No. 02-201

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA

2003 MT 52

STATE OF MONTANA,

Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.

GARY LEE SENN,

Defendant and Appellant.

APPEAL FROM: District Court of the Fourth Judicial District,

In and for the County of Missoula, Cause No. DC 88-8294,

The Honorable Douglas G. Harkin, Judge presiding.

COUNSEL OF RECORD:

For Appellant:

Kathleen Foley, Boggs & Foley Law Office, Missoula, Montana

For Respondent:

Hon. Mike McGrath, Attorney General; John Paulson,

Assistant Attorney General, Helena, Montana

Fred Van Valkenburg, Missoula County Attorney, Missoula, Montana

 Submitted on Briefs: October 10, 2002

Decided: March 25, 2003

Filed:

__________________________________________

Clerk
1 See North Carolina v. Alford (1970), 400 U.S. 25, 91 S.Ct. 160, 27 L.Ed.2d 162.

2

Justice Terry N. Trieweiler delivered the Opinion of the Court.

¶1 The State of Montana petitioned the District Court for the Fourth Judicial District in

Missoula County, to revoke the suspended sentences of the defendant, Gary Lee Senn, for

an alleged violation of a condition to probation. The District Court found that Senn violated

a condition of probation and revoked his suspended sentences. Senn appeals the District

Court's order and new sentences imposed. We affirm the judgment of the District Court.

¶2 The issues on appeal are:

¶3 1. Did the District Court abuse its discretion when it found that Senn violated a

condition of his probation and revoked his suspended sentences?

¶4 2. Did the District Court err by not considering the time served by Senn on probation

and expressly allowing or disallowing a credit against his sentences for that amount of time?

¶5 3. Should this Court review the length of the sentence imposed by the District Court

for an abuse of discretion?

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

¶6 On June 15, 1988, the State charged Senn with two counts of forgery and

accountability for forgery, and in the alternative, two counts of theft. Pursuant to an Alford

plea agreement,1

 Senn pled guilty to both counts of forgery and was sentenced to 20 years

in prison with 15 years suspended for each offense. Both sentences were to be served

concurrently. Senn's conviction and sentence were affirmed on appeal in State v. Senn

(1990), 244 Mont. 56, 795 P.2d 973.
3

¶7 Senn discharged the prison portion of his sentences on April 13, 1992. On December

22, 1994, Senn requested that his probation supervision be transferred to the State of

Washington, where he was accepted for supervision on April 17, 1995, pursuant to an

interstate compact. Senn moved to Spokane, Washington. 

¶8 On May 15, 2000, after Senn served several years on probation in Spokane,

Washington, the Missoula County Attorney filed a petition to revoke Senn's suspended

sentences based on several alleged violations of the conditions of his probation. Senn was

arrested in Washington and was returned to Montana. On September 11, 2000, Senn

admitted that he violated some of the terms of probation. The District Court revoked Senn's

suspended sentences, sentenced him to 30 days in the Missoula County Jail with credit for

time served, and reinstated his probation. The District Court permitted Senn to return to

Spokane while the State of Washington considered whether to continue to supervise Senn

during the completion of his sentence.

¶9 Senn's conditions of probation included State Rule #4, which required Senn to report

to his parole officer, Jennifer Welling, as directed. After meeting with Welling, Senn

received a 30-day travel permit to depart to Washington, and returned to Spokane,

Washington, sometime in September 2000 to live at his sister's house. His home in

Washington had no telephone. 

¶10 From September 2000 until March 2001, Senn did not have an assigned probation

officer in Washington, but in March 2001, Aaron Cole was assigned as Senn's "temporary

supervising officer" while the State of Washington decided whether to continue to supervise
4

Senn. While waiting for a probation officer in Washington, Senn had no contact with

Welling, his probation officer in Montana. However, Welling did at one time attempt to

contact Senn at a telephone number Senn provided but which had been disconnected. 

¶11 After receiving his temporary assignment to Senn, Cole delivered two cards to Senn's

residence on March 9, 2001, requesting that Senn meet with him. Senn acknowledged

receiving the cards; however, he did not appear as requested on March 12, 2001. He did

report to Cole as requested on March 16, 2001, at which time he informed Cole that he had

been in the hospital and experienced health problems. Cole found Senn to be credible with

regard to his health and noted that Senn appeared in poor health. On March 26, 2001, Senn

missed another appointment with Cole to discuss interstate intake. 

¶12 On April 2, 2001, Cole provided a report stating that the State of Washington would

not agree to supervise Senn. The report stated:

Senn has failed to show for 2 out of 3 appointments set in March. He failed

to show for his Intake appointment as scheduled. However, he has been in

and out of the hospital for a collapsed lung (I have not verified through any

bills). However, he does appear to be in poor health. The one time he did

report to my office, he did not appear to be amenable to his conditions. He

was angry with Montana and the whole system in general . . . It does not

appear that Senn will follow any rules in WA, as the past has shown.

The report also noted that Senn was arrested for shoplifting, that the arrest was a violation

of Senn's probation, and recommended that Senn report to his probation officer in Montana.

¶13 On April 9, 2001, Welling sent a letter to Senn at his sister's address, informing him

that the State of Washington refused to supervise him. The letter also informed Senn that

he must return to Montana by April 30, 2001, or a warrant would be issued for his arrest and
5

extradition back to Montana. Senn later testified that he did not receive this letter until April

29, 2001. 

¶14 On April 27, 2001, without a prior appointment, Senn inexplicably appeared at Cole's

office. Cole informed Senn that the State of Washington had denied Senn's request for

supervision and that he should contact his probation officer in Montana immediately. Cole

told Senn that he could possibly avoid being arrested and have a hearing if he did so.

Apparently, Senn did not contact or make an attempt to contact Welling at that time. 

¶15 Senn returned to Cole's office on April 30, 2001. Senn told Cole that he had received

a letter from Montana ordering him to report to his probation officer on that day. Senn also

told Cole that he was not going to go to Montana, but that he wished to resolve the matter.

Cole told Senn to contact his probation officer in Montana. 

¶16 Senn also told Cole that a warrant for his arrest was outstanding for his failure to

appear in court following his arrest for theft in January. That conversation was overheard

by a police officer at Cole's office. That officer arrested Senn at his home later that day.

After the arrest, Cole called Welling and told her that Senn was currently in custody of the

Spokane Police Department. 

¶17 Senn was released from Spokane County Jail on or before May 15, 2001. Apparently,

Senn attempted to contact Welling and the Montana Department of Corrections by telephone

regarding his situation, but was unable to reach either because they would not accept collect

calls. Senn did not, however, send any letters to Welling or the Montana Department of

Corrections, and Senn did not consult with his attorney regarding his failure to report to
6

Welling.

¶18 On June 13, 2001, the Missoula County Attorney filed a petition to revoke Senn's

suspended sentences on the ground that he violated State Rule #4, which required that he

personally report to his probation officer as directed and provide monthly reports. The

District Court issued a bench warrant and Senn was arrested on July 15, 2001. Senn waived

extradition, was sent back to Montana, and the theft charges in Spokane were dismissed on

July 23, 2001. On October 30, 2001, the District Court conducted a probation revocation

hearing, at which Welling, Cole, and Senn testified. The District Court found that the State

offered sufficient evidence that Senn violated his probation and ordered a dispositional

hearing on December 11, 2001, for consideration of Senn's sentence. On December 11,

2001, the District Court sentenced Senn to complete the remaining 15 years of his suspended

sentences, with no credit for time served on probation. The District Court issued its

judgment on January 18, 2002.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

¶19 When asked to revoke probation or a suspended sentence, the issue before the District

Court is whether it "is reasonably satisfied that the conduct of the probationer has not been

what he agreed it would be if he were given liberty." State v. Averill, 2001 MT 161, ¶ 22,

306 Mont. 106, ¶ 22, 30 P.3d 1059, ¶ 22 (citations omitted). We review the District Court's

decision to determine whether the District Court's decision to revoke a suspended sentence

was supported by a preponderance of the evidence, and if so, whether the District Court

abused its discretion. Averill, ¶ 22.
7

DISCUSSION

ISSUE 1

¶20 Did the District Court abuse its discretion when it found that Senn violated a

condition of his probation and revoked his suspended sentences?

¶21 Senn contends that the District Court abused its discretion when it revoked his

suspended sentences because there were sufficient facts in evidence to excuse any violation,

including that he did not receive the April 9, 2001, letter from Welling until April 29, 2001,

his medical condition, his arrest and detention in Washington, his "good faith" belief that he

needed to handle his arrest and detention in Washington before he could remedy the situation

with his probation in Montana, and that Montana's prior lack of communication with him led

him to a "good faith" assumption that he was not in violation of any rule of probation. Senn

suggests that had he not been again arrested in July, he would have contacted Montana after

he resolved the charges against him in Washington. Senn also contends that Welling's

failure to adequately supervise him, as required by § 46-23-1011(3), MCA, should preclude

the finding of a violation, or in the alternate, such a harsh sentence. 

¶22 The State contends that the District Court's decision to revoke Senn's suspended

sentence was not an abuse of discretion because the State sufficiently proved by a

preponderance of the evidence that Senn violated one of the conditions of his probation, and

that the State did not violate any duty owed to Senn. 

¶23 It is without dispute that Senn failed to report to Montana as required by Welling, his

probation officer. It is also undisputed that Welling sent the order to appear and that Senn
8

did, in fact, receive the notice on or before April 29, 2001. Senn's own testimony further

established that, despite having notice to appear or contact Welling, Senn failed to do so,

even when released on bail, from the time of his arrest on April 30, 2001, until his

subsequent arrest on July 15, 2001. The record clearly establishes that Senn did violate one

of the conditions that he agreed to follow while on probation, namely State Rule #4, which

provided: "[y]ou are required to personally report to your Probation/Parole Officer as

directed." 

¶24 While Senn has provided this Court and the District Court with evidence regarding

his health problems, his poverty, his arrest(s) in Washington, and his "good faith"

assumption that matters in Montana could be resolved after he had resolved the criminal

matters in Washington, this evidence does not excuse Senn's violation of a term of probation.

Senn's testimony at the revocation hearing established that he did not contact Welling despite

notice from her letter, and that he was aware prior to his arrest in April 2001 that Welling's

office would not accept collect phone calls. Senn does not provide any authority to support

his contention that his "good faith" should excuse the fact that he violated a rule of

probation. Senn admitted that he had an attorney, but failed to discuss the Montana situation

with his attorney. Furthermore, it was Senn's own conduct, i.e. his failure to appear at a

court date in Spokane which prevented him from returning to Montana on April 30, 2001.

¶25 Nor was Senn's violation excused because of Welling's alleged failure to advise and

consult with Senn pursuant to § 46-23-1011(3), MCA. While it is conceded by the State that

Welling had no contact with Senn and that Senn had no probation supervision until Cole's
9

assignment in March, Senn provides no authority to support his contention that these facts

excused his compliance with a known condition of probation. Furthermore, the

circumstances suggest the contrary. When Welling did send a letter to Senn ordering him

to report, Senn failed to contact her by phone or by mail for at least two and one-half

months. Even when Senn did have supervision by Cole, Senn failed to appear at two out of

three scheduled meetings, including his interstate compact intake. Even when supervised,

Senn failed to comply with his probation officers' requests. 

¶26 Senn does not suggest that the District Court's findings are clearly erroneous. We

conclude that the District Court did not abuse its discretion when it revoked Senn's

suspended sentences.

ISSUE 2 

¶27 Did the District Court err by not considering the time served by Senn on probation

and expressly allowing or disallowing a credit against his sentences for that amount of time?

¶28 Senn contends that the District Court erred when it failed to expressly consider at the

revocation hearing whether to give Senn credit for time that elapsed while he was on parole.

The State contends that the District Court did provide reasons in its written order pursuant

to § 46-18-203(7)(b), MCA, why it would not grant Senn credit for the time he served on

probation and that the District Court correctly considered Senn's prior conduct and arrests

while on probation when it declined to give him credit. 

¶29 Section 46-18-203(7)(b), MCA, provides:

If a suspended or deferred sentence is revoked, the judge shall consider any

elapsed time and either expressly allow all or part of the time as a credit
10

against the sentence or reject all or part of the time as a credit. The judge shall

state the reasons for the judge's determination in the order . . . . 

It is undisputed that in its January 18, 2002, written order the District Court explicitly

rejected credit for the time that Senn was on parole. The District Court stated: 

Due to the Defendant's failure to comply with the terms and conditions of his

suspended sentence while under the supervision of the Department of

Probation and Parole, the Court finds that he is not entitled to receive, and

shall not receive, credit for any time between the date of his conviction and the

date of this Order, except that he shall receive credit . . . for two hundred

seven (207) days jail time which he has previously served. [Emphasis added.]

The District Court provided ten reasons for its Judgment. We conclude that the District

Court satisfied the express requirements set forth in § 46-18-203(7)(b), MCA, and did not

abuse its discretion.

ISSUE 3

¶30 Should this Court review the length of the sentence imposed by the District Court for

an abuse of discretion?

¶31 Senn requests this Court to overrule, in part, our holding in State v. Baisch, 1998 MT

12, 287 Mont. 191, 953 P.2d 1070, where this Court stated it will review sentences only for

their legality and "[w]e will not review sentences for mere inequity or disparity; that task is

left to the Sentence Review Division." Baisch, ¶ 15. Senn contends that when revoking a

suspended sentence, the District Court does not have "completely unbridled discretion,"

quoting this Court's decision in State v. Downing (1979), 181 Mont. 242, 245, 593 P.2d 43,

45 (overruled by State v. Docken (1995), 274 Mont. 296, 908 P.2d 213), and that it should

not punish Senn for his "innocuous mistakes." Senn further contends that our holding in
11

State v. Lundquist (1992), 251 Mont. 329, 825 P.2d 204, and State v. Lee, 2001 MT 176, 306

Mont. 173, 31 P.3d 998, permits this Court to review a District Court's sentence for

proportionality.

¶32 None of the authority that Senn offers this Court merits overruling Baisch. First, in

addition to Senn's failure to note in his brief that Downing was overruled by Docken, the

issue in Downing was whether or not the District Court had the jurisdiction to impose the

particular sentence at issue in that case, and we concluded that the District Court did not

have jurisdiction. See Downing, 181 Mont. at 245, 593 P.2d at 45. The District Court's

jurisdiction in this case is not at issue and Downing is not applicable. 

¶33 Lundquist is also inapplicable to this case. In Lundquist, this Court determined that

the District Court abused its discretion when it revoked Lundquist's suspended sentence

because we concluded that Lundquist did not violate his terms of probation. See Lundquist,

251 Mont. at 332-33, 825 P.2d at 206 ("To the extent that revocation was based on

Lundquist's failure to pay full fees, we conclude that it was unreasonable . . . To the extent

revocation was based on Lundquist's reasonable expression of his genuine religious beliefs,

it appears to contravene his right to free exercise of religion.") Unlike Lundquist, we

concluded that Senn did violate a term of probation. 

¶34 Finally, in Lee, we considered whether a district court violated an inmate's right to

due process where the inmate had failed to meet a parole and probation condition (i.e. obtain

sex offender treatment), that was impossible to complete prior to his release, due to

institutional delay alone. Lee, ¶ 15. We concluded that the district court could revoke the
12

sentences of such inmates under these circumstances, but we remanded the case to the

district court to make findings with respect to whether there were "reasonable alternative

measures, other than continued incarceration, that are adequate to meet the State's interest

in Lee's punishment, deterrence, or rehabilitation." Lee, ¶ 23. In other words, this Court in

Lee considered the legality of the revocation of probation and parole where the conditions

were impossible to meet–we did not review whether the district court's reimposed sentence

was disproportionate. We affirm our holding in Baisch, and conclude pursuant to that

holding, we will not review a sentence for its proportionality. The proper forum in which

to raise that issue is the Sentence Review Division of the Supreme Court.

¶35 For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the District Court is affirmed.

/S/ TERRY N. TRIEWEILER

We Concur:

/S/ KARLA M. GRAY

/S/ PATRICIA COTTER

/S/ JAMES C. NELSON

/S/ JIM RICE