[PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________

No. 17-12583

________________________

D.C. Docket Nos. 6:14-md-02557-GAP-TBS; 6:14-cv-06016-GAP-TBS

CRAWFORD’S AUTO CENTER, INC., et al., 

 Plaintiffs - Appellants,

versus

STATE FARM MUTUAL AUTOMOBILE

INSURANCE COMPANY, et al., 

 Defendants - Appellees.

________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Middle District of Florida

________________________

(December 20, 2019)

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Before WILLIAM PRYOR, MARTIN, and KATSAS,

* Circuit Judges.

MARTIN, Circuit Judge:

Plaintiffs Crawford’s Auto Center, Inc. and K & M Collision, LLC are two 

auto body collision repair shops located in Pennsylvania and North Carolina. They 

brought this class action suit against dozens of insurer defendants, alleging claims

under the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (“RICO”), 18 

U.S.C. § 1961 et seq., and state law fraud and unjust enrichment theories. The 

defendants consist of seven families of insurance companies—State Farm, Allstate, 

GEICO, Progressive, Farmers Insurance, Liberty Mutual, and Nationwide—but 

Progressive and Farmers Insurance were dismissed voluntarily from this appeal. 

We will refer to the remaining defendants collectively (“Defendants”).

The District Court granted Defendants’ motion to dismiss each of Plaintiffs’ 

claims. Plaintiffs appeal this dismissal, as well as the District Court’s decision to 

strike certain exhibits and its decision not to allow Plaintiffs to amend their

complaint on the ground that it would be futile. After careful review, and with the 

benefit of oral argument, we affirm.

* Honorable Gregory G. Katsas, United States Circuit Judge for the D.C. Circuit, sitting 

by designation.

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I. BACKGROUND

A. FACTUAL BACKGROUND

Defendants are obligated to indemnify collision losses under their insurance 

claimants’ policies. In the event the claimants’ vehicles can be repaired, the 

vehicles must be restored to pre-loss or pre-damaged condition. Plaintiffs allege 

Defendants have the option to repair the vehicles or pay for the repairs, but they

choose to pay for the repairs—performed by collision repair shops—because this 

protects them from liability for such repairs. Each defendant insurer group has a 

direct repair program (“DRP”). These programs are composed of collision repair 

shops around the country that agree to “certain uniform standards and procedures 

in the repairs covered by” Defendants. In return for entering into these 

agreements, Defendants refer a consistent volume of repair work to the collision 

repair shops that participate in each Defendant’s respective DRP. Plaintiffs have

not entered into such agreements with Defendants and are not part of any of 

Defendants’ DRPs. 

Plaintiffs’ complaint describes a scheme that enables Defendants to pay as 

little for repairs as possible. They allege that this scheme harmed non-DRP 

collision repair shops, like Plaintiffs, because non-DRP shops “expect to be 

compensated at a rate that is commensurate with the standard of repairs that they 

are performing.” Plaintiffs say Defendants “have created a unilateral solution to 

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achieve their goal of cost savings” by instituting policy language “qualifying their 

obligation” to pay only the prevailing rate. Plaintiffs allege these “prevailing 

rates” are artificial, and Defendants use the rates to misrepresent to both insurance 

claimants and collision repair shops what is necessary to properly repair and 

restore the damaged vehicles to pre-loss condition. Under Plaintiffs’ theory, 

Defendants’ scheme allows them to pay less for the repairs than what Plaintiffs 

believe they are owed. 

Plaintiffs recount that in order to establish the prevailing rate, Defendants 

work with three auto data companies referred to as the “Information Providers”.1

The Information Providers gather data about things like labor rates and material 

costs, and put that data into estimating software programs that are then sold to 

Defendants, DRP collision repair shops, and non-DRP collision repair shops. 

Defendants and “the vast majority” of collision repair shops then use this software

to estimate the cost of automobile repairs. Plaintiffs claim the Information 

Providers’ software is supposed to be neutral, but in practice is not. This is 

because, as Plaintiffs describe, most of the data uploaded into the software 

programs comes from Defendants’ DRP collision repair shops, and those DRP 

shops are contractually bound to accept lower rates in exchange for a steady stream 

of work. This results in estimates that are based on a “feedback loop” that does not 

1 The Information Providers have not been named as defendants.

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accurately reflect rates across the industry. Defendants and the Information 

Providers are thus able to “cement[] the prevailing rate” and apply it to collision 

repair shops who are not involved in Defendants’ DRP programs. 

Plaintiffs also allege that Defendants and the Information Providers skew the 

raw data that gets loaded into the estimating software by “scrub[bing] the estimates 

presented by Plaintiffs.” For example, when Plaintiffs present a repair order—

which reflects the repairs required according to manufacturer guidelines and 

specifications—and outline the compensation for their work, they are uniformly 

told by Defendants that certain procedures or labor times exceed the prevailing 

rate. Plaintiffs say it is by this method that Defendants are able to systematically 

misrepresent the prevailing rates in each repair estimate, including rates for labor, 

parts and materials. 

Plaintiffs claim that as a result of these processes, Defendants consistently 

refuse to pay anything over the prevailing rate and thus have “artificially 

suppressed” the compensation Plaintiffs are owed. Plaintiffs are suing Defendants 

for their “attempts to enforce these artificial prevailing rates” upon them because 

they have not agreed to Defendants’ “limited, pre-defined compensation.” 

Plaintiffs claim Defendants’ practices amount to RICO extortion and fraud, 

as well as common law fraud and unjust enrichment. Plaintiffs allege that 

Defendants misrepresented and omitted material facts to arrive at their prevailing 

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rate for automobile repairs “for the purpose of deceiving Plaintiffs . . . to accept 

artificially suppressed compensation for insured repairs.” Plaintiffs say they were 

“coerced or forced to accept suppressed compensation for insured repairs 

predicated on fear of economic harm, i.e., if the repair facilities wanted to do 

business with [Defendants].” 

B. PROCEDURAL HISTORY

Plaintiffs first filed their complaint in April 2014 in the U.S. District Court 

for the Northern District of Illinois. After Defendants moved to dismiss, the parties 

stipulated that Plaintiffs would amend their complaint. Plaintiffs filed their first 

amended complaint in August 2014. In December 2014, the Judicial Panel on 

Multidistrict Litigation transferred the action to the Honorable Gregory Presnell in 

the Middle District of Florida for consolidated pretrial proceedings. Defendants 

again moved to dismiss. The District Court, now overseeing the multidistrict 

litigation, granted the motion, dismissed the complaint, and granted Plaintiffs leave 

to amend. Plaintiffs filed their Second Amended Complaint (the “Complaint”) in 

January 2016. 

Defendants moved to dismiss for a third time. Plaintiffs filed a response to 

Defendants’ motions with a number of exhibits attached. These exhibits included

Defendants’ repair estimates and Plaintiffs’ repair orders. Defendants filed a 

motion to strike these exhibits, claiming that submitting them was “entirely 

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improper” at the motion to dismiss stage because those exhibits were neither 

referred to in the Complaint nor central to Plaintiffs’ claims. The District Court 

referred the matter to a Magistrate Judge, who issued an order granting, in part, 

Defendants’ motion to strike and excluding Exhibits E1–E7 from consideration. 

The District Court overruled Plaintiffs’ objections to the Magistrate Judge’s order 

and agreed with the decision to exclude Exhibits E1–E7.

Following oral argument, the District Court dismissed each of Plaintiffs’ 

claims with prejudice for failure to state a claim. The District Court noted that the 

second amended complaint “told essentially the same story” as Plaintiffs’

insufficiently pled first amended complaint. The District Court first dismissed 

Plaintiffs’ RICO claims on several grounds. It held that Plaintiffs “failed to provide 

specifics” as to what actions any Defendant took in furtherance of the alleged RICO 

enterprise. It also held that Plaintiffs’ extortion allegations did not satisfy the 

requirements of the Hobbs Act because “Defendants never obtained” the property 

Plaintiffs claimed they lost. And it held that Plaintiffs failed to plead their fraud 

claims with particularity as required by Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 9(b). The 

District Court dismissed all claims with prejudice, because nothing suggested

Plaintiffs “can ever overcome the[se] issues” to state a valid RICO claim. 

The District Court also dismissed with prejudice Plaintiffs’ state law claims 

for common law fraud and unjust enrichment. As with their RICO fraud claim, the 

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court held that Plaintiffs failed to plead common law fraud with particularity under 

either North Carolina or Pennsylvania law. The court also viewed Plaintiffs as 

having failed to plead reliance on the alleged misrepresentations, which was fatal to 

their fraud claim under each state’s laws. The District Court dismissed Plaintiffs’ 

unjust enrichment claim because they failed to allege they had conferred a benefit 

upon Defendants. 

Plaintiffs timely appealed. While this appeal was pending, this Court issued 

its opinion in Quality Auto Painting Center of Roselle, Inc. v. State Farm Indem.

Co., 917 F.3d 1249 (11th Cir. 2019) (en banc). In Quality Auto, we held that repair 

shop plaintiffs failed to allege viable Sherman Act antitrust claims for “collud[ing] 

to lower repair prices by improperly pressuring the shops to lower prices and by 

threatening to boycott those who do not comply,” as well as common law claims for 

unjust enrichment and quantum meruit under New Jersey, Kentucky, Missouri, and 

Virginia law. Id. at 1257, 1272–74. For this appeal, our panel ordered and received 

supplemental briefing on the impact, if any, Quality Auto had on this case. 

II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

This Court reviews de novo the District Court’s grant of a motion to dismiss 

for failure to state a claim, accepting well-pleaded allegations in the complaint as 

true and construing them in the light most favorable to Plaintiffs. Hunt v. Aimco 

Props., L.P., 814 F.3d 1213, 1221 (11th Cir. 2016). To state a claim, “a complaint 

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must include ‘enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” 

Id. (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570, 127 S. Ct. 1955, 1974

(2007)). A complaint is facially plausible when there is sufficient factual content 

to allow “the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for 

the misconduct alleged.” Id. (quoting Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678, 129 S. 

Ct. 1937, 1949 (2009)).

III. DISCUSSION

Plaintiffs claim that the District Court erred in dismissing all of their claims 

with prejudice and that the District Court should have considered Exhibits E1–E7 in 

deciding the motions to dismiss. We discuss each ground in turn.

A. PLAINTIFFS HAVE FAILED TO ALLEGE AT LEAST TWO PREDICATE 

ACTS OF RACKETEERING ACTIVITY.

In order to establish a RICO violation under 18 U.S.C. § 1962(c), Plaintiffs 

must allege four elements: “(1) conduct (2) of an enterprise (3) through a pattern 

(4) of racketeering activity.” Williams v. Mohawk Indus., Inc., 465 F.3d 1277, 

1282 (11th Cir. 2006) (per curiam) (quoting Jones v. Childers, 18 F.3d 899, 910 

(11th Cir. 1994)). To state a claim for civil damages, 18 U.S.C. § 1964(c) further 

requires Plaintiffs to allege (5) injury to their business or property (6) by reason of 

the substantive RICO violation. Id. at 1282–83. For this case, we need only 

address whether Plaintiffs have alleged a pattern of racketeering activity. A pattern 

of racketeering activity under RICO requires at least two qualifying predicate acts, 

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each of which must constitute a violation of one of the state or federal laws 

described in 18 U.S.C. § 1961(1). See Am. Dental Ass’n v. Cigna Corp., 605 F.3d 

1283, 1290–91 (11th Cir. 2010). Plaintiffs claim they have properly pled predicate 

acts of wire fraud under 18 U.S.C. § 1343 and extortion under 18 U.S.C. § 1951. 

See 18 U.S.C. § 1961(1). This claim fails.

1. Fraud

A person commits wire fraud when they (1) intentionally participate in a 

scheme to defraud another of money or property and (2) use the wires in 

furtherance of that scheme. Am. Dental, 605 F.3d at 1290. Because Plaintiffs’

fraud allegations are subject to a heightened pleading standard under Rule 9(b), 

they must allege their RICO fraud claims with particularity. See Brooks v. Blue 

Cross & Blue Shield of Fla., Inc., 116 F.3d 1364, 1381 (11th Cir. 1997) (analyzing

RICO claims for mail and wire fraud). A plaintiff satisfies Rule 9(b) if the 

complaint includes (1) “precisely what statements were made in what documents . . 

. or what omissions were made;” (2) “the time and place of each such statement and 

the person responsible for making (or, in the case of omissions, not making)” each 

statement; (3) “the content of such statements and the manner in which they misled 

the plaintiff”; and (4) “what the defendants obtained as a consequence of the fraud.” 

Ziemba v. Cascade Int’l, Inc., 256 F.3d 1194, 1202 (11th Cir. 2001) (quotation 

marks omitted).

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Plaintiffs argue they provided “specific and compelling allegations” to 

“sufficiently allege actionable, misleading misrepresentations,” pointing to exhibits

attached to their Complaint and to their response in opposition to Defendants’ 

motion to dismiss. But we believe the District Court got it right when it held that 

Plaintiffs’ allegations amounted to nothing more than “vague allusions” to 

misrepresentations. None of Plaintiffs’ allegations—or the documents attached to 

their pleadings—identify “the manner in which the[se alleged statements] misled” 

Plaintiffs. See id. Even considering the exhibits appended to Plaintiffs’ Complaint

and opposition briefs (including Exhibits E1–E7), Plaintiffs have failed to articulate 

how they were misled by Defendants’ estimates. To the contrary, Plaintiffs pled 

their case in such a way that forecloses any finding of misrepresentations. They 

affirmatively allege they received Defendants’ estimates prior to performing any 

repairs. They acknowledge they knew the price Defendants were willing to pay up 

front, and this bars their claim that Defendants misrepresented the figures in the 

estimates. 

Additionally, and to the extent Plaintiffs rely on allegations of fraudulent

omissions, their claims still fall short. Defendants are not liable for any omissions 

of material fact unless they have a duty to disclose, Ziemba, 256 F.3d at 1206, and 

Plaintiffs alleged no such duty from any of these defendants. As a result, Plaintiffs 

have failed to state a RICO claim based on the predicate act of fraud.

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2. Extortion

To state the predicate act of extortion for their RICO claim, Plaintiffs must

show a violation of the Hobbs Act, 18 U.S.C. § 1951. Raney v. Allstate Ins. Co., 

370 F.3d 1086, 1087–88 (11th Cir. 2004) (per curiam); see also 18 U.S.C. § 

1961(1) (listing § 1951 as a predicate act of racketeering activity). The Hobbs Act 

defines extortion as “the obtaining of property from another, with his consent, 

induced by wrongful use of actual or threatened force, violence, or fear, or under 

color of official right.” Id. § 1951(b)(2). “[E]xtortion requires an intent to obtain 

that which in justice and equity the party is not entitled to receive.” United States v. 

Enmons, 410 U.S. 396, 406 n.16, 93 S. Ct. 1007, 1013 n.16 (1973) (quotation 

marks omitted). 

Plaintiffs allege that Defendants “coerced or forced the members of the 

Classes to accept suppressed compensation for insured collision repairs under fear 

that they would not be able to perform insured collision repairs presently or in the 

future, or if they wanted to do business with [Defendants], or if they wanted to be 

free from interference to their business.” But Plaintiffs’ extortion claim fails 

because they have not alleged Defendants wrongfully used actual or threatened 

force, violence, or fear to obtain their property. See 18 U.S.C. § 1951(b)(2).

First, Plaintiffs’ suppressed compensation theory fails because they have not 

alleged that they parted with property that the extortionist Defendants gained 

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possession of. Sekhar v. United States, 570 U.S. 729, 734, 133 S. Ct. 2720, 2725 

(2013). Plaintiffs alleged only that they were deprived of payments to which they 

were entitled, but there is no allegation those payments ever left Defendants’ 

possession. Plaintiffs have therefore failed to allege “both a deprivation and 

acquisition of property.” Scheidler v. Nat’l Org. for Women, Inc., 537 U.S. 393, 

403, 123 S. Ct. 1057, 1065 (2003). 

Second, Plaintiffs’ fear of economic loss theory fails because they have not 

sufficiently alleged wrongful conduct by Defendants. This theory is inextricably 

tied to Defendants’ alleged threat to steer potential customers away from Plaintiffs 

to DRP collision repair shops. For example, Plaintiffs allege that a GEICO claims 

supervisor threatened K & M Collision by stating that GEICO “will only pay 

prevailing market labor rates . . . , and if the customer is not satisfied ‘we’ll tow the 

vehicle to [another] shop that [is] certified.” However, the scenario Plaintiffs 

describe does not fit squarely into the typical extortion case. See Sekhar, 570 U.S. 

at 731–32, 133 S. Ct. at 2723–24 (noting the jury specified that the wrongful 

conduct related to anonymous emails demanding general counsel make a 

recommendation or emailer would disclose information about counsel’s affair); 

United States v. Haimowitz, 725 F.2d 1561, 1572 (11th Cir. 1984) (defendant 

“pressured” victim to pay him additional $15,000 to obtain liquor license).

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The Ninth Circuit has analyzed whether similar conduct was sufficiently 

wrongful to constitute extortion in Levitt v. Yelp! Inc., 765 F.3d 1123 (9th Cir. 

2014). In Levitt, small business owners sued Yelp! Inc. (“Yelp”), claiming that 

Yelp extorted “advertising payments from them by manipulating user reviews and 

penning negative reviews of their businesses.” Id. at 1126. The Ninth Circuit 

recognized the well-established principle that “[t]hreats of economic harm made to 

obtain property from another are not generally considered wrongful where the 

alleged extortioner has a legitimate claim to the property obtained through such 

threats.” Id. at 1130 (quotation marks omitted and alterations adopted). In other 

words, the term “wrongful” under the Hobbs Act “limits the statute’s coverage to 

those instances where the obtaining of the property would itself be ‘wrongful’ 

because the alleged extortionist has no lawful claim to that property.” Id. at 1130–

31 (quoting Enmons, 410 U.S. at 400, 93 S. Ct. at 1009–10). The Ninth Circuit 

ultimately held that the plaintiffs’ allegations were not sufficient to show that Yelp 

threatened plaintiffs wrongfully, because Yelp had “the right to charge for 

legitimate advertising services,” and the threat of harm that Yelp leveraged against 

plaintiffs “is, at most, hard bargaining.” Id. at 1134.

The Ninth Circuit’s reasoning fits the facts here well, and we conclude that,

at most, these Defendants drove a hard bargain. Based on Plaintiffs’ allegations, 

Defendants gave “warning of [their] intention to” charge certain prices, and allowed 

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Plaintiffs “the chance of avoiding the consequences.” Id. at 1132 (quotation marks 

omitted). Plaintiffs could have refused to perform the requested repairs at the rates 

set by Defendants, but they did not. They went ahead and performed those repairs. 

This is not extortion. Cf. Quality Auto, 917 F.3d at 1273 (noting that “market 

power alone” is not sufficient to invalidate a contract voluntarily entered into).

On this record, Plaintiffs have not alleged predicate acts of either fraud or 

extortion and we must affirm the District Court’s dismissal of their RICO claims.

B. PLAINTIFFS HAVE NOT SUFFICIENTLY PLED THEIR STATE LAW 

CLAIMS.

Plaintiffs also appealed the common law claims they brought under North 

Carolina and Pennsylvania law. For the reasons set forth below, we affirm the 

dismissal of their fraud and unjust enrichment claims.

1. Fraud

To state a fraud claim under Pennsylvania law, Plaintiffs must allege: “(1) a 

representation; (2) which is material to the transaction at hand; (3) made falsely, 

with knowledge of its falsity or recklessness as to whether it is true or false; 

(4) with the intent of misleading another into relying on it; (5) justifiable reliance on 

the misrepresentation; and (6) the resulting injury was proximately caused by the 

reliance.” Gibbs v. Ernst, 647 A.2d 882, 889 (Pa. 1994). Stating a fraud claim 

under North Carolina law requires the same elements. See Myers & Chapman, Inc. 

v. Thomas G. Evans, Inc., 374 S.E.2d 385, 391 (N.C. 1988). Rule 9(b)’s 

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heightened pleading standard also applies to the North Carolina and Pennsylvania 

common law claims because they “sound in fraud.” Wilding v. DNC Servs. Corp., 

941 F.3d 1116, 1127 (11th Cir. 2019).

Employing its reasoning for dismissing the RICO fraud claim, the District 

Court held that Plaintiffs also failed to plead their common law fraud claim with 

particularity. On appeal, Plaintiffs claim that the District Court summarily 

dismissed this count and argue only that the facts underlying their RICO fraud 

claim “are indisputably material” to their common law fraud claim. But whether 

these allegations are material to both the RICO and common law fraud claims is not 

in dispute. Plaintiffs offer their own conclusion that they have met their burden 

under Rule 9(b) “for the reasons outlined above under the RICO claims.” However, 

we have already concluded they failed to state a RICO fraud claim, so we decline to 

address their common law fraud claim further and affirm its dismissal.

2. Unjust Enrichment

To state an unjust enrichment claim, Plaintiffs must allege (1) “benefits 

conferred on defendant by plaintiff,” (2) “appreciation of such benefits by 

defendant,” and (3) “acceptance and retention of such benefits under such 

circumstances that it would be inequitable for defendant to retain the benefit 

without payment of value.” Schenck v. K.E. David, Ltd., 666 A.2d 327, 328 (Pa. 

Super. Ct. 1995) (quotation marks omitted); see Krawiec v. Manly, 811 S.E.2d 542, 

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552 (N.C. 2018) (describing similar elements). Plaintiffs’ unjust enrichment claim 

is foreclosed by this Court’s holding in Quality Auto. 

In Quality Auto, we held that the plaintiffs could not satisfy the “unjust” 

element because each plaintiff “knew before it undertook the repair” that each 

defendant “would pay no more than State Farm would pay.” Quality Auto, 917 

F.3d at 1273. Here, Plaintiffs allege that “[b]efore a damaged vehicle is repaired, a 

repair appraisal—or estimate—is prepared . . . using estimating software products 

sold by one of the Information Providers.” Because Plaintiffs knew before they

undertook each repair that Defendants would pay no more than the rates listed in 

the estimate, “it clearly was not unjust for the Insurance Company to pay only that 

and no more.” Quality Auto, 917 F.3d at 1273. 

Pennsylvania and North Carolina precedent bolsters our reasoning in Quality 

Auto because the crux of an unjust enrichment claim is the inequitable possession 

of a benefit. See, e.g., Booe v. Shadrick, 369 S.E.2d 554, 556 (N.C. 1988) (“The 

benefit . . . must not be conferred . . . in a manner that is not justified in the 

circumstances.”); Roman Mosaic & Tile Co. v. Vollrath, 313 A.2d 305, 307 (Pa. 

Super. Ct. 1973) (holding that plaintiff who brought a claim against a person who 

was not a party to the contract “must show that [the defendant] wrongfully secured 

or passively received a benefit that it would be unconscionable for her to retain”).

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Because Plaintiffs knew the amount Defendants would pay before they undertook 

each repair, we affirm the dismissal of their unjust enrichment claim.

C. THE DISTRICT COURT DID NOT ERR BY EXCLUDING EXHIBITS E1–

E7.

Plaintiffs argue that the Magistrate Judge improperly excluded Exhibits E1–

E7 from consideration and the District Court erred by failing to consider Plaintiffs’

objections and adopting the Magistrate Judge’s order under Federal Rule of Civil 

Procedure 72. As Plaintiffs acknowledge, the Magistrate Judge’s decision was a 

nondispositive ruling. In deciding whether to adopt the Magistrate Judge’s order, 

the District Court was therefore required only to “consider timely objections and 

modify or set aside any part of the order that is clearly erroneous or is contrary to 

law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(a). It was not required to perform a de novo review and 

neither are we. 

On a motion to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), a 

court ordinarily may not look beyond the pleadings. United States ex rel. Osheroff 

v. Humana, Inc., 776 F.3d 805, 811 (11th Cir. 2015). But it may consider exhibits 

attached to a motion to dismiss without converting the motion into one for summary 

judgment if the exhibits are (1) central to the plaintiff’s claim and (2) their 

authenticity is not disputed. Id. Assuming that the same rule governs exhibits 

attached to an opposition to a motion to dismiss, the Magistrate Judge nonetheless 

permissibly declined to consider the disputed exhibits.

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The Magistrate Judge found that Exhibits E1–E7 contained “copies of repair 

estimates generated by Defendants and repair orders created by Plaintiffs.” He 

reasoned that although the estimates “may turn out to be important evidence at 

trial,” they were “not so central” to warrant consideration at the motion to dismiss 

stage. We, too, are not persuaded that these exhibits were central to Plaintiffs’

claims. As Plaintiffs acknowledge, these estimates are merely examples of the data 

they claim to be misrepresentations, and the District Court did consider other 

exhibits that compiled the raw data as “representative examples” of the 

misrepresentations in ruling on the motion to dismiss. More to the point, these 

exhibits do not help Plaintiffs overcome their problems with pleading their fraud 

claims, as we have discussed above. As a result, we conclude that the District 

Court neither made any error of law, nor committed a clear error of judgment in 

affirming the Magistrate Judge’s ruling.

D. THE DISTRICT COURT DID NOT ERR BY DISMISSING THE 

COMPLAINT WITH PREJUDICE.

Plaintiffs claim they requested leave to amend and take issue with what they 

characterize as the District Court’s “summary” finding that amendment would be 

futile. “Ordinarily, ‘[i]f the underlying facts or circumstances relied upon by a 

plaintiff may be a proper subject of relief,’ Foman v. Davis, 371 U.S. 178, 182, 83 

S. Ct. 227, 230 (1962), leave to amend ‘should be freely given,’ Fed. R. Civ. P. 

15(a).” Hall v. United Ins. Co. of Am., 367 F.3d 1255, 1262 (11th Cir. 2004). 

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However, the District Court may properly deny leave to amend the complaint under 

Rule 15(a) when such amendment would be futile. Id. (citing Foman, 371 U.S. at 

182, 83 S. Ct. at 230). “Although we review a district court’s denial of a motion to 

amend only for abuse of discretion, we review de novo a decision that a particular 

amendment to the complaint would be futile.” Cockrell v. Sparks, 510 F.3d 1307, 

1310 (11th Cir. 2007). We hold both that Plaintiffs did not properly request leave 

to amend and that the District Court did not err in finding that any amendment 

would be futile.

First, Plaintiffs did not properly seek leave to amend their Complaint. As 

Plaintiffs acknowledge, they were required to move for leave to amend pursuant to 

Rule 15(a) and “either attach a copy of the proposed amendment to the motion or 

set forth the substance thereof.” United States ex rel. Atkins v. McInteer, 470 F.3d 

1350, 1362 (11th Cir. 2006). Plaintiffs argue they requested leave by pointing to 

the concluding paragraphs in various briefs they filed. Assuming that Plaintiffs’ 

requests amount to “the functional equivalent of a motion,” we still “affirm the 

district court’s rejection thereof because [they] failed to include the proposed 

amendment or the substance thereof” as required under this Circuit’s precedent. Id. 

Plaintiffs’ argument that they would have added additional information to 

demonstrate Defendants’ misrepresentations of the prevailing rates and how they 

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misled Plaintiffs is not sufficient to set forth the substance of a proposed amended 

complaint.

Neither did the District Court err in finding further amendments would be 

futile. “[D]enial of leave to amend is justified by futility when the complaint as 

amended is still subject to dismissal.” Burger King Corp. v. Weaver, 169 F.3d 

1310, 1320 (11th Cir. 1999) (quotation marks omitted). The District Court 

compared Plaintiffs’ Complaint with their first amended complaint (which had been

dismissed as a matter of law) and found the claims Plaintiffs asserted in their 

operative complaint “told essentially the same story.” See Hall, 367 F.3d at 1263 

(affirming dismissal “because the three new claims asserted, like those in [the] first 

amended complaint, would have been subject to dismissal as a matter of law”); see 

also Burger King, 169 F.3d at 1319–20 (holding that amendment to add bad faith 

refusal to renew claim was futile when court had already decided on summary 

judgment that refusal to renew was justified). We have already affirmed the 

dismissal of each of Plaintiffs’ claims and now affirm the District Court’s ruling

that further amendment would have been futile.

IV. CONCLUSION

We AFFIRM the District Court. Plaintiffs’ RICO claims fail because they

have not alleged any fraudulent or wrongful conduct to show there were predicate 

acts of fraud and extortion. Similarly, Plaintiffs did not plead their state law fraud 

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claim with particularity. Plaintiffs’ unjust enrichment claim is also foreclosed by 

our decision in Quality Auto. Neither was the District Court’s decision to exclude 

Exhibits E1–E7 clearly erroneous or contrary to law. Finally, any amendment to 

Plaintiffs’ Complaint would have been futile, so the District Court’s dismissal with 

prejudice was not in error.

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