COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA

Present: Judges Beales, Huff and O’Brien

Argued by videoconference

ISADORE MIRACLE HUMPHREY, II

MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY

v. Record No. 1678-19-1 JUDGE RANDOLPH A. BEALES

OCTOBER 27, 2020

COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA 

FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF NORFOLK

Joseph A. Migliozzi, Jr., Judge

B. Thomas Reed for appellant.

Kelsey M. Bulger, Assistant Attorney General (Mark R. Herring, 

Attorney General, on brief), for appellee. 

Appellant Isadore Miracle Humphrey, II appeals from a decision of the Circuit Court of

the City of Norfolk finding him guilty of attempted robbery, malicious wounding, use of a 

firearm in the commission of a felony, and conspiracy to commit robbery. He contends that the 

trial court erred in denying his motion to strike the Commonwealth’s evidence because “the 

Commonwealth’s evidence did not prove beyond a reasonable doubt that Humphrey acted as a

principal in the second degree . . . or in concert of action with the principal in the first degree.” 

Consequently, Humphrey argues that the evidence was insufficient as a matter of law to convict 

him in this case.

I. BACKGROUND

“When the sufficiency of the evidence is challenged on appeal, we review the evidence in 

the light most favorable to the prevailing party at trial, in this case the Commonwealth, and 

* Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.

UNPUBLISHED
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accord to it all inferences fairly drawn from the evidence.” Grimes v. Commonwealth, 288 Va. 

314, 318 (2014) (citing Viney v. Commonwealth, 269 Va. 296, 299 (2005)). So viewed, the 

evidence at trial showed that on July 11, 2018, O.M.1attempted to sell her iPhone on Facebook 

Marketplace. She exchanged messages with a user whose profile displayed the name “Timmy 

White,” along with a picture of a man, a woman, and three young children. O.M. believed that 

she was exchanging messages with the man in the picture. O.M. agreed to meet at an address in 

Norfolk that “Timmy” provided in order to complete the sale. A few minutes before O.M.

arrived, she received a message from “Timmy” explaining that he needed to leave for work and 

would leave the money with his son. O.M. confirmed that she received his message, and 

“Timmy” said he would “tell [his] son to be on the porch.” When O.M. arrived at the home, she 

saw two young men, including Humphrey, sitting on the porch. She testified that both young 

men were “wearing red hoodies” at the time. Upon seeing these two young men, O.M. “asked 

something along the lines [of] if they were the ones that were going to buy the phone.” 

Humphrey responded, “Yeah. That’s him,” and pointed to Curtis Harmon, the other young man 

on the porch.

Harmon approached O.M.’s vehicle, walked around to the passenger side, and opened the 

passenger side door. O.M. showed Harmon the iPhone, told him about its specifications, and 

allowed him to inspect the phone. O.M. confirmed the price, and Harmon replied, “Okay. My 

dad told me to give it to you.” Harmon then reached for his pocket, pulled out a black handgun, 

and pointed it at O.M.’s head. Harmon told O.M., “Give me everything.” O.M. replied, “Don’t 

shoot,” and attempted to duck, at which point Harmon shot O.M. in the face.

1 We use O.M.’s initials in an attempt to better protect the victim’s privacy.
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Norfolk Police Officer Gary Winnie responded to a report of an attempted robbery and 

arrived at a nearby apartment where individuals matching the description of the suspects had 

been seen running inside. The apartment was later identified as Humphrey’s home address. At 

the apartment, Officer Winnie “saw a juvenile fitting the description that was put out and 

immediately detained him.” With the consent of the apartment’s leaseholder, police detectives

searched the apartment. One of the searching detectives, Detective Steven Sweden, testified that 

they found a number of “red shirts” similar to the victim’s description of the suspects’ clothing 

that were strewn around one of the bedrooms. In addition, the detectives recovered a loaded 

black handgun, which was concealed under a mattress in the same bedroom. Subsequent 

forensic analysis revealed Humphrey’s DNA on the magazine of the weapon.

A grand jury indicted Humphrey on charges of attempted robbery, malicious wounding, 

use of a firearm in the commission of a felony, and conspiracy to commit robbery. The Circuit 

Court of the City of Norfolk held a bench trial on the charges on April 15, 2019. At the 

conclusion of the Commonwealth’s case-in-chief, Humphrey moved to strike the

Commonwealth’s evidence, arguing that the evidence was insufficient to establish that 

Humphrey acted as a principal in the second degree. Therefore, Humphrey argued, the evidence 

was insufficient to convict him for the crimes perpetrated by Harmon. The trial court denied the 

motion, finding Humphrey guilty of all four offenses. The court sentenced Humphrey to 

fourteen years of imprisonment, with an active term of four years and with ten years suspended. 

This appeal followed.

II. ANALYSIS

A. Standard of Review

When considering the sufficiency of the evidence on appeal, “a reviewing court does not 

‘ask itself whether it believes that the evidence at the trial established guilt beyond a reasonable 
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doubt.’” Crowder v. Commonwealth, 41 Va. App. 658, 663 (2003) (quoting Jackson v. Virginia, 

443 U.S. 307, 318-19 (1979)). “Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the 

Commonwealth, as we must since it was the prevailing party in the trial court,” Riner v. 

Commonwealth, 268 Va. 296, 330 (2004), “[w]e must instead ask whether ‘any rational trier of 

fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt,’” Crowder, 

41 Va. App. at 663 (quoting Kelly v. Commonwealth, 41 Va. App. 250, 257 (2003) (en banc)). 

“This familiar standard gives full play to the responsibility of the trier of fact fairly to resolve 

conflicts in the testimony, to weigh the evidence, and to draw reasonable inferences from basic 

facts to ultimate facts.” Kelly, 41 Va. App. at 257-58 (quoting Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319).

B. Humphrey’s Convictions as a Principal in the Second Degree

Three of Humphrey’s convictions – attempted robbery, malicious wounding, and use of a 

firearm in the commission of a felony – were predicated on the conduct of Harmon. The trial 

court found Humphrey guilty of those offenses as a principal in the second degree, and convicted 

him accordingly. See Code § 18.2-18 (“In the case of every felony, every principal in the second 

degree and every accessory before the fact may be indicted, tried, convicted and punished in all 

respects as if a principal in the first degree . . . .”).

As we explained in Rollston v. Commonwealth, 11 Va. App. 535, 539 (1991):

“A principal in the second degree is one not the perpetrator, but 

present, aiding and abetting the act done, or keeping watch or 

guard at some convenient distance.” Brown v. Commonwealth, 

130 Va. 733, 736 (1921). As for what constitutes “aiding and 

abetting,” it is clear that mere presence and consent will not 

suffice. E.g., Underwood v. Commonwealth, 218 Va. 1045, 1048 

(1978). The defendant’s conduct must consist of “inciting, 

encouraging, advising or assisting in the [crime].” Frye v. 

Commonwealth, 231 Va. 370, 389 (1986). It must be shown that 

the defendant procured, encouraged, countenanced, or approved 

commission of the crime. Augustine v. Commonwealth, 226 Va. 

120, 124 (1983). “To constitute one an aider and abettor, he must 

be guilty of some overt act, or he must share the criminal intent of 
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the principal.” Triplett v. Commonwealth, 141 Va. 577, 586 

(1925); see also Moehring v. Commonwealth, 223 Va. 564, 567 

(1982).

Thus, a principal in the second degree must be present during the commission of the crime, and 

“must share the criminal intent of the party who actually committed the [crime] or be guilty of 

some overt act in furtherance thereof.” Augustine, 226 Va. at 124. Because the overt act must 

be done “knowingly in furtherance of the commission of the crime,” an accused’s “lack of intent 

is usually a defense to a conviction as a principal in the second degree.” McMorris v. 

Commonwealth, 276 Va. 500, 505 (2008). “The one exception exists,” however, “when there 

was concert of action and the resulting crime, whether such crime was originally contemplated or 

not, is a natural and probable consequence of the intended wrongful act.” Id. at 506 (citing 

Spradlin v. Commonwealth, 195 Va. 523, 528 (1954)). Consequently, “[l]ack of intent cannot be 

used as a defense when there was concert of action and the resulting crime was a natural and 

probable consequence of the intended wrongful act.” Id. at 507 (citing Spradlin, 195 Va. at 528).

Humphrey argues that the evidence was insufficient to convict him as a principal in the 

second degree, because the evidence did not establish that he acted with the requisite intent.

Instead, he contends “that presence and consent alone are insufficient to establish” his guilt in 

this case. Humphrey argues that the Commonwealth failed to present any evidence of an 

agreement between Humphrey and Harmon, instead relying on circumstantial evidence to prove 

that Humphrey acted with the requisite intent. Therefore, Humphrey argues, the trial court erred 

in denying his motion to strike the Commonwealth’s evidence.

However, “[t]he Commonwealth can, and most often must, present circumstantial 

evidence to prove that a defendant aided or abetted in the commission of a crime.” Id. at 506.

“While no single piece of evidence may be sufficient, the ‘combined force of many concurrent 

and related circumstances, each insufficient in itself, may lead a reasonable mind irresistibly to a 
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conclusion.’” Stamper v. Commonwealth, 220 Va. 260, 273 (1979) (quoting Karnes v. 

Commonwealth, 125 Va. 758, 764 (1919)). “In other words, in a circumstantial evidence case, 

such as the case currently before us, the accumulation of various facts and inferences, each 

mounting upon the others, may indeed provide sufficient evidence beyond a reasonable doubt of 

a defendant’s guilty knowledge . . . .” Ervin v. Commonwealth, 57 Va. App. 495, 505 (2011) (en 

banc).

In this case, the evidence supports Humphrey’s convictions as a principal in the second 

degree. Specifically, the record supports the trial court’s finding that Humphrey was not merely 

present during the commission of Harmon’s crimes, but that he committed an overt act 

knowingly in furtherance of those crimes, and that he shared in Harmon’s criminal intent. 

Humphrey was present at the address given to O.M. by the fraudulent “Timmy White” persona. 

Humphrey’s presence not only establishes a necessary precondition to his conviction as a 

principal in the second degree; in this particular case, his presence is itself also a relevant 

circumstance. His presence at the address provided by “Timmy White” is a circumstance which,

in conjunction with the other evidence presented at trial, tends to prove that Humphrey knew

about Harmon’s criminal plan and shared Harmon’s criminal intent. Moreover, Humphrey was 

not merely present at the scene, he also committed the overt act of pointing to Harmon and 

saying “Yeah. That’s him,” in response to O.M.’s question. The crux of O.M.’s question was 

whether the young men on the porch were there for the purpose of buying O.M.’s iPhone. 

Humphrey’s affirmative response was an overt act – one that linked Harmon to the fraudulent 

“Timmy White” persona and assisted the criminal enterprise in doing so. In addition, nothing in 

the record indicates that Humphrey made any attempt to dissuade or discourage Harmon, or to 

negate the assistance Humphrey had provided by identifying Harmon to O.M. as the son of the 

person who contacted O.M. about purchasing the iPhone.
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Furthermore, after the shooting, the parties immediately fled the scene. Well-settled 

principles establish that “[f]light following the commission of a crime is evidence of guilt . . . .” 

Clagett v. Commonwealth, 252 Va. 79, 93 (1996). In addition, the evidence went beyond mere 

flight from the scene in this case: Humphrey and Harmon fled to Humphrey’s home. Detective 

Sweden testified that, once inside Humphrey’s home, police detectives found a number of “red 

shirts” – similar to the victim’s description of the clothing the suspects had been wearing during 

the attempted robbery and shooting – strewn around a bedroom. In the same bedroom, they

discovered a black handgun – still loaded and concealed underneath a mattress – that was 

apparently used in the shooting and attempted robbery. Finally, Humphrey’s DNA was found on 

the magazine of the firearm.

2

In addition, we reject Humphrey’s argument that this Court’s decision in Jennings v. 

Commonwealth, 67 Va. App. 620 (2017), controls this case. Crucial to our decision in Jennings

was the fact that “[a]side from the DNA profiles” found on the items in that case, “there was no 

other evidence presented by the Commonwealth as to the identity of the robber.” Jennings, 67 

Va. App. at 624. Here, the Commonwealth presented substantial and persuasive circumstantial 

evidence in addition to the evidence of Humphrey’s DNA on the firearm’s magazine. Noting

also that “[t]he status of the accused as a principal in the second degree may be established by 

any combination of circumstantial evidence or direct evidence,” Brickhouse v. Commonwealth, 

2 The evidence clearly shows that the firearm was loaded when the detectives discovered 

it stuffed under a mattress of the bed in a bedroom in Humphrey’s home shortly after the crime 

occurred. The trial court could certainly infer that the location of Humphrey’s DNA – on the 

magazine of a loaded gun – suggests that Humphrey handled the firearm before it was loaded 

and before it came into Harmon’s possession. This is but one additional circumstance lending 

support to the trial court’s conclusion that Humphrey was aware of and helped facilitate 

Harmon’s criminal plan.
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276 Va. 682, 687 (2008) (citing Foster v. Commonwealth, 179 Va. 96, 100 (1942)), we conclude 

that Humphrey’s reliance on Jennings is misplaced.

In short, the evidence was sufficient for a rational factfinder to conclude that Humphrey

acted as a principal in the second degree with regard to attempted robbery, malicious wounding, 

and use of a firearm in the commission of a felony. 3 Considering the totality of the 

circumstances, and the accumulation of various facts and inferences, each mounting upon the 

others, we cannot say that no rational factfinder could have concluded that Humphrey acted as a 

principal in the second degree here. Therefore, the trial court did not err in finding Humphrey

guilty of those offenses.

4

C. Humphrey’s Conviction for Conspiracy

Humphrey’s fourth conviction was for conspiracy to commit robbery. Humphrey’s sole 

assignment of error in this appeal alleges that the evidence was insufficient for the trial court to 

conclude that “Humphrey acted as a principal in the second degree [] or in concert of action with 

the principal in the first degree [Harmon].” However, the grand jury also charged that “[o]n or 

3 Having found the evidence sufficient as a principal in the second degree, we do not 

need to reach or address whether Humphrey could also have been convicted for each of 

Harmon’s crimes based on co-conspirator liability, given Humphrey’s conviction also for 

conspiracy to commit robbery. See, e.g., Brown v. Commonwealth, 10 Va. App. 73, 81 (1990) 

(“Each member of a conspiracy is responsible for the acts of others in furtherance of the 

conspiracy, and all conspirators, even those without knowledge of the particular act, may be tried 

where any of those acts are performed.” (quoting Henry v. Commonwealth, 2 Va. App. 194, 198

(1986))).

4

In light of this holding, we do not address Humphrey’s argument that the evidence 

failed to establish a concert of action. As the Virginia Supreme Court made clear in McMorris,

the concert of action theory is an “exception” to the general rule that a principal in the second 

degree must either (1) commit an overt act knowingly in furtherance of the crime, or (2) share in 

the perpetrator’s criminal intent. McMorris, 276 Va. at 505-06. Here, because a rational 

factfinder could have concluded that Humphrey committed an overt act knowingly in furtherance 

of the crime, as well as that Humphrey shared in Harmon’s criminal intent, we do not need to 

also address or reach whether Humphrey also engaged in a concert of action with Harmon, the 

principal in the first degree.
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about July 11, 2018, in the City of Norfolk, Isadore Miracle Humphrey II feloniously did 

conspire with another to rob O.M. of U. S. Currency and/or personal property having some 

value, with the use of a firearm or simulated firearm.” Thus, Humphrey was charged as a party 

to the conspiracy – i.e., as a perpetrator or principal in the first degree.

At oral argument before this Court, counsel for Humphrey was asked whether he sought 

to contest the conviction for conspiracy on appeal. In response, counsel stated that he did 

contend that the evidence was insufficient to convict Humphrey of conspiracy, but 

acknowledged that he “perhaps failed procedurally to include that in the assignment of error.” 

We agree with counsel for Humphrey that his only assignment of error on appeal to this Court 

does not encompass a challenge to the conspiracy conviction. Therefore, Rule 5A:12 does not 

allow Humphrey to expand his arguments beyond his assignment of error, even if he now 

maintains that the evidence was insufficient to convict him of conspiracy. See Rule

5A:12(c)(1)(i) (“Only assignments of error assigned in the petition for appeal will be noticed by 

this Court.”). Consequently, Rule 5A:12 precludes Humphrey from arguing on appeal that the 

evidence was insufficient to convict him of conspiracy.5 

III. CONCLUSION

In short, Humphrey’s convictions for attempted robbery, malicious wounding, and use of a 

firearm in the commission of a felony were supported by sufficient evidence for the trial court to 

conclude that Humphrey acted as a principal in the second degree. He was present during the 

5 We note that Humphrey’s conviction for conspiracy to commit robbery required a 

finding of an agreement to commit robbery. Even if we were to assume that Humphrey’s 

assignment of error encompasses a challenge to his conspiracy conviction, the evidence is 

sufficient for a rational factfinder to conclude that Humphrey agreed to rob O.M. The evidence 

supporting Humphrey’s convictions as a principal in the second degree provides ample proof 

upon which a rational factfinder could have concluded that Humphrey also conspired with 

Harmon to rob O.M. of her iPhone.
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commission of the crimes – and at the address given to O.M. by “Timmy White.” He responded to 

O.M.’s question by pointing to and identifying Harmon as the son of the person who contacted her

about purchasing the iPhone. The parties fled to Humphrey’s home in the aftermath of the shooting. 

Clothing very similar to the description of the suspects’ clothing during the crimes was recovered 

from the floor of a bedroom inside Humphrey’s home. Furthermore, police found the loaded black 

handgun apparently used to shoot the victim concealed under a mattress in the same bedroom.

Finally, Humphrey’s DNA was discovered on the magazine of the firearm. Based on the totality of 

these circumstances, each mounting upon the others, we cannot say that no rational factfinder could 

have concluded that Humphrey committed an overt act knowingly in furtherance of Harmon’s

crimes – or that Humphrey shared in Harmon’s criminal intent. Consequently, the trial court did not 

err in convicting Humphrey of attempted robbery, malicious wounding, and use of a firearm in the 

commission of a felony as a principal in the second degree.

Humphrey was also convicted of conspiracy to commit robbery as a party to the conspiracy 

(i.e., as a principal in the first degree). However, Humphrey’s sole assignment of error to this Court 

challenges the sufficiency of the evidence for the trial court to conclude that he “acted as a principal

in the second degree [] or in concert of action with the principal in the first degree [Harmon].” 

Therefore, we do not reach the merits of Humphrey’s contention on brief that the evidence was 

insufficient to convict him of conspiracy to commit robbery because, as counsel acknowledges, that 

contention is not included in Humphrey’s only assignment of error to this Court.

For all of these reasons, we uphold Humphrey’s convictions for attempted robbery, 

malicious wounding, use of a firearm in the commission of a felony, and conspiracy to commit 

robbery.

Affirmed.