## Risk Analysis: Foot- and -Mouth Disease (FMD)

Risk from Importatio n of Fresh (Chilled o r Frozen),

Matura te d, De bon ed Beef from a Region in Brazil

into the United States

Ani mal and Plant He al th Inspectio n S er vice

Veter in ary Services

National Ce nt er fo r Import a nd Export

December 20131 TABLE OF CONTEN T S

LIST OF F I G U R ES

................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 3

LIST OF TABL E S

................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 4

LIST OF ABBREVIA T IO N S

................................ ................................ ........................... 5

EXEC U TIVE S U M M A R Y

................................ ................................ ............................... 8

I. BA C K G ROU N D

................................ ................................ ................................ .. 10

II. OBJECTIVE

................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 10

III. HA Z A R D I DENTI F I C ATI O N

................................ ................................ ........... 11

IV. RISK AS S ESS M ENT

................................ ................................ .......................... 11

A. R E L E A S E A S S E S S M E NT

................................ ................................ ............................. 11

1. Authorit y , o r ga niz a tion a nd infr a s truc t ure

................................ ......................... 12

2. Di s e a s e s t a tus in the e x port re g ion

................................ ................................ ........ 18

3. Di s e a s e s t a tus o f a dj a cent re g ions

................................ ................................ ......... 23

4. Di s e a s e c o ntr o l pr og r a m

................................ ................................ ........................ 29

5. V a ccination st a tus

................................ ................................ ................................ ... 33

6. Separ a tion f

r o m a dj a cent re g ions

................................ ................................ ......... 37

7. Mov e m

e nt c o ntr o l f

r o m hi g her ri s k re g ions a nd bio s ec u rity

............................. 41

8. L ivest o c k d e m og r ap hics an d m a r k e t i ng pr a c t ices

................................ .............. 48

9. Di s e a s e s ur v ei l lance

................................ ................................ ................................ 56

10. Di ag no s tic labor a t o r y c a pac i ty

................................ ................................ .............. 63

11. E m er g ency re s po n s e c a pabi l ity

................................ ................................ ............. 67

Rele a s e As s e s s m ent

– S u m ma ry o f risk f a c to rs a nd m iti g a tions c o n s idered

................................ .......... 70

Rele a s e As s e s s m ent: C o ncl u s ion

................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 73

B. E XPOSU R E A S S E S S M E NT

................................ ................................ ......................... 742 C. C O NS E Q U E N C E AS S E SS M E NT

................................ ................................ ................ 75

D. RI S K E S T I M A TI ON

................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 78

V. RE F EREN C ES

................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 79

A P P E ND IX

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................ 8

13 LIST OF F I G U R ES

Fi g ure 1: Map of B r a z il a n d l i st o f S ta t es wi th th e ir r e spe c ti v e a c ron y m s

................................ ........................... 7

Fi g ure 2: O r g an i z a t ion a l s t r uc t u re o f t h e v e t e ri n a r y se r v ices i n B ra zi l: F e de r a l

, S t a te, a n d l o c a l le v e l s

............ 13

F i g u re 3: M a

jor links a n d re lationships of the Br a z ilian v e te r ina r y s e rvi c e s

................................ ..... 15

F i g u re 4: Fi g u r e 4 : Ou t

b rea k s re g i s t ere d i n t

h e S t a t e o f M a t o G r o s s o d o S u l

................................ ........ 21

F i g u re 5: B r a z il a nd bo r d e ring c ou n tries

................................ ................................ ............................. 24

F i g u re 6: L o c a tion of the F MD outbre a k in Monte Al e g r e distri c t, S tate of P a rá

– J une 2004

.......... 25

Fi g ure 7: Es t ab l ish m

ent o f su r v e i l la n ce z one s , Mo n te A le g re d i s t r i c t

, S t a te o f P a

r á

– J u n e 2004

..................... 26

Fi g ure 8: St a t e s of B ra z il a nd bor d e r ing coun t r i es

................................ ................................ ............................. 38

Fi g ure 9: Li v es t ock c i r cu i ts in B ra zi l

................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 50

Fi g ure 1 0 : Sche m a t ic r ep re sen t a t ion o f c at tle m o v e m ent in B ra zi l, 2002

................................ .......................... 52

Fi g ure 1 1 : D ia g no s tic and e pide m iolo g i c al in v es t i g a t i o n s y s t e m

................................ ................................ ...... 594 LIST OF TABL E S

T a b le 1: O u tb r ea k s r e g i s t er ed i n M a to G r o sso d o Sul

................................ ................................ ....................... 20

T a b le 2: Di s t

r i bu t ion o f s e n ti n el a ni m a l s in t he S t a t e of Ma t o G ro s so do S ul (200 6 )

................................ ....... 21

T a b le 3: I den t i f

i ca t ion and l oca t

ion o f t he p rop e r t ies s h o w ing c l i n i c al s i g ns of v e si cu l a r d is e ase

................... 22

T a b le 4: De s t

ru c tion of the an i m a l s i n t h e a ff e c t ed f a r m s and the i n t

rodu c t i on o f sen t in e ls

............................. 23

T a b le 5: R e su l ts o f F MD v acc i na t ion in the exp o rt re g ion, 2 0 02

................................ ................................ ...... 35

T a b le 6: R e su l ts o f F MD v acc i na t ion in the s t a te of P a rana

................................ ................................ ............. 35

T a b le 7: C lu s te r s and c a

t t le sa m pled p e r s tr a

tum

................................ ................................ .............................. 59

T a b le 8: E I

T B

- pos i ti v e c a t t le a n d c l us t e r s w i th E I TB

- p os i ti v e c a t t le

................................ ............................... 60

T a b le 9: Mo n thly la b or a

t o r y capac i ty for the d ia g no s is of FMD

................................ ................................ ...... 64

T a b le 10: E cono m

ic i m pac t s of F MD

................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 765 LIST OF ABBREVIA T IONS

● A P HI S : Animal a nd Plant H e a lth I ns p ec tion S e rvi c e

● BH K

- 21: B a b y h a mst e r kidn e y

- 21 ce ll line

● BSL: B ios a f e t y le v e l

● BSE: B ovine spo n g ifo r m e n c e ph a lopat h y

● CF R : U .S. Code of F e d e r a l R e g ulations

● CON A SA N : N a tion a l Committee f or Animal H e a lth

● COSAL F A: South Ame r ic a n Commission f o r the f i g ht a g a inst F MD

● CS F : Classic a l swine fe v e r

● C V P : P e rm a n e nt vet e rin a r y c o mmittee

● DDA: D e p a rtme n t of Animal H ea lth

● EITB: En z y m e

- link e d immuno e le c trotr a ns f e r blot

● ELISA: En z y m e

- link e d immunoso r

b e nt ass a y

● ELISA 3 A BC: E L I SA t e st for d e t e c ting F MDV nonstru c tu r a l pr o teins 3A B C

● EN D : E x otic N e w c a stle dise a se

● EU: Eu r op ea n Union

● F M D: F oot

- a nd

- mouth dise a s e

● F M D V : F oot

- a nd

- mouth dise a s e virus

● G TA: Animal movem e nt pe r mit

● LV U : L o c a l vet e rin a r y unit

● M A P A: Minist r y of A g r i c ultu re

, L ivesto c k a nd F ood Su p p l y

● NE P A : N a tion a l Environm e ntal Poli c y A c t

● NS P : F MDV nonstru c tu r a l pr o teins6

● OI E : W o r ld O r g a ni z a tion f o r Animal H e a lth ( f

o r m e r l y O f

fi c e I nte r n a tion a l des

Epi z ooti e s)

● P A N A F TO S A: P a n

- Am e ric a n F oo t

- a nd

- Mouth Dis ea se C e nter

● P H E F A: H e misphe r ic pl a n f o r e ra dic a tion of F MD

● P r obang: T e st for identi f y i n g the FMDV in esopha g e a l

- ph a r y n g e a l fluid

● SD A : State D e p a rtme n t of A g r i c ultu r e

● SI F : F e d e r a l l y inspe c ted p l a nt

● SISBOV: N a tion a l id e ntifi c a tion s y stem

● TB: Tub e r c ulosis

● TSE: T ra nsmissible spon g ifo r m en c e ph a lo p a thi e s

● U.S.: United St a tes

● USDA: United St a tes De p a rtme n t of A g r iculture

● VI A A: Virus in fec tion

- a ss o c iat e d a nti g e n t e st

● VS: V e te r in a r y S e rvi c e s, Animal a nd Plant H e a lth I n s p ec tion S e rvi c e7

F i g u re 1: Map o f Br a z il a nd list of Stat e s with the i r r e sp e c tive a c ro n y ms

A c r e AC P a r aí b a PB

A l a g o as AL P a r á PA

A m a p á AP P e r n a m b u co PE

A m az o n a s AM P ia u í PI

B a h ia BA R io Gra n d e d o N o rte RN

C eará CE R io Gra n d e d o S u l RS

Di s trito Fe d e r al DF R io d e J a n eiro RJ

E s p írito Sa n to ES R o n dô n ia RO

G o iás GO R o ra i m a RR

Mara n h ão MA Sa n ta C ata r i n a SC

Mato Gr o ss o MT Ser g ipe SE

Mato Gr o ss o d o S u l MS São P a u lo SP

Mi n as Gera i s MG T o ca n ti n s TO

P a r a n á PR8 EXEC U TIVE S U M M A R Y

The U.S. D e p a rtme n t of Ag r iculture ( USDA ) , A n im a l and Pl a nt H ea lth I n s p ec tion S e rvi c e ( A P H I S )

, V e te r in a r y S e rvi c e s ( V S) c ondu c ted a risk a n a l y s i s as a d ec isio n

- maki n g t o ol for a pro p osal to

initi a te tr a de in f

re sh ( c h i ll e d or f

roz e n ) , matu r a t e d , d e bon e d b e e f f rom a d e si g n a ted re g ion in Br a z il

(h e re a fter r e f

e rr e d to as “ the e x port r e g io n ” ) . T r a d e in be e f f r om Br a z il h a s not b ee n a llow e d

b eca use USDA c onsid e rs B r a z il to be a c ount r y a f f e c ted w ith fo o t

- a nd

- mo u th

- dise a se ( F MD )

.

The a n a l y sis c ons i d e rs t h e e pidemiolo g i ca l chara c te r istics of F MD that are r e lev a nt to the r isk of

importing b e e f f

rom the e x port re g ion a nd d e s c ri b e s miti g a tions a ppro p r i a te to re du c e that r is k . The

miti g a tions und e r c onsi d e r a tion includ e d r e strictions on the o r i g in of a n i mals, r e quir e ments f o r

matu ra tion a nd pH t e sti n g of ca r ca ss e s, a nt e

- mor t e m and post

- mort e m inspe c tions, a nd v e ri f i ca tion

b y B r a z ilian o f

fi c i a ls th a t the v a rious miti g a tions w e re a ppli e d a ppro p ri a te l y

.

AP H I S g a t h e r e d inf

o rmation a nd d a ta to support this a n a l y sis f rom rec o rds of the Minist r y of

Ag r icultur e

, L ivesto c k a nd F ood Supp l y ( M APA) a nd f r om published s c i e ntific lite r a tur e

. I n

a ddition, AP H I S c ond u c ted four site visits to B r a z il to ev a luate Br a z il’s a nim a l he a lth inf ra str u c ture

for F MD e r a d i ca tion a nd c ontrol m ea sur e s a nd to v e ri f y a nd c ompl e ment the g a ther e d info r mation.

Su m m a r y of re sults a n d c on c l u sio n s

R e lease Ass e ss m e nt

AP H I S c o n c luded th a t t h e surv e illanc e , pr e v e ntion, a nd c ontrol m ea su r e s i mpl e ment e d b y B r a z il a re

suf f ici e nt to minimi z e t h e risk of introdu c i n g F M D into the United St a tes f or the pu r pose of b e e f

imports, p r ovided th a t addition a l miti g a tion me a sur e s are implem e nted a s d e s c rib e d

.

E x posure A ssessm e nt

AP H I S c onsid e rs th a t the lik e lihood of e x posure of F M D

- su s ce ptible sp e c i e s to F MD

- in f ec ted b ee f

is low. I n a 1995 st ud y [ 1 ] , AP H I S e stimat e d that on l y a small f r ac tion ( 0.023 p e rc e n t ) of pla t e a nd

manu f a c turi n g w a ste would be fe d to swine w hile inad e qu a te l y pr o ce s s e d . This is a re du c tion of

thr e e or d e rs of m a g nitu d e in the r isk at the re l ea se lev e l . Additional l y , a 2 0 01 stu d y d e monstr a ted

that the p r oportion of pl a te a nd manu f a c turi n g waste fe d to swine d e c lin e d b y a bout 50 p e rc e nt

b e tw ee n 1994 a nd 2001 due to a d e c r e a s e in the n umber of w a s t e

- fe e di n g p re mis e s [ 27 ]

.

Conse q u e n c e As s e ssm e nt

The c onse q u e n ce s o f a n F MD ou t b r e a k in the U.S. would be e x tr e me l y h i g h

. I n a 2008 stu d y t h a t

model e d the e c onomic i mpa c t and d i s ea s e

- sp r ead e ff e c t s f r om an h y pothe t ic a l outb r eak of F MD a r i s i ng

from fee d ing g a r ba g e i n s m a l l f a rrow

- t o

- finish o p e r at

i o n s , t h e t o t a l t

ra d e l o ss e s p l u s o t h er d is e as e

- re l a ted

cos t s t o ca p i t al and m ana g e m en t

, a m ounted to b e t wee n $2,773 m i l lion and $ 4 ,0 6 2 m

illion w hen c o m

pa r ed

w ith a d i sea s e

- free b a s e li n e pe r iod f rom 2001 to 2004 [43]

. D e p e nding on the m a g nitude o f the outbre a k

a nd the e r a dic a tion str a t e g y , the sum of the c ons u mer imp ac ts, dir e c t c osts a nd tr a de loss e s o v e r a

25

- y e a r p e riod, w ould be b e tw ee n US$37 billion to US $ 42 billion (in 2011 doll a rs) [ 2, 3 ]

.

Risk E stimation

Althou g h the c on s e qu e n c e s of a n F MD outbr e a k in the U.S. would be v e r y hi g h, g iven the f indi n g s

of the r e l e a se a nd e x posure a ssessments, AP H I S c onsid e rs the r isk of F M D

- inf e c ted b ee f e nte r i n g9

the U .S. f rom the e x port r e g ion and e x posing the U.S. livesto c k throu g h fe e ding of i n f e c t e d

mat e ri a ls to susc e ptible anim a ls to be low. F u rth e rmo re , AP H I S c on c l ud e s that the pro p osed

miti g a tions a re su f

fi c ient to initiate tr a de in f re sh ( c hilled or f

roz e n ) , matu ra ted, d e bon e d b e e f f rom

the d e si g n a ted r e g ion in B r a z i l . This risk an a l y sis pro v ides the r a t i on a le for the a bove c o n c lusions,

b a s e d both on the Wo r ld O r g a ni z a tion f o r A nim a l H e a lth (O I

E ) risk a n a l y s i s c r it e ria a nd on

e v a luation of the 11 risk f a c tors that AP H I S h a s d e fin e d for e v a luati n g re g i on a li z a tion r e qu e sts f or a

re g ion.10

I. BA C K G ROU N D

B r a z il h a s of

f ic i a l l y r e q u e sted that the A nim a l and Plant H e a lth I ns p ec tion S e rvi c e ( AP H I S) a llow

the import a tion of f

r e sh ( c hilled or f

roz e n )

, matu ra ted, d e bon e d b e e f into the United St a tes f rom a

d e si g n a t e d re g ion in B ra z i l . Giv e n the histo r y o f the dise a se in B r a z il a nd t he fac t th a t B r a z il

v acc ina t e s its c a ttle popul a tion in most S tat e s ag a inst F MD, A P H I S c ondu c ted this r isk an a l y sis to

e v a luate the likelihood of F MD introdu c tion a nd e stablishment th r ou g h import a tion of b ee f f r om

B r a z i l . The re g ion under c ons i d e r a tion b y AP H I S (h e re a fter r e f e r r e d to as t he e x port r e g io n )

includ e s the Stat e s of B a hia (B A ), D istrito F e d e ral ( D F ), Espírito S a nto ( E S), G oiás ( G O ), M a to

G r osso (MT ) , Mato G ro s so do S ul (MS), Min a s G e r a is (M G ), Pa r a n á ( PR), Rio G ra nde do Sul (R S ),

Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Rondônia (RO), São Paulo (SP), Sergipe (SE), and Tocantins (TO) (Figure 1).

Consistent with the approach taken by APHIS in the past for evaluating the risk of FMD in beef and

ovine mea t , the mitigations considered in this assessment include:

1. Beef imported from Brazil will be deboned beef (excluding bovine heads, feet, hump,

hooves, and internal organ s) from carcasses that are maturated for 24 hours at a

temperature between 4 and 10  C.

2. B e e f w ill ori g i n a te f

rom a nim a ls in h e rds c e rtifi e d b y g ov e rnm e n t a l vet e ri n a r y of f ic i a ls to

h a ve b e e n born, r a ised, and sl a u g ht e r e d in the e x port r e g io n

. 3. All animals must p a ss both a nte

- a nd post

- mort e m inspe c tions.

4. All carcasses must be pH tested in the loin muscle and the pH must be less than 6.0

.

D a ta a nd b ac k g round in f

o r mation w e re ob t a ined from B r a z ilian a nim a l h ea lth of f ici a l s . Much of the

supporting info r mation f

or this an a l y sis c onsists o f r ec o rds of the Minist r y of A g ri c ultu re

, L i v e stock

a nd F ood Supp l y (M A P A )

. I n a ddition, AP H I S c ondu c ted five site visits to B r a z il in 200 2 , 2003,

2006, 2008, a nd 2013 to ve r i f y a nd c ompl e ment the in f o r mation provid e d b y B r a z i l . The sco p e of

the 2002 site visit in c lu d e d v e ri f i c a tion of F MD o utbr e a k c ontrols, an o v e r view of the sur v e illan c e

p r ogr a m and l a b o r a to r y c a p a bili t ies, v a cc ination p r a c ti ce s a nd e r a dic a tion a c tivities, a nd movem e nt

a nd bo r d e r c ontrols. P a rticul a r f o c us w a s pl a ce d o n the r e g ional F M D situ a tion in B r a z il a nd South

Am e ri c a a nd on the r isk of re introdu c i n g F MD into B r a z il f rom n e i g hbori n g c ountr i e s . The f o c us of

the 2003 site visit w a s to coll ec t data that AP H I S u s e d in its risk a ssessment. The f o c us of t h e 2006

site visit w a s to ev a luate the F MD situ a tion f o llo w ing the 2005

- 2006 outb re a k. The f o c us of the

2008 visit w a s to ev a luate the Br a z ilian St a te of S a nta Cat a rina for f r e e d o m f r om c lassic a l swine

f e v e r ( CS F)

, F MD, Afric a n swine f e v e r ( AS F)

, a n d swine v e sicul a r dis e a se (SV D) . The sco p e of the

2013 visit includ e d the e v a luation of the F MD d i a g nostic c a p a bilities, F M D labo r a tori e s a nd

v e sicul a r dis ea s e e m er g e n c y r e sponse.

II. OBJECTIVE

This an a l y sis is bei n g c o ndu c ted to a ssess the r isk of initiating tr a de in f r e s h ( c hilled or f

roz e n )

,

matu ra ted, d e bo n e d b e e f f r om a d e s i g n a ted re g ion in B r a z il to the U nit e d Stat e s. The a n a l y sis is us e d

a s a d e c ision

- maki n g to o l for a pro p osal to allow s u c h tr a d e

. I t will a ssess the likelihood th a t F MD

inf e c ted be e f w ould e nter the Unit e d Stat e s f r om the e x port r e g ion a nd e x pose U.S. livesto c k b y the

most lik e l y p a thw a y , that is, th r ou g h f ee di n g of in f

ec ted w a ste to susc e pt i ble a nim a ls. I n a ddition, it

includ e s a d e s c ription of r isk f ac tors a ss o c iat e d w i th F MD in B r a z il a s w e ll a s ap p li ca ble

miti g a tions.11

I t should be not e d t h a t title 9, Code of F e d e ral R e gulations (C F R), Pa r t 94.1, prohibits the

import a tion of me a t f

r om a n y re g ion in whi c h rin d e rp e st e x ists, and B r a z il is not cu r r e nt l y

r e c o g ni z e d a s f

r e e o f r in d e rp e st in the C F R. Rind e rp e st virus h a s ne v e r be c ome e stablished in No r th

Am e ri c a , Cent r a l Ame r i c a , the Ca r ibb e a n I slands, or South Ame r ic a

. A b ri e f in c u r sion into B r a z il

o cc u rr e d in 1921, but was limited in s c ope a nd quick l y e r a di c a ted.

III. HA Z A R D I DENTI F I C ATION

H a z a rd id e ntifi c a tion, d e fin e d b y t h e O I E ) [ 4] a s “ ... identi f

y i n g the p a th o g e nic a g e nt wh i c h c ould

potential l y pro d u c e a d v e r se c onse q u e n ce s ass o c ia t e d with the import a tion of a c ommodi t y

, ” is a

c ritic a l compon e nt of a n import risk a n a l y si s

.

The h a z a rd id e ntifi e d is t he F MD virus ( F MD V)

. This risk an a l y sis c onsi d e rs the r isk of introdu c i n g

F MDV into the U nit e d Stat e s thro u g h import a tion of f r e sh ( c hilled or f

roz e n )

, matu ra ted, d e bon e d

b ee f from a re g ion in B raz i l . Epid e miolo g ic a l ch a r ac te r istics of the a g e nt re lev a nt to the import risk

it mi g ht pose a re d e s c ri b e d in App e ndix I

.

IV. RISK AS S ESS M ENT

This an a l y sis is compos e d of f our c ompo n e nts: the r e l e a se a s s e ssm e nt, the e x posure a ssessment, the

c onse q u e n c e a ssess m e nt, and the r isk estimation. Th e se c omponents a re d e fin e d in O I E g uidelines

a nd a re int e rn a tion a l r ec o mm e nd e d c omponents f o r a nim a l he a lth import r isk ass e ssm e nt [ 4 ]

.

A

. RELEASE A S SE S S M E NT

R e le a se a s s e ssm e nt is a d e s c ription of the biolo g i c a l pathw a y (s) n e c e ssa r y f or a n import a tion

ac tivi t y to introdu c e p a t h o g e n i c a g e nts i n to a particul a r e nviron m e nt, with a n e stimate of the

lik e lihood of that c ompl e te p r o ce ss [ 4 ]

.

This an a l y sis includ e s a n e v a luation of info r mati o n pr o vided b y Br a z il’s De p a rtme n t of A nim a l

H e a lth ( D D A) r e lev a nt t o the 11 f ac tors used by APHIS to evaluate the animal health status of a

region prior to 2012 (title 9, Code of F e d e ral Regulations ( CF R ) , s ec tion 92.2) [ 5 ]

. . In 2012, APHIS

consolidated the eleven factors listed in 9 C.F.R. § 92.2(b) into eight factors. APHIS introduced this

simplification in order to facilitate the application process; however, since the evaluation of this

region of Brazil started before 2012, and the topics addressed by the 11 factors are encapsulated in

the eight, this report follows the 11 factor format. Appendix I I describes the similarities between the

eight and 11 factors. Ob s e rv a tions a nd info r m a tion c oll ec ted du r i n g the si t e visits w e re c onsid e r e d a s

w e ll.12

Eval u a t ion o f i n f

o r m a t ion p r ovi d e d by Bra z il re levant t o t h e 11 f a c tors (9 C F R 92.2) [ 5 ]

Ass e ssing the likelihood of introdu c ing F MD into the U nit e d Stat e s r e quires an e v a luation of

r e lev a nt c h a r ac te r istics o f the e x porting r e g ions in re lation to the e pidemiolo g y of t h e dise a s e

. I n th a t

re g a rd, AP H I S d e s c ri b e s 11 f a c tors in its r e g ional i z a tion r u le ( 9 C F R 92.2) that p r ovide a c onte x t for

e v a luati n g the r isk of e x porting a fo r e i g n a nim a l d i s ea se f rom a d e fi n e d re g i on into the Unit e d Stat e s

[ 5 ] . T h is p a rt d e s c rib e s A P H I S’ e v a luation of th e s e fac t o rs f or a d e s i g n a ted r e g ion in B r a z il

c onsisting of the Stat e s o f B a h i a , Distrito F e d e r a l, Espírito S a nto, Goiás, M a to G r osso, M a to G r osso

do Sul, Minas Ge r a is, P a r a n á , Rio G r a nde do Sul, Rio de J a n e iro, Rondôni a , S ã o P a ulo, S e r g ipe, a nd

To c a ntins.

1. Autho r ity, o r ganiz a tion and i n f r ast r u c ture

G e n e ral information

The two main stru c tur e s for v e te r i n a r y s e rvi c e s in B r a z il a re t h e F e d e r a l a n d Stat e s autho r itie s . The

D e p a rtme n t of Animal H ea lth ( D D A ), w hich is a unit in the Minist r y of A g ri c ultu r e

, L ivesto c k a nd

F ood Supp l y ( M APA ) , is the main a uthori t y for a l l animal h ea lth pr o g r a ms in the c ount r y

. The

MAPA h a s re g ional o f

fic e s in the 26 Stat e s in B ra z il plus the ce ntr a l o f fi c e s in the F e d e r a l Distri c t

. A F e d e r a l ve t e rin a

r i a n is r e sident in e a c h re g ional o f fi c e a nd is r e s p onsible for c oordin a ti n g a ll

o f fi c ial a nim a l h e a lth ac t iviti e s at the State lev e l [6, 7].

F ield ac tivities a

r e c oord i n a ted th r o u g h the St a te A g ri c ultu r a l S ec r e ta r iat o ff ic e s . The f

ield str u c ture

of the v e te r i n a r y se r v i ce s in the c ount r y c onsists of 1

, 419 L o ca l V e te r in a r y Units ( L

V U s); 3,097

muni c ipal o f

fi c e s; 1,857 v e te r ina r i a ns; and 7,764 te c hnic a l a nd a dministr a tive a ssistants and suppo r t

p e rsonn e l. At the F e d e r a l lev e l, the v e te r i n a r y s e r v ice wo r k f o r c e c onsists of 870 v e te r ina r i a ns a n d

1,860 te c hnic a l and a dministr a tive a ssistants [ 8 ]

. F i g u r e 2 sh o ws the o r g a n i z a tion a l stru c ture of the

v e te r ina r y s e rvice in B raz il [ 9 ]

. F e d e r a l and St a te int e r a c t ions a r e d e fi n e d a nd str u c tur e d . State p e rsonn e l are re sponsible f o r

e x ec uting F e d e r a l pr o g ra ms, l a ws, a nd poli c ies a t the St a te l e v e l . R e sponsibilities of State of f ici a ls

for c a r r y i n g out F e d e r a l prog ra ms a r e outlined in st a nd a rd o pe r a ting p roc e dur e s de ve lo p e d in

c oop e r a tion with F e d e r a l of f ici a ls, and are a ppli c a ble to d e fin e d re g ions a n d r e f l e c t lo ca l

c ir c umst a n c e s. On N ov e mber 11, 1999, a law was published a uthori z ing the St a tes to d e v e lop the

g uidelines f

o r a nim a l h ea lth pr o g r a m s . E a c h State h a s its own r e g ulations but the r e g ulations must

c ompl e ment e x isting F e d e r a l l a ws [ 6

- 8 ]

.

The main law that d e fines vet e rin a r y med i c ine in B r a z il is L a w 5517. This law e stablished the

F e d e r a l and re g ional v e t e rin a r y medi c ine c oun c ils that g ov e rn a c tivities a nd pro f e ssion a l as p ec ts of

the p r o fe ssion. Cu r

r e nt l y

, 47,856 v e te r ina r i a n s pra c ti c e the p r o f e ssion in B r a z il with the maj o ri t y

b e ing in the Southe a st ( 4 7 p e r c e n t ) a nd South (23 p e r c e n t ) of the c oun t r y

. V e te r in a ri a ns of the

o f fi c ial s e rv i ce s a re r e quir e d to pa r ti c ipate in s p ec i fic tr a ini n g pr o g r a ms with r e spe c t to dif f e r e nt

s a nita r y pr o g r a m s . A total of 505 v e te r ina r i a ns h a v e b ee n t r a ined spe c ific a l l y in e x otic a nim a l

dise a s e s, including F MD [ 10 ]

.13

F i g u re 2: O r g a ni z a tion a l stru c ture of the v e te r in ar y s e rvi c e s in B r a z i l : F e d e r a l, S tat e , and loc a l l e v e l s

M I N I S T R Y OF A G R I CU LT UR E, LI V ESTO C K A N D FOOD SU PPLY

Se c r e t a r iat f

or M I N I S TER

Se c r e t a r iat f

or P r od u c t ion Execu t ive S e c r e t a r iat

Se c r e t a r iat f

or A g r i c ul t u r al Se c r e t a r iat f or R u r al Central

Structu r e of t he

G overn m ent

Ag r i c ul t u r al Pol i c y a n d T r a d e a n d Li v e s t o c k P r o t e c t ion S u p p o r t a n d C o

- op e r a t i o n

D e p art m e n t of V e g e t a ble

P r o t ection a n d I n sp e ction

DD IV D e p art m e n t of I nsp e ction of

P r o d ucts o f A n i m al O r igin

D I P OA D epar t ment of

A nimal H e a l t h

DDA

R e p r es e n t a t ion o f t h e Fe d e r al

A g r icult u r e A g e n cy

D FA Fol l ow

- u p an d

S u pe r v i s ion

M APA to t he

Fe d e r a t ive U nits S t a t e S e c r e t a r iat f or A g r icult u r

e

Exec u tive B o dy f or t h e p o licies o f a n i m al

sa n it a r y h e a lth

M ain st r uct u r e f o r t he

i m ple m e n t a tion o f field

activities C e n tral C o

- o r din a ti o n Of

f ice

R e g io n al C o

- o r

din a t o r s

L o cal V e t e r in a r

y

- A t t e n t ion U nits E s t abli s hed s t ruc t ure in

27 Federa t i v e U ni t s

M u n icip a lity O f

fices

Sou r ce: A d

ap ted f r o m “Ex p a n s ion o f f oo t a n d m o u th d i s e a s e f

r ee z on e w ith v a ccin a tio n

, S tate o f Ro n don i a

– B r

a z il

2002 ” b y the De

pa r tme n t o

f A n im a l He a lth, Su r

veilla n ce a n d He a lth P r og r a ms.

F un c tions of the F e d e r a l Gov e rnm e nt in c lude c oo r dination and sup e rvision of the ov e r a ll a nim a l

h ea lth p r o g r a ms, d e v e lo p ment of dise a se c on t rol str a t e g ies, re g ulation and control of inte r n a tion a l

c omm e r c e in a nim a ls a n d a nim a l produ c ts, r e g ist r a tion a nd c ontrol of va cc i n e s, l a bor a to r y di a g nosis,

a uditing of St a te v e t e rina r y s e rvi c e s, ins p ec tion of a nim a ls and a nim a l pro d u c ts being import e d, a nd

tr a inin g

. G e n e r a l l y s p ea k in g , the F e d e r a l g ov e rnm e nt of f ici a ls, lo ca t e d pr i ma r i l y in B r a silia, d e v e lop

poli c ies, l a ws, a nd re g u l a tions that g ov e rn a ll a nim a l he a lth pr o g r a ms and a c tivities [ 7 ]

.

Pro g r a ms m a n a g e d b y t h e F e d e r a l a uthorities in c lude F MD e r a di c a tion, s w ine h ea lth (e s p ec ial l y

CS F ) , tube r c ulosis and b r u ce llosis, tr a nsmissible spon g ifo r m e n ce p h a lopa th y sur v e illan c e , biol o g i c a l

r e sidue c ontrol, and t r a ce a bili t y . F e d e r a l st a ff of t h e N a tion a l F M D E r a di c a t ion pro g r a m cooper a te

c lose l y with S tate p e rso n n e l

. I n this re g a rd, t h e y t r a v e l re g ul a r l y to the Minist r y ’s o f f ic e s in eac h

State a nd to the f

ield o f f i ce s of the State S e c r e t a r i a ts of A g ri c ultu r e in the f ield to ev a luate pr o g ra ms

a t the loc a l l e v e l [ 7 ]

.

State ac tivities a

re d e s i g n e d to imp l e ment the F e d e r a l pr o g r a m . Coop e r a tion is a c hiev e d b y r e n e w a l

of si g n e d c oop e r a tive a g r ee ments, whi c h t r a nsf e r c onsid e r a

ble a mounts of funding f

rom the F e d e r a l

bud g e t to State a g e n c ies. The F e d e r a l pr o g r a m h a s ultimate a uthori t y ov e r c ondu c t of the n a tion a l

e r a di c a tion p r o g r a m

. I

t u s e s its autho r i t y to alloc a t e f inan c ial r e sou r ce s to e nsure c ompliance with14

F e d e r a l pr o g r a m poli c y

. It p r ovides ov e rs i g ht to e n sure that the r e will be e ff ec tive f ina n c ial

mana g e ment of the r e so u r c e s provid e d

. F MD, C S F

, a nd e x otic N e w ca stle dise a se (E N D) a re the

hi g h e st priori t y dise a s e s in B r a z il [ 7 ]

.

V e te r in a r y pr o g r a ms a r e implem e nted b y L V U s. Th e se a r e f ield o f fi c e s w i th autho r i t y ov e r a d e fined

re g ion consisting of o n e or more muni c ipalities [ 8 ]

. F or e x a mpl e , t h e L V U in To ca ntinopolis co ve rs

four muni c ipalities w ith a n a rea of 2500 km 2 a nd c ontains 1048 ru r a l pro p e rties a nd 64,408 c a ttl e

. The L VU a t Colin a s also c ov e rs f o u r c ounti e s, but the L

V U a r e a is 4000 km 2 a nd h a s 274,000 h ea d

of ca ttle [ 7 ] . The L

V U s a re sta f

f e d b y v e t e rin a ri a n s, animal h e a lth te c hnici a ns, a n d a dministr a tive

p e rsonn e l. L

VU r e port to r e g ional a nd then St a te l e v e l o f f i c e s, which u ltim a te l y r e port to and

c oordin a te w ith the n a ti o n a l prog ra m in Br a sili a

. Some L V U s a re c o

- lo c a ted w ith the r e g ional o f fic e

, whi c h pr o vides a dminist r a tive support to oth e r L VU s. Ho we v e r, most L

V U s e x ist a s units s e p a r a te

f r om the r e g ional o f

fi c e [ 8 ]

.

R e p re s e ntative St a te ac t i vities a dminist e r e d b y LVU p e rsonn e l in c lu d e r e g istr a tion of pro p e rties,

c oll ec tion a nd tra c king o f c e nsus dat a , monitori n g of vacc i n a tion a nd c ont r ol of v a cc ine distributio n

,

a nim a l and a nim a l prod u c t mov e ment c ontr o l, r e p o r ting of suspicious c a s e s, monito r ing a nd

e r a di c a tion of outbr e a ks, surv e illan c e ac tivities, monitoring of loc a l animal g a t h e ri n g e v e nts ( e

. g

., f a irs, e x positions, a u c tions), c linic a l inv e stig a tions a nd s a mplin g

, a nd l o ca l tr a ining a nd ou t r e a c h [ 7,

8 ]

.

W hile a dminist e ring dise a se pr o g r a ms, L VU p e r s onn e l colle c t and r e c e ive e pidemiolo g i c a l data

f r om va r ious sourc e s wi t hin th e ir a rea. I n f o r m a tion is c ommunic a ted th r o u g h re g ional a nd State

o f fi c e s to the c e ntr a l a uthorities in B r a silia in the fo r m of wee k l y , month l y

, s e mi a nnu a l, and a nn u a l

r e ports [ 7 ]

. I

n ca s e of o b s e rv a tions c onsistent with F MD, notifi c a tion is ma n d a to r y a nd immedi a t e

. I n a ddition, info r mation e x c h a nge a nd d a t a f low a mong F e d e r a l

- Stat e

- p riv a te s e c tors is e vi d e n t

. I n

this r e g a rd, w ee k l y a nd month l y r e ports a re p r e p a r e d b y lo c a l and r e g ion a l of f ic e s and a re s h a r e d

a mong the th r e e s ec tors [ 7, 8 ]

. I nte r a c tion a mo n g loc a l, re g ional, Stat e

, F e d e r a l autho r ities a nd ot h e r

p r ivate a nd int e r n a tion a l org a ni z a tions is stru c tur e d a nd e ff ec tive ( F i g u r e 3 )

.

V e te r in a r y c ontrol and i n f r a stru c tu r e in Br a z il a re hi g h l y d e p e n d e nt on clo s e int e r a c tion b e t w ee n

F e d e r a l and St a te o f

f ic e s. F e d e r a l and St a te fun c t i ons a re support e d stro n g l y b y pro d u ce r g r oup s

. I n

f a c t, this inte r ac tion with pro d u ce rs is d e fin e d in r e g u l a tion a nd c onsid e r e d b y B r a z ilian o f fi c i a ls to

be a si g n i fi c a nt f

ac tor in the c ontrol of F M D [ 6, 8 ]

. F or e x a mpl e , in the State of P a r á

, p rodu c e r

g roups ac tiv e l y sponsor f ield d a y s that p rovide a n i mal dis ea se tr a ini n g pr o g ra ms for the p riv a te

s ec to r

. I n c lu d e d in th e se tr a ining a c tivities m a y b e le c tur e s and s e min a rs b y unive r si t y f ac ul t y

memb e r s . The t r a ining is dir e cted toward p r odu c i ng a n e du c a ted public th a t would be a ble to

r e c o g ni z e dise a se s y mpt o ms and d e a l with a nim a l h ea lth issu e s . Mor e ov e r, the r e is stro n g

c ommitment b y the p r iv a te s e c tor f o r g e n e r a l ani m a l he a lth ac tivities a s w e l l as F MD er a di c a tion

a nd tr a c ea bili t y ( I D s y st e m) s y stem s . This suppo r t is demonstr a ted b y subs t a nti a l fin a n c ial

c ontributions b y the p r i v a te s e c tor [ 6, 8 ]

.

At the int e rn a tion a l l e v e l, B r a z il si g n e d a n a g ree m e nt in 2003 to fo r m a Perman e nt V e te r i n a r y

Committee ( Comite Ve te r ina r ia Pe r ma n e nte

– C V P) c ompos e d of the f o u r Me r c osur c ountri e s

( A r g e ntin a

, B r a z il, P a r a gu a y

, a nd U r u g u a y ) a s well a s B olivia a nd Chil e . This committ e e is working

to improve int e rn a tion a l r e lations a nd c oll a bo r a tion on dis ea se e r a dic a tion ac tivitie s . Some of the15

c ommitte e ’s obj ec tiv e s i n c lude ( 1) m e e ting O I E crite r ia f

or t h e r e g ion a s “ f

r e e of F MD w ith

v acc ination ”

, (2) e v a luating the r e g ion pe r io d i c a lly f o r the possibili t y of de c la r i n g it f ree of F MD

without v acc ination, and (3) pr e v e n t ing the intro d u c tion of B SE into the r e g ion [ 7 ]

.

F i g u re 3: Major links and re lationships of the Br a z ilian v e te r ina r y s e rvi c e s

Sou r ce: MAPA, “E

n la r g eme n t o f t h e fo o t

- an d

- m ou th d i s e a s e f r ee z on e, w h ere v a ccin a tion i s p r a cticed

– Mid

w este r n an d

E a s tern livestock circuits

, ” B ra z il 2000

.

Du r ing its site visits to B r a z il in 200 2 , 2003, 20 0 8, a nd 2013 AP H I S r e c e i v e d ov e rvi e ws o f the

ac tivities a nd stru c tur e s o f the F e d e r a l, S tate a nd l o ca l l e v e l a c t i vities. A PH I S r e vie we d p r e mis e s

re g istr a tion, ce nsus in f

o r mation, va c c ination re c o r ds, a nd movem e nt cont r o l docum e nts, and visited

f a rms in the e x port r e g i o n to obs e rve f a rming p ra c ti ce s . AP H I S visited s e v e r a l L VUs lo c a ted in the

north we ste r n s e c tion whi c h s e rv e d t h e bor d e r b e t w e e n domestic z on e s th a t w e re f r e e with

v acc ination and a ff

ec ted re g ion s . The o f

fi c e s w e re in Colin a s de T o ca ntins a n d To c a ntinopolis in the

State of T o ca ntins; R e d e n ca o in the State of P a r á ; a nd Gu a jará Mirim, J i

- P a r a n á

, a nd Vilhena in the

State of Rondoni a

. I

n a d dition, AP H I S visited L V U in T a n g a r á da S e r ra a n d Ca c e r e s in Mato

G r osso; Ponta Porã a nd Nova Andr a dina in M a to G r osso do S u l ; a nd Al e g re te, a nd B a ge in the State

of Rio G ra nde do Sul. Some L V U w e re c o

- loc a ted within the r e g i o n a l of f i c e s. Du r i n g the 2008 site

visit to the St a te of S a nta Cat a rin a , the r e g ional o f

fi c e in Ch a p e c o w a s visit e d, a lo n g with two L V U s

loc a ted w ithin this r e g ion: X a n x e rê a nd S e a ra. A P H I S a lso visit e d F e d e r a l a nd State of f i c e s in the

a bove Stat e s. Obser va tions indic a ted th a t the stru c tur e

, e ff ec tiv e n e s s

, a nd o rg a ni z a tion of the L VU i n

the di f f e r e nt re g ions w er e g e n e r a l l y c onsistent [ 7 ]

.16

Ind e mnity pro c e dures

An ind e mni t y pr o g r a m in B r a z il is r e quir e d b y l a w . The main indemni t y p r o ce dur e s a re b a s e d on

L a w 569 of D ece m b e r 2 1 , 1948, whi c h e stablishes me a sur e s to s a fe g u a rd p ublic h ea lth or f or the

purp o se of s a nit a r y prote c tion of a nim a l s . The F e d e r a l g ov e rnm e nt p a y s i n d e mni t y f or (1) a nim a ls

s ac ri f i c e d due to the p r e s e n c e of F MD o r a n y oth e r e x otic dise a s e

, ( 2) a ll s u s ce ptible a nim a ls th a t

h a d the dis ea s e

, a nd ( 3 ) a ll susc e ptible a nim a ls th a t had c onta c t with a f fe c t e d a nim a l s

. F inan c ial

r e sourc e s for p a y

m e nts a re a v a il a b l e f

rom the F e d e r a l g ov e rnm e nt and fr o m private indemni t y f un d s

c r e a t e d a nd a dministr a t e d b y pro d u ce r s

. F e d e r a l f unds c ome f

rom the n a ti o n a l tr e a s u r y a nd a r e used

to complem e nt ind e mnity funds a dministr a ted b y p r odu ce rs [ 11 ]

.

The pro d u c e rs’ pri v a te i n d e mni t y f und in v a rious B r a z ilian St a tes c onsists of f ee s p a id b y pro d u c e rs

a nd sl a ughter e stablish m e nt of f ici a ls for a uthori za tion to move a nd sl a u g h t e r a nim a l s . Priv a te

indemni t y f

unds h a v e b e e n set up in sev e n Stat e s in the e x port re g io n

. I n t h e other Stat e s, the r e a r e

c ontin g e nt funds f

r om S tate g ov e rnm e nts f

o r use i n possible s a nit a r y e merg e n c y a c tions [ 7, 11 ]

. F or

e x a mpl e , tot a l priv a te r e s our c e s a v a il a ble in e r a di c a tion f u nds in the e x port r e g ion w e r e

US$9.0 million a t the e nd of 200 2

. I n the a f f e c ted z on e , the p r ivate f

und, s e t up in the St a tes of A c r e

a nd P a r á , tot a led U S$31 9 ,300 a t the e nd of 2002 [ 11 ] . MAPA r e port e d that in all animal s a nit a r y

e mer g e n c y ac tivities c a rried out in B r a z il, own e rs h a ve b e e n du l y c ompen s a te d

.

I n the St a tes t h a t m a ke u p the e x port re g io n

, a nim a l he a lth e merg e n c y g r o u ps w e re c re a ted a nd

a ppoint e d throu g h s p ec if

i c l e g a l a c t s . A g r oup c o n sisting of r e p r e s e ntatives f r om the F e d e r a l and

State Animal H e a lth S e r vic e s, a p riv a t e se c tor r e p r e s e ntative a nd a r e p re s e ntative of the o w n e r

e v a luat e s and d o c uments a ll indemni t y proc e dur e s

. B r a z ilian l a ws r e quire t h a t r e c o rds of the e nti r e

indemni t y proc e ss be k e p t, with the do c ument a tion b e ing a v a il a ble f o r a udi t ing i n the involved

Stat e s [ 11 ]

.

Garbage c ontrol/swill f

e e ding

Swill fee ding to swine is p r ohibited in a ll r e g ions of B r a z il b y Administr a tive D e c r e e 201 o f

M a y 1998 [ 10 ]

.

Int e rnational airport

At the inte r n a tion a l air

p o rt in S a o P a olo, of

f ici a ls in f o r med A P H I S that a ll w a ste c oll ec t e d f r om

plan e s and other c onfis ca ted p r odu c ts fr o m pas s e n g e rs a r e incin e r a ted onsite ( S e e s e c tion 7 f or

d e tails ) . A qu a si

- g ov e r n ment a l comp a n y h a ndles this pro c e dure. A simil a r s e tup e x ists at the S a ntos

port in S a o P a olo. The w a ste is pa c k e d in c ontain e rs s e a led b y a gov e rnm e n t of f ici a ls and is

tr a nsport e d f

o r in c iner a tion a t anoth e r loc a tion ( 7 0 km ) . A do c ument tr a il e nsur e s that the w a ste is

b e ing inci n e r a ted [ 7 ]

.

W ildlife

B r a z ilian o f

fi c ials a r g ue t h a t wildlife populations do not c onstitute a risk f a c tor f or sp r ea di n g F MD

to dom e stic spe c ies. They indi ca t e d that wildlife h a d n e v e r b ee n d o c ume n ted a s a r isk f ac tor f o r

F MD in Br a z il. AP H I S v isited a small fa rm lo ca t e d a dja c e nt to a n I ndian r e s e rv a tion in17

To c a ntinopolis. The fa r m e r e x p re ssed c o n c ern o v e r the r isk of dis ea s e tr a n s mission f r om wildlife

r e sident on the re s e rv a ti o n. This f a rm e r p e rc e ives a n inc r e a s e d dise a s e r isk due to the pr e s e n c e of a

168,000 h ec tar e s r e s e rv a t ion ne x t to h i s f a r m . He h a s obse r v e d d ee r, wild pi g , large ca ts a nd e mu

n ea r his p re mis e s [ 7 ] . Ho we v e r, AP H I S d o e s not h a ve a n y e v idence a v a il a b le to sug g e st or

subst a nti a te the c laim th a t F MD m a y e x ist in wild l ife in B r a z i l

.

A c c o r di n g to B r a z ilian F e d e r a l a nd State of f ic i a ls, the e x p e ri e n c e in S outh Ame r ica in con t rolling

a nd e r a d i ca ti n g F MD h a s d e monstr a ted th a t the p a rticip a tion of wild animals in the e pidemiolo g y of

F MD c a n be c onsid e r e d i r r e le v a n t . Du r i n g outbre a k situations, wildlife m a y b ec ome af f e c ted b y

F MD; how e v e r, the lik e l i hood that th e y would b e c ome c a r ri e rs under f ield c onditions is r a

r e

. Over

the c ourse of m a n y y e a rs of c ombating t h e dise a se in B r a z il, no c onsistent r e lationship betw e e n

outbr e a ks of the dis e a se i n domestic a nim a ls and co e x ist e n c e of sus c e ptible wild animals h a s ev e r

b ee n c onf i rm e d. The r e i n trodu c tions of the dise a se in A r g e ntina a nd U r u g u a y

, a s w e ll a s in the State

of Rio G ra nde do Sul, involved on l y c a ttle a nd s mall numb e r of she e p

. T h e se obs e r v a tions

r e info r c e d to of

f ic i a ls the re du ce d role r e p re s e nted b y wild animals in maintaining or diss e min a ti n g

F MD in South Ame r ica [ 11 ]

.

Anot he r import a nt pi e c e of info r mation th a t r e inf o r c e s this h y

pothesis is the re sults of su c c e ssive

s e rolo g i ca l surv e y s that h a ve b e e n c ondu c t e d to inv e sti g a te v i r a l a c tivi t y in B r a z il including re g ions

wh e re wild animals a re i n c onta c t with domestic s p ec ie s

. T h e s e studi e s ha v e f o c used on ca ttle a s the

most susc e ptible sp e c ies, a nd main l y involve a nim a ls in the a ge g roups w i t h hi g h e st pro b a bili t y of

inf e c tions (i. e

., c a ttle b e t w e e n 7 a nd 24 months o l d ) . R e sults of the surv e y s h a ve not r e v ea led

e viden c e o f vi ra l a c tivi t y in dom e stic r umin a nts th a t a r e lik e l y to cont a c t w i ld animal s

. I f wild

a nim a ls w e re ca rri e rs or r e s e rvoi r s of F MD, e vi d e n c e of vi r a l a c tivi t y would be e x p ec ted in domestic

spe c ies c o e x isting in the same r e g ions as in f ec ted wild animal s . The se r ol o g i c a l surv e y s a re

d e s c rib e d in f

u rth e r d e t a il und e r Fa c tor 9 Dis e a se Su r v e illan c e

.

An e x a mple of r e g ions w h e re wild and dom e stic a nim a ls mi g ht be in c ont a c t would be the P a ntan a l

sw a mpl a nd re g ion in w e s te r n B r a z il, wh e re th e re i s close int e r a c tion b e t w e e n wild animals a nd

rumin a nts. Ho we v e r, no vir a l a c tivi t y w a s dete c t e d in rumin a nts f r om th a t re g io n . This obs e rv a tion

p r ovides inf

e r e nti a l evid e n c e that there is no vir a l ac tivi t y in wild a nim a ls [ 11 ]

.

Con c lusions

MAPA, B r a z il’s a g ri c ul t u r e minist r y

, h a s s u f f ici e nt l e g a l a uthori t y to c a r r y out of f ici a l cont r ol,

e r a di c a tion, a nd qu a r a ntine ac tivitie s . MAPA h a s a s y stem o f o f fi c ial v e te r i n a ri a ns a n d support st a ff

in pl ac e f or ca rr y i n g out fi e ld pr o g r a ms and for i mport c ontrols and a nim a l qu a r a ntin e . R e v i e w of

v e te r ina r y in f

r a str u c ture with MAPA o f fi c ials d e monstr a ted a n inf r a stru c t u r e a d e q u a te f

o r r a pid

d e te c tion of F M D a nd f

o r c a rr y i n g out s u rv e illance a nd e r a dic a tion p r o g r a m s . The te c hnic a l

inf ra stru c tu r e is ad e q u a t e

, a nd a dv a n ce d t e c hn o logi e s a r e utili z e d in conducting sever a l animal

h ea lth pr o g r a m s

. I mport c ontrols a r e s u f f ici e nt to p r ote c t inte r n a tion a l bor d e rs a t prin c ipal c rossi n g

points. AP H I S c on c luded that suf f ici e nt cont r ols e x i s t to pr e v e nt the introdu c tion of int e rn a tion a l

w a ste into the c ount r y

.

L V U o f fic e s ap p e a r e d to be a d e q u a te l y sta f f e d for the r e g ions cover e d . As s uming that the o f f i ce s

visited a re re p r e s e n t a tive of L VU e x isting thro u g h out the c ount r y , t h e loc a l c onta c ts, coverag e

, a nd18

c ontrol m ec h a nisms are s tron g

. L V U f un c tions o b s e rv e d in r e l a tiv e l y h i g h risk r e g ions d e monstr a t e d

c lose c onta c t with individual p re mis e s in the r e g i ons a nd strong l o ca l con t rol s . G e n e r a l l y

, AP H I S

w a s f a v o r a b l y imp re ssed with the ce nsus in f o r mat i on, c ov e rage of pr e mis e s in the e x port re g io n

, the

r e c o r d

- k ee pi n g for individual p re mis e s, the c ontr o l of v a cc ination, and t h e movem e nt cont r ols

do c ument e d a t the lo c a l l e v e l in e a c h of th e se o f f i ce s

. I n a ddition, L

VU p e r sonn e l app e a r e d to be

a d e qu a te l y t r a ined in or t o h a ve h a d some e x p e rien c e with c l ini ca l s i g ns of F MD. I t is e x p ec ted th a t

th e y would susp e c t F MD if th e y w e r e to see i t

.

W ith r e g a rd to indemni t y pro c e du r e s, AP H I S c on c luded th a t suf f ici e nt fun d s m a y be a v a il a ble to

c ompens a te o w n e rs f

o r s a c ri f i c e d a nim a l s

. I n a ddition, ind e mni t y pro v i s io n s c a n be e x tend e d to

e x posed a nd in cont ac t a nim a l s

. L ivesto c k pr o d u c e rs a nd other indust r y g r oups c ontribute to and

a dminist e r p r ivate c omp e nsation funds, w hich show the l e v e l of c ommitm e nt and p a rticip a tion of t h e

indust r y in F MD p r o g ram a c tivitie s

. T h e o re ti ca l l y

, a v a il a bili t y of ind e mn i t y pro v isions should

e n c ourage r e porting o f t h e dise a se a nd m a y c omp l e ment the d e te c tion e f f o r ts th a t a r e c a r r ied out b y

o f fi c ial v e t e rin a

r y s e rvic e s.

2. Dise a se sta t us in the e x po r t r e gion

G e n e ral information

T he e x po r t re g ion is located in the southe r n a nd c e ntr a l portion of B r a z il a nd is c onsid e r e d b y the

O I E to be F M D f

r e e with v acc inatio n

. O f t h e Stat e s in the e x port re g ion, the last outbr e a ks of F MD

h a ve o c c u rr e d in Rio G r a nde do Sul (2000/2001 )

, a nd P a r a ná a nd M a to G r osso do S ul (200 5 /2006 )

.

Rio Grande do Sul

I n 2000, t h e y e a r th a t vac c ination e nd e d in Rio G r a nde do Sul, an F MD ou t b rea k o c c u rr e d in th a t

Stat e

. F MD wa s not d e t e c ted in S a nta Cat a rina. T he Rio G ra nde do Sul outb rea k a f f e c ted 22

p re mis e s in four n e i g hb o ring muni c ipalities in the north we ste r n re g ion of t he Stat e . The dise a s e w a s

e limin a ted b y stampi n g o u t . The e r a d i ca tion p r o g r a m involved the d e stru c t i on of 11,017 a nim a ls

(8,1 8 5 bovin e s, 2,106 s w ine, 722 ovin e s, a nd 4 c a p r in e s )

. I n a ddition, of

f i c ials imposed strict

movem e nt cont r ols and b iose c u r i t y m ea su r e s [ 6, 9, 11, 12 ] . The dise a se was link e d to a T y p e O1

F MD outbre a k in A r g e n t ina th a t oc c u rr e d in 200 0 . T ra nsit of in fec t e d ca tt l e in the bor de r re g ion

b e tw ee n Ar g e ntin a

, B r a z il, a nd U r u g u a y w a s impli ca ted a s the p a thw a y of i ntrodu c tio n . At that time,

v acc ination a g a inst F MD re main e d suspen d e d in Rio G ra nde do Sul [ 9, 13 ]

.

I n 2001, a nother outb r e a k o cc u r r e d in Rio G ra nde do Sul a f f e c ti n g 30 p re m ises in six d if fe r e nt

muni c ipalities. I

n this outb rea k, in add i tion to impl e menting a stampin g

- out prog ra m, of f i c ials

ca rr i e d out em e r g e n c y v a cc ination for a ll ca t t le in the St a te. A total of 2,348 fa rms were qu a r a ntin e d

a nd 32,408 a nim a ls w e r e slau g ht e r e d . No di r ec t e pidemiolo g ic a l r e lationships b e tw ee n the six

a f f e c ted municip a liti e s w e re identifi e d

. I nv e st i g a tion r e sults sug g e s t e d that the six outbr e a ks r e sult e d

f rom inde pe nd e nt r e

- int r odu c tions, a ll c oming f r o m U r u g u a y . Dire c t epid e miolo g ic a l r e l a tionships

w e re e stablished b e tw e e n the o w n e r of a n a f f e c ted h e rd in one muni c ipali t y a nd p r odu c e rs in

U r u g u a y . The ob s e rv a ti o n that the f irst oc c u r r e n c e of dis ea se w a s f a rth e r a w a y f

rom the b o rd e r th a n19

subsequ e nt oc c u rr e n ce s w a s si g nif i ca nt bec a use t he own e r o f the a f fe c ted h e rd h a d b e e n in U r u g u a y

a fe w d a y s be f

o re the ou t b rea k e rupt e d in his he r d.

No di rec t r e lationship w a s identifi e d b e tw ee n t h e outbr e a ks in the six m u n i c ipalities a nd the

outbr e a ks in Arg e ntina since the vi r us in Arg e ntina w a s t y pe O a nd the vi r u s in Uru g u a y w a s

c lassifi e d a s t y

pe A [ 12 ] . At that time, v a cc ination a g a inst F MD w a s r e inst a ted th r ou g hout Rio

G r a nde do Sul [ 9, 13 ]

.

M a t o G ros s o d

o S u l ( 20 0 5

- 200 6 )

O n S e p t e m

b e r 30

, 200 5

, a p r

i v a t e v e t er i n ar i a n re p o r t e d t o t h e l o ca

l o ff i c e o f t h e m u n i c i p a

l i ty o f E l

Do ra do

, S o u t

h o f M a t o G r oss o d o S u l c l i n i ca

l s i g n s c o m p a

t i b l e w i t h F M D a t a ca ttl e b ree d i n g far

m

. S ubs e qu e n t t o th e re p o r

t o f c li n i ca

l s us p i c i o n o f t

h e d i s ea s e

, a

n d p r i o r t o c on f

i r m a ti o n

, a nu m

b e r o f

p re li m i n a ry F M D c on t r o l m ea su re s w er e p u t i n p l a c e i n c l u d i n g qu ara n ti n e

, i nt er d i c t i on

, a

n d i n i ti a t i o n o f

a n e p i d e m i o l o g i ca

l i nv e s t ig a ti o n

. B i o m o l ec u l a

r c h a r ac t er i z a ti o n a n d p h y l o g e n e ti c a

n a l y s i s o f th e

s a mp l e s c on f

i r m e d F M D t y p e O

. No ti f

i ca t i o n o f th e sus p i c i o n w a s i n d i ca t e d i n t h e S I V C ON T

( C on t i n e n t a l S y s t e m o f I

n f o r m a t i on ) a n d t ra n s m i tt e d t o t h e P a n Am e ri c a n F o o t

- a nd

- Mouth Dis ea s e

C e nter ( P ANA F TO S A )

. Th e c on f i r m a t i o n o f th e o u t

b rea k w a s i mm e d i a

t e ly c o mm u n i ca

t e d t o t ra d i n g

p ar t n er s o n O c t o b e r 9

, 2 0 05

. C a t tl e w ere t h e o n ly a ffec t e d sp ec i e s

.

A f t e r F M D w a s c o n f

i r m e d

, t h e s t a t e o f M a t o G r os s o d o S u l d ec l are d th e s a n i t a ry e m e r g e n c y b a

nn i n g

th e m ov e m e n t o f F

M D s u s ce p ti b l e a

n im a l s

, a s w e l l a s t h e i r p r o d

u c t s a n d b y

- p r odu c t s o r

i g i n a ti n g w i t h i n

E l Do ra d o a

n d a d j ace n t m un i c i p a

l i ti e s

. Th e i n t er d i c t i o n o f f i v e m u n i c i p a

l i ti e s ( E l do ra d o

, I g u a

t e mi

, I t a qu i ra í

, J a p o r ã a n d Mu n d o No v o ) i n t

h e S t a t e o f M a t o G r o ss o d o S u l w a s r

e i n f o rce d by m ea

n s o f t h e

O ff i c i a l Ci rc u l a r D S A

, # 70

, o f 10. 9 .20 0 5

. E p i d e m i o l o g i ca

l a n d su r v e i l l a n c e ac ti v i ti e s w i t h i n t

h e S t a t e

l e d t o th e d e t ec t

i o n o f f u r th e r ou t b rea k s i n t h e m u n i c i p a

l i ti e s o f J a po rã

, E l D o ra do

, a

n d Mon d o No v o

( T a b l e 1 )

. A s s ee n o n T a

b l e 1

, t h e a v era g e t i m e b e t w ee n re po r t i n g o f su s p i c i ou s d i s ea s e t o th e l o ca l

v e t er i n a ry un i t a n d v i s i t o f t h e o f

f i c i a l v e t er i n ar i a n t o t h e fa r m w a s e s t i m a

t e d t o b e 2 4 hou r s f

o r a l l t h e

re po r t e d o u t b rea k s

. F o r m os t o f th e far

m s th e l e s i o n s w er e c on s i d ere d t o b e a r oun d 5 d a y s o l d (ra

n g e

fr o m 1 t o 1 3 d a y s o l d )

. T a b l e 1 a l s o sho w s t

h e d a t e o f no t i f i ca t i o n

.20

T a b l e 1 : O u t b rea k s re g i st ere d i n M a

t o G r o ss o d o S u l

S ou rce : MA P A

, “ I

n f o r m a ti o n a bo u t t h e o cc u rre n c e o f f

oo t

- a n d

- m o u t h d i s ea s e i n B raz i l

, ” T a

b l e 3

- 20 0 6

,

p a g e 5 o f 22

. [ 1 4 ]

O n Ap r i l 1 2

, 2 0 06

, du r

i n g i n s p ec ti o n by o ff

i c i a l s e r v i ce s

, a n im a l s p r e s e n t i n g s i g n s c o m

p a t i b l e w it h

F M D w ere i d e n t

i f i e d i n a p r op er

ty w ith i n th e are a i n t er d i c t e d i n S e p t e m b e r 2 005

. A lt h ou g h n o v i r u s

w a s i s o l a t e d

, t h e a n i m a l s t e s t e d p o s i ti v e t o a

n t i bo d i e s a g a

i ns t non s t r u c t u ra l p r o t e i n s by e n z y

m e

- li nk e d

im m un o t ra ns fe r b l o c k ( E I T B)

. A l l sus ce p ti b l e s p ec i e s i n su c h p r op er t y ( 14 1 bov i n e s ) a s w e l l a s a l l

sus ce p t i b l e a n i m a l s i n a d j ace n t p r op er

t i e s ( 37 6 bo vi n e

, 7 1 sw i n e

, a n d 3 ca p r i n e ) w ere d e s t

r o y e d

. B y

Au g us t 2 0 06

, a t o t a

l o f 3 4 ou t b rea k s w ere i d e n t

i f i e d

. A s a re s u l t o f th e o u t

b re a k s a t o t a l o f 3 3,7 4 1

sus ce p t i b l e a n i m a l s w er e d e s t

r o y e d

. Fi g u r e 4 show s t h e g e o g ra ph i c l o ca t i o n o f th e o u t

b rea k s

. Th e s i t e

v i s i t t ea m t h a t v i s it e d B ra z i l i n S e p t e m

b e r 2 0 0 6 o b s er

v e d th a t th e are a wh ere t h e o u t

b rea k s o cc u rre d i s

i n t h e c l o s e p r o x i m it y w it h t

h e P ara g u a y a n bo r d e r ; i n fac t

, t h e B raz i l i a n a u t h o r iti e s s t a t e d t h a t s o m e o f

th e far m s w i th i n th e bo r d e r are a b e t w ee n B ra z i l a n d P ara g u a y w ere no t on ly own e d by t h e s a m e p e o p l e

bu t a l s o sh are d p er s onn e l

, e qu i p m e n t a n d o t h e r c om m o n re s ou rce s

. T h e A P H I S t e a

m n o t e d t h a

t a l ar g e

are a o f th e b o r d e r b e t w e e n B ra z i l a n d P ara g u a y i s a d i r

t r o a d n o w i d e r th a

n 5 0 m e t er s

. Th e bo r d e r ca n

b e ea s il y cr oss e d o n f

o o t

.21

F i g u r e 4 : Ou t

b rea k s re g i s t ere d i n th e St a

t e o f M a t o G r oss o d o S u l

S ou rce : MA P A

, “ I

n f o r m a ti o n a bo u t t h e o cc u rre n c e o f f

oo t

- a n d

- m o u t h d i s ea s e i n B raz i l

, ” A t

t ac h m e n t 7

-

2006

, p a g e 2 0 o f 2 2 [ 1 4 ]

.

O n Ap r i l 1 8

, i n acc o r d a

n c e w it h O I

E ( App e nd i x 3. 8 .1

. G u i d e l i n e s f o r F M D s u r v e i l l a n ce ) s e n ti n e l

a n im a l s (ca t tl e 6 t o 1 2 m o n t h s

, u n v acc i n a t e d

, a n d n e g a ti v e f o r F M D s t r u c t u r a l p r o t e i n s ) w er

e

i n t r o du ce d i n t

h e m un i c i p a li t i e s o f E l d o ra d o a

n d M und o N ovo

. I

n J a p o r ã t h e i n t

r o du c t i o n o f s e n ti n e l s

s t ar t e d o n Ap r

i l 28

. Th e d i s t

r i b u ti o n o f s e n t

i n e l a n i m a l s i s d e s cr i b e d o n t a b l e 2.

T a b l e 2 : D i s t

r i bu t i o n o f s e n ti n e l a

n im a l s i n t h e S t a t e o f M a t o G r o s s o d o S u l ( 2 006 )

S ou rce : MA P A

, “ I

n f o r m a ti o n a bo u t t h e o cc u rre n c e o f f

oo t

- a n d

- m o u t h d i s ea s e i n B raz i l

, ” T a

b l e 2

- 20 0 6

,

p a g e 5 o f 2 2 [ 1 4 ]

.22

Th e m u n i c i p a

l i ti e s o f E l d o ra do

, M und o Nov o

, a n d J a p o rã

, w ere re po p u l a

t e d af t e r th e s e n t

i n e l a n im a l s

t e s t e d n e g a

ti v e f o r e n z y m e

- li nk e d i mm u n oso r

b e n t a ss a y ( E L I S A ) 3A B C/ E I T B

, show i n g a

bs e n c e o f

v i ra l c i rc u l a t i o n

.

Paran á ( 2005

- 20 0 6

)

O n O c t ob e r 21

, 200 5

, B ra z i li a n a u t h o r i ti e s re p o r t e d th e o cc u rre n c e o f F

M D i n th e St a

t e o f P ara ná

. Th e

ou t b rea k w a s i mm e d i a

t e l y re po r t e d t o O I E

. A s a r e su l t

, t

h e affec t e d p r

op er t i e s

, a s w e l l a s t h os e l o ca

t e d

w ith i n t h e 10

- k m ra d i u s w er e imm e d i a t e l y i n t er d i c t e d

. P ara

n á re po r t e d a t o t a l o f 1 1 o u t b rea k s ( t w o

ou t b rea k s i n M ar i n g á

, o n e i n G ra

n d e s Ri o s

, f

ou r i n L o a nda

, a n d t w o i n A m a

p o rã)

.

T a b l e 3 : I d e n ti f

i ca ti o n a n d l o ca t i o n o f t h e p r o p er ti e s sho w i n g c l i n i ca

l s i g n s o f v e s i c u l a

r d i s ea s e

S ou rce : MA P A

, “ I

n f o r m a ti o n a bo u t t h e o cc u rre n c e o f f

oo t

- a n d

- m o u t h d i s ea s e i n B raz i l

, ” T a

b l e 5

- 20 0 6

,

p a g e 7 o f 2 2 [ 1 4 ]

.

Ep i d e m i o l o g i ca

l i nv e s ti g a ti o n re v ea

l e d t h a t t h e d i s e a s e w a s i n t

r o d u ce d i n P a

r a n á a s a re su l t o f t

h e

m ov e m e n t o f 8 7 h e i fer s o n S e p t e m b e r 2 7

, 200 5

. T h e s e a

n im a l s o r i g i n a t e d fr o m a p r op e r

ty t h a t w a s l a t e r

i d e n t i f i e d a s ( 1 ) h a

v i n g h a d a

n F M D ca s e s

, a

n d ( 2 ) b e i n g a d

j ace n t t o t w o p r o p er

ti e s w i t h F M D ca s e s

. Th e a n i m a l s i n v o l v e d re m a

i n e d f o r 8 d a y s i n th e m u n i c i p a

l i ty o f B e l a V i s t a d o P ara

i s o i n P ara

ná

, a n d

subs e q u e n t

ly s e n t f o r a n a u c ti o n a n d so l d i n t

h e m u n i c i p a

l i ty o f L ond r i n a

. C li n i ca

l

, a n d s er o

e p i d e m i o l o g i ca

l i n v e s t i g a ti o n s i d e n t

i f i e d 1 1 p r op er t i e s w i th su s p ec t e d F

MD

.

Epid e miolo g ic a l inv e st i g a tion r e v ea l e d that the d i s ea se e n t e r e d P a r a ná b e c a use o f the move m e nt of

87 h e if e rs from M a to G r osso do S ul on S e ptemb e r 27, 200 5 . Th e se a nim a ls ori g inat e d f r o m a

p r op e r t y that w a s la t e r i d e ntifi e d a s (1) h a vi n g h a d F MD c a s e s, and ( 2 ) b e i n g a d j ace nt to two

p r op e rties w ith F MD ca s e s. The a nim a ls involved re main e d f o r 8 d a y s in t he muni c ipali t y of B e la

Vista do P a r a iso in P a r a n á

, a nd subsequ e nt l y sold a t au c tion i n the municip a li t y of L ondri n a.

Clinic a l and s e ro e pidem i olo g ic a l inv e st i g a tions id e ntifi e d 11 p r op e rties with suspe c ted F M D.

B y Ap r il 2006, a tot a l of 6,781 ca ttle h a d b e e n d e s tr o y e d to fi g ht the outb re a k . O f fi c i a ls m a de

s e v e r a l a tt e mpts to isola t e a nd i d e nti f y the vi r us; how e v e r, d u e to sever a l f ac tors ( such a s samples

tak e n not bei n g suitable f or virus isolation), the labo r a to r y sta f f c ould not identi f

y the p r e s e n c e o f the

F MD viru s . N e v e rth e les s , b a s e d on the c linic a l s i gns a nd e pidemiolo g i c a l links to outbr e a ks in M a to23

G r osso do S ul, the e pisod e s w e r e c onfi r m e d a s FMD, a nd o f fi c i a ls de c lar e d a state of s a nit a r y

e mer g e n c y

.

T a b l e 4 sho w s th e i n t

r od u c ti o n o f s e n t i n e l a

n im a l s ( unv acc i n a

t e d bo v i n e s a g e d fr o m 6 t o 1 2 m o n t h s

,

n e g a ti v e t o F M D v i r u s s t r u c t u ra l p r o t e i n s by E LI SA C F L ) i n t o t h e affec t e d f ar m s

. A f t e r s e n t i n e l s t e s t e d

n e g a ti v e a n d c l i n i ca l s i g n s c o m

p a ti b l e w i th v e s i c ul a

r d i s ea s e s w ere a

bs e n t

, t h e affec t e d p r op e r

ti e s w er e

re popu l a t e d

.

T a b l e 4 : D e s t r

u c t i o n o f t h e a n im a l s i n t h e affec t e d f

ar m s a n d t h e i n t r odu c t i o n o f s e n t

i n e l s

.

S ou rce : MA P A

, “ I

n f o r m a ti o n a bo u t t h e o cc u rre n c e o f f

oo t

- a n d

- m o u t h d i s ea s e i n B raz i l

, ” T a

b l e 6

- 20 0 6

,

p a g e 9 o f 2 2 [ 1 4 ]

.

Con c lusions

AP H I S did not d e t e c t a n y e vi d e n c e to s u g g e st th a t a c tive outbr e a ks o f F M D e x ist in the e x port

re g ion. AP H I S c o n c luded that MAPA c ould det ec t dise a se quick l y , limit its spr e a d, a nd r e port

p rompt l y

, a s demonstr a t e d b y the F MD outbre a ks in 2 0 05 a nd 2006 in which the ca s e s w e re quick l y

iden t ified, dise a se w a s c ontain ed

, a nd int e r n a tion a l autho r ities notifi e d in a tim e l y man n e r

.

3. Dise a se sta t us of adja c e nt r e gio n s

G e n e ral information

F or the pu r

po s e s of this e v a luation, adj ace nt re g i o ns f a ll into two ca t e g o r i e s: the a f f e c ted z one in

B r a z il that is a dja c e nt to the e x port re g io n

, a nd the bord e r c ountri e s of P ar a g u a y , U r u g u a y

, B olivia,

a nd Ar g e ntina ( F i g u r e 5 )

.24

F i g u re 5: B r a z il a nd bor d e ring c ountri e s

Affe c ted zone in Brazil

The a ff ec ted z one in B ra z il is composed of 12 St a tes a t the time of this ana l y sis, c onsisting of

liv e stock c ir c uits in the north a nd no r the a st whi c h a re bu f f e r zon e s of h e i g h ten e d F MD s u rv e illan c e

ac tivi t y a dj a ce nt to bo r d e ring c oun t ri e s followi n g the r ec omm e n d a tions of the O I E [ 9 ] . The Stat e s

bord e ri n g the e x port r e g i on a re A c r e

, Am a z on a s, P a r á , Ma r a nh ã o, Piauí, P e rn a mbuco, a nd Al a g o a s

. The O I E c u rr e nt l y c onsi d e rs the Stat e s of A c re a long with two a dj a ce nt m u nicip a liti e s of A mazon

stat e

, a nd the middle south e rn p a rt of t h e State P a r à , to be a n F M D

- f r e e z o n e wh e r e v a c c ination is

p rac ti ce d.

The most rece nt outb r ea k in B r a z il in the inf e c ted z one o cc u rr e d in J une 2004 in the State of P a r á

, Monte Al e g re distri c t. T h e outbr e a k is lo c a ted over 700 km to the no r th of the e x port r e g ion ( F i g u r e

6 ) . The a f fe c ted f a rm is lo ca ted on the l e ft b a nk of the Riv e r A m a z on. Th e r e a re f e w ro a ds a n d

ac c e ss is dif

f icul t

. Mov e ments a re main l y b y w a t e r w a y . T h e pro p e r t y where the outb r e a k o c c u r r e d is

loc a ted a ppro x im a te l y 50 km f

r om the town of M o nte A l e g r e , in an a r e a of small c ommunities living

on loc a l fishing a nd liv e sto c k r e a ring [ 14 ]

.25

F i g u re 6: L o c a tion of the F MD outbre a k in Monte Al e g r e distri c t, S tate of P a rá

– J une 2004

A qu a r a ntine on the e nti r e muni c ipali t y of Monte Al e g r e a nd n e i g hbori n g muni c ipalities wa s

implem e nted, in c luding a b a n on the e x it of a nim a l s and a nim a l produ c ts a n d b y

- p rodu c ts

susc e ptible to F MD f

rom the a rea a nd institution of mov e ment c ontrol posts to en f o r c e that b a n

. O f fi c ials impl e ment e d a 25

- k m

- r a dius s e c u r i t y z o ne ( F i g u r e 7) a round the outbr e a k, a n in f ec ted a rea

(3 km a round the outb r ea k ) , a surv e illance a r e a (7 km a r ound the in f e c ted ar e a )

, a nd a bu f

f e r a r e a

(15 k m a r ound the su r v e illan c e a r e a ). The o f fi c ial s e rvi c e implem e nted a s u rv e illan c e p r o g r a m

c ov e ri n g 13 muni c ipalities a nd villag e s, which i n c luded 453 h e rds, r e p r e s e nting a to t a l of 14,462

ca ttle, 2,393 wa t e r bu f

f a loes, 1,221 pi g s

, a nd 142 small r umin a nt s . V a cc in a tion of a ll e x isting ca ttle

a nd w a ter b u f

f a l o e s in the se c u r i t y z one w a s ca r ri e d out b y the o f f ici a l s er vic e

. I n a ddition, a total of

31 ca ttle th a t w e r e a t risk of c o n ta c t with a nim a ls i n the outb rea k pr o p e r t y w e re d e str o y e d [ 14 ]

.26

F i g u re 7: Establishment of surv e illan c e z on e s, M onte A l e g re distri c t, S tate of P a rá

– J une 2004

B e f o re that, the last r ec o r d e d outbr e a ks o f F MD in the a ff ec ted z one o c c u r r e d in 2001 in the St a tes

of Am a z on a s, Ro ra im a

, a nd Ma r a nh ã o [ 6, 15 ]

. F ive p r e mis e s with c linic a l l y di a g no s e d F MD w e r e

identifi e d b e tw ee n F e b r u a r y a nd A p ril in Am a z on a s, wh e r ea s a si n g le p remis e s inf ec ted w ith virus

t y pe A w a s identifi e d in Ro ra ima in J une a nd a nother in M a r a n h ã o in A u g u st 200 1 . The outbr e a ks in

Am a z on a s w e re o v e r 460 km f r om the c losest bo r d e r with the e x port r e g i o n [ 9 ] . The spe c ies

p r ima r i l y in f

ec ted w a s ca ttle, a lthou g h a small n u mber of s w ine w e re a ff e c ted in Am a z on a s [ 10 ]

.

Adja ce nt countri e s: A rg e ntina

Ar g e ntina bor d e rs the B r a z ilian St a tes of Rio G ra nde do Sul, S a nta Cat a rin a

, a nd P a r a n á

. I n J u l y

2000, Ar g e ntine o f

fi c ials r e port e d a n outbr e a k ca u s e d b y virus t y p e O . Ad d itional p re mis e s w e re

inf e c ted w ith virus t y

pe O th r ou g h D e c e mber 20 0 0 in multiple pro v inc e s, including Co rri e n t e s and

Misiones. D e te c tion of s e p a r a te p r e mis e s affe c ted with virus t y pe A b e tw e e n August and D e c e mber

2000 c ompounded the situ a tio n . Subse q u e nt l y , m u ltiple outbr e a ks of vi r us t y p e A o c c u r r e d b e tw e e n

Ma r c h 2001 a nd J a nu a r y 2002 throu g hout A r g e ntin a , including 70 outb r ea k s in C o rri e ntes n e a r t h e

bord e r w ith the Par a ná R iver. I n a ddition, in S e pt e mber 2003, a si n g le out b r e a k of v irus t y p e O

o cc u rr e d in the northern p r ovince of S a lta. This o utbr e a k w a s limited to swine in a sin g le p r e mis e s

a nd Ar g e ntina d ec l a r e d e r a dic a tion in ear l y O c to b e r.

I n 2006, Ar g e ntina r e por t e d a n outbre a k of v irus t yp e O in S a n L uis del P a lm a r ( Co r ri e nte s ) n e a r the

bord e r w ith P a ra g u a y . T h is outb rea k w a s c ontain e d a nd e limin a ted [ 16 ] . Mol ec ular c h a ra c t e riz a tion

of the v i rus r e v e a led th a t the str a i n w a s indig e nous to the r e g ion a nd sh a r e s common simil a rities

with the isol a

tes re sponsible f

or the t ype O outb rea ks in South Am e ri c a b e tw ee n 2000 a nd 200 5

. Sp ec ific a l l y , s t udies show e d that the vi r us pr e s e nted a hi g h d e g ree of h o molo g y (96 p e r c e n t ) w ith

virus t y p e s isolat e d in P o z o Hondo ( P a ra g u a y ) in 2003 a nd in T a rija ( B olivia) in 2000, a nd 92

p e rc e nt homolo g y with virus isol a ted in Mato G rosso do Sul ( B r a z il) in 2005 [ 16 ] . The O I E27

c u r r e nt l y c onsid e rs the n o r the r n a r e a o f A r g e ntina e x ce pt for the h i g h surveillan c e a r e a to be a n F M D

f r e e z one w h e r e v a cc ination is pr a c ti c e d.

Adja ce nt countri e s: Par

a guay

P a ra g u a y bor d e rs the we ste r n p a rts of Mato G ros s o do Sul and Pa r a ná in Br a z i l . P a r a g u a y re p o rt e d

no outbr e a ks of F MD f

r o m S e ptemb e r 19 9 4 to O c tober 2002 [ 17 ] . A sin g le outb rea k of v irus t y pe O

o cc u rr e d in O c tob e r 20 0 2 in the d e p a rtme n t of C a nind e y u, wh i c h bo r d e rs B r a z i l . This w a s follow e d

in J u l y 2003 b y outbr e a k s of vi r us t y p e s O a nd A in the north e a ste r n d e p a r t ment of B oqu e rón, ne a r

the bo r d e rs w ith Arg e ntina a nd Bolivia [ 17 ]

. P a ra g u a y d ec l a r e d c on t rol in Au g ust 200 3

. I n 20 1 1, P a r a gu a y r e p or t e d two o u tbr e a ks of FMD type O in the S a n P e dro r e gion in c a ttle

a ppro x i m a tely 250 mil e s f r om the Br a zili a n b ord e r

.

Adja ce nt countri e s: Uru g uay

U r u g u a y bor d e rs the sou t h e rn a sp e c t of Rio G r a n d e do Su l . U r u g u a y re p o r t e d a sin g l e outbre a k of

F MD virus t y

pe O in O c tober 2000 in the northe a ste r n d e p a rtme n t of A rt i g a s, which d ir e c t l y bor d e rs

Rio G ra nde do Sul [ 13 ]

. Emer g e n c y ac tions resul t e d in the O I E r e inst a ting U r

u g u a y in J a nu a r y 2001

a s an F M D

- fr e e c ount r y without v acc inatio n . H o w e v e r, multiple outbre a k s of vi r us t y pe A st a rti n g in

Ap r il 2001 n ece ssitat e d e me r g e n c y v acc i n a tion of the e ntire population of c a ttle a nd bu f f a lo short l y

th e r e a ft e r . No outb r ea ks o cc u r r e d in 2002 or 200 3

, a nd the O I E c u r r e nt l y c onsid e rs U r u g u a y to be a n

F M D

- f r e e c ount r y with v acc ination [ 17 ]

.

Adja ce nt countri e s: Boli v ia

B olivia bord e rs the B raz ilian Stat e s of Rondôn i a

, Mato G r osso, a nd Mato G r osso do Sul in t h e

e x port r e g ion, a nd Acre i n the a ff ec ted z on e

. Multiple p re mis e s were in f ec t e d with virus t y

p e s A a n d

O throu g hout the c oun t r y p r ior to 2003, including in the d e p a rtme n ts of P a ndo, B e ni, a nd S a nta Cruz

that dir e c t l y b o rd e r Br a z il [ 17 ]

. I n J u l y 200 3

, B o l ivia e x p e ri e n c ed a n out b r e a k ca u s e d b y virus t y p e

O. B olivia d ec l a r e d this outbr e a k und e r c ontrol in ea r l y O c tob e r. B r a z il h a s e nte r e d into te c hni c a l

c oop e r a tive a g ree m e nts with B olivia a nd don a t e d v a c c ine in a n a tt e mpt t o p r ote c t the b o rd e r in t h i s

re g ion [ 9 ]

. I

n J a nu a r y 2 00 3

, the z one of Chiquitani a

, whi c h b o rd e rs Bra z il, w a s d e si g n a ted b y t he

O I E a s F MD fr e e with v acc i n a tion. On J a nu a r y 25, 2007, t h e B olivi a n Animal He a lth S e rvice

(SEN A SA G ) r e p o rt e d the fi r st of a tot a l of five outbr e a ks of F M D in f a r m s loc a ted n ea r S a nta Cr u z

de la Sie r r a

, a bout 450 k m north of the bord e r wi t h A r g e ntin a

. The O I E c u rr e nt l y re c o g ni z e s the a rea

of Chiquitania a nd the a r e a loc a ted in the w e st e rn p a rt of the D e p a rtm e nt of O r u r o a s F MD f

r e e

z on e s wh e re v a cc ination is pr ac ti ce d.

R e gional approa c h

A pl a n to e r a di c a te F MD in all of South Ame r ica ( the Pl a no H e misf e ri c o d e E ra dica ca o d a F e b r e

A f tos a , or PH E FA) w a s c r e a t e d i n the mid

- 1980s [ 9, 13 ] . Und e r this pl a n, a r e g ional p a rtn e rship

a g ree m e nt involving B ra z il, A r g e ntin a , U r u g u a y

, P a ra g u a y , Chile, a nd B o l ivia

— the Conv e ntion da

B a r c ia do Rio do P r a ta

— w a s implem e nted in 1997. This ag r ee ment a ims to inte g r a t e the v a rious28

n a tion a l and r e g ional F M D p r o g r a ms and to c oor d inate sanita r y me a s u r e s f or F MD c on t rol a nd

e r a di c a tion, p a rticul a

r l y i n the bo r d e r r e g ions.

As p a rt of the p a rtn e rship a g ree m e nt, the v e te r i n a r y s e rvi c e s in the bor d e r r e g ions a re joint l y

p re p a ri n g maps that d e monstr a te the c omm e r c ial f low of susc e ptible a nim a ls in or de r to pinpoint

a r e a s o f hi g h e r risk. I

n a d dition, the loc a l vet e rin a r y s e rvi c e s of t h e involv e d c ountri e s me e t

p e riodi ca l l y to dis c uss a v a il a ble in f o r mation and condu c t joint ac tivities, t h e r e b y imp r ovi n g

horizontal re lationships and dise a se re p o r ting a t the loc a l l e v e l . T h e Conv e ntion da B a r c ia do Rio do

Pr a ta is substantiat e d b y a udits of the p a rticip a ti n g v e t e rin a r y s e rvic e s . So f a r, t w o ro u nds o f a

udits

h a ve b e e n c a r

r ied out.

The H e misphe r ic Pl a n f

o r F MD Control a nd E r a d i ca tion is c oordin a ted b y PA N A F TOS A . As a

subprog r a m of the H e misphe r ic Pl a n, the Cu e n c a d e l P lata Ag r ee m e nt for t he E ra di c a tion of F MD

c oordin a tes c ommon strate g ies a mong Ar g e ntin a

, B r a z il, a nd U r u g u a y in the f

i g ht a g a inst F M D . T h e

initi a l a g re e ment w a s s i gn e d in 1987 in Po r to Ale g r e , Br a z i l . The str a t e g ic p r ogr a m w a s d e v e loped

in 1988 b y te c hn i c ians of the th re e c oun t ri e s and w a s implem e nted in 198 9 . P a ra g u a y s i g n e d on in

1992 a nd then B olivia jo i n e d the a g r ee men t . Chile p a rticip a tes a s a n obs e r v e r c ount r y . T h e

a g ree m e nt wo r ks th r o u g h a n E x ec utive Committee made up of the s a nit a r y a uthorities of e a c h one of

the m e mber c ountr i e s, with a T e c hni c a l Gr o up a d v ising the Committ e e . The T e c hnic a l G roup is

c omprised of f

ive v e te r i n a ri a ns f

r om eac h c ount r y a nd two p e rm a n e nt con s ult a nts, the Coordin a tor

a nd the e pidemiol o g ist, a ll of w hich a dvise the m e mber c ountri e s . T h e G r o up me e ts four times a

y ea r . All of the ac tivities of the A g re e ment a r e c h a nn e led th r o u g h this G r o u p.

B olivia a nd P a ra g u a y h a ve si g n e d a n a g ree m e nt with B r a z il to in c r e a s e t e c hnic a l coo p e r a tion to

f a c ilit a te the c ontrol a nd e r a di c a tion of the dis ea s e in the bor de r s . R e p r e s e n tatives of the th re e

c ountri e s me e t re g ula r l y in an e f f o r t to e s t a blish an F MD va cc ination and a pr e v e ntion a nd

e pidemiolo g i c a l surv e ill a n c e pr o g r a m in the bo r d e r a rea b e t w ee n the th r e e c o untri e s. The a im of t h e

p r ogr a m is to miti g a te t h e r isk of a n F MD oc c u r re n c e in the a r e a

.

Con c lusions

AP H I S do e s not c onsi d e r the c ountri e s of South A me r ica to be F MD f r e e

, with the e x ce ption of

Chil e

.

F MD h a s b e e n introduc e d into B r a z il f rom n e i g h b o ring c o u ntri e s. Ac c o r d i ng to B r a z ilian o f fi c ials,

ille g a l mov e ment of a n i mals f r om nei g hb o ri n g c ountri e s as we ll a s m e c h a nic a l tr a nsmission of the

virus h a s r e sult e d in intr o du c ing the dis e a se into Br a z i l

. I n 2000 a nd 2001, B r a z il b e c a me vuln e r a ble

to the introdu c tion of the dis ea se due to the l a c k of re porti n g of the dis e a se b y Ar g e ntin a

. I n c ontr a s t

, B r a z il suc c e s s ful l y instituted e mer g e n c y me a s u res in 2002 wh e n a n outbre a k o cc u rr e d in P a ra g u a y

n ea r its border w ith B r a z i l . Simil a r a c tions in 2003 a pp ea r t o h a ve r e sult e d in pr e v e nti n g the

introdu c tion of the dis ea s e f rom A r g e ntina a nd P a r a g u a y

, a nd in 2011 f rom P a ra g u a y

.

As long a s F MD is en de mic in the ov e r a ll r e g ion in S outh Ame r ic a , AP H IS c o n c luded th a t th e re is a

risk of re introdu c tion f

r o m adj ace nt a r ea s into the e x port re g io n

.29

Risk fa c tors

1. F MD outbre a ks h a ve c o n tinu e d to oc c ur in some South Ame r ica c oun t ri e s o v e r the p a st

s e v e r a l y e a rs; c on s e qu e n tl y , there is an o n g oi n g r i s k of r e introdu c tion of the F MD virus f rom

a dja c e nt a re a s into the e x port r e g ion.

4. Dise a se c ont r ol p r o g r a m

G e n e ral information

B r a z il h a s of

f ic i a l l y so u ght to c ontrol F MD since 1965, a t whi c h time it i m plem e nted the “ Pr o g r a m

to Combat F oot

- a nd

- M o uth Dis ea se in the St a te o f Rio G ra nde do Sul.” T he pr o g r a m w a s lat e r

e x p a nd e d to include the Stat e s of Santa C a ta r ina, P a r a n á , S ã o P a ulo, Min a s G e r a is, B a hia, E spírito

S a nto, M a to G r osso, Goiás, Rio de J a n e iro, a nd S e r g ip e

.

I n 1992, t h e F e d e r a l and State g ov e rnm e nts, with the c oop e r a tion of the c a ttle indust r y

, r e

- e v a luat e d

the poli c ies to c ombat FMD a nd, with the a ssist a n c e of PA N A F TOSA, f o c used on tot a l er a dic a ti o n

of F MD in the c oun t r y o n a r e g ional b a sis, a cc o r d ing to the liv e stock c i r c uits (s e e f a c tor 8; livesto c k

d e mo g r a phics a nd m a rketing pra c ti ce s f o r a d e s c r i ption of liv e sto c k c ir c uits ) . The p a rtici p a tion of

the inte r e sted c ommunities ( p r odu c e rs a ss o c iations, a g r ibusin e ss, univ e rsiti e s, et c .) w a s co n sid e r e d

the m a in el e ment in all phas e s and a s p ec ts of the p r ogr a m . The g o a l of the e r a di c a tion p r o g r a m w a s

to e r a dic a t e F MD f

r om Br a z il b y De ce mb e r 20 0 5 [ 8 ]

.

I n 1995, a p a rt n e rship b e tw ee n the public a nd t h e p r ivate se c tors w a s f o rm e d through the c r ea tion o f

the Na tion a l Committee f or Animal H e a lth (CO N ASAN ) , whi c h h a s p roven to be a n import a nt

fo r um for d e lib e r a tions a nd d ec is i ons a iming to p r omote the e r a di c a tion of the m a in animal dis ea s e s,

e spe c ial l y F M D

. I n 199 8 , Rio G r a nde do Sul and S a nta Cat a rina b e ca me t h e f

irst two St a tes to be

r e c o g ni z e d b y O I

E a s FMD f

ree wh e r e v a cc inat i on is p rac ti ce d [ 6 ]

.

I n 2000 a nd 2001, the M i dw e ste r n a nd E a ste r n li v e stock c ir c uit Stat e s, wh i c h includ e d some of the

Stat e s listed a

bove with the addition of M a to G r o s so do Sul, To ca ntin s

, a nd the D istrito F e d e r a l of

B r a z il w e r e g r a n t e d O I

E r e c o g nition as F M D fr ee

. Rio G ra nde do Sul and Santa C a ta r ina re g a i n e d

O I E r e c o g nition as F MD f

r e e in 200 2

. F M D

- f

r e e s tatus for Rondônia wa s r ec o g ni z e d b y t h e O I E in

M a y 2002 [ 6

- 10 ]

.

Strat e gies

B r a z il is t a king a re g ion a li z a tion a ppro a c h for e radic a ting F MD f rom one r e g ion a t a tim e . The

str a t e g y c onsists of d e fi n ing a re g ion bas e d on t h e liv e stock c ir c uit or e c o s y s tem in the e x port

re g ion, in which e r a dic a t i on e f f o r ts a re c o o rdin a t ed . The pr o g r a m r e li e s h e a vi l y on c ommuni t y

involv e ment a nd joint a c tivities w ith so c ial g roups int e r e sted in animal h e a l th and p r odu c tio n

. B r a z il

fo r med lo ca l g roups t h a t wo r k und e r the c oordin a t ion of the r e g ional a nd c e ntr a l of f ic e s in the

Stat e s. One of the main o bje c tiv e s of the pr o g ra m is the d ece nt r a li z a tion of d ec ision

- maki n g to the

L V U s wh e r e the s a nit a r y ac tions a re t a k e n a nd t e c hnic a l in f o r mation is ge n e r a ted.30

The D D A c oordin a tes a n d sup e rvis e s all a sp e c ts of the F MD p r o g r a m a nd i s r e sponsible f or the

followin g :

 D e v e lopm e nt of str a t e g i e s to comb a t t he dise a se

 D e v e lopm e nt of p r o g ra m r ules

 Control of inte r state a nd int e rn a tion a l mov e ment of a nim a ls a n d its products and b y

- p rodu c ts

 R e g istr a tion, testi n g

, a nd c ontrol of sp e c if i c v a c c i n e s

 Condu c t of l a bor a to r y te s ts for dise a se di a g nosis a nd virus isola t ion

 Dise a se sur v e illan c e a nd info r mation s y stems at a n a tion a l and inte r n a tion a l lev e ls

 Audits of St a tes v e te r inary s e rvi c e s

 S a nit a r y e du ca tion a nd t r a ining of p r o g r a m p e rso n n e l

 V e te r in a r y inspe c tion of a nim a ls, anim a l produ c ts a nd b y

- p r odu c ts a t the o r i g in and a ft e r

import a tion

 Provision of f

inan c ial support throu g h c oop e r ative a g re e ments with the St a tes

R e sponsibilities f

or imp l e menting pr o g ra m str a t e g ies lie w ith the St a te s

. T he Stat e s’ s e c r e ta r i a ts a r e

r e sponsible f

o r :

 E x ec ution of the p r ogram at the fi e ld l e v e l, espe c ial l y the m a int e n a n c e o f a n u p

- d a t e d

re g ist e r of r u r a l holdi n g s

 Promotion a nd insp ec tion of the F MD v acc i n a tion p r ogr a m for ca ttle a nd buf f a loes

 Sup e rvision of the v acc i n a tions in ris k y a r ea s or h oldin g s

 Control of intr a

- a nd int e rst a t e movem e nt of a n i mals a nd a nim a l produ c t s (the int e rst a te

c ontrol is in p a rtn e rsh i p with the F e d e r a l g ov e r n ment)

 Provision of a ssistan c e to Fe d e r a l autho r ities du r i n g outbre a ks of the dis e a s e a nd

investi g a tion of susp e c t e d v e sicul a r dis ea s e

 S a nit a r y e du ca t ion and o rg a ni z a tion a nd p a rticip a t ion of the c ommuni t y

 D e v e lopm e nt of a nim a l d ise a se surv e i ll a n c e a nd i n fo r mation s y stems

 I ns p ec tion of liv e stock ev e nts su c h a s f a i rs, e x hibitions, a u c tions a nd pub l ic s a les

 I ns p ec tion of a nim a ls a n d their pro d u c ts and b y

- p rodu c ts be f o r e movem e nt

 T ra ining o f p r o g r a m pe r s onn e l

The p a rticip a tion of the p riv a te s e c tor in the n a tion a l cont e x t is throu g h CON A SAN a nd o c c u r s at a ll

lev e ls of a dministr a tion ( n a tion a l, S tat e

, a nd muni c ipal ) . The pri v a te s e c t o r supports the F MD

p r ogr a m b y pro v idi n g f

i n a n c ial r e so u r c e s a nd p a rt i c ipating in the planni n g

, fin a n c i n g

, implem e ntation, a nd e v a l u a tion of the t ec hni c a l a n d mana g e ri a l ac tions within the pro g r a m

. A c c o r di n g to B r a z ilian o f fi c ials, p a rticip a tion b y t he priv a te se c tor h a s a lso co n tribut e d to the

str e n g t h e ning o f o f

fi c i a l stru c tur e s and to the imp r ov e ment of sanita r y ac ti o ns, m a in l y within the

loc a l units of the su r v e illan c e s y stem.

The B r a z ilian G ov e rnment has p r omot e d a nd g u a r a nte e d the involvem e nt o f v a rious g roups of

CO N ASAN into a pl a n c a ll e d the Na tion a l P r o g ra m for the E r a d i ca tion of F MD. Th e s e g roups a r e

c ompos e d of pe ople int er e sted or involv e d in livesto c k pr o du c tion or h e a lth, su c h a s rur a l produc e rs,

the p e ople r e sponsible f

o r the indust r y o f liv e sto c k pr o du c ts or inpu t s, tr a d e a g e nts, priv a t e

v e te r ina r i a ns, f

a r m e rs’ u nions, c o

- op e r a tiv e s, univ e rsiti e s, town h a lls, amon g st oth e r s . T h e obje c ti v e

of these a llianc e s is to bring a bout g rea t e r a w a r e n e ss, a w ider sco p e , tr a nsp a r e n c y

, a nd c r e dibili t y to

the Pro g r a m. The F e d e r a l Gov e rnm e nt co o rdin a tes the impl e ment a tion of the n a tion a l pl a n.31

M ain activiti e s of the FM

D program

Dise a se sur v e illan c e : T h e a nim a l he a lth s e rvi c e in B r a z il h a s a su r v e illan c e s y stem th a t co v e rs a ll

n a tion a l t e r

r ito r y . The LV U s a re t h e b a se for the c ol l ec tion of the ne ce ss ar y d a t a a nd f o r the d e c ision

making pr o ce ss. The s y s t e m’s info r mation is supplied b y a v a ri e t y of o f f ic i a l and p r ivate sou r ce s . A

n e twork of 2,332 f

i e ld units coll ec t s, rece i v e s, a nd p r o ce s s e s d a t a , whi c h a re f o r ward e d to the

re g ional o f

fic e s. This n e t wo r

k a lso compris e s 284 re g ional units ( distribut e d within the St a te s ) , 27

State ce ntr a l unit s

, a nd a n a tion a l unit r e p re s e n t e d b y D D A/State D e p a rtm e nt of A g r iculture

(SD A )/MAPA in B r a silia.

The D D A c oll ec ts data f

r om the Stat e s and f

o r war ds the info r mation to the O I E a nd other p a rties

such a s the South Ame r i c a n Commission f o r the F i g ht a g a inst F MD

– COS A L F A. T h e timing of the

r e ports is a s follows:

 W ee k l y r e ports on dis ea s e notifi c a tions

 Month l y re p o rts on the co n fi r med c a s e s of a nim a l d ise a s e s

 B i a nnu a l r e ports of the results of e ac h ph a s e of va cc ination a g a in s t F M D for eac h f e d e r a tive

unit

 Annu a l full r e port c on t a ining e pidemiol o g ic a l and sanit a r y info r mation

Sp ec ific F M D c ontrol and surv e illance a c tions r e c om me n d e d by O IE [1 8 ]

F ollowing the r e c omm e n d a tio n s of the O I E mission that visit e d A r g e ntin a

, B r a z il, a nd P a ra g u a y in

D e ce m b e r 20 0 6 [ 18 ] , the h e a ds of the V e te r in a r y S e rvi c e s and PA N A F T O SA d e fin e d a n a rea of

hi g h

- le v e l surv e illance w ithin the bor de r r e g ions o f A r g e ntin a

, B r a z il, P a r a g u a y

, a nd B olivi a

. Th e

bu ffe r are a i n B raz i l i n c l u d e s a pp r o x im a t e ly 1 5 k m t o eac h s i d e o f th e c oun t r y bo r d er s

. I

t c o m p r i s e s t h e

m un i c i p a l i t i e s i n t h e i m m e d i a

t e bo r d e r w i th P ara g u a y

, th e are a wh er e th e 2 0 0 5

- 200 6 ou t b rea k s

o cc u rre d ( J a

po ra

, Mun d o Novo

, a

n d E l Do ra do)

, a

n d t h e are a n ea

r th e L a g o I

t a ip u

. The pro g r a m is

subj ec t to p e riodic re v i e ws a nd e v a luation s . Most of the f inan c i n g will be obtain e d f r om the W o r ld

B a nk a nd the I nte r

- Am e r ic a n D e v e lopm e nt bank.

Among oth e rs, the g e n er a l a c tions to be d e v e lo p e d includ e :

 Str e n g theni n g inf

r a stru c t u r e of the v e te r in a r y se r v ic e s

 H a rmoni z ing proc e dur e s for c ontrol, p r e v e ntion, a nd e r a di c a tion of F MD

 H a rmoni z ing v a c c ination pro c e du r e s in a r ea s of g e ogr a phic c onti g ui t y

 Condu c ting v a c c inations und e r V S sup e rvision

Notifi ca tion a nd investig a tion of suspe c ted cas e s: All of f ici a l se r vi c e f

ield s ta f f, c ommuni t y

p a rticip a nts, a nd p r iva t e s ec tor v e t e rin a ri a ns a re t r a ined a nd r e quir e d to lo o k for si g ns o f v e sicul a r

dise a s e s. I f F MD is sus p ec ted, it must be immedi a te l y r e por t e d to the loc a l unit or to a n a uthori t y

that would noti f

y the lo c a l uni t

.

R e sponse to a suspe c ted outbr e a k b e g ins within 8 hours f rom the time the n otifi c a tion a rr ive s . All

ac tions a re ca rri e d out as if the h e rd is infe c ted un t il pro ve n othe r wis e

. I m m e diat e l y , the susp ec t

holding is isolat e d, mov e ment of a nim a ls is prohibit e d, a nd s a mpl e s are c ol l ec ted a nd s e nt to a32

labo r a to r y to con f

i rm the dia g nosi s . R e c e nt e x a mpl e s of the p e r fo r mance of the e mer g e n c y me a s u r e s

a re p r e s e nted un d e r f

ac t o r 11 ( Emerg e n c y r e spon s e ca p a bili t y )

.

F ield insp ec tions: C a ttle a nd bu f f a lo a re insp e c ted e v e r y six months b y v a c c inato r s and o f fi c ial

v e te r ina r i a ns, wh e n the a nim a ls a r e g a th e re d in c o rr a ls for v acc i n a tio n

. L V U p e rsonn e l c a r r y out

spe c ial visits to c e rt a in h e rds th a t are c lassifi e d a s “ ris k y ” b y the offi c ial s e r v ic e . Ris k y h e rds are

those o w n e d b y r u r a l l a n dless p r odu ce rs a nd I ndi a n trib e s, he r ds in a r ea s d e nse l y populat e d with

b ac k y a rd a nd stre e t c a ttl e , or he rds th a t ha v e b ee n a f f e c ted b y F MD in the p a s t

. I n a ddition, of

f ici a l

v e te r ina r i a ns inspe c t an i mals prior to th e ir mov e ment into the e x port re g i on f r om oth e r r e g ions.

Su r v e illan c e a t a b a ttoirs a nd me a t p a c king p l a nt s : Animals a re individual l y inspe c ted b y p e rson n e l

f r om the of

f ic i a l se r vi c e f

or si g ns of v e sicul a r dis e a se b e f o re sla u g ht e ring. Oth e r bo d y p a rts,

including the to n g ue a nd f e e t

, a re e x a min e d du r i n g pos t

- mort e m inspe c tion.

Su r v e illan c e a t animal g a the r ing pl a ce s : All anim a ls coming into f a irs, a u c tion s , or e x hibitions a re

c linic a l l y insp e c ted b y o f fi c ial v e te r in a ri a ns.

Su r v e illan c e of a nim a ls in t r a nsi t : A nim a ls in tr a nsit a re c linic a l l y inspe c t e d a t ch e c kpoints and

bord e r c ontrol points b y o f fi c ial p e rson n e l . The c h ec kpoints a re st r a t e g i c a l l y loc a t e d, in a c c o rd a n c e

with the f low a nd int e nsity of a nim a l mov e men t

. T he c onditions und e r w hi c h a nim a ls move a re

b a s e d on the s a nit a r y s t a tus of the St a te of or i g in o r the c ount r y sh a ring b o r d e rs w ith the e x port

re g ion.

L a b o r a to r y di a g nosis: T wo l a bor a tori e s ca n di a gnose F MD. T h e y a r e located in the north e rn a nd

north e a ste r n liv e stock c i r c uit s . The labo r a tor i e s are und e r di r ec t supe r visi o n of M A P A

. PA N A F TOSA, lo c a ted i n Rio de J a n e iro, is the re f e r e n c e lab o r a to r y f

o r FMD in B r a z il a nd

n e i g hbori n g c ountri e s.

S e rolo g i c a l monito r i n g : S e rolo g ic studi e s a re c o n du c ted und e r s p ec ial c i rc umst a n ce s , such a s in

a r e a s wh e r e the dis ea s e h a s oc c u r r e d in the p a st a n d in a r ea s c lassifi e d a s h i g h risk due to th e ir

c h a ra c te r istics ( e

. g ., p re v a iling pro d u c tion s y ste m s such a s sm a ll r u ra l f a r min g , pr e s e n c e o f a nim a l

g a t h e ri n g points, a nd int e nse a nim a l mov e ment )

.

Oth e r m e a su r e s: All c a tt l e a nd bu f f a lo a r e v a c c in a ted e v e r y six months wi t h oi l

- a djuvant v acc i n e s

. Oth e r sus c e ptible spe c ies a re not v a cc inat e d re g u l a r l y

.

Con c lusions

B r a z il h a s a c on t rol p r o g r a m and a n a tion a l pl a n s u f f ici e nt to r e spond qui c k l y to F M D e merg e n c ies

throu g h q u a r a ntine a nd testin g

. I n a ddition, B r a z il maintains a n ac tive sur v e illan c e pr o g ra m at the

fi e ld l e v e l in f

a rms, a t slau g hte r

h o uses, a nd a t animal g a t h e ri n g loc a tion s

. B r a z il a lso condu c ts

s e rolo g i ca l monito r ing in the e x port re g ion that is ta r g e ted to a r e a s o f hi g h e r r isk.

AP H I S r e vie we d B r a z il’s F MD c ontrol and e r a di c a tion p r ogr a m duri n g its site visits in 200 2 , 2003,

2006, a nd 2008 a nd c o n c luded th a t the pr o g r a m is e f f e c tive a t the lo c a l and n a tion a l l e v e l s . This

c on c lusion is support e d by the p r ompt a nd e ff ec ti v e r e sponse to the 2005 a n d 2006 F MD outbre a ks.33

Th e re is e f

f e c tive p a rtic i p a tion of the c ommuni t y in pro g r a m a c tivities, w h ich h a s pl a y e d a n int e g ra l

role in the motivation and str e n g t h e ning o f the p r o g r a m . The c ommuni t y a lso pa r ti c ip a tes in

notifi c a tion of dise a se o u tbr e a ks.

5. Va c c i n a t ion sta t us

G e n e ral information

V a cc i n a tion of ca ttle a nd buf f a lo is mand a to r y in t he e x port r e g io n . Oth e r s p ec ies are not v a cc inat e d

on a r e g ul a r b a si s

. A n in a c tiv a ted, t r ival e nt, oi l

- b a s e d v a c c ine is use d . Br a z ilian l a ws a llow on l y t h e

p r odu c tion of v a c c ine f

o r mul a ted w ith F MD vir a l str a ins A 24 , Cr u z e iro, O 1 C a mpos, a nd C 3 I n d a ial.

Priv a te l a bor a tori e s p ro d u c e the va cc ine for both t he int e rn a l m a r k e t and f o r e x port to oth e r c ountri e s

in the e x port re g ion. Pr o du c tion ca p a c i t y f o r F M D v a cc i n e s in B r a z il is a r ound 300 million dos e s p e r

y ea r

.

All F MD v a c c ines p r od u ce d or u s e d in B r a z il mu s t be t e sted f or qu a li t y a nd sa f

e t y b y the offi c ial

s e rvi ce . Q u a li t y c ontrol t e sts of e ac h b a tch of t h e v acc ine a re c o n du c ted in the l a bor a tori e s in

P e rn a mbuco a nd Rio G ra nde do Sul a nd stri c t l y f o llow inte r n a tion a l st a nd a r ds a s s e t b y t h e O I E

. E a c h v a cc ine b a tch is t e s ted. The labor a tori e s utili z e the E L I SA t e st to m ea sure a ntibo d y re spon s e s

in 30 c a ttle, 30 d a y s post v a c c ination. A v acc ine b a tch w ill pass the qu a li t y c ontrol t e sts wh e n the

e x p ec t e d p e rc e nt a g e o f p rot e c tion is g r ea t e r th a n o r e qu a l to 75 p e r ce n t . A P H I S did not d e t e c t a n y

e viden c e to s u g g e st th a t un ac c e ptable biol o g ics or v acc ines a re b e i n g used in B r a z i l . The of f ic i a l

s e rvi c e maintains a d e qu a te c ontrol on vaccine su p pli e s and c ondu c ts m a n d a to r y re g istr a tion a nd

testing of va cc ines for s a f e t y a nd qu a li t y [ 6

- 8 ]

.

Str a te g ies a nd s c h e du l e s for v a c c ination of c a ttle and bu f f a lo are c a r r i e d out acc o r di n g to MAPA

Dir e c tiv e s 121/93 and 8 2 /96 [ 8 ]

. I n g e n e r a l, anim a ls a r e v a cc inat e d twi c e a y ea r on a s c h e dule

a ppro p ri a te to eac h a re a

. I n some a re a s, animals u nd e r 2 y e a rs of a ge a r e v acc ina t e d two or more

times p e r y e a r a nd some a dult a nim a ls a re v acc in a ted on l y on c e . Ho w e v e r, a nim a ls must pa r ti c ipate

in four v a c c ination roun d s be f o r e th e y ca n b e v a cc inat e d on l y o n c e a y e a r [ 6, 8 ]

.

I n ce r t a in c a s e s wh e r e a n ee d a p p ea rs ( s u c h a s in a r e a s in h a bit e d b y r u r a l l a ndless a nd I ndian t r i b e s

or a re a s de n s e l y popula t e d with ba c k y a rd a nd stre e t c a ttle) v a cc ination is s up e rvis e d b y a nd

sometimes c ondu c ted b y L V U p e rson n e l

. I n some a r e a s with r e lative l y large numbe r s of small and

poor f a rmers, a State e m pl o y e e will v acc i n a te the ca ttle a t one spe c ific loc a tio n . The small e r f a r m e rs

b r ing their ca ttle to the c e ntr a l lo ca tion ( u sual l y b y foot) [ 7 ]

.

I n oth e r c a s e s, la r ge e st a blishments will sha r e v a c c ine w ith their small e r nei g hbor s . This helps the

small fa rm e r, a s the v a cc ine is sold b y the bottle a nd not b y individual a n i mal dos e s . This m ea ns th a t

it ca n be e x p e nsive f

or t h e small fa rmer [ 7 ] . Oth e r w ise, fa rmers m a y v a cc i n a te th e ir o w n a nim a ls or

hire tr a ined p r o f

e ssion a ls ( who do not h a ve to be r e g ist e r e d or ac c r e dit e d b y gov e rnm e nt of f ic i a ls )

. Some St a te o f

fi c e s ha v e e mer g e n c y f

unds a v a il a b le to a ssist with the c ost of v acc i n a tion on I ndian

r e s e r v a tions [ 7, 10 ]

.34

I n a ddition to v e ri f

ic a ti o n of vacc i n a tion r e c o rds in the L V U, va cc ination r ec o r ds m a y b e v e ri f i e d b y

fi e ld inspe c tors visiting i ndividu a l pr e mis e s

. F ield inspe c tors m a y re q u e st c opies of the v a c c ination

s a les re c e ipt a nd the va c c ination use rec o r ds [ 7 ]

.

V a cc i n a tion c ov e r a g e wa s r e port e d to r a n g e b e t w e e n 76 a nd 99.9 p e r c e nt in the e x port re g io n

. T a ble

5 p r ovides statisti ca l in f

o r mation on the v acc i n a tion s c h e dule a nd c ov e ra g e in this r e g ion b y State

for 200 2 . The table i d e ntifi e s the months in whi c h v acc ination is co n du c t e d in e a c h State a nd

p r ovides c e nsus da t a f

or t he tot a l numb e r of c a ttle a nd bu f f a los b y State a s w e ll a s the number of

a nim a ls va c c ina t e d a nd t he p e rc e nt vac c inat e d

. D e spite the f a c t th a t S tate or F e d e r a l p e rsonn e l do

not p h y sic a l l y obs e r v e a l l va c c ination s

, r e c o r ds re vie we d in L VU o f fi c e s i n dic a ted th a t vac c ination

c ov e rage w a s quite c om p lete [ 7 ] . T a ble 6 shows t h r e e v a cc ination c a mpa i g n s that took pla c e in the

state of P a r a n á duri n g 2 0 05 a nd p a rt of 200 6 . T h e v acc ination co v e rage was r e port e d to be o v e r 97

p e r c e nt.35

T a ble 5: R e sults of F MD v acc ination in the e x port r e g io n ,2002.

State Sta g e o f v acc i n ati o n Pop u lation o f bo v i n e s a n d bu f f al o es

E x i s t in g Vacci n ated %

BA March

- w h o le h e r d 8

, 90 0

, 7 3 6 8

, 19 0

, 5 0 3 92

Oct ob er

- w h o le h e r d 9

, 24 2

, 9 0 8 8

, 48 4

, 4 4 6 92

DF M a y

- w ho le h e r d 97

, 1 2 3 93

, 2 3 8 96

N o v e m b er

- w ho le h e r d 96

, 8 5 6 93

, 7 7 1 97

ES March

- bo v i n es b el o w 2 4 m o n ths 695

, 6 8 9 694

, 8 2 8 99

Se p t e m b er

- w h o le h e r d 1

, 68 8

, 7 2 4 1

, 65 5

, 7 8 4 98

GO M a y

- w ho le h e r d 19

, 6 0 0

, 0 0 0 19

, 5 1 6

, 3 5 8 99

N o v e m b er

- w ho le h e r d 19

, 9 8 3

, 6 8 1 19

, 6 7 7

, 0 6 0 98

MG March

- bo v i n es b el o w 2 4 m o n ths (ea s t circ u it) 8

, 18 3

, 5 0 2 7

, 81 8

, 1 2 7 96

M a y

- w ho le h e r d ( m

i d w e s te r n circ u it) 10

, 9 2 9

, 4 0 3 10

, 6 9 5

, 8 4 8 98

Se p t e m b er

- w h o le h e r d ( ea s t e rn circ u it) 3

, 82 6

, 4 1 1 3

, 59 7

, 6 7 6 94

N o v e m b er

- w ho le h e r d ( m

i d w e s tern cir c u it) 5

, 41 1

, 1 2 3 5

, 16 2

, 7 6 2 95

MS Fe b r u a r y

- bo v i n e s b el o w 1 2 m o n t h s 4

, 72 3

, 2 0 0 4

, 59 2

, 2 2 6 97

M a y

- bo v i n es b el o w 2 4 m o n t h s 10

, 6 1 5

, 2 3 3 10

, 2 7 7

, 7 0 4 97

N o v e m b er

- w ho le h e r d 20

, 9 7 2

, 0 2 3 20

, 6 6 3

, 2 7 6 99

MT Fe b r u a r y

- bo v i n e s b el o w 1 2 m o n t h s 4

, 69 7

, 3 0 5 3

, 58 7

, 8 4 3 76

M a y

- bo v i n es b el o w 2 4 m o n t h s 8

, 62 2

, 9 8 0 8

, 13 4

, 8 0 8 94

N o v e m b er

- w ho le h e r d 21

, 6 1 5

, 4 2 9 20

, 8 9 7

, 2 2 7 97

PR M a y

- w ho le h e r d 9768

, 42 0 9

, 62 3

, 3 9 7 99

N o v e m b er

- w ho le h e r d 9

, 94 5

, 7 7 4 9

, 72 0

, 2 6 1 98

RJ A p ril

- w h o le h e r d 2

, 01 0

, 4 0 4 1

, 84 0

, 9 2 5 92

Se p t e m b er

- w h o le h e r d 1

, 97 4

, 9 5 9 1

, 81 8

, 1 4 7 92

RO A p ril/M a y

- w ho le h e r d 7

, 99 6

, 6 5 4 7

, 98 9

, 8 0 7 99 .9

Oct ob e r /N o v e m b er

- w h o le h e r d * 7

, 57 8

, 7 1 2 * 7

, 54 9

, 1 7 6 * 99

. 6 *

RS Fe b r u a r y

- w ho le h e r d 13

, 7 3 6

, 3 2 0 13

, 4 3 1

, 6 3 8 98

A u g u s t

- bo v i n es b el o w 2 4 m o n ths 5

, 96 5

, 4 0 7 4

, 92 8

, 6 0 7 83

SE M a y

- w ho le h e r d 755

, 4 6 3 675

, 5 8 5 89

N o v e m b er

- w ho le h e r d 737

, 3 5 7 639

, 1 4 4 87

SP M a y

- bo v i n es b el o w 2 4 m o n t h s 13

, 5 0 0

, 0 0 0 13

, 4 8 2

, 3 5 3 83

N o v e m b er

- w ho le h e r d 14

, 1 2 0

, 7 3 4 14

, 0 3 5

, 2 1 5 99

TO M a y

- w ho le h e r d 6

, 80 0

, 0 5 9 6

, 60 6

, 5 0 2 97

N o v e m b er

- w ho le h e r d 7

, 22 4

, 4 2 1 6

, 96 9

, 2 1 9 96

* Data f r o m 2001

. Sou r ce: MAPA

– A d

a p ted f r o m “Re s pon s e to s p ecific c o mme n ts o n the 1 1 fact o r s g iven in 9 C

FR 92

. 2

, A

p p lic a tion for

r ec ogn ition o

f t h e an im a l h e a l th s tatus o f a r e g io n ,” B r

a z il 2 003

.

T a ble 6: R e sults of F MD v acc ination in the state o f Pa r a na (M a y 2005, No v e mb e r 2005, a nd M a y

2006)

V a ccination

c a m paign H o ld i ngs Bov ines Ho ld i ngs V a ccinated (%) Bov ines V a ccinated (%)

M a y 200 5 214

, 9 8 8 10

, 0 9 3, 8 9 4 96

. 31 98

. 76

N o v 200 5 222

, 5 5 5 10

, 2 5 2, 2 5 4 96

. 84 97

. 58

M a y 200 6 221

, 3 5 0 9

, 98 0 ,2 2 5 95

. 78 97

. 59

Sou r ce: P r ese n tation to s ite vis i t te a m S e p tem b er 9

, 2 0 0 6

– ( S tate o f Pa r a na )

The re qui r e ment f

or v ac c ination and v a cc i n a tion r e c o r ds provi d e s a v e hic l e f or c ontrol of a nim a l

movem e nt and f

or g e n e r a tion of ce nsus data a t the loc a l l e v e l . At e ac h o f the L VU visited, the36

ce nsus in f

o r mation w a s q uite d e tailed. R e g istr a tion of h e rds w ith the L VU is m a nd a to r y

. E ac h ow ne r

h a s a r e g ist r a tion number f or identifi ca tio n . The LVU maintains a list of individual p r op e rties,

number of a nim a ls, and v acc ination r ec o r ds for t h ose a nim a l s

. I n some L V U, p r e mis e s loc a tions a r e

identifi e d using GPS c o o rdin a te s

. L VU p e rsonn e l c oll ec t c e nsus d a ta a nd i n fo r mation on vac c ination

c omplian c e a nd p a ss it on to F e d e r a l of f ic i a ls [ 7 ]

.

L V U p e rson n e l monitor v acc ination th r o u g h v a c c ine s a le s . Va cc ine ca n be obtain e d on l y f rom

d e si g n a t e d c omm e r c ial e stablishments and ca n o nl y be pu r c h a s e d du r i n g the c a mpa i g n p e riod s

. F or

e x a mpl e , in the State of T o ca ntins th e re a re on l y 30 a uthori z e d pla c e s to p u rc h a se v a c c ine ( 8 in the

c i t y of Colin a s )

. W h e n v acc ine is sold, the r ec o r d of that s a le is filed w ith the L V U . A f t e r a h e rd is

v acc ina t e d, the o w n e r must provide the L VU wi t h a stat e ment/a f

fi d a vit do c umenting the a mount of

v acc ine u s e d (n u mber o f doses, m a nufa c tur e r) . T h e stat e ment must be p r o v ided w ithin 10 d a y s of

v acc ination, and v acc i n a tion must be c ompl e ted w ithin a sp e c i fi e d p e riod o f time a ft e r p u r c h a s e.

L V U p e rson n e l m a tch the info r mation on the ow n e r ’ s a f f idavit to the s a les r e c o r ds to d e t e rmine

wh e ther the in f

o rm a tion is c onsisten t . They a lso use the in f o r mation to upd a te the ce nsus r ec o r d for

the p r e mis e s [ 7 ]

. V a cc i n a tion r e c o rds a r e c ompa r e d to mov e ment p e rmits ( GT A ) on a f a rm b y f a rm b a sis f

or a uditing

a nd qu a li t y c ontrol. The r ec o r ds th a t a re maintain e d a t the loc a l l e v e l a re n o t y e t p a rt of a n a tion a l

d a tab a se that ca n int e r f

a c e with the n a tion a l id e ntifi c a tion s y stem ( S I S B O V ), a lthou g h e nte r i n g the

d a ta into the n a tion a l da t a b a se c ould st r e n g then t h e s y ste m . T h e L VU must send the v a c c ination

r e ports to the C e ntr a l O ffice within 2 w e e ks [ 7 ]

.

B r a z ilian o f

fi c ials b e li e v e the ov e r a ll c omplian c e lev e l for v a cc ination ap p ro a c h e s 100 p e rc e n t . One

o f fi c e r e port e d a c ompli a n c e ra t e of 91 p e r c e nt, b u t a ft e r w ritten lett e rs of w a rnin g

, c omplian c e

inc r ea s e d to 100 p e rc e nt. The b e st compliance of f i ce rs t e nd to be n e i g hbor i ng r a n c h e rs b e c a use th e y

w a nt to pr o te c t th e ir a nim a ls [ 6

- 8, 10 ] . The hi g h c omplian c e r a te is si g nif i ca nt sin c e a nim a l

identifi ca tion is acc omplished throu g h c ont a c ts m a de during the v a c c ination pro c e ss.

No nc omplian c e with v ac c ination c a n be d e te c ted b y late filing or n o t r e tu r ning v a cc ination fo r ms, b y

a ppr e h e nsion o f ill e g a l mov e ment, or b y a no n y m o us c a ll e rs to a f r e e hotli n e [ 7 ] . The of

f ici a l se r vice

p r ohibits all a nim a l mo v e ment f rom no n c omplia n t f

a rms until the own e r produ ce s suf f ic i e nt

e viden c e t h a t the a nim a ls w e re v acc i n a te d

. L VU p e rsonn e l follow up with a w a rni n g lette r , wh i c h is

o f ten h a n d

- d e liv e r e d, a n d a visi t

. I f the situ a tion w a

rr a nts, a c tion m a y be t a k e n, includi n g le v y i n g a

fin e

. I f this oc c u rs, a Sta t e ve te r in a ri a n v a cc inat e s the a nim a ls at the owner’s e x p e nse [ 7 ]

.

F a ilu r e to v a cc ina t e m a y r e sult in pen a lties or f in e s

. I n 2001, the o f

f ici a l s e rvi c e issu e d 6,010 f ines t o

own e rs w ho f

a il e d to vac c inat e

, a nd 60 f i n e s for p a rtial v a c c ination or f or missing the r e porti n g d a t e

. I n a ddition, 106 fin e s were issu e d to c omm e r c ial f a rms f or f a ilu r e to comp l y with v a cc ine

re g istr a tion p r o c e dur e s

.

F ollowing the 200 5

- 2006 outbr e a k, MAPA impl e ment e d c ount r y wide s e r o lo g ic a l sampli n g to

e stimate the immuni t y o f f e r e d b y t h e F MD v a c c ine. T h e se sampli n g s, t o g e t h e r w ith other

su r v e illan c e ac tivities, s e rve to ass e ss the e pid e m i olo g ic a l st a tus of F MD i n the c ount r y a nd c oll e c t

spe c ific indic a tors on t h e e vol u tion of the dis ea s e

. I mmuni t y is m e a sured a s p e r c e n t a g e pro t ec tion

e x p ec tan c y ( PPE ) . PPE ov e r 75 p e r ce nt is consi d e r e d to p r ovide a d e q u a te p r ote c tion a g a inst F MD.37

A population immuni t y s tu d y w a s c ondu c ted in 2 0 06. Pr e limin a r y r e sults indi ca te th a t t he ov e r a ll

p r ote c tion w a s 86, 82, a n d 67 p e r c e nt for A, O

, a n d C s e ro t y p es, r e sp e c tiv e l y [ 14 ]

.

B r a z il is coll a bor a ti n g w i th A r g e ntina a nd U r u g u a y in order to m a ke d ec isions on v acc ination

p r ogr a ms and on d e v e lo p ment of c rite r ia for disc o ntinu a tion of v acc inatio n . The n ee d for

int e rn a tion a l cooper a tion a nd tr a nspar e n c y h a s b e c ome v e r y e vident a s a result of p a st introdu c tion

of the dise a se into the e x port r e g ion [ 7 ]

.

All S tat e s in the af

f e c t e d re g ion in no r the r n B r a z il v acc ina t e f or F MD a t l ea st o n c e p e r y e a r usi n g a n

oil

- a djuvant v acc i n e ; in most S tat e s, c a ttle und e r 2 y e a rs old a r e v a cc inat e d twice p e r y e a r.

V a cc i n a tion c ov e ra g e in the St a tes outside but sh a ri n g bor d e rs w ith the e x port re g ion r a n g e d f r om 8 3

to 94 p e r c e nt in 2001 e xc e pt in P i a uí, wh e re c o v e r a ge w a s on l y 30 p e rc e n t . This S tate is in the

north e a ste r n re g ion of t h e c ount r y a nd is not in c l u d e d in the e x port r e g ion [ 6 ]

.

Con c lusions

AP H I S c o n c luded th a t Br a z il c ondu c ts its F MD v a cc ine p rodu c tion p r o g ra ms app r opri a te l y a nd in

acc o r d a n c e with inte r n a t i on a l st a nd a rds. A s y stem of c ontrols ensu r e s c o m pli a n c e with vac c ination

ca lendars b y mat c hi n g v a cc ination re c o r ds to movem e nt pe r mits and c e nsus data a nd b y c ond u c ting

fi e ld inspe c tions. Th e re i s a s y stem in place f or l e v y i n g f

ine s

.

Risk fa c tors

1. AP H I S c a nnot total l y e x c lude the lik e lihood that F MD virus m a y be c ir c u l a ting in v a cc inat e d

populations. I

n that re g a r d, r e ce nt e x p e rime n tal studies in v acc inat e d su s c e ptible a nim a ls have

not be e n a ble to d e mons t r a te ef f e c tive tr a nsmission in unva c c inat e d a nim a ls [ 42 ]

. I n a dditi o n,

B r a z il c ondu c ts s e rol o g i c a l t e sting sp e c ific a l l y to a ssess the l e v e l of p r ot e c tion a f f o r d e d b y the

v acc ination pr o g ra m.

2. V a cc i n a tion of ca ttle ag a inst F MD introdu c e s ris k s r e lat e d to the immunolo g i c a l r e sponse within

the h e rd or population of v acc ina t ed ca ttle. While a lar g e p e rc e nt a g e o f individu a l animals in the

h e rd m a y f

ul l y re spond t o F MD va cc ination, some individu a l animals in the h e rd m a y h a ve a

limited r e sponse, r e sulting in pa r ti a l o r no immuni t y

. 3. T h e re is s t i l l so m

e con c e r n th a

t v acc i n es p r od u ced in s o m e count r ies m ay ha v e r e s idu a l N on S tru c t u ral

Pro t e i n s

- N SP (depending on the m anu f ac t u r ing proc e ss) th a t co u ld res u l t in the d e t e ct ion o f N SP

an t ibo d ies in v ac c in a

ted an i m a l s, which in t urn w o u ld r esu l t i n po s i t i v e s c ree n ing t est re s u l ts.

6. S e pa r a t ion f

r om adja c e nt r e gio n s

G e n e ral information

The pro p osed F MD e x port re g ion of B r a z il is s e p a r a ted f rom the a ff

ec ted z one b y n a tur a l b a r r i e rs

a nd bu f fer zon e s. The g e o g r a phic d e s c ription of the bor de rs b e tw e e n the e x port re g ion a nd a f f e c ted

z one in B r a z il follows, including a m a p of B r a z il a nd bo r d e ri n g c ountri e s (Fi g u r e 8 )

.38

F i g u re 8: Stat e s of B r a z il a nd bo r d e ri n g c ountri e s

The AP H I S site visit t e a m obs e rv e d ma n y n a tu r a l bound a ri e s, includi n g lar g e riv e rs, d e so l a te s e m i

a rid l a ndsc a

p e s, and mo u ntainous a r e a s

. Dom e stic bound a ri e s bet w ee n a f f e c ted a r ea s and a re a s that

B r a z il a nd O I

E c onsid e rs f

r e e with va c c i n a tion a re d e si g n e d to follow su c h n a tur a l bounda r i e s

wh e n e v e r possible [ 6, 8, 9, 13 ]

.

Bord e rs

Rio G ra nde do Sul/U r

u gu a y : T h e tot a l l e n g th of this b o r d e r is 800 km. App r o x im a te l y 47 p e rc e nt o f

the bo r d e r lies a lo n g the Qu a r a í and Ja g u a r ã o Riv e r s . The r e st of the bo r d e r is op e n land or

d e lin ea ted b y L a g u n a M e rín ( a c o a stal l a g oon )

.

I n a ddition to the points wh e re p e rm a n e nt inspe c t ion st a tions e x i st, 4 7 oth e r points conside r e d a s

hi g h or m e dium r isk ha v e b ee n identifi e d a lo n g the bo r d e r

. D D A h a s d e fi n e d hi g h

- risk points as

loc a tions in whi c h ro a d a cce ss f o r o r dina r y v e hic l e s is dif f icult ( whi c h h a m p e rs insp ec tio n ) a nd a s

a r e a s o f op e n land a t the bord e r with m a n y s e c on d a r y a nd lo c a l ro a d s . Med i um risk r e f e rs to a re a s

with unf a vor a ble c onditions for a nim a l or a nim a l p r odu c t tr a nsport, su c h a s hi g h river b a nks or

d e nse w oods. Also in c l u d e d in this c a t e g o r y a re p oints of p a ssage where r o a ds a r e in g ood c on d ition,

a llowing f

o r b e tt e r insp e c tion ca p a bilities or r u r a l a r ea s c ontroll e d b y the v e te r ina r y s e rvic e

.

Rio G ra nde do Sul/Ar g e ntin a : The tot a l l e n g th of this bord e r is 680 k m . The whole le n g th of the

bord e r e x tends a lo n g the U r u g u a y River. I n a ddition to the points wh e re p e rm a n e nt inspe c tion

stations e x i s t, 60 oth e r points th a t DDA c onsid e rs a s hi g h or m e dium r isk have b e e n identifi e d a lo n g

the bo r d er . H i g h

- risk points a long this bord e r r e fe rs to loc a tions with r e du c e d n a tur a l pro t ec tion, f o r

e x a mple wh e re the U r u gu a y Riv e r is less than 400 m wid e , or a r ea s with o p e n v e g e tation or p a stur e s39

in the n e i g hbori n g a re a s

. Medium

- risk points a r e d e fin e d the s a m e a s d e s c r i b e d a bove f o r the

U r u g u a y bor d e r.

P a r a n á /A r g e ntin a : The I g u aç u Riv e r r uns a long t h e e ntire bo r d e r a nd e x tends to the P a r a ná Rive r

.

P a r a n á /P a ra g u a y : The P a r a ná River e x tends a long the e ntire bor d e r.

Mato G rosso do Sul/P a r a g u a y : T h e P a ra g u a y a nd Apo Riv e rs c onstitute this bor de r . The sout h e rn

p a rt of the bo r d e r is c h ar ac te r i z e d b y op e n, d r y l a nd (appro x im a te l y 700 k m) w ith f e w, if a n y

,

p h y sic a l b a r r i e rs th a t w o uld hind e r a nim a l mov e ments ac ross the b o r d e r

. L o c a l Br a z ilian o f fi c ials

identifi e d this bord e r a s a n a r e a o f w e a kn e ss th a t r e quir e s inc r ea s e d insp e c t ion and su r v e illan c e

ac tivities.

Mato G r o sso do S ul/ B olivia: The P a ra g u a y River s e p a r a t e s the two c ountr i e s . The P a ntan a l re g ion o f

B r a z il, whi c h is a l a r ge ma r s h y a rea with low d o mestic a nim a l densi t y

, a l so e x ists in the we ste r n

re g ion of the stat e

.

Mato G rosso/ B olivi a : T h e r ive r s G u a por é

, V e r d e

, a nd De L os P a to s ; the S e rr a Ricardo F r a n c o

mount a in r a ng e ; the Pan t a n a l R e g io n ; plus d e nse fo re st a r e a s are loc a t e d a l ong much o f the bor d e r

. A r ea s w h e r e the r e a pp e a r s to be more op e n land a r e c ontroll e d b y a r m y pos t s.

Rondônia/ B olivi a : The G u a por é , Mam o r é , Ma d e i r a a nd Abunã Riv e rs, a nd d e nse f o r e st cons e r v a tion

a r e a s a nd indig e nous r e s e rv e s se p a r a t e the two r e g ion s . Ma n y of t h e a r ea s n ea r the b o rd e r c ontain

f e w or no liv e stock units. The AP H I S site visit t e a m obs e rv e d a b o rd e r c ontrol st a tion in Gu a ja r á

Mirim b y the M a mo r é a n d a se c luded b o rd e r c ont r ol st a tion a t Rolim de M oura do Gu a p o ré b y the

Gu a poré Riv e r a lo n g with pa r ts of the A mazon f

o r e st.

Rondônia/A c r e : The b o r d e r is made up most l y o f Am a z on f o r e s t . Th e r e is on l y one ac c e ss ro a d,

F e d e r a l Ro a d B R

- 364, c o nn ec ting t h e two Stat e s. The AP H I S site visit t e a m obs e rv e d the bo r d e r

c ontrol st a tion on this ro a d a t the Rondônia/A c re b o r d e r.

Rondônia/Am a z on a s: D e nse A mazonian r a info r e s t o cc upies the e nti r e bor d e r. The AP H I S site visit

te a m obs e rv e d this f

o r e st b y a irp l a n e

.

Mato G rosso/Am a z on a s: The Am a z on F o r e st, indi g e nous r e s e rv a tion s

, a nd the J u r u e na River f o r m

e f f e c tive b a rri e rs a long t his bord e r.

Mato G rosso/P a r á : The t otal len g th of this border is 1,015 k m . S e v e n t y

- t w o p e r c e nt o f the bor d e r

c ontains n a tur a l b a r r ie r s, i.e., the Am a z on F o re st, i ndi g e nous r e s e r v a tions, f o re st r y pr e s e rv e s

, a nd

the Te les Riv er . O p e n a r ea s are d e s i g n a ted a s a b u f f e r zon e

.

To c a ntins/ P a r á : The tot a l len g th of b o rd e r is 1,320 k m . The A r a g u a ia Riv e r runs a long t h e e ntire

bor der

.40

To c a ntins/M a r a n h ã o, Piauí: The tot a l l e n g th of b o rd e r is 1,000 k m . The T o ca ntins River r uns a lo n g

the bo r d e r ( 4 3 5 km). Al s o, indi g e nous r e s e r v a tions fo r m ba r riers a lo n g this bord e r . There is a b u f f e r

z one a t the south e rn h a lf of the bo r d e r a nd a lso a l o ng the b o rd e r w ith Piauí.

B a hia/Piauí: This bord e r is pa r t of the buff e r zone a r e a with no e f

f ec tual n a t u ra l ba r

r i e rs.

B a hia/P e r n a mbuco, A l a go a s : The S ã o Fr a n c isco R iver sep a r a tes part of the bord e r w ith P e r n a mbuco

a nd the e ntire b o rd e r w i t h Al a g o a s

. T he w e ste r n p o r tion of the bo r d e r with P e rn a mbuco is p a rt of t h e

buf f e r zone with no e f

f ec tive n a tur a l barri e rs.

S e r g ipe / Al a g o a s: The S ã o F r a n c isco Riv e r f

o rms the e ntire bor d e r.

Buffer zon e s [ 8, 9]

C a ttle a re the m a in F M D

- susc e ptible sp e c i e s in the buf f e r zon e s e x ce pt in B a hia, w h e r e a large g o a t

population e x ists. F MD h a s not b ee n r ec o r d e d in a n y of the muni c i p a liti e s comp r ising the bu f f e r

z on e s and v acc ination c o v e ra g e h a s b e e n c onsist e nt l y g re a ter than 90 p e rc e nt since 2000 [ 8 ]

.

Rondônia/Am a z on a s : Th e re is a small buf f e r zone in north e rn Rondônia a l ong p a rt of the bo r d e r

w ith Amazon a s, en c ompassing a n a rea of 1

, 987 s qu a re kilomet e rs in the m unicip a li t y of Porto V e l h o

[ 9 ] . T h is a re a is adj a ce nt to the muni c ipali t y o f H u maitáin in Amazon a s and ca n on l y be a c c e ssed b y

f e d e r a l ro a d B R

- 319 a nd b y the M a d e ira Riv er . T h e re a re 286 p r o p e rties in the a rea of w hich 270

r a ise o r br ee d ca ttle. Va c c ination cov e ra g e in the s tate of R o ndônia h a s b ee n g r ea t e r th a n 95 p e r ce nt

since the f

a ll of 2 0 00.

Mato G rosso/P a r á : A buff e r zone in the muni c ipa l ities of Novo Pro g r e sso a nd S a ntana do Ar a g u a ia

in P a rá h a s an a rea of 49

, 961 k m 2 . Th e re a re 1,413 holdin g s with 469

, 900 c a ttle in this z on e

.

To c a ntins/M a r a n h ã o, Piauí: A bu f f e r zone c ompo s e d of the muni c ipalities of B a rr a do Ou r o,

C a mpos L

indos, Goi a tin s

, L

i z a rd a

, M a teiros, Re c u rsol a ndi a

, a nd S ã o F e lix i n To c a ntins h a s an a rea

of 26,315 km 2 . Th e re a r e 2,108 holdin g s with 78,000 ca ttle in this z on e

.

B a hia/P e r n a mbuco, Pi a u í : A bu f f e r zone in the m u nicip a liti e s of B u r itir a m a , Campo Al e g r e de

L our d e s, C a sa No v a

, F o r mosa do Rio Pr e to, M a nsidão, Pilão A r c a do, R e m a ns o

, a nd S a nta Rita de

C á ssia in B a hia h a s an a

r e a of 5 6 ,366 k m 2 . Th e re a re 11,616 holdi n g s with 147,352 ca ttle in this

z on e

.

Con c lusions

AP H I S c o n c luded th a t m a n y n a tur a l b a r r i e rs e x ist a long int e r n a tion a l and i nte r n a l borders th a t are

suf f ici e nt in r e stricti n g a nim a l mov e ment a nd e v e n human t ra f f ic. A r e a s in the f

ronti e r th a t m a y h a v e

less surv e illan c e a nd monitoring tend to h a ve l a r ge r ive r s or fo r e st a re a s that a c t as bar r i e rs to

dise a se spre a d. Oth e r a re a s wh e r e op e n land e x ists h a ve incr ea s e d b o rd e r c o ntrols or bu f f e r zon e s to

a ssist in k ee ping dis e a se f r om c r ossi n g into the f

ree z on e

.41

AP H I S c o n c luded th a t m ov e ment of F M D

- susc e p t ible spe c ies or pro d u c ts into the e x port re g ion

c ould oc c ur thro u g h int er n a tion a l bord e rs w h e re s u f fi c ient p h y sic a l b a rr i er s do not e x is t . Ho we v e r,

the inte r n a tion a l borders a re a c tiv e l y monitor e d a n d ca ttle popul a tions surve y e d . Br a z il h a s a c hie v e d

c oll a bor a tion a nd bo r d e r a g ree m e nts in a nim a l health with nei g hbori n g c o u ntri e s . Me c h a nisms ha v e

b ee n implem e nted f

o r imm e diate notifi c a tion b e t w ee n these c oun t ri e s if a n outbr e a k o c c u r s.

Risk fa c tors

1. B o r d e r a r ea s alo n g the s t a tes of Rio G ra n d e do Sul and M a to G r osso do S ul app e a r to be h i g h l y

susc e ptible to dis ea se i n g re ss and r e quire h e i g hte n e d bo r d e r s ec u r i t y to en s u r e mainten a n c e of

the F M D

- f

r e e status of t h e se Br a z ilian S tat e s. I n t h a t re g a rd, the r isk of intr o du c tion f r om

Ar g e ntin a

, B olivia a nd P a ra g u a y is mitigat e d b y t he implem e ntation of the hi g h surv e illa n c e a r e a

in the int e rn a tion a l borders, a nd b y followi n g a re g ional a p p ro a c h to F MD e r a di c a tion.

7. M ov e m e nt c ont r ol f

r o m hig h e r r isk re gio n s and biose c u r ity

Do me stic mov e m e nt c ontrols

Movem e nt cont r ols a r e strin g e n t . T h e Br a z ilian Minist r y of Ag r iculture r e q uir e s that all ca ttle

own e rs id e nti f

y their a nim a ls with a unique br a nd [ 6 ]

. Sh ee p a nd swine a r e identifi e d b y a br a nd in

the e ar

. E ac h L V U k e e ps a r e g ist r y of b r a nds a nd a c ompl e te r e g ist r y o f the ca ttle holdin g s in the

re g ion with a nim a l popul a tions list e d b y a g e g r o u p a nd s e x . The latter is upd a ted a t l ea st twi c e p e r

y ea r, du r i n g the v a c c ination pe r iod, or wh e n t h e a n im a ls a r e moved to a not h e r pl a c e

.

The L VU must issue a n a nim a l mov e ment p e rmit ( G TA ) , whi c h is r e quir e d wh e n e v e r a nim a ls a r e

moved [ 6 ] . The sta f

f of the lo ca l unit is r e sponsible for v e ri f y i n g that the vehicle tr a nsporti n g the

a nim a ls has b ee n c le a n e d a nd disinf e c ted a s r e qui r e d b y l a w . A c o p y o f the GTA is s e nt to the

d e stin a tion. A n y insp e c tion a ssoci a ted w ith a nim a l mov e ment involv e s che c king the d o c uments a nd

v e ri f y i n g the a nim a l in f

o rm a tion, a s w e ll a s clini c a l obse r v a tion of a nim a l h ea lth.

The of f ici a l v e te r in a r y s e rvi c e ov e rs e e s the p ro c e s s of a nim a l mov e ment w i thin the c ount r y . At the

r e qu e st of the pot e nti a l p u rc h a s e r, the of f i c ial s e r v ice of the State of d e stin a tion a n a l y z e s the r isk

r a ting o f the State of o r i gin [ 1 0 ] . Th e re a r e six risk lev e ls: n e g l i g ibl e , minimum, low, m e dium, hi g h,

a nd unknown. The main f a c tors c onsi d e r e d in the risk ra ting a re (1) the ti m e since last outb r e a k, (2)

the p r e s e n c e or a bsen c e o f vi ra l a c tivi t y

, ( 3) the e x tent of v acc i n e c ov e ra g e

, ( 4) c ontrol and

inspe c tion of incoming a nim a ls and p r odu c ts, (5) the dis ea se status of a d j a ce nt ar ea s, ( 6 ) the

inf ra stru c tu r e of the o f

ficial s e rvi c e s, ( 7 ) the lev e l of surv e illan c e

, a nd ( 8 ) t he d e g r e e of c ommuni t y

p a rticip a tion [ 20 ]

.

Movem e nt into the e x port re g ion is prohibited fr o m S tat e s r a ting h i g h e r t h a n medium risk [ 19 ]

. I f

the r isk r a ting is ac c e pta b le, a nd the p r op e rties of d e stin a tion a nd o r i g in a re suit a ble f or qu a r a ntine

purp o s e s, the mov e ment p r o ce ss b e g ins [ 20 ] . Animals a re isol a ted a t the p rop e r t y of o r i g in f o r a t

le a st 30 d a y s, duri n g wh i c h time th e y a re s e rol o g i ca l l y t e sted f or F M D . O n c e moved, the a nim a ls a r e

isol a ted a t the pro pe r t y o f d e stin a tion f o r a noth e r 14 d a y s a nd r e

- test e d. I f a sin g le a nim a l t e sts42

positive f or F MD, the e ntire gro u p is d e nied e n t r y ( e x ce pt for a nim a ls mov i ng d ire c t l y to sl a u g h t e r)

a nd the o f fi c i a l se r vice c ondu c ts an e pidemiolo g i ca l inv e stig a tion.

Movem e nt of a nim a ls w i thin the e x port re g ion was quite intense in 2002, esp e c ial l y mo v e ment of

ca ttle a nd swine [ 19 ] . C a ttle mov e ment p e rmits w e re a uth o riz e d for 46 p e r ce nt of the e x isting

population, prim a ri l y f

o r b ree d i n g /f

a tt e ni n g or b re e din g /

r e p r odu c tion pu rp o s e s

. I

ntr a state move m e nt

acc ounted for 95 p e r c e nt of a ll p e rmit s . Simil a r l y

, 90 p e r c e nt o f a ll swine m ov e ment o cc u rr e d within

the e x port re g ion, but the prim a r y r e a son for mov e ment w a s sl a u g hter ( 67 p e r c e n t ). On l y

9 p e r c e nt o f the e x isting small r umin a nt popul a ti o n moved und e r G TA in 2 002.

Matu re d a nd d e bon e d b e e f is p e rmitt e d e nt r y to t h e e x port r e g ion f r om S tat e s or r e g ions r a ted

medium risk or low e r, which in the a ff ec ted zone includ e s the State of A cr e a nd t h e south e rn re g ion

of P a rá [ 10 ] . Ent r y of a nim a l produ c ts fr o m S tat e s c lassifi e d a s h i g h or u n k nown r isk is pe r mitt e d

p r ovided th a t the pro d u c t s ha v e b ee n sub j ec ted to spe c ific t r e a tm e nts th a t a re r e c o g ni z e d b y t h e O I E

a s e f f ec tive in in ac t ivati n g the F MD virus.

A c c o r di n g to in f

o r mation pro v ided b y Br a z il, a tot a l of 2,332,478 v e hicl e s w e re insp e c ted w hile in

tr a nsit in the e x port re g i o n f r om J a nu a r y to A u g ust 2002 [ 10 ] . As p a rt of m o v e ment c ontrol

ac tivities, 5,064,856 c a ttle, 1,579,144 ho g s, a nd 6 10,672 sm a ll r umin a nts w e re insp e c te d

. O f th e s e

, 627 ca ttle, 7,606 h o g s, a nd 317 sm a ll r umin a nts w e re s e i z e d a nd sl a u g ht e r e d, usu a l l y due to l ac k o f

o f fi c ial do c umen t a tion or unknown o r i g i n . D u ring this same p e riod, 421,300 liters and 83,041 kg o f

d a i r y p rodu c ts w e re d e st ro y e d, a lo n g with 526,484 kg of m e a t produ c ts.

Du r ing t h e 2002 a nd 20 0 6 site visi t s, APH I S obs e rv e d movem e nt cont r ols for pro d u c ts and a nim a ls

a t sev e r a l che c kpoints bet wee n the e x port r e g ion a nd bu f f e r zon e s

. O n e c h e c kpoint visited wa s

Couto de M a g a lha e s, wh i c h is lo ca ted on a h i g h wa y b e t w ee n the St a tes o f T o ca ntins ( r e c o g ni z e d b y

O I E a s f r e e with va c c ina t ion) a nd P a rá (d e s i g n a ted b y O I E a s a f f e c ted )

. T he se Stat e s a r e s e p a r a ted

a long most of th e ir a djoining bor d e r b y the Rio A ra g u a ia a nd the c h ec kpo i nt consists of p e rm a n e nt

posts on both sid e s of the on l y bri d g e. Comm e r c i a l tru c ks a n d li g ht tru c ks, but not p a sseng e r c a rs,

w e re stopp e d on both si d e s of the r iv e r, op e n e d, a nd insp ec ted visu a l l y

. Ta x do c uments w e re

r e vie we d b y c ustoms personn e l, and mov e ment p e rmits f or a nim a ls and a n i mal p r odu c ts w e r e

r e vie we d b y v e te r i n a r y p e rsonn e l

. W h e n re c o r ds w e re not in c omplianc e

, t he tru c k must be tu r n e d

b ac k [ 7 ]

.

B r a z ilian o f

fi c ials in f o rm e d AP H I S t h a t the prim a r y c ontroll e d t r a f fic a t the Couto de M a g a lha e s

c h ec kpoint is live a nim a l s and bon e d b e e f. B on e

- i n b ee f shipments ca n m o ve f rom one a ff

ec ted zo n e

to anoth e r via the e x port re g io n , using a c lassifi c a tion of “ i n

- bond.” The v e hicle must be se a led , the

s ea l applied a t a f

e d e r a l l y inspe c ted a nd a p p rov e d slau g ht e r f a c ili t y

, a nd the rece ivi n g port notifi e d

of the e x p ec ted shipm e n t . The v e hicle must tr a v e l a sp e c ific route a nd a r r i v e a t destin a tion b y a

ce rt a in tim e . The tax a g e n c y a ssists with this control sin c e v e hicl e s a re t a x e d dif fe r e nt l y wh e n

e nte r i n g the St a te versus just passing thro u g h. R e s trict e d pr o du c ts c a n on l y e nter Stat e s in the

p r opos e d fr ee

- with

- v a c c ination re g ion at c e rt a in c h ec kpoints and then must f ollow sp e c ific r ou t e s

[ 7 ]

.

I ns p ec tion of f

e r r y t r a f f ic w a s obse r v e d a t To c a ntinopolis, at a fe rr y c rossi n g on the Riv e r T o ca ntins

that s e rv e s as a bor d e r betw ee n the St a t e s of T o c a ntins ( c lassifi e d b y O I E as f r e e with va c c ination)43

a nd Ma r a n h ã o ( c l a ssifi e d b y O I E a s a f f e c ted ) . No live a nim a ls or a nim a l p r odu c ts w e re a llow e d to

e nter Toc a ntins at this crossin g

, a ltho u g h a g ri c ul t u ra l produ c ts w e re a llow e d with a p e rmi t . Br a z i l ian

o f fi c ials indic a ted th a t c h ec kpoints a r e l o ca ted a n y wh e re a long t h e r iver w h e re it is pass a ble,

a lthou g h this w a s not c o n fi r med b y the site visit t ea m.

Some dom e stic a nd int e r n a tion a l bord e rs in B r a z il a re c h a r ac te r i z e d a s “ twin citi e s,” in w hich c i t ies

on both sides of the bo r d e r a r e e ssential l y indistin g uishabl e . T h e se c ould p ose a r isk bec a use o f the

r e lative l y f

r e e movem e nt a nd the a mount of t r a f f ic moving a c ross the b o rde r . Memb e rs of t h e 2002

site visit t ea m obs e rv e d a n e x a mple of a “ twin ci t y ” loc a ted on a domestic b o r d e r b e t w ee n J u a z e rio,

B a hia ( c onsid e r e d fr e e w ith v acc ination b y O I E) a nd P e trolin a , P e rn a mbu c o ( c onsid e r e d a ff ec ted b y

O I E )

. The b o rd e r w a s m onito re d b y a c h e c kpoint on a v e r y bu s y h i g hw a y a t a b r i d g e c rossing t h e

riv e r b e t w ee n the two c ities. B oth mobile a nd fi x e d c h ec kpoints were obs er v e d a t the bor d e r, a ll of

whi c h op e r a t e d 24 hou r s a d a y [ 7 ]

.

At a mobile c h ec kpoint i n J u a z e rio, o f fi c ials indic a ted th a t all r e f r i g e r a ted t ru c ks or t r u c ks ca r r y i n g

live a nim a ls a r e stopp e d. Ho we v e r, the site visit t ea m notic e d that not all tru c ks th a t mi g ht have b e e n

ca rr y i n g r isk m a t e ri a ls w e re stopp e d, a ph e nome n on that w a s attributed to f a mili a ri t y of t h e

inspe c tors with the spe c i f ic tr uc ks or t y

pe of t r u c k s passing thro u g h the c h e c kpoin t . The inspe c tors

indi ca ted th a t th e y susp e c t ill e g a l t r a f f ic o f a nim a l s or a nim a l produ c ts and the r e fore hold pe r iodic

“ blit z e s” to ch e c k a ll v e h icl e s c r ossi n g the bo r d er

. Ho we v e r, nothing ill e g a l h a s be e n fo u nd d u ri n g

these inspe c tions [ 7 ]

.

Du r ing t h e 2003 site visit, AP H I S obs e rv e d mov e ment c ontrols at a bor d e r c h ec kpoint b e t w ee n

Rondônia a nd A c r e ( both c onsid e r e d f ree w ith v a c c ination b y the O I E ) . Th i s ch e c kpoint is op e n 24

hours a d a y , 7 d a y s a we e k. A c c o rding to c hec kp oint of f ici a ls, usu a l l y on l y tru c ks o r v e hicl e s

ca rr y i n g a nim a ls or a ni m a l produ c ts a r e stopp e d ; a nother c h e c kpoint ac ross the bo r d e r in A c re stops

e v e r y v e h i c le [ 7 ]

.

No live a nim a ls fr o m A c re a r e p e rmitt e d t o c ross t he bord e r

. M ea t th a t has b ee n d e bo n e d ca n e nter

Rondônia; how e v e r, me a t with bon e s c a n on l y t ransit the St a t e . V e hicl e s that tr a nsport me a t a re

disin fec ted a nd c le a n e d a t the point of o r i g in and t h e n disin fec ted a g a in at t he bor de r st a tion [ 7 ]

.

AP H I S a lso obs e rv e d a F e d e r a l/State insp e c tion post b e tw e e n Rondônia a n d M a to G r osso

( c onsid e r e d f

r e e with vac c ination b y the O I E ) . T h e post is sta f

f e d 24 hou r s a d a y a nd e v e r y

c omm e r c ial v e h i c le is inspe c ted. Not e v e r y p a s s e n g e r c a r is insp ec ted a nd d riv e rs a r e not alw a y s

a sked a bout live a nim a l s

. Th e re a re s i g ns post e d t h a t a n y a nim a ls should be d e c l a r e d to of f i c ials a n d

that a GTA must a c c ompa n y a n y shipmen t . O f fi c i a ls ch e c k the GTA f

o r e a c h shipment a nd re c o r d i t

. A f a x is s e nt to the L

VU of d e stin a tion, wh e re t h e shipm e nt is ve r ified when it a r r ives a t th a t

d e stin a tion. The C e ntr a l o f fi c e in P o r to V e lho is n otifi e d a bout e a c h ship m e nt as we ll [ 7 ]

.

Int e rnational mo v e m e nt c ontrols

Th e re a re 19 int e rn a tion a l l a nd e nt r y points and 24 se a ports in Br a z i l

. I

n a d dition, th e re a re 20

int e rn a tion a l airp o r ts and 18 inl a nd c ustoms of f ice s . P e rsonn e l st a f

f i n g the c ontrol poi n ts consist of

378 p r o fe ssion a ls (v e t e r i n a ri a ns a n d a g ronomists) a nd 193 support st a ff a n d a ssistants [ 7 ]

. B r a z ilian

o f fi c ials id e nti f

y a nd m o nitor r isk a rea s on the b o rd e rs w h e re outb r ea ks h a ve o cc u r r e d or wh e r e44

ille g a l mov e ment of a n i mals is susp ec te d . O f fi c i a ls also inspe c t animals a nd a nim a l produ c ts,

p a sse n g e r ba g g a g e

, a nd t he tr a v e l w a ste of a i rpl a n e s, ground t ra nspor t a tion, a nd other v e s s e ls

e nte r i n g the e x port r e g i o n. The b a g g a ge of p a s s e n g e rs is c h ec k e d b y samp l ing a cc o r di n g to

p re vious l y d e fin e d risk p a r a met e rs [ 8 ]

.

B r a z il pro h ibits the import of a ni m a ls or a nim a l p r odu c ts fr o m count r ies or z on e s that O I E d o e s not

c onsid e r f r e e f rom F MD, e x ce pt wh e n p r odu c ts ar e submitted to the r mal or p h y sic a l p ro c e s s e s

d ee med b y the O I

E to be suf

f ici e nt to ina c tiv a te t h e virus [ 10 ] . Prosp e c tive importe r s must complete

a n import re qu e st and s u pp l y do c umen t a tion d e s c ribing the t y pe o f p r odu c t , the m a nuf

a c t u ring

p r o ce ss, and t h e f

o r m of p ac k a g i n g . C e rtifi c a tion f r om the a nim a l h e a lth se r vice of the c ount r y of

o r i g in should also be inc l ud e d [ 9 ]

. B r a z ilian o f fi c ials th e n c ondu c t a risk a s s e ssm e nt a nd, if the

r e sults a r e f

a vo r a ble, g rant an import p e rmi t

.

S a nit a r y c ontrols for live a nim a ls, in c luding testing a nd q u a r a ntine p roc e d u r e s, are simil a r to those

d e s c rib e d a bov e

. B r a z il f

ollows the st a nd a rd a nd r ec omm e nd a tions of the O I E f or the int e rn a ti o n a l

e x c h a nge of a nim a ls and p r odu c ts.

B r a z il pro v ided A P H I S with in f o r mation on imports into the e x port re g i o n, c lassifi e d a c c o r di n g to

c ount r y o f o r i g in, sp ec i e s, and t y p e of p r od u c t f

r o m 199 9

- 2002 [ 10 ]

. C a ttle we re import e d p rima r i l y

fr om the sur r oundi n g S o uth Ame r ic a n c oun t ri e s

. Small numb e rs of ca ttle w e re import e d f r om the

United St a te s , Can a d a

, a nd Me x ico. Go a t and s w ine we r e import e d prim a r i l y f rom v a rious Eu r op ea n

c ountri e s, the United St a t e s, Can a d a

, a nd N e w Z e a land. The or i g inat i n g c o u nt r y f o r s e men a nd

e mb r y os v a ri e d wid e l y

. B r a z il import e d ov e r 38 million kilo g r a ms of f roz e n bon e d b e e f a nd o v e r

54.5 million kilo g r a ms of f r e sh or c ooled bon e d b e e f f rom 199 9

- 2002, p rima r i l y f r om P a ra g u a y

, U r u g u a y

, a nd Ar g e ntin a

.

The 2003 site visit te a m obs e rv e d movem e nt c ontrols at Gu a jar á

- Mirim, a c h ec kpoint that c ontrols

the mov e ment of a nim a ls a nd a nim a l produ c ts c r o ssing the M a d e ira River f rom B olivi a . Autho r ities

wo r k e d with oth e r b o rd e r of

f ici a ls to monitor tr a f

f i c a nd c h ec k l u g g a g e

. F l y er s and public noti ce s

a re a v a il a ble to noti f

y the public of the r ules a nd w h a t is prohibit e d ac ross t he bor de r into B r a z i l

. Th e re a re a g re e ments with law e n f o r ce ment a g e n c ies to monitor the bo r d e r during times w h e n

smug g ling m a y b e a p ro b lem due to e x c h a nge r a t e s of c u rr e n c ies [ 7 ]

.

A bo r d e r c ontrol post in Rol i m de Mou r a do Guapor é , loc a ted on t h e Guaporé Rive r

, w a s op e n e d i n

2001 to monitor shipme n ts c r ossing the riv e r in this se c luded a r e a . A B oliv i a n n a tion a l pa r k is on the

other side of the r i v e r a l o ng with a l ar g e c a ttle r a n c h. Some ships on this r i v e r a r e large e no u g h to

ca rr y 70

– 80 h ea d o f c a tt l e. The post is sta f f e d 24 hours a d a y . Empl o y ee s i nspe c t a n y shipments th a t

move on the r ive r . A n y c a ttle tr a nsport e d on the riv e r must have b e e n v a cc i n a ted a t l ea st twi c e [ 7 ]

.

Memb e rs of the 2003 site visit t ea m also obse r v e d int e rn a tion a l bord e r c ros s in g s with Ar g e nti n a a t

U r u g u a iana a nd with U r u g u a y a t S a ntana do L iv ra ment o

. I

n U r u g u a ia n a

, a p p r o x im a te l y 200 0

– 4000

ca rs cro s s dai l y

. I f the c o unt r y is on “ a le r t ” status, whi c h o cc u r s wh e n th e re is an F MD outbre a k in a

n e i g hbori n g c ount r y

, a ll p a sse n g e rs must w a lk th r ou g h a foot b a th and the ca rs are dri v e n thro u g h a n

iodine wh e e l dip. C a r g o t ru c ks must a rrive to the b o r d e r c l ea n

. I f th e y a rrive during a n a le r t st a tus

p e riod th e y a r e disin fec t e d a t the bor de r . T h e tru c k s a r e re g ist e r e d a nd g iven 15 minutes to a r rive a t45

the inspe c tion poin t . O f

fi c ials k ee p r ec o r ds o f individu a l items c onfis ca ted a nd submit month l y a nd

a nnu a l r e p o rts [ 7 ]

.

Th e re is also a q u a r a nti n e station for live a nim a l s

. Ho r s e s arrive a bout twi c e a mont h . Du r i n g the site

visit, inspe c tion p r o ce du r e s and proc e ssing o f p a p e r w o r k w e r e g re a t l y d e l a y e d d u e to a w o rk

slowdown b y the c ustoms of f ici a ls, so a nim a l mov e ment w a s slow [ 7 ] . Th e re is g ood c oo p e r a tion

b e tw ee n F e d e r a l a g e n c i e s and with inte r n a tion a l c ounte r p a rts a t the land b o rd e r crossin g s

.

At the Sant a na do L

ivramento bo r d e r crossin g

, Br a z ilian a nd U r u g u a y a n insp ec tion o f

fi c ials a re

loc a ted t o g e ther in the s a me b u ildin g

. L i v e a nim a l s that c a n be import e d u s u a l l y include d a i r y c a ttle

a nd sl a ughter a nim a l s

. D o c uments a re insp e c ted and then a nim a ls a r e b ro u g ht to the qu a r a ntine

station (10 km f

r om the bor de r) for c linic a l insp e c t io n . Animals moving dir e c t l y to sl a u g h t e r a r e not

qu a r a ntin e d. I f som e one w a nts to e x port a n a nim a l to B r a z il th e y must f irst a pp l y f

o r a n import

p e rmit whi c h lists the s a nit a r y r e quir e m e nt s . Th e se include 30 d a y s ’ qu a r a n t ine a t the f a rm of or i g in

und e r the sup e rvision of a n of f ici a l v e te r ina r i a n [ 7 ]

.

On c e the p a p e r w o rk is c h ec k e d a t the bor d e r, t h e a nim a ls a r e g iven a r e st at the qu a r a ntine station

for 2 to 3 hou r s be f

o re p r o cee di n g to the f

a r m of d e stin a tion f

o r a s e c ond 3 0

- d a y f

a rm qu a r a ntine in

a pr e vious l y a ppro v e d isol a ted f ac ili t y . An o f

f i c i a l vet e rin a

ri a n is advi s e d b e fo r e t h e shipment

a r r iv e s so th a t he o r she c a n be w a iti n g f or t h e a rriv a l of the tru c k

. A ft e r the 30

- d a y p e riod is ov e r, a

loc a l vet e rinari a n se n ds a re port a nd r e le a s e s the anim a l s

. B r a z il is cu r r e nt l y r e

- e v a luati n g its s y st e m

to consid e r h a vi n g the q u a r a ntine a t the station r a t h e r th a n a t the f a rm of d e stin a tion; how e v e r, this

would re quire a s y s t e m of us e r f ee s to ac c omplish [ 7 ]

.

The qu a r a ntine station a t S a ntana do L i v r a mento h olds up to 300 animal s . O f fi c ials t e st anim a ls for

b r u ce llosis, tube r c ulosis, F MD, infe c tious bovine r hinotr a c h e itis, bovine vi r a l di a r r h e a , blueto n g u e

,

a nd v e sicul a r stomatitis. F ollowing the O I E stan d a rds, if a c oun t r y is conside r e d f r e e o f a dis e a s e

,

a nim a ls a r e not t e sted a t ori g i n

. I f a c ount r y is co n side re d b y D D A to b e f re e of F MD with

v acc ination, th e n no test is r e quir e d . Ho w e v e r, d o c ument a tion mu s t be p r o vided th a t the a nim a ls

h a ve b e e n v a c c inat e d wi t h a triv a lent v a c c ine [ 7 ]

.

I ndividu a l id e ntific a tion is r e quir e d f o r import e d d a i r y a nd r e p r odu c tion a n i mal s

. F or sla u g hter

a nim a ls, on l y info r mati o n on the numb e r of h e a d s , se x

, a g e

, a nd tr a nsport i n a se a led v e hicle a re

r e quir e d . T h e se a nim a ls must g o to a fe d e r a l l y in s p ec ted ( S I F) pl a nt but ca n on l y be u s e d for the

int e rn a l m a rk e t sin c e th e y h a v e not be e n in the c o unt r y f o r mo r e than 90 da y s

. I f a n a nim a l a rri v e s a t

the bo r d e r w ith c lini c a l s y m ptoms of dis ea s e , it is s e nt ba c k to the place of o r i g in; ho w e v e r, a nim a ls

that show si g ns of F MD a re qu a r a ntin e d a nd s a m pled [ 7 ]

.

The 2003 site visit t ea m also r e vie w e d the G u a rulhos I nt e rn a tion a l Airpo r t in S ã o P a ul o . All

inspe c tors a r e e ith e r v e t e rin a ri a ns or a g ri c ultu ra l e n g in e e rs, a nd th e y c ov e r the a irpo r t 24 hours p e r

d a y

. W h e n ca r g o a rr ives a t the Gu a rulhos a irp o rt, the import e r b r i n g s the p a p e r w o rk to MAP A

. I n f r a r e o (the a irpo r t co m p a n y ) sen d s a d a i l y su m mary r e port o f the c om m odities th a t will be a rr iving

that d a y

. M APA c h e c ks the p a p e r wo r k, la b e ls, a n d p ac k a g i n g; if e v e r y thi n g is in or d e r, a number is

e nte r e d into the c omput e r t rac ki n g s y ste m . This a l e rts c ustoms that MAPA h a s r e l e a s e d the

shipm e nt. The shipment le a v e s t h e a irpo r t und e r MAPA s e a l, and on l y a MAPA o f fi c ial c a n bre a k

the s e a l and op e n t h e shipment a t the d e stin a tion. D e stin a tions a re a l w a y s MAP A

- a ppro ve d46

f a c ilities. W h e n a n import p e rmit is issued, a c o p y is s e nt to the d e stin a tion so th a t it c a n be c ros s

c h ec k e d upon a rriv a l. A b out 20 shipm e nts of a nim a l and pl a nt produ c ts a r r i ve d a i l y [ 7 ]

.

The site visit t ea m m a de the f ollowing obs e rv a ti o ns re g a rdi n g the t r ea tm e n t of a nim a l produ c ts,

int e rn a tion a l w a ste, p a sseng e r c l ea r a n c e

, a nd live a nim a ls at the Gu a rulhos I nt e rn a tion a l Airp o rt [ 7 ] :

Animal products: R e quir e ments for pro d u c ts entering into B r a z il include (1) MAPA import

p e rmit, (2) c ompliance w ith a ll sanitary h ea lth r e q uir e ments, (3) or i g in f r o m an e stablishment

a ppro ve d to e x port to B r a z i l

, a nd ( 4 ) d e c l a r a tion of port of e nt r y a nd fin a l d e stin a tio n . A

v e te r ina r i a n a t the a irp o rt rece i v e s the do c uments a nd w a its for the shipm e n t . MAPA insp ec ts

the shipm e nt be f

o r e c ustom s

.

A c c o r di n g to B r a z ilian o f fi c ials, 100 p e r ce nt of a nim a l produ c ts ente r i n g t he c oun t r y a re

inspe c te d . Th e y a re subj e c ted to both prim a r y a nd s ec ond a r y ins p ec tion s

. A n insp ec tion f o r

a nim a l he a lth pu r

poses is c ondu c ted, w hich i n c ludes a c h e c k for c ompliance with l a b e ling

a nd p ac k a g ing r e qui r e m e nt s

. F or the se c ond a r y i n spe c tion, the p r odu c t is s e nt to a stor a g e

f a c ili t y that is re g ist e r e d with MAPA f or sampling f

o r pu b lic h ea lth pu r p o s e s.

I f a shipment is re

j e c ted, a number of ac tions m a y be tak e n a cc o r di n g to B r a z ilian l e g isl a tio n

. The pro d u c t m a y b e re tu r n e d to the pla c e o f o r i g i n , it m a y be c onfis ca t e d a n d incin e r a ted, o r

it m a y be r e tain e d for p o ssible r e solution.

Int e rnational waste: At the inte r n a tion a l port of S a o P a olo, all w a ste f rom a ll c ountri e s f

r om

a ll plan e s is incin e r a ted. W a ste is coll ec ted, stor e d

, a nd then t ra nsport e d b y t ru c ks ( w hich

wo r k on l y in the a irpo r t) to the incin e r a tor, w h i c h is at the a irpo r t

. Public h ea lth of f ici a ls

supe r vise the in c in e r a ti o n . The I n f r ae ro Compa n y owns a nd op e r a tes the i n c ine r a tor.

Pass e ng e r cl e ara n ce : B r a z ilian l a w p r ohibits all t r a nsport of anim a l a nd plant p r odu c ts fr o m

a n y w h e r e in the wo r ld w i thout pro pe r p e rmit s . P a sseng e rs are c h ec k e d for a nim a l and pl a nt

p r odu c ts. The t y

pe of in s p ec tion d e p e nds on the o ri g in of the fli g h t . Prohi b it e d it e ms a r e

c onfis ca ted, sto r e d, a nd l a ter tr a nsp o rt e d b y the c o ntr a c t comp a n y to the in c ine r a tor under

MAPA sup e rvision.

Customs will a lso x

- ray a p e r c e n t a g e of a r r ivi n g l u g g a ge a nd c onfis ca t e pr o hibited p r odu c t s

. The p e r ce nt a ge is gr ea t e r f or lugg a g e f

rom hi g h

- r i sk a r ea s. F or e x a mpl e

, B r a z il h a s cl a ssifi e d

hi g h

- risk f

l i g hts to include f

li g hts f rom Sp a in and Po r tu g a l which h a ve sm a ll a rtisan f a rms

with no g ov e rnm e nt oversi g ht, count r ies w ith out b r e a ks, e tc

. I n a ddition, p a sseng e rs f rom

hi g h

- risk c ountri e s are r e quir e d to w a lk across a d isin fec tant ma t

. A ll lug g a g e f r om count r ies

h a ving F MD outbre a ks go e s throu g h x

- r a y ins p ec t io n

.

Live animals: L

ive a nim a ls c a n e nt e r th r o u g h e it h e r G u a rulhos or Ver a c o p os Airpo r t . Main l y

hors e s, but a lso ostrich a nd ca ttle, h a ve e nter e d

. A ll a nim a ls must have a n import p e rmi t

. A f ter a r r ival, the pl a n e , t r a nsport c ontain e r, a nd a n im a ls a r e c l e a n e d a nd disin fec te d . H o rse

hoov e s a r e p i c k e d a nd d i sinf ec ted w ith h y

po c hlor i t e

. F ood a nd b e dding a re incin e r a ted.47

Memb e rs of the 2003 site visit t ea m also obse r v e d the Santos se a port in S ã o P a ulo. This port is

g ov e rn e d b y both the I n s p ec tion S e rvi c e a nd Visi a g r o . MAPA w o r ks c los e l y with oth e r M inistries

( H ea lth a nd Environ m e nt), the F e d e r a l P oli ce , Po r t of f ici a ls and Customs at the por t . The f indi n g s of

the t ea m with re g a rd to the t rea tm e n t of live a nim a ls, ag r icultur a l e x ports a nd imports, a nd

int e rn a tion a l ga r

b a g e a t t he S a ntos s ea port w e re a s follows:

Live animals: F e w live a nim a ls a r rive a t this port. I n the l a st 9 y e a rs, t h e p o r t has re c e ived

on l y two shipments of o s trich e s f r om S p a in a nd a shipm e nt of c a ttle f rom Colombi a

. P e rsonn e l f

r om oth e r p or ts a r e c ont a c ted to h e lp w ith live a nim a l shipments to this port, since

the t ea m pr e s e nt at this port is not f a mili a r w ith a ll of the r e g ulation s

.

E x port of agricultural p r

odu c ts: On l y o n e f

ac ili t y a t the port is app r ov e d b y the United St a tes

for e x port ( L o ca l f

rio Comp a n y )

. Br a z il e x ports a ppro x im a te l y US$3 billion in pr oce ssed b ee f

a nd other me a t p rodu c ts to the United St a tes a nnu a l l y

. T o e x port, MAPA must issue a n

I nt e rn a tion a l H ea lth Ce r t ific a te a t the plant. T h e p rodu c t must be c ontain e r iz e d, se a led, a nd

a r r ive w ith the p r o p e r pa p e r w o r k . T h e port c o n fi r ms th a t the se a l is int ac t and the p a p e r w o r k

is in or de r b e f

o re issuing a “ P e rmit to Ship.” Surv e illan c e ca m e r a s r ec o r d e v e r y thi n g

h a pp e ni n g a t the port 24 hours p e r d a y . T h e se r e c o r din g s a re maintain e d f or 30 d a y s.

Agricultural import pro d u c ts: B r a z il sen d s insp ec tion te a ms on missions o v e rs e a s to ap p rove

f a c ilities to e x port to B ra z i l . The e x port e r must app l y f or a n import p e rmi t

. I f the

e stablishment is ap p roved, D D A issues the s a nit a r y r e quir e ment s

.

App r o x im a te l y 100 c ont a ine r s of a nim a l and pl a nt p r odu c ts a rri v e a t the po r t dai l y ( ro u g h l y

3 million cont a ine r s of a ll t y p e s of p rodu c t arrive a nnu a l l y ) . All cont a in e rs holding

a g r icultu ra l prod u c ts a r e op e n e d a nd insp e c te d . T h e c ontain e r is then s ea led a nd tr a nsport e d

to a S I F . P a p e r wo r

k is c h ec k e d th r e e times: (1) w h e n the import p e rmit is being issu e d, (2)

wh e n the p r od u c t a r

riv e s a t the port, a nd ( 3 ) wh e n the p r odu c t arriv e s at the S I F

.

The port a

uthorities r e ce i ve upd a tes f rom MAPA i n B r a silia on outb r ea ks a nd s a nit a r y

c onditions in other c ountri e s

. I f the sanit a r y situ a tion of the e x porting c oun t r y c h a n g e s while

the shipm e nt is in route a nd a n import p e rmit h a s al rea d y b ee n issu e d , port p e rsonn e l c a n still

r e fuse the shipm e nt.

Int e rnational garbag e : A ll ships c o ll ec t g a r ba g e in white pl a stic b a g s . Th e s e a re s ea led a nd

pla c e d in cont a in e rs until tr a nsport e d b y c ont r ac t e d tru c ks ( a lso s e a led) to t he incin e r a t o r,

whi c h is lo ca ted 70 km a w a y in the c i t y of M a u a. The Minist r y of H e a lth s up e rvis e s this

p r o ce ss. An a v e ra g e of 2 to 3 tons of g a rba g e is i n c ine r a ted d a i l y , i n c luding p a ll e t s . The

majo r i t y of g a rbage c o m e s f r om c r uise ships, which m a y le a v e up to 40 tons of g a rbage e a c h

. F rom Nov e m b e r to F e b r u a r y , two to thr e e c ruise ships a rr ive per w e e k

. H uman a nd f o od

w a ste is usu a l l y dumped b y the b o a ts into the o ce a n off the c o a s t . P a sse n g e r s a r e on l y

inspe c ted b y c ustoms if it is th e ir point of d e p a rtu re . Y a c hts do not a r r ive a t this por t . Some

ships h a ve their own in c i n e r a tors on b o a rd.48

Con c lusions

Th e re is a s y stem of p e r mits in pla c e to cont r ol animal movem e nt, which is w e ll c ontroll e d a t the

loc a l l e v e l. Movem e nt c o ntrols a r e link e d to vac c i n a tion r e c o r ds, a nd v a c c i n a tion c ov e rage in the

e x port re g ion b e i n g e v a l u a ted b y A P H I S is hi g h.

Th e re is g ood c oo p e r a ti o n b e tw ee n F e d e r a l a g e n c i e s and i n te r n a tion a l c ou n te r p a rts a t land b o rd e r

c rossin g s. At some b o rder lo c a tions a uthorities f r o m the two c ountri e s w e r e c o

- loc a ted, whi c h

inc r ea s e d e f

fi c ien c y a nd e f

f e c tiv e n e ss in c ontroll i ng movem e nt of a nim a l a nd a nim a l produ c t s

.

Movem e nt cont r ols at inte r n a tion a l c h ec kpoints a p p ea r to be a d e qu a t e a s l o ng a s p rodu c ts a r e

b r ou g ht in l e g a l l y

. I n c o n tr a st, mov e ment c ontrol me a sur e s and biose c u r i t y a t a irpo r ts a nd s e a ports

w e re imp r e ssiv e

.

AP H I S tries to t a r g e t the riskiest bord e r crossin g s ( a nd other a re a s) du r i n g a site visit as e x a mpl e s of

a t y p e of “ ma x imi z e d risk s ce n a ri o ” in ord e r to a d d re ss simila r , but th e o re t i ca l l y lo w e r, r isks in the

r e main de r o f the e x port r e g io n . AP H I S a ssum e s that, if the r iski e st p a thw a y s a re su f fi c ient l y

miti g a ted, the ov e r a ll sp e c trum of r isk issues should be a c ce ptabl e

. Using t h is assumption a nd

visiting the a

re a s of h i g h e st risk in the e x port re g i on, AP H I S c o n c luded th a t mov e ment c ontrol

me a sur e s f

o r live a nim a l s a r e r e lative l y r obust a t both dom e stic a nd int e r n a tion a l ch e c kpoint s

.

Risk fa c tors

1. Th e re is a pote n ti a l for i n trodu c ing F MDV thro u gh ille g a l introdu c tion of F M D

- in f ec ted a nim a ls

or a nim a l produ c ts fr o m a f f e c ted r e g ion s

. B r a z il h a s sev e r a l inte r n a l and e x te r n a l border a r ea s

with f e w or no n a t u r a l b a r

r ie r s . Ev e n wh e r e there a re b a rr i e rs or c h ec kpoi n ts, th e re is a pote n ti a l

that p e ople, c a rs, a nd a n i mal p r odu c ts could c r oss both dom e stic a nd int e r n a tion a l bord e rs

ille g a l l y

.

8. Lives t o c k d e m o g r aphics and m a r k e ting p r a c tic e s

G e n e ral information

Ag r iculture in Br a z il supports the ec ono m y , since a g r icu l tur a l commoditi e s c onstitute 37 p e r c e nt of

tot a l e x ports. Produ c tivi t

y h a s in c re a s e d b y 71 p er ce nt in the last 10 y ea rs. A r ound 90,000,000

h ec tar e s are c u rr e nt l y a v a il a ble f or a g ri c ultu r e in t he c ount r y ( without h a v i ng to cut f o r e sts down )

. B r a z il h a s ab o ut 2,403, 0 06 ca ttle e stablishment s . The domestic a nim a l po p ulation consists of

183,00 0 ,000 ca ttle, 1,10 0 ,000 b u f f a lo, 14,800,000 sh ee p, 12,100,000 g o a ts, a nd 33,000

, 000 pi g s. O f

these a mounts, 84 p e rc e n t of the c a ttle popul a tion a nd p re mis e s a re lo c a ted within the a r e a that

B r a z il a sked AP H I S to e v a luate. Animal c e nsus data a r e maintain e d a t the L V U [ 6

- 8, 10 ]

.

App r o x im a te l y 40,000, 0 00 a nim a ls a r e sla u g ht e red a nnu a l l y for m e a t, of w hich 87 p e rc e nt is

d e stin e d for int e r n a l con s umption and 13 p e r c e nt f or e x port m a rk e t s . The State of M a to G rosso do

Sul a c c ounts f

or 50 p e r c e nt of e x ports with 24,00 0 ,000 b ee f c a tt l e . Br a z il e x ports f r e sh a n d f r o z e n

b ee f to s e v e r a l coun t ri e s in Europ e , A f r i ca

, a nd A sia [ 6

- 8, 10 ]

.49

The z e bu b ree ds p r e dom i n a te in the n a tion a l beef p r odu c tion in most a rea s of the c ount r y , with the

e x ce ption of the south and south ea st of the c oun tr y

, w h e re E u rop e a n bre e d s a r e more c ommo n

. Th e re is also a g r owi n g p r e s e n c e of crossb r e e ds of z e bu a nd Eu r op ea n sto c k [ 8 ]

. I n 2002, the

e stimat e d sl a u g h t e r r a te in the c ount r y was 23.7 p e r c e nt a nd the a v e rage y i e ld of the b ovine herd w a s

26.1 p e r c e nt. T h e n a tion a l he r d gr o wth r ate, f rom 1993 a nd 2001, w a s 7.3 p e r c e n t , with a n a nnu a l

g r o wth a v e ra g e of 0.7 p e r c e n t . The p e r c a pita c o n sumption of b ee f a v e rag e s a r ound 35 k g p e r y e a r,

r e ac hi n g a n a v e rage of 4 5 kg p e r y e a r in the south e rn, south ea st e r n

, a nd m i d we ste r n re g ions of the

c ount r y [ 8, 10 ]

.

D a i r y h e rds acc o u nt for 2 0 p e r c e nt o f the tot a l herds in the c ount r y . This p r odu c tion is c on ce ntr a t e d

in the south e rn a nd south ea ste r n re g ions of the c o unt r y , wh i c h a c c ount for 69 p e r c e nt o f the n a tion a l

milk produ c tion. I

n 200 1 , the tot a l milk pr o du c tion w a s 20.6 billion lit e rs, a 31 p e rc e nt incr ea se

c ompa r e d to 1992 [ 10 ]

.

B r a z il h a s the larg e st swine h e rd in L a tin Am e ri c a . The c omm e r c ial p r odu c tion is main l y

c on ce nt r a ted in the sout h e rn a nd south e a ste r n re g ions of t he c ount r y

. I n 2 0 01, 28.5 million ho g s

w e re sla u g h t e r e d. Most o f this produ c tion o r i g ina t e s f r om s y stems integ r a t i ng r a ising a nd p r o c e ssing

e stablishments. The int e r n a l consumption r e p re s e nts app r o x im a te l y 95 p e r ce nt of the n a tion a l

p r odu c tion [ 10 ]

.

The n a tional sh ee p flo c k is a r ound 14.8 million he a d a nd is c on c e ntr a ted in the south e rn r e g ion of

the c ount r y

, e sp e c ial l y in the State of Rio G ra nde do Su l . The g o a t popul a t i on is 12.1 million he a ds

a nd is c on ce nt r a ted in the north e a ste r n re g ion of Br a z i l . The pro d u c tion of s mall rumin a n t s is almost

e ntir e l y d e stin e d for t h e int e rn a l m a r k e t [ 8, 10 ]

.

Liv e stock c ircuits

The B r a z ilian c limate a n d soil conditions m a ke it possible to ra ise c a ttle on p a sture y e a r r ound,

ac ross a ll its te r

rito r y . H o w e v e r, the h u ge g e o g ra p hic a l, e c onomi ca l

, a nd s o c ial dive r sities c re a te

dif fe r e nt t y p e s o f liv e stock p r odu c tion s y stems across the c ount r y . The ca t t le p r odu c tion ec o s y stem

in B r a z il is divided in t o five liv e stock c ir c uits ( F igure 8 ) . Th e s e c i r c uits, defined o r i g inal l y in 1992,

r e p re s e nt div e rse a nim a l demo g r a phic a nd m a rk e t i ng p r ac ti ce s a nd were f o r med to fac ilit a te the

c h a n g e in f

o c us of the FMD p r ogr a m f rom c ont r ol to e r a dic a tio n . The c i r c uits co r r e spond to

liv e stock e c o s y stems, quite ind e p e nd e nt with r e s p ec t to the v a r i ous st a g e s of the m ea t prod u c tion

c h a in; in oth e r w o r ds, th e re is a h i g h pr o b a bili t y t h a t the a nim a ls a r e born, r a ise d

, a nd sl a u g hter e d

within the s a me livestock c ir c uit [ 8, 10 ]

.50

F i g u re 9: L ivesto c k c ir c u its in B r a z il

RR

AP

A M PA

AC

RO

MT MA

PI

TO BA

DF C E RN

PB

PE

AL

SE

S OU T H E RN LI V E S T O C K C I RC U IT

M I DW E S T E RN LI V E S T O C K C I RC U I T

E A S TE R N L

I V E S T O C K C I RC U IT

NO RT H E RN L

I V E S T O C K C I RC U I T

NO RT H E A S TE RN LI V E S T O C K C I RC U IT GO

MG

M S ES

SP

RJ

PR

SC

RS

Sou r ce: MAPA, “E

n la r g eme n t o f t h e fo o t

- an d

- m ou th d i s e a s e f r ee z on e, w h ere v a ccin a tion i s p r a cticed

– Mid

w este r n an d

E a s tern livestock circuit

s

, ” B ra z il 2000

.

Althou g h liv e stock c i r c u i ts have no dir e c t a ff ec t o n the F MD p r o g ra m, th e y d e fine a r e a s o f some

int e rn a l homog e n e i t y th a t have b ee n u s e d a s re g ions in which a dv a n c e men t s in the pro g r a m m a y be

d e fin e d

. I nt e rn a l bor d e rs b e tw ee n re g ions r e c o g ni z e d b y B r a z il a s dif f e ri n g in st a g e o f e r a dic a tion

m a y or m a y not r e f

l ec t livesto c k c ir c uit bound a rie s

. I n some ca s e s, t h e bo u nd a ri e s bet w ee n c i r c uits

do not co r

r e spond to State bor de rs. I n fa c t, th e se b ound a ri e s are d e t e rmin e d b a s e d on the pr e v a iling

flo w s and int e nsi t y of t ra de a mo n g the livestock p rodu c tion s ec tors [ 7 ]

.

A b r ief d e s c ription of e ac h liv e stock c ir c uit f ollo w s [ 8 ]

.

Southern li ve stock c ircui t : Comprises t he Stat e s of Rio G r a nde do Sul and Santa C a ta r ina a nd the

south e rn p a

rt of the St a te of P a r a ná. I n the southern p a rt of the c i r c uit in Rio G ra nde do Sul, the

ca ttle popul a tion liv e s with the l a rg e st sh ee p flo c k of the c ount r y

. I n the n o rth e rn a r e a o f Rio G ra n d e

do Sul, in S a nta Cat a

rina a nd the southe r n p a rt of P a r a n á , th e re a re main l y small fa mi l y holdin g s

d e dic a ted to the int e g r a t e d f a rmi n g of p i g s, poultry a nd d a i r y or mi x e d ca t t le b r ee ds. A round 40

p e r c e nt o f the industrial pig a nd poult r y pro d u c tion in this cir c uit is found within this liv e stock

c ir c uit.

M idw e stern li ve stock c i r c ui t : Comprises the St a tes of Goi á s, Mato G r osso, Mato G rosso do Sul, S ã o

P a ulo, P a r a ná ( n o rth we s t e rn p a rt ) , Mi n a s G e r a is ( w e ste r n p a rt ) , Toc a ntins (southw e ste r n p a rt )

, a nd

the F e d e r a l Distri c t. This c ir c uit includ e s the larg e st c a tt l e population of the c ount r y (55 p e r c e nt of

tot a l). I t h a s the larg e st be e f mark e t and the h i g h e st numb e r of a b a ttoirs a n d me a t pro c e ssi n g plants

in B r a z il.

Eastern li ve stock c ircuit: Comprises the Stat e s of Rio de J a n e iro, Espírito S a nto, B a hia, S e r g i p e

, a n d

the e a ste r n p a rt of Min a s G e r a is ( re g ion not inclu d e d in the midw e ste r n liv e stock c ir c uit ) . The Stat e s

of B a h i a a nd Min a s G e rais a r e the most import a nt livesto c k Stat e s within t h is c i r c uit. The c ircuit

includ e s 13 p e rc e nt of t h e tot a l c a ttle population.51

Northern li ve stock c ircu i t : C omprises the Stat e s of Ac r e , Rondônia, A mazon a s, P a r á , Am a p á

, Ro ra im a

, a nd Toc a ntins (p a rt not in c luded in the midw e ste r n liv e stock c i r c uit ) . E x tensive liv e stock

p r odu c tion s y stems p r e d omin a te in this ci rc ui t . The ca ttle popul a tion is a p p r o x im a te l y the s a me a s

the e a ste r n c ir c uit ( 21.6 million he a ds), w ith a n a v e ra g e o f 121 c a ttle p e r h oldin g

.

Northeastern Liv e stock Circui t : Comprises the Stat e s of A l a g o a s, P e r n a m b u c o, P a r a íba, Rio Gr a nde

do No r te, C e a r á , Piauí, a nd Ma r a nh ã o. I t has the s mallest c a ttle popul a tion of the c ount r y ( 7 p e rc e nt

of tot a l), distribut e d in a lar g e numb e r of holdin g s, o cc u p y i n g a n a r e a simil a r to the ea ste r n liv e st o c k

c ir c uit a nd twice t h e si z e of the south e rn liv e stock c ir c uit.

M o ve m e nt patt e rns

Movem e nt of c a ttle is c o n ce ntr a ted m a in l y in the Stat e s of M a to G r osso do Sul, S a o P a olo, Goias,

Min a s G e ri a s, and M a to G r oss o . Addition a l l y , the ma r k e ting a nd movem e n t patte r ns of c a ttle a re

c on ce nt r a ted m a in l y within the St a te w ith little m o v e me n t inte r stat e . This indic a tes th a t most

a nim a ls th a t a r e r e c e ived a t an e x port slau g ht e r f ac ili t y h a ve lik e l y or i g inat e d f r om and r e si d e d in the

s a me St a t e

. W ith the e x c e ption of the F e d e r a l Distri c t , ov e r 90 a nd up to 9 9 .9 p e r c e nt o f mov e ment

of the c a ttle population o cc u r s within ea c h State ( F i g u re 9 )

.

Most of the int e rst a te mov e ment of ca ttle o cc u r s within the e x port re g io n

, with l e ss th a n 0.5 p e r c e nt

of ca ttle b e i n g moved to the inf e c ted zon e . On a v e ra g e , 23 p e rc e nt of ca ttle moved inte r state within

the e x port re g ion, moved to sl a u g hter with the majo r i t y of a nim a ls tr a nsferr e d to the Stat e s of Rio de

J a n e iro a nd S e r g ipe [ 10 ]

.

Movem e nt of pi g s follows a p a tt e rn simil a r to c a tt l e . The majo r i t y of p i g m ov e ment o cc u r s within

the e x port re g ion. W ith r e g a rd to small rumin a nts, movem e nt to other Stat e s oc c u r s more f r e q u e nt l y

. Ho we v e r, no F M D

- susceptible sp e c ies a r e a llowed e nt r y f r om the in f

ec ted z one into the e x port

re g ion [ 10 ]

.

Ma r k e t tr a n s ac tions o cc u r m a in l y thro u g h di r ec t n e g oti a tions a mo n g ow n e r s. A sm a ll p r oportion of

ca ttle ( 7 p e r c e nt) a re sold a t livesto c k e v e nts su c h a s au c tions a nd e x hibitions [ 7, 10 ]

.52

F i g u re 10: S c h e matic r e p r e s e ntation of c a ttle mov e ment in B r a z il, 2002

99

, 9 %

98% 90%

98% 92%

94%

95%

92% 99%

94%

98% 97%

99%

99

, 9 %

Sou r ce: MAPA, A dd itio na l I n f o r m a tion r e qu ested in r el a tion to the r i s k o d ex p o r ting f rs h o r c h illed b eef, Sp etem b er

2003

The au c tion s y stem

Du r ing t h e 2003 site visit, AP H I S discuss e d t h e a u c tion s y stem with a uthor i ti e s at the B a ge L V U

. The f irst st e p in the proc e ss is for a n a u c tion y a rd o f fi c ial to r e q u e st a p e r m it to hold a n a u c tion a t

le a st one w e e k in adv a n c e of the a c tual e v e n t . Sta t e inspe c tors ( a v e te r i n a r i a n a nd a ssistant) are

a ssi g n e d to insp e c t animals upon a r r iva l . Two G T A a

re r e quir e d

. One p er mit autho r i z e s anim a ls to

g o to the a u c tion a nd the other a uthori z e s them to le a v e

. I f a nim a ls a r r ive w i thout a GTA the

inspe c tor f

ines the p r od u cer

. I f the p r od u ce r h a s a f a rm invoi c e to pro v e the ori g in of the a nim a ls,

th e y a re p e rmitt e d to r e t u rn to the f a rm of o ri g i n

. If the p r odu c e r do e s not h a ve pro o f o f o w n e rship,

then the a nim a ls a r e c on f isc a ted a nd the lo c a l police a r e c ont a c ted [ 7 ]

.

On a v e ra g e

, a u c tions o c c ur on c e or t w i c e p e r month (l e ss f r e qu e nt l y in wi n te r , more in summ e r )

. G e n e r a l l y

, a u c tions a r e h e ld for c a ttle f or f a tt e ning prior to sl a u g ht e r but in the sprin g . T h e re a re a l s o

s a les f or b r ee di n g a nim a l s and g e n e tic mat e ri a l

. T he of f ici a l s e rvi c e re g a r d s a u c tions a s the main

c ontrol point for bre e ding a nim a l s

. I mpor t e d a n i mals must have re sided i n B r a z il f or a t l e a st 90 d a y s

b e fo r e t h e y ca n b e sold a t an a u c tio n . R e p re s e ntatives f

rom sla u g hte r

hou s e s b u y a nim a ls di r ec t l y

f r om f a rms a n d not f

r om a u c tions [ 7 ]

.53

Animal id e ntifi c ation

B r a z il h a s string e nt mov e ment controls. MAPA r e quir e s that all ca ttle o w n e rs id e nti f y their a nim a l s

with a unique br a n d . Sh e e p a nd swine a re identif i e d b y a n individual b ra nd or n o tch in the e a r . E a c h

L V U k e e ps a r e g ist r y of i d e ntifi c a tion s y stems a nd a c ompl e te r e g ist r y o f t h e liv e sto c k holdin g s in

the r e g ion with a nim a l p opulations listed b y a g e g r oup a nd s e x . The r e g ist r y must be upd a ted a t l ea s t

twice a y e a r, a nd wh e n e v e r a nim a ls a r e moved (farm e rs must noti f y the L V U of c h a n g e s to the

a nim a l inv e nto r y d u e to birth, d ea th, or mov e me n t off pr e mis e s and must d o so within 30 d a y s [ 6 ]

.

B r a z il h a s implem e nted t he n a tion a l id e ntifi c a tion s y stem ( S I SBO V ) f o r c a ttle a nd bu f

f a l o . The g o a l

of S I S B OV is to individual l y identi f y a nd monitor a ll ca ttle a nd bu f f a loes b o r n or import e d into

B r a z i l . The s y stem is de s i g n e d to tra c e a nim a ls f r o m birth to d ea t h . A unique 17

- di g it identifi c a tion

c ode is g i v e n to ea c h a n i mal a nd is re g ist e r e d in a n a tion a l dat a b a se m a n a g e d b y M AP A

. Addition a l l y , the s y stem includ e s info r mation on own e r ’ s re g istr a tion, d a te a nd pla c e o f bi r th of the

a nim a l, br e e d c h a r ac t e risti c s, f e e di n g pra c ti ce s, v a cc ination dat a , movem e n t r e c o r ds, d e a th

info r mation, and oth e r a n im a l he a lth indi ca tor s

. T he a nim a ls c a n on l y be i d e ntifi e d on c e d u ring t h e ir

lif e tim e

. At the time of A P H I S’ 20 0 2 visit, 6.5 million of the 1 83 million c a ttle in B r a z il h a d b ee n

identifi e d [ 7, 11 ] . Du r ing the 2002 visit to a fa rm in Mato G r osso do S ul, AP H I S r e ce ived a live

d e monstr a tion of the S I S B OV s y stem [ 7 ] . MAPA r e port e d that b e tw ee n 2 0 02 a nd 2006, a tot a l of

72,550,928 ca ttle w e r e re g ist e r e d (3 4 ,367,690 of t hose w e nt to sl a u g hte r )

. At the time of the 2006

site visit, 38,183,238 live ca ttle we r e re g ist e r e d in n a tio n a l dat a b a s e

.

MAPA a cc r e dits priv a te c ompani e s to assi g n t h e c od e s and c oll ec t the r e le v a nt in f o r matio n . The

acc r e dit e d c ompan i e s se l ec t the t y pe of id e ntific a t ion us e d a nd a r e re spons i ble f or c e rti f y i n g the

status of e ac h a nim a l enroll e d throu g h the m . M AP A a udits the c ompani e s re g ula r l y . There a re 8

ce rtifi e d ac c r e dit e d c om p a nies, t he c ost is b e tw e e n U S$0.8 a nd US$1 to id e nti f y e ac h a nim a l, a nd a

visit b y a v e t e rin a

ri a n is r e quir e d to re g ist e r the a n i mals [ 7, 11 ]

.

P a rticip a tion in the pro g r a m is voluntar y

, e x ce pt for pro d u c e rs w ho a re pl a nning to e x port to the

Eu r op ea n Unio n

. I

n a ddition, all c a ttle f

a rms lo c a ted in F M D

- f

r e e Stat e s must be inte g r a ted into

S I S B O V no l a ter t h a n De ce mber 2005 [ 11 ] . At the p r e s e nt tim e

, a ll f a rms a nd a nim a ls intend e d to

e x port to the Eu r op ea n U nion must pa r ti c ipate.

I d e ntifi e d a nim a ls th a t m ove to sl a u g ht e r a r e issu e d a S I S B OV c a r d . T h e slau g h t e r f ac ili t y is

r e sponsible f

or c h ec ki n g the do c ument a tion a nd f o r t e rmin a ting t h e r e g istr a t ion of slau g ht e r e d

a nim a ls in the n a tion a l dat a b a se. I n ca s e the sla u ghter f a c ili t y do e s not h a v e F e d e r a l insp e c tion, the

acc r e dit e d c ompa n y is r e sponsible f or te r min a ting the r e g istr a tion of sla u g h te r e d a nim a ls [ 11 ]

.

Slaught e r insp ec tion

B r a z il h a s 358 f

e d e r a l l y i nspe c ted sla u g hter fa c ilities, of whi c h 317 op e r a te within the e x port r e g ion.

As of Ap r il 27, 2011, 19 f a c ilities h a ve b e e n c e rti f

ied to e x port to the United St a tes, a ll loc a ted

within the e x port re g ion. I n a ddition, a ppro x im a tely 405 Stat e

- insp e c ted f a c ilities e xist in the e x port

re g ion; how e v e r, b e e f or p r odu c ts fr o m th e s e f a c i l ities c a n on l y b e sold within the St a te [ 10 ]

.54

P e rsonn e l f

r om the sla u ghter f

a c ilities g o to farms to b u y c a ttl e . G e n e r a l l y

, th e y g o to l a r g e /hi g h

qu a li t y f a rms, but th e y m a y g o to a n y f a rm th e y w is h . All f

a rms a re e li g ible to sell ca ttle to a n y

slau g ht e r f

a c ili t y . Ho w e v e r, due to the e c onomi c s of tr a nsport, a tr u c k n ee d s to be f illed to be c ost

e f f e c tiv e ; th e refo r e , sma l l f

a rm e rs m a in l y ship to S tate

- inspe c ted f ac ilities f or State c onsumption [ 7,

10 ]

. T he EU r e quir e s that the a nim a ls must r e side on the f a rm f o r a t l ea st 4 0 d a y s b e fore b e i n g

moved to sl a u g ht e r . Oth e r d e c l a r a tions reg a rdi n g g e n e tic modifi c a tion, use of a nim a l protein in fe e d

,

a ntibiotics a dministr a tio n

, a nd p e sti c ides a ppli c a tion a re a lso r e quir e d for e x port to the EU [ 7 ]

.

AP H I S p e rsonn e l visit e d thr e e sla u g hter fa c ilities in the e x port re g ion that w e re a ppro ve d to e x port

p r o ce ssed p rodu c ts (oth e r than f r e sh b ee f ) to the United St a tes: in Goian a s and Mo z a rl a ndia in the

State of G oias a nd in C a mpo G ra nde in the State of Mato G rosso do Su l . The fac ili t y in Goian a s h a s

the c a p a c i t y to sl a u g ht e r 1400 h ea d of ca ttle p e r d a y with an a v e ra g e a g e a t sl a u g h t e r of 3 y e a rs a nd

a n a v e ra g e ca r ca ss w e i g h t of 220 k g . T h e f a c ili t y i n Mo z a rl a ndia h a s the c a p ac i t y to sl a u g ht e r

1500 h ea d p e r d a y with a n a v e rage a ge a t sl a u g ht e r of 2 to 3 y ea rs a nd a n a v e ra g e c a r c a ss w e i g ht of

280 to 300 k g . The f

a c ili t y in C a mpo G r a n d e h a s t he ca p ac i t y to sl a u g h t e r 1 200 h ea d p e r d a y with an

a v e rage a ge a t sl a u g hter of 3 y e a rs [ 7 ]

.

Ant e

- mort e m inspe c tion: B r a z ilian l a w r e quir e s t h a t animals must r e st 6 to 24 hou r s prior to

slau g ht e r d e p e ndi n g on t he dist a n c e t r a v e led ( t h e a v e rage r e st time is 18 hours ) . The a nim a ls r e c e ive

their fi r st insp ec tion upon a rr ival b y a t ec hnici a n who c h ec ks t h e p a p e r w o r k ( G TA ) , unloads the

tru c ks, a n d p e r f

o r ms a p h y s ic a l insp e c tio n

. I f a tr u c k a rr i v e s with no p a p e r wo r k, it ca nnot be

unload e d . All tru c ks m u st be disin fec ted befo r e a nd a ft e r unlo a di n g. I f a n y thing unusu a l is not e d,

the a nim a ls a r e mo v e d to the obs e rv a tion c o r r a l f o r the v e te r i n a ri a n to p e r f o rm a c linic a l e x a m [ 7 ]

.

The F e d e r a l vet e rinari a n p e r f o r ms two a n t e

- mort e m inspe c tions, one 12 hou r s prior to sl a u g hter a nd

the s e c ond 30 minutes b e fo r e sla u g ht e r. Obs e r v a tions a re re g ist e r e d on a n a nt e

- mort e m inspe c tion

ca rd th a t con t a ins basic i n f o r mation on the a nim a l s in e a c h p e n

. Animals with dise a s e s s y mptoms a r e

s e p a r a t e d into obs e rv a ti o n p e ns for a c loser e x a m i n a tio n . Holding p e ns c o n tain a nim a ls fr o m one

own e r a nd f

a rm, and multiple p e ns m a y c ontain a n im a ls f rom one own e r

. T he a nim a ls a r e g roup e d

into lots. A lot is de f

ined a s all a nim a ls fr o m the s a me o w n e r a nd of the sa m e se x . P e ns hold a

minimum of 20 a nim a ls or one tru c k load [ 7 ]

.

Suspi c ious c a s e s are sent to a s e p a r a te s a nit a r y sl a u g hter buildi n g that usu a l l y h a s a n ec rop s y room

a tt ac h e d to it. F a ll e n sto c k are t r ea ted a s an e m er g e n c y sla u g hter [ 7, 21 ]

.

Post

- mort e m inspe c tion: Pos t

- mort e m inspe c tion includ e s insp ec tion of the hoov e s, t he h ea d, a nd

a ssoci a ted org a ns a n d l y mph nodes. I ns p ec tions a re c ondu c t e d b y F e d e r a l t ec hnici a ns on lines

lab e led A thro u g h H, with e a c h line c h ec ki n g a dif fe r e nt pa r t of the c a r c a s s

. W h e n a lesion is found,

the t ec hnici a n fills out a f o r m, m a rks the c a rc a ss a nd then stor e s it sep a r a t e ly in a spe c ial a r e a for

c loser inspe c tion. The field vet e rin a ri a n th e n inve s ti g a tes mo r e c lose l y

. I n p a rticul a r f o r F M D, the

te c hnici a ns sp e c ific a l l y c h ec k the f ee t, mu zz le, a nd ton g ue for v e sicul a r l e s ion s

. I f t h e te c hnici a ns

h a ve a n y doubts, th e y n o ti f y the v e t e rin a

r i a n immedi a te l y . The v e t e rin a r ia ns tr a in t ec hnici a ns to

p e r f o r m th e s e inspe c tio n s . App r o x im a te l y 1 p e rc e nt of the a nim a ls a r e c o n d e mned p e r d a y a t some

f a c ilities [ 7, 21 ]

.55

Matu ra tion a nd pH t e sti n g : The ca r ca sses a re m a tur e d for a minimum of 24 hou r s at a temp e r a ture of

2 to 10oC. T e mpe r a ture i s me a sur e d w h e n the f irst ca rc a ss ent e rs the c o ol e r a nd a g a in a ft e r the last

ca rc a ss ent e rs a nd doo r s a re c lo s e d . Sp ec ific c ooling c h a mbe r s a re a ppro v e d for use f o r e x port

p r odu c ts and are lab e l e d a s such. A f t e r 25 h ours, tr a ined qu a li t y c ontrol t e c hnici a ns m ea su r e the p H

of the m ea t at one point i n the loin mus c les in ea c h h a lf of the c a rc a s s . The te c hnici a ns wo r k for the

plant but a r e sup e rvi s e d b y the F e d e r a l s e rvi c e

. I f the pH is above 5.9 ( p e r r e quir e ments of th e ir

c u r r e nt t r a ding p a rtners )

, the c a r ca ss is separ a ted from the e x port b e e f a nd on l y used f o r dom e stic

c onsumption. The ca r ca s s halv e s a r e p H t e sted a n d ac c e pted or r e je c ted i n d e p e nd e nt l y . The pH

inspe c tors a r e sup e rvis e d ra ndom l y b y the o f f ici a l v e te r ina r i a n [ 7 ]

.

F e d e r a l re g ulations re qu i re ca lib r a tion of pH m e t e rs but it is up to the fac ili t y to det e rmine h o w to

acc omplish thi s

. F or e x a mpl e

, the f ac ili t y in C a m po G r a nde ca lib ra t e s pH met e rs twi c e a d a y while

the one in Goian a s c a lib r a tes e v e r y 25 me a su r e m e nt s . Ho we v e r, ca lib ra tion pro c e du r e s were w ritten

down a t all f

a c ilities th a t AP H I S visite d . C a lib ra t i on r e sults a r e r e c o rd e d a s the m e ter i s teste d

. Stand a rd b u ff e r solutions a re a l w a y s a v a il a ble a nd a re c h a n g e d d a i l y . T h e q u a li t y c ontrol o f fi c e r

tr a ins the te c hnici a ns e v er y 6 months in pH t e sti n g a nd ca lib ra tion [ 7 ]

.

D e bonin g : D e boni n g c o n sists of re moval of bon e

, l y mph nodes, a nd blood c lots. W h e n r e quir e d,

d e boning is c a rr ied out u nd e r sup e rvi s ion of the q u a li t y c ontrol p e rsonn e l

. All produ c ts must pass

throu g h the q u a li t y c on t r ol point wh e re a sc o re of ac c e ptabili t y is ass i g n e d

. I f the p r odu c t is

un ac c e ptabl e , the w ho l e lot must be c h ec k e d pi e c e b y pi e c e . The o f f ici a l s e r vice c ondu c ts r a ndom

c h ec ks on some lots [ 7 ]

.

P ac k a g i n g : Me a t is pa c k a g e d in b o x e s that a r e la b e led w ith pr o du c tion d a t e , slau g ht e r d a te, t y pe o f

p r odu c t, and w e i g ht. E a c h box h a s a u n ique numb e r b a r c od e , wh i c h is import a nt for tra c e a bili t y

. AP H I S obs e rv e d that lot numbe r s a r e n ot pl ace d o n shipping bo x e s, which may a ff ec t tra cea bil it y

on c e the m e a t is de b on e d . At this point, b o x e s of m ea t a r e no lo n g e r t r a c k e d b y lo t

. I nste a d, t h e d a te

of pro d u c tion is use d . AP H I S r ec omm e n d e d to B r a z ilian o f fi c ials use of lot numbe r s to enh a n c e the

tr a c e a bili t y of me a t bo x e s . Me a t is chill e d for a m a x imum of 45 da y s o r it must be s e nt to loc a l

ma r k e ts or us e d for dri e d me a t . All shipping c ont a ine r s a r e c le a n e d a nd dis i n fec ted b e fore shippin g

,

a nd must have a c e rtifi ca te of disin fec tion [ 7 ]

.

Con c lusions

AP H I S did not identi f y si g nifi c a nt risk pathw a y s t o c onsid e r c omm e r c ial o p e r a tions in the e x port

re g ion a s a lik e l y sou r c e for introdu c i n g F MD in t o the United St a tes. AP H I S c o n c luded that t h e

lar g e r c omm e r c ial op e r a tions a re lik e l y to be the sour c e of b ee f e x ports fr om the e x port r e g ion. In

th a t re g a rd, AP H I S c o n side r s the b e e f indust r y i n the e x port re g ion to be w e ll org a ni z e d a nd

c o m mitt e d to the pro d u c tion of qu a li t y pro d u c t and to p re v e nti n g F MD outbr e a ks.56

AP H I S c o n c luded th a t Br a z i l ’ s anim a l id e ntifi c a tion s y s t e m is op e r a tion a l. I ts use e nh a n c es B r a z il’s

a bili t y to c e rti f y the o r i g in of a nim a ls ente r i n g the e x port c h a nn e l s

.

The a u c tion s y stem in the c ount r y is w e l l

- o r g a ni z e d a nd ti g ht l y c ontroll e d b y the offi c ial s e rvi c e

. Th e re is no e vide n c e to s ug g e st th a t m a jor mo v e ments of a nim a ls into e x p o rt c h a nn e ls o c c ur thro u g h

the a u c tion s y s t e m.

AP H I S c o n c luded th a t a d e qu a te c ontrols a nd insp e c tion me a sur e s e x ist a t sl a u g h t e r f ac ilities. I n that

re g a rd, a nt e

- mor t e m a nd pos t

- mort e m inspe c tions a re c a rr i e d out s a tisf a cto r i l y . AP H I S v e ri f

i e d pH

c ontrols, m a tur a tion, a nd d e boning p ro c e d u r e s at t he thr e e plants, wh i c h e x port to the EU a nd other

c ountri e s. AP H I S c on c l u d e d that a fter m a tur a tion, e v e r y c a r ca ss is tested, t o e nsure the pH is not

g r ea t e r th a n 5.9. I f g rea t e r, the c a r c a ss is div e r t e d to lo ca l consumptio n . AP H I S e x a min e d matu ra tion

r e c o r ds a nd v e ri f

i e d ac t u a l r e

je c t e d a nd a p p rov e d s ea ls.

AP H I S c onsid e rs that pH t e sting a nd ca lib r a tion of pH m e te r s c ritical miti g a tion me a sure in

a ssessing the r isk of importing F MDV in b ee f f rom B r a z i l

.

The biose c u r i t y me a s u r e s a ppli e d a t the f a c ilities A P H I S visited w e re a d e q u a te a nd there is a h i g h

lev e l of a w a r e n e ss and complian c e with th e se m e a sur e s. I n a ddition, pro c e ssing f a c ilities a re

int e g r a ted w ithin th e se o p e r a tions a nd a re und e r ad e qu a te offi c ial c ontrol a nd insp ec tion.

I n t e rms of the import a t i on of matu re d debo n e d b ee f, A P H I S c o n c luded t h a t B r a z il h a s ad e qu a te

c ontrol of insp ec tion ac t i vities in sl a u g hter plants, a nd ca n ce rti f y c omplian c e with USDA import

r e quir e ments. A c ompar a ble s y stem f o r c ontrol of c omm e r c ial shipments a l so e x ists and is

c onsid e r e d a d e qu a t e to c ontrol import a nd e x port of b ee f p rodu c ts.

9. Dise a se su r v e illa n c e

Strat e gies for FMD surv e illance in Brazil

B r a z il implem e nts both passive a nd a c tive surv e il l a n c e st r a t e g ies to demo n str a te fr ee dom f r om

F M D . The B r a z ilian F MD su r v e illan c e s y stem c a n be bro a d l y c h a ra c te r i ze d a s ha v i n g two ph a s e s:

(1) d e monstr a ti n g f

r ee d o m f r om dis ea se in a z on e

, a nd ( 2 ) monito r ing o f t h a t z on e

. B r a z il h a s

implem e nted th e se str a t e g ies in the e x port r e g ion.

Phase I : D e monstrating fr ee dom from d isease in t he region [6, 8

- 10, 2 0 ]

The b a sis f

or d e monstr a ting f

r e e dom f rom inf e c ti o n in the r e g ion is throu g h ac tive surv e illanc e

, whi c h, in P h a se I

, c onstitutes a r e g ion

- wide ca m p a i g n of a on e

- time e x tensive se r ol o g ic a l sampli n g

of ca ttle, she e p, a nd g o a t s bas e d on a pro b a bilistic s a mpling d e s i g n.

Statistic a l desi g n for se le c ting a nim a ls f o r s e rol o gic a l sampling: The p robabilistic s a mpl i ng d e si g n

that h a s be e n e mpl o y e d i n a ll se r olo g i ca l surv e y s i n a ll ph a s e s of the sur v e illan c e s y stem in Br a z il is

a str a tifi e d, two

- st a ge c l u ster sampling d e s i g n . U n d e r this desi g n, the s e le c t ion of a nim a ls for57

s e rolo g i ca l sampling is c ondu c ted in thr e e s t e ps: ( 1) str a tifi c a tion of the region, (2) f irs t

- st a g e

s a mpling of c lust e rs 1

, a nd ( 3) se c on d

- st a g e sampl i ng of a nim a ls within the s e le c ted c lust e r s . A mo r e

d e tailed e x plan a tion of these three steps f ollows [ 8 ]

.

1. Stratification of the r e gion:

The B r a z il i a ns str a tifi e d 2 the r e g ion a cc o r di n g to s e v e r a l str a tific a tio n 3 p a r a m e te r s, such a s t h e a r ea ’s

p re v a iling liv e st o c k pr o d u c tion s y stems, livesto c k c ir c uits (th e se c on ce pts a re e x plain e d b e lo w ), a n d

the e pidemiolo g i c a l con d itions in the a r e a

.

a. L ivesto c k p ro d u c tion s y s tem s : This is an import a nt str a tifi c a tion f a c tor t h a t r e sults in

more sampling e f

f ic i e n c y . Dif

f e r e nt livesto c k pr o d u c tion s y stems in B r a z il a re

c h a ra c te r i z e d b y f

ac tors s u c h a s the b r ee d of the a n im a l, clim a te, soil c ondit i ons a nd t y p e

of p a stur e . Also, the h u ge g e o g r a ph i ca l, e c onomi c

, a nd so c ial div e rsiti e s c r e a te di f f e r e nt

t y p e s of livestock p rodu c tion s y s t e ms a c ross the c ount r y [ 20 ]

.

b. L ivesto c k c ir c uit s : Simi l a r l y , st r a ti f y i n g the r e g i o n acc o r di n g to livesto c k c ir c uit ca n a lso

r e sult in fu r ther sampli n g e f f ici e n c y

. A t the p r e s e n t tim e , the r e a re five liv e s tock c ir c uits

in B r a z il: S outhe r n, Mi d

- w e ste r n, E a s t e rn, N o r t h e r n a nd No r the a s t e rn.

c. R e g ionali z a tion acc o rding to risk statu s : Anoth e r import a nt str a tifi c a tion p a r a met e r t h a t

h a s be e n us e d is the re g i on a li z a tion of t he dise a se b a s e d on the r isks of t ra nsmission a nd

c ontamination b y the vi r a l a g e n t . Six r isk l e v e ls h a ve b e e n e stablished a nd used for

str a tifi c a tion pu r

poses. ( S e e liv e stock d e m o g r a p h ics a nd movem e nt pattern s .)

2. Sampling of c lust e rs ( firs t

- stage sampling ) :

A f ter str a ti f y i n g the re g i on into dif

fe r e nt str a ta ( t y

p i c a l l y th r e e str a t a ), e a c h str a tum is vi e w e d a s an

indep e nd e nt subpopulation within the re g io n

. I n e ac h str a tum, a p r e d e t e rmin e d number of c lust e rs is

s e le c ted a t the fi r st st a g e of sampli n g in su c h a way to a c hieve a 95 p e r ce nt statisti ca l con f iden c e o f

finding a t l e a st one diseas e d h e rd ( o r c lust e r ) a t an a ssum e d c lust e r pr e v a l e n ce , usu a l l y 0.5 or

1 p e r c e nt.

3. Sampling of animals wit h i n

- c lust e rs ( s ec on d

- stage sampling ) :

This t a sk involves the r a ndom s e le c tion of a ( p r e d e te r min e d) numb e r of a n i mals f r om e a c h s e le c t e d

h e rd in e a c h str a tum ( i.e., sample si z e of a nim a ls within eac h h e r d ) . The s a mple si z e is c a lcul a ted in

such a w a y a s to a c hie v e a 95 p e rc e nt statisti ca l c o n f iden c e o f f

inding a t l e a st one dise a s e d a nim a l

within the h e rd ( or c lust e r) a t an a ssum e d withi n

- c lust e r p r e v a le n ce , us u a l l y 5 or 10 p e rc e n t

.

1 A c l u s ter is d e f

i n ed as a la r g e h e r d o r an a g g re g ate o f s m al l er h e rd s

. 2 In s tratified s a m

p l in g

, t h e pop u lation i s p a r tit i o n ed into re g i o n s o r s trata, a n d a s a m p le is s elected b y s o m

e d es i g n

w i t h i n each s trat u m

. T h e s ele c tio n s i n d if f e r e n t s trata a r e m

a d e i n d e p e n d e n t l y

, a n d t h e p rinci p le o f s tratificati o n i s to

p a r tit i o n t h e pop u l ati o n i n s u c h a w a y t h at t h e s a m p ling un it s w ithin a s trat u m a r e as s i m i l ar as po ss ible. T hu s

, e v en

t h oug h o n e s tra t u m m i g h t d iffer m a r k e d l y f r o m a n o t h e r

, a s t rati f

ied s a m p le w i t h t h e d esir e d n u m

b er o f s a m

p l in g u n i t s

f r o m each s trat u m i n t h e pop u lation w i l l t e n d to b e “ re p rese n tat i v e” o f t h e pop u lation as a w ho le.

3 T h e t h ree m a j o r a d v a n t a g es o f s trat i f

icati o n o v er s i m

p le ra ndo m s a m

p l in g a r e ( 1 ) m

o re p r eci s e est i m at e s

, ( 2 ) s e p a r ate

est i m ates f

o r each s tra t u m c a n b e ea s i l y ob tai n e d

, a n d ( 3 ) c o nv e n i e n ce.58

E x a mpl e : The two

- stage c lust e r s a mpling d e si g n 4

T o d e monstr a te f

r ee dom f r om F MD in the St a tes of Mato G rosso do Sul, M a to G r osso, Goiás,

To c a ntins, Min a s G e r a is, Ba hia, S er g ipe, E spírito S a nto, Rio de J a n e ir o

, a nd S ã o P a ulo, B r a z il

c ondu c ted a n e x tensive se r olo g i ca l sample sur v e y in F M D

- susc e ptible a nim a ls using the s a mpling

str a t e g y d e s c rib e d on the p re vious p a g e. T wo str a t a w e r e d e fi n e d that c o rrespond e d to re g ions

loc a ted in the E a st e rn a n d Midw e ste r n liv e stock cir c uits.

The null h y pothesis

B r a z il a ssum e d a 0.5 p e r ce nt p re v a lence of F MD a mong c lust e rs ( i.e., h e rd pr e v a le n ce )

. I t w a s also

a ssum e d that the within

- c lust e r p r e v a lence ( i.e., within

- h e rd p r e v a lenc e ) would be a t l ea st 10 p e rc e nt

for c lust e rs holdi n g less than 500 e li g ible a nim a ls and 5 p e rc e nt for c lust e rs with mo r e than 500

e li g ible a nim a l s . Anima l s b e tw ee n the a g e s of 6 a nd 24 months w e re e l i g i b le.

T e sting s c h e me

The di a g nostic s y s t e m used in this su r v e y a ppli e d a se r ies of t e sts in ord e r t o ac hieve a h i g h

s e nsitivi t y of d e te c ti n g d i s ea se in the f ollowi n g s e qu e n ce :

1) An E L I S A 3 A B C f

o r initi a l sc ree ni n g to de t ec t an t ibodi e s ag a inst vir a l NSP in se r a c oll e c ted

a round three months a f

t e r the last v a c c ination;

2) An E I TB a ss a y f

o r t e sting E L I SA 3 A B C positive a nim a ls;

3) A s e c ond E I T B in s e ra c oll ec ted a round six months a f

ter the l a st v acc i n a tion f

r om animals

that reac t e d to the f

irst E I T B test.

The ra tion a le for this testing str a t e g y is the a ssumption that reac tions indu c e d b y v a c c ination t e nd to

d ec line sha r

p l y with tim e . The e pidemiolo g i ca l i n v e sti g a tion includ e d test i ng of u n v acc i n a ted she e p

a nd g o a ts, using the vi r us inf e c tio n

- a ssoc i a ted a nt i g e n t e st ( V I A A) in clust e rs w h e r e ca ttle r e a c ted to

the E I TB t e s t . The di a g n ostic str a te g y is p r es e nt e d sc he matic a l l y in f i g u r e 1 0

.

4 T h is is an e x a m

p le o f h o w the a bo v e s a m p l i n g s trate g y w as u s ed to d e m o n s trate f ree d o m f r o m d i s e a s e f

o r a n e w re g i o n

p r o p o s ed b y B razil.59 S ec o n d s t a ge

C o m p l e m e nt ary e p i d e m iol o g ic al i n v es t i g a t io n

( cl u s t ers wi t h EI T B p osi t i v e a n i m a l s)

6 m o nths afte r l as t vacc ina t i on Fir s t St a ge

B lood sa m p l i ng 3 mon t hs

afte r l as t vacc ina t i o n F i g u re 41: Di a g nostic a n d e pidemiolo g i c a l inv e sti g a tion s y stem

B l oo d sa m

p le s f ro m catt l e

a g e d 6 to 2 4 m o n t h s

I E L I SA 3 abc



### +

EITB



### +

EITB

Cl u s t er w i th

ev i d e n ce o

f vi r a l

a c ti v i t y Cl u s t er w i t h o u t

ev i d e n ce o

f vi r a l

a c ti v i t y

V iral ac t i v ity N o v i r a l a c ti v i t y

Sou r ce: MAPA, “E

n la r g eme n t o f t h e fo o t

- an d

- m ou th d i s e a s e f r ee z on e, w h ere v a ccin a tion i s p r a cticed

– Mid

w este r n an d

E a s tern livestock circuits

, ” B ra z il 2000

.

R e sults of the s e rological surv e y

The number of s a mpl e d c a ttle in this survey wa s 3 5,410 within 1,280 c lust e rs: 14,738 a nim a ls fr o m

641 c lust e rs in Str a tum I a nd 20,672 a n im a ls fr o m 639 c lust e rs in Str a tum I I (t a ble 7 ) . T h e re sults of

the s a mple surv e y ( t a ble 8) show a tot a l of 149 E I T B positive r e ac tors in S tr a tum I a nd 291 E I T B

positive reac tors in S tr a t um I I

. All positive r eac t o rs we r e f ollow e d b y a s e r ies of f

u r ther t e s ts and

c ompl e ment a r y e pi d e miolo g ic a l inv e st i g a tion s . T h e re sults of th e se tests i n dic a te f a l s e positiv e s.

T a ble 7: Clust e rs a nd ca t t le s a mpl e d p e r st r a tu m

.

Str a t u m 1

( E a s t) % o f t o t a l Str a t u m 2

( M idwest) % o f t o t a l

C a ttle ag ed 6

- 1 2 m

o nths 5

, 59 4 38% 6

, 916 33%

C a ttle ag ed 1 3

- 1 8 m

o nths 5

, 81 6 39% 8

, 44 0 41%

C a ttle ag ed 1 9

- 2 4 m

o nths 3

, 32 8 23% 5

, 31 6 26%

C a ttle ag ed 6

- 2 4 m

o nths (t o t a l) 14

, 7 3 8 20

, 6 7 2

N u m ber o f c lu s ters 641 639

Sou r ce: MAPA, “E

n la r g eme n t o f t h e fo o t

- an d

- m ou th d i s e a s e f r ee z on e, w h ere v a c ci na tion i s p r a cticed

– Mid

w este r n an d

E a s tern livestock circuits

, ” B ra z il 2000

.60

T a ble 8: E I T B

- positive c a ttle a nd c lust e rs w ith E I T B

- positive c a ttle.

Str a t u m Clu s ters s a m pled E I T B

- po s itive

clu s ter s * C a ttle s a m pl e d E I T B

- po s itive

c a ttl e**

( 1 ) E a s t 641 9 4 ( 1 4

. 7 %) 14

, 7 3 8 12 9 ( 0

. 9 %)

( 2 ) M i d w est 639 14 9 ( 23

. 3 %) 20

, 6 7 2 29 1 ( 1

. 4 %)

O v er a ll 1

, 28 0 24 3 ( 19

. 0 %) 35

, 4 1 0 42 0 ( 1

. 2 %)

* A cl u s ter w as cl a ss i f

ied as po s iti v e i f at lea s t o n e a n i m al t e s ted po s iti v e

* * A bo v i n e w as cl a ss i f

ied as po s iti v e i f it r eacted po s iti v e l y to t h e s e q u e n tial te s ting s c h e m e: I

- E L I S A 3 A B C

, 1 s t E I T B

(3 m on ths a f ter v acci n a tio n )

, a n d 2 n d EITB ( 6 m on ths a f ter v acci n a tio n ).

Sou r ce: MAPA, “E

n la r g eme n t o f t h e fo o t

- an d

- m ou th d i s e a s e f r ee z on e, w h ere v a ccin a tion i s p r a cticed

– Mi d

w este r n an d

E a s tern livestock circuits

, ” B ra z il 2000

.

Compl e m e ntary e

pid e miologi c al in ve stigation

F u r ther e pidemiolo g i ca l inv e sti g a tion w a s c ondu c t e d in all clust e rs with positive E I T B test r e sult s

. The investig a tion involv e d 491 c lust e rs th a t had a t least one E I T B positive a nim a l on the f irst blood

s a mplin g , whi c h w a s ta k e n a ppro x im a te l y 3 mon t hs a f ter the l a st v acc i n a tio n . All he r ds within th e se

c lust e rs we r e includ e d in the inv e sti g a tion, wh e t h e r or not th e y h a d a n y pos i tive re sul t . A total of

1571 un vacc ina t e d sh ee p a nd g o a ts

— 955 in Str a tum 1 a nd 616 in S tr a tum 2

— k e pt in the c lust e rs

und e r inv e stig a tion w e r e bled a nd insp ec ted for c l i nic a l si g ns of F M D . T h e V IAA test r e sults w e re

a ll n e g a tive a nd the inv e s ti g a tion did not indi ca te eviden c e of vi r a l ac tivi t y

. Ov e r a ll, 73 p r o b a n g tests

w e re ca rri e d out in Str a tum 1 a nd 194 s a mpl e s w e r e pro c e s s e d in S tr a tum 2 . All 267 t e st positive

ca ttle th a t w e r e e x a min e d for the p r e s e n c e of the virus y ield e d n e g a tive re sult s

.

Brazil’s obs e r

v ations on surv e

y resul ts

The ov e r a ll p e rc e nt a g e o f t e s t

- positive c lust e rs was 19.0 p e r c e nt in this su r v e y (t a ble 8 )

, whi c h wa s

sli g ht l y h i g h e r th a n the 1 6.2 p e r c e nt v a lue obs e r ve d in a p r e vious surv e y c a r r ied out in 1999 to

d e monstr a te f

r ee dom f r o m F M D

. F u r t h e rmo re , t h e ov e r a ll p r e v a le n c e of t e s t

- positive a nim a ls of

1.2 p e r c e nt in this su r v e y w a s a l so sli g ht l y higher than the 1.0 p e rc e nt in 199 9

.

I t w a s also noted th a t the p r oportion of E I T B

- positive a nim a ls b y a g e c a t e go r y follow e d the s a me

tr e nd of the a v e rage nu m b e r of v a c cinations b y a ge ca t e g o r y . Br a z il stat e d that this inc rea se in the

p r oportion of t e st

- positive a nim a ls fr o m 6 th r o u g h 24 months of a ge is not consist e nt with the

e pidemiolo g y of F MD, as y ou n g e r a nim a ls would h a ve b e e n e x p ec ted to s e ro c onv e rt a t hi g h e r r a te s

.

The pro p o r tion of E I T B

- positive a nim a ls a f ter the se c ond E I T B test, whi c h w a s car r ied out a round 6

months a f ter the l a st v a c c ination, w a s ma r k e d l y l o w e r th a n the p ropo r tion a ft e r the f

irst E I T B test

(t a k e n three months e a

rl i e r ) . Th e s e pro p o r tions w e re low e r b y 73, 69, 63, a nd 54 p e r c e n t

, for a nim a l s

v acc ina t e d on ce

, twi c e

, t h re e times, or f o u r tim e s, r e spe c tiv e l y [ 8 ]

.

Str a tum 2 (Midw e st) show e d hi g h e r pr e v a le n c e of tes t

- positive a nim a ls th a n Str a tum 1 ( Ea st) a c ross

a ll a ge c a t e g o r ies. This d if fe r e n c e in obs e rv e d p re v a len c e o f t e s t

- positive a nim a ls betw e e n the two

str a ta c ould not be a ttrib u ted to a n imb a lan c e in t h e use o f c e rt a in comm e rcial v acc ines sin c e

v acc ines w e r e a ppli e d to v e r y simil a r p r oportions of ca ttle s a mpl e d in e ac h s tr a tum ( 34 p e rc e nt in the

E a st and 31 p e r ce nt in the Midw e s t ) . Since it w a s obse r v e d that the a v e ra g e number of va cc inations61

p e r a nim a l of eac h a g e ca te g o r y w a s also positiv e l y c o rr e l a ted w ith tes t

- po s itive r e sults, the

B r a z ilians a

r g u e d that the dif

f e r e n c e w a s most like l y du e to a c onfo u ndi n g f a c tor, n a me l y , the

number of va cc inations p e r a nim a l

.

I n o rd e r to a s s e ss the c o n foun d ing e f f e c t of the n u mber of va cc inations p e r a nim a l, the B r a z ilians

c ondu c ted a statisti ca l t e s t to c h ec k for s i g nifi c a nt dif fe r e n ce s b e tw ee n t h e t w o pr o portion s . The

ca lcul a tion w a s st r a tifi e d in th re e lev e ls: a nim a ls t h a t r e c e ived up to two, thr e e , or mo r e than th r e e

v acc inations. The M a nte l

- H a e ns z e l Ch i

- Squ a re te s t st a tistic indi ca ted th a t the two p r oportions w e r e

not si g nifi ca nt l y dif

f e r e n t , sug g esti n g that the nu m b e r of v a cc inations p e r anim a l w a s inde e d a

c onfo u ndi n g f

a c tor. W ith the e ff

ec t of va cc ination r e moved, the obs e rv e d d i f f e r e n c e in p r e v a l e n c e o f

test

- positive a nim a ls betw e e n the two st r a ta wa s no lon g e r si g nifi c a n t

.

Phase II

. M onitoring [6, 1 9

]

Ph a se II b e g ins on c e f

r e e dom f r om in fec tion h a s b ee n e stablished a nd the z one is de c lar e d a s f r e e

with

- v acc ination b y the O I E . The main g o a l in t h is phase is to pr e v e nt the r e introdu c t i on of the

dise a s e , maintain g ood s a nit a r y c onditions, a nd p r ovide t ec hnic a l g roun d s t o d e monstr a te the

c ontinu a l abs e n c e of dis e a se a nd vi r a l a c tivi t y in t he z on e . P a ssive surv e illan c e is the main

surv e illan c e used in this ph a s e

, a ltho u g h ac tive s u rv e illa n c e is also us e d. A c tive surv e illan c e

c ompl e ments p a ssive su r v e illan c e prim a ri l y b y t ar g e ti n g sp e c ific “ h i g h

- risk” a re a s within the z one

for se r ol o g i c a l sampling a nd more i n

- d e pth inv e s t i g a tions.

P a ssive surv e illan c e

P a ssive surv e illan c e ac t i vities in c lude obse r v a ti o ns m a de duri n g (1) a nim a l mov e ment c ontrol

ac tiviti e s and tr a de o f a n i mal p r odu c ts, (2) f a rm i n spe c tions, (3) sla u g hte r h ouse inspe c tion, a nd

(4) inspe c tions duri n g liv e stock fa irs [ 6 ] . D a ta on the a bove ac tivities a re c o ll ec ted a nnu a l l y

.

Since p a ssive surv e illance re li e s h e a vi l y on c ommuni t y p a rticip a tion a nd o t h e r similar inputs

p r im a ri l y thro u g h the L V U, e f f o rts a re ma d e to as s e ss the lev e l of c ommun it y p a rtici p a tion b y m e a ns

of re porti n g a n y suspi c i o n of ve sicul a r dis e a s e s a n d to continual l y k e e p the p r ivate c ommuni t y

info r med a nd e d u ca ted a bout F M D

. F or e x a mpl e , in 2002, the of f ici a l se r v i c e h e ld 9,702 s e min a rs,

r e ac hi n g 213,131 p e ople, with an a v e ra g e of 23 p a rticip a nts per e v e nt [ 6 ]

.

Ac tive surv e illance

A c tive surv e illance c ons t itutes ta r g e ted s e r o e pid e miolo g ic a l surv e y s in sp e c ific “ h i g h

- ris k ” a r ea s

within the zone that D D A c onsid e rs fr e e. T h e su r v e y s a im to prove that t h e z one r e mains fr e e of

vir a l a c tivi t y . S e rolo g i c a l testing is al s o c ondu c ted wh e n e v e r th e r e is a sus p icion of dise a s e . H i g h

risk a r e a s a re d e fin e d a s those that: a) h a v e hi g h i n tensi t y of displac e ment o f a nim a ls; b) a r e loc a ted

c lose to sl a u g h t e r ho u s e s, liv e stock e v e nts, urb a n w a ste d e posits, inte r n a ti o n a l bord e rs, or b o rd e rs

with S tat e s wh e re the di s ea se is pr e s e nt; c ) are c h a r a c t e riz e d a s ha v i n g a h i gh lev e l of b r e e di n g a nd

r e b r e e di n g ac tivities; a nd d) p r ac ti c e int e nse movement of a nim a ls and a n i mal p r odu c ts ( e

. g ., r u r a l

a nd f a mi l y

- own e d p rop e r ti e s).

All t a rg e ted s e rol o g i c a l s a mpling surv e y s follow the same str a tifi e d, tw o

- stage c lust e r s a mpling

d e si g n d e s c rib e d ea rli e r

. Also, a ll sample si z e ca l c ulations a re c ond u c ted to ac hieve a 95 p e r ce nt

statisti ca l con f

iden c e t h a t th e re is no vir a l a c tivi t y in the ta r g e ted “ h i g h

- ris k ” pro pe rties.62

E x a mpl e : t a r g e ted s e ro e p idemiolo g ic a l monito r in g 5

Since Au g ust 2001, B r a z il h a s co n du c ted y e a r l y s e rolo g i ca l surv e y s in the e x port re g io n . The s u rvey

is c a rr ied out in a r e a s th a t pose hi g h e r r isks of r e introdu c tion of the dis ea se a s d e s c rib e d a bov e

. I n

eac h identifi e d risk a re a

, the o f fi c ial a uthori t y sele c ts ru ra l pro p e rties w ho s e a nim a l produ c tion

s y stems are s i g nifi ca nt f

o r b e e f ca ttle br ee di n g a nd re p r odu c tio n

. I n a ddition, s e le c tion of h i g h

- risk

p r op e rties t a k e s into a cc o unt the h i g h e nt r y /e x it ra tio of a nim a ls and p r o x i m i t y to sl a u g h t e ri n g

e stablishments, f

a c ilities a llo ca ted f

o r a nim a l

- r e la t e d e v e nts, and l a n d fills f or dispos a l of u r

b a n

g a rba g e . Monitori n g e f

f o rts a lso cov e r l a nd l e ss f

a r m wo r k e r s e ttlem e nts th a t app l y f a mi l y

p r odu c tion s y stems, f

ea t u re d b y int e nse e x c h a n ge a nd introdu c tion of a ni m a ls fr o m dif f e r e nt

loc a liti e s. The sel e c t e d p r op e rties und e r g o re g ular c linic a l inspe c tions a nd s e rum s a mpl e s are

c oll ec ted f

o r l a bor a to r y t e st s . Th e re a re c u r r e nt l y 5,676 r isk prop e rties tot a ling 2.3 million bovin e

, 27,800 sm a ll r umin a nt s

, a nd 24,400 swin e

.

Sample c oll ec tion

A total of 358 hi g h

- risk r u ra l prop e rties with bovin e s 7 to 24 months old w e re r a ndom l y s e le c ted for

the su r v e y . S e rol o g ic a l s a mpl e s w e r e ra ndom l y c oll ec ted f rom a ni m a ls in eac h pr o p e r t y . A 10

p e r c e nt minimum pr e v a l e n c e w a s assumed. Tot a l s a mpl e s colle c ted r e a c h e d 9,802, whi c h

r e p re s e nted a n a v e ra g e o f 27 s a mpl e s per p rop e r t y. The E I T B test w a s used a t two di f f e r e nt tim e s:

fi r st, in a ll c oll ec ted s a m ples 4 mon t hs a f ter the l a test v acc inatio n

, a nd s ec o nd, to t e st new samples

c oll ec ted from a nim a ls th a t tested positive in the f irst t e st 1 to 2 months a ft e r the f irst colle c tio n

. Animals th a t r e main e d re ac tive to the se c ond E I T B test were test e d f o r vi r us b y pro b a n g sampli n g

.

R e sults

All prob a n g samples c ol l ec ted t e sted ne g a tive f o r the vi r u s . All prop e rties with r e ac tive a nim a ls

w e re submitted to a sup p lem e nta r y e pidemiol o g i c a l inv e sti g a tion, includi n g c lini c a l ev a luation of

the e x isting a nim a ls with no evid e n c e to indi ca te vir a l a c tivi t y

.

The 2013 AP H I S site vi s it te a m d e te r min e d that t he F MD sur v e illan c e st r a te g ies w e r e a d e q u a te a nd

that the s e rol o g ic a l sur v e illan c e plan ( upd a t e d in Au g ust 2010) a pp e a rs w e ll d e si g n e d a nd e x ec uted.

T he immunolo g ic a l st a t u s of the v a c c i n a ted bovi n e population has b e e n a p p r opri a te l y a nd r o utin e l y

r e vie wed , sh o wing e x ce ll e nt l e v e ls of F M D

- sp e c i f ic a ntibodies in a ll a ge r a n g e s a g a inst a ll thr e e

s e ro t y p e s ( A , O, a nd C).

Con c lusions

B r a z il h a s a t w o

- p h a se s u rv e illan c e s y stem th a t e ff ec tiv e l y uses a c tive a nd p a ssive surv e illanc e

. I ts

ac tive surv e illance is ba s e d on a n e f fi c ien t l y str a t i fi e d, two

- st a g e c lust e r sampling d e si g n, a nd its

p a ssive surv e illance takes ad va nt a g e o f the c om m uni t y stru c ture in B r a z il a nd r e li e s he a vi l y on the

p a rticip a tion of the c o m muni t y

. AP H I S no t e d th a t B r a z ilian a nim a l he a lth o f fi c ials h a ve c a r e ful l y

a nd methodic a l l y c onsid e r e d e a c h c omponent o f th e ir su r v e illance s y s t e m a nd c on c luded that their

str a tifi e d, two

- st a g e c lust e r s a mpling d e si g n is a p p rop r iat e

, e f f ici e nt, s c i e ntifi c a l l y v a li d

, a nd simple

to impl e ment. All t ec hnic a l asp e c ts of that d e si g n w e re a ddr e s s e d pr o p e r l y

.

5 T h is is acti v e s u r v eill a n ce w h ich c o n s ti t u tes ta r g eted s e ro e p id e m iolo g ical s a m

p l in g w i t h in t h e re g ion to c o m p l e m e n t

t h e p as s i v e s u r v e i lla n ce e f f o rts63

AP H I S c o n c luded that Br a z ilian a uthorities s a tisf

a c tori l y a dd r e ssed the c o n f ounding issue of t h e

obse r v e d positive a ssoci a tion b e tw ee n positive test r e sults and the a v e rage n umber of va cc inations

a n a nim a l had r ece i v e d. AP H I S c o n c u r s that this line a r t re nd is most lik e l y b eca use o l d e r a nim a ls

h a ve r e ce ived m o re v a cc i n a tions th a n y ou n g e r ones and do e s not n e c e ssa r i l y indi ca t e vir a l a c tivities

a mong old e r a nim a l. I n a ddition, AP H I S c on c lud e d that fa lse positive r e su l ts w e re e v e n l y distribut e d

a mong the t a r g e t popul a t ion, which f u r ther supp o r ts the h y

pothesis of a

b s e n c e of vi r a l a c tivities.

AP H I S v e ri f

ied the v a lidi t y a nd r e sults of the statisti ca l tests condu c ted b y B r a z il to e x a mine the

dif fe r e n c e in the numb e r of E I T B

- positive a nim a ls b e tw ee n the two livesto c k c ir c uit s . AP H I S a g re e s

with the B r a z ilian a r g u m e nt th a t the insi g nifi ca nt dif fe r e n c e o f the pro p o r t i ons of the E I T B

- positive

r e sults in the two c ir c uits would support the h y po t h e sis that the obs e rv e d d i f f e r e n c e w a s most like l y

due to con f

oundi n g b y the a v e ra g e numb e r of v ac c inations p e r a nim a l.

AP H I S v e ri f

ied th a t the s a mple si z e s colle c ted w e re a d e q u a te to d e t e c t the e stimat e d pr e v a l e n ce

, using Fr e e C a lc so f

tw a r e

. The test spe c ifici t y of 1 0 0 p e r c e nt that B r a z il used is wh a t AP H I S would

h a ve r e c omm e nd e d for d e te r mining s a mple si z e s sin c e it would y ield a m o re c ons e rv a tive sample

si z e e stimat e , i.e., a hi g h e r s a mple si z e

.

AP H I S c o n c luded that t h e B r a z ilians we re p a rtic u la r l y e ff ec tive in th e ir e d u ca tion a l c a mpa i g ns

a bout F MD a nd its e r a di c a tion str a t e g y both to a ll a nim a l he a lth of f ici a ls a s w e ll a s communi t y

memb e rs a c ross the c ou n t r y

. AP H I S’ ob s e rv a tion during r e c e nt site visits t o B r a z il l e a d to the

c on c lusion that their F M D e r a di c a tion str a t e g y a n d surv e illan c e steps h a ve b ee n ful l y

c ommunic a ted, und e rst o od, a nd e mbra ce d b y a ll a nim a l he a lth of f ici a ls in the c ount r y . This w a s

e vident b y t h e hi g h d e g ree of c onsisten c y in impl e ment a tion a nd ex ec ution of the p r o g r a m a t eve r y

L V U visited, a nd with all Fe d e r a l and St a te p e rso n n e l involved in the e r a di c a tion e f f o r ts. I n a ddition,

the s e rol o g ic a l sur v e illan c e plan a p p ea rs w e ll d e s i g n e d a nd e x ec uted. A s p r e vious l y stat e d , the

immunolo g ic a l st a tus of the v a c c inat e d bovine po p ulation has b e e n a p p rop r i a te l y a nd r o utin e l y

d e te r min e d, showi n g e x c e ll e nt l e v e ls of F M D

- sp e c ific a ntibodies in a ll a g e ra n g e s a g a inst a ll thr e e

s e ro t y p e s that are used in the v a cc i n a tion ca mpa i gns.

10. Diagnostic la b o r a t o r y c apa c i t y

G e n e ral information

The Minist r y of A g ri c ul t u r e h a s fo u r labor a tori e s that p e r f o r m di a g nostic t e sts f

or F MD a nd other

v e sicul a r dis ea s e s. Th e se labo r a tori e s a re lo c a ted i n the stat e s of Rio G r a n d e do Sul, P a r á , Min a s

G e r a is, a nd P e rn a mbuco. The PA N A F T OSA l a b o r a to r y in Rio de J a n e iro is the re fer e n c e labor a to r y

. At the time of the 2013 visit, o n l y the l a b o r a tori e s in P a rá proc e s s e d infe c tious m a te r ia l

. PA N A F TOSA ’ s lab o r a t o r y wo r k involving a n y inf

e c tious m a te r ial is p e r f

o rm e d a t the P a r á

labo r a to r y [ 7, 9 ]

.

The B r a z ilian g ov e rnm e n t has made f unds a v a il a ble to f

inan c e t h e c onstru c t ion of a nother B L 3

labo r a to r y a s p a rt of P A N A F TOSA [ 7 ]

.

Routine labo r a to r y tests, as p e r f o rm e d b y the B r a z ilian l a bor a tori e s, a re listed b e low:64

1. V irus t y

pi n g : complem e n t fi x a tion a nd EL I S A t e st (double a ntibo d y S a n d w ich E L I S A)

2. A ssessment of a ntibo d y lev e l: E L I S A t e st in liquid phase ( blocki n g E L I S A ) a nd s e rum

n e utr a li z a tion

3. De te c tion of vi r a l a c tivit y : V IA A, E L I SA 3 A B C

, a nd E I T B tests

4. I d e ntifi c a tion of the vi r us in e soph a g ea l

- p h a r y n g ea l fluid: P rob a ng test

Two ac c r e dit e d lab o r a to r ies a re p a rt of a n e twork of a uthori z e d labo r a tor i e s that pe r fo r m c e rt a in

dia g nostics in the F MD p rog r a m as part of the a c tivities to a dmit a nim a ls i n to the e x port re g ion a nd

for s e rol o g i c a l monito r in g . The l a bor a tor i e s perform E I T B a nd V IAA t e sts a nd b e g a n E L I S A 3 A B C

testing in 2002. On l y M APA labo r a tori e s ca r r y o ut di a g nostic a c tivities in r e sponse to suspe c t e d

outbr e a ks of v e sicul a r d i s ea s e s a nd a s a part of vi r a l a c tivi t y studi e s f o r the

implem e ntation of f

r e e z on e s

.

I n 2002, AP H I S visited t h re e of t he se labor a tori e s [ 7 ] . The f indin g s of the te a m w e r e a s follows:

Di a g nostic l a b o r a to r y in P e d r o L e opolodo, Minas G e r a is:

 This Fe d e r a l l a bo r a to r y h a d a B S L

- 2 fa c ili t y f or b ac te r iol og y ( b r u ce llosis a nd TB testing)

a nd c h e mist r y labor a to r y

.

 The sta f

f h a d a bout 94 p e ople.

 B e hind the B S L

- 2 fa c ilit y

, a n e w B S L

- 3 labor a to r y w a s und e r c onstru c tio n

.

 The labo r a to r y w a s ab o ut 2,500 squ a re met e rs in si z e a nd h a d n ine l a bo r a to r ies w ith a

double a irlock a nd a separ a te a ir zone f o r e ac h la b o ra to r y . There w a s a s e p a r a te a nim a l

f a c ili t y with a s e p a r a te entr a n ce

.

 The f a c ili t y h a d th r e e r o o ms for lar g e a nim a ls with an individu a l show e r f or eac h ro o m,

a nd thr e e rooms f

or s ma l l animals with a c ommon show e r in the h a llw a y

.

 The n e c rop s y room h a d t wo ov e rsi z e d a utocl a v e s for d ec on t a min a ting ca rc a sses.

 HEPA f

ilte r s and the m e c h a nic a l room w e r e loc a t e d on the third f loor.

 The b a s e ment h a d thr e e 3,00 0

- g a llon tanks f or d e c ontaminating e f

f luent b y boiling a t

100  C.

Animal Produ c ts An a l y s i s L a b o r a to r y ( L APA/R e c if

e ), Pe r n a mb u c o

 This Fe d e r a l l a bo r a to r y c ondu c ted F MD s e rol o g y for a ll of B r a z il e x ce pt the north e rn

p a rt, w h e r e F M D wa s c o nside re d e n d e mi c

.

 V a cc i n e e f

fi c a c y w a s as s e ssed in 5

- to 7

- d a y

- old mic e

. F MD v acc ine s a f e t y testi n g w a s

test e d in the b a b y h a mst e r kidne y

- 21 ( B H K

- 21) c e ll lin e

.

 At the time of the visit, t he labo r a to r y h a d five p r o fe ssion a l st a ff a nd thr e e te c hnici a n s

. They t e sted 30,000 s e r u m sampl e s per month for F MD s e r o l og y

.

 Crite r ia f

or c ond u c ting f

ollow

- up on the positive s a mpl e s se e med c o rr e c t a nd w e ll ca rri e d

out th r ou g h E I T B a nd E L I SA c onfi r mato r y test s

. The labo r a to r y u s e d vir u s isolation,

E L I SA, c ompl e ment f

i x a tion a nd I

D G A to c onf

ir m vesicul a

r dis ea s e di a gnosis f

rom the

re g ional a uthori z e d labor a tori e s.

 The labo r a to r y w a s also e quipped to r un the h i g hly s e nsitive su c kli n g mi c e inocul a tion

te c hnique f

or a ntig e n d e t ec tion, whi c h is us e d for v acc ine s ec u r i t y tests.

 The labo r a to r y u s e d E L I SA, c ompl e ment f i x a tio n , vir u s isolation and s e ron e utr a li z a tion

a ss a y s to di a g nose dif

f e r e nti a l dis ea s e s such a s inf ec tious bovine r hinotra c h e itis, bovine

vir a l di a r r h e a virus a nd v e sicul a r stomatitis virus.65

The 2008 site visit t ea m visit e d the R ec ife labor a to r y in P e r n a mbuco a nd f o u nd:

 The labo r a to r y p rovid e s F MD a nd C S F s e rol o g y a nd F MD v acc i n e e f fi c a c y f o r a ll of

B r a z il e x ce pt for the no r

t h e rn p a rt, w h e re F MD is e nd e mi c

.

 The labo r a to r y is w o rking und e r M A PA R e g ulat i on 1 issued J a nu a r y 16, 2 007; 2 0 A r t.;

5,741 D e c r e e of M a r c h 3 0, 2 006, a nd a c c o r di n g to the pro c e ss 21000.0040 7 2/200 5

- 19,

whi c h d e fin e s the c rite r i a f or a c c r e dit a tion of M A PA ’ s national a g ri c ultu r a l l a bor a tori e s

( L a bor a t o rio Nac io n a l A g ro p ec u a rio, or L A N A G RO ) . An ind e p e nd e nt a g e n c y re g ul a r l y

a udits f a c ilities und e r this re g ulation.

 The labo r a to r y a lso di a gnos e s the f ollowin g :

o F MDV a nd ot h e r dis ea s e s with simil a r c linic a l si g ns such a s v e sicul a r stomatitis

virus, bovine vir a l di a r

r h e a virus, a nd bovine rhinotr a c h e itis virus;

o CS F V a nd its dif

f e r e nti a ls Auj e s z k y ’s dis ea s e

, sw i ne c olib ac illosis, por c ine e r y sipel a

,

p a steu re llosis a nd s a lm o n e llosis; and

o 17 other a nim a l dis ea s e s.

 B r a z il h a s five F MDV v a cc ine pl a nts in pr o du c ti on . Two a re c lose to S a nta C a ta r ina, one

in P a r a na a nd o n e in M a t to G r osso do S u l

. The labo r a to r y vis i ted p r ovided v acc ine

e f f i c a c y f o r e a c h lot of FMDV v a c c ine p r odu c e d.

 The labo r a to r y t e sts v ac c ine e f f i c a c y a nd poten c y using inocul a tion in 5

- to 7

- d a y

- old

mi c e a nd s e ro n e utr a li z a tion tite r s in s e ra f rom the v acc ina t e d a nim a l s . The a nim a ls a r e

not g iven live virus.

 F MD va cc ine saf

e t y is t e sted using the B H K

- 21 c e ll lin e

.

 The labo r a to r y h a s 27 p r o fe ssion a l st a ff mem b e rs a nd 110 te c hnici a ns o r suppo r ting

p e rsonn e l. S e v e n p ro f

e s s ionals (v e te r in a ri a ns a n d c h e mi ca l and a g ronomic e n g i n ee rs)

p r ovide CS F V

- F MDV d i a g nostics. T h e se individuals h a ve b e e n wo r ki n g a t the

labo r a to r y f

o r a t l ea st 10 y ea rs.

 The labo r a to r y is old but w e ll maintain e d a nd r ea s on a b l y e quipped.

 The site visit t ea m found the l a bor a to r y p e rsonn e l hi g h l y qu a lifi e d a nd mot i v a te d

. The

te a m also found that th e y h a ve the e quipm e nt n ec e ssa r y to det ec t dis e a s e

.

 The turn a round time f o r r e sults is e x ce ll e nt, avoid i ng the e x tension of qu a rantine time on

f a rms a nd Stat e s a f

f e c ted b y a n e pidemiolo g i ca l a l e rt.

 The labo r a to r y h a s st a n d a rd o pe r a ting p ro c e d u r e s ) a n d qu a li t y a ssur a n c e c ontrol for a t

le a st the two tests the site visit t ea m sc r utini z e d

. T he pro c e d u r e s f o r F M D V dia g nosis a re

w e ll e stablished a nd a re s uit e d for both det ec tion a nd c onfi r mation of the e t i olo g ic ag e n t

. They a r e :

o Su r v e illan c e a nd t r a nspo r t c e rtifi ca tes a nd s e rum s a mpl e s a r e s e nt to ac c r e d it e d

labo r a tori e s in R io G ra n d e do Sul, S a o P a ulo, Mi n a s G e r a i s

, a nd Mato G ro s s o

. I n c on c lusive E L I SA / I T B re sults g o to R ec i f e

.

o I f a c lini c a l c a se is r e por t e d, the D SA di r e c t s that the s a mpl e s be s e nt to L A NAGRO

to pe r fo r m V I

A A or E L I SA 3 A B C/ E I TB. I f a ca s e e nds up with suspe c ted positive

r e sults, an a le r

t is sent to the D SA a nd CG A L ( Ge n e r a l Coordin a tion f o r Anim a l

L a b o r a tori e s ) a

uthorities who in turn w ill impl e ment their c ontrol and e r a d i ca tion

poli c ies.66

T he 2013 site visit t ea m visited the L A N A G RO l a bor a tori e s lo c a ted in the stat e s of P e rn a mbuco,

Min a s G e r a is, a nd P a ra

. At the time of the visit, a B S L

- 3 labor a to r y w a s n e a r c ompl e tion in

L A N A GRO/PE ( R ec i f

e ), a nd a B S L

- 3 PA N AFT O SA l a bor a to r y a n d B S L

- 2 L A N A GRO/MG

labo r a to r y w e re o p e r a ti n g in P e d r o L e opold o

. O nly the l a b o r a to r y lo c a ted i n the state of P a rá

( B e l e m) p r o c e ss e s infe c tious m a te r ial. All the oth e r l a bor a tori e s w e r e a c c re dit e d for E L I SA a nd

E I T B tests.

The 2013 te a m consid e red that F MD labor a to r y methods, qu a li t y c ontrol, a nd r e c o r d k ee pi n g w e re

g ood; wo r k flow w a s e f

f i c ient, fac ilit a ti n g g ood turn a round times. A r e vi e w of surv e illanc e

, notifi c a tion, a nd f

o llow

- up of suspe c ts as w e ll a s em e r g e n c y str a t e g ies sh o uld allow f or e a r l y

d e te c tion of c a s e s and rapid em e r g e n c y r e sponse. The immunolo g ic a l st a t u s of the v a c c inat e d bovi n e

population w a s routine l y e v a luat e d a nd show e d g o od lev e ls of F M D

- spe c if i c a ntibodies a g a inst

s e ro t y p e s A, O

, a nd C in all age g roups. Convent i on a l and r e a l

- time po l y m e r a se c h a in r eac tion

(PCR) t e sts h a ve b ee n i n c luded a s p a rt of the l a b o r a to r y ’s F MD di a g nostic ca p a bilities in a ddition to

s e qu e n c i n g c a p a bilities. The spe c ific findin g s o f the 2013 AP H I S t ea m w e re a s follows:

 The testing pr o ce d u r e s w e re a ll a p p rov e d, stan d a r d methods r e c omm e nd e d b y the O I E.

 The L A N A G RO l a bor a t o ri e s visit e d w e re I S O 17 0 25

- ac c r e dit e d a nd me e t i nte r n a tion a l

stand a rds of testi n g a nd c a lib ra tion.

 The qu a li t y c ontrol and r ec o r dk e epi n g in the labo r a tori e s w a s g ood, a llowing e a s y tra cea bili t y of

s a mpl e s and r ea g e nts, d e t ec tion of human err or or r e a g e nt d e fi c ie n c ies, a nd d e te r min a tion of

c o r re c tive a c tions wh e n n ee d e d.

 The labo r a to r y wo r

k fl o w wa s e f

fi c ient l y d e s i g n e d, f

a c ilit a ting optimal tu r n a round times in

labo r a to r y r e sults and e n a bling r a p id r e sponse.

 The surv e illanc e , notifi c a tion of suspe c ts, and em e rg e n c y str a t e g ies re v i e wed w e re a ppro p ri a t e

a nd a llo we d f

o r e a r l y d e t ec tion should the vi r us re a pp ea r.

 The se r ol o g ic a l sur v e ill a n c e plan (up d a ted in A u gust 2010) a pp e a r e d w e ll d e si g n e d a nd

e x ec uted.

 The immunolo g ic a l st a t u s of the v a c c inat e d bovi n e population has b e e n a p p r opri a te l y a nd

routin e l y d e t e rmin e d, s h owing e x ce ll e nt l e v e ls of F M D

- sp e c ific a ntibodies in all age ra n g e s

a g a inst a ll thr e e s e ro t y

p e s ( A , O, a nd C).

 A r e view o f the suspe c t c a s e s f r om 2012 and 2013 c onfi r med th a t the pr o c e dur e s for notific a tion

of suspe c t c a s e s, clini ca l e x a m of a nim a ls, s a mpling a nd m a n a g e m e nt of the s a mpl e s, were

follow e d.

 The r e ce nt addition of c o nv e ntion a l and r e a l

- time PCR a s pa r t of the g e n e r al batte r y of

dia g nostic t e sts w a s a sig n ific a nt improv e ment, a n d e x p a nd e d ca p a c i t y for r a pid det ec tion a nd

e nh a n c e d se n sitivi t y . The a bili t y of L A N A G R O

- Min a s G e r a is to g e n e r a t e seq ue n c e d a ta f u rth e r

e nh a n c e d its al rea d y s i g n ific a nt c a p ac i t y f or r a pid r e sponse.

 Pro c e du re s w e r e in pl ac e to avoid shipping or h a n dling the in f e c tious virus outside the p r e s c ri b e d

spe c ial p r ovisions, minimi z ing the oppo r tuni t y f or acc i d e ntal virus r e l e a s e

.

Con c lusions

AP H I S c o n c ludes that B r a z il h a s the dia g nostic c a p a bili t y to ad e q u a te l y t e s t samp l e s for the

p re s e n c e of the F MD vi r us. The labo r a tor i e s in R io G ra nde do Sul, P a r á

, R ec if e

, a nd P e rn a mb u c o

h a ve a d e qu a te di a g nostic ca p a bilities to t e st s a mpl e s for the F MD virus, in c luding a d e q u a te qu a li t y67

c ontrol a c tivities, l a bor a t o r y e quipm e n t

, a nd suf f i c ient st a f f . T h e tests used to inv e sti g a te e vi d e n c e o f

vir a l a c tivi t y a re c onsistent with O I E g uideline s

. T he sta f

f m e mb e rs a t the f

ac ilities visited we re w e ll

tr a ined a nd motivat e d. T he labo r a tor i e s ha v e su f f i c ient qu a li t y c ontrol a c t i vities, r outin e l y monitor

a nd ca lib ra t e labo r a t o r y e quipm e nt, have suf f ici e nt sta f f, h a ve a n e f

f e c tive a nd e f

f ici e nt

r e c o r d k ee pi n g s y stem for stor a ge a nd r e trie v a l of d a ta, a nd turn s a mpl e s a r ound quick l y

.

11. E m e r g e n c y re sponse c a pability

G e n e ral information

Anim a l own e rs, v e t e rin a r ians, tr a nsport e rs, a nd othe r s are re qui r e d b y law t o noti f y the L V U in the

e v e nt th a t F MD is susp ec ted [ 6 ]

. P e n a lties f or non c omplian c e m a y include si g nifi ca nt fi n e s and l e g a l

ac tion [ 10 ] . The of

f ici a l se r vice is r e quir e d b y l a w to r e spond to su c h r e p o rts within 8 hou r s [ 6 ]

. I f

the L V U c onf i rms a pro b a ble outb rea k b y c linic a l obse r v a tion, the c e ntr a l o f f ic e s of t h e a f

f e c t e d

State a nd the D DA in B r a silia must be info r m e d immedi a te l y

. I f the susp e c ted c a s e o cc u rs in a n

int e rn a tion a l bord e r re g i o n, the lo ca l unit of the n e i g hbori n g c ount r y must a lso be info r med.

F ollowing the c linic a l c o n f irmation of a v e sicu l a r dise a s e , the f a rm involv e d a nd othe r s in close

p r o x im i t y a r e qu a r a ntin e d a nd a ll a nim a l mov e m e nt is prohibit e d [ 6 ] . Un a uthori z e d movem e nt of

p e ople a nd v e h i c les o nto and o f f the p r e mis e s is a l so prohibit e d . S a mpl e s are c oll ec ted for labor a to r y

a n a l y sis a nd a n e pi d e miolo g ic a l inv e st i g a tion is sta r te d

. F ollowi n g lab o r a t o r y c onfi r mation, a sta t e

of sanita r y e m er g e n c y is de c lar e d whi c h e n a bles r ec ruitm e nt of the c ivil i a n d e f e nse a nd military

fo r ce s to the e f

f o rt. I n a d dition, oth e r St a tes, n e ighboring c ountri e s, tr a di n g p a rtn e rs, a n d

int e rn a tion a l o r g a ni z a tions a re notifi e d of t h e outbr e a k [ 20 ]

.

The B r a z ilian g ov e rnm e n t has d e v e loped a F e d e r a l contin g e n c y plan f o r F M D , whi c h is trigg e r e d b y

a n of f ici a l d ec lar a tion of s a nit a r y e merg e n c y a t the State lev e l [ 9 ]

. I n a ddition, e a c h State is

r e sponsible f

or maintain i ng a n o r g a ni z a tion r e a d y to handle h ea lth e m er g e n c ies, e stablishing

c oordin a ting c ommitte e s and e merg e n c y a nim a l h ea lth te c hnic a l g r oups, d e fining str a t e g i e s and

plans of ac tion, a nd, w he n n ece ss a r y

, c a r r y i n g out the a

ppro p ri a t e c ontrol me a sur e s within a

time f r a me c ompatible w i th a state of e m er g e n c y [ 6 ]

.

The F e d e r a l c onting e n c y plan c a lls for a 2 5

- km

- ra dius em e r g e n c y a rea to b e e stablished a round t h e

a f f e c ted f a rm, in whi c h t he movem e nt of live a n i mals a nd a nim a l produ c t s is sev e r e l y r e strict e d [ 8,

9 ]

. W ithin the e me r g e n c y a r e a , t h r e e small e r a r ea s of inc r e a sing r a dius a r e e stablished: ( 1) a n

inf e c ted area that includ e s f

a rms with i n 3 km of the outbr e a k, (2) a 7

- km surv e illan c e ring a round

the in fec ted a re a

, a nd ( 3 ) a 1 5

- km buf f e r zon e . An e pidemiolo g i c a l inv e stig a tion is initi a ted p a r a ll e l

to the ac tions t a k e n to c o ntrol the outbr e a k.

All a f fe c ted a nd c onta c t a nim a ls in the in fec ted zone a re s l a u g hte r e d b y t h e poli c e f o r c e usi n g r ifles

a nd bu r ied in plots de f

in e d b y e nv i ronm e ntal p r o fe ssion a ls to mini m i z e c on t a min a tion of

g roun d w a ter so u r c e s [ 10 ]

. I n d e mni t y is paid to the own e rs a s d e fin e d b y State la w s thro u g h tax

funds th a t a r e c ontroll e d a nd a dminist e r e d b y the p r ivate se c tor [ 15 ] . The h oldin g s are c l e a n e d a nd

disin fec ted, a nd s e ntin e l a nim a ls a r e introduc e d af ter 30 d a y s [ 6 ] . Th e se s e ntin e l animals a re y ou n g

bovines, unv a cc ina t e d a n d without histo r y o f e x posure to F MD; sentinel a n i mals a re s e rolo g i ca l l y

test e d prior to moving o n to the pro pe r t y a nd then a g a in at 15 a nd 30 d a y s

. All animals a re inspe c t e d68

d a i l y f o r c linic a l s i g n s . Controll e d r e population w i th va c c inat e d ca ttle is p e r mitt e d a ft e r the sentinel

a nim a ls have b e e n in pl a c e f or 30 d a y s. The s e ntin e l animals und e r g o s e r o lo g ic t e sti n g on

introdu c tion a nd a t 15 d a y s a nd 30 d a y s a f t e r intr o du c tion. They a r e a lso s ubje c ted to we e k l y

c linic a l ev a luation, in c l u ding me a s u r e ment of bo d y temp e r a tu r e

. I f both c l i nic a l e x a ms and

labo r a to r y testi n g y

i e ld n e g a tive re sults at the e nd of the 3 0

- d a y p e riod, the f a c ili t y m a y g ra d u a l l y

ca rr y out a c ontroll e d r e p opulation, under the supervision of the of f ici a l ve t e rin a

r y s e rvi c e

. I f a n y o f

the s e ntin e l animals t e st positive on s e rolo g ic e v a luation, all other a nim a ls a r e killed a nd the p roc e ss

sta r ts ag a in. The c onting e n c y me a s u r e s ap p li e d in prot e c tion a nd surv e illa n c e z on e s are maintain e d

until the pro pe r t y h a s been d e te r min e d to be fr e e o f dis ea s e

.

Animal movem e nt in the su r v e illan c e z one is pro h ibi t e d e x ce pt for movem e nt to sl a u g ht e r a t

a b a ttoirs loc a ted w ithin the z one [ 6 ] . The me a t obt a ined is for loc a l c ons u mption on l y a nd must be

d e bon e d a nd the bo n e s incine r a ted. All sus ce ptible a nim a ls within the zone a re insp e c ted f or c linic a l

si g ns, v a c c inat e d a nd r e v acc ina t e d a s n e ce ss a r y

, a nd a se r ol o g ic a l sur v e y o f sus c e ptible c a ttle is

c ondu c te d

. Animal mov e ment within the bu f f e r zone is also r e strict e d a nd s imil a r a c tions o cc ur

without the s e rolo g i c a l surv e illan c e

.

The F e d e r a l c onting e n c y plan wa s empl o y e d du r i n g the outb r ea ks in the St a tes of Mato G rosso do

Sul in 1998 a nd 1999, in Rio G ra nde do Sul in 2000 a nd 2001 [ 10 ]

, a nd in Mato G rosso do Sul and

P a r a na in 2005 and 2006 [ 14 ]

. F rom 1995 to 1999, the a v e ra g e time b e t w e e n the p r ob a ble sta r t o f the

outbr e a k a nd notific a tion to the loc a l vet e rina r y u nit w a s 6 d a y s [ 8 ] . The time b e tw ee n notific a tion

a nd the sta r

t of o f fi c ial e me r g e n c y m e a sur e s a t the holding w a s ap p ro x im a te l y 8 hou r s for the s a me

p e rio d

. F rom 1995 to 2 0 00, the p e rc e nt a g e o f the c ommunities p a rticip a ting in the notifi c a tion

p r o ce ss r a n g e d b e t w ee n 58 a nd 74 %

. ; the low e r l e v e ls c a n b e e x plain e d in pa r t b y o utbr e a k

surv e illan c e ac tions sup e rs e ding c ommuni t y notif i ca tio n

.

Th e re a re 10 e merg e n c y r e sponse t ea ms in the ea s te r n a nd midw e ste r n liv e stock c ir c uits, co n sisting

of 190 v e te r in a ri a ns who h a ve r e ce ived s p ec ific t ra in i ng with re g a rd to F M D [ 8 ] . Rondô n ia h a s 32

v e te r ina r i a ns tr a ined in e me r g e n c y r e sponse, w ith e mphasis on F MD [ 9 ]

. I n a ddition, all

v e te r ina r i a ns in the o f

fi c i a l se r vice r e c e ive periodic tr a ining to r e f r e sh th e ir skills in F MD

surv e illan c e a nd c ontrol. T ra ining s e ssions usual l y last 9 d a y s a nd c o n sist of both th e o re ti ca l a nd

p rac ti ca l e x e r c ises [ 10 ]

. T ra ining e x e r c ises a re a l s o ca r r i e d out pe r iodi ca l l y in the Stat e s with the

p a rticip a tion of a ll se c to r s, autho r ities, a nd institu t ions t y pic a l l y involv e d in em e r g e n c y re spon s e [ 6 ]

.

The M a y 2001 outbre a k of F MD in the e x port r e gion o cc u rr e d in Rio G ra n de do Su l , in s i x

muni c ipalities; no dir e c t epid e miolo g i c a l links w e re f ound a mo n g the mun i c ipalities sug g e sti n g

s e p a r a t e introdu c tions of the vi r us [ 13 ]

.

F our o f the six muni c ipalities involv e d h a d se c on d a r y outbre a ks, althou g h e x tensive diss e min a tion

o cc u rr e d on l y in Rio G r a nde [ 13 ]

. L a b o ra to r y di a g noses w e r e obt a ined in the m a jori t y o f c a s e s in

muni c ipalities other than Rio Gr a nd e , where the a dv a n ce d st a ge of the les i ons imped e d the

dia g nosis. Clinic a l si g ns o cc u r r e d on l y in c a ttle a n d bu f f a lo, with a n a v e rage a tt ac k r a te of

5.6 p e r c e nt. T h e a f

fe c ted a nd c onta c t holdi n g s we r e int e rdi c ted on suspici o n of F MD a nd, following

labo r a to r y c o n fi r mation, a state of e m e r g e n c y w a s d ec lar e d b y Rio G ra nde do Sul on M a y 6

.69

N e i g hb o ri n g c ountri e s, t he O I E, a nd t r a di n g p a rt n e rs w e re notifi e d a p p ropriat e l y followi n g

int e rn a tion a l stand a

rd s

.

A 2 5

- km

- r a dius e m e r g e n c y a rea w a s e st a blished t h a t in c o rpor a t e d the 3

- , 7

- , a nd 15

- km z on e s

d e s c rib e d a bov e . Ultima t e l y 2,348 holdi n g s were i nte r dict e d involving 345

, 285 bovine s

. F if t y

- six 24

-

hour ro a dbl o c ks w e r e e stablished spe c ifi c a l l y f or F M D su r v e illan c e a nd 118 te a ms of insp ec tors

c ontroll e d the mov e ment of a nim a ls and r isk pro d u c t s . All sanit a r y m ea su r e s, pa r ti c ula r l y those

r e lat e d to the int e rdi c tion of h o ldin g s and the p ro h ibition of a nim a l mov e ment, w e re supp o rt e d b y

spe c ific le g isl a tion.

Due to the potential f

or r a pid dissemination as s e e n in A r g e ntina a nd U r u gu a y , t h e State a uthori z e d

e mer g e n c y v a c c ination o f the e ntire bovine a nd b u f f a lo he r d on M a y 9 . N i n e t y

- e i g ht per ce nt of the

tot a l he r d (1 3 ,375,190 a n im a ls) w a s va c c inat e d w i thin 30 d a y s, and 97 p e rc e nt (13, 2 68,178 a nim a ls)

w a s r e v acc i n a ted in a no t h e r 30

- 45 d a y s. T h e F e d e r a l Gov e rn m e nt donat e d

4 million dos e s of v a cc ine to the small produ c e rs i n the St a te.

The sla u g hter of a ff

ec ted a nim a ls w a s complet e d b y J une 18, the d a te of c onfi r mation of the last

outbr e a k in the Stat e . T h e a v e ra g e time from the d a te of notifi c a tion to the slau g ht e r of a f f e c ted

a nim a ls w a s 7.6 d a y s. T h e re maini n g susc e ptible a nim a ls in c onta c t w e r e slau g h t e r e d b y O c tober 5

. All own e rs w e re c om p e n s a ted. A f ter a n a f f e c ted h olding w a s d e populat e d, c le a ni n g a nd disinfe c tion

ac tivities w e re c ondu c te d . The pr e mis e s r e main e d e mp t y f o r 30 d a y s and t h e n se n tin e l animals w e r e

introdu c e d, whi c h r e ma i n e d on the p r op e r t y for a t le a st 30 d a y s with c lini c a l obse r v a tio n

. S e r o lo g i c a l t e sts w e r e c o ndu c ted a fter 15 a nd 30 d a y s

. No e vide n c e of vi r a l a c tivi t y w a s found.

S e rolo g i c a l inv e stig a tions w e re c ondu c ted in the i n fec ted a nd surv e illance a r e a s in c onjunction with

the c ontrol and stampi n g out a c tivitie s . All c a ttle, bu f f a lo, a nd s h ee p in the inf

e c ted area w e r e test e d ;

E L I SA 3 A B C ( s c re e ning t e st) a nd E I T B test ( c o n f irmation t e st) w e re u s e d f or bovine sp e c ies a nd

V I AA f o r she e p. All of the sampled sh ee p w e r e n e g a tiv e , wher e a s 8.6 p e rc e nt of the bovine samples

(4,7 9 3 a nim a ls) w e re po s itive. Animals th a t t e sted positive we re sla u g ht e red for loc a l consumption

a nd the o w n e rs c ompen s a ted.

A s e rol o g ic a l sur v e y w a s a lso condu c ted in the su r v e illan c e z on e

, f o c usi n g on w e a n e d y ou n g e r

ca ttl e

. The sur v e y w a s d e si g n e d to det e c t at le a st o ne positive a nim a l per h e rd w ith 99 p e rc e nt

c onfid e n c e

, a ssuming a p r e v a le n c e of in f ec tion of 15 p e r c e nt within the he r d. One or mo r e a nim a ls

test e d positive on 214 p r op e rties ( 41 p e r c e n t )

. On these pro pe rties, a ll sus c e ptible a nim a ls w e r e

test e d a nd a n y a nim a ls t h a t t e sted positive we re s l a u g h t e r e d for loc a l c ons u mption.

Du r ing t h e 2003 site visit, B r a z il re por t e d that there a re two t h e o r ies a bout how the 2001 outbr e a k in

Rio G ra nde do Sul b e g a n , both involving me c h a n i ca l tr a nsmission: (1) a f a r mer with p rop e r t y both

in U r u g u a y a nd B r a z il, o r (2) du c k hun t e rs d r ivi n g b a c k a nd f o rth a c ross the b o rd e r without c le a n i ng

a nd disinf e c ti n g . Br a z ilian o f

fi c ials indic a ted th a t wh e n Arg e ntina re p o rt e d ca s e s in 2001, no a c tions

w e re ta k e n in Rio G ra n d e do Sul e x ce pt for a n in c r e a s e d a le r t st a tu s

. W h e n the outb rea k b e g a n in

U r u g u a y , v e h i c les w e re i nspe c ted a nd d riv e n thr o u g h a wh e e l dip, a nd un d e r c a r r i a g e s w e r e spr a y e d.

P e ople we re r e qui r e d to w a lk a c ross a r u g with d i sinf ec tant, a nd public in f

o r mation c a mpa i g ns we r e

in c r e a s e d. Mobile sp r a y units w e re used on s e c o n d a r y r o a ds [ 7 ] . The e mer g e n c y re spon s e e f fo r ts in70

pla c e duri n g the 2005 a n d 2006 outbr e a k a re d e s c rib e d in det a il und e r f ac t or 2 “ Dise a s e status in the

e x port re g ion. ”

The 2013 AP H I S site vi s it te a m r e vie we d t h e v e s i c ular dise a s e s em e r g e n c y re sponse a nd

c ontin g e n c y plan s

. The t ea m con c lu d e d that F MD surv e illan c e , notific a tion, a nd f o llo w

- up of

suspe c ts should allow f

or ea r l y d e t e c tion of ca s e s a nd r a pid em er g e n c y re s pons e

. A r e vi e w of the

suspe c t vesicul a r ca s e s from 2012 and 2013 c onfi r med th a t the pro c e d u r e s f or notifi c a tion of suspe c t

ca s e s, clini c a l e x a m of anim a ls, s a mpling a nd m a n a g e ment of the s a mpl e s, a r e f ollo w e d. I n a dditio n

,

p r o ce du r e s are in pl a c e to avoid shipping or h a nd l ing the in f e c tious virus outside the p r e s c ri b e d

spe c ial p r ovisions, minimi z ing the oppo r tuni t y f or acc i d e ntal virus r e l e a s e

.

Con c lusions

B r a z il re li e s h e a vi l y on c ommuni t y notific a tion of F MD outbre a ks, as it t e n ds to be the most

e f f ici e nt w a y to lo ca te d i s ea se. O n c e notifi c a tion o cc u r s, the F e d e r a l cont i n g e n c y plan f o r F MD is

e x te n sive a nd thorou g h, a nd a signifi c a nt d e g re e of a utono m y is built in a t the State lev e l.

AP H I S c o n c ludes that a d e qu a te l e g a l autho r i t y

, f u ndin g , p e rsonn e l, and r e s our c e s e x ist a t both the

State a nd F e d e r a l l e v e ls to ca r r y out e mer g e n c y re sponse m ea sur e s

. B a s e d on the F MD outbre a ks in

r e port e d sin c e 2001, the e mer g e n c y re spon s e is both r a pid and e f

f e c tiv e

.

R e lease As s e s s m e nt

– S u m m a r y of r isk f a c to r s and m itigations consid ere d

AP H I S identifi e d risk fa c tors that mi g ht be a ssoc i a ted w ith importing b e e f to the U nit e d Stat e s f r om

the e x port re g ion. AP H I S discuss e s these r isk f a c t o r s in the c onte x t of the potential f or

c ounte r b a la n c i n g c ir c u m stan c e s or b y a pp l y i n g a p p r opri a te r isk mitigations to r e du c e the risk of

introdu c ing a nd e stablishing F M D in the United Stat e s. The r isk miti g a tion pro c e du r e s, which w ill

be d e fin e d in the p roposed rul e , include v a rious f o rms of v e ri f

i c a tion a nd insp ec tion that MAPA

would n ee d to c e rti f

y to provide c onfid e n c e that t he b ee f m ee ts a cce ptab l e e x port c rite r ia.

I. Lik e lihood of F

M D introdu c tion into the e

x port r e gion

Risk f ac tors:

1. F MD is end e mic in some c ountri e s in S outh Ame r ic a . Conse q u e nt l y , the r e i s risk of

r e introdu c tion of F M DV f r om adj a c e nt aff

e c ted a r ea s into the e x port r e g io n . Th e r e f o r e , th e re

is a r isk th a t be e f d e sti n e d for the U nit e d Stat e s c o uld ori g inate f r om or be c ommin g led w ith

a nim a ls or a nim a l products fr o m a f fe c ted n e i g hb o r ing a r ea s.

Miti g a tions: B a s e d on si t e visit obse r v a tions a nd d iscussions with B r a z ilian o f fi c ials, AP H I S

c onsid e rs th a t vet e rin a r y o f fi c i a ls in B r a z il h a ve a d e qu a te c ontrols a t the p o r ts of e nt r y f or

c omm e r c ial a nd l e g a l import a tion a nd suf f ici e nt c ontrols e x ist a t i n te r n a tion a l airp o r ts to

miti g a te r is k . Br a z il pro h ibits the import a tion of F M D

- susc e ptible a nim a ls a nd a nim a l

p r odu c ts fr o m a f

fe c ted countri e s into the e x port re g ion a nd c ontrols mov e ment f rom other

a r e a s in B r a z il wh e re F M D is known to e x ist or w hich h a s not y e t ac hie v e d the a ppro p ri a t e71

F MD status. I n a ddition, B r a z il h a s string e nt r e qu i r e ments in pla c e , i n c luding s e rolo g i ca l

t e sting of a nim a ls, f

o r importing sus c e ptible a nim a ls or a nim a l produ c ts f r om nei g hbori n g

c ountri e s. Th e r e for e , A P H I S c on c ludes that the l i k e lihood that F MD w ill be introdu c e d via

leg a l import a tion is lo w

.

AP H I S will pro p ose in i t s rule that MAPA c e rti f y that the a nim a ls and p r o d u c ts ori g ina t e d

f r om the e x port r e g ion a n d w e re not commi n g led with animals or p r odu c ts f r om a r e a s AP H I S

c onsid e rs to be F MD

- a ff

ec ted. Sp ec if

i ca l l y , AP H IS will r e quire the f ollowing c e rtifi c a tions

for b e e f e x port e d to the US f r om t he r e g ion of B r a z i l :

 The b e e f c omes f

rom bovines th a t have b e e n bo r n

, ra ised, a nd sl a u g ht e r e d i n the

e x port re g io n

.

 The b e e f c omes f

rom bovines mov e d dir e c t l y f r o m the pr e mis e s of o r i g in to the

slau g ht e ring e stablishm e nt without a n y c ont a c t w i th oth e r a n i mals.

 The b e e f h a s not b ee n in c onta c t with me a t f rom r e g ions oth e r th a n the r e g ion of

o r i g in or those c onsid e red a s F M D

- f r e e b y AP H IS a s listed und e r 9 C F R 94.1 (a ) ( 2 )

[ 22 ]

.

 The b e e f m e e ts addition a l c e rtifi ca tion r e quir e me n ts und e r 9 C F R 94.11 (c ) [ 22 ]

. G e n e r a l l y s p ea ki n g , the s e re strictions pro h ibit the e x por t

- a ppro ve d sl a u g h t e r

e stablishment f

r om r e c e i ving F M D

- susc e ptible a n im a ls or a nim a l produ c ts that

o r i g inat e d, t r a nsport e d, o r c ommin g led w ith a ni m a ls or a nim a l produ c ts fr om r e g ions

that AP H I S do e s not c o n sider a s F M D

- fr ee . AP H IS r e qu e sts c omm e nt on this

d e te r min a tion.

2. Th e re is a pote n ti a l for r i sk f r om ill e g a l introd u c tion of F M D

- a ff ec ted a n i mals or a nim a l

p r odu c ts fr o m a f

f e c ted r e g ion s . Br a z il c ontains s e v e r a l inte r n al and e x te r n a l bord e r a r ea s

with f e w or no n a t u r a l b a r

r ie r s. Ev e n in a re a s with b a rr ie r s o r c h e c kpoints, the r e is a pote n ti a l

that p e ople, c a rs, a nd a n i mal p r odu c ts could c r oss both dom e stic a nd int e r n a tion a l bord e rs

ille g a l l y

.

Miti g a tions: B r a z il’s c on t rols, bios ec u ri t y pr o ce du r e s, and qu ar a ntine op e r a tions (the

e f f i c a c y of w h i c h w a s c h a ll e ng e d du r i n g known o utbr e a ks in P a ra g u a y

, B o livia, a nd

Ar g e ntin a ) h a ve b e e n su c ce ssful in miti g a ti n g this ris k . AP H I S e v a luat e d M APA c ontrols for

a nim a ls moving into e x port c h a nn e ls and c on c lu d e d that r isk f r om ill e g a l import a tions f r om

a f f e c ted r e g ions to be su f

fi c ient l y mitig a te d . The c e rtifi ca tion r e qui r e ments mentioned a bove

will f u r ther e nsu r e that a nim a ls ill e g a l l y import e d into B r a z il will not ent e r U .S. e x port

c h a nn e ls.

II. Lik e lihood of det ec tion of FMD if reintroduc e d

Risk f ac to r s:

C a ttle in B r a z il a re prim a ri l y g r a s s

- f e d, a nd, d e p e n ding upon the p a stu r e r o t a tion s c h e me in

use, may not be subje c t t o ro u tine sup e rvisio n

. B e ca use some of the f a rms a re e x tr e me l y72

l a rg e

, a nim a ls a re dist a nt f rom hum a n c ont a c t for si g nifi ca nt p e riods of tim e . Th e r e for e

, c lose

obse r v a tion of a nim a ls m i g ht be in f r e qu e nt, and c l ini ca l si g ns mi g ht b e missed.

Miti g a tions: AP H I S c on s ide r s that inspe c tion p r o c e dur e s in B r a z ilian e x port c h a n n e ls su c h a s

a nt e

- mort e m e x a min a tions a re su f fi c ient to miti g a te this r isk for a nim a ls e x hibiting F MD

c linic a l si g ns.

To e nsure that the insp ec tion p r o ce dur e s a re follow e d, AP H I S will pro p ose th a t MAPA

ce rti f y the f ollowi n g :

 The b e e f c omes f

rom bovines that re c e ived both a nt e

- mort e m a nd pos t

- mo r tem

v e te r ina r y insp e c tio n s (in c luding inspe c tion of t h e h ea d a nd f ee t ) a t the sla u g hte r i n g

e stablishment, with no e viden c e f ound o f v e sicul a r dise a s e

.

 F MD h a s not b e e n di a g n osed in the e x port re g ion within 12 months prior to

e x port a tion of the b e e f.

III. Lik e lihood of e x

porting FMD

- inf

ec ted b ee f to the U.S.

Risk f ac tors:

V a cc i n a tion of ca ttle a g a inst F MD introduc e s ris k s r e lat e d to the immunolo g i c a l r e spon s e within t h e

h e rd or population of v a cc inat e d ca ttle. W hile a la r ge p e r c e n t a g e of ind i vidual a nim a ls in the h e rd

m a y ful l y r e spond to FMD v acc ination, some i ndividu a l a nim a ls in the h e rd m a y h a ve a limited

r e sponse, r e sulting in p a rtial or no immuni t y

. Th e r e f o r e

, h e rd immunity m a y not a lw a y s r e fle c t

individual a nimal i m mu n i t y

. I n a ddition, the r e is s till s o me c on ce rn that c u rr e nt v a c c ines m a y h a v e

r e sidual Non Stru c tur a l Prot e ins

- NSP (d e p e nd i ng on the m a nufa c turi n g p r o c e ss) that c ould r e s u lt

in the d e te c tion of NSP a ntibodies in v acc inat e d a nim a ls,. F u r t h e r, th e r e is a possibili t y that ca ttle

that a re e a r l y in the in c ub a tion p e riod do not s how c linic a l s i g ns o f FM D

. T h e refo r e infe c t e d

a nim a ls mi g ht b e missed on a nt e

- mort e m insp e c tion, a nd the i r b e e f c ould be c a r r y i n g F MD V

. Th e s e

f a c tors i n c re a se the lik e lihood that und e te c t e d F M DV

- inf e c t e d c a ttle c ould be p r e s e nted f or

slau g ht e r, p r o c e ssin g

, a n d e x port of me a t.

Miti g a tions:

To a ddr e ss the possibilit y

, AP H I S a s s e ssed the ef f e c tiv e n e ss o f m a tur a tio n , pH t e stin g

, a nd

d e boning o f c a r c a s s e s

. T he c u rr e nt m a tur a tion p ra c ti ce s in B r a z il f or e x porting to the E U

c onsist of the f

ollowin g :

1) Chilling the b e e f si d e s (h a lf c a rc a sses with heads, inte r n a l o r g a ns, a n d h oofs r e moved)

a t t e mpe r a tu r e s bet w e e n 2 a nd 1 0  C f or 24 hou r s.

2) Me a suri n g the pH to e nsure it is b e low 6.0 in the lon g issimus dorsi muscl e

. I f the p H

is 6.0 or a bov e , the c a rc a ss is div e rt e d to lo ca l co n sumption.

A c c o r di n g to the sc i e ntific lite r a tur e :

 The F MD virus is r a pid l y ina c tiv a ted a t pH 6.0 or l ow e r . At pH 6.0, the i n a c tiv a tion

r a te is 90 p e r ce nt p e r minute [ 23 ]

.

 It is generally accepted that virus is totally inactivated at pH 6 or below after 24 hours

at a temperature of 4  C [24]. At higher maturation temperatures, the pH drop rate is

faster [24].73  The pH changes may occur at different rates in different muscles; a measurement of

pH less than 6.0 in the longissimus dorsi muscle is acceptable as indicating

nonsurvival of FM DV in the carcass [25].

AP H I S obs e rv e d du r i n g t he site visits the f ollowin g :

 A v e r y small number of ca rc a sses a re r e je c t e d for h a ving a pH r ea di n g g re a ter than

5.9 a t 24 hours postslaughter ( me a n 2.2 p e rc e n t ) [ 21 ]

.

 pH m e te r s are c a lib ra ted re g ula r l y . M a c hine er r or is like l y to b e v e r y low b eca use

p e riodic ca lib r a tion of p H m e te r s is c a r r ied out a t the slau g ht e r pl a nt s

.

I n acc o rd a n c e with the r i sk miti g a tion e f f e c ts, the p r o ce sses e v a luat e d in t h e r isk ass e ssm e nt

will be inco r

por a ted into the p r opos e d rul e

. AP H IS will propose to r e quire MAPA to ce rti f y

that:

 The b e e f c onsists on l y of bovine p a rts that a r e

, b y stand a

rd p r a c ti ce

, p a rt of the

a nim a l’s ca r ca ss th a t is p la c e d in a c hiller f or ma t u ra tion a ft e r s l a u g hte r

.

 C e rt a in pa r

ts of a bovi n e ’ s he a d, fe e t, hump, hoov e s, and int e rn a l o r g a ns m a y r e a c h

the n e ce s s a r y pH l e v e l during the r e quir e d m a turation p r o ce ss; how e v e r, th e se it e ms

ca n c ontain l y

mph tissu e

, d e pot f

a t, and blood c lo t s that m a y potential l y h a r bor F MD

virus that is not in ac tiv a ted. Th e se p a rts would c o ntinue to be p r ohibited from

import a tion into the Uni t e d Stat e s  sp ec ifi c a l l y

, no p a rt of bovine he a ds, f ee t,

hump, hooves, a nd int e r n a l org a ns c a n be e x port e d

.

 All bone a nd visu a l l y id e ntifi a ble blood c lots and l y m phoid tissue h a ve b e e n r e moved

f r om the b e e f.

 The beef comes from bovine carcasses that were allowed to maturate at 40 to 5 0 o F (4

to 1 0 o C) for a minimum of 24 hours after slaughter and that reached a pH of less than

6.0 in the loin muscle at the end of the maturation period.

 The e stablishment in whi c h the bovin e s are sla u g h te r e d a llows a p e riodic o n

- site

e v a luation and subs e q u e nt inspe c tion of its f a c ilities, rec o r ds, a nd op e r a tions b y a n

AP H I S r e p re s e ntative.

R e lease A s s e s s m e nt: C o n c l u sion

B a s e d on e v a luation of the 11 f a c tors, obs e rv a ti o ns f

r om the site visits, a n d info r mation p r ovided b y

B r a z il, AP H I S c onsid er s that B r a z il possess e s the d e te c tion ca p a biliti e s, r e porting s y stems, a n d

e mer g e n c y r e sponse s y s t e ms that a re n e c e ssa r y f o r c ombating F MD in the e x port r e g ion a nd that the

potential that und e te c ted F MDv

- in f ec ted ca ttle c ould be p re s e nted for s l a u g h t e r, p r o ce ssi n g

, a nd

e x port of me a t is e f

fe c tiv e l y mitig a ted th r o u g h a p p r opri a te p r o ce ssi n g proc e dur e s

.74

B. EX P O S U R E AS S ES S M ENT

E x posure a ssessment d e s c rib e s the biol o g ic a l pat h w a y (s) n ece s s a r y f or e x posure of a nim a ls and

humans in an importing c ount r y to the h a za rds r e l e a s e d f r om a g i v e n risk s o u rc e a nd e stimat e s the

p r ob a bili t y of the e x posur e (s) o cc u r rin g

, e ith e r q u a litative l y or q u a ntitative l y [ 4 ]

.

AP H I S c onsid e rs th a t the most lik e l y p a thw a y of e x posure of d o mestic liv e stock to F MDV in beef is

throu g h f ee di n g of c ont a min a ted f

ood w a ste to s w ine [ 26 ] . The lik e lihood of e x posure of F M D

susc e ptible sp e c ies to FMD inf e c ted b ee f w a s e v a luat e d b y re v i e wi n g previous VS studi e s. I n 19 9 5,

VS condu c ted a p a thw a y a n a l y sis to estimate the l i k e lihood of e x posing swine to in fec ted w a ste [ 1 ]

. The a n a l y sis includ e d t w o possible p a thw a y s: e x posure a ssoci a t e d with ill e g a l hous e h old imports

a nd e x posure a ssoci a ted with l e g a l import s . The l a tt e r is the e x posure p a t h w a y that would be

a ppli ca ble to importing t he c ommodi t y und e r c o n side ra tion in this risk a n a l y si s

. W ith 95 p e r c e nt

c on f idenc e , VS estimat e d that 0.023 p e r c e nt o r less of plate a nd manuf ac t u ring w a ste w ould be

inad e qu a te l y pr o ce ssed p rior to f e e di n g to swine [ 1 ]

. B a s e d on this f r a c tion, less than 1 p a

rt in 4,3 0 0

of import e d b ee f t h a t are f e e d to swine a s pl a te or manu f ac turi n g w a ste is like l y to be i n a d e qu a t e l y

c ook e d.

VS condu c ted a sur v e y i n 2001 of the U .S. swine w a st e

- f ee di n g s e c tor to upd a te a simil a r stu d y do n e

in 1994 [ 2 7 ]

. B a s e d on t h is su r v e y

, VS estimat e d that the p r oportion of pl a t e a nd manuf ac turi n g

w a ste fe d to swi n e diminished b y a bout 50 p e rc e n t b e tw ee n 1994 a nd 2001 due to a d e c r e a s e in the

number of w a s t e

- f

ee di n g pr e mis e s . The stu d y a lso f ound that:

 The number of w a ste

- f e e ding pr e mis e s h a s de c r e a s e d si g nifi c a nt l y sin c e 1 9 94.

 S e v e r a l Stat e s h a v e pro h i bited f e e di n g f ood w a st e s to swin e

.

 T he c ontin e ntal United S tat e s saw a 40.5 p e rc e nt d ec re a se in the numb e r o f w a st e

- f e e di n g

p re mis e s, H a w a ii a 37.5 p e r c e nt d ec r ea s e

, a nd Pu e rto Ri c o a 52.3 p e r ce nt d ec re a s e

.

 I nstitutions and r e sta u r a n ts provide n e a r l y 90 p e rc e nt of a ll plate w a s t e fe d to swi n e.

AP H I S c onsid e rs th a t p r ohibiting the f ee di n g o f u npro c e ssed p l a te wa ste to swine h a s fu r th e r

c ontribut e d to r e du c i n g w a ste

- f ee di n g to swin e

. In th a t re g a rd, w a ste

- f e e d e r op e r a tions must be

li ce nsed a nd insp e c ted r e g ula r l y b y USDA insp ec t o r s (9 C F R 166) [ 5 ] . The li ce nsing pr o ce ss

r e quir e s that prod u ce rs a d e qu a te l y c ook the w a ste fe d to swine a cc o r di n g t o methods d e si g n e d to

r e du c e t h e pr o b a bili t y of surviv a l of f o r e i g n a nim a l dis ea se a g e nts in the wa st e

.

B a s e d on t h e 1995 e stimate that a v e r y small pro p o r tion of f ood w a ste is i n a d e qu a te l y pr o ce ssed

p r ior to f e e di n g to swin e

, a nd the substantial r e du c tion in w a st e

- f e e di n g o p e r a tions in re ce nt y e a rs,

AP H I S c onsid e rs the lik e lihood of e x posure of sus c e ptible s w ine to F M D V throu g h ina d e qu a te l y

p r o ce ssed food w a ste to be lo w . B a s e d on the r e s ults of the re le a s e a sses s ment, AP H I S f u rth e r

c onsid e rs the lik e lihood of e x posure of sus c e ptib l e swine to the F M D V th r ou g h importing

inad e qu a te l y c oo k e d infe c ted b e e f f rom the e x port r e g ion to be low.75

C. CONSEQUEN C E AS S ESS M ENT

A c onse q u e n c e a s s e ssm e nt des c rib e s the biol o g ic a nd ec onomic c onse q u e n ce s of F MD introdu c tion

into the United St a tes. This cons e qu e n c e a ssess m e nt add r e sses both di r ec t a nd indir e c t con s e qu e n ce s

a s r e c omm e n d e d b y the O I E [ 4 ]

.

The m a g nitude of the bi o lo g ic a nd ec onomic c onse q u e n c e s following a n i n trodu c tion of F MD w ou l d

d e p e nd on the lo c a tion of the introdu c tion, the F M DV se r o t y pe introd u ce d, the r a te of s p r e a d o f

F MD virus a nd w h e ther oth e r e nvironme n tal c o n ditions at the introdu c ti o n site th a t mi g ht f a c ilit a te

this spr e a d, a bili t y to de t ec t the dise a s e ra pid l y , liv e stock d e m o g r a ph i c s a n d movem e nt patte r ns, a n d

ea se of e mpl o y i n g e r a di c a tion p r o ce du r e s [ 2 ]

. I n a ddition, dep e nding on the e x tent of e x port of

liv e stock a nd their pro d u c ts, tr a de r e strictions imposed b y t r a di n g p a rtners o f ten r e sult in sev e r e

ec onomic c onse q u e n c e s.

Dire c t cons e q u e n ce s

Dir e c t con s e qu e n c e s inc l ude e ff ec ts of the dis e a se on a nim a l he a lth a nd the subsequ e nt produ c tion

loss e s, the tot a l costs of control and e r a d i ca tion, the e ff ec t on the e nvironm e nt, and public h e a lth

c onse q u e n c e s.

E f f e c ts on a nim a l he a lth a nd p r odu c tion

F M D c a us e s s i g n i f

i c a n t d i s t re s s a n d s u f f e r i ng to a n im a

ls r e g a r dl e s s o f t h e si z e a n d s o phi s ti c a

t i o n o f

th e i r l i v e s t o c k u n it

. V e ry h i g h m o r t a l i ty r a t e s in y o ung a nim a ls c a n o c c u r

, p a rticul a r l y a mo n g p i g s

a nd sh ee p [ 28 ]

. I

n p i gs

, D u n n a

n d D o n a ld s o n [ 2 9 ] e s t im a

t e d a g e n era

l m o r t a lit y ra t e o f 4 0 p e r c e nt f

o r

t w o o u t b rea k s i n T a i w a n i n 199 7

. Ge e r

i n g [ 30 ] c it e s mo r tali t y ra tes o f 40, 45, a nd 94 p e rc e nt of

l a m b s i n s e v era

l ou t b r e a ks

. Mort a

l i t y in o l d e r a

n i ma l s o cc u r s l

e s s f r e q u e nt l y bu t m a y b e s i gn i f

i c a n t

w it h ce r t a i n virus s t r ai n s

.

F MD c a uses si g n i fi c a nt l osses in the pro d u c tion c a p ac i t y of af f e c ted a nim a l s. Produ c tivi t y loss e s of

10 to 20 pe r ce nt a re r e p o rt e d in F M D

- in f ec ted li v e stock [ 2] if the dise a se is allow e d to run its

c ours e

. F or e x a mpl e , the d r op in milk y i e ld of d a i r y c a ttle a v e ra g e s a ppro x im a te l y 25 p e rc e nt p e r

y ea r [ 31 ]

. I

n a ddition, F MD c a n c a use r e duction in the g r o wth ra te of a n i mals r a ised f or m e a t

. A c c o r di n g to D o e l [ 32 ]

, e stimat e s va r y c onsid e rab l y but one stu d y h a s in d ic a ted th a t c a ttle w o u ld

r e quire a ppro x im a te l y 10 to 20 p e r c e nt lo n g e r to r eac h matu r i t y . T h e c om p a r a tiv e l y g r ea ter s e v e ri t y

of F MD in p i g s would imp l y a t l ea st simil a r loss e s to those d e s c rib e d for ca ttle [ 32 ]

.

Control and e r a di c a tion c osts

The ov e r a ll c ost of c ont r ol and e r a di c a tion d e p e n ds on the miti g a tion or p oli c y option c hosen to

c ontrol and e r a dic a te t h e dise a se. Potential c osts include dise a se c ontrol m e a sur e s such a s imposing

qu a r a ntine m e a sur e s a nd movem e nt cont r ols, dir e c t costs r e lat e d to stamping out of af f e c ted a nd

other h e rds, ind e mni t y p a y m e nts, v a cc ination cos t s, surv e illan c e a nd l a borato r y testi n g

, e tc.

F or dise a s e

- f

r e e c ountri e s like the United St a tes that h a ve a subst a nti a l e x port m a rk e t for liv e stock

a nd liv e stock p r odu c ts, t he pr e f e rr e d option f

o r control and e r a d i ca tion h a s tr a ditional l y b e e n to

stamp out in fec ted h e rds without the use of v a c c in e

. I n fa c t, the U.S. poli c y f or F MD e merg e n c ies is76 Mc C a u l e y E s ti m

a tes C o n su m er I m p acts P r o g ram C o s ts T o tals

- - --- - --- - --- - --- - --- - --- - - - m il l io n s o f do llars

- - --- - --- - --- - --- - ----- - --- - --- - --

197 6 $ 201 1 $ 197 6 $ 201 1 $ 197 6 $ 201 1 $

E n d e m ic F M D w

/ v o l u n ta r y c o n tr o l $11

, 60 0 $37

, 2 1 5 na na $11

, 6 0 0 $37

, 2 1 5

Era d icati o n b y s trict s l a u gh ter

& q u a r a n ti n e $10

, 60 0 $34

, 0 0 7 $539 $1

, 7 2 9 $11

, 1 3 9 $ 35

, 73 6

Era d icati o n b y a r ea v acc i n ati o n $11

, 60 0 $37

, 2 1 5 $690 $2

, 2 1 4 $12

, 2 9 0 $ 39

, 42 9

C o m pu l s o r y v acci n a tion p r o g r a m w /

e n d e m ic F MD $8

, 9 0 0 $28

, 5 5 3 $4

, 2 0 0 $13

, 4 7 4 $13

, 1 0 0 $ 42

, 02 7 to follow stri c t qua r a nti n e me a su r e s and stampi n g

- out of inf e c ted a nd c on t ac t he r d s , with o n g oi n g

a ssessment of the ne e d f

o r a nd implem e ntation of str a t e g ic va cc ination.

Published studi e s indi ca t e that F MD e r a di c a tion without v acc inatio n , if fe a sibl e , is the le a s t

- c ost

poli c y option, e v e n a llo w ing f or t h e c osts of pr e v e ntion a nd e mer g e n c y prep a r e dn e ss a nd the r isk of

outbr e a ks. Ho w e v e r, if t h e e x tent of the outb rea k w e re l ar g e or i f the disease w e r e spre a ding a t a f a st

r a te, va cc ination mi g ht b e b e n e f i c ial in prot ec ti n g hi g h

- p r od u c i n g liv e stock [ 33 ] . A r ece nt stu d y

using a stoc h a stic simulation mod e l show e d that r ing v a cc ination d e c re a s e d the du r a tion of

outbr e a ks. Ho w e v e r, d e p e nding on the m a g nitude of the outb rea k a nd the n umber of h e rds involved,

the time a nd c ost ne e d e d to dispose of v acc ina t e d a nim a ls could be subst a n ti a l [ 3 4 ]

.

Av a il a ble da ta do not a llow qu a ntifi c a tion of the number of h e r ds/f a rms t h a t would be in fec t e d if

F MD w e re introduc e d. N e v e rth e less, the c ost of c ontrol, e r a di c a tion a nd c o mpens a tion is lik e l y to be

si g nifi ca nt. B a tes e t al. [ 35] used r e sults f r om a FMD simulation mod e l to e stimate the di rec t costs

a ssoci a ted w ith indemnit y

, sla u g ht e r, c l e a ning a n d disin fec ting liv e stock p r e mis e s for v a rious

v acc ination and e r a d i ca t i on str a t e g ies to c ontrol t r a nsmis s ion of F MDV in a ca ttle popul a tion of

2,238 h e rds a nd fi v e s a le y ar ds lo ca ted in th r e e c o unti e s of Califo r nia. The stu d y f ound that m e a n

h e rd ind e mni t y p a y

m e nts p e r h e rd w e r e $2.6 million and $110,359 f or d a i r y a nd non d a i r y h e rds,

r e spe c tiv e l y . Cle a ni n g a n d disin fec tion c osts ra n g e d f r om $18,062 to $60,205 p e r h e r d . T h e me a n

v acc ination cost w a s $2

, 960 p e r h e rd a nd the tot a l e r a dic a tion c ost r a n g e d f r om $61 million to $551

million, d e p e nding on e r a dic a tion str a t e g y

.

A t t h e n a t i on a l l e v e l

, M c C a

u l e y e t a l

. [ 2 ] c o ndu c t e d a c o mp re h e ns i v e s t u dy t o a ss e s s t

h e p o t e n t i a l

ec ono mi c i m

p ac t o f F M D i n th e w h o l e o f th e U n i t e d S t a t e s

. Th e s t ud y e s tim a t e d t

h e d i rec t c o s t s

(c on t r o l a n d era d i ca t i o n p r o g ra

m c os t s ) a n d i n crea s e d c os t s bo r

n e by c onsu m er s o f F

M D i n t r o du c t i o n

ov e r a 15

- y

ea r p er i o d ( 1 9 76

- 1990 )

. Th e s tu dy e x a mi n e d s e v era

l c o n t r o l a n d era d i ca t i o n o p t i on s

. R e l e v a n t t o th i s a ss e s s m e n t are s t ra t e g i e s e m p l o y e d t o era d i ca

t e t h e d i s ea s e b y s t a

mp i n g ou t o r are a

v acc i n a t i on

. I n th e e x t re m e e v e n t o f e nd e m i c F

M D i n t h e U n i t e d S t a

t e s

, t h e i m p ac t o f c o mp u l s o ry o r

vo l u n t a ry c on t r o l p r o g ra

m s w a s a l s o c on s i d ere d

. A su m m a

ry o f th e f i n d i n g s ar e sho w n i n t a

b l e 1 0

. T h e

re su l t s w ere u p d a

t e d u s in g t h e d i ffere n c e i n t h e I m pli c i t P r i c e D e f l a t o r ( D P I ) i n 2 01 1 [ 3 ]

.

T a ble 10: Ec o nomic imp ac ts of F M D

1

., So u rce: 19 7 6 : 3 4 .8 I P D, 20 11 : 1 1 1

. 6 6 8 ( 3 .2

= ratio I P D s tart 197 6 ) 1 / I P D

= Gr o s s D o m est i c P r od u ct I m p lic i t P rice

De f lat o r

- U.S. De p a r t m e n t o f C o mm e r ce: B u reau o f Ec o n o m ic A n a l y s is

h ttp://re s ear c h

. s tl o u i s f

e d

. o r g /fre d2 /data/GD P DEF.t x t

Sou r ce: A d

ap te d

, McD o w ell 2 0 11

, p er

s ona l c o mm un i c a tio n

.77

I n a 2008 stu d y mo d e ling the e c onomic imp ac t and d i s e as e

- sp r e a d e f f e c t s f r o m a h y pothe t i c al o u t b reak o f

FMD a r i s ing from fee d ing g a r ba g e i n s m a l l fa r ro w

- t o

- fi n ish o pe r a t ions, t h e t o t a l t rade lo s ses pl u s o t her

dis e ase

- re l a ted co s ts to c ap i tal and m ana g e m en t , to t a l e d be t we en $2, 7 73 m il l ion a nd $4,062 m

i l li o n co m

pa r e d

w ith the 2 001

- 2004 dis e as e

- free bas e li n e [ 43 ]

.

E f f e c t on the e nvironme n t

Environm e ntal e ff

ec ts h a ve b ee n c onsid e r e d un d e r a ll a ppli ca ble e nviron m e ntal re view la w s in f o rce

in the United St a tes. These a re c onsid e r e d in a s e p a r a te, but r e lat e d, e nv i r o nment a l ass e ssm e nt

( A P H I S p ropos e d rule). The e nvironm e ntal a sse s sment compli e s with the Na tion a l Environm e ntal

Poli c y A c t and impl e me n ting r e g ulations [ 36 ]

.

E f f e c t on public h ea lth

Althou g h public h e a lth c onse q u e n ce s a re n ot issues und e r A P H I S’ re g ula t o r y a uthori t y

, we a d d r e ss

the issue in this ass e ssm e nt. F MD m a y a f fe c t hum a ns; how e v e r, its o c c u r re n c e is quite ra r e . The

number of c a s e s r e port e d is so sm a ll wh e n c ompar e d with the number of pe rsons e x posed that F MD

is g e n e r a l l y not consider e d a thre a t to human s . FMDV h a s be e n isol a t e d a nd t y p e d in on l y 40

p a ti e nts during the l a st centu r y

. S y mptoms in humans a re most l y mild and main l y include f e v e r, a nd

bliste r s on the h a nds, f

e e t , mouth, a nd ton g ue. P a t i e nts usu a l l y r ec ov e r w it h in a wee k a ft e r t h e last

blister f o r mation [ 37 ]

.

P e rh a ps mo r e import a nt l y

, a n F MD outb r ea k of t h e m a g nitude obs e r v e d in the United K in g dom ca n

r e sult in sev e re p s y c hos o c ial e ff ec ts on f a rm e rs a n d f

a rmi n g c ommunitie s

. F a rmers a nd their f a mili e s

ca n suff e r from g r ief o v e r losing a nim a ls, in some ca s e s blood lin e s ke p t o v e r m a n y g e n e r a tions, a s

w e ll a s loss of c ontrol o v e r th e ir liv e s due to mov e ment re strictions, disruptions in c ommuni t y lif e

,

a nd shor t

- a nd lo n g

- t e rm str e ss over their fin a n c ial f uture. R e s e a r c h e rs f

r om L a n ca st e r U nive r si t y in

the U nit e d Kin g dom c o n du c ted a n e w stu d y into t he soci a l cons e q u e n c e s of F MD in the Cumbria

c ommuni t y

, re v ea led h i gh r a tes of d e p r e ssion, a l c ohol consumptio n

, a nd mort a li t y a mo n g f a rmers

during the c risis [ 38 ]

.

Indir ec t cons e q u e n ce s

I n a ddition to the di rec t c osts of F MD introdu c tio n , imp ac ts on int e rn a tion a l tr a de a nd r e lat e d

domestic c onse q u e n ce s n ee d to be c onsid e r e d . E x port loss e s due to r e stric t ions impos e d b y tr a de

p a rtn e rs on F M D

- sus c e p t ible a nim a ls and p r odu c t s c a n run into billions of U .S. doll a rs. T h e v a lue o f

U.S. e x ports of b ee f p r o d u c ts alone, w hich w ould be immedi a te l y lost, w a s ov e r U S$3 billion in

2001. The imp ac t of a n o utbr e a k of F MD on the r u ra l and r e g ional ec ono m ic vi a bili t y , including

busin e sses re li a nt on liv e stock re v e n u e

, c ould also be subst a nti a l

.

I n 2002, P a a rlbe r g e t al. [ 39] c ondu c ted a stu d y to e stimate the pot e nti a l r e v e nue imp ac t of a n F MD

outbr e a k in the U nit e d Stat e s simil a r to the one that o cc u rr e d in the United Kin g do m . The stu d y

sug g e sted t h a t gr e a t e st impa c t on f a rm in c o m e w ould be due to loss of e x port m a rk e ts and the

d ec re a se in de m a nd b y c onsum e r s

. F or e x a mpl e , loss e s of g r oss r e v e nue f o r the a nim a l se c tor w e r e

a s follo w s: c a ttle ( 17 p er ce n t ), be e f ( 20 p e rc e nt), milk (16 p e r c e nt, swine ( 34 p e r c e n t ), pork ( 24

p e r c e n t ), sh e e p a nd lam b s (14 p e rc e nt), a nd s h ee p a nd lamb meat (10 perc e nt). Thompson et a l. [ 40]

e stimat e d the loss of a

b o ut 20 pe r ce nt of t h e e stimat e d tot a l in c ome f rom fa rming in 2001 bec a use o f

the F MD outbre a k in the United K in g dom.78

Oth e r loss e s due to r e stri c tions on live s w ine, po r k, a nd po r k pr o du c ts a re l ike l y to be s i g nifi c a nt as

w e ll. The U.S. e x ports of pork a nd po r k pr o d u c ts a r e e stimat e d a t $1.3 billion dolla r s in 2003 [ 41 ]

. Since the U .S. e x ports on l y small a mounts of l a mb a nd mutton, e c onomic loss e s asso c iat e d wi t h

these c ommodities a

re n o t like l y to be si g n i fi c a nt c ompa r e d to c a ttle a nd s w ine.

D. RISK ESTI M ATION

Risk estimation consists of int e g ra ti n g the r e sults f r om the re l e a se a ssessment, e x posure a ssessmen t

,

a nd c onse q u e n c e a sses s ment to produ c e ov e r a ll measur e s of risk a ssoci a t e d with the h a z a rds

identifi e d a t the outset. T hus, risk e stimation t a k e s into acc ount the whole r i sk p a thw a y f rom h a z a rd

identifi e d to the unw a nt e d e v e nt [ 4 ]

.

AP H I S c o n c ludes f

rom t he a ssessment that the s u rv e illan c e

, p r e v e ntion, a n d c ontrol m ea sur e s

implem e nted b y B r a z il a re suf f ici e nt to m inimi z e t

he lik e lihood of importing F MD into the United

Stat e s, pro v ided th a t add i tion a l miti g a tion me a sures a r e implem e nted a s de s c rib e d e a rlie r

. F u r the r m o r e , AP H I S c o n c ludes that f r e sh ( c hilled or f

roz e n ) , matu r a ted, debon e d b ee f u n d e r

c onsid e r a tion in t his an a l y s is is of low r isk in vi e w of the c e rtifi ca tion r e q uir e ments th a t will be

implem e nted.

The lik e lihood of e x posure of F M D

- sus c e ptible sp e c ies to F MD i n f e c ted be e f w a s not e v a luat e d

qu a ntitative l y in this risk a ssessmen t . Ho we v e r, in a 1995 stu d y [ 1 ] , VS det e rmin e d that 0.023

p e r c e nt o f plate a nd m a n u fac turi n g w a ste is not a d e qu a te l y proc e ssed p r i o r to fee di n g to swin e . Th i s

is a r e du c tion in the r isk a t the re l e a se lev e l o f th r e e orders of m a g nitude. Th e r e f o r e

, c ombining the

lik e lihood of importing FM D

- inf e c ted b e e f a nd e x posure of susceptible spe c ies to un c ook e d in f ec ted

b ee f scr a ps would r e sult in an e stimate that is a t l e a st th re e or d e rs of m a g ni t ude less than the 95 th

p e r c e ntile r e le a s e ra t e of 1.16  10

- 4

.

The c onse q u e n ce s o f a n F MD outbre a k in the Un i ted St a tes would be e x tr e me l y h i g h. The maj o r

ec onomic c onse q u e n c e o f importing F M D w ould be e x port tr a de loss e s

. T he sum of the c onsum e r

imp ac ts, dir e c t costs and tr a de loss e s ov e r a 1 5

- y e a r p e riod w ould b e b e tw e e n US$37 billion to

US$42 billion ( in 2011 d oll a rs) d e p e ndi n g on the ma g nitude of t h e outbre a k a nd e r a d i ca tion

str a t e g y . Althou g h s u c h c onse q u e n ce s a re s i g nifi ca nt, it is import a nt to note that the r e sults of both

the r e le a s e a nd e x posure a ssessment indi ca ted th a t the likelihood of introdu c tion a nd e stablishment

of F MD is low.

I n summ a r y

, a lthou g h t h e c onse q u e n ce s of a n F MD outbr e a k in the United Stat e s would be v e r y

hi g h, AP H I S c onsid e rs the r isk of F M D

- infe c ted b ee f e n t e ri n g the United S tat e s f r om the e x port

re g ion a nd e x posing the U.S. livesto c k throu g h fe e ding of i n f e c t e d m a te r i a ls to sus ce ptible a nim a ls

to be lo w

, g iven t h e f

indin g s of the r e l e a se a nd e x posure a ssessment s

.79

V

. RE F EREN C ES

1. CEA H

, Risk A ssessm e nt of the Pra c ti c e of F ee di n g R e c

y c led Com m odities to Dom e sti c ated

Swine in the U.S. 1995, USDA, AP H I S, VS.

2. McC a ul e y , E. H

., e t al., P otential ec onomic impa c t of foo t

- and

- mouth dis e ase in the United

Stat e s . 1979, St. P a ul, M i nn e sota: U.S. Gov e rnment P rinting O f fi c e

. 3. Mc D ow e ll, R., E c onomic impa c ts of F M D adjust e d from 1976 dollars to M arch 2001 do llars

by Consum e r Pri c e I

n d e x . 2002.

4. O I

E, Int e rnational animal health code

- ma m mals, birds and be e s . 2002, W o r ld O r g a ni z a tion

for Animal He a lth.

5. AP H I S, Title 9, Code of F e d e ral Regulation

- Pa r ts 1 to 199, Animals and animals produ c ts

. 2003.

6. MAP A

, R e gionalization of FMD . 2002b, D e p a rtme n t of A nim a l H ea lth.

7. V e terinary S e r

v i ce s, Ob s e r

v ations made during A PH I S' site v isit to Brazi l

. O c tober 2002 &

Au g ust 2003, USDA, A P H I S.

8. MAPA, Enlarge me nt of the foo t

- and

- mouth dis e a s e

- free zon e , w h e re v a cc i n ation is

practic e d: Midwest e rn a nd Eastern li ve stock c ir c uit s . 2000 a , D e p a rtme n t of Animal H e a lth.

9. MAPA, E

x pansion of foo t

- and

- mouth dis e as e

- fr e e zone with v a cc ination: State of Rondôni a

. 2002d, D e p a rtme n t of A nim a l H ea lth.

10. MAPA, R e sponse to sp e c ific c om me nts on the 11 f a c tors giv e n in 9CFR 92.2, A ppli c ation for

r ec ognition of the animal h e alth status of a regio n

. 2003 a : D e p a rtme n t o f Anim a l H ea lth.

11. MAPA, Compl e m e ntary information r e qu e sted by US D A r e garding the pr o ce ss of risk

assessm e nt for fr e sh, c hilled or froz e n b ee f e x por t e d to NAFT

A . 2003 c : D e p a rtme n t of

Animal H e a lth.

12. AP H I S, Ob s e r

v ations m a de during AP

H IS' site v isit to Brazil. O c tober 2002 & August 2003,

US D A, A P H I S . 2003.

13. MAPA, Elimination of t h e outbr e a k s of the foo t

- a nd

- mouth dis e ase o c c urred in the State of

Rio Grande do Sul, Brazi l . 2002 c , D e p a rtme n t of Animal H e a lth.

14. MAPA, Information about the o c c urrence of foo t

- and

- mouth dis e ase in B r azil 2006.

15. MAPA, Informa c o e s c o mpl e m e ntares solicitadas p e lo USDA rela c ionad a s com o proc e sso

de a v alia c ao de ris c o pa r a ex porta c ao de c arne f

r e s c a d e sossada, r e

friada ou c ong e lad

a

. 2003b: D e p a rtme n t of A nim a l H ea lth.

16. SEN A SA, Informe Corri e ntes. 2006.

17. O I E, Animal h e alth information, http : //w w w.oie.i n t/ e ng/info/ e n_sam.ht

m . 2003, W o r ld

Or g a ni z a tion f

o r A nim a l H e a lth.

18. Committee V e te r ina r y P e rm a n e nt, Sp ec ific F o ot a nd M

outh Dis e ase Control and

Surv e illance A c ti v ities in the B order Re gions. . 2 0 07.

19. MAPA, M

onitoring in t h e foo t

- and

- mouth dis e as e

- free area with v a c c inatio n . 2002 a

, D e p a rtme n t of Animal H ea lth.

20. MAPA, Proposal for the e nlarg e m e nt of the foo t

- a nd

- mouth dis e ase fr e e z o n e , where

v a cc ination is practic e d

. 2000b, D e p a rtme n t of A nim a l H ea lth.

21. MAPA, Compl e m e ntary i nformation requ e sted by US D A c on c e rning the p r o ce ss of risk

assessm e nt for fr e sh, c h illed or froz e n b ee f e x por t e d to NAFT

A . 2003d.

22. AP H I S, Disc u ssions with SENASA officials and o b s e r v ations during the 2003 site v isi t

. D e ce m b e r 20 0 3.80

23. B ac h ra c h, H

. L

., e t al., I n a c ti v ation of foo t

- and

- mouth dis e ase v irus by pH a nd te m p e rature

c hang e s and by formald e h y d e

. Proc Soc E x p B iol Me d , 1957. 95 (14 7

- 52).

24. Ph a ro, H

., Foot

- and

- mo u th dis e ase: an assessm e n t of the risks facing New Z e aland. N

Z e a land V e t J , 2002. 50 (2 ) : p. 46

- 55.

25. Commission of the Eu r op ea n Communiti e s, In v e s tigation on the possible e ff ec t of e le c tri c al

stimulation on pH and s u r v ival of foo t

- and

- mouth dis e ase v irus in m e at and offals from

ex p e rime n tally inf

e c ted a nimal s . 1986, E U R. p. 44.

26. CEA H

, Pathway assess m e nt of foo t

- and

- mouth dis e ase ( F MD ) risk to the U

nit e d Stat e s: an

ev aluation in response to international FMD outbr e a k s in 200 1 . 2001, USDA, A P H I S, VS.

27. CEA H

, 2001 waste

- fe e d e r surv e

y , Unpublish e d d

a ta. 2002, USDA, A P H I S, VS.

28. Al e x a nd e rs e n, S., e t al., The pathogen e sis and diagnosis of foo t

- and

- mouth dis e ase. J Comp

P a thol, 2003 a

. 129 (1 ) : p. 1

- 36.

29. Dunn CS a nd Don a ldson A I

, Natural adaption to pigs of a T aiwan e se isol a te of foot and

mouth dis e ase v irus. V e t R ec , 1997. 141 : p. 174

- 7 5.

30. G e e ri n g

, W .A., Foot and mouth dis e ase in sh ee p. Aust V e t J , 1967. 43 : p. 485

- 89.

31. Pow e r A . P a nd Har r is S . A, A c ost

- b e n e fit e v aluation of alt e rnative c ontrol polici e s for foot

and mouth dis e ase in G r e at Britain. J A g ri E c on, 1973. 24 : p. 573

- 96.

32. Do e l, T.R., F

M D v a cc in e s. Virus Res, 2003. 91 (1): p. 8 1

- 99.

33. J a mes A . D. a nd Rushton J

., The ec onomi c s of foot and mouth dis e ase. R e v S c i Te c h, 2002.

21 (3 ) : p. 637

- 44.

34. S c ho e nb a um MA a nd Te r r y Disn e y W

, M

od e ling alt e rnative mitigation st r ategi e s for a

h y pothetical outbr e ak of

foo t

- and

- mouth dis e ase in the United States. Pr e v V e t Med, 2003.

58 ( 1

- 2 ) : p. 25

- 52.

35. B a tes TW, Ca rp e n t e r T E, a nd Thu r mond MC, B e n e fi t

- c ost analysis of v a cc i nation and

pre e mptive slaughter as a m e ans of e radi c ating foo t

- and

- mouth dis e ase. A m J V e t R e s,

2003. 64 (7 ) : p. 805

- 12.

36. N a tion a l Environm e ntal Poli c y A c t ( NEPA) of 1 9 69 a s am e nd e d (40 U .S.C.4321 e t seq )

, e t

a l. 1969.

37. W H O

, Foot and mouth dis e ase: c onse q u e n c e s for public h e alth.

http : //www

. who.int/e mc

/ diseas e s/zoo/FM

D .htm l

. 38. Ano n y

mous, Unpublish e d re

p or t . 2004, L a n ca st e r Univ e rsi t y , United Kingdom.

39. P aa rlb e r g P L

, L e e J G, a nd S e it z in g e r A H, Pot e nt i al re v e nue imp a c t of an outbr e ak of foo t

and

- mouth dis e ase in the United States. J Am V e t Med Asso c , 2002. 220 (7): p. 98 8

- 92.

40. Thompson, D., e t al., Economic c osts of the foot and mouth dis e ase o utbreak in the United

Kingdom in 2001. R e v S c i Te c h, 2002. 21 ( 3 ): p. 675

- 87.

41. F AS, U.S. b e e

f, po r k and poultry trade c harts, http : //www.fas.usda.go v /dl p /trade c harts

/

. 2003.

42. Moonen P, J ac obs L , Crien e n A, a nd D e kk e r A

, 2 004. D e te c tion of carri e rs of foo t

- and

mouth dis e ase v irus am o ng v a cc inat e d c attle. V e t Mi c robiol. 103:151

- 60.

43 P hilip L . P a a rlbe r g , Ann Hillb e rg S e it z in g e r, J ohn G. L ee

, a nd K e n n e th H. Math e ws,

J r

. E c onomic I

mpa c t of F

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80 pp, M a y 2008

http://ww w

. e rs.usd a

. g ov/public a tions/ e rr 57/ 200881

Ap p e ndix 1. E pi d e m iologic C ha r a c t er istics of F oo t

- an d

- M outh D isease ( F M D )

Etiologic Ag e nt

F a mi l y P i c orna v irida e

, G e nus Aphtho v irus

, t y p e s O, A , C, S AT1, SAT2, SAT3, a nd Asia 1.

Status in the U

nit e d Stat e s

F MD virus wa s e r a d i ca t e d f r om the U n it e d Stat e s in 1929.

Epid e miology

F MD is a h i g h l y c ommunic a ble dis ea s e of c love n

- hoof e d a nim a ls c a used b y a n Aphth o v irus of the

f a mi l y Picorn a v irida e . FMD h a s sev e n immunolo g i c a l l y distinct s e ro t y p e s ( O , A, C, SAT1, SAT2,

SAT3, a nd Asia 1 ) . The O, A

, a n d C s e ro t y p e s h a ve histo r ic a l l y b ee n fo u n d in S outh Ame r ica [ 1 ]

. R e s ea r c h indi c a tes th a t o ne se r o t y pe d o e s not c on f

e r p r ot e c tive immuni t y a g a inst the oth e r si x , thus a

dise a se outbre a k ca n b e c a used b y one s e ro t y pe or a c ombin a tion of se r o t y p e s [ 2 ]

.

F MD virus s e ro t y

p e O ( P a nAsia str a in) h a s be e n i s olat e d in over 60 p e r c e nt of positive samples

r e ce i v e d b y the Wo r ld R e f e r e n c e L a bo r a to r y f

or F MD in the United K i n gdom ( I nstitute f or Anim a l

H e a lth, Pirb r i g ht L a bor a t o r y ) . Alo n g with bei n g the most pr e v a lent t y p e O s tr a in, the P a nAsia str a in

is also the most wid e l y distribut e d, ca using F MD o utbr e a ks in ma n y p a rts of A f ri c a

, Asi a

, a nd South

Am e ri c a a s w e ll a s in E u rope since 1998. This vi r us str a in c a n infe c t a w i d e ra n g e o f sp e c i e s

including c a ttle, wa ter b u f f a l o , p i g s, she e p, g o a ts, and g a z e lle [3

- 5 ]

.

F MD virus c a n be tr a ns m itted b y dire c t or indir e c t c onta c t or a e rosol. F omi t e s (su c h a s f e e d,

d r inking w a te r

, e quipm e nt, animal p r odu c ts, as w e ll a s hum a n c lothin g , t ra nsport a tion v e hicl e s,

rod e nts, str a y d o g s, wild a nim a ls, and birds) c a n t r a nsmit F MD ov e r lo n g d i stan c e s. The five main

e lem e nts th a t in f

luen c e t he e x tent of F MD sp r e a d a r e :

(1) The qu a nti t y of vi r us r e le a s e d;

(2) The m e a ns b y whi c h the vi r us e n te r s the e nvi r onment;

(3) The a bili t y of the a g e nt to survive outside the a nim a l bo d y ;

(4) The qu a ntiti e s of vi r u s r e quir e d to initiate infe c tion a t prim a r y infe c tion sites; a nd

(5) The p e riod of time the virus re mains und e t ec t e d [ 6, 7 ]

.

The incub a tion p e riod of the F MD virus is 2 to 14 d a y s in c a ttle, d e p e ndi n g on the vi ra l str a in and

dose a nd the l e v e l o f sus c e ptibili t y of the a nim a l [ 8 ] . Morbidi t y in unvac c i n a ted h e rds ca n be h i g h,

but mo r tali t y us u a l l y d o e s not e x cee d 5 p e rc e nt. I f it o cc u r s duri n g the c a lving s e a son, ca l f mo r tali t y

ca n be c onsid e r a

b l e [ 9 ]

. Young ca lves m a y e v e n die b e fore the d e v e lopm e nt of c linic a l si g ns usual l y

b eca use t h e virus a tt ac ks the h e a rt muscl e s [ 8 ]

.

The re spi r a to r y tra c t is the usu a l route of in f ec tion in sp ec ies other than p i gs. I n f e c tion c a n a lso

o cc ur thro u g h a b ra sio n s of the skin or mu c ous m e mbr a n e s. I n c a ttle a nd s h ee p, the e a rliest sites of

virus inf e c tion a nd possib l y re pli c a tion a pp e a r to be in the mucosa a nd the l y mphoid tissues of the

ph a r y n x

. F ollowing initi a l r e pli ca tion in the ph a r y n x , the vi r us e n te r s the b l oodstr e a m. Vir e mia in

ca ttle l a sts f

or 3 to 5 d a y s ; as a re sult, the vi r us sp r ea ds th r o u g hout the bo d y a nd e stablishes sit e s of

s ec ond a r y in f

ec tions [ 10].82

The usu a l route of in f

ec t i on in pi g s is throu g h t h e in g e stion of F MD viru s

- c ontaminat e d pr o du c ts, o r

dir e c t cont a c t with inf

e c t e d a nim a ls, or h e a vi l y c o ntaminat e d e nvironme n t s . The incub a tion p e riod i n

pi g s will v a r y with the s t r a in, dos e

, a nd route of i n fec tion. S e ro t y pe O, w h ich is hi g h l y v i rul e nt in

pi g s, c a n p r odu c e c linic a l si g ns within 18 to 24 h o u r s, while pi g s with low

- lev e l e x posur e s m a y t a ke

up to 11 d a y s to d e v e lop clini ca l si g ns. Pi g s that r ec ov e r f r om F M D in f

e c tion do not be c ome c a r r i er s

a s w a s tho u g ht with rumina n ts [ 11 ]

.

F MD virus loc a li z e s in v a rious o r g a ns, tissu e s, b od y f luids, bone m a r r ow, a nd l y mph nodes [ 12, 1 3 ]

. Vir a l r e pli c a tion m a y r e a c h p ea k le v e ls as e a r l y a s 2 to 3 d a y s a ft e r e x posur e . Vir u s tite r s dif f e r in

dif fe r e nt o r g a ns or tissu e s. Some tissues, su c h a s the ton g u e e pith e lium, h a ve p a rticular l y h i g h tite r s

. R ece nt data indi c a te th a t the most vir a l amplifi c a tion o cc u r s in the str a tifi e d

, c o r nifi e d squ a mous

e pith e lia of the skin a nd mouth (in c luding the to n g u e ). A ltho u g h some viral r e pli ca tion a lso oc c u rs

in the e pith e lia of the ph ar y n x , the a mount of vi r us pro d u ce d th e re is a pp a rent l y much l e ss th a n the

a mount pro d u ce d in the s kin and mouth during the ac ute ph a s e of the dis e a s e

. B y c om p a rison, the

a mount of vi r us (if a n y ) p r odu ce d in oth e r or g a ns like saliv a r y g lands, kidn e y s, liv e r, a nd l y mph

nod e s is n e g l i g ible [ 14, 15 ]

.

I mmuni t y to F MD is pr i ma r i l y medi a t e d b y c ir c u lating a ntibodies [ 16 ] . The host re a c tion, including

a ntibo d y pro d u c tion, o c c u r s f r om 3 to 4 d a y s a f

t e r e x posur e

. I

n in f ec ted p i gs, the virus is c le a r e d in

less than 3 to 4 w e e ks. I n c ontr a st, a r ound 50 p e rc e nt or more of ca ttle w ill dev e lop a lo w

- le v e l

p e rsist e nt in fec tion, loc a l i z e d to the ph a r y nx [ 1 7

- 19 ] . A c c o r ding to A l e x a nd e rs e n (2 0 0 2 ) [16 ] , a

model f or pr o g r e ssion of inf

e c tion st a rts with virus e x posur e , then a cc umul a tion of virus in the

ph a r y n g ea l a re a , followed b y the initial spre a d th r ou g h re g ional l y mph no d e s, and then sp r ea ds via

the blood str e a m to e pith e li a l c e lls. S e v e r a l c y c les of vi ra l amplifi c a tion a n d spr e a d follows [ 16 ]

.

Clinic a l si g ns in ca ttle d u ring a c ute in f ec tion include fe v e r, p r o f u s e s a liv a t i on, a nd mucopu r ulent

n a s a l dis c h a r g e . The dis e a se is ch a r ac t e riz e d b y d e v e lopm e nt of v e sicl e s on the ton g u e

, h a rd p a l a te,

d e ntal p a d, lips, mu zz le, g um, coron a r y b a nd, a nd int e rdi g it a l sp a ce s. V e s i c les m a y d e v e lop on the

te a ts. Af f e c ted a nim a ls l o se c ondition r a pid l y

, a nd the r e is a d r a matic loss of milk pr o du c tion [ 8 ]

. The a nim a l usual l y r e c o v e rs b y 14 d a y s post infe c tion p r ovided no s e c ond ar y infe c tions o cc ur [ 10 ]

. The most c onsistent c linic a l si g ns in p i g s are lesi o ns a r ound the c o ron a r y b a nds a nd lam e n e ss, but

f e v e r m a y be inconsist e n t. P i g s m a y d e v e lop vesi c les on the ton g ue a nd sn o ut, but these m a y b e less

c onspi c uous th a n lesions s ee n in rumin a nts. The sev e ri t y o f c linic a l dis ea s e d e p e nds on the a ge of

the in fec ted p i g . Adult s wine m a y r e c ov e r o r b e c ome c h r onic a l l y lame w h ile y ou n g e r pi g s,

e spe c ial l y those l e ss th a n 8 w e e ks of a g e , m a y die f r om a c ute m y o ca rditis without d e v e loping other

c linic a l si g ns [ 11, 17 ]

.

Di a g nosis of t h e dise a se r e li e s he a vi l y on r ec o g n i z ing c linic a l si g ns. I n u n v acc in a t e d ca ttle a nd p i gs,

the c linic a l si g ns a re obv i ous. Ho we v e r, in small r umin a nts the dise a se is often sub c linic a l or is

ea si l y c onfus e d with oth e r c onditions. I n a ddition, in e nd e mic r e g ions, c lin i ca l si g ns in p a rtial l y

immune c a ttle m a y b e le s s obvious a n d c ould pass unnoti ce d [ 8 ] . Vir u s isol a tion a nd s e ro t y

p e

identifi ca tion a re n ece s s ar y for c o n fi r mato r y di a g n osis. The c linic a l si g ns of F MD a r e simil a r to

those s ee n in oth e r v e s i c ular dise a s e s. D i f f e r e nti a l di a g nosis of v e sicu l a r d ise a s e s includes v e sicu l a r

stom a titis, mu c osal dise a se of c a ttle, blu e to n g u e

, r inde r p e st, and F MD.

S e rolo g i c a l di a g nostic t e sts include the c ompl e m e n t

- fi x a tion test, virus n e u tr a li z a tion test, a n d a n83

e n z y m e

- link e d immuno s o r b e nt ass a y test. Oth e r d ia g nostic t e sts include o ne

- or two

- dim e nsion a l

e le c tropho r e sis of the vi r a l DN A , isoel e c tric f o c u s ing of the vi r a l stru c tur a l p r oteins, or nu c leotide

s e qu e n c i n g of the vi r a l RNA [ 7 ]

.

F MD virus is a r e lative l y re silient virus. I t ca n su r vive up to 15 w e e ks in fe e d, 4 w e e ks on ca ttle h a i r

,

a nd up to 103 d a y s in w a ste wa te r . T h e surviv a l of the vi r us in a nim a l tissu e s is c lose l y a ss o c iat e d

with the ac idi t y of t h a t tissu e

. F or e x a mpl e , in m u s c ular tissues the a c idi t y of r i g o r mo r tis, which

o cc u r s natu r a l l y , i n ac tiv a tes the virus. The pro d u c t ion of l ac tic ac id in these tissues du r ing

matu ra tion is c onsid e r e d the p r im a r y f a c tor f o r ina c tiv a tion [ 20 ] . An a c id envi r onment wh e re t h e p H

is l e ss th a n 6.0 will d e str o y the vi r us qui c k l y [ 20, 21 ] . S e v e r a l studies show e d that in tissu e s wh e re

no ac idifi c a tion o c c u r s (e

. g

., l y mph nodes, bone m a rr ow, f a t, and blood ) , t h e virus m a y survive f o r

e x tend e d times in cu r e d, un c u re d, a nd f r o z e n me a t [ 13, 2 0

- 23 ] . H e a ting a t 5 0° C [ 2 4 ] a nd up to

155° F [ 25] will ina c tiv a t e the vi r us.

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-85 Appendix II

11 factors described under 9CFR 94.2 before 2012 8 factors described under 9CFR 94.2 after 2012

Scope of the evaluation Scope of the evaluation

The extent of an active disease control program, if

any, if the agent is known to exist in the region. Veterinary control and oversight The authority, organization, and infrastructure of the

veterinary services organization in the region.

Disease status

— i.e., is the restricted disease agent

known to exist in the region? If “yes,” at what

prevalence? If “no,” when was the most recent

diag nosis? Disease history and vaccination practices

The vaccination status of the region. When was the

last vaccination? What is the extent of vaccination if

it is currently used, and what vaccine is being used?

The degree to which the region is separated from

adjacent regions of higher risk through physical or

other barriers.

Epidemiological separation from potential

sources of infection The extent to which movement of animals and

animal products is controlled from regions of higher

risk, and the level of biosecurity regarding such

movements.

The status of adjacent regions with respect to the

agent.

Livestock demographics and marketing practices in

the region. Livestock demographics and traceability

The type and extent of disease surveillance in the

region

— e.g., is it passive and/or active; what is the

quantity and quality of sampling and testing? Surveillance practices

Diagnostic laboratory capabilities. Diagnostic laboratory capabilities

Policies and infrastructure for animal disease control

in the region

— i.e., emergency response capacity. Emergency preparedness and response