IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF TEXAS

DALLAS DIVISION

EDRICK FULLER, §

 § 

Plaintiff, §

 § Civil Action No. 3:22-CV-1289-D

VS. §

 §

CIG FINANCIAL, LLC, et al., § 

 §

Defendants. §

MEMORANDUM OPINION

 AND ORDER 

In this action by pro se plaintiff Edrick Fuller (“Fuller”) against defendants CIG

Financial, LLC (“CIG”) and The Car Source, LLC d/b/a Hide and Seek Recovery (“Car

Source”), Fuller moves for sanctions against both defendants under Fed. R. Civ. P. 11 and

37(c) and the court’s inherent power. Fuller also moves under Rule 12(f) to strike a

supplemental disclosure made by CIG. For the reasons that follow, the court grants in part

and denies in part the motion for sanctions and denies the motion to strike as moot.

I

The relevant background facts and procedural history of this case are largely set out

in a prior memorandum opinion and order1

 and need not be repeated at length for purposes

of deciding the instant motions.

On October 27, 2023 CIG served on Fuller a supplemental disclosure containing the

1

See Fuller v. CIG Fin., LLC, 2022 WL 4071964, at *1 (N.D. Tex. Sept. 2, 2022)

(Fitzwater, J.).

Case 3:22-cv-01289-D Document 69 Filed 12/07/23 Page 1 of 14 PageID 997
name and contact information of a new fact witness, Consolidated Asset Recovery System,

Inc. (“CARS”). According to the supplemental disclosure, CARS “is the repossession

agency and contractor of CIG who, unbeknownst at that time, directly hired Defendant, The

Car Source LLC d/b/a/ ‘Hide and Seek Recovery,’ to repossess the Vehicle from Plaintiff[.]” 

P. Br. (ECF No. 54) at 20.

After being served with the supplemental disclosure, Fuller filed the instant motion

for sanctions,2

 which is based on several grounds: (1) that defendants have repeatedly filed

frivolous motions; (2) that defendants have abused the discovery process by untimely serving

Fuller with the supplemental disclosure; (3) that defendants have repeatedly failed to comply

with federal and local procedural rules; and (4) that defendants have engaged in conduct that

has delayed the proceedings and wasted time. The motion requests that the court exclude the

supplementary disclosure, impose monetary sanctions, and enter a default judgment against

defendants.3

 Three dayslater, Fuller filed the instant motion to strike, again asking the court

to exclude the supplemental disclosure. The court is considering these interrelated motions

on the briefs, without oral argument.

2

The motion is entitled “Memorandum and Opinion for Motion to Compel

Discovery,” and the first sentence refers to the motion as a “Motion to Compel and Motion

for Sanctions.” P. Br. (ECF No. 54) at 1. But the contents of the motion indicate that it is

solely a motion for sanctions. Consequently, the court will treat the motion as a motion for

sanctions.

3

The motion does not clearly identify the authorities under which Fuller is seeking this

relief. The court will therefore analyze each allegation of misconduct under the most

appropriate authorities: Rule 11, Rule 37, and the court’s inherent power.

- 2 -

Case 3:22-cv-01289-D Document 69 Filed 12/07/23 Page 2 of 14 PageID 998
II

The court turns first to Fuller’s single alleged ground of misconduct that can aptly be

analyzed under Rule 11: that defendants filed frivolous motions.

A

Rule 11 authorizes a court to impose sanctions on a party or attorney who files a

pleading, nondiscovery-related motion, or other nondiscovery-related paper “for an improper

purpose, such as to harass the opposing party, delay the proceedings, or increase the cost of

litigation.” Houston v. Sw. Airlines, 2020 WL 774408, at *1 (N.D. Tex. Feb. 18, 2020)

(Rutherford, J.) (citing Rule 11(b), (c)). But “[Rule 11] sanctions are normally reserved for

the rare and exceptional case where the action is clearly frivolous, legally unreasonable or

without legal foundation, or brought for an improper purpose. It is an extraordinary remedy,

one to be exercised with extreme caution.” Laughlin v. Perot, 1997 WL 135676, at *8 (N.D.

Tex. Mar. 12, 1997) (Buchmeyer, C.J.) (internal footnotes and quotation marks omitted;

emphasis in original).

Given Rule 11’s “safe harbor” provision, a motion for sanctions under Rule 11 “may

not be filed until at least 21 days after service on the offending party.” Elliott v. Tilton, 64

F.3d 213, 216 (5th Cir. 1995). And the Fifth Circuit has “continually held that strict

compliance with Rule 11 is mandatory.” In re Pratt, 524 F.3d 580, 588 & n.30 (5th Cir.

2008) (collecting cases). Thus “[a] party’s failure to comply with the safe harbor provision

generally precludes a district court from granting the party’s motion for sanctions under Rule

11.” Askins v. Hagopian, 713 Fed. Appx. 380, 380-81 (5th Cir. 2018) (per curiam) (citing

- 3 -

Case 3:22-cv-01289-D Document 69 Filed 12/07/23 Page 3 of 14 PageID 999
Elliott, 64 F.3d at 216).

B

Fuller alleges in the motion for sanctions that defendants have filed several frivolous

motions, including two motions for a more definite statement and a motion to dismiss or

quash for insufficient service. But as defendants point out, Fuller did not serve them with

the motion for sanctions before filing it with the court. Consequently, the court cannot grant

sanctions under Rule 11 for this alleged misconduct, and this ground of his motion is denied.

III

The court turns next to Fuller’s one misconduct allegation that can be properly

analyzed under Rule 37: CIG’s service of the supplemental disclosure after the close of

discovery.4

A

Fuller maintains that the supplemental disclosure, which identifies a nonparty to

whom liability can be shifted, is untimely and surprises and prejudices him. This is so, Fuller

maintains, because the disclosure was served on him months after both the May 1, 2023

deadline to move for leave to join parties and the September 1, 2023 discovery deadline and

only two weeks before the deadline to file a motion for summary judgment.

4

Fuller also asserts in the motion under Rule 37 that Car Source has never to date

served him with initial disclosures. But considering that Fuller “email[ed] [defendants’]

counsel after the filing of the Motion [for Sanctions] to indicate that he had found the

disclosures,” D. Br. (ECF No. 62) at 2, the court will not address Fuller’s allegation that Car

Source never served him with initial disclosures.

- 4 -

Case 3:22-cv-01289-D Document 69 Filed 12/07/23 Page 4 of 14 PageID 1000
B

Rule 26(a)(1)(A) requires parties to provide initial disclosures to opposing parties

without awaiting a discovery request. These initial disclosures include “the name and, if

known, the address and telephone number of each individual likely to have discoverable

information—along with the subjects of that information—that the disclosing party may use

to support its claims or defenses, unless the use would be solely for impeachment.” Rule

26(a)(1)(A)(I). “A party must make its initial disclosures based on the information then

reasonably available to it.” Rule 26(a)(1)(E). A party is not excused from making initial

disclosures because, inter alia, “it has not fully investigated the case.” Id.

“Rule 26(e)(1)(A) requires that disclosures made under Rule 26(a) be supplemented

‘if the party learns that in some material respect the disclosure or response is incomplete or

incorrect, and if the additional or corrective information has not otherwise been made known

to the other parties during the discovery process or in writing.’” Aircraft Holding Sols., LLC

v. Learjet, Inc., 2022 WL 3019795, at *2 (N.D. Tex. July 29, 2022) (Fitzwater, J.) (quoting

Rule 26(e)(1)(A)), appeal docketed, No. 23-10388 (5th Cir. Apr. 14, 2023).

“Supplementation or correction must be done ‘in a timely manner’” upon learning that the

initial disclosure is incomplete or incorrect. Id. at *4 (quoting Rule 26(e)(1)).

When a party moves for sanctions because the opposing party has failed to timely

disclose or supplement its disclosures, courts turn to Rule 37 to determine if sanctions are

warranted. The most basic sanction is exclusion of the information or witness unless the

failure was substantially justified or harmless. Under Rule 37(c)(1), “[i]f a party fails to

- 5 -

Case 3:22-cv-01289-D Document 69 Filed 12/07/23 Page 5 of 14 PageID 1001
provide information . . . as required by Rule 26(a) or (e), the party is not allowed to use that

information or witness to supply evidence on a motion, at a hearing, or at a trial, unless the

failure was substantially justified or harmless.” Rule 37(c)(1). But the court can impose

other sanctions. Id.; see, e.g., McManaway v. KBR, Inc., 2012 WL 13059724, at *2 (S.D.

Tex. May 17, 2012).

In evaluating whether a violation of Rule 26 is harmless, the

court examines four factors: (1) the importance of the evidence;

(2) the prejudice to the opposing party of including the

evidence; (3) the possibility of curing such prejudice by granting

a continuance; and (4) the explanation for the party’s failure to

disclose.

Hoffman v. L & M Arts, 2013 WL 81578, at *2 (N.D. Tex. Jan. 8, 2013) (Fitzwater, C.J.)

(citation omitted), aff’d in part, rev’d in part, 838 F.3d 568 (5th Cir. 2016); accord, e.g.,

Viera v. Signature Contracting Servs., LLC, 2014 WL 2893208, at *1 (N.D. Tex. June 26,

2014) (Horan, J.). “The court considers the four-factor test holistically. It does not

mechanically count the number of factors that favor each side.” Hoffman, 2013 WL 81578,

at *3 n.7 (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). “Implicit in Rule 37(c)(1) is that

the burden is on the party facing sanctions to prove harmlessness.” Current v. Atochem N.

Am., Inc., 2001 WL 36101282, at *2 (W.D. Tex. Sept. 18, 2001) (citations omitted).

C

CIG’s supplemental disclosure is untimely. Generally, supplementation “should be

made at appropriate intervals during the discovery period, and with special promptness as the

trial date approaches.” Rule 26 advisory committee’s note (1993). While courts have

- 6 -

Case 3:22-cv-01289-D Document 69 Filed 12/07/23 Page 6 of 14 PageID 1002
occasionally held that supplemental disclosures made at or past the discovery deadline are

timely, that is generally only when the producing party has shown that it produced the

information promptly after learning of it. See, e.g., Aikens v. Cent. Or. Truck Co., 2021 WL

4312712, at *4 (E.D. Tex. Sept. 22, 2021); Butler v. Exxon Mobil Refin. & Supply Co., 2011

WL 289645, at *2 (M.D. La. Jan. 25, 2011). This is not the case here. CIG has indicated

that it may have possessed information about CARS’s existence and relevance to this lawsuit

during the discovery period, and yet did not serve its supplemental disclosure on Fuller until

nearly two months after the close of discovery. The court therefore holds that CIG’s

supplemental disclosure is untimely.

D

Because the supplemental disclosure is untimely, the court must determine whether

it should be excluded or whether other sanctions should be imposed under Rule 37. Fuller

specifically asks for the following relief: (1) exclusion of the supplemental disclosure; (2)

monetary sanctions; and (3) entry of default judgment against defendants. The court will

evaluate these requests under the harmlessness factors.

1

The first factor of the harmlessness analysis—how important the evidence is—weighs

in favor of exclusion. The supplemental disclosure indicates that CIG believes CARS to be

a “responsible third party who is liable to CIG or to Plaintiff for all or part of Plaintiff’s

claims against CIG.” P. Br. (ECF No. 54) at 20. But CIG has not filed a motion under Tex.

Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 33.004 (West 2011) to designate CARS as a responsible

- 7 -

Case 3:22-cv-01289-D Document 69 Filed 12/07/23 Page 7 of 14 PageID 1003
third party, nor has CIG made clear that it intends to call a CARS representative as a witness

at trial or what knowledge that witness would have about the case. CIG has therefore failed

to explain why this evidence is important, and the court finds on this scant record that it is

not.

2

The second factor—prejudice to the party opposing the admission of the

evidence—also favors exclusion. “Generally, we find prejudice when a party’s case-in-chief

is seriously and gravely impacted.” Calsep A/S v. Dabral, 84 F.4th 304, 314 (5th Cir. 2023)

(citing Bell v. Texaco, Inc., 493 Fed. Appx. 587, 593 (5th Cir. 2012) (per curiam) (citation

and internal quotation marks omitted) (“[W]e consider whether the other party’s preparation

for trial was substantially prejudiced.”)). “A late designation of a witness will ordinarily

cause at least some level of prejudice to the other party.” In re Savage Inland Marine, LLC,

2021 WL 2935306, at *6 (E.D. Tex. Jan. 13, 2021) (citation omitted). And 

“[i]n the sense relevant here, prejudice arises, if at all, from the

timing of the disclosure rather than from the content of the

disclosure. . . . The timing of the disclosure results in prejudice

when, for instance, the opposing party must incur unreasonable

additional costs that could have been avoided by an earlier

disclosure, or the party is precluded under the scheduling order

from developing and presenting rebuttal evidence.” 

Hoffman, 2013 WL 81578, at *2 (emphasis in original). As Fuller notes, he has gone for

almost 11⁄2 years of this litigation—including two months past the close of

discovery—without knowledge that there is another entity (CARS) that may be liable either

to him or to defendants. His theory of defendants’ liability could be derailed, or materially

- 8 -

Case 3:22-cv-01289-D Document 69 Filed 12/07/23 Page 8 of 14 PageID 1004
compromised, just a few months before trial, without a fair opportunity to conduct discovery

about CARS and how its role may impact Fuller’s ability to recover against defendants.

3

The third factor—the possibility that a continuance could cure any prejudice—weighs

against exclusion. Fuller’s primary complaints about the timing of the supplemental

disclosure appear to be his inability to conduct discovery related to CARS and the fact that 

CARS’s existence was disclosed in such close proximity to the summary judgment deadline. 

Granting a continuance to enable Fuller to conduct discovery related to CARS and to address

CARS in a summary judgment motion could ameliorate prejudice resulting from the

untimeliness of the CARS disclosure.

4

The fourth factor—the disclosing party’s explanation for its failure to timely

supplement—favors exclusion. In its response to Fuller’s motion, CIG maintains that it did

not know at the time of its initial disclosures that its contractor, CARS, had hired Car Source

to repossess Fuller’s vehicle. CIG also states that Fuller would have known about CARS

earlier had he conducted any written discovery or oral depositions during the discovery

period.

Taking CIG’s second assertion first, this argument is misplaced because it imposes

the burden on Fuller to conduct discovery that was unnecessary given CIG’s disclosure

obligations. A party obliged to make disclosures cannot excuse its failure to do so on the

ground that its opponent could have learned of the undisclosed information through its own

- 9 -

Case 3:22-cv-01289-D Document 69 Filed 12/07/23 Page 9 of 14 PageID 1005
discovery efforts.

And CIG’s first argument seems to be inconsistent with, if not contradicted by, its

second. If Fuller could have known about CARS during the discovery period through his

own written discovery or oral depositions, this suggests that CIG could also have known

about CARS’s choice of Car Source to repossess Fuller’s vehicle. And in any event, it seems

doubtful that a simple review of the pertinent paperwork would not have revealed that CARS

had arranged with Car Source to effect the repossession of Fuller’s vehicle.

5

Considering these four factors holistically, the court concludes that defendants’

untimely service of the supplemental disclosure is not harmless, and that the supplemental

report should be excluded under Rule 37(c)(1).

E

The court now considers whether other sanctions should be imposed under Rule 37.

1

“In determining whether to impose Rule 37 sanctions, including monetary sanctions,

courts consider: (1) the fairness of the sanction; (2) the substantial relationship between the

sanction and the claim; and (3) if the sanction meets ‘the Rule 37 goals of punishing the party

which has obstructed discovery and deterring others who would otherwise be inclined to

pursue similar behavior.’” Pruco Life Ins. Co. v. Villarreal, 2022 WL 14915624, at *2 (S.D.

Tex. Oct. 25, 2022) (Rosenthal, J.) (quoting Chilcutt v. United States, 4 F.3d 1313, 1321 (5th

Cir. 1993) (citation omitted)). The sanction must be “the least severe sanction adequate to

- 10 -

Case 3:22-cv-01289-D Document 69 Filed 12/07/23 Page 10 of 14 PageID 1006
achieve the desired result.” Scaife v. Associated Air Ctr. Inc., 100 F.3d 406, 412 (5th Cir.

1996).

The court concludes that excluding the supplemental disclosure is adequate to serve

the twin goals of punishing CIG for its untimely service of the supplemental disclosure and

discouraging others from similar conduct. Imposing monetary sanctions as well would

exceed the least severe sanction adequate to achieve the desired result.

2

The court considers next whether CIG’s untimely supplemental disclosure warrants

entry of a default judgment against defendants under Rule 37.

“As a general matter, litigation-ending sanctions are reserved for the most heinous of

scenarios.” Calsep, 84 F.4th at 311 (citing Emerick v. Fenick Indus., Inc., 539 F.2d 1379,

1381 (5th Cir. 1976)). Fifth Circuit “‘caselaw imposes a heighted standard’ for entering

‘litigation-ending sanctions’” under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Calsep, 84 F.4th

at 311 (quoting L. Funder, LLC v. Munoz, 924 F.3d 753, 758 (5th Cir. 2019) (per curiam)). 

Before a court ends a case through Rule 37 sanctions, it must

make four additional findings beyond those required by the Rule

itself: (1) the discovery violation was committed willfully or in

bad faith; (2) the client, rather than counsel, is responsible for

the violation; (3) the violation substantially prejudiced the

opposing party; and (4) a lesser sanction would not substantially

achieve the desired deterrent effect.

Id. (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting L. Funder, 924 F.3d at 758-59).

CIG’s untimely service of a supplemental disclosure is not among the most heinous

of scenarios. Fuller has not shown that CIG committed this violation willfully or in bad faith

- 11 -

Case 3:22-cv-01289-D Document 69 Filed 12/07/23 Page 11 of 14 PageID 1007
or that CIG itself, rather than CIG’s counsel, is responsible for the untimely supplemental

disclosure. And as discussed above, the lesser sanction of excluding the supplemental report

under Rule 37(c)(1) is sufficient. Entry of a default judgment is therefore unwarranted.

IV

The court turns last to Fuller’s remaining misconduct allegations: that defendants have

repeatedly violated local and federal procedural rules and that they have frivolously

requested mediation. These allegations can only be properly analyzed under the court’s

inherent power to sanction.

A

“[W]hen a court can ‘find no sanction under the Federal Rules directly applicable to’

the misconduct at issue, the court may impose sanctions under its inherent power to address

misconduct.” Pruco Life Ins. Co., 2022 WL 14915624, at *4 (quoting Nat. Gas Pipeline Co.

of Am. v. Energy Gathering, Inc., 2 F.3d 1397, 1410 (5th Cir. 1993)). Courts have inherent

authority to impose sanctions on a party or attorney when they find that the party or attorney

has “acted in bad faith, vexatiously, wantonly, or for oppressive reasons.” Chambers v.

NASCO, Inc., 501 U.S. 32, 45-46 (1991) (citations omitted). Notably, “[c]ourts ‘exercise

caution’ in invoking their inherent power and should ‘ordinarily’ rely on a rule or statute

rather than their inherent power.” Houston, 2020 WL 774408, at *1 (quoting Chambers, 501

U.S. at 50). To award sanctions under its inherent power, a court “must make a specific

finding” of bad faith. In re Goode, 821 F.3d 553, 559 (5th Cir. 2016) (citation omitted). 

“Bad faith conduct includes conduct that is motivated by improper purposes such as

- 12 -

Case 3:22-cv-01289-D Document 69 Filed 12/07/23 Page 12 of 14 PageID 1008
harassment or delay.” Houston, 2020 WL 774408, at *1 (citing Coghland v. Starkey, 852

F.2d 806, 814 (5th Cir. 1998) (per curiam)). “Thus, bad faith conduct resembles conduct that

would violate Rule 11(b)(1).” Id. (citing Chambers, 501 U.S. at 46 n.10).

B

Fuller maintains that defendants have engaged in several types of misconduct not

covered by Rule 11 or Rule 37 that allegedly warrant sanctions. First, he points to

defendants’ violations of procedural rules in the course of the litigation: they initially failed

to file proper notices of appearance; they did not immediately file a certificate of interested

persons; they requested additional service of process on CIG; and they failed to confer with

Fuller before filing a motion for protective order. Second, he posits that defendants

requested pointless and time-wasting mediation. But Fuller has failed to present sufficient

evidence to support a specific finding of bad faith concerning any of the alleged acts of

misconduct. The court therefore declines to impose sanctions under its inherent power.

* * *

For the reasons stated, the court grants in part and denies in part Fuller’s motion for

sanctions and orders that the supplemental disclosure be excluded. The court denies Fuller’s 

- 13 -

Case 3:22-cv-01289-D Document 69 Filed 12/07/23 Page 13 of 14 PageID 1009
motion to strike as moot.

SO ORDERED.

December 7, 2023.

_________________________________

SIDNEY A. FITZWATER

SENIOR JUDGE

- 14 -

Case 3:22-cv-01289-D Document 69 Filed 12/07/23 Page 14 of 14 PageID 1010