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The Uniform Arbitration Act as enacted by Tennessee and codified at Tenn. Code Ann. § 29-5-301 et seq.

provides a limited exception to the rule that an appeal to this Court is permissible only from a final judgment adjudicating

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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT NASHVILLE

July 9, 2003 Session

TAMARA LYNN FONTAINE, ET AL. v. WEEKLY HOMES, L.P., d/b/a

DAVID WEEKLY HOMES, LLC, ET AL.

Direct Appeal from the Chancery Court for Williamson County

No. 28350 Russ Heldman, Judge

No. M2002-01651-COA-R3-CV - Filed August 13, 2003

Defendants/appellants appeal the trial court’s denial of their motion to compel arbitration. We

affirm.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Chancery Court Affirmed; and

Remanded

DAVID R. FARMER,J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which ALAN E. HIGHERS, J. and HOLLY

M. KIRBY, J., joined.

James.S. Higgins, Nashville, Tennessee, for the Appellants, Weekly Homes, L.P., d/b/a David

Weekly Homes, L.L.C., and Scott Bauer.

Larry L. Crain, Brentwood, Tennessee, for the appellee, Tamara Lynn Fontaine.

OPINION

Defendants/appellants, Weekly Homes, L.P., d/b/a David Weekly Homes, LLC and Scott

Bauer (collectively, “Weekly Homes”), appeal the trial court’s denial of their motion to compel

arbitration of an action commenced by an employee, Tamara Lynn Fontaine (Ms. Fontaine) for

assault and violations of the Tennessee Human Rights Act as codified at Tenn. Code Ann. § 4-21-

101. Weekly Homes contends that provisions contained in its Team Member Handbook (“the

handbook”) constitute a contract between the parties to submit claims or disputes between them to

binding arbitration. Weekly Homes accordingly submits that the trial court erred by denying its

motion to compel arbitration and ordering the parties to non-binding mediation pursuant to Rule 31

of the Tennessee Supreme Court Rules.

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all the claims, rights and liabilities of all parties. T.R. Mills Contractors, Inc. v. WRH Enterprises, 93 S.W. 3d 861, 864

(Tenn. Ct. App. 2002)(perm. app. denied). An appeal may be taken from an order denying an application to compel

arbitration made pursuant to § 29-5-303. Tenn. Code Ann. § 29-5-319.

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Issues Presented

The only issue now before this Court is whether an arbitration agreement existed between

the parties such that it was error for the trial court to deny Weekly Homes’ motion to compel

arbitration. Contract interpretation is a matter of law. Guiliano v. Cleo, Inc., 995 S.W.2d 88, 95

(Tenn.1999). We review the trial court's conclusions on matters of law de novo, with no presumption

of correctness. Tenn. R.App. P. 13(d); Bowden v. Ward, 27 S.W.3d 913, 916 (Tenn.2000). 

Analysis

Arbitration is favored by the legislature and the courts as permitting and encouraging a quick,

cost effective, and efficient method of dispute resolution which may nevertheless be binding on the

parties. T.R. Mills Contractors, Inc. v. WRH Enterprises, 93 S.W. 3d 861, 868 (Tenn. Ct. App.

2002)(perm. app. denied). However, parties cannot be forced into binding arbitration on claims

which they did not agree to arbitrate, and Tennessee’s version of the Uniform Arbitration Act

contains several provisions designed to “prevent parties from being victimized by the very finality

that makes arbitration the procedure of choice for certain types of disputes.” Id. at 869 (quoting

Smith v. Smith, 989 S.W.2d 346, 348 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1998)). Thus in Tennessee, an agreement to

arbitrate must be in writing. Id. at 869.

In deciding whether to grant a motion to compel arbitration, the threshold issue for the court

is whether the parties have entered into a written agreement to arbitrate. Weekly Homes contends

that the section in its handbook titled “Dispute Resolution” constitutes a written agreement between

it and its employees to arbitrate all employment related disputes. It further argues that this provision

is binding notwithstanding an at-will employment relationship and the fact that the handbook may

be revised by Weekly Homes. We disagree.

To be enforceable, a contract "must result from a meeting of the minds of the parties in

mutual assent to [its] terms." Johnson v. Central Nat'l Ins. Co., 356 S.W .2d 277, 281 (Tenn.1962).

Handbooks such as the one at issue here do not in themselves constitute contracts. See Gardner v.

University of Memphis, No. W2002-01417-COA-R3-CV, 2003 WL 1872640 (Tenn. Ct. App. Apr.

8, 2003) (no perm. app. filed). Rather, there must be an expression of an intent to be bound in the

specific language of the handbook. Id.; Smith v. Morris, 778 S.W.2d 857, 858 (Tenn. Ct. App.1988).

Weekly Homes contends that Ms. Fontaine’s signature acknowledging receipt of the

handbook evidences her intent to be bound to its dispute resolution procedures. The

acknowledgment page signed by Ms. Fontaine reads, in toto:
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I have read the information in my Team Member Handbook on the following

subjects:

1. Section 4 - Policies

 Equal Opportunity Employment - page #32

 Conflicts of Interest - page #33

 Sexual Harassment - page #31

2. Section 6 - Dispute Resolution - page #43

3. Section 7 - Confidentially (sic)

 Computer Systems and Networks - page #52

This hardly indicates an intent to by Ms. Fontaine to be bound to arbitration.

Further, the language of the entire dispute resolution section of the handbook is permissive

and fails to communicate to the employee that it should be considered binding. The section

describes the arbitration processes and communicates that it is the preferred mechanism of dispute

resolution. However, the section on arbitration states that if a dispute involves a legally protected

right, the employee “may opt directly for arbitration” (emphasis added). Nothing in this section

indicates to the employee that he has agreed to be bound to an arbitration process, thereby waiving

his right to the courts. More significantly, the language of the section evidences no intent by Weekly

Homes to be bound to arbitration. 

The very brief record before us contains only the dispute resolution section of the handbook.

Thus we cannot determine whether any other section of the handbook evidences contractual intent.

Counsel for Weekly Homes stated at oral argument, however, that Weekly Homes reserved the right

to revise the handbook, and that not all the provisions in the handbook would be considered

contractual in nature. The arbitration provision in the dispute resolution section specifically states

that it “does not establish any of the terms of your employment.” Certainly, the specific language

of the dispute resolution section is far from sufficient to demonstrate Weekly Homes’ intent to be

bound to the arbitration provision.

Weekly Homes simply has failed to carry its burden of proving that a written, enforceable

arbitration agreement existed between it and Ms. Fontaine. We accordingly affirm the order of the

trial court. Costs of this appeal are taxed to the appellants, Weekly Homes, L.P., d/b/a David

Weekly Homes, LLC and Scott Bauer, and their sureties, for which execution may issue if necessary.

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DAVID R. FARMER, JUDGE