# Patent

## Title
Alleles of the zwf gene from coryneform bacteria

## Abstract

The invention relates to mutants and alleles of the zwf gene of coryneform bacteria, which encode variants of the Zwf subunit of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC: 1.1.1.49), and to processes for preparing amino acids, in particular L-lysine and L-tryptophan, by using bacteria which harbor said alleles.

## Background
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
The present application is a division of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/790,063, filed on Apr. 23, 2007(which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,585,650 on Sep. 8, 2009), which is a division of Ser. No. 11/284,416, filed Nov. 22, 2005. U.S. Ser. No. 11/284,416 claims priority to German application 10 2005 013 676.1, filed on Mar 24, 2005, and the benefit of United States provisional application 60/709,094, filed on Aug.18, 2005. These previous applications are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.


The invention relates to mutants and alleles of the zwf gene of coryneform bacteria, which encode variants of the Zwf subunit of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC: 1.1.1.49), and to processes for preparing amino acids, in particular L-lysine and L-tryptophan, by using bacteria which harbor said alleles.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Amino acids are applied in human medicine, in the pharmaceutical industry, in the food industry and especially in animal nutrition.
Amino acids are known to be prepared by fermentation of strains of coryneform bacteria, in particular Corynebacterium glutamicum. Due to the great importance, continuous efforts are made to improve the production processes. Said processes may be improved with respect to fermentation-related measures such as, for example, stirring and oxygen supply or the composition of the nutrient media, such as, for example, sugar concentration during the fermentation, or the working-up into product form, for example by means of ion exchange chromatography, or the intrinsic performance characteristics of the microorganism itself.
The performance characteristics of said microorganisms are improved by applying methods of mutagenesis, selection and mutant choice. This enables strains to be obtained which are resistant to antimetabolites or auxotrophic for metabolites which are of regulatory importance, and produce amino acids. A known antimetabolite is the lysine analog S-(2-aminoethyl)-L-cysteine (AEC).
For some years now, methods of recombinant DNA technology have likewise been employed in order to improve L-amino acid-producing Corynebacterium strains, by amplifying individual amino acid biosynthesis genes and studying the effect on amino acid production. A summary on a wide variety of aspects of the genetics, the metabolism and the biotechnology of Corynebacterium glutamicum can be found in Pühler (chief ed.) in Journal of Biotechnology 104 (1-3), 1-338, 2003.
The nucleotide sequence of the gene coding for glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase of Corynebacterium glutamicum is generally accessible, inter alia in the database of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) of the National Library of Medicine (Bethesda, Md., USA). It can furthermore be found as sequence no. 243 (=AX065117) in the patent application WO 01/00844.
WO 01/70995 describes an improvement in the fermentative production of L-amino acids by coryneform bacteria due to amplification of the zwf gene.
WO 01/98472, WO 03/042389 and US 2003/0175911 A1 report novel mutations in the zwf gene.
Moritz et al. (European Journal of Biochemistry 267, 3442-3452 (2000)) report physiological and biochemical studies on glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase of Corynebacterium glutamicum. According to studies by Moritz et al., glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase consists of a Zwf subunit and an OpcA subunit.
The microbial biosynthesis of L-amino acids in coryneform bacteria is a complex system and linked on multiple levels to various other metabolic pathways in the cell. It is therefore not possible to predict which mutation alters the catalytic activity of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase in such a way that production of L-amino acids is improved. It is therefore desirable to have available further variants of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase.
For reasons of better clarity, SEQ ID NO:1 depicts the nucleotide sequence of the zwf gene coding for glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and, respectively, of the zwf gene coding for the Zwf subunit of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase from Corynebacterium glutamicum (“wild type gene”), according to the information of the NCBI database, and SEQ ID NO:2 and 4 depict the amino acid sequence derived therefrom of the encoded glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase. In addition, SEQ ID NO:3 indicates nucleotide sequences located upstream and downstream.
OBJECT OF THE INVENTION
The inventors have set themselves the object of providing novel measures for improving the production of amino acids, in particular L-lysine and L-tryptophan.


DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates to generated or isolated mutants of coryneform bacteria which preferably secrete amino acids, and which comprise a gene or allele encoding a polypeptide having glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity, wherein said polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence in which any proteinogenic amino acid other than glycine is present in position 321 or a corresponding or comparable position of the amino acid sequence. Preference is given to the substitution of glycine with L-serine.
The polypeptide which is present in the mutants of the invention may likewise be referred to as Zwf polypeptide or Zwf subunit of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase.
Among the coryneform bacteria, preference is given to the genus Corynebacterium. Particular preference is given to amino acid-secreting strains which are based on the following species:

    
    
        Corynebacterium efficiens, for example the strain DSM44549,
        Corynebacterium glutamicum, for example the strain ATCC13032,
        Corynebacterium thermoaminogenes for example the strain FERM BP-1539, and
        Corynebacterium ammoniagenes, for example the strain ATCC6871,

very particular preference being given to the species Corynebacterium glutamicum. 

    
    


Some representatives of the species Corynebacterium glutamicum are also known under different species names in the prior art. These include, for example:

    
    
        Corynebacterium acetoacidophilum ATCC13870,
        Corynebacterium lilium DSM20137,
        Corynebacterium melassecola ATCC17965,
        Brevibacterium flavum ATCC14067,
        Brevibacterium lactofermentum ATCC13869, and
        Brevibacterium divaricatum ATCC14020.
    
    


Examples of known representatives of amino acid-secreting strains of coryneform bacteria are
the L-lysine-producing strains

    
    
        Corynebacterium glutamicum DM58-1/pDM6 (=DSM4697) described in EP 0 358 940,
        Corynebacterium glutamicum MH20-22B (=DSM16835) described in Menkel et al. (Applied and Environmental Microbiology 55(3), 684-688 (1989)),
        Corynebacterium glutamicum AHP-3 (=FermBP-7382) described in EP 1 108 790,
        Corynebacterium thermoaminogenes AJ12521 (=FERM BP-3304) described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,250,423,
    
    


or the L-tryptophan-producing strains

    
    
        Corynebacterium glutamicum K76 (=FermBP-1847) described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,563,052,
        Corynebacterium glutamicum BPS13 (=FermBP-1777) described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,605,818, and
        Corynebacterium glutamicum FermBP-3055 described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,235,940.
    
    


Information on the taxonomic classification of strains of this group of bacteria can be found, inter alia, in Seiler (Journal of General Microbiology 129, 1433-1477 (1983)), Kämpfer and Kroppenstedt (Canadian Journal of Microbiology 42, 989-1005 (1996)), Liebl et al. (International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 41, 255-260 (1991)) and in U.S. Pat. No. 5,250,434.
Strains denoted “ATCC” may be obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, Va., USA). Strains denoted “DSM” may be obtained from the Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen (DSMZ, Brunswick, Germany). Strains denoted “FERM” may be obtained from the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST Tsukuba Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba Ibaraki, Japan). The Corynebacterium thermoaminogenes strains mentioned (FERM BP-1539, FERM BP-1540, FERM BP-1541 and FERM BP-1542) are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,250,434.
The term proteinogenic amino acids means the amino acids occurring in natural proteins, i.e. in proteins of microorganisms, plants, animals and humans. These include in particular L-amino acids selected from the group consisting of L-aspartic acid, L-asparagine, L-threonine, L-serine, L-glutamic acid, L-glutamine, glycine, L-alanine, L-cysteine, L-valine, L-methionine, L-isoleucine, L-leucine, L-tyrosine, L-phenylalanine, L-histidine, L-lysine, L-tryptophan, L-proline and L-arginine. L-homoserine likewise belongs to the L-amino acids.
The mutants of the invention preferably secrete said proteinogenic amino acids, in particular L-lysine and L-tryptophan. The term amino acids also comprises their salts such as, for example, lysine monohydrochloride or lysine sulfate in the case of the amino acid L-lysine.
The invention further relates to mutants of coryneform bacteria, which comprise a zwf allele encoding a polypeptide having glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme activity, which polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, with any proteinogenic amino acid other than glycine being present in position 321. Preference is given to replacing glycine with L-serine. In addition, the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide comprises, where appropriate, replacement of the amino acid L-serine in position 8 with a different proteinogenic amino acid, preferably L-threonine.
The invention furthermore relates to mutants of coryneform bacteria, which comprise a zwf allele encoding a polypeptide having glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme activity, which polypeptide comprises any proteinogenic amino acid other than glycine, preferably L-serine, in the position corresponding to position 321 of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, the gene comprising a nucleotide sequence identical to the nucleotide sequence of a polynucleotide which is obtainable by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using a primer pair whose nucleotide sequences comprise in each case at least 15 contiguous nucleotides selected from the nucleotide sequence between positions 1 and 307 of SEQ ID NO:3 or SEQ ID NO:11 and from the complementary nucleotide sequence between positions 2100 and 1850 of SEQ ID NO:3 or SEQ ID NO:11. Examples of suitable primer pairs of this kind are depicted in SEQ ID NO:17 and SEQ ID NO:18 and in SEQ ID NO:19 and SEQ ID NO:20. The preferred starting material (template DNA) is chromosomal DNA of coryneform bacteria which have been treated in particular with a mutagen. Particular preference is given to the chromosomal DNA of the genus Corynebacterium and very particular preference is given to that of the species Corynebacterium glutamicum. 
The invention furthermore relates to mutants of coryneform bacteria, which comprise a zwf allele encoding a polypeptide having glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme activity, which polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence having a length corresponding to 514 L-amino acids, with any proteinogenic amino acid other than glycine, preferably L-serine, being present in position 321. In addition, the amino acid L-serine in position 8 of the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide has, where appropriate, been replaced with a different proteinogenic amino acid, preferably L-threonine.
The invention furthermore relates to mutants of coryneform bacteria, which comprise a zwf allele encoding a polypeptide having glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme activity, which polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence corresponding to positions 312 to 330 of SEQ ID NO:6 or 8 in positions 312 to 330 of the amino acid sequence. Preferably, the amino acid sequence of the encoded polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence corresponding to positions 307 to 335 of SEQ ID NO:6 or 8 or to positions 292 to 350 of SEQ ID NO:6 or 8 or to positions 277 to 365 of SEQ ID NO:6 or 8 or to positions 262 to 380 of SEQ ID NO:6 or 8 or to positions 247 to 395 of SEQ ID NO:6 or 8 or to positions 232 to 410 of SEQ ID NO:6 or 8 or to positions 202 to 440 of SEQ ID NO:6 or 8 or to positions 172 to 470 of SEQ ID NO:6 or 8 or to positions 82 to 500 of SEQ ID NO:6 or 8 or to positions 2 to 512 of SEQ ID NO:6 or 8 or to positions 2 to 513 of SEQ ID NO:6 or 8 or to positions 2 to 514 of SEQ ID NO:6 or 8. Very particular preference is given to the length of the encoded polypeptide comprising 514 amino acids.
The invention furthermore relates to mutants of coryneform bacteria, which comprise a zwf allele encoding a polypeptide having glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme activity, which polypeptide comprises any amino acid other than glycine in position 321 or in the corresponding position of the amino acid sequence, preference being given to the substitution with L-serine, and whose amino acid sequence is moreover at least 90%, preferably at least 92% or at least 94% or at least 96%, and very particularly preferably at least 97% or at least 98% or at least 99%, identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:6. An example of an amino acid sequence having an identity of at least 99% to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:6 is depicted in SEQ ID NO:8 and 10. The polypeptide of this glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase possesses, apart from the amino acid substitution in position 321, the amino acid substitution of L-serine with L-threonine in position 8.
The invention furthermore relates to mutants of coryneform bacteria, which comprise a zwf allele encoding a polypeptide having glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme activity, which polypeptide comprises any amino acid other than glycine in position 321 or in the corresponding position of the amino acid sequence, with preference being given to the substitution with L-serine, and whose nucleotide sequence is moreover at least 90%, preferably at least 92% or at least 94% or at least 96%, and very particularly preferably at least 97% or at least 98% or at least 99%, identical to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:5. An example of a nucleotide sequence of a zwf allele, which possesses at least 99% identity to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:5, is depicted in SEQ ID NO:7. Apart from the nucleotide substitution of guanine with allanine in position 961 (see SEQ ID NO:5), the nucleotide sequence of this zwf allele has the nucleotide substitution of thymine with adenine in position 22 (see SEQ ID NO:7). A further example of a nucleotide sequence of a zwf allele, which has at least 99% identity to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:5, is depicted in SEQ ID NO:9. The nucleotide sequence of this zwf allele has, apart from the nucleotide substitution of guanine with adenine in position 961 (see SEQ ID NO:5) and the nucleotide substitution of thymine with adenine in position 22 (see SEQ ID NO:7), the nucleotide substitutions of cytosine with thymine in position 138, of cytosine with thymine in position 279, of thymine with cytosine in position 738, of cytosine with thymine in position 777 and of guanine with adenine in position 906 (see SEQ ID NO:9).
Conservative amino acid substitutions are known to alter the enzyme activity only insignificantly. Accordingly, the zwf allele which is present in the mutants of the invention and which encodes a polypeptide having glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme activity may comprise one (1) or more conservative amino acid substitution(s), in addition to the amino acid sequence depicted in SEQ ID NO:6 and SEQ ID NO:8 and, respectively, SEQ ID NO:10. Preference is given to the polypeptide comprising no more than two (2), no more than three (3), no more than four (4) or no more than five (5), conservative amino acid substitutions.
In the case of the aromatic amino acids, the substitutions are said to be conservative when phenylalanine, tryptophan and tyrosine are substituted for one another. In the case of the hydrophobic amino acids, the substitutions are said to be conservative when leucine, isoleucine and valine are substituted for one another. In the case of the polar amino acids, the substitutions are said to be conservative when glutamine and asparagine are substituted for one another.
In the case of the basic amino acids, the substitutions are said to be conservative when arginine, lysine and histidine are substituted for one another. In the case of the acidic amino acids, the substitutions are said to be conservative when aspartic acid and glutamic acid are substituted for one another. In the case of the hydroxyl group-containing amino acids, the substitutions are said to be conservative when serine and threonine are substituted for one another.
An example of a conservative amino acid substitution is the substitution of serine with threonine in position 8 of SEQ ID NO:6, which results in the amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO:8 and SEQ ID NO:10, respectively.
During work on the present invention, comparison of the amino acid sequence using the Clustal program (Thompson et al., Nucleic Acids Research 22, 4637-4680 (1994)) revealed that the amino acid sequences of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase of various bacteria such as, for example, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium bovis, Streptomyces coeliclor, Streptomyces avermitilis, Corynebacterium efficiens and Corynebacterium glutamicum, comprise a sequence motif consisting of the sequence Val-Ile-Phe-Gly-Ali-Afa-Gly-Asp-Leu, a sequence motif consisting of the sequence Arg-Ile-Asp-His-Tyr-Leu-Gly-Lys, or a sequence motif consisting of the sequence Arg-Trp-Ala-Gly-Val-Pro-Phe-Tyr-Bra-Arg-Thr-Gly-Lys-Arg. The term “Ali” represents the amino acids Ala or Val, the term “Afa” represents the amino acids Lys or Thr, and the term “Bra” represents the amino acids Ile or Leu.
Accordingly, preference is given to those mutants of coryneform bacteria, which comprise a zwf allele encoding a polypeptide having glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme activity, which polypeptide comprises at least one amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of Val-Ile-Phe-Gly-Ali-Afa-Gly-Asp-Leu, Arg-Ile-Asp-His-Tyr-Leu-Gly-Lys and Arg-Trp-Ala-Gly-Val-Pro-Phe-Tyr-Bra-Arg-Thr-Gly-Lys-Arg and which comprises any amino acid other than lysine, preferably L-serine, in position 321 or in the corresponding or comparable position of the amino acid sequence. In addition, the amino acid sequence comprises, where appropriate, an amino acid substitution of L-serine with a different proteinogenic amino acid, preferably L-threonine, in position 8 according to SEQ ID NO:2.
The amino acid sequence motif Val-Ile-Phe-Gly-Val-Thr-Gly-Asp-Leu is present, for example, in SEQ ID NO:6, 8 or 10 from positions 32 to 40. The amino acid sequence motif Arg-Ile-Asp-His-Tyr-Leu-Gly-Lys is present, for example, in SEQ ID NO:6, 8 and, respectively, 10 from position 203 to 210. The amino acid sequence motif Arg-Trp-Ala-Gly-Val-Pro-Phe-Tyr-Leu-Arg-Thr-Gly-Lys-Arg is present, for example, in SEQ ID NO:6, 8 or 10 from positions 354 to 367.
Finally, the invention relates to mutants of coryneform bacteria, which comprise a zwf allele encoding a polypeptide having glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme activity, which polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:6 or SEQ ID NO:8 and, respectively, SEQ ID NO:10.
Enzymes intrinsic to the host, called aminopeptidases, are known to remove the terminal methionine during protein synthesis.
The term “a position corresponding to position 321 of the amino acid sequence” or “a position comparable to position 321 of the amino acid sequence” means the fact that insertion or deletion of a codon coding for an amino acid in the N-terminal region (based on position 321 of SEQ ID NO:6, 8 or 10) of the encoded polypeptide formally increases, in the case of an insertion, or decreases, in the case of a deletion, the indicated position and indicated length, in each case by one unit. For example, deletion of the AAC codon coding for the amino acid L-asparagine in position 4 of SEQ ID NO:6, 8 or 10 moves the L-serine from position 321 to position 320. The indicated length would then be: 513 amino acids. In the same way, insertion or deletion of a codon coding for an amino acid in the C-terminal region (based on position 321) of the encoded polypeptide formally increases, in the case of an insertion, or decreases, in the case of a deletion, the indicated length by one unit. Such comparable positions can readily be identified by comparing the amino acid sequences in the form of an alignment, for example with the aid of the Clustal program.
Insertions and deletions of this kind essentially do not affect the enzymic activity. “Essentially do not affect” means that the enzymic activity of the variants mentioned differs from the activity of the polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:6 or 8 and, respectively, 10 by no more than 10%, no more than 7.5%, no more than 5%, no more than 2.5% or no more than 1%.
Accordingly, the invention also relates to zwf alleles encoding polypeptide variants of SEQ ID NO:6 or 8 and, respectively, 10, which variants comprise one or more insertion(s) or deletion(s). The polypeptide preferably comprises no more than 5, no more than 4, no more than 3 or no more than 2 amino acid insertions or deletions.
The sequence motifs Val-Ile-Phe-Gly-Ali-Afa-Gly-Asp-Leu, and Arg-Ile-Asp-His-Tyr-Leu-Gly-Lys and Arg-Trp-Ala-Gly-Val-Pro-Phe-Tyr-Bra-Arg-Thr-Gly-Lys-Arg are preferably not disrupted by such insertions/deletions.
The mutants of the invention may be prepared by classical in-vivo mutagenesis methods with cell populations of coryneform bacteria by using mutagenic substances such as, for example, N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), 5-bromouracil, or ultraviolet light. Mutagenesis methods are described, for example, in Manual of Methods for General Bacteriology (Gerhard et al. (Eds.), American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C., USA, 1981) or in Tosaka et al. (Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 42(4), 745-752 (1978)) or in Konicek et al. (Folia Microbiologica 33, 337-343 (1988)). Typical mutageneses using MNNG comprise concentrations of from 50 to 500 mg/l or else higher concentrations of up to a maximum of 1 g/l, an incubation time of from 1 to 30 minutes at a pH of from 5.5 to 7.5. Under these conditions, the number of viable cells is reduced by a proportion of from approx. 50% to 90% or approx. 50% to 99% or approx. 50% to 99.9% or more.
Mutants or cells are removed from the mutagenized cell population and propagated. Preference is given to investigating, in a further step, their ability to secrete amino acids, preferably L-lysine or L-tryptophan, in a batch culture using a suitable nutrient medium. Suitable nutrient media and assay conditions are described, inter alia, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,221,636, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,840,551, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,770,409, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,605,818, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,275,940 and in U.S. Pat. No. 4,224,409. Using suitable robots, as described, for example, in Zimmermann et al. (VDI Berichte No. 1841, VDI-Verlag, Düsseldorf, Germany 2004, 439-443) or Zimmermann (Chemie Ingenenieur Technik 77 (4), 426-428 (2005)), it is possible to study a large number of mutants in a short time. In this way, mutants are identified which, compared to the parent strain or non-mutagenized starting strain, secrete an increased amount of amino acids into the nutrient medium or the cell interior. These include, for example, those mutants whose amino acid secretion has increased by at least 0.5%.
Subsequently, DNA of the mutants is provided or isolated from the latter and the corresponding polynucleotide is synthesized with the aid of the polymerase chain reaction using primer pairs which allow amplification of the zwf gene or of the zwf allele of the invention or of the mutation of the invention in position 321. Preference is given to isolating the DNA from those mutants which secrete an increased amount of amino acids.
To this end, it is possible to select any primer pairs from the nucleotide sequence located upstream and downstream of the mutation of the invention and from the nucleotide sequence complementary thereto. A primer of a primer pair here preferably comprises at least 15, at least 18, at least 20, at least 21 or at least 24, contiguous nucleotides selected from the nucleotide sequence between positions 1 and 1267 of SEQ ID NO:3 or SEQ ID NO:11. The corresponding second primer of a primer pair comprises at least 15, at least 18, at least 20, at least 21 or at least 24, contiguous nucleotides selected from the complementary nucleotide sequence of positions 2100 and 1271 of SEQ ID NO:3 or SEQ ID NO:11. If it is desired to amplify the coding region, then the primer pair is preferably selected from the nucleotide sequence between positions 1 and 307 of SEQ ID NO:3 or SEQ ID NO:11 and from the complementary nucleotide sequence between positions 2100 and 1850 of SEQ ID NO:3 or SEQ ID NO:11. If it is desired to amplify part of the coding region, as indicated, for example, in SEQ ID NO:14 and 15, then the primer pair is preferably selected from the nucleotide sequence between positions 309 and 1267 of SEQ ID NO:3 or SEQ ID NO:11 and from the complementary nucleotide sequence between positions 1848 and 1271 of SEQ ID NO:3 or SEQ ID NO:11. Examples of suitable primer pairs are the zwf-K1 and zwf-K2 primer pair depicted under SEQ ID NO:17 and SEQ ID NO:18 or the zwf-L1 and zwf-L2 primer pair depicted under SEQ ID NO:19 and SEQ ID NO:20. In addition, the primer may be provided with recognition sites for restriction enzymes, with a biotin group or further accessories as described in the prior art. The total length of the primer is usually no more than 30, 40, 50 or 60 nucleotides.
Usually, thermostable DNA polymerases are employed in the preparation of polynucleotides by amplification of selected sequences such as the zwf allele of the invention from initially introduced DNA, for example chromosomal DNA (template DNA), via amplification by means of PCR. Examples of DNA polymerases of this kind are Taq polymerase of Thermus aquaticus, which is sold, inter alia, by Qiagen (Hilden, Germany), Vent polymerase of Thermococcus litoralis, sold, inter alia, by New England Biolabs (Frankfurt, Germany), or Pfu polymerase of Pyrococcus furiosus, sold, inter alia, by Stratagene (La Jolla, USA). Preference is given to polymerases having proof-reading activity. Proof-reading activity means that these polymerases are capable of recognizing wrongly incorporated nucleotides and rectifying the error by renewed polymerization (Lottspeich and Zorbas, Bioanalytik, Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany (1998)). Examples of polymerases having proof-reading activity are Vent polymerase and Pfu polymerase.
The conditions in the reaction mixture are set according to the information provided by the manufacturer. The polymerases are usually supplied by the manufacturer together with the customary buffer which usually has concentrations of 10-100 mM Tris/HCl and 6-55 mM KCl at pH 7.5-9.3. Magnesium chloride is added in a concentration of 0.5-10 mM, if not present in the buffer supplied by the manufacturer. Furthermore, deoxynucleoside triphosphates are added in a concentration of 0.1-16.6 mM to the reaction mixture. The primers, in a final concentration of 0.1-3 μM, and template DNA, in the optimal case from 102 to 105 copies, are initially introduced into the reaction mixture. 106 to 107 copies may also be used. An amount of 2-5 units of the appropriate polymerase is added to the reaction mixture. A typical reaction mixture has a volume of 20-100 μl.
Further additives which may be added to the reaction are bovine serum albumin, Tween-20, gelatin, glycerol, formamide or DMSO (Dieffenbach and Dveksler, PCR Primer—A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, USA 1995).
A typical PCR profile consists of three different, successively repeated temperature stages. Initially, the reaction is started by increasing the temperature to 92° C.-98° C. for 4 to 10 minutes in order to denature the initially introduced DNA. This is followed repeatedly by first a step of denaturing the initially introduced DNA at approximately 92-98° C. for 10-60 seconds, then a step of 10-60 seconds of binding the primers to the initially introduced DNA at a particular temperature dependent on said primers (annealing temperature), which from experience is from 50° C. to 60° C. and can be calculated for each primer pair individually. Detailed information on this can be found by the skilled worker in Rychlik et al. (Nucleic Acids Research 18 (21): 6409-6412). Subsequently, a synthesis step of extending the initially introduced primers (extension) at the activity optimum of the polymerase, indicated in each case and usually in the range from 73° C. to 67° C., preferably 72° C. to 68° C., depending on the polymerase. The duration of this extension step depends on the performance of the polymerase and on the length of the PCR product to be amplified. In a typical PCR, this step lasts 0.5-8 minutes, preferably 2-4 minutes. These three steps are repeated 30 to 35 times, where appropriate up to 50 times. A final “extension” step of 4-10 minutes ends the reaction. The polynucleotides prepared in this manner are also referred to as amplicons; the term nucleic acid fragment is likewise common.
Further instructions and information regarding PCR can be found by the skilled worker for example in the manual “PCR-Strategies” (Innis, Felfand and Sninsky, Academic Press, Inc., 1995), in the manual by Diefenbach and Dveksler “PCR Primer—a laboratory manual” (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1995), in the manual by Gait “Oligonucleotide synthesis: A Practical Approach” (IRL Press, Oxford, UK, 1984) and in Newton and Graham “PCR” (Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany, 1994).
The nucleotide sequence is subsequently determined, for example by the chain termination method of Sanger et al. (Proceedings of the National Academies of Sciences, U.S.A., 74, 5463-5467 (1977)) with the modifications indicated by Zimmermann et al. (Nucleic Acids Research 18, 1067 pp (1990)), and the polypeptide encoded by said nucleotide sequence is analyzed, in particular with respect to the amino acid sequence. For this purpose, the nucleotide sequence is entered into a program for translating DNA sequence into an amino acid sequence. Examples of suitable programs are the program “Patentin” which is available from patent offices, for example the US Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO), or “Translate Tool” which is available on the ExPASy Proteomics Server on the World Wide Web (Gasteiger et al., Nucleic Acids Research 31, 3784-3788 (2003)).
In this way, mutants are identified whose zwf alleles encode polypeptides having glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme activity, which polypeptides comprise any proteinogenic amino acid other than glycine in position 321 of the amino acid sequence or in the corresponding or comparable position. Preference is given to the substitution with L-serine. In addition, the amino acid sequence comprises, where appropriate, an amino acid substitution of L-serine with a different proteinogenic amino acid, preferably L-threonine, in position 8 or in the corresponding or comparable position.
Accordingly, the invention relates to a mutant of a coryneform bacterium, which is obtainable by the following steps:

    
    
        a) treating a coryneform bacterium capable of secreting amino acids with a mutagenic agent,
        b) isolating and propagating the mutant generated in a),
        c) preferably determining the ability of said mutant to secrete in a medium or to accumulate in the cell interior at least 0.5% more amino acid than the coryneform bacterium employed in a),
        d) providing nucleic acid of the mutant obtained in b),
        e) preparing a nucleic acid molecule/amplicon/nucleic acid fragment, using the polymerase chain reaction, of the nucleic acid from d) and of a primer pair consisting of a first primer comprising at least 15 contiguous nucleotides selected from the nucleotide sequence between positions 1 and 1267 of SEQ ID NO:3 or SEQ ID NO:11 and a second primer comprising at least 15 contiguous nucleotides selected from the complementary nucleotide sequence between positions 2100 and 1271 of SEQ ID NO:3 or 11,
        f) determining the nucleotide sequence of the nucleic acid molecule obtained in e) and determining the encoded amino acid sequence,
        g) comparing, where appropriate, the amino acid sequence determined in f) with SEQ ID NO:6, 8 or 10, and
        h) identifying a mutant comprising a polynucleotide which encodes a polypeptide comprising any proteinogenic amino acid other than glycine, preferably L-serine, in position 321 or a comparable position, and which, where appropriate, comprises any proteinogenic amino acid other than L-serine, preferably L-threonine, in position 8 or a comparable position.
    
    


The mutants generated in this way typically comprise one (1) copy of the zwf allele described.
SEQ ID NO:5, 7 and 9 depict, by way of example, the coding regions of zwf alleles of mutants of the invention. The coding region of the wild type gene is depicted as SEQ ID NO:1. SEQ ID NO:1 comprises the nucleobase guanine in position 961, the nucleobase guanine in position 962 and the nucleobase cytosine in position 963. SEQ ID NO:1 comprises the GGC codon, coding for the amino acid glycine, in positions 961 to 963. SEQ ID NO:5 comprises the nucleobase adenine in position 961. This guanine-adenine transition results in the AGC codon, coding for the amino acid L-serine, in positions 961 to 963.
SEQ ID NO:1 comprises the nucleobase thymine in position 22, the nucleobase cytosine in position 23 and the nucleobase cytosine in position 24. Accordingly, SEQ ID NO:1 comprises the TCC codon, coding for the amino acid serine, in positions 22 to 24. SEQ ID NO:7 comprises the nucleobase adenine in position 22. This thymine-adenine transversion results in the AGC codon, coding for the amino acid L-serine, in positions 22 to 24.
In addition, the nucleotide sequences depicted in SEQ ID NO:5 and 7 may comprise further base substitutions which have resulted from the mutagenesis treatment but which do not manifest themselves in an altered amino acid sequence. Such mutations are referred to in the art also as silent or neutral mutations. These silent mutations may likewise already be present in the coryneform bacterium used for mutagenesis treatment. Examples of such silent mutations are the cytosine-thymine transition in position 138, the cytosine-thymine transition in position 279, the thymine-cytosine transition in position 738, the cytosine-thymine transition in position 777 and the guanine-adenine transition in position 906, as depicted in SEQ ID NO:9.
The coryneform bacteria used for the mutagenesis preferably already have the ability to secrete the desired amino acid into the surrounding nutrient medium or fermentation broth or to accumulate it in the cell interior.
L-Lysine-producing coryneform bacteria typically possess a feedback-resistant or desensibilized aspartate kinase. Feedback-resistant aspartate kinases mean aspartate kinases which, compared to the wild type, have a lower sensitivity to the inhibition by mixtures of lysine and threonine or mixtures of AEC (aminoethylcysteine) and threonine or lysine alone or AEC alone. The genes or alleles encoding these desensibilized aspartate kinases are also referred to as lysCFBR alleles. The prior art (Table 1) describes numerous lysCFBR alleles encoding aspartate kinase variants which have amino acid substitutions in comparison with the wild type protein. SEQ ID NO:21 depicts the coding region of the wild type lysC gene of Corynebacterium glutamicum according to accession number AX756575 of the NCBI database, and SEQ ID NO:22 depicts the protein encoded by said gene.







TABLE 1







lysCFBR alleles encoding feedback-resistant aspartate kinases










Name of
Further

Accession


allele
information
Reference
number





lysCFBR E05108

JP 1993184366-A
E05108




(sequence 1)


lysCFBR E06825
lysC A279T
JP 1994062866-A
E06825




(sequence 1)


lysCFBR E06826
lysC A279T
JP 1994062866-A
E06826




(sequence 2)


lysCFBR E06827

JP 1994062866-A
E06827




(sequence 3)


lysCFBR E08177

JP 1994261766-A
E08177




(sequence 1)


lysCFBR E08178
lysC A279T
JP 1994261766-A
E08178




(sequence 2)


lysCFBR E08179
lysC A279V
JP 1994261766-A
E08179




(sequence 3)


lysCFBR E08180
lysC S301F
JP 1994261766-A
E08180




(sequence 4)


lysCFBR E08181
lysC T308I
JP 1994261766-A
E08181




(sequence 5)


lysCFBR E08182

JP 1994261766-A
E08182




(sequence 6)


lysCFBR E12770

JP 1997070291-A
E12770




(sequence 13)


lysCFBR E14514

JP 1997322774-A
E14514




(sequence 9)


lysCFBR E16352

JP 1998165180-A
E16352




(sequence 3)


lysCFBR E16745

JP 1998215883-A
E16745




(sequence 3)


lysCFBR E16746

JP 1998215883-A
E16746




(sequence 4)


lysCFBR I74588

US 5688671-A
I74588




(sequence 1)


lysCFBR I74589
lysC A279T
US 5688671-A
I74589




(sequence 2)


lysCFBR I74590

US 5688671-A
I74590




(sequence 7)


lysCFBR I74591
lysC A279T
US 5688671-A
I74591




(sequence 8)


lysCFBR I74592

US 5688671-A
I74592




(sequence 9)


lysCFBR I74593
lysC A279T
US 5688671-A
I74593




(sequence 10)


lysCFBR I74594

US 5688671-A
I74594




(sequence 11)


lysCFBR I74595
lysC A279T
US 5688671-A
I74595




(sequence 12)


lysCFBR I74596

US 5688671-A
I74596




(sequence 13)


lysCFBR I74597
lysC A279T
US 5688671-A
I74597




(sequence 14)


lysCFBR X57226
lysC S301Y
EP0387527
X57226




Kalinowski et




al., Molecular




and General




Genetics




224: 317-324




(1990)


lysCFBR L16848
lysC G345D
Follettie and
L16848




Sinskey




NCBI Nucleotide




Database (1990)


lysCFBR L27125
lysC R320G
Jetten et al.,
L27125



lysC G345D
Applied




Microbiology




Biotechnology




43: 76-82 (1995)


lysCFBR
lysC T311I
WO0063388




(sequence 17)


lysCFBR
lysC S301F
US3732144


lysCFBR
lysC S381F
EP0435132


lysCFBR
lysC S317A
US5688671




(sequence 1)


lysCFBR
lysC T380I
WO 01/49854









L-Lysine-secreting coryneforme bacteria typically possess one or more of the amino acid substitutions listed in Table 1.
Preference is given to the following lysCFBR alleles: lysC A279T (substitution of alanine in position 279 of the encoded aspartate kinase protein according to SEQ ID NO:22 with threonine), lysC A279V (substitution of alanine in position 279 of the encoded aspartate kinase protein according to SEQ ID NO:22 with valine), lysC S301F (substitution of serine in position 301 of the encoded aspartate kinase protein according to SEQ ID NO:22 with phenylalanine), lysC T308I (substitution of threonine in position 308 of the encoded aspartate kinase protein according to SEQ ID NO:22 with isoleucine), lysC S301Y (substitution of serine in position 308 of the encoded aspartate kinase protein according to SEQ ID NO:22 with tyrosine), lysC G345D (substitution of glycine in position 345 of the encoded aspartate kinase protein according to SEQ ID NO:22 with asparaginic acid), lysC R320G (substitution of arginine in position 320 of the encoded aspartate kinase protein according to SEQ ID NO:22 with glycine), lysC T311I (substitution of threonine in position 311 of the encoded aspartate kinase protein according to SEQ ID NO:22 with isoleucine), lysC S381F (substitution of serine in position 381 of the encoded aspartate kinase protein according to SEQ ID NO:22 with phenylalanine) and lysC S317A (substitution of serine in position 317 of the encoded aspartate kinase protein according to SEQ ID NO:22 with alanine).
Particular preference is given to the lysCFBR allele lysC T311I (substitution of threonine in position 311 of the encoded aspartate kinase protein according to SEQ ID NO:22 with isoleucine) and a lysCFBR allele comprising at least one substitution selected from the group consisting of A279T (substitution of alanine in position 279 of the encoded aspartate kinase proteins according to SEQ ID NO:22 with threonine) and S317A (substitution of serine in position 317 of the encoded aspartate kinase protein according to SEQ ID NO:22 with alanine).
The lysCFBR allele lysC T311I is present in the strain DM1797 deposited with the DSMZ. DM1797 is a mutant of Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC13032.
Starting from strain DM1797, a mutant referred to as DM1816, which harbors a zwf allele encoding a polypeptide in which L-serine is present in position 321 of the amino acid sequence, was isolated in the manner described above. The nucleotide sequence of the coding region of the zwf allele of the DM1816 mutant is depicted as SEQ ID NO:9 and the amino acid sequence of the encoded polypeptide is depicted as SEQ ID NO:10 and 12, respectively. The DM1816 mutant additionally comprises nucleotide substitutions in the nucleotide sequence between positions 1 and 307 of SEQ ID NO:3. These nucleotide substitutions are depicted in SEQ ID NO:11. SEQ ID NO:11 comprises guanine instead of adenine in position 208, adenine instead of guanine in position 235, cytosine instead of thymine in position 245, guanine instead of adenine in position 257 and guanine instead of adenine in position 299. SEQ ID NO:11 furthermore comprises adenine instead of thymine in position 329, thymine instead of cytosine in position 445, thymine instead of cytosine in position 586, cytosine instead of thymine in position 1045, thymine instead of cytosine in position 1084, adenine instead of guanine in position 1213 and adenine instead of guanine in position 1268.
In addition it is possible to use L-lysine-secreting coryneform bacteria which have an attenuated homoserine dehydrogenase or homoserine kinase or which possess other properties as known from the prior art.
L-Tryptophan-producing coryneform bacteria typically possess a feedback-resistant or desensibilized anthranilate synthase. The term feedback-resistant anthranilate synthase means anthranilate synthases which, compared to the wild type, have a lower sensitivity to inhibition (5% to 10%, 10% to 15% or 10% to 20%) by tryptophan or 5-fluorotryptophan (Matsui et al., Journal of Bacteriology 169 (11): 5330-5332 (1987)) or similar analogs. The genes or alleles encoding these desensibilized anthranilate synthases are also referred to as trpEFBR alleles. Examples of mutants or alleles of this kind are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,180,373 and EP0338474.
The mutants obtained show increased secretion or production of the desired amino acid in a fermentation process, in comparison with the starting strain or parent strain employed.
The invention likewise relates to an isolated polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide having glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme activity, which polypeptide comprises any proteinogenic amino acid other than glycine in position 321 or in a corresponding or comparable position of the amino acid sequence, with preference being given to the substitution with L-serine.
The polynucleotide of the invention may be isolated from a mutant of the invention.
It is furthermore possible to use in-vitro methods for the mutagenesis of the zwf gene. The use of in-vitro methods involves subjecting isolated polynucleotides which comprise a zwf gene of a coryneform bacterium, preferably the Corynebacterium glutamicum wild type gene described in the prior art, to a mutagenic treatment.
The isolated polynucleotides may be, for example, isolated total DNA or chromosomal DNA or else amplicons of the zwf gene, which have been prepared with the aid of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Such amplicons are also referred to as PCR products. Instructions for the amplification of DNA sequences with the aid of the polymerase chain reaction can be found by the skilled worker, inter alia, in the manual by Gait: Oligonucleotide Synthesis: A Practical Approach (IRL Press, Oxford, UK, 1984) and Newton and Graham: PCR (Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany, 1994). It is likewise possible to incorporate the zwf gene to be mutagenized first into a vector, for example into a bacteriophage or into a plasmid.
Suitable methods of in-vitro mutagenesis are, inter alia, the treatment with hydroxylamine according to Miller (Miller, J. H.: A Short Course in Bacterial Genetics. A Laboratory Manual and Handbook for Escherichia coli and Related Bacteria, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, 1992), the use of mutagenic oligonucleotides (T. A. Brown: Gentechnologie fur Einsteiger [Genetic engineering for beginners], Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg, 1993 and R. M. Horton: PCR-Mediated Recombination and Mutagenesis, Molecular Biotechnology 3, 93-99 (1995)) and the use of a polymerase chain reaction using a DNA polymerase with a high error rate. An example of such a DNA polymerase is the Mutazyme DNA Polymerase (GeneMorph PCR Mutagenesis Kit, No. 600550) from Stratagene (La Jolla, Calif., USA).
Further instructions and reviews on the generation of mutations in vivo or in vitro can be found in the prior art and in known textbooks of genetics and molecular biology, such as, for example, the textbook by Knippers (“Molekulare Genetik”, 6th edition, Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, Germany, 1995), that by Winnacker (“Gene and Klone”, VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, Weinheim, Germany, 1990) or that by Hagemann (“Allgemeine Genetik”, Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, 1986).
The invention furthermore relates to an isolated polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide having glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme activity, which polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, with any proteinogenic amino acid other than glycine being present in position 321 of said amino acid sequence. Preference is given to the substitution with L-serine. In addition, the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide comprises, where appropriate, an amino acid substitution of L-serine with a different amino acid, preferably L-threonine, in position 8.
The invention furthermore relates to an isolated polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide having glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme activity, which polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence having a length of 514 amino acids, with any proteinogenic L-amino acid other than glycine, preferably L-serine, being present in position 321.
The invention furthermore relates to an isolated polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide having glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme activity, which polypeptide comprises, from position 312 to 330 of the amino acid sequence, the amino acid sequence corresponding to positions 312 to 330 of SEQ ID NO:6 or 8. The amino acid sequence of the encoded polypeptide preferably comprises an amino acid sequence corresponding to positions 307 to 335 of SEQ ID NO:6 or 8 or to positions 292 to 350 of SEQ ID NO:6 or 8 or to positions 277 to 365 of SEQ ID NO:6 or 8 or to positions 262 to 380 of SEQ ID NO:6 or 8 or to positions 247 to 395 of SEQ ID NO:6 or 8 or to positions 232 to 410 of SEQ ID NO:6 or 8 or to positions 202 to 440 of SEQ ID NO:6 or 8 or to positions 172 to 470 of SEQ ID NO:6 or 8 or to positions 82 to 500 of SEQ ID NO:6 or 8 or to positions 2 to 512 of SEQ ID NO:6 or 8 or to positions 2 to 513 of SEQ ID NO:6 or 8 or to positions 2 to 514 of SEQ ID NO:6 or 8. The length of the encoded polypeptide comprises very particularly preferably 514 amino acids.
The invention furthermore relates to an isolated polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide having glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme activity, which polypeptide comprises any proteinogenic amino acid other than glycine, preferably L-serine, in position 321 of the amino acid sequence or in a corresponding or comparable position, and comprising a nucleotide sequence identical to the nucleotide sequence of a polynucleotide which is obtainable by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using the primer pair whose nucleotide sequences comprise in each case at least 15 contiguous nucleotides selected from the nucleotide sequence between positions 1 and 307 of SEQ ID NO:3 or SEQ ID NO:11 and from the complementary nucleotide sequence between positions 2100 and 1850 of SEQ ID NO:3 or SEQ ID NO:11. Examples of suitable primer pairs of this kind are depicted in SEQ ID NO:17 and SEQ ID NO:18 and in SEQ ID NO:19 and SEQ ID NO:20. The preferred starting material (template DNA) is chromosomal DNA of coryneform bacteria, in particular of those which have been treated with a mutagen. Particular preference is given to the chromosomal DNA of the genus Corynebacterium, and very particular preference is given to that of the species Corynebacterium glutamicum. 
The invention furthermore relates to an isolated polynucleotide which hybridizes with the nucleotide sequence complementary to SEQ ID NO:5, 7 or 9 under stringent conditions and which encodes a polypeptide having glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme activity, which polypeptide comprises any proteinogenic amino acid other than glycine, preferably L-serine, in position 321 of the amino acid sequence or in a corresponding or comparable position and, where appropriate, any proteinogenic amino acid other than L-serine, preferably L-threonine, in a position corresponding to position 8.
Instructions regarding the hybridization of nucleic acids or polynucleotides can be found by the skilled worker, inter alia, in the manual “The DIG System User's Guide for Filter Hybridization” from Boehringer Mannheim GmbH (Mannheim, Germany, 1993) and in Liebl et al. (International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 41: 255-260 (1991)). The hybridization is carried out under stringent conditions, i.e. only hybrids in which the probe, i.e. a polynucleotide comprising the nucleotide sequence complementary to SEQ ID NO:5, 7 or 9, and the target sequence, i.e. the polynucleotides treated or identified with the probe, are at least 90% identical, are formed. The stringency of the hybridization, including that of the washing steps, is known to be influenced or determined by varying the buffer composition, the temperature and the salt concentration. The hybridization reaction is generally carried out at relatively low stringency compared to the washing steps (Hybaid Hybridisation Guide, Hybaid Limited, Teddington, UK, 1996).
For example, a buffer corresponding to 5×SSC buffer at a temperature of approx. 50° C.-68° C. may be used for the hybridization reaction. In this case, probes may also hybridize with polynucleotides which are less than 90% identical to the nucleotide sequence of the probe employed. Such hybrids are less stable and are removed by washing under stringent conditions. This may be achieved, for example, by lowering the salt concentration to 2×SSC and, where appropriate, subsequently to 0.5×SSC (The DIG System User's Guide for Filter Hybridisation, Boehringer Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany, 1995), with the temperature being set to approx. 50° C.-68° C., approx. 52° C.-68° C., approx. 54° C.-68° C., approx. 56° C.-68° C., approx. 58° C.-68° C., approx. 60° C.-68° C., approx. 62° C.-68° C., approx. 64° C.-68° C., approx. 66° C.-68° C. Temperature ranges of approx. 64° C.-68° C. or approx. 66° C.-68° C. are preferred. It is possible, where appropriate, to lower the salt concentration down to a concentration corresponding to 0.2×SSC or 0.1×SSC. The SSC buffer comprises, where appropriate, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) in a concentration of 0.1%. By gradually increasing the hybridization temperature in steps of approx. 1-2° C. from 50° C. to 68° C., it is possible to isolate polynucleotide fragments which have at least 90% or at least 91%, preferably at least 92% or at least 93% or at least 94% or at least 95% or at least 96%, and very particularly preferably at least 97% or at least 98% or at least 99%, identity to the sequence or complementary sequence of the probe employed and which encode a polypeptide which has glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme activity and comprises the amino acid substitution of the invention. The nucleotide sequence of the polynucleotide obtained in this way is determined by known methods. Further instructions regarding hybridization are commercially available in the form of “kits” (e.g. DIG Easy Hyb from Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim, Germany, Catalog No. 1603558). The nucleotide sequences thus obtained encode polypeptides having glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme activity, which polypeptides are at least 90%, preferably at least 92% or at least 94% or at least 96%, and very particularly preferably at least 97% or at least 98% or at least 99%, identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:6 or SEQ ID NO:8 and which comprise the amino acid substitution of the invention.
The invention furthermore relates to an isolated polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide having glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme activity, which polypeptide comprises any amino acid other than glycine in position 321 or in a corresponding or comparable position of the amino acid sequence, the substitution with L-serine being preferred, and which comprises an amino acid sequence which moreover is at least 90%, preferably at least 92% or at least 94% or at least 96%, and very particularly preferably at least 97% or at least 98% or at least 99%, identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:6. One example of a polypeptide having glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme activity, which polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence at least 99% identical to that of SEQ ID NO:6, is depicted in SEQ ID NO:8 and SEQ ID NO:10.
The invention furthermore relates to an isolated polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide having glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme activity, which polypeptide comprises any amino acid other than glycine in position 321 or in a corresponding or comparable position of the amino acid sequence, the substitution with L-serine being preferred, and comprising a nucleotide sequence which moreover is at least 90%, preferably at least 92% or at least 94% or at least 96%, and very particularly preferably at least 97% or at least 98% or at least 99%, identical to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:5. An example of a polynucleotide which encodes a polypeptide of the invention having glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme activity and which has a nucleotide sequence at least 99% identical to that of SEQ ID NO:5 is depicted in SEQ ID NO:7. The nucleotide sequence of this zwf allele has, in addition to the nucleotide substitution of guanine with adenine in position 961 (see SEQ ID NO:5), the nucleotide substitution of thymine with adenine in position 22 (see SEQ ID NO:7). Another example of a nucleotide sequence of a zwf allele, which has at least 99, identity to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:5, is depicted in SEQ ID NO:9. The nucleotide sequence of this zwf allele has, in addition to the nucleotide substitution of guanine with adenine in position 961 (see SEQ ID NO:5) and the nucleotide substitution of thymine with adenine in position 22 (see SEQ ID NO:7), the nucleotide substitutions of cytosine with thymine in position 138, of cytosine with thymine in position 279, of thymine with cytosine in position 738, of cytosine with thymine in position 777, and of guanine with adenine in position 906 (see SEQ ID NO:9).
In addition, preference is given to those isolated polynucleotides encoding a polypeptide having glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme activity, which polypeptide comprises any amino acid other than glycine, preferably L-serine, in position 321 of the amino acid sequence or in a corresponding or comparable position, and comprising at least one sequence motif or an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of Val-Ile-Phe-Gly-Ali-Afa-Gly-Asp-Leu, Arg-Ile-Asp-His-Tyr-Leu-Gly-Lys, and Arg-Trp-Ala-Gly-Val-Pro-Phe-Tyr-Bra-Arg-Thr-Gly-Lys-Arg.
The term “Ali” represents the amino acids Ala or Val, the term “Afa” represents the amino acids Lys or Thr, and the term “Bra” represents the amino acids Ile or Leu.
The invention furthermore relates to an isolated polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide having glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme activity, which polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:6 or 8 and, respectively, 10. The encoded polypeptide comprises, where appropriate, one (1) or more conservative amino acid substitution(s). Preferably, the polypeptide comprises no more than two (2), no more than three (3), no more than four (4) or no more than five (5), conservative amino acid substitutions.
The invention furthermore relates to an isolated polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide having glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme activity, which polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:6 or 8 and, respectively, 10, including an extension at the N- or C-terminus by at least one (1) amino acid. This extension has no more than 50, 40, 30, 20, 10, 5, 3 or 2 amino acids or amino acid residues.
Finally, the invention also relates to zwf alleles encoding polypeptide variants of SEQ ID NO:6, 8 or 10, which comprise one or more insertions or deletions. These preferably comprise no more than 5, no more than 4, no more than 3 or no more than 2 insertions or deletions of amino acids. Preferably, the sequence motifs Val-Ile-Phe-Gly-Ali-Afa-Gly-Asp-Leu and/or Arg-Ile-Asp-His-Tyr-Leu-Gly-Lys and/or Arg-Trp-Ala-Gly-Val-Pro-Phe-Tyr-Bra-Arg-Thr-Gly-Lys-Arg are not disrupted by such insertions/deletions.
The invention furthermore relates to an isolated polynucleotide comprising the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO:5, 7, 9 or 11.
The invention furthermore relates to an isolated polynucleotide comprising the nucleotide sequence between positions 1 and 307 of SEQ ID NO:11, preferably the nucleotide sequence between positions 198 and 304 of SEQ ID NO:11, and very particularly preferably the nucleotide sequence between positions 208 and 299 of SEQ ID NO:11.
Finally, the invention relates to an isolated polynucleotide comprising the zwf allele of the DM1816 mutant.
Moreover, the invention relates to an isolated polynucleotide comprising part of the coding region of a zwf allele of the invention, said isolated polynucleotide comprising in any case that part of the coding region which comprises the amino acid substitution in position 321 of the amino acid sequence of the encoded polypeptide.
More specifically, a nucleic acid molecule or DNA fragment is comprised which encodes at least one amino acid sequence corresponding to positions 307 to 335 of SEQ ID NO:2 or which encodes at least one amino acid sequence corresponding to positions 292 to 350 of SEQ ID NO:2 or which encodes at least one amino acid sequence corresponding to positions 277 to 365 of SEQ ID NO:2 or which encodes at least one amino acid sequence corresponding to positions 262 to 380 of SEQ ID NO:2 or which encodes at least one amino acid sequence corresponding to positions 247 to 395 of SEQ ID NO:2 or which encodes at least one amino acid sequence corresponding to positions 232 to 410 of SEQ ID NO:2 or which encodes at least one amino acid sequence corresponding to positions 202 to 440 of SEQ ID NO:2, or which encodes at least one amino acid sequence corresponding to positions 172 to 470 of SEQ ID NO:2 or which encodes at least one amino acid sequence corresponding to positions 82 to 500 of SEQ ID NO:2, or which encodes at least one amino acid sequence corresponding to positions 2 to 512 of SEQ ID NO:2, or which encodes at least one amino acid sequence corresponding to positions 2 to 513 of SEQ ID NO:2, or which encodes at least one amino acid sequence corresponding to positions 2 to 514 of SEQ ID NO:2, or which includes a corresponding reading frame, with any proteinogenic amino acid other than glycine, preferably L-serine, being present in the position corresponding to 321 of SEQ ID NO:2 and, where appropriate, any proteinogenic amino acid except L-serine, preferably L-threonine, being present in the position corresponding to 8.
An example of a reading frame of the invention, comprising a polynucleotide encoding at least the amino acid sequence of positions 307 to 335 corresponding to SEQ ID NO:2, with any proteinogenic amino acid (Xaa) other than glycine being present in the position corresponding to 321 of the amino acid sequence, is listed below:








gat aaa acc tcc gct cgt ggt cag tac gct gcc ggt



Asp Lys Thr Ser Ala Arg Gly Gln Tyr Ala Ala Gly


307         310                 315


tgg cag


Trp Gln


    320


 


nnn tct gag tta gtc aag gga ctt cgc gaa gaa gat


Xaa Ser Glu Leu Val Lys Gly Leu Arg Glu Glu Asp


                325                 330


ggc ttc aac


Gly Phe Asn


        335






It is likewise depicted as SEQ ID NO:13. The amino acid sequence encoded by this reading frame is depicted as SEQ ID NO:14. Position 15 in SEQ ID NO:14 corresponds to position 321 of SEQ ID NO:6, 8, 10 or 12.
Preference is given to nucleic acid molecules encoding at least one amino acid sequence corresponding to positions 307 to 335 of SEQ ID NO:6 or 8 and, respectively, 10, or at least corresponding to position 292 to 350 of SEQ ID NO:6 or 8 and, respectively, 10, or at least corresponding to positions 277 to 365 of SEQ ID NO:6 or 8 and, respectively, 10, or at least corresponding to positions 262 to 380 of SEQ ID NO:6 or 8 and, respectively, 10, or at least corresponding to positions 247 to 395 of SEQ ID NO:6 or 8 and, respectively, 10, or at least corresponding to positions 232 to 410 of SEQ ID NO:6 or 8 and, respectively, 10, or at least corresponding to positions 202 to 440 of SEQ ID NO:6 or 8 and, respectively, 10, or at least corresponding to positions 172 to 470 of SEQ ID NO:6 or 8 and, respectively, 10, or at least corresponding to positions 82 to 500 of SEQ ID NO:6 or 8 and, respectively, 10, or at least corresponding to positions 2 to 512 of SEQ ID NO:6 or 8 and, respectively, 10, or at least corresponding to positions 2 to 513 of SEQ ID NO:6 or 8 and, respectively 10, or at least corresponding to positions 2 to 514 of SEQ ID NO:6 or 8 and, respectively, 10.
An example of a reading frame of the invention, comprising a polynucleotide encoding at least the amino acid sequence corresponding to positions 307 to 335 of SEQ ID NO:6, is listed below:








gat aaa acc tcc gct cgt ggt cag tac gct gcc ggt



Asp Lys Thr Ser Ala Arg Gly Gln Tyr Ala Ala Gly


307         310                 315


tgg cag


Trp Gln


    320


 


agc tct gag tta gtc aag gga ctt cgc gaa gaa gat


Ser Ser Glu Leu Val Lys Gly Leu Arg Glu Glu Asp


                325                 330


ggc ttc aac


Gly Phe Asn


        335






The reading frame is likewise depicted as SEQ ID NO:15. SEQ ID NO:16 depicts the amino acid sequence encoded by said reading frame. Position 15 in SEQ ID NO:16 corresponds to position 321 of SEQ ID NO:6, 8, 10 or 12.
Very particular preference is given to nucleic acid molecules comprising at least one nucleotide sequence corresponding to positions 919 to 1005 of SEQ ID NO:5, 7 or 9, or at least one nucleotide sequence corresponding to positions 874 to 1050 of SEQ ID NO:5, 7 or 9, or at least one nucleotide sequence corresponding to positions 829 to 1095 of SEQ ID NO:5, 7 or 9, or at least one nucleotide sequence corresponding to positions 784 to 1140 of SEQ ID NO:5, 7 or 9, or at least one nucleotide sequence corresponding to positions 739 to 1185 of SEQ ID NO:5, 7 or 9, or at least one nucleotide sequence corresponding to positions 694 to 1230 of SEQ ID NO:5, 7 or 9, or at least one nucleotide sequence corresponding to positions 604 to 1320 of SEQ ID NO:5, 7 or 9, or at least one nucleotide sequence corresponding to positions 514 to 1410 of SEQ ID NO:5, 7 or 9, or at least one nucleotide sequence corresponding to positions 244 to 1500 of SEQ ID NO:5, 7 or 9, or at least one nucleotide sequence corresponding to positions 4 to 1536 of SEQ ID NO:5, 7 or 9, or at least one nucleotide sequence corresponding to positions 4 to 1539 of SEQ ID NC:5, 7 or 9, or at least one nucleotide sequence corresponding to positions 4 to 1542 of SEQ ID NO:5, 7 or 9.
In addition, the reading frames of the invention, as shown by way of example in SEQ ID NO:13 and 15 as nucleotide sequence and in SEQ ID NO:14 and SEQ ID NO:16 in the form of the encoded amino acid sequence, may comprise one or more mutations resulting in one or more conservative amino acid substitutions. The mutations preferably result in no more than 4%, no more than 2% or no more than 1%, conservative amino acid substitutions. The reading frames of the invention may furthermore comprise one more silent mutations. The reading frames of the invention comprise preferably no more than 4%, and particularly preferably no more than 2% to no more than 1%, silent mutations.
The isolated polynucleotides of the invention may be used in order to produce recombinant strains of microorganisms, which release amino acids into the surrounding medium or accumulate them in the cell interior in an improved manner, compared to the starting or parent strain.
A widespread method of incorporating mutations into genes of coryneform bacteria is that of allele substitution which is also referred to as gene replacement. This process involves transferring a DNA fragment comprising the mutation of interest into the desired strain of a coryneform bacterium and incorporating said mutation into the chromosome of the desired strain by at least two recombination events or cross-over events or replacing the sequence of a gene in the strain in question with the mutated sequence.
Schwarzer and Pühler (Bio/Technology 9, 84-87 (1991) used this method in order to incorporate a lysA allele carrying a deletion and a lysA allele carrying an insertion into the C. glutamicum chromosome, instead of the wild type gene. Schäfer et al. (Gene 145, 69-73 (1994)) employed said method in order to incorporate a deletion into the C. glutamicum hom-thrB operon. Nakagawa et al. (EP 1108790) and Ohnishi et al. (Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 58(2), 217-223 (2002)) employed said method in order to incorporate various mutations, starting from the isolated alleles, into the C. glutamicum chromosome. In this way, Nakagawa et al. succeeded in incorporating a mutation referred to as Val59Ala into the homoserine dehydrogenase gene (hom), a mutation referred to as Thr311Ile into the aspartate kinase gene (lysC and ask, respectively), a mutation referred to as Pro458Ser into the pyruvate carboxylase gene (pyc) and a mutation referred to as Ala213Thr into the glucose 6-phoshate dehydrogenase gene (zwf) of C. glutamicum strains.
A process of the invention may use a polynucleotide of the invention, which comprises the entire coding region, as depicted, for example, in SEQ ID NO:5, 7 or 9, or which comprises part of the coding region, such as, for example, the nucleotide sequence encoding at least the amino acid sequence corresponding to positions 307 to 335 of SEQ ID NO:6, 8 or 10, and depicted as SEQ ID NO:13 and 15. The part of the coding region corresponding to SEQ ID NO:13 and 15 is ≧87 nucleobases in length. Preference is given to those parts of the coding region whose length is ≧267 nucleobases, such as, for example, nucleic acid molecules encoding at least one amino acid sequence corresponding to positions 277 to 365 of SEQ ID NO:6, 8 or 10. Very particular preference is given to those parts of the coding region whose length is ≧357 nucleobases, such as, for example, nucleic acid molecules coding for at least one amino acid sequence corresponding to positions 262 to 380 of SEQ ID NO:6, 8 or 10.
In said method, the DNA fragment comprising the mutation of interest is typically present in a vector, in particular a plasmid which preferably is replicated only to a limited extent, if at all, by the strain to be provided with the mutation. The auxiliary or intermediate host used, in which the vector can be replicated, is usually a bacterium of the genus Escherichia, preferably of the species Escherichia coli. 
Examples of plasmid vectors of this kind are the pK*mob and pK*mobsacB vectors described by Schäfer et al. (Gene 145, 69-73 (1994)), such as, for example, pK18mobsacB, and the vectors described in WO 02/070685 and WO 03/014362. These are replicative in Escherichia coli but not in coryneform bacteria. Particularly suitable are vectors comprising a gene with a conditionally negative-dominant action, such as, for example, the sacB gene (levansucrase gene) of Bacillus, for example, or the galK gene (galactose kinase gene) of Escherichia coli, for example. (A gene with conditionally negative-dominant action means a gene which, under certain conditions, is disadvantageous, for example toxic, to the host but which has, under different conditions, no adverse effects on the host carrying the gene.) Said vectors make possible the selection for recombination events in which the vector is eliminated from the chromosome. Nakamura et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 6,303,383) furthermore described a temperature-sensitive plasmid for coryneform bacteria, which can replicate only at temperatures below 31° C.
The vector is subsequently transferred to the coryneform bacterium by way of conjugation, for example by the method of Schäfer (Journal of Bacteriology 172, 1663-1666 (1990)), or transformation, for example by the method of Dunican and Shivnan (Bio/Technology 7, 1067-1070 (1989)) or the method of Thierbach et al. (Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 29, 356-362 (1988)). The DNA may also be transferred, where appropriate, by particle bombardment.
Incorporation of the mutation is achieved after homologous recombination by means of a first cross-over event causing integration and of a suitable second cross-over event causing excision in the target gene or in the target sequence, resulting in a recombinant bacterium.
The strains obtained may be identified and characterized by using, inter alia, the methods of Southern blotting hybridization, polymerase chain reaction, sequence determination, the method of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) (Lay et al. Clinical Chemistry 43, 2262-2267 (1997)) or methods of enzymology.
Accordingly, the invention further relates to a process for preparing a coryneform bacterium, which comprises

    
    
        a) transferring a polynucleotide of the invention to a coryneform bacterium,
        b) replacing the glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase gene which encodes an amino acid sequence with glycine in position 321 or in a comparable position of said amino acid sequence and which is present in the chromosome of said coryneform bacterium with the polynucleotide of a), which encodes an amino acid sequence having a different L-amino acid, preferably L-serine, in position 321 or in a comparable position of said amino acid sequence and, where appropriate, any proteinogenic amino acid other than L-serine, preferably the amino acid L-threonine, in position 8 or in a comparable position, and
        c) propagating the coryneform bacterium obtained by steps a) and b).
    
    


In this way a recombinant coryneform bacterium is obtained which comprises one (1) zwf allele of the invention, instead of the wild type zwf gene.
Another process of the invention for preparing a microorganism comprises

    
    
        a) transferring a polynucleotide of the invention, which encodes a polypeptide having glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme activity, to a microorganism,
        b) replicating said polynucleotide in said microorganism, and
        c) propagating the microorganism obtained by steps a) and b).
    
    


In this way a recombinant microorganism is obtained, which comprises at least one (1) copy or several copies of a polynucleotide of the invention, which polynucleotide encodes a glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase comprising any proteinogenic amino acid other than glycine in position 321 or a comparable position of the amino acid sequence of the encoded polypeptide, the substitution with L-serine being preferred. The polypeptide comprises, where appropriate, any proteinogenic amino acid other than L-serine, preferably the amino acid L-threonine, in position 8 or a comparable position.
Accordingly, the invention further relates to hosts or host cells, preferably microorganisms, particularly preferably coryneform bacteria and bacteria of the genus Escherichia, which comprise the polynucleotides of the invention. The invention likewise relates to microorganisms prepared by using the isolated polynucleotides. Such microorganisms or bacteria are also referred to as recombinant microorganisms or recombinant bacteria. In the same way, the invention relates to vectors comprising the polynucleotides of the invention. Finally, the invention likewise relates to hosts harboring said vectors.
The isolated polynucleotides of the invention may likewise be used for achieving overexpression of the polypeptides encoded by them.
Overexpression generally means an increase in the intracellular concentration or activity of a ribonucleic acid, a protein or an enzyme. In the case of the present invention, zwf alleles or polynucleotides which encode glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenases comprising any proteinogenic amino acid other than glycine in position 321 of the amino acid sequence of the encoded polypeptide, with the substitution with L-serine being preferred, are overexpressed. The encoded protein moreover comprises, where appropriate, a substitution of L-serine with a different proteinogenic amino acid, preferably L-threonine, in position 8 of the amino acid sequence. Enzymes endogenous to the host—“aminopeptidases”—are known to be able to cleave N-terminal amino acids, in particular the N-terminal methionine, off the polypeptide produced. Said increase in the concentration or activity of a gene product can be achieved, for example, by increasing the copy number of the corresponding polynucleotides by at least one copy.
A widespread method of increasing the copy number comprises incorporating the appropriate gene or allele into a vector, preferably a plasmid, which is replicated by a coryneform bacterium. Examples of suitable plasmid vectors are pZ1 (Menkel et al., Applied and Environmental Microbiology (1989) 64: 549-554) or the pSELF vectors described by Tauch et al. (Journal of Biotechnology 99, 79-91 (2002)). A review article on plasmids in Corynebacterium glutamicum can be found in Tauch et al. (Journal of Biotechnology 104, 27-40 (2003)).
Another common method of achieving overexpression is the process of chromosomal gene amplification. This method involves inserting at least one additional copy of the gene or allele of interest into the chromosome of a coryneform bacterium.
In one embodiment, as described, for example, for the hom-thrB operon in Reinscheid et al. (Applied and Environmental Microbiology 60, 126-132 (1994)), a plasmid which is non-replicative in C. glutamicum and which comprises the gene of interest is transferred to a coryneform bacterium. After homologous recombination by means of a cross-over event, the resulting strain comprises at least two copies of the gene or allele in question.
In another embodiment described in WO 03/040373 and US-2003-0219881-A1, one or more copies of the gene of interest are inserted at a desired side of the C. glutamicum chromosome by means of at least two recombination events. In this way, for example, a copy of a lysC allele encoding a L-lysine-insensitive aspartate kinase was incorporated into the C. glutamicum gluB gene.
In a further embodiment described in WO 03/014330 and US-2004-0043458-A1, at least one further copy, preferably in tandem arrangement to the gene or allele already present, of the gene of interest is incorporated by means of at least two recombinantion events at the natural locus. In this way it was possible, for example, to achieve a tandem duplication of a lysCFBR allele at the natural lysC gene locus.
Another method of achieving overexpression comprises linking the appropriate gene or allele functionally (operably linked) to a promoter or an expression cassette.
Examples of suitable promoters for Corynebacterium glutamicum are described in the review article by Patek et al. (Journal of Biotechnology 104(1-3), 311-323 (2003)). It is furthermore possible to use the well-known promoters T3, T7, SP6, M13, lac, tac and trc described by Amann et al. (Gene 69(2), 301-315 (1988)) and Amann and Brosius (Gene 40(2-3), 183-190 (1985)). Such a promotor may be inserted, for example, upstream of the zwf allele, typically at a distance of approximately 1-500 or 1-307 nucleotides from the start codon, of a recombinant coryneform bacterium, which allele comprises, instead of the amino acid glycine naturally present in position 321, a different proteinogenic amino acid. A promotor of this kind may naturally likewise be inserted upstream of the zwf allele of a mutant of the invention. It is furthermore possible to link an isolated polynucleotide of the invention, which encodes a variant of the invention of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, to a promotor and to incorporate the expression unit obtained into an extrachromosomally replicating plasmid or into the chromosome of a coryneform bacterium.
In addition, it is possible to mutate the promotor and regulatory regions or the ribosomal binding site which is located upstream of the structural gene. An example of a mutated promotor region of the zwf gene or zwf allele is the nucleotide sequence comprising positions 208 to 299 of SEQ ID NO:11. Measures of extending the mRNA lifetime likewise improve expression. Preventing the degradation of the enzyme protein furthermore likewise enhances enzyme activity. Alternatively, the gene or allele in question may furthermore be overexpressed by altering the media composition and the culturing process.
The overexpression measures increase the activity or concentration of the protein in question usually by at least 10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%, 150%, 200%, 300%, 400% or 500%, up to no more than 1000% or 2000%, based on the activity or concentration of the protein in the starting microorganism or parent strain. A starting microorganism or parent strain means a microorganism which is subjected to the measures of the invention.
A method of determining the enzymic activity of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase is described in Moritz et al. (European Journal of Biochemistry 267, 3442-3452 (2000)).
The concentration of the protein may be determined via 1- and 2-dimensional protein gel fractionation and subsequent optical identification of the protein concentration in the gel, using appropriate evaluation software. A common method of preparing the protein gels in the case of coryneform bacteria and of identifying the proteins is the procedure described by Hermann et al. (Electrophoresis, 22:1712-23 (2001)). The protein concentration may likewise be determined by Western blot hybridization using an antibody specific for the protein to be detected (Sambrook et al., Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual. 2nd Ed. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989) and subsequent optical evaluation using appropriate concentration determination software (Lohaus and Meyer (1998) Biospektrum 5:32-39; Lottspeich, Angewandte Chemie 321: 2630-2647 (1999)).
Accordingly, the invention relates to processes for overexpressing the glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenases of the invention. A process of the invention for overexpression comprises, inter alia, increasing the copy number of a polynucleotide of the invention, which polynucleotide encodes a glucose 6-phosphate-dehydrogenase variant comprising any proteinogenic amino acid other than glycine in position 321 or the corresponding position of the encoded amino acid sequence and comprising, where appropriate, any proteinogenic amino acid other than L-serine in position 8 or the corresponding position, by at least one (1) or several copies. Another process of the invention comprises functionally linking a promotor to the polynucleotide.
The invention furthermore relates to microorganisms having an increased concentration or activity of the glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase variants of the invention in their cell interior.
It may be additionally advantageous for improved production of L-amino acids to overexpress in the mutants or recombinant strains of the invention one or more enzymes of the particular biosynthetic pathway, of glycolysis, of anaplerotics, of the citrate cycle, of the pentose phosphate cycle, of the amino acid export and, where appropriate, regulatory proteins. Preference is usually given to the use of endogenous genes.
“Endogenous genes” or “endogenous nucleotide sequences” means the genes or the nucleotide sequences or alleles present in the population of a species.
Thus it is possible to overexpress for the preparation of L-lysine one or more of the genes selected from the group consisting of

    
    
        a dapA gene encoding a dihydrodipicolinate synthase, such as, for example, the Corynebacterium glutamicum wild-type dapA gene described in EP 0 197 335,
        a zwf gene encoding a glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, such as, for example, the Corynebacterium glutamicum wild-type zwf gene described in JP-A-09224661 and EP-A-1108790,
        the Corynebacterium glutamicum zwf alleles described in US-2003-0175911-A1, which encode a protein in which, for example, the L-alanine in position 243 of the amino acid sequence has been replaced with L-threonine or in which the L-aspartic acid in position 245 has been replaced with L-serine,
        a pyc gene encoding a pyruvate carboxylase, such as, for example, the Corynebacterium glutamicum wild-type pyc gene described in DE-A-198 31 609 and EP 1108790,
        the Corynebacterium glutamicum pyc allele described in EP 1 108 790, which encodes a protein in which L-proline in position 458 of the amino acid sequence has been replaced by L-serine,
        the Corynebacterium glutamicum pyc alleles described in WO 02/31158, which encode proteins which, according to claim 1, carry one or more of the amino acid substitutions selected from the group consisting of L-glutamic acid in position 153 replaced with L-aspartic acid, L-alanine in position 182 replaced with L-serine, L-alanine in position 206 replaced with L-serine, L-histidine in position 227 replaced with L-arginine, L-alanine in position 452 replaced with glycine and L-aspartic acid in position 1120 replaced with L-glutamic acid (FIG. 2A in WO 02/31158 specifies two different start positions for the pyruvate carboxylase, which positions differ by a length corresponding to 17 amino acids. Accordingly, position 153 in accordance with claim 1 in WO 02/31158 corresponds to a position 170 in FIG. 2A in WO 02/31158, while position 182 in accordance with claim 1 corresponds to position 199 in FIG. 2A, position 206 in accordance with claim 1 corresponds to position 223 in FIG. 2A, position 227 in accordance with claim 1 corresponds to position 244 in FIG. 2A, position 452 in accordance with claim 1 corresponds to position 469 in FIG. 2A, position 1120 in accordance with claim 1 corresponds to position 1137 in FIG. 2B. FIG. 2A in WO 02/31158 furthermore indicates an amino acid substitution of A (alanine) with G (glycine) in position 472. Position 472 of the protein having the N terminal sequence MTA corresponds to position 455 of the protein having the N-terminal sequence MST according to FIG. 2A. FIG. 2B in WO 02/31158 furthermore indicates an amino acid substitution of D (aspartic acid) with E (glutamic acid) in position 1133 of the protein having the N-terminus MTA.),
        a lysC gene encoding an aspartate kinase, such as, for example, that of Corynebacterium glutamicum wild-type lysC gene described as SEQ ID NO:281 in EP-A-1108790 (see also accession numbers AX120085 and 120365) and that of Corynebacterium glutamicum wild-type lysC gene, described as SEQ ID NO:25 in WO 01/00843 (see accession number AX063743),
        a lysCFBR allele, in particular according to Table 1, which encodes a feedback-resistant aspartate kinase variant,
        a lysE gene encoding a lysine export protein, such as, for example, the Corynebacterium glutamicum wild-type lysE gene described in DE-A-195 48 222,
        the Corynebacterium glutamicum wild-type zwa1 gene encoding the Zwa1 protein (U.S. Pat. No. 6,632,644).
    
    


In addition to using the alleles of the invention of the zwf gene, it may also be advantageous, for the purpose of producing L-lysine, to simultaneously attenuate or eliminate one or more of the endogenous genes selected from the group consisting of

    
    
        a pgi gene encoding glucose 6-phosphate isomerase, such as, for example, the Corynebacterium glutamicum pgi gene described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,586,214 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,465,238,
        a hom gene encoding homoserine dehydrogenase, such as, for example, the Corynebacterium glutamicum hom gene described in EP-A-0131171,
        a thrB gene encoding homoserine kinase, such as, for example, the Corynebacterium glutamicum thrB gene described by Peoples et al. (Molecular Microbiology 2 (1988): 63-72)), and
        a pfkB gene encoding phosphofructokinase, such as, for example, the Corynebacterium glutamicum pfkB gene described in WO 01/00844 (sequence no. 57).
    
    


In this connection, the term “attenuation” describes the reduction or elimination of the intracellular activity of one or more enzymes (proteins) which are encoded by the corresponding DNA in a microorganism which is achieved, for example, by using a weak promoter or using a gene or allele which encodes a corresponding enzyme having low activity, or inactivating the corresponding gene or enzyme (protein), and, where appropriate, combining these measures.
As a result of using the measures for achieving attenuation, the activity or concentration of the corresponding protein is generally lowered to from 0 to 75%, from 0 to 50%, from 0 to 25%, from 0 to 10%, or from 0 to 5%, of the activity or concentration of the wild-type protein or of the activity or concentration of the protein in the starting microorganism.
Mutations which come into consideration for generating an attenuation are transitions, transversions, insertions and deletions of at least one (1) base pair or nucleotide. Depending on the effect which the amino acid substitution elicited by the mutation has on the enzyme activity, reference is made to missense mutations or nonsense mutations. A missense mutation leads to the replacement of a given amino acid in a protein with another amino acid, with the amino acid replacement constituting, in particular, a nonconservative amino acid substitution. This substitution impairs the efficiency or activity of the protein and reduces it down to a value of from 0 to 75%, from 0 to 50%, from 0 to 25%, from 0 to 10%, or from 0 to 5%. A nonsense mutation leads to a stop codon being located in the coding region of the gene and consequently to translation being terminated prematurely. Insertions or deletions of at least one base pair in a gene lead to frame shift mutations which result in incorrect amino acids being incorporated or in the translation being terminated prematurely. If a stop codon is formed in the coding region as a consequence of mutation, this then also leads to translation being terminated prematurely.
Directions for generating such mutations belong to the prior art and are contained in known textbooks of genetics and molecular biology such as the textbook by Knippers (“Molekulare Genetik [Molecular Genetics]”, 6th edition, Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, Germany, 1995), that by Winnacker (“Gene und Klone [Genes and Clones]”, VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, Weinheim, Germany, 1990) or that by Hagemann (“Allgemeine Genetik [General Genetics]”, Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, 1986). Further measures are described in the prior art.
The isolated coryneform bacteria which are obtained by the measures of the invention exhibit a secretion or production of the desired amino acid, in a fermentation process, which is increased as compared with that of the starting strain or parent strain which was initially employed.
“Isolated bacteria” are to be understood as being the mutants and recombinant bacteria, in particular coryneform bacteria, according to the invention which are isolated or generated and which comprise a zwf allele which encodes a glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase which comprises the described amino acid substitution in position 321 of the amino acid sequence and, where appropriate, an amino acid substitution of L-serine with another proteinogenic amino acid, preferably L-threonine, in position 8.
The performance of the isolated bacteria, or of the fermentation process when using these bacteria, in regard to one or more of the parameters selected from the group comprising the product concentration (product per volume), the product yield (product formed per carbon source consumed) and the product formation (product formed per volume and time), or else of other process parameters and combinations, is improved by at least 0.5%, at least 1%, at least 1.5%, or at least 2%, based on the starting strain or parent strain or the fermentation process when using these strains.
The isolated coryneform bacteria according to the invention can be cultured continuously, as described, for example, in PCT/EP2004/008882, or discontinuously, in a batch process or a fed-batch process or a repeated fed-batch process, for the purpose of producing L-amino acids. A general summary of known culturing methods can be found in the textbook by Chmiel (Bioprozesstechnik 1. Einfuhrung in die Bioverfahrenstechnik [Bioprocess Technology 1. Introduction to Bioprocess Technology] (Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, 1991)) or in the textbook by Storhas (Bioreaktoren und periphere Einrichtungen [Bioreactors and Peripheral Equipment] (Vieweg Verlag, Brunswick/Wiesbaden, 1994)).
The culture medium or fermentation medium to be used must suitably satisfy the requirements of the given strains. Descriptions of media for culturing different microorganisms are given in the manual “Manual of Methods for General Bacteriology” published by the American Society for Bacteriology (Washington D.C., USA, 1981). The terms culture medium and fermentation medium or medium are mutually interchangeable.
The carbon source employed can be sugars and carbohydrates, such as glucose, sucrose, lactose, fructose, maltose, molasses, sucrose-containing solutions derived from sugar beet or sugar cane production, starch, starch hydrolysate and cellulose, oils and fats, such as soybean oil, sunflower oil, peanut oil and coconut oil, fatty acids, such as palmitic acid, stearic acid and linoleic acid, alcohols, such as glycerol, methanol and ethanol, and organic acids, such as acetic acid. These substances can be used individually or as mixtures.
The nitrogen source employed can be organic nitrogen-containing compounds, such as peptones, yeast extract, meat extract, malt extract, cornsteep liquor, soybean flour and urea, or inorganic compounds, such as ammonium sulfate, ammonium chloride, ammonium phosphate, ammonium carbonate and ammonium nitrate. The nitrogen sources can be used individually or as mixtures.
The phosphorus source employed can be phosphoric acid, potassium dihydrogen phosphate or dipotassium hydrogen phosphate or the corresponding sodium-containing salts.
The culture medium must furthermore contain salts, for example in the form of chlorides or sulfates of metals such as sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium and iron, for example magnesium sulfate or iron sulfate, which are necessary for growth. Finally, essential growth substances, such as amino acids, for example homoserine, and vitamins, for example thiamine, biotin or pantothenic acid, can be used in addition to the abovementioned substances. In addition to this, suitable precursors of the respective amino acid can be added to the culture medium.
The abovementioned added substances can be added to the culture in the form of a once-only mixture or fed in in a suitable manner during the culture.
Basic compounds such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, ammonia or ammonia water, or acidic compounds such as phosphoric acid or sulfuric acid, are employed in a suitable manner for controlling the pH of the culture. In general, the pH is adjusted to a value of from 6.0 to 9.0, preferably of from 6.5 to 8. It is possible to use antifoamants, such as fatty acid polyglycol esters, for controlling foam formation. Suitable substances which act selectively, such as antibiotics, can be added to the medium in order to maintain the stability of plasmids. In order to maintain aerobic conditions, oxygen or oxygen-containing gas mixtures, such as air, are passed into the culture. It is also possible to use liquids which are enriched with hydrogen peroxide. Where appropriate, the fermentation is conducted under positive pressure, for example under a pressure of 0.03 to 0.2 MPa. The temperature of the culture is normally from 20° C. to 45° C., and preferably from 25° C. to 40° C. In the case of batch processes, the culture is continued until a maximum of the desired amino acid has been formed. This objective is normally achieved within from 10 hours to 160 hours. Longer culturing times are possible in the case of continuous processes.
Suitable fermentation media are described, inter alia, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,221,636, U.S. Pat. No. 5,840,551, U.S. Pat. No. 5,770,409, U.S. Pat. No. 5,605,818, U.S. Pat. No. 5,275,940 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,224,409.
Methods for determining L-amino acids are disclosed in the prior art. The analysis can, for example, take place by means of anion exchange chromatography, followed by ninhydrin derivatization, as described in Spackman et al. (Analytical Chemistry, 30 (1958), 1190), or it can take place by reversed phase HPLC, as described in Lindroth et al. (Analytical Chemistry (1979) 51: 1167-1174).
The invention accordingly relates to a process for preparing an L-amino acid, which comprises

    
    
        a) fermenting an isolated coryneform bacterium in a suitable medium, said bacterium comprising a gene encoding a polypeptide having glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme activity, with the glycine in position 321 or the corresponding position in the amino acid sequences of said polypeptide having been replaced by a different proteinogenic amino acid, preferably L-serine, and with, where appropriate, the L-serine in position 8 or the corresponding position having been replaced with a different proteinogenic amino acid, preferably L-threonine, and
        b) the L-amino acid being accumulated in the fermentation broth or in the cells of the isolated coryneform bacterium.
    
    


The fermentation broth which has been prepared in this way is then subjected to further processing into a solid or liquid product.
A fermentation broth is understood as being a fermentation medium in which a microorganism is cultured for a certain time and at a certain temperature. The fermentation medium, and/or the medium employed during the fermentation, contains/contain all the substances or components which ensure propagation of the microorganism and the formation of the desired amino acid.
At the conclusion of the fermentation, the resulting fermentation broth accordingly contains a) the biomass of the microorganism which has been formed as a consequence of the propagation of the cells of the microorganism, b) the desired amino acid which has been formed during the fermentation, c) the organic by-products which have been formed during the fermentation, and d) the constituents of the fermentation medium/fermentation media employed, or the added substances, for example vitamins, such as biotin, amino acids, such as homoserine, or salts, such as magnesium sulfate, which were not consumed by the fermentation.
The organic by-products include substances which are produced by the microorganisms employed in the fermentation, where appropriate in addition to the given desired L-amino acid, and are secreted, where appropriate. These by-products include L-amino acids which amount to less than 30%, 20% or 10% compared with the desired amino acid. They also include organic acids which carry from one to three carboxyl groups, such as acetic acid, lactic acid, citric acid, malic acid or fumaric acid. Finally, they also include sugars, such as trehalose.
Typical fermentation broths which are suitable for industrial purposes have an amino acid content of from 40 g/kg to 180 g/kg or of from 50 g/kg to 150 g/kg. In general, the content of biomass (as dry biomass) is from 20 to 50 g/kg.
In the case of the amino acid L-lysine, essentially four different product forms have been disclosed in the prior art.
One group of L-lysine-containing products comprises concentrated, aqueous, alkaline solutions of purified L-lysine (EP-B-0534865). Another group, as described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,340,486 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,465,025, comprises aqueous, acidic, biomass-containing concentrates of L-lysine-containing fermentation broths. The best-known group of solid products comprises pulverulent or crystalline forms of purified or pure L-lysine, which is typically present in the form of a salt such as L-lysine monohydrochloride. Another group of solid product forms is described, for example, in EP-B-0533039. The product form which is described in this document contains, in addition to L-lysine, the major portion of the added substances which were used during the fermentative preparation, and which were not consumed, and, where appropriate, from >0% to 100% of the biomass of the microorganism employed.
In correspondence with the different product forms, a very wide variety of methods are known for collecting, isolating or purifying the L-amino acid from the fermentation broth for the purpose of preparing the L-amino acid-containing product or the purified L-amino acid.
It is essentially ion exchange chromatography methods, where appropriate using active charcoal, and crystallization methods which are used for preparing solid, pure L-amino acids. In the case of lysine, this results in the corresponding base or a corresponding salt such as the monohydrochloride (Lys-HCl) or the lysine sulfate (Lys2-H2SO4).
As far as lysine is concerned, EP-B-0534865 describes a method for preparing aqueous, basic L-lysine-containing solutions from fermentation broths. In this document, the biomass is separated off from the fermentation broth and discarded. A base such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide or ammonium hydroxide is used to adjust the pH to between 9 and 11. Following concentration and cooling, the mineral constituents (inorganic salts) are separated off from the broth by crystallization and either used as fertilizer or discarded.
In the case of processes for preparing lysine using the bacteria according to the invention, preference is given to those processes which result in products which contain constituents of the fermentation broth. These products are, in particular, used as animal feed additives.
Depending on the requirement, the biomass can be entirely or partially removed from the fermentation broth by means of separation methods such as centrifugation, filtration or decanting, or a combination of these methods, or all the biomass can be left in the fermentation broth. Where appropriate, the biomass, or the biomass-containing fermentation broth, is inactivated during a suitable process step, for example by means of thermal treatment (heating) or by means of adding acid.
In one approach, the biomass is completely or virtually completely removed, such that no (0%) or at most 30%, at most 20%, at most 10%, at most 5%, at most 1% or at most 0.1%, of the biomass remains in the prepared product. In another approach, the biomass is not removed, or only removed in trivial amounts, such that all (100%) or more than 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 99% or 99.9% of the biomass remains in the prepared product. In one process according to the invention, the biomass is accordingly removed in proportions of from ≧0% to ≦100%.
Finally, the fermentation broth which is obtained after the fermentation can be adjusted, before or after the biomass has been completely or partially removed, to an acid pH using an inorganic acid, such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid, or an organic acid, such as propionic acid (GB 1,439,728 or EP 1 331 220). It is likewise possible to acidify the fermentation broth when it contains the entire biomass (U.S. Pat. No. 6,340,486 or U.S. Pat. No. 6,465,025). Finally, the broth can also be stabilized by adding sodium bisulfite (NaHSO3, GB 1,439,728) or another salt, for example an ammonium, alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salt of sulfurous acid.
Organic or inorganic solids which may be present in the fermentation broth are partially or entirely removed when the biomass is separated off. At least some (>0%), preferably at least 25%, particularly preferably at least 50%, and very particularly preferably at least 75%, of the organic by-products which are dissolved in the fermentation broth and the constituents of the fermentation medium (added substances), which are dissolved and not consumed remain in the product. Where appropriate, these by-products and constituents also remain completely (100%) or virtually completely, that is >95% or >98%, in the product. In this sense, the term “fermentation broth basis” means that a product comprises at least a part of the constituents of the fermentation broth.
Subsequently, water is extracted from the broth, or the broth is thickened or concentrated, using known methods, for example using a rotary evaporator, a thin-film evaporator or a falling-film evaporator, or by means of reverse osmosis or nanofiltration. This concentrated fermentation broth can then be worked up into flowable products, in particular into a finely divided powder or, preferably, a coarse-grained granulate, using methods of freeze drying, of spray drying or of spray granulation, or using other methods, for example in a circulating fluidized bed as described in PCT/EP2004/006655. Where appropriate, a desired product is isolated from the resulting granulate by means of screening or dust separation.
It is likewise possible to dry the fermentation broth directly, i.e. by spray drying or spray granulation without any prior concentration.
“Flowable” is understood as meaning powders which discharge unhindered from a series of glass discharge vessels having discharge apertures of different sizes, i.e. which discharge unhindered at least from the vessel having a 5 mm (millimeter) aperture (Klein: Seifen, Öle, Fette, Wachse [Soaps, Oils, Fats and Waxes] 94, 12 (1968)).
“Finely divided” means a powder the majority (>50%) of which has a particle size which is from 20 to 200 μm in diameter.
“Coarse-grained” means a product the majority (>50%) of which has a particle size of from 200 to 2000 μm in diameter.
The particle size can be determined using methods of laser diffraction spectrometry. The corresponding methods are described in the textbook “Teilchengröβenmessung in der Laborpraxis [Particle Size Measurement in Laboratory Practice]” by R. H. Müller and R. Schuhmann, Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft Stuttgart (1996) or in the textbook “Introduction to Particle Technology” by M. Rhodes, Wiley & Sons (1998).
The flowable, finely divided powder can in turn be converted, by means of suitable compacting or granulating methods, into a coarse-grained, readily flowable, storable, and to a large extent dust-free, product.
The term “dust-free” means that the product only contains small proportions (<5%) of particle sizes of less than 100 μm in diameter.
Within the meaning of this invention, “storable” means a product which can be stored for at least one (1) year or longer, preferably at least 1.5 years or longer, particularly preferably two (2) years or longer, in a dry and cool environment without there being any significant loss (<5%) of the given amino acid.
The invention accordingly also relates to a process for preparing an L-amino acid-, preferably L-lysine- or L-tryptophan-, containing product, preferably an animal feed additive, from fermentation broths, which process is characterized by the steps of

    
    
        a) culturing and fermenting an L-amino acid-secreting coryneform bacterium, which comprises at least one zwf allele encoding a polypeptide having glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity, which polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence in which any proteinogenic amino acid other than glycine, preferably L-serine, is present in position 321 or the comparable position, with, where appropriate, any proteinogenic amino acid other than L-serine, preferably L-threonine, being present in position 8 or the comparable position, in a fermentation medium,
        b) removing from 0 to 100% by weight of the biomass which is formed during the fermentation, and
        c) drying the fermentation broth which is obtained in accordance with a) and/or b) in order to obtain the product in the desired powder form or granulate form,

with, where appropriate, an acid selected from the group sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid or hydrochloric acid being added prior to step b) or c).

    
    


Preference is given to water being removed (concentration) from the L-amino acid-containing fermentation broth after step a) or b).
It is advantageous to use customary organic or inorganic auxiliary substances, or carrier substances such as starch, gelatin, cellulose derivatives or similar substances, as are customarily used as binders, gelatinizers or thickeners in foodstuff or feedstuff processing, or other substances, such as silicic acids, silicates (EP0743016A) or stearates, in connection with the granulation or compacting.
It is furthermore advantageous to provide the surface of the resulting granulates with oils, as described in WO 04/054381. The oils which can be used are mineral oils, vegetable oils or mixtures of vegetable oils. Examples of these oils are soybean oil, olive oil and soybean oil/lecithin mixtures. In the same way, silicone oils, polyethylene glycols or hydroxyethyl cellulose are also suitable. Treating the surfaces with said oils increases the abrasion resistance of the product and reduces the dust content. The content of oil in the product is from 0.02 to 2.0% by weight, preferably from 0.02 to 1.0% by weight, and very particularly preferably from 0.2 to 1.0% by weight, based on the total quantity of the feedstuff additives.
Preference is given to products having a content of ≧97% by weight of a particle size of from 100 to 1800 μm, or a content of ≧95% by weight of a particle size of from 300 to 1800 μm, in diameter. The content of dust, i.e. particles having a particle size of <100 μm, is preferably from >0 to 1% by weight, particularly preferably at most 0.5% by weight.
Alternatively, however, the product can also be absorbed onto an organic or inorganic carrier substance which is known and customary in feedstuff processing, for example silicic acids, silicates, grists, brans, meals, starches, sugars etc., and/or be mixed and stabilized with customary thickeners or binders. Application examples and methods in this regard are described in the literature (Die Mühle+Mischfuttertechnik [The Grinding Mill+Mixed Feed Technology] 132 (1995) 49, page 817).
Finally, the product can also be brought, by means of coating methods using film formers such as metal carbonates, silicic acids, silicates, alginates, stearates, starches, rubbers and cellulose ethers, as described in DE-C-4100920, into a state in which it is stable towards digestion by animal stomachs, in particular the ruminant stomach.
In order to set a desired amino acid concentration in the product, the appropriate amino acid can, depending on the requirement, be added during the process in the form of a concentrate or, where appropriate, of a largely pure substance or its salt in liquid or solid form. The latter can be added individually, or as mixtures, to the resulting fermentation broth, or to the concentrated fermentation broth, or else be added during the drying process or granulation process.
In the case of lysine, the ratio of the ions is adjusted during the preparation of lysine-containing products such that the ion ratio in accordance with the following formula

2×[SO42−]+[Cl−]−[NH4+]−[Na+]−[K+]−2×[Mg+]−2×[Ca2+]/[L-Lys]

has a value of from 0.68 to 0.95, preferably of from 0.68 to 0.90, as described by Kushiki et al. in US 20030152633.

In the case of lysine, the solid fermentation broth-based product which has been prepared in this way has a lysine content (as lysine base) of from 10% by weight to 70% by weight or of from 20% by weight to 70% by weight, preferably of from 30% by weight to 70% by weight and very particularly preferably of from 40% by weight to 70% by weight, based on the dry mass of the product. It is also possible to achieve maximum contents of lysine base of 71% by weight, 72% by weight or 73% by weight.
In the case of an electrically neutral amino acid such as L-tryptophan, the solid fermentation broth-based product which has been prepared in this way has an amino acid content of at least 5% by weight, 10% by weight, 20% by weight or 30% by weight and maximally 50% by weight, 60% by weight, 70% by weight, 80% by weight, 90% by weight or up to 95% by weight.
The water content of the solid product is up to 5% by weight, preferably up to 4% by weight, and particularly preferably less than 3% by weight.
A mutant of Corynebacterium glutamicum which is designated DM1797 and which comprises the amino acid substitution lysC T311I in its aspartate kinase was deposited on Oct. 28, 2004 with the Deutsche Samnlung fur Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen [German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures] (DSMZ, Brunswick, Germany) as DSM 16833.
The Corynebacterium glutamicum mutant DM1816 of the invention, which comprises L-serine in position 321 in the amino acid sequence of the Zwf polypeptide, was deposited on Feb. 9, 2005 at the Deutsche Sammlung fur Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen [German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures] (DSMZ, Brunswick, Germany) as DSM17119.
EXAMPLE 1
Mutagenesis of the L-Lysine-Producing Strain DM1797
The Corynebacterium glutamicum strain DM1797 was used as a starting strain for mutagenesis with N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG). The DM1797 strain is an aminoethylcysteine-resistant mutant of Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC13032 and has been deposited under the name DSM16833 with the Deutsche Sammlung für Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen (DSMZ, Brunswick, Germany).
The DM1797 strain was cultured in 10 ml of LB broth (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) contained in a 100 ml Erlenmeyer flask on a Certomat BS-1 rotary shaker (B. Braun Biotech International, Melsungen, Germany) at 33° C. and 200 rpm for 24 hours. The culture was subsequently removed by centrifugation, the sediment was resuspended in 10 ml of 0.9% NaCl solution, the suspension obtained was again removed by centrifugation and the sediment obtained was taken up in 10 ml of 0.9% NaCl solution. 5 ml of this cell suspension were treated with 400 μg/ml MNNG on a shaker (see above) at 30° C. and 200 rpm for 15 minutes. The mutagenesis mixture was subsequently removed by centrifugation and the sediment was taken up in 10 ml of 2% sodium thiosulfate in 0.9% NaCl buffer (pH=6.0). The cell suspension was then diluted 1:1000, 1:10000 and 1:100000 with 0.9% NaCl solution, and aliquots were plated on brain-heart agar (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). Approximately 2500 mutants were isolated in this way.
EXAMPLE 2
Performance Test of the DM1797 Strain Mutants
The mutants obtained in example 1 were cultured in a nutrient medium suitable for lysine production, and the lysine content was determined in the culture supernatant.
For this purpose, the clones were first propagated on brain-heart agar plates (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) at 33° C. for 24 hours. Starting from these agar plate cultures, in each case a preculture was inoculated (10 ml of medium in a 100 ml Erlenmeyer flask). The medium used for said preculture was MM medium. The preculture was incubated on a shaker at 33° C. and 240 rpm for 24 hours. From this preculture, a main culture was inoculated in such a way that the starting OD (660 nm) of said main culture was 0.1 OD. The MM medium was likewise used for the main culture.
Medium MM

















CSL
5
g/l



MOPS
20
g/l



Glucose (autoclaved separately)
50
g/l



Salts:



(NH4)2SO4)
25
g/l



KH2PO4
0.1
g/l



MgSO4*7H2O
1.0
g/l



CaCl2*2H2O
10
mg/l



FeSO4*7H20
10
mg/l



MnSO4*H2O
5.0
mg/l



Biotin (sterile-filtered)
0.3
mg/l



Thiamin * HCl (sterile-filtered)
0.2
mg/l



CaCO3
25
g/l










CSL (corn steep liquor), MOPS (morpholinopropanesulfonic acid) and the salt solution were adjusted to pH 7 with aqueous ammonia and autoclaved. Subsequently, the sterile substrate and vitamin solutions and the dry-autoclaved CaCO3 were added.
Culturing took place in volumes of 10 ml contained in 100 ml Erlenmeyer flasks with baffles. The temperature was 33° C., the number of revolutions per minute was 250 rpm and the humidity was 80%.
After 24 hours, the optical density (OD) was determined at a measuring wavelength of 660 nm using a biomek 1000 device (Beckmann Instruments GmbH, Munich, Germany). The amount of lysine formed was determined by ion exchange chromatography and post-column derivatization with ninhydrin detection, using an amino acid analyzer from Eppendorf-BioTronik (Hamburg, Germany). A mutant distinguished by an increased lysine formation was referred to as DM1816.











TABLE 1









Lysine-HCl



Strain
OD (660)
(g/l)




















DM1797
11.7
3.6



DM1816
11.8
3.9










Example 3
Sequencing of the zwf Gene of the DM1816 Mutant
Chromosomal DNA was isolated from the DM1816 clone by the method of Eikmanns et al. (Microbiology 140: 1817-1828 (1994)). A DNA section carrying the zwf gene was amplified with the aid of the polymerase chain reaction. To this end, the following oligonucleotides were used as primers:










zwf-L1 (SEQ ID NO: 19):




5′ agaagctgac gctgtgttct 3′



 



zwf-L2 (SEQ ID NO: 20):



5′ cattggtgga ctcggtaact 3′






The primers depicted were synthesized by MWG Biotech (Ebersberg, Germany). They enable an approx. 1.95 kb DNA section carrying the zwf gene to be amplified. The zwf-L1 primer binds to the region corresponding to positions 59 to 78 of the strand complementary to SEQ ID NO:3. The zwf-L2 primer binds to the region corresponding to positions 2026 to 2007 of the strand according to SEQ ID NO:3.
The PCR reaction was carried out using the Phusion High Fidelity DNA polymerase (New England Biolabs, Frankfurt, Germany). The reaction mixture was prepared according to the manufacturer's instructions and contained in a total volume of 50 μl 10 μl of the supplied 5× Phusion HF buffer, deoxynucleoside triphosphates, in each case in a concentration of 200 μM, primers in a concentration of 0.5 μM, approximately 50 ng of template DNA and 2 units of Phusion polymerase. The volume was adjusted to 50 μl by adding H2O.
The PCR mixture was first subjected to an initial denaturation at 98° C. for 30 seconds. This was followed by 35 repeats of a denaturation step at 98° C. for 20 seconds, a step of binding the primers to the initially introduced DNA at 60° C. for 20 seconds and the extension step of extending the primers at 72° C. for 60 seconds. After the final extension step of 5 minutes at 72° C., the PCR mixture was subjected to an agarose gel electrophoresis (0.8% agarose). An approx. 1.85 kb DNA fragment was identified, isolated from the gel and purified using the QIAquick Gel Extraction Kit from Qiagen, (Hilden, Germany).
The nucleotide sequence of the amplified DNA fragment and PCR product, respectively, was determined by Agowa (Berlin, Germany). The sequence obtained of the coding region of the zwf allele is depicted in SEQ ID NO:9. The amino acid sequence of the protein, established with the aid of the Patentin program, is depicted in SEQ ID NC:10.
The nucleotide sequence of the coding region of the zwf allele of the DM1816 mutant comprises the nucleobase adenine in position 961 (see SEQ ID NO:5 or 9). The wild type gene (see SEQ ID NO:1) comprises the nucleobase guanine in this position. This guanine-adenine transition results in an amino acid substitution of serine for glycine in position 321 of the resulting amino acid sequence. This mutation is referred to as zwfG321S hereinbelow. The zwf allele of DM1816 furthermore also comprises the nucleotide substitution of thymine with adenine in position 22 of the nucleotide sequence. This thymine-adenine transversion results in an amino acid substitution of threonine for serine in position 8 of the resulting amino acid sequence.
Moreover, the zwf allele of DM1816 also comprises another five nucleotide substitutions which do not result in an amino acid substitution (“silent mutations”): a cytosine-thymine transition in position 138, a cytosine-thymine transition in position 279, a thymine-cytosine transition in position 738, a cytosine-thymine transition in position 777 and a guanine-adenine transition in position 906.
EXAMPLE 4
Construction of the Exchange Vector pK18mobsacB_zwfG321S
A part of the coding region, i.e. an “internal fragment” or “internal region”, of the zwf allele, which carries the mutation zwfG321S, was amplified with the aid of the polymerase chain reaction. The template used was the chromosomal DNA obtained in example 3. The following oligonucleotides were selected as primers for the PCR:










zwf-int1-bam (SEQ ID NO: 23):




5′ ctag-ggatcc-acgtacgcgatgccgcaagt 3′



 



zwf-int2-bam (SEQ ID NO: 24):



5′ ctag-ggatcc-tcaggctgcacgcgaatcac 3′






They were synthesized by MWG Biotech (Ebersberg, Germany) and enable an approx. 1 kb DNA section of the coding region to be amplified. The nucleotides 11 to 30 of the zwf-int1-ban primer bind to the region corresponding to positions 546 to 565 of the strand complementary to SEQ ID NO:3. The positions 546 and 565 of SEQ ID NO:3 correspond to positions 239 and 258 in SEQ ID NO:1. The nucleotides 11 to 30 of the zwf-int2-bam primer bind to the region corresponding to positions 1527 to 1508 of the strand according to SEQ ID NO:3. The positions 1527 and 1508 of SEQ ID NO:3 correspond to positions 1220 and 1201 of SEQ ID NO:1. The primers moreover comprise the sequences for cleavage sites of the restriction endonuclease BamHI, which are indicated by underscoring in the nucleotide sequence depicted above.
The PCR reaction was carried out using the Phusion High-Fidelity DNA polymerase (New England Biolabs, Frankfurt, Germany). The reaction mixture was composed as described above. The PCR was carried out as above, with one exception: the 72° C. extension step in the 35 repeats was carried out in each case only for 30 seconds.
The approx. 1 kb amplicon was treated with the BamHI restriction endonuclease and identified by electrophoresis in a 0.8% strength agarose gel. It was subsequently isolated from the gel and purified using the QIAquick Gel Extraction Kit from Qiagen.
The DNA fragment purified in this way comprises the zwfG321S mutation described and has BamHI-compatible ends (zwfG321S fragment and, respectively, ‘zwf’ in FIG. 1). It was then incorporated into the mobilizable pK18mobsacB vector described by Schäfer et al. (Gene, 145, 69-73 (1994)), in order to enable an allele or mutation exchange. To this end, pK18mobsacB was digested with the BamHI restriction enzyme and the ends were dephosphorylated by alkaline phosphatase (Alkaline Phosphatase, Boehringer Mannheim, Germany). The thus prepared vector was mixed with the zwfG321S fragment, and the mixture was treated with the Ready-To-Go T4 DNA Ligase Kit (Amersham-Pharmacia, Freiburg, Germany).
The ligation mixture was then used to transform the E. coli strain S17-1 (Simon et al., Bio/Technologie 1: 784-791, 1993) (Hanahan, In. DNA cloning. A practical approach. Vol. 1. ILR-Press, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, 1989). Selection for plasmid-harboring cells was carried out by plating the transformation mixture on LB agar (Sambrock et al., Molecular Cloning: a laboratory manual. 2nd Ed. Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989) which had been supplemented with 25 mg/l kanamycin.
Plasmid DNA was isolated from a transformant with the aid of the QIAprep Spin Miniprep Kit from Qiagen and checked by restriction cleavage, in each case once with the enzyme BamHI and once with the enzyme SacI, and subsequent agarose gel electrophoresis. The plasmid was named pK18mobsacB_zwfG321S and is depicted in FIG. 1.
EXAMPLE 5
Incorporation of the zwfG321S Mutation into the DM1797 Strain
The pK18mobsacB_zwfG321S vector described in example 4 was transferred by way of conjugation into the C. glutamicum strain DM1797 according to the protocol by Schäfer et al. (Journal of Microbiology 172: 1663-1666 (1990)). The vector cannot self-replicate in DM1797 and remains in the cell only when integrated in the chromosome as a result of a recombination event. The selection of transconjugants, i.e. of clones with integrated pK18mobsacB_zwfG321S, was carried out by plating the conjugation mixture on LB agar which had been supplemented with 25 mg/l kanamycin and 50 mg/l nalidixic acid. Kanamycin-resistant transconjugants were then streaked out on LB agar plates supplemented with kanamycin (25 mg/l) and incubated at 33° C. for 24 hours. Mutants in which the plasmid had been excised as a result of a second recombination event were selected by culturing the clones non-selectively in LB liquid medium for 30 hours, then streaking them out on LB agar which had been supplemented with 10% sucrose and incubating at 33° C. for 24 hours.
Like the pK18mobsacB starting plasmid, the pK18mobsacB_zwfG321S plasmid comprises, in addition to the kanamycin resistance gene, a copy of the sacB gene coding for Bacillus subtilis levan sucrase. Sucrose-inducible expression of the sacB gene results in the formation of levan sucrase which catalyzes the synthesis of the product levan which is toxic to C. glutamicum. Therefore, only those clones in which the integrated pK18mobsacB_zwfG321S has been excised as the result of a second recombination event grow on sucrose-supplemented LB agar. Depending on the location of the second recombination event with respect to the site of mutation, the excision causes the allele exchange or incorporation of the mutation, or the original copy remains in the chromosome of the host.
Subsequently, a clone was looked for in which the desired exchange, i.e. incorporation of the zwfG321S mutation, had taken place. To this end, the sequence of the zwf gene of 10 clones having the phenotype “growth in the presence of sucrose” and “no growth in the presence of kanamycin” was determined. In this way, a clone harboring the zwfG321S mutation was identified. This strain was referred to as C. glutamicum DM1797_zwfG321S.
EXAMPLE 6
Comparison of the Performance of the DM1797_zwfG321S Strain with that of the DM1797 Starting Strain
The performance test was carried out as described in example 2. The DM1797_zwfG321S strain displayed, in comparison with DM1797, a markedly increased secretion of lysine, similar to DM1816 (see table 1).

## Claims

1. A process for preparing an L-amino acid, comprising:
a) fermenting a coryneform bacterium in a suitable medium to produce a fermentation broth containing biomass, wherein said coryneform bacterium comprises the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:2 except that any proteinogenic amino acid other than glycine is present at position 321 and/or any proteinogenic amino acid other than serine is present at position 8, and wherein said polypeptide has glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity; and
b) collecting, isolating or purifying the L-amino acid being prepared from the fermentation broth and/or said coryneform bacterium along with 0 to 100% by weight of said biomass.

2. The process of claim 1, wherein:
a) the L-amino acid prepared is selected from the group consisting of : L-aspartic acid, L-asparagine, L-threonine, L-serine, L-glutamic acid, L-glutamine, glycine, L-alanine, L-cysteine, L-valine, L-rnethionine, L-isoleucine, L-leucine, L-tyrosine, L-phenylalanine, L-histidine, L-lysine, L-tryptophan, L-proline and L-arginine. L-homoserine likewise belongs to the L-amino acids; and
b) said coryneform bacterium comprises the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:2 except that any proteinogenic amino acid other than glycine is present at position 321 and any proteinogenic amino acid other than serine is present at position 8.

3. The process of claim 1, wherein the L-amino acid prepared is L-lysine.

4. The process of claim 1, wherein the L-amino acid prepared is L-tryptophan.

5. The process of claim 1, wherein said coryneform bacterium is selected from the group consisting of: Corynebacterium efficiens; Corynebacterium glutamicum; 
Corynebacterium thermoaminogenes; and Corynebacterium aminogenes.

6. The process of claim 1, wherein said coryneform bacterium is Corynebacterium glutamicum.

7. The process of claim 2, wherein said L-amino acid being prepared is obtained by collecting and drying the fermentation broth produced in step a) along with said biomass.

8. The process of claim 2, wherein said L-amino acid being prepared is purified from the fermentation broth produced in step a).

9. A process for preparing L-lysine, comprising:
a) fermenting a coryneform bacterium in a suitable medium to produce a fermentation broth containing biomass, wherein said coryneform bacterium comprises the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:2 except that any proteinogenic amino acid other than glycine is present at position 321 and/or any proteinogenic amino acid other than serine is present at position 8, and wherein said polypeptide has glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity; and
b) either collecting said fermentation broth along with said biomass or purifying said L-lysine from said fermentation broth or said biomass.

10. The process of claim 9, wherein said fermentation broth is collected along with said biomass and then died.

11. The process of claim 10, wherein said coryneform bacterium comprises the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:2 except that any proteinogenic amino acid other than glycine is present at position 321 and any proteinogenic amino acid other than serine is present at position 8.

12. The process of claim 11, wherein said coryneform bacterium is Corynebacterium glutamicum.

13. The process of claim 9, wherein said L-lysine is purified from said fermentation broth.

14. The process of claim 10, wherein:
a) said coryneform bacterium is selected from the group consisting of:
Corynebacterium efficiens; Corynebacterium glutamicum; 
Corynebacterium thermoaminogenes; and Corynebacterium aminogenes; and

b) said coryneform bacterium comprises the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:2 except that any proteinogenic amino acid other than glycine is present at position 321 and any proteinogenic amino acid other than serine is present at position 8.

15. A process for preparing L-tryptophan, comprising:
a) fermenting a coryneform bacterium in a suitable medium to produce a fermentation broth, wherein said coryneform bacterium comprises the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:2 except that any proteinogenic amino acid other than glycine is present at position 321 and/or any proteinogenic amino acid other than serine is present at position 8, and wherein said polypeptide has glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity; and
b) either collecting said fermentation broth along with said biomass or purifying said L-tryptophan from said fermentation broth or said biomass.

16. The process of claim 15, wherein said fermentation broth is collected along with said biomass and then died.

17. The process of claim 16, wherein said coryneform bacterium comprises the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:2 except that any proteinogenic amino acid other than glycine is present at position 321 and any proteinogenic amino acid other than serine is present at position 8.

18. The process of claim 17, wherein said coryneform bacterium is Corynebacterium glutamicum.

19. The process of claim 15, wherein said L-tryptophan is purified from said fermentation broth.

20. The process of claim 19, wherein:
a) said coryneform bacterium is selected from the group consisting of:
Corynebacterium efficiens; Corynebacterium glutamicum; 
Corynebacterium thermoaminogenes; and Corynebacterium aminogenes; and

b) said coryneform bacterium comprises the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:2 except that any proteinogenic amino acid other than glycine is present at position 321 and any proteinogenic amino acid other than serine is present at position 8.