Fourth Court of Appeals

San Antonio, Texas

MEMORANDUM OPINION

No. 04-11-00810-CV

Laura CASTILLO and Armando Castillo Sr.,

Individually and as Representatives of the Estate of Armando Castillo Jr.,

Appellants

v.

FORD MOTOR COMPANY,

Appellee

From the 365th Judicial District Court, Zavala County, Texas

Trial Court No. 09-03-11947-ZCVAJA

Honorable Amado J. Abascal III, Judge Presiding

Opinion by: Marialyn Barnard, Justice

Sitting: Catherine Stone, Chief Justice

Marialyn Barnard, Justice

Luz Elena D. Chapa, Justice

Delivered and Filed: April 3, 2013

AFFIRMED

Appellants Laura and Armando Castillo Sr., Individually and as Representatives of the 

Estate of Armando Castillo Jr. (“the Castillos”), filed suit against appellee Ford Motor Company, 

alleging a defective design in Ford’s 2002 U-152 Explorer proximately caused the death of their 

son during a rollover accident. The jury returned a verdict in favor of Ford, and the trial court 

entered a take-nothing judgment. On appeal, the Castillos contend the trial court erred in: (1) 

permitting Ford to introduce evidence the decedent was not wearing a seatbelt at the time of the 
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accident, and (2) excluding evidence of crash testing performed by Ford with respect to the 

Explorer. We affirm the trial court’s judgment.

BACKGROUND

Seven teenagers rode in a 2002 Ford Explorer following a quinceanera rehearsal in 

Crystal City, Texas. The driver was a 15-year-old male who had no driver’s license and who had 

not completed a driver’s education course or any other driver training. On the day of the 

accident, the driver took the Explorer, owned by his parents, without their permission. 

Testimony from the passengers revealed that on the way back from the rehearsal, the driver 

turned into a primitive, narrow road driving very fast, and lost control of the vehicle. The 

vehicle swerved from side to side, went off the road, and eventually vaulted into the air.

Decedent Armando Castillo Jr. was the only passenger who died in this rollover accident. 

At the time of the accident, the decedent was seated in the third row passenger seat next to a side 

panel window. Testimony showed the decedent was not wearing a seatbelt prior to or during the 

accident. His upper body was thrown out of the right rear window, causing fatal injuries to his 

upper body and head during the rollover.

The Castillos filed suit against the underage driver1 and Ford, the Explorer’s 

manufacturer. The Castillos alleged that both design and marketing defects relating to the use of 

tempered glass in the Explorer’s passenger windows caused the death of their son. Specifically, 

the Castillos argued laminated glass was both a technologically feasible and commercially 

reasonable and safer alternative to the use of tempered glass in the Explorer’s passenger 

windows. The Castillos’s biomechanical expert testified that had the Explorer’s third row side 

panel window consisted of laminated, rather than tempered, glass, the decedent would have 

survived the accident.

 1 The Castillos non-suited all claims against the driver shortly before trial.
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Before trial, the Castillos filed motions asking the trial court to prohibit Ford from 

introducing any evidence regarding the fact that their son was not wearing a seatbelt at the time 

of the accident. The trial court denied all of these motions and permitted Ford’s witnesses to 

testify the decedent failed to wear a seatbelt during the accident.

The Castillos also sought to introduce evidence of a “sled test” performed by Ford with 

respect to the Explorer’s third row passenger seating, which they alleged would demonstrate the 

heads of passengers in the third row, regardless of their use of a seatbelt, would break through 

the tempered glass rear window during an accident. The trial court refused to admit the 

Castillos’ evidence and denied their request for a jury instruction that would have directed the 

jury to ignore the decedent’s failure to wear a seatbelt.

The jury returned a verdict in favor of Ford, and the trial court entered a take-nothing 

judgment. Subsequently, the trial court denied the Castillos’ motion for new trial. The Castillos

then perfected this appeal.

ANALYSIS

The Castillos argue the trial court erred in: (1) permitting Ford to introduce evidence the 

decedent was not wearing a seatbelt at the time of the accident, and (2) excluding evidence of 

crash testing performed by Ford with respect to the Explorer. In two cross-points, Ford argues 

the trial court erred in: (1) finding the Castillos’ claims were not pre-empted by Federal Motor 

Vehicle Safety Standard 205, and (2) admitting the opinion testimony of the Castillos’ expert 

witness Stephen Batzer.

Standard of Review

The decision to admit or exclude evidence is within the trial court’s discretion. Nat’l 

Liab. & Fire Ins. Co. v. Allen, 15 S.W.3d 525, 527–28 (Tex. 2000). When reviewing a trial 
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court’s evidentiary decisions, we use an abuse of discretion standard. In re J.P.B., 180 S.W.3d 

570, 575 (Tex. 2005); E-Z Mart Stores, Inc. v. Ronald Holland’s A-Plus Transmission & 

Automotive, Inc., 358 S.W.3d 665, 674 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2011, pet. denied). “The test 

for abuse of discretion is whether the trial court acted without reference to any guiding rules or 

principles.” Larson v. Downing, 197 S.W.3d 303, 304–05 (Tex. 2006) (quoting Broders v. 

Heise, 924 S.W.2d 148, 151 (Tex. 1996)). If there is a legitimate basis in the record to support 

the ruling, we must uphold it. E-Z Mart Stores, Inc., 358 S.W.3d at 674 (citing Owens–Corning 

Fiberglas Corp. v. Malone, 972 S.W.2d 35, 43 (Tex. 1998)).

On appeal, the complaining party must not only show the trial court committed error in 

its evidentiary ruling, but also that the error probably caused the rendition of an improper 

judgment. E-Z Mart Stores, Inc., 358 S.W.3d at 674–75 (quoting State v. Cent. Expressway Sign 

Assocs., 302 S.W.3d 866, 870 (Tex. 2009)); see Horizon/CMS Healthcare Corp. v. Auld, 34 

S.W.3d 887, 906 (Tex. 2000). It is not necessary for the complaining party to prove that but for 

the exclusion of the evidence, there would have been a different outcome, but only that “the 

exclusion of evidence probably resulted in the rendition of an improper judgment.” E-Z Mart 

Stores, Inc., 358 S.W.3d at 675 (citing McCraw v. Maris, 828 S.W.2d 756, 758 (Tex. 1992)).

Admission of Seatbelt Use Evidence

The Castillos first argue the trial court erred in permitting Ford to introduce evidence the 

decedent was not wearing a seatbelt at the time of the accident. The Castillos primarily rely on 

the Texas Supreme Court cases of Pool v. Ford Motor Company, 716 S.W.2d 629 (Tex. 1986) 

and Carnation Co. v. Wong, 516 S.W.2d 116 (Tex. 1974) to argue seatbelt use evidence is not 

admissible to reduce or mitigate a plaintiff’s damages. In both cases, the court held evidence of 

the use or non-use of a seatbelt was not evidence of contributory negligence, and therefore 
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should not be admitted to mitigate the plaintiff’s damages. Pool, 716 S.W.2d at 633; Carnation 

Co., 516 S.W.2d at 116.

Ford first argues the Castillos failed to preserve error for appeal because they did not 

make a timely objection to the admission of seatbelt use evidence during trial. See Bay Area 

Healthcare Group, Ltd. v. McShane, 239 S.W.3d 231, 235 (Tex. 2007) (stating that to preserve 

error with regard to admission of evidence, party must object each time inadmissible evidence is 

offered or obtain running objection); see also TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1 (stating party must timely 

object and make complaining grounds with sufficient specificity, unless specific grounds were 

apparent from context, and must obtain ruling).

In response, the Castillos argue they preserved error by filing pre-trial motions, including 

two motions for partial summary judgment, where they advocated for the exclusion of seatbelt 

evidence. See Huckaby v. A.G. Perry & Son, Inc., 20 S.W.3d 194, 203–06 (Tex. App.—

Texarkana 2000, pet. denied) (holding that although rulings on motions in limine do not preserve 

error, pre-trial rulings on admissibility of evidence do). Ford counters that these motions were 

not sufficient to preserve error on the admissibility of seatbelt evidence later offered at trial. See 

Anderton v. Schindler, 154 S.W.3d 928, 931 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2005, no pet.) (“[T]he denial of 

a motion for summary judgment presents nothing for review.”). We agree the Castillos failed to 

preserve error for our review on the admissibility of seatbelt use evidence. See TEX. R. APP. P.

33.1.

Assuming arguendo, the Castillos preserved error for our review, we hold the trial court 

was within its discretion in allowing testimony regarding the decedent’s failure to use a seatbelt 

prior to and during the accident. Ford argues this is a crashworthiness case because the Castillos 

claimed the Explorer was not adequately designed to protect their son from being ejected when 
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the accident occurred. See Ford Motor Co. v. Miles, 141 S.W.3d 309, 317 (Tex. App.—Dallas 

2004, pet denied) (noting crashworthiness cases claim defect in vehicle caused occupant to 

sustain injuries in accident that he or she would not otherwise have suffered) (citing Hyundai 

Motor Co. v. Rodriguez ex rel. Rodriguez, 995 S.W.2d 661, 665 (Tex. 1999)). Ford asserts the 

Castillos placed directly at issue the design of the vehicle’s occupant restraint system, and the 

seat belt is a basic element of such a system.

Texas law used to provide the use or nonuse of a safety belt was not admissible in a 

civil trial.2 However, this law is no longer applicable in crashworthiness cases. See 

Bridgestone/Firestone, Inc. v. Glyn-Jones, 878 S.W.2d 132 (Tex. 1994) (noting statute 

prohibiting evidence of use or nonuse of seat belt in civil trial was not intended to and does not 

apply to protect seat belt manufacturer from liability for defective restraint systems); see also

Hodges v. Mack Trucks, Inc., 474 F.3d 188, 201–02 (5th Cir. 2006) (noting seat belt evidence 

was necessary to defeat crashworthiness claim). Furthermore, the case at hand is different from 

the cases relied on by the Castillos, as Pool and Carnation Co. were not crashworthiness cases 

and did not put at issue the defendant’s design of the occupant restraint system.

Therefore, we hold the trial court was within its discretion to allow Ford to present 

seatbelt use evidence by the decedent to defeat the Castillos’s crashworthiness claim. See 

Hodges, 474 F.3d at 202. However, even if the seatbelt evidence was inadmissible, as the 

Castillos argue, we hold such error was harmless and did not lead to the rendition of an improper 

judgment. See E-Z Mart Stores, Inc., 358 S.W.3d at 674–75. After all, despite hearing the 

decedent was not wearing a seatbelt at the time of the accident, the jury found the decedent was 

 2 Before its repeal in 2003, Texas Transportation Code section 545.413(g) provided, “Use or nonuse of a safety belt 

is not admissible evidence in a civil trial.” Act of Apr. 21, 1995, 74th Leg., R.S., ch. 165, § 1, sec. 545.413(g), 1995 

Tex. Gen. Laws 1025, 1644, repealed by Act of June 1, 2003, 78th Leg., R.S., ch. 204, § 8.01, 2003 Tex. Gen. Laws 

847, 863.
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not negligent at all, and assigned all responsibility to the driver of the Explorer. Furthermore, the 

jury did not reach any of the damage questions, and thus, the seatbelt evidence did not mitigate 

any damages. See Pool, 716 S.W.2d at 633. Accordingly, we overrule the Castillos’ first point 

of error.

Exclusion of Sled Test Evidence

The Castillos next argue the trial court erred in prohibiting them from introducing 

evidence of Ford’s “sled test.” The Castillos argued the “sled test” was the only crash testing 

performed by Ford with respect to the vehicle’s design, and the test allegedly demonstrated the 

heads of seatbelted passengers in the Explorer’s third row would crash through the tempered 

glass rear window. Thus, the Castillos allege the “sled test” evidence was critical to show the 

Explorer’s tempered glass passenger windows were unreasonably dangerous irrespective of the 

passengers’ use of seatbelts, and to rebut Ford’s contention that had decedent used his seatbelt, 

he would have survived the rollover.

Ford argues, however, the trial court correctly excluded the test because the record shows 

it was very dissimilar from the incident at hand. For example, the sled test was a frontal 

collision, while the accident here was a driver’s side leading rollover. In the sled test, the heads 

of the belted crash-test dummies extended through the rear hatchback window opening as the 

vehicle rebounded off of the wall. In this accident, the decedent’s upper body was thrown out 

the side panel window as the vehicle was rolling over. Finally, and importantly, for the sled test, 

the glass in the rear hatchback window had been removed. As a result, the test could not show 

the extent to which tempered glass might, or might not, have prevented the dummies’ heads from 

extruding outside the vehicle.
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We agree with Ford’s assertions. The trial court was well within its discretion to exclude 

evidence of the sled test, as evidence of another incident or test is admissible only if it is 

substantially similar to the accident at issue. See In re Graco Children’s Products, Inc., 210 

S.W.3d 598, 601 (Tex. 2006); Nissan Motor Co. Ltd. v. Armstrong, 145 S.W.3d 131, 138 (Tex. 

2004). In this case, the sled crash test was manifestly different from the accident at hand, and the 

trial court had a legitimate basis to exclude evidence about the sled test. See E-Z Mart Stores, 

Inc., 358 S.W.3d at 674.

Even if the trial court’s ruling was erroneous, we hold the error was harmless and 

unlikely to have resulted in the rendition of an improper judgment. See id. at 675. If anything, 

the sled test evidence would have been cumulative, as the Castillos presented sufficient evidence 

the decedent’s head would have extruded from the side window even if he wore a seatbelt. 

Therefore, we overrule the Castillos’ last point of error.3

CONCLUSION

Based on the foregoing, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.

Marialyn Barnard, Justice

 3 Given our holding on the Castillos’ points of error, we need not address Ford’s cross-points.