UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 

NORTHERN DISTRICT OF TEXAS 

SAN ANGELO DIVISION

ROBERT SCHELSKE, HUNTLEY W. 

BAKICH, ZAKAI BUFKIN, SAMUEL L. 

CONKLIN, JOSHUA J. COSTROFF, 

SAMUEL GALLOWAY, DOMINIC O. 

MELL, COLLIN M. MORRISON, 

NICHOLAS SABALLA, PETER TESTA, 

LUKE T. CHRISMAN, on behalf of 

themselves and all others similarly situated, 

Plaintiffs, 

v. 

LLOYD J. AUSTIN, III, in his official 

capacity as United States Secretary of Defense; 

CHRISTINE WORMUTH, in her official 

capacity as Secretary of the Army; YVETTE 

K. BOURCICOT, in her official capacity as 

Acting Assistant Secretary of the Army 

(Manpower and Reserve Affairs); 

RAYMOND S. DINGLE, in his official 

capacity as The Surgeon General and 

Commanding General, USA Medical 

Command; and UNITED STATES OF 

AMERICA, 

Defendants. 

Case No. 6:22-cv-00049-H

PLAINTIFFS’ AMENDED 

VERIFIED CLASS ACTION 

COMPLAINT FOR 

DECLARATORY JUDGMENT 

AND INJUNCTIVE RELIEF

PLAINTIFFS’ AMENDED VERIFIED CLASS ACTION COMPLAINT FOR 

DECLARATORY JUDGMENT AND INJUNCTIVE RELIEF 

Plaintiffs, through Counsel, and pursuant to FRCP 15(a)(1)(B), for themselves and 

others similarly situated, state for their Verified Amended Complaint as follows:1

1

 Plaintiffs reincorporate, by reference, their original Verified Complaint, as if fully stated herein). 

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INTRODUCTION 

1. This action involves the continued systematic violation of federal law and the 

United States Constitution, specifically the Religious Freedom and Restoration Act, 42 U.S.C. § 

2000bb through 42 U.S.C. § 2000bb-4 (“RFRA”), and the First Amendment’s Free Exercise 

Clause by Defendants Lloyd J. Austin III, Christine Wormuth, Yvette K. Bourcicot, and 

Raymond S. Dingle, and those who report to them, (collectively, “Defendants” or “Army”) , in 

a concerted and deliberate circumvention of the religious rights of members of the United States 

Army. All Plaintiffs have documented and confirmed sincerely held religious beliefs concerning 

Defendants’ COVID-19 vaccination requirement. They all sought temporary religious 

accommodations from the COVID-19 vaccination requirement (“Vaccine Mandate”), but none 

of them had had their requests granted.2

 As a consequence of the exercise of their rights under 

RFRA, they had—and continue to have—adverse actions taken against them, which, as of the 

date of this Amended Complaint, have not been remedied. 

2. All Plaintiffs had their accommodation requests processed by and through their 

chain of command. As part of that process, each of them was interviewed at least once by an 

Army Chaplain who confirmed the sincerity of each Plaintiff’s beliefs and the substantial burden 

being placed upon each Plaintiff to comply with Defendants’ Vaccine Mandate. In each case, that 

Chaplain recommended approval of the religious accommodation. 

3. On a routine basis, and until the filing of this lawsuit, the Army failed to approve 

all but a few of the temporary religious accommodation requests, and all available information 

2 Army Command Policy, Army Regulation 600-20, Para. 5-6 f. (1). “Approved accommodations 

pertaining to worship practices, dietary practices, medical care, and modesty concerns are 

temporary and subject to modification or revocation by immediate commanders in accordance with 

the provisions of para 5–6 a. (4).”

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indicates that those limited approvals were only for end-of-service personnel who would soon be 

exiting the service. At the same time, the Army has approved thousands of temporary exemptions 

to the same mandate, but for secular reasons.3

 In the same vein, the Army employed a double 

standard for the processing of religious accommodations, requiring centralized decision-making 

as part of a burdensome, multi-step process, while allowing medical exemptions to be approved 

at the local level as part of a much simpler, more straightforward process. 

4. In January 2023, the Secretary of Defense announced a general end to the Vaccine 

Mandate, at least for now, while permitting lower level commanders the ability to reimpose 

substantially similar requirements and reserving to themselves the ability to reimpose an identical 

requirement in the future. The Secretary simultaneously made statements that he believed the 

Vaccine Mandate was lawful, including as to religious adherents and objectors. At the same time, 

the Secretary of Defense announced that, at some unknown point in the future, letters of 

reprimand (General Officer Memoranda of Reprimands, “GOMOR”)—which are career 

ending—will be removed from soldier records. He failed to clarify if other adverse actions 

(detailed in paragraphs 13-23 and 59-63 below) would be removed for those who, for religious 

reasons, were unable to comply with the Vaccine Mandate. 

5. Consequently, the Plaintiffs, all of whom have and will continue to suffer from 

past and ongoing adverse consequences, seek declaratory and injunctive relief, including 

equitable relief to be made whole from the ongoing violations of RFRA. 

6. Defendants’ policies and actions have deprived and will continue to deprive 

3 As of September 1, 2022, the Department of the Army has only approved 32 active Army requests 

for religious accommodation, while approving 2,499 active-duty accommodations. Department of 

the Army Updates Total Army COVID-19 Vaccination Statistics, 

https://www.army.mil/article/259919/department_of_the_army_updates_total_army_covid_19_v

accination_statistics (last visited Sept. 13, 2022).

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Plaintiffs of their paramount rights and guarantees under the United States Constitution and 

federal law. 

7. Defendants committed each act alleged herein under the color of law and authority. 

JURISDICTION AND VENUE 

8. The Court has subject matter jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1331 because 

this action arises under the United States Constitution and federal law. 

9. The Court also has jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1346 because this is a civil action 

against the United States. 

10. The Court also has jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1361 to compel an officer or 

employee of the United States or any agency thereof to perform a duty owed to the plaintiff. 

11. The Court also has jurisdiction pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 2000bb-1(c) because 

Plaintiffs’ religious exercise has been burdened by Defendants.

12. Venue is proper in this district under the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 1402 and 

28 U.S.C. § 1391(e) as at least one Plaintiff resides in this judicial district. 

PLAINTIFFS 

13. Plaintiff Huntley Bakich, Jr. is a First Lieutenant on active duty in the Army and is 

currently assigned at Fort Bliss, Texas. Lieutenant Bakich submitted his religious accommodation 

request to the Vaccine Mandate on September 20, 2021, documenting his objections to the use of 

fetal cell lines in any part of the COVID-19 vaccine process. Army Chaplain Adam Cavalier 

confirmed that Lieutenant Bakich’s religious beliefs were sincere and that requiring him to receive 

the COVID-19 vaccine would place an undue and substantial burden on his ability to practice his 

religion. On October 11, 2021, Lieutenant Bakich’s Commander recommended approval of his 

request for religious accommodation. Eleven months later, Lieutenant Bakich’s request for 

religious accommodation was denied on August 3, 2022 by Lieutenant General Raymond S. 

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Dingle, the Surgeon General of the Army. Lieutenant Bakich appealed that denial on August 16, 

2022, to the Assistant Secretary of the Army for Manpower and Reserve Affairs (“ASA/MR”). 

While waiting for his religious accommodation to be acted on, Lieutenant Bakich was recognized 

as the most qualified tank platoon leader in his company, and now has taken command of a Scout 

Platoon. Since taking command of the Scout Platoon, he successfully redeployed his platoon from 

Korea and prepared his platoon for a return to the National Training Center and a follow-on 

deployment. The mission has continued to be accomplished despite his unvaccinated status, and 

no mission has failed or in any way been impaired for that reason. However, because of 

Defendants’ continued desire to punish Lieutenant Bakich for his sincerely held religious beliefs, 

his career progression was halted while he was waiting for his religious accommodation request 

to be acted on. Although LT Bakich has now been permitted to attend the Maneuver Captain’s 

Career Course (MCCC), he is still behind his peers for promotion and assignment opportunities 

due to the delay in attending this career required course. The delay in processing his request for 

religious accommodation was deliberate and was intentionally used to coerce him into violating 

his sincerely held religious beliefs. Lt. Bakich also now has discriminatory language on his Officer 

Record Brief (“ORB”), which reads, “Assignment Considerations – PEND COVID-19 VACC 

ACTION.” If the discriminatory language remains in his record, it will affect his ability to get a 

competitive assignment in the future. See Appendix, filed herewith, Exhibit 1. Despite his repeated 

inquiries to his chain of command, and his counsel’s inquiries to the U.S. Department of Justice, 

he has not been informed whether, and on what timeline, any corrective or remedial action might 

occur, and that uncertainty continues as of the filing of this Amended Complaint. 

14. Plaintiff Zakai Bufkin is a Cadet First Class (Senior) at the United States Military 

Academy (“USMA” or “West Point”). Cadet Bufkin submitted his religious accommodation 

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request on August 1, 2021, documenting his objections to the use of fetal cell lines in any part of 

the COVID-19 vaccine process. Army Chaplain Jose M. Rondon confirmed that Cadet Bufkin’s 

religious beliefs were sincere, as well as substantially burdened by the Vaccine Mandate. Cadet 

Bufkin’s request for religious accommodation was denied on December 10, 2021, by Lieutenant 

General Raymond S. Dingle. Cadet Bufkin appealed that denial on December 17, 2021. While 

awaiting his final denial, the mission at USMA was unaffected and was not in any way impaired. 

That was unsurprising since Cadet Bufkin has natural immunity to COVID-19. However, Cadet 

Bufkin’s mental health began to deteriorate as he was subjected to coercion, ongoing harassment, 

and discrimination because of his unvaccinated status. On August 10, 2022, his final appeal was 

denied by the Acting Assistant Secretary of the Army for Manpower and Reserve Affairs 

(“ASA/MR”) Secretary Yvette K. Bourcicot. Prior to that denial, and due to the stress placed upon 

him by West Point commanders and leadership through threats of adverse action, segregation and 

harassment—all due solely to his unvaccinated status and pending religious accommodation 

request—Cadet Bufkin was diagnosed with medical depression. As a result, his grades suffered in 

the Spring 2022 semester, and he failed three classes. West Point then expeditiously disenrolled 

him for academics, refusing to wait one week for the results of his full psychological evaluation 

despite notice of a preliminary depression diagnosis. But for the religious discrimination he 

suffered at the hands of the Defendants, he would have passed all his courses. He was also required 

to pay all travel expenses out of pocket for his return to his home of record in Florida. Cadet Bufkin 

currently sits at home in limbo waiting for his impending punishment (including the potential of 

being ordered to active duty for service recoupment) due to his separation from West Point for 

academics that were only substandard because of the religious discrimination and harassment he 

was forced to endure. He was issued a GOMOR which, to date, remains of record pending final 

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action. Despite his inquiries to his chain of command, and his counsel’s inquiries to the U.S. 

Department of Justice, Cadet Bufkin has not been informed whether, and on what timeline, any 

corrective or remedial action might occur. That uncertainty continues as of the filing of this 

Amended Complaint. 

15. Plaintiff Samuel L. Conklin is a Cadet Corporal (Sophomore) at the USMA. Cadet 

Conklin submitted his religious accommodation request on October 1, 2021, documenting his 

objections to the use of fetal cell lines in any part of the COVID-19 vaccine process. Army 

Chaplain Jeffrey Tilden confirmed that Cadet Conklin’s religious beliefs were sincere and 

substantially burdened by the Vaccine Mandate. Cadet Conklin’s request for religious 

accommodation was denied on December 15, 2021, by Lieutenant General Raymond S. Dingle. 

He appealed that denial on December 21, 2021, but that appeal was denied on August 10, 2022, 

by the Acting ASA/MR Yvette K. Bourcicot. Since the start of the pandemic, Cadet Conklin has 

attended and completed all academic classes, completed summer training for his freshman and 

sophomore year, and completed all required physical testing without a single mission failure or 

impairment despite his unvaccinated status. He was issued a General Officer Memorandum of 

Reprimand (“GOMOR”), which, to date, remains of record pending final action. Cadet Conklin 

has natural immunity to COVID-19. Despite his repeated inquiries to his chain of command, and 

his counsel’s inquiries to the U.S. Department of Justice, he has not been informed whether, and 

on what timeline, any corrective or remedial action might occur, and that uncertainty continues as 

of the filing of this Amended Complaint. 

16. Plaintiff Joshua Costroff is a highly decorated Staff Sergeant (E-6, or “SSG”) in the 

Army and is currently stationed at Goodfellow Air Force Base in San Angelo, Texas, in this 

District and Division. SSG Costroff has successfully accomplished multiple overseas deployments 

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attached to Army special forces units. Outside of the imposition of the Vaccine Mandate, his 

service record is impeccable. SSG Costroff submitted his religious accommodation request on 

September 30, 2021, documenting his objections to the use of fetal cell lines in any part of the 

COVID-19 vaccine process. An Army Chaplain confirmed that SSG Costroff’s religious beliefs 

were sincere and substantially burdened by the Vaccine Mandate, and recommended approval of 

his religious accommodation request. His Company Commander and his Battalion Commander 

also recommended approval of his religious accommodation request. SSG Costroff’s request for 

religious accommodation was denied, however, by Lieutenant General Raymond S. Dingle on 

April 14, 2022. He appealed that denial on April 21, 2022. On September 8, 2022, SSG Costroff’s 

appeal was denied by the Acting ASA/MR Yvette K. Bourcicot. While his religious 

accommodation request was pending, SSG Costroff, despite his natural immunity to COVID-19, 

was prohibited from attending the Senior Leader Course (“SLC”) on May 31, 2022. Appendix, 

Exhibit 2). This forestalled his career progression, and made him ineligible for promotion to 

Sergeant First Class (E-7). But for the inability to attend the Senior Leader Course unvaccinated 

(but naturally immune), and in light of his past career accomplishments, time in grade, time in 

service, decorations, overseas deployments, and general service, SSG Costroff would likely have 

been selected for Sergeant First Class. Since the start of the pandemic, he has trained and mentored 

nearly 500 students and his unvaccinated status has not had any impact on the mission in any way. 

Despite his repeated inquiries to his chain of command, and his counsel’s inquiries to the U.S. 

Department of Justice, SSG Costroff has not been informed whether, and on what timeline, any 

corrective or remedial action might occur, and that uncertainty continues as of the filing of this 

Amended Complaint. 

17. Plaintiff Samuel Galloway is a Staff Sergeant in the Army and is currently stationed 

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at Caserma Del Din, Italy. SSG Galloway submitted his religious accommodation request on 

August 14, 2021, documenting his objections to the use of fetal cell lines in any part of the COVID19 vaccine process and his belief that his body belongs to God and is the temple of the Holy Spirit. 

Army Chaplain Vernon G. Snyder IV confirmed that SSG Galloway’s religious beliefs were 

sincere as well as substantially burdened by the Vaccine Mandate, and recommended approval of 

his religious accommodation request. On January 12, 2022, however, SSG Galloway’s request for 

religious accommodation was denied by Lieutenant General Raymond S. Dingle. SSG Galloway 

appealed that denial on January 31, 2022. While awaiting a decision on his final appeal, SSG 

Galloway was ordered by his command to report to the behavioral health clinic for a command 

directed behavioral health appointment on June 3, 2022. Sergeant Galloway was told by his 

command that “[t]his is a mandatory process for anyone who submitted a religious accommodation 

request” and “a requirement for anyone who is being involuntarily separated.” The command then 

noted that “I completely understand that your [Sergeant Galloway’s] appeal is still pending but the 

direction from the BDE [Brigade] Commander is that we still complete all separation prerequisites 

(TAP, physical health assessment, etc.) so this is one of those appointments. It isn’t personal.”

SSG Galloway’s final appeal was denied on September 28, 2022. From March 2020 through 

August 2021, his unit, and those in his career field with similar duties, were able to perform their 

duties and accomplish mission objectives, notwithstanding the lack of a vaccine for COVID-19 

during much of that time or the occurrence of COVID-19 generally in the community and in the 

Army. SSG Galloway’s unit was able to deploy and operate in forward locations and accomplish 

their mission notwithstanding COVID-19. SSG Galloway has natural immunity to COVID-19. 

SGT Galloway has requested to reenlist for two years and is currently awaiting approval of that 

request, which is delayed solely due to his vaccination status. He is also scheduled to PCS 

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(“Permanent Change of Duty Station”) to Fort Bragg, North Carolina in May of 2023. He has been 

unable to confirm whether he will still be able to PCS, or whether he is able to reenlist, and, as of 

the date of this Amended Complaint, has not received approval for either. Despite his repeated 

inquiries to his chain of command, and his counsel’s inquiries to the U.S. Department of Justice, 

SGT Galloway has not been informed whether, and on what timeline, any corrective or remedial 

action might occur. That uncertainty continues as of the filing of this Amended Complaint. 

18. Plaintiff Dominic O. Mell is a Cadet Sergeant (Junior) at the USMA. Cadet Mell 

submitted his religious accommodation request on October 2, 2021, documenting his objections 

to the use of fetal cell lines in any part of the COVID-19 vaccine process. An Army chaplain 

confirmed that Cadet Mell’s religious beliefs were sincere and substantially burdened by the 

Vaccine Mandate. Nevertheless, Cadet Mell’s request for religious accommodation was denied on 

December 13, 2021, by Lieutenant General Raymond S. Dingle. Cadet Mell appealed that denial 

on December 19, 2021, and his appeal was denied on August 10, 2022, by the Acting ASA/MR 

Yvette K. Bourcicot. On August 12, 2022, Cadet Mell received a GOMOR. Cadet Mell submitted 

rebuttal letters to the GOMOR on August 19, 2022. On August 29, 2022, the GOMOR was 

permanently filed in his Army Military Human Resource Record by Brigadier General Mark C. 

Quander, which, to date, remains of record. That same day, Cadet Mell was notified that he was 

under investigation for alleged misconduct for his failure to comply with the Vaccine Mandate. 

That board convened on September 21, 2022, and found that he had violated Article 90 of the 

Uniform Code of Military Justice (not following an order to vaccinate given to him by failing to 

get one of the currently-available COVID-19 vaccines against his sincerely held religious beliefs). 

The board of officers recommended that he be separated from West Point with an Honorable 

Discharge due to his sincerely held Catholic beliefs and the determination that his faith requires 

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him not to comply with the Vaccine Mandate. His separation remains imminent. During that same 

board, the United Stated Corps of Cadets Senior Medical Officer, Colonel Laura K. Dawson, 

admitted under oath that no West Point Cadet had ever been hospitalized because of COVID. 

Additionally, Cadet Mell has natural immunity to COVID-19. Despite his repeated inquiries to his 

chain of command, and his counsel’s inquiries to the U.S. Department of Justice, Cadet Mell has 

not been informed whether, and on what timeline, any corrective or remedial action might occur, 

or even whether the Army has ceased processing his discharge. That uncertainty continues as of 

the filing of this Amended Complaint. 

19. Plaintiff Collin M. Morrison is a Cadet Corporal (Sophomore) at the USMA. Cadet 

Morrison submitted his religious accommodation request on November 19, 2021, documenting his 

objections to the use of fetal cell lines in any part of the COVID-19 vaccine process. Army 

Chaplain Jose M. Rondon confirmed that Cadet Morrison’s religious beliefs were sincere and 

substantially burdened by the Vaccine Mandate. Cadet Morrison’s request for religious 

accommodation was denied on December 20, 2021, by Lieutenant General Raymond S. Dingle. 

Cadet Morrison appealed that denial on January 1, 2022, and his appeal was denied on August 10, 

2022, by the Acting ASA/MR Yvette K. Bourcicot. He was issued a GOMOR, which, to date, 

remains of record pending final action. Cadet Morrison has been ostracized by West Point 

leadership and his command, and now faces punitive measures and separation. While awaiting a 

decision on his religious accommodation, Cadet Morrison has been forced to eat by himself and 

has been singled out for harassment by leadership attempting to coerce him into violating his 

sincerely held religious beliefs to comply with the Vaccine Mandate. He was permitted, however, 

to participate in most activities with a mask and performed extremely well during those times with 

no mission failure occurring due to his unvaccinated status. Cadet Morrison also has natural 

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immunity to COVID-19. Despite his repeated inquiries to his chain of command, and his counsel’s 

inquiries to the U.S. Department of Justice, he has not been informed whether, and on what 

timeline, any corrective or remedial action might occur. In fact, in a text communication between 

Cadet Morrison and his commander, Major Hagen, on February 7, 2023, Major Hagen stated: 

...we were all told to hold any action because you are part of that 

whole federal litigation thing, right? ... if the case doesn’t go well, 

the army could (emphasis) continue all the adverse action against 

unvaxxed [sic] persons...but if they say DoD can make a vaccine 

mandate, then I bet the action continues because it’s still disobeying 

a legal order. 

See Appendix, Exhibit 3. Cadet Morrison’s uncertainty as to his status continues as of 

the filing of this Amended Complaint. 

20. Plaintiff Nicholas Saballa is a Cadet Corporal (Sophomore) at the USMA. 

Cadet Saballa submitted his religious accommodation request on December 1, 2021, 

documenting his objections to the use of fetal cell lines in any part of the COVID-19 vaccine 

process and his belief that his body is sacred. An Army chaplain confirmed that Cadet Saballa’s 

religious beliefs were sincere and substantially burdened by the Vaccine Mandate. Cadet 

Saballa’s request for religious accommodation was denied on December 15, 2021, by 

Lieutenant General Raymond S. Dingle. Cadet Saballa appealed that denial on December 21, 

2021, and his appeal was denied on August 10, 2022, by the Acting ASA/MR Yvette K. 

Bourcicot. After receiving his final denial and the renewed order to get the COVID-19 

vaccination, he was issued a GOMOR, which, to date, remains of record pending final action. 

Although he is not currently involved in any activities, no mission at USMA has failed or been 

impaired due to his unvaccinated status. Cadet Saballa also has natural immunity to COVID19. Despite his repeated inquiries to his chain of command, and his counsel’s inquiries to the 

U.S. Department of Justice, he has not been informed whether, and on what timeline, any 

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corrective or remedial action might occur, and whether the Army has ceased processing his 

discharge. That uncertainty continues as of the filing of this Amended Complaint. 

21. Plaintiff Robert Schelske is a Staff Sergeant in the Army and is currently 

stationed at Goodfellow Air Force Base in San Angelo, Texas, in this District and Division. 

SSG Schelske submitted his religious accommodation request on September 14, 2021, 

documenting his objections to the use of fetal cell lines in any part of the COVID-19 vaccine 

process. An Army Chaplain confirmed that SSG Schelske’s religious beliefs were sincere and 

substantially burdened by the Vaccine Mandate and recommended approval of his religious 

accommodation request. Indeed, prior to his denial, both SSG Schelske’s Company 

Commander and his Battalion Commander recommended approval of his religious 

accommodation request. However, SSG Schelske’s request for religious accommodation was 

denied by Lieutenant General Raymond S. Dingle on February 1, 2022. SSG Schelske appealed 

that denial on February 13, 2022. On August 10, 2022, his appeal was denied by Acting 

ASA/MR Yvette K. Bourcicot. Since the beginning of the pandemic, SSG Schelske has served 

in the role of interim First Sergeant, being selected for this position over other higher-ranking 

non-commissioned officers (“NCO”). He was also selected to serve as the NCO in charge of 

the course that he currently instructs, and he has instructed for more than 1500 hours since the 

pandemic began. Despite his unvaccinated status, the mission has continued, and no mission in 

his command has failed or been impaired. SSG Schelske has natural immunity to COVID-19. 

SSG Schelske was eligible to attend the Senior Leader Course (“SLC”) in December of 2022 

and January of 2023, but was not allowed to attend due to his unvaccinated status, and despite 

his natural immunity. But for that inability to attend the SLC unvaccinated (but naturally 

immune), and in light of his past career accomplishments, time in grade, time in service, 

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decorations, and general service, SSG Schelske could have been selected for Sergeant First 

Class. In early February 2023, SSG Schelske learned that he had been flagged by Headquarters, 

Department of the Army, due to his vaccination status, such as to prevent him from changing 

stations, from promoting, and would further result in other harms. In the days leading up to the 

filing of this Amended Complaint, that flag was lifted, suggesting litigation posturing. Despite 

his repeated inquiries to his chain of command, and his counsel’s inquiries to the U.S. 

Department of Justice, he has not been informed whether, and on what timeline, any corrective 

or remedial action might occur. That uncertainty continues as of the filing of this Amended 

Complaint. 

22. Plaintiff Peter Testa is a Staff Sergeant in the Army and is currently stationed 

at Fort Bliss, Texas. Sergeant Testa submitted his religious accommodation request on 

September 23, 2021, documenting his objections to the use of fetal cell lines in any part of the 

COVID-19 vaccine process. Chaplain Adam G. Cavalier confirmed that SSG Testa’s religious 

beliefs were sincere and substantially burdened by the Vaccine Mandate, and recommended 

approval of his religious accommodation request. On October 9, 2021, SGT Testa’s 

Commander recommended approval of his request for religious accommodation. Eleven 

months later, SSG Testa’s request for religious accommodation was denied by Lieutenant 

General Raymond S. Dingle on August 15, 2022. SSG Testa appealed that denial on August 

20, 2022 and action on that appeal has now been halted. Since submitting his request for 

religious accommodation, SSG Testa’s career progression has also been halted, and he is now 

behind his peers. He was told by his command that he would not be permitted to attend SLC, 

due to his vaccination status. He still does not have a class date for SLC, which he needs to 

attend in order to be promoted. But for that inability to attend the SLC unvaccinated (but 

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naturally immune), and in light of his past career accomplishments, time in grade, time in 

service, decorations, and general service, SSG Testa could have been selected for Sergeant First 

Class. Without the course, he is stuck in limbo—prevented not just from career advancement 

but even from moving to a different post or doing an interpose transfer to another unit. Despite 

SSG Testa’s unvaccinated status, the mission has continued, and no mission in his command 

has failed or been impaired. Despite his repeated inquiries to his chain of command, and his 

counsel’s inquiries to the U.S. Department of Justice, he has not been informed whether, and 

on what timeline, any corrective or remedial action might occur. That uncertainty continues as 

of the filing of this Amended Complaint. 

23. Plaintiff Luke Tyler Chrisman was a Private First Class (“PFC”) in the Army 

and was stationed overseas at Camp Casey, Korea prior to his separation. On September 8, 

2021, Mr. Chrisman submitted his religious accommodation request, documenting his 

objections to the use of abortion-derived fetal cell lines in the production and testing of the 

COVID-19 vaccines as well as the belief that his “body is the temple of the Holy Ghost.”

Chaplain Caruso interviewed Mr. Chrisman on September 9, 2021 and confirmed that Mr. 

Chrisman’s religious beliefs were sincere and substantially burdened by the Vaccine Mandate. 

Mr. Chrisman’s request for religious accommodation was denied by Lieutenant General 

Raymond S. Dingle on November 18, 2021. Mr. Chrisman then appealed that denial on 

December 3, 2021. His appeal was denied on June 16, 2022 despite his Commander at the time 

stating that 99% of his company was vaccinated. After his appeal was denied by Acting 

ASA/MR, Yvette K. Bouricot, Mr. Chrisman was given another order to be vaccinated with the 

currently available COVID-19 vaccines. In that counseling statement, Mr. Chrisman wrote, “I 

am not refusing or disobeying an order to being vaccinated. I am seeking protection under the 

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religious freedoms [sic] restoration act of 1993.” On June 30, 2022, his commander, CPT 

Kristopher Reed initiated a flag for “Adverse Action (A).” Mr. Chrisman was given a GOMOR 

for his failure to follow the order to receive the COVID-19 vaccine on July 14, 2022. After 

submitting his rebuttal to the GOMOR, Brigadier General Frederick L. Crist made the decision 

to file his GOMOR in Mr. Chrisman’s Military Human Resource Record (“AMHRR”).

Immediately after, CPT Reed initiated action to separate Mr. Chrisman from the Army for the 

commission of a serious offense. Mr. Chrisman was separated from the Army on November 25, 

2022 with a General discharge. His reason for separation was characterized as “MISCONDUCT 

(SERIOUS OFFENSE).” Most recently, Mr. Chrisman went to an interview for a paralegal 

position in Waynesville, Missouri. During the interview, he was asked about the discharge 

characterization on his DD214 and to provide an explanation as to why it said “Misconduct 

(Serious Offense).” He explained to the interviewer that this is what the Army gives those who 

are unable to receive the currently available COVID-19 vaccination due to their religious 

beliefs. Mr. Chrisman felt embarrassed and humiliated that he had to even answer that question 

and he believed that the Army had used his religious beliefs to punish and humiliate him, 

knowing that this harm would continue as he tried to move on with his life. Mr. Chrisman also 

has natural immunity to COVID-19. See Appendix, Exhibit 4. There is no indication that 

Defendants will take any corrective action on this discharge, or similar discharges, as the 

Secretary of Defense’s rescission memoranda indicated that a discretionary administrative 

review process could be pursued (with no guaranties of success or even due process), 

notwithstanding the patent violations of RFRA by Defendants. 

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17 

DEFENDANTS 

24. Defendant Lloyd J. Austin, III is the United States Secretary of Defense. Secretary 

Austin issued a memorandum on August 24, 2021, requiring the United States Armed Forces to 

vaccinate all service members, including Plaintiffs. Secretary Austin also ensured that his directive 

was followed through the implementation of various enforcement mechanisms. Secretary Austin 

is sued in his official capacity. 

25. Defendant Christine Wormuth is the United States Secretary of the Army. Secretary 

Wormuth issued a directive on September 14, 2021, which required the Army to vaccinate all 

Army service members, including Plaintiffs, against COVID-19—the Vaccine Mandate. Secretary 

Wormuth also ensured that her directive was followed by implementing various enforcement 

mechanisms. Secretary Wormuth is sued in her official capacity. 

26. Defendant Yvette K. Bourcicot is the acting ASA/MR and is responsible for the 

denial of thousands of religious accommodation appeals as the final appellate authority for the 

Army. Assistant Secretary Bourcicot is sued in her official capacity. 

27. Defendant Raymond S. Dingle is the Surgeon General and Commanding General, 

Army Medical Command and is responsible for the initial denial of thousands of requests for 

religious accommodation from Army soldiers. Lieutenant General Dingle is sued in his official 

capacity. 

28. Defendant United States of America, whose policies are requiring the United States 

Armed Forces to vaccinate all service members contrary to federal and constitutional law, 

including Plaintiffs, by not providing religious accommodations is also sued herein. 

FACTUAL BACKGROUND 

29. On August 24, 2021, Secretary Austin issued a memorandum titled “Mandatory 

Coronavirus Disease 2019 Vaccination of Department of Defense Service Members” (the Vaccine 

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18 

Mandate).4 The Vaccine Mandate directs DoD to vaccinate all active duty and reserve service 

members against COVID-19. 

30. The Vaccine Mandate states that the Military Departments, including the Army, 

should use existing policies and procedures to manage mandatory vaccination of service members 

to the extent practicable. 

31. On September 14, 2021, Defendant Wormuth, Secretary of the Army, issued an 

order to members of the Army to be vaccinated for COVID-19.5

32. On November 16, 2021, Secretary Wormuth issued an order to punish soldiers who 

refuse to “become vaccinated against COVID-19.”6

 In that memorandum, Secretary Wormuth 

ordered that those soldiers who refused to vaccinate against COVID-19 would be removed from 

receiving the following favorable actions: reenlistment, reassignment, promotion, appearance 

before promotion boards, receipt of awards and decorations, attendance at military or civilian 

schools, use of earned tuition assistance, receipt of enlistment bonuses or reenlistment bonuses, 

and assumption of command positions.7

 After the soldier is flagged, they will receive a GOMOR.8

33. Secretary Wormuth issued subsequent guidance on January 31, 2022, establishing 

personnel actions for unvaccinated active, reserve, national guard soldiers, cadets at the USMA, 

4 https://media.defense.gov/2021/Aug/25/2002838826/-1/-1/0/MEMORANDUM-FORMANDATORY-CORONAVIRUS-DISEASE-2019-VACCINATION-OF-DEPARTMENT-OFDEFENSE-SERVICE-MEMBERS.PDF (last visited Sept. 28, 2022). 

5 Army Announces Implementation of Mandatory Vaccines for Soldiers, Sept. 14, 2021, 

https://www.army.mil/article/250277/army_announces_implementation_of_mandatory_vaccines

_for_soldiers (last visited Sept. 12, 2022). 

6 Flagging and Bars to Continued Service of Soldiers Who Refuse the COVID-19 Vaccination 

Order, Memorandum dated Nov. 16, 2021. Available at: 

https://www.govexec.com/media/secarmy_memo_flags_and_bars_vaccination_refusal.pdf 

7 Id. 

8 Id. 

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19 

and Senior Reserve Officers’ Training Corps who refuse the COVID-19 vaccination order.9

34. Applicable Army regulations employed a double standard for the processing of 

religious accommodations, versus other grounds for exemption from the Vaccine Mandate. For 

religious objectors, the Army implemented a burdensome, multi-step process involving: interviews 

with chaplains to make sincerity and substantial burden determinations and recommendations, 

command counseling, medical provider counseling, and a multi-step recommendation process to 

the Army Surgeon General.10 Conversely, soldiers qualifying for administrative end of service or 

temporary medical exemptions involve a much simpler process with localized determinations. Id.

Predictably, the discriminatory religious exemption process and policy has yielded discriminatory 

results. And, notwithstanding the rescission of the Vaccine Mandate, the same (sham) general 

processes exist to provide exemptions to soldiers from any future mandate, which all of these 

Plaintiffs and putative class members (except Plaintiff Chrisman) are likely to avail themselves of 

in the future given their sincerely held religious beliefs and the Army’s insistence on a variety of 

other official and unofficial means to coerce soldiers into receiving the COVID-19 vaccine. 

35. As outlined in the following paragraphs, all Plaintiffs have sought religious 

exemptions from the Vaccine Mandate pursuant to the federal RFRA (42 USC 2000bb) and its 

implementing regulations, including Department of Defense Instruction (“DoDI”) 1300.17.11

9 https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/ARN34562-ARMY_DIR_2022-02-000-

WEB-1.pdf (last visited Sept 13, 2022). 

10 https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/pdf/web/r40_562.pdf (last visited Feb. 6, 

2023) at AR40-562, ¶ 2.6.

11 https://www.esd.whs.mil/Portals/54/Documents/DD/issuances/dodi/130017p.pdf (last visited 

Sept. 13, 2022) (“Establishes DoD policy providing that an expression of sincerely held beliefs 

(conscience, moral principles, or religious beliefs) may not, in so far as practicable, be used as the 

basis of any adverse personnel action, discrimination, or denial of promotion, schooling, training, 

or assignment.”). 

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20 

36. All Plaintiffs have received an order to receive a COVID-19 vaccination with 

threats of administrative action to include separation and/or punitive action if they fail to comply 

with the vaccination requirement. 

37. All Plaintiffs have documented and confirmed sincerely held religious beliefs from 

Defendants’ COVID-19 Vaccine Mandate. They all seek temporary religious accommodations 

from the COVID-19 vaccination requirement, but none of them had their requests approved. 

38. All Plaintiffs have contracted and recovered from COVID-19 and now have natural 

immunity to COVID-19. 

39. The former COVID-19 vaccination mandate required servicemembers to receive 

the primary dose(s) only. As of December 8, 2022, 97% of active-duty, 91% of National Guard, 

and 92% of the Army Reserve servicemembers were vaccinated. 12 Updated CDC guidance 

indicates that primary doses alone do not offer lasting protection against COVID-19, with 

estimated vaccine effectiveness decreasing to 37% only five months post-vaccination. This 

dwindling efficacy was further demonstrated during the Omicron-predominant period, when a 

greater percentage of COVID-19 hospitalizations involved patients who were vaccinated with the 

primary doses (45%) than unvaccinated patients (43%).13

40. On December 23, 2022, the President signed into law the James M. Inhofe National 

Defense Authorization Act for fiscal Year 2023 (“NDAA”). See Pub. L. No. 117-263, § 525, 136 

Stat. 2395, 2571-72 (Dec. 23, 2022). The NDAA directed the Secretary of Defense to rescind the 

12 Department of the Army updates Total Army COVID-19 vaccination statistics | Article | The 

United States Army.

13 Waning 2-Dose and 3-Dose Effectiveness of mRNA Vaccines Against COVID-19–Associated 

Emergency Department and Urgent Care Encounters and Hospitalizations Among Adults During 

Periods of Delta and Omicron Variant Predominance — VISION Network, 10 States, August 

2021–January 2022 | MMWR (cdc.gov)

https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/wr/mm7107e2.htm (last visited Feb. 8, 2023).

Case 6:22-cv-00049-H Document 92 Filed 02/10/23 Page 20 of 47 PageID 2102
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August 2021 memorandum requiring vaccination of service members for COVID-19 within 30 

days. 

41. On January 10, 2023, Secretary Austin rescinded the mandate as directed. (See ECF 

No. 85-1). Under that memorandum, separation from the service is prohibited based on refusal of 

the COVID-19 vaccine by service members who sought an exemption from the mandate and all 

services were directed to “remove any adverse actions solely associated with denials of such 

requests.” The memorandum also stopped all processing of religious accommodation requests, 

while stating: 

Other standing Departmental policies, procedures, and processes 

regarding immunizations remain in effect. These include the ability 

of commanders to consider, as appropriate, the individual 

immunization status of personnel in making deployment, 

assignment, and other operational decisions including when 

vaccination is required for travel to, or entry into a foreign nation. 

Id. Neither the NDAA, nor any statements by Secretary Austin, indicate that the Vaccine Mandate 

would not be reimposed, and the Secretary reserved to himself the ability to reimpose the Vaccine 

Mandate, or ones substantially similar to it. In fact, he has made it known to the public that he 

believes his order was lawful and appropriate (“Secretary Austin has been very clear that he 

opposes the repeal of the vaccine policy . . . He continues to believe that all Americans, including 

those in the armed forces, should be vaccinated and boosted for Covid-19.”).

14 As seen in the case 

of Cadet Morrison, it appears that Defendants still defend their actions, have not undone the harm 

from their actions, and are simply awaiting the outcome of this litigation to finalize the harm from 

their ongoing, discriminatory policies.

14 Connor O-Brien, Defense Bill Rolls Back Pentagon’s Covid Vaccine Mandate, POLITICO (Dec. 

6, 2022), https://www.politico.com/news/2022/12/06/ndaa-pentagon-coronavirus-vaccinemandate-00072668 (last visited Feb. 8, 2023). 

Case 6:22-cv-00049-H Document 92 Filed 02/10/23 Page 21 of 47 PageID 2103
22 

42. Defendants continue to discriminate against those who requested religious 

accommodation by imposing restrictions on them despite the COVID-19 vaccine mandate being 

rescinded. Most recently, FRAGO 38 HQDA EXORD 225-21 was published and now prevents 

unvaccinated service members from moving from their current duty stations (PCS), which 

prohibits their ability to take and be considered for future career-enhancing assignments.15 See

Appendix, Exhibit 5. Defendants deliberately included this provision in FRAGO 38 on February 

2, 2023, for the purpose of identifying and continuing to punish those who were flagged because 

they were unable to get the COVID-19 vaccine. 

43. Although soldiers may no longer be directly separated from the military solely 

based on COVID-19 vaccination status, these ongoing restrictions work to prevent unvaccinated 

servicemembers from being promoted in rank and otherwise advancing their military careers. 

Because military service members are legally and contractually bound to service for specific 

lengths of time, they do not enjoy the same freedoms as civilians with respect to pursuing 

alternative employment. Furthermore, under the Army’s “up or out” system, unvaccinated longterm servicemembers face involuntary separation if they are unable to achieve promotions. As 

such, the Army’s continued implementation of these discriminatory, career-ending policies 

ultimately results in a soldier’s permanently diminished earning potential at best, and de facto or 

"constructive" separation at worst. 

15 Paragraph 3.D.15.B.3.K. states “Soldiers who are flagged in accordance with Annex YYY will 

not PCS.” Annex YYY is the Secretary of the Army memorandum titled, “Flagging and Bars to 

Continued Service of Soldiers who Refuse the COVID-19 Vaccination Order,” dated 16 November 

2021. See ECF No. 14, Ex. 3, Pg. ID 86.

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The Army Employs an Unconstitutional Double Standard for Exemption 

Requests, Granting Thousands of Secular Requests While Denying All But a Few 

Religious Accommodation Requests 

44. As of the date of the initial Complaint, the Army had received over 10,000 requests 

for religious accommodation from the Vaccine Mandate and had only approved 32 of those 

requests.16 In the meantime, the Army had granted close to 15,000 permanent and temporary 

secular exemption requests to that same Vaccine Mandate.17

18

45. The granting of almost fifteen thousand secular waivers to the Vaccine Mandate 

belies any claim that vaccination is a compelling need for mission accomplishment, and this fact 

conclusively rebuts any asserted compelling interest. Moreover, and upon information and belief, 

the 32 religious exemptions were all granted to either end-of-service personnel or to those who 

otherwise qualified for a medical or administrative exemption. This was confirmed when Secretary 

16 Department of the Army Updates Total Army COVID-19 Vaccination Statistics, 

https://www.army.mil/article/259919/department_of_the_army_updates_total_army_covid_19_v

accination_statistics (last visited Feb. 10, 2023). 

17 Id. 

18 Id.

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24 

Wormuth testified before the House Armed Services Committee on May 12, 2022, that the vast 

majority, if not all, of the approved religious accommodation requests at that point were for those 

Soldiers who were in the process of leaving the Army.19

46. Defendants Austin, Wormuth, Bourcicot, and Dingle, in violation of RFRA, each 

failed to grant (or even meaningfully and individually consider) thousands of well-founded 

religious accommodation requests. In contrast, thousands of secular requests for accommodation, 

involving job duties similar in risk from a COVID-19 perspective, were granted at the local level 

without any of the additional steps that were required for religious accommodation purposes taking 

place. 

47. Defendants now continue to violate RFRA as they have taken, continue to take, and 

threaten to take additional actions against Plaintiffs. 

48. In the Fall of 2022, it came to light that the Department of Defense (“DOD”) Acting 

Inspector General (“IG”), Mr. Sean W. O’Donnell, notified Defendant Austin in an official 

memorandum that the IG “found a trend of generalized assessments” when reviewing dozens of 

complaints regarding denied religious accommodation requests, “rather than the individualized 

assessment that is required by Federal law and DoD and Military Service policies.”20 The DOD 

IG further explained that “[t]he denial memorandums we reviewed generally did not reflect an 

individualized analysis, demonstrating that the Senior Military Official considered the full range 

19 Testimony of Secretary of the Army Christine Wormuth before the House Armed Services 

Committee on May 12, 2022, https://armedservices.house.gov/hearings?ID=BC7D976E-87D8-

47A4-B818-7711504FC4E9 . 

20 Memorandum from Department of Defense Inspector General, Mr. Sean W. O’Donnell, to 

Secretary of Defense, Lloyd Austin, Subject: Denials of Religious Accommodation Requests 

Regarding Coronavirus Disease-2019 Vaccination Exemptions, dated June 2, 2022. Available at

https://s3.amazonaws.com/static.militarytimes.com/assets/pdfs/1663774585.pdf 

Case 6:22-cv-00049-H Document 92 Filed 02/10/23 Page 24 of 47 PageID 2106
25 

of facts and circumstances relevant to the particular religious accommodation request.”21 The IG’s

review included a review of religious accommodation requests from all branches of the military, 

including the Army. 

49. Plaintiffs were unable to comply with the order to receive the COVID-19 

vaccination because it violated their fundamental dictates of religion, even in the face of severe 

punishments under military law. 

Defendants Fail to Meet the Compelling Interest Standard and Fail to Provide 

Any Accommodation to Plaintiffs as Required by RFRA 

50. Dr. Deborah Birx revealed in her testimony before Congress on June 23, 2022, that 

the COVID-19 vaccines do not prevent infection, do not prevent transmission, and do not prevent 

hospitalization,22 thereby refuting the stated basis for Defendants’ vaccine mandate, and refuting 

any stated compelling interest. 

51. It has also been known for more than a year that natural immunity provides better 

protection against reinfection and death than immunity derived from the currently available 

vaccinations.23

52. In further refutation to Defendants’ stated compelling need argument, updated 

guidance published in August 2022 by the CDC confirmed that those previously infected with 

21 Id. 

22 Dr. Birx Says She Knew of Natural COVID-19 Reinfections as Early as December 2020, June 

23, 2022, https://www.c-span.org/video/?c5021092/dr-birx-knew-natural-covid-19-reinfectionsearly-december-2020 (last visited Feb. 10, 2023). 

23 Previous infection provides equivalent or better immunity to being fully vaccinated and boosted, 

http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2203965/ (last visited Feb. 10, 2023); see also

CDC, COVID-19 Cases and Hospitalizations by COVID-19 Diagnosis—California and New York, 

May–November 2021, 

https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/wr/mm7104e1.htm?s_cid=mm7104e1_w (noting that 

“[b]y October [of 2021], persons who survived a previous infection had lower case rates than 

persons who were vaccinated alone”).

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26 

COVID-19 have at least the same degree of protection against severe illness as those who have 

been vaccinated.24

53. CDC findings reveal that 95% of Americans have natural immunity from COVID19 (again, now known to be equivalent to vaccine-derived immunity),25 and that recent prevalent 

COVID-19 strains are less pathogenic than those prevalent in 2020 and 2021.26

54. Further, the Commander in Chief has made public acknowledgments that the 

pandemic is over.27

55. Among other less restrictive methods, the Army could have accommodated 

Plaintiffs’ requests for religious accommodation by: 

a. Requiring testing to determine infection; 

b. Administering temperature checks and/or other screening to determine 

infection; 

c. Permitting Plaintiffs to demonstrate they have robust and long-lasting 

natural immunity to count for compliance with the Vaccine Mandate; 

d. Providing an exemption as vaccination will not guarantee immunity (and 

there are members who are currently serving who are not immune to 

24 Summary of Guidance for Minimizing the Impact of COVID-19 on Individual Persons, 

Communities, and Health Care Systems — United States, August 2022, 

https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/wr/mm7133e1.htm, (last visited Feb. 10, 2023). “CDC’s 

COVID-19 prevention recommendations no longer differentiate based on a person’s vaccination 

status because breakthrough infections occur, though they are generally mild, and persons who 

have had COVID-19 but are not vaccinated have some degree of protection against severe illness 

from their previous infection.”

25 https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#nationwide-blood-donor-seroprevalence (last visited 

Feb. 10, 2023). 

26 https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/wr/mm7137a4.htm (last visited Feb. 10, 2023). 

27 https://www.cbsnews.com/news/president-joe-biden-60-minutes-interview-transcript-2022-09-

18/ (last visited Feb. 10, 2023).

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27 

diseases for which they were vaccinated, yet they remain able to serve and 

deploy); and/or 

e. Given the significant level of vaccine compliance within the military, 

accommodating the few numbers of religious exemption requests by 

providing an exemption (which they are already doing for other 

exemptions), which is not a burden. 

Injunctive Relief Allegations 

56. Plaintiffs have had (and will continue to have) their fundamental constitutional and 

statutory rights violated by these official capacity Defendants, each of whom is personally 

involved with the enforcement and/or threatened enforcement of the challenged orders. Plaintiffs 

have and continue to be irreparably harmed if injunctive relief is not issued. 

57. The public interest is served by the vindication of constitutional and statutory rights, 

and the weighing of harms warrants issuing injunctive relief. Because the scope of the violations 

extend to numerous other members of the Army who are similarly situated, Plaintiffs seek an 

injunction that covers others similarly situated to remedy the violations at issue. 

Ongoing Harm and Requested Forward Looking Equitable Relief 

58. While the Secretary of Defense has, at least temporarily, rescinded the Vaccine 

Mandate, harm continues for thousands of soldiers as a result of ongoing religious discrimination. 

First, there is nothing in the NDAA that prevents the Secretary from reimposing the mandate or a 

substantially similar mandate. 

59. Second, hundreds of former soldiers, like Mr. Chrisman, who sought religious 

accommodations to the vaccination mandate, were given life-long stigmatizing discharges, which 

Defendants refuse to correct without forcing soldiers to resort to an uncertain and, at-best, arbitrary 

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28 

administrative process. For such persons with such discharges, Plaintiffs seek “root and branch 

relief” requiring the Army to correct their records, to reflect non-adverse reasons for discharge, to 

remove all codes that would prohibit a soldier from reenlisting or continued service, and upgrade 

all General discharge characterizations to Honorable. Such “root and branch” relief could also 

include reinstatement and/or return to duty. 

60. Third, hundreds of soldiers who sought religious accommodations to the 

vaccination mandate were denied the ability to attend required career progression courses. This 

includes classes such as the Senior Leader Course for SSG Schelske, SSG Testa, and SSG 

Costroff—which is required for promotion to Sergeant First Class—or the Maneuver Captain’s 

Career Course for LT Bakich. While each have been recently permitted to attend these courses, 

they were unable to do so in a timely manner, resulting in significant career harm. For such persons, 

the inability to attend career courses has delayed promotions solely because of their unvaccinated, 

but naturally immune, status. For those soldiers we seek “root and branch relief” requiring the 

Army, to correct those service member records appropriately to reflect that they completed these 

courses when they would otherwise have done so, and to order special promotion selection boards 

to reconsider such soldiers for promotion. 

61. Fourth, thousands of soldiers who sought religious accommodations to the 

vaccination mandate received negative GOMORs for their failure to comply with the Vaccine 

Mandate, such as those given to Cadets Bufkin, Conklin, Mell, Morrison, and Sabala. All of these 

remain in their files as of the date of this Amended Complaint. While the Army has indicated that 

at some point, perhaps a year from now, it will take action to remove such adverse action, the 

timely failure to do so causes ongoing career harm, and, for these cadets, can be used as a basis to 

deny them the ability to commission. For such persons, we seek “root and branch relief” requiring 

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29 

the Army to remove these actions from the soldiers’ files.

62. Fifth, hundreds of soldiers who sought religious accommodations to the Vaccine 

Mandate, such as SSG Galloway, have had their ability to reenlist put on hold, due to their 

vaccination status. It is unclear whether or when such soldiers may be permitted to reenlist. For 

such persons, we seek “root and branch relief” requiring the Army to permit the re-enlistment of 

soldiers denied re-enlistment solely due to their vaccination status. 

63. Sixth, and finally, the Army has caused some soldiers who sought religious 

accommodations to the Vaccine Mandate to suffer other forms of harm, including soldiers like 

Cadet Bufkin who suffered career ending consequences that flowed directly from Defendants’ 

discriminatory actions and his related diagnosed depression. We seek “root and branch” relief for 

these soldiers as well, directing the Army to undertake appropriate corrective action to place them 

back where they would have been but for Defendants’ illegal conduct. 

Class Action Allegations 

64. Plaintiffs reincorporate the preceding paragraphs as if fully written herein. 

65. The actions and violations outlined in this Complaint affect not only the Plaintiffs 

but also thousands of active, reserve, Guard, and discharged service members similarly situated. 

66. Pursuant to FRCP 23(a): (i) the class is so numerous that joinder of all members 

is impracticable (with thousands of potential plaintiffs); (ii) there are questions of law or fact 

common to the class (including identical claims and an identical policy of religious 

discrimination); (iii) the claims or defenses of the representative parties are typical of the claims 

or defenses of the class; and (iv) the representative parties will fairly and adequately protect the 

interests of the class. 

67. Pursuant to FRCP 23(b): (i) prosecuting separate actions by or against individual 

class members would create a risk of inconsistent or varying adjudications with respect to 

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30 

individual class members that would establish incompatible standards of conduct for the party 

opposing the class; and (ii) the party opposing the class has acted or refused to act on grounds that 

apply generally to the class, so that final injunctive relief or corresponding declaratory relief is 

appropriate respecting the class as a whole. 

68. Plaintiffs seek a Plaintiff class, consisting of those persons who: (i) submitted a 

religious accommodation request to the Army from the Army’s COVID-19 vaccination 

requirement, where the request was submitted or was pending at any time from August 1, 2021 to 

present; (ii) were confirmed as having a sincerely held religious belief substantially burdened by 

the Army’s COVID-19 vaccination requirement by or through Army Chaplains; (iii) either (a) had 

their requested accommodation denied; or (b) did not have action on that request; and (iv) had 

adverse actions taken against them due to their refusal to vaccinate,28 which have not been removed 

or corrected as of the date of the Amended Complaint. 

FIRST CAUSE OF ACTION 

Violation of Plaintiffs’ Rights Under the 

Religious Freedom Restoration Act 

42 U.S.C. § 2000bb et seq. 

69. Plaintiffs reincorporate the foregoing as if fully written herein. 

70. Pursuant to 42 U.S.C. 2000bb-1(a), “[i]n general Government shall not 

substantially burden a person’s exercise of religion even if the burden results from a rule of general 

applicability, except as provided in subsection (b).”

71. The exception in 42 U.S.C. 2000bb-1(b) provides that “Government may 

substantially burden a person’s exercise of religion only if it demonstrates that application of the 

28 Including harms set forth in Paragraphs 59 to 63. 

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31 

burden to the person— (1) is in furtherance of a compelling governmental interest; and (2) is the 

least restrictive means of furthering that compelling governmental interest.”

72. Defendants substantially burdened, and continue to substantially burden, 

Plaintiffs’ exercise of religion by failing to grant religious accommodations and failing to timely 

process Plaintiffs’ accommodation requests (even though this is required by applicable regulation), 

and then taking and continuing to take adverse actions against the Plaintiffs for their exercise of 

sincerely held religious beliefs, which is further prohibited under DODI 1300.17. 

73. Defendants’ burden on Plaintiffs’ exercise of religion is not in furtherance of a 

compelling governmental interest, particularly given the Defendants’ serial granting of secular 

exemptions, and in light of recent findings about robust natural immunity present in the population 

(and all of these Plaintiffs) through natural immunity, as well as recent findings that vaccination 

does not stop the spread or transmission of the disease. 

74. Further, even if the government can assert a compelling governmental interest, the 

Vaccine Mandate is and was not the least restrictive means of furthering that interest, as evidenced 

by the Government granting thousands of secular exemptions from the same mandate, and because 

less restrictive means—such as those set forth in Paragraph 55—exist. 

75. Pursuant to 42 U.S.C. 2000bb-1(c), “[a] person whose religious exercise has been 

burdened in violation of this section may assert that violation as a claim or defense in a judicial 

proceeding and obtain appropriate relief against a government.”

76. Plaintiffs have no adequate remedy at law for the past and continuing deprivation 

of their most cherished constitutional liberties and sincerely held religious beliefs. 

77. Plaintiffs have suffered and continue to suffer irreparable harm as a direct result 

of Defendants’ policy and actions.

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78. Further, Plaintiffs seek injunctive relief to halt the ongoing violations of federal 

law, to obtain compliance by Defendants with same, and to order appropriate forward-looking 

corrective action via “root and branch” relief. 

79. Further, Plaintiffs seek reasonable attorney fees and costs pursuant to 42 U.S.C. 

§ 1988(b) (providing that attorney fees and costs awards are available against the federal 

government and its officials pursuant to RFRA claims). 

SECOND CAUSE OF ACTION 

Violation of Plaintiffs’ First Amendment Right to 

the Free Exercise of Religion, 

U.S. Const. Amend. I 

80. Plaintiffs reincorporate the foregoing as if fully written herein. 

81. The First Amendment of the Constitution protects the “free exercise” of religion.

Fundamental to this protection is the right to gather and worship. See W. Va. State Bd. of Educ. v. 

Barnette, 319 U.S. 624, 638 (1943) (“The very purpose of a Bill of Rights was to withdraw certain

subjects from the vicissitudes of political controversy, to place them beyond the reach of majorities 

and officials and to establish them as legal principles to be applied by the courts . . . [such as the] 

freedom of worship and assembly.”). As the Supreme Court has noted, “a law burdening religious 

practice that is not neutral or not of general application must undergo the most rigorous of 

scrutiny.” Church of the Lukumi Babalu Aye, Inc.v. Hialeah, 508 U.S. 520, 546 (1993). Because 

of the Army’s policy of granting secular exemptions to the Vaccine Mandate on a case-by-case 

basis, its refusal to grant religious accommodations on that same basis triggers strict scrutiny. 

Fulton v. City of Philadelphia, 141 S. Ct. 1868 (2021). 

82. Defendants have violated and continue to violate the First Amendment’s Free 

Exercise Clause, as described herein, and cannot meet strict scrutiny because they can neither 

establish a compelling governmental interest, nor narrow tailoring, given that they grant thousands 

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33 

of accommodations to the Vaccine Mandate for secular reasons while simultaneously refusing 

accommodations to those who request religious exemptions. 

83. Plaintiffs have sincerely held religious beliefs that are substantially burdened by 

the Vaccine Mandate. 

84. Plaintiffs have no adequate remedy at law for the past and continuing deprivation 

of their most cherished constitutional liberties and sincerely held religious beliefs. 

85. Plaintiffs have suffered and continue to suffer irreparable harm as a direct result 

of Defendants’ policy and actions.

86. Plaintiffs thus seek declaratory and injunctive relief under 28 USC § 2201 and 28 

USC § 2202 for these First Amendment violations, as well as reasonable attorney fees pursuant to 

42 U.S.C. § 1988(b). 

PRAYER FOR RELIEF 

WHEREFORE, Plaintiffs respectfully request that the Court enter judgment against 

Defendants and provide Plaintiffs with the following relief: 

a. That this Court issue a declaration that the challenged actions are unconstitutional 

and illegal under RFRA and/or the First Amendment, as applied to those 

submitting religious accommodation requests, because Defendants’ illegal policy 

substantially burdens Plaintiffs’ sincerely held religious beliefs when the Army 

does not have a compelling interest in forcing the Vaccine Mandate on Plaintiffs, 

and less restrictive means are available for accomplishing any legitimate goals; 

b. That this Court certify a class; 

c. That this Court continue the preliminary injunctive relief it has issued that 

precludes Defendants from taking any further enforcement/punitive action against 

Case 6:22-cv-00049-H Document 92 Filed 02/10/23 Page 33 of 47 PageID 2115
34 

Plaintiffs, and expand such relief to others similarly situated, during the pendency 

of this matter related to their request for a religious accommodation from the 

Vaccine Mandate; 

d. That this Court direct appropriate final and preliminary injunctive relief directing 

full “root and branch” relief to eliminate all vestiges of the discriminatory policy; 

this includes, without limitation, the following relief: (i) prohibit retaliation for 

those seeking religious accommodations or participating in this litigation; (ii) 

directing Defendants to cease and discontinue their religious discrimination and 

eradicate it “root and branch”; (iii) prohibit current and future punitive and adverse 

measures from being taken against anyone who had their religious 

accommodation denied due to the discriminatory policy; and (iv) direct, in final 

relief, Defendants to undertake the following “root and branch” relief: (a) for any 

soldier in the class who received an adverse discharge, upgrade discharges to 

Honorable discharges, and remove any adverse wording or characterizations or 

prohibitive re-enlistment codes and/or offer them reinstatement; (b) for any soldier 

denied a promotion or denied the ability to attend a course required for promotion, 

direct the institution of special promotion selection boards to consider/re-consider 

any promotion(s), with instructions to be issued by the Secretary of the Army to 

the board that the board cannot and should not hold against any soldier any failure 

to fulfill assignments or educational opportunities due to vaccination status; (c) 

direct the removal of any and all adverse actions, performance reports, or other 

items related to and flowing from Defendants’ discriminatory actions; and (d) 

direct appropriate restorative relief including record correction to remove the 

Case 6:22-cv-00049-H Document 92 Filed 02/10/23 Page 34 of 47 PageID 2116
35 

effects or efforts of Defendants to enforce their discriminatory policy, including 

back pay or points if warranted, or other appropriate relief (for example, providing 

that Cadet Bufkin either be reinstated to West Point or be given an Honorable 

Discharge with a waiver from monetary or service recoupment); 

e. Enjoin AR 40-562, and order Defendants to revise their religious accommodation 

policies concerning the processing of vaccine exemptions to ensure that those 

policies are in compliance with RFRA and the First Amendment, specifically 

preventing Defendants from using generalized compelling interests to determine 

whether a Soldier is eligible for an exemption and implementing a double standard 

for the processing of medical or other administrative exemptions; 

f. That this Court award Plaintiffs reasonable attorney fees, costs, and other costs 

and disbursements in this action pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1988; and 

g. All other further relief to which Plaintiffs may be entitled and that this Court shall 

deem just and proper. 

Dated: February 10, 2023 Respectfully submitted, 

 

 /s/Aaron Siri__________________ 

Aaron Siri (Admitted PHV) 

Elizabeth A. Brehm (Admitted PHV) 

Wendy Cox (Admitted Texas Bar 

No.24080162) 

Dana Stone (Admitted PHV) 

SIRI | GLIMSTAD LLP 

200 Park Avenue, 17th Floor 

New York, NY 10166 

(212) 532-1091 (v) 

(646) 417-5967 (f) 

aaron@sirillp.com 

ebrehm@sirillp.com 

wcox@sirillp.com 

dstone@sirillp.com 

Case 6:22-cv-00049-H Document 92 Filed 02/10/23 Page 35 of 47 PageID 2117
36 

/s/Christopher Wiest__________ 

Christopher Wiest (Admitted PHV) 

Chris Wiest, Atty at Law, PLLC 

25 Town Center Boulevard, Suite 104 

Crestview Hills, KY 41017 

(513) 257-1895 (c) 

(859) 495-0803 (f) 

chris@cwiestlaw.com 

Thomas B. Bruns (Admitted PHV) 

BCVA Law 

4555 Lake Forest Drive, Suite 330 

Cincinnati, OH 45242 

(513) 312-9890 (t) 

tbruns@bcvalaw.com 

/s/ John C. Sullivan 

John C. Sullivan 

S|L LAW PLLC 

Texas Bar Number: 24083920 

610 Uptown Boulevard, Suite 2000 

Cedar Hill, Texas 75104 

(469) 523–1351 (v) 

(469) 613-0891 (f) 

john.sullivan@the-sl-lawfirm.com 

Attorneys for Plaintiffs 

CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE 

 I certify that I have served a copy of the foregoing Verified Amended Complaint, via 

CM/ECF, this 10 day of February, 2023. 

/s/Christopher Wiest__________ 

Christopher Wiest (Admitted PHV) 

Case 6:22-cv-00049-H Document 92 Filed 02/10/23 Page 36 of 47 PageID 2118
VERIFICATION

Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 1746, I, Huntley Bakich, Jr., declare under penalty of perjury that I have read the foregoing

Amended Verified Complaint, and state that the factual statements therein are true and accurate and any documents

attached are true and accurate copies of what they purport to be.

Executed on [date|req|signer1].

[sig|req|signer1 ]

Huntley Bakich, Jr.

02 / 09 / 2023

ner1 

Doc ID: e5156b6c6e9866b0d15d6a5559c62abf52907071

Case 6:22-cv-00049-H Document 92 Filed 02/10/23 Page 37 of 47 PageID 2119
VERIFICATION

Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 1746, I, Zakai Bufkin, declare under penalty of perjury that I have read the foregoing Amended

Verified Complaint, and state that the factual statements therein are true and accurate and any documents attached are true

and accurate copies of what they purport to be.

Executed on [date|req|signer1].

[sig|req|signer1 ]

Zakai Bufkin

02 / 07 / 2023

q|signer1 

Doc ID: c583d9d64c6fefee3ec08a438c6f49bfca631c4f

Case 6:22-cv-00049-H Document 92 Filed 02/10/23 Page 38 of 47 PageID 2120
VERIFICATION

Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 1746, I, Luke Chrisman, declare under penalty of perjury that I have read the foregoing Amended

Verified Complaint, and state that the factual statements therein are true and accurate and any documents attached are true

and accurate copies of what they purport to be.

Executed on [date|req|signer1].

[sig|req|signer1 ]

Luke Chrisman

02 / 09 / 2023

signer1 

Doc ID: c3f7183a0cbedc1d114c84ee9072003b609de841

Case 6:22-cv-00049-H Document 92 Filed 02/10/23 Page 39 of 47 PageID 2121
VERIFICATION

Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 1746, I, Samuel Conklin, declare under penalty of perjury that I have read the foregoing Amended

Verified Complaint, and state that the factual statements therein are true and accurate and any documents attached are true

and accurate copies of what they purport to be.

Executed on [date|req|signer1].

[sig|req|signer1 ]

Samuel Conklin

02 / 07 / 2023

eq|signer1 

Doc ID: e6cef32232da62871767a5257ea448a4d076c355

Case 6:22-cv-00049-H Document 92 Filed 02/10/23 Page 40 of 47 PageID 2122
VERIFICATION

Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 1746, I, Joshua Costroff, declare under penalty of perjury that I have read the foregoing Amended

Verified Complaint, and state that the factual statements therein are true and accurate and any documents attached are true

and accurate copies of what they purport to be.

Executed on [date|req|signer1].

[sig|req|signer1 ]

Joshua Costroff

02 / 07 / 2023

igner1 

Doc ID: cfa137ee66f2019ca1a24939e11bcfc5e8506472

Case 6:22-cv-00049-H Document 92 Filed 02/10/23 Page 41 of 47 PageID 2123
VERIFICATION

Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 1746, I, Samuel Galloway, declare under penalty of perjury that I have read the foregoing Amended

Verified Complaint, and state that the factual statements therein are true and accurate and any documents attached are true

and accurate copies of what they purport to be.

Executed on [date|req|signer1].

[sig|req|signer1 ]

Samuel Galloway

02 / 08 / 2023

gner1 

Doc ID: 9b996bb38f756b03afdb51bc368eddca3ccdf87b

Case 6:22-cv-00049-H Document 92 Filed 02/10/23 Page 42 of 47 PageID 2124
VERIFICATION

Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 1746, I, Dominic Mell, declare under penalty of perjury that I have read the foregoing Amended

Verified Complaint, and state that the factual statements therein are true and accurate and any documents attached are true

and accurate copies of what they purport to be.

Executed on [date|req|signer1].

[sig|req|signer1 ]

Dominic Mell

02 / 09 / 2023

gner1 

Doc ID: d079190232a01e61a31811f13030cebc7a371a1c

Case 6:22-cv-00049-H Document 92 Filed 02/10/23 Page 43 of 47 PageID 2125
VERIFICATION

Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 1746, I, Collin Morrison, declare under penalty of perjury that I have read the foregoing Amended

Verified Complaint, and state that the factual statements therein are true and accurate and any documents attached are true

and accurate copies of what they purport to be.

Executed on [date|req|signer1].

[sig|req|signer1 ]

Collin Morrison

02 / 09 / 2023

q|signer1 

Doc ID: 15ec433736fa145e418d7ba5413a438e4bb6a286

Case 6:22-cv-00049-H Document 92 Filed 02/10/23 Page 44 of 47 PageID 2126
VERIFICATION

Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 1746, I, Nicholas Saballa, declare under penalty of perjury that I have read the foregoing Amended

Verified Complaint, and state that the factual statements therein are true and accurate and any documents attached are true

and accurate copies of what they purport to be.

Executed on [date|req|signer1].

[sig|req|signer1 ]

Nicholas Saballa

02 / 09 / 2023

signer1 

Doc ID: 39bb058a6b921cba03d7113a0c9fff2d72979f44

Case 6:22-cv-00049-H Document 92 Filed 02/10/23 Page 45 of 47 PageID 2127
VERIFICATION

Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 1746, I, Robert Schelske, declare under penalty of perjury that I have read the foregoing Amended

Verified Complaint, and state that the factual statements therein are true and accurate and any documents attached are true

and accurate copies of what they purport to be.

Executed on [date|req|signer1].

[sig|req|signer1 ]

Robert Schelske

02 / 07 / 2023

[sig|req|signer1 ]

Doc ID: 75174bf758ae20236a3b45426197320ab612d5c1

Case 6:22-cv-00049-H Document 92 Filed 02/10/23 Page 46 of 47 PageID 2128
VERIFICATION

Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 1746, I, Peter Testa, declare under penalty of perjury that I have read the foregoing Amended

Verified Complaint, and state that the factual statements therein are true and accurate and any documents attached are true

and accurate copies of what they purport to be.

Executed on [date|req|signer1].

[sig|req|signer1 ]

Peter Testa

02 / 09 / 2023

signer1 

Doc ID: a1a6746ea3682bb21f5a60844916ffbb6e5fb758

Case 6:22-cv-00049-H Document 92 Filed 02/10/23 Page 47 of 47 PageID 2129