- 1 -

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

NORTHERN DISTRICT OF TEXAS

DALLAS DIVISION

RODNEY VANCE et al., §

§

 Plaintiffs, §

§

v. § CIVIL ACTION NO. 3:21-CV-2171-B

§

SAFETY-KLEEN SYSTEMS, INC., §

§

 Defendant. §

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER

Before the Court is Defendant Safety-Kleen Systems, Inc. (“Safety-Kleen”)’s Motion to Sever

(Doc. 43). For the reasons set forth below, the Court GRANTS the motion and SEVERS this case

into twenty distinct civil actions.

I. 

BACKGROUND

A. Factual Background

This case is about whether workplace exposure to Safety-Kleen chemicals caused Plaintiffs’

cancers. Plaintiffs are twenty former Carrier Corporation (“Carrier”) employees (or personal

representatives of former Carrier employees) who worked atCarrier’s air conditioning plant in Tyler,

Texas. Doc. 41, Am. Pet. ¶¶ 9–30. Carrier employed Plaintiffs between 1968 and 2015, and each

Plaintiff worked for a different duration during that time period. Doc. 45, App. Def.’s Mot. Exs. A–T.

Plaintiffs worked in a variety of roles at Carrier’s facility. A majority were assembly line workers, but

others were employed as electrical technicians, drivers, equipment repairmen, coil shop workers,

crew leaders, or press operators. Id.

Case 3:22-cv-02245-B Document 64 Filed 10/06/22 Page 1 of 12 PageID 1927
 In their Amended Objections and Responses to Safety-Kleen’s First Set of Interrogatories, each 1

Plaintiff stated “upon information and belief” that they were

exposed to Safety-Kleen 105 Solvent Recycled; Safety-Kleen Premium Solvent; Safety-Kleen

Premium Gold Solvent (Virgin and Recycled); Lectra Clean (Bulk) (02020); Lectro Solve;

Lectrosol II/Quickleen II; Lectrosol Safety Solvent Degreaser (U22935); Slide Resin

Remover Aerosol (41916T); Tap Magic Original Cutting Fluid; NSS Bee & Wasp; NSS

Dielectric Bee/Wasp; Methyl Chloride; Spotcheck Developer SKD-NF; Mobiltac E while

employed at Carrier.

Doc. 45, App. Def.’s Mot. Exs. A–T.

- 2 -

Defendant Safety-Kleen provided Carrier with chemical solvents that allegedly caused

Plaintiffs to develop various types of cancer. Doc. 41, Am. Pet. ¶ 31. Plaintiffs allege that, during the

relevant time period, Carrier used Safety-Kleen solvents that contained trichloroethylene (“TCE”) 1

and benzene. Id. Safety-Kleen disputes this allegation, maintaining that the solvents at issue

contained neither TCE nor benzene. Doc. 44, Def.’s Br. 2. Carrier used these solvents to degrease

fabricated parts. Doc. 41, Am. Pet. ¶ 32. This degreasing process “involves heating solvents like TCE

in a degreasing unit to a hot vapor [that] condenses onto parts placed in the unit and carries

contaminants away . . . as it beads and then drips off.” Id. Plaintiffs allege that during this process

“105 Solvent would flow in a stream through the air in an open system . . . causing the carcinogens

in the solvent to volatilize in the immediate breathing area of the person near the parts.” Id. at ¶ 42.

“As a direct result of their frequent exposure to TCE, benzene, and/or other hazardous chemicals,

Plaintiffs developed non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, kidney cancer, and other life-threatening ailments.”

Id. at ¶ 36. Of the twenty Plaintiffs, six were diagnosed with lymphoma, four with renal cell

carcinoma, four with multiple myeloma, three with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, one with kidney

cancer, one with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and one with sarcoma. Doc. 45, App. Def.’s Mot.

Exs. A–T. 

Case 3:22-cv-02245-B Document 64 Filed 10/06/22 Page 2 of 12 PageID 1928
- 3 -

Plaintiffs allege that Safety-Kleen knew of the carcinogenic effects of its products but chose

to produce them anyway. Plaintiffs assert that Safety-Kleen’s “then-Product and Process

Development Manager Paul Dittmar” revealed that Safety-Kleen previously knew about the

“hazardous, carcinogenic effects of its products.” Doc. 41, Am. Pet. ¶ 38. “Ditmar . . . implored

[Safety-Kleen] to utilize different technology . . . in order to eliminate benzene;” however, SafetyKleen declined to use a safer alternative. Id. at ¶¶ 38–39. Plaintiffs claim that Safety-Kleen

“concealed from consumers . . . that its product was contaminated with highly toxic carcinogens.”

Id. at ¶ 40. 

B. Procedural Background

Plaintiffs filed a products liability and negligence suit against Safety-Kleen in the County

Court at Law No. 4 of Dallas County, Texas, on July 9, 2021. Doc. 1-1, Pet. Safety-Kleen removed

the case to this Court on September 13, 2021. Doc. 1, Notice of Removal. On February 16, 2022,

Safety-Kleen filed a Motion asking the Court to dismiss the action, sever Plaintiffs’ claims, or extend

the case deadlines. Doc. 27, Mot. Safety-Kleen cited Plaintiffs’ deficient discovery as grounds for

dismissal. See Doc. 28, Br. 10–15. On March 4, 2022, the parties entered an Agreed Order (Doc.

34), which extended the case deadlines 120 days, ordered Plaintiffs to provide discovery, and

withdrew without prejudice Safety-Kleen’s requests to dismiss or sever the case. Doc. 34, Agreed

Order.

On June 14, 2021, Safety-Kleen filed the instant Motion to Sever the Plaintiffs’ claims.

Doc. 43, Mot. Sever 2. In its Motion, Safety-Kleen argues that Plaintiffs’ claims are misjoined, and

the Court should exercise its discretion to sever the claims. Doc. 44, Def.’s Br. at 5. Safety-Kleen

notes that “Plaintiffs each allege ‘various’ exposures in different locations, at different timeframes,

Case 3:22-cv-02245-B Document 64 Filed 10/06/22 Page 3 of 12 PageID 1929
- 4 -

while performing differentjobswith numerous combinations of different products [and] have unique

medical histories, risk factors, diagnoses, and prognoses.” Id. at 8. For these reasons, Safety-Kleen

argues Plaintiffs’ claims arise from separate transactions and occurrences and lack a common

question of law or fact. Id. at 6, 8–9. Alternatively, if the Court finds Plaintiffs are properly joined,

Safety-Kleen urges the Court to sever Plaintiffs’ claims to prevent extreme prejudice, promote

efficiency, and avoid juror confusion. Id. at 11. 

Plaintiffs maintain that their claims are properly joined and oppose severance. Doc. 46, Pls.’

Resp. 2. They argue that the claims arise out of one series of transactions or occurrences and “share

common issues of fact and law” because “they all allege that the products manufactured by . . .

Safety-Kleen had a ‘common defect’ . . . that caused Plaintiffs[’] cancerous ailments.” Id. at 5–8.

Plaintiffs contend that maintaining a single action will promote judicial efficiency and avoid

inconsistent verdicts without causing unfair prejudice. Id. at 8–9. Alternatively, Plaintiffs ask the

Court to wait to rule on severance until the parties have conducted further discovery. Id. at 9. 

II. 

LEGAL STANDARD

Under Rule 21, district courts have “broad discretion” to sever misjoined parties or their

claims. Brunet v. United Gas Pipeline Co., 15 F.3d 500, 505 (5th Cir. 1994). Rule 20 permits joinder

of multiple plaintiffs in a single action if “(1) they assert any right to relief jointly, severally, or in the

alternative with respect to or arising out of the same transaction, occurrence, or series of transactions

or occurrences; and (2) any question of law or fact common to all plaintiffs will arise in the action.”

Fed. R. Civ. P. 20. If a party does not meet both prongs of Rule 20, a court may drop the misjoined

party or sever the claims asserted by that party and adjudicate them separately. Fed. R. Civ. P.

Case 3:22-cv-02245-B Document 64 Filed 10/06/22 Page 4 of 12 PageID 1930
- 5 -

21(allowing severance of misjoined parties or claims “at any time, on just terms”); see also Acevedo

v. Allsup’s Convenience Stores, Inc., 600 F.3d 516, 520 (5th Cir. 2010). 

Even ifthe parties have been properly joined, district courts may sever parties or claims in the

interest of avoiding prejudice and delay, ensuring judicial economy, or safeguarding principles of

fundamental fairness. See Acevedo, 600 F.3d at 521. 

In the Fifth Circuit, the accepted basis for Rule 21 severance analysis considers five

factors: (1) whether claims arise out of the same transaction, occurrence, or series of

transactions or occurrence[s]; (2) whether the claims present common questions of

law or fact; (3) whether settlement of the claims or judicial economy would be

facilitated; (4) whether prejudice would be avoided if severance were granted; and

(5) whether different witnesses and documentary proof are required for the separate

claims.

Def. Distributed v. Bruck, 30 F.4th 414, 431 (5th Cir. 2022).

III. 

ANALYSIS

The Court considers each of these factors in turn and concludes that Plaintiffs’ claims should

be severed. Plaintiffs’ claims are misjoined because they do not arise out of the same transaction,

occurrence, or series of transactions or occurrences. They present few, if any, common questions of

law or fact. Even if Plaintiffs’ claims were not misjoined, judicial economy, the potential for prejudice,

and different witnesses and documentary proof support severance of Plaintiffs’ claims.

A. Plaintiffs’ claims do not arise out of the same series of transactions or occurrences because they

allege different products, exposure periods, and job descriptions.

In determining whether claims arise out of the same transaction, occurrence, or series of

occurrences, “[d]istrict courts in the Fifth Circuit[apply] the logical relationship test.” EMET, LLC

v. Johnson Controls, Inc., 2021 WL 4712694, at *5 (W.D. Tex. Oct. 7, 2021) (collecting cases). The

“logical relationship” inquiry asks whether claims “share an aggregate of operative facts.” See New

Case 3:22-cv-02245-B Document 64 Filed 10/06/22 Page 5 of 12 PageID 1931
 As noted above, none of the Plaintiffs have identified a specific solvent or solvents to which 2

they were exposed. 

- 6 -

York Life Ins. Co. v. Deshotel, 142 F.3d 873, 882 (5th Cir. 1998) (observing in the context of Rule 13,

“while using the ‘logical relationship’ concept, this Circuit gives weight to whether the claim and

counterclaim share an ‘aggregate of operative facts.’”). See also Off. Stanford Invs. Comm. v. Am.

Lebanese Syrian Associated Charities, Inc., 2015 WL 13739835, at *4 (N.D. Tex. July 22, 2015)

(“[I]ndependent defendants satisfy the transaction-or-occurrence test of Rule 20 when there is a

logical relationship between the separate causes of action. . . . In other words, the defendants’

allegedly infringing acts, which give rise to the individual claims of infringement, must share an

aggregate of operative facts.”).

Plaintiffs’ claims lack the necessary aggregate of operative facts to constitute a series of

transactions or occurrences. Each Plaintiff claims to have been exposed to at least one of fifteen

different Safety-Kleen solvents while employed at Carrier. Based on these allegations, it is possible 2

that no two Plaintiffs were exposed to the same combination of solvents. Each Plaintiff was exposed

to a solvent or solvents to varying degrees due to the different jobs and periods of employment. Some

Plaintiffs worked in close proximity to the alleged carcinogens; others were rarely exposed. Some

were exposed for several decades; others for as little as two years. And Plaintiffs developed different

forms of cancer. 

Similarly, what Safety-Kleen knew or reasonably should have known about the safety of its

products varies among the Plaintiffs. What Safety-Kleen knew or should have known about its

solvents’ alleged health risks in 2007 is irrelevant to Plaintiff Stephnie Gee, who was employed at

Carrier from 1973 to 1975. See Doc. 45, App. Def.’s Mot. 103. Similarly, Rayven Richards’s claims

require no information about the chemical makeup of Safety-Kleen solvents in 1971 because he did

Case 3:22-cv-02245-B Document 64 Filed 10/06/22 Page 6 of 12 PageID 1932
- 7 -

not begin working at Carrier until 2005. See Doc. 45, App. Def.’s Mot. 153. While some operative

facts overlap between Plaintiffs’ claims, the differences predominate. 

Other courts have severed claims when location and duration of exposure to toxic substances

vary across plaintiffs. In Aregood v. International Flavors & Fragrances, Inc., the court severed the

claims of twenty-seven plaintiffs who alleged that exposure to workplace chemicals caused them to

develop pulmonary illnesses. 2015 WL 13631742 (S.D. Ind. Jan. 13, 2015). Although the plaintiffs

worked at the same ConAgra facility, “[they] differ[ed] in time employed at ConAgra, location at

the plant, work performed, and duration and magnitude of exposure.” Id. at *1. The plaintiffs also

received different diagnoses and prognoses. Id. The court concluded, “Each Plaintiff’s claim turns on

its own unique set of facts, which triggers a unique set of defenses. With such varying circumstances,

Plaintiffs’ claims do not logically arise out of the same series of transactions.” Id. at *2.

Similarly, in Cambre v. Union Carbide Corporation, the court severed the claims of seven

plaintiffs who were exposed to ethylene oxide at different locations and had “significant differences

in the timing and length” of exposure, even though the plaintiffs all developed the same disease. 2022

WL 898748, at *2–3 (E.D. La. Mar. 28, 2022). The court noted that although the plaintiffs all were

diagnosed with breast cancer, medical evidence was certain to vary across plaintiffs due to their

unique risk factors for the development of breast cancer and unique degree of exposure to ethylene

oxide. Id. at *3; see also Ellis v. Evonik Corp., 2022 WL 1719196 (E.D. La. May 27, 2022) (severing

claims where plaintiffs had different timing, length, and proximity of exposure to ethylene oxide,

each claim presented distinct legal issues, and each claim involved varied medical evidence).

Plaintiffs argue that the facts of Dayton Independent School District v. U.S. Mineral Products.

Company, 1989 WL 237732 (E.D. Tex. Feb. 14, 1989)should inform the Court’s severance decision,

Case 3:22-cv-02245-B Document 64 Filed 10/06/22 Page 7 of 12 PageID 1933
- 8 -

but Dayton is inapposite. In Dayton, the plaintiffs were building owners who sued the manufacturer

of asbestos-containing building materials to recover the cost of removal of the materials. Id. at *1.

Importantly, the plaintiffs sought damages for asbestos removal, not for diseases allegedly caused by

exposure. Id. In Dayton, the plaintiffs had to prove that the asbestos-containing ceiling tiles were

hazardous and unreasonably dangerous to the occupants. Id. at *2. In contrast, here, Plaintiffs must

each prove that a Safety-Kleen product or products caused them to develop their particular form of

cancer. Unlike in Dayton, the evidence regarding length of exposure and medical causation will vary

widely among Plaintiffs. The Dayton court also noted that special considerations weighed against

severance in asbestos cases. See id. at *1 (“Once again, the Court is faced with a situation which has

become all too familiar—the dilemma of managing a large number of asbestos-related cases. . . . [A]

case-by-case approach to the management of these cases is totally unacceptable.”). Such

considerations are not present here. Plaintiffs’ other authorities address factually dissimilar situations

that are not persuasive in this case. See MyMail, Ltd. v. Am. Online, Inc., 223 F.R.D. 455 (E.D. Tex.

2004) (patent infringement); Hanley v. First Invs. Corp., 151 F.R.D. 76 (E.D. Tex. 1993) (securities

fraud). Because Plaintiffs allege different products, exposure periods, and job descriptions, their

claims do not arise out of the same series of transactions or occurrences.

B. Plaintiffs’ claims share few common questions of fact or law because Plaintiffs worked at Carrier

for different lengths of time and had different levels of exposure to Safety-Kleen products.

Because Plaintiffs’ claims do not arise out of the same series of transactions or occurrences,

they are misjoined. However, the Court briefly analyzes the second prong of the test: whether the

claims share common questions of fact or law. At least one question is common to all Plaintiffs: the

mechanism of exposure. Plaintiffs allege that Carrier’s degreasing process involved solvents flowing

“in a stream through the air in an open system, causing the carcinogens in the solvent to volatilize

Case 3:22-cv-02245-B Document 64 Filed 10/06/22 Page 8 of 12 PageID 1934
- 9 -

in the immediate breathing area of the persons near the parts washer and/or degreaser units.” Doc.

41, Am. Compl. ¶ 42. Safety-Kleen denies this allegation. Doc. 42, Answer ¶ 42. Because Plaintiffs

allege they were each exposed to carcinogens through this process, and no evidence has been

presented that this process changed over time, Plaintiffs share at least one common issue of law

or fact. 

Plaintiffs argue that their claims “share a lot of common issues of law and fact: same product

defect, product safety, inadequate warning, same facility, overlapping exposure period, and same

defendant conduct, et al.” Doc. 46, Pls.’ Resp. 6. But Plaintiffs’ pleadings and interrogatory responses

belie this claim. Each Plaintiff’s claim relies on what chemicals were in Safety-Kleen solvents, what

warnings Safety-Kleen gave, and what Safety-Kleen knew about the safety of its products. But

relevant to each Plaintiff is only Safety-Kleen’s solvent composition, warnings, and level of

knowledge at the time that Plaintiff was employed. And while each Plaintiff’s exposure overlaps with

at least one other plaintiff, no exposure period was common to all Plaintiffs. While Plaintiffs share

at least one common question of fact or law, the differences in factual and legal questions

predominate and support severance.

C. Severance will not materially affect the prospect of settlement of the claims or judicial economy.

The parties disagree about whether severancewill facilitate judicial economy and settlement

of claims. Safety-Kleen contends that severance would facilitate “focused, claim-specific negotiations

and mediations” and allow a trial of one Platintiff’s claims to “inform potential resolution of others.”

Doc. 44, Def.’s Br. 19. Plaintiffs do not dispute this claim in their brief. As the Agreed Order

demonstrates, some Plaintiffs have been more proactive than others in seeking resolution of their

claims. See Doc. 34, Agreed Order (ordering various Plaintiffs to complete or amend their responses

Case 3:22-cv-02245-B Document 64 Filed 10/06/22 Page 9 of 12 PageID 1935
- 10 -

to Safety-Kleen’s First Sets of Interrogatories). But courts have also recognized that denying

severance may increase the efficiency of settlement negotiations. See Paragon Off. Servs., LLC v.

UnitedHealthcare Ins. Co., 2012 WL 4442368, at *2–3 (N.D. Tex. Sept. 26, 2012) (rejecting the

argument that “severance will promote settlement by allowing an easier assessment of the separate

claims” and explaining it is more efficient for “settlement discussions [to] be conducted within the

structure of one lawsuit rather than two, and under the directives of one court rather than two”).

Because this case has twenty Plaintiffs, severance may hinder efficient administration of settlement

negotiations.

Plaintiffs argue that “joinder . . . will aid efficient resolution of the case” by avoiding “twenty

separate discoveries” on overlapping issues of fact. Doc. 46, Pls.’ Resp. 8–9. This claim is not

persuasive for two reasons. First, as the Court observed above, much of the discovery regarding

causation, damages, and even negligence will be irrelevant to some or most Plaintiffs. And while one

trial is generally more efficient than 20 trials,“these cases are clearly destined for separate trials.” See

Cambre, 2022 WL 898748, at *3. The relevant facts among Plaintiffs’ claims vary widely. Second,

Plaintiffs could have mitigated some of the inefficiency of separate discovery by promptly providing

discovery. Magistrate Judge Ramirez had to order Plaintiffs to respond to Safety-Kleen’s

interrogatories. Plaintiffs’ assertion that severance avoids inefficiency rings hollow where their delay

furthered this inefficiency. In light of these considerations, the Court finds that judicial efficiency

concerns neither favor nor disfavor severance.

(4) Severance would avoid prejudice to Safety-Kleen.

Allowing Plaintiffs’ claims to proceed together would be unduly prejudicial to Safety-Kleen.

Where multiple plaintiffs must prove a single defendant’s actions caused them to develop a disease,

Case 3:22-cv-02245-B Document 64 Filed 10/06/22 Page 10 of 12 PageID 1936
- 11 -

allowing the claims to proceed together risks unfairly prejudicing the defendant. See Ellis, 2022 WL

1719196, at *16 (trying fourteen plaintiffs’ claims that ethylene oxide exposure caused their breast

cancer together would be unduly prejudicial); Cambre, 2022 WL 898748, at *3 (trying seven

plaintiffs’ claims of exposure to ethylene oxide together would be unduly prejudicial). Trying all 20

Plaintiffs’ claims together risks undue prejudice and jury confusion. See Rubio v. Monsanto Co., 181

F. Supp. 3d 746, 758–59 (C.D. Cal. 2016) (severing two claims because the two plaintiffs used

Roundup “under vastly different circumstances, including frequency and duration of exposure,”

during periods twenty years apart and “[c]onsolidating the two claims may give rise to the easy,

potentially prejudicial inference that if Roundup caused [one plaintiff’s] cancer it caused [the other’s

cancer] as well, or vice versa”). Given the number of Plaintiffs and the factual differences among

their cases, the risk of jury confusion would be high if the claims were tried together, even if the

Court gave a limiting instruction. The potential for prejudice weighs in favor of severance.

(5) Plaintiffs’ claims will require different witnesses and documentary proof.

As discussed above, Plaintiffs’ claims will require different witnesses and documentary proof.

Plaintiffs will need different medical experts to prove causation of their different types of cancer.

They will need different proof about their personal and environmental risk factors for developing

their form of cancer. They will need different documentation of the types of solvents used during

their period of employment at Carrier. They will need different proof about how often their were

exposed to Safety-Kleen solvents in their roles at Carrier. They will need different proof about what

Safety-Kleen knew about the risks of their products during their time of employment at Carrier.

These differences are not trivial. See Ellis, 2022 WL 1719196, at *14 (“The distinct periods of

exposure will [] bear on each plaintiff’s showing of fault and causation, thereby affecting the legal

Case 3:22-cv-02245-B Document 64 Filed 10/06/22 Page 11 of 12 PageID 1937
- 12 -

viability of each plaintiff’s case. . . . [D]ifferences [in proximity to airborne toxins also] bear heavily

on the causation element of each plaintiff’s claim.”). The differences in evidentiary proof support

severance.

IV. 

CONCLUSION

For the reasons stated above, the Court GRANTS Safety-Kleen’s Motion to Sever (Doc. 43)

and SEVERS the case into twenty distinct civil actions to be assigned to this Court.

SO ORDERED.

SIGNED: October 6, 2022.

______________________________

JANE J. BOYLE

UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

Case 3:22-cv-02245-B Document 64 Filed 10/06/22 Page 12 of 12 PageID 1938