United States Court of Appeals

For the Eighth Circuit

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No. 17-3170

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Jerry Deloney; Peggy Deloney

lllllllllllllllllllllPlaintiffs - Appellants

v.

Dennis Chase; Chasemaster Corporation

lllllllllllllllllllllDefendants

William H. Hallack, Jr.

lllllllllllllllllllllDefendant - Appellee

Ronald Novack, Jr.; Juli Anne Novack

lllllllllllllllllllllDefendants

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Appeal from United States District Court 

for the Western District of Arkansas - Texarkana

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Submitted: September 24, 2018

Filed: December 4, 2018

[Unpublished]

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Before SMITH, Chief Judge, MELLOY and STRAS, Circuit Judges.

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PER CURIAM. 

Jerry and Peggy Deloney appeal the district court’s1grant of defendant William

Hallack, Jr.’s motion to dismiss the Deloneys’ claims against Hallack without

prejudice for lack of personal jurisdiction. We affirm.

I. Background

The Deloneys, residents of Arkansas,received $460,738.00 in December 2010

from the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) in an administrative civil

rights action alleging racial discrimination by the USDA. The Deloneys filed the

action pro se, but they later hired Dennis Chase, a resident of Louisiana, to represent

them as a non-lawyer advocate. The USDA requires that all award funds be wired to

an escrow account for dispersal to the claimants. As a result, near the conclusion of

the civil rights action, Chase contacted Hallack, an attorney, and requested that

Hallack undertake limited representation of Chase’s claimants and place any funds

awarded from Chase’s USDA case in Hallack’s escrow account. Hallack resides in

Louisiana and is not licensed to practice law in Arkansas. Hallack issued an

engagement letter to Chase on October 26, 2010. The letter was addressed only to

Chase and provided:

I enjoyed meeting you on October 26, 2010, concerning my firm’s

representation of your principal claimants against the [USDA]. I have

completed a conflict of interest search and determined that there are no

conflicts at this time, so I can accept this matter. I will be doing the

following to represent your principal claimants:

1) Reviewing and revising settlement documents

2) Assisting principal claimants in execution of

settlement documents

1The Honorable Susan O. Hickey, United States DistrictJudge for the Western

District of Arkansas. 

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3) Escrowing and disbursing settlement proceeds 

My firm’s engagement is limited to the aforementioned services

in connection with settlement of your principal claimants’ claims against

the [USDA] arising out of civil rights discrimination.

My firm’s fees are based on the amount of time required to

provide the services needed to complete your principal claimants’

settlements; and will be charged at the rate of $150.00 per hour.

Please keep me informed as this matter progresses. In the

meantime, if you have any questions, please call. Thank you for

choosing my firm to represent your principal claimants in this matter. 

Pls.’ Opp’n to Def. William Hallack, Jr.’s Mot. to Dismiss, Ex. B–Letter of

Engagement, at 1, Deloney v. Chase, No. 15-cv-4104 (W.D. Ark. Mar. 3, 2016), ECF

No. 14-2. 

While the engagement letter provides for reviewing and executing settlement

documents, Hallack maintains that his only work with Chase involved holding the

funds in escrow. The Deloneys do not dispute this assertion. Hallack contends that

he did not know the identity of any “principal claimants” at the time the engagement

letter was issued.

The Deloneys allege that in August 2011, Chase defrauded them of $110,000

fromthe settlement funds under the guise of an investment opportunity. The Deloneys

claim that Hallack disbursed the $110,000 to Chase without performing any

investigation concerning the circumstances or propriety of the disbursal.

The Deloneys sought to recover the settlement funds by filing suit against

Chase and Hallack in the Circuit Court of Little River County, Arkansas. Hallack

moved to dismiss, arguing that the state circuit court lacked personal jurisdiction over

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him. In a hearing on the motion to dismiss, the state circuit court stated its intent to

grant the motion to dismiss. Prior to issuance of an order of dismissal, the Deloneys

non-suited their case. Thereafter, the Deloneys re-filed their claims in federal district

court. The Deloneys’ complaint alleged breach of contract, promissory estoppel,

unjust enrichment, conversion, breach of fiduciary duty, and fraud claims against

Chase. The Deloneys alleged legal malpractice and breach of fiduciary duty against

Hallack. The Deloneys asserted that the federal court had jurisdiction to hear the

action pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1332 because the amount in controversy exceeds

$75,000 and is between citizens of different states.

Hallackmoved to dismiss, reasserting the arguments made in his motion before

the state circuit court. He asserted that the Deloneys’ complaint failed to state facts

supporting an exercise of personal jurisdiction over him. Specifically, Hallack

claimed that he has no relevant contacts with the State of Arkansas and that any legal

work related to the Deloneys’ funds occurred in Louisiana. Hallack averred that his

personal contact with the Deloneys consisted of a few phone calls and e-mails.

Further, Hallack maintained that the funds at issue were held in escrow in Louisiana

and that any distribution of those funds was made by Hallack in Louisiana. Finally,

Hallack stated that he performed no substantive legal work outside of Louisiana.

The Deloneys did not dispute Hallack’s recitation of the facts. Instead, they

argued that Hallack’s agreement to hold their funds in escrow, as evidenced by the

October 2010 engagement letter, amounts to a continuing relationship or obligation

with Arkansas citizens that confers personal jurisdiction.

The district court granted Hallack’s motion to dismiss. It concluded that the

Deloneys failed to show that Hallack has sufficient contacts with the State of

Arkansas to establish personal jurisdiction because Hallack’s engagement letter and

later contacts with the Deloneys did not rise to the level of a continuing relationship

or obligation with Arkansas citizens. The court acknowledged the engagement letter’s

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reference to the “principal claimants,” but it noted that Hallack never spoke to the

Deloneys about his legal services prior to the agreement to hold the funds in escrow.

The court pointed to Hallack’s evidence that he did not know the identity of the

“principal claimants” that Chase represented at the time Hallack sent the engagement

letter. Before he sent the engagement letter, Hallack had communicated only with

Chase, a Louisiana resident. And, Hallack sent the engagement letter only to Chase.

The court emphasized that these facts were undisputed. The court acknowledged that

Hallack later had a small amount of e-mail and phone contact with the Deloneys. But

no dispute existed that Hallack completed all his work with escrow funds exclusively

in Louisiana. Based on these facts, the court found that Hallack did not purposefully

direct any actionstoward the forumstate. Accordingly, the court dismissed the claims

against Hallack without prejudice for lack of personal jurisdiction. 

II. Discussion

On appeal, the Deloneys argue that the district court erred in granting Hallack’s

motion to dismiss based on lack of personal jurisdiction. They assert that Hallack

created continuing obligations with them (Arkansas residents) by purposefully

undertaking to represent Chase’s “principal claimants.” According to the Deloneys,

Hallack’s failure to learn their identities and location does not absolve him of

responsibility for his actions. 

“We review personal-jurisdiction issues de novo.”K-V Pharm. Co. v. J. Uriach

& CIA, S.A., 648 F.3d 588, 591 (8th Cir. 2011). “When personal jurisdiction is

challenged by a defendant, the plaintiff bears the burden to show that jurisdiction

exists.” Fastpath, Inc. v. Arbela Techs. Corp., 760 F.3d 816, 820 (8th Cir. 2014). To

defeat a defendant’s motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction, 

a plaintiff must make a prima facie showing that personal jurisdiction

exists, which is accomplished by pleading sufficient facts to support a

reasonable inference that the defendant can be subjected to jurisdiction

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within the state. Although the evidentiary showing required at the prima

facie stage is minimal, the showing must be tested, not by the pleadings

alone, but by the affidavits and exhibits supporting or opposing the

motion. We must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the

plaintiff and resolve all factual conflicts in its favor in deciding whether

the plaintiff made the requisite showing.

K-V Pharm. Co., 648 F.3d at 591–92 (cleaned up).

“Personal jurisdiction in a diversity case exists‘only to the extent permitted by

the long-arm statute of the forum state and by the Due Process Clause.’” Id. at 592

(quoting Dever v. Hentzen Coatings, Inc., 380 F.3d 1070, 1073 (8th Cir. 2004)).

Arkansas’s long-arm statute provides that “[t]he courts of this state shall have

personal jurisdiction of all persons, and all causes of action or claims for relief, to the

maximum extent permitted by the due process of law clause of the Fourteenth

Amendment of the United States Constitution.” Ark. Code Ann. § 16-4-101(B). As

a result, Arkansas law provides that “the exercise of personal jurisdiction is limited

only by federal constitutional law.” Yanmar Co. v. Slater, 386 S.W.3d 439, 443 (Ark.

2012).

To comport with due process, “the defendant [must] purposefully establish

‘minimum contacts’ in the forum state such that asserting personal jurisdiction and

maintaining the lawsuit against the defendant does not offend ‘traditional conceptions

of fair play and substantial justice.’” K-V Pharm. Co., 648 F.3d at 592 (quoting

Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 462, 464, 474–77 (1985)). Due process

requires that the defendant “have engaged in ‘some act by which the defendant

purposefully avails itself of the privilege of conducting activities within the forum

State, thus invoking the benefits and protections of its laws.’” Id. (quoting Burger

King Corp., 471 U.S. at 475). “[T]he defendant’s suit-related conduct must create a

substantial connection with the forum State.” Walden v. Fiore, 571 U.S. 277, 284

(2014). The defendant’s relationship with the forum state “must arise out of contacts

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that the ‘defendant himself’ creates with the forum State.” Id. (quoting Burger King

Corp., 471 U.S. at 745). “[C]ontacts between the plaintiff (or third parties) and the

forum State” do not “satisfy the defendant-focused ‘minimum contacts’ inquiry.” Id.

“The defendant’s contacts with the forummust thus be more than ‘random, fortuitous,

or attenuated,’ and must permit the defendant to ‘reasonably anticipate being haled

into court there.’” Creative Calling Sols., Inc. v. LF Beauty Ltd., 799 F.3d 975, 980

(8th Cir. 2015) (quoting Burger King Corp., 471 U.S. at 474–75). 

We have identified five factors a court must consider

in determining whether sufficient minimum contacts exist for personal

jurisdiction: (1) the nature and quality of the contacts with the forum

state; (2) the quantity of the contacts; (3) the relationship of the cause of

action to the contacts; (4) the interest of the forum state in providing a

forum for its residents; and (5) the convenience or inconvenience to the

parties. Although the first three factors are primary factors, and the

remaining two are secondary factors, we look at all of the factors and the

totality of the circumstances in deciding whether personal jurisdiction

exists.

K-V Pharm. Co., 648 F.3d at 592–93 (cleaned up). 

Prior to analyzing “the five factors set forth above, we first turn to the role of

contracts in the personal-jurisdiction analysis. A contract between a plaintiff and an

out-of-state defendant is not sufficient in and of itself to establish personal

jurisdiction over the defendant in the plaintiff’s forum state.” Id. at 593. We apply

a highly realistic approach that recognizes that a contract is ordinarily

but an intermediate step serving to tie up prior business negotiations

with future consequences which themselves are the real object of the

business transaction. It is these factors—prior negotiations and

contemplated future consequences, along with the terms of the contract

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and the parties’ actual course of dealing—that must be evaluated in

determining whether the defendant purposefully established minimum

contacts within the forum.

Id. (cleaned up). 

The Supreme Court has explained that 

where the defendant deliberately has engaged in significant activities

within a State or has created continuing obligations between himself and

residents of the forum, he manifestly has availed himself of the privilege

of conducting business there, and because his activities are shielded by

the benefits and protections of the forum’s laws it is presumptively not

unreasonable to require him to submit to the burdens of litigation in that

forum as well. 

Burger King Corp., 471 U.S. at 475–76 (cleaned up). But “telephone calls, written

communications, and even wire-transfers to and from a forum state do not create

sufficient contacts to comport with due process such that a [defendant] could

‘reasonably anticipate being haled into court there.’” Eagle Tech. v. Expander

Americas, Inc., 783 F.3d 1131, 1137 (8th Cir. 2015) (quoting Viasystems, Inc. v.

EBM–Papst St. Georgen GmbH & Co., KG, 646 F.3d 589, 594 (8th Cir. 2011)). 

Applying our five-factor test and relevant case law, we conclude that the

district court did not err in dismissing the claims against Hallack for lack of personal

jurisdiction. First, the nature and quality of Hallack’s contacts with Arkansas favor

Hallack. Hallack resides in Louisiana, is licensed to practice law in Louisiana, and

is not and has never been licensed to practice law in Arkansas.2 Hallack owns no

2

See Marchant v. Peeples, 623 S.W.2d 523, 525 (Ark. 1981) (“It would strain

[Arkansas’s long-arm statute] to say that [a Texas attorney] was transacting business

in Arkansas. He was hired in Texasto work in Texas. He never came to Arkansas and

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property in Arkansas, nor does he have a branch office located in Arkansas.

Additionally, Hallack has no employees in Arkansas and has never engaged in

advertising legal (or other services) in Arkansas. Hallack never traveled to Arkansas

or personally conducted activities in Arkansas. He has never been qualified to do

business in Arkansas or had an agent for service of process in Arkansas.

3

Furthermore, Hallack prepared the engagement letter in Louisiana and

addressed it to Chase, a Louisiana resident. The engagement letter mentioned only

“principal claimants” and never referred to the Deloneys or Arkansas specifically.

The letter was not addressed to the Deloneys. The funds that Hallack held in escrow

were in Louisiana, not Arkansas. Hallack made distributions of those funds from

Louisiana, not Arkansas. Hallack’s legal services were rendered in Louisiana, not

Arkansas. See Eagle Tech., 783 F.3d at 1137. Any communication, via telephone or

e-mail, that Hallack had with the Deloneys occurred while Hallack remained in

Louisiana. See, e.g., Porter v. Berall, 293 F.3d 1073, 1076 (8th Cir. 2002) (“Contact

by phone or mail is insufficient to justify exercise of personal jurisdiction under the

due process clause.”). 

Second, the quantity of Hallack’s contacts with Arkansas also favors Hallack.

The Deloneys do not challenge the district court’s characterization that Hallack had

offered no services here. The negligent act complained of was failing to file a

pleading in Texas.”). 

3

See Austad Co. v. Pennie & Edmonds, 823 F.2d 223, 226 (8th Cir. 1987)

(“While we do not dispute Austad’s claim that an attorney-client relationship existed

between Austad and Pennie & Edmonds, we do not believe that Pennie & Edmonds

had sufficient contacts with South Dakota to confer personal jurisdiction. Pennie &

Edmonds does not maintain an office in South Dakota nor do any of its attorneys

reside there or maintain a license to practice law there. Pennie & Edmonds has never

advertised orsolicited businessin South Dakota. Further, Pennie & Edmonds did not

actively seek out Austad as a client.”).

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only a small amount of e-mail and phone contact with the Deloneys after sending the

engagement letter to Chase. As pointed out above, the engagement letter was

addressed to Chase, not to the Deloneys. 

Third, the relationship of the Deloneys’ cause of action (legal malpractice and

breach of fiduciary duty) to Hallack’s contacts with Arkansas weighs in Hallack’s

favor. The Deloneys’ legal action relates to Hallack’s engagement letter with Chase.

Again, this engagement letter was not addressed to them, nor was it written in

Arkansas. It was addressed to a Louisiana resident (Chase) in Louisiana. 

Finally, it would be highly inconvenient for Hallack to be haled into court in

Arkansas given that he was never physically present in Arkansas during the events

that gave rise to the present suit. 

III. Conclusion

Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the district court. 

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