IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF MISSISSIPPI

NO. 2017-KA-01466-COA

JAMES FOSTER A/K/A JAMES H. FOSTER

A/K/A JAMES FOSTER JR. A/K/A JAMES

HENRY (JIMMY) FOSTER

APPELLANT

v.

STATE OF MISSISSIPPI APPELLEE

DATE OF JUDGMENT: 10/18/2017

TRIAL JUDGE: HON. JEFF WEILL SR.

COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: HINDS COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT,

FIRST JUDICIAL DISTRICT

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT: OFFICE OF STATE PUBLIC DEFENDER

BY: JUSTIN TAYLOR COOK

 GEORGE T. HOLMES

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE: OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL

BY: KAYLYN HAVRILLA McCLINTON

DISTRICT ATTORNEY: ROBERT SHULER SMITH

NATURE OF THE CASE: CRIMINAL - FELONY

DISPOSITION: REVERSED AND RENDERED - 03/26/2019

MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:

MANDATE ISSUED:

BEFORE BARNES, C.J., GREENLEE AND TINDELL, JJ.

BARNES, C.J., FOR THE COURT:

¶1. A Hinds County jury found James Foster guilty of burglary of a business. Foster was 

sentenced to seven years in the custody of the Department of Corrections as a habitual

offender under Mississippi Code Annotated section 99-19-81 (Rev. 2015), without

eligibility for parole. Foster filed a motion for a judgment notwithstanding the verdict

(JNOV) or, in the alternative, a new trial, arguing that the State failed to prove a breaking
occurred, which is a required element of business burglary.

1 Foster timely filed a notice of

appeal. Foster argues the evidence is insufficient to support a conviction for burglary of a

business, and the proposed jury instruction for the lesser-included offense of trespassing

should have been given. Because the State presented insufficient evidence for the element

of “breaking,” we reverse and render Foster’s conviction for burglary of a business.

FACTS

¶2. On December 21, 2013, Officer Desmond Barney with the Jackson Police

Department (JPD) was dispatched to a house on 1008 Brookley Street in Jackson,

Mississippi, due to a suspected burglary. Officer Barney was advised to be on the lookout

for two white males and one white female in a blue Ford F-150 pickup truck. En route to

the scene, Officer Barney passed a vehicle matching the description traveling away from the

scene on nearby McDowell Road. Officer Barney conducted a traffic stop on the vehicle,

which was occupied by three individuals matching the suspects’ descriptions. A stove and

a dishwasher were in the back of the truck. Foster was one of the occupants of the truck. 

After arresting the suspects, Officer Barney never went to investigate the dwelling.

¶3. The three suspects were transported to “city holding” and interviewed by Detective

Virgil Jarman with the property-crimes division of JPD. Foster told Detective Jarman that

he had previously lived at the house years ago. He was walking around the location when

he noticed the back door was open. He walked into the house, took the dishwasher and

1 The record does not contain an order denying this motion, but Mississippi Rule of

Criminal Procedure 25.3 provides that post-trial motions pending over thirty days are

deemed denied.

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stove, and called his girlfriend’s son to come pick him up. They came to the location, loaded

the appliances into the truck, and drove off before they were stopped and arrested by law

enforcement. Foster explained that they had been trying to make some money by

“scrapping”—picking up items and selling the scrap metal formoney. During the interview,

Foster admitted to wrongfully taking the items, but he explained that once he got to the

dwelling “things kind of got out of control.” During his investigation, Detective Jarman

never went to the house.

¶4. John Ketchum, a self-employed real-estate broker, testified that in December 2013,

the property was an unoccupied dwelling owned by his former client, True Wholesale

Houses of Mississippi. Ketchum was hired by the company’s owner, Mike Hanks, to take

over the property’s management, evaluate the rental property, and obtain quotes to renovate

it. The property would be offered as a rental home “once it was operational.” Ketchum

testified the building was not “a place of business” but instead a single-family residential

dwelling. But Detective Jarman explained that the house was considered a business for

purposes of these charges because “any time you have a house for rent, it’s listed as a

business” since the property makes money for the owner through rent. Ketchum did not

know the last time the house had been inhabited. Ultimately, the property was never

renovated because Hanks never accepted the quotes to renovate it.

¶5. During Ketchum’s examination, two photographs of the dwelling’s kitchen were

entered into evidence. Ketchumtestified he had taken these photographs some time between

September through November 2013, before the incident. The photograph labeled Exhibit

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Two shows both a storm door and a solid metal or wooden back door. The storm door is

shut, but the solid back door is open. The other photograph depicts the stove and

dishwasher in the kitchen. Ketchum did not know if the appliances were operational.

¶6. After the State rested, Foster moved for a directed verdict, claiming the State had not

proven the residence was a place of business.2 The court overruled Foster’s motion. Jury

instructions on the elements of petit larceny and trespass were denied. Ultimately, the jury

found Foster guilty of the crime charged.

ANALYSIS

¶7. Foster argues that the trial court erred in denying his motion for a JNOV because the

evidence is insufficient to support a conviction for burglary of a business. Although Foster

challenges the sufficiency of the evidence for several of the crime’s elements, we find merit

to Foster’s argument regarding the “breaking” element. Foster claims that he entered the

house through an open door, and therefore this action does not constitute “breaking” as it

pertains to the crime of burglary. We agree.

¶8. “The sufficiency of the evidence is challenged with a motion for a directed verdict,

a request for a peremptory instruction, or a motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict

(JNOV).” Pace v. State, 242 So. 3d 107, 117 (¶24) (Miss. 2018). “[T]he relevant question

is whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any

rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a

reasonable doubt.” Warren v. State, 187 So. 3d 616, 627 (¶30) (Miss. 2016). “The

2 At this time, defense counsel did not argue there was insufficient evidence for the

“breaking” element.

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[appellate court] must reverse and render if the facts and inferences ‘point in favor of the

defendant on any element of the offense with sufficient force that reasonable men could not

have found beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant was guilty.’” Id. (quoting

Edwards v. State, 469 So. 2d 68, 70 (Miss. 1985)).

¶9. The crime of burglary of a business is described as follows:

Every person who shall be convicted of breaking and entering, in the day or

night, any shop, store, booth, tent, warehouse, or other building or private

room or office therein, water vessel, commercial or pleasure craft, ship,

steamboat, flatboat, railroad car, automobile, truck or trailer in which any

goods, merchandise, equipment or valuable thing shall be kept for use, sale,

deposit, ortransportation, with intent to steal therein, or to commit any felony,

or who shall be convicted of breaking and entering in the day or night time,

any building within the curtilage of a dwelling house, not joined to,

immediately connected with or forming a part thereof, shall be guilty of

burglary, and imprisoned in the penitentiary not more than seven (7) years.

Miss. Code Ann. § 97-17-33 (Rev. 2014). The jury was instructed on the elements of

burglary of a business. The jury was not given a definition of the term “breaking.”

¶10. The State did not meet its burden of proof to show Foster broke into the dwelling

beyond a reasonable doubt. Although Foster did not testify at trial, Detective Jarman

testified that Foster told him during his interview that he “was walking around the location

when [Foster] noticed the back door was open.” The only other evidence pertaining to the

“breaking” element was the introduction of Exhibit Two, the photograph of the back door,

offered during Ketchum’s testimony. The photograph, taken from inside the kitchen,

showed the solid metal or wooden back door open; however, there was also a storm door,

which was closed. Ketchum provided this and another photograph of the kitchen to the

State, but not until the morning of the trial. Defense counsel objected because there was no

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indication of when the photographs were taken. The State represented that Ketchum took

the photographs some time between September 14 and November 9, 2013, which is prior

to the date charged in the indictment of December 21, 2013. Defense counsel argued that

the photographs may not accurately reflect the property on that date. The State responded

that Ketchum would only testify as to the condition of the property before this date as a

“reference point” for the jury. The trial court found the photographs relevant for this

purpose only and overruled Foster’s objection. The State admitted there would be no

evidence offered at trial showing how the property, including the back door, actually

appeared on December 21.

¶11. This Court has discussed what constitutes the element of “breaking” for burglaryrelated crimes in Ladd v. State, 87 So. 3d 1108, 1114 (¶19) (Miss. Ct. App. 2012). “It is

well-established law in Mississippi that a breaking is conducted by an act of force,

regardless of how slight, necessary to be used in entering a building, such as turning a knob,

a slight push to further open a door, or raising a latch.” Id. (quoting Davis v. State, 910 So.

2d 1228, 1231 (¶8) (Miss. Ct. App. 2005)). “To constitute burglary, a ‘structure must

generally be closed. Otherwise the entry is merely a trespass, not a breaking and a

burglary.’” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Harris v. State, 68 So. 3d 754,

757 (¶11) (Miss. Ct. App. 2011)). In Ladd, the defendant’s act of walking through an open

garage door did not satisfy the “breaking” element of burglary of a dwelling. Id. at 1115

(¶23).

¶12. Here, there was no evidence of the condition of the back door on the date of the

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incident. In fact, none of the JPD police officers investigating the incident even went to the

dwelling. The only photograph of the door shows the solid door open and the storm door

closed, but Foster claimed he entered the dwelling through an open door. There is no proof

the storm door was even there on the date of the incident—it could have been removed, or

it could have been open. We conclude the State did not prove beyond a reasonable doubt

that Foster actually opened either the storm door or the solid door in order to satisfy the

element of “breaking.”

¶13. While the jury could have considered Foster’s entry into the dwelling a trespass, as

was done in Ladd, the trial court denied Foster’s jury instruction on this lesser-included

offense. Although Foster raises this denial as an error, because our decision now benefits

Foster, we decline to address the issue. The State has not made any argument that if no

“breaking” element is found that the case should be remanded for sentencing on the crime

of trespass.

¶14. Accordingly, we reverse and render Foster’s conviction for burglary of a business.

¶15. REVERSED AND RENDERED.

J. WILSON, P.J., GREENLEE, WESTBROOKS, TINDELL, McDONALD,

McCARTY AND C. WILSON, JJ., CONCUR. LAWRENCE, J., SPECIALLY

CONCURS WITH SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION, JOINED BY GREENLEE,

WESTBROOKS, TINDELL, McDONALD AND McCARTY, JJ. CARLTON, P.J.,

CONCURS IN RESULT ONLY WITHOUT SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION. 

LAWRENCE, J., SPECIALLY CONCURRING:

¶16. I agree with the majority that Foster’s conviction must be reversed based on the well

established law of the State of Mississippi. I write separately to express my concerns as to

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why that reversal is necessary.

¶17. It is axiomatic that the State has the evidentiary burden in a criminal prosecution to

prove every essential element of the crime charged beyond a reasonable doubt. Williams v.

State, 111 So. 3d 620, 624 (¶10) (Miss. 2013). This burden of proof “never shifts from the

State to the defendant.” Id. (quoting Sloan v. State, 368 So. 2d 228, 229 (Miss. 1979)). The

entire fundamental foundation of the criminal justice system is that the innocent should

suffer no harm under our law and that guilty persons should be held accountable for their

illegal acts upon a constitutional and legal investigation and trial. One of the cores of our

separation of powers is that the executive branch (in this instance law enforcement) shall

investigate those involved in violating the laws passed by the legislative branch of

government. That investigation must, at a minimum, include obtaining evidentiary proof

of each and every essential element of the crime charged beyond a reasonable doubt. The

legislative branch has required that before a person can lose his or her liberty in this State

for the crime of burglary, the State must prove, among other elements, that the perpetrator

committed a “breaking” into a business of another. 

¶18. Here, the State failed to meet that burden because it presented insufficient proof that

Foster “actually” or “constructively” broke into the house on December 21, 2013. During

the trial, the State introduced a photo of the house taken many weeks or months before the

crime in question.

3 The photograph introduced indicated the back door of the home in

3 The exact date the photograph was taken was unclear. Testimony at trial indicates

it was taken sometime between September 14, 2013, and November 9, 2013. The crime

occurred on December 21, 2013. 

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question had two doors, one solid door and one storm door. The photograph depicted one

door open and another door closed. At trial, the State offered no proof as to the condition

of the door on the date of the crime because no detective or officer ever went to the scene

to determine that condition. 

¶19. At trial, the State called the lead detective who had questioned Foster on the night of

the crime. Foster told the detective that he entered the home when he noticed the “back door

was open” and took the property. The State argued that because one door was open and one

door was closed in the photograph taken substantially before the crime in question, and

because Foster stated the “door” in the singular was “open” during his law enforcement

statement, that he obviously broke and entered through one door when he entered the home. 

¶20. The State does not get to make “leaps of faith” concerning an essential element of its

burden of proof. Rather, it must rely on actual proof. That proof could have been obtained

in this case by going to the crime scene to investigate or asking a few more questions during

Foster’s law enforcement interview or both. The State did neither. Instead, it chose to rely

on speculative arguments in an effort to clear the imposing hurdle of proof beyond a

reasonable doubt. It made that choice to its detriment and contrary to well-established law.

¶21. In Ladd v. State, 87 So. 3d 1108 (Miss. Ct. App. 2012), this Court reversed the case

of Chaney v. State, 802 So. 3d 113 (Miss. Ct. App. 2001), and held the mere act of walking

through a “garage door” was not sufficient to prove a “breaking” for the crime of burglary,

codified in Mississippi Code Annotated section 97-17-23(1) (Supp. 2011). Ladd, 87 So. 3d

1115 (¶22). The Mississippi Supreme Court in Watson v. State, 123 So. 3d 446 (Miss.

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2013), affirmed and adopted this Court’s ruling in Ladd, stating, “[w]e agree with the Court

of Appeals in Ladd, that merely walking through an open door does not satisfy the

‘breaking’ requirement for the burglary of a dwelling.” Id. at 448 (¶8).

¶22. Further, the supreme court has held that in some instances “breaking” can be

“constructive” depending on the facts of the particular case. Christmas v. State, 10 So. 3d

413, 422 (¶40) (Miss. 2009); see also Hayne v. State, 744 So. 2d 751, 753 (¶¶5-6) (Miss.

1999), and Templeton v. State, 725 So. 2d 764, 766 (¶4) (Miss. 1998). In Watson, the

supreme court made clear in a footnote that, “our ruling today does not overrule our previous

opinions regarding constructive breaking.” Watson, 123 So. 3d at 448 n.7. The State did

no investigation into the nature of the “breaking” by Foster in this case. Further, the State

did not seek a “constructive” breaking instruction. 

¶23. The citizens of this State expect its officials to conduct adequate investigations and

obtain sufficient proof to ensure that the innocent are not wrongfully prosecuted and the

guiltyare held accountable. Without adequate investigations, it is easy to imagine a scenario

where an innocent person is falsely accused and potentially deprived of the freedoms we

cherish in this country. Likewise, without an adequate investigation, it is easy to imagine

a scenario where, as here, the guilty are not held accountable for their criminal acts. The

proper functioning of the criminal justice system is vitally dependent on the executive

branch (here law enforcement) doing its job and investigating crimes for proof of each and

every essential element. If the State cannot prove beyond a reasonable doubt each and every

essential element of the crime charged under our law, then the individual is innocent of that

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crime by definition. 

¶24. Here, the State relied solely on the words of Foster. Those words indicated he walked

through an “open” door, and there was no further investigation to prove the truth or untruth

of those words or status of the actual door on the night of the crime.

4 The only thing the

State proved in this case was that Foster walked through the back door. The law of this

State has been settled since 2012 that walking through an open door is insufficient to

establish the “breaking” element of a burglary. See Watson, 123 So. 3d at 448 (¶7); see also

Ladd, 87 So. 3d at 1115 (¶23). As a result, I agree with the majority that the conviction must

be reversed. 

GREENLEE,WESTBROOKS,TINDELL,McDONALD AND McCARTY, JJ.,

JOIN THIS OPINION. 

4 Nothing was offered or proven by the State whether on the night in question “open,”

as used by the defendant, meant either: 

(1) The door was unlocked and closed, which would have constituted a

“breaking,” under our law, when the defendant pushed it open to enter;

or 

(2) the door was open (meaning not closed), which would have constituted

a trespass under our law, when the defendant walked through it to

enter. 

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