[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

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No. 18-12573

Non-Argument Calendar

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D.C. Docket No. 1:17-cr-00166-MHC-RGV-1

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 

 Plaintiff - Appellee,

versus

PATRICK ANTONIO CEASAR, 

 Defendant - Appellant.

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Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Northern District of Georgia

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(March 11, 2019)

Before WILSON, JILL PRYOR and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM: 

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Patrick Ceasar appeals his conviction and sentence for using a firearm 

during a crime of violence, carjacking, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c). Because 

Ceasar’s challenges are foreclosed by binding precedent, we affirm.

Ceasar pled guilty to one count of carjacking, in violation of 18 U.S.C. 

§ 2119(2), and one count of using a firearm in relation to a crime of violence (the 

carjacking), in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c). Under § 924(c), a “crime of 

violence” is a felony that “has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened 

use of physical force against the person or property of another” or “by its nature, 

involves a substantial risk that physical force against the person or property of 

another may be used in the course of committing the offense.” 18 U.S.C. 

§ 924(c)(3)(A)-(B). The former definition is called the “elements clause” and the 

latter is known as the “residual clause.” See Ovalles v. United States, 905 F.3d 

1231, 1234 (11th Cir. 2018) (en banc).

Before sentencing, Ceasar filed a memorandum in which he objected to his 

conviction and sentence for the § 924(c) offense, arguing that the statute’s residual 

clause was unconstitutionally vague in light of the Supreme Court’s decisions in 

Sessions v. Dimaya, 138 S. Ct. 1204 (2018), and Johnson v. United States, 135 S. 

Ct. 2551 (2015). He further argued that carjacking did not alternatively qualify as 

a crime of violence within the meaning of § 924(c)’s elements clause. Although 

Ceasar acknowledged that this Court held otherwise in In re Smith, 829 F.3d 1276 

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(11th Cir. 2016), he argued that In re Smith was wrongly decided. The district 

court overruled Ceasar’s objections, reasoning that regardless of the 

constitutionality of § 924(c)’s residual clause, In re Smith was binding precedent as 

to the elements clause. The court sentenced Ceasar to a total of 141 months’ 

imprisonment. This is Ceasar’s appeal.

Ceasar renews his arguments on appeal, contending that § 924(c)’s residual 

clause is unconstitutionally vague and that his carjacking offense does not 

alternatively qualify as a crime of violence under § 924(c)’s elements clause. The 

Supreme Court recently granted certiorari to determine the constitutionality of 

§ 924(c)’s residual clause. See United States v. Davis, No. 18-431, 2019 WL 

98544 (Jan. 4, 2019); but see Ovalles, 905 F.3d at 1234 (holding that the residual 

clause is not unconstitutionally vague and applying a conduct-based approach to 

that definition of “crime of violence”). As he acknowledges, however, this Court 

is bound by In re Smith to conclude that a carjacking conviction under 18 U.S.C. 

§ 2119 qualifies as a crime of violence under § 924(c)’s elements clause. See 

United States v. St. Hubert, 909 F.3d 335, 345-46 (11th Cir. 2018) (holding that 

published orders on requests for authorization to file a second or successive § 2255 

motion, like Smith, are binding outside the second or successive context); United 

States v. Brown, 342 F.3d 1245, 1246 (11th Cir. 2003) (explaining that a prior 

panel precedent binds subsequent panels unless or until it is overruled or 

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undermined to the point of abrogation by this Court sitting en banc or by the 

Supreme Court). We therefore must conclude, as the district court did, that 

Ceasar’s § 924(c) conviction and sentence, predicated on his carjacking conviction, 

are valid notwithstanding any remaining questions regarding the constitutionality 

of § 924(c)’s residual clause.

For these reasons, we affirm Ceasar’s convictions and sentence.

AFFIRMED.

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