Amended and Restated Trust Agreement



 Exhibit 4.4 
  
 Execution Copy 
  

  
 AMENDED AND RESTATED TRUST
AGREEMENT 
  
 among 
  
 NOVASTAR MORTGAGE, INC., 
 as Depositor 
  
 JPMORGAN CHASE BANK, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION,  
 as Property Trustee 
  
 CHASE BANK USA, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION,  
 as Delaware Trustee 
  
 and 
  
 THE ADMINISTRATIVE TRUSTEES NAMED HEREIN  
 as Administrative Trustees 
  

  
 Dated as of March 15, 2005 
  

  
 NOVASTAR CAPITAL TRUST I 
  








  
 CONTENTS 

 

					
	 Clause

	  	 	  	Page


	 ARTICLE I.
	  	Defined Terms	  	1
	 Section 1.1.
	  	 Definitions
	  	1
			
	 ARTICLE II.
	  	The Trust	  	13
	 Section 2.1.
	  	 Name
	  	13
	 Section 2.2.
	  	 Office of the Delaware Trustee; Principal Place of Business
	  	14
	 Section 2.3.
	  	 Initial Contribution of Trust Property; Fees, Costs and Expenses
	  	14
	 Section 2.4.
	  	 Purposes of Trust
	  	14
	 Section 2.5.
	  	 Authorization to Enter into Certain Transactions
	  	15
	 Section 2.6.
	  	 Assets of Trust
	  	17
	 Section 2.7.
	  	 Title to Trust Property
	  	17
			
	 ARTICLE III.
	  	Payment Account; Paying Agents	  	18
	 Section 3.1.
	  	 Payment Account
	  	18
	 Section 3.2.
	  	 Appointment of Paying Agents
	  	18
			
	 ARTICLE IV.
	  	Distributions; Redemption	  	19
	 Section 4.1.
	  	 Distributions
	  	19
	 Section 4.2.
	  	 Redemption
	  	20
	 Section 4.3.
	  	 Subordination of Common Securities
	  	23
	 Section 4.4.
	  	 Payment Procedures
	  	23
	 Section 4.5.
	  	 Withholding Tax
	  	24
	 Section 4.6.
	  	 Tax Returns and Other Reports
	  	24
	 Section 4.7.
	  	 Payment of Taxes, Duties, Etc. of the Trust
	  	24
	 Section 4.8.
	  	 Payments under Indenture or Pursuant to Direct Actions
	  	24
	 Section 4.9.
	  	 Exchanges
	  	25
	 Section 4.10.
	  	 Calculation Agent
	  	25
	 Section 4.11.
	  	 Certain Accounting Matters
	  	26
			
	 ARTICLE V.
	  	Securities	  	27
	 Section 5.1.
	  	 Initial Ownership
	  	27
	 Section 5.2.
	  	 Authorized Trust Securities
	  	27
	 Section 5.3.
	  	 Issuance of the Common Securities; Subscription and Purchase of Notes
	  	27
	 Section 5.4.
	  	 The Securities Certificates
	  	28
	 Section 5.5.
	  	 Rights of Holders
	  	28
	 Section 5.6.
	  	 Book-Entry Preferred Securities
	  	29
	 Section 5.7.
	  	 Registration of Transfer and Exchange of Preferred Securities Certificates
	  	31

  

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	 Clause

	  	 	  	Page


	 Section 5.8.
	  	 Mutilated, Destroyed, Lost or Stolen Securities Certificates
	  	32
	 Section 5.9.
	  	 Persons Deemed Holders
	  	33
	 Section 5.10.
	  	 Cancellation
	  	33
	 Section 5.11.
	  	 Ownership of Common Securities by Depositor
	  	33
	 Section 5.12.
	  	 Restricted Legends
	  	34
	 Section 5.13.
	  	 Form of Certificate of Authentication
	  	36
			
	 ARTICLE VI.
	  	 Meetings; Voting; Acts of Holders
	  	36
	 Section 6.1.
	  	 Notice of Meetings
	  	36
	 Section 6.2.
	  	 Meetings of Holders of the Preferred Securities
	  	36
	 Section 6.3.
	  	 Voting Rights
	  	37
	 Section 6.4.
	  	 Proxies, Etc.
	  	37
	 Section 6.5.
	  	 Holder Action by Written Consent
	  	37
	 Section 6.6.
	  	 Record Date for Voting and Other Purposes
	  	38
	 Section 6.7.
	  	 Acts of Holders
	  	38
	 Section 6.8.
	  	 Inspection of Records
	  	39
	 Section 6.9.
	  	 Limitations on Voting Rights
	  	39
	 Section 6.10.
	  	 Acceleration of Maturity; Rescission of Annulment; Waivers of Past Defaults
	  	40
			
	 ARTICLE VII.
	  	 Representations and Warranties
	  	42
	 Section 7.1.
	  	 Representations and Warranties of the Property Trustee and the Delaware Trustee
	  	42
	 Section 7.2.
	  	 Representations and Warranties of Depositor
	  	43
			
	 ARTICLE VIII.
	  	 The Trustees
	  	44
	 Section 8.1.
	  	 Number of Trustees
	  	44
	 Section 8.2.
	  	 Property Trustee Required
	  	45
	 Section 8.3.
	  	 Delaware Trustee Required
	  	45
	 Section 8.4.
	  	 Appointment of Administrative Trustees
	  	46
	 Section 8.5.
	  	 Duties and Responsibilities of the Trustees
	  	46
	 Section 8.6.
	  	 Notices of Defaults and Extensions
	  	47
	 Section 8.7.
	  	 Certain Rights of Property Trustee
	  	48
	 Section 8.8.
	  	 Delegation of Power
	  	50
	 Section 8.9.
	  	 May Hold Securities
	  	50
	 Section 8.10.
	  	 Compensation; Reimbursement; Indemnity
	  	51
	 Section 8.11.
	  	 Resignation and Removal; Appointment of Successor
	  	52
	 Section 8.12.
	  	 Acceptance of Appointment by Successor
	  	53
	 Section 8.13.
	  	 Merger, Conversion, Consolidation or Succession to Business
	  	53

  

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	 Clause

	  	 	  	Page


	 Section 8.14.
	  	 Not Responsible for Recitals or Issuance of Securities
	  	54
	 Section 8.15.
	  	 Property Trustee May File Proofs of Claim
	  	54
	 Section 8.16.
	  	 Reports to the Property Trustee
	  	55
			
	 ARTICLE IX.
	  	 Termination, Liquidation and Merger
	  	55
	 Section 9.1.
	  	 Dissolution Upon Expiration Date
	  	55
	 Section 9.2.
	  	 Early Termination
	  	56
	 Section 9.3.
	  	 Termination
	  	56
	 Section 9.4.
	  	 Liquidation
	  	56
	 Section 9.5.
	  	 Mergers, Consolidations, Amalgamations or Replacements of Trust
	  	58
			
	 ARTICLE X.
	  	 Miscellaneous Provisions
	  	59
	 Section 10.1.
	  	 Limitation of Rights of Holders
	  	59
	 Section 10.2.
	  	 Agreed Tax Treatment of Trust and Trust Securities
	  	59
	 Section 10.3.
	  	 Amendment
	  	60
	 Section 10.4.
	  	 Separability
	  	61
	 Section 10.5.
	  	 Governing Law
	  	61
	 Section 10.6.
	  	 Successors
	  	61
	 Section 10.7.
	  	 Headings
	  	62
	 Section 10.8.
	  	 Reports, Notices and Demands
	  	62
	 Section 10.9.
	  	 Agreement Not to Petition
	  	63
	 Section 10.10.
	  	 Counterparts
	  	63
			
	 Exhibit A
	  	 Certificate of Trust of NovaStar Capital Trust I
	  	 
	 Exhibit B
	  	 Form of Common Securities Certificate
	  	 
	 Exhibit C
	  	 Form of Preferred Securities Certificate
	  	 
	 Exhibit D
	  	 Junior Subordinated Indenture
	  	 
	 Exhibit E
	  	 Form of Transferor Certificate to be Executed by Transferees
	  	 
	 Exhibit F
	  	 Form of Officer’s Financial Certificate of the Depositor
	  	 
			
	 Schedule A
	  	 Calculation of LIBOR
	  	 

  

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 THIS AMENDED AND RESTATED
TRUST AGREEMENT, dated as of March 15, 2005, among (i) NovaStar Mortgage, Inc., a Virginia corporation (including any successors or permitted assigns, the “Depositor”), (ii) JPMorgan Chase Bank,
National Association, a national banking association, as property trustee (in such capacity, the “Property Trustee”), (iii) Chase Bank USA, National Association, a national banking association, as Delaware trustee (in such capacity,
the “Delaware Trustee”), (iv) Scott F. Hartman, an individual, Gregory S. Metz, an individual and Jeffrey D. Ayers, an individual, each of whose address is c/o NovaStar Financial, Inc., 8140 Ward Parkway, Suite 300, Kansas City, MO
64114, as administrative trustees (in such capacities, each an “Administrative Trustee” and, collectively, the “Administrative Trustees” and, together with the Property Trustee and the Delaware Trustee, the
“Trustees”) and (v) the several Holders, as hereinafter defined. 
  
 WITNESSETH 
  
 WHEREAS, the Depositor, the Property Trustee and the Delaware Trustee have heretofore created a Delaware statutory trust pursuant to the Delaware Statutory Trust Act by entering into a Trust Agreement, dated as of March 10,
2005 (the “Original Trust Agreement”), and by executing and filing with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware the Certificate of Trust, substantially in the form attached as Exhibit A; and 
  
 WHEREAS, the Depositor and the Trustees desire to amend and
restate the Original Trust Agreement in its entirety as set forth herein to provide for, among other things, (i) the issuance of the Common Securities by the Trust to the Depositor, (ii) the issuance and sale of the Preferred Securities by the Trust
pursuant to the Purchase Agreement and (iii) the acquisition by the Trust from the Depositor of all of the right, title and interest in and to the Notes; 
  
 NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the agreements and obligations set forth herein and for other good and valuable
consideration, the receipt and sufficiency of which are hereby acknowledged, each party, for the benefit of the other parties and for the benefit of the Holders, hereby amends and restates the Original Trust Agreement in its entirety and agrees as
follows: 
  
 ARTICLE I. 
  
 DEFINED TERMS 
  
 SECTION 1.1. Definitions. 
  
 For all purposes of this Trust Agreement, except as otherwise expressly
provided or unless the context otherwise requires: 
  
 (a) the terms defined in this Article I have the meanings assigned to them in this Article I; 
  
 (b) the words “include”, “includes” and “including” shall be deemed to be followed by the phrase
“without limitation”; 
  









 (c) all accounting terms used but not defined herein have the meanings assigned to them
in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles; 
  
 (d) unless the context otherwise requires, any reference to an “Article”, a “Section”, a “Schedule” or an “Exhibit” refers to an Article, a Section, a Schedule or an Exhibit, as
the case may be, of or to this Trust Agreement; 
  
 (e) the words “hereby”, “herein”, “hereof” and “hereunder” and other words of similar import refer to this Trust Agreement as a whole and not to any particular Article, Section or other subdivision;

  
 (f) a reference to the singular includes the
plural and vice versa; and 
  
 (g) the masculine,
feminine or neuter genders used herein shall include the masculine, feminine and neuter genders. 
  
 “Act” has the meaning specified in Section 6.7. 
  
 “Additional Interest” has the meaning specified in Section 1.1 of the Indenture. 
  
 “Additional Interest Amount” means, with respect to Trust
Securities of a given Liquidation Amount and/or a given period, the amount of Additional Interest paid by the Depositor on a Like Amount of Notes for such period. 
  
 “Additional Taxes” has the meaning specified in Section 1.1 of the Indenture. 
  
 “Additional Tax Sums” has the meaning specified in Section
10.5 of the Indenture. 
  
 “Administrative
Trustee” means each of the Persons identified as an “Administrative Trustee” in the preamble to this Trust Agreement, solely in each such Person’s capacity as Administrative Trustee of the Trust and not in such
Person’s individual capacity, or any successor Administrative Trustee appointed as herein provided. 
  
 “Affiliate” of any specified Person means any other Person directly or indirectly controlling or controlled by or under direct or
indirect common control with such specified Person. For the purposes of this definition, “control” when used with respect to any specified 

  

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Person means the power to direct the management and policies of such Person, directly or indirectly, whether through the ownership of voting securities, by
contract or otherwise; and the terms “controlling” and “controlled” have meanings correlative to the foregoing. 
  
 “Applicable Depositary Procedures” means, with respect to any transfer or transaction involving a Book-Entry Preferred Security, the
rules and procedures of the Depositary for such Book-Entry Preferred Security, in each case to the extent applicable to such transaction and as in effect from time to time. 
  
 “Bankruptcy Event” means, with respect to any Person: 
  
 (a) the entry of a decree or order by a court having jurisdiction in the
premises (i) judging such Person a bankrupt or insolvent, (ii) approving as properly filed a petition seeking reorganization, arrangement, adjudication or composition of or in respect of such Person under any applicable Federal or state bankruptcy,
insolvency, reorganization or other similar law, (iii) appointing a custodian, receiver, liquidator, assignee, trustee, sequestrator or other similar official of such Person or of any substantial part of its property or (iv) ordering the winding up
or liquidation of its affairs, and the continuance of any such decree or order unstayed and in effect for a period of sixty (60) consecutive days; or 
  
 (b) the institution by such Person of proceedings to be adjudicated a bankrupt or insolvent, or the consent by it to the institution of bankruptcy or
insolvency proceedings against it, or the filing by it of a petition or answer or consent seeking reorganization or relief under any applicable Federal or State bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization or other similar law, or the consent by it to the
filing of any such petition or to the appointment of a custodian, receiver, liquidator, assignee, trustee, sequestrator or similar official of such Person or of any substantial part of its property, or the making by it of an assignment for the
benefit of creditors, or the admission by it in writing of its inability to pay its debts generally as they become due and its willingness to be adjudicated a bankrupt or insolvent, or the taking of corporate action by such Person in furtherance of
any such action. 
  
 “Bankruptcy Laws” means all
Federal and state bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization and other similar laws, including the United States Bankruptcy Code. 
  

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 “Book-Entry Preferred Security” means a Preferred Security, the ownership and transfers
of which shall be made through book entries by a Depositary. 
  
 “Business Day” means a day other than (a) a Saturday or Sunday, (b) a day on which banking institutions in the City of New York are authorized or required by law or executive order to remain closed or (c) a day on which the
Corporate Trust Office is closed for business. 
  
 “Calculation Agent” has the meaning specified in Section 4.10.  
  
 “Closing Date” has the meaning specified in the Purchase Agreement.  
  
 “Code” means the United States Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended. 
  
 “Commission” means the Securities and Exchange Commission,
as from time to time constituted, created under the Exchange Act or, if at any time after the execution of this Trust Agreement such Commission is not existing and performing the duties assigned to it, then the body performing such duties at such
time. 
  
 “Common Securities Certificate” means a
certificate evidencing ownership of Common Securities, substantially in the form attached as Exhibit B. 
  
 “Common Security” means an undivided beneficial interest in the assets of the Trust, having a Liquidation Amount of $1,000 and having the
rights provided therefor in this Trust Agreement. 
  
 “Corporate Trust Office” means the principal office of the Property Trustee at which any particular time its corporate trust business shall be administered, which office at the date of this Trust Agreement is located at 600
Travis, 50th Floor, Houston, Texas 77002, Attention: Institutional Trust Services—NovaStar Capital Trust I.

  
 “Definitive Preferred Securities
Certificates” means Preferred Securities issued in certificated, fully registered form that are not Global Preferred Securities. 
  

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 “Delaware Statutory Trust Act” means Chapter 38 of Title 12 of the Delaware Code, 12
Del. Code § 3801 et seq., or any successor statute thereto, in each case as amended from time to time. 
  
 “Delaware Trustee” means the Person identified as the “Delaware Trustee” in the preamble to this Trust Agreement, solely
in its capacity as Delaware Trustee of the Trust and not in its individual capacity, or its successor in interest in such capacity, or any successor Delaware Trustee appointed as herein provided. 
  
 “Depositary” means an organization registered as a clearing
agency under the Exchange Act that is designated as Depositary by the Depositor or any successor thereto. DTC will be the initial Depositary. 
  
 “Depositary Participant” means a broker, dealer, bank, other financial institution or other Person for whom from time to time the
Depositary effects book-entry transfers and pledges of securities deposited with the Depositary. 
  
 “Depositor” has the meaning specified in the preamble to this Trust Agreement and any successors and permitted assigns. 
  
 “Depositor Affiliate” has the meaning specified in
Section 4.9. 
  
 “Distribution Date” has
the meaning specified in Section 4.1(a)(i). 
  
 “Distributions” means amounts payable in respect of the Trust Securities as provided in Section 4.1. 
  
 “DTC” means The Depository Trust Company, a New York corporation, or any successor thereto. 
  
 “Early Termination Event” has the meaning specified in
Section 9.2. 
  

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 “Event of Default” means any one of the following events (whatever the reason for such
event and whether it shall be voluntary or involuntary or be effected by operation of law or pursuant to any judgment, decree or order of any court or any order, rule or regulation of any administrative or governmental body): 
  
 (a) the occurrence of a Note Event of Default; or 
  
 (b) default by the Trust in the payment of any Distribution when it becomes
due and payable, and continuation of such default for a period of thirty (30) days; or 
  
 (c) default by the Trust in the payment of any Redemption Price of any Trust Security when it becomes due and payable; or 
  
 (d) default in the performance, or breach, in any material respect of any covenant or warranty of the Trustees in this Trust Agreement (other than those
specified in clause (b) or (c) above) and continuation of such default or breach for a period of thirty (30) days after there has been given, by registered or certified mail, to the Trustees and to the Depositor by the Holders of at least twenty
five percent (25%) in aggregate Liquidation Amount of the Outstanding Preferred Securities a written notice specifying such default or breach and requiring it to be remedied and stating that such notice is a “Notice of Default”
hereunder; or 
  
 (e) the occurrence of a Bankruptcy Event with
respect to the Property Trustee if a successor Property Trustee has not been appointed within ninety (90) days thereof. 
  
 “Exchange Act” means the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, and any successor statute thereto, in each case as amended from time to time.

  
 “Exchange Agreement” means an agreement
between the Exchange Note Issuer and the then Holder or Holders of the Trust Security or Trust Securities regarding the exchange thereunder of Exchange Notes for the Notes, substantially in the form of the Purchase Agreement, with changes thereto as
required by the different circumstances and acceptable to the Trustee. 
  

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 “Exchange Indenture” means a Junior Subordinated Indenture between the Exchange Note
Issuer and the Exchange Note Trustee, substantially in the form of the Indenture, with changes thereto as required by the differing circumstances and acceptable to the Trustee. 
  
 “Exchange Note Issuer” means NovaStar Financial, Inc., a Maryland corporation. 
  
 “Exchange Notes” means the Exchange Note Issuer’s
Floating Junior Subordinated Notes issued pursuant to the Exchange Indenture. 
  
 “Exchange Note Trustee” means JPMorgan Chase Bank, National Association as trustee under the Exchange Note Indenture. 
  
 “Expiration Date” has the meaning specified in Section 9.1. 
  
 “Fiscal Year” shall be the fiscal year of the Trust, which
shall be the calendar year, or such other period as is required by the Code. 
  
 “Global Preferred Security” means a Preferred Securities Certificate evidencing ownership of Book-Entry Preferred Securities. 
  
 “Holder” means a Person in whose name a Trust Security or Trust Securities are registered in the Securities
Register; any such Person shall be deemed to be a beneficial owner within the meaning of the Delaware Statutory Trust Act. 
  
 “Indemnified Person” has the meaning specified in Section 8.10(c). 
  
 “Indenture” means the Junior Subordinated Indenture executed and delivered by the Depositor and the Note
Trustee contemporaneously with the execution and delivery of this Trust Agreement, for the benefit of the holders of the Notes, a copy of which is attached hereto as Exhibit D, as amended or supplemented from time to time. 
  

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 “Indenture Redemption Price” means the Optional Note Redemption Price or the Special
Note Redemption Price, as applicable. 
  
 “Interest
Payment Date” has the meaning specified in Section 1.1 of the Indenture. 
  
 “Investment Company Act” means the Investment Company Act of 1940, or any successor statute thereto, in each case as amended from time to time. 
  
 “Investment Company Event” has the meaning specified in
Section 1.1 of the Indenture.  
  
 “LIBOR”
has the meaning specified in Schedule A.  
  
 “LIBOR Business Day” has the meaning specified in Schedule A.  
  
 “LIBOR Determination Date” has the meaning specified in Schedule A. 
  
 “Lien” means any lien, pledge, charge, encumbrance, mortgage, deed of trust, adverse ownership interest,
hypothecation, assignment, security interest or preference, priority or other security agreement or preferential arrangement of any kind or nature whatsoever. 
  

“Like Amount” means (a) with respect to a redemption of any Trust Securities, Trust Securities having a Liquidation Amount equal to
the principal amount of Notes to be contemporaneously redeemed or paid at maturity in accordance with the Indenture, the proceeds of which will be used to pay the Redemption Price of such Trust Securities, (b) with respect to a distribution of Notes
to Holders of Trust Securities in connection with a dissolution of the Trust, Notes having a principal amount equal to the Liquidation Amount of the Trust Securities of the Holder to whom such Notes are distributed, (c) with respect to any
distribution of Additional Interest Amounts to Holders of Trust Securities, Notes having a principal amount equal to the Liquidation Amount of the Trust Securities in respect of which such distribution is made and (d) with respect to any exchange of
Preferred Securities owned or held by a Depositor Affiliate, Notes having a principal amount equal to the liquidation amount of the Preferred Securities in respect of which such distribution is made. 
  

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 “Liquidation Amount” means the stated amount of $1,000 per Trust Security. 

 
 “Liquidation Date” means the date on which assets are to
be distributed to Holders in accordance with Section 9.4(a) hereunder following dissolution of the Trust. 
  
 “Liquidation Distribution” has the meaning specified in Section 9.4(d). 
  
 “Majority in Liquidation Amount” means Common or Preferred
Securities, as the case may be, representing more than fifty percent (50%) of the aggregate Liquidation Amount of all (or a specified group of) then Outstanding Common or Preferred Securities, as the case may be. 
  
 “Note Event of Default” means any “Event of
Default” specified in Section 5.1 of the Indenture. 
  
 “Note Redemption Date” means, with respect to any Notes to be redeemed under the Indenture, the date fixed for redemption of such Notes under the Indenture. 
  
 “Note Trustee” means the Person identified as the “Trustee” in the Indenture, solely in
its capacity as Trustee pursuant to the Indenture and not in its individual capacity, or its successor in interest in such capacity, or any successor Trustee appointed as provided in the Indenture. 
  
 “Notes” means the Depositor’s Floating Rate Junior
Subordinated Notes issued pursuant to the Indenture. 
  
 “Officers’ Certificate” means a certificate signed by the Chief Executive Officer, the President or a Vice President, and by the Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer or an Assistant Treasurer, the Secretary or Assistant
Secretary of the Depositor, and delivered to the Trustees. Any Officers’ Certificate delivered with respect to compliance with a condition or covenant provided for in this Trust Agreement (other than the certificate provided pursuant to
Section 8.16 which is not an Officers’ Certificate) shall include: 
  
 (a) a statement by each officer signing the Officers’ Certificate that such officer has read the covenant or condition and the definitions relating thereto; 
  

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 (b) a brief statement of the nature and scope of the examination or investigation undertaken by such
officer in rendering the Officers’ Certificate; 
  
 (c) a
statement that such officer has made such examination or investigation as, in such officer’s opinion, is necessary to enable such officer to express an informed opinion as to whether or not such covenant or condition has been complied with; and

  
 (d) a statement as to whether, in the opinion of such
officer, such condition or covenant has been complied with. 
  
 “Operative Documents” means the Purchase Agreement, the Indenture, the Trust Agreement, the Notes and the Trust Securities. 
  
 “Opinion of Counsel” means a written opinion of counsel, who may be counsel for, or an employee of, the Depositor or any Affiliate of the
Depositor. 
  
 “Optional Redemption Price” means,
with respect to any Trust Security, an amount equal to one hundred percent (100%) of the Liquidation Amount of such Trust Security on the Redemption Date, plus accumulated and unpaid Distributions to the Redemption Date, plus the related amount of
the premium, if any, and/or accrued interest, including Additional Interest, if any, thereon paid by the Depositor upon the concurrent redemption or payment at maturity of a Like Amount of Notes. 
  
 “Optional Note Redemption Price” means, with respect to any
Note to be redeemed on any Redemption Date under the Indenture, an amount equal to one hundred percent (100%) of the outstanding principal amount of such Note, together with accrued interest, including any Additional Interest (to the extent legally
enforceable), thereon through but not including the date fixed as such Redemption Date. 
  
 “Original Issue Date” means the date of original issuance of the Trust Securities. 
  
 “Original Trust Agreement” has the meaning specified in the recitals to this Trust Agreement. 
  
 “Outstanding”, when used with respect to any Trust
Securities, means, as of the date of determination, all Trust Securities theretofore executed and delivered under this Trust Agreement, except: 
  
 (a) Trust Securities theretofore canceled by the Property Trustee or delivered to the Property Trustee for cancellation; 
  

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 (b) Trust Securities for which payment or redemption money in the necessary amount has been theretofore
deposited with the Property Trustee or any Paying Agent in trust for the Holders of such Trust Securities; provided, that if such Trust Securities are to be redeemed, notice of such redemption has been duly given pursuant to this Trust
Agreement; and 
  
 (c) Trust Securities that have been paid or in
exchange for or in lieu of which other Trust Securities have been executed and delivered pursuant to the provisions of this Trust Agreement, unless proof satisfactory to the Property Trustee is presented that any such Trust Securities are held by
Holders in whose hands such Trust Securities are valid, legal and binding obligations of the Trust; 
  
 provided, that in determining whether the Holders of the requisite Liquidation Amount of the Outstanding Preferred Securities have given any request, demand, authorization, direction, notice, consent or waiver
hereunder, Preferred Securities owned by the Depositor, any Trustee or any Affiliate of the Depositor or of any Trustee shall be disregarded and deemed not to be Outstanding, except that (i) in determining whether any Trustee shall be protected in
relying upon any such request, demand, authorization, direction, notice, consent or waiver, only Preferred Securities that such Trustee knows to be so owned shall be so disregarded and (ii) the foregoing shall not apply at any time when all of the
Outstanding Preferred Securities are owned by the Depositor, one or more of the Trustees and/or any such Affiliate. Preferred Securities so owned that have been pledged in good faith may be regarded as Outstanding if the pledgee establishes to the
satisfaction of the Administrative Trustees the pledgee’s right so to act with respect to such Preferred Securities and that the pledgee is not the Depositor, any Trustee or any Affiliate of the Depositor or of any Trustee. 
  
 “Owner” means each Person who is the beneficial owner of
Book-Entry Preferred Securities as reflected in the records of the Depositary or, if a Depositary Participant is not the beneficial owner, then the beneficial owner as reflected in the records of the Depositary Participant. 
  
 “Paying Agent” means any Person authorized by the
Administrative Trustees to pay Distributions or other amounts in respect of any Trust Securities on behalf of the Trust. 
  
 “Payment Account” means a segregated non-interest-bearing corporate trust account maintained by the Property Trustee for the benefit of
the Holders in which all amounts paid in respect of the Notes will be held and from which the Property Trustee, through the Paying Agent, shall make payments to the Holders in accordance with Sections 3.1, 4.1 and 4.2.

  
 “Person” means a legal person, including any
individual, corporation, estate, partnership, joint venture, association, joint stock company, company, limited liability company, trust, unincorporated association or government, or any agency or political subdivision thereof, or any other entity
of whatever nature. 
  
 “Preferred Security”
means an undivided beneficial interest in the assets of the Trust, having a Liquidation Amount of $1,000 and having the rights provided therefor in this Trust Agreement. 
  

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 “Preferred Securities Certificate” means a certificate evidencing ownership of Preferred
Securities, substantially in the form attached as Exhibit C. 
  
 “Property Trustee” means the Person identified as the “Property Trustee” in the preamble to this Trust Agreement, solely in its capacity as Property Trustee of the Trust and not in its individual capacity,
or its successor in interest in such capacity, or any successor Property Trustee appointed as herein provided. 
  
 “Purchase Agreement” means the Purchase Agreement executed and delivered by the Trust, NovaStar Financial, Inc., the Depositor, Merrill
Lynch International and TABERNA Preferred Funding I, Ltd., as purchaser, contemporaneously with the execution and delivery of this Trust Agreement, as amended from time to time. 
  
 “QIB” means a “qualified institutional buyer” as defined in Rule 144A under the Securities Act of
1933, as amended. 
  
 “QP” means a
“qualified purchaser” as defined in Section 2(a)(51) under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended. 
  
 “QIB/QP” means a QIB that is also a QP. 
  
 “Redemption Date” means, with respect to any Trust Security to be redeemed, the date fixed for such redemption by or pursuant to this
Trust Agreement; provided, that each Note Redemption Date and the stated maturity (or any date of principal repayment upon early maturity) of the Notes shall be a Redemption Date for a Like Amount of Trust Securities. 
  
 “Redemption Price” means the Special Redemption Price or
Optional Redemption Price, as applicable. If the Depositor has redeemed the Notes at the Special Note Redemption Price, the Trust shall redeem the Trust Securities at the Special Redemption Price. If the Depositor has redeemed the Notes at the
Optional Note Redemption Price, the Trust shall redeem the Trust Securities at the Optional Redemption Price. 
  
 “Reference Banks” has the meaning specified in Schedule A. 
  
 “Responsible Officer” means, with respect to the Property Trustee, the officer in the Institutional Trust
Services department of the Property Trustee having direct responsibility for the administration of this Trust Agreement. 
  
 “Securities Act” means the Securities Act of 1933, and any successor statute thereto, in each case as amended from time to time.

  
 “Securities Certificate” means any one of the
Common Securities Certificates or the Preferred Securities Certificates. 
  
 “Securities Register” and “Securities Registrar” have the respective meanings specified in Section 5.7. 
  

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 “Special Redemption Price” means, with respect to any Trust Security, an amount equal to
one hundred seven and one half percent (107.5%) of the Liquidation Amount of such Trust Security on the Redemption Date, plus accumulated and unpaid Distributions to the Redemption Date, plus the related amount of the premium, if any, and/or accrued
interest, including Additional Interest, if any, thereon paid by the Depositor upon the concurrent redemption or payment at maturity of a Like Amount of Notes. 
  

“Special Note Redemption Price” means, with respect to any Note to be redeemed on any Redemption Date under the Indenture, an amount
equal to one hundred seven and one half percent (107.5%) of the outstanding principal amount of such Note, together with accrued interest, including Additional Interest, thereon through but not including the date fixed as such Redemption Date.

  
 “Successor Securities” has the meaning
specified in Section 9.5(a). 
  
 “Tax
Event” has the meaning specified in Section 1.1 of the Indenture. 
  
 “Trust” means the Delaware statutory trust known as “NovaStar Capital Trust I,” which was created on March 14, 2005 under the Delaware Statutory Trust Act pursuant to the Original Trust
Agreement and the filing of the Certificate of Trust, and continued pursuant to this Trust Agreement. 
  
 “Trust Agreement” means this Amended and Restated Trust Agreement, as the same may be modified, amended or supplemented from time to time
in accordance with the applicable provisions hereof, including all Schedules and Exhibits. 
  
 “Trustees” means the Administrative Trustees, the Property Trustee and the Delaware Trustee, each as defined in this Article I. 
  
 “Trust Property” means (a) the Notes or, following an exchange of the Exchange Notes for the Notes pursuant
to Section 2.8, the Exchange Notes, (b) any cash on deposit in, or owing to, the Payment Account and (c) all proceeds and rights in respect of the foregoing and any other property and assets for the time being held or deemed to be held by the
Property Trustee pursuant to the trusts of this Trust Agreement. 
  
 “Trust Security” means any one of the Common Securities or the Preferred Securities. 
  
 ARTICLE II. 
  
 THE TRUST 
  
 SECTION 2.1.
Name. 
  
 The trust continued hereby shall be known as
“NovaStar Capital Trust I”, as such name may be modified from time to time by the Administrative Trustees following written notice to the Holders of Trust Securities and the other Trustees, in which name the Trustees may conduct 

  

 13 








 
the business of the Trust, make and execute contracts and other instruments on behalf of the Trust and sue and be sued. 
  
 SECTION 2.2. Office of the Delaware Trustee; Principal Place of
Business. 
  
 The address of the Delaware Trustee in the
State of Delaware is Chase Bank USA, National Association, 500 Stanton Christiana Road, Building 4 (3rd Floor),
Newark, DE 19713, Attention: Institutional Trust Services, or such other address in the State of Delaware as the Delaware Trustee may designate by written notice to the Holders, the Depositor, the Property Trustee and the Administrative Trustees.
The principal executive office of the Trust is 8140 Ward Parkway, Suite 300, Kansas City, MO 64114, Attention: Gregory S. Metz, as such address may be changed from time to time by the Administrative Trustees following written notice to the Holders
and the other Trustees. 
  
 SECTION 2.3. Initial Contribution
of Trust Property; Fees, Costs and Expenses. 
  
 The Property
Trustee acknowledges receipt from the Depositor in connection with the Original Trust Agreement of the sum of ten dollars ($10), which constituted the initial Trust Property. The Depositor shall pay all fees, costs and expenses of the Trust (except
with respect to the Trust Securities) as they arise or shall, upon request of any Trustee, promptly reimburse such Trustee for any such fees, costs and expenses paid by such Trustee. The Depositor shall make no claim upon the Trust Property for the
payment of such fees, costs or expenses. 
  
 SECTION 2.4.
Purposes of Trust. 
  
 (a) The exclusive purposes and
functions of the Trust are to (i) issue and sell Trust Securities and use the proceeds from such sale to acquire the Notes and (ii) engage in only those activities necessary or incidental thereto. The Delaware Trustee, the Property Trustee and the
Administrative Trustees are trustees of the Trust, and have all the rights, powers and duties to the extent set forth herein. The Trustees hereby acknowledge that they are trustees of the Trust. 
  
 (b) So long as this Trust Agreement remains in effect, the Trust (or the
Trustees acting on behalf of the Trust) shall not undertake any business, activities or transaction except as expressly provided herein or contemplated hereby. In particular, the Trust (or the Trustees acting on behalf of the Trust) shall not (i)
acquire any investments or engage in any activities not authorized by this Trust Agreement, (ii) sell, assign, transfer, exchange, mortgage, pledge, set-off or otherwise dispose of any of the Trust Property or interests therein, including to
Holders, except as expressly provided herein, (iii) incur any indebtedness for borrowed money or issue any other debt, (iv) take or consent to any action that would result in the placement of a Lien on any of the Trust Property, (v) take or consent
to any action that would reasonably be expected to cause the Trust to become taxable as a corporation or classified as other than a grantor trust for United States federal income tax purposes, (vi) take or consent to any action that would cause the
Notes to be treated as other than indebtedness of the Depositor for United States federal income tax purposes or (vii) take or consent to any action that would cause the Trust to be deemed to be an “investment company” required to be
registered under the Investment Company Act. 
  

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 SECTION 2.5. Authorization to Enter into Certain Transactions. 
  
 (a) The Trustees shall conduct the affairs of the Trust in accordance with
and subject to the terms of this Trust Agreement. In accordance with the following provisions (i) and (ii), the Trustees shall have the authority to enter into all transactions and agreements determined by the Trustees to be appropriate in
exercising the authority, express or implied, otherwise granted to the Trustees, under this Trust Agreement, and to perform all acts in furtherance thereof, including the following: 
  
 (i) As among the Trustees, each Administrative Trustee shall severally have the power and authority to act
on behalf of the Trust with respect to the following matters: 
  
 (A) the issuance and sale of the Trust Securities; 
  
 (B) to cause the Trust to enter into, and to execute, deliver and perform on behalf of the Trust, such agreements as may be necessary or
desirable in connection with the purposes and function of the Trust, including, without limitation, a common securities subscription agreement and a junior subordinated note purchase agreement; 
  
 (C) assisting in the sale of the Preferred Securities in one
or more transactions exempt from registration under the Securities Act, and in compliance with applicable state securities or blue sky laws; 
  
 (D) assisting in the sending of notices (other than notices of default) and other information regarding the Trust Securities and the Notes
to the Holders in accordance with this Trust Agreement; 
  
 (E) the appointment of a Paying Agent and Securities Registrar in accordance with this Trust Agreement; 
  
 (F) execution of the Trust Securities on behalf of the Trust in accordance with this Trust Agreement; 
  
 (G) execution and delivery of closing certificates, if any,
pursuant to the Purchase Agreement and application for a taxpayer identification number for the Trust; 
  
 (H) preparation and filing of all applicable tax returns and tax information reports that are required to be filed on behalf of the Trust;

  
 (I) establishing a record date with respect
to all actions to be taken hereunder that require a record date to be established, except as provided in Section 6.10(a); 
  
 (J) unless otherwise required by the Delaware Statutory Trust Act to execute on behalf of the Trust (either acting alone or together with
the other 

  

 15 








 
Administrative Trustees) any documents that such Administrative Trustee has the power to execute pursuant to this Trust Agreement; and 
  
 (K) the taking of any action incidental to the foregoing as
such Administrative Trustee may from time to time determine is necessary or advisable to give effect to the terms of this Trust Agreement. 
  
 (ii) As among the Trustees, the Property Trustee shall have the power, duty and authority to act on behalf of the Trust with respect to
the following matters: 
  
 (A) the receipt and
holding of legal title of the Notes; 
  
 (B) the
establishment of the Payment Account; 
  
 (C) the
collection of interest, principal and any other payments made in respect of the Notes and the holding of such amounts in the Payment Account; 
  
 (D) the distribution through the Paying Agent of amounts distributable to the Holders in respect of the Trust Securities; 
  
 (E) the exercise of all of the rights, powers and privileges
of a holder of the Notes in accordance with the terms of this Trust Agreement; 
  
 (F) the sending of notices of default and other information regarding the Trust Securities and the Notes to the Holders in accordance with
this Trust Agreement; 
  
 (G) the distribution of
the Trust Property in accordance with the terms of this Trust Agreement; 
  
 (H) to the extent provided in this Trust Agreement, the winding up of the affairs of and liquidation of the Trust, provided that the Administrative Trustees shall have the power, duty and authority to act on behalf of
the Trust with respect to the preparation, execution and filing of the certificate of cancellation of the Trust with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware; 
  
 (I) the approval of any agreement or other document contemplated in connection with the exchange of the
Exchange Notes for the Notes pursuant to Section 2.8 and the consummation of such exchange; and 
  
 (J) the taking of any action incidental to the foregoing as the Property Trustee may from time to time determine is necessary or advisable
to give effect to the terms of this Trust Agreement and protect and conserve the Trust Property for the benefit of the Holders (without consideration of the effect of any such action on any particular Holder). 
  
 (b) In connection with the issue and sale of the Preferred Securities, the
Depositor shall have the right and responsibility to assist the Trust with respect to, or effect on behalf of the 

  

 16 








 
Trust, the following (and any actions taken by the Depositor in furtherance of the following prior to the date of this Trust Agreement are hereby ratified
and confirmed in all respects): 
  
 (i) the
negotiation of the terms of, and the execution and delivery of, the Purchase Agreement providing for the sale of the Preferred Securities in one or more transactions exempt from registration under the Securities Act, and in compliance with
applicable state securities or blue sky laws; and 
  
 (ii) the taking of any other actions necessary or desirable to carry out any of the foregoing activities. 
  
 (c) Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, the Administrative Trustees are authorized and directed to conduct the affairs of the Trust and
authorized to operate the Trust so that the Trust will not be taxable as a corporation or classified as other than a grantor trust for United States federal income tax purposes, so that the Notes will be treated as indebtedness of the Depositor for
United States federal income tax purposes and so that the Trust will not be deemed to be an “investment company” required to be registered under the Investment Company Act. In respect thereof, each Administrative Trustee is authorized to
take any action, not inconsistent with applicable law, the Certificate of Trust or this Trust Agreement, that such Administrative Trustee determines in his or her discretion to be necessary or desirable for such purposes, as long as such action does
not adversely affect in any material respect the interests of the Holders of the Outstanding Preferred Securities. In no event shall the Administrative Trustees be liable to the Trust or the Holders for any failure to comply with this Section
2.5 to the extent that such failure results solely from a change in law or regulation or in the interpretation thereof. 
  
 (d) Any action taken by a Trustee in accordance with its powers shall constitute the act of and serve to bind the Trust. In dealing with any Trustee
acting on behalf of the Trust, no Person shall be required to inquire into the authority of such Trustee to bind the Trust. Persons dealing with the Trust are entitled to rely conclusively on the power and authority of any Trustee as set forth in
this Trust Agreement. 
  
 SECTION 2.6. Assets of Trust.

  
 The assets of the Trust shall consist of the Trust Property.

  
 SECTION 2.7. Title to Trust Property. 
  
 (a) Legal title to all Trust Property shall be vested at all times in the
Property Trustee and shall be held and administered by the Property Trustee in trust for the benefit of the Trust and the Holders in accordance with this Trust Agreement. 
  
 (b) The Holders shall not have any right or title to the Trust Property other than the undivided beneficial interest in the
assets of the Trust conferred by their Trust Securities and they shall have no right to call for any partition or division of property, profits or rights of the Trust except as described below. The Trust Securities shall be personal property giving
only the rights specifically set forth therein and in this Trust Agreement. 
  

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 SECTION 2.8 Optional Exchange of Exchange Notes for Notes 
  
 The Exchange Note Issuer shall have the right to consummate an exchange of
the Exchange Notes for the Notes, in whole but not in part, by giving notice thereof to the Property Trustee not less than thirty (30) days prior to the specified date for such exchange, together with copies of the proposed Exchange Agreement,
Exchange Note Indenture and Exchange Note required in connection with such exchange, in each case marked to show any changes made from the respective required forms therefor. If the Property Trustee shall approve such changes, then the Exchange Note
Issuer may exchange its Exchange Notes for the Notes by causing duly executed and delivered copies of the Exchange Agreement, the Exchange Note Indenture and the Exchange Note in the approved respective forms thereof to be delivered to the Property
Trustee on or before such specified exchange date and satisfying (or causing to be satisfied) the conditions precedent to such exchange set forth in such Exchange Agreement. Upon the consummation of such exchange, all references herein to the
“Notes” shall be deemed to include and to refer to the Exchange Notes. 
  
 ARTICLE III. 
  
 PAYMENT ACCOUNT; PAYING AGENTS 
  
 SECTION 3.1. Payment Account. 
  
 (a) On or prior to the Closing Date, the Property Trustee shall establish the Payment Account. The Property Trustee and the Paying Agent shall have
exclusive control and sole right of withdrawal with respect to the Payment Account for the purpose of making deposits in and withdrawals from the Payment Account in accordance with this Trust Agreement. All monies and other property deposited or
held from time to time in the Payment Account shall be held by the Property Trustee in the Payment Account for the exclusive benefit of the Holders and for Distribution as herein provided. 
  
 (b) The Property Trustee shall deposit in the Payment Account, promptly upon
receipt, all payments of principal of or interest on, and any other payments with respect to, the Notes. Amounts held in the Payment Account shall not be invested by the Property Trustee pending distribution thereof. 
  
 SECTION 3.2. Appointment of Paying Agents. 
  
 The Paying Agent shall initially be the Property Trustee. The Paying Agent
shall make Distributions to Holders from the Payment Account and shall report the amounts of such Distributions to the Property Trustee and the Administrative Trustees. Any Paying Agent shall have the revocable power to withdraw funds from the
Payment Account solely for the purpose of making the Distributions referred to above. The Administrative Trustees may revoke such power and remove the Paying Agent in their sole discretion. Any Person acting as Paying Agent shall be permitted to
resign as Paying Agent upon thirty (30) days’ written notice to the Administrative Trustees and the Property Trustee. If the Property Trustee shall no longer be the Paying Agent or a successor Paying Agent shall resign or its authority to act
be revoked, the Administrative Trustees shall appoint a successor (which shall be a bank or trust company) to act 

  

 18 








 
as Paying Agent. Such successor Paying Agent appointed by the Administrative Trustees shall execute and deliver to the Trustees an instrument in which such
successor Paying Agent shall agree with the Trustees that as Paying Agent, such successor Paying Agent will hold all sums, if any, held by it for payment to the Holders in trust for the benefit of the Holders entitled thereto until such sums shall
be paid to such Holders. The Paying Agent shall return all unclaimed funds to the Property Trustee and upon removal of a Paying Agent such Paying Agent shall also return all funds in its possession to the Property Trustee. The provisions of
Article VIII shall apply to the Property Trustee also in its role as Paying Agent, for so long as the Property Trustee shall act as Paying Agent and, to the extent applicable, to any other Paying Agent appointed hereunder. Any reference in
this Trust Agreement to the Paying Agent shall include any co-paying agent unless the context requires otherwise. 
  
 ARTICLE IV. 
  
 DISTRIBUTIONS; REDEMPTION 
  
 SECTION 4.1. Distributions. 
  
 (a) The Trust
Securities represent undivided beneficial interests in the Trust Property, and Distributions (including any Additional Interest Amounts) will be made on the Trust Securities at the rate and on the dates that payments of interest (including any
Additional Interest) are made on the Notes. Accordingly: 
  
 (i) Distributions on the Trust Securities shall be cumulative, and shall accumulate whether or not there are funds of the Trust available for the payment of Distributions. Distributions shall accumulate from March 15,
2005, and, except as provided in clause (ii) below, shall be payable quarterly in arrears on March 30, June 30, September 30 and December 30 of each year, commencing on June 30, 2005. If any date on which a Distribution is otherwise payable
on the Trust Securities is not a Business Day, then the payment of such Distribution shall be made on the next succeeding Business Day (and no interest shall accrue in respect of the amounts whose payment is so delayed for the period from and after
each such date until the next succeeding Business Day), except that, if such Business Day falls in the next succeeding calendar year, such payment shall be made on the immediately preceding Business Day, in each case, with the same force and effect
as if made on such date (each date on which Distributions are payable in accordance with this Section 4.1(a)(i), a “Distribution Date”); 
  
 (ii) Reserved. 
  
 (iii) Distributions shall accumulate in respect of the Trust Securities at a variable rate equal to LIBOR
plus 3.50% per annum of the Liquidation Amount of the Trust Securities, such rate being the rate of interest payable on the Notes. LIBOR shall be determined by the Calculation Agent in accordance with Schedule A. The amount of Distributions
payable for any period less than a full Distribution period shall be computed on the basis of a 360-day year and the actual number of days elapsed in the relevant 

  

 19 








 
Distribution period. The amount of Distributions payable for any period shall include any Additional Interest Amounts in respect of such period; and

  
 (iv) Distributions on the Trust Securities
shall be made by the Paying Agent from the Payment Account and shall be payable on each Distribution Date only to the extent that the Trust has funds then on hand and available in the Payment Account for the payment of such Distributions.

  
 (b) Distributions on the Trust Securities with respect to a
Distribution Date shall be payable to the Holders thereof as they appear on the Securities Register for the Trust Securities at the close of business on the relevant record date, which shall be at the close of business on the fifteenth day (whether
or not a Business Day) preceding the relevant Distribution Date. Distributions payable on any Trust Securities that are not punctually paid on any Distribution Date as a result of the Depositor having failed to make an interest payment under the
Notes will cease to be payable to the Person in whose name such Trust Securities are registered on the relevant record date, and such defaulted Distributions and any Additional Interest Amounts will instead be payable to the Person in whose name
such Trust Securities are registered on the special record date, or other specified date for determining Holders entitled to such defaulted Distribution and Additional Interest Amount, established in the same manner, and on the same date, as such is
established with respect to the Notes under the Indenture. 
  
 (c)
As a condition to the payment of any principal of or interest on the Trust Securities without the imposition of withholding tax, the Administrative Trustees shall require the previous delivery of properly completed and signed applicable U.S. federal
income tax certifications (generally, an Internal Revenue Service Form W-9 (or applicable successor form) in the case of a person that is a “United States person” within the meaning of Section 7701(a)(30) of the Code or an Internal Revenue
Service Form W-8 BEN (or applicable successor form) in the case of a person that is not a “United States person” within the meaning of Section 7701(a)(30) of the Code) and any other certification acceptable to it to enable the Property
Trustee or any Paying Agent to determine their respective duties and liabilities with respect to any taxes or other charges that they may be required to pay, deduct or withhold in respect of such Trust Securities. 
  
 SECTION 4.2. Redemption. 
  
 (a) On each Note Redemption Date and on the stated maturity (or any date of
principal repayment upon early maturity) of the Notes and on each other date on (or in respect of) which any principal on the Notes is repaid, the Trust will be required to redeem a Like Amount of Trust Securities at the Redemption Price.

  
 (b) Notice of redemption shall be given by the Property
Trustee by first-class mail, postage prepaid, mailed not less than thirty (30) nor more than sixty (60) days prior to the Redemption Date to each Holder of Trust Securities to be redeemed, at such Holder’s address appearing in the Securities
Register. All notices of redemption shall state: 
  
 (i) the Redemption Date; 
  
 (ii) the
Redemption Price or, if the Redemption Price cannot be calculated prior to the time the notice is required to be sent, the estimate of the Redemption Price 

  

 20 








 
provided pursuant to the Indenture, as calculated by the Depositor, together with a statement that it is an estimate and that the actual Redemption Price
will be calculated by the Calculation Agent on the fifth Business Day prior to the Redemption Date (and if an estimate is provided, a further notice shall be sent of the actual Redemption Price on the date that such Redemption Price is calculated);

  
 (iii) if less than all the Outstanding Trust
Securities are to be redeemed, the identification (and, in the case of partial redemption, the respective amounts) and Liquidation Amounts of the amount of and particular Trust Securities to be redeemed; 
  
 (iv) that on the Redemption Date, the Redemption Price will
become due and payable upon each such Trust Security, or portion thereof, to be redeemed and that Distributions thereon will cease to accumulate on such Trust Security or such portion, as the case may be, on and after said date, except as provided
in Section 4.2(d); 
  
 (v) the place or
places where the Trust Securities are to be surrendered for the payment of the Redemption Price; and 
  
 (vi) such other provisions as the Property Trustee deems relevant. 
  
 (c) The Trust Securities (or portion thereof) redeemed on each Redemption Date shall be redeemed at the Redemption Price
with the proceeds from the contemporaneous redemption or payment at maturity of Notes. Redemptions of the Trust Securities (or portion thereof) shall be made and the Redemption Price shall be payable on each Redemption Date only to the extent that
the Trust has funds then on hand and available in the Payment Account for the payment of such Redemption Price. Under the Indenture, the Notes may be redeemed by the Depositor on any Interest Payment Date, at the Depositor’s option, on or after
March 30, 2010, in whole or in part, from time to time at the Optional Note Redemption Price. The Notes may also be redeemed by the Depositor, at its option pursuant to the terms of the Indenture, in whole but not in part, upon the occurrence and
during the continuation of an Investment Company Event or a Tax Event, at the Special Note Redemption Price. 
  
 (d) If the Property Trustee gives a notice of redemption in respect of any Preferred Securities, then by 10:00 A.M., New York City time, on the Redemption
Date, the Depositor shall deposit sufficient funds with the Property Trustee to pay the Redemption Price. If such deposit has been made by such time, then by 12:00 noon, New York City time, on the Redemption Date, the Property Trustee will, with
respect to Book-Entry Preferred Securities, irrevocably deposit with the Depositary for such Book-Entry Preferred Securities, to the extent available therefor, funds sufficient to pay the applicable Redemption Price and will give such Depositary
irrevocable instructions and authority to pay the Redemption Price to the Holders of the Preferred Securities. With respect to Preferred Securities that are not Book-Entry Preferred Securities, the Property Trustee will irrevocably deposit with the
Paying Agent, to the extent available therefor, funds sufficient to pay the applicable Redemption Price and will give the Paying Agent irrevocable instructions and authority to pay the Redemption Price to the Holders of the Preferred Securities upon
surrender of their Preferred Securities Certificates. Notwithstanding the foregoing, Distributions payable on or prior to the Redemption Date for any Trust Securities (or portion thereof) called for redemption shall be payable to the Holders of such


  

 21 








 
Trust Securities as they appear on the Securities Register on the relevant record dates for the related Distribution Dates. If notice of redemption shall
have been given and funds deposited as required, then upon the date of such deposit, all rights of Holders holding Trust Securities (or portion thereof) so called for redemption will cease, except the right of such Holders to receive the Redemption
Price and any Distribution payable in respect of the Trust Securities on or prior to the Redemption Date, but without interest, and, in the case of a partial redemption, the right of such Holders to receive a new Trust Security or Securities of
authorized denominations, in aggregate Liquidation Amount equal to the unredeemed portion of such Trust Security or Securities, and such Securities (or portion thereof) called for redemption will cease to be Outstanding. In the event that any date
on which any Redemption Price is payable is not a Business Day, then payment of the Redemption Price payable on such date will be made on the next succeeding Business Day (and no interest shall accrue in respect of the amounts whose payment is so
delayed for the period from and after each such date until the next succeeding Business Day), except that, if such Business Day falls in the next succeeding calendar year, such payment shall be made on the immediately preceding Business Day, in each
case, with the same force and effect as if made on such date. In the event that payment of the Redemption Price in respect of any Trust Securities (or portion thereof) called for redemption is improperly withheld or refused and not paid either by
the Trust, Distributions on such Trust Securities (or portion thereof) will continue to accumulate, as set forth in Section 4.1, from the Redemption Date originally established by the Trust for such Trust Securities (or portion thereof) to the date
such Redemption Price is actually paid, in which case the actual payment date will be the date fixed for redemption for purposes of calculating the Redemption Price. 
  
 (e) Subject to Section 4.3(a), if less than all the Outstanding Trust Securities are to be redeemed on a Redemption
Date, then the aggregate Liquidation Amount of Trust Securities to be redeemed shall be allocated pro rata to the Common Securities and the Preferred Securities based upon the relative aggregate Liquidation Amounts of the Common Securities
and the Preferred Securities. The Preferred Securities to be redeemed shall be selected on a pro rata basis based upon their respective Liquidation Amounts not more than sixty (60) days prior to the Redemption Date by the Property Trustee
from the Outstanding Preferred Securities not previously called for redemption; provided, that with respect to Holders that would be required to hold less than one hundred (100) but more than zero (0) Trust Securities as a result of such
redemption, the Trust shall redeem Trust Securities of each such Holder so that after such redemption such Holder shall hold either one hundred (100) Trust Securities or such Holder no longer holds any Trust Securities, and shall use such method
(including, without limitation, by lot) as the Trust shall deem fair and appropriate; and provided, further, that so long as the Preferred Securities are Book-Entry Preferred Securities, such selection shall be made in accordance with
the Applicable Depositary Procedures for the Preferred Securities by such Depositary. The Property Trustee shall promptly notify the Securities Registrar in writing of the Preferred Securities (or portion thereof) selected for redemption and, in the
case of any Preferred Securities selected for partial redemption, the Liquidation Amount thereof to be redeemed. For all purposes of this Trust Agreement, unless the context otherwise requires, all provisions relating to the redemption of Preferred
Securities shall relate, in the case of any Preferred Securities redeemed or to be redeemed only in part, to the portion of the aggregate Liquidation Amount of Preferred Securities that has been or is to be redeemed. 
  

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 (f) The Trust in issuing the Trust Securities may use “CUSIP” numbers (if then generally in
use), and, if so, the Property Trustee shall indicate the “CUSIP” numbers of the Trust Securities in notices of redemption and related materials as a convenience to Holders; provided, that any such notice may state that no
representation is made as to the correctness of such numbers either as printed on the Trust Securities or as contained in any notice of redemption and related materials. 
  
 SECTION 4.3. Subordination of Common Securities. 
  
 (a) Payment of Distributions (including any Additional Interest Amounts) on, the Redemption Price of and the Liquidation
Distribution in respect of, the Trust Securities, as applicable, shall be made, pro rata among the Common Securities and the Preferred Securities based on the Liquidation Amount of the respective Trust Securities; provided, that if on
any Distribution Date, Redemption Date or Liquidation Date an Event of Default shall have occurred and be continuing, no payment of any Distribution (including any Additional Interest Amounts) on, Redemption Price of or Liquidation Distribution in
respect of, any Common Security, and no other payment on account of the redemption, liquidation or other acquisition of Common Securities, shall be made unless payment in full in cash of all accumulated and unpaid Distributions (including any
Additional Interest Amounts) on all Outstanding Preferred Securities for all Distribution periods terminating on or prior thereto, or in the case of payment of the Redemption Price the full amount of such Redemption Price on all Outstanding
Preferred Securities then called for redemption, or in the case of payment of the Liquidation Distribution the full amount of such Liquidation Distribution on all Outstanding Preferred Securities, shall have been made or provided for, and all funds
immediately available to the Property Trustee shall first be applied to the payment in full in cash of all Distributions (including any Additional Interest Amounts) on, or the Redemption Price of or the Liquidation Distribution in respect of, the
Preferred Securities then due and payable. 
  
 (b) In the case of
the occurrence of any Event of Default, the Holders of the Common Securities shall have no right to act with respect to any such Event of Default under this Trust Agreement until all such Events of Default with respect to the Preferred Securities
have been cured, waived or otherwise eliminated. Until all such Events of Default under this Trust Agreement with respect to the Preferred Securities have been so cured, waived or otherwise eliminated, the Property Trustee shall act solely on behalf
of the Holders of the Preferred Securities and not on behalf of the Holders of the Common Securities, and only the Holders of all the Preferred Securities will have the right to direct the Property Trustee to act on their behalf. 
  
 SECTION 4.4. Payment Procedures. 
  
 Payments of Distributions (including any Additional Interest Amounts), the
Redemption Price, Liquidation Amount or any other amounts in respect of the Preferred Securities shall be made by wire transfer at such place and to such account at a banking institution in the United States as may be designated in writing at least
ten (10) Business Days prior to the date for payment by the Person entitled thereto unless proper written transfer instructions have not been received by the relevant record date, in which case such payments shall be made by check mailed to the
address of such Person as such address shall appear in the Securities Register. If any Preferred Securities are held by a Depositary, such Distributions thereon shall be made to the 

  

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Depositary in immediately available funds. Payments in respect of the Common Securities shall be made in such manner as shall be mutually agreed between the
Property Trustee and the Holder of all the Common Securities. 
  
 SECTION 4.5. Withholding Tax. 
  
 (a) The Trust
and the Administrative Trustees shall comply with all withholding and backup withholding tax requirements under United States federal, state and local law. The Administrative Trustees on behalf of the Trust shall request, and the Holders shall
provide to the Trust, such forms or certificates as are necessary to establish an exemption from withholding and backup withholding tax with respect to each Holder and any representations and forms as shall reasonably be requested by the
Administrative Trustees on behalf of the Trust to assist it in determining the extent of, and in fulfilling, its withholding and backup withholding tax obligations. The Administrative Trustees shall file required forms with applicable jurisdictions
and, unless an exemption from withholding and backup withholding tax is properly established by a Holder, shall remit amounts withheld with respect to the Holder to applicable jurisdictions. To the extent that the Trust is required to withhold and
pay over any amounts to any jurisdiction with respect to Distributions or allocations to any Holder, the amount withheld shall be deemed to be a Distribution in the amount of the withholding to the Holder. In the event of any claimed
overwithholding, Holders shall be limited to an action against the applicable jurisdiction. If the amount required to be withheld was not withheld from actual Distributions made, the Administrative Trustees on behalf of the Trust may reduce
subsequent Distributions by the amount of such required withholding. 
  
 SECTION 4.6. Tax Returns and Other Reports. 
  
 The Administrative Trustees shall prepare (or cause to be prepared) at the principal office of the Trust in the United States, as defined for purposes of Treasury regulations section 301.7701-7, at the Depositor’s expense, and file,
all United States federal, state and local tax and information returns and reports required to be filed by or in respect of the Trust. The Administrative Trustees shall prepare at the principal office of the Trust in the United States, as defined
for purposes of Treasury regulations section 301.7701-7, and furnish (or cause to be prepared and furnished), by January 31 in each taxable year of the Trust to each Holder all Internal Revenue Service forms and returns required to be provided by
the Trust. The Administrative Trustees shall provide the Depositor, Cohen Bros. & Company and the Property Trustee with a copy of all such returns and reports promptly after such filing or furnishing. 
  
 SECTION 4.7. Payment of Taxes, Duties, Etc. of the Trust. 

 
 Upon receipt under the Notes of Additional Tax Sums and upon the written
direction of the Administrative Trustees, the Property Trustee shall promptly pay, solely out of monies on deposit pursuant to this Trust Agreement, any Additional Taxes imposed on the Trust by the United States or any other taxing authority.

  
 SECTION 4.8. Payments under Indenture or Pursuant to Direct
Actions. 
  
 Any amount payable hereunder to any Holder of
Preferred Securities shall be reduced by the amount of any corresponding payment such Holder (or any Owner with respect thereto) has 

  

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directly received pursuant to Section 5.8 of the Indenture or Section 6.10(b) of this Trust Agreement. 
  
 SECTION 4.9. Exchanges. 
  
 (a) If at any time the Depositor or any of its Affiliates (in either case, a
“Depositor Affiliate”) is the Owner or Holder of any Preferred Securities, such Depositor Affiliate shall have the right to deliver to the Property Trustee all or such portion of its Preferred Securities as it elects and, subject to
compliance with Sections 2.2 and 3.5 of the Indenture, receive, in exchange therefor, a Like Amount of Notes. Such election shall be exercisable effective on any Distribution Date by such Depositor Affiliate delivering to the Property Trustee (i) at
least ten (10) Business Days prior to the Distribution Date on which such exchange is to occur, the registration instructions and the documentation, if any, required pursuant to Sections 2.2 and 3.5 of the Indenture to enable the Indenture Trustee
to issue the requested Like Amount of Notes, (ii) a written notice of such election specifying the Liquidation Amount of Preferred Securities with respect to which such election is being made and the Distribution Date on which such exchange shall
occur, which Distribution Date shall be not less than ten (10) Business Days after the date of receipt by the Property Trustee of such election notice and (iii) shall be conditioned upon such Depositor Affiliate having delivered or caused to be
delivered to the Property Trustee or its designee the Preferred Securities that are the subject of such election by 10:00 A.M. New York time, on the Distribution Date on which such exchange is to occur. After the exchange, such Preferred Securities
will be canceled and will no longer be deemed to be Outstanding and all rights of the Depositor Affiliate with respect to such Preferred Securities will cease. 
  

(b) In the case of an exchange described in Section 4.9(a), the Property Trustee on behalf of the Trust will, on the date of such exchange,
exchange Notes having a principal amount equal to a proportional amount of the aggregate Liquidation Amount of the Outstanding Common Securities, based on the ratio of the aggregate Liquidation Amount of the Preferred Securities exchanged pursuant
to Section 4.9(a) divided by the aggregate Liquidation Amount of the Preferred Securities Outstanding immediately prior to such exchange, for such proportional amount of Common Securities held by the Depositor (which contemporaneously shall
be canceled and no longer be deemed to be Outstanding); provided, that the Depositor delivers or causes to be delivered to the Property Trustee or its designee the required amount of Common Securities to be exchanged by 10:00 A.M. New York
time, on the Distribution Date on which such exchange is to occur. 
  
 SECTION 4.10. Calculation Agent. 
  
 (a) The
Property Trustee shall initially, and, subject to the immediately following sentence, for so long as it holds any of the Notes, be the Calculation Agent for purposes of determining LIBOR for each Distribution Date. The Calculation Agent may be
removed by the Administrative Trustees at any time. If the Calculation Agent is unable or unwilling to act as such or is removed by the Administrative Trustees, the Administrative Trustees will promptly appoint as a replacement Calculation Agent the
London office of a leading bank which is engaged in transactions in six-month Eurodollar deposits in the international Eurodollar market and which does not control or is not controlled by or under common control with the 

  

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Administrative Trustee or its Affiliates. The Calculation Agent may not resign its duties without a successor having been duly appointed. 
  
 (b) The Calculation Agent shall be required to agree that, as soon as
possible after 11:00 a.m. (London time) on each LIBOR Determination Date, but in no event later than 11:00 a.m. (London time) on the Business Day immediately following each LIBOR Determination Date, the Calculation Agent will calculate the interest
rate (rounded to the nearest cent, with half a cent being rounded upwards) for the related Distribution Date, and will communicate such rate and amount to the Depositor, the Administrative Trustees, the Note Trustee, each Paying Agent and the
Depositary. The Calculation Agent will also specify to the Administrative Trustee the quotations upon which the foregoing rates and amounts are based and, in any event, the Calculation Agent shall notify the Administrative Trustees before 5:00 p.m.
(London time) on each LIBOR Determination Date that either: (i) it has determined or is in the process of determining the foregoing rates and amounts or (ii) it has not determined and is not in the process of determining the foregoing rates and
amounts, together with its reasons therefor. The Calculation Agent’s determination of the foregoing rates and amounts for any Distribution Date will (in the absence of manifest error) be final and binding upon all parties. For the sole purpose
of calculating the interest rate for the Trust Securities, “Business Day” shall be defined as any day on which dealings in deposits in Dollars are transacted in the London interbank market. 
  
 SECTION 4.11. Certain Accounting Matters. 
  
 (a) At all times during the existence of the Trust, the Administrative
Trustees shall keep, or cause to be kept at the principal office of the Trust in the United States, as defined for purposes of Treasury Regulations section 301.7701-7, full books of account, records and supporting documents, which shall reflect in
reasonable detail each transaction of the Trust. The books of account shall be maintained on the accrual method of accounting, in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, consistently applied. 
  
 (b) The Administrative Trustees shall either (i) if the Depositor is then
subject to such reporting requirements, cause each Form 10-K and Form 10-Q prepared by the Depositor and filed with the Commission in accordance with the Exchange Act to be delivered to each Holder, with a copy to the Property Trustee, within thirty
(30) days after the filing thereof or (ii) cause to be prepared at the principal office of the Trust in the United States, as defined for purposes of Treasury Regulations section 301.7701-7, and delivered to each of the Holders, with a copy to the
Property Trustee, within ninety (90) days after the end of each Fiscal Year, annual financial statements of the Trust, including a balance sheet of the Trust as of the end of such Fiscal Year, and the related statements of income or loss.

  
 (c) If the Depositor intends to file its annual and quarterly
information with the Commission in electronic form pursuant to Regulation S-T of the Commission using the Commission’s Electronic Data Gathering, Analysis and Retrieval (“EDGAR”) system, the Administrative Trustees shall notify
the Property Trustee in the manner prescribed herein of each such annual and quarterly filing. The Property Trustee is hereby authorized and directed to access the EDGAR system for purposes of retrieving the financial information so filed.
Compliance with the foregoing shall constitute delivery by the Administrative Trustees of its financial statements to the Property Trustee in compliance with the provisions of Section 314(a) 

  

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of the Trust Indenture Act, if applicable. The Property Trustee shall have no duty to search for or obtain any electronic or other filings that the Depositor
makes with the Commission, regardless of whether such filings are periodic, supplemental or otherwise. Delivery of reports, information and documents to the Property Trustee pursuant to this Section 4.11(c) shall be solely for purposes of
compliance with this Section 4.11 and, if applicable, with Section 314(a) of the Trust Indenture Act. The Property Trustee’s receipt of such reports, information and documents shall not constitute notice to it of the content thereof or
any matter determinable from the content thereof, including the Depositor’s compliance with any of its covenants hereunder, as to which the Property Trustee is entitled to rely upon Officers’ Certificates. 
  
 (d) The Trust shall maintain one or more bank accounts in the United States,
as defined for purposes of Treasury Regulations section 301.7701-7, in the name and for the sole benefit of the Trust; provided, however, that all payments of funds in respect of the Notes held by the Property Trustee shall be made directly
to the Payment Account and no other funds of the Trust shall be deposited in the Payment Account. The sole signatories for such accounts (including the Payment Account) shall be designated by the Property Trustee. 
  
 ARTICLE V. 
  
 SECURITIES 
  
 SECTION 5.1. Initial Ownership. 
  
 Upon the creation of the Trust and the contribution by the Depositor referred to in Section 2.3 and until the issuance of the Trust Securities, and
at any time during which no Trust Securities are Outstanding, the Depositor shall be the sole beneficial owner of the Trust. 
  
 SECTION 5.2. Authorized Trust Securities. 
  
 The Trust shall be authorized to issue one series of Preferred Securities having an aggregate Liquidation Amount of $50,000,000 and one series of Common
Securities having an aggregate Liquidation Amount of $1,550,000. 
  
 SECTION 5.3. Issuance of the Common Securities; Subscription and Purchase of Notes. 
  
 On the Closing Date, an Administrative Trustee, on behalf of the Trust, shall execute and deliver to the Depositor Common Securities Certificates,
registered in the name of the Depositor, evidencing an aggregate of One Thousand Five Hundred Fifty (1,550) Common Securities having an aggregate Liquidation Amount of One Million Five Hundred Fifty Thousand Dollars ($1,550,000), against receipt by
the Trust of the aggregate purchase price of such Common Securities of One Million Five Hundred Fifty Thousand Dollars ($1,550,000). Contemporaneously therewith and with the sale by the Trust to the Holders of an aggregate of Fifty Thousand (50,000)
Preferred Securities having an aggregate Liquidation Amount of Fifty Million Dollars ($50,000,000), an Administrative Trustee, on behalf of the Trust, shall purchase from the Depositor Notes, to be registered in the name of the Property Trustee on
behalf of the Trust and having an aggregate principal amount equal to Fifty One Million Five Hundred Fifty 

  

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Thousand Dollars ($51,550,000), and, in satisfaction of the purchase price for such Notes, the Property Trustee, on behalf of the Trust, shall deliver to the
Depositor the sum of Fifty One Million Five Hundred Fifty Thousand Dollars ($51,550,000) (being the aggregate amount paid by the Holders for the Preferred Securities, and the amount paid by the Depositor for the Common Securities). 
  
 SECTION 5.4. The Securities Certificates. 
  
 (a) The Preferred Securities Certificates shall be issued in minimum
denominations of $100,000 Liquidation Amount and integral multiples of $1,000 in excess thereof, and the Common Securities Certificates shall be issued in minimum denominations of $10,000 Liquidation Amount and integral multiples of $1,000 in excess
thereof. The Securities Certificates shall be executed on behalf of the Trust by manual or facsimile signature of at least one Administrative Trustee. Securities Certificates bearing the signatures of individuals who were, at the time when such
signatures shall have been affixed, authorized to sign such Securities Certificates on behalf of the Trust shall be validly issued and entitled to the benefits of this Trust Agreement, notwithstanding that such individuals or any of them shall have
ceased to be so authorized prior to the delivery of such Securities Certificates or did not have such authority at the date of delivery of such Securities Certificates. 
  
 (b) On the Closing Date, upon the written order of an authorized officer of the Depositor, the Administrative Trustees shall
cause Securities Certificates to be executed on behalf of the Trust and delivered, without further corporate action by the Depositor, in authorized denominations. 
  
 (c) The Preferred Securities issued to QIBs/QPs may be, except as provided in Section 5.6, Book-Entry Preferred
Securities issued in the form of one or more Global Preferred Securities registered in the name of the Depositary, or its nominee and deposited with the Depositary or a custodian for the Depositary for credit by the Depositary to the respective
accounts of the Depositary Participants thereof (or such other accounts as they may direct). The Preferred Securities issued to a Person other than a QIB/QP shall be issued in the form of Definitive Preferred Securities Certificates. 
  
 (d) A Preferred Security shall not be valid until authenticated by the manual
signature of an authorized signatory of the Property Trustee. Such signature shall be conclusive evidence that the Preferred Security has been authenticated under this Trust Agreement. Upon written order of the Trust signed by one Administrative
Trustee, the Property Trustee shall authenticate the Preferred Securities for original issue. The Property Trustee may appoint an authenticating agent that is a U.S. Person acceptable to the Trust to authenticate the Preferred Securities. A Common
Security need not be so authenticated and shall be valid upon execution by one or more Administrative Trustees. The form of this certificate of authentication can be found in Section 5.13. 
  
 SECTION 5.5. Rights of Holders. 
  
 The Trust Securities shall have no preemptive or similar rights and when
issued and delivered to Holders against payment of the purchase price therefor will be fully paid and 

  

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non-assessable by the Trust. Except as provided in Section 5.11(b), the Holders of the Trust Securities, in their capacities as such, shall be
entitled to the same limitation of personal liability extended to stockholders of private corporations for profit organized under the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware. 
  
 SECTION 5.6. Book-Entry Preferred Securities. 
  
 (a) A Global Preferred Security may be exchanged, in whole or in part, for Definitive Preferred Securities Certificates
registered in the names of the Owners only if such exchange complies with Section 5.7 and (i) the Depositary advises the Administrative Trustees and the Property Trustee in writing that the Depositary is no longer willing or able properly to
discharge its responsibilities with respect to the Global Preferred Security, and no qualified successor is appointed by the Administrative Trustees within ninety (90) days of receipt of such notice, (ii) the Depositary ceases to be a clearing
agency registered under the Exchange Act and the Administrative Trustees fail to appoint a qualified successor within ninety (90) days of obtaining knowledge of such event, (iii) the Administrative Trustees at their option advise the Property
Trustee in writing that the Trust elects to terminate the book-entry system through the Depositary or (iv) a Note Event of Default has occurred and is continuing. Upon the occurrence of any event specified in clause (i), (ii), (iii) or (iv) above,
the Administrative Trustees shall notify the Depositary and instruct the Depositary to notify all Owners of Book-Entry Preferred Securities, the Delaware Trustee and the Property Trustee of the occurrence of such event and of the availability of the
Definitive Preferred Securities Certificates to Owners of the Preferred Securities requesting the same. Upon the issuance of Definitive Preferred Securities Certificates, the Trustees shall recognize the Holders of the Definitive Preferred
Securities Certificates as Holders. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if an Owner of a beneficial interest in a Global Preferred Security wishes at any time to transfer an interest in such Global Preferred Security to a Person other than a QIB/QP, such
transfer shall be effected, subject to the Applicable Depositary Procedures, in accordance with the provisions of this Section 5.6 and Section 5.7, and the transferee shall receive a Definitive Preferred Securities Certificate in
connection with such transfer. A holder of a Definitive Preferred Securities Certificate that is a QIB/QP may, upon request and in accordance with the provisions of this Section 5.6 and Section 5.7, exchange such Definitive Preferred
Securities Certificate for a beneficial interest in a Global Preferred Security. 
  
 (b) If any Global Preferred Security is to be exchanged for Definitive Preferred Securities Certificates or canceled in part, or if any Definitive Preferred Securities Certificate is to be exchanged in whole or in
part for any Global Preferred Security, then either (i) such Global Preferred Security shall be so surrendered for exchange or cancellation as provided in this Article V or (ii) the aggregate Liquidation Amount represented by such Global
Preferred Security shall be reduced, subject to Section 5.4, or increased by an amount equal to the Liquidation Amount represented by that portion of the Global Preferred Security to be so exchanged or canceled, or equal to the Liquidation
Amount represented by such Definitive Preferred Securities Certificates to be so exchanged for any Global Preferred Security, as the case may be, by means of an appropriate adjustment made on the records of the Securities Registrar, whereupon the
Property Trustee, in accordance with the Applicable Depositary Procedures, shall instruct the Depositary or its authorized representative to make a corresponding adjustment to its records. Upon any such surrender to the Administrative Trustees or
the Securities Registrar of any Global Preferred Security or Securities by the Depositary, accompanied by registration instructions, the 

  

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Administrative Trustees, or any one of them, shall execute the Definitive Preferred Securities Certificates in accordance with the instructions of the
Depositary. None of the Securities Registrar or the Trustees shall be liable for any delay in delivery of such instructions and may conclusively rely on, and shall be fully protected in relying on, such instructions. 
  
 (c) Every Definitive Preferred Securities Certificate executed and delivered
upon registration or transfer of, or in exchange for or in lieu of, a Global Preferred Security or any portion thereof shall be executed and delivered in the form of, and shall be, a Global Preferred Security, unless such Definitive Preferred
Securities Certificate is registered in the name of a Person other than the Depositary for such Global Preferred Security or a nominee thereof. 
  
 (d) The Depositary or its nominee, as registered owner of a Global Preferred Security, shall be the Holder of such Global Preferred Security for all
purposes under this Trust Agreement and the Global Preferred Security, and Owners with respect to a Global Preferred Security shall hold such interests pursuant to the Applicable Depositary Procedures. The Securities Registrar and the Trustees shall
be entitled to deal with the Depositary for all purposes of this Trust Agreement relating to the Global Preferred Securities (including the payment of the Liquidation Amount of and Distributions on the Book-Entry Preferred Securities represented
thereby and the giving of instructions or directions by Owners of Book-Entry Preferred Securities represented thereby and the giving of notices) as the sole Holder of the Book-Entry Preferred Securities represented thereby and shall have no
obligations to the Owners thereof. None of the Trustees nor the Securities Registrar shall have any liability in respect of any transfers effected by the Depositary. 
  
 (e) The rights of the Owners of the Book-Entry Preferred Securities shall be exercised only through the Depositary and shall
be limited to those established by law, the Applicable Depositary Procedures and agreements between such Owners and the Depositary and/or the Depositary Participants; provided, that solely for the purpose of determining whether the Holders of
the requisite amount of Preferred Securities have voted on any matter provided for in this Trust Agreement, to the extent that Preferred Securities are represented by a Global Preferred Security, the Trustees may conclusively rely on, and shall be
fully protected in relying on, any written instrument (including a proxy) delivered to the Property Trustee by the Depositary setting forth the Owners’ votes or assigning the right to vote on any matter to any other Persons either in whole or
in part. To the extent that Preferred Securities are represented by a Global Preferred Security, the initial Depositary will make book-entry transfers among the Depositary Participants and receive and transmit payments on the Preferred Securities
that are represented by a Global Preferred Security to such Depositary Participants, and none of the Depositor or the Trustees shall have any responsibility or obligation with respect thereto. 
  
 (f) To the extent that a notice or other communication to the Holders is
required under this Trust Agreement, for so long as Preferred Securities are represented by a Global Preferred Security, the Trustees shall give all such notices and communications to the Depositary, and shall have no obligations to the Owners.

  

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 SECTION 5.7. Registration of Transfer and Exchange of Preferred Securities Certificates.

  
 (a) The Property Trustee shall keep or cause to be kept, at
the Corporate Trust Office, a register or registers (the “Securities Register”) in which the registrar and transfer agent with respect to the Trust Securities (the “Securities Registrar”), subject to such reasonable
regulations as it may prescribe, shall provide for the registration of Preferred Securities Certificates and Common Securities Certificates and registration of transfers and exchanges of Preferred Securities Certificates as herein provided. The
Person acting as the Property Trustee shall at all times also be the Securities Registrar. The provisions of Article VIII shall apply to the Property Trustee in its role as Securities Registrar. 
  
 (b) Subject to Section 5.7(d), upon surrender for registration of transfer of
any Preferred Securities Certificate at the office or agency maintained pursuant to Section 5.7(f), the Administrative Trustees or any one of them shall execute by manual or facsimile signature and deliver to the Property Trustee, and the
Property Trustee shall authenticate and deliver, in the name of the designated transferee or transferees, one or more new Preferred Securities Certificates in authorized denominations of a like aggregate Liquidation Amount as may be required by this
Trust Agreement dated the date of execution by such Administrative Trustee or Trustees. At the option of a Holder, Preferred Securities Certificates may be exchanged for other Preferred Securities Certificates in authorized denominations and of a
like aggregate Liquidation Amount upon surrender of the Preferred Securities Certificate to be exchanged at the office or agency maintained pursuant to Section 5.7(f). Whenever any Preferred Securities Certificates are so surrendered for
exchange, the Administrative Trustees or any one of them shall execute by manual or facsimile signature and deliver to the Property Trustee, and the Property Trustee shall authenticate and deliver, the Preferred Securities Certificates that the
Holder making the exchange is entitled to receive. 
  
 (c) The
Securities Registrar shall not be required, (i) to issue, register the transfer of or exchange any Preferred Security during a period beginning at the opening of business fifteen (15) days before the day of selection for redemption of such Preferred
Securities pursuant to Article IV and ending at the close of business on the day of mailing of the notice of redemption or (ii) to register the transfer of or exchange any Preferred Security so selected for redemption in whole or in part,
except, in the case of any such Preferred Security to be redeemed in part, any portion thereof not to be redeemed. 
  
 (d) Every Preferred Securities Certificate presented or surrendered for registration of transfer or exchange shall be duly endorsed, or be accompanied by
a written instrument of transfer in form satisfactory to the Securities Registrar duly executed by the Holder or such Holder’s attorney duly authorized in writing and accompanied by a certificate of the transferor substantially in the form set
forth as Exhibit E hereto. 
  
 (e) No service charge shall
be made for any registration of transfer or exchange of Preferred Securities Certificates, but the Property Trustee on behalf of the Trust may require payment of a sum sufficient to cover any tax or governmental charge that may be imposed in
connection with any transfer or exchange of Preferred Securities Certificates. 
  

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 (f) The Administrative Trustees shall designate an office or offices or agency or agencies where
Preferred Securities Certificates may be surrendered for registration of transfer or exchange and initially designate the Corporate Trust Office as its office and agency for such purposes. The Administrative Trustees shall give prompt written notice
to the Depositor, the Property Trustee and to the Holders of any change in the location of any such office or agency. 
  
 (g) The Preferred Securities may only be transferred to a “Qualified Purchaser” as such term is defined in Section 2(a)(51) of the Investment
Company Act. Neither the Trustee nor the Securities Registrar shall be responsible for ascertaining whether any transfer hereunder complies with the registration provisions of or any exemptions from the Securities Act, applicable state securities
laws or the applicable laws of any other jurisdiction, ERISA, the Code or the Investment Company Act; provided, that if a certificate is specifically required by the express terms of this Section 5.7 to be delivered to the Trustee or the Securities
Registrar by a Holder or transferee of a Security, the Trustee and the Securities Registrar shall be under a duty to receive and examine the same to determine whether or not the certificate substantially conforms on its face to the requirements of
this Indenture and shall promptly notify the party delivering the same if such certificate does not comply with such terms. 
  
 SECTION 5.8. Mutilated, Destroyed, Lost or Stolen Securities Certificates. 
  
 (a) If any mutilated Securities Certificate shall be surrendered to the Securities Registrar together with such security or
indemnity as may be required by the Securities Registrar to save each of the Trustees harmless, the Administrative Trustees, or any one of them, on behalf of the Trust, shall execute and make available for delivery in exchange therefor a new
Securities Certificate of like class, tenor and denomination. 
  
 (b) If the Securities Registrar shall receive evidence to its satisfaction of the destruction, loss or theft of any Securities Certificate and there shall be delivered to the Securities Registrar such security or indemnity as may be
required by it to save each of the Trustees harmless, then in the absence of notice that such Securities Certificate shall have been acquired by a bona fide purchaser, the Administrative Trustees, or any one of them, on behalf of the Trust, shall
execute and make available for delivery, and, with respect to Preferred Securities, the Property Trustee shall authenticate, in exchange for or in lieu of any such destroyed, lost or stolen Securities Certificate, a new Securities Certificate of
like class, tenor and denomination. 
  
 (c) In connection with the
issuance of any new Securities Certificate under this Section 5.8, the Administrative Trustees or the Securities Registrar may require the payment of a sum sufficient to cover any tax or other governmental charge that may be imposed in
connection therewith. 
  
 (d) Any duplicate Securities Certificate
issued pursuant to this Section 5.8 shall constitute conclusive evidence of an undivided beneficial interest in the assets of the Trust corresponding to that evidenced by the mutilated, lost, stolen or destroyed Securities Certificate, as if
originally issued, whether or not the lost, stolen or destroyed Securities Certificate shall be found at any time. 
  
 (e) If any such mutilated, destroyed, lost or stolen Securities Certificate has become or is about to become due and payable, the Depositor in its
discretion may provide the 

  

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Administrative Trustee with the funds to pay such Trust Security and upon receipt of such funds, the Administrative Trustee shall pay such Trust Security
instead of issuing a new Securities Certificate. 
  
 (f) The
provisions of this Section 5.8 are exclusive and shall preclude (to the extent lawful) all other rights and remedies with respect to the replacement of mutilated, destroyed, lost or stolen Securities Certificates. 
  
 SECTION 5.9. Persons Deemed Holders. 
  
 The Trustees and the Securities Registrar shall each treat the Person in
whose name any Securities Certificate shall be registered in the Securities Register as the owner of such Securities Certificate for the purpose of receiving Distributions and for all other purposes whatsoever, and none of the Trustees and the
Securities Registrar shall be bound by any notice to the contrary. 
  
 SECTION 5.10. Cancellation. 
  
 All Preferred
Securities Certificates surrendered for registration of transfer or exchange or for payment shall, if surrendered to any Person other than the Property Trustee, be delivered to the Property Trustee, and any such Preferred Securities Certificates and
Preferred Securities Certificates surrendered directly to the Property Trustee for any such purpose shall be promptly canceled by it. The Administrative Trustees may at any time deliver to the Property Trustee for cancellation any Preferred
Securities Certificates previously delivered hereunder that the Administrative Trustees may have acquired in any manner whatsoever, and all Preferred Securities Certificates so delivered shall be promptly canceled by the Property Trustee. No
Preferred Securities Certificates shall be executed and delivered in lieu of or in exchange for any Preferred Securities Certificates canceled as provided in this Section 5.10, except as expressly permitted by this Trust Agreement. All
canceled Preferred Securities Certificates shall be retained by the Property Trustee in accordance with its customary practices. 
  
 SECTION 5.11. Ownership of Common Securities by Depositor. 
  
 (a) On the Closing Date, the Depositor shall acquire, and thereafter shall retain, beneficial and record ownership of the
Common Securities. Neither the Depositor nor any successor Holder of the Common Securities may transfer less than all the Common Securities, and the Depositor or any such successor Holder may transfer the Common Securities only (i) in connection
with a consolidation or merger of the Depositor into another Person, or any conveyance, transfer or lease by the Depositor of its properties and assets substantially as an entirety to any Person (in which event such Common Securities will be
transferred to such surviving entity, transferee or lessee, as the case may be), pursuant to Section 8.1 of the Indenture or (ii) to the Depositor or an Affiliate of the Depositor, in each such case in compliance with applicable law (including the
Securities Act, and applicable state securities and blue sky laws). To the fullest extent permitted by law, any attempted transfer of the Common Securities other than as set forth in the immediately preceding sentence shall be void. The
Administrative Trustees shall cause each Common Securities Certificate issued to the Depositor to contain a legend stating substantially “THIS CERTIFICATE IS NOT TRANSFERABLE 

  

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EXCEPT IN COMPLIANCE WITH APPLICABLE LAW AND SECTION 5.11 OF THE TRUST AGREEMENT.” 
  
 (b) Any Holder of the Common Securities shall be liable for the debts and obligations of the Trust in the manner and to the
extent set forth with respect to the Depositor and agrees that it shall be subject to all liabilities to which the Depositor may be subject and, prior to becoming such a Holder, shall deliver to the Administrative Trustees an instrument of
assumption satisfactory to such Trustees. 
  
 SECTION 5.12.
Restricted Legends. 
  
 (a) Each Preferred Security
Certificate shall bear a legend in substantially the following form: 
  
 “[IF THIS SECURITY IS A GLOBAL SECURITY INSERT: THIS PREFERRED SECURITY IS A GLOBAL SECURITY WITHIN THE MEANING OF THE TRUST AGREEMENT HEREINAFTER REFERRED TO AND IS REGISTERED IN THE NAME OF THE DEPOSITORY TRUST COMPANY
(“DTC”) OR A NOMINEE OF DTC. THIS PREFERRED SECURITY IS EXCHANGEABLE FOR SECURITIES REGISTERED IN THE NAME OF A PERSON OTHER THAN DTC OR ITS NOMINEE ONLY IN THE LIMITED CIRCUMSTANCES DESCRIBED IN THE TRUST AGREEMENT, AND NO TRANSFER OF
THIS PREFERRED SECURITY (OTHER THAN A TRANSFER OF THIS PREFERRED SECURITY AS A WHOLE BY DTC TO A NOMINEE OF DTC OR BY A NOMINEE OF DTC TO DTC OR ANOTHER NOMINEE OF DTC) MAY BE REGISTERED EXCEPT IN LIMITED CIRCUMSTANCES. 
  
 UNLESS THIS PREFERRED SECURITY IS PRESENTED BY AN AUTHORIZED REPRESENTATIVE
OF DTC TO NOVASTAR CAPITAL TRUST I OR ITS AGENT FOR REGISTRATION OF TRANSFER, EXCHANGE OR PAYMENT, AND ANY PREFERRED SECURITY ISSUED IS REGISTERED IN THE NAME OF CEDE & CO. OR IN SUCH OTHER NAME AS REQUESTED BY AN AUTHORIZED REPRESENTATIVE OF
DTC (AND ANY PAYMENT HEREON IS MADE TO CEDE & CO. OR TO SUCH OTHER ENTITY AS IS REQUESTED BY AN AUTHORIZED REPRESENTATIVE OF DTC), ANY TRANSFER, PLEDGE OR OTHER USE HEREOF FOR VALUE OR OTHERWISE BY OR TO ANY PERSON IS WRONGFUL IN AS MUCH AS THE
REGISTERED OWNER HEREOF, CEDE & CO., HAS AN INTEREST HEREIN.] 
  
 THE PREFERRED SECURITIES REPRESENTED BY THIS CERTIFICATE WERE ORIGINALLY ISSUED IN A TRANSACTION EXEMPT FROM REGISTRATION UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933, AS AMENDED (THE “SECURITIES ACT”), AND SUCH
PREFERRED SECURITIES OR ANY INTEREST THEREIN, MAY NOT BE OFFERED, SOLD OR OTHERWISE TRANSFERRED IN THE ABSENCE OF SUCH REGISTRATION OR AN APPLICABLE EXEMPTION THEREFROM. EACH PURCHASER OF ANY PREFERRED SECURITIES IS HEREBY NOTIFIED THAT THE SELLER
OF THE PREFERRED SECURITIES 

  

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MAY BE RELYING ON THE EXEMPTION FROM THE PROVISIONS OF SECTION 5 OF THE SECURITIES ACT PROVIDED BY RULE 144A UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT. 
  
 THE HOLDER OF THE PREFERRED SECURITIES REPRESENTED BY THIS CERTIFICATE
AGREES FOR THE BENEFIT OF THE TRUST AND THE DEPOSITOR THAT (A) SUCH PREFERRED SECURITIES MAY BE OFFERED, RESOLD OR OTHERWISE TRANSFERRED ONLY (I) TO THE TRUST OR (II) TO A PERSON WHOM THE SELLER REASONABLY BELIEVES IS A “QUALIFIED
PURCHASER” (AS DEFINED IN SECTION 2(a)(51) OF THE INVESTMENT COMPANY ACT OF 1940, AS AMENDED), AND (B) THE HOLDER WILL NOTIFY ANY PURCHASER OF ANY PREFERRED SECURITIES FROM IT OF THE RESALE RESTRICTIONS REFERRED TO IN (A) ABOVE. 
  
 THE PREFERRED SECURITIES WILL BE ISSUED AND MAY BE TRANSFERRED ONLY IN
BLOCKS HAVING AN AGGREGATE LIQUIDATION AMOUNT OF NOT LESS THAN $100,000. TO THE FULLEST EXTENT PERMITTED BY LAW, ANY ATTEMPTED TRANSFER OF PREFERRED SECURITIES, OR ANY INTEREST THEREIN, IN A BLOCK HAVING AN AGGREGATE LIQUIDATION AMOUNT OF LESS THAN
$100,000 AND MULTIPLES OF $1,000 IN EXCESS THEREOF SHALL BE DEEMED TO BE VOID AND OF NO LEGAL EFFECT WHATSOEVER. TO THE FULLEST EXTENT PERMITTED BY LAW, ANY SUCH PURPORTED TRANSFEREE SHALL BE DEEMED NOT TO BE THE HOLDER OF SUCH PREFERRED SECURITIES
FOR ANY PURPOSE, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE RECEIPT OF PRINCIPAL OF OR INTEREST ON SUCH PREFERRED SECURITIES, OR ANY INTEREST THEREIN, AND SUCH PURPORTED TRANSFEREE SHALL BE DEEMED TO HAVE NO INTEREST WHATSOEVER IN SUCH PREFERRED SECURITIES.

  
 THE HOLDER OF THIS SECURITY, OR ANY INTEREST THEREIN, BY ITS
ACCEPTANCE HEREOF OR THEREOF ALSO AGREES, REPRESENTS AND WARRANTS THAT IT IS NOT AN EMPLOYEE BENEFIT, INDIVIDUAL RETIREMENT ACCOUNT OR OTHER PLAN OR ARRANGEMENT SUBJECT TO TITLE I OF THE EMPLOYEE RETIREMENT INCOME SECURITY ACT OF 1974, AS AMENDED
(“ERISA”), OR SECTION 4975 OF THE INTERNAL REVENUE CODE OF 1986, AS AMENDED (THE “CODE”) (EACH A “PLAN”), OR AN ENTITY WHOSE UNDERLYING ASSETS INCLUDE “PLAN ASSETS” BY REASON OF ANY
PLAN’S INVESTMENT IN THE ENTITY, AND NO PERSON INVESTING “PLAN ASSETS” OF ANY PLAN MAY ACQUIRE OR HOLD THIS PREFERRED SECURITY OR ANY INTEREST THEREIN. ANY PURCHASER OR HOLDER OF THE PREFERRED SECURITIES OR ANY INTEREST THEREIN WILL
BE DEEMED TO HAVE REPRESENTED BY ITS PURCHASE AND HOLDING THEREOF THAT IT IS NOT AN EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLAN WITHIN THE MEANING OF SECTION 3(3) OF ERISA, OR A PLAN TO WHICH SECTION 4975 OF THE CODE IS APPLICABLE, A TRUSTEE OR OTHER PERSON ACTING ON
BEHALF OF AN EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLAN OR PLAN, OR ANY OTHER 

  

 35 








 
PERSON OR ENTITY USING THE ASSETS OF ANY EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLAN OR PLAN TO FINANCE SUCH PURCHASE.” 
  
 (b) The above legend shall not be removed from any of the Preferred
Securities Certificates unless there is delivered to the Property Trustee and the Depositor satisfactory evidence, which may include an opinion of counsel, as may be reasonably required to ensure that any future transfers thereof may be made without
restriction under the provisions of the Securities Act and other applicable law. Upon provision of such satisfactory evidence, one or more of the Administrative Trustees on behalf of the Trust shall execute and deliver to the Property Trustee, and
the Property Trustee shall deliver, at the written direction of the Administrative Trustees and the Depositor, Preferred Securities Certificates that do not bear the legend. 
  
 SECTION 5.13. Form of Certificate of Authentication. 
  
 The Property Trustee’s certificate of authentication shall be in substantially the following form: 
  
 This is one of the Preferred Securities referred to in the within-mentioned
Trust Agreement. 
  

									
	 Dated:
	 	 	 	 JPMORGAN CHASE BANK, NATIONAL
ASSOCIATION,
 not in its individual capacity, but solely as Property
 Trustee

					
	 	 	 	 	 	 	By:	 	 
	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 Authorized signatory


  
 ARTICLE VI. 

 
 MEETINGS; VOTING; ACTS
OF HOLDERS 
  
 SECTION 6.1.
Notice of Meetings. 
  
 Notice of all meetings of the
Holders of the Preferred Securities, stating the time, place and purpose of the meeting, shall be given by the Property Trustee pursuant to Section 10.8 to each Holder of Preferred Securities, at such Holder’s registered address, at
least fifteen (15) days and not more than ninety (90) days before the meeting. At any such meeting, any business properly before the meeting may be so considered whether or not stated in the notice of the meeting. Any adjourned meeting may be held
as adjourned without further notice. 
  
 SECTION 6.2. Meetings
of Holders of the Preferred Securities. 
  
 (a) No annual
meeting of Holders is required to be held. The Property Trustee, however, shall call a meeting of the Holders of the Preferred Securities to vote on any matter upon the written request of the Holders of at least twenty five percent (25%) in
aggregate 

  

 36 








 
Liquidation Amount of the Outstanding Preferred Securities and the Administrative Trustees or the Property Trustee may, at any time in their discretion, call
a meeting of the Holders of the Preferred Securities to vote on any matters as to which such Holders are entitled to vote. 
  
 (b) The Holders of at least a Majority in Liquidation Amount of the Preferred Securities, present in person or by proxy, shall constitute a quorum at any
meeting of the Holders of the Preferred Securities. 
  
 (c) If a
quorum is present at a meeting, an affirmative vote by the Holders present, in person or by proxy, holding Preferred Securities representing at least a Majority in Liquidation Amount of the Preferred Securities held by the Holders present, either in
person or by proxy, at such meeting shall constitute the action of the Holders of the Preferred Securities, unless this Trust Agreement requires a lesser or greater number of affirmative votes. 
  
 SECTION 6.3. Voting Rights. 
  
 Holders shall be entitled to one vote for each $10,000 of Liquidation Amount
represented by their Outstanding Trust Securities in respect of any matter as to which such Holders are entitled to vote. 
  
 SECTION 6.4. Proxies, Etc. 
  
 At any meeting of Holders, any Holder entitled to vote thereat may vote by proxy, provided, that no proxy shall be voted at any meeting unless it
shall have been placed on file with the Administrative Trustees, or with such other officer or agent of the Trust as the Administrative Trustees may direct, for verification prior to the time at which such vote shall be taken. Pursuant to a
resolution of the Property Trustee, proxies may be solicited in the name of the Property Trustee or one or more officers of the Property Trustee. Only Holders of record shall be entitled to vote. When Trust Securities are held jointly by several
Persons, any one of them may vote at any meeting in person or by proxy in respect of such Trust Securities, but if more than one of them shall be present at such meeting in person or by proxy, and such joint owners or their proxies so present
disagree as to any vote to be cast, such vote shall not be received in respect of such Trust Securities. A proxy purporting to be executed by or on behalf of a Holder shall be deemed valid unless challenged at or prior to its exercise, and the
burden of proving invalidity shall rest on the challenger. No proxy shall be valid more than three years after its date of execution. 
  
 SECTION 6.5. Holder Action by Written Consent. 
  
 Any action that may be taken by Holders of Preferred Securities at a meeting may be taken without a meeting and without prior notice if Holders holding at
least a Majority in Liquidation Amount of all Preferred Securities entitled to vote in respect of such action (or such lesser or greater proportion thereof as shall be required by any other provision of this Trust Agreement) shall consent to the
action in writing; provided, that notice of such action is promptly provided to the Holders of Preferred Securities that did not consent to such action. 

  

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Any action that may be taken by the Holders of all the Common Securities may be taken without a meeting and without prior notice if such Holders shall
consent to the action in writing. 
  
 SECTION 6.6. Record Date
for Voting and Other Purposes. 
  
 Except as provided in
Section 6.10(a), for the purposes of determining the Holders who are entitled to notice of and to vote at any meeting or to act by written consent, or to participate in any distribution on the Trust Securities in respect of which a record
date is not otherwise provided for in this Trust Agreement, or for the purpose of any other action, the Administrative Trustees may from time to time fix a date, not more than ninety (90) days prior to the date of any meeting of Holders or the
payment of a Distribution or other action, as the case may be, as a record date for the determination of the identity of the Holders of record for such purposes. 
  
 SECTION 6.7. Acts of Holders. 
  
 (a) Any request, demand, authorization, direction, notice, consent, waiver or other action provided or permitted by this
Trust Agreement to be given, made or taken by Holders may be embodied in and evidenced by one or more instruments of substantially similar tenor signed by such Holders in person or by an agent thereof duly appointed in writing; and, except as
otherwise expressly provided herein, such action shall become effective when such instrument or instruments are delivered to an Administrative Trustee. A depositary that is a Holder of a Global Preferred Security may provide its proxy or proxies to
the beneficial owners of interests in any such Global Preferred Security though such Depositary’s standing instructions and customary practices. Such instrument or instruments (and the action embodied therein and evidenced thereby) are herein
sometimes referred to as the “Act” of the Holders signing such instrument or instruments. Proof of execution of any such instrument or of a writing appointing any such agent shall be sufficient for any purpose of this Trust
Agreement and conclusive in favor of the Trustees, if made in the manner provided in this Section 6.7. 
  
 (b) The fact and date of the execution by any Person of any such instrument or writing may be proved by the affidavit of a witness of such execution or by
a certificate of a notary public or other officer authorized by law to take acknowledgments of deeds, certifying that the individual signing such instrument or writing acknowledged to him the execution thereof. Where such execution is by a signer
acting in a capacity other than such signer’s individual capacity, such certificate or affidavit shall also constitute sufficient proof of such signer’s authority. The fact and date of the execution of any such instrument or writing, or
the authority of the Person executing the same, may also be proved in any other manner that any Trustee receiving the same deems sufficient. 
  
 (c) The ownership of Trust Securities shall be proved by the Securities Register. 
  
 (d) Any request, demand, authorization, direction, notice, consent, waiver or other Act of the Holder of any Trust Security
shall bind every future Holder of the same Trust Security and the Holder of every Trust Security issued upon the registration of transfer thereof or in 

  

 38 








 
exchange therefor or in lieu thereof in respect of anything done, omitted or suffered to be done by the Trustees, the Administrative Trustees or the Trust in
reliance thereon, whether or not notation of such action is made upon such Trust Security. 
  
 (e) Without limiting the foregoing, a Holder entitled hereunder to take any action hereunder with regard to any particular Trust Security may do so with regard to all or any part of the Liquidation Amount of such
Trust Security or by one or more duly appointed agents each of which may do so pursuant to such appointment with regard to all or any part of such Liquidation Amount. 
  
 (f) If any dispute shall arise among the Holders or the Trustees with respect to the authenticity, validity or binding
nature of any request, demand, authorization, direction, notice, consent, waiver or other Act of such Holder or Trustee under this Article VI, then the determination of such matter by the Property Trustee shall be conclusive with respect to
such matter. 
  
 SECTION 6.8. Inspection of Records.

  
 Upon reasonable written notice to the Administrative Trustees
and the Property Trustee, the records of the Trust shall be open to inspection by any Holder during normal business hours for any purpose reasonably related to such Holder’s interest as a Holder. 
  
 SECTION 6.9. Limitations on Voting Rights. 
  
 (a) Except as expressly provided in this Trust Agreement and in the
Indenture and as otherwise required by law, no Holder of Preferred Securities shall have any right to vote or in any manner otherwise control the administration, operation and management of the Trust or the obligations of the parties hereto, nor
shall anything herein set forth, or contained in the terms of the Securities Certificates, be construed so as to constitute the Holders from time to time as partners or members of an association. 
  
 (b) So long as any Notes are held by the Property Trustee on behalf of the
Trust, the Property Trustee shall not (i) direct the time, method and place of conducting any proceeding for any remedy available to the Note Trustee, or exercise any trust or power conferred on the Property Trustee with respect to the Notes, (ii)
waive any past default that may be waived under Section 5.13 of the Indenture or waive compliance with any covenant or condition under Section 10.7 of the Indenture, (iii) exercise any right to rescind or annul a declaration that the principal of
all the Notes shall be due and payable or (iv) consent to any amendment, modification or termination of the Indenture or the Notes, where such consent shall be required, without, in each case, obtaining the prior approval of the Holders of at least
a Majority in Liquidation Amount of the Preferred Securities; provided, that where a consent under the Indenture would require the consent of each holder of Notes (or each Holder of Preferred Securities) affected thereby, no such consent
shall be given by the Property Trustee without the prior written consent of each Holder of Preferred Securities. The Property Trustee shall not revoke any action previously authorized or approved by a vote of the Holders of the Preferred Securities,
except by a subsequent vote of the Holders of the Preferred Securities. In addition to obtaining the foregoing 

  

 39 








 
approvals of the Holders of the Preferred Securities, prior to taking any of the foregoing actions, the Property Trustee shall, at the expense of the
Depositor, obtain an Opinion of Counsel experienced in such matters to the effect that such action shall not cause the Trust to be taxable as a corporation or classified as other than a grantor trust for United States federal income tax purposes.

  
 (c) If any proposed amendment to the Trust Agreement provides
for, or the Trustees otherwise propose to effect, (i) any action that would adversely affect in any material respect the powers, preferences or special rights of the Preferred Securities, whether by way of amendment to the Trust Agreement or
otherwise or (ii) the dissolution, winding-up or termination of the Trust, other than pursuant to the terms of this Trust Agreement, then the Holders of Outstanding Preferred Securities as a class will be entitled to vote on such amendment or
proposal and such amendment or proposal shall not be effective except with the approval of the Holders of at least a Majority in Liquidation Amount of the Preferred Securities. Notwithstanding any other provision of this Trust Agreement, no
amendment to this Trust Agreement may be made if, as a result of such amendment, it would cause the Trust to be taxable as a corporation or classified as other than a grantor trust for United States federal income tax purposes. 
  
 SECTION 6.10. Acceleration of Maturity; Rescission of Annulment; Waivers
of Past Defaults. 
  
 (a) For so long as any Preferred
Securities remain Outstanding, if, upon a Note Event of Default, the Note Trustee fails or the holders of not less than twenty five percent (25%) in principal amount of the outstanding Notes fail to declare the principal of all of the Notes to be
immediately due and payable, the Holders of at least twenty five percent (25%) in Liquidation Amount of the Preferred Securities then Outstanding shall have the right to make such declaration by a notice in writing to the Property Trustee, the
Depositor and the Note Trustee. At any time after a declaration of acceleration with respect to the Notes has been made and before a judgment or decree for payment of the money due has been obtained by the Note Trustee as provided in the Indenture,
the Holders of at least a Majority in Liquidation Amount of the Preferred Securities, by written notice to the Property Trustee, the Depositor and the Note Trustee, may rescind and annul such declaration and its consequences if: 
  
 (i) the Depositor has paid or deposited with the Note
Trustee a sum sufficient to pay: 
  
 (A) all
overdue installments of interest on all of the Notes; 
  
 (B) any accrued Additional Interest on all of the Notes; 
  
 (C) the principal of and any premium, if any, on any Notes that have become due otherwise than by such declaration of acceleration and interest and Additional Interest thereon at the rate borne by the Notes; and

  
 (D) all sums paid or advanced by the Note
Trustee under the Indenture and the reasonable compensation, expenses, disbursements and advances of the Note Trustee, the Property Trustee and their agents and counsel; and 
  

 40 








 (ii) all Note Events of Default, other than the non-payment of the principal of the Notes
that has become due solely by such acceleration, have been cured or waived as provided in Section 5.13 of the Indenture. 
  
 Upon receipt by the Property Trustee of written notice requesting such an acceleration, or rescission and annulment thereof, by Holders of any part of the
Preferred Securities, a record date shall be established for determining Holders of Outstanding Preferred Securities entitled to join in such notice, which record date shall be at the close of business on the day the Property Trustee receives such
notice. The Holders on such record date, or their duly designated proxies, and only such Persons, shall be entitled to join in such notice, whether or not such Holders remain Holders after such record date; provided, that, unless such
declaration of acceleration, or rescission and annulment, as the case may be, shall have become effective by virtue of the requisite percentage having joined in such notice prior to the day that is ninety (90) days after such record date, such
notice of declaration of acceleration, or rescission and annulment, as the case may be, shall automatically and without further action by any Holder be canceled and of no further effect. Nothing in this paragraph shall prevent a Holder, or a proxy
of a Holder, from giving, after expiration of such ninety (90)-day period, a new written notice of declaration of acceleration, or rescission and annulment thereof, as the case may be, that is identical to a written notice that has been canceled
pursuant to the proviso to the preceding sentence, in which event a new record date shall be established pursuant to the provisions of this Section 6.10(a). 
  
 (b) For so long as any Preferred Securities remain Outstanding, to the fullest extent permitted by law and subject to the
terms of this Trust Agreement and the Indenture, upon a Note Event of Default specified in paragraph (a) or (b) of Section 5.1 of the Indenture, any Holder of Preferred Securities shall have the right to institute a proceeding directly against the
Depositor, pursuant to Section 5.8 of the Indenture, for enforcement of payment to such Holder of any amounts payable in respect of Notes having an aggregate principal amount equal to the aggregate Liquidation Amount of the Preferred Securities of
such Holder. Except as set forth in Section 6.10(a) and this Section 6.10(b), the Holders of Preferred Securities shall have no right to exercise directly any right or remedy available to the holders of, or in respect of, the Notes.

  
 (c) Notwithstanding paragraphs (a) and (b) of this Section
6.10, the Holders of at least a Majority in Liquidation Amount of the Preferred Securities may, on behalf of the Holders of all the Preferred Securities, waive any Note Event of Default, except any Note Event of Default arising from the failure
to pay any principal of or any premium, if any, or interest on (including any Additional Interest) the Notes (unless such Note Event of Default has been cured and a sum sufficient to pay all matured installments of interest and all principal and
premium, if any, on all Notes due otherwise than by acceleration has been deposited with the Note Trustee) or a Note Event of Default in respect of a covenant or provision that under the Indenture cannot be modified or amended without the consent of
the holder of each outstanding Note. Upon any such waiver, such Note Event of Default shall cease to exist and any Note Event of Default arising therefrom shall be deemed to have been cured for every purpose of the Indenture; but no such waiver
shall affect any subsequent Note Event of Default or impair any right consequent thereon. 
  
 (d) Notwithstanding paragraphs (a) and (b) of this Section 6.10, the Holders of at least a Majority in Liquidation Amount of the Preferred Securities may, on behalf of the Holders 

  

 41 








 
of all the Preferred Securities, waive any past Event of Default and its consequences. Upon such waiver, any such Event of Default shall cease to exist, and
any Event of Default arising therefrom shall be deemed to have been cured, for every purpose of this Trust Agreement, but no such waiver shall extend to any subsequent or other Event of Default or impair any right consequent thereon. 
  
 (e) The Holders of a Majority in Liquidation Amount of the Preferred
Securities shall have the right to direct the time, method and place of conducting any proceeding for any remedy available to the Property Trustee in respect of this Trust Agreement or the Notes or exercising any trust or power conferred upon the
Property Trustee under this Trust Agreement; provided, that, subject to Sections 8.5 and 8.7, the Property Trustee shall have the right to decline to follow any such direction if the Property Trustee being advised by counsel
determines that the action so directed may not lawfully be taken, or if the Property Trustee in good faith shall, by an officer or officers of the Property Trustee, determine that the proceedings so directed would be illegal or involve it in
personal liability or be unduly prejudicial to the rights of Holders not party to such direction, and provided, further, that nothing in this Trust Agreement shall impair the right of the Property Trustee to take any action deemed proper by
the Property Trustee and which is not inconsistent with such direction. 
  
 ARTICLE VII. 
  
 REPRESENTATIONS
AND WARRANTIES 
  
 SECTION 7.1.
Representations and Warranties of the Property Trustee and the Delaware Trustee. 
  
 The Property Trustee and the Delaware Trustee, each severally on behalf of and as to itself, hereby represents and warrants for the benefit of the Depositor and the Holders that: 
  
 (a) the Property Trustee is a national banking association,
duly organized and validly existing under the laws of the United States; 
  
 (b) the Property Trustee has full corporate power, authority and legal right to execute, deliver and perform its obligations under this Trust Agreement and has taken all necessary action to authorize the execution,
delivery and performance by it of this Trust Agreement; 
  
 (c) the Delaware Trustee is a national banking association, duly formed and validly existing under the laws of the United States; 
  
 (d) the Delaware Trustee has full corporate power, authority and legal right to execute, deliver and perform
its obligations under this Trust Agreement and has taken all necessary action to authorize the execution, delivery and performance by it of this Trust Agreement; 
  
 (e) this Trust Agreement has been duly authorized, executed and delivered by the Property Trustee and the
Delaware Trustee and constitutes the legal, valid and 

  

 42 








 
binding agreement of each of the Property Trustee and the Delaware Trustee enforceable against each of them in accordance with its terms, subject to
applicable bankruptcy, insolvency, fraudulent transfer, reorganization, moratorium and similar laws affecting creditors’ rights generally and to general principles of equity; 
  
 (f) the execution, delivery and performance of this Trust Agreement have been duly authorized by all
necessary corporate or other action on the part of the Property Trustee and the Delaware Trustee and do not require any approval of stockholders of the Property Trustee and the Delaware Trustee and such execution, delivery and performance will not
(i) violate the Restated Organization Certificate or Articles of Association, as applicable, or By-laws of the Property Trustee or the Delaware Trustee, (ii) violate any provision of, or constitute, with or without notice or lapse of time, a default
under, or result in the imposition of any lien on any properties included in the Trust Property pursuant to the provisions of any indenture, mortgage, credit agreement, license or other agreement or instrument to which the Property Trustee or the
Delaware Trustee is a party or by which it is bound, or (iii) violate any applicable law, governmental rule or regulation of the United States or the State of Delaware, as the case may be, governing the banking, trust or general powers of the
Property Trustee or the Delaware Trustee or any order, judgment or decree applicable to the Property Trustee or the Delaware Trustee; 
  
 (g) neither the authorization, execution or delivery by the Property Trustee or the Delaware Trustee of this Trust Agreement nor the
consummation of any of the transactions by the Property Trustee or the Delaware Trustee contemplated herein requires the consent or approval of, the giving of notice to, the registration with or the taking of any other action with respect to any
governmental authority or agency under any existing law of the United States or the State of Delaware governing the banking, trust or general powers of the Property Trustee or the Delaware Trustee, as the case may be; and 
  
 (h) to the best of each of the Property Trustee’s and
the Delaware Trustee’s knowledge, there are no proceedings pending or threatened against or affecting the Property Trustee or the Delaware Trustee in any court or before any governmental authority, agency or arbitration board or tribunal that,
individually or in the aggregate, would materially and adversely affect the Trust or would question the right, power and authority of the Property Trustee or the Delaware Trustee, as the case may be, to enter into or perform its obligations as one
of the Trustees under this Trust Agreement. 
  
 SECTION 7.2.
Representations and Warranties of Depositor. 
  
 The
Depositor hereby represents and warrants for the benefit of the Holders and the Trustees that: 
  
 (a) the Depositor is a corporation duly organized, validly existing and in good standing under the laws of its state of incorporation;

  
 (b) the Depositor has full corporate power,
authority and legal right to execute, deliver and perform its obligations under this Trust Agreement and has taken all 

  

 43 








 
necessary action to authorize the execution, delivery and performance by it of this Trust Agreement; 
  
 (c) this Trust Agreement has been duly authorized, executed
and delivered by the Depositor and constitutes the legal, valid and binding agreement of the Depositor enforceable against the Depositor in accordance with its terms, subject to applicable bankruptcy, insolvency and similar laws affecting
creditors’ rights generally and to general principles of equity; 
  
 (d) the Securities Certificates issued at the Closing Date on behalf of the Trust have been duly authorized and will have been duly and validly executed, issued and delivered by the applicable Trustees pursuant to the
terms and provisions of, and in accordance with the requirements of, this Trust Agreement and the Holders will be, as of such date, entitled to the benefits of this Trust Agreement; 
  
 (e) the execution, delivery and performance of this Trust Agreement have been duly authorized by all
necessary corporate or other action on the part of the Depositor and do not require any approval of stockholders of the Depositor and such execution, delivery and performance will not (i) violate the articles or certificate of incorporation or
by-laws (or other organizational documents) of the Depositor or (ii) violate any applicable law, governmental rule or regulation governing the Depositor or any material portion of its property or any order, judgment or decree applicable to the
Depositor or any material portion of its property; 
  
 (f) neither the authorization, execution or delivery by the Depositor of this Trust Agreement nor the consummation of any of the transactions by the Depositor contemplated herein requires the consent or approval of, the giving of notice to,
the registration with or the taking of any other action with respect to any governmental authority or agency under any existing law governing the Depositor or any material portion of its property; and 
  
 (g) there are no proceedings pending or, to the best of the
Depositor’s knowledge, threatened against or affecting the Depositor or any material portion of its property in any court or before any governmental authority, agency or arbitration board or tribunal that, individually or in the aggregate,
would materially and adversely affect the Trust or would question the right, power and authority of the Depositor, as the case may be, to enter into or perform its obligations under this Trust Agreement. 
  
 ARTICLE VIII. 
  
 THE TRUSTEES 
  
 SECTION 8.1. Number of Trustees. 
  
 The number of Trustees shall be five (5); provided, that the Property Trustee and the Delaware Trustee may be the
same Person, in which case the number of Trustees shall be four (4). The number of Trustees may be increased or decreased by Act of the Holder of the 

  

 44 








 
Common Securities subject to Sections 8.2, 8.3, and 8.4. The death, resignation, retirement, removal, bankruptcy, incompetence or
incapacity to perform the duties of a Trustee shall not operate to annul, dissolve or terminate the Trust. 
  
 SECTION 8.2. Property Trustee Required. 
  
 There shall at all times be a Property Trustee hereunder with respect to the Trust Securities. The Property Trustee shall be a corporation organized and
doing business under the laws of the United States or of any state thereof, authorized to exercise corporate trust powers, having a combined capital and surplus of at least fifty million dollars ($50,000,000), subject to supervision or examination
by federal or state authority and having an office within the United States. If any such Person publishes reports of condition at least annually pursuant to law or to the requirements of its supervising or examining authority, then for the purposes
of this Section 8.2, the combined capital and surplus of such Person shall be deemed to be its combined capital and surplus as set forth in its most recent report of condition so published. If at any time the Property Trustee shall cease to
be eligible in accordance with the provisions of this Section 8.2, it shall resign immediately in the manner and with the effect hereinafter specified in this Article VIII. 
  
 SECTION 8.3. Delaware Trustee Required. 
  
 (a) If required by the Delaware Statutory Trust Act, there shall at all times be a Delaware Trustee with respect to the
Trust Securities. The Delaware Trustee shall either be (i) a natural person who is at least 21 years of age and a resident of the State of Delaware or (ii) a legal entity that has its principal place of business in the State of Delaware, otherwise
meets the requirements of applicable Delaware law and shall act through one or more persons authorized to bind such entity. If at any time the Delaware Trustee shall cease to be eligible in accordance with the provisions of this Section 8.3,
it shall resign immediately in the manner and with the effect hereinafter specified in this Article VIII. The Delaware Trustee shall have the same rights, privileges and immunities as the Property Trustee. 
  
 (b) The Delaware Trustee shall not be entitled to exercise any powers, nor
shall the Delaware Trustee have any of the duties and responsibilities, of the Property Trustee or the Administrative Trustees set forth herein. The Delaware Trustee shall be one of the trustees of the Trust for the sole and limited purpose of
fulfilling the requirements of Section 3807 of the Delaware Statutory Trust Act and for taking such actions as are required to be taken by a Delaware trustee under the Delaware Statutory Trust Act. The duties (including fiduciary duties),
liabilities and obligations of the Delaware Trustee shall be limited to (a) accepting legal process served on the Trust in the State of Delaware and (b) the execution of any certificates required to be filed with the Secretary of State of the State
of Delaware that the Delaware Trustee is required to execute under Section 3811 of the Delaware Statutory Trust Act and there shall be no other duties (including fiduciary duties) or obligations, express or implied, at law or in equity, of the
Delaware Trustee. 
  

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 SECTION 8.4. Appointment of Administrative Trustees. 
  
 (a) There shall at all times be one or more Administrative Trustees
hereunder with respect to the Trust Securities. Each Administrative Trustee shall be either a natural person who is at least 21 years of age or a legal entity that shall act through one or more persons authorized to bind that entity. Each of the
individuals identified as an “Administrative Trustee” in the preamble of this Trust Agreement hereby accepts his or her appointment as such. 
  
 (b) Except where a requirement for action by a specific number of Administrative Trustees is expressly set forth in this Trust Agreement, any act required
or permitted to be taken by, and any power of the Administrative Trustees may be exercised by, or with the consent of, any one such Administrative Trustee. Whenever a vacancy in the number of Administrative Trustees shall occur, until such vacancy
is filled by the appointment of an Administrative Trustee in accordance with Section 8.11, the Administrative Trustees in office, regardless of their number (and notwithstanding any other provision of this Trust Agreement), shall have all the
powers granted to the Administrative Trustees and shall discharge all the duties imposed upon the Administrative Trustees by this Trust Agreement. 
  
 SECTION 8.5. Duties and Responsibilities of the Trustees. 
  

(a) The rights, immunities, duties and responsibilities of the Trustees shall be as provided by this Trust Agreement and there shall be no other duties
(including fiduciary duties) or obligations, express or implied, at law or in equity, of the Trustees; provided, however, that if an Event of Default known to the Property Trustee has occurred and is continuing, the Property Trustee shall,
prior to the receipt of directions, if any, from the Holders of at least a Majority in Liquidation Amount of the Preferred Securities, exercise such of the rights and powers vested in it by this Trust Agreement, and use the same degree of care and
skill in its exercise, as a prudent person would exercise or use under the circumstances in the conduct of such person’s own affairs. Notwithstanding the foregoing, no provision of this Trust Agreement shall require any of the Trustees to
expend or risk its own funds or otherwise incur any financial liability in the performance of any of its duties hereunder, or in the exercise of any of its or their rights or powers, if it or they shall have reasonable grounds for believing that
repayment of such funds or adequate indemnity against such risk or liability is not reasonably assured to it. Whether or not herein expressly so provided, every provision of this Trust Agreement relating to the conduct or affecting the liability of
or affording protection to the Trustees shall be subject to the provisions of this Section 8.5. Nothing in this Trust Agreement shall be construed to release any Administrative Trustee from liability for his or her own negligent action,
negligent failure to act; or his or her own willful misconduct. To the extent that, at law or in equity, a Trustee has duties and liabilities relating to the Trust or to the Holders, such Trustee shall not be liable to the Trust or to any Holder for
such Trustee’s good faith reliance on the provisions of this Trust Agreement. The provisions of this Trust Agreement, to the extent that they restrict the duties and liabilities of the Trustees otherwise existing at law or in equity, are agreed
by the Depositor and the Holders to replace such other duties and liabilities of the Trustees. 
  
 (b) All payments made by the Property Trustee or a Paying Agent in respect of the Trust Securities shall be made only from the revenue and proceeds from the Trust Property and only to the extent that there shall be
sufficient revenue or proceeds from the Trust Property to 

  

 46 








 
enable the Property Trustee or a Paying Agent to make payments in accordance with the terms hereof. Each Holder, by its acceptance of a Trust Security,
agrees that it will look solely to the revenue and proceeds from the Trust Property to the extent legally available for distribution to it as herein provided and that the Trustees are not personally liable to it for any amount distributable in
respect of any Trust Security or for any other liability in respect of any Trust Security. This Section 8.5(b) does not limit the liability of the Trustees expressly set forth elsewhere in this Trust Agreement. 
  
 (c) No provisions of this Trust Agreement shall be construed to relieve the
Property Trustee from liability with respect to matters that are within the authority of the Property Trustee under this Trust Agreement for its own negligent action, negligent failure to act or willful misconduct, except that: 
  
 (i) the Property Trustee shall not be liable for any error
or judgment made in good faith by an authorized officer of the Property Trustee, unless it shall be proved that the Property Trustee was negligent in ascertaining the pertinent facts; 
  
 (ii) the Property Trustee shall not be liable with respect to any action taken or omitted to be taken by it
in good faith in accordance with the direction of the Holders of at least a Majority in Liquidation Amount of the Preferred Securities relating to the time, method and place of conducting any proceeding for any remedy available to the Property
Trustee hereunder or under the Indenture, or exercising any trust or power conferred upon the Property Trustee under this Trust Agreement; 
  
 (iii) the Property Trustee’s sole duty with respect to the custody, safe keeping and physical preservation of the Notes and the
Payment Account shall be to deal with such Property in a similar manner as the Property Trustee deals with similar property for its own account, subject to the protections and limitations on liability afforded to the Property Trustee under this
Trust Agreement; 
  
 (iv) the Property Trustee
shall not be liable for any interest on any money received by it except as it may otherwise agree in writing with the Depositor; and money held by the Property Trustee need not be segregated from other funds held by it except in relation to the
Payment Account maintained by the Property Trustee pursuant to Section 3.1 and except to the extent otherwise required by law; and 
  
 (v) the Property Trustee shall not be responsible for monitoring the compliance by the Administrative Trustees or the Depositor with their
respective duties under this Trust Agreement, nor shall the Property Trustee be liable for the default or misconduct of any other Trustee or the Depositor. 
  
 SECTION 8.6. Notices of Defaults and Extensions. 
  
 (a) Within ninety (90) days after the occurrence of a default actually known to the Property Trustee, the Property Trustee shall transmit notice of such
default to the Holders, the Administrative Trustees and the Depositor, unless such default shall have been cured or waived. For the purpose of this Section 8.6, the term “default” means any event that is, or after notice or
lapse of time or both would become, an Event of Default. 
  

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 (b) Reserved. 
  
 (c) The Property Trustee shall not be charged with knowledge of any Event of Default unless either (i) a Responsible Officer
of the Property Trustee shall have actual knowledge or (ii) the Property Trustee shall have received written notice thereof from the Depositor, an Administrative Trustee or a Holder. 
  
 (d) The Property Trustee shall notify all Holders of the Preferred Securities of any notice of default received with respect
to the Notes. 
  
 SECTION 8.7. Certain Rights of Property
Trustee. 
  
 Subject to the provisions of Section 8.5:

  
 (a) the Property Trustee may conclusively
rely and shall be protected in acting or refraining from acting in good faith and in accordance with the terms hereof upon any resolution, Opinion of Counsel, certificate, written representation of a Holder or transferee, certificate of auditors or
any other resolution, certificate, statement, instrument, opinion, report, notice, request, direction, consent, order, appraisal, bond, debenture, note, other evidence of indebtedness or other paper or document believed by it to be genuine and to
have been signed or presented by the proper party or parties; 
  
 (b) if (i) in performing its duties under this Trust Agreement the Property Trustee is required to decide between alternative courses of action, (ii) in construing any of the provisions of this Trust Agreement the
Property Trustee finds a provision ambiguous or inconsistent with any other provisions contained herein or (iii) the Property Trustee is unsure of the application of any provision of this Trust Agreement, then, except as to any matter as to which
the Holders of the Preferred Securities are entitled to vote under the terms of this Trust Agreement, the Property Trustee shall deliver a notice to the Depositor requesting the Depositor’s written instruction as to the course of action to be
taken and the Property Trustee shall take such action, or refrain from taking such action, as the Property Trustee shall be instructed in writing to take, or to refrain from taking, by the Depositor; provided, that if the Property Trustee
does not receive such instructions of the Depositor within ten (10) Business Days after it has delivered such notice or such reasonably shorter period of time set forth in such notice, the Property Trustee may, but shall be under no duty to, take
such action, or refrain from taking such action, as the Property Trustee shall deem advisable and in the best interests of the Holders, in which event the Property Trustee shall have no liability except for its own negligence, bad faith or willful
misconduct; 
  
 (c) any direction or act of the
Depositor contemplated by this Trust Agreement shall be sufficiently evidenced by an Officers’ Certificate unless otherwise expressly provided herein; 
  
 (d) any direction or act of an Administrative Trustee contemplated by this Trust Agreement shall be sufficiently evidenced by a
certificate executed by such Administrative Trustee and setting forth such direction or act; 
  

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 (e) the Property Trustee shall have no duty to see to any recording, filing or
registration of any instrument (including any financing or continuation statement or any filing under tax or securities laws) or any re-recording, re-filing or re-registration thereof; 
  
 (f) the Property Trustee may consult with counsel (which counsel may be counsel to the Property Trustee, the
Depositor or any of its Affiliates, and may include any of its employees) and the advice of such counsel shall be full and complete authorization and protection in respect of any action taken, suffered or omitted by it hereunder in good faith and in
reliance thereon and in accordance with such advice; the Property Trustee shall have the right at any time to seek instructions concerning the administration of this Trust Agreement from any court of competent jurisdiction; 
  
 (g) the Property Trustee shall be under no obligation to
exercise any of the rights or powers vested in it by this Trust Agreement at the request or direction of any of the Holders pursuant to this Trust Agreement, unless such Holders shall have offered to the Property Trustee reasonable security or
indemnity against the costs, expenses (including reasonable attorneys’ fees and expenses) and liabilities that might be incurred by it in compliance with such request or direction, including reasonable advances as may be requested by the
Property Trustee; provided, however, that nothing contained in this Section 8.7(g) shall be construed to relieve the Property Trustee, upon the occurrence of an Event of Default, of its obligation to exercise the rights and powers in
it vested by this Trust Agreement; provided, further, that nothing contained in this Section 8.7(g) shall prevent the Property Trustee from exercising its rights under Section 8.11 hereof; 
  
 (h) the Property Trustee shall not be bound to make any
investigation into the facts or matters stated in any resolution, certificate, statement, instrument, opinion, report, notice, request, direction, consent, order, approval, bond, debenture, note or other evidence of indebtedness or other paper or
document, unless requested in writing to do so by one or more Holders, but the Property Trustee may make such further inquiry or investigation into such facts or matters as it may see fit, and, if the Property Trustee shall determine to make such
inquiry or investigation, it shall be entitled to examine the books, records and premises of the Depositor, personally or by agent or attorney; 
  
 (i) the Property Trustee may execute any of the trusts or powers hereunder or perform any duties hereunder either directly or by or
through its agents, attorneys, custodians or nominees and the Property Trustee shall not be responsible for any negligence or misconduct on the part of any such agent, attorney, custodian or nominee appointed with due care by it hereunder;

  
 (j) whenever in the administration of this
Trust Agreement the Property Trustee shall deem it desirable to receive instructions with respect to enforcing any remedy or right hereunder, the Property Trustee (i) may request instructions from the Holders (which instructions may only be given by
the Holders of the same proportion in Liquidation Amount of the Trust Securities as would be entitled to direct the Property Trustee under this Trust Agreement in respect of such remedy, right or action), (ii) may refrain from enforcing such remedy
or right or taking such other action until such 

  

 49 








 
instructions are received and (iii) shall be protected in acting in accordance with such instructions; 
  
 (k) except as otherwise expressly provided by this Trust
Agreement, the Property Trustee shall not be under any obligation to take any action that is discretionary under the provisions of this Trust Agreement; 
  
 (l) without prejudice to any other rights available to the Property Trustee under applicable law, when the Property Trustee incurs
expenses or renders services in connection with a Bankruptcy Event, such expenses (including legal fees and expenses of its agents and counsel) and the compensation for such services are intended to constitute expenses of administration under any
bankruptcy law or law relating to creditors rights generally; and 
  
 (m) whenever in the administration of this Trust Agreement the Property Trustee shall deem it desirable that a matter be proved or established prior to taking, suffering or omitting any action hereunder, the Property
Trustee (unless other evidence be herein specifically prescribed) may, in the absence of bad faith on its part, request and rely on an Officers’ Certificate which, upon receipt of such request, shall be promptly delivered by the Depositor.

  
 No provision of this Trust Agreement shall be deemed to impose
any duty or obligation on any Trustee to perform any act or acts or exercise any right, power, duty or obligation conferred or imposed on it, in any jurisdiction in which it shall be illegal, or in which such Person shall be unqualified or
incompetent in accordance with applicable law, to perform any such act or acts, or to exercise any such right, power, duty or obligation. 
  
 SECTION 8.8. Delegation of Power. 
  
 Any Trustee may, by power of attorney consistent with applicable law, delegate to any other natural person over the age of 21 its, his or her power for
the purpose of executing any documents contemplated in Section 2.5. The Trustees shall have power to delegate from time to time to such of their number or to the Depositor the doing of such things and the execution of such instruments either
in the name of the Trust or the names of the Trustees or otherwise as the Trustees may deem expedient, to the extent such delegation is not prohibited by applicable law or contrary to the provisions of this Trust Agreement. 
  
 SECTION 8.9. May Hold Securities. 
  
 Any Trustee or any other agent of any Trustee or the Trust, in its
individual or any other capacity, may become the owner or pledgee of Trust Securities and except as provided in the definition of the term “Outstanding” in Article I, may otherwise deal with the Trust with the same rights it
would have if it were not an Trustee or such other agent. 
  

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 SECTION 8.10. Compensation; Reimbursement; Indemnity. 
  
 The Depositor agrees: 
  
 (a) to pay to the Trustees from time to time such reasonable
compensation for all services rendered by them hereunder as may be agreed by the Depositor and the Trustees from time to time (which compensation shall not be limited by any provision of law in regard to the compensation of a trustee of an express
trust); 
  
 (b) to reimburse the Trustees upon
request for all reasonable expenses, disbursements and advances incurred or made by the Trustees in accordance with any provision of this Trust Agreement (including the reasonable compensation and the expenses and disbursements of their agents and
counsel), except any such expense, disbursement or advance as may be attributable to their gross negligence, bad faith or willful misconduct; and 
  
 (c) to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, to indemnify and hold harmless (i) each Trustee, (ii) any Affiliate of any Trustee,
(iii) any officer, director, shareholder, employee, representative or agent of any Trustee or any Affiliate of any Trustee and (iv) any employee or agent of the Trust (referred to herein as an “Indemnified Person”) from and against
any loss, damage, liability, tax (other than income, franchise or other taxes imposed on amounts paid pursuant to Section 8.10(a) or (b) hereof), penalty, expense or claim of any kind or nature whatsoever incurred without negligence,
bad faith or willful misconduct on its part, arising out of or in connection with the acceptance or administration of the Trust hereunder, including the advancement of funds to cover the costs and expenses of defending itself against any claim or
liability in connection with the exercise or performance of any of its powers or duties hereunder. 
  
 The Trust shall have no payment, reimbursement or indemnity obligations to the Trustees under this Section 8.10. The provisions of this Section
8.10 shall survive the termination of this Trust Agreement and the earlier removal or resignation of any Trustee. 
  
 No Trustee may claim any Lien on any Trust Property whether before or after termination of the Trust as a result of any amount due pursuant to this
Section 8.10. 
  
 To the fullest extent permitted by law,
in no event shall the Property Trustee and the Delaware Trustee be liable for any indirect, special, punitive or consequential loss or damage of any kind whatsoever, including, but not limited to, lost profits, even if the Trustee has been advised
of the likelihood of such loss or damage and regardless of the form of action. 
  
 In no event shall the Property Trustee and the Delaware Trustee be liable for any failure or delay in the performance of its obligations hereunder because of circumstances beyond its control, including, but not
limited to, acts of God, flood, war (whether declared or undeclared), terrorism, fire, riot, embargo, government action, including any laws, ordinances, regulations, governmental action or the like which delay, restrict or prohibit the providing of
the services contemplated by this Trust Agreement. 
  

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 SECTION 8.11. Resignation and Removal; Appointment of Successor. 
  
 (a) No resignation or removal of any Trustee and no appointment of a
successor Trustee pursuant to this Article VIII shall become effective until the acceptance of appointment by the successor Trustee in accordance with the applicable requirements of Section 8.12. 
  
 (b) A Trustee may resign at any time by giving written notice thereof to the
Depositor and, in the case of the Property Trustee and the Delaware Trustee, to the Holders. 
  
 (c) Unless an Event of Default shall have occurred and be continuing, the Property Trustee or the Delaware Trustee, or both of them, may be removed (with or without cause) at any time by Act of the Holder of Common
Securities. If an Event of Default shall have occurred and be continuing, the Property Trustee or the Delaware Trustee, or both of them, may be removed (with or without cause) at such time by Act of the Holders of at least a Majority in Liquidation
Amount of the Preferred Securities, delivered to the removed Trustee (in its individual capacity and on behalf of the Trust). An Administrative Trustee may be removed (with or without cause) only by Act of the Holder of the Common Securities at any
time. 
  
 (d) If any Trustee shall resign, be removed or become
incapable of acting as Trustee, or if a vacancy shall occur in the office of any Trustee for any reason, at a time when no Event of Default shall have occurred and be continuing, the Holder of the Common Securities, by Act of the Holder of the
Common Securities, shall promptly appoint a successor Trustee or Trustees, and such successor Trustee and the retiring Trustee shall comply with the applicable requirements of Section 8.12. If the Property Trustee or the Delaware Trustee
shall resign, be removed or become incapable of continuing to act as the Property Trustee or the Delaware Trustee, as the case may be, at a time when an Event of Default shall have occurred and be continuing, the Holders of the Preferred Securities,
by Act of the Holders of a Majority in Liquidation Amount of the Preferred Securities, shall promptly appoint a successor Property Trustee or Delaware Trustee, and such successor Property Trustee or Delaware Trustee and the retiring Property Trustee
or Delaware Trustee shall comply with the applicable requirements of Section 8.12. If an Administrative Trustee shall resign, be removed or become incapable of acting as Administrative Trustee, at a time when an Event of Default shall have
occurred and be continuing, the Holder of the Common Securities by Act of the Holder of Common Securities shall promptly appoint a successor Administrative Trustee and such successor Administrative Trustee and the retiring Administrative Trustee
shall comply with the applicable requirements of Section 8.12. If no successor Trustee shall have been so appointed by the Holder of the Common Securities or Holders of the Preferred Securities, as the case may be, and accepted appointment in
the manner required by Section 8.12 within thirty (30) days after the giving of a notice of resignation by a Trustee, the removal of a Trustee, or a Trustee becoming incapable of acting as such Trustee, any Holder who has been a Holder of
Preferred Securities for at least six (6) months may, on behalf of himself and all others similarly situated, and any resigning Trustee may, in each case, at the expense of the Depositor, petition any court of competent jurisdiction for the
appointment of a successor Trustee. 
  

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 (e) The Depositor shall give notice of each resignation and each removal of the Property Trustee or the
Delaware Trustee and each appointment of a successor Property Trustee or Delaware Trustee to all Holders in the manner provided in Section 10.8. Each notice shall include the name of the successor Property Trustee or Delaware Trustee and the
address of its Corporate Trust Office if it is the Property Trustee. 
  
 (f) Notwithstanding the foregoing or any other provision of this Trust Agreement, in the event any Administrative Trustee or a Delaware Trustee who is a natural person dies or becomes, in the opinion of the Holder of Common Securities,
incompetent or incapacitated, the vacancy created by such death, incompetence or incapacity may be filled by (i) the unanimous act of the remaining Administrative Trustees if there are at least two of them or (ii) otherwise by the Holder of the
Common Securities (with the successor in each case being a Person who satisfies the eligibility requirement for Administrative Trustees or Delaware Trustee, as the case may be, set forth in Sections 8.3 and 8.4). 
  
 (g) Upon the appointment of a successor Delaware Trustee, such successor
Delaware Trustee shall file a Certificate of Amendment to the Certificate of Trust in accordance with Section 3810 of the Delaware Statutory Trust Act. 
  
 SECTION 8.12. Acceptance of Appointment by Successor. 
  
 (a) In case of the appointment hereunder of a successor Trustee, each successor Trustee shall execute and deliver to the Depositor and to the retiring
Trustee an instrument accepting such appointment, and thereupon the resignation or removal of the retiring Trustee shall become effective and each such successor Trustee, without any further act, deed or conveyance, shall become vested with all the
rights, powers, trusts and duties of the retiring Trustee; but, on request of the Trust or any successor Trustee such retiring Trustee shall, upon payment of its charges, duly assign, transfer and deliver to such successor Trustee all Trust
Property, all proceeds thereof and money held by such retiring Trustee hereunder with respect to the Trust Securities and the Trust. 
  
 (b) Upon request of any such successor Trustee, the Trust (or the retiring Trustee if requested by the Depositor) shall execute any and all instruments
for more fully and certainly vesting in and confirming to such successor Trustee all such rights, powers and trusts referred to in the preceding paragraph. 
  
 (c) No successor Trustee shall accept its appointment unless at the time of such acceptance such successor Trustee shall be qualified and eligible under
this Article VIII. 
  
 SECTION 8.13. Merger, Conversion,
Consolidation or Succession to Business. 
  
 Any Person into
which the Property Trustee or the Delaware Trustee may be merged or converted or with which it may be consolidated, or any Person resulting from any merger, conversion or consolidation to which such Trustee shall be a party, or any Person succeeding
to all or substantially all the corporate trust business of such Trustee, shall be the successor of such Trustee hereunder, without the execution or filing of any paper or any further act on the part of any of the parties hereto, provided,
that such Person shall be otherwise qualified and eligible under this Article VIII. 
  

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 SECTION 8.14. Not Responsible for Recitals Issuance of Securities & Representations.

  
 The recitals contained herein and in the Securities
Certificates shall be taken as the statements of the Trust and the Depositor, and the Trustees do not assume any responsibility for their correctness. The Trustees make no representations as to the title to, or value or condition of, the property of
the Trust or any part thereof, nor as to the validity or sufficiency of this Trust Agreement, the Notes or the Trust Securities. The Trustees shall not be accountable for the use or application by the Depositor of the proceeds of the Notes.

  
 It is expressly understood and agreed by the parties hereto
that insofar as any document, agreement or certificate is executed on behalf of the Trust by any Trustee (i) such document, agreement or certificate is executed and delivered by such Trustee, not in its individual capacity but solely as Trustee
under this Trust Agreement in the exercise of the powers and authority conferred and vested in it, (ii) each of the representations, undertakings and agreements made on the part of the Trust is made and intended not as representations, warranties,
covenants, undertakings and agreements by any Trustee in its individual capacity but is made and intended for the purpose of binding only the Trust and (iii) under no circumstances shall any Trustee in its individual capacity be personally liable
for the payment of any indebtedness or expenses of the Trust or be liable for the breach or failure of any obligation, representation, warranty or covenant made or undertaken by the Trust under this Trust Agreement or any other document, agreement
or certificate. 
  
 SECTION 8.15. Property Trustee May File
Proofs of Claim. 
  
 (a) In case of any Bankruptcy Event (or
event that with the passage of time would become a Bankruptcy Event) relative to the Trust or any other obligor upon the Trust Securities or the property of the Trust or of such other obligor or their creditors, the Property Trustee (irrespective of
whether any Distributions on the Trust Securities shall then be due and payable and irrespective of whether the Property Trustee shall have made any demand on the Trust for the payment of any past due Distributions) shall be entitled and empowered,
to the fullest extent permitted by law, by intervention in such proceeding or otherwise: 
  
 (i) to file and prove a claim for the whole amount of any Distributions owing and unpaid in respect of the Trust Securities and to file
such other papers or documents as may be necessary or advisable in order to have the claims of the Property Trustee (including any claim for the reasonable compensation, expenses, disbursements and advances of the Property Trustee, its agents and
counsel) and of the Holders allowed in such judicial proceeding; and 
  
 (ii) to collect and receive any monies or other property payable or deliverable on any such claims and to distribute the same; 

  

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and any custodian, receiver, assignee, trustee, liquidator, sequestrator or other similar official in any such proceeding is hereby authorized by each Holder
to make such payments to the Property Trustee and, in the event the Property Trustee shall consent to the making of such payments directly to the Holders, to pay to the Property Trustee first any amount due it for the reasonable compensation,
expenses, disbursements and advances of the Property Trustee, its agents and counsel, and any other amounts due the Property Trustee. 
  
 (b) Nothing herein contained shall be deemed to authorize the Property Trustee to authorize or consent to or accept or adopt on behalf of any Holder any
plan of reorganization, arrangement, adjustment or compensation affecting the Trust Securities or the rights of any Holder thereof or to authorize the Property Trustee to vote in respect of the claim of any Holder in any such proceeding. 

 
 SECTION 8.16. Reports to the Property Trustee. 
  
 (a) The Depositor and the Administrative Trustees shall deliver to the
Property Trustee, not later than forty five (45) days after the end of each of the first three fiscal quarters of the Depositor and not later than ninety (90) days after the end of each fiscal year of the Trust ending after the date of this Trust
Agreement, an Officers’ Certificate covering the preceding fiscal year, stating whether or not to the knowledge of the signers thereof the Depositor and the Trust are in default in the performance or observance of any of the terms, provisions
and conditions of this Trust Agreement (without regard to any period of grace or requirement of notice provided hereunder) and, if the Depositor or the Trust shall be in default, specifying all such defaults and the nature and status thereof of
which they have knowledge. 
  
 (b) The Depositor shall furnish (i)
to the Property Trustee; (ii) Cohen Bros. & Company, 450 Park, 23rd Floor, New York, NY 10022 or such other
address as designated by Cohen Bros. & Company); and (iii) any Owner of the Preferred Securities reasonably identified to the Depositor and the Trust (which identification may be made either by such Owner or by Cohen Bros. & Company) a duly
completed and executed certificate substantively and substantially in the form attached hereto as Exhibit F, including the financial statements referenced in such Exhibit, which certificate and financial statements shall be so furnished by
the Depositor not later than forty five (45) days after the end of each of the first three fiscal quarters of each fiscal year of the Depositor and not later than ninety (90) days after the end of each fiscal year of the Depositor. 
  
 The Property Trustee shall obtain all reports, certificate and information,
which it is entitled to obtain under each of the Operative Documents. 
  
 ARTICLE IX. 
  
 TERMINATION,
LIQUIDATION AND MERGER 
  
 SECTION 9.1. Dissolution Upon Expiration Date. 
  
 Unless earlier dissolved, the Trust shall automatically dissolve on March 15, 2040 (the “Expiration Date”), and the Trust Property shall be liquidated in accordance with Section 9.4. 
  

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 SECTION 9.2. Early Termination. 
  
 The first to occur of any of the following events is an “Early Termination Event”, upon the occurrence of
which the Trust shall be dissolved: 
  
 (a) the
occurrence of a Bankruptcy Event in respect of, or the dissolution or liquidation of, the Depositor, in its capacity as the Holder of the Common Securities, unless the Depositor shall have transferred the Common Securities as provided by Section
5.11, in which case this provision shall refer instead to any such successor Holder of the Common Securities; 
  
 (b) the written direction to the Property Trustee from the Holder of the Common Securities at any time to dissolve the Trust and, after
satisfaction of any liabilities of the Trust as required by applicable law, to distribute the Notes to Holders in exchange for the Preferred Securities (which direction is optional and wholly within the discretion of the Holder of the Common
Securities); 
  
 (c) the redemption of all of the
Preferred Securities in connection with the payment at maturity or redemption of all the Notes; and 
  
 (d) the entry of an order for dissolution of the Trust by a court of competent jurisdiction. 
  
 SECTION 9.3. Termination. 
  
 The respective obligations and responsibilities of the Trustees and the
Trust shall terminate upon the latest to occur of the following: (a) the distribution by the Property Trustee to Holders of all amounts required to be distributed hereunder upon the liquidation of the Trust pursuant to Section 9.4, or upon
the redemption of all of the Trust Securities pursuant to Section 4.2; (b) the satisfaction of any expenses owed by the Trust; and (c) the discharge of all administrative duties of the Administrative Trustees, including the performance of any
tax reporting obligations with respect to the Trust or the Holders. 
  
 SECTION 9.4. Liquidation. 
  
 (a) If an Early
Termination Event specified in Section 9.2(a), (b) or (d) occurs or upon the Expiration Date, the Trust shall be liquidated by the Property Trustee as expeditiously as the Property Trustee shall determine to be possible by
distributing, after satisfaction of liabilities to creditors of the Trust as provided by applicable law, to each Holder a Like Amount of Notes, subject to Section 9.4(d). Notice of liquidation shall be given by the Property Trustee not less
than thirty (30) nor more than sixty (60) days prior to the Liquidation Date to each Holder of Trust Securities at such Holder’s address appearing in the Securities Register. All such notices of liquidation shall: 
  
 (i) state the Liquidation Date; 
  

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 (ii) state that from and after the Liquidation Date, the Trust Securities will no longer
be deemed to be Outstanding and (subject to Section 9.4(d)) any Securities Certificates not surrendered for exchange will be deemed to represent a Like Amount of Notes; and 
  
 (iii) provide such information with respect to the mechanics by which Holders may exchange Securities
Certificates for Notes, or if Section 9.4(d) applies, receive a Liquidation Distribution, as the Property Trustee shall deem appropriate. 
  
 (b) Except where Section 9.2(c) or 9.4(d) applies, in order to effect the liquidation of the Trust and distribution of the Notes to Holders,
the Property Trustee, either itself acting as exchange agent or through the appointment of a separate exchange agent, shall establish a record date for such distribution (which shall not be more than forty five (45) days prior to the Liquidation
Date nor prior to the date on which notice of such liquidation is given to the Holders) and establish such procedures as it shall deem appropriate to effect the distribution of Notes in exchange for the Outstanding Securities Certificates.

  
 (c) Except where Section 9.2(c) or 9.4(d)
applies, after the Liquidation Date, (i) the Trust Securities will no longer be deemed to be Outstanding, (ii) certificates representing a Like Amount of Notes will be issued to Holders of Securities Certificates, upon surrender of such Certificates
to the exchange agent for exchange, (iii) the Depositor shall use its best efforts to have the Notes listed on the New York Stock Exchange or on such other exchange, interdealer quotation system or self-regulatory organization on which the Preferred
Securities are then listed, if any, (iv) Securities Certificates not so surrendered for exchange will be deemed to represent a Like Amount of Notes bearing accrued and unpaid interest in an amount equal to the accumulated and unpaid Distributions on
such Securities Certificates until such certificates are so surrendered (and until such certificates are so surrendered, no payments of interest or principal will be made to Holders of Securities Certificates with respect to such Notes) and (v) all
rights of Holders holding Trust Securities will cease, except the right of such Holders to receive Notes upon surrender of Securities Certificates. 
  
 (d) Notwithstanding the other provisions of this Section 9.4, if distribution of the Notes in the manner provided herein is determined by the
Property Trustee not to be permitted or practical, the Trust Property shall be liquidated, and the Trust shall be wound up by the Property Trustee in such manner as the Property Trustee determines. In such event, Holders will be entitled to receive
out of the assets of the Trust available for distribution to Holders, after satisfaction of liabilities to creditors of the Trust as provided by applicable law, an amount equal to the Liquidation Amount per Trust Security plus accumulated and unpaid
Distributions thereon to the date of payment (such amount being the “Liquidation Distribution”). If, upon any such winding up the Liquidation Distribution can be paid only in part because the Trust has insufficient assets available
to pay in full the aggregate Liquidation Distribution, then, subject to the next succeeding sentence, the amounts payable by the Trust on the Trust Securities shall be paid on a pro rata basis (based upon Liquidation Amounts). The Holder of
the Common Securities will be entitled to receive Liquidation Distributions upon any such winding up pro rata (based upon Liquidation Amounts) with Holders of all Trust Securities, except that, if an 

  

 57 








 
Event of Default has occurred and is continuing, the Preferred Securities shall have a priority over the Common Securities as provided in Section 4.3.

  
 SECTION 9.5. Mergers, Consolidations, Amalgamations or
Replacements of Trust. 
  
 The Trust may not merge with or
into, consolidate, amalgamate, or be replaced by, or convey, transfer or lease its properties and assets substantially as an entirety to, any Person except pursuant to this Article IX. At the request of the Holders of the Common Securities,
without the consent of the Holders of the Preferred Securities, the Trust may merge with or into, consolidate, amalgamate, or be replaced by or convey, transfer or lease its properties and assets substantially as an entirety to a trust organized as
such under the laws of any State; provided, that: 
  
 (a) such successor entity either (i) expressly assumes all of the obligations of the Trust under this Trust Agreement with respect to the Preferred Securities or (ii) substitutes for the Preferred Securities other
securities having substantially the same terms as the Preferred Securities (such other Securities, the “Successor Securities”) so long as the Successor Securities have the same priority as the Preferred Securities with respect to
distributions and payments upon liquidation, redemption and otherwise; 
  
 (b) a trustee of such successor entity possessing substantially the same powers and duties as the Property Trustee is appointed to hold the Notes; 
  
 (c) if the Preferred Securities or the Notes are rated, such merger, consolidation, amalgamation,
replacement, conveyance, transfer or lease does not cause the Preferred Securities or the Notes (including any Successor Securities) to be downgraded by any nationally recognized statistical rating organization that then assigns a rating to the
Preferred Securities or the Notes; 
  
 (d) the
Preferred Securities are listed, or any Successor Securities will be listed upon notice of issuance, on any national securities exchange or interdealer quotation system on which the Preferred Securities are then listed, if any; 
  
 (e) such merger, consolidation, amalgamation, replacement,
conveyance, transfer or lease does not adversely affect the rights, preferences and privileges of the Holders of the Preferred Securities (including any Successor Securities) in any material respect; 
  
 (f) such successor entity has a purpose substantially
identical to that of the Trust; 
  
 (g) prior to
such merger, consolidation, amalgamation, replacement, conveyance, transfer or lease, the Depositor has received an Opinion of Counsel to the effect that (i) such merger, consolidation, amalgamation, replacement, conveyance, transfer or lease does
not adversely affect the rights, preferences and privileges of the Holders of the Preferred Securities (including any Successor Securities) in any material respect; (ii) following such merger, consolidation, amalgamation, replacement, conveyance,
transfer or lease, neither the Trust nor such successor entity will be required 

  

 58 








 
to register as an “investment company” under the Investment Company Act and (iii) following such merger, consolidation, amalgamation, replacement,
conveyance, transfer or lease, the Trust (or the successor entity) will continue to be classified as a grantor trust for U.S. federal income tax purposes; and 
  

(h) the Depositor or its permitted transferee owns all of the common securities of such successor entity. 
  
 Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Trust shall not, except with the consent of Holders of all
of the Preferred Securities, consolidate, amalgamate, merge with or into, or be replaced by or convey, transfer or lease its properties and assets substantially as an entirety to any other Person or permit any other entity to consolidate,
amalgamate, merge with or into, or replace, the Trust if such consolidation, amalgamation, merger, replacement, conveyance, transfer or lease would cause the Trust or the successor entity to be taxable as a corporation or classified as other than a
grantor trust for United States federal income tax purposes or cause the Notes to be treated as other than indebtedness of the Depositor for United States federal income tax purposes. 
  
 ARTICLE X. 
  
 MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS 
  
 SECTION 10.1. Limitation of Rights of Holders. 
  
 Except as set forth in Section 9.2, the death, bankruptcy, termination, dissolution or incapacity of any Person having an interest, beneficial or
otherwise, in Trust Securities shall not operate to terminate this Trust Agreement, nor annul, dissolve or terminate the Trust nor entitle the legal representatives or heirs of such Person or any Holder for such Person, to claim an accounting, take
any action or bring any proceeding in any court for a partition or winding up of the arrangements contemplated hereby, nor otherwise affect the rights, obligations and liabilities of the parties hereto or any of them. 
  
 SECTION 10.2. Agreed Tax Treatment of Trust and Trust Securities.

  
 The parties hereto and, by its acceptance or acquisition of a
Trust Security or a beneficial interest therein, the Holder of, and any Person that acquires a beneficial interest in, such Trust Security intend and agree to treat the Trust as a grantor trust for United States federal, state and local tax
purposes, and to treat the Trust Securities (including all payments and proceeds with respect to such Trust Securities) as undivided beneficial ownership interests in the Trust Property (and payments and proceeds therefrom, respectively) for United
States federal, state and local tax purposes and to treat the Notes as indebtedness of the Depositor for United States federal, state and local tax purposes. The provisions of this Trust Agreement shall be interpreted to further this intention and
agreement of the parties. 
  

 59 








 SECTION 10.3. Amendment. 
  
 (a) This Trust Agreement may be amended from time to time by the Property Trustee, the Administrative Trustees and the
Holder of all the Common Securities, without the consent of any Holder of the Preferred Securities, (i) to cure any ambiguity, correct or supplement any provision herein that may be defective or inconsistent with any other provision herein, or to
make or amend any other provisions with respect to matters or questions arising under this Trust Agreement, which shall not be inconsistent with the other provisions of this Trust Agreement, (ii) to modify, eliminate or add to any provisions of this
Trust Agreement to such extent as shall be necessary to ensure that the Trust will neither be taxable as a corporation nor be classified as other than a grantor trust for United States federal income tax purposes at all times that any Trust
Securities are Outstanding or to ensure that the Notes are treated as indebtedness of the Depositor for United States federal income tax purposes, or to ensure that the Trust will not be required to register as an “investment company”
under the Investment Company Act or (iii) to add to the covenants, restrictions or obligations of the Depositor; provided, that in the case of clauses (i), (ii) or (iii), such action shall not adversely affect in any material respect the
interests of any Holder. 
  
 (b) Except as provided in Section
10.3(c), any provision of this Trust Agreement may be amended by the Property Trustee, the Administrative Trustees and the Holder of all of the Common Securities and with (i) the consent of Holders of at least a Majority in Liquidation Amount of
the Preferred Securities and (ii) receipt by the Trustees of an Opinion of Counsel to the effect that such amendment or the exercise of any power granted to the Trustees in accordance with such amendment will not cause the Trust to be taxable as a
corporation or classified as other than a grantor trust for United States federal income tax purposes or affect the treatment of the Notes as indebtedness of the Depositor for United States federal income tax purposes or affect the Trust’s
exemption from status (or from any requirement to register) as an “investment company” under the Investment Company Act. 
  
 (c) Notwithstanding any other provision of this Trust Agreement, without the consent of each Holder, this Trust Agreement may not be amended to (i) change
the accrual rate, amount, currency or timing of any Distribution on or the redemption price of the Trust Securities or otherwise adversely affect the amount of any Distribution or other payment required to be made in respect of the Trust Securities
as of a specified date, (ii) restrict or impair the right of a Holder to institute suit for the enforcement of any such payment on or after such date, (iii) reduce the percentage of aggregate Liquidation Amount of Outstanding Preferred Securities,
the consent of whose Holders is required for any such amendment, or the consent of whose Holders is required for any waiver of compliance with any provision of this Trust Agreement or of defaults hereunder and their consequences provided for in this
Trust Agreement; (iv) impair or adversely affect the rights and interests of the Holders in the Trust Property, or permit the creation of any Lien on any portion of the Trust Property; or (v) modify the definition of “Outstanding,” this
Section 10.3(c), Sections 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 6.10(e) or Article IX. 
  
 (d) Notwithstanding any other provision of this Trust Agreement, no Trustee shall enter into or consent to any amendment to this Trust Agreement that
would cause the Trust to be taxable as a corporation or to be classified as other than a grantor trust for United States federal income tax purposes or that would cause the Notes to fail or cease to be treated as indebtedness 

  

 60 








 
of the Depositor for United States federal income tax purposes or that would cause the Trust to fail or cease to qualify for the exemption from status (or
from any requirement to register) as an “investment company” under the Investment Company Act. 
  
 (e) If any amendment to this Trust Agreement is made, the Administrative Trustees or the Property Trustee shall promptly provide to the Depositor and the
Note Trustee a copy of such amendment. 
  
 (f) No Trustee shall be
required to enter into any amendment to this Trust Agreement that affects its own rights, duties or immunities under this Trust Agreement. The Trustees shall be entitled to receive an Opinion of Counsel and an Officers’ Certificate stating that
any amendment to this Trust Agreement is in compliance with this Trust Agreement and all conditions precedent herein provided for relating to such action have been met. 
  
 (g) No amendment or modification to this Trust Agreement that adversely affects in any material respect the rights, duties,
liabilities, indemnities or immunities of the Delaware Trustee hereunder shall be permitted without the prior written consent of the Delaware Trustee. 
  
 SECTION 10.4. Separability. 
  
 If any provision in this Trust Agreement or in the Securities Certificates shall be invalid, illegal or unenforceable, the validity, legality and
enforceability of the remaining provisions shall not in any way be affected or impaired thereby, and there shall be deemed substituted for the provision at issue a valid, legal and enforceable provision as similar as possible to the provision at
issue. 
  
 SECTION 10.5. Governing Law. 
  
 THIS TRUST AGREEMENT AND THE RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS OF EACH OF THE
HOLDERS, THE TRUST, THE DEPOSITOR AND THE TRUSTEES WITH RESPECT TO THIS TRUST AGREEMENT AND THE TRUST SECURITIES SHALL BE CONSTRUED AND ENFORCED IN ACCORDANCE WITH AND GOVERNED BY THE LAWS OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE WITHOUT REFERENCE TO ITS CONFLICTS
OF LAWS PROVISIONS. 
  
 SECTION 10.6. Successors.

  
 This Trust Agreement shall be binding upon and shall inure to
the benefit of any successor to the Depositor, the Trust and any Trustee, including any successor by operation of law. Except in connection with a transaction involving the Depositor that is permitted under Article VIII of the Indenture and
pursuant to which the assignee agrees in writing to perform the Depositor’s obligations hereunder, the Depositor shall not assign its obligations hereunder. 
  

 61 








 SECTION 10.7. Headings. 
  
 The Article and Section headings are for convenience only and shall not affect the construction of this Trust Agreement

  
 SECTION 10.8. Reports, Notices and Demands. 

 
 (a) Any report, notice, demand or other communication that by any
provision of this Trust Agreement is required or permitted to be given or served to or upon any Holder or the Depositor may be given or served in writing delivered in person, or by reputable, overnight courier, by telecopy or by deposit thereof,
first-class postage prepaid, in the United States mail, addressed, (a) in the case of a Holder of Preferred Securities, to such Holder as such Holder’s name and address may appear on the Securities Register; and (b) in the case of the Holder of
all the Common Securities or the Depositor, to NovaStar Financial, Inc., 8140 Ward Parkway, Suite 300, Kansas City, MO 64114, Attention: Gregory S. Metz, or to such other address as may be specified in a written notice by the Holder of all
the Common Securities or the Depositor, as the case may be, to the Property Trustee. Such report, notice, demand or other communication to or upon a Holder or the Depositor shall be deemed to have been given when received in person, within one (1)
Business Day following delivery by overnight courier, when telecopied with receipt confirmed, or within three (3) Business Days following delivery by mail, except that if a notice or other document is refused delivery or cannot be delivered because
of a changed address of which no notice was given, such notice or other document shall be deemed to have been delivered on the date of such refusal or inability to deliver. 
  
 (b) Any notice, demand or other communication that by any provision of this Trust Agreement is required or permitted to be
given or served to or upon the Property Trustee, the Delaware Trustee, the Administrative Trustees or the Trust shall be given in writing by deposit thereof, first-class postage prepaid, in the U.S. mail, personal delivery or facsimile transmission,
addressed to such Person as follows: (i) with respect to the Property Trustee to JPMorgan Chase Bank, National Association, 600 Travis, 50th Floor, Houston, Texas 77002, Attention: Institutional Trust Services—NovaStar Capital Trust I, facsimile no. (713) 216-2101, (ii) with respect to the Delaware Trustee, to Chase Bank USA, National Association, c/o
JPMorgan Chase Bank, National Association, 500 Stanton Christiana Road, Building 4 (3rd Floor), Newark, Delaware
19713, Attention: Institutional Trust Services—NovaStar Capital Trust I, facsimile no. (302) 552-6280; (iii) with respect to the Administrative Trustees, to them at the address above for notices to the Depositor, marked “Attention:
Administrative Trustees of NovaStar Capital Trust I”, and (iv) with respect to the Trust, to its principal executive office specified in Section 2.2, with a copy to the Property Trustee. Such notice, demand or other communication to or
upon the Trust, the Property Trustee or the Administrative Trustees shall be deemed to have been sufficiently given or made only upon actual receipt of the writing by the Trust, the Property Trustee or the Administrative Trustees. 
  

 62 








 SECTION 10.9. Agreement Not to Petition. 
  
 Each of the Trustees and the Depositor agree for the benefit of the Holders
that, until at least one year and one day after the Trust has been terminated in accordance with Article IX, they shall not file, or join in the filing of, a petition against the Trust under any Bankruptcy Law or otherwise join in the
commencement of any proceeding against the Trust under any Bankruptcy Law. If the Depositor takes action in violation of this Section 10.9, the Property Trustee agrees, for the benefit of Holders, that at the expense of the Depositor, it
shall file an answer with the applicable bankruptcy court or otherwise properly contest the filing of such petition by the Depositor against the Trust or the commencement of such action and raise the defense that the Depositor has agreed in writing
not to take such action and should be estopped and precluded therefrom and such other defenses, if any, as counsel for the Property Trustee or the Trust may assert. 
  
 SECTION 10.10. Counterparts. This instrument may be executed in any number of counterparts, each of which so executed
shall be deemed to be an original, but all such counterparts shall together constitute but one and the same instrument. 
  
 [REMAINDER OF THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK] 
  

 63 








 IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have executed this Amended and Restated Trust Agreement as of the
day and year first above written. 
  

									
	 	 	 	 	 NOVASTAR MORTGAGE, INC.,

 
 as Depositor

					
	 	 	 	 	 	 	By:	 	 
	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 Name:
 Title:


  

									
	JPMORGAN CHASE BANK, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION, in its individual as Property Trustee	 	 	 	 CHASE BANK USA, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION,
 as Delaware Trustee

					
	By:	 	 	 	 	 	By:	 	 
	 	 	 Name:
	 	 	 	 	 	 Name:

	 	 	 Title:
	 	 	 	 	 	 Title:

			
	 	 	 	 	 
	 Administrative Trustee
	 	 	 	 Administrative Trustee

	 Name:
	 	 	 	 Name:

			
	 	 	 	 	 
	 Administrative Trustee
	 	 	 	 
	 Name:
	 	 	 	 

  









  
 Exhibit A 
  
 CERTIFICATE OF TRUST 
  
 OF 
  
 NOVASTAR CAPITAL TRUST I 
  
 This Certificate of Trust of NovaStar Capital Trust I (the “Trust”) is being duly executed and filed on behalf of the Trust by the
undersigned, as trustees, to form a statutory trust under the Delaware Statutory Trust Act (12 Del. C. §3801 et seq.) (the “Act”). 
  
 1. Name. The name of the statutory trust formed by this Certificate of Trust is: NovaStar Capital Trust I.

  
 2. Delaware Trustee. The name and business address of
the trustee of the Trust with its principal place of business in the State of Delaware are Chase Bank USA, National Association c/o JPMorgan Chase Bank, National Association, 500 Stanton Christiana Road, Building 4 (3rd Floor), Newark, Delaware 19713, Attention: Institutional Trust Services. 
  
 3. Effective Date. This Certificate of Trust shall be effective upon
its filing with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware. 
  
 IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned have duly executed this Certificate of Trust in accordance with Section 3811(a)(1) of the Act. 
  

			
	JPMORGAN CHASE BANK, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION, not in its individual capacity, but solely as Property
Trustee
		
	By:	 	 
	 	 	 Name:

	 	 	 Title:

	
	CHASE BANK USA, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION, not in its individual capacity, but solely as Delaware Trustee
		
	By:	 	 
	 	 	 Name:

	 	 	 Title:



  

 A-1 








  
 Exhibit B 
  
 [FORM OF COMMON SECURITIES CERTIFICATE] 
  
 THIS COMMON SECURITY HAS NOT BEEN REGISTERED UNDER THE 
 SECURITIES ACT OF 1933, AS AMENDED, OR ANY STATE SECURITIES LAWS OR 
 ANY OTHER APPLICABLE SECURITIES LAWS AND MAY NOT BE OFFERED, 
 SOLD, PLEDGED OR OTHERWISE
TRANSFERRED EXCEPT PURSUANT TO AN 
 EXEMPTION FROM REGISTRATION. THIS CERTIFICATE IS NOT 
 TRANSFERABLE EXCEPT IN COMPLIANCE WITH APPLICABLE LAW AND 
 SECTION 5.11 OF THE TRUST AGREEMENT 
  

			
	Certificate Number	 	Number of Common Securities
		
	 	 	1,550
	        C-	 	 

  
 Certificate
Evidencing Common Securities 
  
 of 
  
 NOVASTAR CAPITAL
TRUST I 
  
 Floating Rate Common Securities

  
 (liquidation amount $1,000 per Common Security)

  
 NovaStar Capital Trust I, a statutory trust created under the laws of the
State of Delaware (the “Trust”), hereby certifies that NovaStar Mortgage, Inc., a Virginia corporation (the “Holder”) is the registered owner of One Thousand Five Hundred Fifty (1,550) common securities of the Trust
representing undivided common beneficial interests in the assets of the Trust and designated the NovaStar Capital Trust I Floating Rate Common Securities (liquidation amount $1,000 per Common Security) (the “Common Securities”).
Except in accordance with Section 5.11 of the Trust Agreement (as defined below), the Common Securities are not transferable and, to the fullest extent permitted by law, any attempted transfer hereof other than in accordance therewith shall
be void. The designations, rights, privileges, restrictions, preferences and other terms and provisions of the Common Securities are set forth in, and this certificate and the Common Securities represented hereby are issued and shall in all respects
be subject to the terms and provisions of, the Amended and Restated Trust Agreement of the Trust, dated as of March 15, 2005 as the same may be amended from time to time (the “Trust Agreement”), among NovaStar Mortgage, Inc., as
Depositor, JPMorgan Chase Bank, National Association, as Property Trustee, Chase Bank USA, National Association, as Delaware Trustee, the Administrative Trustees named therein and the Holders, from time to time, of Trust Securities. The Trust will
furnish a copy of the Trust Agreement to the Holder without charge upon written request to the Trust at its principal place of business or registered office. 
  

 B-1 








 Upon receipt of this certificate, the Holder is bound by the Trust Agreement and is entitled to the benefits thereunder.

  
 This Common Securities Certificate shall be governed by and construed in
accordance with the laws of the State of Delaware. 
  
 Terms used but not defined
herein have the meanings set forth in the Trust Agreement. 
  
 IN
WITNESS WHEREOF, one of the Administrative Trustees of the Trust has executed on behalf of the Trust this certificate this      day of March, 2005. 
  

			
	 NOVASTAR CAPITAL TRUST I

		
	By:	 	 
	 	 	 Name: Scott F. Hartman

	 	 	Administrative Trustee


  

 B-2 








  
 Exhibit C 
  
 [FORM OF PREFERRED SECURITIES CERTIFICATE] 
  
 “[IF THIS SECURITY IS A GLOBAL SECURITY INSERT: THIS PREFERRED SECURITY IS
A GLOBAL SECURITY WITHIN THE MEANING OF THE TRUST AGREEMENT HEREINAFTER REFERRED TO AND IS REGISTERED IN THE NAME OF THE DEPOSITORY TRUST COMPANY (“DTC”) OR A NOMINEE OF DTC. THIS PREFERRED SECURITY IS EXCHANGEABLE FOR PREFERRED SECURITIES
REGISTERED IN THE NAME OF A PERSON OTHER THAN DTC OR ITS NOMINEE ONLY IN THE LIMITED CIRCUMSTANCES DESCRIBED IN THE TRUST AGREEMENT, AND NO TRANSFER OF THIS PREFERRED SECURITY (OTHER THAN A TRANSFER OF THIS PREFERRED SECURITY AS A WHOLE BY DTC TO A
NOMINEE OF DTC OR BY A NOMINEE OF DTC TO DTC OR ANOTHER NOMINEE OF DTC) MAY BE REGISTERED EXCEPT IN LIMITED CIRCUMSTANCES. 
  
 UNLESS THIS PREFERRED SECURITY IS PRESENTED BY AN AUTHORIZED REPRESENTATIVE OF DTC TO NOVASTAR CAPITAL TRUST I OR ITS AGENT FOR REGISTRATION OF TRANSFER, EXCHANGE OR
PAYMENT, AND ANY PREFERRED SECURITY ISSUED IS REGISTERED IN THE NAME OF CEDE & CO. OR IN SUCH OTHER NAME AS REQUESTED BY AN AUTHORIZED REPRESENTATIVE OF DTC (AND ANY PAYMENT HEREON IS MADE TO CEDE & CO. OR TO SUCH OTHER ENTITY AS IS
REQUESTED BY AN AUTHORIZED REPRESENTATIVE OF DTC), ANY TRANSFER, PLEDGE OR OTHER USE HEREOF FOR VALUE OR OTHERWISE BY OR TO ANY PERSON IS WRONGFUL INASMUCH AS THE REGISTERED OWNER HEREOF, CEDE & CO., HAS AN INTEREST HEREIN.] 

 
 THE PREFERRED SECURITIES REPRESENTED BY THIS CERTIFICATE WERE ORIGINALLY ISSUED IN A
TRANSACTION EXEMPT FROM REGISTRATION UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933, AS AMENDED (THE “SECURITIES ACT”), AND SUCH PREFERRED SECURITIES OR ANY INTEREST THEREIN MAY NOT BE OFFERED, SOLD OR OTHERWISE TRANSFERRED IN THE ABSENCE OF SUCH
REGISTRATION OR AN APPLICABLE EXEMPTION THEREFROM. EACH PURCHASER OF ANY PREFERRED SECURITIES IS HEREBY NOTIFIED THAT THE SELLER OF THE PREFERRED SECURITIES MAY BE RELYING ON THE EXEMPTION FROM THE PROVISIONS OF SECTION 5 OF THE SECURITIES ACT
PROVIDED BY RULE 144A UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT. 
  
 THE HOLDER OF THE PREFERRED
SECURITIES REPRESENTED BY THIS CERTIFICATE AGREES FOR THE BENEFIT OF THE TRUST AND THE DEPOSITOR THAT (A) SUCH PREFERRED SECURITIES MAY BE OFFERED, RESOLD OR OTHERWISE TRANSFERRED ONLY (I) TO THE TRUST OR (II) TO A PERSON WHOM THE SELLER REASONABLY
BELIEVES IS A “QUALIFIED PURCHASER” (AS DEFINED IN SECTION 2(a)(51) OF THE INVESTMENT COMPANY ACT OF 1940, AS AMENDED), AND (B) THE HOLDER WILL NOTIFY ANY PURCHASER OF ANY PREFERRED SECURITIES FROM IT OF THE RESALE RESTRICTIONS REFERRED TO
IN (A) ABOVE. 
  
 THE PREFERRED SECURITIES WILL BE ISSUED AND MAY BE TRANSFERRED
ONLY IN BLOCKS HAVING AN AGGREGATE LIQUIDATION AMOUNT OF NOT LESS THAN 

  

 C-1 








 
$100,000. TO THE FULLEST EXTENT PERMITTED BY LAW, ANY ATTEMPTED TRANSFER OF PREFERRED SECURITIES, OR ANY INTEREST THEREIN, IN A BLOCK HAVING AN AGGREGATE
LIQUIDATION AMOUNT OF LESS THAN $100,000 AND MULTIPLES OF $1,000 IN EXCESS THEREOF SHALL BE DEEMED TO BE VOID AND OF NO LEGAL EFFECT WHATSOEVER. TO THE FULLEST EXTENT PERMITTED BY LAW, ANY SUCH PURPORTED TRANSFEREE SHALL BE DEEMED NOT TO BE THE
HOLDER OF SUCH PREFERRED SECURITIES FOR ANY PURPOSE, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE RECEIPT OF PRINCIPAL OF OR INTEREST ON SUCH PREFERRED SECURITIES, OR ANY INTEREST THEREIN, AND SUCH PURPORTED TRANSFEREE SHALL BE DEEMED TO HAVE NO INTEREST
WHATSOEVER IN SUCH PREFERRED SECURITIES. 
  
 THE HOLDER OF THIS SECURITY, OR ANY
INTEREST THEREIN, BY ITS ACCEPTANCE HEREOF OR THEREOF ALSO AGREES, REPRESENTS AND WARRANTS THAT IT IS NOT AN EMPLOYEE BENEFIT, INDIVIDUAL RETIREMENT ACCOUNT OR OTHER PLAN OR ARRANGEMENT SUBJECT TO TITLE I OF THE EMPLOYEE RETIREMENT INCOME SECURITY
ACT OF 1974, AS AMENDED (“ERISA”), OR SECTION 4975 OF THE INTERNAL REVENUE CODE OF 1986, AS AMENDED (THE “CODE”) (EACH A “PLAN”), OR AN ENTITY WHOSE UNDERLYING ASSETS INCLUDE “PLAN ASSETS” BY REASON OF ANY
PLAN’S INVESTMENT IN THE ENTITY, AND NO PERSON INVESTING “PLAN ASSETS” OF ANY PLAN MAY ACQUIRE OR HOLD THIS PREFERRED SECURITY OR ANY INTEREST THEREIN. ANY PURCHASER OR HOLDER OF THE PREFERRED SECURITIES OR ANY INTEREST THEREIN WILL
BE DEEMED TO HAVE REPRESENTED BY ITS PURCHASE AND HOLDING THEREOF THAT IT IS NOT AN EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLAN WITHIN THE MEANING OF SECTION 3(3) OF ERISA, OR A PLAN TO WHICH SECTION 4975 OF THE CODE IS APPLICABLE, A TRUSTEE OR OTHER PERSON ACTING ON
BEHALF OF AN EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLAN OR PLAN, OR ANY OTHER PERSON OR ENTITY USING THE ASSETS OF ANY EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLAN OR PLAN TO FINANCE SUCH PURCHASE. 
  
 THIS OBLIGATION IS NOT A DEPOSIT AND IS NOT INSURED BY THE UNITED STATES OR ANY AGENCY OR FUND OF THE UNITED STATES, INCLUDING THE FEDERAL DEPOSIT INSURANCE CORPORATION
(THE “FDIC”). 
  

 C-2 









			
	Certificate Number	  	Aggregate Liquidation Amount
	 	  	Preferred Securities
		
	 	  	50,000,000

  
 CUSIP NO.

  

  
 Certificate Evidencing Preferred Securities 
  
 of 
  
 NOVASTAR CAPITAL TRUST I 
  
 Floating Rate Preferred Securities 
 (liquidation amount $1,000 per Preferred Security) 
  
 NovaStar
Capital Trust I, a statutory trust created under the laws of the State of Delaware (the “Trust”), hereby certifies that Sigler & Co. (the “Holder”) is the registered owner of Fifty Thousand (50,000) Preferred
Securities [if the Preferred Security is a Global Security, then insert – or such other number of Preferred Securities represented hereby as may be set forth in the records of the Securities Registrar hereinafter referred to in
accordance with the Trust Agreement (as defined below)] of the Trust representing an undivided preferred beneficial interest in the assets of the Trust and designated the NovaStar Capital Trust I Floating Rate Preferred Securities, (liquidation
amount $1,000 per Preferred Security) (the “Preferred Securities”). Subject to the terms of the Trust Agreement (as defined below), the Preferred Securities are transferable on the books and records of the Trust, in person or by a
duly authorized attorney, upon surrender of this certificate duly endorsed and in proper form for transfer as provided in Section 5.7 of the Trust Agreement (as defined below). The designations, rights, privileges, restrictions, preferences
and other terms and provisions of the Preferred Securities are set forth in, and this certificate and the Preferred Securities represented hereby are issued and shall in all respects be subject to the terms and provisions of, the Amended and
Restated Trust Agreement of the Trust, dated as of March 15, 2005, as the same may be amended from time to time (the “Trust Agreement”), among NovaStar Mortgage, Inc., as Depositor, JPMorgan Chase Bank, National Association,
as Property Trustee, Chase Bank USA, National Association, as Delaware Trustee, the Administrative Trustees named therein and the Holders, from time to time, of Trust Securities. The Trust will furnish a copy of the Trust Agreement to the Holder
without charge upon written request to the Property Trustee at its Corporate Trust Office. 
  
 Upon receipt of this certificate, the Holder is bound by the Trust Agreement and is entitled to the benefits thereunder. 
  
 This Preferred Securities Certificate shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of Delaware. 
  

 C-3 








 All capitalized terms used but not defined in this Preferred Securities Certificate are used with the meanings specified
in the Trust Agreement, including the Schedules and Exhibits thereto. 
  
 IN WITNESS WHEREOF, one of the Administrative Trustees of the Trust has executed on behalf of the Trust this certificate this      day of March, 2005. 
  

					
	NOVASTAR CAPITAL TRUST I
		
	By:	 	 
	 	 	 Name:
	 	 Scott F. Hartman

	 	 	Administrative Trustee


  
 This is one of
the Preferred Securities referred to in the within-mentioned Trust Agreement. 
  

									
	Dated:	 	 	 	 
	 	 	 	 	JPMORGAN CHASE BANK, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION, not in its individual capacity, but solely as Property
Trustee
				
	 	 	 	 	By:	 	 
	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 Authorized signatory


  

 C-4 








 [FORM OF REVERSE OF SECURITY] 
  
 The Trust promises to pay Distributions from March 15, 2005, or from the most recent Distribution Date to which
Distributions have been paid or duly provided for, quarterly in arrears on March 30, June 30, September 30 and December 30 of each year, commencing on June 30, 2005, at a variable rate equal to LIBOR plus 3.50% per annum of the Liquidation Amount of
the Preferred Securities represented by this Preferred Securities Certificate, together with any Additional Interest Amounts, in respect to such period. 
  
 Distributions on the Trust Securities shall be made by the Paying Agent from the Payment Account and shall be payable on each Distribution Date only to
the extent that the Trust has funds then on hand and available in the Payment Account for the payment of such Distributions. 
  
 Distributions on the Securities must be paid on the dates payable to the extent that the Trust has funds available for the payment of such Distributions
in the Payment Account of the Trust. The Trust’s funds available for Distribution to the Holders of the Preferred Securities will be limited to payments received from the Depositor. 
  
 During any Event of Default, the Depositor shall not (i) declare or pay any dividends or distributions on, or redeem,
purchase, acquire or make a liquidation payment with respect to, any of the Depositor’s capital stock or (ii) make any payment of principal of or any interest or premium, if any, on or repay, repurchase or redeem any debt securities of the
Depositor that rank pari passu in all respects with or junior in interest to the Notes (other than (a) repurchases, redemptions or other acquisitions of shares of capital stock of the Depositor in connection with (1) any employment contract,
benefit plan or other similar arrangement with or for the benefit of any one or more employees, officers, directors or consultants, (2) a dividend reinvestment or stockholder stock purchase plan or (3) the issuance of capital stock of the Depositor
(or securities convertible into or exercisable for such capital stock) as consideration in an acquisition transaction entered into prior to the applicable Event of Default, (b) as a result of an exchange or conversion of any class or series of the
Depositor’s capital stock (or any capital stock of a Subsidiary (as defined in the Indenture) of the Depositor) for any class or series of the Depositor’s capital stock or of any class or series of the Depositor’s indebtedness for any
class or series of the Depositor’s capital stock, (c) the purchase of fractional interests in shares of the Depositor’s capital stock pursuant to the conversion or exchange provisions of such capital stock or the security being converted
or exchanged, (d) any declaration of a dividend in connection with any Rights Plan (as defined in the Indenture), the issuance of rights, stock or other property under any Rights Plan, or the redemption or repurchase of rights pursuant thereto or
(e) any dividend in the form of stock, warrants, options or other rights where the dividend stock or the stock issuable upon exercise of such warrants, options or other rights is the same stock as that on which the dividend is being paid or ranks
pari passu with or junior to such stock). 
  
 On each Note
Redemption Date, on the stated maturity (or any date of principal repayment upon early maturity) of the Notes and on each other date on (or in respect of) which any principal on the Notes is repaid, the Trust will be required to redeem a Like Amount
of Trust Securities at the Redemption Price. Under the Indenture, the Notes may be redeemed by the Depositor on any Interest Payment Date, at the Depositor’s option, on or after March 30, 2010 in 

  

 C-5 








 
whole or in part from time to time at the Optional Note Redemption Price of the principal amount thereof or the redeemed portion thereof, as applicable,
together, in the case of any such redemption, with accrued interest, including any Additional Interest, to but excluding the date fixed for redemption. The Notes may also be redeemed by the Depositor, at its option, at any time, in whole but not in
part, upon the occurrence of an Investment Company Event or a Tax Event at the Special Note Redemption Price; and provided, further, that such Investment Company Event or a Tax Event is continuing on the Redemption Date. 
  
 The Trust Securities redeemed on each Redemption Date shall be redeemed at
the Redemption Price with the proceeds from the contemporaneous redemption or payment at maturity of Notes. Redemptions of the Trust Securities (or portion thereof) shall be made and the Redemption Price shall be payable on each Redemption Date only
to the extent that the Trust has funds then on hand and available in the Payment Account for the payment of such Redemption Price. 
  
 Payments of Distributions (including any Additional Interest Amounts), the Redemption Price, Liquidation Amount or any other amounts in respect of the
Preferred Securities shall be made by wire transfer at such place and to such account at a banking institution in the United States as may be designated in writing at least ten (10) Business Days prior to the date for payment by the Person entitled
thereto unless proper written transfer instructions have not been received by the relevant record date, in which case such payments shall be made by check mailed to the address of such Person as such address shall appear in the Security Register. If
any Preferred Securities are held by a Depositary, such Distributions shall be made to the Depositary in immediately available funds. 
  
 The indebtedness evidenced by the Notes is, to the extent provided in the Indenture, subordinate and junior in right of payment to the prior payment in
full of all Senior Debt (as defined in the Indenture), and this Security is issued subject to the provisions of the Indenture with respect thereto. 
  

 C-6 








  
 ASSIGNMENT 

 
 FOR VALUE RECEIVED, the undersigned assigns
and transfers this Preferred Securities Certificate to: 
  
 (Insert
assignee’s social security or tax identification number) 
  
 (Insert address and zip code of assignee) 
  
 and irrevocably appoints

  
 agent to transfer this Preferred Securities Certificate on the books of the
Trust. The agent may substitute another to act for him or her. 
  
 Date:
                             
  

			
		
	 Signature:
	 	  
	 	 	(Sign exactly as your name appears on the other side of this Preferred Securities Certificate)

  
 The signature(s) should be guaranteed
by an eligible guarantor institution (banks, stockbrokers, savings and loan associations and credit unions with membership in an approved signature guarantee medallion program), pursuant to S.E.C. Rule 17Ad-15. 
  

 C-7 








  
 Exhibit D 
  
 Junior Subordinated Indenture 
  

 D-1 








  
 Exhibit E 
  
 Form of Transferee Certificate 
 to be Executed by Transferees 
  
                         ,
[        ] 
  
 JPMorgan Chase Bank,
National Association 
 600 Travis, 50th Floor 
 Houston, Texas 77002 
 Attention:
Institutional Trust Services 
  
 NovaStar Mortgage, Inc. 
 NovaStar Capital Trust I 
 8140 Ward Parkway 
 Suite 300 
 Kansas City, MO 64114 
  

	 	Re:	Purchase of $                     stated liquidation amount of Floating
Rate Preferred Securities (the “Preferred Securities”) of NovaStar Capital Trust I 

  
 Ladies and Gentlemen: 
  
 In connection with our purchase of the Preferred Securities we confirm that: 
  
 1. We understand that the Floating Rate Preferred Securities (the “Preferred Securities”) of NovaStar Capital
Trust I (the “Trust”) of NovaStar Mortgage, Inc (the “Company”) executed in connection therewith) and the Floating Rate Junior Subordinated Notes due 2035 of the Company (the “Subordinated Notes”) (the entire amount of
the Trust’s outstanding Preferred Securities and the Subordinated Notes together being referred to herein as the “Offered Securities”), have not been registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities
Act”), and may not be offered or sold except as permitted in the following sentence. We agree on our own behalf and on behalf of any investor account for which we are purchasing the Offered Securities that, if we decide to offer, sell or
otherwise transfer any such Offered Securities, (i) such offer, sale or transfer will be made only (a) to the Trust, (b) to a person we reasonably believe is a “qualified purchaser” (a “QP”) (as defined in Section 2(a)(51) of the
Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended and in compliance with the Securities Act of 1933). We understand that the certificates for any Offered Security that we receive will bear a legend substantially to the effect of the foregoing. 

 
 2. We are a “qualified purchaser” within the meaning of Section
2(a)(51) of the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, and are purchasing for our own account or for the account of such a “qualified purchaser,” and we have such knowledge and experience in financial and business matters as to be
capable of evaluating the merits and risks of our investment in the Offered Securities, and we and any account for which we are acting are each able to bear the economic risks of our or its investment. 
  

 E-1 








 3. We are acquiring the Offered Securities purchased by us for our own account (or for one or more
accounts as to each of which we exercise sole investment discretion and have authority to make, and do make, the statements contained in this letter) and not with a view to any distribution of the Offered Securities, subject, nevertheless, to the
understanding that the disposition of our property will at all times be and remain within our control. 
  
 4. In the event that we purchase any Preferred Securities or any Subordinated Notes, we will acquire such Preferred Securities having an aggregate stated
liquidation amount of not less than $100,000 or such Subordinated Notes having an aggregate principal amount not less than $100,000, for our own account and for each separate account for which we are acting. 
  
 5. We acknowledge that we are not a fiduciary of (i) an employee benefit,
individual retirement account or other plan or arrangement subject to Title I of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended (“ERISA”), or Section 4975 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the
“Code”) (each a “Plan”); or (ii) an entity whose underlying assets include “plan assets” by reason of any Plan’s investment in the entity, and are not purchasing any of the Offered Securities on behalf of or with
“plan assets” by reason of any Plan’s investment in the entity. 
  
 6. We acknowledge that the Trust and the Company and others will rely upon the truth and accuracy of the foregoing acknowledgments, representations, warranties and agreements and agree that if any of the
acknowledgments, representations, warranties and agreements deemed to have been made by our purchase of any of the Offered Securities are no longer accurate, we shall promptly notify the Company. If we are acquiring any Offered Securities as a
fiduciary or agent for one or more investor accounts, we represent that we have sole discretion with respect to each such investor account and that we have full power to make the foregoing acknowledgments, representations and agreement on behalf of
each such investor account. 
  

			
	(Name of Purchaser)
		
	 By:
	 	 
	 Date: 
	 	 


  
 Upon transfer,
the Preferred Securities (having a stated liquidation amount of $                    ) would be registered in the name of the new beneficial
owner as follows. 
  
 Name: 
  
 Address:
                                        
                     
  
 Taxpayer ID Number:
                                        

  

 E-2 








  
 Exhibit F 
  
 Officer’s Financial Certificate 
  
 The undersigned, the [Chairman/Vice Chairman/Chief Executive
Officer/President/Vice President/Chief Financial Officer/Treasurer/Assistant Treasurer], hereby certifies pursuant to Section 8.16(b) of the Amended and Restated Trust Agreement, dated as of March 15, 2005 (the “Trust Agreement”), among
NovaStar Mortgage, Inc. (the “Company”), JPMorgan Chase Bank, National Association, as property trustee, Chase Bank USA, National Association, as Delaware trustee, and the administrative trustees named therein, that, as of [date],
[20    ], the Company had the following ratios and balances: 
  
 As of [Quarterly/Annual Financial Date], 20     
  

					
	 Senior secured indebtedness for borrowed money (“Debt”)
	  	$	            	 
	 Senior unsecured Debt
	  	$	            	 
	 Subordinated Debt
	  	$	            	 
	 Total Debt
	  	$	            	 
	 Ratio of (x) senior secured and unsecured Debt to (y) total Debt
	  	 	            	%

  

	*	A table describing the officer’s financial certificate calculation procedures is provided on page 3 

  
 [FOR FISCAL YEAR END: Attached hereto are the audited consolidated financial statements (including the balance sheet, income statement and
statement of cash flows, and notes thereto, together with the report of the independent accountants thereon) of the Company and its consolidated subsidiaries for the three years ended
                    , 20    ].] 
  
 [FOR FISCAL QUARTER END: Attached hereto are the unaudited consolidated and consolidating financial statements (including the balance sheet
and income statement) of the Company and its consolidated subsidiaries for the fiscal quarter ended [date], 20    .] 
  
 The financial statements fairly present in all material respects, in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”), the financial
position of the Company and its consolidated subsidiaries, and the results of operations and changes in financial condition as of the date, and for the [quarter] [annual] period ended [date], 20    ,
and such financial statements have been prepared in accordance with GAAP consistently applied throughout the period involved (expect as otherwise noted therein). 
  

 F-1 








 IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned has executed this Officer’s Financial Certificate as of this
                 day of March, 2005. 
  

			
	 NovaStar Mortgage, Inc.

		
	By:	 	 
	 Name:
	 	 
	
	 NovaStar Mortgage, Inc
 8140 Ward Parkway
 Suite 300
 Kansas City, MO 64114



  

 F-2 








  
 Definitions for
Officer’s Financial Certificate 
  

			
	 Report Item

	 	 Description of Calculation



  









  
 DETERMINATION OF LIBOR

  
 With respect to the Trust Securities, the London interbank
offered rate (“LIBOR”) shall be determined by the Calculation Agent in accordance with the following provisions (in each case rounded to the nearest .000001%): 
  
 (1) On the second LIBOR Business Day (as defined below) prior to a Distribution Date (except with respect to the first
interest payment period, such date shall be March 11, 2005) (each such day, a “LIBOR Determination Date”), LIBOR for any given security shall for the following interest payment period equal the rate, as obtained by the Calculation
Agent from Bloomberg Financial Markets Commodities News, for three-month Eurodollar deposits that appears on Dow Jones Telerate Page 3750 (as defined in the International Swaps and Derivatives Association, Inc. 2000 Interest Rate and Currency
Exchange Definitions), or such other page as may replace such Page 3750, as of 11:00 a.m. (London time) on such LIBOR Determination Date. 
  
 (2) If, on any LIBOR Determination Date, such rate does not appear on Dow Jones Telerate Page 3750 or such other page as may replace such Page 3750, the
Calculation Agent shall determine the arithmetic mean of the offered quotations of the Reference Banks (as defined below) to leading banks in the London interbank market for three-month Eurodollar deposits in an amount determined by the Calculation
Agent by reference to requests for quotations as of approximately 11:00 a.m. (London time) on the LIBOR Determination Date made by the Calculation Agent to the Reference Banks. If, on any LIBOR Determination Date, at least two of the Reference Banks
provide such quotations, LIBOR shall equal such arithmetic mean of such quotations. If, on any LIBOR Determination Date, only one or none of the Reference Banks provide such quotations, LIBOR shall be deemed to be the arithmetic mean of the offered
quotations that leading banks in the City of New York selected by the Calculation Agent are quoting on the relevant LIBOR Determination Date for three-month Eurodollar deposits in an amount determined by the Calculation Agent by reference to the
principal London offices of leading banks in the London interbank market; provided, that if the Calculation Agent is required but is unable to determine a rate in accordance with at least one of the procedures provided above, LIBOR shall be
LIBOR as determined on the previous LIBOR Determination Date. 
  
 (3) As used herein: “Reference Banks” means four major banks in the London interbank market selected by the Calculation Agent; and “LIBOR Business Day” means a day on which commercial banks are open for
business (including dealings in foreign exchange and foreign currency deposits) in London.