UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

NORTHERN DISTRICT OF TEXAS

DALLAS DIVISION

RONALD BRENT; ZELUS GROUP,

LLC; and LESLIE WARE; 

§

§

§

 Plaintiffs, §

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v. §

§

CIVIL ACTION NO. 3:22-CV-1281-B

AMARU ENTERTAINMENT, INC., §

 Defendant.

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MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER

Before the Court is Defendant Amaru Entertainment, Inc. (“Amaru”)’s Motion to

Dismiss or Transfer Action (Doc. 25) and Plaintiffs Ronald Brent; Zelus Group, LLC (“Zelus”);

and Leslie Ware’s Motion to Strike Reply Brief (Doc. 34). Amaru seeks to dismiss Plaintiffs’ First

Amended Complaint for lack of personal jurisdiction or, in the alternative, to transfer venue to

the Central District of California. See generally Doc. 25, Mot. Dismiss. Because the Court finds

that it lacks personal jurisdiction over Amaru, the Motion to Dismiss (Doc. 25) is GRANTED,

and Plaintiffs’ claims are DISMISSED WITHOUT PREJUDICE. Additionally, because the

Court does not rely on the allegedly new argument in Amaru’s reply, the Motion to Strike

Defendant’s Reply Brief (Doc. 34) is DENIED AS MOOT. 

I.

BACKGROUND

This case is about the ownership and copyrights of a painting—but not just any painting.

The dispute surrounds the painting used as an album cover for the late rapper, Tupac Shakur.

Plaintiffs allege a chain of ownership in the painting and seek declaratory judgment against

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Amaru, the operating entity of Tupac Shakur’s late mother’s estate, which claims it is the rightful

owner of the painting. The key issue on the Motion to Dismiss is whether Plaintiffs can properly

hale Amaru before the Court because that painting is now located in Dallas.

In the mid-1990s, Death Row Records (“DRR”) hired Ronald Brent, a prominent artist

known as “Riskie,” to create art for various album covers. Doc. 24, First Am. Compl., ¶ 10. One

of those paintings depicted Tupac Shakur (“Tupac”) hanging on a cross. Id. ¶ 11. Deemed the

“Makaveli Painting,”1the image was used as the album cover for Tupac’s 1996 album, Don

Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory: 

Doc. 26, Rothschild Decl., ¶ 10. Later that year, Tupac Shakur was murdered. Doc. 26, Whalley

Decl., ¶ 2. But his prominence has lived on. Doc. 26, Rothschild Decl., ¶ 4.

1 The Court will use “Makaveli Painting” or “the Painting” to refer to the physical painting and

“Makaveli Image” or “the Image” to refer to the image generally. 

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Today, the Painting is in Dallas, Texas, and several parties lay claim to both the physical

painting and its copyright. Plaintiffs Brent, Zelus, and Ware tell one tale of ownership. They

allege that Brent retained ownership of the Makaveli Painting until 2012, when he sold it to a

third party, Mazuree Ali. Doc. 24, First Am. Compl., ¶ 19. In 2021, Ali then sold the Painting to

Zelus. Id. ¶ 20. Later that year, Zelus “contracted with Heritage Auctioneers & Galleries, Inc.

(‘Heritage’) to market and publicly auction the Makaveli Painting.” Id. ¶ 21. And, ultimately,

Leslie Ware was the winning bidder. Id. ¶ 27.

By contrast, Amaru contends that Brent never “owned” the Makaveli Painting or Image

to begin with. See Doc. 25, Mot. Dismiss, 5. Rather, because Brent was an employee for DRR,

Amaru alleges that ownership of the Painting and Image stayed with DRR. Id. Then, in 2013,

Amaru, along with Tupac’s late mother, Afeni Shakur, filed an action to recover Tupac’s DRR

recordings and related material, including album artwork. Doc. 26, Rothschild Decl., ¶¶ 5–6.

Ultimately, according to Amaru, the purported holder of the DRR materials quitclaimed and

assigned the recordings and artwork to Amaru on January 1, 2022. Id. ¶ 7. 

The parties’ dispute came to a head in May 2022, when Amaru learned that Heritage had

listed the painting for online auction. See Doc. 26, Rothschild Decl., ¶ 9; Doc. 24, First Am.

Compl., ¶ 22. Believing it was the rightful owner, Amaru, through counsel, sent a letter to

Heritage demanding that the auctioneer withdraw the Painting. Doc. 24, First Am. Compl., ¶ 22.

Several days later, Amaru received an email from Zelus identifying itself as the consignor of the

painting. Id. ¶ 23; Doc. 26, Rothschild Decl., ¶ 20. After several emails between the parties

regarding ownership, Zelus and Amaru simultaneously filed two parallel actions in the Northern

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District of Texas and the Superior Court of California.2 Doc. 28, Resp., 2. While the parallel

disputes were ongoing, Heritage held the auction, and Ware won the Painting. Id at 2–3. Ware

has possessed the Painting, which is currently in his Dallas home, ever since. Id. 

Plaintiffs make two claims. First, Brent seeks a declaratory judgment regarding his

ownership in the Makaveli Image’s copyright. Doc. 24, First Am. Compl., ¶¶ 29–34. Second, all

Plaintiffs seek a declaratory judgment regarding ownership of the Makaveli Painting, namely that

(i) Ware is the sole and exclusive owner of the Makaveli Painting, (ii) Amaru does not have any

ownership interest in the Makaveli Painting, (iii) Brent was within his legal rights to sell the

Makaveli Painting, and (iv) Zelus was within its legal rights to sell the Makaveli Painting.

Id. ¶¶ 35–40. Amaru moves the Court to dismiss the case for lack of personal jurisdiction or, in

the alternative, to transfer the case to the Central District of California. Doc. 25, Mot. Dismiss. 

II.

LEGAL STANDARD3

Courts have long recognized two categories of jurisdiction—jurisdiction over persons and

jurisdiction over property. The first, known as in personam or “personal jurisdiction,” refers to a

court’s power over a defendant’s personal rights. See Jurisdiction, Black’s Law Dictionary (11th ed.

2019). The second, known as in rem jurisdiction, refers to a court’s power to adjudicate the rights

to a given piece of property. Id. The in personam and in rem classifications, however, may not

exhaust all the situations giving rise to jurisdiction. Hanson v. Denckla, 357 U.S. 235, 246 (1958).

2 The California case was subsequently removed to federal court and later transferred to this district.

See Amaru Ent., Inc. v. Heritage Cap. Corp., No. 3-22-CV-2677-B(N.D. Tex. transferred Dec. 1, 2022) (Boyle,

J.). 

3 Because the Court finds that it lacks personal jurisdiction over Amaru, it does not address the

standard for transfer of venue.

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And the difference between in rem and in personam jurisdiction is not always clear. Indeed, a

third category—known as quasi in rem jurisdiction—often describes a set of cases residing

somewhere in between in rem and in personam jurisdiction. See 4A Charles Alan Wright &

Arthur R. Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure § 1070 (4th ed. 2022) (“A quasi-in-rem action is

basically what the name implies—a halfway house between in rem and in personam

jurisdiction.”). 

For personal jurisdiction over a defendant, the due process requirements are well

established. First, a nonresident defendant must have purposefully availed itself of the benefits

and protections of the forum state through “minimum contacts” such that it should reasonably

anticipate being haled into court there. Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 462, 474–75

(1985). Second, the exercise of jurisdiction over the defendant must “not offend traditional

notions of fair play and substantial justice.” Int’l Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310, 316 (1945)

(internal quotations omitted). 

A defendant’s contacts with a forum state may give rise to either general or specific

personal jurisdiction. Lewis v. Fresne, 252 F.3d 352, 358 (5th Cir. 2001). General jurisdiction

permits a court to hear all claims against the nonresident defendant when the defendant’s

affiliations with the forum state are so “continuous and systematic” as to render it essentially at

home in that state. Sangha v. Navig8 ShipManagement Priv. Ltd., 882 F.3d 96, 101 (5th Cir. 2018)

(quoting Goodyear Dunlop Tires Operations, S.A. v. Brown, 564 U.S. 915, 919 (2011)). Specific

jurisdiction, by contrast, “is confined to adjudication of issues deriving from, or connected with,

the very controversy that establishes jurisdiction.” Id. (quoting Goodyear, 564 U.S. at 919).

Courts thus look to the specific claims and assess their relationship with the defendant’s forumrelated contacts. McFadin v. Gerber, 587 F.3d 753, 759 (5th Cir. 2009). 

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“Once a plaintiff establishes minimum contacts between the defendant and the forum

state, the burden of proof shifts to the defendant to show that the assertion of jurisdiction is

unfair and unreasonable.” Sangha, 882 F.3d at 102. In determining whether the assertion of

jurisdiction is fair, the court considers: “(1) the burden on the nonresident defendant, (2) the

forum state’s interests, (3) the plaintiff’s interest in securing relief, (4) the interest of the

interstate judicial system in the efficient administration of justice, and (5) the shared interest of

the several states in furthering fundamental social policies.” Id. 

III.

ANALYSIS

The Court begins by analyzing the proper due-process standard for this case, given the

parties’ arguments regarding in rem jurisdiction. Concluding that the traditional “minimum

contacts” analysis under International Shoe applies, the Court then looks to Amaru’s contacts

with Texas and finds Amaru lacks sufficient contacts for the Court to exercise jurisdiction. 

A. The Court Applies the Minimum Contacts Analysis for Due Process 

Plaintiffs contend that this Court necessarily has in rem jurisdiction over the action

because “Plaintiffs seek to quiet title to property—the [P]ainting—that is physically located

within this district.” Doc. 28, Resp., 3. The Court disagrees. 

In Shaffer v. Heitner, the Supreme Court addressed the due process requirements for

jurisdiction based on property located in the forum state. 433 U.S. 186 (1977). There, a

shareholder filed a shareholder derivative suit in Delaware against the directors and officers of a

corporation. Id. at 189–90. In connection with the suit, the Delaware court issued a

sequestration order seizing the out-of-state defendants’ common stock and options, which were

considered property “located” in Delaware as their legal situs of ownership. Id. at 191–92. The

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question before the Court was whether the Delaware court could exercise jurisdiction over the

suit solely because it held the defendants’ property. See id. at 189. 

Despite in rem jurisdiction’s historical past, the Court cautioned that “traditional notions

of fair play and substantial justice can be as readily offended by the perpetuation of ancient forms

that are no longer justified as by the adoption of new procedures that are inconsistent with the

basic values of our constitutional heritage.” Id. at 212 (internal alteration and quotation

omitted). The Court further dispelled “the fiction that an assertion of jurisdiction over property

is anything but an assertion of jurisdiction over the owner of the property.” Id. Accordingly, the

Court held that “all assertions of state-court jurisdiction must be evaluated according to the

standards set forth in International Shoe and its progeny.” Id. at 212 (italics added). And

Delaware’s jurisdiction was therefore constitutionally impermissible based on the defendants’ lack

of contacts. Id. at 216–17. 

To be sure, despite Shaffer’s apparent breadth, in rem jurisdiction over property—without

a minimum contacts analysis—may be appropriate in certain cases. See Merchs. Nat’l Bank of

Mobile v. Dredge Gen. G. L. Gillespie, 663 F.2d 1338, 1350 n.18 (5th Cir. 1981) (holding that

Shaffer does not apply to in rem admiralty actions against foreign ships); Burnham v. Superior Ct.

of Cal., 495 U.S. 604, 630 (1990) (suggesting, in a three-vote plurality, that Shaffer’s holding was

about quasi in rem jurisdiction functioning as a form of personal jurisdiction). 

But, discussing Shaffer, several Justices also observed, “the critical insight of Shaffer is that

all rules of jurisdiction, even ancient ones, must satisfy contemporary notions of due process.”

Burnham, 495 U.S. at 630 (1990) (Brennan, J., concurring). This is such a case. Here, Plaintiffs

seek to hale Amaru to the Northern District of Texas for declaration as to the ownership and

copyright of the Painting and Image, and their action is against Amaru directly and personally.

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To conclude that the Court could assert jurisdiction over Amaru merely because of the Painting’s

presence in Texas would place ancient forms over modern notions of due process. 

And even if the Court were to apply Latin labels, the action is, at most, quasi in rem and

still subject to Shaffer’s mandate. Plaintiffs assert rights directly against Amaru, and their claim of

ownership over the Painting is akin to a quiet title action. Compare Bodine v. Webb, 992 S.W.2d

672, 676 (Tex. App.—Austin 1999, no pet.) (“A quasi in rem proceeding is an action between

parties where the object is to reach and dispose of property owned by them or of some interest

therein.”), and Hanson, 357 U.S. at 246 n.12 (“A judgment quasi in rem affects the interests of

particular persons in designated property.”), with Bodine, 992 S.W.2d at 676 (“An in rem action is

a proceeding or action instituted directly against a thing, an action taken directly against

property, or an action that is brought to enforce a right in the thing itself.”). Accordingly, the

Court will apply the familiar due process standard under International Shoe that requires the

defendant have certain minimum contacts with the forum state. 

B. Plaintiffs Have Not Met Their Burden for Establishing Personal Jurisdiction 

The Plaintiffs do not plead, nor is there any basis to allege, general jurisdiction over

Amaru. Amaru is a Delaware corporation with its principal place of business in California, Doc.

24, First Am. Compl., ¶ 4, and nothing in the facts suggests Amaru is essentially “at home” in

Texas, see Sangha, 882 F.3d 96, 101. Accordingly, if the Court has jurisdiction over Amaru, it

must be specific personal jurisdiction. 

In adapting the minimum contacts standard to the property context, the Shaffer Court

instructed:

the presence of property in a State may bear on the existence of jurisdiction by

providing contacts among the forum State, the defendant, and the litigation. For

example, when claims to the property itself are the source of the underlying

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controversy between the plaintiff and the defendant, it would be unusual for the

State where the property is located not to have jurisdiction. In such cases, the

defendant’s claim to property located in the State would normally indicate that he

expected to benefit from the State’s protection of his interest. The State’s strong

interests in assuring the marketability of property within its borders and in

providing a procedure for peaceful resolution of disputes about the possession of

that property would also support jurisdiction . . . .

Shaffer, 433 U.S. at 207–08. The Court finds that this is the “unusual” case contemplated in

Shaffer. See id.

It is well-established that a defendant cannot be haled into a jurisdiction “solely as a

result of random, fortuitous, or attenuated contacts . . . or of the unilateral activity of another

party or a third person.” Burger King, 471 U.S. at 475 (internal quotations and citations omitted).

Rather, the necessary relationship between the defendant and the forum state “must arise out of

the contacts that the ‘defendant himself’ creates within the forum State.” Walden v. Fiore, 571

U.S. 277, 284 (2014) (quoting Burger King, 471 U.S. at 475). It is also well-established that

cease-and-desist letters alone are insufficient to establish personal jurisdiction. See, e.g., Stroman

Realty, Inc. v. Antt, 528 F.3d 382, 386 (5th Cir. 2008); Thousand Trails, Inc. v. Foxwood Hill Prop.

Owners Ass’n, Inc., 1999 WL 172322, at *3 (N.D. Tex. Mar. 22, 1999) (Fitzwater, J.) (“The vast

majority of the courts have held that the nonresident defendant’s action in sending a demand

letter to the plaintiff is insufficient to create personal jurisdiction.”). 

Here, Amaru’s contacts are insufficient to establish personal jurisdiction. Amaru is not

registered to conduct business in Texas, has not conducted business in Texas, and does not have

a registered agent in Texas. Doc. 26, Whalley Decl., ¶¶ 6, 11. Rather, the extent of Amaru’s

contacts with Texas are limited to the cease-and-desist letters and correspondences regarding the

status of the litigation. See Doc. 26, Rothschild Decl., ¶¶ 19–23; see also Doc. 24, First Am.

Compl., ¶ 6. Amaru sent a letter to Heritage after it learned of the Painting’s auction and

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demanded Heritage withdraw the Painting and return it. See Doc. 26, Rothschild Decl., Ex 7.

Amaru corresponded by telephone and in writing with Zelus’s counsel, who was located in Texas,

in an attempt to resolve the dispute. Id., Ex. 10. And Amaru notified Heritage of its intent to file

suit in California to recover the Painting. Id., Ex. 11. These contacts cannot be the basis of

personal jurisdiction in Texas. See Stroman Realty, 528 F.3d at 386. 

Similarly, the Painting’s location in Texas is solely the result of Plaintiffs’ random,

fortuitous, and unilateral actions. Brent moved to Texas in 2019. See Doc. 25, Mot. Dismiss, 2–3.

And the Painting arrived in Texas in 2021, when Zelus purchased it. See Doc. 24, First Am.

Compl., ¶¶ 2, 20. Contrary to Shaffer, therefore, Amaru had no “expected [] benefit” in Texas’s

protection of its interest. Cf. 433 U.S. at 207–08. Instead, Plaintiffs brought the Painting to

Texas and subsequently filed a declaratory action against Amaru. Due process cannot turn on

such a formality.

IV.

CONCLUSION

In sum, the Court resists Plaintiffs’ attempt to base jurisdiction on the Painting’s presence

in this district. Applying the minimum contacts analysis under International Shoe, the Court finds

that Amaru lacks the contacts necessary for personal jurisdiction. The Court therefore

GRANTS Amaru’s Motion to Dismiss (Doc. 25) and DISMISSES WITHOUT PREJUDICE

Plaintiffs’ First Amended Complaint. Additionally, because the Court does not rely on the

allegedly new argument in Amaru’s reply, the Motion to Strike Defendant’s Reply Brief (Doc.

34) is DENIED AS MOOT.

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SO ORDERED.

SIGNED: February 22, 2023. 

______________________________

JANE J. BOYLE

UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

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