* This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the

doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court

generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order

and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.

F I L E D

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

MAY 26 2000

PATRICK FISHER

Clerk

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT

ROBERT DAVIS,

Petitioner-Appellant,

v.

TIM LEMASTER, Warden;

ATTORNEY GENERAL FOR THE

STATE OF NEW MEXICO,

Respondents-Appellees.

No. 99-2161

(D.C. No. CIV-97-840-JC)

(D. N.M.)

ORDER AND JUDGMENT *

Before KELLY , HENRY , and MURPHY , Circuit Judges.

After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined

unanimously to grant the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral

argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore

ordered submitted without oral argument. 
1 Petitioner filed two petitions signed and dated on the same date. The

district court treated the second one as a supplement to the original application. 

We therefore treat it as one petition. See R. Vol. I, doc. 14 at 1. 

2 Our review of the record reflects that petitioner’s federal habeas petition

was untimely filed under 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1) (providing one-year limitations

period from date on which state judgment became final for filing habeas corpus

petitions) and this court’s case law respecting the filing of such petitions when

the state judgment became final prior to the enactment of the Antiterrorism and

Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 and tolling of the limitations period while

state post-conviction proceedings are pending. See United States v. Simmonds ,

111 F.3d 737, 745-46 (10th Cir. 1997); Hoggro v. Boone , 150 F.3d 1223, 1225-26

(10th Cir. 1998). However, the limitations period is not jurisdictional, see Miller

v. Marr , 141 F.3d 976, 978 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 119 S. Ct. 210 (1998). 

Because the limitations period was not raised, the issue is waived. 

-2-

Petitioner seeks a certificate of appealability in order to appeal the district

court’s denial of his petition for writ of habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C. § 2254. 1

Because petitioner has failed to make a “substantial showing of the denial of a

constitutional right,” we deny his application for a certificate of appealability and

dismiss the appeal. 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2). 

Petitioner was convicted in 1985 of various offenses associated with his

escape from the New Mexico State Penitentiary. He was granted an out-of-time

appeal in which he raised issues unrelated to the federal proceedings. The New

Mexico Court of Appeals affirmed his convictions and sentences in all respects. 

See State v. Davis , No. 9408 (N.M. Ct. App. Oct. 21, 1986) (unpublished). In

1997, he filed state habeas corpus petitions which were dismissed for failure to

state a claim for relief. 2
-3-

In his habeas petitions he raised four issues:

1. Denial of effective assistance of trial counsel for failure to insist

that the trial judge recuse himself. See R. Vol. I, doc 1 at 6;

2. Judicial misconduct by the trial judge in not recusing himself 

from presiding over petitioner’s trial. See id. at 7;

3. Failure to merge or consolidate counts I and V, aggravated assault 

on a peace officer and false imprisonment. See id. at 9; and 

4. Imposition of consecutive rather than concurrent sentences in 

violation of petitioner’s state and federal constitutional rights. See

id. doc. 13 at 6.

The magistrate judge entered an order recommending dismissal of the

consecutive sentencing issue as procedurally defaulted, which the district court

adopted. See id. doc. 20; doc. 23. This issue is not raised on appeal. The federal

public defender was appointed to represent petitioner on the remaining issues;

however, the memorandum brief filed in district court addressed only the first two

issues, which are interrelated and overlapping. As a consequence, only these two

issues will be addressed, the remaining deemed waived.

Plaintiff claimed that his trial counsel, Michael D. C’deBaca, filed a motion

to disqualify the trial judge (Judge Chavez) on the ground that the judge’s

courtroom deputy, Clifford Chavez, had been a corrections officer at the state

facility when petitioner and several others escaped. After petitioner’s arrest, he

was questioned about the escape and about whether any corrections officers were

involved. Petitioner contends that he was later called to testify at an
3 Petitioner avers that instead he received the maximum possible sentence

following his convictions.

-4-

administrative hearing regarding the potential dismissal of certain officers. As

part of the administrative proceeding, petitioner claims he was approached by

Officer Chavez and his lawyer who told petitioner that if petitioner refused to

testify against Officer Chavez, they would ensure that Judge Chavez would be

lenient with petitioner’s sentence. 3 Petitioner further claimed that he thought

Officer Chavez and Judge Chavez were related. Petitioner stated that although he

had had no intention of testifying against Officer Chavez, he agreed not to do so. 

According to petitioner, following Officer Chavez’s dismissal as a corrections

officer, Judge Chavez hired him as the judge’s court deputy. See R. Vol. I,

doc. 34 at 2-4. 

Petitioner argues that the judge should have recused himself because of

possible bias and that his trial attorney was constitutionally ineffective by failing

to vigorously pursue the motion to recuse, by failing to ensure the presence of

petitioner at the hearing on the motion, and by failing to insist that the hearing be

on the record. See id. at 5-11. 

The state responded, arguing that petitioner had failed to allege facts

sufficient to overcome the presumption that judges are capable of conducting fair

trials and that the alleged facts did not establish an incentive for actual bias. See
-5-

Fero v. Kerby , 39 F.3d 1462, 1478 (10th Cir. 1994); Nichols v. Sullivan , 867 F.2d

1250, 1254 (10th Cir. 1989); Del Vecchio v. Illinois Dep’t of Corrections , 31 F.3d

1363, 1372-73 (7th Cir. 1994). The state further noted that the trial judge had

given the basic presumptive sentence for each crime, not the increased aggravated

sentences available under N.M. Stat. Ann. § 31-18-15.1 and that consecutive

sentences were required under N.M. Stat. Ann. § 31-18-21 because petitioner

committed them while an inmate. 

The state further argued that because there was no showing of actual

judicial bias, there was no basis for the claim that a better prepared or argued

motion by counsel would have produced a different result and that petitioner had

failed to demonstrate constitutionally deficient representation by his trial attorney. 

As for the failure to ensure petitioner’s presence at and recording of the hearing,

the state asserted that these issues had not been presented to the state courts and

were therefore unexhausted. Finally, the state alleged that it was unfairly

prejudiced by petitioner’s twelve-year delay in filing the habeas petition because

of the intervening death of the trial judge, the apparent death of trial counsel, and

the possibility that the tape of the recusal hearing was destroyed in a flood. 

In his second set of proposed findings, the magistrate judge accepted

petitioner’s factual recitations that his attorney had moved to disqualify Judge

Chavez because the judge’s courtroom deputy, Clifford Chavez, had been
-6-

dismissed as a New Mexico corrections officer (apparently as the result of

petitioner’s testimony at an administrative hearing), that officer Chavez and his

attorney had approached petitioner about providing lenience at petitioner’s trial,

that petitioner had alleged Officer Chavez was a distant relative of Judge Chavez,

that there was no indication the hearing was recorded or that petitioner was

present, that Judge Chavez did not recuse himself, and that petitioner received the

maximum sentence. The magistrate judge further recited that petitioner did not

appeal his conviction, but filed a state habeas corpus petition in 1997, and noted

that both Judge Chavez and petitioner’s trial counsel had died. See R. Vol. I, doc.

43 at 1-2. 

The magistrate judge found that there was no evidence of actual judicial

bias or even the appearance of bias sufficient to overcome the presumption of

honesty and integrity based on petitioner’s factual assertions. See id. at 2-4. 

Rather than dismiss the ineffective assistance of counsel claims on exhaustion

grounds, the magistrate judge addressed them on the merits, ruling that petitioner

had failed to show that counsel’s performance was deficient and that the allegedly

deficient performance prejudiced the defense because of the earlier finding that

the judicial bias claim was without merit. See id. at 4-5. Finally, the magistrate

judge concluded petitioner was not entitled to an evidentiary hearing for failure to

make allegations which, if proved, would entitle him to relief and, in addition,
4 We do not understand the basis for this statement. By petitioner’s own

admissions, supported by the documents in the record, the state habeas petitions

were filed on April 14, 1997. The New Mexico Supreme Court denied certiorari

on May 29, 1997. This can hardly be viewed as an unreasonable delay in

completing the state post-conviction proceedings.

-7-

that the petition should be dismissed under Rule 9(a) of the Rules Governing

§ 2254 cases because of prejudice to the state based on petitioner’ delay in filing

the petition. See id. at 5-6. 

In his objections, petitioner asserted that there was no evidence that

petitioner’s trial attorney was deceased. He further contended that the finding

that the trial judge’s recusal was unnecessary did not negate trial counsel’s

obligation to ensure that petitioner was present at the hearing and that the hearing

was recorded. See R. Vol. I, doc. 44 at 1-2. Petitioner also challenged the

court’s determination the state had shown prejudice because of the delay by

arguing that “[a] significant part of the delay occurred because of the state court’s

failure to make a reasonably speedy determination of Petitioner’s state habeas

corpus petition.” 4 Id. at 2-3. The district court adopted the magistrate judge’s

findings and dismissed the habeas petition. In his brief on appeal, petitioner

repeats his claims that the trial judge should have recused himself and that trial

counsel was ineffective for failing to guarantee petitioner’s presence at the

hearing and failing to make a record of the hearing. 
-8-

At the outset, we note some factual inaccuracies relied on by the parties and

the district court. Included in the documents furnished as the state court record

are an order granting an out-of-time direct criminal appeal, the docketing

statement filed in New Mexico Court of Appeals setting forth the issues raised,

and the appellate memorandum opinion of October 21, 1986, affirming

petitioner’s convictions and sentences. These documents reveal that petitioner

did not raise the current issues as part of his direct appeal. 

Also included are the motion to disqualify Judge Chavez, along with a

transcription of the hearing on petitioner’s motion. Petitioner is listed, along with

his attorney, in the “Appearances” section. Nevertheless, for purposes of this

decision, we will assume he was not present at the hearing. 

Petitioner’s attorney stated that he was seeking to disqualify Judge Chavez

because Clifford Chavez, against whom petitioner had made statements, was

employed by the court. Judge Chavez then clarified that Clifford Chavez was a

deputy with the Sheriff’s office and not an employee of the court. The judge

introduced his bailiff, Scott Scanland, and stated he (the judge) controlled his

bailiff, court reporter, and secretary. The judge then stated:

You could have recused me, but it is not timely filed. And I would

not honor this disqualification, because I have no control over

Clifford Chavez. And I want it made clear in the record he is not

under my supervision. He has never been in my employ, never has

been under my supervision at any time.
-9-

Transcript of July 22, 1985, Hearing on Motion to Disqualify, at 10.

Because the record clearly establishes that the hearing on the motion to

recuse was recorded, counsel cannot be considered ineffective on this ground. In

addition, petitioner has failed to explain how his presence could possibly have

affected the outcome of the hearing. See United States v. Gagnon , 470 U.S. 522,

526 (1985) (defendant has due process right to be present whenever his presence

has a relation, “reasonably substantial, to the fulness of his opportunity to defend

against the charge”) (further quotation omitted). Therefore, assuming he was not

present and that the failure to ensure his presence was error, it was harmless. See

Rushen v. Spain , 464 U.S. 114, 117 n.2 (1983) (right to be present, as with most

constitutional rights, is subject to harmless-error analysis); United States v.

Pearson , 203 F.3d 1243, 1261 (10th Cir. 2000) (recognizing application of Rushen

analysis where defendant absent when judge communicated with jurors); Arizona

v. Fulminante , 499 U.S. 279, 306-07 (1991) (recognizing wide range of errors,

including denial of defendant’s right to be present, to which Court has applied

harmless error analysis). 

Petitioner has also failed to establish that his attorney’s performance fell

below an objective standard of reasonableness or that the alleged deficient

performance prejudiced his defense. See Strickland v. Washington , 466 U.S. 668,

687-88 (1984). “To satisfy the second prong, petitioner must show that there is a
-10-

reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of

the proceeding would have been different.” Hickman v. Spears , 160 F.3d 1269,

1273 (10th Cir. 1998) (quotation omitted). 

Likewise, petitioner’s claim that the trial judge “could not have been

impartial,” see Appellant’s Br. at 10, must also fail. Clifford Chavez was not

Judge Chavez’s court deputy. Moreover, petitioner has not set forth any factual

allegations to demonstrate actual bias. See Nichols , 867 F.2d at 1254 (explaining

standard for evaluating allegation of judicial bias amounting to denial of due

process as whether judge is actually biased or prejudiced against petitioner). 

Therefore, “his claim of judicial bias must rest on there being an appearance of

bias sufficient to override the presumption of honesty and integrity.” Fero , 39

F.3d at 1478. “[O]nly a strong, direct interest in the outcome of a case is

sufficient to overcome that presumption of evenhandedness.” Id. at 1479 (quoting

Del Vecchio v. Illinois Dep’t of Corrections , 31 F.3d 1363, 1373 (7th Cir. 1994)

(en banc). Petitioner claims he “understood that Clifford Chavez was related to

Judge Chavez,” see Appellant’s Br. at 10, but he nowhere describes the nature of

this alleged relationship. As with the situation in Fero , in which the trial judge’s

son was a law clerk for the prosecution, “[w]e find that any biasing influence

from the circumstances here was too remote and insubstantial to create a

presumption of bias.” Fero , 39 F.3d at 1480. 
-11-

Because petitioner has failed to set forth allegations which, if proved,

would entitle him to habeas corpus relief, he is not entitled to an evidentiary

hearing. Accordingly, we DENY petitioner’s request for a certificate of

appealability for failure to make “a substantial showing of the denial of a

constitutional right” as required by 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2).

The appeal is DISMISSED.

Entered for the Court

Michael R. Murphy

Circuit Judge