# Importation of Fresh Pepper Fruit

**– Capsicum annuum**  **L.,**

**Capsicum baccatum L.,**  **Capsicum chinense Jacq.,**  **Capsicum frutescens**  **L., and Capsicum pubescens**  **Ruiz & Pav.** 

**– from** 

**Ecuador into the United States**

**A Pathway**
**- Initiated Risk Assessment** 

**January 16**  **, 201 3**  **Version 3** 

**Agency Contact:** Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory Center for Plant Health Science and Technology United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine 1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300 Raleigh, NC 27606Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 ii 

## Executive Summary The Republic of Ecuador requested authorization to export fresh pepper fruit , Capsicum annuum L ., into the continental United States. We assessed the pest risk for C

. annuum , C

. frutescens , C

. baccatum , and C

. chinense due to some taxono mic uncertainty regarding the species status. We prepared a pest risk assessment based on documentation submitted by the Ecuadorian national plant protection organization , USDA data on intercepted pests at ports

- of

- entry, scientific literature, and o ther information. We identified eight quarantine pests that are likel y to follow the pathway of fresh peppers from Ecuador , as follows: **Type Pest**  **Taxonomy Pest risk potential**  Arthropods Anastrepha fraterculus Wiedemann Diptera: Tephritidae High

Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann Diptera: Tephritidae High Neoleucinodes elegantalis (Guenée) Lepidoptera: Pyralidae Medium Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) Lepidoptera : Noctuidae High Thrips palmi Karny Thysanoptera: Thripidae High Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) Povolny Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae High Fungi Puccinia pampeana Speg. Urediniomycetes: Uredinales High Viruses Andean potato mottle virus (APMoV) Comoviridae Medium



### We rated the following six pests ( five insects and one fungus) as **High** pest risk potential: the insects , Anastrepha fraterculus , Ceratitis capitata , Spodoptera litura , Thrips palmi , and Tuta absoluta , and the fungus, Puccinia pampeana

. We rated the other two pests

—the insect Neoleucinodes elegantalis , and the virus, Andean potato mottle virus

— with **Medium** pest risk potentials. Specific phytosanitary

measures beyond port

- of

- entry inspection are strongly

recommended for pests with High pest risk potentials , and may be necessary

for pests with Medium pest risk potential

. Detailed examination and choice of appropriate phytosanitary measures to mitigate pest risk are part of the pest risk management phase within APHI S and are not addressed in this document.Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 iii 

## Table of Contents **Executive Summary ................................**  **................................ ................................**  **...................... ii**  **1. Introduction ................................**  **................................ ................................**  **............................... 1**  1.1. Background

................................ ................................ ................................ .................... 1 1.2. Commodity

information

................................ ................................ ................................ . 1 1.3. Production in Ecuador

................................ ................................ ................................ .... 2 1.4. Standard post

- harvest processing

................................ ................................ ................... 3 **2. Risk Assessment ................................**  **................................ ................................**  **........................ 3**  2.1. Initiating Event: Proposed Action

................................ ................................ .................. 3 2.2. Assessment of Weed Potential o f Capsicum annuum

................................ .................... 3 2.3. Previous Risk Assessments, Current Status, Decision History , and Pest Interceptions 5 2.4. Pest Categorization

- Id entification of Pests of Capsicum spp. in Ecuador

................... 6 2.5. Analysis of Quarantine Pests

................................ ................................ ....................... 45 2.6. Pest Risk Potential and Conclusion

................................ ................................ ............. 58 **3. Literature Cited ................................**  **................................ ................................**  **...................... 58**  **4. Author, Contributors, and Reviewers ................................**  **................................ ...................**  **75 5. Appendix**  **................................ ................................**  **................................ ................................**  **.. 77**  Appendix A. Pest Interceptions on Capsicum spp. entering the United States.

................. 77 Appendix B. Quarantine pests reported on Capsicum spp. (in any country) and present in Ecuador.

................................ ................................ ................................ ............................ 113Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 1 

## 1 **. Introduction**
**1.1. Background**  This document was prepared b y the Plant Epidemiology and Risk Anal ys is Laboratory of the Center for Plant Health Science and Technology, USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHI S), Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ), in response to a request to evaluate the risks associated with the importation of commercially produced pepper fruit from Ecuador into the continental United States. We considered the risk associated with C

. annuum , C

. frutescens , C

. baccatum , and C

. chinense due to some taxonomic uncertainty regarding the species status (Walsh and Hoot, 2001 ) and because wild populations of C

. annuum may interbreed with C

. frutescens and C

. chinense (Eshbaugh, 1993 ) . Furthermore, because of the wide overlap of common name usage among all domesticated Capsicum species ( Bosland, 1996 ) , the cultivated species ( C

. pubescens ) was also included. The International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) provides guidance for conducting pest risk anal ys es. The methods used here are consistent with guidelines provided b y the IPPC, specificall y the International S tandard for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPM) on ‘Pest Risk Analysis for Quarantine Pests, including Anal ys is of Environmental Risks and Living Modified Organisms’ ( IPPC, 2009 : I SPM #11). The use of biological and phy tosanitary terms is consistent with the ‘Glossary

of Phy tosanitary Terms and the Compendium of Phy tosanitary Terms’ ( IPPC, 2009 : I SPM #5). Three stages of pest risk anal ys is are described in international standards: Stage 1, Initiation, Stage 2, Risk Assessment, and Stage 3, Risk Management. This document satisfies the requirements of Stages 1 and 2. This is a qualitative risk anal ys is; estimates of risk are expressed in terms of High, Medium, and Low pest risk potentials based on the combined ratings for specified risk elements (PPQ, 2000 ) related to the probability

and consequences of importing peppers from Ecuador . For the purposes of this assessment High, Medium, and Low probabilities will be defined as: High: More likel y to occur than not to occur Medium: As likely

to occur as not to occur Low: Less likel y to occur than not to occur The appropriate risk management strategy for a particular pest depends on the risk posed by that pest. Identification of appropriate sanitary and phy tosanitary measures to mitigate the risk, if any, for this pest is undertaken as part of Stage 3 (Risk Management). Other than listing possible mitigation options for the pests of concern, we did not discuss risk management in this document. **1.2. Commodity information** 1.2.1. Taxonomy The genus Capsicum is in the Solanaceae family, which also includes tomato, potato, tobacco, and petunia. The genus Capsicum consists of approximately 22 wild species and fivePest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 2 domesticated species: C

. annuum , C

. baccatum , C

. chinense , C

. frutescens , and C

. pubescens (Bosland, 1996 ) . Chi li pepper fruits are considered vegetables, but are berries botanicall y. Despite their many trait differences (Fig. 1) , most commerciall y cultivated chil i pepper cultivars belong to the species C

. annuu m (Bosland, 1996 )

. 1.2.2. Origin and Distribution The genus Capsicum is endemic to the western hemisphere , and the pre - Columbian distribution extended from the southernmost border of the United States to the temperate zone of southern South America ( Bosland, 1996 ). Mexico is believed to be the center of origin of C

. annuum ( CABI, 2006 ). C

apsicum annuum is a perennial small shrub in suitable climatic conditions, living for a decade or more in tropical South and Central America. In the genus Capsicum , C. annuum is the best

- known domesticated species and the most economically important species (Bosland, 1996 ; Eshbaugh, 1993 ). C apsicum annuum is now cultivated all over the world . The non -pungent form, bell pepper, is widel y used as a vegetable. Another non

- pungent form, "pimento," is also grown throughout much of the globe. The hot , spicy forms of this species have come to dominate spicy

foods in Latin America and the rest of the world (Eshbaugh, 1993 ). 1.2.3. Cultivar ty

pes Pepper is a warm

- season crop and is sensitive to cold weather (University of California, 2007 )

. There are two types of peppers: the large

- fruited, mild

- flavored bell ty pes, preferred b y most gardeners; and the hot varieties, which may be used green (University of California, 2007 ). The mild peppers include b ell, b anana, p imiento , and s weet cherry, while the hot peppers include c ayenne, c elestial, l arge cherry, s errano, tabasco, and j alapeno (University of California, 2007 ). The sweet bell pepper is the most popular ty pe; if allowed to ripen, the fruit turns red, orange, cream , yellow , or purple depending on cultivar and remains sweet. Bell peppers, measuring 7

. 6 cm (3 in) wide b y 10

. 1 cm (4 in) long , usuall y have 3 to 4 lobes and a blocky appearance. Mild peppers are harvested when they are green or red

- ripe. When allowed to mature on the plant, most varieties turn red and sweeter and increase in vitamin A and C content (University of California, 2007 ). Fruits are large, thick

- walled , and non

-pungent. Skin is smooth, but fruits are lobed and depressed. Shape varies from conic to near rectangular. This group comprises most of the peppers sold fresh in the United States (Magness et al. , 1971 ). **1.3. Production in Ecuador**  The growing areas of pepper in Ecuador are located in the ecological zones with temperatures between 20°C to 26°C (68

- 79°F) and tropical dry forests conditions . These areas correspond to the Cañar, El Oro, Esmeraldas, Guayas, Imbabura, Loja, Manabí, Pichincha, and Napo regions (PROFIAGRO, 2007 ). In2006, the harvested area o f pepper in Ecuador was 2,182 hectares (5,392 acres) , of which most are concentrated in the provinces of Guayas and Manabi with 1,085 and 780 hectares (2,681 and 1,927 acres), respectively (PROFIAGRO, 2007 ) ; in 2008 the harvested area was 1,800 hectares (4,447 acres) ( C ABI, 2010 )

.Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 3 **Figure 1.** Capsicum annuum cultivars (UBC, 2006 )
**1.4. Standard post**
**- harvest processing**  We have no information that any standard post

- harvest treatments are being used in Ecuador on peppers , then we do not include any specialized phy tosanitary treatment that would be used to mitigate pest risk on this commodity

. 

## 2 **. Risk Assessment** 
**2.1 .**  **Initiating Event: Proposed Action** We completed this commodity

-based, pathway

- initiated assessment in response to a request made b y the Ecuadorian Animal and Plant Health Service (SESA) ( SESA, 2006 ) to the USDA to authorize the importation of fresh pepper fruit grown in Ecuador into the continental United States. The movement of fruits and vegetables from foreign countries, into the United States is regulated in 7 CFR §319.56 ( 7 CFR § 319, 2011 ). Currently, the entry of pepper from Ecuador into the United States is not authorized under 7 CFR §319.56; the government of Ecuador seeks a change in this Federal regulation to allow importation. **2.2 .**  **Assessment of Weed Potential of**  **Capsicum annuum** If the species considered for import poses a risk as a weed pest, then a “pest

- initiated” risk assessment is conducted. The results of the weed screening for peppers (Table 1) did not prompt a pest

- initiated risk assessm ent.Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 4 **Table 1**  **.** Assessment of the w eed p otential of Capsicum or pepper species (Solanaceae). Scientific names, s ynonyms, and c ommon names (NGRP, 2008 ; NRCS, 2008 ) : Capsicum annuum L. (Syn.: C. cordiforme Mill) Bell pepper, sweet pepper, chili pepper, green pepper, paprika, cayenne pepper, aji, chiltepines C. baccatum L. Aji; Aji limon ; Aji mono ; Aji norteno ; Locoto C. chinense Jacq. Bonnet pepper; Datil pepper; Habanero pepper; Piripiri pepper; Squash pepper; Yellow squash pepper; Rocotillo C. frutescens L. (Sy

n.: C. fastigiatum Blume; C. annuum L. var. frutescens (L .) Kuntze; C. minimum ) Bird pepper; Cayenne pepper; Chili pepper; Tabasco pepper; Aji; Chile C. pubescens Ruiz. & Pav. (Sy n.: Brachistus lanceaefolius Miers; C. guatemalense Bitter; C. lanceaefolium (Miers) Kuntze; C. violaceum Kunth.) Apple chile; Rocoto; Lacoto; Chile caballo **Phase 1:** Distribution in the United States C. annuum is widely

cultivated throughout the world and the United States ( CABI, 2006 ; NRCS, 2008 ). C. baccatum is a popular condiment in South America (Eshbaugh, 1993 ), but is not grown commerciall y in the United States. It is likel y planted in private gardens. C. chinense is cultivated in Brazil, Colombia , and throughout the Caribbean (Bosland and Vo tava, 2000 ; NGRP, 2008 ). It is not known to be in the United States. C. frutescens is distributed worldwide and cultivated in the United States (NRCS, 2008 ). C. pubescens is native to South America ( Bosland and Votava, 2000 ). It is probably grown in private gardens in the United States. **Phase 2:** Invasive/Weed Status: Listing as a weed C. annuum C. baccatum ,

C. frutescens C. chinense ,

C. pubescens References
No No No APHI S, 2006 ; Gunn and Ritchie, 1988 ; Holm et al., 1977 ; Holm et al., 1997 ; IS SG, 2008 ; Reed, 1977 ; Skinner et al., 2008 ; Weber, 2003 ; WSSA, 2007 Yes Yes No Holm et al., 1979 ; Randall, 2002 Yes No No Swearingen, 2008 **Phase 3:** Summary

and Conclusions: Although C. annuum , C. baccatum , and C. frutescens have been listed as weed s and a s naturalized species for some countries (Holm et al., 1979 ; Randall, 2002 ; Swearingen, 2008 ), they

do not appear to be particularly invasive in either natural or agricultural systems (Koop, 2004a, 2004c, 2005 ). W e found no evidence in the literature of invasive behavior by C. chinense and C. pubescens , and they are not likel y to become problematic species in the United States (Koop, 2004b, 2004d). Thus, we recommend that fruit of C. annuum , C. frutescens , C. baccatum , C. pubescens , and C. chinense be considered for import following an appropriate pest risk assessment. **Conclusion:** Proceed with the pest risk assessment.Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 5 **2.3 .**  **Previous Risk Assessments, Current Status, Decision History** **, and Pest Interceptions**  2.3.1. Previous Risk Assessments APHI S has previousl y completed the following pest risk assessments for peppers in Latin America : 2009 Importation of Fresh Pepper

– Capsicum annuum L., Capsicum baccatum L., Capsicum chinense Jacq, Capsicum frutescens L., and Capsicum pubescens Ruiz & Pav.

– Fruit with Stems from Central America into the United States 2004 Importation of Fresh Pepper Fruit with Stems ( Capsicum annuum L., C. frutescens L., C. baccatum L., C. pubescens Ruiz & Pav., and C. chinense Jacq.) from Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua into the United States 1996 Importation of fresh pepper fruit, Capsicum annuum from Chile into the continental United States. 2.3.2. Current Status Currently peppers are authorized to enter the United States from the following countries: Antigua and Barbuda, Australia (from Tasmania), Bahamas, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Canada, Cay man Islands, Chile, Costa Rica, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Ghana (under T105

- a- 2 Irradiation treatment), Grenada, Guadel oupe, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Is rael, Jamaica (under T104

- a- 2 treatment), Japan, Martinique, Mexico, Montserrat, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Poland, Saint Barthelemy, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and Grenadines, South Korea, Spain, and Trinidad and Tobago (APHI S, 2010 ). 2.3.3. Decision History The decision history

for the importation of peppers ( Capsicum annuum and Capsicum spp. ) ( CPHST, 2 009 ) is listed below ( Table 2 )

. 2.3.4. Pest Interceptions During 1984

- 2010, 11 43 different pests were intercepted on Capsicum spp. entering the United States from 155 different countries [ see Appendix A, Pest Interceptions on Capsicum spp. entering the U.S. (PestID , 2010 )]. Intercepted pests identified at famil y level or higher are present in the interception report (PestID, 2010 ), but are not included in the pest list ( Table 3 ) , because the genus of the intercepted organisms could not be determined. The pest list includes interceptions at genus level ( e . g ., Gnorimoschema sp.) only if they were from Ecuador.

**Table 2.** Decision history for importation of peppers into the United States. **Year Country**  **Comment** 1969 Peru Deny entry due to Ceratitis capitata

. 1971 Venezuela Deny entry due to entomology findings (Med f

ly) and absence of approved treatment facilities. 1971 Nicaragua Deny entry due to lack of acceptable treatment for C. capitata

. 1971 Costa Rica Deny entry due to lack of acceptable treatment for C. capitata

. 1973 Surinam Entry approved North Atlantic portsPest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 6 **Year Country**  **Comment** 1982 Ecuador Deny entry due to lack of acceptable treatment for C. capitata

. 1983 Chile Deny entry du e to lack of acceptable treatment for Rhagoletis

ochraspis 1984 Panama Deny entry due to lack of C. capitata 1984 Honduras Deny entry due to lack of acceptable treatment for C. capitata

. 1988 Guatemala Deny entry due to lack of acceptable treatment for C. capitata

. 1988 Colombia Deny entry due to lack of acceptable treatment for C. capitata.

Complete assessment not done. 1992 Belize Entry approved. Fruit only, from Medfl y- free district. 1992 Cook I sland Deny entry due to lack of acceptable treatment for Bactrocera spp. 1993 Uruguay Permit entry with acceptable treatment for C. capitata , Anastrepha obliqua and R h agoletis ferruginea

. 1995 Senegal Deny entry due to lack of pest data and quarantine treatment.

**2.4 .**  **Pest Categorization**
**- Identification of Pests of**  **Capsicum spp.**  **in Ecuador** Below we list the pests associated with pepper ( C

. annuum ) and related species ( C

. baccatum , C

. chinense , C

. frutescens , C

. pubescens , and C apsicum sp.) in any country that also occur in Ecuador on any

host ( Table 3 )

. In this list we specif y the scientific name, reference(s) that report the pest on C

. annuum , C

. baccatum , C

. chinense , C

. frutescens , C

. pubescens , or C apsicum sp. , the reported distribution of the pest with respect to Ecuador and the United States, the quarantine status of the pest in the United States, the generally affected plant part( s ) , and if the pest is likely to follow the pathway of commerciall y exported pepper fruit without leaves or stems from Ecuador to the United States

. Each pest listed includes the pertinent citation for , the distribution, record on the host, and plant part association. We do not provide information on plant part association and whether the pest is likely to follow the pathway

for non

- quarantine pests. Even if non

- quarantine pests are able to follow the pathway, phy

tosanitary measures against these pests would not be justified because they already occur in the continental United States. Therefore, for non

- quarantine pests we indicate that information with N/A (not applicable). Shaded rows indicate quarantine pests likely to follow the commodity

pathway and selected for further analysis.Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 7 **Table 3.** Pests reported on Capsicum spp. (in any country) and present in Ecuador

. **Pest Scientific Name**  **Reported on Capsicum**  **spp. US and Ecuador**  **D istribution**  **1 Quaran** 
****

**tine p**  **est Plant**  **p art(s)** 

**a ssoc**  **. 2**  **Follow**

**p athway**  **ARTHROPODS ACARI**  **Eriophyidae** Aculops lycopersici (Tryon) C

. annuum ( CABI, 2006 ) EC ( Rogg, 2000 ); US ( CABI, 2006 ) No N/A N/A
**Tarsonemidae** Polyphagotarsonemus latus Banks C

. annuum (Arias, 2002 ;

Cedeño, 2002 ; CABI, 2006 ; Ochoa et al

. , 1994 ); C

. frutescens ( CABI, 2006 ; MAG, 1986b ; Rogg, 2000 ; Vázquez et al

. , 2005 ); C

. sp. ( CABI, 2006 ; Ochoa et al

. , 1994 ; PestID, 2010 ; University of Hawaii, 2006 ) EC (Arias, 2002 ; Cedeño, 2002 ; MAG, 1986b ; Rogg, 2000 ; Universidad Central del Ecuador, 2004 ); US ( CABI, 2006 ) No N/A N/A

**Tetranychidae** Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval) Capsicum sp. ( CABI,

2006 ) EC ( MAG, 1986b ; Rogg, 2000 ; Sponagel, 1999 ); US ( CABI, 2006 ) No N/A N/A

Tetranychus evansi Baker & Pritchard C

. annuum ( Bolland et al

. ,

1998 ) EC ( Rogg, 2000 ); US ( CABI, 2006 ) No N/A N/A Tetranychus marianae McGregor C

. annuum ( Bolland et al

. ,

1998 ) EC ( Rogg, 2000 ); US ( Bolland et al

. , 1998 ; CABI, 2006 ) No N/A N/A
Tetranychus sp. C

. annuum ( Cedeño, 2002 ; RFDS, 1994 ; Universidad Central del Ecuador, 2004 ) EC ( Cedeño, 2002 ; RFDS, 1994 ; Ruales, 1958 ; Universidad Central del Ecuador, 2004 ) Yes 3 L ( Cedeño, 2002 ; Universidad Central del Ecuador, 2004 ) No

Tetranychus urticae Koch C

. annuum ( Bolland et al

. ,

1998 ; CABI, 2006 ; Cedeño, 2002 ; Ochoa et al

. , 1994 ); C

. frutescens ( CABI, 2006 ); Capsicum sp. ( CABI, 2006 ; University of California, 2000 ) EC ( Camacho, 1994 ; Cedeño, 2002 ; MAG, 1986b ; Merino, 2003 ; Rogg, 2000); US ( Bolland et al

. , 1998 ; CABI, 2006 ; Chaney et al

. , 2003 ) No N/A N/A

1 Geographic Distribution: EC = Ecuador , US = United States

. 2 Acronyms used for plant parts: B = Branch; Fl = Flower; F = Fruit; L = Leaf; R = Root; Sd = Seedling; Se = Seed; Sh = Shoot; and S = Stem 3 This genus is present in the United States. We generally do not further analyze organisms identified only to the genus or higher taxonomic level if the taxon in question is reported in the PRA area of the United States.Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 8 **Pest Scientific Name**  **Reported on Capsicum**  **spp. US and Ecuador**  **D istribution**  **1 Quaran** 
****

**tine p**  **est Plant**  **p art(s)** 

**a ssoc**  **. 2**  **Follow**

**p athway**  **INSECTA Coleoptera: Anobiidae**  Lasioderma serricorne Fabricius Capsicum sp. ( PestID,

2010 ; CABI, 2006 ) EC ( Rogg, 2000 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI, 2006 ) No N/A N/A
Stegobium paniceum (Linnaeus) C

. annuum , Capsicum sp.

( PestID, 2010 ) EC ( Rogg, 2000 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI, 2006 ) No N/A N/A
**Coleoptera: Bostrichidae** Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius) C

. annuum , C

. frutescens

( CABI, 2006 ) EC (Vaughan, 1982 ; Yust and Cevallos, 1955 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI, 2006 ) No N/A N/A

**Coleoptera: Bruchidae** Acanthoscelides obtectus Say Capsicum sp. ( PestID,

201 0 ) EC ( MAG, 1986b ; Rogg, 2000 ; Ruales, 1984 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI, 2006 ) No N/A N/A

Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius) C

. annuum , Capsicum sp.

( PestID, 2010 ) EC (Arias et al

. , 1991 ; Rogg, 2000 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI, 2006 ) No N/A N/A

**Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae** Cerotoma variegata (Fabricius) C

. frutescens ( Rogg, 2000 ) EC ( Rogg, 2000 ) Yes L (Ro gg, 2000 ) No Diabrotica bicolor Jacoby C

. frutescens ( Rogg, 2000 ) EC ( Rogg, 2000 ) Yes L (Rogg, 2000 ) No Diabrotica decolor Erichson C

. annuum ( RFDS, 1994 );

C

. frutescens ( MAG, 1986b ; RFDS, 1994 ; Rogg, 2000 ) EC ( MAG, 1986b ; RFDS, 1994 ; Rogg, 2000 ) Yes L (Rogg, 2000 ) No

Diabrotica sp. C

. annuum (MAG, 1986b ; Vaughan, 1982 ); C

. frutescens ( Ruales, 1984 ; Vaughan, 1982 ) EC ( Ruales, 1958 ; Ruales, 1984 ; Vaughan, 1982 ) Yes 3 L (MAG, 1986b ; Ruales, 1984 ; Vaughan, 1982 ) No

Diabrotica speciosa (Germar) Capsicum sp. ( CABI,

2006 ) EC ( CABI, 2006 ; MAG, 1986b ; Rogg, 2000 ; Ruales, 1958 ) Yes L, R (MAG, 1986b ; Rogg, 2000 ) NoPest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 9 **Pest Scientific Name**  **Reported on Capsicum**  **spp. US and Ecuador**  **D istribution**  **1 Quaran** 
****

**tine p**  **est Plant**  **p art(s)** 

**a ssoc**  **. 2**  **Follow**

**p athway**  Epitrix cucumeris (Harris) C

. annuum ( CABI, 2006 );

Capsicum sp. (NSF, 2005 ) EC ( CABI, 2006 ; Rogg, 2000 ; Ruales, 1984 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI, 2006 ; Chaney et al

. , 2003 ) No N/A N/A

Epitrix sp. C

. annuum ( RFDS, 1994 ); C

. frutescens ( RFDS, 1994 ; Rogg, 2000 ) EC ( Rogg, 2000 ; RFDS, 1994 ) Yes 3 L (Rogg, 2000 ) No
Epitrix subcrinata LeConte C

. annuum ( Chaney et al

. ,

2003 ) EC ( Rogg, 2000 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; Chaney et al

. , 2003 ) No N/A N/A
Epitrix tuberis Gentner C

. frutescens ( CABI, 2006 ) EC ( CABI, 2006 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI, 2006 ) No N/A N/A
Systena sp. C

. frutescens ( Rogg, 2000 ) EC ( Rogg, 2000 ) Yes 3 L (Rogg, 2000 ) No **Coleoptera: Curculionidae** Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel Capsicum sp. ( PestID,

2010 ) EC ( Rogg, 2000 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI, 2006 ) No N/A N/A
**Coleoptera: Elateridae** Aeolus sp. C

. frutescens ( Rogg, 2000 ) EC ( Rogg, 2000 ) Yes 3 R ( Rogg, 2000 ) No Agriotes lineatus (Linnaeus) C

. frutescens ( Rogg, 2000 ) EC ( Rogg, 2000 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI, 2006 ) No N/A N/A
Agriotes mancus (Say) C

. frutescens ( Rogg, 2000 ) EC ( Rogg, 2000 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; Byers and Barker, 2000 ) No N/A N/A

Conoderus sp. C

. frutescens ( Rogg, 2000 ) EC ( Rogg, 2000 ) Yes 3 R ( Rogg, 2000 ) No Melanotus sp. C

. frutescens ( Rogg, 2000 ) EC ( Rogg, 2000 ) Yes 3 R ( Rogg, 2000 ) No **Coleoptera: Meloidae** Epicauta adspersa (Klug) C

. frutescens ( Rogg, 2000 ) EC ( Rogg, 2000 ) Yes L (Rogg, 2000 ) No **Coleoptera: Scolytidae** Xyleborus volvulus (Fabricius) Capsicum sp. ( PestID,

2010 ) EC , US ( CABI, 2006 ) No N/A N/A **Coleoptera: Silvanidae** Ahasverus advena (Waltl) Capsicum sp. ( PestID,

2010 ) EC , US ( CABI, 2006 ) No N/A N/APest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 10 **Pest Scientific Name**  **Reported on Capsicum**  **spp. US and Ecuador**  **D istribution**  **1 Quaran** 
****

**tine p**  **est Plant**  **p art(s)** 

**a ssoc**  **. 2**  **Follow**

**p athway**  Oryzaephilus surinamensis (Linnaeus) C

. frutescens ( PestID,

2010 ); Capsicum sp. ( PestID, 2010 ) EC ( Rogg, 2000 ; Ruales, 1958 ; Yust and Cevallos, 1955 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI , 2006 ) No N/A N/A

**Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae** Eleodes sp. C

. annuum (Universidad Central del Ecuador, 2004 ) EC (Universidad Central del Ecuador, 2004 ) Yes 3 R (Universidad Central del Ecuador, 2004 ) No

Tribolium castaneum Herbst C

. annuum , Capsicum sp.

( CABI, 2006 ) EC ( CABI, 2006 ; Ruales, 1984 ; Yust and Cevallos, 1955 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI, 2006 ) No N/A N/A

**Diptera: Agromyzidae** Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard) C

. annuum ( CABI, 2006 ;

EPPO, 2005 ; Steck, 1999 ) EC ( CABI, 2006 ; Díaz and Gallegos, 2003 ; Chulde and Gallegos, 2003 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI, 2006 ) Yes L ( Kharizanova and Pavlov, 2007 ) No 4

Liriomyza sativae Blanchard C

. annuum ( CABI, 2006 ;

EPPO, 2005 ) ; Capsicum sp. ( CABI, 2006 ; University of Hawaii, 2006 ) EC ( CABI, 2006 ; MAG, 1986b ; Rogg, 2000 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI, 2006 ) No N/A N/A

Liriomyza sp. C

. frutescens ( Rogg, 2000 ); Capsicum sp. ( IN IAP, 1996 ) EC ( IN IAP, 1996 ; Rogg, 2000 ) Yes 3 L ( IN IAP, 1996 ); S ( Rogg, 2000 ) No
Liriomyza trifolii Burgess in Comstock C

. annuum ( CABI, 2006 ;

Chaney et al

. , 2003 ; EPPO, 2005 ); C

. frutescens (Vázquez et al

. , 2005 ); Capsicum sp . (Univers ity of California, 2000 ) EC ( CABI, 2006 ; Moreta, 1993 ; Sponagel, 1999 ); US ( CABI, 2006 ; Chaney et al

. , 2003 ) No N/A N/A

**Diptera: Cecidomyiidae** Prodiplosis longifila Gagné C. annuum (Valarezo et

al

. , 2003 ) EC (Valarezo et al

. , 2003 ); US [(FL) ( Peña et al

. , 1989 )] [ Yes ] F, L , Sh (Valarezo et al., 2003 ) No 5

4 We found no specific information indicating that L. huidobrensis pupates in pepper fruits; ty pically it pupates in the ground ( Braun and Shepard, 1997 ) . Pupa may fall on the fruit , but are highly unlikely to remain after post

-harvest process ing

. Liriomyza huidobresis has not been intercepted on peppers from any part in the world ( PestID, 2010 ). Consequently, this pest is highly unlikely to follow the pathway.Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 11 **Pest Scientific Name**  **Reported on Capsicum**  **spp. US and Ecuador**  **D istribution**  **1 Quaran** 
****

**tine p**  **est Plant**  **p art(s)** 

**a ssoc**  **. 2**  **Follow**

**p athway**  **Diptera: Muscidae** Atherigona orientalis Schiner C

. annuum , C

. frutescens

( CABI, 2006 ); Capsicum sp. ( PestID, 2010 ) EC ( CABI, 2006 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI, 2006 ) No N/A N/A
Cyclorrhapha sp. Capsicum sp. ( PestID, 2010 ) EC ( PestID, 2010 ) Yes 3 F, S ( PestID, 2010 ) Yes **Diptera: Otitidae** Euxesta eluta Loew Capsicum sp. ( CABI, 2006 ) EC ( CABI, 2006 ; MAG, 1986b ; Merino, 2003 ); US ( Goyal et al

. , 200 7 ) No N/A N/A

**Diptera: Tephritidae** Anastrepha fraterculus Wiedemann C. annuum (MAG, 1986b ;

RFDS, 1994 ); C. frutes cens ( MAG, 1986b ; RFDS, 1994 ; Rogg, 2000 ) EC (Arias and Carrasco, 2002 ; CABI, 2006 ; IN IAP, 1997 ; MAG, 1986b ; Molineros et al

. , 1992 ; RFDS, 1994 ; Rogg, 2000 ; Ruales, 1984 ; Vaughan, 1982 ) Yes F ( RFDS, 1994 ; Rogg, 2000 ) Yes

Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) C

. annuum ( PestID, 2010 ;

CABI, 2006 ; Thomas et al

. , 2001 ; Vaughan, 1982 ); C. baccatum ( Thomas et al

. , 2001 ); C

. frutescens ( CABI, 2006 ; Rogg, 2000 ; Thomas et al

. , 2001 ); Capsicum sp. ( PestID, 2010 ; Mau and Martin, 1992 ) EC ( CABI, 2006 ; Camacho, 1994 ; CDFA, 2008 ; Molineros et al

. , 1992 ; Rogg, 2000 ; Vaughan, 1982 ) Yes F ( CABI, 2006 ; Rogg, 2000 ; Thomas and Heppner, 2001 ) Yes

**Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae** Aleurodicus dispersus Russell C. annuum ( PestID, 2010 );

Capsicum sp. ( CABI, 2006 ) EC ( CABI, 2006 ; Rogg, 2000 ); US ( CABI, 2006 ) Yes L (PestID, 2010 ) No

Aleurotrachelus socialis Bondar C

. annuum (Valarezo,

2002 ) EC ( CABI, 20 06 ; Valarezo, 2002 ) Yes L ( CABI, 2006 ) No

5 This insect is an external feeder that attacks young fruits , deforming the fruit surface and making it unmarketable (Valarezo et al

. , 2003 )

. Ripe fruits showing such damage should be culled (Valarezo et al

. , 2003 ) , s o P. longifila is highly unlikely to follow the pathway.Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 12 **Pest Scientific Name**  **Reported on Capsicum**  **spp. US and Ecuador**  **D istribution**  **1 Quaran** 
****

**tine p**  **est Plant**  **p art(s)** 

**a ssoc**  **. 2**  **Follow**

**p athway**  Aleurotrachelus trachoides Back C

. annuum (Arnal et al

. ,

1993 ; CABI, 2006 ); C

. frutescens (Arnal et al

. , 1993 ; Rogg, 2000 ; Vázquez et al

. , 2005 ); Capsicum sp. ( CABI, 2006 ) EC ( Rogg, 2000 ); US ( Hodges and Evans, 2005 ) No N/A N/A

**Bem isia tabaci**  (B biotype) (Gennadius) Syn. B

. argentifolii Bellows, Perring, Gill & Hendrick C. annuum ( CABI, 2006 ;

Marcano, 1996 ); C

. frutescens ( Marcano, 1996 ; Rogg, 2000 ); Capsicum sp. (University of Hawaii, 2006 ) EC ( IN IAP, 1999 ; Rogg, 2000 ); US ( CABI, 2006 ) No N/A N/A

Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) C

. annuum ( CABI, 2006 ;

Cedeño, 2002 ; Universidad Central del Ecuador, 2004 ; Valarezo, 2002 ); Capsicum sp. ( PestID, 2010 ) EC ( CABI, 2006 ; Cedeño, 2002 ; Universidad Central del Ecuador, 2004 ; Valarezo, 2002 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI, 2006 ) No N/A N/A

Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood C

. annuum ( CABI, 2006 ;

Universidad Central del Ecuador, 2004 ); C

. frutescens ( Rogg, 2000 ); Capsicum sp. ( CABI, 2006 ; PestID, 2010 ; University of California, 2000 ) EC ( IN IAP, 1999 ; Rogg, 2000 ; Singuenza, 2003 ; Universidad Central del Ecuador, 2004 ; Valarezo, 2002 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI, 2006 ) No N/A N/A

**Hemiptera: Aphididae** Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris C

. frutescens ( Sánchez et

al

. , 200 0 ) EC ( Rogg, 2000 ; Ruales, 1984 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI, 2006 ) No N/A N/A

Aphis cra ccivora Koch C

. frutescens ( Cermeli, 1970 ); Capsicum sp. ( CABI, 2006 ) EC ( Merino, 2003 ; Rogg, 2000 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI, 2006 ) No N/A N/A

Aphis fabae Scopoli C

. annuum ( CABI, 2006 ) ; Capsicum sp. ( CABI, 2006 ; University of Hawaii, 2006 ) EC ( MAG, 1986b ; Ruales, 1984 ; Vaughan, 1982 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI, 2006 ) No N/A N/APest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 13 **Pest Scientific Name**  **Reported on Capsicum**  **spp. US and Ecuador**  **D istribution**  **1 Quaran** 
****

**tine p**  **est Plant**  **p art(s)** 

**a ssoc**  **. 2**  **Follow**

**p athway**  Aphis gossypii Glover C

. annuum ( CABI, 2006 ; Universidad Central del Ecuador, 2004 ); C

. frutescens ( CABI, 2006 ; Rogg, 2000); Capsicum sp. ( Mau and Martin, 1991 ; NSF, 2005 ; PestID, 2010 ) EC ( MAG, 1986b ; Rogg, 2000; Ruales, 1958 ; Universidad Central del Ecuador, 2004 ; Vaughan, 1982 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI, 2006 ) No N/A N/A

Aphis sp. C. annuum (Vaughan, 1982 ); C

. frutescens ( MAG, 1986b , Ruales, 1984 ; Vaughan, 1982 ); Capsicum sp. ( PestID, 2010 ) EC (Flores and Tapia, 2003 ; MAG, 1986b ; Ruales, 1984 ; Vaughan, 1982 ) Yes 3 F ( PestID, 2010 ); L ( MAG, 1986b ; Ruales, 1984 ; Vaughan, 1982 ) Yes

Aphis spiraecola Patch C. annuum ( CABI, 2006 ) EC ( CABI, 2006 ; MAG, 1986b ; Vaughan, 1982 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI, 2006 ) No N/A N/A

Aulacorthum solani Kaltenbach C

. annuum ( CABI, 2006 ;

PestID, 2010 ); Capsicum sp. ( PestID, 2010 ) EC ( CABI, 2006 ; Rogg, 2000 ); US ( CABI, 2006 ) No N/A N/A
Macrosiphum euphorbiae Thomas C

. annuum ( Delfino, 2005 ;

PestID, 2010 ); C

. frutescens ( Rogg, 2000 ); Capsicum sp. ( CABI, 2006 ) EC ( CABI, 2006 ; MAG, 1986b ; Rogg, 2000 ; Sponagel, 1999 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI, 2006 ) No N/A N/A

Myzus persicae Sulzer C

. annuum (Arias and Gallegos, 1998 ; Arias et al

. , 1991 ; CABI, 2006 ; Chaney et al

. , 200 3 ; Cedeño, 2002 ; Delfino, 2005 ; IN IAP, 1999 ; MAG, 1986b ; Posada, 1989 ; Universidad Central del Ecuador, 2004 ); C

. frutescens ( Delfino, 2005 ; PestID, 2010 ; Rogg, 2000 ); Capsicum sp. ( CABI, 2006 ; Cermeli, 1970 ; University of California, 2000 ) EC (Arias and Gallegos, 1998 ; Arias et al

. , 1991 ; CABI, 2006 ; Cedeño, 2002 ; INIAP, 1999 ; Rogg, 2000; Ruales, 1958 ; Universidad Central del Ecuador, 2004 ; Vaughan, 1982 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI, 2006 , Chaney et al

. , 2003 ) No N/A N/APest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 14 **Pest Scientific Name**  **Reported on Capsicum**  **spp. US and Ecuador**  **D istribution**  **1 Quaran** 
****

**tine p**  **est Plant**  **p art(s)** 

**a ssoc**  **. 2**  **Follow**

**p athway**  Myzus sp. C

. annuum ( PestID, 2010 ; RFDS, 1994 ); C

. frutescens ( RFDS, 1994 ); Capsicum sp. ( PestID, 2010 ) EC ( RFDS, 1994 ) Yes 3 F ( PestID, 2010 ) Yes

Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) Capsicum sp. ( Cerkauskas,

2004 ) EC ( CABI, 2006 ; MAG, 1986b ; Rogg, 2000 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI, 2006 ) No N/A N/A

Toxoptera citricida (Kirkaldy) Capsicum sp. ( Cerkauskas,

2004 ) EC ( CABI, 2006 ; Rogg, 2000 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI, 2006 ) No N/A N/A

**Hemiptera: Cicadellidae** Empoasca fabae Harris C

. frutescens ( MAG, 1986b ; Rogg, 2000 ; Ruales, 1984 ); Capsicum sp. (Yust and C evallos, 1955 ) EC ( MAG, 1986b ; Rogg, 2000 ; Ruales, 1958 ; Ruales, 1984 ; Yust and Cevallos, 1955 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI, 2006 ) No N/A N/A

Empoasca sp. C

. annuum (MAG, 1986b ); C

. frutescens ( Rogg, 2000 ) EC ( MAG, 1986b ; Rogg, 2000 ) Yes 3 L (MAG, 1986b ; Rogg, 2000 ); S ( Rogg, 2000 ) No

**Hemiptera: Coccidae** Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus C

. frutescens ( Ben

-Dov et

al., 2007 ); Capsicum sp. ( CABI, 2006 ) EC ( CABI, 2006 ; MAG, 1986b ; Ruales, 1984 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI, 2006 ) No N/A N/A

Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner) C

. frutescens ( Ben

-Dov et

al., 2007 ); Capsicum sp. ( Ben

-Dov et al., 2007 ; CABI, 2006 ) EC ( Ben

-Dov et al., 2007 ; CABI, 2006 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI, 2006 ) No N/A N/A

Saissetia coffeae (Walker) C

. annuum , C

. frutescens

( Ben

-Dov et al., 2007 ); Capsicum sp. ( CABI, 2006 ; PestID, 2010 ) EC ( CABI, 2006 ; Rogg, 2000 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; Ben

-Dov et al., 2007 ; CABI, 2006 ) No N/A N/A

Saissetia oleae (Olivier) C

. frutescens (Araya, 2000 ) EC ( CABI, 2006 ; Ruales, 1984 ; Yust and Cevallos, 1955 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI, 2006 ) No N/A N/APest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 15 **Pest Scientific Name**  **Reported on Capsicum**  **spp. US and Ecuador**  **D istribution**  **1 Quaran** 
****

**tine p**  **est Plant**  **p art(s)** 

**a ssoc**  **. 2**  **Follow**

**p athway**  **Hemiptera: Coreidae** Acanthocephala sp. C

. frutescens ( Rogg, 2000 ) EC ( Rogg, 2000 ) Yes 3 L, S (Rogg, 2000 ) No Anasa scorbutica (Fabricius) C

. frutescens ( Rogg, 2000 ) EC ( Rogg, 2000 ); US ( IT IS, 2008 ; Nuessly et al

. , 2004 ) No N/A N/A
Leptoglossus zonatus (Dallas) C

. frutescens ( Rogg, 2000 ) EC ( Moretta, 1995 ; Rogg, 2000 ; Santillan and Neira, 1988 ); US ( Buss et al

. , 2007 ) No N/A N/A

Phthia picta (Drury) C

. annuum , C

. frutescens ( Rogg, 2000 ) EC ( Rogg, 2000 ); US ( Coile, 2000 ) No N/A N/A **Hemiptera: Diaspididae** Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) C

. frutescens ( Ben

-Dov et

al., 2007 ) EC ( Rogg, 2000 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; Ben

-Dov et al., 2007 ; CABI, 2006 ) No N/A N/A

Aspidiotus destructor Signoret C

. annuum ( Ben

-Dov et

al., 2007 ); Capsicum sp. ( CABI, 2006 ) EC ( Ben

-Dov et al., 2007 ; MAG, 1986b ; Vaughan, 1982 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; Ben

-Dov et al., 2007 ; CABI, 2006 ) No N/A N/A

Aspidiotus nerii Bouché Capsicum sp. ( PestID, 2010 ) EC ( CABI, 2006 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI, 2006 ) No N/A N/A

Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret) C

. frutescens ( Ben

-Dov et

al., 2007 ) EC ( Ben

-Dov et al., 2007 ; CABI, 2006 ; Vaughan, 1982 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; Ben

-Dov et al., 2007 ; CABI, 2006 ) No N/A N/A

Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret) C

. annuum ( Ben

-Dov et

al., 2007 ) EC ( MAG, 1986b ; Rogg, 2000 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; Ben

-Dov et al., 2007 ) No N/A N/A

Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley) C

. annuum ( Ben

-Dov et

al., 2007 ; CABI, 2006 ); C

. frutescens ( CABI, 2006 ); C. sp ( Ben

-Dov et al., 2007 ; CABI, 2006 ; University of Hawaii, 2006 ) EC ( Ben

-Dov et al., 2007 ; Ruales, 1984 ; Yust and Cevallos, 1955 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; Ben

-Dov et al., 2007 ; CABI, 2006 ) No N/A N/APest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 16 **Pest Scientific Name**  **Reported on Capsicum**  **spp. US and Ecuador**  **D istribution**  **1 Quaran** 
****

**tine p**  **est Plant**  **p art(s)** 

**a ssoc**  **. 2**  **Follow**

**p athway**  Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis (Green) C

. annuum , C

. frutescens ,

Capsicum sp. ( Ben

-Dov et al., 2007 ) EC ( Ben

-Dov et al., 2007 ; Rogg, 2000 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; Ben

-Dov et al., 2007 ) Yes L (Watson, 2005 ) No

Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni Tozzetti) MacGillivray C

. annuum ( Ben

-Dov et

al., 2007 ); Capsicum sp. ( CABI, 2006 ) EC ( Rogg, 200 0 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; Ben

-Dov et al., 2007 ; CABI, 2006 ) No N/A N/A

Unaspis citri (Comstock) Capsicum sp. ( CABI,

2006 ) EC ( CABI, 2006 ; Klein, 1989 ; Sanchez, 1982 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI, 2006 ) No N/A N/A

**Hemiptera: Miridae** Polymerus testaceipes (Stål) Capsicum sp. ( PestID,

2010 ) EC ( Ruales, 1984 ); US ( IT IS, 2008 ) No N/A N/A **Hemiptera: Ortheziidae** Orthezia insignis Browne Capsicum sp. ( CABI,

2006 ) EC ( CABI, 2006 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI, 2006 ) No N/A N/A
Praelongorthezia praelonga Gouglas Syn. **Orthezia praelonga**  Douglas Capsicum sp. ( Ben

-Dov et

al., 2007 ; PestID, 2010 ) EC ( Ben

-Dov et al., 2007 ; Rogg, 2000 ; Ruales, 1958 ; Ruales, 1984 ) Yes L (PestID, 2010 ) No

**Hemiptera: Pentatomidae** Acrosternum marginatum (Palisot de Beauvois) C

. annuum ( CABI, 2006 );

C

. frutescens ( Rogg, 2000 ) EC ( Rogg, 2000 ); US ( CABI, 2006 ) No N/A N/A

Edessa meditabunda (Fabricius) C

. annuum ( CABI, 2006 ) EC ( Rogg, 2000 ) Yes L, S (Panizzi, 2000 ) No Nezara viridula (Linnaeus) C

. annuum ( CABI, 2006 );

C

. frutescens ( Rogg, 2000 ); Capsicum sp. (Mau and Martin, 1992 ; PestID, 2010 ) EC (Arias et al

. , 1991 ; Rogg, 2000 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI, 2006 ) No N/A N/A

Piezodorus guildinii (Westwood) C

. annuum ( CABI, 2006 ) EC (Arias et al

. , 1991 ; MAG, 1986b ; Rogg, 2000 ); US ( CABI, 2006 ) No N/A N/A

**Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae**  Dysmicoccus brevipes (Cockerell) C

. annuum ( PestID, 2010 );

Capsicum sp. ( Ben

-Dov, 1994 ; Ben

-Dov et al., 2007 ; CABI, 2006 ; PestID, 2010 ) EC ( Ben

-Dov, 1994 ; CABI, 2006 ; MAG, 1986b ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; Ben

-Dov, 1994 ; CABI, 2006 ) No N/A N/APest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 17 **Pest Scientific Name**  **Reported on Capsicum**  **spp. US and Ecuador**  **D istribution**  **1 Quaran** 
****

**tine p**  **est Plant**  **p art(s)** 

**a ssoc**  **. 2**  **Follow**

**p athway**  Dysmicoccus grassii Leonardi Capsicum sp. ( PestID,

2010 ) EC ( Ben

-Dov, 1994 ); US (Miller and Miller, 2002 ) No N/A N/A
Ferrisia virgata Cockerell C

. annuum , C. sp ( PestID,

2010 ) EC ( Ben

-Dov, 1994 ; Ben

-Dov et al., 2007 ; CABI, 2006 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; Ben

-Dov, 1994 ; Ben

-Dov et al., 2007 ; CABI, 2006 ) No N/A N/A

Phenacoccus madeirensis Green C

. annuum ( Ben

-Dov,

1994 ; CABI, 2006 ; PestID, 2010 ); Capsicum sp. ( PestID, 2010 ) EC ( Ben

-Dov, 1994 ; CABI, 2006 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; Ben

-Dov, 1994 ; CABI, 2006 ) No N/A N/A

Phenacoccus solani Ferris C

. annuum , Capsicum sp.

( PestID, 2010 ) EC ( Ben

-Dov, 1994 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; Ben

-Dov, 1994 ) No N/A N/A

Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley C

. annuum , Capsicum sp.

( PestID, 2010 ) EC , US ( Ben

-Dov, 1994 ) No N/A N/A
Planococcus citri (Risso) Capsicum sp. ( PestID,

2010 ) EC ( Ben

-Dov, 1994 ; CABI, 2006 ; MAG, 1986b ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; Ben

-Dov, 1994 ; CABI, 2006 ) No N/A N/A

Planococcus minor (Maskell) C

. annuum ( Ben

-Dov,

1994 ; PestID, 2010 ) ; C

. baccatum , C

. frutescens , Capsicum sp. ( PestID, 2010 ) EC 6 ( Cox, 1989 ; defra, 2005 ; IN IAP, 2005 ; PestID, 2010 ) ; US [ (HI) (NAPIS, 2010 ) ] No N/A N/A

Pseudococcus viburni Signoret C

. annuum , Capsicum sp.

( PestID, 2010 ) EC , US ( Ben -Dov, 1994 ) No N/A N/A
Saccharicoccus sacchari (Cockerell) Capsicum sp. ( PestID,

2010 ) EC ( Ben

-Dov, 1994 ; CABI, 2006 ; Ben

Dov, 1994; MAG, 1986b ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI, 2006 ) No N/A N/A

**Hemiptera: Psyllidae** Calophya sp. C

. frutescens ( Rogg, 2000 ) EC ( Rogg, 2000 ) Yes 3 L (PestID, 2010 ) No

6 T he presence of P

. minor in Ecuador has apparently not been certified due to the difficulty of distinguishing it from other Planococcus species ( SESA, 2007 ) . Given that P

. minor has been intercepted 206 times from Ecuador on different commodities ( PestID, 2010 ) , we think it is likely present in the country.Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 18 **Pest Scientific Name**  **Reported on Capsicum**  **spp. US and Ecuador**  **D istribution**  **1 Quaran** 
****

**tine p**  **est Plant**  **p art(s)** 

**a ssoc**  **. 2**  **Follow**

**p athway**  **Hemiptera: Pyrrhocoridae** Dysdercus mimulus Hussey Capsicum sp. ( PestID,

2010 ) EC ( MAG, 1986b ; Rogg, 2000 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ) No N/A N/A
**Hymenoptera: Formicidae** Atta capiguara Goncalves C

. frutescens ( Rogg, 2000 ) EC ( Rogg, 2000 ) Yes L (Rogg, 2000 ) No Solenopsis geminata (Fabricius) Capsicum sp. ( PestID,

2010 ) EC ( CABI, 2006 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI, 2006 ) No N/A N/A
**Lepidoptera: Arctiidae** Estigmene acraea Drury (Revisar escritura) C

. annuum ( CATIE, 1993 ) EC ( IN IAP

-Asoflex, 1998 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI, 2006 ) No N/A N/A

**Lepidoptera: Crambidae** Diaphania nitidalis (Stoll) Capsicum sp. ( PestID,

2010 ) EC (Arias et al

. , 1991 ; IN IAP, 1999 ; MAG, 1986b ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI , 2006 ) No N/A N/A

Herpetogramma bipunctalis (Fabricius) C

. frutescens ( Robinson et

al., 2007 ) EC ( CABI, 2006 ; Rogg, 2000 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI, 2006 ) No N/A N/A

**Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae** Gnorimoschema sp. Capsicum sp. ( PestID, 2010 ) EC ( PestID, 2010 ) Yes 3 F ( PestID, 2010 ) Yes Keiferia lycopersicella Walsingham Capsicum sp. ( PestID,

2010 ) EC ( PestID, 201 0 ) ; US ( CABI, 2006 ) No N/A N/A
Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) C

. annuum ( CABI, 2006 ;

Robinson et al., 2007 ); Capsicum sp. ( PestID, 2010 ) EC ( CABI, 2006 ; Rogg, 2000 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI, 2006 ) No N/A N/A

Symmetrischema capsicum (Bradley & Povolny) Capsicum sp. ( PestID,

2010 ) EC ( PestID, 2010 ); US ( CABI, 2006 ) No N/A N/A

Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) Povolny Syn.: Scrobipalpuloides absoluta (Meyrick) Povolny C

. frutescens ( Rogg, 2000 ) EC ( CABI, 2006 ; Klein, 1989 ; Rogg, 2000 ) Yes F, L, S ( EPPO, 2006 ) YesPest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 19 **Pest Scientific Name**  **Reported on Capsicum**  **spp. US and Ecuador**  **D istribution**  **1 Quaran** 
****

**tine p**  **est Plant**  **p art(s)** 

**a ssoc**  **. 2**  **Follow**

**p athway**  **Lepidoptera: Noctuidae** Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) C

. annuum ( CABI, 2006 ;

Robinson et al., 2007 ) EC ( CABI, 2006 ; MAG, 1986b ; Vaughan, 1982 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI, 2006 ) No N/A N/A

Agrotis malefida Guenée C

. annuum ( Robinson et

al., 2007 ); Capsicum sp. ( PestID, 2010 ) EC ( MAG, 1986b ; Rogg, 2000 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI, 2006 ) No N/A N/A

Agrotis segetu m Denis & Schiffermüller C

. annuum , Capsicum sp.

( CABI, 2006 ) EC (Flores and Tapia, 2003 ) Yes L, R, S ( CABI, 2006 ; Mukuka et al., 2002 ) No

Agrotis sp. C

. annuum ( RFDS, 1994 ; Universidad Central del Ecuador, 2004 ); C

. frutescens ( RFD S, 1994 ; Rogg, 2000 ); Capsicum sp. ( PestID, 2010 ) EC ( RFDS, 1994 ; Rogg, 2000 ; Universidad Central del Ecuador, 2004 ) Yes 3 F ( PestID, 2010 ); L ( Rogg, 2000 ) Yes

Chrysodeixis includens (Walker) C

. annuum ( CABI, 2006 ) EC , US ( CABI, 2006 ) No N/A N/A
Feltia subterranea (Fabricius) C

. annuum ( CABI, 2006 ;

Robinson et al., 2007 ); C

. frutescens ( Rogg, 2000 ) EC ( Rogg, 2000 ); US ( CABI, 2006 ) No N/A N/A
Helicoverpa sp. C

. annuum ( PestID, 2010 ) EC ( PestID, 2010 ) Yes 3 F ( PestID, 2010 ) Yes Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) C

. annuum ( CABI, 2006 ;

Chaney et al

. , 2003 ; NS F, 2005 ; Robinson et al., 2007 ); C. frutescens ( Robinson et al., 2007 ); Capsicum sp. ( CABI, 2006 ; PestID, 2010 ; Robinson et al., 2007 ) EC ( CABI, 2006 ; Rogg, 2000 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI, 2006 ; Chaney et al

. , 2003 ) No N/A N/A

Heliothis virescens (Fabricius) C

. annuum ( CABI, 2006 );

C

. frutescens ( Rogg, 2000 ); Capsicum sp. ( PestID, 2010 ) EC ( CABI, 2006 ; MAG, 1986b ; Rogg, 2000 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI, 2006 ) No N/A N/A

Peridroma saucia (Hübner) C

. annuum ( CABI, 2006 ;

Robinson et al., 2007 ); C

. frutescens ( Rogg, 2000 ); Capsicum sp. ( Scho oley, 2005 ) EC (Andrade, 1990 ; MAG, 1986b ; Rogg, 2000 ; Ruales, 1984 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI, 2006 ; Schooley, 2005 ) No N/A N/APest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 20 **Pest Scientific Name**  **Reported on Capsicum**  **spp. US and Ecuador**  **D istribution**  **1 Quaran** 
****

**tine p**  **est Plant**  **p art(s)** 

**a ssoc**  **. 2**  **Follow**

**p athway**  Spodoptera albula (Walker) C

. annuum ( CABI, 2006 );

Capsicum sp. ( PestID, 2010 ) EC ( Pogue, 2003 ); US ( Barlett, 2005 ) No N/A N/A
Spodoptera dolichos (Fabricius) Capsicum sp. ( PestID,

2010 ) EC ( Pogue, 2003 ; Rogg, 2000 ); US ( Heppner and Habeck, 1976 ) No N/A N/A

Spodoptera eridania Stoll C

. annuum ( CABI, 2006 ;

EPPO, 2005 ; Robinson et al., 2007 ); C

. frutescens ( Robinson et al., 2007 ); Capsicum sp. ( PestID, 2010 ) EC ( CABI, 2006 ; INIAP

-Asoflex, 1998 ; Sponagel, 1999 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI, 2006 ) No N/A N/A

Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) C

. annuum ( CABI, 2006 ;

Chaney et al

. , 2003 ; NSF, 2001 ; Robinson et al., 2007 ); Capsicum sp. ( CABI, 2006 ; Mau and Martin, 1991 ; NSF, 1999 ; NSF, 2005 ; PestID, 2010 ) EC ( Rogg, 2000 ; Sponagel, 1999 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI, 2006 ; Chaney et al

. , 2003 ; NSF, 1999 ; NSF, 2001 ; NSF, 2005 ) No N/A N/A

Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith C

. annuum ( Cedeño, 2002 ;

PestID, 2010 ; Posada, 1989 ); C

. frutescens ( Robinson et al., 2007 ); Capsicum sp. ( PestID, 2010 ; CABI, 2006 ) EC ( CABI, 2006 ; Cedeño, 2002 ; Espinoza et al

. , 1996 ; IN IAP, 1996 ; Klein, 1989 ; Vaughan, 1982 ; Young, 1974 ; Zambrano, 1984 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI , 2006 ) No N/A N/A

Spodoptera latifascia (Walker) C

. annuum ( CABI, 2006 ;

Robinson et al., 2007 ); Capsicum sp. ( PestID, 2010 ) EC ( CABI, 2006 ; Rogg, 2000 ; Ruales, 1984 ); US ( Pogue, 2003 ) No N/A N/A

Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) C

. annuum ( EPPO, 2005 ;

Robinson et al., 2007 ); C

. frutescens ( CABI, 2006 ; Robinson et al., 2007 ) EC ( MAG, 1986b ; Rogg, 2000 ); US ( CABI, 2006 ) Yes F ( PestID, 2010 ); L ( CABI, 2006 ) Yes

Spodoptera ornithogalli (Guenée) C

. annuum ( CABI, 2006 ;

NSF, 2001 ); C

. frutescens ( Robinson et al., 2007 ) EC ( Rogg, 2000 ); US (Arnett Jr ., 2000 ; CABI, 2006 ; NSF, 2001 ) No N/A N/A

Spodoptera sp. C

. frutescens ( Rogg, 2000 ); Capsicum sp. ( PestID, 2010 ) EC ( PestID, 2010 ; Rogg, 2000 ) Yes 3 F, L (PestID, 2010 ) YesPest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 21 **Pest Scientific Name**  **Reported on Capsicum**  **spp. US and Ecuador**  **D istribution**  **1 Quaran** 
****

**tine p**  **est Plant**  **p art(s)** 

**a ssoc**  **. 2**  **Follow**

**p athway**  Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) C

. annuum ( CABI, 2006 ) EC ( Rogg, 2000 ; Sponagel, 1999 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI, 2006 ; NSF, 2005 ) No N/A N/A

**Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae** Pteronymia notilla Butler & Druce Capsicum sp. (Young,

1974 ) EC ( Robinson et al., 2007 ) Yes L (Young, 1974 ) No **Lepidoptera: Pieridae** Ascia monuste (Linnaeus) C

. annuum , Capsicum sp.

( PestID, 2010 ) EC ( MAG, 1986b ; Rogg, 2000 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ) No N/A N/A
**Lepidoptera: Pyralidae** Cadra cautella Walker C

. annuum ( PestID, 2010 ); Capsicum sp. ( PestID, 2010 ) EC ( CABI, 2006 ; Rogg, 2000 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI, 2006 ) No N/A N/A

Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton) C

. annuum ( CABI, 2006 ) EC ( Rogg, 2000 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI, 2006 ) No N/A N/A
Elasmopalpus lignosellus (Zeller) C

. frutescens ( Rogg, 2000 ) EC (Arias et al

. , 1991 ; MAG, 1986b ; Rogg, 2000 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI, 2006 ) No N/A N/A

Ephestia elutella Hübner Capsicum sp. ( PestID,

2010 ) EC ( Rogg, 2000 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI, 2006 ) No N/A N/A
Ephestia kuehniella Zeller Capsicum sp. ( CABI,

2006 ) EC ( CABI, 2006 ; MAG, 1986b ; Ruales, 1958 ; Yust and Cevallos, 1955 ); US ( CABI, 2006 ) No N/A N/A

Etiella zinckenella (Treitschke) C

. annuum ( Robinson et

al., 2007 ); Capsicum sp. ( PestID, 2010 ) EC ( CABI, 2006 ; Rogg, 2000 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI, 2006 ) No N/A N/A

Herculia sp. Capsicum sp. ( PestID, 2010 ) EC ( PestID, 2010 ) Yes 3 F ( PestID, 2010 ) Yes Neoleucinodes elegantalis (Guenée) C

. a nnuum ( PestID, 2 010 ;

Robinson et al., 2007 ); C

. frutescens ( Rogg, 2000 ); Capsicum sp. ( PestID, 2010 ) EC ( MAG, 1986b ; MAG, 1986a ; Oleas et al

. , 1990 ; Rogg, 2000 ) Yes F ( Marcano, 1991a ; PestID, 2010 ) ; L ( PestID, 2010 ) YesPest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 22 **Pest Scientific Name**  **Reported on Capsicum**  **spp. US and Ecuador**  **D istribution**  **1 Quaran** 
****

**tine p**  **est Plant**  **p art(s)** 

**a ssoc**  **. 2**  **Follow**

**p athway**  **Lepidoptera: Sphingidae** Manduca lucetius (Cramer) C

. annuum ( Robinson et

al., 2007 ) EC ( Guevara et al

. , 2002 ; Vaughan, 1982 ) Yes L (Robinson et al., 2007 ) No

Manduca quinquemaculata (Haworth) C

. annuum ( CABI, 2006 );

C

. frutescens ( Rogg, 2000 ) EC ( Rogg, 2000 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI, 2006 ) No N/A N/A

Manduca sexta (Linnaeus) C

. annuum ( CABI, 2006 ;

Robinson et al., 2007 ); C

. frutescens ( Rogg, 2000 ); Capsicum sp. (NSF, 2005 ) EC ( CABI, 2006 ; Guevara et al

. , 2002 ; MAG, 1986b ; Rogg, 2000 ; Vaughan, 1 982 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI, 2006 ; Robinson et al ., 2007 ) No N/A N/A

**Orthoptera: Gryllidae** Gryllus assimilis Fabricius C

. annuum ( IN IAP, 1 999 );

Capsicum sp. ( PestID, 2010 ) EC ( IN IAP, 1999 ; MAG, 1986b ; Rogg, 2000 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI, 2006 ) No N/A N/A

**Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae** Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa (Linnaeus) Capsicum sp. ( CABI,

2006 ) EC ( Paliz and Mendoza, 1990 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI, 2006 ) No N/A N/A

Scapteriscus didactylus (Latreille) C

. annuum , Capsicum sp.

( CABI, 2006 ) EC ( Rogg, 2000 ) Yes R, S (Frank, 1987 ) No **Thysanoptera: Aeolothripidae**  Franklinothrips vespiformis (D.L. Crawford) C

. annuum , Capsicum sp.

( PestID, 2010 ) EC ( Ruales, 1984 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI, 2006 ) No N/A N/A
**Thysanoptera: Thripidae** Chaetanaphothrips orchidii (Moulton) Capsicum sp. ( Pe stID,

2010 ) EC , US ( CABI, 2006 ) No N/A N/A
Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) C

. annuum (Avila et al

. ,

2006 ; CABI, 2006 ; Chaney et al

. , 2003 ); C

. frutescens ( PestID, 2010 ); Capsicum sp. (NSF, 1999 ; PestID, 2010 ; Schooley, 2005 ) EC ( CABI, 2006 ; Flor and Flor, 2001 ; Ojeda and Gallegos, 2003 ; Tayupanta and Gallegos, 2001 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI, 2006 ; Chaney et al

. , 2003 ; NSF, 1999 ) No N/A N/APest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 23 **Pest Scientific Name**  **Reported on Capsicum**  **spp. US and Ecuador**  **D istribution**  **1 Quaran** 
****

**tine p**  **est Plant**  **p art(s)** 

**a ssoc**  **. 2**  **Follow**

**p athway**  Frankliniella panamensis Hood Capsicum sp. ( PestID,

2010 ) EC ( MAG, 198 6b ; Sponagel, 1999 ; Ruales, 1984 ); US ( IT IS, 2008 ) No N/A N/A

Frankliniella parvula Hood Capsicum sp. ( PestID,

2010 ) EC ( MAG, 1986b ; PestID, 2010 ; Ruales, 1958 ; Vaughan, 1982 ) Yes Fl ( PestID, 2010 ) No

Frankliniella schultzei (Trybom) C

. annuum , C

. frutescens

( PestID, 2010 ) EC ( PestID, 2010 ; Rogg, 2000 ); US [ (FL) ( CABI, 2006 ) ] No N/A N/A
Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis Bouché Capsicum sp. ( PestID,

2010 ) EC ( CABI, 2006 ; Sponagel, 1999 ; Yust and Cevallos, 1955 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI, 2006 ) No N/A N/A

Thrips fuscipennis Haliday Capsicum sp. ( PestID,

2010 ) EC ( Rogg, 2000 ; Sponagel, 1999 ); US ( IT IS, 2008 ) No N/A No
Thrips palmi Karny C

. annuum ( CABI, 2006 ); C

. frutescens (Vázquez et al

. , 2005 ); Capsicum sp. ( CABI, 2006 ; Mau and Martin, 1992 ; PestID, 2010 ) EC ( Triviño et al

. , 1999 ); US [(FL) ( CABI, 2006 ; EPPO, 2005 ) ] [ Yes ] F, L, Sd ( CABI, 2006 ); F, L ( Martin and Mau, 1992 ) Yes

Thrips tabaci Lindeman C

. annuum , Capsicum sp. ( PestID, 2010 ) EC ( CABI, 2006 ; Gabela, 1999 ; INIAP, 1990 ; Ruales, 1958 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI, 2006 ; Chaney et al

. , 2003 ) No N/A N/A

**MOLLUSKS** Achatina fulica Bowdich Capsicum sp. ( Robinson,

2002 ) EC ( Correoso, 2006 ) ; US **[** (HI, VI) ( CABI, 2010 ) ] [Ye s] F, L, S, R ( CABI, 2010 ) Yes **7**
Cornu aspersum Müller Syn. Helix aspersa Müller Capsicum sp. ( CABI,

2010 ) EC , US ( CABI, 2010 ) No N/A N/A

**NEMATODES** Aphelenchus sp. C

. frutescens ( MAG, 1986b ) EC ( MAG, 1986b ) Yes 3 R ( MAG, 1986b ) No

7 Hatchling A. fulica are large enough to be easily detected and removed from the pathway , even if hiding in fruit or vegetable shipments ( Smith and Fowler, 2003 ).Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 24 **Pest Scientific Name**  **Reported on Capsicum**  **spp. US and Ecuador**  **D istribution**  **1 Quaran** 
****

**tine p**  **est Plant**  **p art(s)** 

**a ssoc**  **. 2**  **Follow**

**p athway**  Ditylenchus destructor Thorne C

. annuum ( CABI, 2006 ) EC , US ( CABI, 2006 ) No N/A N/A Dorylaimus sp. C

. annuum ( García, 2002 ) EC ( García, 2002 ) Yes 3 R ( García, 2002 ) No Helicotylenchus dihystera (Cobb) Sher C

. annuum ( CABI, 2006 ) EC ( Handoo et al., 2008 ); US ( CABI, 2006 ; Handoo et al., 2008 ) No N/A N/A

Helicotylenchus sp. C

. annuum ( García, 2002 ) EC ( García, 2002 ) Yes 3 R ( García, 2002 ) No Longidorus sp. Capsicum sp. ( Crespo, 2002 ) EC ( Crespo, 2002 ) Yes 3 R ( Crespo, 2002 ) No Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal) Chitwood C

. annuum (Fery and

Thies, 2007 ; Nemabase, 2007 ); C

. baccatum , C

. chinense (Nemabase, 2007 ); C

. frutescens ( CABI, 2006 ; Nemabase, 2007 ) EC ( CABI, 2006 ; INIAP, 1990 ); US ( CABI, 2006 ; Nemabase, 2007 ) No N/A N/A

Meloidogyne exigua Goeldi C

. annuum ( CABI, 2006 ) EC ( Rogg, 2000 ) Yes R ( CABI, 2006 ) No Meloidogyne hapla Chitwood C

. annuum ( CABI, 2006 ;

Nemabase, 2007 ); C

. baccatum , C

. chin ense , C

. frutescens (Nemabase, 2007 ) EC ( CABI, 2006 ; Eguiguren, 1982 ; Eguiguren and Défaz, 1992 ; Nemabase, 2007 ); US ( CABI, 2006 ) No N/A N/A

Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood C

. annuum ( CABI, 2006 ;

Chaney et al

. , 2003 ; Fery and Thies, 2007 ; Nemabase, 2007 ; Thies et al

. , 2004 ;); C

. baccatum , C

. chinense , C

. frutescens (Nemabase, 2007 ); Capsicum sp. (Nemabase, 2007 ; University of California, 2000 ; Welcing, 2000 ) EC ( Eguiguren, 1982 ; Eguiguren and Défaz, 1992 ; Nemabase, 2007 ); US ( Chaney et al

. , 2003 ; Thies et al

. , 2004 ; University of California, 2000 ) No N/A N/APest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 25 **Pest Scientific Name**  **Reported on Capsicum**  **spp. US and Ecuador**  **D istribution**  **1 Quaran** 
****

**tine p**  **est Plant**  **p art(s)** 

**a ssoc**  **. 2**  **Follow**

**p athway**  Meloidogyne javanica (Treub) Chitwood C

. annuum ( CABI, 2006 ;

Chaney et al

. , 2003 ; Fery and Thies, 2007 ; Nemabase, 2007 ); C

. baccatum , C

. chinense , C

. frutescens (Nemabase, 2007 ); Capsicum sp. (Nemabase, 2007 ; University of California, 2000 ) EC ( CABI, 2006 ; Eguiguren and Défaz, 1992 ; Triviño and Figueroa, 1993 ); US ( CABI, 2006 ; Chaney et al

. , 2003 ; University of California, 2000 ) No N/A N/A

Meloidogyne sp. C

. annuum ( García, 2002 ; Mendoza and Zambrano, 1991 ; Navarrete, 2000 ) ; C

. frutescens ( MAG, 1986b ; Rogg, 2000 ) EC ( García, 2002 ; MAG, 1986b ; Mendoza and Zambrano, 1991 ; Navarrete, 2000 ; Rogg, 2000) Yes 3 R ( Buriticá, 1999 ; García, 2002 ; MAG, 1986b ; Mendoza and Zambrano, 1991 ; Wellman, 1977 ) No

Nacobbus aberrans (Thorne) Thorne & Allen C

. annuum ( CABI, 2010 ;

EPPO, 2005 ) EC ( CABI, 2010 ; Rogg, 2000 ); US ( CABI, 2010 ; EPPO, 2005 ; Nemabase, 2007 ) Yes 8 L, R ( CABI, 2010 ) No

Paratrichodorus minor (Colbran) Siddiqi C

. annuum ( Chaney et al

. ,

2003 ); Capsicum sp. (University of California, 2000 ) EC ( CABI, 2006 ); US ( CABI, 2006 ; Chaney et al

. , 2003 ; University of California, 2000 ) No N/A N/A

Pratylenchus penetrans (Cobb) Filipjev & Schuurmans Stekhoven C

. annuum , C

. frutescens

( CABI, 2006 ) EC ( Moretta, 1995 ; Nemabase, 2007 ); US ( CABI, 2006 ) No N/A N/A

Pratylenchus sp. C

. annuum ( García, 2002 ; MAG, 1986b ); C. frutescens ( MAG, 1986b ) EC ( García, 2002 ; MAG, 1986b ) Yes 3 R ( García, 2002 ; Wellman, 1977 ) No

Pratylenchus zea e Graham C

. annuum ( CABI, 2006 ) EC , US ( CABI, 2006 ) No N/A N/A

8 This is a reportable pest due to a potato pathotype.Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 26 **Pest Scientific Name**  **Reported on Capsicum**  **spp. US and Ecuador**  **D istribution**  **1 Quaran** 
****

**tine p**  **est Plant**  **p art(s)** 

**a ssoc**  **. 2**  **Follow**

**p athway**  Radopholus similis (Cobb) Thorne C

. annuum (Nemabase,

2007 ) EC ( CABI, 2010 ; Perez, 1990 ; Vaughan, 1982 ); US [ (CA, FL, HI, LA, MD, SC, TX) ( CABI, 2010 ; Handoo et al., 2008 ) ] [ Yes ] **9** R ( CABI, 2010 ) No

Rotylenchulus reniformis Linford & Oliveira C

. annuum ( CABI, 2006 ;

Nemabase, 2007 ); C

. frutescens (Nemabase, 2007 ); Capsicum sp. ( CABI, 2006 ) EC (Nemabase, 2007 ; Triviño and Figueroa, 1993 ); US ( CABI, 2006 ; Nemabase, 2007 ) No N/A N/A

Tylenchus sp. C

. annuum ( García, 2002 ); C

. frutescens ( MAG, 1986b ); EC ( MAG, 1986b ; García, 2002 ) Yes 3 R ( García, 2002 ) No
Xiphinema sp. C. spp. ( Crespo, 2002 ) EC ( Crespo, 2002 ) Yes 3 R ( Eguiguren and Défaz, 1992 ) No

**F UNGI**  **10** Alternaria alternata (Fr.:Fr.) Keissl. Syn. Alternaria tenuis (Fries) Keissler C

. annuum ( CABI, 2006 ;

Cruz and Apunte, 1975 ; Farr and Ro ssman, 2011 ; Wall and Biles, 1993 ; Wellman, 1977 ); C

. frutescens (Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; MAG, 1986b ; Wellman, 1977 ); Capsicum sp. ( CABI, 2006 ) EC ( Cruz and Apunte, 1975 ; MAG, 19 86b ; Wellman, 1977 ); US ( CABI, 2006 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) No N/A N/A

Alternaria brassicae (Berk.) Sacc. C

. annuum (Farr and

Rossman, 2011 ) EC ( Cruz and Apunte, 1975 ; MAG, 1986b ; Vaughan, 1982 ); US ( CABI, 2006 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) No N/A N/A

9 Quarantine pest with limited distribution in the United States ( Cavey, 2008 ). 10 Fungi are listed by the sexual state first (if it is known). Bold font is used to indicate the fungal stage or synonym reported in Ecuador. Fungal taxonomy is w ritten according to Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) and NCBI, 2010 )

.Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 27 **Pest Scientific Name**  **Reported on Capsicum**  **spp. US and Ecuador**  **D istribution**  **1 Quaran** 
****

**tine p**  **est Plant**  **p art(s)** 

**a ssoc**  **. 2**  **Follow**

**p athway**  Alternaria solani Sorauer C

. annuum (Alfieri et al

. ,

1994 ; CABI, 2006 ; Farr and Ros sman, 2011 ; MAG, 1986b ; NSF, 2001 ; USDA, 1970 ; Wellman, 1977 ); C

. baccatum ( Buriticá, 1999 ; Wellman, 1977 ); C

. frutescens (Alfieri et al

. , 1994 ; Buriticá, 1999 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; USDA, 1970 ; Wellman, 1977 ); Capsicum sp. ( CABI, 2006 ; Buriticá, 1999 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) EC ( Cruz and Apunte, 1975 ; MAG, 1986b ; RFDS, 1994 ; Wellman, 1977 ); US (Alfieri et al

. , 1994 ; CABI, 2006 ; Farr and Rossman , 2011 ; NSF, 2001 ; USDA, 1970 ) No N/A N/A

Alternaria sp. C

. annuum (F arr and Rossman, 2011 ; Holliday, 1980 ; Universidad Central del Ecuador, 2004 ; USDA, 1970 ); C

. frutescens (Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; Holliday, 1980 ; MAG, 1986b ; USDA, 1970 ); C

. pubescens ( Holliday, 1980 ); Capsicum sp. (Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) EC ( MAG, 1986b ; Universidad Central del Ecuador, 2004 ) Yes 3 F ( MAG, 1986b ; USDA, 1970 ); L (Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; Universidad Central del Ecuador, 2004 ) Yes

**Alternaria tenuí**

**s sima**  (Nees & T. Nees : Fr.) Wiltshire Syn. : Alternaria tomato (Kunze) Wiltshire C

. annuum (Alfieri et al

. ,

199 4 ; Far r and Rossman, 2011 ); C

. frutescens (Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; PestID, 2010 ) EC ( Cruz and Apunte, 1975 ); US (Alfieri et al

. , 1994 ; CABI, 2006 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) No N/A N/A

Armillaria mellea (Vahl : Fr. ) P. Kumm. C

. annuum (Farr and

Rossman, 2011 ) EC (Agribusiness, 1992 ; Pionce and Olvera, 1997 ; Vaughan, 1982 ); US ( CABI, 2006 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) No N/A N/A

Aspergillus niger Tiegh. C

. annuum ( CABI, 2006 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; Vaughan, 1982 ); C

. frutescens ( CABI, 2006 ; Vaughan, 1982 ) EC ( Espinoza and Armijos, 1984 ; INIAP, 1996 ; MAG, 1986b ; Vaughan, 1982 ); US ( CABI, 2006 ; Farr and Rossman, 201 1 ) No N/A N/APest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 28 **Pest Scientific Name**  **Reported on Capsicum**  **spp. US and Ecuador**  **D istribution**  **1 Quaran** 
****

**tine p**  **est Plant**  **p art(s)** 

**a ssoc**  **. 2**  **Follow**

**p athway**  Athelia rolfsii (Curzi) Tu & Kimbr. Syn. : Corticium rolfsii Curzi ; Anamorph: **Sclerotium rolfsii** C

. annuum (Alfieri et al

. ,

1994 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; Navarrete, 2000 ; USDA, 1970 ; Vaughan, 1982 ; Wellman, 1977 ); C

. baccatum (Wellman, 1977 ); C

. frutescens (Alfieri et al

. , 1994 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; MAG, 1986b ; USDA, 1970 ; Vaughan, 1982 ; Wellman, 1977 ); Capsicum sp. (Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) EC ( IN IAP, 1992 ; INIAP, 1996 ; MAG, 1986b ; Navarrete, 2000 ; Triviño et al

. , 2000 ; Vaughan, 1982 ); US (Alfieri et al

. , 1994 ; CABI, 2006 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; USDA, 1970 ; Wellman, 1977 ) No N/A N/A

Botryodiplodia palmarum (Cooke) Petr. & Syd C

. annuum , C

. frutescens

( CABI, 2006 ); Capsicum sp. (Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) EC ( MAG, 1986b ); US (Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) No N/A N/A

Botryotinia fuckeliana (de Bary) Whetzel Syn. : **Botrytis cinerea** Pers.: Fr. C

. annuum (Alfieri et al

. ,

1994 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; USDA , 1970 ; Wellman, 1977 ); C

. baccatum (Wellman, 1977 ); C

. frutescens (Alfieri et al

. , 1994 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; USDA, 1970 ; Wellman, 1977 ); Capsicum sp. ( CABI, 2006 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; PestID, 2010 ) EC ( Cruz and Apunte, 1975 ; RFDS, 1994 ); US (Alfieri et al

. , 1994 ; CABI, 2006 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; USDA, 1970 ) No N/A N/A

Cercospora apii Fres en . C

. annuum (Farr and Rossman, 2011 ); C

. frutescens (Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; PestID, 2010 ); Capsicum sp. ( PestID, 2010 ) EC ( Rogg, 2000 ); US ( CABI, 2 006 ; F arr and Rossman, 2011 ) No N/A N/APest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 29 **Pest Scientific Name**  **Reported on Capsicum**  **spp. US and Ecuador**  **D istribution**  **1 Quaran** 
****

**tine p**  **est Plant**  **p art(s)** 

**a ssoc**  **. 2**  **Follow**

**p athway**  Cercospora physalidis Ellis Syn. : **Cercospora capsici**  Heald & F.A. Wolf C

. annuum (Alfieri et al

. ,

1994 ; CABI, 2006 ; Cruz and Apunte, 1975 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; MAG, 1986b ; N SF, 2001 ; Vaughan, 1982 ; Wellman, 1977 ); C

. baccatum ( Buriticá, 1999 ; Farr and Rossman, 2 011 ; Wellman, 1977 ); C

. frutescens (Alfieri et al

. , 1994 ; Buriticá, 1999 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; MAG, 1986b ; Rogg, 2000 ; Vaughan, 1982 ; Wellman, 1977 ); Capsicum sp. ( Buriticá, 1999 ; CABI, 2006 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; NSF, 1999 ; PestID, 2010 ; Welcing, 2000 ) EC ( Cruz and Apunte, 1975 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; INIAP, 1990 ; MAG, 1986b ; Rogg, 2000 ; Vaughan, 1982 ); US (Alfieri et al

. , 1994 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; NSF , 1999 ; NSF, 2001 ) No N/A N/A

Choanephora cucurbitarum (Berk. & Ravenel) Thaxt. C

. annuum (Alfieri et al

. ,

1994 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; USDA , 1970 ; Wellman, 1977 ); C

. baccatum (Wellman, 1977 ); C

. frutescens (Alfieri et al

. , 1994 ; CABI, 2006 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; USDA, 1970 ; Wellman, 1977 ); Capsicum sp. ( CABI, 2006 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; Roberts et al

. , 2003 ) EC ( Guerra, 1986 ; Rogg, 2000 ); US (Alfieri et al

. , 1994 ; CABI, 2006 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; Roberts et al

. , 2003 ; USDA, 1970 ; Wellman, 1977 ) No N/A N/A

Cladosporium cucumerinum Ellis & Arthur C

. annuum (Farr and

Rossman, 2011 ) EC ( MAG, 1986b , Vaughan, 1982 ); US ( CABI, 2006 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) No N/A N/A

Cladosporium sp. C

. annuum (Alfieri et al

. , 1994 ); Capsicum sp. ( MAG, 2001 ) EC ( MAG, 2001 ) Yes 3 F ( MAG, 2001 ); L (Alfieri et al

. , 1994 ) YesPest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 30 **Pest Scientific Name**  **Reported on Capsicum**  **spp. US and Ecuador**  **D istribution**  **1 Quaran** 
****

**tine p**  **est Plant**  **p art(s)** 

**a ssoc**  **. 2**  **Follow**

**p athway**  Cochliobolus lunatus R.R. Nelson & Haasis Anamorph: Curvularia lunata (Wakker) Boedijn C

. annuum (Alfieri et al

. ,

1994 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; USDA, 1970 ; Wellman, 1977 ); C

. baccatum (Wellman, 1977 ); C

. frutescens (Alfieri et al

. , 1994 ; CABI, 2006 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; USDA, 1970 ; Wellman, 1977 ); Capsicum sp. ( CABI, 2006 ) EC ( MAG, 1986b ; Vaughan, 1982 ); US (Alfieri et al

. , 1994 ; CABI, 2006 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; USDA, 1970 ) No N/A N/A

Colletotrichum coccodes (Wallr.) S. Hughes C

. annuum (Farr and

Rossman, 2011 ; Holliday, 1980 ; Wellman, 1977 ); C

. baccatum (Wellman, 1977 ); C

. frutescens (Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; Holliday, 1980 ; Wellman, 1977 ); C

. pub escens ( Holliday, 1980 ); Capsicum sp. ( CABI, 2006 ; PestID, 2010 ) EC ( Rogg, 2000 ) ; US ( CABI, 2006 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) No N/A N/A

Colletotrichum sp. C

. annuum ( IN IAP, 1999 ) EC ( IN IAP, 1999 ) Yes 3 F (Alfieri et al

. , 1994 ; PestID, 2010 ) Yes

Colletotrichum truncatum (Schwein.) Andrus & W.D. Moore C

. annuum ( CABI, 2006 ;

Farr and Rossman, 2011 ); C. frutescens , Capsicum sp. (Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) EC (Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; Rogg, 2000 ); U S ( CABI, 2006 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) No N/A N/A

**Corticium koleroga** (Cooke) Höhn. Syn. : Pellicularia koleroga Cooke C

. annuum (Farr and

Rossman, 2011 ) EC ( IN IAP, 1966 ; Muñoz, 1982 ); US ( CABI, 2006 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) No N/A N/A

Corynespora cassiicola (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) C.T. Wei C

. annuum (Alfieri et al

. ,

1994 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ); C

. frutescens (Farr and Rossman, 2011 ); Capsicum sp. ( PestID, 2010 ) EC ( MAG, 1986b ; Triviño et al

. , 2000 ; Vaughan, 1982 ); US (Alfieri et al

. , 1994 ; CABI, 2006 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) No N/A N/APest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 31 **Pest Scientific Name**  **Reported on Capsicum**  **spp. US and Ecuador**  **D istribution**  **1 Quaran** 
****

**tine p**  **est Plant**  **p art(s)** 

**a ssoc**  **. 2**  **Follow**

**p athway**  Davidiella tassiana (De Not.) Crous & U. Braun Anamorph: **Cladosporium herbarum**  (Pers. : Fr) Link C

. annuum , C

. frutescens

(Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; USDA, 1970 ; Wellman, 1977 ); C

. baccatum (Wellman, 1977 ); Capsicum sp. (Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; PestID, 2010 ) EC ( Guzman, 2000 ; MAG, 1986b ; Vaughan, 1982 ); US ( CABI, 2006 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; USDA, 1970 ; Wellman, 1977 ) No N/A N/A

Diaporthe phaseolorum (Cooke & Ellis ) Sacc. C

. annuum , C

. frutescens

(Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; USDA, 1970 ; Wellman, 1977 ); C

. baccatum (Wellman, 1977 ); Capsicum sp. ( CABI, 2006 ) EC ( MAG, 1986b ; Rogg, 2000 ; Vaughan, 1982 ); US ( CABI, 2006 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; USDA, 1970 ) No N/A N/A

Diaporthe phaseolorum var. sojae (Lehman) Wehm. C

. frutescens ( CABI, 2006 ;

Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) EC **,** US ( CABI, 2006 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) No N/A N/A
Didymostilbe capsici (Pat.) Seifert Syn. : Stilbum capsici Pat. C

. pubescens (Farr and

Rossman, 2011 ) EC (Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) Yes S ( Saccardo, 1895 ) No

Fusarium culmorum (Wm .G. Sm.) Sacc. C

. annuum (Farr and

Rossman, 2011 ) EC ( Ochoa, 1990 ; Vaughan, 1982 ); US ( CAB I, 2006 ; Farr and Ros sman, 2011 ) No N/A N/A

Fusarium oxysporum Schltdl.:Fr. C

. annuum (Alfieri et al

. ,

1994 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; USDA , 1970 ; Wellman, 1977 ); C

. baccatum (Wellman, 1977 ); C

. frutescens (Alfieri et al

. , 1994 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; Rogg, 2000; USDA, 1970 ; Wellman, 1977 ); Capsicum sp. ( CABI, 2006 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) EC (Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; Gallardo, 2003 ; MAG, 1986b ; Rogg, 2000; Vaughan, 1982 ; Wellman, 1977 ); US (Alfieri et al

. , 1994 ; CABI, 2006 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; USDA, 1970 ; Wellman, 1977 ) No N/A N/A

Fusarium sp. C

. annuum (MAG, 1986b ; Mendoza and Zambrano, 1991 ; Navarrete, 2000 ); C

. frutescens ( MAG, 1986b ); Capsicum sp. ( MAG, 2001 ) EC (Flores and Tapia, 2003 ; MAG, 1986b ; Mendoza and Zambrano, 1991 ; N avarrete, 2000 ) Yes 3 F, L, S (Vaughan, 1982 ); R ( Mendoza and Zambrano, 1991 ) YesPest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 32 **Pest Scientific Name**  **Reported on Capsicum**  **spp. US and Ecuador**  **D istribution**  **1 Quaran** 
****

**tine p**  **est Plant**  **p art(s)** 

**a ssoc**  **. 2**  **Follow**

**p athway**  Galactomyces geotrichum (E.E. Butler & L.J. Petersen) Redhead & Malloch Anamorph: **Geotrichum candidum**  Link C

. annuum (Farr and

Rossman, 2011 ) EC ( Rogg, 2000 ); US (Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) No N/A N/A

Gibberella moniliformis Wineland Syn. : **Fusarium moniliforme**  **11** Sheldon C

. annuum , Capsicum sp.

(Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) EC ( Espinoza et al

. , 1982 ; Triviño et al

. , 1998 ); US ( CABI, 2006 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) No N/A N/A

Gibberella zeae (Schwein.:Fr.) Petch Anamorph: **Fusarium graminearum**  Schwabe C

. frutescens (Farr and

Rossman, 2011 ) EC ( MAG, 1986b ); US ( CABI, 2006 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) No N/A N/A

Globisporangium debaryanum (R. Hesse) Uzuhashi, Tojo & Kaki sh. Syn. : **Pythium debaryanum**  R. Hesse C

. annuum ( CABI, 2006 ;

Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; USDA, 1970 ); C

. frutescens (Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; USDA, 1970 ); Capsicum sp. (Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) EC ( Cruz and Apunte, 19 75 ; MAG, 1986b ; Oleas et al

. , 1990 ; Wellman, 1977 ); US ( CABI, 2006 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; USDA, 1970 ; Wellman, 1977 ) No N/A N/A

Globisporangium ultimum (Trow) Uzuhashi, Tojo & Kakish. Syn. : **Pythium ultimum**  Trow C

. annuum (Farr and

Rossman, 2011 ; USDA, 1970 ; Wellman, 1977 ); C

. baccatum (Wellman, 1977 ); C

. frutescens (Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; USDA, 1970 ; Wellman, 1977 ); Capsicum sp. ( CABI, 2006 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) EC ( MAG, 1986b ; Rogg, 2000 ); US ( CABI, 2006 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; USDA, 1970 ; Wellman, 1977 ) No N/A N/A

Gloeosporium piperatum Ellis & Everh. C. annuum ( Cruz and

Apunte, 1975 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ); C. frutescens (Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) EC ( Cruz and Apunte, 1975 ); US (Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) No N/A N/A

11 The name Fusarium moniliforme should no longer be used ( Farr and Rossman, 2011 )

.Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 33 **Pest Scientific Name**  **Reported on Capsicum**  **spp. US and Ecuador**  **D istribution**  **1 Quaran** 
****

**tine p**  **est Plant**  **p art(s)** 

**a ssoc**  **. 2**  **Follow**

**p athway**  Glomerella acutata Guerber & J.C. Correll Anamorph : Colletotrichum acutatum J.H. Simmonds C

. annuum (Farr and

Rossman, 2011 ; Harp, 2006 ); C

. frutescens ( Dyko and Mordue, 1979 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ); Capsicum sp. ( CABI, 2006 ; Lewis et al

. , 2004 ) EC ( CABI, 2006 ); US ( CABI, 200 6 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; Harp, 2006 ) No N/A N/A

**Glomerella cingulata** (Stonem.) Spauld. & Schrenk Syn. : Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Sacc. C

. annuum (Alfieri et al

. ,

1994 ; CABI, 2006 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; USDA, 1970 ; Wellman, 1977 ); C

. baccatum ( Buriticá, 1999 ; Wellman, 1977 ); C

. frutescens ( Buriticá, 1999 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; Manaaki, 2007 ; USDA, 1970 ; Wellman, 1977 ); Capsicum sp. ( Buriticá, 1999 ; CABI, 2006 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; Harp, 2006 ; Schooley, 2005 ) EC ( Cruz and Apunte, 1975 ; MAG, 1986b ; Rogg, 2000 ; Vaughan, 1982 ); US (Alfieri et al

. , 1994 ; CABI, 2006 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; Harp, 2006 ; Schooley, 2005 ; USDA, 1970 ; Wellman, 1977 ) No N/A N/A

Golovinomyces cichoracearum (DC.) V.P. Heluta Syn. : **Erysiphe cichoracearum**  DC. C

. annuum (Alfieri et al

. ,

1994 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ); Capsicum sp. (Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) EC ( Cruz and Apunte, 1975 ; INIAP, 1999 ; Rogg, 2000 ); U S (Alfieri et al

. , 1994 ; CABI, 2006 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) No N/A N/A

Haematonectria haematococca (Berk. & Broome) Samuels & Rossman Syn.: **Nectria haematoc** **occa** Berk. & Broome C

. annuum ( CABI, 2006 ;

Jarvis and Khosla, 1994 ); Capsicum sp. ( CABI, 2006 ) EC ( Oleas et al

. , 1990 ; Sigcha, 2003 ); US ( CABI, 2006 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) No N/A N/A

Helminthosporium sp. C

. annuum (Alfieri et al

. , 1994 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; Vaughan, 1982 ; Wellman, 1977 ); C

. baccatum (Wellman, 1977 ); C

. frutescens ( MAG, 1986b ; Vaughan, 1982 ; Wellman, 1977 ); Capsicum sp. ( IN IAP, 1966 ) EC ( MAG, 1986b ; V aughan, 1982 ; Wellman, 1977 ) Yes 3 L (MAG, 1986b ; Wellman, 1977 ) NoPest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 34 **Pest Scientific Name**  **Reported on Capsicum**  **spp. US and Ecuador**  **D istribution**  **1 Quaran** 
****

**tine p**  **est Plant**  **p art(s)** 

**a ssoc**  **. 2**  **Follow**

**p athway**  **Lasiodiplodia theobromae**  Griffon & Maubl. Syn. Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat. C

. annuum ( CABI, 2006 ;

Farr and Rossman, 2011 ); C

. frutescens (Farr and Rossman, 2011 ); Capsicum sp. ( CABI, 2006 ) EC ( CABI, 2006 ; Cruz and Apunte, 1975 ; IN IAP, 1996 ; MAG, 1986b ; Vaughan, 1982 ); US ( CABI, 2006 ; Farr and Rossman, 201 1 ) No N/A N/A

Leptosphaerulina trifolii (Rostr.) Petr. C

. frutescens ( Manaaki,

2007 ); Capsicum sp. ( CABI, 2006 ) EC ( Rogg, 2000 ); US ( CABI, 2006 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) No N/A N/A

Leveillula taurica (Lév.) G. Arnaud C

. annuum ( CABI, 2006 ;

Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; Holliday, 1980 ; Wellman, 1977 ); C

. baccatum (Wellman, 1977 ); C

. frutescens (Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; Holliday, 1980 ; Rogg, 2000 ; Wellman, 1977 ); C

. pubescens ( Holliday, 1980 ); Capsicum sp. ( CABI, 2006 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; PestID, 2010 ; University of California, 2000 ) EC ( Rogg, 2000 ); US ( CABI, 2006 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) N o N/A N/A

Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. C

. annuum ( CABI, 2006 ;

Farr and Rossman, 201 1 ; INIAP, 1999 ; Mendoza and Zambrano, 1991 ; Navarrete, 2000 ; USDA, 1970 ; Vaughan, 1982 ; Welman, 1977); C

. baccatum (Welman, 1977); C

. frutescens ( MAG, 1986b ; USDA, 1970 ; Vaughan, 1982 ; Welman, 1977); Capsicum sp. (Farr and Rossman, 201 1 ) EC ( IN IAP, 1999 ; MAG, 1986b ; Mendoza and Zambrano, 1991 ; Navarrete, 2000 ; Vaughan, 1982 ); US ( CABI, 2006 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; USDA, 1970 ; Welman, 1977) No N/A N/A

Moniliophthora perniciosa (Stahel) Aime & Phillips

Mora C. annuum (Farr and

Rossman, 2011 ; Marelli et al., 2009 ) EC (Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) Yes Fl, F, S (Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) Yes **12**

12 M oniliophthora perniciosa biotype C only affects leaves, flowers, stems , and fruits of cocoa ( Theobroma cacao ) , while biotype S affects solanace ous species, including Capsicum ( Marelli et al., 2009 )

. This pest is reported in Ecuador only onPest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 35 **Pest Scientific Name**  **Reported on Capsicum**  **spp. US and Ecuador**  **D istribution**  **1 Quaran** 
****

**tine p**  **est Plant**  **p art(s)** 

**a ssoc**  **. 2**  **Follow**

**p athway**  Myrothecium roridum Tode: Fr. C

. annuum (Farr and

Rossman, 20 11 ) EC ( MAG, 1986b ; Vaughan, 1982 ); US ( CABI, 2006 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) No N/A N/A

Nematospora coryli Peglion C. annuum (USDA, 1970 ;

Wellman, 1977 ); C. baccatum (Wellman, 1977 ); C

. frutescens (Alfieri et al

. , 199 4 ; Far

r and Rossman, 2011 ; USDA, 1970 ; Wellman, 1977 ) EC ( MAG, 1986b ; Vaughan, 1982 ); US (Alfieri et al

. , 1994 ; CABI, 2006 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; USDA, 1970 ; Wellman, 1977 ) No N/A N/A

Oidium sp. Capsicum sp. (Flor and Flor, 2001 ) EC (Flor and Flor, 2001 ) Yes 3 L (Flor and Flor, 2001 ) No Passalora fulva (Cooke) U. Braun & Crous Syn. : **Cladosporium fulvum**  Cooke C

. annuum ( Tamayo and

Jaramillo, 2006 ) EC ( Espinoza et al

. , 1983 ; IN IAP, 1999 ; MAG, 1986b ); US ( CABI, 2006 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) No N/A N/A

Petromyces flavus B.W. Horn, I. Carbone et G.G. Moore Syn. **Aspergillus flavus**  Link: Fr C

. frutescens ( CABI,

2006 ); Capsicum sp. ( CABI, 2006 ) EC (Ullaury et al

. , 2003 ); US ( CABI, 2006 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) No N/A N/A

Phoma destructiva var. destructiva Plowr. Syn

. : **Phoma destructiva**  Plowr. C

. annuum , C

. frutescens

(Alfieri et al

. , 1994 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; MAG, 1986b ; USDA, 1970 ; Wellman, 1977 ); C

. baccatum (Wellman, 1977 ); Capsicum sp. ( PestID, 2010 ; CABI, 2006 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) EC ( MAG, 1986b ; Rogg, 2000 ; Wellman, 1977 ); US (Alfieri et al

. , 1994 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; USDA, 1970 ; Wellman, 1977 ) No N/A N/A

Phoma exigua var. exigua Desm. Syn. : **Phoma exigua** Desm. C

. annuum , C

. frutescens

(Alfieri et al

. , 1994 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ); Capsicum sp. (Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) EC (Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; INIAP, 1999 ); US Alfieri et al

. , 1994 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) No N/A N/A

cocoa and Arrabidadea verrucosa (Farr and Rossman, 2011 )

. Given its host specificity and the report on cocoa in Ecuador , the evidence seems to indicate that only biotype C is present. Therefore, we did not further analyze this pathogen.Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 36 **Pest Scientific Name**  **Reported on Capsicum**  **spp. US and Ecuador**  **D istribution**  **1 Quaran** 
****

**tine p**  **est Plant**  **p art(s)** 

**a ssoc**  **. 2**  **Follow**

**p athway**  Phoma gossypiicola Gruyter Syn. : **Ascochyta gossypii**  (Woronichin) Syd. C

. annuum , C

. frutescens ,

C

. pubescens ( Holliday, 1980 ) EC ( MAG, 1986b , Vaughan, 1982 ); US ( CABI, 2006 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) No N/A N/A

Phoma medicaginis var
. medicaginis Malbr. & Roum. Syn. : **Phoma medicaginis**  Malbr. & Roum C

. annuum (Farr and

Rossman, 2011 ) EC ( MAG, 1986b ); US (Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) No N/A N/A

Phytoph thora cactorum (Lebert & Cohn) J. Schröt. C

. annuum , C

. frutescens

(Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) EC ( Rogg, 2000 ; Rodriguez and Velastegui, 1998 ); US ( CABI, 2006 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) No N/A N/A

Phytophthora capsici Leonian C

. annuum (Alfieri et al

. ,

1994 ; CABI, 2006 ; Cruz and Apunte, 1975 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; Holliday, 1980 ; IN IAP, 1999 ; MAG, 1986b ; RFDS, 1994 ; Universidad Central del Ecuador, 2004 ; USDA, 1970 ; Wellman, 1977 ); C

. baccatum (Wellman, 1977 ); C

. frutescens (Alfieri et al

. , 1994 ; CABI, 2006 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; Holliday, 1980 ; MAG, 1986b ; RFDS, 1994 ; Rogg, 2000; Wellman, 1977 ); C

. pubescens ( Holliday, 1980 ); Capsicum sp. ( CABI, 2006 ; Farr and Rossman, 201 1 ; PestID, 20 10 ; University of California, 2000 ) EC ( Cruz and Apunte, 1975 ; Flores and Tapia, 2003 ; IN IAP, 1999 ; MAG, 1986b ; RFDS, 1994 ; Rogg, 2000; Universidad Central del Ecuador, 2004 ); US (Alfieri et al., 1994; CABI, 2006 ; Chaney et al

. , 2003 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; NSF, 1999 ; USDA, 1970 ; Zitter, 1989 ) No N/A N/A

Phytophthora citrophthora (R.E. Sm. & E.H. Sm.) Leonian C

. annuum (Farr and

Rossman, 2011 ; Triviño et al

. , 2001 ; Wellman, 1977 ); C

. baccatum , C

. frutescens (Wellman, 1977 ); C

. pubescens (Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) EC ( CABI, 2006 ; INIAP, 2001 ; Triviño et al

. , 2001 ); US ( CABI, 2006 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; Wellman, 1977 ) No N/A N/APest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 37 **Pest Scientific Name**  **Reported on Capsicum**  **spp. US and Ecuador**  **D istribution**  **1 Quaran** 
****

**tine p**  **est Plant**  **p art(s)** 

**a ssoc**  **. 2**  **Follow**

**p athway**  Phytophthora cryptogea Pethybr. & Laff. C

. annuum ( CABI, 2006 ;

Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) EC , US ( CABI, 2006 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) No N/A N/A
Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary C

. annuum ( CABI, 2006 ;

Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; RFDS, 1994 ; Wellman, 1977 ); C

. baccatum (Wellman, 1977 ); C

. frutescens (Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; RFDS, 1994 ; Wellman, 1977 ) EC ( CABI, 2006 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; RFDS, 1994 ; Vaughan, 1982 ); US ( CABI, 2006 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) No N/A N/A

Phytophthora nicotianae Breda de Haan C

. annuum (Alfieri et al

. ,

1994 ); C

. frutescens (Alfieri et al

. , 1994 ); Capsicum sp. ( CABI, 2006 ) EC ( MAG, 1986b ); US (Alfieri et al

. , 1994 ; CABI, 2006 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) No N/A N/A

Phytophthora palmivora var. palmivora (E.J. Butler) E.J. Butler Syn. **P. palmivora**  (E. J. Butler) E. J. Butler C

. annuum (Farr and

Rossman, 2011 ; Wellman, 1977 ); C

. baccatum , C

. frutescens (Wellman, 1977 ) EC ( CABI, 2006 ; MAG, 1986b ; Vaughan, 1982 ); US ( CABI, 2006 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) No N/A N/A

Phytophthora sp. C

. annuum (Vaughan, 1982 ); C

. frutescens ( MAG, 1986b ; Vaughan, 1982 ); Capsicum sp. (Flor and Flor, 2001 ) EC (Flor and Flor, 2001 ; MAG, 1986b ; Vaughan, 1982 ) Yes 3 F ( MAG, 1986b ; Vaughan, 1982 ); R ( MAG, 1986b ) Yes

Pleospora herbarum (Pers.:Fr.) Rabenh. Syn. : Stemphylium botryosum Wallr. C

. annuum ( Holliday,

1980 ; USDA, 1970 ; Wellman, 1977 ); C

. baccatum (Wellman, 1977 ); C

. frutescens (Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; Holliday, 1980 ; USDA, 1970 ; Wellman, 1977 ) EC (Universidad Central del Ecuador

Expoflores, 1999 ); US (Alfieri et al

. , 1994 ; CABI, 2006 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; USDA, 1970 ; Wellman, 1977 ) No N/A N/A

**Puccinia pampeana** Speg. Syn. : P

. capsici Mayor; P

. paulensis Rangel C

. annuum , C

. frutescens

( Buriticá, 1999 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; Tamayo and Jaramillo, 2006 ); C

. baccatum , Capsicum sp. ( Buriticá, 1999 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) EC ( Rogg, 2000 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) Yes F, L, S, Sh ( Passador et al., 2009 ); L, S, Sh (Figueiredo, 2000 ; Tamayo and Jaramillo, 2006 ) YesPest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 38 **Pest Scientific Name**  **Reported on Capsicum**  **spp. US and Ecuador**  **D istribution**  **1 Quaran** 
****

**tine p**  **est Plant**  **p art(s)** 

**a ssoc**  **. 2**  **Follow**

**p athway**  Pythium sp. C

. annuum ( RFDS, 1994 ; Vaughan, 1982 ); C

. frutescens ( MAG, 1986b ; RFDS, 1994 ; Vaughan, 1982 ); C apsicum sp. (Flor and Flor, 2001 ) EC (Flor and Flor, 2001 ; MAG, 1986b ; RFDS, 1994 ; Vaughan, 1982 ) Yes 3 Sd ( MAG, 1986b ) No

Ramularia sp. C

. frutescens ( Rogg, 2000 ) EC ( Rogg, 2000 ) Yes 3 L (Rogg, 2000 ) No Rhizoctonia sp. C

. annuum (Mendoza and Zambrano, 1991 ; Navarrete, 2000 ; RFDS, 1994 ); C

. frutescens ( RFDS, 1994 ); Capsicum sp. (Flor and Flor, 2001 ; MAG, 2001 ) EC (Flor and Flor, 2001 ; Mendoza and Zambrano, 1991 ; Navarrete, 2000 ; RFDS, 1994 ) Yes 3 R, S ( MAG, 2001 ; Mendoza and Zambrano, 1991 ) No

Sclerotinia minor Jagger C

. annuum (Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) EC ( MAG, 1986b ; Rogg, 2000 ); US ( CABI, 2006 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) No N/A N/A

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary C

. annuum (Alfieri et al

. ,

1994 ; CABI, 2006 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; Universidad Central del Ecuador, 2004 ; USDA, 1970 ; Vaughan, 1982 ; Wellman, 1977 ); C

. baccatum (Wellman, 1977 ); C

. frutescens (Alfieri et al

. , 1994 ; CABI, 2006 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; MAG, 1986b ; USDA, 1970 ; Vaughan, 1982 ; Wellman, 1977 ); Capsicum sp. (Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) EC ( CABI, 2006 ; Cruz and Apunte, 1975 ; MAG, 198 6b ; Universidad Central del Ecuador, 2004 ; Vaughan, 1982 ; Wellman, 1977 ); US (Alfieri et al

. , 1994 ; CABI, 2006 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; USDA, 1970 ; Wellman, 1977 ) No N/A N/A

Septoria lycopersici var
. lycopersici Speg

. Syn. : **S .**  **lycopersici** Speg. C

. annuum (Farr and

Rossman, 2011 ) EC ( MAG, 1986b ; Vaughan, 1982 ); US ( CABI, 2006 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) No N/A N/A

Spongospora subterranea f.sp. subterranea Toml inson C

. annuum ( CABI, 2006 ) EC , US ( CABI, 2006 ) No N/A N/APest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 39 **Pest Scientific Name**  **Reported on Capsicum**  **spp. US and Ecuador**  **D istribution**  **1 Quaran** 
****

**tine p**  **est Plant**  **p art(s)** 

**a ssoc**  **. 2**  **Follow**

**p athway**  Stemphylium lycopersici (Enjoji) W. Yamam. Syn. S. floridanum Hannon & G.F. Weber C

. annuum , C

. frutescens

(Alfieri et al

. , 1994 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) EC ( Rogg, 2000 ); US (Alfieri et al

. , 1994 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) No N/A N/A

Stemphylium solani G.F. Weber C

. annuum , C

. frutescens

(Alfieri et al

. , 1994 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; Holliday, 1980 ; USDA, 1970 ; Wellman, 1977 ); C

. baccatum (Wellman, 1977 ); C

. pubescens ( Holliday, 1980 ) E C ( Triviño et al

. , 1998 ) ; US (Alfieri et al

. , 1994 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; USDA, 1970 ; Wellman, 1977 ) No N/A N/A

Thanatephorus cucumeris (A.B. Frank) Donk Anamorph: **Rhizoctonia solani** J.G. Kühn C

. annuum (Alfieri et al

. ,

1994 ; CABI, 2006 ; Cruz and Apunte, 1975 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; MAG, 1986b ; USDA, 1970 ; Vaughan, 1982 ; Wellman, 197 7 ); C

. baccatum ( Buriticá, 1999 ; Wellman, 1977 ); C

. frutescens (Alfieri et al

. , 1994 ; Buriticá, 1999 ; MAG, 1986b ; USDA, 1970 ; Vaughan, 1982 ; Wellman, 1977 ); Capsicum sp. ( Buriticá, 1999 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) EC ( Cruz and Apunte, 1975 ; Guamán et al

. , 2004 ; INIAP, 1996 ; MAG, 1986b ; Vaughan, 1982 ); US (Alfieri et al

. , 1994 ; CABI, 2006 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; USDA, 1970 ) No N/A N/A

Trichothecium roseum (Pers.:Fr.) Link Capsicum sp. ( CABI,

2006 ) EC ( MAG, 1986b ); US ( CABI, 2006 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) No N/A N/A

Verticillium albo

- atrum Reinke & Berthier C

. annuum , C

. frutescens

(Alfieri et al

. , 1994 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; USDA, 1970 ) EC ( CABI, 2006 ; Cruz and Apunte, 1975 ; Leon, 1999 ; Moretta, 1995 ); US (Alfieri et al

. , 1994 ; CABI, 2006 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; USDA, 1970 ) No N/A N/APest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 40 **Pest Scientific Name**  **Reported on Capsicum**  **spp. US and Ecuador**  **D istribution**  **1 Quaran** 
****

**tine p**  **est Plant**  **p art(s)** 

**a ssoc**  **. 2**  **Follow**

**p athway**  Verticillium dahliae Kleb. C

. annuum ( CABI, 2006 ;

Chaney et al

. , 2003 ; Farr and Rossman, 2010, 2011 ; Holliday, 1980 ); C

. frutescens (Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; Holliday, 1980 ; Welcing, 2000 ); C

. pubescens ( Holliday, 1980 ); Capsicum sp. ( Schooley, 2005 ; Welcing, 2000 ) EC ( Moretta, 1995 ; Rogg, 2000 ); US ( CABI, 2006 ; Chaney et al

. , 2003 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; Schooley, 2005 ) No N/A N/A

**B ACTERIA**  Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Smith) Davis et al

. C

. annuum ( CABI, 2006 );

Capsicum sp. ( Medina

Mora et al., 2000 ) EC ( CABI, 2006 ); US ( CABI, 2006 ; Medina

-Mora et al., 2000 ) No N/A N/A

Dickeya chrysanthemi (Burkholder et al .) Samson et al

. Syn. : **Erwinia chrysanthemi**  (Burkh.) Young et al

. C

. annuum (Alfieri et al

. ,

1994 ; CABI, 2006 ) EC ( CABI, 2006 ; Triviño et al

. , 2001 ; Vaughan, 1982 ); US (Alfieri et al

. , 1994 ; CABI , 2006 ) No N/A N/A

Erwinia sp. C

. annuum , C

. frutescens ( RFDS, 1994 ) EC ( RFDS, 1994 ) Yes 3 S ( IN IAP, 1992 ) No Pectobacterium carotovorum (Jones) Waldee Syn. : **Erwinia carotovora**  (Jones) Bergey et al

. C

. annuum (Alfieri et al

. ,

1994 ; Universidad Central del Ecuador, 2004 ; USDA, 1970 ; Wellman, 1977 ); C

. baccatum (Wellman, 19 77 ); C

. frutescens (Alfieri et al

. , 1994 ; Rogg, 2000 ; USDA, 1970 ; Wellman, 1977 ); Capsicum sp. ( CABI, 2006 ; MAG, 2001 ) EC ( MAG, 1986b ; MAG, 2001 ; Rogg, 2000 ; Universidad Central del Ecuador, 2004 ; Vaughan, 1982 ); US (Alfieri et al

. , 1994 ; CABI, 2006 ; USDA, 1970 ; Schooley, 2005 ) No N/A N/A

Ra lstonia solanacearum (Smith) Yabuuchi et al

. Syn. : Pseudomonas solanacearum (Smith) Smith C

. annuum ( CABI, 2006 ;

Navarrete, 2000 ; Wellman, 1977 ); C

. baccatum , C

. frutescens (Wellman, 1977 ) ; Capsicum sp. ( IN IAP, 2001 ) EC ( CABI, 2006 ; INIAP, 1996 ; INIAP, 2001 ; Navarrete, 2000 ; Triviño et al

. , 2001 ); US ( CABI, 2006 ) No N/A N/A

Ralstonia solanacearum race 1 (Smith) Yabuuchi et al

. C

. annuum ( CABI, 2006 ) EC , US ( CABI, 2006 ) No N/A N/APest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 41 **Pest Scientific Name**  **Reported on Capsicum**  **spp. US and Ecuador**  **D istribution**  **1 Quaran** 
****

**tine p**  **est Plant**  **p art(s)** 

**a ssoc**  **. 2**  **Follow**

**p athway**  Rhizobium radiobacter (Beijerinck & van Delden) Young et al

. Syn. Agrobacterium tumefaciens (Smith & Townsend) Conn ; A. radiobacter (Beijerinck & van Delden) Conn C

. annuum ( CABI, 2006 ) EC (Agribusiness, 1992 ; Universidad Central del Ecuador

Expoflores, 1999 ); US ( CABI, 2006 ) No N/A N/A

Xanthomonas campestris (Pammel) Dowson C

. annuum , C

. frutescens

(Alfieri et al

. , 1994 ; CABI, 2006 ); Capsicum sp. ( PestID, 2010 ; CABI, 2006 ) EC ( MAG, 1986b ); US (Alfieri et al

. , 1994 ; CABI, 2006 ) No N/A N/A

Xanthomonas vesicatoria (Doidge) Vauterin et al

. Syn: X. campestris pv. vesicatoria (Doidge) Dye C

. annuum ( CABI, 2006 ;

NSF, 2001 ; Sahin, 2001 ; USDA, 1970 ; Wellman, 1977 ); C

. baccatum (Wellman, 1977 ); C

. frutescens ( Rogg, 2000 ; USDA, 1970 ; Wellman, 1977 ); Capsicum sp. ( CABI, 2006 ; NSF, 1999 ; Sahin, 2001 ; University of California, 2000 ; Welcing, 2000 ) EC ( Rogg, 2000 ); US ( CABI, 2006 ; Kousik and Ritchie, 1995 ; NSF, 2001 ; Sahin, 2001 ; University of California, 2000 ; USDA, 1970 ) No N/A N/A

**V IRUSES**  Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) C

. annuum ( Brunt et al

. ,

1990 ; Brunt et al

. , 1996 ; CABI, 2006 ; Ceballos, 1997 ; Chaney et al

. , 2003 ; NSF, 2001 ); C

. frutescens ( Brunt et al

. , 1996 ; Ceballos, 1997 ); Capsicum sp. ( CABI, 2006 ; Ceballos, 1997 ; Welcing, 2000 ) EC ( Ceballos, 1997 ; Vizuete and Ochoa, 2003 ); US ( CABI, 2006 ; Chaney et al

. , 2003 ; Hamm, 1995 ; NSF, 2001 ) No N/A N/A

Andean potato mottle virus (APMoV) Capsicum sp. ( CABI,

2010 ) EC ( CABI, 2010 ) Yes F, L, R, S , Sd ( CABI, 2010 ) YesPest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 42 **Pest Scientific Name**  **Reported on Capsicum**  **spp. US and Ecuador**  **D istribution**  **1 Quaran** 
****

**tine p**  **est Plant**  **p art(s)** 

**a ssoc**  **. 2**  **Follow**

**p athway**  Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) C

. annuum (Alfieri et al

. ,

1994 ; Brunt et al

. , 1990 ; Brunt et al

. , 1996 ; CABI, 2006 ; Ceballos, 1997 ; Ravi et al

. , 1997 ; Universidad Central del Ecuador, 2004 ; US DA, 1970 ; Zitter and Florini, 1984 ); C

. frutescens (Alfieri et al

. , 1994 ; Brunt et al

. , 1996 ; CABI, 2006 ; Grube et al

. , 2000 ; USDA, 1970 ); Capsicum sp. (NSF, 1999 ; University of California, 20 00 ; Welcing, 2000 ) EC ( Ceballos, 1997 ; Universidad Central del Ecuador, 2004 ); US (Alfieri et al

. , 1994 ; CABI, 2006 ; NSF, 1999 ; USDA, 1970 ; Zitter and Florini, 1984 ) No N/A N/A

Potato virus A (PVA) Capsicum sp. ( CABI, 2006 ) EC ( Rogg, 2000 ); US ( CABI, 2006 ; Thomas, 2004 ) No N/A N/A

Potato virus X (PVX) C

. annuum ( CABI, 2006 ; Ceballos, 1997 ); C

. frutescens ( CABI, 2006 ) EC ( Ceballos, 1997 ; MAG, 1986b ; MAG, 1986a); US ( CABI, 2006 ) No N/A N/A

Potato virus Y (PVY) C

. annuum (Alfieri et al

. , 1994 ; Brunt et al

. , 1990 ; Brunt et al

. , 1996 ; CABI, 2006 ; Chalá et al

. , 1982 ; INIAP, 1999 ; Vaughan, 1982 ); C

. frutescens ( Brunt et al

. , 1996 ; MAG, 1986b ; Vaughan, 1982 ); Capsicum sp. (NSF, 1999 ; CABI, 2006 ) EC ( Brunt et al

. , 1990 ; Ceballos, 1997 ; Chalá et al

. , 1982 ; IN IAP, 1999 ; MAG, 1986b ; Vaughan, 1982 ); US (Alfieri et al

. , 1994 ; CABI, 2006 ; NSF, 1999 ) No N/A N/A

Tobacco etch virus (TEV) C

. annuum (Alfieri et al

. ,

1994 ; Brunt et al

. , 1990 ; Brunt et al

. , 1996 ; CABI, 2006 ; Chalá et al

. , 1982 ; Ceballos, 1997 ; IN IAP, 1999 ; USDA, 1970 ; Vaughan, 1982 ; Wellman, 1977 ); C

. baccatum (Wellman, 1977 ); C

. frutescens ( Brunt et al

. , 1996 ; Ceballos, 1997 ; MAG, 1986b ; USDA, 1970 ; Vaughan, 1982 ; Wellman, 1977 ) EC ( Brunt et al

. , 1990 ; Ceballos, 1997 ; Chalá et al

. , 1982 ; IN IAP, 1999 ; MAG, 1986b ; Vaughan, 1982 ); US (Alfieri et al

. , 1994 ; CABI, 2006 ; USDA, 1970 ) No N/A N/APest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 43 **Pest Scientific Name**  **Reported on Capsicum**  **spp. US and Ecuador**  **D istribution**  **1 Quaran** 
****

**tine p**  **est Plant**  **p art(s)** 

**a ssoc**  **. 2**  **Follow**

**p athway**  Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) C

. annuum ( Brunt et al

. ,

1996 ; CABI, 2006 ; Chalá et al

. , 1982 ; Ceballos, 1997 ; IN IAP, 1999 ; NSF, 2001 ; USDA, 1970 ; Vaughan, 1982 ; Wellman, 1977 ); C

. baccatum (Wellman, 1977 ); C

. frutescens ( Brunt et al

. , 1996 ; Ceballos, 1997 ; MAG, 1986b ; USDA, 1970 ; Vaughan, 1982 ; Wellman, 1977 ) ; Capsicum sp. (NSF, 1999 ) EC ( Ceballos, 1997 ; Chalá et al

. , 1982 ; INIAP, 1999 ; MAG, 1986b ; Vaughan, 1982 ; Wellman, 1977 ); US ( CABI, 2006 ; NSF, 1999 ; NSF, 2001 ; USDA, 1970 ) No N/A N/A

Tobacco streak virus (TSV) C

. annuum ( Brunt et al

. ,

1990 ; CABI, 2006 ); C

. frutescens ( Brunt et al

. , 1996 ) EC ( Rogg, 2000 ); US ( CABI, 2006 ) No N/A N/A

Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) C

. annuum (Alfieri et al

. ,

1994 ; Brunt et al

. , 1990 ; Brunt et al

. , 1996 ; CAB I, 2010 ; Ceballos, 1997 ; Chaney et al

. , 2003 ; Universidad Central del Ecuador, 2004 ); C

. frutescens ( Ceballos, 1997 ); Capsicum sp. ( CABI, 2010 ) EC ( Brunt et al

. , 1990 ; CABI, 2010 ; Ceballos, 1997; Rogg, 2000 Universidad Central del Ecuador, 2004 ); US (Alfieri et al

. , 1994 ; CABI, 2010 ; Chaney et al

. , 2003 ) No N/A N/A



### 2.4

. 1. Quarantine Pests Not Considered for Risk Mitigation Some quarantine plant pests listed above may be detrimental to U.S. agricultural production systems but were not chosen for further anal ys is, f or reasons explained below. For example, they may be mainly

associated with plant parts other than the commodity ; associated with the commodity, but not likely to remain with the commodity through standard harvest and post

harvest processing; have been intercepted as biological contaminants of these commodities during U.S. agricultural port

- of

- entry inspection, but are not likely to be present in commercial shipments; or were identified only to the genus level, and the genus in question occurs in the continental United States. **Organisms Not Identified to Species**  . We generally do not further analyze organisms identified only to the genus or higher taxonomic level if the taxon in question is reported in the PRA area of the United States. Often there are many species within a genus, and we cannot know if the unidentified species occurs in the continental United States and, consequently, whether it meets the definition of a quarantine pest for the continental United States. Here , we did not further anal yz e the following genera for that reason: Acanthocephala sp., Aeolus sp. , Agrotis sp.,Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 44 Alternaria sp., Aphelenchus sp., Aphis sp., Calophya sp. , Cladosporium sp., Colletotrichum sp. , Conoderus sp., Cyclorrhapha sp. , Diabrotica sp., Dorylaimus sp. , Eleodes sp. , Empoasca sp., Epitrix sp., Erwinia sp . , Fusarium sp., Gnorimoschema sp. , Helicotylenchus sp., Helicoverpa sp., Helminthosporium sp ., Herculia sp. , Liriomyza sp., Longidorus sp., Melanotus sp., Meloidogyne sp., Myzus sp., Oidium sp., Phytophthora sp., Pratylenchus sp., Pythium sp., Ramularia sp. , Rhizoctonia sp., Spodoptera sp. , Systena sp., Tetranychus sp. , Tylenchus sp. , and Xiphinema sp. At least one species of each of these genera is already present in the continental United States. If pests identified to higher taxa are intercepted in the future, then we may re - evaluate their risk. **Doubtful host association.** Multiple species were not listed above because their association with the commodity

is doubtful. For example, without further information, we consider one or a few interceptions at U .S. port s - of

- entry on a commodity (PestID, 2010) to be insufficient evidence of a host association, especially if the interception occurred on produce in passenger baggage, because the pest may

have been associated with other produce or have come f rom a different origin. This was the case for the following species : Aleurocanthus woglumi [ Hemiptera: Aley rodidae] , Anastrepha serpentina [ Diptera: Tephritidae] , Coccus viridis [ Hemiptera: Coccidae] , Corythaica cyathicollis [ Hemiptera: Tingidae **]** , Dickeya paradi siacal (bacteria) , Dysmicoccus neobrevipes [ Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae] , Helicoverpa gelotopoeon [ Lepidoptera: Noctuidae] , Maruca vitrata [Lepidoptera: Crambidae] , Oebalus ornatus [ Hemiptera: Pentatomidae ] , Pectinophora gossypiella [ Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae ] , Pseudococcus elisae [ Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae ] , Sitophilus zeamais [ Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae ] , and Spodoptera androgea [ Lepidoptera: Noctuidae ]

. Sitophilus zeamais is predominately a post

- harvest pest of maize, while O. ornatus is a pest of seeds in rice. The primary hosts of Maruca vitrata, are in the Fabaceae family

. Reports of Anastrepha serpentina on Capsicum spp. are based only on laboratory studies (Norrbom, 2010 ). For Pseudococ cus elisae literature is full of misidentifications ( CABI, 2006 ) ; reports for P. elis ae apparently

refer to a mixture of two species, including P

. jackbeardsleyi

. Should any

of these pests be intercepted in shipments of peppers, quarantine action may be taken and additional risk anal ys es may be conducted. 2.4. 2 . Quarantine pests that follow the pathway and are candidates for risk mitigation W e identified eight quarantine pests for further analysis (Table 4). All of these pests are reasonabl y expected to follow the pathway, i

. e ., be included in commercial shipments of pepper fruit from Ecuador. W e further analyzed Anastrepha fraterculus despite a questionable association with the host. The fruit fly ha s been reported in Ecuador as a pest of both Capsicum annuum (MAG, 1986b ; RFDS, 1994 ) and C. frutescens ( MAG, 1986b ; RFDS, 1994 ; Rogg, 2000). The Ecuadorian NPPO, Servicio Ecuatoriano de Sanidad Agropecuaria (SESA) currently AGROCALIDAD ( SESA, 2008 ) , argues, how ever, that the MAG (1986) report is not trustworthy and/or is misleading, due to mistaken nomenclature, confusion in the original and unique report, the lack of consistency with the reported b ehavior of A

. fraterculus , and the lack of other evidence of Capsicum annuum as host of this fruit fly

. Pest experts in Ecuador indicate d to us that this pest has not been foundPest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 45 attacking peppers ( SESA, 2008 ; Valarezo, 2007 ). Given this uncertainty, and until we receive further information, we decided to analyze the pest.

**Table 4.** Quarantine pests likely to follow the pathway

. **Type Organism**  **Taxonomy** Arthropod Anastrepha fraterculus Diptera: Tephritidae

Ceratitis capitata Diptera: Tephritidae Neoleucinodes elegantalis Lepidoptera: Py ralidae Thrips palmi Thysanoptera: Thripidae Tuta absoluta Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae Spodoptera litura Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Pathogen Andean potato mottle virus Comoviridae

Puccinia pampeana Urediniomycetes: Uredinales
**2.5. Analysis of Quarantine Pests** For the quarantine pests selected for further analysis, we assessed their likelihood of introduction into the continental United States and the undesirable consequences that may result from their introduction. We rated the pests using the criteria in the Guidelines for Pathway

-Initiated Pest Risk Assessments , Version 5.02 (PPQ, 2000 ). We calculated a cumulative risk rating, or Pest Risk Potential, for each pest by summing all risk element values. Below we summarize the values for each pest (Table 7 ). The major sources of uncertainty present in this risk assessment include the use of a developing or evolving process ( Orr et al., 1993 ; PPQ, 2000 ), the approach used to combine risk elements (Bier, 1999 ; Morgan and Henrion, 1990 ), and the evaluation of risk by comparisons to lists of factors within the guidelines (Kaplan, 1992 ; Orr et al., 1993 ). To address this last source of uncertainty, the lists of factors were interpreted a s illustrative and not exhaustive, implying that additional biological information, even if not explicitly part of the criteria, can be used when relevant to a rating. Other sources of uncertainty include the quality of the biological information and the amount of information available on the regional flora and fauna. Inherent biological variation within a population of organisms introduces uncertainty as well ( Morgan and Henrion, 1990 ). 2.5.1. Consequences of Introduction For the quarantine pests listed in Table 4 , we rated the potential Consequences of Introduction using five Risk Elements: Climate

- Host Interaction, Host Range, Dispersal Potential, Economic Impact, and Environmental Impact. These elements reflect the biology, host ranges , and climatic/geographic distributions of the pests. For each Risk Element, we assigned pests a rating of Low (1 point), Medium (2 points), or High (3 points) (PPQ, 2000 ). We then calculated a Cumulative Risk Rating by summing the Risk Element values. We summarized the ratings for the Consequences of Introduction for each pest below ( Table 5 )

.Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 46 **Anastrepha fraterculus Risk**  **r ating**  **s Risk Element #1: Climate** 
**- Host Interaction**  Anastrepha fraterculus represents a species complex that occurs in southern Texas (Rio Grande Valley), Mexico (restricted distribution), Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Trinidad and Tobago, Argentina (restricted distribution), Bolivia, B razil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador , Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, and Venezuela ( CABI, 2010 ). The lowest temperature reported for a successful high rate of oviposition and larval eclosion of A

. fraterculus was observed at 6oC (42.8 oF) ( Cardoso et al

. , 2002 ). Considering the interaction between the host availability for A

. fraterculus and its suitable climate, we estimated that this pest could become established in U.S. Plant Hardiness Zones 9

- 11 (Magarey et al., 2008 )

. Multiple plant hosts occur in these zones (Kartesz, 2010 ). Medium (2 )

**Risk Element #2: Host Range**  Anastrepha fraterculus is a poly phagous plant pest with hosts reported in 37 plant families ( CABI, 2006 ; Norrbom, 2004 ; Sequeira et al

. , 2001 ). Ithas 46 plant hosts in the continental United States ( CABI, 2006 ; Norrbom, 2004 ; NRCS, 2008 ). The preferred hosts are M yrt aceae, particularly guava (Psidium guajava ). M angos and apples are important hosts in Brazil ; Citrus and Prunus spp. are noted as occasional hosts ( CABI, 2007 ). Eugenia , Citrus , Psidium guajava , and Syzygium are found in Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, and California (NRCS, 2008 ). It has also been reported to attack Capsicum spp. in Ecuador (MAG, 1986). Citrus , Prunus , and Capsicum are important crops in the United States. High (3)

**Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential** Anastrepha fraterculus has a rel ativ ely high biotic potential , and can also disperse long distances on its own

. Ins ome studies it had an average of 11.2 generations per year (Mello et al

. , 2003 ). Regarding dispersal, it moved 8 00 m from patches of native forest to reach an outside apple orchard (Kovaleski et al., 1999 )

. This is significant because its poly phagous nature permits the finding of resources in new areas when these are lacking in the place of eclosion. A major means of dispersal to previously

uninfested areas is likel y the transport of fruit containing live larvae ( CABI, 2006 ). High (3)

**Risk Element #4: Economic Impact** Anastrepha fraterculus is an economically important fruit fly

species, and could be a major threat to the fruit

- growing industry worldwide (Aluja and Norrbom, 2000 ; Norrbom, 2004 ; White and Elson

- Harris, 1992 ). A nastrepha fraterculus causes large fruit losses and lowers yi eld ( Ovruski et al., 1999 ). L arvae feeding on internal fruit tissue causes damage , whi ch lowers the value of the commodity and makes it completely

unmarketabl e ( Ovruski et al., 1999 ; Sequeira et al

. , 2001 )

. Anastrepha fraterculus increases crop production costs because chemical and biological control programs need to be initiated to eradicate adult flies (White and Elson

- Harris, 1992 ). The quarantine measures imposed by countries free of this pest cause economic loss through lost exporting opportunities ( CABI, 2010 ; Ovruski et al., 1999 ; Sequeira et al

. , 2001 ). High (3)

**Risk Element #5: Environme ntal Impact**  Anastrepha fraterculus could directly attack fruits from 53 plant species in the High (3 )Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 47 **Anastrepha fraterculus Risk**  **r ating**  **s** families Anacardiaceae (1) , Annonaceae (2) , Boraginaceae (5) , Euphorbiaceae (3) , Fabaceae (25) , Lauraceae (1) , Rhamnaceae (4) , Rosaceae (7) , Rubiaceae (3) , and Sterculiaceae (3) . These families contain Federal Endangered or Threatened plant species (USFWS, 2010 ). Other species listed as threatened plant s in the Preservation of Native Flora of Florida Act include Prunus geniculata (USFWS, 2010 ). Additionally, the introduction of A

. fraterculus into the continental United States would stimulate chemical or biological control programs that could affect 45 U.S. s tates according to its host plant distribution (NRCS, 2008 ).
**Andean potato mottle virus (APMoV)**  **Risk r**  **ating s**  **Risk Element #1: Climate**
**- Host Interaction**  Andean potato mottle virus (APMoV) occurs in the South and Central American countries of Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Peru, and Uruguay (Avila et al., 1984 ; CABI, 2010 ; Fribourg et al., 1977 ; García et al., 1999 ; Valverde et al., 1995 ). The virus is likely to occur throughout the Andean region at elevations of 2000

- 4000 m (6,560

- 13,120 feet) and a minimum temperature of 2

- 3°C (35

- 37 °F) ( CABI, 2010 ; Cardenas, 2007 )

. APMoV could establish in U.S. P lant Hardiness Zones 9

- 1 1 (Magarey et al., 2008 ). One or more of its potential hosts lives within this range (NRCS, 2008 )

. Medium (2 )

**Risk Element #2: Host Range** The host range of APMoV is restricted to the Solanaceae family , including Capsicum annuum , C. chinense , C. frutescens , Datura stramonium ( CABI, 2010 ; Pernezny et al., 200 3 ), Lycopersicon chilense , Nicandra physaloides (Valverde and Fulton, 1996 ), Nicotia na bigelovii (Fribourg et al., 1977 ), N. clevelandii (Valverde and Fulton, 1996 ), Solanum melongena , and S. tuberosum ( CABI, 2010 ; García et al., 1999 ; Pernezny et al., 2003 ). Medium (2)

**Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential** This virus is transmitted by mechanical inoculation and by contact between plants , but not through seed (Brunt et al., 1996 ; CABI, 2010 ). APMoV is vectored by the poly phagous beetles Diabrotica balteata Le conte and D. viridula Fabriciu s (Chrysomelidae, Coleoptera), which are found in the s outhern United States (Valverde et al., 1995 ; Valverde and Fulton, 1996 ). Other species of Diabrotica are also suspected to be vectors (Valverde and Fulton, 1996 ). Thus, populations already present within the United States would have to move the virus into the environment. Medium (2 )

**Risk Element #4: Economic Impact** Pepper grown in Central America has shown that mixed infections of APMoV with other viruses (e.g., Tobacco etch virus , Pepper mottle virus ) can lead to severe s ymptoms and substantially lower yi elds ( CABI, 201 0 ) . APMoV increases production costs as it is highly virulent and is a concern for potato seed production regions (Avila et al., 1984 ; CABI, 2010 ). Its presence in the United States may

cause foreign and domestic markets to be lost since the virus appears listed as a quarantine pest for many countries ( e.g., EPPO, ND )

. High (3)Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 48 **Andean potato mottle virus (APMoV)**  **Risk r**  **ating s**  **Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact** APMoV could attack plants in the Solanaceae family listed as Threatened or Endangered, including Solanum drymophilium , S

. incompletum, and S

. sandwicense , which are not present in the continental United States (USFWS, 2010 ). Control programs would undoubtedly be initiated if it was to be introduced into new areas of the United States, because it is a major pathogen of potatoes and several economic crops ( CABI, 2010 )

. Medium (2 )

**Ceratitis capitata Risk**  **r ating**  **s Risk Element #1: Climate** 
**- Host Interaction**  Ceratitis capitata is widely distributed throughout the Mediterranean region, southern Europe, the Middle East, Western Australia, South and Central America, and Hawaii ( CABI, 2006 ; PPQ, 1993 ; White and Elson

- Harris, 1992 ). Successive eradication programs in Cali fornia, Florida, and Texas have prevented it from becoming established in those s tates (APHIS, 2002 ; CDFA, 2008 ). The interaction of hosts and climatic conditions necessary for the establishment of C

. capitata in the continental United States exists in southern s tates (Vo and Miller, 1993 )

. We estimated that C

. capitata could establish in the United States in U .S. Plant Hardiness Zones 8

- 1 1 ( Magarey et al ., 2008 ). Because of the small size of zone 11, it does not count toward the total for the rating. Medium (2)

**Risk Element #2: Host Range** Ceratitis capitata is a highly pol yphagous species (White and Elson

- Harris, 1992 ). Hosts of C

. capitata inc lude plants in numerous plant families, including the species Anacardium occidentale , Acca sellowiana , Annona spp., Averrhoa carambola , Banksia prionote , Calophyllum spp., Capsicum spp., Carica papaya , Carissa edulis , Casimiroa spp., Chrysophyllum cainito , C

. oliviforme , Citrus spp., Coffea spp., Cyphomandra betacea , Diospyros spp., Dovyalis caffra , Eriobotrya japonica , Eugenia spp., Ficus carica , Fortunella japonica , Garcinia livingstonei , Juglans spp., Litchi chinensis , Lycium spp., Malpighia glabra , Malus domestica , Mangifera indica , Manilkara zapota , Mespilus germanica , Morus spp., Muntingia calabura , Opuntia spp., Persea americana , Phoenix dactylifera , Physalis peruviana , Pouteria spp., Prunus spp., Psidium spp., Punica granatum , Pyrus communis , Rub us spp., Santalum album , Solanum lycopersicum , Spondias spp., Syzygium spp., Terminalia catappa , Thevetia peruviana , and Vitis spp. ( Li quido et al

. , 1990 ; Thomas et al

. , 2001 ; White and Elson

- Harris, 1992 ). High (3)

**Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential** Females may

deposit up to 22 eggs per day and as many

as 800 eggs in their lifetime (Weems, 1981 ). Sexual compatibility between populations from different areas worldwide was demonstrated ( CABI, 2006 ). There is evidence that adults of C

. capitata can fl y as far as 20 miles (~32,187 km) ( Christenson and Foote, 1960 ; Steiner et al

. , 1962 ), indicating that natural movement is an important means of spread for this fruit fly . In addition to adult flight, the transportation of infested fruit is a major means of movement and dispersal of this pest into uninfested areas ( CABI and EPPO, 1997a). High (3)Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 49 **Ceratitis capitata Risk**  **r ating**  **s Risk Element #4: Economic Impact**  Ceratitis capitata is one of the world’s most destructive fruit pests (Weems, 1981 ). Because of its wide distribution, and its wide host range, it is ranked as the most important among economically important fruit flies ( CABI, 2006 ; Weems, 1981 ) . It may also transmit fruit

-rotting fungi ( CABI , 2006 ). The species is of quarantine significance for many

countries ( CERI S, 2006 ). Costs would be incurred to minimize the impact of C

. capitata on crop production, because the presence of larvae in the fruit may

make the fruit unmarketable, resulting in the loss of international and interstate markets (Andrew et al

. , 1977 ). Introduction of C

. capitata is likely

to stimulate chemical or biological control programs in order to prevent widespread damage (Vo and Miller, 1993 )

. High (3)

**Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact** Potential hosts of C

. ca

pitata may

include Threatened or Endangered plant species in the continental United States, such as Opuntia treleasei and Prunus geniculata , which are listed b y the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service as endangered species in California and Florida , respectively (USFWS, 2010 ). As it represents a significant economic threat, the establishment of C

. capitata in the continental United States would undoubtedly

trigger the initiation of chemical or biological control programs. High (3)

**Neoleucinodes elegantalis Risk**  **r ating**  **s Risk Element #1: Climate** 
**- Host Interaction**  This pest is distributed from Mexico to northern Argentina, Cuba, Granada, Puerto Rico, and Trinidad Islands (Marcano, 1991b ) , and from the Antilles, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela ( CABI, 2006 ; Revelo, 2003 ). The climatic conditions in Plant Hardiness Zones 9

- 1 1 (Magarey et al., 2008 ) are likel y to be suitable for the survival and establishment of this insect in the continental United States. H ost crops are present in tho se zones (NRCS, 2008 )

. Medium (2)

**Risk Element #2: Host Range** This fruit borer attacks only plants in the Solanaceae family ( CABI, 2006 ; Marcano, 2005 ). Hosts include Solanum betaceum , S

. hirtum , S. lycopersicum , S

. melongena , S

. quitoense , and Capsicum annuum ( CABI, 2007 ; Castaño, 1996 ; Marcano, 2005 ). Medium (2)

**Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential** In Venezuela, the pest was detected in 1934 with populations which increased every year (Marcano, 1991a)

. The reproductive potential of N

. elegantalis was studied under lab oratory conditions

. The total time for development of the insect was 27

- 110 days , then multiple generations per ye ar are possible; the number of eggs per female was 75 on eggplant and 34 on tomato (Marcano, 1991a). There are no studies on the dispersal capacity of this pest to previous uninfested areas

. Medium (2 )

**Risk Element #4: Economic Impact** Neoleucinodes elegantalis (Guenée) is the most important pest in several tomato

growing regions in South America and the Caribbean. Neoleucinodes elegantalis High (3)Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 50 **Neoleucinodes elegantalis Risk**  **r ating**  **s** is the major economic pest that impact s tomato

- growing regions in Brazil, Colombia, and Venezuela (Eiras and Blackmer, 2003 ; Franco et al ., 2002; Marcano, 1991b ). In 1961 it damaged tomato crops in the State of Lara and is now the most important pest for this crop (Marcano, 1991a). There is an increase in production costs due to the c ontrols regimes in affected areas b y this pest ( Franco et al

. , 2002 ). The larva penetrates the fruit, making the fruit unmarketable and causing fruit fall ( Castaño, 1996 ). During rainy seasons the population produces damage even up to 40 percent of the fruits, reducing field yi eld (Marcano, 2005 ). As a quarantine pest for the Caribbean Plant Protection Commission (EPPO, 2007 ) , N

. elegantalis could cause the loss of international markets. **Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact** Of the two host genera in the Solanaceae family attacked b y N

. elegantalis ( CABI, 2006 ; Castaño, 1996 ), only Solanum has congeners listed as either Threatened, Endangered , or candidates for listing (USFWS, 2010 )

. H owever, those species, Solanum drymophilium , S

. incompletum, and S

. sandwicense are present only in Puerto Rico and Hawaii. The introduction of this pest in the United States would stimulate the use of chemical and biological measures to detect and control the pest, including the possible releas e of Trichogramma species (Marcano, 2005 ). Medium (2)

**Puccinia pampeana Risk**  **r ating**  **s Risk Element #1: Climate** 
**- Host Interaction**  Puccinia pampeana occurs in the following South American countries: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru , and Uruguay (Hernández and Hennen, 2003 ). In Central America , it occurs in Costa Rica (Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; Calderón and Díaz, 2002 ), Guatemala, and Mexico (Hernández and Hennen, 2003 ). Puccinia pampeana is likely to develop in temperature s between 15

- 28 °C (59

- 82°F) ( Tamayo and Jaramillo, 2006 ). Based on its distribution, P. pampeana could establi sh in Plant Hardiness Zones 9

- 1 1 (Magarey et al., 2008 ). Medium (2)

**Risk Element #2: Host Range** Rust fungi are generall y host

- specific, often causing disease on certain genera or even on certain cultivars (Agrios, 2004 ). Puccinia pampeana infects genera in the Solanaceae famil y, including Acnistus arborescens , A . breviflorus , A. parviflorus , Capsicum annuum , C. baccatum , C. ciliatum , C. frutescens , C. microcarpum , C. pendulum , Cestrum sp., Dunalia breviflora , D. lycioides , Salpichroa diffusa , S. origanifolia , S. rhomboidea , Solanum cyrtopodium , S. lycioides , and S. valdiviense ( Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; Hernández and Hennen, 2003 ). Medium (2)

**Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential** Puccinia pampeana produc es Endophyllum

- ty pe and Puccinia

- ty

pe teliospores, both of which germinate to produce basidiospores (Figueiredo, 2000 ; Ono, 2002 ). Under appropriate conditions the spores germinate and produce basidiospores and repeat the infective process for several generations. Thus, the disease can rapidly disseminate in field conditions. After rust infection, developed teliospores have dormancy and tolerate high summer temperatures in subtropical areas. They overHigh (3)Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 5 1 **Puccinia pampeana Risk**  **r ating**  **s** summer and germinate after rain, producing basidiospores that infect the host plants in the autumn when mild temperatures predominate (Figueiredo et al., 1987 ; Figueiredo, 2000 ) . Multiple generations can occur in a ye ar . Rust fungi spread from plant to plant mostly by windblown spores, although insects, rain, and animals may

play a role. Some spores (uredospores) are transported over long distances b y strong winds and can start new infections (Agrios, 2004 ; Staples, 2000 ). **Risk Element #4: Economic Impact** Puccinia pampeana occurs on many members of the Solanaceae and causes complete losses in crops of several species of Capsicum in Central and South America (Hernández and Hennen, 2003 ). The disease causes curling and distortion of the buds (Hernández and Hennen, 2003 ). Related Puccinia species significantl y reduce yi eld and product quality, and require control through removal of alternate hosts, hos t resistance, and/or chemical control (Agrios, 2004 ; Staples, 2000 ). The establishment of P. pampeana in the United States may result in loss of foreign and domestic markets. High (3)

**Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact** Puccinia pampeana could attack plants in the Solanum genus listed as Threatened or Endangered (USFWS, 2010 ), such as S. drymophilum (Puerto Rico) , S. incompletum, and S. sandwicense (Hawaii). B ecause it affects an economically important crop ( Capsicum sp.) (Hernández and Hennen, 2003 ) , c ontrol programs would undoubtedly

be initiated if it were introduced into the United States

. High (3)

**Spodoptera litura Risk**  **r ating**  **s Risk Element #1: Climate** 
**- Host Interaction**  The geographic range of S

. litura extends from the temperate zone to the tropics ( CABI, 2006 ). The species occurs in Asia, from Iran to Japan, southward to Indonesia; throughout the islands of the Pacific; and in Australia. We estimate that this moth would establish permanent populations in U.S. Plant Hardiness Zones 7

- 1 1 (Magarey

et al., 2008 ) , where one or more of its potential hosts occur (NRCS, 2008 ). High (3)

**Risk Element #2: Host Range** Spodoptera litura is highly pol yphagous. Hosts include Allium cepa and Lilium sp. (Liliaceae), Amaranthus sp. (Amaranthaceae), Beta vulgaris var. saccharifera (Chenopodiaceae), Boehmeria nivea (Urticaceae), Brassica oleracea (Brassicaceae), Camellia sinensis (Theaceae), Citrus spp. (Rutaceae), Coffea sp. (Rubiaceae), Colo casia esculenta (Araceae), Crotalaria juncea and Sesbania grandiflora (Fabaceae), Corchorus olitorius (Tiliaceae), Coriandrum sativum (Apiaceae), Gossypium hirsutum (Malvaceae), Helianthus annuus (Asteraceae), Ipomoea batatas (Convolvulaceae), Linum usitatissimum (Linaceae), Malus pumila (Rosaceae), Manihot esculenta (Euphorbiaceae), Morus alba (Moraceae), Musa sp. (Musaceae), Oryza sativa (Poaceae), Papaver sp. (Papaveraceae), Paulownia tomentosa (Scrophulariaceae), Piper nigrum (Piperaceae), Solanum High (3)Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 52 **Spodoptera litura Risk**  **r ating**  **s** spp. (Solanaceae), Syzygium aromaticum (M yrtaceae), Tectona grandis (Verbenaceae), Theobroma cacao (Sterculiaceae), and Vitis vinifera (Vitaceae) ( CABI, 2006 ). **Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential** Fecundity is as high as 2600 eggs per female ( CABI, 2006 ). Depending on latitude, as many

as 12 generations per year may occur . On sunflower cultivars, fecundity was between 3163 and 4586 eggs and life cycle duration was abo ut 26 days ( Thomas and Bilapate, 2007 ). The eggs are laid in clusters of 200 to 300 on the underside of leaves and covered with brown scales from the body of the mother. The life cycle takes about 25 days ( Schreiner, 2000 ). The moths have a flight range of 1.5 km over four hours, facilitating dispersion and oviposition on different hosts. In international trade, eggs or larvae may be present on planting material, cut flowers, or vegetables ( CABI and EPPO, 1997b ). This pest thus exhibits extremely

high reproductive and dispersal potentials. High (3)

**Risk Element #4: Economic Impact** Most work on the economic impact of S. litura has been conducte d in India, where it is a serious pest of field crops. It causes 9 to 24 percent losses in tomatoes ( CAPS, 2007 ). On tobacco, two larvae per plant reduced yi eld b y about 24 percent, while eight larvae reduced yi elds b y about 50 percent ( CABI and EPPO, 1997b ). Although primarily a defoliator, larvae of S

. litura will bore into fruits of some crops, such as Ca

psicum spp. Insecticides are commonly used for control, increasing crop production costs, but in recent ye ars populations of S. litura have developed resistance to many commerciall y available pesticides ( CABI, 2006 ). The pest is an A1 quarantine pest for Europe ( CABI and EPPO, 1997b ). Thus, its establishment in the United States could result in the loss of foreign markets for various commodities. High (3)

**Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact** Introduction of S

. litura poses a potential threat to plants in the United States listed as Threatened or Endangered, such as Allium munzii , Amaranthus spp., Crotalaria avonensis , Helianthus spp., Lilium spp., Manihot walkerae , Sesbania tomentosa , and Sola num spp. (USFWS, 2010 ). However, its introduction is unlikely to trigger the initiation of control programs. That is because closely related species (e.g., S

. exigua [Hübner]) and other Noctuidae with similar niches are already widely distributed throughout the United States, and measures already in place for their control likely

would be equally

effective against S

. litura

. Medium (2 )

**Thrips palmi Risk**  **r ating**  **s Risk Element #1**  **: Climate** 
**- Host**  **I nteractions**  Thrips palmi is distributed in multiple countries in Asia , Africa, Oceania, and twenty

- s even countries in the Western Hemisphere, including the United States (Hawaii and Florida) and Ecuador ( CABI, 2010 ; Triviño et al

. , 1999 ). In Florida conditions are favorable to complete a generation in about 20 days at 30°C (86°F) ( Capinera, 2000 ). T

hrips palmi has low cold tolerance and a set of developmental Medium (2)Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 53 **Thrips palmi Risk**  **r ating**  **s** thresholds that are generally lower than average winter temperatures (McDonald et al

. , 2000 ). The pest is most likely to establish in U.S. Plant Hardiness Zone s 9

- 1 1 (Magarey

et al., 2008 ), where hosts are present (NRCS, 2008 ). **Risk Element #2: Host Range** Thrips palmi has a very wide range of host plants, including vegetables, flowers, and weeds , but mainl y attacks Cucurbitaceae ( Cucumis , Cucurbita ) and Solanaceae ( Capsicum , Nicotiana , Solanum ) plants. H ost plants include Anacardiaceae (

Mangifera indica ), Asteraceae ( Chrysanthemum , Helianthus , Lactuca ), Fabaceae ( Glycine , Phaseolus , Vigna ), Lauraceae ( Persea ), Liliacea ( Allium ), Malvaceae ( Gossypium ), Poaceae ( Oryza ), and Rutaceae ( Citrus ) ( CABI, 2007 ). High (3)

**Risk Element #3: Dispersal potential** T hrips palmi has a relatively high biotic potential . F emales can mature and deposit up to 204 eggs during their life, and generation times range from 1 2

- 20 days depending on temperature and host plant ( Capinera, 2000 ; CABI, 2006 ) , so several generations per year are possible. T hrips palmi can reproduce both sexually and by parthenogenesis. Unmated females produce onl y males. Mated females produce predominately females (Martin and Mau, 1992 ). The most important factors for the dispersal process are temperature, light, and wind

. M ost of the temperate species can take off when temperatures reach 17°C (62°F) to 21°C (69°F) ( Lewis, 1997 ). The rapid spread of T. palmi since the mid

- 1980s to many parts of the subtropics may have been through airborne dispersal, particularl y where violent storms occur, as in the Caribbean Sea ( Lewi s, 1997 ). Due to the difficulty in detection of adult larvae or eggs of T. palmi , commercial activity can distribute T. palmi over long distance s . High (3)

**Risk Element #4: Economic Impact** T hrips palmi is a pest of economic importance in many countries . It prefers cucurbits and s olanace ous plants ( CABI, 2006 ). Japan has established Economic Injury L evels (EIL) on pepper, expressed as the number of adults per leaf. EIL 1 indicated that economic injury thresholds were low in vinyl houses in Japan, assuming an acceptable yield loss of 5 percent of the maximum yield, with 0.08 and 4.4 adults per leaf for aubergine and cucumber, respectively, and 0.11 adults per flower for C. annuum ( CABI, 2006 ). T hrips palmi has caused 80 percent of yi eld loss in watermelon plantations in the Philippines. In Trinidad, crop losses on aubergine reach 50 percent, and 90 p ercent on cucumber ( CABI, 2006 ). In Florida, this pest has caused tremendous losses s ince 1990 in cucurbits, eggplants, peppers, and beans, and it makes the trading of Ficus and other ornamental plants to Europe difficult ( CABI, 2006 ). The species is a vector of Tomato spotted wilt tospovirus , Peanut bud necrosis, and Calla lily chlorotic spot virus ( CABI, 2006 ). It is listed as an A1 quarantine pest for Europe (EPPO, 2005 ) , so the United States could lose international markets if this pest established

. High (3)

**Risk Element #5: Environmental**  **Im pact**  Thrips palmi is already

present in Florida; as a result, further importation would not affect the environmental impact in that area. In areas of the United States where T

. palmi is not present, it could feed on the following endangered species: High (3)Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 54 **Thrips palmi Risk**  **r ating**  **s** Allium munzii (Munz's onion) in C alifornia, and Helianthus schweinitzii (Schweinitz's sunflower) in North and South Carolina. Thrips palmi also feeds on genera that contain the threatened species Helianthus paradoxus (Pecos sunflower) in New Mexico and Texas (USFWS, 2010 ). The spread of this species within the continental United States would stimulate the initiation of chemical or biological control programs, but not beyond those already are used for Frankliniella species.

**Tuta absoluta Risk**  **r ating**  **s Risk Element #1: Climate** 
**- Host Interaction**  T uta absoluta is widespread or present in countries such as Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela ( CABI, 2006 ; EPPO, 2007 )

. It has been reported recentl y in Ital y, France, Malta, United Kingdom, Greece, Switzerland, Portugal, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Lib ya , and Albania (AgriPest, 2010 )

. Indevelopment studies on tomato, T. absoluta had oviposition but no eclosion of eggs at 30°C (86oF) , while at 15°C (59oF) egg, larva, pupa and adult stages developed (Marcano, 1995 ). T uta absoluta was not able to complete stage development at temperatures below 7oC (44

. 6oF) for eggs, 7

. 6oC (45

. 7oF) for larva, and 9

. 1oC (48

. 3oF) for pupa (Barrientos et al

. , 1997 ). Given this information , this pest seems likely to establish in U.S. Plant Hardiness Zones 9

- 1 1 (Magarey et al., 2008 ) where hosts are present (NRCS, 2008 ). Medium (2)

**Risk Element #2: Host Range** Tuta absoluta is a pest of s olanaceous plants in South America. Hosts include Solanum lycopersicum L. , S

. nigrum , S

. tuberosum , Datura stramonium , and Nicotiana glauca ( CABI, 2007 ). T uta abso luta attacks multiple species within a single plant family

. Medium (2)

**Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential** The female of T

. absoluta can lay

250

- 300 eggs in her lifetime (AgriPest, 2010 )

. P eak oviposition occurs in the first and second day after adult mating, when around 92 percent of the total eggs are laid. One or two days after emergence, the female releases a potent sex pheromone that lure s males to exhibit mating behavior and copulate ( CABI, 2006 )

. Pupation lasts about 7 to 11 days for females and 11 to 13 days for males. Under laboratory conditions, the adults live for 30

- 40 days ( CABI, 2006 )

. Tuta absoluta can produce 10

- 12 generations a ye ar (AgriPest, 2010 ; EPPO, 2006 ). Since 2006 , T. absoluta has spread rapidly across Southern Europe and North Africa to engulf the whole of the Mediterranean countries (AgriPest, 2010 ). T uta absoluta can be carried b y consignments of plants for planting and fruits (EPPO, 2006 ). Because the larval and pupation stages are long (above) ( EPPO, 2006 ), long

- distance dispersal on fruit is likely

. High (3)

**Risk Element #4: Economic Impact** T uta absoluta can cause serious losses in locations where tomatoes are infested. It cause d losses of 50

- 100 percent in tomato plantations, mainly when it does not High (3)Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 55 **Tuta absoluta Risk**  **r ating**  **s** rain often. It is a pest on both processing and fresh market tomatoes. T uta absoluta attacks all phases of the crop from the seedling stage ( CABI, 2006 ). Both yield and fruit quality

can be s ignificantly

reduced by

the direct feeding of the pest and the secondary

pathogens , which may

then enter through the wounds made by the pest. Severel y attacked fruits lose their commercial value (EPPO, 2006 ). Due to its restricted distribution, T

. absoluta is an A1 pest that may cause losses of domestic and international markets for plants for planting and fruits originating from the United States if it were introduced (EPPO, 2006 )

. **Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact** The Endangered and Threatened plants list includes the species S olanum drymophilum , S

. incompletum , and S

. sandwicense , but they are present only in Puerto Rico and Hawaii (USFWS, 2010 ) . Chemical control is still the most common method to control pests in South American countries; the introduction of this pest in the United States , would stimulate the use of chemical control. The introduction of this pest in the continental United States could also stimulate the use of biological agents for control such as Dineulophus phthorimaeae , Trichogramma spp. and the fungi Beauveria spp. and Metarhiziu m spp. (Barrientos et al

. , 1997 ). Medium (2)

**Table 5.** Risk rating for Consequences of Introduction. **Pest Risk elements**  **Cumulative Risk Rating**  **a Climate** 
**- Host**  **Interaction Host** 

**Range Dispersal** 

**Potential Economic** 

**Impact Environmen** 
****

**tal Impact** Anastrepha fraterculus Med (2) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (14 ) Andean potato mottle virus Med (2) Med (2) Med (2) High (3) Med (2) Medium (11 ) Ceratitis capitata Med (2) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (1 4 ) Neoleucinodes elegantalis Med (2) Med (2) Med (2) High (3) Med (2) Medium (11) Puccinia pampeana Med (2) Med (2) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (1 3 ) Spodoptera litura High (3) High (3) High (3) High (3) Med (2) High (14 ) Thrips palmi Med (2) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (14) Tuta absoluta Med (2) Med (2) High (3) High (3) Med (2) Medium (12) 1 

### Low is 5

- 8 points; Medium is 9

- 12 points; High is 13

- 15 points

2. 5 .2. Likelihood of Introduction We based this section on 1) an estimate of the amount of commodity likely to be imported (sub

element #1), and 2) pest opportunity estimated using five biological features (sub

- elements #2

- 6). Details of the rating criteria are explained in the Guidelines for Pathway

-Initiated Pest Risk Assessments , Version 5.02 (PPQ, 2000 ) . These sub

- element ratings , along with the value s for the Likelihood of Introduction , are summarized below ( Table 6 )

.Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 56 **Quantity of commodity imported annually**

. The pepper production area in Ecuador has almost doubled from 1,298 ha in 1996 , to 2,186 ha in 2006 (PROFIAGRO, 2007 )

. However, the harvested area was 1,800 ha in 2008 ( CABI, 2010 ). Yield s have grown to about 30,101 kg/ha (66,361 pounds/ha.) , and the production area could expand further if the U.S. market opened (PROFIAGRO, 2007 )

. If the product is imported from Ecuador, considering the total volume exported by

this country in recent ye ars, less than ten 40

- foot containers a year would be imported into the continental United States. The risk rating for this element is **Low**

. **Survive post**
**- harvest treatment** 

. We assumed that no speciali zed phy tosanitary treatments would be used to mitigate pest risk on this commodity

. Mature larvae of N

. elegantalis create large exit holes and/or deform the fruit and are easily detected . Even minimal culling is likely to reduce their prevalence in the pathway, so we rated it **Medium**

. APMoV causes systemic infection (Ala

-Poikela et al., 2005 ; CABI, 2010 ; Valverde et al., 1995 ) and Puccinia pampean a produces sub

- epidermal fungal structures (Figueiredo et al., 1987 ; Figueiredo, 2000 ) that are likely to survive post

-harvest treatments. Therefore, the risk rating s for all pests except N

. elegantalis are **High** for this element. **Survive shipment .**  The preferred storage temperature range for peppers is from 7 to 10°C (45 to 50°F) and high relative humidity (90 to 95 percent) (Bo yette et al

. , 1990 ). Under these conditions, peppers may

be stored for as long as three weeks with little loss of quality

. Transportation of peppers, especiall y b y airplane or ship, will likely have no significant effect on pest survival

. Therefore, we rated all pests **High** for this risk element. **Not be detected at the port**
**- of** 
**- entry**  **.** M ature larvae of N

. elegantalis create large exit holes and/or deform the fruit and are easily detected

. Young larvae of T

. absoluta are borers (Rogg, 2000)

. Spodoptera litura and T. absoluta larvae create mines and galleries easily detected b y the naked eye (EPPO, 2006 ) . Fruits can be invaded b y secondary pathogens, leading to fruit rot (EPPO, 2006 )

. Thrips palmi can be detected b y trained inspectors despite their small size

. The risk rating for all of these species is **Medium**

. A. fraterculus and C

. capitata feed in the fruit and are difficult to detect , so we rated them **High**

. S igns of sporulation, leaf

, and stem lesions , and rotting fruit from Puccinia pampeana infections are easily identified at the port

- of

–entry, but latent infections and the presence of spores on fruit or packing materials are likely to go undetected (Agrios, 2004 ) . We gave this pest a rating of **Medium**

. On pepper, APMoV causes mottling but it can remain sy mptomless ( CABI, 2010 ; Pernezny et al., 2003 ). We gave this virus a **High** risk rating

. **Imported or moved subsequently to an area with an environment suitable for survival**  **.** Peppers have widespread acceptance among consumers in the United States, which means that markets exist in all parts of the country and infested or infected fruits are likely to arrive in areasPest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 57 that are suitable for pest survival where one or more of the pest’s potential hosts occur (Plant Hardiness Zones 9

- 11) (NRCS, 2008 )

. Zones 9

- 11 have almost 27 percent of the U.S. population (Magarey and Borchert, 2008 )

. The possibility of movement to locations suitable for survival of all pests is **High**

. **Come into contact with host material suitable for reproduction**

. The probability of Anastrepha fraterculus , Ceratitis capitata , Spodoptera litura , and Thrips palmi coming into contact with host material suitable for reproduction is **High** , because hosts occur across the United States. For Neoleucinodes elegantalis and Tuta absoluta , which attack onl y plants in the Solanaceae family, hosts are widespread available in suitable environmental conditions . We gave both a risk rating of **High**

. Puccinia pampeana occurs on species within the Solanaceae family ( Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; Tamayo and Jaramillo, 2006 )

. The disease can rapidly disseminate in field conditions infecting host plants and spread from plant to plant by windblown spores (Agrios, 2004 ). We gave this fungus a risk rating of **High**

. APMoV is not seed transmitted ; it is vectored by species of Diabrotica and mechanically transmitted (Pernezny

et al., 2003 ). The vector has to contact infected fruit to ac quire the virus and disperse s it to a host in the environment in the United States ( CABI, 2010 ; Pernezny et al., 2003 ). This virus has a limited host range, affecting mostly plants within the Solanaceae family

. Thus, we gave it a risk rating of **Low**

.
**Table 6.** Risk rating for Likelihood of Introduction. For all pests the rating for ‘Quantity imported annually ’ was Low. a **Pest Sub** 
**- element**  **Cumulative risk rating**  **b Survive**  **post -**  **harvest t**  **reatment Survive** 

**s hipment**  **Not detected**

**at p ort**  **s -**  **of**

  ** e** **ntry Moved to** 

**suitable h**  **abitat Contact** 

**with host m**  **aterial** Anastrepha fraterculus High (3) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (16 ) Andean potato mottle virus High (3) High (3) High (3) High (3) Low (1) Medium (14) Ceratitis capitata High (3) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (16 ) Neoleucinodes elegantalis Med (2) High (3) Med (2) High (3) High (3) Medium (1 4 ) Puccinia pampeana High (3) High (3) Med (2) High (3) High (3) High (15) Spodoptera litura High (3) High (3) Med (2) High (3) High (3) High (15 ) Thrips palmi High (3) High (3) Med (2) High (3) High (3) High (15 ) Tuta absoluta High (3) High (3) Med (2) High (3) High (3) High ( 15 )
a This rating adds 1 pt to each pest’s row total. b Low is 6

- 9 points; Medium is 10

- 14 points; High is 15

- 18 pointsPest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 58 **2.6 . Pest Risk Potential and Conclusion**  We summed the Consequences of Introduction and the Likelihood of Introduction values to produce the Pest Risk Potential (Table 7 ). Pest Risk Potential is a baseline estimate of the risks associated with importation of the commodity in the absence of mitigation measures. Following the assignment of the Pest Risk Potential, pests associated with the importation of peppers into the United States present either a High or Medium pest risk potential . Port

- of

- entry inspection is not considered sufficient to provide phy tosanitary security for pests with High pest risk potential; thus, specific phy tosanitary measures are strongl y recommended. For pests with Medium pest risk potential, specific phytosanitary measure may be necessary

. This document does not purport to establish specific work plans or to evaluate the reliability of a specific program or s ys tems approach. It provides information regarding known mitigation measures. The specification and implementation of measures, as would be present in an operational work plan, is beyond the scope of this document.

**Table 7.** Pest risk potential. **Pest Consequences of**  **Introduction Likelihood of** 

**Introduction Pest Risk** 

**Potential a**  

### Anastrepha fraterculus High (14 ) High ( 1 6 ) High ( 30 ) Andean potato mottle virus Medium (11 ) Medium (1 4 ) Medium (2 5 ) Ceratitis capitata High (1 4 ) High (1 6 ) High ( 30 ) Neoleucinodes elegantalis Medium (11 ) Medium (1 4 ) Medium (2 5 ) Puccinia pampeana High (13 ) High (15) High (28 ) Spodoptera litura High (14 ) High (15) High (29 ) Thrips palmi High (14) High (15) High (29 ) Tuta absoluta Medium (12) High (15) High (2 7 )
a 

### Low = 11

- 18 points, Medium = 19

- 26 p ts, and High = 27

- 33 pts

.


## 3 **. Literature Cited** 7 CFR § 319. 2011. U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 7, Part 319 (7 CFR §319.56

- Foreign Quarantine Notices). electronic code of Federal Regulations. Agribusiness. 1992. Manual Técnico de la Frambuesa. Corporación Andina de Fomento, Quito. Agrios, G. N. 2004. Plant Pathology . Fifth Edition. Department of Plant Pathology University

of Florida, Elsevier Academic Press, San Diego. 922 pp. AgriPest. 2010. Tuta absoluta In formation Network. http://www.tutaabsoluta.com/insectprofile.php?lang=en . (Archived at PERAL). Ala

- Poikela, M., E. Svensson, A. Rojas, T. Horko, L . Paulin, J. P. T. Valkonen, and A. Kvarnheden. 2005. Genetic diversity and mixed infections of begomoviruses infecting tomato, pepper and cucurbit crops in Nicaragua. Plant Pathology 54:448

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- Rosita. PROMSA (Programa de Modernización de servicios agropecuarios).Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 74 Universidad Central del Ecuador

- Expoflores. 1999. Manual Técnico de Fito sanidad en Floricultura Instituto de Postgrado, Facultad de Ciencias Agricolas, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Asociacion Nacional de Productores y/o Exportadores de Flores del Ecuador (EXPOFLORES), Quito. Universidad Central del Ecuador. 2004. Produccion orgánica de Pimiento ( Capsicum annuum L.). MAG (Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganaderia), PROMSA (Programa de Modernización de los Servicios Agropecuarios), Universidad Central del Ecuador. University

of California. 2000. Crop Profile for Bell Peppers in California. NSF Center for Integrated Pest Managment. http://www.ipmcenters.org . (Archived at PERAL). University

of California, D. 2007. Vegetable Research and Information Center, Pepper ( Capsicum annuum ). Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California., California. Last accessed October 23, 2007, http://vric.ucdavis.edu

. University

of Hawaii. 2006. Insects and Other pests. University of Hawaii

- Mánoa , Extension Entomology

& UH

- CTAHR Integrated Pest Management Program. http://www.extento.hawaii.edu . (Archived at PERAL). USDA. 1970. Index of Plant Diseases in The United States (Plant Pests of importance to North American Agriculture). United States Department of Agriculture; Crops Research Division, Agricultural Research Serice, Washington D.C. USFWS. 2010. Threatened and endangered species system (TESS). United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). http://ecos.fws.gov/tess_public/pub/listedPlants.jsp

. (Archived at PERAL). Valarezo, C. O. 2002. Estudio sobre la distribución geográfica e identificación de hospederos "Mosca del Mediterrane o" Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann (DIPTERA: Tephritidae) en Manabí., Universidad Técnica de Manabi, Portoviejo. Valarezo, O. 2007. Anastrepha fraterculus

. in . Instituto Nacional Autonomo de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIAP). Departamento Nacional de Protección Vegetal. Estacion Experimental Portoviejo. Valarezo, O., E. Cafiarte, B. Navarrete, and M. Arias. 2003. Situación Actual de Prodiplosis longifila en el Ecuador. Prodiplosis longifila (Diptera: Cecidomyi idae) Principal plaga del tomate en el Ecuador IN IAP Instituto Nacional Autonomo de Investigaciones Agropecuarias. Estacion Experimental Portoviejo, Quito Valverde, R. A., L. L. Black, and D. J. Dufresne. 1995. A comovirus affecting tabasco pepper in central America. Plant Disease 79(4):421

- 423. Valv erde, R. A., and J. P. Fulton. 1996. Comoviruses: Identification and diseases caused. in B. D. Harrison and A. F. Murant, (eds.). The Plant Viruses, Volume 5: Poly hedral Virions and Bipartite RNA Genomes. Plenum Press, New York. Vaughan, M. A. 1982. Correc ción y actualización del Inventario de Plagas y Enfermedades que Afectan a los Vegetales en el Ecuador. Oficina Regional de la FAO para America Latina (Programa de Atención de alimentos Básicos), Junta del Acuerdo de Cartagena, Santiago. 110 pp. Vázquez, L ., E. Fernández, J. Lauzardo, T. García, J. Alfonso, and R. Ramírez. 2005. Manejo Agroecológico de Plagas en Fincas de Agricultura Urbana (MAPFAU). Instituto de Investigaciones de Sanidad Vegetal, Ministerio de la Agricultura, Habana. 62 pp. Vizuete, B., and J. Ochoa. 2003. Caracterización Biológica y Serológica de Virus en Tomate de Árbol (Solanum betaceum Cav.) en el Ecuador. Gutuglahua, Pichincha. RUMIPAMBAPest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 75 Revista de Difusión Científica de la Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas de la Universidad Central del Ecuador XVII(1):46

- 47. Vo, T. T., and C. E. Miller. 1993. An Economic Impact Assessment of the Mediterranean Fruit Fly Cooperative Eradication Program United States Department of Agriculture (Policy and Program Development Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service). Wall, M. M., and C. L . Biles. 1993. Alternaria Fruit Rot of Ripening Chile Peppers. Phy topathology

(American Phy

topathological Society) 83(3):324

- 328. Walsh, B. M., and S. B. Hoot. 2001. Phylogenetic relationships of Capsicum (Solanaceae) us ing DNA sequences from two noncoding regions: The chloroplast atpB

- rbcL spacer region and nuclear waxy introns. International Journal of Plant Sciences 162(6):1409

- 1418. Watson, G. W. 2005. Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis . National History Museum. http://ip30.eti.uva.nl/bis/ . (Archived at PERAL). Weber, E. 2003. Invasive Plant Species of the World: A Reference Guide to Environmental Weeds. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK. 548 pp. Weems, H. V. 1981. Feature d Creatures: Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry

. Welcing, M. 2000. Crop Profile for Peppers (Chile) in New Mexico. USDA, the NSF Center for Integrated Pest Managment. http://www.ipmcenters.org/ (Archived at PERAL). Wellman, F. L . 1977. Dictionary of Tropical American Crops and Their Deseases. Frederick L. Wellman, United States of America. White, J. M., and M. M. Elson

- Harris. 1992. Fr uit Flyes of Economic Significance: Their Id entification and Bionomics. CAB international (International Institute of Entomology), ACIAR (The Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research), Wallingford. WSSA. 2007. Composite List of weeds. Weed Science Society of America. Last accessed February 12, 2008, http://www.wssa.net/

. Young, A. M. 1974. Notes on the Biology of Pteronymia notilla (Ithomiidae) in a Costa Rican Mountain Forest Journal of the Lepidoptera ́s Society 28(3). Yust, H. R., and P. Cevallos. 1955. Lista Preliminar de Plagas de la Agricultura del Ecuador. Servicio Cooperativo Interamericano de Agricultura. 425

- 442 pp. Zambrano, J. A. 1984. Resumen Analítico de las Investigaciones Sobre Entomología Realizadas como Tesis de ingeniero Agrónomo en La Facultad de Ingenieria Agronómica de la Universidad Técnica de Manabí, 1964

- 1983 Universidad Técnica de Manabi, Portoviejo, Ecuador. Zitter, T. A. 1989. Vegetable Crops. Phy tophthora Blight of Cucurbits, Pepper, Tomato, and Eggplant. Cornell University (Plant Pathology

Department). http://vegetablemdonline.ppath.cornell.edu/ . (Archived at PERAL). Zitter, T. A ., and D. Florini. 1984. Vegetable Crops. Virus Diseases of Pepper. Cornell University

(Plant Pathology

Department). http://vegetablemdonline.ppath.cornell.edu/

. (Archived at PERAL). 

## 4 **. Author**  **, Contributors ,**  **and Reviewers**
**Author** G.A. Zambrano, Agronomist, Risk Analyst, USDA

- APHIS

- CPHST ColombiaPest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 76 **Contributors** N. Arciniegas, Risk Analyst, USDA

- APHI S

- CPHST Colombia L.E. Forero, Risk Anal ys t, USDA

- APHI S

- CPHST Colombia **Reviewers** A. Neeley, Entomologist, USDA

- APHIS

- CPHST

- PERAL K. Schwartzburg, Plant Pathologist, USDA

- APHIS

- CPHST

- PERALPest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 77 

## 5 **. Appendi x**  **Appendix A**  **. Pest Interceptions on**  **Capsicum spp. entering the U**  **nited States .**  Data is from 1984 to 2010 (PestID, 2010 ) **Pest Intercepted Country**  **Interception s (no.)**  Abgrallaspis aguacatae Mexico 2 Abgrallaspis flabellata Ghana 1 Acalymma sp. Mexico 1 Acalymma vittatum Canada 1 Acanthocephala confraterna Mexico 1 Acanthocephala declivis Mexico 1 Acanthococcus sp. St. Kitts and Nevis 1 Acanthoderes sp. Mexico 1 Acanthoscelides obtectus Haiti, India, Mexico 4 Acari spp. Canada, Mexico, Netherlands 3 Acaridae spp. Mexico, Netherlands 8 Aceratagallia sp. Mexico 1 Acheta domesticus Mexico 2 Achryson sp. Mexico 1 Acleris sp. Netherlands 1 Acremonium sp. Spain 1 Acrididae spp. Mexico 1 Acroleucus sp. Trinidad and Tobago 5 Acrolophus sp. Dominican Republic 2 Acyrthosiphon solani Netherlands 1 Acyrthosiphon sp. Netherlands 1 Adoretus sinicus Hawaii 1 Aecidium sp. Mexico 1 Aeolothripidae spp. India 1 Aeolothrips fasciatus Canada 1 Aeolus nigromaculatus Dominican Republic 1 Aeolus sp. Dominican Republic, Mexico, Netherlands, Trinidad and Tobago 20 Aetalion sp. Mexico 1 Agriolimax reticulatus Peru 1 Agroiconota propinqua Dominican Republic 1 Agromyzidae spp. Albania, Bahamas, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cote D`Ivoire, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Europe Country Unkown, France, Germany, Ghana, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Hawaii, Honduras, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Mexico, Morocco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Panama, Peru, Puerto Rico, Romania, South Africa, Spain, St. Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, Unknown, Venezuela 4857Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 78 **Pest Intercepted Country**  **Interception s (no.)**  Agrotis malefida Jamaica 1 Agrotis sp. South Korea 3 Ahasverus advena Guinea, Liberia, Mexico 3 Ahasverus sp. Netherlands 1 Aleurocanthus woglumi Antigua and Barbuda, Dominican Republic, Mexico 3 Aleurodicus dispersus Hawaii, Philippines, Puerto Rico 98 Aleuroplatus sp. Mexico 1 Aleurotrachelus atratus Puerto Rico 1 Aleurotrachelus trachoides Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Mexico, Puerto Rico 18 Aleyrodidae spp. Canada, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Hawaii, Mexico, Netherlands, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Spain, US Virgin Islands 40
Aleyrodinae spp. Canada, Mexico, Spain 3 Algarobius johnsoni Mexico 1 Alitocoris parvus Mexico 1 Alitocoris sp. Mexico, Trinidad and Tobago 2 Alleculinae spp. Mexico 1 Allonemobius sp. Mexico 3 Allopeas gracile Viet Nam 1 Alphitobius diaperinus Mexico 10 Alphitobius laevigatus Mexico 1 Alphitobius sp. Dominican Republic 1 Alternaria alternata Belgium, Netherlands 2 Alternaria sp. Albania, Chile, China, Dominican Republic, Egypt, Mexico, Netherlands, Panama, Peru, Puerto Rico, St. Kitts and Nevis, Tunisia 29

Alternaria tenuissima Dominican Republic 1 Altica sp. Guatemala, Mexico 6 Amblyomma cajennense Jamaica 2 Amblyomma sp. Mexico 1 Amblyseius sp. Netherlands 4 Amnestus sp. Mexico 2 Amorbia sp. Cote D`Ivoire, Cuba, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Mexico, Trinidad and Tobago 31 Amphelasma sp. Mexico 1 Amphicerus cornutus Mexico 5 Am phipyrinae spp. Israel 1 Anaedus sp. Mexico 2 Anarsia sp. Mexico, Nigeria 5 Anasa sp. Mexico 1 Anastrepha ludens Mexico 4 Anastrepha serpentina Mexico 1Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 79 **Pest Intercepted Country**  **Interception s (no.)**  Anastrepha sp. Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Guyana, Jamaica, Mexico, Nigeria, Peru, Puerto Rico, Unknown, Venezuela 59
Anastrepha suspensa Ghana 1 Anaxipha sp. Dominican Republic, Mexico 3 Anchonidium sp. Netherlands 1 Ancylostomia stercorea Jamaica 1 Anelaphus sp. Mexico 1 Anobiidae spp. Bolivia, Cameroon, China, Dominican Republic, Germany, Guam, India, Mexico, Morocco, Netherlands, Panama, Unknown, Uruguay 23

Anoecia sp. Mexico 1 Anomala foraminosa Mexico 1 Anomala sp. Dominican Republic, Mexico, Peru 30 Anthicidae spp. Canada, Mexico, Netherlands 7 Anthocoridae spp. Belgium, Canada, Dominican Republic, Guyana, Iran, Israel, Mexico, Netherlands, Peru, South Africa, Spain, Suriname, Unknown 233
Anthomyiidae spp. Costa Rica, Ghana, India, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Thailand, Unknown 19
Anthonomus eugenii Canada, China, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Guyana, Hawaii, Honduras, India, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Panama, Puerto Rico, Unknown 461

Anthonomus sp. Belize, Costa Rica, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Hawaii, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Peru, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Spain, St. Kitts and Nevis, Trinidad and Tobago, Unknown, Venezuela 20 94

Anthrenus verbasci Mexico 1 Anthribidae spp. Australia 1 Antianthe expansa Mexico 1 Antillocoris sp. Netherlands 1 Apamea monoglypha Netherlands 1 Aphelinidae spp. Netherlands 1 Aphididae spp. Angola, Bahamas, Belgium, Canada, Chile, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, France, Germany, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iran, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Malawi, Mexico, Netherlands, Nigeria, Panama, Peru, Philippines, Puerto Rico, South Korea, Spain, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, Unknown, West Indies Country Unknown 388Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 80 **Pest Intercepted Country**  **Interception s (no.)**  Aphidiidae spp. Mexico 2 Aphidiinae spp. Netherlands 1 Aphidius sp. Canada, Israel, Jamaica 3 Aphidoletes aphidimyza Netherlands 2 Aphis craccivora Mexico 1 Aphis fabae Netherlands 1 Aphis gossypii Canada, Dominican Republic, Israel, Mexico, Netherlands, Trinidad and Tobago 12 Aphis sp. Netherlands 1 Aphodiinae spp. Dominican Republic, Mexico 5 Aphodius sp. Mexico 1 Apinocis deplanatus Mexico 1 Apion sp. Mexico, Netherlands 4 Apis mellifera Mexico 14 Apocrita spp. Mexico, Netherlands 2 Aptopus sp. Mexico 1 Araecerus fasciculatus Mexico 1 Araneae spp. Brazil, Canada, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands 19 Araneidae spp. Dominican Republic, Netherlands 2 Archimerus sp. Mexico 1 Archipini spp. Belgium, Canada, Netherlands, Nigeria, Spain 47 Arctiidae spp. Ghana, Mexico, Puerto Rico 8 Argas sanchezi Mexico 1 Argyrotaenia sp. Mexico 1 Arhyssus sp. Mexico 2 Armalia sp. Mexico 2 Armalia variabilis Mexico 1 Arphnus melanostylus Africa Country Unknown 1 Artipus sp. Jamaica 4 Arvelius albopunctatus Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Puerto Rico 3 Arvelius sp. Jamaica 3 Ascalapha odorata Mexico 1 Ascia monuste St. Lucia 1 Ascidae spp. Dominican Republic, Mexico 2 Ascochyta sp. Mexico 1 Asphodelus fistulosus India 3 Asphondylia sp. El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala 5 Aspidiotus nerii Mexico 2 Asterolecanium sp. US Virgin Islands 1 Astigmata spp. Canada, Israel 2 Ataenius sp. Mexico 2 Atherigona orientalis Dominican Republic, India, Trinidad and Tobago 5Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 81 **Pest Intercepted Country**  **Interception s (no.)**  Atherigona sp. Cameroon, Cape Verde, Cote D`Ivoire, Guatemala, Mexico, Netherlands, South Korea, St. Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago 18
Athysanini spp. Mexico 1 Auchenorrhyncha spp. Dominican Republic, Guyana, Netherlands, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago 6 Aulacorthum solani Canada, Israel, Mexico, Netherlands, St. Lucia 28 Aulacorthum sp. Netherlands 1 Autographa californica Canada 1 Autographa gamma Netherlands 8 Autographa sp. Hungary, Netherlands 6 Automeris io Mexico 1 Bactericera cockerelli El Salvador, Mexico 86 Bactericera sp. Mexico 3 Bactrocera cucurbitae Hawaii 4 Bactrocera dorsalis Hawaii, Thailand 8 Bactrocera latifrons Hawaii 28 Bactrocera oleae Indonesia 1 Bactrocera sp. Asia Country Unknown, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, Fiji, Ghana, Guatemala, Hawaii, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Nepal, Nigeria, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Tonga, United Kingdom of Great Britain and N. Ireland, Unknown, Viet Nam 233

Balanogastris sp. Nigeria 1 Balclutha sp. Dominican Republic 1 Baridinae spp. Trinidad and Tobago 6 Batocera sp. Philippines 1 Bdellidae spp. Netherlands 6 Bemisia tabaci Mexico, Netherlands 6 Berecynthus hastator Mexico 1 Betula sp. Canada, Netherlands 6 Bidens sp. Mexico 2 Bignoniaceae spp. Belgium 1 Blapstinus sp. Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Trinidad and Tobago 103
Blastobasidae spp. Dominican Republic 2 Blattidae spp. Mexico, Spain 2 Blattodea spp. Cuba, Mexico, Trinidad and Tobago 3 Blissus sp. Mexico 2 Boerhavia erecta Jamaica 1 Boisea trivittata Canada 1 Bostrichidae spp. Mexico 4Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 82 **Pest Intercepted Country**  **Interception s (no.)**  Bothrotes sp. Mexico 4 Bothynus sp. Mexico 2 Botrytis cinerea Belgium, Spain 2 Brachymyrmex sp. Dominican Republic 1 Brachypnoea sp. Mexico 3 Bracon sp. Guatemala 1 Braconidae spp. Canada, Guatemala, India, Israel, Mexico, Netherlands, Nigeria, Peru 19 Bradybaena similaris Dominican Republic 2 Bradybaenidae spp. Mexico 1 Brevipalpus sp. Philippines, Unknown 2 Brochymena quadripustulata Mexico 1 Brochymena sp. Mexico 1 Brochymena sulcata Mexico 1 Bruchidae spp. India, Jamaica 2 Bryocorinae spp. Netherlands 1 Bulimulus sp. Belize 2 Buprestidae spp. Mexico 2 Cacoecimorpha pronubana Belgium, Israel, Italy, Netherlands, Spain 102 Cadra calidella Israel 1 Cadra cautella Bangladesh, Bolivia, Brazil, China, Guatemala, Hong Kong, Italy, Mexico, Peru, South Africa, Thailand, Unknown, Zimbabwe 19
Cadra figulilella Ghana, Mexico 2 Cadra sp. Brazil, India, Italy, Mexico 4 Calcisuccinea aff. luteola Mexico 17 Calcisuccinea dominicensis Dominican Republic 5 Calcisuccinea luteola Mexico 2 Calcisuccinea sp. Mexico 2 Caliothrips fasciatus Mexico 1 Caliothrips phaseoli Mexico 1 Caliothrips sp. Mexico 1 Calligrapha sp. Mexico 1 Calliphoridae spp. El Salvador, Ghana, Indonesia, Mexico, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Syrian Arab Republic, Unknown 14

Callosobruchus maculatus Ghana, Mexico, Nigeria 3 Calyptocephala gerstaeckeri Brazil 1 Calyptocephala sp. Nigeria 1 Camponotus sp. Mexico 1 Camponotus vagus Netherlands 1 Campylomma sp. India, Israel 2 Cantharidae spp. Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico 2 Carabidae spp. Belgium, Canada, Dominican Republic, Mexico, 39Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 83 **Pest Intercepted Country**  **Interception s (no.)**  Netherlands Carcinophoridae spp. Netherlands 1 Carpomya sp. Mexico 1 Carpophilus sp. Dominica, Mexico 4 Cartodere constricta Canada 1 Cassidinae spp. Mexico 2 Catocalinae spp. Dominican Republic 1 Catorhintha sp. Mexico 1 Caulophilus oryzae Dominican Republic 1 Cecidomyiidae spp. Canada, Cote D`Ivoire, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, India, Jamaica, Liberia, Mexico, Netherlands, Nigeria, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago 81

Cepaea sp. Spain 1 Cerambycidae spp. Mexico 2 Ceratitini spp. Africa Country Unknown, Angola, Cameroon, Congo Democratic Republic of, Cote D`Ivoire, Egypt, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Israel, Jamaica, Kenya, Liberia, Morocco, Niger, Nigeria, Papua New Guinea, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo, Uganda, United Kingdom of Great Britain and N. Ireland, Unknown, Zambia 769

Ceratitis capitata Afghanistan, Africa Country Unknown, Azores, Belgium, Cameroon, Cote D`Ivoire, Egypt, El Salvador, Europe Country Unkown, France, Gambia, Ghana, Guyana, Iran, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Jordan, Lebanon, Liberia, Mexico, Middle East Co. Unknown, Nigeria, Peru, Portugal, Qatar, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Spain, Togo, Tunisia, Unknown 139

Ceratitis sp. Africa Country Unknown, Benin, Cameroon, Congo, Congo Democratic Republic of, Cote D`Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo, Uganda 77

Ceratocapsus sp. Mexico 2 Ceratopogonidae spp. Canada, Netherlands 2 Ceratothripoides brunneus Nigeria 1 Cercopidae spp. Netherlands 3 Cercospora apii Dominican Republic 1 Cercospora capsici Dominican Republic, Italy 7 Cercospora physalidis Mexico 1 Cercospora sp. Dominican Republic, Mexico, Peru, Puerto Rico 7 Ceroplastes sp. Mexico 1 Cerotoma sp. Haiti, Mexico 2 Chaetanaphothrips leeuweni Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the 41Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 84 **Pest Intercepted Country**  **Interception s (no.)**  Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, US Virgin Islands Chaetanaphothrips orchidii Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago 3 Chaetanaphothrips sp. Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Netherlands, Puerto Rico, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago 53

Chaetocnema sp. Mexico 8 Chaetopsis sp. Canada 1 Chaitophorus sp. Netherlands 1 Chalcididae spp. China, Malaysia 2 Chalcidoidea spp. Canada, Netherlands, Nicaragua 6 Chalcodermus angulicollis Dominican Republic 1 Chalcodermus sp. Dominican Republic, Jamaica 4 Charidotella emarginata Mexico 1 Charidotella sp. Mexico 3 Charidotis sp. Unknown 1 Cheyletidae spp. Ghana, St. Vincent and the Grenadines 2 Chironomidae spp. Canada, Mexico, Netherlands, Peru, Spain, Syrian Arab Republic 15 Chloris sp. China 1 Chlorochroa ligata Mexico 4 Chlorochroa sp. Mexico 1 Chloropidae spp. Brazil, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, Unknown 16 Chlorops sp. Netherlands 1 Choristoneura sp. Netherlands 2 Chrysauginae spp. Mexico 1 Chrysobothris debilis Mexico 1 Chrysobothris sp. Mexico 1 Chrysodeixis chalcites Netherlands 18 Chrysodeixis sp. Netherlands 8 Chrysomela sp. Mexico 1 Chrysomelidae spp. Honduras, Mexico, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Peru, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago, Unknown, US Virgin Islands 17
Chrysopidae spp. Dominican Republic, Mexico, Netherlands 10 Cicadellidae spp. Belgium, Bolivia, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Haiti, Hawaii, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, Trinidad and Tobago 73

Cixiidae spp. Dominican Republic 1 Cladosporium clad

osporioides Dominican Republic, Netherlands 2 Cladosporium herbarum Canada, Indonesia, Italy, Mexico 5 Cladosporium oxysporum China, Peru 2 Cladosporium sp. Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Germany, Guatemala, India, Israel, 92Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 85 **Pest Intercepted Country**  **Interception s (no.)**  Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, Peru, Puerto Rico, South Korea, Spain, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, United Kingdom of Great Britain and N. Ireland, Unknown, Venezuela, Viet Nam Cladosporium sphaerospermum Netherlands 2 Clastoptera sp. Mexico 1 Clematis sp. Mexico 1 Cleogonus armatus Honduras 1 Clepsis sp. Netherlands 36 Clepsis spectrana Netherlands 21 Cleridae spp. Mexico, Nigeria, Viet Nam 3 Cletus bipunctatus Bangladesh 1 Clinodiplosis sp. China, Guatemala, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands 11 Cnephasia sp. Netherlands 1 Coccidae spp. Chile, Dominican Republic, Ghana, Guam, Guatemala, Guyana, Jamaica, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, Philippines, Puerto Rico, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines 28

Coccinellidae spp. Antigua and Barbuda, Canada, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Honduras, Italy, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, St. Lucia, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago 75

Coccinellinae spp. Bulgaria, Mexico 2 Coccinellini spp. Dominican Republic 3 Coccoidea spp. Dominican Republic 1 Coccus hesperidum St. Lucia 1 Coccus sp. Hawaii, Jamaica, Mexico, St. Lucia 4 Coccus viridis Grenada, Puerto Rico 3 Cochlicella acuta Spain 1 Cochylini spp. Mexico 1 Cochylis sp. India 1 Coelomycetes spp. Curacao 1 Colaspis sp. Dominican Republic, Honduras, Mexico 7 Coleomegilla maculata Canada 1 Coleomegilla sp. Canada 1 Coleoptera spp. Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Hawaii, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands 33 Collembola spp. Belgium, Belize, Brazil, Canada, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ghana, Indonesia, Israel, Italy, Mexico, Netherlands, Nicaragua, North Korea, South Africa, Spain, Trinidad and Tobago, Unknown 70

Colletotrichum capsici Antigua and Barbuda, Dominican Republic, Mexi co, Puerto Rico, Thailand, Trinidad and 14Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 86 **Pest Intercepted Country**  **Interception s (no.)**  Tobago, Venezuela Colletotrichum coccodes Panama, Thailand 2 Colletotrichum crassipes Dominican Republic 4 Colletotrichum dematium Dominican Republic, Peru, St. Lucia 5 Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Anguila, China, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Guyana, Hong Kong, India, Jamaica, Malaysia, Mexico, Netherlands, Peru, Puerto Rico, St. Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago, Viet Nam 47

Colletotrichum sp. Bolivia, Brazil, Dominican Republic, India, Jamaica, Malaysia, Mexico, Peru, Puerto Rico, Taiwan, Tajikistan, Thailand, Unknown 22

Colletotrichum truncatum Mexico 1 Collops sp. Mexico 2 Condylostylus sp. Netherlands 1 Conocephalus sp. Guyana, Honduras, Puerto Rico 3 Conoderus rodriguezi Honduras 1 Conoderus sp. Dominican Republic, Mexico, St. Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago 16 Conotrachelus seniculus Mexico 2 Conotrachelus sp. Mexico, Trinidad and Tobago 10 Contarinia lycopersici Jamaica 19 Contarinia sp. Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Philippines, Puerto Rico, South Korea, St. Kitts and Nevis, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela 499

Conyza sp. Netherlands 3 Copitarsia decolora Mexico 1 Copitarsia sp. Brazil, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, St. Lucia, Venezuela 63

Coreidae spp. Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Mexico, South Korea, Trinidad and Tobago 7 Cornu aspersum Mexico 1 Corticariidae spp. Belgium, Canada, China, Mexico, Netherlands 17 Corylophidae spp. Belgium, Canada, Guyana, Netherlands, Nigeria, Trinidad and Tobago, Unknown 125 Corynespora cassiicola Dominican Republic 1 Corythaica carinata Brazil 1 Corythaica cyathicollis St. Lucia 1 Corythucha gossypii Mexico 1 Cosmopterigidae spp. Brazil, Dominican Republic 2 Cossoninae spp. Colombia 1 Crambidae spp. Bahamas, Belgium, Brazil, Colombia, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, Nigeria, Peru, Puerto Rico, St. 41Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 87 **Pest Intercepted Country**  **Interception s (no.)**  Lucia, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela, Viet Nam Crambinae spp. Grenada 1 Crambus sp. Ghana 1 Crematogaster sp. Mexico, Puerto Rico 2 Creontiades rubrinervis Mexico 1 Creontiades sp. Mexico 1 Cryptoblabes gnidiella Israel 1 Cryptoblabes sp. Nigeria 1 Cryptocephalinae spp. Guinea 1 Cryptocephalus sp. Mexico 1 Cryptolestes sp. India 1 Cryptophagidae spp. Canada, Mexico, Netherlands 9 Cryptophlebia leucotreta Africa Country Unknown, Benin, Cameroon, Cote D`Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Madagascar, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Tonga, Unknown 97

Cryptophlebia sp. Africa Country Unknown, Angola, Benin, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Congo, Congo Democratic Republic of, Cote D`Ivoire, Egypt, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, India, Italy, Jamaica, Kenya, Liberia, Netherlands, Nigeria, Philippines, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, United Kingdom of Great Britain and N. Ireland, Unknown, Zambia, Zi mbabwe 812

Cryptorhynchini spp. Mexico 1 Cryptostigmata spp. Canada, Netherlands, Philippines 4 Cryptotermes brevis Puerto Rico 1 Cryptothelea sp. Nigeria 1 Ctenarytaina spatulata Netherlands 1 Cucujidae spp. Belize, Dominican Republic, India, Mexico, Papua New Guinea, Philippines 9 Cucujoidea spp. Netherlands 1 Culicidae spp. Netherlands 1 Cunaxidae spp. Dominican Republic, Netherlands 3 Curculio sp. Greece, Netherlands 2 Curculionidae spp. Algeria, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Hawaii, Honduras, India, Jamaica, Mexico, Nigeria, Peru, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago, Unknown, Venezuela, Viet Nam 192

Curculioninae spp. Jamaica 1 Curvularia intermedia Mexico 1Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 88 **Pest Intercepted Country**  **Interception s (no.)**  Curvularia lunata Dominican Republic 1 Cyclanthera pedata Peru 1 Cyclocephala sp. Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Mexico 21 Cyclorrhapha spp. Belize, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Ghana, Guatemala, Guyana, Jamaica, Mexico, Nigeria, Peru, South Korea, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago 44

Cydia sp. Ghana, Hawaii, Mexico, Netherlands 4 Cydnidae spp. Mexico 7 Dacinae spp. Africa Country Unknown, Bahrain, Benin, Cameroon, Cote D`Ivoire, Ghana, Malawi, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Uganda, Unknown 28

Dacus dorsalis Thailand, Viet Nam 3 Dacus sp. Ghana, Hawaii, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Nigeria, Philippines, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand 85

Dalbulus elimatus Mexico 1 Dallasiellus bacchinus Dominican Republic, Mexico 2 Dallasiellus lugubris Mexico 2 Dasineura sp. Guatemala, Malaysia, Netherlands 3 Daucus carota Dominica 1 Delia sp. Venezuela 1 Deloyala guttata Mexico, US Virgin Islands 3 Deloyala sp. Jamaica, Mexico 6 Delphacidae spp. Dominican Republic, Mexico, Netherlands, Thailand 7 Delphacodes sp. Netherlands 1 Dendrocoris sp. Mexico 1 Dermaptera spp. Dominican Republic, Mexico, Nigeria 6 Dermestes sp. Ghana, Mexico 2 Deroceras laeve Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands 4 Diabrotica balteata Mexico 1 Diabrotica sp. Mexico, Netherlands 5 Diabrotica undecimpunctata Canada, Mexico 10 Diabrotica variegata Mexico 1 Diaphania nitidalis Dominican Republic, Suriname 5 Diaphania sp. Dominican Republic, Mexico, Netherlands 4 Diaprepes sp. Dominica 1 Diaspididae spp. China, Guatemala, Jamaica, Mexico, Micronesia, Nigeria, Puerto Rico, Unknown 15 Diaspidiotus perniciosus Mexico 1 Diaspidiotus sp. Mexico 1 Diatraea sp. Brazil, Mexico, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines 4 Dicyphinae spp. Spain 1Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 89 **Pest Intercepted Country**  **Interception s (no.)**  Didymella lycopersici Jamaica 1 Dieuches armatipes Jamaica 1 Dieuches sp. Netherlands 1 Digeria sp. Mexico 1 Diplotaxis sp. Mexico, Trinidad and Tobago 17 Dipropus sp. Mexico 2 Diptera spp. Angola, Bolivia, Brazil, Cameroon, Costa Rica, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Ghana, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Hawaii, Honduras, India, Israel, Jamaica, Kenya, Liberia, Mexico, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Northern Mariana Islands, Peru, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Sierra Leone, St. Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago, Unknown, Venezuela, Zambia 139

Disonycha sp. Dominican Republic, Mexico 11 Dolichoderinae spp. India, St. Kitts and Nevis 2 Dolichopodidae spp. Belgium, Canada, Jamaica 3 Drosophila sp. Canada, Costa Rica, Dominica, Mexico, Netherlands, Unknown 21 Drosophilidae spp. Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, Colombia, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Guyana, Israel, Jamaica, Malaysia, Mexico, Netherlands, Nigeria, Peru, Philippines, South Africa, Spain, St. Lucia, Suriname, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, United Arab Emirates, Venezuela 97

Drym aeus sulphureus Belize 1 Duponchelia fovealis Belgium, France, Macedonia, Netherlands, Netherlands Antilles, Spain 261 Dynastinae spp. Mexico 1 Dyscinetus picipes Mexico 1 Dyscinetus sp. Dominican Republic, Mexico 4 Dysdercus andreae Dominican Republic 1 Dysdercus mimulus Mexico 1 Dysdercus mimus Mexico 1 Dysdercus obliquus Mexico 1 Dysdercus obscuratus Belize 1 Dysmicoccus brevipes China, Mexico 2 Dysmicoccus grassii Grenada 1 Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico 3 Dysmicoccus sp. Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands 6 Dytiscidae spp. Dominican Republic 2 Ecdytolopha sp. Bolivia, El Salvador, Ghana, Guatemala, Jamaica, Mexico, Unknown 8 Echinochloa crusgalli Canada 1Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 90 **Pest Intercepted Country**  **Interception s (no.)**  Echinochloa sp. Unknown 1 Echinothrips americanus Netherlands 16 Ectomyelois ceratoniae Dominican Republic, Ghana, Mexico 6 Edessa sp. Mexico 1 Elachiptera sp. Mexico 1 Elaphria nucicolora Dominican Republic, Guatemala 2 Elaphria sp. Dominican Republic 1 Elateridae spp. Brazil, Dominican Republic, Mexico 4 Eleodes sp. Mexico 3 Eleusine indica Dominican Republic, Mexico 2 Eleusine sp. Unknown 1 Empididae spp. Canada 2 Empoasca sp. Canada, Mexico, Netherlands 13 Entiminae spp. Dominican Republic, Mexico, Netherlands 3 Entomobryidae spp. Belgium, Israel, Mexico, Netherlands, Spain 11 Ephestia elutella Dominican Republic, Italy, Peru 5 Ephydridae spp. Canada, Netherlands, Thailand 3 Epicaerus sp. Mexico 1 Epicauta sp. Mexico 2 Epicoccum nigrum Canada 1 Epilachna sp. Mexico 1 Epilachninae spp. St. Lucia 1 Epilobium sp. Canada, Netherlands 6 Epitrix sp. Mexico 15 Eragrostis sp. Mexico 2 Eremobelba sp. Jamaica 1 Eriococcus dubius Guyana 1 Erotylidae spp. Dominican Republic, Italy, Mexico 3 Erysiphe cichoracearum Dominican Republic 1 Erythraeidae spp. Canada, Mexico 2 Erythroneura sp. Mexico 1 Estigmene acrea Mexico 1 Etiella sp. Indonesia, Malawi, Viet Nam 6 Etiella zinckenella Honduras, Mexico, Nigeria 5 Euclea sp. Trinidad and Tobago 1 Eudiagogus sp. Mexico 1 Euetheola sp. Mexico 1 Eumolpinae spp. Honduras 1 Euphorbia sp. Dominican Republic 1 Eupodidae spp. Canada 1 Euryscelis suturalis Dominican Republic 1 Eurytoma sp. Guatemala, Nigeria 2 Euschistus bifibulus Jamaica 1 Euschistus crenator Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Mexico, Trinidad 5Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 91 **Pest Intercepted Country**  **Interception s (no.)**  and Tobago Euschistus servus Mexico 1 Euschistus sp. Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Mexico, Suriname 30 Euschistus strenuus Dominican Republic, Mexico 5 Euschistus variolarius Canada 1 Eustromula validum Mexico 1 Exitianus exitosus Netherlands 1 Faustinus cubae Dominican Republic, Grenada, Jamaica 3 Faustinus rhombifer Mexico 1 Faustinus sp. Brazil, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Honduras, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago 76
Ferrisia sp. Dominican Republic, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, St. Lucia, US Virgin Islands 8 Ferrisia virgata Antigua and Barbuda, Dominican Republic, Netherlands, Unknown 26 Fiebrigella sp. Dominican Republic 1 Formicidae spp. Dominican Republic, Netherlands 2 Formicinae spp. Canada, Peru 10 Frankliniella cephalica Dominican Republic 1 Frankliniella fallaciosa Dominican Republic 1 Frankliniella fusca Netherlands 1 Frankliniella gossypiana Mexico 1 Frankliniella insularis Dominican Republic 5 Frankliniella intonsa Belgium, Canada, Dominican Republic, Japan, Netherlands 5 Frankliniella occidentalis Belgium, Canada, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Israel, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, Spain, Unknown 218
Frankliniella panamensis Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico 2 Frankliniella parvula Ecuador 1 Frankliniella schultzei Dominican Republic, Nigeria, Spain 21 Frankliniella sp. Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Germany, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Netherlands, Peru, Poland, Puerto Rico, Spain, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, United Kingdom of Great Britain and N. Ireland, Unknown 215

Franklinothrips sp. Dominican Republic 1 Franklinothrips vespiformis Mexico 1 Free

-Living nematode Mexico 4 Fromundus pygmaeus Viet Nam 1 Fulgoridae spp. Puerto Rico 1 Fulgoroidea spp. Dominican Republic 1Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 92 **Pest Intercepted Country**  **Interception s (no.)**  Fusarium sp. Belgium, Belize, Dominican Republic, France, Jamaica, Kenya, Mexico, Netherlands, Peru, Spain, Taiwan, Unknown, US Virgin Islands 44

Galerucinae spp. Netherlands, Puerto Rico 2 Galleria mellonella Dominican Republic 1 Gelechiidae spp. Argentina, Aruba, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Burundi, Cameroon, Colombia, Costa Rica, Curacao, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, India, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Peru, Puerto Rico, Singapore, St. Lucia, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, United Kingdom of Great Britain and N. Ireland, Unknown, Venezuela 147

Gelechioidea spp. Brazil, El Salvador, Mexico, Netherlands 5 Geocoris sp. Dominican Republic, Israel 2 Geometridae spp. Canada, Dominican Republic, Honduras, Italy, Macedonia, Mexico, Netherlands, Spain, St. Vincent and the Grenadines 15
Gloeosporium piperatum Mexico 2 Glomerella cingulata Dominican Republic 1 Glyptoscelis chontalensis Mexico 1 Gnathotrichus perniciosus Honduras 1 Gnathotrichus sp. Honduras, Mexico 2 Gnorimoschema sp. Bolivia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Peru 10 Gnorimoschemini spp. Venezuela 1 Golofa pusilla Mexico 1 Gracillariidae spp. El Salvador, Mexico, Peru 9 Granodomus lima Puerto Rico 1 Gryllidae spp. Belize, Canada, Colombia, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Guinea, Haiti, Jamaica, Mexico, Philippines, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago 62

Gryllodes sigillatus Trinidad and Tobago 5 Gryllodes sp. Dominican Republic 1 Gryllus assimilis Dominican Republic 1 Gryllus sp. Colombia, Dominica, Honduras, Mexico 136 Guignardia citricarpa China 1 Guppya gundlachi Dominican Republic 1 Gynaikothrips uzeli Dominican Republic 1 Hadeninae spp. Mexico, South Korea 3 Halticus sp. Mexico 1 Haplothrips gowdeyi Dominican Republic 1 Haplothrips kurdjumovi Hawaii 1 Haplothrips leucanthemi Mexico 1Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 93 **Pest Intercepted Country**  **Interception s (no.)**  Helicella sp. Italy 1 Helicidae spp. Australia, France, Mexico, Netherlands 4 Helicoverpa armigera Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Israel, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Spain, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, United Kingdom of Great Britain and N. Ireland, Yugoslavia 19

Helicoverpa gelotopoeon Romania 1 Helicoverpa sp. Asia Country Unknown, Cote D`Ivoire, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, Ghana, Haiti, India, Iran, Israel, Japan, Lithuania, Mexico, Middle East Co. Unknown, Netherlands, Nigeria, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Romania, Senegal, Serbia and Montenegro, Sierra Leone, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Taiwan, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Unknown, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Viet Nam, Yugoslavia 163

Helicoverpa zea Belize, Canada, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Peru, Puerto Rico, St. Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago 233
Heliothinae spp. India, South Korea 2 Heliothis sp. China, Germany, Philippines, South Korea, Spain, Turkey 42 Heliothis subflexa Mexico 2 Heliothis virescens Dominican Republic, Mexico, Trinidad and Tobago, Unknown 13 Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis Trinidad and Tobago 1 Helminthoglyptidae spp. Dominican Republic 1 Hemerobiidae spp. Canada, Dominican Republic 2 Hemiptera spp. Netherlands 4 Hepialidae spp. Mexico 2 Heraeus plebejus Netherlands 1 Heraeus sp. Mexico 6 Herculia sp. Ecuador 1 Herpetogramma sp. Honduras 1 Hesperiidae spp. Trinidad and Tobago 1 Heterobostrychus aequalis Dominican Republic, Mexico 2 Heterogaster urticae Netherlands 3 Heteroptera spp. Belgium, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Israel, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, Nigeria, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago 33
Heterosporium sp. Italy 1 Histeridae spp. Canada 1 Holoparamecus sp. Netherlands 1 Homoptera spp. Antigua and Barbuda, Canada, Dominican Republic, Guyana, Israel, Mexico, Netherlands, 14Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 94 **Pest Intercepted Country**  **Interception s (no.)**  Puerto Rico, St. Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago Hoplandrothrips sp. Trinidad and Tobago 2 Hoplosphyrum sp. Jamaica 1 Hortensia similis Dominican Republic 1 Hydrophilidae spp. Dominican Republic 2 Hygromiidae spp. Spain 1 Hymenoptera spp. Canada, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands 7 Hypera postica Mexico 1 Hyphomycetes spp. Mexico 1 Hypoaspis sp. Netherlands 1 Hypoponera sp. Netherlands 1 Hypothenemus sp. Dominica, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago 5 Ichneumonidae spp. Guatemala, Mexico 3 Ichneumonoidea spp. Belgium, Netherlands 3 Injury sp. Algeria, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, Peru 16 Insecta spp. Belgium, Canada, China, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guyana, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, Peru, Portugal, Puerto Rico, St. Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago 68

Insignorthezia insignis Jamaica 1 Iphiseius degenerans Belgium, Netherlands 23 Ips bonanseai Mexico 2 Ips calligraphus Honduras 1 Ips integer Mexico 3 Ips lecontei Mexico 1 Ips sp. Honduras, Mexico 2 Ischnodemus sp. Peru 1 Jadera coturnix Mexico 1 Kalotermitidae spp. Nicaragua 1 Karnyothrips sp. Trinidad and Tobago 1 Keiferia lycopersicella Ecuador 1 Kleemannia sp. India 2 Kleidocerys resedae Netherlands 1 Knulliana cincta Mexico 1 Lachnopus sp. Dominican Republic 1 Lactuca sativa Netherlands 1 Lactuca serriola Canada, Netherlands 2 Laelapidae spp. Belgium, Netherlands 3 Lagriinae spp. Mexico 1 Lamiaceae spp. Dominican Republic 1 Lampyridae spp. Dominican Republic 1Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 95 **Pest Intercepted Country**  **Interception s (no.)**  Languriidae spp. Netherlands 1 Largus cinctus Mexico 2 Lasioderma serricorne China, Cote D`Ivoire, Ecuador, Ghana, Guatemala, India, Mexico, South Korea, United Arab Emirates, United States of America, Unknown, Yemen 19

Lasiodiplodia sp. El Salvador 1 Lasioseius sp. Dominican Republic, Netherlands 2 Lathridiidae spp. Jamaica, Netherlands 8 Lehmannia valentiana Ecuador, Netherlands, Nigeria 3 Lema sp. Mexico 1 Lepidoptera spp. Belgium, Belize, Brazil, Canada, China, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Egypt, El Salvador, Ghana, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, India, Israel, Jamaica, Kuwait, Mexico, Netherlands, Nigeria, Peru, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Sierra Leone, Spain, St. Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago, Unknown, Venezuela 74

Lepidosaphes beckii Peru 1 Lepidosaphes rubrovittata Jamaica 1 Leptinotarsa decemlineata Mexico 1 Leptochloa sp. Mexico 2 Leptoglossus sp. Dominican Republic 1 Lestodiplosis sp. Jamaica 1 Leucania sp. Spain 1 Leucinodes orbonalis Africa Country Unknown, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Cote D`Ivoire, Ethiopia, Europe Country Unkown, Ghana, Guatemala, Italy, Liberia, Mali, Netherlands, Nigeria, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Senegal, Serbia and Montenegro, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Thailand, Uganda, United Kingdom of Great Britain and N. Ireland, Unknown, Zambia 100

Leucinodes sp. Guinea, Yugoslavia 2 Leveillula taurica Mexico, Portugal 5 Levicepolis monodonta Dominican Republic 2 Ligyrocoris sp. Mexico, Spain 2 Ligyrocoris sylvestris Netherlands 1 Ligyrus sp. Dominican Republic, Mexico 4 Limosininae spp. Netherlands 1 Limothrips cerealium Netherlands 1 Lineodes integra Canada, Dominican Republic, Peru, Puerto Rico, St. Lucia 12 Lineodes sp. Mexico, Peru 3 Linepithema humile Mexico 1 Liothrips sp. Mexico 1Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 96 **Pest Intercepted Country**  **Interception s (no.)**  Liriomyza bryoniae Netherlands 14 Liriomyza sativae Mexico 1 Liriomyza sp. Dominican Republic, Mexico, Netherlands 62 Liriomyza trifolii Mexico 5 Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Dominican Republic 4 Listroderes costirostris Mexico 1 Listronotus sp. Honduras, Mexico 3 Lobiopa sp. Mexico 2 Lobometopon metallicum Mexico 25 Lobometopon sp. Mexico 8 Lobopoda sp. Mexico 1 Lonchaea sp. Ghana 1 Lonchaeidae spp. Africa Country Unknown, Angola, Bangladesh, Belize, Brazil, Cameroon, Chile, Congo Democratic Republic of, Costa Rica, Cote D`Ivoire, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Gambia, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, India, Jamaica, Jordan, Liberia, Mexico, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Peru, Puerto Rico, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, St. Lucia, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Unknown, Venezuela, Viet Nam 522

Lorita sp. Mexico 1 Lucilia sp. Ghana, Mexico 5 Lycaenidae spp. Congo Democratic Republic of, Cote D`Ivoire, Dominican Republic, Ghana, Guinea, Mexico, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Togo, Unknown 19
Lyctus africanus Dominican Republic 1 Lyctus planicollis Mexico 1 Lygaeidae spp. Dominican Republic, Mexico, Peru, St. Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago 14 Lygaeoidea spp. Bolivia, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica, Mexico, Nigeria, St. Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago 14 Lygus lineolaris Canada, Mexico, Netherlands 9 Lygus sp. Mexico 2 Lymantriidae spp. Canada, Mexico 2 Lytta sp. Mexico 1 Maconellicoccus hirsutus Grenada, South Korea, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Vincent and the Grenadines 6 Macrolophus melanotoma Netherlands 3 Macrolophus pygmaeus Spain 1 Macrolophus sp. Belgium, Netherlands 48 Macrophoma sp. Thailand 1 Macroplax fasciata Turkey 1 Macrosiphum euphorbiae Belgium, Canada, Netherlands, Spain 11Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 97 **Pest Intercepted Country**  **Interception s (no.)**  Macrosteles sp. Netherlands 1 Magnoliophyta sp. Canada, Dominican Republic, Germany, India, Mexico, Myanmar, Netherlands, Spain, Trinidad and Tobago 12

Mallodon sp. Mexico 1 Mamestra brassicae Bosnia and Herzegovina, Netherlands, Spain 10 Mamestra sp. Netherlands 2 Manduca sp. Mexico 2 Margarodidae spp. Curacao, Grenada, Viet Nam 3 Marmara sp. Mexico 11 Maruca vitrata Bolivia 1 Mecidea major Mexico 1 Megalopygidae spp. Mexico 1 Megaselia sp. Colombia 1 Melacoryphus circumlitus Honduras, Mexico 2 Melacoryphus lateralis Mexico 3 Melacoryphus rubicollis Mexico 1 Melalgus sp. Honduras 1 Melanaethus sp. Mexico 1 Melanaethus spinolai Dominican Republic 1 Melanagromyza sp. Puerto Rico 1 Melanoides tuberculata Dominican Republic 1 Melanophila sp. Mexico 1 Melanoplus differentialis Canada 1 Meliola sp. Puerto Rico 1 Melipotis sp. Dominican Republic 1 Meloidae spp. Mexico, Venezuela 2 Melolonthinae spp. Nicaragua 1 Melyridae spp. Mexico 3 Membracidae spp. El Salvador, Mexico, Yugoslavia 4 Mesostigmata spp. Canada, Chile, Dominican Republic, India, Israel, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Spain, United Arab Emirates, Unknown 107
Metamasius hemipterus Dominican Republic 4 Metamasius sp. Mexico 1 Metoponium sp. Mexico 4 Metriona trisignata Mexico 1 Microconidia sp. Jamaica, Netherlands 2 Microlepidoptera spp. Dominican Republic 1 Microplax sp. Ghana 1 Microsphaeropsis sp. Mexico 1 Micrutalis sp. Mexico 1 Mikania micrantha Dominican Republic 3 Mikania sp. Mexico 1Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 98 **Pest Intercepted Country**  **Interception s (no.)**  Miridae spp. Belgium, Canada, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Israel, Jamaica, Mexico, Namibia, Netherlands, Nigeria, Philippines, Sierra Leone, St. Lucia, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago 126

Mollusca spp. Mexico, Unknown 2 Monacha cartusiana Italy 1 Monomorium floricola Puerto Rico 1 Monomorium pharaonis Guinea, Mexico 2 Monoxia sp. Mexico 3 Moodna bisinuella Mexico 1 Mordellistena sp. Mexico 1 Musca domestica Ghana, Panama 2 Musca sp. Canada 1 Muscidae spp. Africa Country Unknown, Bangladesh, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Canada, China, Dominican Republic, Ghana, Guyana, Jamaica, Jordan, Mexico, Netherlands, Nigeria, Philippines, Spain, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Viet Nam 49

Muscina sp. Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Mexico, Trinidad and Tobago 5 Mussidia nigrivenella Ghana 2 Mycetophagidae spp. Canada, Ecuador, Germany, Laos, Mexico, Netherlands, Peru 19 Mycetophilidae spp. Canada, Netherlands 3 Mycosphaerella sp. Dominican Republic, Mexico 3 Mymaridae spp. Canada, Mexico, Netherlands 3 Myochrous cyphus Mexico 1 Myochrous sp. Dominican Republic, Guyana, Mexico, Trinidad and Tobago 17 Myodocha intermedia Mexico 1 Myrothecium roridum Dominican Republic 1 Myzus persicae Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Dominican Republic, Israel, Mexico, Netherlands, South Korea, Spain, Unknown 53
Myzus sp. Netherlands 6 Nabidae spp. Canada, Dominican Republic, Mexico 6 Nabis sp. Mexico 1 Nasonovia ribisnigri France, Greece 2 Nasutitermes sp. Dominica, St. Lucia 2 Necrobia ruficollis Mexico 1 Necrobia rufipes China 1 Nematocera spp. Peru 1 Nemobiinae spp. Mexico 2Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 99 **Pest Intercepted Country**  **Interception s (no.)**  Nemobius carolinus Mexico 1 Neoconocephalus sp. Dominican Republic 1 Neoleucinodes elegantalis Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Venezuela 65

Neoleucinodes sp. Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Mexico, Peru, Spain, Venezuela 36 Neopamera albocincta Dominican Republic 1 Neopamera bilobata Mexico 1 Neopamera sp. Mexico 1 Neortholomus jamaicensis Jamaica 1 Neoseiulus sp. Mexico, Netherlands 4 Neotephritis finalis Mexico 1 Neotrichophorus sp. Mexico 1 Nesidiocoris tenuis Israel 1 Nesothrips sp. Dominican Republic 1 Neuroptera spp. Canada, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, Unknown 30 Nezara viridula Dominican Republic, Italy 2 Nitidulidae spp. Canada, China, Dominican Republic, Germany, India, Mexico, Netherlands, Peru, Unknown 32 Nitidulinae spp. Trinidad and Tobago 1 Noctua pronuba Netherlands 1 Noctuidae spp. Africa Country Unknown, Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Brazil, Canada, China, Colombia, Cote D`Ivoire, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, France, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guyana, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Iran, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Kenya, Malawi, Mexico, Morocco, Netherlands, Nigeria, Peru, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Korea, Spain, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, Taiwan, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, Unknown, Venezuela, Yugoslavia 620

Nolidae spp. Dominican Republic 1 Nymphalidae spp. Mexico 1 Nysius sp. Dominican Republic, Israel, Mexico, Netherlands 18 Ochrimnus sp. Mexico 1 Ocrasa nostralis Dominican Republic 1 Odontomachus sp. Mexico 1 Odontota sp. Mexico 1 Odontothrips sp. Spain 1 Oebalus ornatus Dominican Republic 2Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 100 **Pest Intercepted Country**  **Interception s (no.)**  Oecanthus sp. Canada 1 Oecophoridae spp. Armenia, Cote D`Ivoire, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Jamaica, Mexico, Nigeria, Peru 10
Ogdoecosta sp. Mexico 1 Olethreutinae spp. Africa Country Unknown, Bulgaria, Congo Democratic Republic of, Costa Rica, Cote D`Ivoire, Dominican Republic, Gambia, Ghana, Italy, Jamaica, Liberia, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Mexico, Netherlands, Nigeria, Peru, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Korea, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, Unknown 129

Omalonyx sp. Dominica 1 Onthoph agus sp. Mexico 2 Opatrinus sp. Mexico 2 Ophiderma sp. Netherlands 1 Opogona sp. Hawaii, Peru 2 Oribatida spp. Canada, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Israel, Mexico, Netherlands, Trinidad and Tobago 13 Orius insidiosus Canada 3 Orius sp. Canada, Mexico, Netherlands 21 Orphulella punctata Guatemala 1 Orthalicus jamaicensis Jamaica 1 Orthezia praelonga US Virgin Islands 2 Orthezia pseudinsignis Mexico 1 Orthezia sp. Mexico, Trinidad and Tobago 3 Ortheziidae spp. Grenada 1 Orthoptera spp. Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Venezuela 3 Oryzaephilus mercator Ethiopia, Ghana 2 Oryzaephilus surinamensis Africa Country Unknown, Germany, Morocco, South Africa 4 Ostrinia nubilalis Bosnia & Herzegovina, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Iran, Italy, Macedonia, Montenegro, Portugal, South Korea, Yugoslavia 67

Ostrinia sp. Mexico, Netherlands 3 Otiorhynchus cribricollis Mexico 1 Otiorhynchus sp. Netherlands 3 Otiorhynchus sulcatus Canada 1 Otitidae spp. Belize, Brazil, Colombia, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, Ghana, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Indonesia, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Peru, St. Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago, Unknown, Viet Nam 106

Ovatus crataegarius Israel 1Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 101 **Pest Intercepted Country**  **Interception s (no.)**  Oxalis sp. Domini can Republic, Netherlands, Unknown 3 Oxalis stricta Netherlands 1 Oxycarenus hyalinipennis Gambia, Israel 4 Oxycarenus sp. Togo 1 Oxygrylius ruginasus Mexico 1 Ozophora burmeisteri Jamaica 2 Ozophora sp. Dominica 1 Pachybrachis sp. Mexico 2 Pagiocerus sp. Peru 1 Pallifera sp. Venezuela 1 Pangaeus bilineatus Mexico 2 Pangaeus sp. Mexico 1 Pantomorus sp. Mexico 1 Paracoccus marginatus Puerto Rico 2 Paracoccus solani Jamaica 1 Paracoccus sp. Grenada, Jamaica 2 Paragonatas divergens Mexico 1 Paralipsa gularis China, Ghana, Israel, Nigeria, Philippines 6 Paranapiacaba sp. Mexico 1 Parapiesma cinereum Mexico 2 Parasitidae spp. Brazil, Canada, Netherlands, South Africa 9 Paratrechina longicornis Netherlands 1 Paratrechina sp. Canada, Mexico 3 Parkia sp. Indonesia 1 Pectinophora gossypiella Puerto Rico 1 Pelidnota sp. Mexico 1 Penicillium sp. Bahamas, Netherlands, Spain 3 Pennisetum ciliare Mexico 1 Pennisetum pedicellatum Viet Nam 1 Pennisetum sp. Mexico 1 Pentatomidae spp. Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Belize, Brazil, Canada, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Fiji, Grenada, Guatemala, Haiti, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Panama, Puerto Rico, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and T obago, Turkey, US Virgin Islands 213

Pentatominae spp. Dominican Republic 2 Pentatomoidea spp. Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Grenada, Jamaica, Philippines, Trinidad and Tobago 29
Periconia sp. Mexico 1 Peridroma saucia Mexico 2 Perigenes sp. Mexico 1 Perillus bioculatus Mexico 1Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 102 **Pest Intercepted Country**  **Interception s (no.)**  Peritrechus fratenus Mexico 1 Phalacridae spp. Canada, Mexico, Netherlands 5 Pheidole sp. Cuba, Dominican Republic, Guinea, Mexico 4 Phenacoccus gossypii Canada, Mexico 2 Phenacoccus helianthi Mexico 1 Phenacoccus madeirensis Canada, Mexico 11 Phenacoccus parvus Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago 20

Phenacoccus solani Belgium, Mexico, Netherlands, Spain 9 Phenacoccus solenopsis Canada, Dominican Republic, Mexico, Puerto Rico 19 Phenacoccus sp. Canada, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Jamaica, Mexico, Puerto Rico 12 Phileurus sp. Mexico 1 Phlaeothripidae spp. Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Grenada, India, Jamaica, Japan, Mexico, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Spain 23
Phlugis sp. Trinidad and Tobago 1 Phoma destructiva Dominican Republic, Mexico 3 Phoma sp. Germany, Jamaica, Malaysia, Mexico, Peru, South Korea, St. Lucia, Venezuela 14 Phomopsis capsici Dominican Republic, Mexico, Netherlands, Thailand 6 Phomopsis sp. Dominican Republic, Netherlands, Nigeria, Viet Nam 4 Phoradendron sp. Mexico 1 Phoridae spp. Belgium, Canada, Cote D`Ivoire, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guyana, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, Peru, Puerto Rico, Spain, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Syrian Arab Republic, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Viet Nam 37

Phragmites sp. Netherlands 1 Phthorimaea operculella Peru, Venezuela 2 Phycitinae spp. Brazil, Cameroon, Canada, Ghana, Guatemala, Israel, Jamaica, Mexico, Nigeria, Peru, Puerto Rico, South Africa, Venezuela, Zambia 16
Phylinae spp. Israel 1 Phyllophaga sp. Cuba, Mexico 27 Phyllosticta sp. Dominican Republic, India, St. Lucia, Viet Nam 4 Phyllostictina capsici Dominican Republic, Jamaica 2 Phyllotreta sp. Mexico 1 Phylloxera sp. Netherlands 1 Phytocoris sp. Honduras, Mexico 4Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 103 **Pest Intercepted Country**  **Interception s (no.)**  Phytomyzinae spp. Dominican Republic, Mexico, Unknown 3 Phytophthora capsici Puerto Rico 1 Phytoseiidae spp. Belgium, Canada, Israel, Mexico, Netherlands, Nigeria, Unknown 94
Picris sp. Mexico 1 Piesmatidae spp. Mexico 1 Pinnaspis sp. St. Lucia, US Virgin Islands 2 Pinnaspis strachani Jamaica 3 Piophilidae spp. Jamaica 1 Piper nigrum Viet Nam 1 Pityophthorus sp. Mexico 26 Plagiometriona sp. Mexico 2 Planicephalus flavicosta Trinidad and Tobago 1 Planococcus citri Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Netherlands, Puerto Rico 29 Planococcus citricus Dominican Republic 1 Planococcus halli Nigeria 1 Planococcus minor Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Fiji, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago 49

Planococcus sp. Dominican Republic, Grenada, Jamaica, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, Trinidad and Tobago 25 Plantago sp. India 1 Platynota rostrana St. Lucia 1 Platynota sp. China, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, Puerto Rico, St. Lucia, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago 54
Platynota stultana Mexico 3 Platypodidae spp. Mexico 1 Pleurodonte guadeloupensis Dominica 1 Plodia interpunctella Bolivia, China, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Mexico, Peru, Taiwan, Turkey 28 Plusia sp. Netherlands 1 Plusiinae spp. Canada, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Netherlands 15 Plutella sp. Venezuela 1 Plutella xylostella Bahrain, Canada, Mexico, Netherlands 5 Plutellidae spp. Netherlands 1 Poaceae spp. Dominican Republic 1 Podisus sp. Mexico 1 Pogonomyrmex rugosus Mexico 1 Polygyridae spp. Mexico 2 Polymerus testaceipes Dominica 1 Polyphagotarsonemus latus Dominican Republic 1Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 104 **Pest Intercepted Country**  **Interception s (no.)**  Polyphylla sp. Mexico 2 Praticolella griseola Dominican Republic, Mexico 42 Praticolella sp. Mexico 3 Praticolella strebeliana Colombia, Dominican Republic 24 Premnotrypes sp. Peru 1 Prenolepis imparis Canada 1 Prietocella barbara Jamaica 1 Proba sp. Mexico 1 Prodiplosis sp. Haiti, Jamaica 5 Prosapia sp. Mexico 1 Prosopis sp. Mexico 1 Prosterninae spp. Mexico 1 Prostigmata spp. Canada 1 Protopulvinaria longivalvata Puerto Rico 1 Prytanes confusus Mexico 3 Prytanes oblonga Dominican Republic, Mexico 2 Prytanes sp. Mexico 3 Psephenidae spp. Mexico 1 Pseudaletia unipuncta Netherlands 1 Pseudatomoscelis seriatus Netherlands 2 Pseudobaris cylindricollis Mexico 1 Pseudocaeciliidae spp. Netherlands 1 Pseudococcidae spp. Anguila, Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Belize, Canada, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Fiji, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Hawaii, Indonesia, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Mexico, Neth erlands, Nigeria, Peru, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Seychelles, South Korea, Spain, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Syrian Arab Republic, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, United Kingdom of Great Britain and N. Ireland, US Virgin Islands, Venezuela, Viet Nam 576

Pseudococcus elisae Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Puerto Rico 4 Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi Cote D`Ivoire, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago, US Virgin Islands 16

Pseudococcus odermatti Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico 2 Pseudococcus sp. Bahamas, Brazil, Canada, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Netherlands, Puerto Rico, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Viet Nam 20

Pseudococcus viburni Belgium, Netherlands 67 Pseudomyrmex mexicanus Mexico 1 Pseudopachybrachius basalis Mexico 1Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 105 **Pest Intercepted Country**  **Interception s (no.)**  Pseudopachybrachius vinctus Jamaica 1 Pseudopamera aurivilliana Mexico 1 Pseudopamera sp. Mexico 4 Psilidae spp. Mexico 6 Psocidae spp. Netherlands 2 Psocoptera spp. Belize, Brazil, Canada, China, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Guyana, Honduras, India, Jamaica, Mexico, Morocco, Netherlands, Nigeria, Peru, South Africa, Spain, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago 174

Psychidae spp. Mexico 1 Psychodidae spp. Canada, Netherlands 7 Psylla sp. Mexico 1 Psyllidae spp. El Salvador, Hungary, Mexico, Panama, Peru, Unknown, Viet Nam 442 Psylliodes sp. Mexico 1 Psylloidea spp. Mexico 5 Pteromalidae spp. Guatemala, Netherlands 2 Pteronemobius sp. Mexico 2 Pterophoridae spp. Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Nicaragua, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, United Kingdom of Great Britain and N. Ireland 8

Pthorimaea opercullela Unknown 1 Ptiliidae spp. Greece, Jamaica 2 Ptochiomera nodosa Netherlands 1 Puccinia sp. Mexico 1 Pulvinaria psidii Mexico 1 Pulvinaria sp. Guyana, Honduras, Mexico 4 Pulvinaria urbicola Antigua and Barbuda, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Jamaica, Mexico, St. Lucia 9 Puto barberi Puerto Rico 1 Pycnoderes sp. Mexico 1 Pyralidae spp. Antigua and Barbuda, Bolivia, Brazil, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ghana, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, India, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, Nigeria, Panama, Peru, Sierra Leone, Taiwan, Thailand, Unknown, Venezuela 59

Pyralinae spp. Guatemala 1 Pyrausta sp. Netherlands, Unknown 6 Pyraustinae spp. Africa Country Unknown, Australia, Belgium, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Colombia, Croatia, El Salvador, Ghana, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Hungary, Israel, Jamaica , Mexico, Netherlands, 108Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 106 **Pest Intercepted Country**  **Interception s (no.)**  Nicaragua, Nigeria, Peru, Poland, Puerto Rico, Romania, Slovenia, South Korea, Spain, Unknown, Venezuela, Yugoslavia Rasahus biguttatus Mexico 1 Reduviidae spp. Canada, Dominican Republic, Netherlands 5 Reuteroscopus sp. Mexico 1 Rhabdopterus sp. Mexico 1 Rhagium sp. Mexico 1 Rhamphothrips pandens St. Lucia 1 Rhaphigaster nebulosa Moldova, Netherlands 2 Rhizopus sp. Dominican Republic 1 Rhopalapion longirostre Greece 1 Rhopalidae spp. Mexico 1 Rhyparochromidae spp. Mexico 1 Rhytidoporus indentatus Trinidad and Tobago 1 Riodinidae spp. Nigeria 2 Rottboellia cochinchinensis Thailand 1 Saccharicoccus sacchari Jamaica 2 Saccharum spontaneum Unknown 1 Saissetia coffeae Jamaica 1 Saissetia neglecta Jamaica 1 Saissetia sp. Jamaica 2 Sancassania sp. Romania 1 Saprophyte sp. Belgium, Canada, Mexico, Netherlands, Taiwan, Unknown, Viet Nam 12 Sarasinula plebeia Dominica 1 Sarcophagidae spp. Mexico 2 Sarcophaginae spp. Spain 1 Saturniidae spp. Mexico 1 Scarinae spp. Dominican Republic 1 Scatella sp. Netherlands 1 Scatopsidae spp. Mexico, Netherlands 2 Scelionidae spp. Netherlands 2 Schinus terebinthifolius France 1 Schizocerella pilicornis Mexico 1 Schizomyia sp. El Salvador 1 Sciaridae spp. Canada, Dominican Republic, Israel, Mexico, Netherlands, Spain 35 Sciocoris maculatus India 1 Scirtidae spp. Mexico, Netherlands 3 Scirtothrips dorsalis St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago 6 Scirtothrips sp. St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, US Virgin Islands 8Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 107 **Pest Intercepted Country**  **Interception s (no.)**  Sclerotium rolfsii Unknown 1 Scolytidae spp. Mexico 44 Scolytus sp. Mexico 1 Scorpiones spp. Mexico 1 Scrophulariaceae spp. Netherlands 1 Scymninae spp. Trinidad and Tobago 1 Scyphomphorus sp. Mexico 1 Scythridinae spp. Canada 1 Secondary fungi Angola, Belgium, Brazil, China, Costa Rica, France, Germany, Guatemala, India, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, Panama, Peru, South Africa, Spain, United Kingdom of Great Britain and N. Ireland, Unknown 26

Sennius sp. Mexico 1 Sepsidae spp. Dominican Republic, Netherlands 2 Septoria sp. Venezuela 2 Serica sp. Mexico 1 Sericoderus sp. Canada, Netherlands 8 Sesamia nonagrioides Italy 2 Setaria italica China 1 Setaria sp. Chile, Myanmar 2 Setaria verticillata Mexico 1 Silvanidae spp. Dominican Republic, Germany, India, South Korea, Thailand 5 Sitona humeralis Netherlands 1 Sitona lineatus Netherlands, United Arab Emirates 2 Sitona sp. Belgium, Israel, Netherlands, Pakistan 4 Sitophilus oryzae Mexico 1 Sitophilus sp. Mexico, Netherlands 4 Sitophilus zeamais Ghana, Mexico 3 Sminthuridae spp. Canada 1 Solenopsis geminata Brazil, Ghana 2 Solenopsis sp. Costa Rica, Mexico 3 Sonchus arvensis Canada 1 Sonchus asper Netherlands 1 Sonchus oleraceus Mexico 1 Sonchus sp. Netherlands 1 Sorghum halepense Chile 2 Sparganothis sp. Jamaica 1 Sphaceloma psidii Mexico 1 Sphaeroceridae spp. Mexico 1 Sphenophorus sp. Mexico 2 Sphingidae spp. Jamaica, Mexico, Puerto Rico 6 Sphragisticus nebulosus Canada 1Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 108 **Pest Intercepted Country**  **Interception s (no.)**  Spilomelinae spp. Netherlands 3 Spilosoma sp. Canada 1 Spodoptera albula Dominican Republic 2 Spodoptera androgea Dominican Republic 1 Spodoptera dolichos Dominican Republic, St. Lucia 6 Spodoptera eridania Dominican Republic, Grenada, Trinidad and Tobago 5 Spodoptera exigua Belgium, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Mexico, Netherlands, Spain, Trinidad and Tobago, Unknown 157
Spodoptera frugiperda Belize, Brazil, Canada, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Mexico, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela 120
Spodoptera latifascia Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Mexico, St. Lucia 32 Spodoptera littoralis Dominican Republic, Egypt, Ghana, Spain 5 Spodoptera litura Japan, South Korea, Thailand 3 Spodoptera ornithogalli Dominican Republic 2 Spodoptera sp. Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, India, Israel, Jamaica, Jordan, Mexico, Netherlands, Spain, Trinidad and Tobago, Unknown, Venezuela 47

Spodoptera sunia Dominican Republic 3 Spoladea recurvalis Dominican Republic 1 Staphylinidae spp. Asia Country Unknown, Canada, Dominican Republic, Mexico, Netherlands 13 Stegobium paniceum Egypt 1 Stemphylium botryosum Italy, Mexico 2 Stemphylium sp. Brazil, Colombia, Italy, Mexico, Spain, Taiwan 7 Stenozygum sp. Dominican Republic 1 Stephanopachys sp. Mexico 2 Sternorrhyncha spp. Mexico 1 Stratiolaelaps sp. Brazil, Netherlands 2 Succinea costaricana Belize 2 Succinea cuvieri Trinidad and Tobago 1 Succinea luteola Mexico 1 Succinea margarita Dominican Republic 1 Succinea putris Trinidad and Tobago 1 Succinea sp. Dominican Republic, Grenada, Italy, Mexico, Trinidad and Tobago 31 Symmetrischema capsicum Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Peru 27
Symmetrischema sp. Guatemala, Mexico 2 Syrphidae spp. Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Dominican Republic, Mexico, Netherlands, Panama, Peru, St. Kitts 87Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 109 **Pest Intercepted Country**  **Interception s (no.)**  and Nevis, Trinidad and Tobago Syrphinae spp. Belgium, Dominican Republic, Netherlands 7 Syrphini spp. Dominican Republic, Netherlands, Trinidad and Tobago 3 Systena sp. Mexico 2 Tachinidae spp. Canada, Mexico 2 Tachyporinae spp. Dominican Republic 1 Tapinoma melanocephalum Jamaica, Mexico, Puerto Rico 3 Taraxacum officinale Canada 4 Tarsonemus confusus Dominican Republic 1 Tarsonemus sp. Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Mexico, Panama 6
Tarsonemus waitei El Salvador 1 Telenomus sp. Dominican Republic 1 Tenebrionidae spp. Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua 7 Tepa sp. Mexico 1 Tephritidae spp. Africa Country Unknown, Angola, Asia Country Unknown, Bangladesh, Benin, Bolivia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, China, Congo Democratic Republic of, Cote D`Ivoire, Dominican Republic, Egypt, El Salvador, Ethiopia, France, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Greece, Guinea, Haiti, Hawaii, India, Indonesia, Italy, Jamaica, Kenya, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mexico, Nepal, Netherlands, Nigeria, Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Thailand, Togo, Turkey, Uganda, United Kingdom of Great Britain and N. Ireland, Unknown, Viet Nam, Zambia 940

Tetramorium bicarinatum Australia, Colombia 2 Tetramorium caespitum Puerto Rico 1 Tetranychidae spp. Chile, Guatemala, Mexico, Netherlands, Unknown 5 Tetranychus ludeni Dominican Republic 1 Tetranychus sp. Canada, Dominican Republic, Honduras, Mexico, Netherlands, Poland 24 Tetranychus urticae Jamaica, Mexico 2 Tetrapriocera longicornis Dominican Republic 1 Tettigometridae spp. Trinidad and Tobago 1 Tettigoniidae spp. Canada, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago 24
Texananus spatulatus Mexico 1Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 110 **Pest Intercepted Country**  **Interception s (no.)**  Thaumatotibia leucotreta Africa Country Unknown, Angola, Benin, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Cote D`Ivoire, Eritrea, Gambia, Ghana, Liberia, Netherlands, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Togo, Uganda, United Kingdom of Great Britain and N. Ireland, Unknown 180

Thaumatotibia sp. Africa Country Unknown, Czech Republic, Ghana, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo 15 Theba pisana Algeria, Italy, Portugal 5 Thelidomus aspera Jamaica 1 Thripidae spp. Antigua and Barbuda, Belgium, Canada, Chile, Costa Rica, Cote D`Ivoire, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Ghana, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, India, Iran, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Malawi, Mexico, Netherlands, Nigeria, Peru, Philippines, South Korea, Spain, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago 198

Thripinae spp. Netherlands, Spain 2 Thrips angusticeps Germany 1 Thrips fuscipennis Netherlands 1 Thrips major Netherlands, Trinidad and Tobago 2 Thrips nigropilosus Israel 1 Thrips palmi Antigua and Barbuda, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Guyana, Jamaica, Netherlands, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Spain, St. Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies Country Unknown 181

Thrips sp. Dominican Republic, Iran, Netherlands, St. Lucia, Turkey 57 Thrips tabaci Belgium, Canada, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Mexico, Netherlands, Panama, Serbia, Spain 30
Thyanta perditor Dominican Republic 1 Thyanta sp. Mexico 1 Thylodrias contractus Mexico 1 Thysanoptera spp. Guam, Israel, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, Northern Mariana Islands, Philippines, Puerto Rico, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Thailand 17
Thysanura spp. Mexico 1 Tineidae spp. India, Mexico, Trinidad and Tobago, Unknown, Yugoslavia 7 Tingidae spp. Brazil, Jamaica 2 Tipulidae spp. Canada 1 Tomarus sp. Mexico 8 Tomolips sp. Netherlands 1Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 111 **Pest Intercepted Country**  **Interception s (no.)**  Tortricidae spp. Africa Country Unknown, Argentina, Armenia, Azores, Belgium, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Cameroon, Canada, Colombia, Cote D`Ivoire, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, India, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Liberia, Malawi, Malaysia, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Peru, Romania, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South America Country Unkown, Spain, St. Lucia, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Unknown, Venezuela, Viet Nam 330

Tortricinae spp. Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ghana, Grenada, Guatemala, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, Nigeria, Puerto Rico, Senegal, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, St. Lucia, Unknown, Venezuela 329

Tospovirus tomato spotted wilt virus Dominican Republic 1 Trachyderes mandibularis Mexico 1 Trialeurodes vaporariorum Cuba, Unknown 2 Tribolium castaneum Africa Country Unknown, China, Germany, Guinea, Mexico 5 Tribolium sp. Egypt, India, Mexico, Peru, Saudi Arabia 8 Trichobaris compacta Mexico 1 Trichobaris mucorea Mexico 1 Trichoplusia ni Mexico, Netherlands 2 Trichoptera spp. Dominican Republic, Netherlands 2 Tricorynus sp. Mexico 1 Trifolium sp. India 1 Trigonella foenum

-graecum India 1 Trimerotropis pallidipennis Mexico 1 Trioza sp. Mexico 13 Triozidae spp. El Salvador, Mexico 2856 Trogoderma granarium Iran 1 Trogoderma sp. China, Mexico, Morocco, Unknown 4 Trogoderma sp. Saudi Arabia 1 Trombidiinae spp. Jamaica 1 Trombidium sp. Mexico 1 Tychius cuprifer Mexico 1 Typhaea stercorea Israel, Netherlands 2 Typhlocybinae spp. Mexico, Netherlands 5 Typhlodromus sp. Israel 1 Typophorus sp. Mexico 1 Tyrophagus putrescentiae Belgium, Dominican Republic, Mexico 4Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 112 **Pest Intercepted Country**  **Interception s (no.)**  Udea sp. Algeria, Netherlands 2 Udea testacea Netherlands 1 Uleiota debilis Canada 1 Ulidiidae spp. Cameroon, Canada, Guyana, Jamaica, Peru 7 Ulus sp. Mexico 1 Utetheisa ornatrix Mexico 1 Veliidae spp. Netherlands 1 Veronicella cubensis Dominica 2 Veronicella sloanii Jamaica 1 Veronicella sp. Dominica, Puerto Rico 6 Veronicellidae spp. Dominican Republic, Jamaica 2 Verticillium sp. Netherlands 1 Vespidae spp. Canada, Mexico 2 Winnertzia sp. Netherlands 1 Xanthochilus saturnius Greece 1 Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria Mexico, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Tortola 4 Xanthomonas vesicatoria Mexico 1 Xenotarsonemus sp. Dominican Republic 1 Xerophloea sp. Mexico 1 Xerotricha conspurcata Greece, Italy 2 Xestia sp. Spain 1 Xestocephalus sp. Mexico 1 Xyleborus ferrugineus Dominican Republic 1 Xyleborus intrusus Honduras 1 Xyleborus volvulus Honduras 1 Xylodiplosis sp. Ghana 1 Xylomeira torquata Mexico 1 Xyonysius sp. Mexico 1 Zabrotes sp. Mexico 1 Zachrysia auricoma Puerto Rico 2 Zachrysia sp. Dominican Republic 1 Zercoseius sp. Netherlands 1 Zonitoides arboreus Dominican Republic, Netherlands 4 Zygogramma sp. Mexico 2 **Grand Total 27,807** Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 113 **Appendix B**  **. Quarantine pests**  **reported on Capsicum**  **spp. (in any country) and present in**  **Ecuador .**  **Pest Scientific Name Taxonomy**  **Reported on Capsicum**  **spp. US and Ecuador**  **Distribution Plant**  **p art(s)**  **a ssoc.**  **ARTHROPODS** Agrotis segetum Denis & Schiffermüller Lepidoptera:

Noctuidae C

. annuum , Capsicum

sp. ( CABI, 2006 ) EC (Flores and Tapia, 2003 ) L, R, S ( CABI, 2006 ; Mukuka et al., 2002 ) Aleurodicus dispersus Russell Hemiptera:

Aleyrodidae C. annuum ( PestID,

2010 ); Capsicum sp. ( CABI, 2006 ) EC ( CABI, 2006 ; Rogg, 2000 ); US ( CABI, 2006 ) L (PestID, 2010 )
Aleurotrachelus socialis Bondar Hemiptera:

Aleyrodidae C

. annuum (Valarezo,

2002 ) EC ( CABI, 2006 ; Valarezo , 2002 ) L ( CABI, 2006 ) Anastrepha fraterculus Wiedemann Diptera: Tephritidae C. annuum (MAG, 1986b ; RFDS, 1994 ); C. frutescens ( MAG, 1986b ; RFDS, 1994 ; Rogg, 2000 ) EC (Arias and Carrasco, 2002 ; CABI, 2006 ; IN IAP, 1997 ; MAG, 1986b ; Molineros et al

. , 1992 ; RFDS, 1994 ; Rogg, 2000 ; Ruales, 1984 ; Vaughan, 1982 ) F ( RFDS, 1994 ; Rogg, 2000 )

Atta capiguara Goncalves Hymenoptera:

Formicidae C

. frutescens ( Rogg,

2000 ) EC (Rogg, 2000 ) L (Rogg, 2000 ) Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) Diptera: Tephritidae C

. annuum ( PestID, 2010 ; CABI, 2006 ; MAG, 1986b ; Thomas et al

. , 2001 ; Vaughan, 1982 ); C. baccatum ( Thomas et al

. , 2001 ); C

. frutescens ( CABI, 2006 ; Rogg, 2000 ; Thomas et al

. , 2001 ); Capsicum sp. ( PestID, 2010 ; Mau and Martin, 1992 ) EC ( CABI, 2006 ; Camacho, 1994 ; CDFA, 2008 ; Molineros et al

. , 1992 ; Rogg, 2000 ; Vaughan, 1982 ) F ( CABI, 2006 ; Rogg, 2000 ; Thomas and Heppner, 2001 )

Cerotoma variegata (Fabricius) Coleoptera:

Chrysomelidae C

. frutescens ( Rogg,

2000 ) EC (Rogg, 2000 ) L (Rogg, 2000 ) Diabrotica bicolor Jacoby Coleoptera:

Chrysomelidae C

. frutescens ( Rogg,

2000 ) EC (Rogg, 2000 ) L (Rogg, 2000 ) Diabrotica decolor Erichson Coleoptera:

Chrysomelidae C

. annuum ( RFDS,

1 994 ); C

. frutescens ( MAG, 1986b ; RFDS, 1994 ; Rogg, 2000 ) EC (MAG, 1986b ; RFDS, 1994 ; Rogg, 2000 ) L (Rogg, 2000 )
Diabrotica speciosa (Germar) Coleoptera:

Chrysomelidae Capsicum sp. ( CABI,

2006 ) EC ( CABI, 2006 ; MAG, 1986b ; Rogg, 2000 ; Ruales, 1958 ) L, R (MAG, 1986b ; Rogg, 2000 )Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 114 **Pest Scientific Name Taxonomy**  **Reported on Capsicum**  **spp. US and Ecuador**  **Distribution Plant**  **p art(s)**  **a ssoc.**  Edessa meditabunda (Fabricius) Hemiptera:

Pentatomidae C

. annuum ( CABI,

2006 ) EC (Rogg, 2000 ) L, S (Panizzi, 2000 ) Epicauta adspersa (Klug) Coleoptera:

Meloidae C

. frutescens ( Rogg,

2000 ) EC (Rogg, 2000 ) L (Rogg, 2000 ) Frankliniella parvula Hood Thysanoptera:

Thripidae Capsicum sp. ( PestID,

2010 ) EC (MAG, 1986b ; PestID, 2010 ; Ruales, 1958 ; Vaughan, 1982 ) Fl ( PestID, 2010 ) Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard) Diptera:

Agromyzidae C

. annuum ( CABI,

2006 ; EPPO, 2005 ; Steck, 1999 ) EC ( CABI, 2006 ; Díaz and Gallegos, 2003 ; Chulde and Gallegos, 2003 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CAB I, 2006 ) L ( Kharizanova and Pavlov, 2007 )
Manduca lucetius (Cramer) Lepidoptera:

Sphingidae C

. annuum ( Robinson et

al., 2 007 ) EC ( Guevara et al

. , 2002 ; Vaughan, 1982 ) L (Robinson et al., 2007 ) Neoleucinodes elegantalis (Guenée) Lepidoptera:

Pyralidae C

. annuum ( PestID,

2010 ; Robinson et al., 2007 ); C

. frutescens ( Rogg, 2000 ); Capsicum sp. ( PestID, 2010 ) EC (MAG, 1986b ; MAG, 1986a ; Olea s et al

. , 1990 ; Rogg, 2000 ) F ( Marcano, 1991a ; PestID, 2010 ); L ( PestID, 2010 ) Praelongorthezia praelonga Gouglas Syn. Orthezia praelonga Douglas Hemiptera:

Ortheziidae Capsicum sp. ( Ben

-Dov

et al., 2007 ; PestID, 2010 ) EC (Ben

-Dov et al., 2007 ; Rogg, 2000 ; Ruales, 1958 ; Ruales, 1984 ) L (PestID, 2010 )
Prodiplosis longifila Gagné Diptera:

Cecidomyiidae C. annuum (Valarezo et

al

. , 2003 ) EC (Valarezo et al

. , 2003 ); US [(FL) (Peña et al

. , 1989 )] F, L (Valarezo et al., 2003 ) Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis (Green) Hemiptera:

Diaspididae C

. annuum , C

.

frutescens , Capsicum sp. ( Ben

-Dov et al., 2007 ) EC (Ben

-Dov et al., 2007 ; Rogg, 2000 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; Ben

Dov et al., 2007 ) L (Watson, 2005 )
Pteronymia notilla Butler & Druce Lepidoptera:

Nymphalidae Capsicum sp. (Young,

1974 ) EC (Robinson et al., 2007 ) L (Young, 1974 ) Scapteriscus didactylus (Latreille) Orthoptera:

Gryllotalpidae C

. annuum , Capsicum

sp. ( CABI, 2006 ) EC (Rogg, 2000 ) R, S (Frank, 1987 ) Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) Lepidoptera:

Noctuidae C

. annuum ( EPPO,

2005 ; Robinson et al., 2007 ); C

. frutescens ( CABI, 2006 ; Robinson et al., 2007 ) EC (MAG, 1986b ; Rogg, 2000 ); US ( CABI, 2006 ) F ( PestID, 2010 ); L ( CABI, 2006 )Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 115 **Pest Scientific Name Taxonomy**  **Reported on Capsicum**  **spp. US and Ecuador**  **Distribution Plant**  **p art(s)**  **a ssoc.**  Thrips palmi Karny Thysanoptera:

Thripidae C

. annuum ( CABI,

2006 ); C

. frutescens (Vázquez et al

. , 2005 ); Capsicum sp. ( CABI, 2006 ; Mau and Martin, 1 992 ; PestID, 2010 ) EC ( Triviño et al

. , 1999 ); US [(FL) ( CABI, 2006 ; EPPO, 2005 ) ] F, L, Sd ( CABI, 2006 ); F, L ( Martin and Mau, 1992 )
Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) Povolny Syn.: Scrobipalpuloides absoluta (Meyrick) Povolny Lepidoptera:

Gelechiidae C

. frutescens ( Rogg,

2000 ) EC ( CABI, 2006 ; Klein, 1989 ; Rogg, 2000 ) F, L, S ( EPPO, 2006 )

**MOLLUSKS** Achatina fulica Bowdich Mollusca:

Achatinidae Capsicum sp. ( Robinson,

2002 ) EC( Correoso, 2006 ) ; US **[** (HI, VI) ( CABI, 2010 ) ] F, L, S, R ( CABI, 2010 )
**NEMATODES** Meloidogyne exigua Goeldi 

### Nematoda:

Meloidogy

nidae C

. annuum ( CABI,

2006 ) EC (Rogg, 2000 ) R ( CABI, 2006 ) Nacobbus aberrans (Thorne) Thorne & Allen 

### Nematoda:

Pratylenchidae C

. annuum ( CABI,

2010 ; EPPO, 2005 ) EC ( CABI, 2010 ; Rogg, 2000 ); US ( CABI, 2010 ; EPPO, 2005 ; Nemabase, 2007 ) L, R ( CABI, 2010 )
Radopholus similis (Cobb) Thorne 

### Nematoda:

Pratylenchidae C

. annuum (Nemabase,

2007 ) EC ( CABI, 2010 ; Perez, 1990 ; Vaughan, 1982 ); US [ (CA, FL, HI , LA, MD, SC, TX) ( CABI, 2010 ; Handoo et al., 2008 ) ] R ( CABI, 2010 )

**FUNGI** Didymostilbe capsici (Pat.) Seifert Syn.: Stilbum capsici Pat. 

### Ascomycetes:

Hy pocreales C

. pubescens (Farr and

Rossman, 2011 ) EC (Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) S ( Saccardo, 1895 )
Moniliophthora perniciosa (Stahel) Aime & Phillips

Mora Basidiomycetes,

Agaricales C. annuum (Farr and

Rossman, 2011 ; Marelli et al., 2009 ) EC (Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) Fl, F, S (Farr and Rossman, 2011 )Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Ecuador



### Ver. 3 January 16, 2012 116 **Pest Scientific Name Taxonomy**  **Reported on Capsicum**  **spp. US and Ecuador**  **Distribution Plant**  **p art(s)**  **a ssoc.**  Puccinia pampeana Speg. Syn. : P

. capsici Mayor; P

. paulensis Rangel 

### Urediniomycetes:

Uredinales C

. annuum , C

.

frutescens ( Buriticá, 1999 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; Tamayo and Jaramillo, 2006 ); C

. baccatum , Capsicum sp. ( Buriticá, 1999 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) EC (Rogg, 2000 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) F, L, S, Sh ( Passador et al., 2009 ); L, S, Sh (Figueiredo, 2000 ; Tamayo and Jaramillo, 2006 ) **VIRUS** Andean potato mottle virus (APMoV) 

### Comoviridae:

Comovirus Capsicum sp. ( CABI,

2010 ) EC ( CABI, 2010 ) F, L, R, S, Sd ( CABI, 2010 )