# Patent

## Title
Tap changer switch

## Abstract

A transformer switch, such as a dual voltage switch or a tap changer. The switch includes a cover, a housing, and a rotor sandwiched between the cover and the housing. The cover and housing are molded from a non-conductive plastic. An interior space of the cover includes at least one pocket within which stationary contacts are disposed. Each stationary contact is electrically coupled to one or more windings of a transformer. The rotor extends within a channel of the housings from a top of the transformer switch to an interior surface of the cover. The interior surface includes a protrusion about which the rotor and at least one movable contact coupled thereto can rotate. The movable contact is configured to be selectively electrically coupled to at least one of the stationary contacts. For example, different stationary contact-movable contact pairs can correspond to different voltages of the transformer.

## Background
RELATED PATENT APPLICATION
This patent application is related to co-pending U.S. Patent Application No. 12/191,750, entitled “Dual Voltage Switch,” filed Aug. 14, 2008, the complete disclosure of which is hereby fully incorporated herein by reference.
TECHNICAL FIELD
The invention relates generally to transformer switches, and more particularly, to dual voltage switches and tap changer switches for dielectric fluid-filled transformers.
BACKGROUND
A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another by magnetic coupling. Typically, a transformer includes one or more windings wrapped around a core. An alternating voltage applied to one winding (a “primary winding”) creates a time-varying magnetic flux in the core, which induces a voltage in the other (“secondary”) winding(s). Varying the relative number of turns of the primary and secondary windings about the core determines the ratio of the input and output voltages of the transformer. For example, a transformer with a turn ratio of 2:1 (primary:secondary) has an input voltage that is two times greater than its output voltage.
A transformer tap is a connection point along a transformer winding that allows the number of turns of the winding to be selected. Thus, a transformer tap enables a transformer to have variable turn ratios. Selection of the turn ratio in use is made via a tap changer switch.
A dual voltage transformer is a transformer that includes two windings, which can be connected in series to handle a specified voltage and amperage, or in parallel to handle double the amperage at one half the series connected voltage. The voltage is changed by operating a dual voltage switch. For simplicity, the term “switch” is used herein to refer to either a tap changer switch or a dual voltage switch.
It is well known in the art to cool high-power transformers using a dielectric fluid, such as a highly-refined mineral oil. The dielectric fluid is stable at high temperatures and has excellent insulating properties for suppressing corona discharge and electric arcing in the transformer. Typically, the transformer includes a tank that is at least partially filled with the dielectric fluid. The dielectric fluid surrounds the transformer core and windings.
A core clamp extends from the core and maintains the relative positions of the core and the windings in the tank. A switch is mounted to a side wall of the tank. The switch includes one or more contacts electrically coupled to at least one of the windings, for altering a voltage of the transformer.
Metallic screws fasten the contacts to a housing of the switch. The contacts and screws are live (i.e., electrically charged). The core clamp and tank wall are electrically grounded. The metallic screws provide decreased electric clearance with the grounded tank wall. The sharp screw points and air trapped in the screw holes also decrease dielectric and radio influence voltage (“RIV”) performance in the transformer.
To meet minimum electrical clearance to ground requirements, there must be at least a minimum distance between the live contacts and screws and the grounded tank wall and core clamp. As the size of the switch (and/or the switch's contacts and/or screws) increases, the tank must get wider or the switch must be mounted above the core clamp, in a taller tank, to meet the minimum distance requirement. As the size of the tank increases, the cost of acquiring and maintaining the transformer increases. For example, a larger transformer requires more space and more tank material. The larger transformer also requires more dielectric fluid to fill the transformer's larger tank. Thus, the cost of the transformer is directly proportional to the size of the switch.
Therefore, a need exists in the art for a switch having a decreased size. In addition, a need exists in the art for a switch with increased electrical clearance with the grounded tank wall and increased dielectric and RIV performance. A further need exists in the art for a switch devoid of metallic screws for fastening the switch contacts to the switch housing. A further need exists in the art for a switch devoid of metallic screws for any purposes.
SUMMARY
The invention provides a transformer switch, such as a dual voltage switch or a tap changer, having a decreased size, increased electrical clearance with a grounded tank wall and grounded core clamp, and increased dielectric and RIV performance. The switch includes a cover, a housing, and a rotor sandwiched between the cover and the housing. The rotor extends within a channel of the housing, from a top of the transformer switch to an interior surface of the cover.
The cover includes a base member and a wall member extending from the base member. The wall member defines an interior space of the cover. For example, the wall member can extend substantially perpendicularly from the base member. Members extending from the wall member, within the interior space of the cover, define at least one pocket within the interior space. Each pocket is configured to receive a stationary contact associated with one or more windings of the transformer. For example, each member extending from the wall member can include a protrusion or notch configured to receive a notch or protrusion of a stationary contact.
In certain exemplary embodiments, each stationary contact is electrically coupled to one or more windings of a transformer. For example, a wire coupled to the transformer can be electrically coupled to the stationary contact via sonic welding, one or more quick connect terminals, or other suitable means known to a person of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of this disclosure. In certain exemplary embodiments, the base member can include one or more holes configured to receive a wire associated with each stationary contact. The hole(s) also can be configured to allow ingress of dielectric fluids or egress of gases within the switch, to thereby provide greater isolation between switch contacts and electrically conductive grounded metal tank walls of the transformer.
The base member includes a protrusion extending from an interior surface of the cover. The protrusion is configured to receive a corresponding notch of the rotor. The rotor is configured to rotate about the protrusion to thereby move at least one movable contact relative to the stationary contacts in the pocket(s) of the cover.
Each movable contact is configured to be selectively electrically coupled to at least one of the stationary contacts. In certain exemplary embodiments each stationary contact-movable contact pairing corresponds to a different electrical configuration of the transformer windings, and thus, a different transformer voltage. For example, an operator can alter the transformer voltage using a handle coupled to the rotor.
The housing of the switch fits over the rotor, the movable contact(s), and the stationary contacts, attaching to the cover via one or more snap features of the housing or the cover. In certain exemplary embodiments, each of the cover and the housing is at least partially molded from a non-conductive material, such as a non-conductive plastic. In such embodiments, the electrical contacts of the transformer switch are captivated in proper locations by plastic molded switch body parts, without the need for metallic, mechanical fasters that traditionally have been employed in transformer switches. Elimination of metallic fasteners provides increased electrical clearance with the grounded tank wall. Similarly, elimination of sharp screw points and air trapped in screw holes increases dielectric and RIV performance.
These and other aspects, features and embodiments of the invention will become apparent to a person of ordinary skill in the art upon consideration of the following detailed description of illustrated embodiments exemplifying the best mode for carrying out the invention as presently perceived.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a perspective cross-sectional side view of a transformer, in accordance with certain exemplary embodiments.
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional side view of a switch mounted to a tank wall of a transformer, in accordance with certain exemplary embodiments.
FIG. 3 is an isometric bottom view of a dual voltage switch, in accordance with certain exemplary embodiments.
FIG. 4 is an isometric top view of a dual voltage switch, in accordance with certain exemplary embodiments.
FIG. 5 is an exploded perspective side view of a cover, stationary contacts, and wires of a dual voltage switch, in accordance with certain exemplary embodiments.
FIG. 6 is a perspective side view of stationary contacts and wires assembled within a cover of a dual voltage switch, in accordance with certain exemplary embodiments.
FIG. 7 is a partially exploded perspective side view of a cover, stationary contacts, wires, movable contact assemblies, a rotor, and o-rings of a dual voltage switch, in accordance with certain exemplary embodiments.
FIG. 8 is a perspective side view of stationary contacts, wires, a rotor, o-rings, and movable contact assemblies assembled within a cover of a dual voltage switch, in accordance with certain exemplary embodiments.
FIG. 9 is an isometric bottom view of a housing of a dual voltage switch, in accordance with certain exemplary embodiments.
FIG. 10 is a perspective side view of a housing and a gasket aligned for assembly with stationary contacts, wires, a rotor, o-rings, and movable contact assemblies assembled within a cover of a dual voltage switch, in accordance with certain exemplary embodiments.
FIG. 11 is a perspective side view of an assembled dual voltage switch, in accordance with certain exemplary embodiments.
FIG. 12 is an elevational bottom view of movable contact assemblies in a first position relative to stationary contacts assembled within a cover of a dual voltage switch, in accordance with certain exemplary embodiments.
FIG. 13 is an elevational bottom view of movable contact assemblies in a second position relative to stationary contacts assembled within a cover of a dual voltage switch, in accordance with certain exemplary embodiments.
FIG. 14 is an elevational top view of a dual voltage switch in a first position, in accordance with certain exemplary embodiments.
FIG. 15 is an elevational top view of a dual voltage switch in a second position, in accordance with certain exemplary embodiments.
FIG. 16 is an isometric bottom view of a tap changer, in accordance with certain exemplary embodiments.
FIG. 17 is an isometric top view of a tap changer, in accordance with certain exemplary embodiments.
FIG. 18 is an exploded perspective side view of a cover, stationary contacts, and wires of a tap changer, in accordance with certain exemplary embodiments.
FIG. 19 is a perspective side view of a stationary contacts and wires assembled within a cover of a tap changer, in accordance with certain exemplary embodiments.
FIG. 20 is a partially exploded perspective side view of a cover, stationary contacts, wires, a movable contact assembly, a rotor, and o-rings of a tap changer, in accordance with certain exemplary embodiments.
FIG. 21 is a perspective side view of stationary contacts, wires, a rotor, o-rings, and a movable contact assembly assembled within a cover of a tap changer, in accordance with certain exemplary embodiments.
FIG. 22 is an isometric bottom view of a housing of a tap changer, in accordance with certain exemplary embodiments.
FIG. 23 is a perspective side view of a housing and a gasket aligned for assembly with stationary contacts, wires, a rotor, o-rings, and a movable contact assembly assembled within a cover of a tap changer, in accordance with certain exemplary embodiments.
FIG. 24 is a perspective side view of a tap changer, in accordance with certain exemplary embodiments.
FIG. 25 is an elevational top view of a movable contact assembly in a first position relative to stationary contacts assembled within a cover of a tap changer, in accordance with certain exemplary embodiments.
FIG. 26 is an elevational top view of a movable contact assembly in a second position relative to stationary contacts assembled within a cover of a tap changer, in accordance with certain exemplary embodiments.
FIG. 27 is an elevational top view of a tap changer in a first position, in accordance with certain exemplary embodiments.
FIG. 28 is an elevational top view of a tap changer in a second position, in accordance with certain exemplary embodiments.
FIG. 29 is a perspective view of a “single button” stationary contact of a transformer switch, in accordance with certain alternative exemplary embodiments.
FIG. 30 is a perspective view of a “double button” stationary contact of a transformer switch, in accordance with certain alternative exemplary embodiments.
FIG. 31 is a circuit diagram of a dual voltage switch in an operating position corresponding to an in-parallel configuration of a transformer, in accordance with certain exemplary embodiments.
FIG. 32 is a circuit diagram of a dual voltage switch in an operating position corresponding to an in-series configuration of a transformer, in accordance with certain exemplary embodiments.
FIG. 33 is a circuit diagram of a tap changer switch in a transformer, in accordance with certain exemplary embodiments.
FIG. 34 is perspective view of a tap changer, in accordance with certain alternative exemplary embodiments.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS
The following description of exemplary embodiments refers to the attached drawings, in which like numerals indicate like elements throughout the several figures.
FIG. 1 is a perspective cross-sectional side view of a transformer 100, in accordance with certain exemplary embodiments. The transformer 100 includes a tank 105 that is partially filled with a dielectric fluid 110. The dielectric 110 fluid includes any fluid that can withstand a steady electric field and act as an electrical insulator. For example, the dielectric fluid can include mineral oil. The dielectric fluid 110 extends from a bottom 105a of the tank to a height 115 proximate a top 105b of the tank 105. The dielectric fluid 110 surrounds a core 125 and windings 130 of the transformer 100. A core clamp 135 extends from the core 125 and maintains the relative positions of the core 125 and the windings 130 within the tank 105.
A switch 120 is mounted to a side wall of the tank 105 and is electrically coupled to a primary circuit of the transformer 100 via multiple wires 120a, 120b. The switch 120 is configured to alter a voltage of the transformer 100 by changing an electrical configuration of one or more windings 130 of the transformer 100 via the wires 120a, 120b. For example, the switch 120 can include a dual voltage switch or a tap changer switch. Certain exemplary embodiments of a dual voltage switch are described hereinafter with reference to FIGS. 3-15. Certain exemplary embodiments of a tap changer are described hereinafter with reference to FIGS. 16-28.
In certain exemplary embodiments, if the switch 120 is a dual voltage switch, the wires 120a, 120b can extend between the switch 120 and one or more of the windings 130 of the transformer 105, and additional wires (not shown) can extend between the switch 120 and one or more fused bushings (not shown) disposed proximate the top 105b of the tank 105. Each fused bushing is a high-voltage insulated member, which is electrically coupled to an external power source (not shown) of the transformer 100. If the switch 120 is a tap changer switch, the wires 120a, 120b can extend between the switch 120 and windings 130 of the transformer 105 without any additional wires extending between the switch 120 and any bushings of the transformer 100. Circuit connections of exemplary dual voltage and tap changer switches are described hereinafter with reference to FIGS. 31-33.
The switch 120 includes stationary contacts (not shown), each of which is electrically coupled to one or more of the wires 120a, 120b. For example, the stationary contacts and wires 120a, 120b can be sonic welded together or connected via male and female quick connect terminals (not shown) or other suitable means known to a person of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of this disclosure. At least one movable contact (not shown) of the switch 120 can be selectively electrically coupled to one or more of the stationary contacts. For example, each movable contact-stationary contact pairing can correspond to a different electrical configuration of the windings 130, and thus, a different voltage of the transformer 100. In certain exemplary embodiments, an operator can rotate a handle 135 associated with the switch 120 to select the stationary contact(s), if any, to which the movable contact(s) will be electrically coupled.
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional side view of a switch 120 mounted to a tank wall 105c of a transformer (not shown), in accordance with certain exemplary embodiments. The switch 120 includes an elongated rotor 205 disposed between a cover 210 and a housing 215 of the switch 120. The housing 215 extends through the tank wall 105c, with a first end 215a of the housing 215 being disposed outside the tank (not shown) and a second end 215b of the housing 215 being disposed inside the tank. The first end 215a includes one or more grooves 215d. 
In certain exemplary embodiments, an assembly nut (not shown) can be twisted about the grooves 215d to hold the switch 120 onto the tank wall 105c and to compress the gasket 230. Compressing the gasket 230 creates a mechanical seal between the tank wall 105c and the housing 215. The second end 215b of the housing 215 is removably attached to the cover 210 via one or more snap features 217 of the cover 210. Each of the snap features 217 includes one or more pieces of plastic configured to grip at least a portion of the cover 210. In certain alternative exemplary embodiments, the housing 215 can include the snap feature(s) 217. Each of the housing 215 and the cover 210 is at least partially molded from a non-conductive material, such as a non-conductive plastic.
The elongated rotor 205 extends within an interior channel 215c of the housing 215, with a first end 205a of the rotor 205 being disposed outside the tank and a second end 205b of the rotor 205 being disposed inside the tank. Two o-rings 220, 225 are disposed about a portion of the rotor 205, proximate the first end 205a of the rotor 205. The o-rings 220, 225 maintain a mechanical seal between the rotor first end 205a and the housing 215.
A person of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of this disclosure will recognize that many other means exist for maintaining mechanical seals between the housing 215, the rotor 205, and the tank wall 105c. For example, in certain alternative exemplary embodiments, the housing 215 can snap into the tank wall 105c, the gasket 230 can be molded onto the housing 215 using a “two-shot” molding process, and/or the gasket 230 can be adhered to the housing 215 using adhesive.
The second end 205b of the rotor 205 includes a notch 205c configured to receive a corresponding protrusion 210a of the cover 210. Thus, the rotor 205 is essentially sandwiched between the cover 210 and the housing 215. The rotor 210 is configured to rotate, within the housing 215, about the protrusion 210a of the cover 210. For example, a force applied to a handle (not shown) coupled to the rotor 205 can cause the rotor 205 to rotate about the protrusion 210a. In certain exemplary embodiments, the notch 205c extends deeper than the height of the protrusion 210a, leaving a gap between the protrusion 210a and the notch 205c. The gap is configured to be filled with dielectric fluid 110 (FIG. 1) of the transformer 100 to prevent dielectric breakdown between movable contacts 245 of the switch 120.
At least one movable contact assembly 235 is coupled to a side 205d of the rotor 205. Each movable contact assembly 235 includes a spring 240 and a movable contact 245. The movable contact 245 includes an electrically conductive material, such as copper. In certain exemplary embodiments, the movable contact 245 is silver plated to provide extra protection against coaking. Coaking is a condition in which dielectric fluid in a transformer can change states due to localized heating at the contact face It has been proven that silver plating on a contact can greatly reduce this localized heating and the coaking resulting therefrom.
The movable contact assembly 235 extends perpendicularly from the side 205d of the rotor 205, with the spring 240 being disposed between the movable contact 245 and the rotor 205. The spring 240 and at least a portion of the movable contact 245 are disposed within a recess 205e in the side 205d of the rotor 205. Movement of the rotor 205 about the protrusion 210a causes similar axial movement of each movable contact assembly 235.
That axial movement causes the movable contact 245 of each movable contact assembly 235 to move relative to one or more stationary contacts 250 disposed within the cover 210. Each of the stationary contacts 250 includes an electrically conductive material, such as copper, which is electrically coupled to at least one transformer winding (not shown) via one or more wires 120a, 120b. The stationary contacts 250 and wires 120a, 120b are electrically coupled to one another via sonic welding, male and female quick connect terminals, or other suitable means known to a person of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of this disclosure. In certain exemplary embodiments, one or more of the stationary contacts 250 can be silver plated instead of, or in addition to, plating the movable contacts 245. Silver plating both the stationary contacts 250 and the movable contacts 245 provides greater resistance to coaking. For example, if quick connect connections are used to connect the stationary contacts 250 and wires 120a, 120b, silver plating may be disposed proximate the joint of the stationary contacts 250 and wires 120a, 120b to reduce heating.
Movement of the movable contact(s) 245 relative to the stationary contacts 250 alters a voltage of the transformer by changing an electrical configuration of the windings via the wires 120a, 120b. For example, each movable contact 245-stationary contact 250 pairing can correspond to a different electrical configuration of the windings, and thus, a different voltage of the transformer. Certain exemplary electrical configurations are described in more detail below, with reference to FIGS. 12-13 and 25-26.
FIG. 3 is an isometric bottom view of a dual voltage switch 300, in accordance with certain exemplary embodiments. FIG. 4 is an isometric top view of the dual voltage switch 300 and a flat cylindrical gasket 303, in accordance with certain exemplary embodiments. The dual voltage switch 300 is configured to alter the voltage of a transformer (not shown) electrically coupled thereto by changing an electrical configuration of the transformer's windings (not shown) from an in-series configuration to an in-parallel configuration or vice versa.
As with the switch 120 depicted in FIG. 2, the dual voltage switch 300 includes an elongated rotor 305 disposed between a cover 310 and a housing 314 of the dual voltage switch 300. The cover 310 is removably coupled to the housing 314 via one or more snap features 310a of the cover 310. In certain alternative exemplary embodiments, the housing 314 can include the snap feature(s) 310a. Each of the housing 314 and the cover 310 is at least partially molded from a non-conductive material, such as a non-conductive plastic.
The snap-together relationship between the cover 310 and the housing 314 can eliminate the need for hardware used to connect the cover 310 and the housing 314. For example, the snap-together relationship can allow only a few or even no metallic screws to join the cover 310 and the housing 314. Thus, the switch 300 can have a reduced size compared to traditional switches that require such screws. The reduced size of the switch 300 can allow a transformer tank associated with the switch 300 to have a reduced size, while still meeting minimum electrical clearance to ground requirements.
The rotor 305 is disposed within an interior channel 314a of the housing 314 and is essentially sandwiched between an interior surface of the cover 310 and the interior channel 314a of the housing 314. Two o-rings (not shown) are disposed about a portion of the rotor 305, within the interior channel 314a. The o-rings and the flat cylindrical gasket 303 disposed about the housing 314 are configured to maintain mechanical seals between the housing 314, the rotor 305, and a tank wall (not shown) of the transformer.
In operation, a first end 300a of the dual voltage switch 300, including an upper portion 314b of the housing 314 and an upper portion 305a of the rotor 305, is disposed outside the transformer tank (not shown), and a second end 300b of the dual voltage switch 300, including the remaining portions of the housing 314 and the rotor 305, the gasket 303, the cover 310, certain stationary contacts (not shown) and movable contact assemblies (not shown) coupled to the cover 310 and the rotor 305, respectively, and certain wires 315-318 electrically coupled to the stationary contacts, is disposed inside the transformer tank.
The stationary contacts and wires 315-318 are electrically coupled to one another via sonic welding, male and female quick connect terminals, or other suitable means known to a person of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of this disclosure. The wires 315-318 extend from the stationary contacts and are each electrically coupled to a primary circuit of the transformer. For example, wires 315 and 316 can be electrically coupled to one or more primary bushings of the transformer, and wires 317 and 318 can be coupled to one or more windings of the transformer.
As described in more detail below, with reference to FIGS. 12-13, movement of the movable contacts relative to the stationary contacts alters a voltage of the transformer by changing an electrical configuration of the windings from an in-series configuration to an in-parallel configuration or vice versa. For example, a first arrangement of the stationary and movable contacts can correspond to the in-series configuration, and a second arrangement of the stationary and movable contacts can correspond to the in-parallel configuration. In certain exemplary embodiments, an operator can rotate a handle (not shown) coupled to the rotor 305 to move the movable contacts relative to the stationary contacts.
A method of manufacturing the dual voltage switch 300 will now be described with reference to FIGS. 5-11. FIG. 5 is an exploded perspective side view of the cover 310, the stationary contacts 505-508, and the wires 315-318 of the dual voltage switch 300, in accordance with certain exemplary embodiments. In a first step, the stationary contacts 505-508 and the wires 315-318 electrically coupled thereto are aligned with stationary contact holes 510-513 in the cover 310.
The cover 310 includes a base member 517, a hexagon-shaped wall member 520, and a pair of wire guide members 525. The base member 517 is substantially hexagonal-shaped, with a substantially circular inner region 517a. The base member 517 includes the snap features 310a of the cover 310. The snap features 310a are configured to engage a side surface of a housing (not shown) of the dual voltage switch, as described hereinafter with reference to FIGS. 10-11. The base member 517 also includes a protrusion 517b configured to receive a notch of a rotor (not shown) of the dual voltage switch, as described hereinafter with reference to FIG. 7.
The wire guide members 525 include apertures 525a and a notch 525b for wrapping one or more of the wires 315-318 about the cover 310. Thus, the wire guide members 525 are configured to retain the wires 315-318 within the transformer tank. The integral wire guide members 525 of the switch 300 can eliminate the need for separate wire guides attached to a core clamp of the transformer, as in traditional switches. In certain alternative exemplary embodiments, the cover 310 may not include wire guide members 525.
The hexagon-shaped wall member 520 extends substantially perpendicularly from a surface 517c of the base member 517 and thereby defines an interior space 310b of the cover 310. The stationary contact holes 510-513 are disposed within the base member 517, proximate corners 520a-520d, respectively, of the hexagon-shaped wall member 520. Other, similar holes 514-515 are disposed within the base member 517, proximate the remaining corners 520e-520f, respectively, of the hexagon-shaped wall member 520.
Elongated members 526-527 are disposed on opposite sides of each of the contact holes 510-512 and proximate first and second sides of contact holes 513 and 514, respectively. Each elongated member 526, 527 includes a support member 526a, 527a, a protrusion 526b, 527b, and an upper member 526c, 527c. The elongated members 526-527, the base member 517, and the hexagon-shaped wall member 520 define pockets 530-533 in the cover 310, wherein each pocket 530-533 is configured to receive a stationary contact 505-508.
Each of the stationary contacts 505-508 includes an electrically conductive material, such as copper. Each of the stationary contacts 505-507 is a “single button” contact with a single, substantially semi-circular member 505a, 506a, 507a having a pair of notches 505b, 506b, 507b disposed on opposite sides thereof In certain alternative exemplary embodiments described in more detail hereinafter with reference to FIG. 29, one or more of the stationary contacts 505-507 can include a “pointed” member in place of the semi-circular member 505a, 506a, 507a, to increase electrical clearance between neighboring contacts 505-508. Each notch 505b, 506b, 507b is configured to slidably engage a corresponding protrusion 526b, 527b of the elongated member 526, 527 disposed proximate thereto.
Stationary contact 508 is a “double button” contact with two, substantially semi-circular members 508a-508b disposed on opposite sides of an elongated member 508c. The elongated member 508c allows for an integral connection between the members 508a-508b. In certain alternative exemplary embodiments, the double button contact 508 may be replaced with contacts connected via one or more discrete, internal connectors. In certain additional alternative exemplary embodiments described in more detail hereinafter with reference to FIG. 30, one or more of the semi-circular members 508a-508b can be replaced with a pointed member, to increase electrical clearance between neighboring contacts 505-508.
Each of the members 508a, 508b is offset from the elongated member 508c such that a non-zero, acute angle exists between a bottom edge of each member 508a, 508b and a bottom edge of the elongated member 508c. This geometry, coupled with the relative spacing of the other contacts 505-507 within the cover 310, allows smooth rotation and selective coupling of the movable contacts of the switch and the stationary contacts 505-508 during an operation of the switch. For example, this geometry allows the movable contacts to be in line with one another, having an incident angle between their axes of force to be 180 degrees. The movable contacts are described in more detail below.
Member 508a includes a notch 508d configured to slidably engage a corresponding protrusion 526b of the elongated member 526 disposed proximate thereto. Member 508b includes a notch 508e configured to slidably engage a corresponding protrusion 527b of the elongated member 527 disposed proximate thereto.
The stationary contacts 505-508 are electrically coupled to the wires 315-318, respectively, via sonic welding, male and female quick connect terminals, or other suitable means known to a person of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of this disclosure. For example, the wires 315-318 can be sonic welded to bottom surfaces of semi-circular members 505a, 506a, 507a, 508a, respectively.
In a second step of manufacturing the dual voltage switch 300, the stationary contacts 505-508 are inserted into the pockets 530-533 of the cover 310, as illustrated in FIG. 6. With reference to FIGS. 5 and 6, a bottom surface of each stationary contact 505-508 rests on the support members 526a, 527a of the elongated members 526-527 disposed proximate thereto; side surfaces of each stationary contact 505-508 engage the upper members 526c-527c of the elongated members 526-527 disposed proximate thereto; and the notches 505b, 506b, 507b, 508d, and 508e of each stationary contact 505-508 engage the protrusions 526b-527b of the elongated members 526-527 disposed proximate thereto. Thus, the stationary contacts 505-508 are suspended from the base member 517, with gaps being disposed below the stationary contacts 505-508 and between the contacts 505-508 and the wall member 520. The gaps are configured to be filled with dielectric fluid 110 to cool the contacts 505-508 and the wires 315-318 and to prevent dielectric breakdown. The gaps also provide clearance for the contacts 505-508 and wires 315-318.
The wires 315-318 electrically coupled to the stationary contacts 505-508 extend through the stationary contact holes 510-513 in the cover 310. Each wire 315-318 may be electrically coupled to a primary circuit of a transformer to be controlled by the dual voltage switch containing the cover 310, stationary contacts 505-508, and wires 315-318. For example, wires 315 and 316 can be coupled to one or more primary bushings of the transformer, and wires 317 and 318 can be coupled to one or more windings of the transformer.
Each pocket 530-533, hole, and space within the cover 310, including the interior space 310b, is configured to allow ingress and egress of dielectric fluid within the transformer. For example, although holes 514-515 are not configured to receive a wire 315-318, they are included, in certain exemplary embodiments, to allow ingress and/or egress of dielectric fluid. The dielectric fluid can provide greater isolation between the stationary contacts 505-508, the movable contacts (not shown), and the metal walls of the transformer tank.
In a third step of manufacturing the dual voltage switch 300, a rotor 700, movable contact assemblies 705, and a pair of o-rings 710 are coupled to the cover 310. FIG. 7 is a partially exploded perspective side view of the cover 310, the stationary contacts 505-508, the wires 315-318, the rotor 700, the movable contact assemblies 705, and the o-rings 710, in accordance with certain exemplary embodiments.
The rotor 700 includes an elongated member 700a having a top end 700b, a bottom end 700c, and a middle portion 700d. The top end 700b has a substantially hexagonal-shaped cross-sectional geometry. The middle portion 700d of the rotor 700 has a substantially circular cross-sectional geometry with round grooves 700e configured to receive the o-rings 710. The o-rings 710 are configured to work in conjunction with a gasket (not shown) to maintain a mechanical seal of the dual voltage switch and a tank wall (not shown) of the transformer. For example, the o-rings 710 may include nitrile rubber or fluorocarbon members.
The bottom end 700c of the rotor 700 has a substantially circular cross-sectional geometry, which corresponds to the shape of the inner region 517a of the base member 517. The bottom end 700c includes a notch (not shown) configured to receive the protrusion 517b of the base member 517. The rotor 700 is configured to rotate about the protrusion 517b. For example, similar to a ratchet socket on a hex nut, an operating handle (not shown) may engage the top end 700b of the rotor 700 to rotate the rotor 700 about the protrusion 517b. 
The movable contact assemblies 705 are coupled to opposite sides of the rotor 700, proximate the bottom end 700c. Each movable contact assembly 705 includes a spring 715 and a movable contact 720. Each movable contact 720 includes an electrically conductive material, such as copper. In certain exemplary embodiments, the movable contact 720 is silver plated to provide extra protection against coaking.
Each movable contact assembly 705 extends perpendicularly from a side of the rotor 700, with the spring 715 of each assembly 705 being disposed between the rotor 700 and the movable contact 720 of the assembly 705. For each movable contact assembly 705, the spring 715 and at least a portion of the movable contact 720 are disposed within a recess 700e in the side of the rotor 700. To install the rotor 700 and movable contact assembly 705 in the switch, the movable contacts 720 are pushed back into the recess 700e, thereby compressing the springs 715. While the movable contacts 720 are depressed and the springs 715 are still compressed, the rotor 700 is set in place on the protrusion 517b. The movable contacts 720 are then released and come in contact with one or more of the stationary contacts 505-508.
The springs 715 remain partially compressed, causing contact pressure between the stationary and movable contacts. The contact pressure can cause the rotor 700 to be retained within the cover 310 until a corresponding housing (900 in FIG. 9) can be snapped into place. The contact pressure also can help to electrically couple the contacts by allowing current to flow between the contacts. High contact pressure can reduce electrical heating of the contacts, but also can make it more difficult to rotate the rotor 700 and/or can cause breakage of the rotor 700 or cover 310 if the contact pressure exceeds mechanical strength of the components of the switch. An appropriate amount of contact pressure can be achieved by balancing these concerns and selecting component materials and mechanical relationships between the component materials that comply with specifications for maximum contact operating temperatures and switch operating torque.
Movement of the rotor 700 about the protrusion 517b causes similar axial movement of each movable contact assembly 705. That axial movement causes the movable contact 720 of each movable contact assembly 705 to move relative to one or more of the stationary contacts 505-508 disposed within the cover 310. As described in more detail hereinafter, with reference to FIGS. 12-13, movement of the movable contacts 720 relative to the stationary contacts 505-508 alters a voltage of the transformer by changing an electrical configuration of the windings from an in-series configuration to an in-parallel configuration or vice versa. In certain exemplary embodiments, an operator can rotate a handle (not shown) coupled to the rotor 700 to move the movable contacts 720 relative to the stationary contacts 505-508.
As the rotor 700 is rotated, a bridge between the movable contacts 720 and the adjacent stationary contacts 505-508 is broken. As the movable contacts 720 slide by the stationary contacts 505-508 in the direction of rotation, the contacts 720 are further depressed into the recess 700e. The greatest depression occurs when the contacts 720, 505-508 are in direct alignment. The dimensions of the recess 700e, springs 715, contacts 720, 505-508, cover 310, etc. can be such that the springs 715 are not compressed solid when the contacts 720, 505-508 are aligned. As the rotor 700 is rotated further past direct contact alignment, the movable contacts 720 “snap” back out and into place, once again bridging the next pair of stationary contacts 505-508. The snap back motion can provide a desirable tactile feel to the contacts 720 “snapping out,” which can inform an operator that the switch 300 has been switched to another operating position.
FIG. 8 is a perspective side view of the stationary contacts 505-508, the wires 315-318, the rotor 700, the o-rings 710, and the movable contact assemblies 705 assembled within the cover 310 of the dual voltage switch, in accordance with certain exemplary embodiments. With reference to FIGS. 7-8, the o-rings 710 are disposed about the round grooves 700e in the middle portion 700d of the rotor 700. The bottom end 700c of the rotor 700 is resting on the inner region 517a of the base member 517, with the notch of the rotor 700 being rotatably disposed about the protrusion 517b of the base member 517.
For each movable contact assembly 705, the spring 715 and at least a portion of the movable contact 720 are disposed within the recess 700e in the side of the rotor 700. An outer edge of each movable contact 720 is biased against and thereby electrically coupled to, at least one of the stationary contacts 505-508. For example, movable contact 720a is electrically coupled to stationary contacts 507 and 508.
In a fourth step of manufacturing the dual voltage switch, a housing (not shown) is coupled to the cover 310 via the snap features 310a of the cover 310. FIG. 9 is an isometric bottom view of a housing 900 of a dual voltage switch, in accordance with certain exemplary embodiments.
The housing 900 has a first end 900a configured to extend outside a transformer tank (not shown) and a second end 900b configured to extend inside the transformer tank. The first end 900a includes one or more grooves 900c about which an assembly nut (not shown) can be twisted to hold the housing 900 onto a tank wall of the transformer tank. In certain exemplary embodiments, a gasket (not shown) can be fitted about the first end 900a of the housing 900 for maintaining a mechanical seal between the tank wall and the housing 900.
The second end 900b of the housing 900 includes notches 900d configured to receive snap features of a cover (not shown) of the dual voltage switch.
A channel 900e extends through the first end 900a and the second end 900b of the housing 900. The channel 900e is configured to receive a rotor (not shown) of the dual voltage switch. An interior profile 900f of the housing 900 corresponds to the rotor and the cover of the dual voltage switch.
The housing 900 includes multiple pockets 905 configured to receive dielectric fluid to increase dielectric capabilities and improve cooling of the switch contacts. For example, multiple pockets 905a can encircle the switch, between ribs 900g. The ribs 900g extend radially outward from the second end 900b of the housing 900 to an outside diameter of a round face 900b of the housing 900. For example, the housing 900 can include about six pockets 905a. The pockets 905a are configured to be filled with dielectric fluid to cool the housing 900 and the components contained therein, including the contacts (not shown), and to prevent dielectric breakdown. In certain exemplary embodiments, the dielectric fluid has greater dielectric strength and thermal conductivity than a plastic material, such as a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) polyester material, of the housing 900. Thus, the pockets can increase dielectric capability of the switch. This increased dielectric capability allows the switch to have a shorter length than traditional switches. For example, instead of using lengthy material to meet electric clearance and cooling goals, the switch uses shorter material with fluid-filled pockets.
With reference to FIGS. 8-9, when the housing 900 is coupled to the cover 310 (FIG. 8) via the snap features 310a, the stationary contacts 505-508 are constrained by support members 526a and 527a and support ribs 900i inside the housing 900. The support members 526a and 527a and support ribs 900i allow dielectric fluid to fill on both sides of the contacts 505-508, improving the cooling of the contacts 505-508.
In certain exemplary embodiments, the ribs 900i are offset from the ribs 900g so that a straight line path does not exist from the contacts 505-508 through both sets of ribs 900g and 900i to the transformer tank wall. The increased and tortuous path through the ribs 900g and 900i to the tank wall increases dielectric withstand and allows switch length to be reduced. For example, the length can be reduced because the ribs 900g and 900i force the electric path to travel the same “length” as in traditional switches, but portions of the path are disposed substantially perpendicular or angularly to the length of the switch.
FIG. 10 is a perspective side view of the housing 900 and the gasket 303 aligned for assembly with the stationary contacts 505-508, wires 315-318, rotor 700, o-rings 710, and movable contact assemblies 705 assembled within the cover 310 of the dual voltage switch, in accordance with certain exemplary embodiments. FIG. 11 is a perspective side view of an assembled dual voltage switch 300, in accordance with certain exemplary embodiments.
With reference to FIGS. 10-11, the housing 900 of the assembled dual voltage switch 300 is disposed about the rotor 700, the movable contact assemblies 705, the stationary contacts 505-508, and the cover 310. The housing 900 is attached to the cover 310 via the snap features 310a of the cover 310. Each snap feature 310a engages a corresponding notch 900d of the housing 900.
The first end 900a of the housing 900 includes labels 1005 and 1010, which indicate whether the windings of the transformer being controlled by the dual voltage switch 300 have an in-series configuration or an in-parallel configuration. For example, label 1005 can correspond to an in-parallel configuration, and label 1010 can correspond to an in-series configuration. Rotation of the rotor 700 within the housing 900 causes an indicator 1015 of the rotor 700 to point to one of the labels 1005 and 1010. Thus, an operator viewing the indicator 1015 can determine the configuration of the windings without physically inspecting the windings or the movable contact-stationary contact pairings within the dual voltage switch 300.
A step member 900j is disposed at a bottom base of the grooves 900c, between the grooves 900c and the gasket 303. In certain exemplary embodiments, the step member 900j has an outer diameter that is slightly larger than an inner diameter of the gasket 303. Thus, the gasket 303 can be minimally stretched to be installed over the step member 900j. An interference fit between the gasket 303 and the step member 900j retains the gasket 303 in place when the switch 300 is being installed in a transformer tank.
The outer diameter of the step member 900j is large enough to retain the gasket 303, but not so large that it interferes with compression of the gasket 303. Improper compression of the gasket 303 could result in a transformer fluid leak. In certain exemplary embodiments, the height of the step member 900j above a face 900k of the housing 900 is about 70 percent of the thickness of the gasket 303. The outer diameter of the step member 900j is larger than the diameter of a hole in the transformer tank wall in which the switch 300 is installed. When the switch 300 is installed, the grooves 900c extend outside the transformer tank wall. An assembly nut (not shown) twists about the grooves 900c, drawing the step member 900j tight against the inside of the tank wall and compressing the gasket 303. The percentage of compression of the gasket 303 can vary depending on the material of the gasket. For example, a gasket made of Acrylonitrile-Butadiene (NBR) can be compressed by about 30 percent. The step member 900j prevents over compression or under compression of the gasket 303, either of which could result in seal failure.
FIG. 12 is an elevational bottom view of movable contact assemblies 705 in a first position relative to stationary contacts 505-508 assembled within a cover 310 of a dual voltage switch, in accordance with certain exemplary embodiments. FIG. 13 is an elevational bottom view of the movable contact assemblies 705 in a second position relative to the stationary contacts 505-508.
Each position corresponds to a different electrical configuration of the transformer being controlled by the dual voltage switch. For example, the first and second positions can correspond to in-series and in-parallel configurations, respectively, of the windings of the transformer. Thus, each position can correspond to a different voltage of the transformer.
In the first position, movable contact 720a is electrically coupled to stationary contacts 507 and 508, and movable contact 720b is electrically coupled to stationary contact 505. In the second position, movable contact 720b is electrically coupled to stationary contacts 505 and 508, and movable contact 720b is electrically coupled to stationary contacts 506 and 507. Exemplary circuit diagrams illustrating circuits corresponding to the first and second positions are discussed below, with reference to FIGS. 31-32.
FIG. 14 is an elevational top view of the dual voltage switch 300 in the first position, in accordance with certain exemplary embodiments. FIG. 15 is an elevational top view of the dual voltage switch 300 in the second position, in accordance with certain exemplary embodiments. With reference to FIGS. 12-15, the first end 900a of the housing 900 of the dual voltage switch 300 includes labels 1005 and 1010, which indicate the position of the movable contact assemblies relative to the stationary contacts 505-508. Label “1-1” 1005 corresponds to the first position of the movable contact assemblies 705 in FIG. 13, and label “2-2” 1010 corresponds to the second position of the movable contact assemblies 705 in FIG. 12.
Rotation of the rotor 700 within the housing 900 causes an indicator 1015 of the rotor 700 to point to one of the labels 1005 and 1010. Thus, an operator viewing the indicator 1015 can determine the configuration of the windings without physically inspecting the windings or the movable contact-stationary contact pairings within the dual voltage switch 300. In certain exemplary embodiments, the operator can rotate a handle (not shown) coupled to the rotor 700 to change the position from the first position to the second position or vice versa. In certain exemplary embodiments, the stationary contacts 505-508 and the wires that are connected to the contacts 505-508 are identified by labels 1005, 1010 (shown on FIG. 3) on the outside of the cover 310 of the switch 300. These labels 1005, 1010 can aid an operator assembling the switch 300 to correctly wire the switch 300 with respect to the labels 1005, 1010 on the front of the housing 900.
FIG. 16 is an isometric bottom view of a tap changer 1600, in accordance with certain exemplary embodiments. FIG. 17 is an isometric top view of the tap changer 1600 and a flat cylindrical gasket 1603, in accordance with certain exemplary embodiments. The tap changer 1600 is configured to alter the voltage of a transformer (not shown) electrically coupled thereto by changing the turn ratio of the transformer windings.
As with the switch 120 depicted in FIG. 2 and the dual voltage switch 300 depicted in FIGS. 3-15, the tap changer 1600 includes an elongated rotor 1605 disposed between a cover 1610 and a housing 1614 of the tap changer 1600. The cover 1610 is removably coupled to the housing 1614 via one or more snap features 1610a of the cover 1610. In certain alternative exemplary embodiments, the housing 1614 can include the snap feature(s) 1610a. Each of the housing 1614 and the cover 1610 is at least partially molded from a non-conductive material, such as a non-conductive plastic.
The rotor 1605 is disposed within an interior channel 1614a of the housing 1614 and is essentially sandwiched between an interior surface of the cover 1610 and the interior channel 1614a of the housing 314. Two o-rings (not shown) are disposed about a portion of the rotor 1605, within the interior channel 1614a. The o-rings are configured to maintain a mechanical seal between the housing 1614, and the rotor 1605.
In operation, a first end 1600a of the tap changer 1600, including an upper portion 1614b of the housing 1614 and an upper portion 1605a of the rotor 1605, is disposed outside the transformer tank (not shown), and a second end 1600b of the tap changer 1600, including the remaining portions of the housing 1614 and the rotor 1605, the gasket 1603, the cover 1610, certain stationary contacts (not shown) coupled to the cover 1610, a movable contact assembly (not shown) coupled to the rotor 1605, and certain wires 1615-1620 electrically coupled to the stationary contacts, is disposed inside the transformer tank. The upper portion 1614b of the housing 1614 includes grooves 1614c. In certain exemplary embodiments, an assembly nut (not show) can be twisted about the grooves 1614c to attach the switch 1600 to a transformer tank wall (not shown) and to compress the gasket 1603.
The stationary contacts and wires 1615-1620 are electrically coupled to one another via sonic welding, male and female quick connect terminals, or other suitable means known to a person of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of this disclosure. The wires 1615-1620 extend from the stationary contacts and are each electrically coupled to one or more windings of the transformer. As described in more detail hereinafter, with reference to FIGS. 25-26, movement of the movable contact relative to the stationary contacts alters a voltage of the transformer by changing an electrical configuration of the windings. For example, a first arrangement of the stationary and movable contacts can correspond to a first turn ratio of the windings, and a second arrangement of the stationary and movable contacts can correspond to a second turn ratio of the windings. In certain exemplary embodiments, an operator can rotate a handle (not shown) coupled to the rotor 1605 to move the movable contact relative to the stationary contacts.
A method of manufacturing the tap changer 1600 will now be described with reference to FIGS. 18-24. FIG. 18 is an exploded perspective side view of the cover 1610, the stationary contacts 1835-1840, and the wires 1615-1620 of the tap changer 1600, in accordance with certain exemplary embodiments. In a first step, the stationary contacts 1835-1840 and the wires 1615-1620 electrically coupled thereto are aligned with stationary contact holes 1810-1815 in the cover 1610.
The cover 1610 includes a base member 1817, a hexagon-shaped wall member 1820, and a pair of wire guide members 1825. The base member 1817 is substantially hexagonal-shaped, with a substantially circular inner region 1817a. The base member 1817 includes the snap features 1610a of the cover 1610. The snap features 1610a are configured to engage a side surface of a housing (not shown) of the tap changer, as described hereinafter with reference to FIGS. 23-24. The base member 1817 also includes a protrusion 1817b configured to receive a notch of a rotor (not shown) of the tap changer, as described hereinafter with reference to FIG. 20.
The wire guide members 1825 include apertures 1825a and a notch 1825b for wrapping one or more of the wires 1615-1620 about the cover 1610. Thus, the wire guide members 1825 are configured to retain the wires 1615-1620 within the transformer tank. The integral wire guide members 1825 can eliminate the need for separate wire guides attached to a core clamp of the transformer, as in traditional switches. In certain alternative exemplary embodiments, the cover 1610 may not include wire guide members 1825.
The hexagon-shaped wall member 1820 extends substantially perpendicularly from a surface 1817c of the base member 1817 and thereby defines an interior space 1610b of the cover 1610. The stationary contact holes 1810-1815 are disposed within the base member 1817, proximate corners 1820a-1820f, respectively, of the hexagon-shaped wall member 1820.
A pair of elongated members 1826-1827 are disposed on opposite sides of each of the contact holes 1810-1815. Each elongated member 1826, 1827 includes a support member 1826a, 1827a, a protrusion 1826b, 1827b, and an upper member 1826c, 1827c. The elongated members 1826-1827, the base member 1817, and the hexagon-shaped wall member 1820 define pockets 1845-1850 in the cover 1610, wherein each pocket 1845-1850 is configured to receive a stationary contact 1835-1840.
Each of the stationary contacts 1835-1840 includes an electrically conductive material, such as copper. Each of the stationary contacts 1835-1840 is a “single button” contact with a single, substantially semi-circular member 1835a, 1836a, 1837a, 1838a, 1839a, 1840a having a pair of notches 1835b, 1836b, 1837b, 1838b, 1839b, 1840b disposed on opposite sides thereof. In certain alternative exemplary embodiments described in more detail hereinafter with reference to FIG. 29, one or more of the stationary contacts 1835-1840 can include a pointed member in place of the semi-circular member 1835a, 1836a, 1837a, 1838a, 1839a, 1840a to increase electrical clearance between neighboring contacts 1835-1840. Each notch 1835b, 1836b, 1837b, 1838b, 1839b, 1840b is configured to slidably engage a corresponding protrusion 1826b, 1827b of the elongated member 1826, 1827 disposed proximate thereto.
The stationary contacts 1835-1840 are electrically coupled to the wires 1615-1620, respectively via sonic welding, male and female quick connect terminals, or other suitable means known to a person of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of this disclosure. For example, the wires 1615-1620 can be sonic welded to bottom surfaces of semi-circular members 1835a, 1836a, 1837a, 1838a, 1839a, and 1840a respectively.
In a second step of manufacturing the tap changer 1600, the stationary contacts 1835-1840 are inserted into the pockets 1845-1850 of the cover 1610, as illustrated in FIG. 19. With reference to FIGS. 18 and 19, a bottom surface of each stationary contact 1835-1840 rests on the support members 1826a, 1827a of the elongated members 1826-1827 disposed proximate thereto; side surfaces of each stationary contact 1835-1840 engage the upper members 1826c-1827c of the elongated members 1826-1827 disposed proximate thereto; and the notches 1835b, 1836b, 1837b, 1838b, 1839b, and 1840b of each stationary contact 1835-1840 engage the protrusions 1826b-1827b of the elongated members 1826-1827 disposed proximate thereto. Thus, the stationary contacts 1835-1840 are suspended from the base member 1817, with gaps being disposed below the stationary contacts 1835-1840 and between the contacts 1835-1840 and the wall member 1820. The gaps are configured to be filled with dielectric fluid to cool the contacts 1835-1840 and the wires 1615-1620 and to prevent dielectric breakdown. The gaps also provide clearance for the contacts 1835-1840 and wires 1615-1620.
The wires 1615-1620 electrically coupled to the stationary contacts 1835-1840 extend through the stationary contact holes 1810-1815 in the cover 1610. Each wire 1615-1620 may be electrically coupled to one or more windings (not shown) of a transformer (not shown) to be controlled by the tap changer containing the cover 1610, stationary contacts 1835-1840, and wires 1615-1620.
Each pocket 1845-1850, hole, and space within the cover 1610, including the interior space 1610b, is configured to allow ingress and/or egress of dielectric fluid. The dielectric fluid can provide greater isolation between the stationary contacts 1835-1840, the movable contact (not shown), and the metal walls of the transformer tank.
In a third step of manufacturing the tap changer 1600, a rotor 2000, a movable contact assembly 2005, and a pair of o-rings 2010 are coupled to the cover 1610. FIG. 20 is a partially exploded perspective side view of the cover 1610, the stationary contacts 1835-1840, the wires 1615-1620, the rotor 2000, the movable contact assembly 2005, and the o-rings 2010, in accordance with certain exemplary embodiments.
The rotor 2000 includes an elongated member 2000a having a top end 2000b, a bottom end 2000c, and a middle portion 2000d. The top end 2000b has a substantially hexagonal-shaped cross-sectional geometry. The middle portion 2000d of the rotor 2000 has a substantially circular cross-sectional geometry with round grooves 2000e configured to receive the o-rings 2010. The o-rings 2010 are configured to maintain a mechanical seal between the rotor 2000 and the switch housing (not shown). For example, the o-rings 2010 may include nitrile rubber or fluorocarbon members.
The bottom end 2000c of the rotor 2000 has a substantially circular cross-sectional geometry, which corresponds to shape of the inner region 1817a of the base member 1817. The bottom end 2000c includes a notch (not shown) configured to receive the protrusion 1817b of the base member 1817. The rotor 2000 is configured to rotate about the protrusion 1817b. 
The movable contact assembly 2005 is coupled to a side 2000f of the rotor 2000, proximate the bottom end 2000c. The movable contact assembly 2005 includes a spring 2015 and a movable contact 2020. The movable contact 2020 includes an electrically conductive material, such as copper. In certain exemplary embodiments, the movable contact 2020 is silver plated to provide extra protection against coaking.
The movable contact assembly 2005 extends perpendicularly from the side 2000f of the rotor 2000, with the spring 2015 being disposed between the rotor 2000 and the movable contact 2020 of the assembly 2005. The spring 2015 and at least a portion of the movable contact 2020 are disposed within a recess 2000g in the side 2000f of the rotor 2000. To install the rotor 2000 and movable contact assembly 2005 in the switch 1600, the movable contact 2020 is pushed back into the recess 2000g, thereby compressing the spring 2015. While the movable contact 2020 is depressed and the spring 2015 is still compressed, the rotor 2000 is set in place on the protrusion 1817b. The movable contact 2020 is then released and comes in contact with one or more of the stationary contacts 1835-1840.
The spring 2015 remains partially compressed, causing contact pressure between the stationary and movable contacts. The contact pressure can cause the rotor 2000 to be retained within the cover 1610 until a corresponding housing (2200 in FIG. 22) can be snapped into place. The contact pressure also can help to electrically couple the contacts by allowing current to flow between the contacts. High contact pressure can reduce electrical heating of the contacts, but also can make it more difficult to rotate the rotor 2000 and/or can cause breakage of the rotor 2000 or cover 1610 if the contact pressure exceeds mechanical strength of the components of the switch. An appropriate amount of contact pressure can be achieved by balancing these concerns and selecting component materials and mechanical relationships between the component materials that comply with specifications for maximum contact operating temperatures and switch operating torque.
Movement of the rotor 2000 about the protrusion 1817b causes similar axial movement of the movable contact assembly 2005. That axial movement causes the movable contact 2020 of the movable contact assembly 2005 to move relative to one or more of the stationary contacts 1835-1840 disposed within the cover 1610. As described in more detail hereinafter, with reference to FIGS. 27-28, movement of the movable contact 2020 relative to the stationary contacts 1835-1840 alters a voltage of the transformer by changing an electrical configuration (in other words, a turn ratio) of the windings. In certain exemplary embodiments, an operator can rotate a handle (not shown) coupled to the rotor 2000 to move the movable contact 2020 relative to the stationary contacts 1835-1840.
FIG. 21 is a perspective side view of the stationary contacts 1835-1840, the wires 1615-1620, the rotor 2000, and the o-rings 2010 assembled within the cover 1610 of the tap changer 1600, in accordance with certain exemplary embodiments. With reference to FIGS. 20-21, the o-rings 2010 are disposed about the round grooves 2000e in the middle portion 2000d of the rotor 2000. The bottom end 2000c of the rotor 2000 is resting on the inner region 1817b of the base member 1817, with the notch of the rotor 2000 being rotatably disposed about the protrusion 1817b of the base member 1817.
The spring 2015 and at least a portion of the movable contact 2020 are disposed within the recess 2000g in the side 2000f of the rotor 2000. An outer edge of the movable contact 2020 is biased against, and thereby electrically coupled to, at least one of the stationary contacts 1835-1840. In FIG. 21, the movable contact 2020 (not shown) is electrically coupled to stationary contacts 1836 and 1837 (not shown).
In a fourth step of manufacturing the tap changer 1600, a housing (not shown) is coupled to the cover 1610 via the snap features 1610a of the cover 1610. FIG. 22 is an isometric bottom view of a housing 2200 of a tap changer, in accordance with certain exemplary embodiments.
The housing 2200 has a first end 2200a configured to extend outside a transformer tank (not shown) and a second end 2200b configured to extend inside the transformer tank. The first end 2200a includes one or more grooves 2200c about which an assembly nut (not shown) can be twisted to hold the housing 2200 onto a tank wall of the transformer tank. In certain exemplary embodiments, a gasket (not shown) can be fitted about the first end 2200a of the housing 2200 for maintaining a mechanical seal between the tank wall and the housing 2200. The second end 2200b of the housing 2200 includes notches 2200d configured to receive snap features of a cover (not shown) of the tap changer.
A channel 2200e extends through the first end 2200a and the second end 2200b of the housing 2200. The channel 2200e is configured to receive a rotor (not shown) of the tap changer 1600. An interior profile 2200f of the housing 2200 corresponds to the rotor and the cover of the tap changer 1600.
The housing 2200 includes multiple pockets configured to receive dielectric fluid to increase dielectric capabilities and improve cooling of the switch contacts. For example, multiple pockets 2205a can encircle the switch 1600, between ribs 2200g. The ribs 2200g extend radially outward from the second end 2200b of the housing 2000 to an outside diameter of a round face 2000b of the housing 2200. For example, the housing 20000 can include about six pockets 2205a. The pockets are configured to be filled with dielectric fluid to cool the housing 2200 and the components contained therein, including the contacts (not shown), and to prevent dielectric breakdown. In certain exemplary embodiments, the dielectric fluid has greater dielectric strength and thermal conductivity than a plastic material, such as a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) polyester material, of the housing 2200. Thus, the pockets can increase dielectric capability of the switch 1600. This increased dielectric capability allows the switch 1600 to have a shorter length than traditional switches. For example, instead of using lengthy material to meet electric clearance and cooling goals, the switch 1600 can use shorter material with fluid-filled pockets.
With reference to FIGS. 18-22, when the housing 2200 is coupled to the cover 1610 (FIG. 21) via the snap features 1610a, the stationary contacts 1835-1840 are constrained by support members 1826a and 1827a and support ribs 2200i inside the housing 2200. The support members 1826a and 1827a and support ribs 2200i allow dielectric fluid to fill on both sides of the contacts 1835-1840, improving the cooling of the contacts 1835-1840.
In certain exemplary embodiments, the ribs 2200i are offset from the ribs 2200g so that a straight line path does not exist from the contacts 1835-1840 through both sets of ribs 2200g and 2200i to the transformer tank wall. The increased and tortuous path through the ribs 2200g and 2200i to the tank wall increases dielectric withstand and allows switch length to be reduced. For example, the length can be reduced because the ribs 2200g and 2200i force the electric path to travel the same “length” as in traditional switches, but portions of the path are disposed substantially perpendicular or angularly to the length of the switch.
FIG. 23 is a perspective side view of the housing 2200 and the gasket 1603 aligned for assembly with the stationary contacts 1835-1840, wires 1615-1620, rotor 2000, and o-rings 2010 assembled within the cover 1610 of the tap changer, in accordance with certain exemplary embodiments. FIG. 24 is a perspective side view of an assembled tap changer 1600, in accordance with certain exemplary embodiments.
With reference to FIGS. 23-24, the housing 2200 of the assembled tap changer 1600 is disposed about the rotor 2000, the movable contact assembly 2005, the stationary contacts 1835-1840, and the cover 1610. The housing 2000 is attached to the cover 1610 via the snap features 1610a of the cover 1610. Each snap feature 1610a engages a corresponding notch 2200d of the housing 2200.
The first end 2200a of the housing 2200 includes labels 2305-2309, which indicate the electrical configuration and corresponding voltage setting of the transformer being controlled by the tap changer. For example, each of the labels 2305-2309 can correspond to a different transformer turn ratio. Rotation of the rotor 2000 within the housing 2200 causes an indicator 2315 of the rotor 2000 to point to one of the labels 2305-2309. Thus, an operator viewing the indicator 2315 can determine the configuration of the windings without physically inspecting the windings or the movable contact-stationary contact pairings within the tap changer 1600. In certain exemplary embodiments, the operator can rotate a handle (not shown) coupled to the rotor 2000 to change the turn ratio. In certain exemplary embodiments, the stationary contacts 1835-1840 and the wires that are connected to the contacts 1835-1840 are identified by labels (shown on FIG. 16) on the outside of the cover 1610 of the switch. These labels can aid an operator assembling the switch to correctly wire the switch with respect to the labels 2305-2309 on the front of the housing 2200.
FIG. 25 is an elevational bottom view of the movable contact assembly 2005 in a first position relative to the stationary contacts 1835-1840 assembled within the cover 1610 of the tap changer, in accordance with certain exemplary embodiments. FIG. 26 is an elevational bottom view of the movable contact assembly 2005 in a second position relative to the stationary contacts 1835-1840.
Each position corresponds to a different electrical configuration of the transformer being controlled by the tap changer. For example, each position can correspond to a different transformer turn ratio. In the first position, the movable contact 2020 is electrically coupled to stationary contacts 1836 and 1837. In the second position, the movable contact 2020 is electrically coupled to stationary contacts 1837 and 1838.
FIG. 27 is an elevational top view of the tap changer 1600 in a first position, in accordance with certain exemplary embodiments. FIG. 28 is an elevational top view of the tap changer 1600 in a second position, in accordance with certain exemplary embodiments. With reference to FIGS. 25-28, the first end 2200a of the housing 2200 of the tap changer 1600 includes labels 2305-2309, which indicate the position of the movable contact 2005 relative to the stationary contacts 1835-1840. Label “A” 2005 corresponds to the first position of the movable contact assembly 2305 in FIG. 25, and label “B” 2306 corresponds to the second position of the movable contact assembly 2005 in FIG. 26. Similarly, labels “C” 2307, “D” 2308, and “E” 2309 correspond to other positions of the movable contact assembly 2005 relative to the stationary contacts 1835-1840.
For example, in the position corresponding to label “C” 2307, the movable contact 2020 can be electrically coupled to stationary contacts 1838 and 1839; in the position corresponding to label “D” 2308, the movable contact 2020 can be electrically coupled to stationary contacts 1839 and 1840; and in the position corresponding to label E 2309, the movable contact 2020 can be electrically coupled to stationary contacts 1840 and 1835. Rotation of the rotor 2000 within the housing 2200 causes the indicator 2315 of the rotor 2000 to point to one of the labels 2305-2309. Thus, an operator viewing the indicator 2315 can determine the configuration of the windings without physically inspecting the windings or the movable contact-stationary contact pairings within the tap changer 1600. In certain exemplary embodiments, the operator can rotate a handle (not shown) coupled to the rotor 2000 to change the position of the movable contact 2020 relative to the stationary contacts 1835-1840.
FIG. 29 is a perspective view of a “single button” stationary contact 2900 of a transformer switch (not shown), in accordance with certain alternative exemplary embodiments. The contact 2900 comprises an electrically conductive material, such as copper. The contact 2900 includes a substantially flat base member 2900a and substantially pointed top member 2900b. A pair of notches 2900c are disposed on opposite sides of the contact 2900, between the base member 2900a and the top member 2900b. Each notch 2900c is configured to slidably engage a corresponding protrusion of a switch cover (not shown) substantially as described above. The pointed shape of the contact 2900 can increase electrical clearance between neighboring contacts within the switch, as compared to the substantially semi-circular shaped contacts described previously, by increasing the distance between outer edges of the contacts.
FIG. 30 is a perspective view of a “double button” stationary contact 3000 of a transformer switch (not shown), in accordance with certain alternative exemplary embodiments. The stationary contact 3000 includes two, substantially pointed members 3000a-3000b disposed on opposite sides of an elongated member 3000c. Each of the members 3000a, 3000b is offset from the elongated member 3000c such that a non-zero, acute angle exists between a bottom edge of each member 3000a, 3000b and a bottom edge of the elongated member 3000c. This geometry, coupled with the relative spacing of the other contacts within the transformer switch, allows smooth rotation and selective coupling of movable and stationary contacts of the switch during an operation of the switch. For example, this geometry allows the movable contacts to be in line with one another, having an incident angle between their axes of force to be 180 degrees. Each of members 3000a and 3000b includes a notch 3000d configured to slidably engage a corresponding protrusion of a switch cover substantially as described above. The pointed shapes of the members 2900a-2900b can increase electrical clearance between neighboring contacts within the switch, as compared to the substantially semi-circular shaped members of the double button contact described previously with reference to FIG. 5, by increasing the distance between outer edges of the contacts.
FIG. 31 is a circuit diagram of a dual voltage switch in an operating position corresponding to an in-parallel configuration of a transformer, in accordance with certain exemplary embodiments. In the in-parallel configuration, current flows from a first bushing 3100, through stationary contact 505, through stationary contact 508, through a transformer winding 3105, and to a second bushing 3110. Current also flows from the first bushing 3100, through a second transformer winding 3115, through stationary contact 507, through stationary contact 506, and to the second bushing 3110.
FIG. 32 is a circuit diagram of a dual voltage switch in an operating position corresponding to an in-series configuration of a transformer, in accordance with certain exemplary embodiments. In the in-series configuration, current flows from the first bushing 3100, through the second transformer winding 3115, through stationary contact 507, through stationary contact 508, through the first transformer winding 3105, and to the second bushing 3110.
FIG. 33 is a circuit diagram of a tap changer switch in a transformer, in accordance with certain exemplary embodiments. A different circuit configuration exists for each position of the movable contact 2020 relative to the stationary contacts 1835-1840. For example, when the movable contact 2020 straddles stationary contacts 1836 and 1837, current flows from the first bushing 3300, through all turns of the first transformer winding 3305, through stationary contact 1836, through movable contact 2020, through stationary contact 1837, through all turns of the second transformer winding 3310, and to the second bushing 3315. When the movable contact 2020 straddles stationary contacts 1837 and 1838, current flows from a first bushing 3300, through three turns of a first transformer winding 3305, through stationary contact 1838, through the movable contact 2020, through the stationary contact 1837, through all turns of a second transformer winding 3310, and to the second bushing 3315. When the movable contact 2020 straddles stationary contacts 1838 and 1839, current flows from the first bushing 3300, through three turns of the first transformer winding 3305, through stationary contact 1838, through movable contact 2020, through stationary contact 1839, through three turns of the second transformer winding 3310, and to the second bushing 3315. A person of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of this disclosure will recognize that many other circuit configurations are suitable.
When the movable contact 2020 straddles stationary contacts 1839 and 1840, current flows from the first bushing 3300, through two turns of the first transformer winding 3305, through stationary contact 1840, through movable contact 2020, through stationary contact 1839, through three turns of the second transformer winding 3310, and to the second bushing 3315. When the movable contact 2020 straddles stationary contacts 1840 and 1835, current flows from the first bushing 3300, through two turns of the first transformer winding 3305, through stationary contact 1840, through movable contact 2020, through stationary contact 1835, through two turns of the second transformer winding 3310, and to the second bushing 3315.
FIG. 34 is a perspective view of a tap changer 3400, in accordance with certain alternative exemplary embodiments. The tap changer 3400 is substantially similar to the tap changer 1600 discussed previously with reference to FIGS. 16-28, except that, the tap changer 3400 includes a front housing 3410a and back cover 3415c similar to the housing 1614 and cover 1610, respectively of the tap changer 1600. Tap changer 3400 also includes two housing assemblies 3405b, 3405c with housings 3410b, 3410c and integral covers 3415a, 3415b. Cover 3415a (along with integral housing 3410b) is snapped to housing 3410a. Cover 3415b (along with integral housing 3410c) is snapped to housing 3410b. Cover 3415c is snapped onto housing 3410c. Each housing and cover assembly 3405b, 3405c incorporates all of the features of the individual housing 3410a and cover 3415c. For example, the housing 3410b and cover 3415b can be similar to the housing 1614 and cover 1610, respectively of the tap changer 1600.
Multiple rotors (not shown) extend along a central axis of the tap changer 3400, with each rotor being disposed between a corresponding housing 3410 and cover 3415. The rotors are configured to engage one another so that movement of one rotor causes similar movement of the other rotors. For example, each rotor can include a notch and/or protrusion configured to be engaged by a corresponding protrusion and/or notch of a neighboring rotor. This arrangement allows the rotors and movable contacts (not shown) coupled thereto to rotate substantially co-axially along the central axis of the tap changer 3400. In certain exemplary embodiments, an operator can rotate a handle (not shown) coupled to one of the rotors, such as a rotor disposed within the top housing and cover assembly 3405a, to rotate the rotors within the housing and cover assemblies 3405a-c. 
The multiple housing and cover assemblies 3405a-c may employ many different configurations. For example, each housing and cover assembly 3405a-c may be electrically coupled to a different phase of three-phrase power in a transformer. Although FIG. 34 illustrates a tap changer 3400 with three housing and cover assemblies 3405a-c, a person of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of this disclosure will recognize that any number of housing and cover assemblies may be included. In addition, other types of transformer switches, including a dual voltage switch, also may include multiple housing and cover assemblies. For example, a dual voltage switch may include two or more housing and cover assemblies in a three-phase power configuration, a 2:1+ turn ratio configuration, a 2:1− turn ratio configuration, and/or a 3:1 turn ratio configuration.
Although specific embodiments of the invention have been described above in detail, the description is merely for purposes of illustration. It should be appreciated, therefore, that many aspects of the invention were described above by way of example only and are not intended as required or essential elements of the invention unless explicitly stated otherwise. Various modifications of, and equivalent steps corresponding to, the disclosed aspects of the exemplary embodiments, in addition to those described above, can be made by a person of ordinary skill in the art, having the benefit of this disclosure, without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention defined in the following claims, the scope of which is to be accorded the broadest interpretation so as to encompass such modifications and equivalent structures.

## Claims

1. A transformer switch, comprising:
a cover comprising
a base member,
a protrusion extending from a surface of the base member and configured to receive a notch of a rotor,
a wall member extending from the surface of the base member and defining an interior space of the cover, and
a plurality of pockets extending from the wall member, within the interior space of the cover;

a plurality of stationary electric contacts coupled to the cover, each of the stationary electric contacts being disposed within one of the pockets of the cover;
a rotor coupled to the cover and rotatable about the protrusion of the base member; and
at least one movable contact coupled to the rotor and configured to be selectively electrically coupled to at least one of the stationary electric contacts.

2. The transformer switch of claim 1, wherein different couplings of the at least one movable contact and the stationary electric contacts correspond to different voltages of a transformer electrically coupled to the stationary contacts.

3. The transformer switch of claim 1, wherein the cover further comprises a snap feature coupled to the base member and configured to removably couple the cover to a housing of the transformer switch.

4. The transformer switch of claim 1, wherein the transformer switch is a tap changer.

5. The transformer switch of claim 1, wherein the cover is molded from a non-conductive plastic.

6. The transformer switch of claim 1, wherein the base member of the cover comprises at least one hole configured to allow ingress of dielectric fluid within the transformer switch.

7. The transformer switch of claim 1, wherein the transformer switch is devoid of metallic fasteners.

8. The transformer switch of claim 1, wherein the housing comprises a plurality of ribs, at least one of the ribs being disposed along a length of the transformer switch, at least another of the ribs being disposed substantially perpendicular to the length of the transformer switch.

9. The transformer switch of claim 8, wherein the ribs form at least one reservoir configured to be at least partially filled with dielectric fluid.

10. A transformer switch, comprising:
a cover comprising a plurality of pockets within each of which a stationary electric contact is disposed;
a housing coupled to the cover, the housing comprising a channel;
a rotor extending between the housing and the cover, the rotor configured to rotate substantially within the channel to thereby move at least one movable contact relative to the stationary electric contacts; and
the at least one movable contact coupled to the rotor and configured to engage at least one of the stationary electric contacts,
wherein each of the cover and the housing is molded from a non-conductive material.

11. The transformer switch of claim 10, wherein different couplings of the at least one movable contact and the stationary electric contacts correspond to different voltages of a transformer electrically coupled to the stationary contacts.

12. The transformer switch of claim 10, wherein one of the cover and the housing comprises a snap feature configured to removably couple the one of the cover and the housing to the other of the cover and the housing.

13. The transformer switch of claim 10, wherein the transformer switch is a tap changer.

14. The transformer switch of claim 10, wherein at least one of the cover and the housing is molded from a non-conductive plastic.

15. The transformer switch of claim 10, wherein the cover comprises at least one hole configured to allow ingress of dielectric fluid within the transformer switch.

16. The transformer switch of claim 10, wherein the transformer switch is devoid of metallic fasteners.

17. The transformer switch of claim 10, wherein the housing comprises a plurality of ribs, at least one of the ribs being disposed along a length of the transformer switch, at least one other of the ribs being disposed substantially perpendicular to the length of the transformer switch.