### CHAPTER 7. MARKUPS ANALYSIS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

7.1 INTRODUCTION

.............................................................................................................. 7 -1 7.1.1 Baseline Markups

................................................................................................. 7-3 7.1.2 Incremental Markups

........................................................................................... 7-3 7.1.3 Overall Markups

.................................................................................................. 7-4 7.2 ESTIMATION OF OEM, WHOLESALER, CONTRACTOR AND SALES TAX MARKUPS

........................................................................................................................ . 7-4 7.2.1 Financial Information Sources

............................................................................. 7-4 7.2.2 Weighted Markups

............................................................................................... 7-8 7.2.3 Sales Tax

.............................................................................................................. 7- 9 REFERENCES

..................................................................................................................... ..... 7-11

LIST OF TABLES

Table 7.2.1 Gross Profit Margins for Fixture OEMs *



### .................................................................. 7-5 Table 7.2.2 Gross Profit Margins for Electrical Wholesalers *



### ..................................................... 7-6 Table 7.2.3 Calculated OEM Baseline Markups for Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts

........................ 7-6 Table 7.2.4 Calculated Electrical Wholesaler Baseline Markups for Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts

....................................................................................................................... ...... 7-6 Table 7.2.5 Calculated OEM Incremental Ma rkups for Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts *



### ................. 7-7 Table 7.2.6 Calculated Electrical Wholesaler Incremental Markups for Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts *



### ............................................................................................................................ 7-8 Table 7.2.7 Weighted Total Baseline and In cremental Markups for Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts

....................................................................................................................... ...... 7-9 Table 7.2.8 State and Local Sales Tax Ra tes

............................................................................... 7-9 Table 7.2.9 Regional Aver age Tax Rates

.................................................................................. 7-10

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 7.1.1 Ballast Distribution Channels

.................................................................................. 7-1

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### CHAPTER 7. MARKUPS ANALYSIS

7.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter describes the methodology the U. S. Department of Energy (DOE) followed in developing end-user prices and sales tax in the rulemaking analysis for fluorescent lamp ballasts. This chapter also provides initial results for ballast end-user prices and sales tax.
In this rulemaking, DOE performed teardo wn analyses and a manufacturer markup analysis to develop manufacturer selling prices (MSPs) for representative ballast designs (chapter 5). DOE then applied distribution cha nnel markups and sales tax to derive end-user prices. By combining the engineering analysis results and the distri bution channel markups analysis, DOE derived typical inputs for use in the life-cycle cost (LCC) analysis and the national impact analysis (NIA). In particular, DO E developed end-user prices for ballast designs associated with a candi date standard level.
The end-user equipment price depends on how the end-user purchases the equipment. Two types of distribution channels describe how most ballasts pass from the manufacturer to the end-user. The first distribution cha nnel applies to ballasts installed in fixtures. In this distribution channel, the manufacturer sells the ballast to an original equipment manufacturer (OEM)—in this case, the fixture manufacturer—who in turn sells it to an electrical wholesaler ( i.e. , distributor), then to a contractor, and finally to the end-user . The second distribution channel applies to ballasts not in stalled in fixtures ( e.g. , replacement ballasts). In this distribution channel, the manufacturer sells the ballast to an electrical wholesaler, then to a contractor, and finally to the end-user. Figure 7.1.1 illustrates th e two main distribution channels for ballasts.

Figure 7.1.1 Ballast Distribution Channels

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### DOE assumes ballasts in fixtures represent 63 percent of the market, and replacement ballasts represent 37 percent. These percentages are from the Fluorescent Ballasts Energy Conservation Standards Final Rule published on September 19, 2000 (hereafter “the 2000 Ballast Rule”). 65 FR 56740. 1



### To meet new or amended energy conservati on standards, manufacturers often introduce design changes to their product lines that re sult in increased production costs and MSPs. DOE assumes that some or all of th e increased production costs can be passed through the distribution channels and eventually to end-users in the form of higher sales prices.
At each point in the distribution channel, companies apply “markup” to the MSP to cover their business costs and profit margin. DOE mode ls this markup as a multiplier. In financial statements, gross profit is the difference between the company revenue and the company cost of sales. It includes all corporate overhead costs (s ales, general, and adminis tration), materials and labor costs, research and devel opment and interest expenses, depreciation and taxes, and profits. In order for sales of a product to contribut e positively to company cash flow, the product’s markup must be greater than the sum of cost of sales and business costs for that product. DOE calculates the end-user sales price by multiplyin g the MSP by the various markups and applying sales tax.
The end-user prices and installation costs are key inputs to the LCC analysis, payback period (PBP) analysis, and the NIA. Through th e use of the distribution channel markups and installation costs, DOE can calculate the first costs that customers would face under the various efficiency levels evaluated. DOE evaluates the tradeoff between the increase in first cost and the resulting energy cost savings at each efficiency level in the LCC and PBP analyses (chapter 8) and NIA analysis (chapter 10).
The following equation describes how DOE dete rmined the equipment prices for ballast designs installed in fixtures:

P

END 

### = ( P MFR 

### × MU OEM 

### × MU WHOLE 

### × MU CONT 

### × MU TAX 

### ) 

### Eq. 7.1

Where:

P

END 

### = equipment price to the end-user ($), P

MFR 

### = MSP of baseline or standard-level equipment ($), MU OEM 

### = OEM markup, MU WHOLE 

### = wholesaler markup, MU CONT 

### = contractor markup, and MU TAX 

### = sales tax markup.
For replacement ballasts, the equation is th e same as above, except that the OEM markup ( MU OEM 

### ) is omitted.
For each of the parties involved in the di stribution of the equipment, the markups presented above are further differentiated betw een a “baseline markup” and an “incremental

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### markup,” as described below. A third type of markup, the “ overall markup,” describes the product of all the markups within a distribution channel.

7.1.1 Baseline Markups
Baseline markups are defined as coefficients th at relate the manufacturer price of baseline ballast designs to the OEM, wholesaler or cont ractor baseline sales price, as shown in the following equations:

P OEM

_ BASE 

### = ( P MFR

_ BASE 

### × MU OEM

_ BASE 

### ) 

### Eq. 7.2

P WHOLE

_ BASE 

### = ( P OEM

_ BASE 

### × MU WHOLE

_ BASE 

### ) 

### Eq. 7.3

P CONT

_ BASE 

### = ( P WHOLE

_ BASE 

### × MU CONT

_ BASE 

### ) 

### Eq. 7.4

P

END

_ BASE 

### = ( P CONT

_ BASE 

### × MU TAX 

### ) 

### Eq. 7.5

Where:

P OEM

_ BASE 

### = OEM selling price of baseline equipment ($), P

MFR

_ BASE 

### = MSP of baseline equipment ($), MU OEM

_ BASE 

### = OEM markup for baseline equipment, P WHOLE

_ BASE 

### = wholesaler selling price of baseline equipment ($), MU WHOLE

_ BASE 

### = wholesaler markup for baseline equipment, P CONT

_ BASE 

### = contractor selling price of baseline equipment ($), MU CONT

_ BASE 

### = contractor markup for baseline equipment, P

END

_ BASE 

### = end-user purchase price fo r baseline equipment ($), and MU TAX 

### = sales tax markup.
For replacement ballasts, the equations ar e the same as above, except that the OEM ( P OEM

_ BASE 

### = ( P MFR

_ BASE 

### × MU OEM

_ BASE 

### ) 

### ) is omitted, and the wholesaler baseline selling price is determined by applying the wholesaler base line markup to the MSP for baseline equipment:

P WHOLE

_ BASE 

### = ( P MFR

_ BASE 

### × MU WHOLE

_ BASE 

### ) 

### Eq. 7.6

7.1.2 Incremental Markups
Incremental markups are defined as coefficien ts that relate changes in the manufacturer price of higher-efficiency equipment to change the OEM, wholesale, or contractor sales price, as shown in the following equations:

P OEM

_ INCR 

### = ( P MFR

_ INCR 

### × MU OEM

_ INCR 

### ) 

### Eq. 7.7

P WHOLE

_ INCR 

### = ( P OEM

_ INCR 

### × MU WHOLE

_ INCR 

### ) 

### Eq. 7.8

P CONT

_ INCR 

### = ( P WHOLE

_ INCR 

### × MU CONT

_ INCR 

### ) 

### Eq. 7.9

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### P END

_ INCR 

### = ( P WHOLE

_ INCR 

### × MU TAX 

### ) 

### Eq. 7.10

Where:

P OEM

_ INCR 

### = incremental OEM price for equipment with increased efficiency ($), P

MFR

_ INCR 

### = incremental manufacturer price for equipment with increased efficiency ($), MU OEM

_ INCR 

### = incremental OEM markup for equipment with increased efficiency, P WHOLE

_ INCR 

### = incremental wholesaler price for equipment with increased efficiency ($), MU WHOLE

_ INCR 

### = incremental wholesaler markup for equipment with increased efficiency, P CONT

_ INCR 

### = incremental contractor price for equipment with increased efficiency ($), MU CONT

_ INCR 

### = incremental contractor markup for equipment with increased efficiency, P

END

_ INCR 

### = incremental end-user price for baseline equipment ($), and MU TAX 

### = sales tax markup.
For replacement ballasts, the equations are the same as above, except that incremental OEM ( P OEM

_ INCR 

### = ( P MFR

_ INCR 

### × MU OEM

_ INCR 

### ) 

### ) is omitted, and the incremental wholesaler price is determined by applying the incremental w holesaler markup to the incremental manufacturer price for equipment with increased efficiency:

P WHOLE

_ INCR 

### = ( P MFR

_ INCR 

### × MU WHOLE

_ INCR 

### ) 

### Eq. 7.11

7.1.3 Overall Markups
Overall markups, including bot h overall baseline a nd overall incrementa l markups, relate the manufacturer price to the final customer price ( P END 

### ) as indicated by the following equation

P

END 

### = ( P END

_ BASE 

### + P END

_ INCR 

### ) 

### Eq. 7.12

7.2 ESTIMATION OF OEM, WHOLESALER, CONTRACTOR AND SALES TAX MARKUPS

7.2.1 Financial Information Sources
Publicly owned companies are required by la w to disclose financial information on a regular basis by filing different forms with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Filed annually, the SEC form 10-K provides a comprehensive overview of the company’s business and financial conditions . Relevant information in the 10-K reports includes the company’s revenues and direct and indirect co sts. For the OEM and wholesaler markups, DOE used 10-K reports from publicly owned lighting fi xture manufacturers and el ectrical wholesalers, respectively. The financial figures necessary for calculating the company markup are net sales, costs of sales, and gross profit. The income statement section of the 10-K reports often lists these figures. DOE used averages of the financial figures spanning 2002 to 2008 to calculate the markups.

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### DOE used the following equations to calculate the gross profit and gross profit margins:
Gross Profit ($) = Net Sales – Cost of Sales Eq. 7.13

Gross Profit Gross Profit Margin = 

### Eq. 7.14 N et Sales


### To calculate the time-average gross profit margin for each company, DOE first summed the gross profit for all the years and then divided the result by the sum of the net sales for the same years. DOE then used the gross profit ma rgins to calculate baseline markups on existing equipment ( i.e. , prior to efficiency changes resulting from enactment of proposed efficiency standards). Each company’s base line markup was calculated as:

1 Net Sales Baseline Markup = = Eq. 7.15 (1

− Gross Profit Margin) Cost of Sales

Table 7.2.1 and Table 7.2.2 contain the calculate d gross profit margins for a sample of fixture OEMs and electrical wholesalers, respectively.

Table 7.2.1 Gross Profit Margins for Fixture OEMs * Company Financial Figure $ Year 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002

A Net Sales 2,026,644 1,964,781 1,841,039 2,172,854 2,104,167 2,049,308 1,972,796 Cost of Sales 1,210,849 1,220,466 1,188,202 1,324,311 1,253,380 1,235,900 1,169,282 Gross Profit 815,795 744,315 652,8 37 848,543 850,787 813,408 803,514 Gross Profit Margin ( % ) 40.3 37.9 35.5 39.1 40.4 39.7 40.7

Average Gross Profit Margin: 39.1% B Net Sales 6,521,300 5,903,100 5,184,600 4,730,400 4,462,900 4,061,400 3,960,500 Cost of Sales 4,396,700 3,970,000 3,521,500 3,243,800 3,119,700 2,871,900 2,830,900 Gross Profit 2,124,600 1,933,100 1,663,100 1,486,600 1,343,200 1,189,500 1,129,600 Gross Profit Margin ( % ) 32.6 32.7 32.1 31.4 30.1 29.3 28.5

Average Gross Profit Margin: 31.0% C ** Net Sales 1,484,833 1,252,194 1,179,069 1,033,899 970,304 Cost of Sales 896,027 785,973 760,938 671,322 630,433 Gross Profit 588,806 466,221 418,131 362,577 339,871 Gross Profit Margin ( % ) 39.7 37.2 35.5 35.1 35.0

Average Gross Profit Margin: 36.5% D Net Sales 2,704,400 2,533,900 2,414,300 2,104,900 1,993,000 1,770,700 1,587,800 Cost of Sales 1,901,000 1,798,100 1,757,500 1,509,900 1,431,100 1,289,200 1,178,700 Gross Profit 803,400 735,800 656,8 00 595,000 561,900 481,500 409,100 Gross Profit Margin ( % ) 29.7 29.0 27.2 28.3 28.2 27.2 25.8

Average Gross Profit Margin: 27.9%

* Unless noted, all numbers are in thousands of dollars. This table includes 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, and 2008 SEC 10-K reports.

** Data are not available for missing years.

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### Table 7.2.2 Gross Profit Margin s for Electrical Wholesalers * Company Financial Figure $ Year 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002

A Net Sales 5,400,154 5,258,301 5,009,143 4,288,043 4,079,553 3,802,452 3,974,892 Cost of Sales 4,354,935 4,225,983 4,047,692 3,477,009 3,295,772 3,067,986 3,229,791 Gross Profit 1,045,219 1,032,318 961,451 811,034 783,781 734,466 745,101 Gross Profit Margin ( % ) 19.4 19.6 19.2 18.9 19.2 19.3 18.7

Average Gross Profit Margin: 19.2% B Net Sales 6,110,840 6,003,452 5,320,603 4,421,103 3,741,253 3,286,766 3,325,780 Cost of Sales 4,904,164 4,781,336 4,234,079 3,580,398 3,029,132 2,676,701 2,735,006 Gross Profit 1,206,676 1,222,116 1,086,524 840,705 712,121 610,065 590,774 Gross Profit Margin ( % ) 19.7 20.4 20.4 19.0 19.0 18.6 17.8

Average Gross Profit Margin: 19.3% C Net Sales 6,850,032 6,418,014 5,883,654 5,526,636 5,049,785 4,667,014 4,643,898 Cost of Sales 4,041,810 3,814,391 3,529,504 3,365,095 3,143,133 2,975,513 2,984,548 Gross Profit 2,808,222 2,603,623 2,354,150 2,161,541 1,906,652 1,691,501 1,659,350 Gross Profit Margin ( % ) 41.0 40.6 40.0 39.1 37.8 36.2 35.7

Average Gross Profit Margin: 38.6% D ** Net Sales 90,837,000 81,511,000 73,09 4,000 64,816,000 58,247,000 53,553,000 Cost of Sales 61,054,000 54,191,000 48, 664,000 44,236,000 40,139,000 37,406,000 Gross Profit 29,783,000 27,320,000 24,43 0,000 20,580,000 18,108,000 16,147,000 Gross Profit Margin ( % ) 32.8 33.5 33.4 31.8 31.1 30.2

Average Gross Profit Margin: 32.1%

* Unless noted, all numbers are in thousands of dollars. This table includes 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, and 2008 SEC 10-K reports.

** Data are not available for missing years.


### The baseline markup covers non-production costs and profit. Table 7.2.3 and Table 7.2.4 show the baseline markups using this method for OEMs and electrical wholesalers, respectively.

Table 7.2.3 Calculated OEM Baseline Mar kups for Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts Company Baseline Markup OEM – A 1.64 OEM – B 1.45 OEM – C 1.57 OEM – D 1.39 Average 1.51


### Table 7.2.4 Calculated Electrical Wholesaler Baseline Markups for Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts Company Baseline Markup Wholesaler A 1.24 Wholesaler B 1.24 Wholesaler C 1.63 Wholesaler D 1.47 Average 1.39

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### The incremental markup applied to higher-e fficiency equipment is lower than the baseline markup because DOE assumes that expe nses like labor and occupancy costs remain fixed and need not be recovered in the markup. Profits and other operatin g costs are assumed to be variable and to scale with the MSP.
The surveyed SEC 10-K reports did not typi cally separate labor and occupancy costs from overall expenses, so DOE assumes that these fixed costs are encompassed by “Selling, Distribution, and Administrative Expenses” (the most common terminology observed in the surveyed reports). DOE assumes that “Opera ting Profit” (operating income) covers other operating costs and profit ( i.e. , variable costs). Each company’s incremental markup was calculated as:
⎛ ⎜ ⎝ Operating Profit ⎞ ⎟ ⎠ Incremental Markup = 1 + 

### Eq. 7.16 Cost of Sales



### Table 7.2.5 and Table 7.2.6 contain the calcula ted incremental markups for the sampled fixture OEMs and electrical wholesalers, respectively.

Table 7.2.5 Calculated OEM Incremental Markups for Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts * Company Financial Figure $ Year 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002

A Cost of Sales 1,210,849 1,220,466 1,188,202 1,324,311 1,253,380 1,235,900 1,169,282 Operating Profit 261,060 222,423 152, 119 106,745 137,927 110,276 120,127 Calculated Incremental

Markup 1.22 1.18 1.13 1.08 1.11 1.09 1.10

Average Incremental Markup: 1.13 B Cost of Sales 4,396,700 3,970,000 3,521,500 3,243,800 3,119,700 2,871,900 2,830,900 Operating Profit 877,600 844,100 694, 100 559,800 496,600 392,000 354,700 Calculated Incremental

Markup 1.20 1.21 1.20 1.17 1.16 1.14 1.13

Average Incremental Markup: 1.17 C ** Cost of Sales 896,027 785,973 760,938 671,322 630,433 Operating Profit 208,334 149,342 149,342 108,252 96,418 Calculated Incremental

Markup 1.23 1.19 1.20 1.16 1.15

Average Incremental Markup: 1.19 D Cost of Sales 1,901,000 1,798,100 1,757,500 1,509,900 1,431,100 1,289,200 1,178,700 Operating Profit 346,000 299,400 233, 900 226,800 212,600 171,900 138,500 Calculated Incremental

Markup 1.18 1.17 1.13 1.15 1.15 1.13 1.12

Average Incremental Markup: 1.15 ALL Average Incremental Markup (All OEMs): 1.16

* Except for calculated incremental markup, all numbers are in thousands of dollars. This table includes 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, and 2008 SEC 10-K reports.

** Data are not available for missing years.

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### Table 7.2.6 Calculated Electrical Wholesaler Incremental Markups for Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts * Company Financial Figure $ Year 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002

A Cost of Sales 4,354,935 4,225,983 4,047,692 3,477,009 3,295,772 3,067,986 3,229,791 Operating Profit 151,863 161,787 122, 022 64,789 41,844 30,895 42,153 Calculated Incremental

Markup 1.03 1.04 1.03 1.02 1.01 1.01 1.01

Average Incremental Markup: 1.02 B Cost of Sales 4,904,164 4,781,336 4,234,079 3,580,398 3,029,132 2,676,701 2,735,006 Operating Profit 345,667 394,224 364, 983 209,286 149,446 86,045 76,625 Calculated Incremental

Markup 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.06 1.05 1.03 1.03

Average Incremental Markup: 1.06 C Cost of Sales 4,041,810 3,814,391 3,529,504 3,365,095 3,143,133 2,975,513 2,984,548 Operating Profit 782,672 670,653 578, 071 518,989 439,530 387,261 393,155 Calculated Incremental

Markup 1.19 1.18 1.16 1.15 1.14 1.13 1.13

Average Incremental Markup: 1.16 D ** Cost of Sales 61,054,000 54,191,000 48, 664,000 44,236,000 40,139,000 37,406,000 Operating Profit 9,673,000 9,363,000 7,926,000 6,846,000 5,830,000 4,932,000 Calculated Incremental

Markup 1.16 1.17 1.16 1.15 1.15 1.13

Average Incremental Markup: 1.15 ALL Average Incremental Markup (All Wholesalers): 1.10

* Except for calculated incremental markup, all numbers are in thousands of dollars. This table includes 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, and 2008 SEC 10-K reports.

** Data are not available for missing years.



### 7.2.2 Weighted Markups
DOE adjusted the calculated average baseline and incremental markups to reflect estimated proportions of ballasts sold through the OEM and w holesaler distribution channels. DOE used information from the 2000 Ballast Rule, which estimates that ballasts sold to OEM fixture manufacturers represent 63 percent of the market while ballasts sold to electrical wholesalers represent 37 percent of the market. DOE then multiplied by a contractor markup of 1.13 (obtained from the 2000 Ballast Rule) to the resulting weighted average baseline and incremental markups to devel op total weighted markups. The weighted total baseline and incremental markups are provided in Table 7.2.7.

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### Table 7.2.7 Weighted Total Baseline and Incremental Markups for Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts Markup Type Weighted Total Baseline 2.08 Incremental 1.37



### 7.2.3 Sales Tax
The sales tax represents State and local sales taxes applied to and is a multiplicative factor that increases the end-user cost. DOE obtained information on State and local sales tax from the Sales Tax Clearinghouse (Table 7.2.8). 2 

### These data represent weighted averages that include county and city rates. DOE then calcula ted population-weighted average tax values for each census division and four large States. These values allowed DOE to correlate the sales tax distribution with the electricity price distribution (chapter 8) a nd the operating hour distribution (chapter 6) that DOE uses in the LCC spr eadsheet. DOE also calculated a national populationweighted average sales tax for use as a single-val ue input to the LCC, should users want singleaverage results. DOE also used this result in th e NIA, where DOE did not use a distribution of inputs. 3



### Table 7.2.8 State and Local Sales Tax Rates State Combined State and Local Tax Rate % State Combined State and Local Tax Rate % State Combined State and Local Tax Rate % Alabama 8.15 Kentucky 6.00 North Dakota 5.75 Alaska 1.50 Louisiana 8.75 Ohio 6.85 Arizona 7.15 Maine 5.00 Oklahoma 8.10 Arkansas 8.25 Maryland 6.00 Oregon 0.00 California 9.00 Massachusetts 5.00 Pennsylvania 6.25 Colorado 6.40 Michigan 6.00 Rhode Island 7.00 Connecticut 6.00 Minnesota 6.85 South Carolina 7.05 Delaware 0.00 Mississippi 7.00 South Dakota 5.45 D.C. 5.75 Missouri 7.10 Tennessee 9.40 Florida 6.70 Montana 0.00 Texas 8.05 Georgia 6.90 Nebraska 6.00 Utah 6.70 Hawaii 4.40 Nevada 7.50 Vermont 6.05 Idaho 6.05 New Hampshire 0.00 Virginia 5.00 Illinois 8.40 New Jersey 6.95 Washington 8.75 Indiana 7.00 New Mexico 6.40 West Virginia 6.00 Iowa 6.80 New York 8.25 Wisconsin 5.40 Kansas 6.95 North Carolina 6.80 Wyoming 5.40



### Table 7.2.9 shows the distribution of sales tax rates that DOE developed for the LCC and PBP analyses. The distribution ranges from a minimum of 4.98 percent in New England to a maximum of 9.00 percent in Ca lifornia with a weighted average value of 7.12 percent nationwide.

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### Table 7.2.9 Regional Average Tax Rates Region or Large State Weighted Sales Tax % New England 4.98 Mid Atlantic 6.54 East North Central 6.94 West North Central 6.76 South Atlantic 6.19 East South Central 7.89 West South Central 8.40 Mountain 6.46 Pacific 5.20 New York 8.25 California 9.00 Texas 8.05 Florida 6.70 U.S. Average 7.12

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### REFERENCES

1. U.S. Department of Energy–Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. Energy Conservation Program for Consumer Produc ts: Technical Support Document: Energy Efficiency Standards for Consumer Products ; Fluorescent Lamp Ba llast Proposed Rule. January 2000. (Last accessed June 30, 2009.)

< http://www.eere.energy.gov/buildings/applia nce_standards/resi dential/pdfs/chap3.pdf >

2. The Sales Tax Clearinghouse. State Aggreg ate Tax Rates. 2009. (Last accessed June 30, 2009.) < http://thestc.com/STrates.stm >

3. U.S. Census Bureau. Population Estimates Change: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2008. 2008. (Last accessed June 30, 2009.) < http://www.census.gov/popest/s tates/tables/NST-EST2008

- 02.csv >

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