T hi s di s pos i t i on i s not appr opr i a t e f or pu b l i cat i o n an d i s n o tp r e c e de nt * e xc e pta s pr ovi de d by 9th C i r . R . 36- 3.

T he pa ne l una n i mo u s l y c o n c l u d e s t h i s c a s e i s s ui t a bl e f or de c i s i on ** w ith o u t o r a l a r g u m e n t. See F ed. R . A pp . P . 34 (a )( 2). NOT F OR P UB L I CAT I ON UN I TE D STATE S C OU RT OF APPE ALS FOR T HE NI NTH CI RC UI T
UN I T E D S T AT E S OF AME R I C A, P l ai nt i ff

- A pp el l ee , v. MANU E L L OP E Z
- I B AR R A, D e f

e n d a n t - A p p e lla n t. N o. 09- 10033 D. C. No . 4 : 0 8
- c r - 0 0 0 5 3
- FR ZB P V -1
ME MOR AN DU M *

A pp ea l fr om the U ni t ed S t at es D i stri ctC ou rt

f orthe D i s tr i c tof

A r i z ona F r a nk R
. Z apa t a , D i s tr i c tJ udge , P r e s i di ng S ubm i tt e d J a nua ry 11, 2010 ** S a n F r a n c is c o , C a lif

o rn ia B efo re: N O O N A N , H A W K IN S an d M . S M IT H , C i rcu i tJu d g es. M a n u e l L o p e z - I b a rr a ( “L o p e z ” ) ap p e a ls h is c o n v ic tio n f o rp o s s e s s io n w ith in te n t t o d istrib u te 1 5 3 k il o g ra m s o f m ar ij u an a, ar g u in g er ro r in th e d istrict co u rt’s d e n i a l o f h i s s u p p r e s s i o n mo t i o n . W e a f f i r m. 

# FI LED JAN 14 2 010 M OLLY C. DW Y ER, CLERK U
. S. C O U R T OF APPE ALS2

A n in v e s tig a to ry d e te n tio n
– a b r ie f , w a rr a n tle s s s e iz u r e b y p o lic e o f f ic e r s
– is l a w f ul i f ba s e d on r e a s onabl e s us pi c i on. T e r r y v . O h io , 3 9 2 U .S . 1 , 2 0
- 2 1 ( 1 9 6 8 ) . A
se i zure occurs atthe m om entw hen “ po l i ce ph ys i ca l l y s ub du e the subject
. ” U ni ted Stat es v. Sa ntam ari a-H erna nd ez , 968 F
. 2d 9 8 0 , 983 ( 9th C i r . 1992) ( de f e nda ntnot
s e i z e d f orF our th A m e ndm e nt purpos e s “ unt i l he w a s phy s i c a l l y appr e he nde d by the b o r d e r p a tr o l a g e n ts a t th e e n d o f t h e c h a s e ” ) ; s e e a l

s o C a l i f o r n i a v . Ho da r iD. , 499 U .S . 6 2 1 , 6 2 8
- 2 9 ( 1 9 9 1 ) ; B row erv. C ou nt y of Inyo , 48 9 U .S . 5 9 3 , 599 (198 9). S ubm i s s i on t o a pol i c e of f i c e r ’ s s how of a uthor i ty i s de t e r m i ne d by the phy s i c a l s t op
a n d s u rr e n d e r o f th e d e f e n d a n t, a n d n o t b y a n y o th e rm o v e m e n ts o rin d ic a tio n s . See U ni ted Stat es v. H

erna nd ez , 27 F . 3d 14 03 , 14 07 (9th C i r. 19 94 ). H e r e , a sei z ur e di d notoc c urw he n P e r a l t a turne d on hi s ove rhe a d l i ght s a nd
s ir e n s , b e c a u s e L o p e z f

a ile d to s to p . F o r p u rp o s e s o f th e F o u r th A m e n d m e n t, th e o n ly
s e i z ur e tha toc c urr e d w a s w he n L ope z sw erv e d a nd e xi t e d hi s ve hi c l e a f t e rthe
e x t e n d e d c a rc h a s e . Th e r e f o r e , th e c o u r tw a s f

r e e t o c o n s i d e rLo p e z ’ s s ubs e que nt f lig h t f r o m P e r a lta in its e v a lu a tio n o f w h e th e rP e r a lta h a d r e a s o n ab le s u s p ic io n to
s e iz e L o p e z . See San tam ari a-H erna nd ez , 9 6 8 F .2 d a t 9 8 3
. R e a s o n ab le s u s p ic io n e x is te d p r io rto th e s to p . “ [ T ] h e F o u r th A m e n d m e n t is
sa t i sf i ed if th e o ff

i ce r’ s a ct i on i s s up po rt ed by re as on abl e s uspi ci on t o b el i eve that
cr im in al ac t i vi ty ‘ m ay be af oo t , ’ ” U n i ted S ta tes v. A rvi

zu , 534 U
. S
. 266, 273 ( 2002)3

( c i t i ng U ni te d State s v . Sokolow , 490 U . S
. 1, 7 ( 1989) ) , w hi c h r e qui r e s a n e xa m i na t i on
o f “ th e t o t al i ty o f th e ci rc u m s tan ces . . . t o see w h eth er th e d et ai n i n g o ffi cer h as a

‘ part i cul ar i ze d and obje ct i ve basi s’ for s uspect i ng l egal w rong do i ng . ” Id
. ( c i t i ng U ni ted Stat es v. C ortez , 4 4 9 U .S . 4 1 1 , 4 1 7
- 1 8 ( 1 9 8 1 ) )
. O f f ic e r s a r e p e r m i t te d “to dr a w on the i row n e xpe r i e nc e a nd s pe c i a l i z e d t rai n i n g t o m a ke i nf e r e nc e s f r om a nd de duc t i ons aboutthe c um ul a t i ve i nf or m a t i on a va i l abl e t o the m tha tm i ghtw e l l e l ude
an un tra i ned p er son. ” A rvi zu , 5 3 4 U .S . a t 2 7 3 ( in te rn a l q u o ta tio n m a r k s o m itte d )
. T h e S u p r e m e C o u r t h a s s e t f o r th s e v e r a l n o n - e x c lu s iv e f a c to r s g iv in g r is e to
r e a s o n ab le s u s p ic io n in th e c o n te x t o f b o r d e rs to p s , in c lu d in g : ( 1) c ha r a c t e r i s t i c s of the a r e a i n w hi c h the ve hi c l e w a s e nc ount e r e d; ( 2) pr oxi m i ty t o the bor de r ; ( 3) us ua l traffi c pa tt e rns on a pa r t i c ul a rr oa d; [( 4)] previ ou s e xp er i ence w ith al i en tra ff i c; [( 5)] re ce nti l l egal bo rder cr oss i ng s i n the a r e a ; [ ( 6) ] e rr a t i c ore va s i ve dr i vi ng be ha vi or ; [( 7)] a s p e c ts o f

th e v e h ic le ; a n d [ ( 8 ) ] b e h a v io ro rap p e a r a n c e o f th e d r iv e r . U ni ted Stat es v. D i az-J

ua rez , 299 F . 3d 1138, 1141 ( 9th C i r . 2002) ( c i t i ng U ni ted Stat es
v. B ri gn on i -P on ce , 42 2 U
. S
. 87 3, 88 4-85 (197 5)). N ea rl y a l l of these fa ct ors w er e pr e s e nt i n P e r a l t a ’ s s t op of L ope z he r e , a nd the r e f or e , P e r a l t a ha d r e a s onabl e s us pi c i on t o st op L op ez ’ s vehi cl e. P e r a lta f ir s t e n c o u n te r e d L o p e z a t ap p r o x im a te ly 2 6 m ile s f r o m th e b o r d e r , se e D i az-J ua rez , 2 9 9 F .3 d a t 1 1 4 2 , I l l i n o is v . W

ar dl ow , 528 U
. S
. 119, 124 ( 2000) , on a hi ghw a y l e a di ng f

r om N oga l e s , a bor de rt ow n tha t , f r om P e r a l t a ’ s e x p eri en ce on the4

B or de rP a tr ol , f

r e que nt l y s e r ve d a s a l oc a t i on f ori l l e ga l a l i e n a c t i vi ty an d drug
s m u g g lin g . See A rvi

zu , 5 3 4 U .S . a t 2 7 7 ; Sa ntam ari a-H erna nd ez , 968 F . 2d a t984; U ni te d State s v . G ar c i a- B ar r on , 1 1 6 F .3 d 1 3 0 5 (9 th C ir. 1 9 9 7 ). In ad d it io n , L o p ez ’s
c a rw a s he a vi l y - l oa de d orr i di ng l ow , w i th onl y one vi s i bl e dr i ve r , a nd w a s tr a ve l i ng in ta n d e m w ith a n S U V . See B ri gn on i -P on ce , 4 2 2 U .S . a t 8 8 5 ; U ni ted Stat es v. Fr anc o- Munoz , 95 2 F . 2d 10 55 , 10 57 (9th C i r. 19 91 ); U ni ted Stat es v. Medi na -G asca , 7 3 9 F .2 d 1 4 5 1 , 1 4 5 3 ( 9 th C ir . 1 9 8 4 ) ; U ni te d State s v . B ugar i n- C as as , 48 4 F
. 2d 853, 8 5 5 ( 9 th C ir . 1 9 7 3 )
. A lso , th e w in d o w s o f L o p ez ’s ca r w er e fo g g ed w h ich , b as ed o n P er alta’s tra i ni ng , i nd i ca t ed thatm ore than o ne pers on m i gh tbe conceal ed w ith i n the vehi cl e. See A rvi zu , 5 3 4 U .S
. a t 2 7 6
. L o p e z a ls o f le d o n c e P e r a lta tu rn e d o n h is o v e rh e a d lig h ts
a n d s ir e n s . Se e U

n ite d S ta te s v . Sm ith , 2 1 7 F .3 d 7 4 6 , 7 5 0 ( 9 th C ir . 2 0 0 0 ) ; Santam ar i aH erna nd ez , 9 6 8 F . 2 d a t9 8 4 ; U n i ted S ta tes v. R o b ert L. , 87 4 F
. 2d 70 1, 70 4 (9th C i r. 1 9 8 9 ) ; Medi na -G asca , 7 3 9 F .2 d a t 1 4 5 3
. W e need n otre ac h w hether, despi t e a ny i ni t i al st op , the t ai ntof i l l egal i ty w as p u r g e d b y L o p e z ’s s u b s e q u e n t f lig h t. W h ile i t i s th e o r e tic a lly p o s s ib le th a t P e r a lta la c k e d r e a s o n ab le s u s p ic io n to s to p L o p e z p r io r to tu rn in g h is o v e rh e a d lig h ts o n , th is is irr e le v a n t b e c a u s e L o p e z in f a c t d id n o t y ie ld
. See H erna nd ez , 27 F
. 3d a t1407. AF F I RME D.