## IN THE SUPREME COURT OF CALIFORNIA

THE PEOPLE

, Plaintiff and Respondent,

v. VERONICA AGUAYO

, Defendant and Appellant.

S254554

Fourth Appellate District, Division One

D073304

San Diego County Superior Court

SCS295489

August 2 5
, 2022

Justice Jenkins authored the opinion of the Court, in which
Chief Justice Cantil

- Sakauye and Justices Corrigan, Liu, Kruger, Groban, and Guerrero concurred.PEOPLE v. AGUAYO

S254554

Opinion of the Court by Jenkins, J.

After a physical altercation with her father, defendant Veronica Aguayo was charged with and convicted of both assault with a deadly weapon other than a firearm (Pen. Code, 1 § 245, subd. (a)(1 )), and assault by means of force likely to cause great bodily injury ( id ., subd. (a)(4)). Evidence that defendant hit her father with a bicycle chain and lock supported each aggravated
assault conviction

. A defendant may be charged in an accusatory pleading with “two or more different offenses connected together in their
commission ” and “may be convicted of any number of the offenses charged.” (§ 954.) In this regard, “[w]e have repeatedly
held that t he sa me act can support multiple charges and multiple convictions.” ( People v. Gonzalez (2014) 60 Cal.4th 533,
537 ( Gonzalez ) .) However, if two alleged offenses are “different statements of the same offense” (§ 954), both offenses may be charged based on the same act , but convictions for both cannot
stand

. ( S ee People v

. Vidana ( 2016 ) 1 Cal.5th 632, 648 ( Vidana )

. ) The issue we confront here is whether “ assault upon the person of another with a deadly weapon or instrument other
than a firearm ” (assault with a deadly weapon ; § 245, subd. (a)(1)) and “ assault upon the person of another by any means of force likely to produce great bodily injury ” (force likely assault ;

1 All further statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise noted.PEOPLE v. AGUAYO Opinion of the Court by Jenkins, J.

2 § 245 , subd. (a)(4)) are separate offenses, or whether they constitute “differe nt statements of the same offense ” (§ 954)

. The Courts of Appeal that have addressed t his question have
reached conflicting results. (See post , at p. 8 .)

As we explain below, t he answer to this question “ turns on the Legislature’s intent in enacting these provisions, and if the Legislature meant to define only one offense, we may not turn it
into two.” ( Gonzalez

, supra , 60 Cal.4th at p. 537. ) In prior decisions involving section 954, we outlined specific factors to
consider in examining the statutory language of the offense(s)
before turning to other indicia of legislative intent

. ( See People
v. White (2017) 2 Cal.5th 349 ( White ); Vidana

, supra , 1 Cal.5th 632; Gonzalez

, supra , 60 Cal.4th 533. ) Having analyzed this
case under that framework, we hold that assault with a deadly weapon (§ 245, subd. (a)(1)) and force likely assault ( id ., subd. (a)(4)) are “different statements of the same offense” (§ 954).

W e reverse the Court of Appeal’s judgment a ffirming both
convictions.

F ACTUAL AND P ROCEDURAL B ACKGROUND On August 18, 2017, 43

- year

- old defendant Veronica Aguayo was working on her bicycle in her parents’ yard. Her
72

- year

- old father, Luis Aguayo (Father), turned on the sprinklers to water the plants and accidentally got defendant’s cell phone charger wet. Each testified at trial to their version of what happened next.PEOPLE v. AGUAYO Opinion of the Court by Jenkins, J.

3 Father testified that defendant began yelling expletives and “came at” him with a bicycle chain and lock, 2 hitting him in the back. When she tried to hit him again, Father grabbed the lock and tried to wrest it from defendant’s hands. When Father let go of the bicycle lock, defendant hit Father’s head, arms, and chest with the lock approximately 15 times. F ather grabbed the bicycle chain, and the two struggled back and forth until defendant slipped and pulled Father down on top of her.
Defendant stood up and while Father was still on his knees, defendant grabbed a ceramic pot located nearby and threw it at him. It hit Father on a part of his head where he had previously had brain surgery. Father grabbed a rock to throw at defendant,
but reconsidered and threw the rock away . The rock ricocheted off a nearby wall and hit defendant on the head.

As Father turned to go inside the house, defendant struck him with the bicycle chain on his chest, arms, and back. The two struggled once more over the bicycle chain, and Father
wrested control of it. Defendant grabbed a rock and was about to hit Father with it, but her mother, who had appeared in the doorway, told her, “Don’t do that.” Defendant asked Father for
the bicycle chain, which Father threw back to her. Defendant
then rode away on her bicycle. Father opined that during the struggle defendant struck hi m with the bicycle chain approximately 50 times

. Defendant’s account of the struggle diverged from Father’s in several respects. She testified that she acted in self

- defense.

2 At times, the record refers to the bicycle chain and lock as either the chain or lock or both, though the two appear to be one unit. The opinion tracks the description used by each witness during their testimony.PEOPLE v. AGUAYO Opinion of the Court by Jenkins, J.

4 I nitially, she confronted Father about her wet phone charger
and he said, “ ‘ I do what I want to do because this is my house.’ ”
D efendant then called Father a “fucking asshole,” and he started to come towards her. Fearful of Father, defendant started swinging the chain and yelled, “Get away from me. ”
Defendant hit Father in th e head with the bicycle chain . Father charged at defendant and she hit him a second time with the bicycle lock

. After he got hold of the bicycle lock, Father hit
defendant ’s legs with it several times, though she did not sustain any visible injuries or bruises. According to defendant, Father threw the ceramic pot at her, not the other way around.

A s relevant here, a n amended information charged
defendant with two offenses: (1) assaul t with a deadly weapon

, with an enhancement allegation that she “personally used a dangerous and deadly weapon, to wit: bicycle chain/lock” (§§ 245(a)(1), 1192.7, subd. (c)(23); count 2); and ( 2 ) force likely assault (§ 245(a)(4); count 3). The jury foun d defendant guilty on both assault charges and found true the deadly

- weapon

- use enhancement allegation attached to count 2.

The trial court imposed concurrent sentences for these
convictions but stayed the sentence on count 3 (force likely assault) under section 654. Defendant appealed, arguing that her conviction for force likely assault must be vacated because it is a lesser included offense of assault with a deadly weapon. The Court of Appeal rejected this claim, reasoning that an
assault can be comm itted with an inherently deadly weapon without necessarily using force likely to produce great bodily injury. The court also rejected defendant’s claim that the two convictions were impermissibly based on the same conduct, pointing to what it viewed as mu ltiple acts of hitting Father with the bicycle chain and hitting his head with the ceramic pot.PEOPLE v. AGUAYO Opinion of the Court by Jenkins, J.

5 However, it remanded to the trial court with directions to determine defendant’s eligibility for a pretrial mental health diversion program. ( S ee §§ 1001.35, 1001.36.) It conditionally reversed the judgment for this limited purpose.
After granting review, we subsequently directed the parties to answer the following questions: Are force likely assault and assault with a deadly weapon “different statements
of the same offense for purposes of section 954? If so, must one
of defendant’s convictions be vacated?” Our opinion here
address es only the section 954 issue briefed by the parties

. D ISCUSSION
Defendant contends that the assault with a deadly weapon

coun t and the force likely assault count are merely different ways of stating the same offense . Assuming we agree, she posits
that because these counts arose from the same set of facts, she may be convicted of only one count. We agree with defendant’s
contention

. We begin our analysis by examining legal principles that guide our determination of when multiple charges in an accusatory pleading allege different offenses or represent
“different statements of the same offense ” under section 954.

A. Different Statements of the Same Offense Section 954 provides that “[a]n accusatory pleading may charge two or more different offenses connected together in their commission, or different statements of the same offense or two or more different offenses of the same class of crimes or offenses,
und er separate counts.” (Italics added.) “The prosecution is not required to elect between the different offenses or counts set forth in the accusatory pleading, but the defendant may bePEOPLE v. AGUAYO Opinion of the Court by Jenkins, J.

6 convicted of any number of the offenses charged.” 3 (§ 954; see
Vidan a , supra , 1 Cal.5th at p. 649.) One of section 954’s objective s is to assist in a “just administration of the criminal
law”

— for instance, one trial involving multiple charges alleged in a single accusatory pleading would obviate the need for
“another trial of the same facts with its attendant trouble and expense” on any withheld charges. ( People v. Piner (1909) 11 Cal.App. 542, 547; see People v. Sloan (2007) 42 Cal.4th 110, 122 [explaining “legitimate future use of multiple convictions”

purs uant to § 954].)

We have also stated that section 954 “ ‘does not permit multiple convictions for a different statement of the same offense when it is based on the same act or course of conduct.’ ” ( Vidana

, supra , 1 Cal.5th at p. 650.) Put another way , “ ‘if a defendant cannot be convicted of a greater and a lesser included offense based on the same act or course of conduct, dual convictions for the same offense based on alternate legal theories would necessarily be prohibited.’ ” ( Ibid .)

Whether s tatutory offenses charged in an accusatory pleading “define different offenses or merely describe different ways of committing the same offense properly turns on the Legislature’s intent in enacting these provisions, and if the Legislature meant to define only one offense, we may not turn it into two.” ( Gonzalez

, supra , 60 Cal.4th at pp. 537, 538

– 540 [oral copulation of intoxicated person and oral copulation of

3 While a defendant may be properly convicted of different offenses based on the s ame act, he or she may be punished for only one of those offenses. (§ 654; see People v

. Jones (2012) 54 Cal.4th 350, 358 [“Section 654 prohibits multiple punishment for a single physical act that violates different provisions of law”].)PEOPLE v. AGUAYO Opinion of the Court by Jenkins, J.

7 unconscious person are different offenses]; see White

, supra , 2 Cal.5th at pp. 354

– 359 [rape of intoxicated person and rape of unconscious person are different offenses]; accord, Vidana

, supra , 1 Cal.5th at pp. 637, 647

– 649 [grand theft by larceny and grand theft by embezzlement are different statements of same offense].)

To determine such intent under the section 954 framework, we do not employ traditional principles of statutory interpretation, which are designed to ascertain the meaning of an ambiguous statute. Here, we must resolve any uncertainty about what the Legislature intended when it enacted assault with a deadly weapon and force likely assault, i.e., whether it intended to define two different offenses or two different ways of committing the same offens e. ( See Vidana

, 1 Cal.5th at p. 637; Gonzalez

, 60 Cal.4th at p. 537.) To that end, we consider the text and structure of the statutes; the elements of the two offenses; their prescribed punishments; and other indicia of legislative intent, including legi slative history and the wider historical context of the statutes’ enactment to resolve the question. (See Vidana , at pp. 63 7

– 647; Carmack v. Reynolds (2017) 2 Cal.5th 844, 850.) None of these individual factors is necessarily dispositive. ( Vidana , at p. 648.) W ith these guiding principles in mind, w e begin our analysis of the question before us by examining the statutory language of the aggravated
assaults at issue.

1. Statutory language of s ection 245

A ssault with a deadly weapon and force likely assault are separately set out in section 245, subdivision (a)(1) (section 245(a)(1)) and section 245, subdivision (a)(4) (section 245(a)(4)), respectively. (See Stats. 2011, ch. 183, § 1.) The former makesPEOPLE v. AGUAYO Opinion of the Court by Jenkins, J.

8 it a crime to “commit[] an assault upon the person of another with a deadly weapon or instrument other than a firearm.” (§ 245(a)(1).) The latter makes it a crime to “commit[] an assault upon the person of another by any means of force likely to produce gr eat bodily injury.” (§ 245(a)(4).) The prescribed punishment for both forms of aggravated assault is identical: “imprisonment in the state prison for two, three, or four years, or in a county jail for not exceeding one year, or by a fine not exceeding t en thousand dollars ($10,000), or by both the fine and imprisonment.” ( § 245 , subd. (a)(1), (4).) The lower courts are divided on whether these two types of aggravated assaults are , for purposes of section 954, separate offense s or the same offense

. (Se e, e.g., People v. Brunton (2018) 23 Cal.App.5th 1097 ( Brunton ) [different statements of same offense]; but see In re Jonathan R . (2016) 3 Cal.App.5th 963 [separate offenses] ; cf. In re C.D

. (2017) 18 Cal.App.5th 1021, 1029 [ under § 245, subd. (c) assault with a deadly weapon and force likely assault against peace officer or firefighter are a single offense] .) Relying on Brunton

, d efendant argues that
sub paragraphs (a)(1) and (a)(4) of section 245 do “ not plainly state whether, for purposes of section 954,” they are different
statements of the same offense or different crimes. Focusing
instead on section 245’s legislative history, she maintains that the two aggravated assaults have been long understood to constitute but “one offense” ( quoting In re M osley (1970) 1 Cal.3d 913, 919, fn. 5 ( Mosley ) )

. T he Attorney General , for his part, argues that assault with a deadly weapon and force likely assault are separate offenses because they “ are defined by
diff erent elements, listed in different self

- contained subparagraphs, punished differently, and found together in aPEOPLE v. AGUAYO Opinion of the Court by Jenkins, J.

9 subdivision that includes other assault crimes with separate elements and different punishments.” He maintains that these
considerations based on section 245’s plain language signal the Legislature’s intent to create separate offenses; he, therefore, suggests we need not resort to section 245’s legislative history.

At the outset , we conclude that t he text of section 245 does

not definitively show whether the Legislature intended assault with a deadly weapon (§ 245(a)(1)) and force likely assault ( § 245(a)(4)) to be separate offenses or different statements of the
same offense. First, our reading of s ection 245 ’s express language reveals it does not, for instance, list the two aggravated assaults as part of “ a series of acts, either of which separately or together, may constitute the offense.” ( People v.
Frank (1865) 28 Cal. 507, 513 [under former § 470, “ ‘the falsely making,’ ‘a ltering,’ ‘forging,’ ‘counterfeiting,’ ‘uttering,’ ‘publishing,’ ‘passing,’ ‘attempting to pass,’ any of the instruments or things therein mentioned, with the intent specified, is declared to be forgery”]; People v. Ryan (2006) 138 Cal.App.4th 360, 366

– 367 [ same , following Frank ].) Instead

, as the Attorney General observes

, section 245 lists each aggravated assault separately (s ee § 245, subd s . (a)(1)

– (4)

, (b), (c) )

, and each provision is what we have described as “self

contained”

— that is

, each “ sets forth all the elements of a crime, and each prescribes a specific punishment ,” although the aggravated assaults at issue here prescribe the same punishment. ( Gonzalez

, supra , 60 Cal.4th at p. 539; see also § 245, subd. (a)(1)

, (4); see ante , at p. 8 .)

It is not dispositive , however, that assault with a deadly weapon and force likely assault are “self

- contained” in separate
sub paragraphs with separate punishments. ( Gonzalez

, supra , 60 Cal. 4 th at p. 539.) The Penal Code supplies numerousPEOPLE v. AGUAYO Opinion of the Court by Jenkins, J.

10 examples of separate, “self

- contained” provisions that constitute alternative means of committing a single offense. (See, e.g.,
Vidana

, supra , 1 Cal.5th at p. 648 [though larceny (§ 484(a)) and embezzlement (§ 503) are contained in separate provisions,
th ere is clear intent to create single crime of theft]; People v. Duffy (2020) 51 Cal.App.5th 257, 265 [carrying concealed firearm in a vehicle (§ 25400, subd. (a)(1)) or on the person (§ 25400, subd. (a)(3)) is “a singular offense”]; see id . at pp. 264

– 266; People v. Ryan, supra , 138 Cal.App.4th at p. 36 6 [“there was but one crime of forgery [§ 470, subds. (a), (d)], and that the various acts proscribed by the statute were simply different means of committing that offense”].)

Next , the Attorney General emphasizes that the two aggravated assaults appear to “ differ in their necessary elements.” ( Gonzalez

, supra , 60 Cal.4th at p. 539.) A ssault with a deadly weapon requires the use of a deadly weapon or instrument, whereas force likely assault incl udes any application of force likely to cause great bodily injury , regardless
whether any weapon or instrument is used

. 4 ( People v. Aguilar (1997) 16 Cal.4th 1023, 1031 ( Aguilar ) .) However, because force likely assault includes most assaults with a dead ly weapon or instrument, in addition to force likely assaults in the absence of a weapon or instrument, there is significant overlap between the
two offenses. (See People v. McGee (1993) 15 Cal.App.4th 107,

4 Compare these alternate provisions of CALCRIM N o . 875 : (1) “defendant did an act with a deadly weapon other than a firearm that by its nature would directly and probably result in the application of force to a person” ; and (2) “defendant did an act that by its nature wo uld directly and probably result in the application of force to a person ” and t he force was “ likely to produce great bodily injury” ).PEOPLE v. AGUAYO Opinion of the Court by Jenkins, J.

11 115 [“force likely to produce great bodily injur y was defendant’s use of the deadly weapon, a knife”].)

In Aguilar

, we described these two offenses as “functionally identical”

— except with respect to inherently dangerous weapons

— in that “[b]oth the ‘weapon or instrument’
clause of the statute and the ‘force likely’ clause look to the probability or capability of producing great bodily injury.” ( Aguilar

, supra , 16 Cal.4th at p. 1033; id . at p. 1032, quoting People v. Davis (1996) 42 Cal.App.4th 806, 815 [“ ‘all aggravated
assaults are u ltimately determined based on the force likely to be applied against a person’ ”].) Thus, a s we indicated in
Vidana , a comparison of the offenses’ elements does “not definitively resolve ” whether assault with a deadly weapon and force likely assault “ are a single offense.” ( Vidana

, supra , 1 Cal.5th at p. 648 [ “we have long held that premeditated murder and felony murder

— although requiring different elements

— are not distinct crimes but simply alternative means of committing the single offense of murder ” ].) As such, the fact
that the two types of aggravated assaults are self

- contained and have different elements reveals little of the Legislature’s intent regarding this section 954 inquiry.
Next, we consider section 245’s legislative history to

ascerta in the Legislature’s intent. As we explain more fully below, when this legislative history is viewed in the context of our past decisions

— which have described force likely assault “as an alternative” to assault with a deadly weapon ( Aguilar

, supra , 16 Cal.4th at p. 1030), and have stated that both types of assault constitute “one offense” ( Mosley

, supra , 1 Cal.3d at p. 919, fn. 5)

— it becomes clear that the Le gislature has tacitly approved the statements t his court has made regarding the relationship between the two aggravated assaults. (See PeoplePEOPLE v. AGUAYO Opinion of the Court by Jenkins, J.

12 v. Ledesma (1997) 16 Cal.4th 90, 100

– 101 ( Ledesma ) [“ ‘ Legislature is presumed to have been aware of, and acquiesced in, the courts’ construction of [a] statute ’ ” if it does not alter that construction by subsequent legislation ] .)

2. Legislative history of section 245

To p lace our evaluation of section 245’ s legislative history
in context , we begin with the language of the section when it

was initially enacted in 1872. S ection 245 did not originally include force likely assault

. As relevant here, it instead prohibited “an assault upon the person of another with a deadly weapon, instrument, or other thing

. ” ( Pen. Code, former § 245
, enacted 1872 ; see Aguilar, supra , 16 Cal.4th at p. 1030

. ) We had occasion to interpret section 245 the year following it s enactment, and we reversed a defendant’s assaul t with a deadly weapon conviction because the indictment failed to allege the use of a deadly weapon pursuant to the statute: “ ‘[T]he fact that a deadly weapon was resorted to by the prisoner is made by the statute itself an indispensable characteristic of such an assault, and one which distinguishes it from all others.’ ” ( Aguilar , at

p. 1031, italics omitted, quoting People v. Murat (1873) 45 Cal.
281 , 283 .)
Two years later , o stensibly in response to Murat , the Legislature added the “ ‘force likely’ clause as an alternative to the ‘deadly weapon’ clause” in former section 245, subdivision (a)(1). ( Aguilar

, supra , 16 Cal.4th at p. 1030, italics added.) The
1874 statute , as amended, provided: “Every person who commits an assault upon the person of another with a deadly weapon or instrument, or by any means or force likely to produce great bodily injury, is punishable by imprisonment in the S tate
P rison, or in a C ounty J ail, not exce eding two years, or by finePEOPLE v. AGUAYO Opinion of the Court by Jenkins, J.

13 not exceeding five thousand dollars, or by both. ” ( Former § 245, as amended by Code Amends. 1874

, ch. 614, § 22, p. 428; see Aguilar

, supra , 16 Cal.4th at pp. 1030

– 1033 [detailing history of § 245].) Thereafter, we had the opp ortunity to address section
245 once more in Mosley

. We there observed that this amended version of section 245 “define [d] only one offense” and that force likely assault was “ not an offense separate from” assault with a deadly weapon. ( Mosley

, supra , 1 Cal.3d at p. 919, fn. 5.) These two descriptions of aggravated assaults remained together in the same provision until 2011, when the Legislature amended and reorganized former section 245, subdivision (a)(1). (Stats. 2011, ch. 183 , § 1 .)
In amending se ction 245 in 2011, the Legislature identified the amendment’s primary purpose : to split assault with a deadly weapon and force likely assault into separate paragraphs in the wake of a 2000 voter

- approved initiative

, Proposition 21, which imposed p ossible collateral consequences resulting from a conviction of the former, but not of the latter

. ( Se e People v. Brown (2012) 210 Cal.App.4th 1, 4, fn. 1.) Proposition 21 expressly added assault with a deadly weapon to the statutory “serious felony” list for purposes of applying the Three Strikes law. (§1192.7, subd. (c)(31); see also People v. Myers (2007) 148 Cal.App.4th 546, 554 [Prop. 21 “ ‘delete[d] for serious felony purposes the personal use requirement for assault with a deadly weapon’ ”].) Howe ver, Proposition 21, as enacted by the voters

, did not designate force likely assault as a “serious” felony. (See People v. Haykel (2002) 96 Cal.App.4th 146, 148.) Because former section 245(a)(1) at the time included both forms of aggravated assaults, it was unclear from the face of a judgment reflecting a section 245(a)(1) conviction whether the conviction was subject to the adverse consequences of a “ serious ”PEOPLE v. AGUAYO Opinion of the Court by Jenkins, J.

14 felony conviction

. (See People v. Delgado (2008) 43 Cal. 4th 1059, 1072.)

As explained above, section 245 ’s legislative history expressly states that the 2011 amendment made “technical, nonsubstantive changes” to address Proposition 21’s effects on
section 245 . (Legis. Counsel’s Dig., Assem. Bill No. 1026 (2 011

– 2012 Reg. Sess. ).) However, according to the bill’s author, t he
amendment did “ not create any new felonies or expand the punishment for any existing felonies. It merely split[] an ambiguous code section into two distinct parts.” (Sen. Com. on
Pub. S afety, Rep. on Assem . Bill No. 1026 (2011

– 2012 Reg

. Sess.) as introduced Feb. 18, 2011 , pp. 4

– 5 ; hereafter Report on
Assem. Bill 1026 .) T he Legislature further stated that the purpose of separating the two forms of assault in the 2011
amendment was to “ ‘ reorganize []’ ” s ection 245 to provide for a

“ ‘ more efficient assessment of a defendant’s prior criminal history ’ ” and “ ‘ a more accurate and earlier disposition of
criminal cases. ’ ” ( Sen. Rules Com., Analysis of Assem. Bill No. 1026 (2011

– 2012 Reg. Sess.) as introduced Feb. 18, 2011, p p

. 2

– 3.) Having a judgment showing the “true nature” of a former section 245(a)(1) conviction

— by indicating whether it was pursuant to sub paragraph (a )(1) or (a)(4)

— would allow a prosecutor to settle appropriate cases prior to a preliminary hearing and avoid “clogging the court system.” ( Sen. Rules Com., Analysis of Assem. Bill No. 1026, supra , p. 3 [“it will be clear what type of an assault occurred ”].)
Notably, o ur decisions in Mosley and Aguilar

— indicating that former section 245 “defines only one offense” ( Mosley

, supra , 1 Cal.3d at p. 919, fn. 5), and reaffirming the view that force likely assault is “ ‘not an offense separate from’ ” assault with a deadly weapon ( Aguilar

, supra , 16 Cal.4th at p. 1036
,PEOPLE v. AGUAYO Opinion of the Court by Jenkins, J.

15 quoting Mosley , at p. 919, fn. 5)

— both preceded the 2011
amendment to section 245. The Legislature is presumed to be aware of these earlier cases when it made what the legislative
hist ory described as “technical, nonsubstantive changes” to
section 245 in 2011

. (Legis. Counsel’s Dig., Assem. Bill No. 1026 (2011

– 2012 Reg. Sess. ); s ee Ledesma

, supra , 16 Cal.4th at pp.
100

– 101.) Accordingly, had the Legislature intended in 2011 to

create separate offenses by relocating force likely assault into its own paragraph, it presumably would have made that intent
clear.
Supporting this conclusion is the fact that the Legislature, in otherwise amending section 245 to expand its scope , has expressly stated its intent to create new crimes. For example,
in 1982, the Legislature “create[d] a new crime of assault with a firearm” under subdivision (a)(2) (Assem. Com. on Crim. Justice, Analysis of Assem. Bill No. 846 (1981

– 1982 Reg. Sess.) a s introduced March 9, 1981, p. 3). And in 1989, in two separate bills, the Legislature added to section 245 the “new crime [ s ] ” 5 of
assault with a machine gun or an assault weapon under subdivision (a)(3) (Stats. 1989, ch. 18, § 1) and assault with a
semi automatic rifle under subdivision (b) (Stats. 1989, ch. 1167, § 1). Thus, the Legislature has expressly declared when statutory revisions to section 245 constitute new crime s

. Accordingly

, we reject the Attorney General’s argument that the 2011 amendment reflects the Legislature’s intent to create two separate offenses for purposes of section 954.

5 See Legis. Counsel’s Dig., Sen. Bill No. 292 (1989

– 1990 Reg. Sess.) (“the bill would create a new crime”); Legis. Counsel’s Dig

. , Assem. Bill No. 1504 (1989

– 1990 Reg. Sess.) (“the bill would create a new crime”)

.PEOPLE v. AGUAYO Opinion of the Court by Jenkins, J.

16 Defendant , in our view, has the better argument. Section 245’s legislative history

— which re aches back to 1872 and reflects amendments that have expanded the number of offenses described in 245 through the years

— makes clear when the Legislature amends section 245 to create a “new crime,” it does so expressly. Our reading of t his legislative hi story, combined
with Mosley ’s and Aguilar ’s statement that force likely assault is “ ‘not an offense separate from’ ” assault with a deadly weapon ( Aguilar

, supra , 16 Cal.4th at p. 1037, quoting Mosley

, supra , 1 Cal.3d at p. 919, fn. 5)

, and the Legislatur e’s subsequent failure to indicate otherwise, convinces us that the Legislature intended assault with a deadly weapon and force likely assault to constitute “different statements of the same offense” for purposes of section 954. (See Ledesma

, supra , 16 Cal.4th at pp.
100

– 101.)

3. The Attorney General’s Additional Arguments

T he Attorney General , for his part, do es not dispute that the primary purpose of the 2011 amendment was to make it
easier to identify from a judgment the conduct on which a section 245 conviction is based

. He also concedes that assault with a deadly weapon and force likely assault at some point described “a single offense of aggravated assault.” Nevertheless,
he contends the Legislature’s 2011 amendment t o section 245,
which reorganized section 245 by placing force likely assault and assault with a deadly weapon into “two distinct parts” (Report

on Assem . Bill 1026, supra , p. 5), signaled the Legislature’s intent to treat these forms of aggravated assaults as separate offenses. He asserts that “[c]oncluding that the two assault crimes in section 245, subdivision (a)(1) and (a)(4) are different statements of the same offense would be directly antithetical to the very point in separating them out into distin ct subdivisions.”PEOPLE v. AGUAYO Opinion of the Court by Jenkins, J.

17 We are unpersuaded for several reasons

. First, we assign little significance to the bill author’s statement that the 2011 amendment sought to split former section 245, subdivision (a)(1) into “two distinct parts.” (Report on Assem . Bill 1026, supra , p. 5, italics added.) The Attorney General argues this revea ls a “clear intent to make ‘distinct’ assault provisions, which is the essence of an intent to create separate offenses under section
954.” But the statement’s use of the term “distinct” cannot bear the weight the Attorney General places on it . The Legis lature clearly identified its express purpose for enacting the 2011
amendment . As noted above (see ante , at p p

. 13

– 1 4 ), the reason for separating and distinguishing between these two types of
assaults was merely to allow the court and parties to readily
i dentify whether a resulting conviction would constitute a strike. Indeed, long before the 2011 amendment and consistent
with that amendment’s express purpose, we advised that even though section 245, subdivision (a) “define[d] only one offense,”
a resulti ng judgment should “specify which of the two categories of conduct prohibited by section 245 (i.e., assault (1) with a deadly weapon or instrument, or (2) by means of force likely to produce great bodily injury) was involved in the particular case. ” ( Mosl ey , supra , 1 Cal.3d at p. 919, fn. 5.) “[S]uch a finding ,” we explained

, “ should be made for the benefit of probation and correction officials who may

. . . attach significance thereto.” ( Ibid .)
Furthermore, as we have noted, had the Legislature sought to make them truly distinct offenses without any overlap (see ante , at p p

. 10

– 11 )

, i t could have added language signaling
this intent when it placed force likely assault in its own
subdivision in 2011

. By way of comparison, when the Leg islature in 1982 established assault with a firearm as newlyPEOPLE v. AGUAYO Opinion of the Court by Jenkins, J.

18 added section 245 , subdivision (a)(2)

, it did not simply require
the use of a firearm in subdivision (a)(2) (“assault

. . . with a firearm”) ; it simultaneously excluded the use of a firearm in subdivision (a)(1) (“assault

. . . with a deadly weapon or instrument other than a firearm”). ( Assem. Office of Research, Conc. in Sen. Amends. to Assem. Bill No. 846 (1981

– 1982 Reg. Sess.), as amended Sept. 11, 1981, p. 1 [ “this bill: [ ¶ ] 1) [s] pecified

. . . [assault with a deadly weapon or instrument] did not include assault with a firearm; and [ ¶ ] 2) [c] reated a new crime of assault with a firearm”].) This made clear that the
offenses were discrete and presumptively separate.

It stands to reason that if the Legislature had wanted to make assault with a deadly weapon and force likely assault unmistakably separate, it would have utilized this same approach with the 2011 amendment

. H owever, when it placed force likely assault in a different paragraph from assault with a deadly weapon

, the Legislature did not add defining language to force likely assault

— such as “without the use of a weapon or instrument ”

— to eliminate any perceived overlap of the two types of aggravated assaults

. Instead

, the Legislature made “technical, nonsubstantive changes” (Legis. Counsel’s Dig., Assem. Bill No. 1026 (2011

– 2012 Reg. Sess. ) ) , and underscored
that the 2011 legislation did “not create any new felo nies or expand the punishment for any existing felonies

. ” (Sen. Rules Com., Analysis of Assem. Bill No. 1026 (2011

– 2012 Reg. Sess.) as introduced Feb. 18, 2011, p. 3; see ante , at p p

. 13

– 1 4

. )
Next, the Attorney General asserts that other portions of section 245’s legislative history suggest the Legislature, in amending section 245 over the years, had an “overarching”

purpose to create four separate subdivisions for aggravated
assault. Asking that we construe section 245(a) and its series ofPEOPLE v. AGUAYO Opinion of the Court by Jenkins, J.

19 amendments as a whole, the Attorney General surmises that “it would be remarkable if the Legislature intended some of the subparagraphs in that provision to constitute separate offenses, while allowing other seemingly equal subparagraphs to stand as different statements of the same offense.”
We are not persuaded that there is a singular purpose governing these amendments

. For instance, the 1982 amendment adding assault with a firearm as a new crime had a specific punitive purpose “aimed at ass uring that some time is served for offenses involving serious crimes.” (Ways and Means Staff Analysis of Assem. Bill No. 846 (1981

– 1982 Reg. Sess.), as amended May 6, 1981; see Stats. 1982, ch. 13 6 , § 1; see People v.
Milward (2011) 52 Cal.4th 580, 585 [ “the Legislature’s apparent purpose was to require a minimum punishment of six months’ imprisonment in county jail for aggravated assaults committed with a firearm”] .) Likewise, the purpose of the 1989 amendment adding the crime of assault with a machine gun or assault weapon was to “eliminate from California society, except under limited circumstances, weapons essentially military or antipersonnel in nature which are considered to pose an
intolerable threat to the well

- being of the citizens of this state. ” (Sen. Com. on Judiciary, Analysis on Sen. Bill No. 292 (1989

– 1990 Reg. Sess.) , as amended Feb. 27, 1989, pp. 4

– 5.) These substantial policy considerations for the earlier amendments
that creat ed new crime s stand in stark contrast to the underlying purp ose of the 2011 amendment: to make “technical, nonsubstantive changes” (Legis. Counsel’s Dig., Assem. Bill No. 1026 (2011

– 2012 Reg. Sess. ) ) and “not [to] create any new felonies or expand the punishment for any existing felonies” ( Assem. Com. on Pub. Saf ety, Analysis of Assem. Bill No. 1026 (2011

– 2012 Reg. Sess.) as introduced Feb. 18, 2011, p. 2)

. InPEOPLE v. AGUAYO Opinion of the Court by Jenkins, J.

20 short, we perceive no legislative intent mandating that the internal structure of section 245 be wholly consistent in the manner that the Attorney General suggests. On a related point, the Attorney General contends “there is nothing inconsistent” between the legislative declaration that
the 2011 amendment did “ ‘not create any new felonies’ ” and his argument “that the Legislature intended the two felonies to be distinct and separate.” This argument would perhaps carry more weight if assault with a deadly weapon and force likely assault were considered separate offenses prior to the 2011

ame ndment. But as we have emphasized above, both assaults were combined in one paragraph beginning in 1874 when the Legislature added the “ ‘ force likely ’ ” clause “ ‘ as an alternative ’ ” to the “deadly weapon” clause. ( Aguilar

, supra , 16 Cal.4th at p. 1030 .) We observed early on that far from setting out separate offenses, former section 245, subdivision (a)(1) “define[d] only one offense ”; force likely assault “is not an offense separate from

— and certainly not an offense lesser than and
included within

— the offense of assault with a deadly weapon. ” ( Mosley

, supra , 1 Cal.3d at p. 919, fn. 5.)
The Attorney General also relies on the fact that assault with a deadly weapon is classified as a serious felony (§ 1192.7, subd. (c)(31)), while force likely assault is not so classified (see People v. Winters (2001) 93 Cal.App.4th 273, 27 7 ). This distinction, he argues, establishes that these forms of aggravated assault are separate offenses. We agree that the basis for the 2011 amendment was to identify and give effect to
this distinction. (See ante , at p p

. 13

– 1 4 .) However, we part

ways w ith his suggestion that by classifying assault with a deadly weapon as a serious felony, the Legislature meant to define it as a separate offense.PEOPLE v. AGUAYO Opinion of the Court by Jenkins, J.

21 For instance, t he mere inclusion of assault with a deadly

weapon as a serious felony under section 1192.7
, subdivision (c)(31)

, does not necessarily reflect its status as a standalone offense, i.e., one that is separate from force likely assault. We have long rejected the view that section 1192.7 “consist[s] only of specific statutory offenses and enhancements.” ( People v.
Guerrero (1988) 44 Cal.3d 343, 347

. ) Instead, w e have recognized that t he “ ‘list of serious felonies as set out in section 1192.7 and incorporated into section 667, is an amalgam of different elements,’ ” which include repealed felonies

, a general reference to felonies punishable by death or imprisonment,
enhancements that may attach to any felony , and “criminal conduct which does not correspond precisely to the elements of any then

- existing criminal offense.” ( Guerrero , at p. 347.) That
assault with a deadly weapon and not force likely assault is
included in section 1192.7, subdivision (c) largely reflects that “a meaningful difference exist[s] between the two clauses” and
the conduct proscribed by each clause ( Aguilar

, supra , 16 Cal.4th at p. 1030) ; it does not , without more, signal the Legislature’s intent to create separate offenses. (See Couzens,
Cal. Practice Guide: Sentencing California Crimes ( The Rutter Group 2022) ¶ 20.4 [because § 1192.7 “ frequently focus[es] on criminal conduct rather than a discrete code section, a number of additional convictions may be characterized as strikes simply because of the way the crimes were committed”].)

Nor do the strike consequences for a serious felony
classificat ion make assault with a deadly weapon an offense distinct from force likely assault for purposes of section 954

. While differing punishments may indicate that offenses are independent from one another ( see Gonzalez

, supra , 60 Cal.4th at p. 539)

, punishmen t for committing a n offense is “annexed

,PEOPLE v. AGUAYO Opinion of the Court by Jenkins, J.

22 upon conviction ” (§ 15 , italics added ) and is a primary and direct
result of the offense

. In contrast, “ ‘the possibility of increased punishment in the event of a subsequent conviction

, ’ ” such as a prior conviction for a serious felony

, is properly cast as a

“ ‘ collateral consequence ’ ” ( People v. Buycks (2018) 5 Cal.5th 857, 878 )

, i.e., “one which does not ‘inexorably follow’ from a
conviction of the offense

. . . ” ( People v. Crosby (1992) 3 Cal.App.4th 1352, 1355)

. Put another way , t he designation of assault with a deadly weapon as a serious felony for purposes of
the Three Strikes law does not change the nature of its underlying punishment, which is identical to that of force likely assault. (See ante , at p. 8 .)

Nor do we agree with the Attorney General that our holding requires that the jury be informed that a conviction for

assau lt with a deadly weapon, but not for force likely assault, is considered a “serious” felony. That a defendant should be punished “under the provision that provides for the longest potential term of imprisonment” ( former § 654) 6 is not a concern implicate d here because the base term punishment s for assault with a deadly weapon and force likely assault are the same

. Moreover, even if the designation of a “serious” felony later increases a defendant’s total term of imprisonment, “[i]nformation regarding the consequences of a verdict is

. . . irrelevant to the jury’s task

. . . [and] providing jurors sentencing information invites them to ponder matters that are

6 Effective January 1, 2022

, newly amended section 654 provide s that judges have discretion to sentence a def endant to any of the convicted crimes rather than the one that provides for the longest term of punishment. (Stats. 2021, ch. 441, § 1.)PEOPLE v. AGUAYO Opinion of the Court by Jenkins, J.

23 not within their province

. . . .” ( Shannon v. United States (1994) 512 U.S. 573, 579.)

Last ly , we are unpersuaded by the Attorney General’s policy arguments based on section 654

. The Attorney General first suggests that if we were to conclude that assault with a deadly weapon and force likely assault were separate offenses, there would be little danger of multiple punishments on counts
that arise from the same act or omission because section 654
would require a stay of punishment for one count where multiple convictions occur. (See People v. Reed (2006) 38 Cal.4th 1224,
1226

– 1227; People v. Correa (2012) 54 Cal.4th 331, 336.) While this may be true, it is beside the point. The issue before us is
whet her section 954 permits multiple convictions where, as we conclude here, the convictions are based on different statements
of the same offense. Our decision in Vidana forecloses the possibility of multiple convictions where the two types of aggravated ass aults constitute “different statements of the
same offense

. ” (§ 954 ; see Vidana

, supra , 1 Cal.5th at p. 648 .)
We likewise find unavailing the Attorney General’s
related policy argument permitting “ an alternative conviction [that] may prevent the defend ant from otherwise escaping justice ” if one of the convictions is overturned. (See People v.
Gonzalez (2008) 43 Cal.4th 1118, 1128

– 1129.) Because force likely assault and assault with a deadly weapon are the same offense for purposes of section 954, any “alternative” conviction would in fact be duplicative and improper as a matter of law. (See Vidana

, supra , 1 Cal.5th at p. 650; People v. Coyle (2009) 178 Cal.App.4th 209, 217 [three convictions for a single murder impermissible where “[t]he three counts simply alleged alternative theories of the offense”] .)PEOPLE v. AGUAYO Opinion of the Court by Jenkins, J.

24 Having carefully considered the Attorney General’s arguments , we find ample support for our conclusion that assault with a deadly weapon and force likely assault are “different statements of the same offense” (§ 954). As such,
defendant may not be convicted of both based on the same act or
course of conduct . ( Vidana

, supra , 1 Cal.5th at p. 65 1 .) 7

B

. Same or S eparate A cts We now turn to the Attorney General’s assertion that
section 954 is no i mpediment to defendant’s dual convictions for
a different reason : they are based on separate acts. In support
of this contention , the Attorney General relies largely on Father’s trial testimony and opines that the jury could have found defendant guilty o f both counts based on multiple different acts, “including the 50 times [defendant] hit her father with the bicycle chain or (as to count 3) her additional act of throwing the [ceramic pot] at his head. ” Based on defendant’s
own admission s , the Attorney General also argues that the jury
had before it evidence that defendant “ committed at least two separate assaults with the bicycle chain.”

D efendant contends that the jury made no finding of fact that there were separate acts supporting the section 245 (a)(1)
and section 245 (a)(4) convictions , respectively. Therefore

, she argues it was conceivable that the jury impermissib l y relied on

7 We disapprove In re Jonathan R

., supra , 3 Cal.App.5th 963
, which reached a contrary conclusion (see ante , at p. 8)

, to the extent it is inconsistent with this opinion. Further, b ased on our holding that these two types of aggravated assaults are alternative means of committing the same offense, we need not determine whether force likely assault is a lesser included o ffense of assault with a deadly
weapon.PEOPLE v. AGUAYO Opinion of the Court by Jenkins, J.

25 the same act to convict defendant of both counts

. As important

, defendant asserts that an appellate court ’s determination that she struck Father twice with the bicycle chain and lock in two separately punishable acts woul d constitute judicial factfinding
that “ necessarily violates ” the Sixth Amendment.

We agree with defendant that the jury did not make a find ing of fact identifying which act supported which specific

count

. It did not make such finding because it was never asked
to do so by way of the prosecution’s argument

, a unanimity
instruction , or the like

. ( See People v. Jennings (2010) 50 Cal.4th 616, 679 ( Jennings ) .) The prosecution did not identify the particular act supporting each aggravated assault, and it did little to differentiate between the two counts. For example, the charging allegation a nd verdict form did not specify the act of force defendant used to commit the force likely assault. The respective jury instructions ( listing the element of whether “[t]he defendant did an act [with a deadly weapon other than a firearm] that by its nature would directly and probably result in the application of force to the person” ) also did not identify what act defendant committed for each count. (See ante , at p. 10 , fn.

4

. ) D uring closing argument, the prosecution referred to defendant hitting Father with the bicycle chain to establish both the assault with a deadly weapon and force likely assault

counts. At the same time, with regard to the force likely assault count, the prosecution referred to defendant using both the bicycle chain and the ceramic pot to assault Father.
Without conclusively determining the standard of prejudice applicable in this context, we are persuaded that there is a reasonable probability the jury would have convicted defendant of one or the other assault offense, rather tha n both, had the jury been instructed that the two offenses could not bePEOPLE v. AGUAYO Opinion of the Court by Jenkins, J.

26 based on the same act or course of conduct. ( People v. Watson (1956) 46 Cal.2d 818, 836.) The record demonstrates that the prosecution and defense counsel viewed the offenses as

esse ntially identical and based on the same act or course of conduct, which may in turn explain the absence of an unanimity instruction. (See Jennings
, supra , 50 Cal.4th at p. 679 [“no unanimity instruction is required if the case falls within the
continuous

- course

- of

- conduct exception, which arises ‘when the acts are so closely connected in time as to form part of one
transaction’ ”].) Given this shared understanding, it is reasonably probable that the jury understood the offenses in the

same way. 8
Contrary to the Attorney General’s contention, the issue is not whether the jury could have found that defendant struck
Father at least two times and up to 50 times

— which would be
relevant to whether there was sufficient evidence to sustain
each co nviction (see People v. Banks (2015) 61 Cal.4th 788, 804)

— but whether there is a reasonable probability the jury
failed to do so

.

8 We decline the Attorney General’s invitation to address the application of Vidana ’s “course of conduct” prong in this context ( Vidana

, supra , 1 Cal.5th at p. 648, fn. omitted)

. Our holding in this case does not depend on the view that individual acts within a course of conduct may not form the basis of separate convictions for the same offense. Instead, we confirm that the same course of conduct may not form the basis of separate convictions for the same off ense. We express no opinion regarding the validity of the former. For similar reasons, we need not address whether the completed act rule applies to an otherwise single course of conduct. (See People v. Harrison (1989) 48 Cal.3d 321, 329 [“a new and sep arate violation of section 289 is ‘completed’ each time a new and separate ‘penetration, however slight’ occurs”].)PEOPLE v. AGUAYO Opinion of the Court by Jenkins, J.

27 Nor are we
, as a reviewing court

, at liberty to accept the Attorney General’s invitation to determine whether “the record as a whole provides an ample basis on which to conclude that the jury found two separate acts beyond a reasonable doubt based on [defendant’s] admissions.” It is axiomatic that
criminal defendant s are constitutionally entitled to “ ‘a jury determination that [ they are] guilty of every element of the
crime with which [they are] charged, beyond a reasonable
doubt

. ” (

Apprendi v. New Jersey (2000) 530 U.S. 466, 477 .) Here, there is a reasonable probability that the jury would have convicted defendant of only one, and not both, aggravated assault offenses. In this circumstance, we cannot affirm based on our own view of what the evidence would support. ( Sullivan
v. Louisiana ( 1993 ) 508 U.S. 275, 280 [ “The Sixth Amendment requires more than appellate speculation about a hypothetical jury’s action” ] .) Further, d efendant’s admission that she struck
Father at least two times with the bicycle chain does not inexorably show that the jury relied on separate act s in reaching its guilty verdicts.
Last, we reject the Attorney General ’s assertion that a reviewing court’s authority to make such a finding to support the convictions is akin to a sentencing court’s determination
whether to impose concurrent or consecutive sentences under
section 654. (See People v. Carter (2019) 34 Cal.App.5th 831, 841 [“Whether a defendant had multiple intents or objectives is a question of fact for the sentencing court”].) Unlike a jury
determination of each element of a charged offense , the “imposition of consecutive terms

. . . does not implicate a defendant’s Sixth Amendment rights.” ( People v. Black (2007) 41 Cal.4th 799, 821 .) Section 654 is largely a sentencing issue,
which lies outside the historical province of a jury

. ( Oregon v.PEOPLE v. AGUAYO Opinion of the Court by Jenkins, J.

28 Ice (2009) 555 U.S. 160, 168 ; People v. Mosley (2015) 60 Cal.4th 1044, 1057

– 1058

. )

C ONCLUSION AND D ISPOSITION
Based section 245’s statutory lan guage and legislative history

— illuminated by statements we made in Aguilar and Mosley that have endured amid a series of amendments to the provision

— we conclude that assault with a deadly weapon (§ 245(a)(1)) and force likely assault (§ 245(a)(4)) are “different statements of the same offense” (§ 954). We, therefore, conclude
that a d efendant may not be convicted of both types of aggravated assault based on the s ame act or course of conduct. (See Vidana

, supra , 1 Cal.5th at p. 650.) Here, there is a reasonable probability that the jury viewed the two charged
assault offenses as based on the same act or course of conduct

. Thus, the Court of Appeal erred by deter mining for itself that defendant’s “convictions are based on multiple acts

— hitting her father with the bicycle chain and lock, and hitting him with the ceramic pot.”

W e therefore reverse the Court of Appeal’s judgment and
remand the matter for proceedings consistent with this opinion. (See Vidana

, supra , 1 Cal.5th at p. 651, fn. 18 [“we express no opinion on whether striking the larceny conviction or the embezzlement conviction or consolidating the two convictions is the proper remedy”]; see , e.g., People v. Craig (1941) 17 Cal.2d 453, 458

– 459 , overruled on another point in Whi te , supra , 2 Cal.5th at p. 359 .)PEOPLE v. AGUAYO Opinion of the Court by Jenkins, J.

29 JENKINS, J.

We Concur:
CANTIL

- SAKAUYE, C. J. CORRIGAN, J. LIU, J. KRUGER, J. GROBAN, J. GUERRERO, J.See next page for addresses and telephone numbers for counsel who

argued in Supreme Court.

Name of Opinion People v. Aguayo

__________________________________________________________

Procedural Posture (see XX below) Original Appea l Original Proceeding Review Granted (published) XX 31 Cal.App.5th 758 Review Granted (unpublished) Rehearing Granted

__________________________________________________________ Opinion No. S254554 Date Filed: August 25, 2022

__________________________________________________________
Court: Superior County: San Diego Judge: Dwayne K. Moring

__________________________________________________________
Counsel:

Linnéa M. Johnson and Howard C. Cohen, under appointments by the Supreme Court, for Defendant and Appellant.

Xavier Becerra and Rob Bonta, Attorneys General, Gerald A. Engler and Lance E. Winters, Chief Assistant Attorneys General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, Meredith S. White, Warren Williams, Ju nichi P. Semitsu and Steve Oetting, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.Counsel who argued in Supreme Court (not intended for

publication with opinion):

Howard C. Cohen Appellate Defenders, Inc. 555 West Beech Street, Suite 300 San D iego, CA 92101 (619) 696

- 0282

Steve Oetting Deputy Attorney General 600 West Broadway, Suite 1800 San Diego, CA 92101 (619) 738

- 9207