., Aphis sp., Calophya sp., Cladosporium sp., Colletotrichum sp.,

Conoderus sp., Cyclorrhapha sp., Diabrotica sp., Dorylaimus sp., Eleodes sp., Empoasca sp., 

Epitrix sp., Erwinia sp., Fusarium sp., Gnorimoschema sp., Helicotylenchus sp., Helicoverpa sp.,

Helminthosporium sp., Herculia sp., Liriomyza sp., Longidorus sp., Melanotus sp., Meloidogyne

sp., Myzus sp., Oidium sp., Phytophthora sp., Pratylenchus sp., Pythium sp., Ramularia sp.,

Rhizoctonia sp., Spodoptera sp., Systena sp., Tetranychus sp., Tylenchus sp., and Xiphinema sp.

At least one species of each of these genera is already present in the continental United States. If 

pests identified to higher taxa are intercepted in the future, then we may re-evaluate their risk.

Doubtful host association. Multiple species were not listed above because their association with 

the commodity is doubtful. For example, without further information, we consider one or a few 

interceptions at U.S. ports-of-entry on a commodity (PestID, 2010) to be insufficient evidence of 

a host association, especially if the interception occurred on produce in passenger baggage, 

because the pest may have been associated with other produce or have come from a different 

origin. This was the case for the following species: Aleurocanthus woglumi [Hemiptera: 

Aleyrodidae], Anastrepha serpentina [Diptera: Tephritidae], Coccus viridis [Hemiptera: 

Coccidae], Corythaica cyathicollis [Hemiptera: Tingidae], Dickeya paradisiacal (bacteria),

Dysmicoccus neobrevipes [Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae], Helicoverpa gelotopoeon [Lepidoptera: 

Noctuidae], Maruca vitrata [Lepidoptera: Crambidae], Oebalus ornatus [Hemiptera: 

Pentatomidae], Pectinophora gossypiella [Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae], Pseudococcus elisae

[Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae], Sitophilus zeamais [Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae],and Spodoptera 

androgea [Lepidoptera: Noctuidae].

Sitophilus zeamais is predominately a post-harvest pest of maize, while O. ornatus is a pest of 

seeds in rice. The primary hosts of Maruca vitrata, are in the Fabaceae family. Reports of 

Anastrepha serpentina on Capsicum spp. are based only on laboratory studies (Norrbom, 2010).

For Pseudococcus elisae literature is full of misidentifications (CABI, 2006); reports for P. 

elisae apparently refer to a mixture of two species, including P. jackbeardsleyi. 

Should any of these pests be intercepted in shipments of peppers, quarantine action may be 

taken and additional risk analyses may be conducted.

2.4.2. Quarantine pests that follow the pathway and are candidates for risk mitigation

We identified eight quarantine pests for further analysis (Table 4). All of these pests are 

reasonably expected to follow the pathway, i.e., be included in commercial shipments of pepper 

fruit from Ecuador.

We further analyzed Anastrepha fraterculus despite a questionable association with the host. The 

fruit fly has been reported in Ecuador as a pest of both Capsicum annuum (MAG, 1986b; RFDS, 

1994) and C. frutescens (MAG, 1986b; RFDS, 1994; Rogg, 2000). The Ecuadorian NPPO, 

Servicio Ecuatoriano de Sanidad Agropecuaria (SESA) currently AGROCALIDAD (SESA, 

2008), argues, however, that the MAG (1986) report is not trustworthy and/or is misleading, due 

to mistaken nomenclature, confusion in the original and unique report, the lack of consistency

with the reported behavior of A. fraterculus, and the lack of other evidence of Capsicum annuum

as host of this fruit fly. Pest experts in Ecuador indicated to us that this pest has not been found 
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador

Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 45

attacking peppers (SESA, 2008; Valarezo, 2007). Given this uncertainty, and until we receive 

further information, we decided to analyze the pest.

Table 4. Quarantine pests likely to follow the pathway.

Type Organism Taxonomy

Arthropod Anastrepha fraterculus Diptera: Tephritidae

Ceratitis capitata Diptera: Tephritidae

Neoleucinodes elegantalis Lepidoptera: Pyralidae

Thrips palmi Thysanoptera: Thripidae

Tuta absoluta Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae

Spodoptera litura Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

Pathogen Andean potato mottle virus Comoviridae

Puccinia pampeana Urediniomycetes: Uredinales

2.5. Analysis of Quarantine Pests

For the quarantine pests selected for further analysis, we assessed their likelihood of introduction 

into the continental United States and the undesirable consequences that may result from their 

introduction. We rated the pests using the criteria in the Guidelines for Pathway-Initiated Pest 

Risk Assessments, Version 5.02 (PPQ, 2000). We calculated a cumulative risk rating, or Pest 

Risk Potential, for each pest by summing all risk element values. Below we summarize the 

values for each pest (Table 7).

The major sources of uncertainty present in this risk assessment include the use of a developing 

or evolving process (Orr et al., 1993; PPQ, 2000), the approach used to combine risk elements 

(Bier, 1999; Morgan and Henrion, 1990), and the evaluation of risk by comparisons to lists of 

factors within the guidelines (Kaplan, 1992; Orr et al., 1993). To address this last source of 

uncertainty, the lists of factors were interpreted as illustrative and not exhaustive, implying that 

additional biological information, even if not explicitly part of the criteria, can be used when 

relevant to a rating. Other sources of uncertainty include the quality of the biological information 

and the amount of information available on the regional flora and fauna. Inherent biological 

variation within a population of organisms introduces uncertainty as well (Morgan and Henrion, 

1990).

2.5.1. Consequences of Introduction

For the quarantine pests listed in Table 4, we rated the potential Consequences of Introduction 

using five Risk Elements: Climate-Host Interaction, Host Range, Dispersal Potential, Economic 

Impact, and Environmental Impact. These elements reflect the biology, host ranges, and 

climatic/geographic distributions of the pests. For each Risk Element, we assigned pests a rating 

of Low (1 point), Medium (2 points), or High (3 points) (PPQ, 2000). We then calculated a

Cumulative Risk Rating by summing the Risk Element values. We summarized the ratings for 

the Consequences of Introduction for each pest below (Table 5).
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Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 46

Anastrepha fraterculus Risk ratings

Risk Element #1: Climate-Host Interaction

Anastrepha fraterculus represents a species complex that occurs in southern Texas 

(Rio Grande Valley), Mexico (restricted distribution), Belize, Costa Rica, El 

Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Trinidad and Tobago, 

Argentina (restricted distribution), Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, 

Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, and Venezuela (CABI, 2010). The 

lowest temperature reported for a successful high rate of oviposition and larval 

eclosion of A. fraterculus was observed at 6oC (42.8 oF) (Cardoso et al., 2002).

Considering the interaction between the host availability for A. fraterculus and its 

suitable climate, we estimated that this pest could become established in U.S. 

Plant Hardiness Zones 9-11 (Magarey et al., 2008). Multiple plant hosts occur in 

these zones (Kartesz, 2010).

Medium (2)

Risk Element #2: Host Range

Anastrepha fraterculus is a polyphagous plant pest with hosts reported in 37 plant 

families (CABI, 2006; Norrbom, 2004; Sequeira et al., 2001). It has 46 plant hosts 

in the continental United States (CABI, 2006; Norrbom, 2004; NRCS, 2008). The 

preferred hosts are Myrtaceae, particularly guava (Psidium guajava). Mangos and 

apples are important hosts in Brazil; Citrus and Prunus spp. are noted as 

occasional hosts (CABI, 2007). Eugenia, Citrus, Psidium guajava, and Syzygium

are found in Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, and California (NRCS, 2008). It

has also been reported to attack Capsicum spp. in Ecuador (MAG, 1986). Citrus,

Prunus, and Capsicum are important crops in the United States. 

High (3)

Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential

Anastrepha fraterculus has a relatively high biotic potential, and can also disperse

long distances on its own. In some studies it had an average of 11.2 generations 

per year (Mello et al., 2003). Regarding dispersal, it moved 800 m from patches of 

native forest to reach an outside apple orchard (Kovaleski et al., 1999). This is 

significant because its polyphagous nature permits the finding of resources in new 

areas when these are lacking in the place of eclosion. A major means of dispersal 

to previously uninfested areas is likely the transport of fruit containing live larvae 

(CABI, 2006).

High (3)

Risk Element #4: Economic Impact 

Anastrepha fraterculus is an economically important fruit fly species, and could 

be a major threat to the fruit-growing industry worldwide (Aluja and Norrbom, 

2000; Norrbom, 2004; White and Elson-Harris, 1992). Anastrepha fraterculus

causes large fruit losses and lowers yield (Ovruski et al., 1999). Larvae feeding on 

internal fruit tissue causes damage, which lowers the value of the commodity and 

makes it completely unmarketable (Ovruski et al., 1999; Sequeira et al., 2001). 

Anastrepha fraterculus increases crop production costs because chemical and 

biological control programs need to be initiated to eradicate adult flies (White and 

Elson-Harris, 1992). The quarantine measures imposed by countries free of this 

pest cause economic loss through lost exporting opportunities (CABI, 2010; 

Ovruski et al., 1999; Sequeira et al., 2001).

High (3)

Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact

Anastrepha fraterculus could directly attack fruits from 53 plant species in the 

High (3)
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Anastrepha fraterculus Risk ratings

families Anacardiaceae (1), Annonaceae (2), Boraginaceae (5), Euphorbiaceae (3),

Fabaceae (25), Lauraceae (1), Rhamnaceae (4), Rosaceae (7), Rubiaceae (3), and 

Sterculiaceae (3). These families contain Federal Endangered or Threatened plant 

species (USFWS, 2010). Other species listed as threatened plants in the 

Preservation of Native Flora of Florida Act include Prunus geniculata (USFWS, 

2010). Additionally, the introduction of A. fraterculus into the continental United 

States would stimulate chemical or biological control programs that could affect 

45 U.S. states according to its host plant distribution (NRCS, 2008). 

Andean potato mottle virus (APMoV) Risk ratings

Risk Element #1: Climate-Host Interaction

Andean potato mottle virus (APMoV) occurs in the South and Central American 

countries of Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Honduras, 

Nicaragua, Peru, and Uruguay (Avila et al., 1984; CABI, 2010; Fribourg et al., 

1977; García et al., 1999; Valverde et al., 1995). The virus is likely to occur 

throughout the Andean region at elevations of 2000-4000 m (6,560-13,120 feet)

and a minimum temperature of 2-3°C (35-37°F) (CABI, 2010; Cardenas, 2007). 

APMoV could establish in U.S. Plant Hardiness Zones 9-11 (Magarey et al., 

2008). One or more of its potential hosts lives within this range (NRCS, 2008).

Medium (2)

Risk Element #2: Host Range

The host range of APMoV is restricted to the Solanaceae family, including 

Capsicum annuum, C. chinense, C. frutescens, Datura stramonium (CABI, 2010;

Pernezny et al., 2003), Lycopersicon chilense, Nicandra physaloides (Valverde 

and Fulton, 1996), Nicotiana bigelovii (Fribourg et al., 1977), N. clevelandii

(Valverde and Fulton, 1996), Solanum melongena, and S. tuberosum (CABI,

2010; García et al., 1999; Pernezny et al., 2003).

Medium (2)

Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential

This virus is transmitted by mechanical inoculation and by contact between plants,

but not through seed (Brunt et al., 1996; CABI, 2010). APMoV is vectored by the 

polyphagous beetles Diabrotica balteata Leconte and D. viridula Fabricius 

(Chrysomelidae, Coleoptera), which are found in the southern United States

(Valverde et al., 1995; Valverde and Fulton, 1996). Other species of Diabrotica

are also suspected to be vectors (Valverde and Fulton, 1996). Thus, populations 

already present within the United States would have to move the virus into the 

environment.

Medium (2)

Risk Element #4: Economic Impact 

Pepper grown in Central America has shown that mixed infections of APMoV 

with other viruses (e.g., Tobacco etch virus, Pepper mottle virus) can lead

to severe symptoms and substantially lower yields (CABI, 2010). APMoV

increases production costs as it is highly virulent and is a concern for potato seed 

production regions (Avila et al., 1984; CABI, 2010). Its presence in the United 

States may cause foreign and domestic markets to be lost since the virus appears

listed as a quarantine pest for many countries (e.g., EPPO, ND).

High (3)
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Andean potato mottle virus (APMoV) Risk ratings

Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact

APMoV could attack plants in the Solanaceae family listed as Threatened or 

Endangered, including Solanum drymophilium, S. incompletum, and S.

sandwicense, which are not present in the continental United States (USFWS, 

2010). Control programs would undoubtedly be initiated if it was to be introduced 

into new areas of the United States, because it is a major pathogen of potatoes and 

several economic crops (CABI, 2010).

Medium (2)

Ceratitis capitata Risk ratings

Risk Element #1: Climate-Host Interaction

Ceratitis capitata is widely distributed throughout the Mediterranean region, 

southern Europe, the Middle East, Western Australia, South and Central America, 

and Hawaii (CABI, 2006; PPQ, 1993; White and Elson-Harris, 1992). Successive 

eradication programs in California, Florida, and Texas have prevented it from 

becoming established in those states (APHIS, 2002; CDFA, 2008). The interaction 

of hosts and climatic conditions necessary for the establishment of C. capitata in 

the continental United States exists in southern states (Vo and Miller, 1993). We

estimated that C. capitata could establish in the United States in U.S. Plant

Hardiness Zones 8-11 (Magarey et al., 2008). Because of the small size of zone 

11, it does not count toward the total for the rating.

Medium (2)

Risk Element #2: Host Range

Ceratitis capitata is a highly polyphagous species (White and Elson-Harris, 1992). 

Hosts of C. capitata include plants in numerous plant families, including the 

species Anacardium occidentale, Acca sellowiana, Annona spp., Averrhoa 

carambola, Banksia prionote, Calophyllum spp., Capsicum spp., Carica papaya,

Carissa edulis, Casimiroa spp., Chrysophyllum cainito, C. oliviforme, Citrus spp., 

Coffea spp., Cyphomandra betacea, Diospyros spp., Dovyalis caffra, Eriobotrya 

japonica, Eugenia spp., Ficus carica, Fortunella japonica, Garcinia livingstonei,

Juglans spp., Litchi chinensis, Lycium spp., Malpighia glabra, Malus domestica, 

Mangifera indica, Manilkara zapota, Mespilus germanica, Morus spp., Muntingia 

calabura, Opuntia spp., Persea americana, Phoenix dactylifera, Physalis 

peruviana, Pouteria spp., Prunus spp., Psidium spp., Punica granatum, Pyrus 

communis, Rubus spp., Santalum album, Solanum lycopersicum, Spondias spp.,

Syzygium spp., Terminalia catappa, Thevetia peruviana, and Vitis spp. (Liquido et 

al., 1990; Thomas et al., 2001; White and Elson-Harris, 1992). 

High (3)

Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential

Females may deposit up to 22 eggs per day and as many as 800 eggs in their lifetime 

(Weems, 1981). Sexual compatibility between populations from different areas 

worldwide was demonstrated (CABI, 2006). There is evidence that adults of C.

capitata can fly as far as 20 miles (~32,187 km) (Christenson and Foote, 1960; 

Steiner et al., 1962), indicating that natural movement is an important means of 

spread for this fruit fly. In addition to adult flight, the transportation of infested 

fruit is a major means of movement and dispersal of this pest into uninfested areas 

(CABI and EPPO, 1997a). 

High (3)
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Ceratitis capitata Risk ratings

Risk Element #4: Economic Impact

Ceratitis capitata is one of the world’s most destructive fruit pests (Weems, 1981). 

Because of its wide distribution, and its wide host range, it is ranked as the most 

important among economically important fruit flies (CABI, 2006; Weems, 1981). It 

may also transmit fruit-rotting fungi (CABI, 2006). The species is of quarantine 

significance for many countries (CERIS, 2006). Costs would be incurred to 

minimize the impact of C. capitata on crop production, because the presence of 

larvae in the fruit may make the fruit unmarketable, resulting in the loss of 

international and interstate markets (Andrew et al., 1977). Introduction of C.

capitata is likely to stimulate chemical or biological control programs in order to 

prevent widespread damage (Vo and Miller, 1993). 

High (3)

Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact

Potential hosts of C. capitata may include Threatened or Endangered plant species 

in the continental United States, such as Opuntia treleasei and Prunus geniculata, 

which are listed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service as endangered species in 

California and Florida, respectively (USFWS, 2010). As it represents a significant 

economic threat, the establishment of C. capitata in the continental United States 

would undoubtedly trigger the initiation of chemical or biological control 

programs. 

High (3)

Neoleucinodes elegantalis Risk ratings

Risk Element #1: Climate-Host Interaction

This pest is distributed from Mexico to northern Argentina, Cuba, Granada, Puerto 

Rico, and Trinidad Islands (Marcano, 1991b), and from the Antilles, Brazil, 

Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela (CABI, 2006; Revelo, 2003). The climatic 

conditions in Plant Hardiness Zones 9-11 (Magarey et al., 2008) are likely to be 

suitable for the survival and establishment of this insect in the continental United 

States. Host crops are present in those zones (NRCS, 2008).

Medium (2)

Risk Element #2: Host Range 

This fruit borer attacks only plants in the Solanaceae family (CABI, 2006; 

Marcano, 2005). Hosts include Solanum betaceum, S. hirtum, S. lycopersicum, S.

melongena, S. quitoense, and Capsicum annuum (CABI, 2007; Castaño, 1996; 

Marcano, 2005). 

Medium (2)

Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential

In Venezuela, the pest was detected in 1934 with populations which increased 

every year (Marcano, 1991a). The reproductive potential of N. elegantalis was 

studied under laboratory conditions. The total time for development of the insect 

was 27-110 days, then multiple generations per year are possible; the number of 

eggs per female was 75 on eggplant and 34 on tomato (Marcano, 1991a). There 

are no studies on the dispersal capacity of this pest to previous uninfested areas. 

Medium (2)

Risk Element #4: Economic Impact

Neoleucinodes elegantalis (Guenée) is the most important pest in several tomatogrowing regions in South America and the Caribbean. Neoleucinodes elegantalis

High (3)
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Neoleucinodes elegantalis Risk ratings

is the major economic pest that impacts tomato-growing regions in Brazil, 

Colombia, and Venezuela (Eiras and Blackmer, 2003; Franco et al., 2002; 

Marcano, 1991b). In 1961 it damaged tomato crops in the State of Lara and is now 

the most important pest for this crop (Marcano, 1991a). There is an increase in 

production costs due to the controls regimes in affected areas by this pest (Franco

et al., 2002). The larva penetrates the fruit, making the fruit unmarketable and 

causing fruit fall (Castaño, 1996). During rainy seasons the population produces 

damage even up to 40 percent of the fruits, reducing field yield (Marcano, 2005). 

As a quarantine pest for the Caribbean Plant Protection Commission (EPPO, 

2007), N. elegantalis could cause the loss of international markets. 

Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact

Of the two host genera in the Solanaceae family attacked by N. elegantalis (CABI, 

2006; Castaño, 1996), only Solanum has congeners listed as either Threatened, 

Endangered, or candidates for listing (USFWS, 2010). However, those species, 

Solanum drymophilium, S. incompletum, and S. sandwicense are present only in 

Puerto Rico and Hawaii. The introduction of this pest in the United States would 

stimulate the use of chemical and biological measures to detect and control the 

pest, including the possible release of Trichogramma species (Marcano, 2005).

Medium (2)

Puccinia pampeana Risk ratings

Risk Element #1: Climate-Host Interaction

Puccinia pampeana occurs in the following South American countries: Argentina, 

Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Uruguay (Hernández and 

Hennen, 2003). In Central America, it occurs in Costa Rica (Farr and Rossman, 

2011; Calderón and Díaz, 2002), Guatemala, and Mexico (Hernández and 

Hennen, 2003). Puccinia pampeana is likely to develop in temperatures between 

15-28°C (59-82°F) (Tamayo and Jaramillo, 2006). Based on its distribution, P. 

pampeana could establish in Plant Hardiness Zones 9-11 (Magarey et al., 2008).

Medium (2)

Risk Element #2: Host Range

Rust fungi are generally host-specific, often causing disease on certain genera or 

even on certain cultivars (Agrios, 2004). Puccinia pampeana infects genera in the 

Solanaceae family, including Acnistus arborescens, A. breviflorus, A. parviflorus, 

Capsicum annuum, C. baccatum, C. ciliatum, C. frutescens, C. microcarpum, C. 

pendulum, Cestrum sp., Dunalia breviflora, D. lycioides, Salpichroa diffusa, S. 

origanifolia, S. rhomboidea, Solanum cyrtopodium, S. lycioides, and S. 

valdiviense (Farr and Rossman, 2011; Hernández and Hennen, 2003).

Medium (2)

Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential

Puccinia pampeana produces Endophyllum-type and Puccinia-type teliospores, 

both of which germinate to produce basidiospores (Figueiredo, 2000; Ono, 2002). 

Under appropriate conditions the spores germinate and produce basidiospores and 

repeat the infective process for several generations. Thus, the disease can rapidly

disseminate in field conditions. After rust infection, developed teliospores have 

dormancy and tolerate high summer temperatures in subtropical areas. They overHigh (3)
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Puccinia pampeana Risk ratings

summer and germinate after rain, producing basidiospores that infect the host 

plants in the autumn when mild temperatures predominate (Figueiredo et al., 

1987; Figueiredo, 2000). Multiple generations can occur in a year. Rust fungi 

spread from plant to plant mostly by windblown spores, although insects, rain, and 

animals may play a role. Some spores (uredospores) are transported over long 

distances by strong winds and can start new infections (Agrios, 2004; Staples, 

2000).

Risk Element #4: Economic Impact 

Puccinia pampeana occurs on many members of the Solanaceae and causes 

complete losses in crops of several species of Capsicum in Central and South 

America (Hernández and Hennen, 2003). The disease causes curling and 

distortion of the buds (Hernández and Hennen, 2003). Related Puccinia species 

significantly reduce yield and product quality, and require control through 

removal of alternate hosts, host resistance, and/or chemical control (Agrios, 2004; 

Staples, 2000). The establishment of P. pampeana in the United States may result 

in loss of foreign and domestic markets.

High (3)

Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact

Puccinia pampeana could attack plants in the Solanum genus listed as Threatened 

or Endangered (USFWS, 2010), such as S. drymophilum (Puerto Rico), S. 

incompletum, and S. sandwicense (Hawaii). Because it affects an economically

important crop (Capsicum sp.) (Hernández and Hennen, 2003), control programs 

would undoubtedly be initiated if it were introduced into the United States.

High (3)

Spodoptera litura Risk ratings

Risk Element #1: Climate-Host Interaction

The geographic range of S. litura extends from the temperate zone to the tropics 

(CABI, 2006). The species occurs in Asia, from Iran to Japan, southward to 

Indonesia; throughout the islands of the Pacific; and in Australia. We estimate that 

this moth would establish permanent populations in U.S. Plant Hardiness Zones 7-

11 (Magarey et al., 2008), where one or more of its potential hosts occur (NRCS, 

2008).

High (3)

Risk Element #2: Host Range

Spodoptera litura is highly polyphagous. Hosts include Allium cepa and Lilium 

sp. (Liliaceae), Amaranthus sp. (Amaranthaceae), Beta vulgaris var. saccharifera 

(Chenopodiaceae), Boehmeria nivea (Urticaceae), Brassica oleracea 

(Brassicaceae), Camellia sinensis (Theaceae), Citrus spp. (Rutaceae), Coffea sp. 

(Rubiaceae), Colocasia esculenta (Araceae), Crotalaria juncea and Sesbania 

grandiflora (Fabaceae), Corchorus olitorius (Tiliaceae), Coriandrum sativum 

(Apiaceae), Gossypium hirsutum (Malvaceae), Helianthus annuus (Asteraceae), 

Ipomoea batatas (Convolvulaceae), Linum usitatissimum (Linaceae), Malus 

pumila (Rosaceae), Manihot esculenta (Euphorbiaceae), Morus alba (Moraceae), 

Musa sp. (Musaceae), Oryza sativa (Poaceae), Papaver sp. (Papaveraceae), 

Paulownia tomentosa (Scrophulariaceae), Piper nigrum (Piperaceae), Solanum 

High (3)
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Spodoptera litura Risk ratings

spp. (Solanaceae), Syzygium aromaticum (Myrtaceae), Tectona grandis 

(Verbenaceae), Theobroma cacao (Sterculiaceae), and Vitis vinifera (Vitaceae) 

(CABI, 2006).

Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential

Fecundity is as high as 2600 eggs per female (CABI, 2006). Depending on 

latitude, as many as 12 generations per year may occur. On sunflower cultivars, 

fecundity was between 3163 and 4586 eggs and life cycle duration was about 26 

days (Thomas and Bilapate, 2007). The eggs are laid in clusters of 200 to 300 on 

the underside of leaves and covered with brown scales from the body of the 

mother. The life cycle takes about 25 days (Schreiner, 2000). The moths have a 

flight range of 1.5 km over four hours, facilitating dispersion and oviposition on 

different hosts. In international trade, eggs or larvae may be present on planting 

material, cut flowers, or vegetables (CABI and EPPO, 1997b). This pest thus 

exhibits extremely high reproductive and dispersal potentials.

High (3)

Risk Element #4: Economic Impact

Most work on the economic impact of S. litura has been conducted in India, where 

it is a serious pest of field crops. It causes 9 to 24 percent losses in tomatoes 

(CAPS, 2007). On tobacco, two larvae per plant reduced yield by about 24 

percent, while eight larvae reduced yields by about 50 percent (CABI and EPPO, 

1997b). Although primarily a defoliator, larvae of S. litura will bore into fruits of 

some crops, such as Capsicum spp. Insecticides are commonly used for control, 

increasing crop production costs, but in recent years populations of S. litura have 

developed resistance to many commercially available pesticides (CABI, 2006).

The pest is an A1 quarantine pest for Europe (CABI and EPPO, 1997b). Thus, its 

establishment in the United States could result in the loss of foreign markets for 

various commodities. 

High (3)

Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact

Introduction of S. litura poses a potential threat to plants in the United States listed 

as Threatened or Endangered, such as Allium munzii, Amaranthus spp., Crotalaria 

avonensis, Helianthus spp., Lilium spp., Manihot walkerae, Sesbania tomentosa, 

and Solanum spp. (USFWS, 2010). However, its introduction is unlikely to trigger 

the initiation of control programs. That is because closely related species (e.g., S. 

exigua [Hübner]) and other Noctuidae with similar niches are already widely

distributed throughout the United States, and measures already in place for their 

control likely would be equally effective against S. litura.

Medium (2)

Thrips palmi Risk ratings

Risk Element #1: Climate-Host Interactions

Thrips palmi is distributed in multiple countries in Asia, Africa, Oceania, and 

twenty-seven countries in the Western Hemisphere, including the United States 

(Hawaii and Florida) and Ecuador (CABI, 2010; Triviño et al., 1999). In Florida 

conditions are favorable to complete a generation in about 20 days at 30°C (86°F) 

(Capinera, 2000). Thrips palmi has low cold tolerance and a set of developmental 

Medium (2)
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Thrips palmi Risk ratings

thresholds that are generally lower than average winter temperatures (McDonald

et al., 2000). The pest is most likely to establish in U.S. Plant Hardiness Zones 9-

11 (Magarey et al., 2008), where hosts are present (NRCS, 2008).

Risk Element #2: Host Range

Thrips palmi has a very wide range of host plants, including vegetables, flowers, 

and weeds, but mainly attacks Cucurbitaceae (Cucumis, Cucurbita) and 

Solanaceae (Capsicum, Nicotiana, Solanum) plants. Host plants include

Anacardiaceae (Mangifera indica), Asteraceae (Chrysanthemum, Helianthus,

Lactuca), Fabaceae (Glycine, Phaseolus, Vigna), Lauraceae (Persea), Liliacea 

(Allium), Malvaceae (Gossypium), Poaceae (Oryza), and Rutaceae (Citrus) 

(CABI, 2007).

High (3)

Risk Element #3: Dispersal potential

Thrips palmi has a relatively high biotic potential. Females can mature and deposit 

up to 204 eggs during their life, and generation times range from 12-20 days 

depending on temperature and host plant (Capinera, 2000; CABI, 2006), so 

several generations per year are possible. Thrips palmi can reproduce both 

sexually and by parthenogenesis. Unmated females produce only males. Mated 

females produce predominately females (Martin and Mau, 1992). The most 

important factors for the dispersal process are temperature, light, and wind. Most 

of the temperate species can take off when temperatures reach 17°C (62°F) to 

21°C (69°F) (Lewis, 1997). The rapid spread of T. palmi since the mid-1980s to 

many parts of the subtropics may have been through airborne dispersal, 

particularly where violent storms occur, as in the Caribbean Sea (Lewis, 1997). 

Due to the difficulty in detection of adult larvae or eggs of T. palmi, commercial 

activity can distribute T. palmi over long distances. 

High (3)

Risk Element #4: Economic Impact

Thrips palmi is a pest of economic importance in many countries. It prefers 

cucurbits and solanaceous plants (CABI, 2006). Japan has established Economic 

Injury Levels (EIL) on pepper, expressed as the number of adults per leaf. EIL 1 

indicated that economic injury thresholds were low in vinyl houses in Japan, 

assuming an acceptable yield loss of 5 percent of the maximum yield, with 0.08 

and 4.4 adults per leaf for aubergine and cucumber, respectively, and 0.11 adults 

per flower for C. annuum (CABI, 2006). Thrips palmi has caused 80 percent of 

yield loss in watermelon plantations in the Philippines. In Trinidad, crop losses on 

aubergine reach 50 percent, and 90 percent on cucumber (CABI, 2006). In 

Florida, this pest has caused tremendous losses since 1990 in cucurbits, eggplants, 

peppers, and beans, and it makes the trading of Ficus and other ornamental plants 

to Europe difficult (CABI, 2006). The species is a vector of Tomato spotted wilt 

tospovirus, Peanut bud necrosis, and Calla lily chlorotic spot virus (CABI, 2006). 

It is listed as an A1 quarantine pest for Europe (EPPO, 2005), so the United States

could lose international markets if this pest established.

High (3)

Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact

Thrips palmi is already present in Florida; as a result, further importation would 

not affect the environmental impact in that area. In areas of the United States 

where T. palmi is not present, it could feed on the following endangered species: 

High (3)
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Thrips palmi Risk ratings

Allium munzii (Munz's onion) in California, and Helianthus schweinitzii 

(Schweinitz's sunflower) in North and South Carolina. Thrips palmi also feeds on 

genera that contain the threatened species Helianthus paradoxus (Pecos 

sunflower) in New Mexico and Texas (USFWS, 2010). The spread of this species 

within the continental United States would stimulate the initiation of chemical or 

biological control programs, but not beyond those already are used for

Frankliniella species.

Tuta absoluta Risk ratings

Risk Element #1: Climate-Host Interaction

Tuta absoluta is widespread or present in countries such as Argentina, Bolivia, 

Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela

(CABI, 2006; EPPO, 2007). It has been reported recently in Italy, France, Malta, 

United Kingdom, Greece, Switzerland, Portugal, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, 

Libya, and Albania (AgriPest, 2010). In development studies on tomato, T. 

absoluta had oviposition but no eclosion of eggs at 30°C (86oF), while at 15°C 

(59oF) egg, larva, pupa and adult stages developed (Marcano, 1995). Tuta

absoluta was not able to complete stage development at temperatures below 7oC 

(44.6oF) for eggs, 7.6oC (45.7oF) for larva, and 9.1oC (48.3oF) for pupa 

(Barrientos et al., 1997). Given this information, this pest seems likely to establish 

in U.S. Plant Hardiness Zones 9-11 (Magarey et al., 2008) where hosts are present

(NRCS, 2008).

Medium (2)

Risk Element #2: Host Range

Tuta absoluta is a pest of solanaceous plants in South America. Hosts include 

Solanum lycopersicum L., S. nigrum, S. tuberosum, Datura stramonium, and

Nicotiana glauca (CABI, 2007). Tuta absoluta attacks multiple species within a 

single plant family.

Medium (2)

Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential

The female of T. absoluta can lay 250-300 eggs in her lifetime (AgriPest, 2010). 

Peak oviposition occurs in the first and second day after adult mating, when 

around 92 percent of the total eggs are laid. One or two days after emergence, the 

female releases a potent sex pheromone that lures males to exhibit mating 

behavior and copulate (CABI, 2006). Pupation lasts about 7 to 11 days for females 

and 11 to13 days for males. Under laboratory conditions, the adults live for 30-40 

days (CABI, 2006). Tuta absoluta can produce 10-12 generations a year 

(AgriPest, 2010; EPPO, 2006). Since 2006, T. absoluta has spread rapidly across 

Southern Europe and North Africa to engulf the whole of the Mediterranean 

countries (AgriPest, 2010). Tuta absoluta can be carried by consignments of 

plants for planting and fruits (EPPO, 2006). Because the larval and pupation 

stages are long (above) (EPPO, 2006), long-distance dispersal on fruit is likely.

High (3)

Risk Element #4: Economic Impact

Tuta absoluta can cause serious losses in locations where tomatoes are infested. It

caused losses of 50-100 percent in tomato plantations, mainly when it does not 

High (3)
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador

Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 55

Tuta absoluta Risk ratings

rain often. It is a pest on both processing and fresh market tomatoes. Tuta absoluta

attacks all phases of the crop from the seedling stage (CABI, 2006). Both yield 

and fruit quality can be significantly reduced by the direct feeding of the pest and 

the secondary pathogens, which may then enter through the wounds made by the 

pest. Severely attacked fruits lose their commercial value (EPPO, 2006). Due to its 

restricted distribution, T. absoluta is an A1 pest that may cause losses of domestic 

and international markets for plants for planting and fruits originating from the 

United States if it were introduced (EPPO, 2006). 

Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact

The Endangered and Threatened plants list includes the species Solanum

drymophilum, S. incompletum, and S. sandwicense, but they are present only in 

Puerto Rico and Hawaii (USFWS, 2010). Chemical control is still the most 

common method to control pests in South American countries; the introduction of 

this pest in the United States, would stimulate the use of chemical control. The 

introduction of this pest in the continental United States could also stimulate the 

use of biological agents for control such as Dineulophus phthorimaeae, 

Trichogramma spp. and the fungi Beauveria spp. and Metarhizium spp.

(Barrientos et al., 1997).

Medium (2)

Table 5. Risk rating for Consequences of Introduction.

Pest Risk elements Cumulative 

Risk Ratinga

Climate-Host

Interaction

Host 

Range

Dispersal

Potential

Economic

Impact

Environmental Impact

Anastrepha fraterculus Med (2) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (14)

Andean potato mottle 

virus

Med (2) Med (2) Med (2) High (3) Med (2) Medium (11)

Ceratitis capitata Med (2) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (14)

Neoleucinodes 

elegantalis

Med (2) Med (2) Med (2) High (3) Med (2) Medium (11)

Puccinia pampeana Med (2) Med (2) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (13)

Spodoptera litura High (3) High (3) High (3) High (3) Med (2) High (14)

Thrips palmi Med (2) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (14)

Tuta absoluta Med (2) Med (2) High (3) High (3) Med (2) Medium (12)

1 Low is 5-8 points; Medium is 9-12 points; High is 13-15 points

2.5.2. Likelihood of Introduction

We based this section on 1) an estimate of the amount of commodity likely to be imported (subelement #1), and 2) pest opportunity estimated using five biological features (sub-elements #2-

6). Details of the rating criteria are explained in the Guidelines for Pathway-Initiated Pest Risk 

Assessments, Version 5.02 (PPQ, 2000). These sub-element ratings, along with the values for the 

Likelihood of Introduction, are summarized below (Table 6). 
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador

Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 56

Quantity of commodity imported annually. The pepper production area in Ecuador has almost 

doubled from 1,298 ha in 1996, to 2,186 ha in 2006 (PROFIAGRO, 2007). However, the 

harvested area was 1,800 ha in 2008 (CABI, 2010). Yields have grown to about 30,101 kg/ha 

(66,361 pounds/ha.), and the production area could expand further if the U.S. market opened 

(PROFIAGRO, 2007). If the product is imported from Ecuador, considering the total volume 

exported by this country in recent years, less than ten 40-foot containers a year would be

imported into the continental United States. The risk rating for this element is Low. 

Survive post-harvest treatment. We assumed that no specialized phytosanitary treatments 

would be used to mitigate pest risk on this commodity.

Mature larvae of N. elegantalis create large exit holes and/or deform the fruit and are easily

detected. Even minimal culling is likely to reduce their prevalence in the pathway, so we rated it

Medium.

APMoV causes systemic infection (Ala-Poikela et al., 2005; CABI, 2010; Valverde et al., 1995) 

and Puccinia pampeana produces sub-epidermal fungal structures (Figueiredo et al., 1987; 

Figueiredo, 2000) that are likely to survive post-harvest treatments. Therefore, the risk ratings for 

all pests except N. elegantalis are High for this element.

Survive shipment. The preferred storage temperature range for peppers is from 7 to 10°C (45 to 

50°F) and high relative humidity (90 to 95 percent) (Boyette et al., 1990). Under these 

conditions, peppers may be stored for as long as three weeks with little loss of quality. 

Transportation of peppers, especially by airplane or ship, will likely have no significant effect on 

pest survival. Therefore, we rated all pests High for this risk element. 

Not be detected at the port-of-entry. Mature larvae of N. elegantalis create large exit holes 

and/or deform the fruit and are easily detected. Young larvae of T. absoluta are borers (Rogg,

2000). Spodoptera litura and T. absoluta larvae create mines and galleries easily detected by the 

naked eye (EPPO, 2006). Fruits can be invaded by secondary pathogens, leading to fruit rot 

(EPPO, 2006). Thrips palmi can be detected by trained inspectors despite their small size. The 

risk rating for all of these species is Medium.

A. fraterculus and C. capitata feed in the fruit and are difficult to detect, so we rated them High. 

Signs of sporulation, leaf, and stem lesions, and rotting fruit from Puccinia pampeana infections 

are easily identified at the port-of–entry, but latent infections and the presence of spores on fruit or 

packing materials are likely to go undetected (Agrios, 2004). We gave this pest a rating of 

Medium.

On pepper, APMoV causes mottling but it can remain symptomless (CABI, 2010; Pernezny et 

al., 2003). We gave this virus a High risk rating.

Imported or moved subsequently to an area with an environment suitable for survival. 

Peppers have widespread acceptance among consumers in the United States, which means that 

markets exist in all parts of the country and infested or infected fruits are likely to arrive in areas
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador

Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 57

that are suitable for pest survival where one or more of the pest’s potential hosts occur (Plant 

Hardiness Zones 9-11) (NRCS, 2008). Zones 9-11 have almost 27 percent of the U.S. population

(Magarey and Borchert, 2008). The possibility of movement to locations suitable for survival of 

all pests is High. 

Come into contact with host material suitable for reproduction. The probability of 

Anastrepha fraterculus, Ceratitis capitata, Spodoptera litura, and Thrips palmi coming into

contact with host material suitable for reproduction is High, because hosts occur across the 

United States.

For Neoleucinodes elegantalis and Tuta absoluta, which attack only plants in the Solanaceae 

family, hosts are widespread available in suitable environmental conditions. We gave both a risk 

rating of High. 

Puccinia pampeana occurs on species within the Solanaceae family (Farr and Rossman, 2011; 

Tamayo and Jaramillo, 2006). The disease can rapidly disseminate in field conditions infecting 

host plants and spread from plant to plant by windblown spores (Agrios, 2004). We gave this 

fungus a risk rating of High.

APMoV is not seed transmitted; it is vectored by species of Diabrotica and mechanically

transmitted (Pernezny et al., 2003). The vector has to contact infected fruit to acquire the virus

and disperses it to a host in the environment in the United States (CABI, 2010; Pernezny et al., 

2003). This virus has a limited host range, affecting mostly plants within the Solanaceae family. 

Thus, we gave it a risk rating of Low.

Table 6. Risk rating for Likelihood of Introduction. For all pests the rating for ‘Quantity imported 

annually’ was Low.a

Pest Sub-element Cumulative 

risk ratingb

Survive 

post-harvest 

treatment

Survive

shipment

Not detected 

at ports-ofentry

Moved to 

suitable 

habitat

Contact 

with host 

material

Anastrepha fraterculus High (3) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (16)

Andean potato mottle virus High (3) High (3) High (3) High (3) Low (1) Medium (14)

Ceratitis capitata High (3) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (16)

Neoleucinodes elegantalis Med (2) High (3) Med (2) High (3) High (3) Medium (14)

Puccinia pampeana High (3) High (3) Med (2) High (3) High (3) High (15)

Spodoptera litura High (3) High (3) Med (2) High (3) High (3) High (15)

Thrips palmi High (3) High (3) Med (2) High (3) High (3) High (15)

Tuta absoluta High (3) High (3) Med (2) High (3) High (3) High (15)

a This rating adds 1 pt to each pest’s row total.

b Low is 6-9 points; Medium is 10-14 points; High is 15-18 points
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador

Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 58

2.6. Pest Risk Potential and Conclusion

We summed the Consequences of Introduction and the Likelihood of Introduction values to 

produce the Pest Risk Potential (Table 7). Pest Risk Potential is a baseline estimate of the risks 

associated with importation of the commodity in the absence of mitigation measures. 

Following the assignment of the Pest Risk Potential, pests associated with the importation of 

peppers into the United States present either a High or Medium pest risk potential. Port-of-entry

inspection is not considered sufficient to provide phytosanitary security for pests with High pest 

risk potential; thus, specific phytosanitary measures are strongly recommended. For pests with 

Medium pest risk potential, specific phytosanitary measure may be necessary. This document 

does not purport to establish specific work plans or to evaluate the reliability of a specific 

program or systems approach. It provides information regarding known mitigation measures. 

The specification and implementation of measures, as would be present in an operational work 

plan, is beyond the scope of this document.

Table 7. Pest risk potential.

Pest Consequences of 

Introduction

Likelihood of 

Introduction

Pest Risk 

Potentiala

Anastrepha fraterculus High (14) High (16) High (30)

Andean potato mottle virus Medium (11) Medium (14) Medium (25)

Ceratitis capitata High (14) High (16) High (30)

Neoleucinodes elegantalis Medium (11) Medium (14) Medium (25)

Puccinia pampeana High (13) High (15) High (28)

Spodoptera litura High (14) High (15) High (29)

Thrips palmi High (14) High (15) High (29)

Tuta absoluta Medium (12) High (15) High (27)

a

Low = 11-18 points, Medium = 19-26 pts, and High = 27-33 pts.

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4. Author, Contributors, and Reviewers

Author

G.A. Zambrano, Agronomist, Risk Analyst, USDA-APHIS-CPHST Colombia
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador

Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 76

Contributors

N. Arciniegas, Risk Analyst, USDA-APHIS-CPHST Colombia

L.E. Forero, Risk Analyst, USDA-APHIS-CPHST Colombia

Reviewers

A. Neeley, Entomologist, USDA-APHIS-CPHST-PERAL

K. Schwartzburg, Plant Pathologist, USDA-APHIS-CPHST-PERAL
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador

Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 77

5. Appendix

Appendix A. Pest Interceptions on Capsicum spp. entering the United States.

Data is from 1984 to 2010 (PestID, 2010)

Pest Intercepted Country Interceptions (no.)

Abgrallaspis aguacatae Mexico 2

Abgrallaspis flabellata Ghana 1

Acalymma sp. Mexico 1

Acalymma vittatum Canada 1

Acanthocephala confraterna Mexico 1

Acanthocephala declivis Mexico 1

Acanthococcus sp. St. Kitts and Nevis 1

Acanthoderes sp. Mexico 1

Acanthoscelides obtectus Haiti, India, Mexico 4

Acari spp. Canada, Mexico, Netherlands 3

Acaridae spp. Mexico, Netherlands 8

Aceratagallia sp. Mexico 1

Acheta domesticus Mexico 2

Achryson sp. Mexico 1

Acleris sp. Netherlands 1

Acremonium sp. Spain 1

Acrididae spp. Mexico 1

Acroleucus sp. Trinidad and Tobago 5

Acrolophus sp. Dominican Republic 2

Acyrthosiphon solani Netherlands 1

Acyrthosiphon sp. Netherlands 1

Adoretus sinicus Hawaii 1

Aecidium sp. Mexico 1

Aeolothripidae spp. India 1

Aeolothrips fasciatus Canada 1

Aeolus nigromaculatus Dominican Republic 1

Aeolus sp. Dominican Republic, Mexico, Netherlands, 

Trinidad and Tobago

20

Aetalion sp. Mexico 1

Agriolimax reticulatus Peru 1

Agroiconota propinqua Dominican Republic 1

Agromyzidae spp. Albania, Bahamas, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, 

Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cote D`Ivoire, 

Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, 

Ethiopia, Europe Country Unkown, France, 

Germany, Ghana, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, 

Hawaii, Honduras, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, 

Mexico, Morocco, Netherlands, New Zealand, 

Nigeria, Panama, Peru, Puerto Rico, Romania, 

South Africa, Spain, St. Lucia, Trinidad and 

Tobago, Turkey, Unknown, Venezuela

4857
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Pest Intercepted Country Interceptions (no.)

Agrotis malefida Jamaica 1

Agrotis sp. South Korea 3

Ahasverus advena Guinea, Liberia, Mexico 3

Ahasverus sp. Netherlands 1

Aleurocanthus woglumi Antigua and Barbuda, Dominican Republic, 

Mexico

3

Aleurodicus dispersus Hawaii, Philippines, Puerto Rico 98

Aleuroplatus sp. Mexico 1

Aleurotrachelus atratus Puerto Rico 1

Aleurotrachelus trachoides Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Mexico, Puerto 

Rico

18

Aleyrodidae spp. Canada, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, 

Hawaii, Mexico, Netherlands, Philippines, 

Puerto Rico, Spain, US Virgin Islands

40

Aleyrodinae spp. Canada, Mexico, Spain 3

Algarobius johnsoni Mexico 1

Alitocoris parvus Mexico 1

Alitocoris sp. Mexico, Trinidad and Tobago 2

Alleculinae spp. Mexico 1

Allonemobius sp. Mexico 3

Allopeas gracile Viet Nam 1

Alphitobius diaperinus Mexico 10

Alphitobius laevigatus Mexico 1

Alphitobius sp. Dominican Republic 1

Alternaria alternata Belgium, Netherlands 2

Alternaria sp. Albania, Chile, China, Dominican Republic, 

Egypt, Mexico, Netherlands, Panama, Peru, 

Puerto Rico, St. Kitts and Nevis, Tunisia

29

Alternaria tenuissima Dominican Republic 1

Altica sp. Guatemala, Mexico 6

Amblyomma cajennense Jamaica 2

Amblyomma sp. Mexico 1

Amblyseius sp. Netherlands 4

Amnestus sp. Mexico 2

Amorbia sp. Cote D`Ivoire, Cuba, El Salvador, Grenada, 

Guatemala, Mexico, Trinidad and Tobago

31

Amphelasma sp. Mexico 1

Amphicerus cornutus Mexico 5

Amphipyrinae spp. Israel 1

Anaedus sp. Mexico 2

Anarsia sp. Mexico, Nigeria 5

Anasa sp. Mexico 1

Anastrepha ludens Mexico 4

Anastrepha serpentina Mexico 1
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Pest Intercepted Country Interceptions (no.)

Anastrepha sp. Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, 

Guyana, Jamaica, Mexico, Nigeria, Peru, Puerto 

Rico, Unknown, Venezuela

59

Anastrepha suspensa Ghana 1

Anaxipha sp. Dominican Republic, Mexico 3

Anchonidium sp. Netherlands 1

Ancylostomia stercorea Jamaica 1

Anelaphus sp. Mexico 1

Anobiidae spp. Bolivia, Cameroon, China, Dominican Republic, 

Germany, Guam, India, Mexico, Morocco, 

Netherlands, Panama, Unknown, Uruguay

23

Anoecia sp. Mexico 1

Anomala foraminosa Mexico 1

Anomala sp. Dominican Republic, Mexico, Peru 30

Anthicidae spp. Canada, Mexico, Netherlands 7

Anthocoridae spp. Belgium, Canada, Dominican Republic, Guyana, 

Iran, Israel, Mexico, Netherlands, Peru, South 

Africa, Spain, Suriname, Unknown

233

Anthomyiidae spp. Costa Rica, Ghana, India, Jamaica, Mexico, 

Netherlands, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Thailand, 

Unknown

19

Anthonomus eugenii Canada, China, Dominican Republic, El 

Salvador, Guatemala, Guyana, Hawaii, 

Honduras, India, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, 

Nigeria, Panama, Puerto Rico, Unknown

461

Anthonomus sp. Belize, Costa Rica, Dominica, Dominican 

Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Hawaii, 

Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Peru, 

Philippines, Puerto Rico, Spain, St. Kitts and 

Nevis, Trinidad and Tobago, Unknown, 

Venezuela

2094

Anthrenus verbasci Mexico 1

Anthribidae spp. Australia 1

Antianthe expansa Mexico 1

Antillocoris sp. Netherlands 1

Apamea monoglypha Netherlands 1

Aphelinidae spp. Netherlands 1

Aphididae spp. Angola, Bahamas, Belgium, Canada, Chile, 

Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, 

France, Germany, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, 

Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iran, Israel, Italy, 

Jamaica, Japan, Malawi, Mexico, Netherlands, 

Nigeria, Panama, Peru, Philippines, Puerto Rico, 

South Korea, Spain, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and 

the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, 

Unknown, West Indies Country Unknown

388
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador

Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 80

Pest Intercepted Country Interceptions (no.)

Aphidiidae spp. Mexico 2

Aphidiinae spp. Netherlands 1

Aphidius sp. Canada, Israel, Jamaica 3

Aphidoletes aphidimyza Netherlands 2

Aphis craccivora Mexico 1

Aphis fabae Netherlands 1

Aphis gossypii Canada, Dominican Republic, Israel, Mexico, 

Netherlands, Trinidad and Tobago

12

Aphis sp. Netherlands 1

Aphodiinae spp. Dominican Republic, Mexico 5

Aphodius sp. Mexico 1

Apinocis deplanatus Mexico 1

Apion sp. Mexico, Netherlands 4

Apis mellifera Mexico 14

Apocrita spp. Mexico, Netherlands 2

Aptopus sp. Mexico 1

Araecerus fasciculatus Mexico 1

Araneae spp. Brazil, Canada, Cuba, Dominican Republic, 

Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands

19

Araneidae spp. Dominican Republic, Netherlands 2

Archimerus sp. Mexico 1

Archipini spp. Belgium, Canada, Netherlands, Nigeria, Spain 47

Arctiidae spp. Ghana, Mexico, Puerto Rico 8

Argas sanchezi Mexico 1

Argyrotaenia sp. Mexico 1

Arhyssus sp. Mexico 2

Armalia sp. Mexico 2

Armalia variabilis Mexico 1

Arphnus melanostylus Africa Country Unknown 1

Artipus sp. Jamaica 4

Arvelius albopunctatus Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Puerto Rico 3

Arvelius sp. Jamaica 3

Ascalapha odorata Mexico 1

Ascia monuste St. Lucia 1

Ascidae spp. Dominican Republic, Mexico 2

Ascochyta sp. Mexico 1

Asphodelus fistulosus India 3

Asphondylia sp. El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala 5

Aspidiotus nerii Mexico 2

Asterolecanium sp. US Virgin Islands 1

Astigmata spp. Canada, Israel 2

Ataenius sp. Mexico 2

Atherigona orientalis Dominican Republic, India, Trinidad and 

Tobago

5
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador

Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 81

Pest Intercepted Country Interceptions (no.)

Atherigona sp. Cameroon, Cape Verde, Cote D`Ivoire, 

Guatemala, Mexico, Netherlands, South Korea, 

St. Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago

18

Athysanini spp. Mexico 1

Auchenorrhyncha spp. Dominican Republic, Guyana, Netherlands, 

Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago

6

Aulacorthum solani Canada, Israel, Mexico, Netherlands, St. Lucia 28

Aulacorthum sp. Netherlands 1

Autographa californica Canada 1

Autographa gamma Netherlands 8

Autographa sp. Hungary, Netherlands 6

Automeris io Mexico 1

Bactericera cockerelli El Salvador, Mexico 86

Bactericera sp. Mexico 3

Bactrocera cucurbitae Hawaii 4

Bactrocera dorsalis Hawaii, Thailand 8

Bactrocera latifrons Hawaii 28

Bactrocera oleae Indonesia 1

Bactrocera sp. Asia Country Unknown, Bangladesh, Bhutan, 

Cambodia, China, Fiji, Ghana, Guatemala, 

Hawaii, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, 

Nepal, Nigeria, Philippines, Singapore, Sri 

Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Tonga, United 

Kingdom of Great Britain and N. Ireland, 

Unknown, Viet Nam

233

Balanogastris sp. Nigeria 1

Balclutha sp. Dominican Republic 1

Baridinae spp. Trinidad and Tobago 6

Batocera sp. Philippines 1

Bdellidae spp. Netherlands 6

Bemisia tabaci Mexico, Netherlands 6

Berecynthus hastator Mexico 1

Betula sp. Canada, Netherlands 6

Bidens sp. Mexico 2

Bignoniaceae spp. Belgium 1

Blapstinus sp. Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Guyana, 

Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Trinidad and 

Tobago

103

Blastobasidae spp. Dominican Republic 2

Blattidae spp. Mexico, Spain 2

Blattodea spp. Cuba, Mexico, Trinidad and Tobago 3

Blissus sp. Mexico 2

Boerhavia erecta Jamaica 1

Boisea trivittata Canada 1

Bostrichidae spp. Mexico 4
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador

Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 82

Pest Intercepted Country Interceptions (no.)

Bothrotes sp. Mexico 4

Bothynus sp. Mexico 2

Botrytis cinerea Belgium, Spain 2

Brachymyrmex sp. Dominican Republic 1

Brachypnoea sp. Mexico 3

Bracon sp. Guatemala 1

Braconidae spp. Canada, Guatemala, India, Israel, Mexico, 

Netherlands, Nigeria, Peru

19

Bradybaena similaris Dominican Republic 2

Bradybaenidae spp. Mexico 1

Brevipalpus sp. Philippines, Unknown 2

Brochymena quadripustulata Mexico 1

Brochymena sp. Mexico 1

Brochymena sulcata Mexico 1

Bruchidae spp. India, Jamaica 2

Bryocorinae spp. Netherlands 1

Bulimulus sp. Belize 2

Buprestidae spp. Mexico 2

Cacoecimorpha pronubana Belgium, Israel, Italy, Netherlands, Spain 102

Cadra calidella Israel 1

Cadra cautella Bangladesh, Bolivia, Brazil, China, Guatemala, 

Hong Kong, Italy, Mexico, Peru, South Africa, 

Thailand, Unknown, Zimbabwe

19

Cadra figulilella Ghana, Mexico 2

Cadra sp. Brazil, India, Italy, Mexico 4

Calcisuccinea aff. luteola Mexico 17

Calcisuccinea dominicensis Dominican Republic 5

Calcisuccinea luteola Mexico 2

Calcisuccinea sp. Mexico 2

Caliothrips fasciatus Mexico 1

Caliothrips phaseoli Mexico 1

Caliothrips sp. Mexico 1

Calligrapha sp. Mexico 1

Calliphoridae spp. El Salvador, Ghana, Indonesia, Mexico, 

Nicaragua, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Syrian Arab 

Republic, Unknown

14

Callosobruchus maculatus Ghana, Mexico, Nigeria 3

Calyptocephala gerstaeckeri Brazil 1

Calyptocephala sp. Nigeria 1

Camponotus sp. Mexico 1

Camponotus vagus Netherlands 1

Campylomma sp. India, Israel 2

Cantharidae spp. Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico 2

Carabidae spp. Belgium, Canada, Dominican Republic, Mexico, 39
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador

Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 83

Pest Intercepted Country Interceptions (no.)

Netherlands

Carcinophoridae spp. Netherlands 1

Carpomya sp. Mexico 1

Carpophilus sp. Dominica, Mexico 4

Cartodere constricta Canada 1

Cassidinae spp. Mexico 2

Catocalinae spp. Dominican Republic 1

Catorhintha sp. Mexico 1

Caulophilus oryzae Dominican Republic 1

Cecidomyiidae spp. Canada, Cote D`Ivoire, Dominica, Dominican 

Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, 

India, Jamaica, Liberia, Mexico, Netherlands, 

Nigeria, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago

81

Cepaea sp. Spain 1

Cerambycidae spp. Mexico 2

Ceratitini spp. Africa Country Unknown, Angola, Cameroon, 

Congo Democratic Republic of, Cote D`Ivoire, 

Egypt, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Israel, Jamaica, 

Kenya, Liberia, Morocco, Niger, Nigeria, Papua

New Guinea, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo, 

Uganda, United Kingdom of Great Britain and 

N. Ireland, Unknown, Zambia

769

Ceratitis capitata Afghanistan, Africa Country Unknown, Azores, 

Belgium, Cameroon, Cote D`Ivoire, Egypt, El 

Salvador, Europe Country Unkown, France, 

Gambia, Ghana, Guyana, Iran, Israel, Italy, 

Jamaica, Jordan, Lebanon, Liberia, Mexico, 

Middle East Co. Unknown, Nigeria, Peru,

Portugal, Qatar, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Spain, 

Togo, Tunisia, Unknown

139

Ceratitis sp. Africa Country Unknown, Benin, Cameroon, 

Congo, Congo Democratic Republic of, Cote 

D`Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria, 

Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo, Uganda

77

Ceratocapsus sp. Mexico 2

Ceratopogonidae spp. Canada, Netherlands 2

Ceratothripoides brunneus Nigeria 1

Cercopidae spp. Netherlands 3

Cercospora apii Dominican Republic 1

Cercospora capsici Dominican Republic, Italy 7

Cercospora physalidis Mexico 1

Cercospora sp. Dominican Republic, Mexico, Peru, Puerto Rico 7

Ceroplastes sp. Mexico 1

Cerotoma sp. Haiti, Mexico 2

Chaetanaphothrips leeuweni Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, 

Guyana, Jamaica, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the 

41
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador

Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 84

Pest Intercepted Country Interceptions (no.)

Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, US Virgin 

Islands

Chaetanaphothrips orchidii Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago 3

Chaetanaphothrips sp. Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Netherlands, Puerto 

Rico, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, 

Trinidad and Tobago

53

Chaetocnema sp. Mexico 8

Chaetopsis sp. Canada 1

Chaitophorus sp. Netherlands 1

Chalcididae spp. China, Malaysia 2

Chalcidoidea spp. Canada, Netherlands, Nicaragua 6

Chalcodermus angulicollis Dominican Republic 1

Chalcodermus sp. Dominican Republic, Jamaica 4

Charidotella emarginata Mexico 1

Charidotella sp. Mexico 3

Charidotis sp. Unknown 1

Cheyletidae spp. Ghana, St. Vincent and the Grenadines 2

Chironomidae spp. Canada, Mexico, Netherlands, Peru, Spain, 

Syrian Arab Republic

15

Chloris sp. China 1

Chlorochroa ligata Mexico 4

Chlorochroa sp. Mexico 1

Chloropidae spp. Brazil, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, Unknown 16

Chlorops sp. Netherlands 1

Choristoneura sp. Netherlands 2

Chrysauginae spp. Mexico 1

Chrysobothris debilis Mexico 1

Chrysobothris sp. Mexico 1

Chrysodeixis chalcites Netherlands 18

Chrysodeixis sp. Netherlands 8

Chrysomela sp. Mexico 1

Chrysomelidae spp. Honduras, Mexico, Netherlands, Nicaragua, 

Peru, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago, 

Unknown, US Virgin Islands

17

Chrysopidae spp. Dominican Republic, Mexico, Netherlands 10

Cicadellidae spp. Belgium, Bolivia, Cuba, Dominican Republic, 

Guatemala, Haiti, Hawaii, Jamaica, Mexico, 

Netherlands, Trinidad and Tobago

73

Cixiidae spp. Dominican Republic 1

Cladosporium cladosporioides Dominican Republic, Netherlands 2

Cladosporium herbarum Canada, Indonesia, Italy, Mexico 5

Cladosporium oxysporum China, Peru 2

Cladosporium sp. Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, 

Colombia, Dominican Republic, Equatorial 

Guinea, Germany, Guatemala, India, Israel, 

92
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador

Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 85

Pest Intercepted Country Interceptions (no.)

Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, 

Peru, Puerto Rico, South Korea, Spain, Trinidad 

and Tobago, Turkey, United Kingdom of Great 

Britain and N. Ireland, Unknown, Venezuela, 

Viet Nam

Cladosporium sphaerospermum Netherlands 2

Clastoptera sp. Mexico 1

Clematis sp. Mexico 1

Cleogonus armatus Honduras 1

Clepsis sp. Netherlands 36

Clepsis spectrana Netherlands 21

Cleridae spp. Mexico, Nigeria, Viet Nam 3

Cletus bipunctatus Bangladesh 1

Clinodiplosis sp. China, Guatemala, Jamaica, Mexico, 

Netherlands

11

Cnephasia sp. Netherlands 1

Coccidae spp. Chile, Dominican Republic, Ghana, Guam, 

Guatemala, Guyana, Jamaica, Japan, Mexico, 

Netherlands, Philippines, Puerto Rico, St. Lucia, 

St. Vincent and the Grenadines

28

Coccinellidae spp. Antigua and Barbuda, Canada, Dominica, 

Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Honduras, Italy, 

Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, St. Lucia, 

Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago

75

Coccinellinae spp. Bulgaria, Mexico 2

Coccinellini spp. Dominican Republic 3

Coccoidea spp. Dominican Republic 1

Coccus hesperidum St. Lucia 1

Coccus sp. Hawaii, Jamaica, Mexico, St. Lucia 4

Coccus viridis Grenada, Puerto Rico 3

Cochlicella acuta Spain 1

Cochylini spp. Mexico 1

Cochylis sp. India 1

Coelomycetes spp. Curacao 1

Colaspis sp. Dominican Republic, Honduras, Mexico 7

Coleomegilla maculata Canada 1

Coleomegilla sp. Canada 1

Coleoptera spp. Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Hawaii, 

Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands

33

Collembola spp. Belgium, Belize, Brazil, Canada, Costa Rica, 

Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ghana, 

Indonesia, Israel, Italy, Mexico, Netherlands, 

Nicaragua, North Korea, South Africa, Spain, 

Trinidad and Tobago, Unknown

70

Colletotrichum capsici Antigua and Barbuda, Dominican Republic, 

Mexico, Puerto Rico, Thailand, Trinidad and 

14
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador

Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 86

Pest Intercepted Country Interceptions (no.)

Tobago, Venezuela

Colletotrichum coccodes Panama, Thailand 2

Colletotrichum crassipes Dominican Republic 4

Colletotrichum dematium Dominican Republic, Peru, St. Lucia 5

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Anguila, China, Dominica, Dominican Republic, 

Guyana, Hong Kong, India, Jamaica, Malaysia, 

Mexico, Netherlands, Peru, Puerto Rico, St. 

Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago, Viet Nam

47

Colletotrichum sp. Bolivia, Brazil, Dominican Republic, India, 

Jamaica, Malaysia, Mexico, Peru, Puerto Rico, 

Taiwan, Tajikistan, Thailand, Unknown

22

Colletotrichum truncatum Mexico 1

Collops sp. Mexico 2

Condylostylus sp. Netherlands 1

Conocephalus sp. Guyana, Honduras, Puerto Rico 3

Conoderus rodriguezi Honduras 1

Conoderus sp. Dominican Republic, Mexico, St. Lucia, 

Trinidad and Tobago

16

Conotrachelus seniculus Mexico 2

Conotrachelus sp. Mexico, Trinidad and Tobago 10

Contarinia lycopersici Jamaica 19

Contarinia sp. Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, 

Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, 

Philippines, Puerto Rico, South Korea, St. Kitts 

and Nevis, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela

499

Conyza sp. Netherlands 3

Copitarsia decolora Mexico 1

Copitarsia sp. Brazil, Colombia, Dominican Republic, 

Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, St. 

Lucia, Venezuela

63

Coreidae spp. Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Mexico, South 

Korea, Trinidad and Tobago

7

Cornu aspersum Mexico 1

Corticariidae spp. Belgium, Canada, China, Mexico, Netherlands 17

Corylophidae spp. Belgium, Canada, Guyana, Netherlands, Nigeria, 

Trinidad and Tobago, Unknown

125

Corynespora cassiicola Dominican Republic 1

Corythaica carinata Brazil 1

Corythaica cyathicollis St. Lucia 1

Corythucha gossypii Mexico 1

Cosmopterigidae spp. Brazil, Dominican Republic 2

Cossoninae spp. Colombia 1

Crambidae spp. Bahamas, Belgium, Brazil, Colombia, Dominica, 

Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Mexico, 

Netherlands, Nigeria, Peru, Puerto Rico, St. 

41
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador

Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 87

Pest Intercepted Country Interceptions (no.)

Lucia, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, 

Venezuela, Viet Nam

Crambinae spp. Grenada 1

Crambus sp. Ghana 1

Crematogaster sp. Mexico, Puerto Rico 2

Creontiades rubrinervis Mexico 1

Creontiades sp. Mexico 1

Cryptoblabes gnidiella Israel 1

Cryptoblabes sp. Nigeria 1

Cryptocephalinae spp. Guinea 1

Cryptocephalus sp. Mexico 1

Cryptolestes sp. India 1

Cryptophagidae spp. Canada, Mexico, Netherlands 9

Cryptophlebia leucotreta Africa Country Unknown, Benin, Cameroon, 

Cote D`Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, 

Madagascar, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, 

Tonga, Unknown

97

Cryptophlebia sp. Africa Country Unknown, Angola, Benin, 

Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central 

African Republic, Congo, Congo Democratic 

Republic of, Cote D`Ivoire, Egypt, Ethiopia, 

Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, India, Italy, Jamaica, 

Kenya, Liberia, Netherlands, Nigeria, 

Philippines, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, 

Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, United Kingdom of 

Great Britain and N. Ireland, Unknown, Zambia, 

Zimbabwe

812

Cryptorhynchini spp. Mexico 1

Cryptostigmata spp. Canada, Netherlands, Philippines 4

Cryptotermes brevis Puerto Rico 1

Cryptothelea sp. Nigeria 1

Ctenarytaina spatulata Netherlands 1

Cucujidae spp. Belize, Dominican Republic, India, Mexico, 

Papua New Guinea, Philippines

9

Cucujoidea spp. Netherlands 1

Culicidae spp. Netherlands 1

Cunaxidae spp. Dominican Republic, Netherlands 3

Curculio sp. Greece, Netherlands 2

Curculionidae spp. Algeria, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, China, 

Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican 

Republic, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, 

Hawaii, Honduras, India, Jamaica, Mexico, 

Nigeria, Peru, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and 

Tobago, Unknown, Venezuela, Viet Nam

192

Curculioninae spp. Jamaica 1

Curvularia intermedia Mexico 1
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador

Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 88

Pest Intercepted Country Interceptions (no.)

Curvularia lunata Dominican Republic 1

Cyclanthera pedata Peru 1

Cyclocephala sp. Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Mexico 21

Cyclorrhapha spp. Belize, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Ghana, 

Guatemala, Guyana, Jamaica, Mexico, Nigeria, 

Peru, South Korea, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the 

Grenadines, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago

44

Cydia sp. Ghana, Hawaii, Mexico, Netherlands 4

Cydnidae spp. Mexico 7

Dacinae spp. Africa Country Unknown, Bahrain, Benin, 

Cameroon, Cote D`Ivoire, Ghana, Malawi, 

Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Uganda, Unknown

28

Dacus dorsalis Thailand, Viet Nam 3

Dacus sp. Ghana, Hawaii, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, 

Japan, Malaysia, Nigeria, Philippines, Sierra 

Leone, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand

85

Dalbulus elimatus Mexico 1

Dallasiellus bacchinus Dominican Republic, Mexico 2

Dallasiellus lugubris Mexico 2

Dasineura sp. Guatemala, Malaysia, Netherlands 3

Daucus carota Dominica 1

Delia sp. Venezuela 1

Deloyala guttata Mexico, US Virgin Islands 3

Deloyala sp. Jamaica, Mexico 6

Delphacidae spp. Dominican Republic, Mexico, Netherlands, 

Thailand

7

Delphacodes sp. Netherlands 1

Dendrocoris sp. Mexico 1

Dermaptera spp. Dominican Republic, Mexico, Nigeria 6

Dermestes sp. Ghana, Mexico 2

Deroceras laeve Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands 4

Diabrotica balteata Mexico 1

Diabrotica sp. Mexico, Netherlands 5

Diabrotica undecimpunctata Canada, Mexico 10

Diabrotica variegata Mexico 1

Diaphania nitidalis Dominican Republic, Suriname 5

Diaphania sp. Dominican Republic, Mexico, Netherlands 4

Diaprepes sp. Dominica 1

Diaspididae spp. China, Guatemala, Jamaica, Mexico, 

Micronesia, Nigeria, Puerto Rico, Unknown

15

Diaspidiotus perniciosus Mexico 1

Diaspidiotus sp. Mexico 1

Diatraea sp. Brazil, Mexico, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the 

Grenadines

4

Dicyphinae spp. Spain 1
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador

Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 89

Pest Intercepted Country Interceptions (no.)

Didymella lycopersici Jamaica 1

Dieuches armatipes Jamaica 1

Dieuches sp. Netherlands 1

Digeria sp. Mexico 1

Diplotaxis sp. Mexico, Trinidad and Tobago 17

Dipropus sp. Mexico 2

Diptera spp. Angola, Bolivia, Brazil, Cameroon, Costa Rica, 

Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, 

Ghana, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Hawaii, 

Honduras, India, Israel, Jamaica, Kenya, Liberia, 

Mexico, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Nigeria, 

Northern Mariana Islands, Peru, Philippines, 

Puerto Rico, Sierra Leone, St. Lucia, Trinidad 

and Tobago, Unknown, Venezuela, Zambia

139

Disonycha sp. Dominican Republic, Mexico 11

Dolichoderinae spp. India, St. Kitts and Nevis 2

Dolichopodidae spp. Belgium, Canada, Jamaica 3

Drosophila sp. Canada, Costa Rica, Dominica, Mexico, 

Netherlands, Unknown

21

Drosophilidae spp. Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, Colombia, 

Dominica, Dominican Republic, Guyana, Israel, 

Jamaica, Malaysia, Mexico, Netherlands, 

Nigeria, Peru, Philippines, South Africa, Spain, 

St. Lucia, Suriname, Togo, Trinidad and 

Tobago, United Arab Emirates, Venezuela

97

Drymaeus sulphureus Belize 1

Duponchelia fovealis Belgium, France, Macedonia, Netherlands, 

Netherlands Antilles, Spain

261

Dynastinae spp. Mexico 1

Dyscinetus picipes Mexico 1

Dyscinetus sp. Dominican Republic, Mexico 4

Dysdercus andreae Dominican Republic 1

Dysdercus mimulus Mexico 1

Dysdercus mimus Mexico 1

Dysdercus obliquus Mexico 1

Dysdercus obscuratus Belize 1

Dysmicoccus brevipes China, Mexico 2

Dysmicoccus grassii Grenada 1

Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico 3

Dysmicoccus sp. Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Mexico, 

Netherlands

6

Dytiscidae spp. Dominican Republic 2

Ecdytolopha sp. Bolivia, El Salvador, Ghana, Guatemala, 

Jamaica, Mexico, Unknown

8

Echinochloa crusgalli Canada 1
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador

Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 90

Pest Intercepted Country Interceptions (no.)

Echinochloa sp. Unknown 1

Echinothrips americanus Netherlands 16

Ectomyelois ceratoniae Dominican Republic, Ghana, Mexico 6

Edessa sp. Mexico 1

Elachiptera sp. Mexico 1

Elaphria nucicolora Dominican Republic, Guatemala 2

Elaphria sp. Dominican Republic 1

Elateridae spp. Brazil, Dominican Republic, Mexico 4

Eleodes sp. Mexico 3

Eleusine indica Dominican Republic, Mexico 2

Eleusine sp. Unknown 1

Empididae spp. Canada 2

Empoasca sp. Canada, Mexico, Netherlands 13

Entiminae spp. Dominican Republic, Mexico, Netherlands 3

Entomobryidae spp. Belgium, Israel, Mexico, Netherlands, Spain 11

Ephestia elutella Dominican Republic, Italy, Peru 5

Ephydridae spp. Canada, Netherlands, Thailand 3

Epicaerus sp. Mexico 1

Epicauta sp. Mexico 2

Epicoccum nigrum Canada 1

Epilachna sp. Mexico 1

Epilachninae spp. St. Lucia 1

Epilobium sp. Canada, Netherlands 6

Epitrix sp. Mexico 15

Eragrostis sp. Mexico 2

Eremobelba sp. Jamaica 1

Eriococcus dubius Guyana 1

Erotylidae spp. Dominican Republic, Italy, Mexico 3

Erysiphe cichoracearum Dominican Republic 1

Erythraeidae spp. Canada, Mexico 2

Erythroneura sp. Mexico 1

Estigmene acrea Mexico 1

Etiella sp. Indonesia, Malawi, Viet Nam 6

Etiella zinckenella Honduras, Mexico, Nigeria 5

Euclea sp. Trinidad and Tobago 1

Eudiagogus sp. Mexico 1

Euetheola sp. Mexico 1

Eumolpinae spp. Honduras 1

Euphorbia sp. Dominican Republic 1

Eupodidae spp. Canada 1

Euryscelis suturalis Dominican Republic 1

Eurytoma sp. Guatemala, Nigeria 2

Euschistus bifibulus Jamaica 1

Euschistus crenator Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Mexico, Trinidad 5
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador

Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 91

Pest Intercepted Country Interceptions (no.)

and Tobago

Euschistus servus Mexico 1

Euschistus sp. Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Mexico, 

Suriname

30

Euschistus strenuus Dominican Republic, Mexico 5

Euschistus variolarius Canada 1

Eustromula validum Mexico 1

Exitianus exitosus Netherlands 1

Faustinus cubae Dominican Republic, Grenada, Jamaica 3

Faustinus rhombifer Mexico 1

Faustinus sp. Brazil, Dominican Republic, Grenada, 

Honduras, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago

76

Ferrisia sp. Dominican Republic, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, St. 

Lucia, US Virgin Islands

8

Ferrisia virgata Antigua and Barbuda, Dominican Republic, 

Netherlands, Unknown

26

Fiebrigella sp. Dominican Republic 1

Formicidae spp. Dominican Republic, Netherlands 2

Formicinae spp. Canada, Peru 10

Frankliniella cephalica Dominican Republic 1

Frankliniella fallaciosa Dominican Republic 1

Frankliniella fusca Netherlands 1

Frankliniella gossypiana Mexico 1

Frankliniella insularis Dominican Republic 5

Frankliniella intonsa Belgium, Canada, Dominican Republic, Japan, 

Netherlands

5

Frankliniella occidentalis Belgium, Canada, Costa Rica, Dominican 

Republic, Guatemala, Israel, Italy, Japan, 

Mexico, Netherlands, Spain, Unknown

218

Frankliniella panamensis Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico 2

Frankliniella parvula Ecuador 1

Frankliniella schultzei Dominican Republic, Nigeria, Spain 21

Frankliniella sp. Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Dominica, Dominican 

Republic, Germany, Grenada, Guatemala, 

Guyana, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Netherlands, 

Peru, Poland, Puerto Rico, Spain, St. Lucia, St. 

Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and 

Tobago, United Kingdom of Great Britain and 

N. Ireland, Unknown

215

Franklinothrips sp. Dominican Republic 1

Franklinothrips vespiformis Mexico 1

Free-Living nematode Mexico 4

Fromundus pygmaeus Viet Nam 1

Fulgoridae spp. Puerto Rico 1

Fulgoroidea spp. Dominican Republic 1
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador

Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 92

Pest Intercepted Country Interceptions (no.)

Fusarium sp. Belgium, Belize, Dominican Republic, France, 

Jamaica, Kenya, Mexico, Netherlands, Peru, 

Spain, Taiwan, Unknown, US Virgin Islands

44

Galerucinae spp. Netherlands, Puerto Rico 2

Galleria mellonella Dominican Republic 1

Gelechiidae spp. Argentina, Aruba, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, 

Burundi, Cameroon, Colombia, Costa Rica, 

Curacao, Dominica, Dominican Republic, 

Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, 

India, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, Nicaragua, 

Nigeria, Peru, Puerto Rico, Singapore, St. Lucia, 

Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, United 

Kingdom of Great Britain and N. Ireland, 

Unknown, Venezuela

147

Gelechioidea spp. Brazil, El Salvador, Mexico, Netherlands 5

Geocoris sp. Dominican Republic, Israel 2

Geometridae spp. Canada, Dominican Republic, Honduras, Italy, 

Macedonia, Mexico, Netherlands, Spain, St. 

Vincent and the Grenadines

15

Gloeosporium piperatum Mexico 2

Glomerella cingulata Dominican Republic 1

Glyptoscelis chontalensis Mexico 1

Gnathotrichus perniciosus Honduras 1

Gnathotrichus sp. Honduras, Mexico 2

Gnorimoschema sp. Bolivia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Peru 10

Gnorimoschemini spp. Venezuela 1

Golofa pusilla Mexico 1

Gracillariidae spp. El Salvador, Mexico, Peru 9

Granodomus lima Puerto Rico 1

Gryllidae spp. Belize, Canada, Colombia, Dominica, 

Dominican Republic, Guinea, Haiti, Jamaica, 

Mexico, Philippines, Thailand, Trinidad and

Tobago

62

Gryllodes sigillatus Trinidad and Tobago 5

Gryllodes sp. Dominican Republic 1

Gryllus assimilis Dominican Republic 1

Gryllus sp. Colombia, Dominica, Honduras, Mexico 136

Guignardia citricarpa China 1

Guppya gundlachi Dominican Republic 1

Gynaikothrips uzeli Dominican Republic 1

Hadeninae spp. Mexico, South Korea 3

Halticus sp. Mexico 1

Haplothrips gowdeyi Dominican Republic 1

Haplothrips kurdjumovi Hawaii 1

Haplothrips leucanthemi Mexico 1
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador

Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 93

Pest Intercepted Country Interceptions (no.)

Helicella sp. Italy 1

Helicidae spp. Australia, France, Mexico, Netherlands 4

Helicoverpa armigera Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, 

Israel, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Spain, Trinidad 

and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, United Kingdom 

of Great Britain and N. Ireland, Yugoslavia

19

Helicoverpa gelotopoeon Romania 1

Helicoverpa sp. Asia Country Unknown, Cote D`Ivoire, 

Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, Ghana, 

Haiti, India, Iran, Israel, Japan, Lithuania, 

Mexico, Middle East Co. Unknown, 

Netherlands, Nigeria, Pakistan, Peru, 

Philippines, Romania, Senegal, Serbia and 

Montenegro, Sierra Leone, South Africa, South 

Korea, Spain, Taiwan, Thailand, Trinidad and 

Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Unknown, Uzbekistan, 

Venezuela, Viet Nam, Yugoslavia

163

Helicoverpa zea Belize, Canada, Colombia, Dominican Republic, 

Guatemala, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Peru, 

Puerto Rico, St. Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago

233

Heliothinae spp. India, South Korea 2

Heliothis sp. China, Germany, Philippines, South Korea, 

Spain, Turkey

42

Heliothis subflexa Mexico 2

Heliothis virescens Dominican Republic, Mexico, Trinidad and 

Tobago, Unknown

13

Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis Trinidad and Tobago 1

Helminthoglyptidae spp. Dominican Republic 1

Hemerobiidae spp. Canada, Dominican Republic 2

Hemiptera spp. Netherlands 4

Hepialidae spp. Mexico 2

Heraeus plebejus Netherlands 1

Heraeus sp. Mexico 6

Herculia sp. Ecuador 1

Herpetogramma sp. Honduras 1

Hesperiidae spp. Trinidad and Tobago 1

Heterobostrychus aequalis Dominican Republic, Mexico 2

Heterogaster urticae Netherlands 3

Heteroptera spp. Belgium, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, 

Israel, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, Nigeria, 

Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago

33

Heterosporium sp. Italy 1

Histeridae spp. Canada 1

Holoparamecus sp. Netherlands 1

Homoptera spp. Antigua and Barbuda, Canada, Dominican 

Republic, Guyana, Israel, Mexico, Netherlands, 

14
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador

Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 94

Pest Intercepted Country Interceptions (no.)

Puerto Rico, St. Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago

Hoplandrothrips sp. Trinidad and Tobago 2

Hoplosphyrum sp. Jamaica 1

Hortensia similis Dominican Republic 1

Hydrophilidae spp. Dominican Republic 2

Hygromiidae spp. Spain 1

Hymenoptera spp. Canada, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, 

Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands

7

Hypera postica Mexico 1

Hyphomycetes spp. Mexico 1

Hypoaspis sp. Netherlands 1

Hypoponera sp. Netherlands 1

Hypothenemus sp. Dominica, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Puerto 

Rico, Trinidad and Tobago

5

Ichneumonidae spp. Guatemala, Mexico 3

Ichneumonoidea spp. Belgium, Netherlands 3

Injury sp. Algeria, Dominica, Dominican Republic, 

Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, Peru

16

Insecta spp. Belgium, Canada, China, Dominican Republic, 

El Salvador, Guyana, Jamaica, Mexico, 

Netherlands, Peru, Portugal, Puerto Rico, St. 

Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago

68

Insignorthezia insignis Jamaica 1

Iphiseius degenerans Belgium, Netherlands 23

Ips bonanseai Mexico 2

Ips calligraphus Honduras 1

Ips integer Mexico 3

Ips lecontei Mexico 1

Ips sp. Honduras, Mexico 2

Ischnodemus sp. Peru 1

Jadera coturnix Mexico 1

Kalotermitidae spp. Nicaragua 1

Karnyothrips sp. Trinidad and Tobago 1

Keiferia lycopersicella Ecuador 1

Kleemannia sp. India 2

Kleidocerys resedae Netherlands 1

Knulliana cincta Mexico 1

Lachnopus sp. Dominican Republic 1

Lactuca sativa Netherlands 1

Lactuca serriola Canada, Netherlands 2

Laelapidae spp. Belgium, Netherlands 3

Lagriinae spp. Mexico 1

Lamiaceae spp. Dominican Republic 1

Lampyridae spp. Dominican Republic 1
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador

Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 95

Pest Intercepted Country Interceptions (no.)

Languriidae spp. Netherlands 1

Largus cinctus Mexico 2

Lasioderma serricorne China, Cote D`Ivoire, Ecuador, Ghana,

Guatemala, India, Mexico, South Korea, United 

Arab Emirates, United States of America, 

Unknown, Yemen

19

Lasiodiplodia sp. El Salvador 1

Lasioseius sp. Dominican Republic, Netherlands 2

Lathridiidae spp. Jamaica, Netherlands 8

Lehmannia valentiana Ecuador, Netherlands, Nigeria 3

Lema sp. Mexico 1

Lepidoptera spp. Belgium, Belize, Brazil, Canada, China, 

Dominica, Dominican Republic, Egypt, El 

Salvador, Ghana, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, 

India, Israel, Jamaica, Kuwait, Mexico, 

Netherlands, Nigeria, Peru, Philippines, Puerto 

Rico, Sierra Leone, Spain, St. Lucia, Trinidad 

and Tobago, Unknown, Venezuela

74

Lepidosaphes beckii Peru 1

Lepidosaphes rubrovittata Jamaica 1

Leptinotarsa decemlineata Mexico 1

Leptochloa sp. Mexico 2

Leptoglossus sp. Dominican Republic 1

Lestodiplosis sp. Jamaica 1

Leucania sp. Spain 1

Leucinodes orbonalis Africa Country Unknown, Bosnia and 

Herzegovina, Cote D`Ivoire, Ethiopia, Europe 

Country Unkown, Ghana, Guatemala, Italy, 

Liberia, Mali, Netherlands, Nigeria, Papua New 

Guinea, Philippines, Senegal, Serbia and 

Montenegro, Sierra Leone, South Africa, 

Thailand, Uganda, United Kingdom of Great 

Britain and N. Ireland, Unknown, Zambia

100

Leucinodes sp. Guinea, Yugoslavia 2

Leveillula taurica Mexico, Portugal 5

Levicepolis monodonta Dominican Republic 2

Ligyrocoris sp. Mexico, Spain 2

Ligyrocoris sylvestris Netherlands 1

Ligyrus sp. Dominican Republic, Mexico 4

Limosininae spp. Netherlands 1

Limothrips cerealium Netherlands 1

Lineodes integra Canada, Dominican Republic, Peru, Puerto Rico, 

St. Lucia

12

Lineodes sp. Mexico, Peru 3

Linepithema humile Mexico 1

Liothrips sp. Mexico 1
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador

Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 96

Pest Intercepted Country Interceptions (no.)

Liriomyza bryoniae Netherlands 14

Liriomyza sativae Mexico 1

Liriomyza sp. Dominican Republic, Mexico, Netherlands 62

Liriomyza trifolii Mexico 5

Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Dominican Republic 4

Listroderes costirostris Mexico 1

Listronotus sp. Honduras, Mexico 3

Lobiopa sp. Mexico 2

Lobometopon metallicum Mexico 25

Lobometopon sp. Mexico 8

Lobopoda sp. Mexico 1

Lonchaea sp. Ghana 1

Lonchaeidae spp. Africa Country Unknown, Angola, Bangladesh, 

Belize, Brazil, Cameroon, Chile, Congo 

Democratic Republic of, Costa Rica, Cote 

D`Ivoire, Dominica, Dominican Republic, 

Ecuador, El Salvador, Gambia, Ghana, Greece, 

Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, India, Jamaica, 

Jordan, Liberia, Mexico, Nicaragua, Nigeria, 

Peru, Puerto Rico, Senegal, Sierra Leone, 

Somalia, St. Lucia, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, 

Unknown, Venezuela, Viet Nam

522

Lorita sp. Mexico 1

Lucilia sp. Ghana, Mexico 5

Lycaenidae spp. Congo Democratic Republic of, Cote D`Ivoire, 

Dominican Republic, Ghana, Guinea, Mexico, 

Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Togo, Unknown

19

Lyctus africanus Dominican Republic 1

Lyctus planicollis Mexico 1

Lygaeidae spp. Dominican Republic, Mexico, Peru, St. Lucia, 

Trinidad and Tobago

14

Lygaeoidea spp. Bolivia, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica, 

Mexico, Nigeria, St. Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago

14

Lygus lineolaris Canada, Mexico, Netherlands 9

Lygus sp. Mexico 2

Lymantriidae spp. Canada, Mexico 2

Lytta sp. Mexico 1

Maconellicoccus hirsutus Grenada, South Korea, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. 

Vincent and the Grenadines

6

Macrolophus melanotoma Netherlands 3

Macrolophus pygmaeus Spain 1

Macrolophus sp. Belgium, Netherlands 48

Macrophoma sp. Thailand 1

Macroplax fasciata Turkey 1

Macrosiphum euphorbiae Belgium, Canada, Netherlands, Spain 11
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador

Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 97

Pest Intercepted Country Interceptions (no.)

Macrosteles sp. Netherlands 1

Magnoliophyta sp. Canada, Dominican Republic, Germany, India, 

Mexico, Myanmar, Netherlands, Spain, Trinidad 

and Tobago

12

Mallodon sp. Mexico 1

Mamestra brassicae Bosnia and Herzegovina, Netherlands, Spain 10

Mamestra sp. Netherlands 2

Manduca sp. Mexico 2

Margarodidae spp. Curacao, Grenada, Viet Nam 3

Marmara sp. Mexico 11

Maruca vitrata Bolivia 1

Mecidea major Mexico 1

Megalopygidae spp. Mexico 1

Megaselia sp. Colombia 1

Melacoryphus circumlitus Honduras, Mexico 2

Melacoryphus lateralis Mexico 3

Melacoryphus rubicollis Mexico 1

Melalgus sp. Honduras 1

Melanaethus sp. Mexico 1

Melanaethus spinolai Dominican Republic 1

Melanagromyza sp. Puerto Rico 1

Melanoides tuberculata Dominican Republic 1

Melanophila sp. Mexico 1

Melanoplus differentialis Canada 1

Meliola sp. Puerto Rico 1

Melipotis sp. Dominican Republic 1

Meloidae spp. Mexico, Venezuela 2

Melolonthinae spp. Nicaragua 1

Melyridae spp. Mexico 3

Membracidae spp. El Salvador, Mexico, Yugoslavia 4

Mesostigmata spp. Canada, Chile, Dominican Republic, India, 

Israel, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, Nicaragua, 

Spain, United Arab Emirates, Unknown

107

Metamasius hemipterus Dominican Republic 4

Metamasius sp. Mexico 1

Metoponium sp. Mexico 4

Metriona trisignata Mexico 1

Microconidia sp. Jamaica, Netherlands 2

Microlepidoptera spp. Dominican Republic 1

Microplax sp. Ghana 1

Microsphaeropsis sp. Mexico 1

Micrutalis sp. Mexico 1

Mikania micrantha Dominican Republic 3

Mikania sp. Mexico 1
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador

Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 98

Pest Intercepted Country Interceptions (no.)

Miridae spp. Belgium, Canada, Dominican Republic, 

Ecuador, Egypt, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, 

Israel, Jamaica, Mexico, Namibia, Netherlands, 

Nigeria, Philippines, Sierra Leone, St. Lucia, 

Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago

126

Mollusca spp. Mexico, Unknown 2

Monacha cartusiana Italy 1

Monomorium floricola Puerto Rico 1

Monomorium pharaonis Guinea, Mexico 2

Monoxia sp. Mexico 3

Moodna bisinuella Mexico 1

Mordellistena sp. Mexico 1

Musca domestica Ghana, Panama 2

Musca sp. Canada 1

Muscidae spp. Africa Country Unknown, Bangladesh, Bosnia 

and Herzegovina, Brazil, Canada, China, 

Dominican Republic, Ghana, Guyana, Jamaica, 

Jordan, Mexico, Netherlands, Nigeria, 

Philippines, Spain, Thailand, Trinidad and 

Tobago, Viet Nam

49

Muscina sp. Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Mexico, Trinidad 

and Tobago

5

Mussidia nigrivenella Ghana 2

Mycetophagidae spp. Canada, Ecuador, Germany, Laos, Mexico, 

Netherlands, Peru

19

Mycetophilidae spp. Canada, Netherlands 3

Mycosphaerella sp. Dominican Republic, Mexico 3

Mymaridae spp. Canada, Mexico, Netherlands 3

Myochrous cyphus Mexico 1

Myochrous sp. Dominican Republic, Guyana, Mexico, Trinidad 

and Tobago

17

Myodocha intermedia Mexico 1

Myrothecium roridum Dominican Republic 1

Myzus persicae Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Dominican Republic, 

Israel, Mexico, Netherlands, South Korea, Spain, 

Unknown

53

Myzus sp. Netherlands 6

Nabidae spp. Canada, Dominican Republic, Mexico 6

Nabis sp. Mexico 1

Nasonovia ribisnigri France, Greece 2

Nasutitermes sp. Dominica, St. Lucia 2

Necrobia ruficollis Mexico 1

Necrobia rufipes China 1

Nematocera spp. Peru 1

Nemobiinae spp. Mexico 2
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador

Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 99

Pest Intercepted Country Interceptions (no.)

Nemobius carolinus Mexico 1

Neoconocephalus sp. Dominican Republic 1

Neoleucinodes elegantalis Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, 

Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, 

Nicaragua, Panama, Venezuela

65

Neoleucinodes sp. Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, 

Mexico, Peru, Spain, Venezuela

36

Neopamera albocincta Dominican Republic 1

Neopamera bilobata Mexico 1

Neopamera sp. Mexico 1

Neortholomus jamaicensis Jamaica 1

Neoseiulus sp. Mexico, Netherlands 4

Neotephritis finalis Mexico 1

Neotrichophorus sp. Mexico 1

Nesidiocoris tenuis Israel 1

Nesothrips sp. Dominican Republic 1

Neuroptera spp. Canada, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica, 

Mexico, Netherlands, Unknown

30

Nezara viridula Dominican Republic, Italy 2

Nitidulidae spp. Canada, China, Dominican Republic, Germany, 

India, Mexico, Netherlands, Peru, Unknown

32

Nitidulinae spp. Trinidad and Tobago 1

Noctua pronuba Netherlands 1

Noctuidae spp. Africa Country Unknown, Antigua and Barbuda, 

Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, 

Belize, Brazil, Canada, China, Colombia, Cote 

D`Ivoire, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, 

El Salvador, France, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, 

Guatemala, Guinea, Guyana, Honduras, India, 

Indonesia, Iran, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Kenya, 

Malawi, Mexico, Morocco, Netherlands, 

Nigeria, Peru, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Senegal, 

Sierra Leone, South Korea, Spain, St. Kitts and 

Nevis, St. Lucia, Taiwan, Togo, Trinidad and 

Tobago, Turkey, Unknown, Venezuela, 

Yugoslavia

620

Nolidae spp. Dominican Republic 1

Nymphalidae spp. Mexico 1

Nysius sp. Dominican Republic, Israel, Mexico, 

Netherlands

18

Ochrimnus sp. Mexico 1

Ocrasa nostralis Dominican Republic 1

Odontomachus sp. Mexico 1

Odontota sp. Mexico 1

Odontothrips sp. Spain 1

Oebalus ornatus Dominican Republic 2
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador

Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 100

Pest Intercepted Country Interceptions (no.)

Oecanthus sp. Canada 1

Oecophoridae spp. Armenia, Cote D`Ivoire, Dominican Republic, 

El Salvador, Guatemala, Jamaica, Mexico, 

Nigeria, Peru

10

Ogdoecosta sp. Mexico 1

Olethreutinae spp. Africa Country Unknown, Bulgaria, Congo 

Democratic Republic of, Costa Rica, Cote 

D`Ivoire, Dominican Republic, Gambia, Ghana, 

Italy, Jamaica, Liberia, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, 

Mexico, Netherlands, Nigeria, Peru, Senegal, 

Sierra Leone, South Korea, Thailand, Togo, 

Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, Unknown

129

Omalonyx sp. Dominica 1

Onthophagus sp. Mexico 2

Opatrinus sp. Mexico 2

Ophiderma sp. Netherlands 1

Opogona sp. Hawaii, Peru 2

Oribatida spp. Canada, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Israel, 

Mexico, Netherlands, Trinidad and Tobago

13

Orius insidiosus Canada 3

Orius sp. Canada, Mexico, Netherlands 21

Orphulella punctata Guatemala 1

Orthalicus jamaicensis Jamaica 1

Orthezia praelonga US Virgin Islands 2

Orthezia pseudinsignis Mexico 1

Orthezia sp. Mexico, Trinidad and Tobago 3

Ortheziidae spp. Grenada 1

Orthoptera spp. Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Venezuela 3

Oryzaephilus mercator Ethiopia, Ghana 2

Oryzaephilus surinamensis Africa Country Unknown, Germany, Morocco, 

South Africa

4

Ostrinia nubilalis Bosnia & Herzegovina, Bosnia and 

Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Iran, 

Italy, Macedonia, Montenegro, Portugal, South 

Korea, Yugoslavia

67

Ostrinia sp. Mexico, Netherlands 3

Otiorhynchus cribricollis Mexico 1

Otiorhynchus sp. Netherlands 3

Otiorhynchus sulcatus Canada 1

Otitidae spp. Belize, Brazil, Colombia, Cuba, Dominica, 

Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, Ghana, 

Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Indonesia, 

Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Peru, 

St. Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago, Unknown, Viet 

Nam

106

Ovatus crataegarius Israel 1
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador

Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 101

Pest Intercepted Country Interceptions (no.)

Oxalis sp. Dominican Republic, Netherlands, Unknown 3

Oxalis stricta Netherlands 1

Oxycarenus hyalinipennis Gambia, Israel 4

Oxycarenus sp. Togo 1

Oxygrylius ruginasus Mexico 1

Ozophora burmeisteri Jamaica 2

Ozophora sp. Dominica 1

Pachybrachis sp. Mexico 2

Pagiocerus sp. Peru 1

Pallifera sp. Venezuela 1

Pangaeus bilineatus Mexico 2

Pangaeus sp. Mexico 1

Pantomorus sp. Mexico 1

Paracoccus marginatus Puerto Rico 2

Paracoccus solani Jamaica 1

Paracoccus sp. Grenada, Jamaica 2

Paragonatas divergens Mexico 1

Paralipsa gularis China, Ghana, Israel, Nigeria, Philippines 6

Paranapiacaba sp. Mexico 1

Parapiesma cinereum Mexico 2

Parasitidae spp. Brazil, Canada, Netherlands, South Africa 9

Paratrechina longicornis Netherlands 1

Paratrechina sp. Canada, Mexico 3

Parkia sp. Indonesia 1

Pectinophora gossypiella Puerto Rico 1

Pelidnota sp. Mexico 1

Penicillium sp. Bahamas, Netherlands, Spain 3

Pennisetum ciliare Mexico 1

Pennisetum pedicellatum Viet Nam 1

Pennisetum sp. Mexico 1

Pentatomidae spp. Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Belize, Brazil, 

Canada, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, 

Dominican Republic, Fiji, Grenada, Guatemala, 

Haiti, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Nigeria, 

Panama, Puerto Rico, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and 

the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, 

US Virgin Islands

213

Pentatominae spp. Dominican Republic 2

Pentatomoidea spp. Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Grenada, 

Jamaica, Philippines, Trinidad and Tobago

29

Periconia sp. Mexico 1

Peridroma saucia Mexico 2

Perigenes sp. Mexico 1

Perillus bioculatus Mexico 1
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador

Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 102

Pest Intercepted Country Interceptions (no.)

Peritrechus fratenus Mexico 1

Phalacridae spp. Canada, Mexico, Netherlands 5

Pheidole sp. Cuba, Dominican Republic, Guinea, Mexico 4

Phenacoccus gossypii Canada, Mexico 2

Phenacoccus helianthi Mexico 1

Phenacoccus madeirensis Canada, Mexico 11

Phenacoccus parvus Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guyana, 

Jamaica, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the 

Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago

20

Phenacoccus solani Belgium, Mexico, Netherlands, Spain 9

Phenacoccus solenopsis Canada, Dominican Republic, Mexico, Puerto 

Rico

19

Phenacoccus sp. Canada, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Jamaica, 

Mexico, Puerto Rico

12

Phileurus sp. Mexico 1

Phlaeothripidae spp. Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Grenada, 

India, Jamaica, Japan, Mexico, Philippines, 

Puerto Rico, Spain

23

Phlugis sp. Trinidad and Tobago 1

Phoma destructiva Dominican Republic, Mexico 3

Phoma sp. Germany, Jamaica, Malaysia, Mexico, Peru, 

South Korea, St. Lucia, Venezuela

14

Phomopsis capsici Dominican Republic, Mexico, Netherlands, 

Thailand

6

Phomopsis sp. Dominican Republic, Netherlands, Nigeria, Viet 

Nam

4

Phoradendron sp. Mexico 1

Phoridae spp. Belgium, Canada, Cote D`Ivoire, Dominican 

Republic, Ecuador, Guyana, Jamaica, Mexico, 

Netherlands, Peru, Puerto Rico, Spain, St. Lucia, 

St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, 

Syrian Arab Republic, Thailand, Trinidad and 

Tobago, Viet Nam

37

Phragmites sp. Netherlands 1

Phthorimaea operculella Peru, Venezuela 2

Phycitinae spp. Brazil, Cameroon, Canada, Ghana, Guatemala, 

Israel, Jamaica, Mexico, Nigeria, Peru, Puerto 

Rico, South Africa, Venezuela, Zambia

16

Phylinae spp. Israel 1

Phyllophaga sp. Cuba, Mexico 27

Phyllosticta sp. Dominican Republic, India, St. Lucia, Viet Nam 4

Phyllostictina capsici Dominican Republic, Jamaica 2

Phyllotreta sp. Mexico 1

Phylloxera sp. Netherlands 1

Phytocoris sp. Honduras, Mexico 4
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador

Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 103

Pest Intercepted Country Interceptions (no.)

Phytomyzinae spp. Dominican Republic, Mexico, Unknown 3

Phytophthora capsici Puerto Rico 1

Phytoseiidae spp. Belgium, Canada, Israel, Mexico, Netherlands, 

Nigeria, Unknown

94

Picris sp. Mexico 1

Piesmatidae spp. Mexico 1

Pinnaspis sp. St. Lucia, US Virgin Islands 2

Pinnaspis strachani Jamaica 3

Piophilidae spp. Jamaica 1

Piper nigrum Viet Nam 1

Pityophthorus sp. Mexico 26

Plagiometriona sp. Mexico 2

Planicephalus flavicosta Trinidad and Tobago 1

Planococcus citri Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Netherlands, 

Puerto Rico

29

Planococcus citricus Dominican Republic 1

Planococcus halli Nigeria 1

Planococcus minor Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Fiji, Grenada, 

Guadeloupe, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, St. Lucia, St. 

Vincent and the Grenadines, Tonga, Trinidad 

and Tobago

49

Planococcus sp. Dominican Republic, Grenada, Jamaica, Japan, 

Mexico, Netherlands, Trinidad and Tobago

25

Plantago sp. India 1

Platynota rostrana St. Lucia 1

Platynota sp. China, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, 

Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, Puerto Rico, St. 

Lucia, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago

54

Platynota stultana Mexico 3

Platypodidae spp. Mexico 1

Pleurodonte guadeloupensis Dominica 1

Plodia interpunctella Bolivia, China, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, 

Mexico, Peru, Taiwan, Turkey

28

Plusia sp. Netherlands 1

Plusiinae spp. Canada, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, 

Netherlands

15

Plutella sp. Venezuela 1

Plutella xylostella Bahrain, Canada, Mexico, Netherlands 5

Plutellidae spp. Netherlands 1

Poaceae spp. Dominican Republic 1

Podisus sp. Mexico 1

Pogonomyrmex rugosus Mexico 1

Polygyridae spp. Mexico 2

Polymerus testaceipes Dominica 1

Polyphagotarsonemus latus Dominican Republic 1
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador

Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 104

Pest Intercepted Country Interceptions (no.)

Polyphylla sp. Mexico 2

Praticolella griseola Dominican Republic, Mexico 42

Praticolella sp. Mexico 3

Praticolella strebeliana Colombia, Dominican Republic 24

Premnotrypes sp. Peru 1

Prenolepis imparis Canada 1

Prietocella barbara Jamaica 1

Proba sp. Mexico 1

Prodiplosis sp. Haiti, Jamaica 5

Prosapia sp. Mexico 1

Prosopis sp. Mexico 1

Prosterninae spp. Mexico 1

Prostigmata spp. Canada 1

Protopulvinaria longivalvata Puerto Rico 1

Prytanes confusus Mexico 3

Prytanes oblonga Dominican Republic, Mexico 2

Prytanes sp. Mexico 3

Psephenidae spp. Mexico 1

Pseudaletia unipuncta Netherlands 1

Pseudatomoscelis seriatus Netherlands 2

Pseudobaris cylindricollis Mexico 1

Pseudocaeciliidae spp. Netherlands 1

Pseudococcidae spp. Anguila, Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, 

Belize, Canada, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, 

Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Fiji, 

Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Hawaii, 

Indonesia, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Mexico, 

Netherlands, Nigeria, Peru, Philippines, Puerto 

Rico, Seychelles, South Korea, Spain, St. Kitts 

and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the 

Grenadines, Syrian Arab Republic, Togo, 

Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, United Kingdom 

of Great Britain and N. Ireland, US Virgin 

Islands, Venezuela, Viet Nam

576

Pseudococcus elisae Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Puerto Rico 4

Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi Cote D`Ivoire, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican 

Republic, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and 

Tobago, US Virgin Islands

16

Pseudococcus odermatti Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico 2

Pseudococcus sp. Bahamas, Brazil, Canada, Dominican Republic, 

Jamaica, Netherlands, Puerto Rico, Thailand, 

Trinidad and Tobago, Viet Nam

20

Pseudococcus viburni Belgium, Netherlands 67

Pseudomyrmex mexicanus Mexico 1

Pseudopachybrachius basalis Mexico 1
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador

Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 105

Pest Intercepted Country Interceptions (no.)

Pseudopachybrachius vinctus Jamaica 1

Pseudopamera aurivilliana Mexico 1

Pseudopamera sp. Mexico 4

Psilidae spp. Mexico 6

Psocidae spp. Netherlands 2

Psocoptera spp. Belize, Brazil, Canada, China, Dominica, 

Dominican Republic, Guyana, Honduras, India, 

Jamaica, Mexico, Morocco, Netherlands, 

Nigeria, Peru, South Africa, Spain, Togo, 

Trinidad and Tobago

174

Psychidae spp. Mexico 1

Psychodidae spp. Canada, Netherlands 7

Psylla sp. Mexico 1

Psyllidae spp. El Salvador, Hungary, Mexico, Panama, Peru, 

Unknown, Viet Nam

442

Psylliodes sp. Mexico 1

Psylloidea spp. Mexico 5

Pteromalidae spp. Guatemala, Netherlands 2

Pteronemobius sp. Mexico 2

Pterophoridae spp. Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Nicaragua, St. 

Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and 

Tobago, United Kingdom of Great Britain and 

N. Ireland

8

Pthorimaea opercullela Unknown 1

Ptiliidae spp. Greece, Jamaica 2

Ptochiomera nodosa Netherlands 1

Puccinia sp. Mexico 1

Pulvinaria psidii Mexico 1

Pulvinaria sp. Guyana, Honduras, Mexico 4

Pulvinaria urbicola Antigua and Barbuda, Dominican Republic, 

Grenada, Jamaica, Mexico, St. Lucia

9

Puto barberi Puerto Rico 1

Pycnoderes sp. Mexico 1

Pyralidae spp. Antigua and Barbuda, Bolivia, Brazil, China, 

Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, 

Ghana, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, India, 

Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, 

Nigeria, Panama, Peru, Sierra Leone, Taiwan, 

Thailand, Unknown, Venezuela

59

Pyralinae spp. Guatemala 1

Pyrausta sp. Netherlands, Unknown 6

Pyraustinae spp. Africa Country Unknown, Australia, Belgium, 

Bosnia & Herzegovina, Bosnia and 

Herzegovina, Brazil, Colombia, Croatia, El 

Salvador, Ghana, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, 

Hungary, Israel, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, 

108
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador

Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 106

Pest Intercepted Country Interceptions (no.)

Nicaragua, Nigeria, Peru, Poland, Puerto Rico, 

Romania, Slovenia, South Korea, Spain, 

Unknown, Venezuela, Yugoslavia

Rasahus biguttatus Mexico 1

Reduviidae spp. Canada, Dominican Republic, Netherlands 5

Reuteroscopus sp. Mexico 1

Rhabdopterus sp. Mexico 1

Rhagium sp. Mexico 1

Rhamphothrips pandens St. Lucia 1

Rhaphigaster nebulosa Moldova, Netherlands 2

Rhizopus sp. Dominican Republic 1

Rhopalapion longirostre Greece 1

Rhopalidae spp. Mexico 1

Rhyparochromidae spp. Mexico 1

Rhytidoporus indentatus Trinidad and Tobago 1

Riodinidae spp. Nigeria 2

Rottboellia cochinchinensis Thailand 1

Saccharicoccus sacchari Jamaica 2

Saccharum spontaneum Unknown 1

Saissetia coffeae Jamaica 1

Saissetia neglecta Jamaica 1

Saissetia sp. Jamaica 2

Sancassania sp. Romania 1

Saprophyte sp. Belgium, Canada, Mexico, Netherlands, Taiwan, 

Unknown, Viet Nam

12

Sarasinula plebeia Dominica 1

Sarcophagidae spp. Mexico 2

Sarcophaginae spp. Spain 1

Saturniidae spp. Mexico 1

Scarinae spp. Dominican Republic 1

Scatella sp. Netherlands 1

Scatopsidae spp. Mexico, Netherlands 2

Scelionidae spp. Netherlands 2

Schinus terebinthifolius France 1

Schizocerella pilicornis Mexico 1

Schizomyia sp. El Salvador 1

Sciaridae spp. Canada, Dominican Republic, Israel, Mexico, 

Netherlands, Spain

35

Sciocoris maculatus India 1

Scirtidae spp. Mexico, Netherlands 3

Scirtothrips dorsalis St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, 

Trinidad and Tobago

6

Scirtothrips sp. St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, 

Trinidad and Tobago, US Virgin Islands

8
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador

Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 107

Pest Intercepted Country Interceptions (no.)

Sclerotium rolfsii Unknown 1

Scolytidae spp. Mexico 44

Scolytus sp. Mexico 1

Scorpiones spp. Mexico 1

Scrophulariaceae spp. Netherlands 1

Scymninae spp. Trinidad and Tobago 1

Scyphomphorus sp. Mexico 1

Scythridinae spp. Canada 1

Secondary fungi Angola, Belgium, Brazil, China, Costa Rica, 

France, Germany, Guatemala, India, Italy, Japan, 

Mexico, Netherlands, Panama, Peru, South 

Africa, Spain, United Kingdom of Great Britain 

and N. Ireland, Unknown

26

Sennius sp. Mexico 1

Sepsidae spp. Dominican Republic, Netherlands 2

Septoria sp. Venezuela 2

Serica sp. Mexico 1

Sericoderus sp. Canada, Netherlands 8

Sesamia nonagrioides Italy 2

Setaria italica China 1

Setaria sp. Chile, Myanmar 2

Setaria verticillata Mexico 1

Silvanidae spp. Dominican Republic, Germany, India, South 

Korea, Thailand

5

Sitona humeralis Netherlands 1

Sitona lineatus Netherlands, United Arab Emirates 2

Sitona sp. Belgium, Israel, Netherlands, Pakistan 4

Sitophilus oryzae Mexico 1

Sitophilus sp. Mexico, Netherlands 4

Sitophilus zeamais Ghana, Mexico 3

Sminthuridae spp. Canada 1

Solenopsis geminata Brazil, Ghana 2

Solenopsis sp. Costa Rica, Mexico 3

Sonchus arvensis Canada 1

Sonchus asper Netherlands 1

Sonchus oleraceus Mexico 1

Sonchus sp. Netherlands 1

Sorghum halepense Chile 2

Sparganothis sp. Jamaica 1

Sphaceloma psidii Mexico 1

Sphaeroceridae spp. Mexico 1

Sphenophorus sp. Mexico 2

Sphingidae spp. Jamaica, Mexico, Puerto Rico 6

Sphragisticus nebulosus Canada 1
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador

Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 108

Pest Intercepted Country Interceptions (no.)

Spilomelinae spp. Netherlands 3

Spilosoma sp. Canada 1

Spodoptera albula Dominican Republic 2

Spodoptera androgea Dominican Republic 1

Spodoptera dolichos Dominican Republic, St. Lucia 6

Spodoptera eridania Dominican Republic, Grenada, Trinidad and 

Tobago

5

Spodoptera exigua Belgium, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, 

Mexico, Netherlands, Spain, Trinidad and 

Tobago, Unknown

157

Spodoptera frugiperda Belize, Brazil, Canada, Dominican Republic, 

Guatemala, Mexico, Trinidad and Tobago, 

Venezuela

120

Spodoptera latifascia Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Mexico, St. Lucia 32

Spodoptera littoralis Dominican Republic, Egypt, Ghana, Spain 5

Spodoptera litura Japan, South Korea, Thailand 3

Spodoptera ornithogalli Dominican Republic 2

Spodoptera sp. Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, India, 

Israel, Jamaica, Jordan, Mexico, Netherlands, 

Spain, Trinidad and Tobago, Unknown, 

Venezuela

47

Spodoptera sunia Dominican Republic 3

Spoladea recurvalis Dominican Republic 1

Staphylinidae spp. Asia Country Unknown, Canada, Dominican 

Republic, Mexico, Netherlands

13

Stegobium paniceum Egypt 1

Stemphylium botryosum Italy, Mexico 2

Stemphylium sp. Brazil, Colombia, Italy, Mexico, Spain, Taiwan 7

Stenozygum sp. Dominican Republic 1

Stephanopachys sp. Mexico 2

Sternorrhyncha spp. Mexico 1

Stratiolaelaps sp. Brazil, Netherlands 2

Succinea costaricana Belize 2

Succinea cuvieri Trinidad and Tobago 1

Succinea luteola Mexico 1

Succinea margarita Dominican Republic 1

Succinea putris Trinidad and Tobago 1

Succinea sp. Dominican Republic, Grenada, Italy, Mexico, 

Trinidad and Tobago

31

Symmetrischema capsicum Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, 

Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, 

Peru

27

Symmetrischema sp. Guatemala, Mexico 2

Syrphidae spp. Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Dominican Republic, 

Mexico, Netherlands, Panama, Peru, St. Kitts 

87
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador

Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 109

Pest Intercepted Country Interceptions (no.)

and Nevis, Trinidad and Tobago

Syrphinae spp. Belgium, Dominican Republic, Netherlands 7

Syrphini spp. Dominican Republic, Netherlands, Trinidad and 

Tobago

3

Systena sp. Mexico 2

Tachinidae spp. Canada, Mexico 2

Tachyporinae spp. Dominican Republic 1

Tapinoma melanocephalum Jamaica, Mexico, Puerto Rico 3

Taraxacum officinale Canada 4

Tarsonemus confusus Dominican Republic 1

Tarsonemus sp. Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Mexico, 

Panama

6

Tarsonemus waitei El Salvador 1

Telenomus sp. Dominican Republic 1

Tenebrionidae spp. Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Mexico, 

Nicaragua

7

Tepa sp. Mexico 1

Tephritidae spp. Africa Country Unknown, Angola, Asia Country 

Unknown, Bangladesh, Benin, Bolivia, 

Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, China, Congo 

Democratic Republic of, Cote D`Ivoire, 

Dominican Republic, Egypt, El Salvador, 

Ethiopia, France, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, 

Greece, Guinea, Haiti, Hawaii, India, Indonesia, 

Italy, Jamaica, Kenya, Liberia, Madagascar, 

Malawi, Malaysia, Mexico, Nepal, Netherlands, 

Nigeria, Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Puerto Rico, 

Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, 

South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Thailand, 

Togo, Turkey, Uganda, United Kingdom of 

Great Britain and N. Ireland, Unknown, Viet 

Nam, Zambia

940

Tetramorium bicarinatum Australia, Colombia 2

Tetramorium caespitum Puerto Rico 1

Tetranychidae spp. Chile, Guatemala, Mexico, Netherlands, 

Unknown

5

Tetranychus ludeni Dominican Republic 1

Tetranychus sp. Canada, Dominican Republic, Honduras, 

Mexico, Netherlands, Poland

24

Tetranychus urticae Jamaica, Mexico 2

Tetrapriocera longicornis Dominican Republic 1

Tettigometridae spp. Trinidad and Tobago 1

Tettigoniidae spp. Canada, Dominican Republic, Grenada, 

Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Trinidad 

and Tobago

24

Texananus spatulatus Mexico 1
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador

Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 110

Pest Intercepted Country Interceptions (no.)

Thaumatotibia leucotreta Africa Country Unknown, Angola, Benin, 

Cameroon, Cape Verde, Cote D`Ivoire, Eritrea, 

Gambia, Ghana, Liberia, Netherlands, Nigeria, 

Sierra Leone, South Africa, Togo, Uganda, 

United Kingdom of Great Britain and N. Ireland, 

Unknown

180

Thaumatotibia sp. Africa Country Unknown, Czech Republic, 

Ghana, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo

15

Theba pisana Algeria, Italy, Portugal 5

Thelidomus aspera Jamaica 1

Thripidae spp. Antigua and Barbuda, Belgium, Canada, Chile, 

Costa Rica, Cote D`Ivoire, Dominica, 

Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Ghana, 

Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, India, Iran, 

Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Malawi, 

Mexico, Netherlands, Nigeria, Peru, Philippines, 

South Korea, Spain, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and 

the Grenadines, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago

198

Thripinae spp. Netherlands, Spain 2

Thrips angusticeps Germany 1

Thrips fuscipennis Netherlands 1

Thrips major Netherlands, Trinidad and Tobago 2

Thrips nigropilosus Israel 1

Thrips palmi Antigua and Barbuda, Costa Rica, Dominican 

Republic, Guyana, Jamaica, Netherlands, 

Philippines, Puerto Rico, Spain, St. Lucia, 

Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies Country 

Unknown

181

Thrips sp. Dominican Republic, Iran, Netherlands, St. 

Lucia, Turkey

57

Thrips tabaci Belgium, Canada, Dominican Republic, 

Guatemala, Mexico, Netherlands, Panama, 

Serbia, Spain

30

Thyanta perditor Dominican Republic 1

Thyanta sp. Mexico 1

Thylodrias contractus Mexico 1

Thysanoptera spp. Guam, Israel, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, 

Northern Mariana Islands, Philippines, Puerto 

Rico, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Thailand

17

Thysanura spp. Mexico 1

Tineidae spp. India, Mexico, Trinidad and Tobago, Unknown, 

Yugoslavia

7

Tingidae spp. Brazil, Jamaica 2

Tipulidae spp. Canada 1

Tomarus sp. Mexico 8

Tomolips sp. Netherlands 1
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador

Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 111

Pest Intercepted Country Interceptions (no.)

Tortricidae spp. Africa Country Unknown, Argentina, Armenia, 

Azores, Belgium, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, 

Cameroon, Canada, Colombia, Cote D`Ivoire, 

Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El 

Salvador, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guatemala, 

Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, India, Israel, Italy, 

Jamaica, Liberia, Malawi, Malaysia, Mexico, 

Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Peru, 

Romania, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South America 

Country Unkown, Spain, St. Lucia, Thailand, 

Trinidad and Tobago, Unknown, Venezuela, 

Viet Nam

330

Tortricinae spp. Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Dominica, 

Dominican Republic, Ghana, Grenada, 

Guatemala, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, 

Nigeria, Puerto Rico, Senegal, South Africa, 

South Korea, Spain, St. Lucia, Unknown, 

Venezuela

329

Tospovirus tomato spotted wilt 

virus

Dominican Republic 1

Trachyderes mandibularis Mexico 1

Trialeurodes vaporariorum Cuba, Unknown 2

Tribolium castaneum Africa Country Unknown, China, Germany, 

Guinea, Mexico

5

Tribolium sp. Egypt, India, Mexico, Peru, Saudi Arabia 8

Trichobaris compacta Mexico 1

Trichobaris mucorea Mexico 1

Trichoplusia ni Mexico, Netherlands 2

Trichoptera spp. Dominican Republic, Netherlands 2

Tricorynus sp. Mexico 1

Trifolium sp. India 1

Trigonella foenum-graecum India 1

Trimerotropis pallidipennis Mexico 1

Trioza sp. Mexico 13

Triozidae spp. El Salvador, Mexico 2856

Trogoderma granarium Iran 1

Trogoderma sp. China, Mexico, Morocco, Unknown 4

Trogoderma sp. Saudi Arabia 1

Trombidiinae spp. Jamaica 1

Trombidium sp. Mexico 1

Tychius cuprifer Mexico 1

Typhaea stercorea Israel, Netherlands 2

Typhlocybinae spp. Mexico, Netherlands 5

Typhlodromus sp. Israel 1

Typophorus sp. Mexico 1

Tyrophagus putrescentiae Belgium, Dominican Republic, Mexico 4
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador

Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 112

Pest Intercepted Country Interceptions (no.)

Udea sp. Algeria, Netherlands 2

Udea testacea Netherlands 1

Uleiota debilis Canada 1

Ulidiidae spp. Cameroon, Canada, Guyana, Jamaica, Peru 7

Ulus sp. Mexico 1

Utetheisa ornatrix Mexico 1

Veliidae spp. Netherlands 1

Veronicella cubensis Dominica 2

Veronicella sloanii Jamaica 1

Veronicella sp. Dominica, Puerto Rico 6

Veronicellidae spp. Dominican Republic, Jamaica 2

Verticillium sp. Netherlands 1

Vespidae spp. Canada, Mexico 2

Winnertzia sp. Netherlands 1

Xanthochilus saturnius Greece 1

Xanthomonas campestris pv.

vesicatoria

Mexico, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Tortola 4

Xanthomonas vesicatoria Mexico 1

Xenotarsonemus sp. Dominican Republic 1

Xerophloea sp. Mexico 1

Xerotricha conspurcata Greece, Italy 2

Xestia sp. Spain 1

Xestocephalus sp. Mexico 1

Xyleborus ferrugineus Dominican Republic 1

Xyleborus intrusus Honduras 1

Xyleborus volvulus Honduras 1

Xylodiplosis sp. Ghana 1

Xylomeira torquata Mexico 1

Xyonysius sp. Mexico 1

Zabrotes sp. Mexico 1

Zachrysia auricoma Puerto Rico 2

Zachrysia sp. Dominican Republic 1

Zercoseius sp. Netherlands 1

Zonitoides arboreus Dominican Republic, Netherlands 4

Zygogramma sp. Mexico 2

Grand Total 27,807
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador

Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 113

Appendix B. Quarantine pests reported on Capsicum spp. (in any country) and present in 

Ecuador.

Pest Scientific Name Taxonomy Reported on Capsicum 

spp.

US and Ecuador 

Distribution

Plant part(s) 

assoc.

ARTHROPODS

Agrotis segetum Denis 

& Schiffermüller

Lepidoptera: 

Noctuidae

C. annuum, Capsicum 

sp. (CABI, 2006)

EC (Flores and Tapia, 

2003)

L, R, S 

(CABI, 2006; 

Mukuka et 

al., 2002)

Aleurodicus dispersus 

Russell

Hemiptera: 

Aleyrodidae

C. annuum (PestID, 

2010); Capsicum sp. 

(CABI, 2006)

EC (CABI, 2006; Rogg, 

2000); US (CABI, 

2006)

L (PestID, 

2010)

Aleurotrachelus 

socialis Bondar

Hemiptera: 

Aleyrodidae

C. annuum (Valarezo, 

2002)

EC (CABI, 2006; 

Valarezo, 2002)

L (CABI, 

2006)

Anastrepha fraterculus 

Wiedemann

Diptera: Tephritidae C. annuum (MAG, 

1986b; RFDS, 1994); C. 

frutescens (MAG, 

1986b; RFDS, 1994; 

Rogg, 2000)

EC (Arias and 

Carrasco, 2002; CABI, 

2006; INIAP, 1997; 

MAG, 1986b; 

Molineros et al., 1992; 

RFDS, 1994; Rogg, 

2000; Ruales, 1984; 

Vaughan, 1982)

F (RFDS, 

1994; Rogg, 

2000)

Atta capiguara 

Goncalves

Hymenoptera: 

Formicidae

C. frutescens (Rogg, 

2000)

EC (Rogg, 2000) L (Rogg, 

2000)

Ceratitis capitata 

(Wiedemann)

Diptera: Tephritidae C. annuum (PestID, 

2010; CABI, 2006; 

MAG, 1986b; Thomas et 

al., 2001; Vaughan, 

1982); C. baccatum

(Thomas et al., 2001); C. 

frutescens (CABI, 2006; 

Rogg, 2000; Thomas et 

al., 2001); Capsicum sp. 

(PestID, 2010; Mau and 

Martin, 1992)

EC (CABI, 2006; 

Camacho, 1994; 

CDFA, 2008; 

Molineros et al., 1992; 

Rogg, 2000; Vaughan, 

1982)

F (CABI, 

2006; Rogg, 

2000; Thomas 

and Heppner, 

2001)

Cerotoma variegata 

(Fabricius)

Coleoptera: 

Chrysomelidae

C. frutescens (Rogg, 

2000)

EC (Rogg, 2000) L (Rogg, 

2000)

Diabrotica bicolor

Jacoby

Coleoptera: 

Chrysomelidae

C. frutescens (Rogg, 

2000)

EC (Rogg, 2000) L (Rogg, 

2000)

Diabrotica decolor 

Erichson 

Coleoptera: 

Chrysomelidae

C. annuum (RFDS, 

1994); C. frutescens 

(MAG, 1986b; RFDS, 

1994; Rogg, 2000)

EC (MAG, 1986b; 

RFDS, 1994; Rogg, 

2000)

L (Rogg, 

2000)

Diabrotica speciosa 

(Germar)

Coleoptera: 

Chrysomelidae

Capsicum sp. (CABI, 

2006)

EC (CABI, 2006; 

MAG, 1986b; Rogg, 

2000; Ruales, 1958)

L, R (MAG, 

1986b; Rogg, 

2000)
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador

Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 114

Pest Scientific Name Taxonomy Reported on Capsicum 

spp.

US and Ecuador 

Distribution

Plant part(s) 

assoc.

Edessa meditabunda 

(Fabricius)

Hemiptera: 

Pentatomidae

C. annuum (CABI, 

2006)

EC (Rogg, 2000) L, S (Panizzi, 

2000)

Epicauta adspersa 

(Klug)

Coleoptera: 

Meloidae

C. frutescens (Rogg, 

2000)

EC (Rogg, 2000) L (Rogg, 

2000)

Frankliniella parvula 

Hood

Thysanoptera: 

Thripidae

Capsicum sp. (PestID, 

2010)

EC (MAG, 1986b; 

PestID, 2010; Ruales, 

1958; Vaughan, 1982)

Fl (PestID, 

2010)

Liriomyza 

huidobrensis 

(Blanchard)

Diptera: 

Agromyzidae

C. annuum (CABI, 

2006; EPPO, 2005; 

Steck, 1999)

EC (CABI, 2006; Díaz 

and Gallegos, 2003;

Chulde and Gallegos, 

2003); US (Arnett Jr., 

2000; CABI, 2006)

L 

(Kharizanova 

and Pavlov, 

2007)

Manduca lucetius 

(Cramer)

Lepidoptera: 

Sphingidae

C. annuum (Robinson et 

al., 2007)

EC (Guevara et al., 

2002; Vaughan, 1982)

L (Robinson 

et al., 2007)

Neoleucinodes 

elegantalis (Guenée)

Lepidoptera: 

Pyralidae

C. annuum (PestID, 

2010; Robinson et al., 

2007); C. frutescens 

(Rogg, 2000); Capsicum 

sp. (PestID, 2010)

EC (MAG, 1986b; 

MAG, 1986a; Oleas et 

al., 1990; Rogg, 2000)

F (Marcano, 

1991a; 

PestID, 

2010); L 

(PestID, 

2010)

Praelongorthezia 

praelonga Gouglas 

Syn. Orthezia 

praelonga Douglas

Hemiptera: 

Ortheziidae

Capsicum sp. (Ben-Dov 

et al., 2007; PestID, 

2010)

EC (Ben-Dov et al., 

2007; Rogg, 2000; 

Ruales, 1958; Ruales, 

1984)

L (PestID, 

2010)

Prodiplosis longifila 

Gagné 

Diptera: 

Cecidomyiidae

C. annuum (Valarezo et 

al., 2003)

EC (Valarezo et al., 

2003); US [(FL) (Peña

et al., 1989)]

F, L 

(Valarezo et 

al., 2003)

Pseudaonidia 

trilobitiformis 

(Green)

Hemiptera: 

Diaspididae

C. annuum, C. 

frutescens, Capsicum sp. 

(Ben-Dov et al., 2007)

EC (Ben-Dov et al., 

2007; Rogg, 2000); US 

(Arnett Jr., 2000; BenDov et al., 2007)

L (Watson, 

2005)

Pteronymia notilla 

Butler & Druce

Lepidoptera: 

Nymphalidae

Capsicum sp. (Young, 

1974)

EC (Robinson et al., 

2007)

L (Young, 

1974)

Scapteriscus 

didactylus 

(Latreille)

Orthoptera: 

Gryllotalpidae

C. annuum, Capsicum

sp. (CABI, 2006)

EC (Rogg, 2000) R, S (Frank, 

1987)

Spodoptera litura 

(Fabricius)

Lepidoptera: 

Noctuidae

C. annuum (EPPO, 

2005; Robinson et al., 

2007); C. frutescens 

(CABI, 2006; Robinson 

et al., 2007)

EC (MAG, 1986b; 

Rogg, 2000); US 

(CABI, 2006)

F (PestID, 

2010); L 

(CABI, 2006)
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador

Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 115

Pest Scientific Name Taxonomy Reported on Capsicum 

spp.

US and Ecuador 

Distribution

Plant part(s) 

assoc.

Thrips palmi Karny Thysanoptera: 

Thripidae

C. annuum (CABI, 

2006); C. frutescens 

(Vázquez et al., 2005); 

Capsicum sp. (CABI, 

2006; Mau and Martin, 

1992; PestID, 2010)

EC (Triviño et al., 

1999); US [(FL) 

(CABI, 2006; EPPO, 

2005)]

F, L, Sd 

(CABI, 

2006); F, L 

(Martin and 

Mau, 1992)

Tuta absoluta

(Meyrick) Povolny

Syn.: 

Scrobipalpuloides 

absoluta (Meyrick) 

Povolny 

Lepidoptera: 

Gelechiidae

C. frutescens (Rogg, 

2000)

EC (CABI, 2006;

Klein, 1989; Rogg, 

2000)

F, L, S 

(EPPO, 2006)

MOLLUSKS

Achatina fulica 

Bowdich

Mollusca: 

Achatinidae

Capsicum sp. (Robinson, 

2002)

EC(Correoso, 2006);

US [(HI, VI) (CABI, 

2010)]

F, L, S, R 

(CABI, 2010)

NEMATODES

Meloidogyne exigua 

Goeldi

Nematoda: 

Meloidogynidae

C. annuum (CABI, 

2006)

EC (Rogg, 2000) R (CABI, 

2006)

Nacobbus aberrans 

(Thorne) Thorne & 

Allen

Nematoda: 

Pratylenchidae

C. annuum (CABI, 

2010; EPPO, 2005)

EC (CABI, 2010; Rogg, 

2000); US (CABI, 

2010; EPPO, 2005; 

Nemabase, 2007)

L, R (CABI, 

2010)

Radopholus similis 

(Cobb) Thorne 

Nematoda: 

Pratylenchidae

C. annuum (Nemabase, 

2007)

EC (CABI, 2010; 

Perez, 1990; Vaughan, 

1982); US [(CA, FL, 

HI, LA, MD, SC, TX) 

(CABI, 2010; Handoo 

et al., 2008)]

R (CABI, 

2010)

FUNGI

Didymostilbe capsici 

(Pat.) Seifert 

Syn.: Stilbum 

capsici Pat.

Ascomycetes: 

Hypocreales

C. pubescens (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011)

EC (Farr and Rossman, 

2011)

S (Saccardo, 

1895)

Moniliophthora 

perniciosa (Stahel) 

Aime & PhillipsMora

Basidiomycetes, 

Agaricales

C. annuum (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011; Marelli 

et al., 2009)

EC (Farr and Rossman, 

2011)

Fl, F, S (Farr 

and Rossman, 

2011)
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador

Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 116

Pest Scientific Name Taxonomy Reported on Capsicum 

spp.

US and Ecuador 

Distribution

Plant part(s) 

assoc.

Puccinia pampeana

Speg. 

Syn.: P. capsici

Mayor; P. paulensis 

Rangel

Urediniomycetes: 

Uredinales

C. annuum, C. 

frutescens (Buriticá, 

1999; Farr and Rossman, 

2011; Tamayo and 

Jaramillo, 2006); C.

baccatum, Capsicum sp. 

(Buriticá, 1999; Farr and

Rossman, 2011)

EC (Rogg, 2000; Farr 

and Rossman, 2011)

F, L, S, Sh 

(Passador et 

al., 2009); L, 

S, Sh 

(Figueiredo, 

2000; 

Tamayo and 

Jaramillo, 

2006)

VIRUS

Andean potato mottle 

virus (APMoV)

Comoviridae: 

Comovirus

Capsicum sp. (CABI, 

2010)

EC (CABI, 2010) F, L, R, S, Sd 

(CABI, 2010)