NOT FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 

Plaintiff–Appellee, 

 v. 

DANIEL JOHNSON, 

Defendant–Appellant.

No. 19-30028

D.C. No. 6:14–cr–00482–MC–1

MEMORANDUM*

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the District of Oregon

Michael J. McShane, District Judge, Presiding

Argued and Submitted July 7, 2020

Portland, Oregon

Before: BENNETT and MILLER, Circuit Judges, and PEARSON,** District Judge.

Concurrence by Judge BENNETT

Daniel Johnson was convicted of engaging in illicit sexual conduct in a 

foreign place, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2423(c) and (e) (counts 1-6); traveling to 

a foreign place with the intent to engage in illicit sexual conduct, in violation of 18 

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent 

except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36–3.

** The Honorable Benita Y. Pearson, United States District Judge for the 

Northern District of Ohio, sitting by designation.

FILED

AUG 12 2020

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
2 

U.S.C. § 2423(b) (count 7); and crossing state lines with the intent to engage in a 

sexual act with a person under 12, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2241(c) (count 8). 

He timely appeals the district court’s denial of his pre-trial motions for discovery

and to dismiss the superseding indictment based on the rule of specialty; his 

proposed jury instruction on count 8; and motion for a new trial or order of 

acquittal with regard to counts 1 through 6. Johnson also, for the first time on 

appeal, argues that a prospective juror’s statement during voir dire tainted the jury. 

We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we affirm.

1. Johnson argues that the superseding indictment, which imposed seven 

of the eight counts on which he was convicted, should have been dismissed as a 

violation of the rule of specialty. He also avers that discovery was warranted on 

the doctrine’s applicability.

A district court’s finding that a superseding indictment does not violate the 

rule of specialty is reviewed de novo. United States v. Andonian, 29 F.3d 1432, 

1434 (9th Cir. 1994). Discovery rulings are reviewed for an abuse of discretion. 

United States v. Soto-Zuniga, 837 F.3d 992, 998 (9th Cir. 2016) (citation omitted). 

The rule of specialty prohibits a requesting nation from prosecuting an 

“extradited individual for any offense other than that for which the surrendering 

state agreed to extradite.” Quinn v. Robinson, 783 F.2d 776, 783 (9th Cir. 1986). 

For the doctrine to apply, the criminal defendant must have been involved in 
3 

“formal extradition proceedings” pursuant to a valid extradition treaty between 

countries. See United States v. Valot, 625 F.2d 308, 310 (9th Cir. 1980). “Neither 

deportation nor surrender other than in response to a demand pursuant to Treaty 

constitutes extradition.” Oen Yin-Choy v. Robinson, 858 F.2d 1400, 1404 (9th Cir. 

1988). 

No extradition treaty existed between the United States and the Kingdom of 

Cambodia at the time of Johnson’s removal. Therefore, the district court properly 

found the rule of specialty to be inapplicable to his deportation from Cambodia. 

The district court also correctly found the doctrine to be inapplicable when, in the 

course of his removal from Cambodia, Johnson was transported through a South 

Korean airport. Because Johnson was transited through the airport pursuant to 

Article 17 of the United States-South Korea treaty, as opposed to extradited

pursuant to another provision, the rule of specialty had no bearing on the

superseding indictment.

2. Johnson alleges the district court erred when it empaneled a jury 

tainted by the comment of a prospective juror. 

Ordinarily we review a district court’s determinations as to juror 

impartiality, the scope and method of voir dire, and the manner of addressing 

possible jury misconduct for abuse of discretion. United States v. Shryock, 342 

F.3d 948, 971-73 (9th Cir. 2003); United States v. Mendoza, 157 F.3d 730, 733 
4 

(9th Cir. 1998). Because Johnson failed to object to jury selection, however, our 

review is for plain error. United States v. Lindsey, 634 F.3d 541, 550 (9th Cir. 

2011). Under plain error review, we will reverse only if (1) there was error; (2) the 

error was plain; (3) the error affected substantial rights; and (4) the error seriously 

affected the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of the judicial proceedings. 

United States v. Depue, 912 F.3d 1227, 1232 (9th Cir. 2019) (en banc). 

Johnson, relying on our decision in Mach v. Stewart, 137 F.3d 630 (9th Cir. 

1997), contends that a prospective juror’s comment during voir dire—regarding his 

facial expression—directly contaminated five jurors who rendered verdicts. 

Johnson’s reliance on Mach is misplaced. While the prospective juror’s comment 

displayed subjective bias against Johnson, it did not rise to the level of the 

repeated, inflammatory, expert-like comments made in Mach. Also, unlike in 

Mach, defense counsel in the case at bar made no efforts to object to the comment, 

request a curative instruction, or demand a mistrial. After dismissing the 

prospective juror for cause, the district court made a number of instructions which

mitigated any possible prejudice. Given the overwhelming evidence against him, 

Johnson has not shown a “reasonable probability” that the comment affected the 

outcome. See United States v. Ameline, 409 F.3d 1073, 1078 (9th Cir. 2005) (en 

banc).

3. Johnson alleges the district court erred in denying him a new trial or 
5 

alternatively a judgment of acquittal on counts 1 through 6 in light of our decision 

in United States v. Pepe, 895 F.3d 679 (9th Cir. 2018), which held that the pre2013 version of 18 U.S.C. § 2423(c) did not apply to United States citizens living 

abroad “unless they were traveling—meaning something more than being in 

transit—when they had illicit sex.” Id. at 682.

The denial of a motion for a new trial is reviewed for abuse of discretion. 

United States v. King, 660 F.3d 1071, 1076 (9th Cir. 2011). We review de novo a 

district court’s denial of a motion for acquittal on the sufficiency of the evidence. 

United States v. Ubaldo, 859 F.3d 690, 699 (9th Cir. 2017). “There is sufficient 

evidence to support a conviction if, viewing the evidence in the light most 

favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the 

essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. (citation omitted). 

Johnson argues that given our holding in Pepe, § 2423(c) does not reach his

conduct because he resided in Cambodia at the time of the sexual offenses and 

therefore was not “traveling.” When we view the facts in the light most favorable 

to the government, the record does not bear this characterization. The parties 

stipulated that Johnson traveled from the United States to Cambodia on ten 

separate occasions between 2005 and 2013. The periods during which each victim 

was abused corresponded with the dates Johnson traveled to Cambodia. Johnson 

would return to the United States after each of the charged acts of abuse.
6 

Jurors also heard evidence that Johnson made approximately 30 trips to 

other parts of Southeast Asia between 2005 and 2013. Importantly, during the 

nine-year period in which Johnson avers he resided in Cambodia, he maintained a 

permanent residence in Oregon, held an Oregon driver’s license, and took other 

actions consistent with that of a citizen of the United States traveling temporarily 

overseas. On U.S. passport forms, for example, Johnson would describe his “trips 

abroad” as “temporary” and listed multiple countries he planned to visit. 

As the jury was presented with overwhelming evidence that Johnson was in 

fact traveling when the illicit sexual acts occurred, the district court did not err in 

denying Johnson a new trial or acquittal on counts 1 through 6. 

4. Johnson also challenges the district court’s jury instruction on count 8, 

which charged aggravated sexual abuse under 18 U.S.C. § 2241(c). Johnson

objected to the government’s proposed jury instruction for count 8—which did not 

require proof of a sexual act—and requested that the district court instead adopt an 

instruction requiring the government to prove the commission of a sexual act. The 

district court overruled his objection and adopted the government’s proposed 

instruction requiring the jury to find that: (1) Johnson crossed a state line (2) with 

the intent to engage in a sexual act with a person who is less than twelve years old. 

We review de novo “whether the district court’s instructions omitted or 

misstated an element of the charged offense.” United States v. Cherer, 513 F.3d 
7 

1150, 1154 (9th Cir. 2008) (internal quotation marks omitted).

We identified the “essential conduct elements” of the aggravated sexual 

abuse statute in United States v. Lukashov, 694 F.3d 1107, 1121 (9th Cir. 2012). 

They are: (1) crossing a state line; (2) with intent to engage in a sexual act with a 

child [under twelve]; and (3) engaging in or attempting to engage in a sexual act 

with a child. Id. In light of Lukashov, the district court’s jury instruction regarding 

18 U.S.C. § 2241(c) fell short in that it omitted the third element, requiring jurors 

to find that Johnson engaged or attempted to engage in a sexual act with a child. 

“Jury instructions, even if imperfect, are not a basis for overturning a 

conviction absent a showing that they prejudiced the defendant.” Cherer, 513 F.3d 

at 1155 (citation omitted). With its verdict on count three, the jury found that 

Johnson had engaged in a sexual act with a minor victim. At trial, that victim 

testified that his passport lists a 2002 birth date, that he lived at Johnson’s 

orphanage between 2009 and 2013, and that Johnson abused him throughout that 

entire period. Our review of the record leaves no doubt that the victim was under 

twelve years old during Johnson’s conduct. We conclude that the omitted element 

was “supported by uncontroverted evidence,” making it clear beyond a reasonable 

doubt that the jury verdict would have been the same absent the error. Neder v. 

United States, 527 U.S. 1, 18 (1999). 

Accordingly, the omission of an element from the jury instructions
8 

constituted harmless error. 

AFFIRMED.

__________________________________________

BENNETT, Circuit Judge, concurring:

In United States v. Lukashov, 694 F.3d 1107, 1121 (9th Cir. 2012), a case, 

which like this one, arose in the District of Oregon, we made clear that the 

“essential conduct” elements of an offense under 18 U.S.C. § 2241(c) include 

“engaging in or attempting to engage in a sexual act with a child.” Id. We decided 

Lukashov more than five years before this trial. When the government persuaded

the district court not to give Ninth Circuit Model Jury Instruction 8.168, which 

included this element,1the government did not identify Lukashov to the district 

1 The instruction defines the elements as: “First, the defendant knowingly engaged 

in a sexual act with [name of victim]; Second, at the time, [name of victim] was 

under the age of twelve years; and Third, [the defendant crossed a state line with 

the intent to engage in a sexual act with a person who was under the age of twelve 

years] . . . The government need not prove that the defendant knew that the other 

person engaging in the sexual act was under the age of twelve years.” Model 

Crim. Jury Instr. 9th Cir. 8.168 (2010 ed.), http://www3.ce9.uscourts.gov/juryinstructions/sites/default/files/WPD/Criminal_Instructions_2019_12_0.pdf (last 

updated Dec. 2019) (emphasis added).

The instruction which the district court erroneously gave, at the government’s 

request, read in pertinent part: “In order for you to find him guilty of this charge 

the government must prove each of the following elements beyond a reasonable 

doubt: One, Mr. Johnson traveled across a state line between on or about June 

23rd, 2011, and May 29, 2013; and two, Mr. Johnson traveled with the intent to 

engage in a sexual act with a person who is less than 12 years old. Again, the 
9 

court. It also did not identify Lukashov in its brief on appeal. We told the parties 

before oral argument to be prepared to address Lukashov, and the government at 

oral argument argued Lukashov was distinguishable because it was a venue case. 

The government is wrong. It is wrong that Lukashov does not control, and thus the 

government led the district court astray as to the jury instruction defining the 

elements of a crime that carried a possible life sentence. And here Johnson was 

sentenced to life for that crime. There is nothing to suggest that the government 

intentionally failed to cite Lukashov—neither the government nor the defendant 

cited Lukashov to either the district court or to us. But I am still very troubled by 

that failure in the circumstances here.

The government argues on appeal that while the jury instruction was correct, 

even if it was wrong, any error was harmless.2I reluctantly agree that in the 

circumstances here, the error was harmless “beyond a reasonable doubt.” Neder v. 

United States, 527 U.S. 1, 17 (1999). “[T]he jury verdict would have been the 

same absent the error.” Id.

government does not have to prove that Mr. Johnson actually engaged in a sexual 

act with a person under 12, but must prove that he traveled with the intent to 

engage in such conduct.” (emphasis added).

2

“In any event, the district court’s refusal to issue the Ninth Circuit model

instruction was—at most—harmless error . . . . The jury necessarily found that 

Johnson had engaged in a sex act with a minor victim who was under 12.”
10 

The relevant issue was whether the defendant engaged in sex acts with a 

child under 12, victim L.S. The defendant contends “[w]e do not know how old 

[L.S.] was, and the defense could not explore that because with the court’s ruling, 

LS age (under 12) was irrelevant. (His age under 18 was relevant for the other 

counts.).” This argument has some force, and the problem was entirely of the 

government’s making. But here, the jury saw pictures of L.S. taken during the 

period of sexual abuse, saw L.S.’s passport photo with his birthdate, heard his 

testimony, and made a special finding that Johnson knowingly engaged in a sex act 

with L.S. In addition, L.S. testified that he lived at the Hope Transition Center 

orphanage from 2009 through 2013,3that Johnson began to sexually abuse him just 

after his arrival, and that this abuse happened several times a week for four years.

The pictures of L.S. alone are compelling as to his age when the defendant abused 

him. The omitted element from the jury instruction is thus “supported by 

overwhelming evidence,” Neder, 527 U.S. at 17, and Johnson has shown no

evidence in the record to the contrary, nor has he shown what such evidence could 

be.

4

3 Based on his passport birthdate, L.S. was 7 years old when he arrived at the 

orphanage in 2009. 

4

Johnson admits that L.S. “was under 12 for most of his time at [the orphanage],” 

but also argues that as a result of the erroneous jury instruction, the government 

didn’t need to prove that there was any actual victim to convict on Count 8. True, 

but it does not affect our harmless error analysis.
11 

I thus concur because the error here was harmless. But the government 

should have done better than it did.