IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF MISSISSIPPI

NO. 2016-KA-00458-COA

RODNEY CARTER A/K/A RODNEY D. CARTER APPELLANT

v.

STATE OF MISSISSIPPI APPELLEE

DATE OF JUDGMENT: 11/30/2015

TRIAL JUDGE: HON. WILLIAM E. CHAPMAN III

COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: MADISON COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: OFFICE OF STATE PUBLIC DEFENDER

BY: BENJAMIN ALLEN SUBER

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE: OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL

BY: JASON L. DAVIS

DISTRICT ATTORNEY: MICHAEL GUEST

NATURE OF THE CASE: CRIMINAL - FELONY

DISPOSITION: AFFIRMED - 09/05/2017

MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:

MANDATE ISSUED:

BEFORE LEE, C.J., BARNES AND CARLTON, JJ.

BARNES, J., FOR THE COURT:

¶1. At approximately11 p.m. on January10, 2015, MadisonCountySheriff’s Deputy Sam

Howard observed a car that did not have a light illuminating its license plate. The car and

the deputy’s vehicle were both traveling west on Highway 463 in Madison but were in

different lanes when they came to a stop at a red light. Once the light turned green, Deputy

Howard accelerated slowly in order to get a better look at the car’s license plate, but the

driver, RodneyCarter, slowed the car to a near stop, obstructing traffic behind him. Because

of this suspicious behavior, Deputy Howard followed Carter as he entered the exit ramp for

Interstate 55 southbound and activated his blue lights and siren. Carter initially applied his
brakes, as if to stop, but then he accelerated, speeding away from the deputy’s car. Deputy

Howard notified his dispatcher that he was engaged in pursuit. During the pursuit, Carter

maintained speeds between 88-124 miles per hour (mph), well over the posted speed limit. 

He was weaving in and out of traffic and occasionally driving on the shoulder of the road. 

When Carter reached the intersection of Interstate 220 and Highway 49, he continued

speeding north on Highway 49. After a few miles, Trooper Wade Zimmerman of the

Mississippi Highway Patrol put out spike strips to stop Carter’s vehicle, and the car came to

a slow stop. Before Carter stopped, Deputy Howard observed an object being thrown from

the passenger side of the car, causing a spark. 

¶2. Carter was agitated, telling law enforcement he had just picked up his wife from work

and was on his way to the hospital because he was having a severe asthma attack. Deputy

Howard later testified that Carter informed him he was having trouble breathing; so Deputy

Howard advised Carter to sit up and quit yelling so he could “relax and breathe easier,” but

Carter “insisted on trying to slump over . . . and continued yelling that [he] could not

breathe.” Carter was examined at the scene by emergency medical personnel, and then was

arrested and taken into custody. A gun was recovered near the scene the following day.

¶3. Carter was indicted for felony evasion and possession of a firearm by a felon.1 A trial

was held on October 28, 2015. Upset with his appointed counsel’s legal advice, Carter

insisted on self-representation, but the judge ordered appointed counsel to remain and assist

Carter if needed. Carter was convicted of Count One, felony evasion; he was acquitted of

1

 He had a prior armed robbery conviction in 2007 for which he served two years.

2
Count Two, possession of a firearm by a felon. He was sentenced to five years in the custody

of the Mississippi Department of Corrections (MDOC).

¶4. Carter filed a motion for a new trial or, in the alternative, a judgment notwithstanding

the verdict, claiming the verdict was against the overwhelming weight of the evidence. The

trial court denied the motion, and he now appeals.2 An appellant’s brief was filed on Carter’s

behalf by the Office of the State Public Defender, but Carter has also filed a supplemental

pro se brief, raising additional issues, as well as a pro se reply brief.

3 Finding no error, we

affirm the judgment.

DISCUSSION

I. Whether the verdict was against the overwhelming weight of the

evidence.

¶5. Carter argues the trial court erred in denying his motion for a new trial, claiming that

the evidence did not show that he was operating a vehicle in a reckless manner with

indifference to human life. Carter insists that he was merely trying to get to the nearest

hospital due to a medical emergency, and he thought the deputy was escorting him. He also

argues the State failed to produce any evidence that he was not in need of medical attention

when he was arrested.

¶6. In reviewing a trial court’s denial of a motion for a new trial, we “will only disturb a

verdict when it is so contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence that to allow it to

2 Carter’s appeal was dismissed for failure to pay costs, but it was reinstated by the

trial judge due to trial counsel’s unfamiliarity with the process of substituting the Office of

the State Public Defender, Indigent Appeals Division, to represent Carter on appeal. 

3

See M.R.A.P. 28(b).

3
stand would sanction an unconscionable injustice.” Bush v. State, 895 So. 2d 836, 844 (¶18)

(Miss. 2005). Evidence is weighed in the light most favorable to the verdict. Id. Carter was

charged with felony evasion. Mississippi Code Annotated section 97-9-72(1)-(2) (Rev.

2015) provides: 

The driver of a motor vehicle who is given a visible or audible signal by a law

enforcement officer by hand, voice, emergency light or siren directing the

driver to bring his motor vehicle to a stop when such signal is given by a law

enforcement officer acting in the lawful performance of duty who has a

reasonable suspicion to believe that the driver in question has committed a

crime, and who willfully fails to obey such direction shall be guilty of a

misdemeanor[.]

Any person who is guilty of violating subsection (1) of this section by

operating a motor vehicle in such a manner as to indicate a reckless or willful

disregard for the safety of persons or property, or who so operates a motor

vehicle in a manner manifesting extreme indifference to the value of human

life, shall be guilty of a felony[.] 

Deputy Howard testified that when he activated his lights and siren, Carter sped off and

began “driving at reckless speeds moving in and out of traffic, at times passing motorists on

the shoulder of the roadway.” The evidence showed that Carter traveled approximately

twenty-two miles in thirteen minutes. Deputy Howard said when Carter reached Highway

49, he was “still driving recklessly, still passing vehicles, showing no regard for their safety.” 

A dash-cam video was shown to the jury that supported the deputy’s testimony. In the video,

the jury could see Carter speeding down the freeway at high speeds, weaving in and out of

traffic. 

¶7. Carter acknowledged that he saw the deputy turn on his lights; he just contends that

he “never anticipated on him chasing me at all . . . because I did not do anything wrong.” He

4
claims he was speeding because he was having a medical emergency (asthma attack), but he

was stopped at a traffic light when the deputy first observed him and only began driving in

a reckless manner after Deputy Howard began following him. When Carter cross-examined

Deputy Howard, the officer replied:

Well, Mr. Carter, I was behind you several minutes prior to that. You stopped

at a red light, and you saw a marked patrol car next to you. You gave me no

sign, indication, acknowledgment that I was there, knowing that I could have

rendered you aid or had AMR or fire service dispatched to you much quicker

than your decision to go in the other direction of five or six hospitals.

. . . .

[H]ad you stopped when I first activated my lights and siren and you notified

me that you needed to receive medical attention, we would have stopped right

there.

Carter’s wife testified that he was having an asthma attack and disclaimed theywere running

from the police, but she also said that she did not know why he did not stop for law

enforcement and did not know where Carter was going. Lastly, we note that medical

personnel examined Carter at the scene of the arrest, and he did not require additional

treatment at a hospital.

¶8. “When this Court analyzes a jury’s verdict to determine whether it goes against the

overwhelming weight of the evidence, we must keep in mind that the jury is the ultimate

finder of fact.” Langston v. State, 791 So. 2d 273, 280 (¶14) (Miss. Ct. App. 2001). Thus,

it is the “sole province of the jury” to evaluate the credibility of each witness. Blackwell v.

State, 744 So. 2d 359, 364 (¶18) (Miss. Ct. App. 1999) (citing Johnson v. State, 642 So. 2d

924, 928 (Miss. 1994)). “In determining a witness’s credibility, jurors are allowed latitude

5
in deriving facts from each witness’s assertions, and jurors must determine the value of the

conflicting testimony introduced during the trial.” Flowers v. State, 144 So. 3d 188, 196

(¶26) (Miss. Ct. App. 2014). Accepting as true the evidence which supports the verdict, we

cannot find that the trial judge abused his discretion in denying Carter’s motion for a new

trial. 

II. Whether the trial court erred in denying Carter’s defense

instruction on “necessity and duress.”

¶9. Carter asserts that the trial court should have granted him an instruction on “necessity

and duress.” Jury instruction D-9, which was drafted and handwritten byCarter, stated: “I[,]

RodneyCarter[,] Request Jury on Necessity defense D[ue] to Duress – Medical Emergency.” 

The judge found that it was a peremptory instruction and refused it. 

¶10. “A defendant is entitled to have the trial court give jury instructions that present his

theory of the case; however, the court may deny an instruction that misstates the law, is

covered elsewhere in the instructions, or is not supported by the evidence.” Graham v. State,

967 So. 2d 670, 674 (¶15) (Miss. Ct. App. 2007) (citing Ladnier v. State, 878 So. 2d 926, 931

(¶20) (Miss. 2004)). The Mississippi Supreme Court has held:

The defense of necessity is “available where the defendant reasonably acts out

of fear of ‘imminent danger of death or serious bodily harm’ to others.” 

Stodghill v. State, 892 So. 2d 236, 238 [(¶8)] (Miss. 2005). The three

components to the defense of necessity are[:] (1) the act charged was done to

prevent a significant evil, (2) there was no adequate alternative, and (3) the

harm caused was not disproportionate to the harm avoided. Id.

Davis v. State, 18 So. 3d 842, 849 (¶19) (Miss. 2009). 

¶11. In Stodghill, 892 So. 2d at 238-40 (¶¶7, 12), we affirmed a trial court’s determination

6
that the defendant could not use the affirmative defense of necessity after he drove under the

influence of alcohol to take a sick friend to the hospital, as there were “reasonable

alternatives” available to him. We similarly conclude that Jury Instruction D-9 was not

supported by the evidence in this case. Carter was not under an unlawful threat, and he had

“reasonable alternatives” to driving himself, at speeds exceeding 100 mph, to the hospital. 

His wife was in the car; she could have driven him. Further, as noted by Deputy Howard in

his testimony, Carter could have alerted Deputy Howard, who was sitting at the light next to

Carter, to contact an ambulance. Moreover, we find the potential harm of Carter’s reckless

driving at excessive speeds over a span of twenty-two miles was disproportionate to the harm

avoided – his asthma episode. 

¶12. Accordingly, we find the trial court’s refusal of Carter’s jury instruction on the

defense of necessity was not in error.

III. Whether the State produced false evidence in violation of

Mississippi Rule of Evidence 609.

¶13. At trial, Carter refused to stipulate that he had a prior felony conviction; so the State

moved to introduce into evidence a certified judgment of conviction showing Carter was

convicted of armed robbery under Mississippi Code Annotated section 97-3-79 (Rev. 2006)

on October 22, 2007. Carter did not object to the admission of this evidence. However, later

at trial, he submitted a MDOC discharge certificate to rebut the evidence that he was

convicted of armed robbery. The court ruled the MDOC certificate inadmissible, as it was

not a self-authenticating document. 

¶14. Carter contends that the trial court erred in allowing the State to introduce the

7
evidence of his prior conviction, arguing the evidence was “false” and prejudiced the jury.

This argument is waived as Carter did not object to the admission of the judgment of

conviction at trial. “[A] defendant’s failure to contemporaneously object to the admission

of evidence at trial, as required by Mississippi Rule of Evidence 103, effectively waives the

issue on appeal.” Butler v. State, 16 So. 3d 751, 755 (¶19) (Miss. Ct. App. 2009). 

Regardless, as Carter has provided no evidence that the certified judgment of conviction

submitted by the State was “false,” we find no merit to this claim.

4

IV. Whether law enforcement had probable cause to arrest Carter.

¶15. Carter claims Deputy Howard did not have probable cause to arrest him after he was

informed of Carter’s emergent medical issue. He argues:

Deputy Sam Howard may not ignore conclusively established evidence of

existence[] of an affirmative defense of necessity[;] if an officer has

knowledge of facts and circumstances which establish an affirmative

defense[,] he or she lacks probable cause to make a traditional arrest even

when the facts and circumstances establish that the person meets all elements

of the offense.

Essentially, Carter is reiterating his claim regarding the affirmative defense of necessity,

which we have already found to be inapplicable to the instant case.

¶16. Furthermore, “the decision to stop an automobile is reasonable where the police have

probable cause to believe that a traffic violation has occurred.” Goff v. State, 14 So. 3d 625,

641 (¶48) (Miss. 2009) (quoting Whren v. United States, 517 U.S. 806, 810 (1996)). “To

effect an arrest for a felony, either with or without a warrant, a police officer must have (1)

4 We further note that Carter was acquitted of the charge for possession of a firearm

by a felon; so this claim is not relevant to the current appeal, which only involves his felony

evasion conviction.

8
reasonable cause to believe a felony has been committed; and, (2) reasonable cause to believe

that the person proposed to be arrested is the one who committed it.” Henry v. State, 486 So.

2d 1209, 1212 (Miss. 1986). Deputy Howard testified that he witnessed Carter commit two

traffic violations – (1) his license plate was not illuminated; and (2) he was obstructing

traffic. Additionally, Deputy Howard saw Carter fail to stop when he activated his lights,

exceed the posted speed limit during pursuit, and drive on the shoulder of the road. 

Therefore, we find Carter’s claim that Deputy Howard lacked probable cause to arrest him

to be without merit. 

V. Whether Carter was denied effective assistance of counsel.

¶17. When discussing Carter’s wish for self-representation at trial, his attorney informed

the trial court that he had counseled Carter that the defenses of necessity and duress were not

“legitimate defenses” in this instance. When Carter later asked for his instruction on

“necessary under duress,” as he termed it, the attorney’s comment to the trial court was: 

“Your Honor, I’m not familiar with that type of instruction, so I wasn’t sure how to construct

something like that.” On appeal, Carter argues that trial counsel’s failure to help him craft

a jury instruction on “necessity under duress” constituted ineffective assistance of counsel. 

¶18. Since we are limited to the trial court’s record, it is unusual for an appellate court to

address a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel on direct appeal, finding it more

appropriate for a motion for post-conviction relief. Sims v. State, 213 So. 3d 90, 97 (¶24)

(Miss. Ct. App. 2016). However, in this case, as we have found no basis for an instruction

on the defense of necessity, we can likewise find no merit to Carter’s claim of ineffective

9
assistance of counsel regarding the failure to submit such an instruction.

CONCLUSION

¶19. Finding the trial court’s denial of Carter’s motion for a new trial was not an abuse of

discretion, and his remaining claims are meritless, we affirm Carter’s conviction for felony

evasion and sentence of five years in the custody of the MDOC.

¶20. AFFIRMED.

LEE,C.J.,IRVINGAND GRIFFIS, P.JJ., ISHEE,CARLTON,FAIR,WILSON,

GREENLEE AND WESTBROOKS, JJ., CONCUR.

10