### I n s t r u c t i o n s :

A P os t p r oc e s s or f or R e c al c u l at i n g C A L P O S T V i s i b i l i t y O u t p u t s

w i t h t h e N e w I M P R O V E A l gor i t h m

V e r s i on 2

1 4 O c t ob e r 2006

I n t r od u c t i on

C A L P O S T c a n be us e d t o p r oc e s s e s out put s f r om C A L P U F F m ode l i ng of a s our c e ’ s e m i s s i ons

t o c a l c ul a t e t he 24

- h r a ve r a ge vi s i bi l i t y i m pa i r m e nt s c a us e d by pr i m a r y a nd s e c onda r y pa r t i c ul a t e

m a t t e r a t t r i but a bl e t o e m i s s i ons f r om t he m ode l e d s our c e

. T hos e i nc r e m e nt s a r e pr e s e nt e d i n t w o

t a

bl e s

, bot h l a be l e d “ R a nke d D a i l y V i s i bi l i t y C ha nge ”

, i n t he C A L P O S T o ut put (

. L S T ) f i l e

. T he

t a

bl e of i nt e r e s t t o us ha s t he s ubt i t l e “ M ode l e d E x t i nc t i on by S pe c i e s ” a nd l i s t s t he da t e s a nd

l oc a t i ons of s uc h i nc r e m e nt a l i m pa c t s i n l i ght e xt i n c t i on ( b

e x t ) i n r a nke d or de r

, s t a r t i ng w i t h t he

one t ha t r e pr e s e nt s t he l a r ge s t pe r c e nt a ge c ha nge i n l i ght e xt i nc t i on

. 1

I n a ddi t i on

, w i t h a di f f

e r e nt s e t up o f t he c ont r ol f i l e C A L P O S T

. I N P

, t he C A L P O S T

pos t pr oc e s s or c a n be us e d t o c a l c ul a t e 24

- hr a ve r a ge s of N O

x c onc e nt r a t i ons

. A s de s c r i be d

be l ow

, t he out put s f r om t ha t a ddi t i ona l C A L P O S T r un c a n be us e d t o a s s e s s t he vi s i bi l i t y i m pa c t

of t he N O 2 ga s i n t he s our c e pl um e

.

V i s i bi l i t y e f f

e c t s due t o pa r t i c ul a t e m a t t e r a r e c a l c ul a t e d i n C A L P O S T f r om C A L P U F F

- m ode l e d

pa r t i c ul a t e m a t t e r c om pone nt c onc e nt r a t i ons us i ng e f f

e c t i ve l y t he “ t r a di t i ona l ” I M P R O V E

a l gor i t hm

. C A L P O S T a l l ow s f o r c hoi c e of t he hu m i di t y s c a t t e r i ng e nha nc e m e nt f unc t i on ( f ( R H ) )

t o be us e d w i t h t he I M P R O V E a l go r i t hm ; f or m od e l i ng i n c onne c t i on w i t h t he U S E P A ’ s

R e gi ona l H a z e R e gul a t i ons ( R H R )

, t he a ppr opr i a t e f or m of f ( R H ) i s t he one de s c r i be d a nd

t a

bul a t e d i n t he E P A ’ s 2003 gui da nc e f o r t r a c ki ng pr ogr e s s unde r t he R H R

. V i s i bi l i t y e f f

e c t s due

t o N O 2 a r e not c ons i de r e d i n t he C A L P O S T vi s i bi l i t y c a l c ul a t i on

.

R e c e nt l y, t he I M P R O V E S t e e r i ng C om m i t t e e de ve l ope d a ne w a l gor i t h m f o r e s t i m a t i ng l i ght

e xt i nc t i on f r om pa r t i c ul a t e m a t t e r c om pone nt c onc e nt r a t i ons

. T hi s a l go r i t hm ( t he “ ne w

I M P R O V E a l gor i t hm ” ) pr ovi de s a be t t e r c or r e s ponde nc e be t w e e n t he m e a s ur e d vi s i bi l i t y a nd

1 T h e o t h er t ab l e i n t h e C A L P O S T v i s i b i l i t y o u t p u t fi l e, w i t h t h e s u b t i t l e “ % o f Mo d el ed E x t i n ct i o n b y

Sp eci es ”

, p ro v i d es eq u i v al en t res u l t s i n t er ms o f ch an g es i n t h e h a ze i n d ex

, i n d eci v i e w s

. T h e t w o t ab l es

rep res en t t h e s a me res u l t s

, w i t h i d en t i cal r an k i n g o f ev e n t s

, w h i l e j u s t u s i n g d i fferen t (b u t m at h em at i cal l y

rel at ed ) met ri cs

.2 t ha t c a l c ul a t e d f r om pa r t i c ul a t e m a t t e r c om pone nt c onc e nt r a t i ons

. T he ne w a l go r i t hm di f f

e r s i n

s e ve r a l s ubs t a nt i ve w a ys f r om t he t r a di t i ona l one :

• T he e xt i nc t i on e f f i c i e nc i e s of s ul f a t e s

, ni t r a t e s

, a nd or ga ni c s ha ve be e n c ha nge d a nd a r e

now f unc t i ons of t he i r c onc e nt r a t i ons

. T he e xt i nc t i on e f f i c i e nc i e s of s ul f a t e a nd ni t r a t e

a r e no l onge r i de nt i c a l

, a l t houg h t he ne w hygr os c o pi c s c a t t e r i ng e nha nc e m e nt f a c t or s

a

ppl i e d t o t he m a r e t he s a m e

.

• T he c onc e nt r a t i on o f pa r t i c ul a t e or ga ni c m a t t e r ( P O M ; va r i ous l y a l s o l a be l e d O C M or

O M C

, a nd s om e t i m e s j us t c a l l e d “ or ga ni c s ” ) i s no w t a ke n t o be 1. 8 t i m e s t ha t o f t he

m e a s ur e d or ga ni c c a r bon ( O C ) c onc e nt r a t i on. ( C onf us i ngl y, C A L P O S T l a be l s t he

or ga ni c s c onc e nt r a t i on a s O C

. )

• T he c ont r i but i on of f i ne s e a s a l t t o l i ght e xt i nc t i on ha s be e n a dde d, a nd i s a c c om pa ni e d

by i t s ow n hyg r os c opi c s c a t t e r i ng e nha nc e m e nt f a c t or

, f

s s ( R H )

.

• T he l i ght s c a t t e r i ng by a i r i t s e l f ( R a yl e i gh s c a t t e r i n g) now va r i e s w i t h s i t e e l e va t i on a nd

m e a n t e m pe r a t ur e

. I t i s t o be r ounde d o f f t o t he ne a r e s t one M m - 1 w he n us e d w i t h t he

ne w a l gor i t hm

.

• T he l i ght a bs or pt i on by N O 2 ga s ha s be e n a dde d.

T he ne w I M P R O V E a l gor i t hm i s r e pr e s e nt e d by t h e f ol l ow i ng f or m ul a : 2

b

e

x t = 2. 2 • f

S (

R H ) • [ s m al l s ul f

at e ] + 4. 8• f

L (

R H ) • [ l ar

ge s ul f

at e ]

+ 2. 4• f

S (

R H ) • [ s m al l ni t r at e ] + 5. 1 • f

L (

R H ) • [ l ar ge ni t r at e ]

+ 2. 8• [ s m al l or gani c s ] + 6. 1• [ l ar ge or gani c s ]

+ 10• [ e l e m e nt al c ar bon ]

+ 1• [ f

i ne s oi l ] ( E q. 1)

+ 1. 7• f

S

S (

R H ) • [ s e a s al t ]

+ 0. 6• [ c oar s e m at t e r ]

+ R ay l e i gh s c at t e r i ng ( s i t e s pe c i f

i c

)

+ 0. 33• [ N

O 2 ( ppb )

]

T he c onc e nt r a t i ons of “ l a r ge ” a nd “ s m a l l ” s ul f a t e pa r t i c l e s a r e c a l c ul a t e d a s f ol l ow s :

[

l ar ge s ul f

at e ]

= {[ t ot al s ul f

at e ]

/ 20}• [ t ot al s ul f

at e ] i f [ t ot al s ul f

at e ] < 20 μ g 3

[

l ar ge s ul f

at e ]

= [ t ot al s ul f

at e ] i f [ t ot al s ul f

at e ] ≥ 20 μ g/ m 3 ( E qs

. 2 )

[

s m al l s ul f

at e ]

= [ t ot al s ul f

at e ]

– [ l ar ge s ul f

at e ]

.

I de nt i c a l f or m u l a s

, w i t h c ha nge s i n c om pone nt na m e s

, a r e us e d f o r ni t r a t e a nd or ga ni c s

. I n

e f

f

e c t

, t he s e f o r m ul a s c onc l ude t ha t l ow c onc e nt r a t i ons of t he s e c om pone nt s a r e m a i nl y i n t he

f

or m o f “ s m a l l ” pa r t i c l e s w i t h t he i r ow n e xt i nc t i on e f f i c i e nc y a nd f S ( R H )

, w hi l e hi gh

2 Sq u ar e b r ack et s d en o t e co n c en t rat i o n s

.3 c onc e nt r a t i ons ( a ppr oa c hi ng 20 μ g / m 3 ) a r e m a i n l y i n t he f o r m o f “ l a r ge ” p a r t i c l e s w i t h a

di f f

e r e nt e xt i nc t i on e f f i c i e nc y a nd f L ( R H )

. T he s c a l i ng f a c t or [ t ot a l s ul f a t e ] / 20 s e t s t he f r a c t i on o f

t ot a l s ul f a t e t ha t i s s m a l l

.

T he s e a s a l t c onc e nt r a t i on i s t a ke n t o be 1

. 8• [ C l

- ] o r

, i f c hl o r i de i on m e a s ur e m e nt s a r e not

a va i l a bl e

, t he c hl or i ne c onc e nt r a t i on c a n be us e d i n i t s pl a c e

. S i t e s pe c i f i c R a yl e i gh s c a t t e r i ng

va l ue s ha ve be e n c a l c ul a t e d f or a l l I M P R O V E s i t e s

. 3 N i t r oge n di ox i de c onc e nt r a t i ons a r e not

m e a s ur e d a t I M P R O V E s i t e s

, but t he a m bi e nt N O 2 c onc e nt r a t i ons unde r na t ur a l c ondi t i ons c a n

be e xpe c t e d t o be ne gl i gi bl y s m a l l

. T he hi ghe r N O 2 c onc e nt r a t i on i n a s our c e pl um e m a y be

gr e a t e nough t o c a us e a c ha nge i n vi s i bi l i t y

, how e v e r

.

I n or de r t o e na bl e C A L P O S T t o c a l c ul a t e C A L P U F F

- m ode l e d s our c e i m pa c t s o n vi s i bi l i t y us i ng

t he ne w I M P R O V E a l gor i t hm

, i t w oul d ha ve t o be e xt e ns i ve l y r e pr ogr a m m e d. A s a n a l t e r na t i ve

,

s uc h a c a l c ul a t i on c oul d be done “ o f f l i ne ” by a ddi ng a not he r l a ye r of pos t pr oc e s s i ng a f t e r

C A L P O S T

. T o t hi s e nd, I ha ve de ve l ope d a p r oc e s s or

, i n t he f o r m o f a n E xc e l w or kbook

, t ha t

t a ke s t he C A L P O S T “ R a nke d D a i l y V i s i bi l i t y C ha nge : M ode l e d E xt i nc t i on by S pe c i e s ” out put

t a

bl e

, r e f e r e nc e d a ga i ns t de f a

ul t a nnua l a ve r a ge na t ur a l c ondi t i ons c onc e nt r a t i ons

, a nd c r e a t e s a n

e qui va l e nt t a bl e of r e s u l t s ba s e d on t he ne w a l go r i t hm

. I t c a n a l s o i nc or po r a t e t he v i s i bi l i t y

i m pa c t due t o l i ght a bs or pt i on by N O 2 i n t he pl um e

.

T he f ol l ow i ng de s c r i be s t he s c i e nc e be hi nd t he pr o c e s s or ( w hi c h w e ’ l l c a l l t he C A L P O S T

I M P R O V E P r oc e s s or ) a nd p r ovi de s i ns t r uc t i ons f o r us i ng i t

.

C on c e p t s

I n a ddi t i on t o t he m e c ha ni c a l c ha nge s i m pos e d by a l l t he ne w t e r m s i n t he ne w I M P R O V E

f

or m ul a

, a ppl yi ng t he ne w a l gor i t h m a l s o r e qui r e s s om e c onc e pt ua l c ha nge s

. T he bi gge s t of

t he s e i s t ha t t he e xt i nc t i on e f f i c i e nc i e s of s ul f a t e s

, ni t r a t e s

, a nd o r ga ni c s now de pe nd on t he

c onc e nt r a t i ons of t hos e s pe c i e s

. T he p r a c t i c a l i m pl i c a t i on of t h i s i s t ha t e xt i nc t i on i s no l onge r

l i ne a r l y a ddi t i ve

. T o c a l c ul a t e t ot a l e xt i nc t i on

, y ou c a nnot t a ke a ba c kgr ound l e ve l of e xt i nc t i on

a nd a dd t o i t C A L P O S T ’ s c a l c ul a t i on o f e xt i nc t i o n c a us e d by t he pa r t i c ul a t e m a t t e r c om i ng f r om

a s our c e

, be c a us e w he n t he t w o a e r os ol s m i x i n t he a t m os phe r e t he i r c om b i ne d m a s s

c onc e nt r a t i on r e s ul t s i n i nc r e a s e s i n t he e xt i nc t i on e f f i c i e nc i e s of bot h t he ba c kgr ound a nd t he

s our c e c ont r i but i on. T hi s m e a n s t ha t c om bi ni ng ba c kgr ound pa r t i c ul a t e m a t t e r w i t h t he

pa r t i c ul a t e m a t t e r f r om a s our c e gi ve s a n e xt i nc t i o n r e s ul t t ha t i s gr e a t e r t ha n t he s um o f t he t w o

s e pa r a t e e xt i nc t i ons

.

W i t h t he nonl i ne a r be ha vi or r e s ul t i ng f r om a ppl yi n g t he ne w I M P R O V E a l gor i t hm

, t he

e xt i nc t i on i m pa c t of t he s our c e ( i

. e

. , t he i nc r e a s e i n e xt i nc t i on r e s ul t i ng f r om i nt r oduc i ng s our c e

e m i s s i ons i nt o t he a t m os phe r e ) i s t he s um of t hr e e pa r t s :

1. T he s our c e i m pa c t c a l c ul a t e d by t he ne w I M P R O V E a l gor i t h m us i ng t he C A L P O S T

out put s f or a pl um e i n i s ol a t i on;

3 R evi s ed I M

P

R O V E A l g o r i t h m f o r es t i m a t i n g Li g h t E xt i n ct i o n f r o m P a r t i cl e S p e ci a t i o n D a t a

. Rep o rt t o

IMP R O V E St e eri n g Co m mi t t ee, N o v emb er 2 0 0 5

.4 2. A n i nc r e a s e i n t ha t s our c e i m pa c t be c a us e t he e xt i nc t i on e f f i c i e nc y i nc r e a s e s w he n t he

s our c e ’ s a e r os ol c om bi ne s w i t h t he ba c kgr ound a e r os ol ; a nd c or r e s pondi ngl y

,

3. A n i nc r e a s e i n t he e xt i nc t i on of t he ba c kgr ound a e r os ol be c a us e of t ha t s a m e m i xi ng

.

T he t ot a l ne w e xt i nc t i on i s t he s um of t he a bove t h r e e c om pone nt s pl us t he or i g i na l ba c kgr ound

e xt i nc t i on. T he or i gi na l ba c kgr ound e xt i nc t i on i s j us t t ha t c a l c ul a t e d by t he ne w I M P R O V E

a l gor i t hm f r om ba c kgr ound c onc e nt r a t i ons of t he v a r i ous c om pone nt s

, w i t hout a ny c ons i de r a t i on

of t he e f f

e c t s of t he pl um e

. F or t hi s a ppl i c a t i on

, t h e ba c kgr ound i s t a ke n t o be t ha t de s c r i be d by

E P A ’ s de f a

ul t na t ur a l c ondi t i ons

. T he di f f

e r e nc e b e t w e e n t he t ot a l e xt i nc t i on a nd t he ba c kgr ound

i s t he i m pa c t of t he s our c e

.

M or e de t a i l s a bout t he c a l c ul a t i on a r e gi ve n i n t he a ppe ndi x.

D e s c r i p t i on of P r oc e s s or

T he C A L P O S T

- I M P R O V E P r oc e s s or i s a M i c r os of t E xc e l w or kbook t ha t c ons i s t s of f ou r

w or ks he e t s

. I n V e r s i on 2 t he w or ks he e t s a r e t he f o l l ow i ng.

1. I nput & O ut put

– T he out put t a bl e f r om C A L P O S T i s i m po r t e d t o he r e a nd us e r e nt r i e s

a r e m a de f or t he R a yl e i gh s c a t t e r i ng c oe f f i c i e nt a n d, i f de s i r e d, f or a s e a s a l t

c onc e nt r a t i on a t t he C l a s s I a r e a of i nt e r e s t

. T he N O

x c onc e nt r a t i on on e a c h da y

a t t r i but a bl e t o t he e m i s s i ons f r om t he s our c e c a n a l s o be e nt e r e d t oge t he r w i t h a n

a s s um pt i on of w ha t f r a c t i on of t he N O

x i s i n t he f o r m of N O 2

. A r e vi s e d t a bl e

, w i t h

e xt i nc t i on ba s e d on t he ne w I M P R O V E a l gor i t h m i s t he n pr e s e nt e d on t he s a m e pa ge

. T hi s i s t he onl y pa ge on w hi c h us e r i nput t a ke s pl a c e

, a nd t he r e s ul t s of t he c a l c ul a t i ons

a

ppe a r on t hi s pa ge

.

2. C a l c ul a t i ons

- - T he c a l c ul a t i ons t he m s e l ve s a r e a l l done on t h i s w or ks he e t

. T he r e i s no

us e r i nput t o t hi s pa ge

. T he va r i a bl e s a r e e xpl a i ne d o n t he w o r ks he e t i t s e l f

, s o t he us e r

c a n f i nd i nt e r m e di a t e va l ue s i f s o i nc l i ne d.

3. F ( R H )

– T hi s w or ks he e t t a bul a t e s t he t r a di t i ona l I M P R O V E f ( R H ) a ga i ns t R H

, a nd t he n

a l s o l i s t s va l ue s f or t he t h r e e ne w hum i di t y gr ow t h f unc t i ons

, f S ( R H )

, f L ( R H )

, a nd

f

S S ( R H )

. I t s e r ve s a s a l ookup t a bl e f or t he “ C a l c ul a t i ons ” w or ks he e t

.

4. R a yl e i gh & S e a S a l t

– T hi s pa ge t a bul a t e s t he I M P R O V E

- r e c om m e nde d R a yl e i gh

s c a t t e r i ng c oe f f i c i e nt s f or a l l V I S T A S C l a s s I a r e a s a nd f or C l a s s I a r e a s i n a dj a c e nt

s t a t e s

. I t a l s o l i s t s t he a ve r a ge s e a s a l t c onc e nt r a t i o ns f or t he s a m e l oc a t i ons

, a s t a bul a t e d

on t he V I E W S w e b s i t e

, ba s e d on c hl or i de or c hl or i ne m e a s ur e m e nt s by I M P R O V E

m oni t or s be t w e e n 2000 a nd 2004. T hi s s he e t j us t p r ovi de s i nf or m a t i on f or t he us e r ; i t i s

not l i nke d t o t he r e s t of t he w or kbook

. T he us e r c a n obt a i n R a yl e i gh a nd s e a s a l t num be r s

f

or t he C l a s s I a r e a of i nt e r e s t f r om t hi s t a bl e a nd t he n m a nua l l y e nt e r t he m i n t he

de s i gna t e d s pa c e s i n w or ks he e t 1.5 I n s t r u c t i on s f or U s i n g t h e C A L P O S T

- I M P R O V E P r oc e s s or

T he s e i ns t r uc t i ons a pp l y t o V e r s i on 2 of t he p r oc e s s or

. V e r s i on 2 i nc l ude s t he a bi l i t y t o c a l c ul a t e

t he l i ght e xt i nc t i on e f f

e c t s of N O 2 r e s ul t i ng f r om t he s our c e ’ s e m i s s i ons

.

S t e p 1. B e gi n by ope ni ng t he out put (

. L S T ) f i l e f r o m a C A L P O S T vi s i bi l i t y c a l c ul a t i on r un i n a

t e xt e di t or o r w o r d pr oc e s s i ng pr ogr a m

. 4 I n t he s e c ond ha l f o f t he f i l e

, l oc a t e t he t a bl e “ R a nke d

D a i l y V i s i bi l i t y C ha nge ” w i t h t he s ubhe a di ng “ M ode l e d E xt i nc t i on by S pe c i e s ”

. 5

S t e p 2. C opy t hi s t a bl e a nd pa s t e i t ont o a ne w pa g e

. S a ve i t a s a t e xt (

. t xt ) f i l e

, not a s a f or m a t t e d

( e

. g.

, M S W o r d

. doc or

. r t f ) f i l e

. T he f i na l t a bl e s h oul d c ont a i n onl y t he c ol um n he a di ngs a nd t he

da t a

. D e l e t e a l l ot he r c a pt i ons

, a ny a ddi t i ona l da t a s um m a r i e s a t t he e nd, a nd bl a nk l i ne s be f or e

or a f t e r t he t a bl e

. T he pr oc e s s or c a n ha ndl e a m a xi m um of 22 l i ne s of da t a ( i

. e

. , t he hi ghe s t r a nk

i n t he l a s t

, unl a be l e d, c ol um n s houl d be 22 ) pl us a r ow of c ol um n c a pt i ons

. D e l e t e a ny da t a t ha t

e xc e e d t hi s l i m i t

. ( F e w e r t ha n 22 l i ne s of da t a a r e O K

. ) T he r e s ul t s houl d l ook l i ke t he e xa m pl e

i n F i gur e 1

, a l t hough t he l i ne w r a ppi ng m a y di f f

e r

.

S t e p 3. O pe n t he C A L P O S T

- I M P R O V E P r oc e s s or i n M i c r os of t E xc e l

. S a ve t he ope n f i l e unde r a

ne w na m e s o t ha t t he o r i gi na l e m p t y pr oc e s s or w i l l r e m a i n a va i l a bl e f or f ut ur e us e

. T he f r on t

w or ks he e t

, l a be l e d “ I nput & O ut put ” l ooks l i ke F i gur e 2. T he r e i s a l a r ge e m pt y box

, s ur r ounde d

by doubl e l i ne s

, i nt o w hi c h t he t a bl e c r e a t e d a bove w i l l be i m por t e d

, a s de s c r i be d be l ow

. 6 O n t he

r i ght i s a box i nt o w hi c h N O

x c onc e nt r a t i ons m a y be e nt e r e d m a nua l l y, a nd a s m a l l box be l ow

t hi s box i s pr ovi de d f or e nt r y of t he us e r ’ s a s s um pt i on of w ha t f r a c t i on of t ha t N O

s i s i n t he f or

m

of N O 2

. T w o s m a l l e r boxe s pr ov i de f o r us e r i nput of t he R a yl e i gh s c a t t e r i ng c oe f f i c i e nt a nd

, opt i ona l l y, s e a s a l t c onc e nt r a t i on f or t he C l a s s I a r e a

, a s de s c r i be d be l ow

. R e s ul t s of t he ne w

I M P R O V E a l gor i t hm c a l c ul a t i ons a ppe a r i n bl ue i n t he l ow e r ha l f o f t he w or ks he e t a nd s om e

a ddi t i ona l r e s ul t s

, t ha t a r e a l s o us e f ul f or qua l i t y c ont r ol

, a ppe a r i n gr e e n t o t he r i gh t of t he l a r ge

box. A t t he m om e nt

, m a ny r e s ul t s c e l l s w i l l di s pl a y nons e ns i c a l num be r s a nd e r r or m e s s a ge s

,

s uc h a s s how n i n F i gur e 2

.

S t e p 4. S e l e c t t he uppe r l e f t c e l l ( A 7) i n t he l a r ge b ox. O n t he E xc e l m e nu ba r

, go t o D at a > G e t

E

x t e r nal D at a a nd c l i c k on I m

por t T e

x t F i l e

. 7 ( I f t h e l a r ge box i s not e m pt y

, c l i c k on E di t T e

x t

I

m

por t i ns t e a d. ) S e l e c t t he f i l e t ha t c ont a i ns t he t a b l e c r e a t e d i n S t e p 2 a nd c l i c k on t he G e t D at a

but t on. G o t hr ough t he T e xt I m po r t W i z a r d s t e ps

, c he c ki ng t ha t a l l va l ue s a ppe a r c or r e c t l y i n

s e pa r a t e c ol um ns

. ( T he l a be l “ C O O R D I N A T E S ( k m ) ” w i l l be s pl i t ove r t w o c ol um ns ; t hi s i s

O K

. ) W he n e ve r yt hi n g a ppe a r s i n o r de r

, c l i c k F i ni s h

.

4 T h e b a ck g ro u n d co n c en t rat i o n s t h at w er e en t ered i n t o C A L P O S T mu s t b e t h e E P A

- p res c ri b ed d e fau l t

an n u al av er ag e n at u ral co n d i t i o n s co n cen t rat i o n s fo r t h e E as t

. T h e p ro ces s o r w i l l n o t g i v e co rr ect an s w ers

i f o t h er co n cen t rat i o n s w er e u s ed i n C A L P O S T

. 5 Fo r fu t u re ref eren ce i n St ep 7

, t h i s may al s o b e a g o o d t i me t o l o cat e t h e t ab l e w i t h t h e s a me t i t l e b u t

w i t h t h e s u b t i t l e “ % o f Mo d el ed E x t i n ct i o n b y Sp eci es ”

, w h i ch ap p ears l at er i n t h e o u t p u t fi l e.

6 If t h e w o rk b o o k h as al re ad y b e en u s ed

, t h e b o x es m ay n o t b e e mp t y

. T h i s d o es n o t m at t er.

7 T h e ex act w o rd i n g may v ary s l i g h t l y b et w een d i ffe ren t v ers i o n s o f Mi cro s o ft E x cel

. T h e t ermi n o l o g y

u s ed h ere i s fro m E x cel 2 0 0 4 fo r Ma ci n t o s h

.6 F i gu r e 1. E xam p l e of C A L P O S T O u t p u t T ab l e , i n P r op e r F or m at f or I m p or t i n g i n t o t h e

C A L P O S T

- I M P R O V E P r oc e s s or

.

S t e p 5. 8 T he “ I m po r t D a t a ” w i ndow w i l l a ppe a r

, w i t h c e l l A 7 i ndi c a t e d a s t he l oc a t i on a t w hi c h

da t a w i l l be e nt e r e d

. C l i c k on t he P r ope r t i e s but t on. I n t he w i ndow t ha t a ppe a r s

, s e l e c t

“ O ve r w r i t e e xi s t i ng c e l l s w i t h ne w da t a

, c l e a r unus e d c e l l s ” a nd unc he c k “ A dj us t c ol um n

w i dt h”

, t he n c l i c k on O K

. N ow c l i c k on t he O K bu t t on i n t he “ I m por t D a t a ” w i ndow

.

S t e p 6. A s s um i ng t ha t your E xc e l a ppl i c a t i on i s s e t up t o a ut om a t i c a l l y r e c a l c ul a t e w he ne ve r a ny

e nt r i e s a r e c ha nge d, you s houl d now ha ve f i l l e d t h e c e l l s i n t he l a r ge bo x on t he f i r s t w or ks he e t

,

8 If t h e p ro c es s o r al r ead y h ad d at a i n i t an d E d i t Text I m

p o r t w as cl i ck ed i n St ep 4

, t h en t h e “ Imp o rt D at a”

w i n d o w w i l l n o t ap p e ar an d St ep 5 can b e s k i p p ed

.7 F i gu r e 2. E xam p l e of A p p e ar an c e of I n p u t & O u t p u t Wor k s h e e t b e f or e D a t a E n t r y

.8 num be r s s houl d ha ve a ppe a r e d i n t he gr e e n c ol um ns t o t he r i ght

, a nd s om e num be r s w i l l

ha ve a ppe a r e d i n t he out pu t t a bl e i n bl ue on t he l o w e r ha l f o f t he w or ks he e t

. I f t he da t a

i m por t w or ke d pr ope r l y

, none of t he i m po r t e d da t a s houl d ha ve s pi l l e d out of t he l a r ge

box. C he c k t ha t a l l t he c ol um n c a pt i ons i n bol d out s i de t he l a r ge box a r e now dup l i c a t e d

on t he f i r s t l i ne i n t he box

. ( T he r e w on’ t be a c a pt i on f or R a nk. )

S t e p 7. A s a f u

r t he r c he c k on w he t he r e ve r yt h i ng i s c or r e c t s o f a r

, t he dv i n f or m a t i on i n

t he t hr e e c ol um ns t o t he r i ght o f t he l a r ge box s houl d be t he s a m e a s t ha t i n t he s e c ond

C A L P O S T t a bl e “ R a nke d D a i l y V i s i bi l i t y C ha nge : % o f M ode l e d E x t i nc t i on by

S pe c i e s ”

, w hi c h w a s m e nt i one d i n F oo t not e 1

.

S t e p 8

. B e ne a t h t he l a r ge box t ha t w a s j us t f i l l e d w i t h i m por t e d da t a

, e nt e r t he R a yl e i gh

s c a t t e r i ng c oe f f i c i e nt f o r t he C l a s s I a r e a of i nt e r e s t i n t o t he t op s m a l l box a f t e r r e d

i ns t r uc t i on 3

. A l s o, i f you w i s h, f i l l i n t he o t he r s m a l l box, t he one a f t e r r e d i ns t r uc t i on 4,

w i t h t he a nnua l a ve r a ge s e a s a l t c onc e nt r a t i on

. ( T h e s e a s a l t box m a y be l e f t bl a nk

, but

t he R a yl e i gh s c a t t e r i ng c oe f f i c i e nt box m us t be f i l l e d i n. ) T o he l p w i t h f i l l i ng i n t he s e t w o

boxe s

, t he f our t h w or ks he e t

, “ R a yl e i gh & S e a S a l t ”

, pr ovi de s I M P R O V E

- c a l c ul a t e d

va l ue s of t he R a yl e i gh c oe f f i c i e nt s f or C l a s s I a r e a s i n t he V I S T A S r e gi on a nd i n a dj a c e nt

s t a t e s

. A l s o, a ve r a ge s e a s a l t c onc e nt r a t i ons f or 20 00

- 2004, c a l c ul a t e d i n a c c or da nc e w i t h

t he ne w I M P R O V E p r oc e dur e s

, c a n be f ound t he r e

.

S t e p 9

. 9 I f t he i m pa c t due t o N O 2 i s t o be c ons i de r e d, a s e c ond C A L P O S T r un w i l l be

ne e de d t o pr ovi de t he 24

- hr a ve r a ge N O

x c onc e nt r a t i ons e s t i m a t e d by C A L P U F F

. F o r

t hi s pur pos e

, r un C A L P O S T us i ng t he A S P E C

= N O X opt i on i n I nput G r oup 1 of t he

C A L P O S T

. I N P c ont r ol f i l e

. T he N O

x va l ue s t o i ns e r t i n t he N O

x i nput box on t he I nput

& O ut put pa ge o f t he pr oc e s s or ha ve t o be e xt r a c t e d m a nua l l y f r om t he C A L P O S T out put

f i l e f o r e a c h da t e a nd r e c e pt or l i s t e d i n t he f i l e t ha t w a s i m por t e d i n S t e ps 1 t h r ough 5

a

bove a nd a r e di s pl a ye d i n t he l e f t ha nd c ol um ns i n t he l a r ge box

.

S t e p 10

. S e l e c t a va l ue be t w e e n 0 a nd 1 t o r e pr e s e nt w ha t f r a c t i on of N O

x i s i n t he f or m

of N O 2

. E n t e r t hi s va l ue i nt o t he s m a l l box a t r e d i ns t r uc t i on 6 be l ow t he c ol um n w he r e

t he N O

x c onc e nt r a t i ons w e r e e nt e r e d. 1 0

S t e p 11

. T he b l ue da t a t a bl e a t t he bot t om of t he pa ge r e pr e s e nt s t he ne w I M P R O V E

a l gor i t hm out put s

. A n e xa m pl e i s s how n i n F i gur e 3

. T h i s t a bl e c a n be c om pa r e d w i t h t he

or i gi na l C A L P O S T t a bl e a t t he t op of t he pa ge

. A l l of t he c ol um ns i n bo t h t a bl e s s how

e xa c t l y t he s a m e va r i a bl e s

, e xc e pt t ha t t he F ( R H ) c ol um n i n t he t op t a bl e i s r e pl a c e d by

j us t t he R H i n t he l ow e r t a bl e ( s i nc e t he ne w pr oc e dur e ha s t hr e e di f f

e r e nt f ( R H )

f unc t i ons ) a nd a ne w ba N O 2 c ol um n ha s be e n a dde d t o t he bot t om t a bl e t o s how t he l i ght

a

bs or pt i on due t o N O 2 ( i n M m - 1 )

. A l t hough t he e v e nt s a r e l i s t e d i n t he s a m e or de r i n bot h

t a

bl e s

, not e t ha t t he i r r a nki ngs m a y ha ve c ha nge d, a s i s t he c a s e f or m a ny of t he l i ne s i n

t he bl ue out put t a bl e i n F i gur e 3.

9 St ep s 8 an d 9 ar e o p t i o n al

. I f t h e i mp act d u e t o N O 2 i s n o t o f i n t eres t

, j u s t l e av e t h e en t ry fi el d s

men t i o n ed i n t h es e s t ep s b l an k

. 1 0 A n e as y w ay t o s ee t h e e ff e ct o f t h e N O 2 o n t h e s o u rc e ’ s i mp a ct i n t h e o u t p u t t ab l e i n t h e l o w er

h al f o f t h e p ag e i s t o t o g g l e t h i s N O 2 / N O

x v al u e b et w e e n t h e s el ect ed v a l u e an d z ero

.9 F or t hos e w ho a r e i nt e r e s t e d i n m or e de t a i l c onc e r ni ng t he c a l c ul a t i ons t ha t t a ke pl a c e

,

va l ue s of t he t h r e e f ( R H ) f unc t i ons a ppe a r i n c ol u m ns M t hr ough O on t he s e c ond,

“ C a l c ul a t i ons ” s pr e a d s he e t

. T he e xt i nc t i on i m pa c t of t he s our c e

, i nc l udi ng e nha nc e m e nt

of t he e xt i nc t i on e f f i c i e nc i e s f o r s ul f a t e s

, n i t r a t e s

, a nd or ga ni c s be c a us e o f gr e a t e r t o t a l

m a s s c onc e nt r a t i ons

, a ppe a r s i n c ol um ns V t hr oug h A C

. E xt i nc t i on due t o t he a nnua l

a ve r a ge na t ur a l ba c kgr ound a ppe a r s i n C ol um ns A J t hr ough A N ; na t u r a l ba c kgr ound

e xt i nc t i on s f or t hos e c om pone nt s t ha t a r e e nha nc e d by gr e a t e r t ot a l m a s s c onc e nt r a t i ons

a

ppe a r i n c ol um ns A U t h r ough A X

.10 F i gu r e 3. E xam p l e of A p p e ar an c e of F i n i s h e d I n p u t & O u t p u t Wor k s h e e t

.11 

### A p p e n d i x

D e t ai l s of C al c u l at i o n A p p r o ac h

A s a n e xa m pl e of t he c a l c ul a t i on s t e ps

, a s s um e t ha t t he s ul f a t e c onc e nt r a t i on r e s ul t i ng

f r om e m i s s i ons f r om a s our c e i s [ S E ] a nd t he s ul f a t e i n t he undi s t ur be d na t ur a l

ba c kgr ound i s [ S N ]

, f or a t ot a l a m bi e nt s ul f a t e c on c e nt r a t i on of [ S T ]

. A c c or di ng t o

E qua t i ons 1 a nd 2 i n t he m a i n body of t hi s doc um e nt

, t he t ot a l e xt i nc t i on due t o s ul f a t e

f

or t hi s c om b i na t i on i s

b

e

x t ( s ul f

at e )

= 2. 2 • f

S (

R H ) • [ s m a l l s ul f

at e ] + 4. 8• f

L (

R

H

) • [ l ar ge s ul f

at e ]

, ( E q. A

- 1 )

w he r e

[ l ar ge s ul f

at e T ]

= {[ S T

] /

20}• [ S T

] i f [ S T

] < 20 μ g 3

[

l ar ge s ul f

at e T ]

= [ S T

] i f [ S T

] ≥ 20 μ g/ m 3 ( E qs

. A

- 2 )

[

s m al l s ul f

at e T ]

= [ S T

]

– [ l ar ge s ul f

at e T ]

,

a nd t he s ubs c r i pt T de not e s t ot a l s ul f a t e

F or t he o r i gi na l ba c kgr ound

, w he r e t he r e i s no s ou r c e i m pa c t

, t he c or r e s pondi ng f or m ul a s

f

or t he t e r m s i n E qua t i on s A

- 2 a r e

[

l ar ge s ul f

at e N

]

= {[ S

N

]

/ 20}• [ S

N

] i f [ S

N

] < 20 μ g 3

[

l ar ge s ul f

at e N

]

= [ S

N

] i f [ S

N

] ≥ 20 μ g/ m 3 ( E qs

. A

- 3 )

[

s m al l s ul f

at e N

]

= [ S

N

]

– [ l ar ge s ul f

at e N

]

,

w he r e t he s ubs c r i pt N de not e s na t ur a l s ul f a t e

.

S i m i l a r c a l c ul a t i ons ne e d t o be c a r r i e d out f or ni t r a t e s

. C ont r i but i ons of t he ot he r

pa r t i c ul a t e c om pone nt s a r e l i ne a r a nd c a n j us t be c a l c ul a t e d a c c or di ng t o E qua t i on 1

.

I f t he i m pa c t due t o N O 2 i s a l s o t o be c ons i de r e d, t he n t he s our c e i m pa c t due t o t hi s

c om pone nt i s

, a c c or di ng t o E qua t i on 1

,

b

e

x t (

N

O 2 )

= 0

. 33• [ N

O 2 ]

, ( E q. A

- 4 )

w he r e [ N O 2 ] i s i n ppb

. I t i s r e a s ona bl e t o a s s um e t ha t t he a m bi e nt N O 2 c onc e nt r a t i ons

unde r na t ur a l c ondi t i ons w oul d be s o s m a l l a s t o c a us e ne gl i gi bl e l i ght a bs or pt i on

, s o t he

c or r e s pondi ng t e r m i s not ne e de d i n t he na t ur a l c o ndi t i ons c a l c ul a t i on

.

T he c ont r i but i ons due t o t he va r i ous c om pone nt s a r e s um m e d t oge t he r a s i n E qua t i on 1 t o

obt a i n t he t ot a l e xt i nc t i on b

e x t

, T a nd t he na t ur a l ba c kgr ound e xt i nc t i on b

e x t

, N

. T he12 f r a c t i ona l c ha nge i n e xt i nc t i on i s t he n c a l c u l a t e d a s t he di f f

e r e nc e

, no r m a l i z e d by t he

na t ur a l ba c kgr ound e xt i nc t i on

( b

e

x t

, T

– b

e x t

, N

) /

b

e

x t

, N

, ( E q. A

- 5 )

a r e s ul t t ha t c a n a l s o be e xpr e s s e d i n de c i vi e w s

.

T he s e f or m ul a s a r e us e d i n t he C A L P O S T

- I M P R O V E P r oc e s s or

. S i m i l a r f or

m ul a s a ppl y

f

or ni t r a t e s a nd or ga ni c s

. T he r e i s no nonl i ne a r i t y i n t he r e m a i ni ng t e r m s i n E qua t i on 1.