[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

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No. 14-15329

Non-Argument Calendar

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D.C. Docket No. 3:13-cr-00100-WKW-CSC-16

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 

 Plaintiff-Appellee,

versus

EDWARD DUCKWORTH, 

 Defendant-Appellant.

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Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Middle District of Alabama

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(July 17, 2015)

Before WILSON, MARTIN, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM: 

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Edward Duckworth appeals his 14-month sentence, imposed after pleading 

guilty to one count of conspiracy to sponsor, exhibit, buy, sell, possess, train, or 

transport a dog for participation in an animal fighting venture, in violation of 18 

U.S.C. § 371 and 7 U.S.C. § 2156(b). On appeal, he argues that the district court 

erred in (1) applying a base offense level of 12 under U.S.S.G. § 2E3.1(a)(1) rather 

than 10 under U.S.S.G. § 2E3.1(a)(2); and (2) not applying a minor or minimal role 

reduction under U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2. After consideration of the parties’ briefs and 

review of the record, we find that the district court did not err in either decision. 

Accordingly, we affirm Duckworth’s sentence.1

I.

Duckworth first argues that he should have been assigned a base offense 

level of 10, under U.S.S.G. §2E3.1(a)(2), instead of the level of 12 that he was 

assigned, under U.S.S.G. § 2E3.1(a)(1). We review a district court’s factual 

findings for clear error, and its application of the Guidelines to those facts is 

reviewed de novo. See United States v. Dimitrovski, 782 F.3d 622, 628 (11th Cir. 

2015). “‘The findings of fact of the sentencing court may be based on evidence 

heard during trial, facts admitted by a defendant’s plea of guilty, undisputed 

statements in the presentence report, or evidence presented at the sentencing 

 1 Although Duckworth was released from federal imprisonment on May 1, 2015, he is 

currently serving his term of supervised release, “which is part of his sentence and involves some 

restrictions upon his liberty.” Dawson v. Scott, 50 F.3d 884, 886 n.2 (11th Cir. 1995). Thus, his 

appeal is not moot. See id.

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hearing.’” United States v. Caraballo, 595 F.3d 1214, 1232 (11th Cir. 2010) 

(quoting United States v. Wilson, 884 F.2d 1355, 1356 (11th Cir. 1989)). 

“‘Offense’ means the offense of conviction and all relevant conduct under 

§ 1B1.3 . . . unless a different meaning is specified or is otherwise clear from the 

context.” U.S.S.G. § 1B1.1 cmt. n.1(H). The base offense level is determined on 

the bases of “all acts and omissions committed, aided, abetted, counseled, 

commanded, induced, procured, or willfully caused by the defendant,” and, “in the 

case of a jointly undertaken criminal activity . . . , all reasonably foreseeable acts 

and omissions of others in furtherance of the jointly undertaken criminal activity.”

U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3(a)(1)(A)–B.

Under § 2E3.1(a) (“Gambling Offenses; Animal Fighting Offenses”), the 

base offense level is:

(1) 12, if the offense was (A) engaging in a gambling business; 

(B) transmission of wagering information; or (C) committed as part 

of, or to facilitate, a commercial gambling operation; or

(2) 10, if the offense involved an animal fighting venture.

Id. § 2E3.1(a)(1)–(2). An “animal fighting venture” is defined as “any event, in or 

affecting interstate or foreign commerce, that involves a fight conducted or to be 

conducted between at least 2 animals for purposes of sport, wagering, or 

entertainment.” 7 U.S.C. § 2156(g); see U.S.S.G. § 2E3.1 cmt. n.1. 

As an initial matter, we find that the district court did not clearly err in 

determining that Duckworth was involved beyond just the April 7, 2012 fight in 

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which he admitted participating. Evidence existed that Duckworth refereed fights, 

fought dogs in other fights, and trained dogs. In addition, Duckworth was known 

by other participants as being involved in the dog fighting circuit. Furthermore, 

the district court did not clearly err in finding that the gambling activities of the 

other codefendants (the facts of which are not contested here) were reasonably 

foreseeable to Duckworth. See U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3(a)(1)(B) (stating that the base 

offense level in jointly undertaken criminal activity includes “all reasonably 

foreseeable acts and omissions of others in furtherance of the jointly undertaken 

criminal activity”). 

Accordingly, based on these facts, the district court did not err in applying 

the base level of 12 under § 2E3.1(a)(1). Looking to the plain language of the 

guideline, the gambling activities of Duckworth’s co-conspirators fit within 

“engaging in a gambling business” or “a commercial gambling operation.” See

U.S.S.G. § 2E3.1(a)(1). Although Duckworth argues that dog fighting is 

quintessentially economic, the guideline definition of animal fighting is broader 

and can include fights for sport or entertainment, not just those for wagering. See 7 

U.S.C. § 2156(g); U.S.S.G. § 2E3.1 cmt. n.1. 

While Duckworth also argues that the statutory definition of “gambling 

business” as found in 18 U.S.C. 1955(b)(1) should apply, there is no crossreference in the guideline (unlike for animal fighting) and, therefore, we look to the 

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plain language of gambling. See United States v. Cruz, 713 F.3d 600, 607 (11th 

Cir. 2013) (“When interpreting the Guidelines, a guideline’s meaning is derived 

first from its plain language and, absent ambiguity, no additional inquiry is 

necessary.” (internal quotation marks omitted)). However, even if we were to 

apply the § 1955 definition, Duckworth’s offense qualifies—it was illegal, 

involved 5 or more people, and grossed far more than $2,000 in a single day. See

18 U.S.C. 1955(b)(1). Thus, we do not find that the district court erred in 

assigning Duckworth a base offense level of 12.

II.

Duckworth next argues that the district court should have applied a minor or 

minimal role reduction under U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2. A district court’s determination of 

a defendant’s role in an offense is a finding of fact that we review for clear error. 

United States v. Rodriguez De Varon, 175 F.3d 930, 937 (11th Cir. 1999) (en 

banc). “[T]he district court has considerable discretion in making this factintensive determination.” United States v. Boyd, 291 F.3d 1274, 1277–78 (11th 

Cir. 2002). 

Under the Guidelines, a defendant may receive a reduction for having a 

limited role in the offense. See U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2. The defendant may receive a 

four-level reduction if he was a minimal participant, a two-level reduction if he 

was a minor participant, or a three-level reduction if he was somewhere between a 

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minimal and minor participant. Id. The determination of whether to apply a 

mitigating role adjustment “is heavily dependent upon the facts of the particular 

case.” Id. § 3B1.2 cmt. n.3(C). “The defendant has the burden of establishing his 

role in the offense by a preponderance of the evidence.” United States v. AlvarezCoria, 447 F.3d 1340, 1343 (11th Cir. 2006) (per curiam).

Here, the district court did not clearly err in refusing to apply a minor role 

reduction or a minimal role reduction. Duckworth transported a dog and fought it 

at a dog fight hosted by one of his codefendants on April 7, 2012. And, as 

mentioned above, the district court did not clearly err in finding that Duckworth 

also fought dogs in other dog fights, refereed fights hosted by a codefendant, 

received money from this codefendant to train dogs, and had trained other 

individuals’ dogs. Duckworth also knew the scope of operations and activities of 

others and was known by others in the dog fighting circuit. Cf. U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2

cmt. n.4 (noting that minimal participation may be indicated by a defendant’s “lack 

of knowledge or understanding of the scope and structure of the enterprise and of 

the activities of others”). 

In light of these activities, it was not clearly erroneous to find that 

Duckworth was not substantially less culpable than or plainly among the least 

culpable of the other participants, even excluding those individuals who only 

attended the dog fights. See De Varon, 175 F.3d at 940; see also U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2

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cmt. n.3(A). The fact that he did not plan the fights or take wagers is not 

dispositive, because although his role may have been less than some of the other 

participants, “it is possible that none of them are minor or minimal participants.” 

See De Varon, 175 F.3d at 944. That is particularly appropriate here, where 

Duckworth, despite his potentially lesser culpability than some codefendants, still 

kept 12–15 dogs of his own, trained and fought dogs, refereed fights, and was 

known and discussed by other participants regarding dog fighting and gambling. 

Thus, Duckworth has not established his qualification for a minor role reduction by 

a preponderance of the evidence, and the district court did not err in finding that 

the reduction did not apply. See Alvarez-Coria, 447 F.3d at 1343.

Accordingly, we affirm Duckworth’s sentence.

AFFIRMED.

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