STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA
 

SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
 

FILED Constance M. Blessing, May 27, 2014 Plaintiff Below, Petitioner released at 3:00 p.m.
 

RORY L. PERRY II, CLERK
 

SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
 vs) No. 13-0953 (Kanawha County 13-C-398) OF WEST VIRGINIA 

The Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia,
 

Brent D. Benjamin in his capacity as Chief Justice,
 

The West Virginia State Bar, and Anita R. Casey
 

in her capacity as Executive Director,
 

Defendants Below, Respondents
 

MEMORANDUM DECISION 

Petitioner Constance M. Blessing, plaintiff below, appeals the Order Granting 

Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss entered by the Circuit Court of Kanawha County on August 19, 

2013. Respondents, the Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia, Justice Brent D. Benjamin 

in his former capacity as Chief Justice, the West Virginia State Bar, and Anita R. Casey in her 

capacity as Executive Director of the State Bar, defendants below, respond in support of the 

circuit court’s order. Petitioner is represented by Richard A. Robb, while respondents are 

represented by Mark A. Atkinson, John J. Polak, and Paul Frampton Jr.1 

Petitioner argues that it was error for the circuit court to dismiss her Amended Complaint 

pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) of the West Virginia Rules of Civil Procedure. After carefully 

considering the parties’ briefs, oral argument, and the record on appeal, we find no substantial 

question of law and no error. Accordingly, for the reasons set forth below, and in accordance 

with Rule 21 of the Rules of Appellate Procedure, we affirm the circuit court’s order through this 

memorandum decision. 

1

Current Chief Justice Robin Jean Davis, along with Justices Brent D. Benjamin, 

Margaret L. Workman, and Menis E. Ketchum, who were justices of this Court during the time 

period of the events alleged in the petitioner’s Amended Complaint, have voluntarily disqualified 

themselves from participation in this case. By administrative order entered on September 20, 

2013, Acting Chief Justice Allen H. Loughry II assigned Circuit Court Judges John W. Hatcher 

Jr., James J. Rowe, Phil Jordan, and Lawrance S. Miller Jr. to this Court for purposes of 

consideration and decision in this appeal. None of the judicial officers who have participated in 

this appeal were involved with, or have personal knowledge of, any of the events alleged in the 

Amended Complaint. 

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I. Factual Allegations and Procedural Background 

Ms. Blessing asserts that she was employed by the West Virginia State Bar2 for more 

than twenty-five years before she took early retirement at the age of sixty-two on February 28, 

2011. She held the position of Executive Assistant and spent most of her employment working 

under the direction of former State Bar Executive Director Thomas R. Tinder. Ms. Casey 

replaced Mr. Tinder as the Executive Director in 2008. 

On February 26, 2013, Ms. Blessing filed suit in circuit court against respondents, and 

she amended her complaint on February 28, 2013.3 She alleges six common law counts with 

regard to her State Bar employment: (1) constructive discharge as the result of an intolerable 

working environment; (2) gender discrimination; (3) age discrimination; (4) forced resignation in 

violation of public policy; (5) invasion of privacy; and (6) intentional infliction of emotional 

distress. 

Ms. Blessing’s Amended Complaint contains several factual allegations in support of her 

argument that she was mistreated at work after Ms. Casey became the State Bar Executive 

Director. We presume that respondents would deny some or all of the allegations.4 However, 

because this appeal is before us upon the circuit court’s order granting a motion to dismiss, we 

treat the factual allegations in the Amended Complaint as true. See Syl. Pt. 1, Wiggins v. Eastern 

Associated Coal Corp., 178 W.Va. 63, 357 S.E.2d 745 (1987) (“On appeal of a dismissal based 

on granting a motion pursuant to West Virginia Rules of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), the 

allegations of the complaint must be taken as true.”). 

In the Amended Complaint, Ms. Blessing alleges that almost immediately upon 

becoming the Executive Director, Ms. Casey began criticizing how the State Bar was operated 

during the prior twenty years. Ms. Blessing alleges that Ms. Casey constantly belittled and 

disparaged her work performance and compensation, as well as that of three other State Bar 

employees, telling them they were “undereducated,” “overpaid,” and that almost everything they 

had done in the past was wrong. The Amended Complaint also asserts that Ms. Casey did not 

send flowers or other condolences after Ms. Blessing’s husband and mother died; made Ms. 

Blessing wade through sewage when a sewer line broke in the office; forced her to reschedule 

her knee surgery three times; made her work from the hospital after her knee surgery, and then 

refused to credit her leave time for this work; did not allow her to take the day off after her 

husband died, even though she had sufficient accumulated leave time to do so; directed her to 

curtail her workplace conversations with State Bar members about their families and other 

2

The State Bar is an agency of the judicial branch of State government, but is funded 

separately from the Supreme Court of Appeals and is governed by a Board of Governors elected 

by members of the Bar. 

3

Then-Chief Justice Benjamin and Executive Director Casey are sued in their official 

capacities. 

4

In lieu of filing an answer addressing the merits of the allegations, respondents filed a 

motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) of the West Virginia Rules of Civil Procedure. 

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personal matters; ended the staff members’ participation in a deferred compensation program; 

told the staff that other people “would kill” to have their lucrative jobs; and offered no assistance 

to either restore a quarterly report that was deliberately deleted from Ms. Blessing’s office 

computer, or to determine how the deletion had occurred. 

The Amended Complaint further alleges that much of Ms. Casey’s criticism of both the 

State Bar and Ms. Blessing was related to Mr. Tinder, and that Ms. Casey’s criticism was “aided 

and abetted” by certain current and former officers and members of the Board of Governors. 

According to the Amended Complaint, Ms. Casey and some Board of Governors’ officials 

suspected that Mr. Tinder conducted improper financial activities during his tenure as Executive 

Director. According to Ms. Blessing, in a meeting with the State Bar’s outside accountants, Ms. 

Casey accused her of being overpaid because she had “covered up” for Mr. Tinder. Ms. Blessing 

also asserts that incoming State Bar President Harry Deitzler sent e-mails that Ms. Blessing 

interpreted as making allegations that she had covered for criminal activity by Mr. Tinder. Ms. 

Blessing denies any cover-up and any improper or criminal acts, and asserts that staff salaries 

were always approved by the Board of Governors. In the Amended Complaint, Ms. Blessing 

alleges that then-Bar President Letitia Chafin expressed her intent to “bust” and “bury” Mr. 

Tinder. Ms. Blessing alleges that Ms. Chafin “was indebted to Ms. Casey, who had accompanied 

her on a state bar-financed tour of all of the state’s courthouses that amounted to a thinlydisguised promotion of her later candidacy for the state supreme court.” 

In addition, the Amended Complaint alleges that Ms. Casey hired her friend Don Ryan to 

work as a technical expert, at a salary approximating Ms. Blessing’s salary, and then relocated 

Ms. Blessing’s office so that Mr. Ryan could constantly monitor and criticize her activities and 

conversations. Ms. Blessing states that Ms. Casey failed to take action against Mr. Ryan for his 

alleged misconduct that included falsifying his time records and performing work for his former 

employer on State Bar time.5 Furthermore, Ms. Blessing alleges that during her last two weeks of 

employment, she discovered a tape recorder that Mr. Ryan hid in her office. She alleges that Ms. 

Casey and members of the Board of Governors learned of the tape recorder incident but allowed 

Mr. Ryan to retain his employment.6 

The Amended Complaint alleges that Ms. Blessing had initially planned to take early 

retirement. However, following her husband’s death in January of 2011, she changed her mind 

and decided to continue working at the State Bar. Ms. Blessing asserts that after communicating 

5

The judicial officers presiding over this case have no knowledge as to the truthfulness of 

any of the allegations of wrongdoing made in this case, including the allegations against Mr. 

Tinder and Mr. Ryan, and such matters are not before the Court for resolution. 

6

Ms. Blessing asserts that after she retired, she brought the tape recorder incident to the 

attention of the Supreme Court Clerk. She states that the Supreme Court arranged for an 

independent lawyer to investigate the incident, but she is not aware of the results of the 

investigation. She also reported the tape recorder incident to the Federal Bureau of Investigation, 

but she is similarly unaware of any action taken as a result of that complaint. She alleges that Mr. 

Ryan suddenly resigned shortly after she brought the tape recorder incident to the attention of the 

Supreme Court Clerk. 

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this decision, Ms. Casey’s belittlement of her increased. Ms. Blessing claims that the 

circumstances at work caused her to experience constant anxiety and physical symptoms 

associated with anxiety, such as stomach disorders. 

Ms. Blessing asserts that she and other employees complained about their treatment to 

several current and former members of the Board of Governors, as well as to the Supreme 

Court’s Clerk and Deputy Clerk, but nothing changed. She asserts that the Supreme Court should 

be held liable for failing to intervene and stop the harassment perpetrated by Ms. Casey with the 

assistance of certain members of the Board of Governors. Regarding Justice Benjamin, the 

Amended Complaint alleges only that he was the Chief Justice at the time the Amended 

Complaint was filed, and that Ms. Blessing believes he and Ms. Casey are friends. 

Ms. Blessing contends that in mid-February of 2011, she was unable to withstand the 

harassment any longer so she submitted her two-week notice to retire. Ms. Blessing asserts that 

Ms. Casey and certain high-ranking members of the Board of Governors did not attend her 

retirement luncheon, and, after her retirement, she had difficulty getting Ms. Casey to complete 

the paperwork necessary for her to receive retirement benefits. 

In lieu of filing an Answer to the Amended Complaint, respondents filed a joint motion to 

dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) of the Rules of Civil Procedure, which provides for dismissal 

when a complaint fails to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. After briefing by the 

parties and a hearing, the circuit court granted the motion to dismiss with prejudice by order 

entered on August 19, 2013.7 This appeal followed. 

II. Standard of Review 

“Appellate review of a circuit court’s order granting a motion to dismiss a complaint is de 

novo.” Syl. Pt. 2, State ex rel. McGraw v. Scott Runyan Pontiac–Buick, 194 W.Va. 770, 461 

S.E.2d 516 (1995). As we noted above, for purposes of an appeal of a dismissal order, we treat 

the factual allegations in the complaint as true. Syl. Pt. 1, Wiggins, 178 W.Va. at 64, 357 S.E.2d 

at 746. Moreover, “[t]he trial court, in appraising the sufficiency of a complaint on a Rule 

12(b)(6) motion, should not dismiss the complaint unless it appears beyond doubt that the 

plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of his claim which would entitle him to relief. 

Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 45-46, 78 S.Ct. 99, 2 L.Ed.2d 80 (1957).” Syl. Pt. 3, Chapman v. 

Kane Transfer Co., Inc., 160 W.Va. 530, 236 S.E.2d 207 (1977). 

With these principles in mind, we turn to an examination of each count in the petitioner’s 

Amended Complaint. 

7

Ms. Blessing does not assign as error the circuit court’s “with prejudice” designation of 

the dismissal. 

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III. Discussion 

A. Constructive Discharge 

Count One of the Amended Complaint alleges, in its entirety, the following: 

As her first count in this action[,] plaintiff states the deliberate and malicious 

conduct toward her creating [sic] an intolerable working environment that was 

aided or abetted by others as set forth above[,] as well as tolerated and ignored by 

the state supreme court in its supervisory capacity[,] constituted a constructive 

discharge that forced her to resign. 

Ms. Blessing attempts to plead constructive discharge as a distinct cause of action. We have held, 

however, that constructive discharge can only occur where an employer has created a hostile 

work environment based upon a protected status or other unlawful discrimination: 

A constructive discharge cause of action arises when the employee claims 

that because of age, race, sexual or other unlawful discrimination, the employer 

has created a hostile working climate which was so intolerable that the employee 

was forced to leave his or her employment. 

Syl. Pt. 4, Slack v. Kanawha Co. Housing & Redevelopment Auth., 188 W.Va. 144, 423 S.E.2d 

547 (1992). Count One does not allege that Ms. Blessing was constructively discharged based 

upon her age, race, sex, or other unlawful discrimination. Accordingly, on its face, Count One of 

the Amended Complaint does not state a claim for which relief can be granted. 

Even if we assume, for purposes of argument, that Count One was intended to be read in 

pari materia with other counts in the Amended Complaint, the dismissal of Count One was still 

appropriate. Counts Two and Three allege sex and age discrimination, respectively, while Count 

Four alleges that Ms. Blessing was forced to resign in violation of public policy. As we discuss 

below, these other counts do not state claims upon which relief can be granted. Because the other 

counts are not viable, they cannot form the basis for the constructive discharge claim. 

In an attempt to salvage her constructive discharge claim, Ms. Blessing argues that the 

treatment she suffered at work is actionable even if it was not based upon her gender or age. She 

asserts that respondents discriminated against her “because she had been the previous executive 

director’s top assistant and they were hell-bent not only to discredit him and but [sic] to have him 

prosecuted as well. As Blessing remained with the state bar, she received the brunt of this 

zealousness.” 

To be actionable, the alleged discrimination must be “unlawful.” Id. For example, the 

unlawful discrimination at issue in Slack was retaliatory discharge based on legally-protected 

“whistleblowing” when an employee reported the illegal activities of her supervisor and 

employer to federal prosecutors. Id. at 147, 155, 423 S.E.2d at 550, 558; see Harless v. First 

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Nat’l Bank of Fairmont, 162 W.Va. 116, 246 S.E.2d 270 (1978).8 Ms. Blessing’s Amended 

Complaint is devoid of any factual assertion that she engaged in whistleblowing or other activity 

protected by law or state public policy. Simply being associated with a former supervisor does 

not provide an at-will employee with protection under Harless. While Ms. Casey’s alleged 

treatment of Ms. Blessing, if true, may have been insensitive, Ms. Blessing has not alleged facts 

that would constitute unlawful treatment. 

It is undisputed that Ms. Blessing was an at-will employee. If we were to accept Ms. 

Blessing’s argument that she does not need to establish protected class or other unlawful 

discrimination in order to prevail on a discharge claim, we would be changing the very nature of 

at-will employment law in West Virginia. 

Accordingly, we conclude that Count One was properly dismissed. 

B. Gender and Age Discrimination 

Counts Two and Three, respectively, allege that the conduct described in the Amended 

Complaint amounted to sex and age discrimination against Ms. Blessing. We have held the 

following regarding a plaintiff’s initial burden in an employment discrimination case: 

In order to make a prima facie case of employment discrimination under 

the West Virginia Human Rights Act, W.Va. Code § 5-11-1 et seq. (1979), the 

plaintiff must offer proof of the following: 

(1) That the plaintiff is a member of a protected class. 

(2) That the employer made an adverse decision concerning the plaintiff. 

(3) But for the plaintiff's protected status, the adverse decision would not have 

been made. 

Syl. Pt. 3, Conaway v. Eastern Associated Coal Corp., 178 W.Va. 164, 358 S.E.2d 423 (1986). 

We have also held that 

[i]n disparate treatment discrimination cases under the West Virginia Human 

Rights Act, W.Va. Code, 5-11-9 (1992), a plaintiff proves a claim for unlawful 

discrimination if he or she proves by a preponderance of the evidence that a 

forbidden intent was a motivating factor in an adverse employment action. 

Syl. Pt. 6, in part, Skaggs v. Elk Run Coal Co., Inc., 198 W.Va. 51, 479 S.E.2d 561 (1996). 

8

The syllabus of Harless provides: “The rule that an employer has an absolute right to 

discharge an at will employee must be tempered by the principle that where the employer’s 

motivation for the discharge is to contravene some substantial public policy principle, then the 

employer may be liable to the employee for damages occasioned by this discharge.” Id., 162 

W.Va. at 116, 246 S.E.2d at 271. 

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Some of the 100 paragraphs setting forth the factual allegations in the Amended 

Complaint mention that Ms. Blessing is female and was sixty-two years old at the time she took 

early retirement. Accordingly, she is a member of both the age and gender protected classes. For 

purposes of this discussion, we will accept as true that Ms. Blessing’s employer made adverse 

decisions concerning her employment. 

However, a review of the Amended Complaint reveals that Ms. Blessing has failed to 

allege any facts to establish the “but for” requirement of Conaway or the motivating factor 

requirement of Skaggs. Not one of those 100 paragraphs suggests that Ms. Blessing was 

mistreated because of her gender or age, or that the alleged mistreatment was in any way 

motivated by her gender or age. Rather, the claims in the Amended Complaint are based on the 

contention that Ms. Blessing was mistreated at work due to her association with former 

Executive Director Tinder and the operations of the State Bar during Mr. Tinder’s tenure. At 

most, the Amended Complaint alleges “general harassment” that was not perpetrated on the basis 

of a protected status. We have held that “no general public policy against harassment in the 

workplace is created by the West Virginia Human Rights Act for purposes of West Virginia 

wrongful discharge law.” Travis v. Alcon Laboratories, Inc., 202 W.Va. 369, 383, 504 S.E.2d 

419, 433 (1998); see also, Johnson v. Killmer, 219 W.Va. 320, 326, 633 S.E.2d 265, 271 (2006) 

(distinguishing office pettiness and politics from age-based harassment). 

We note that the Amended Complaint does state that Ms. Casey hired a male employee, 

Mr. Ryan, who was paid almost as much as Ms. Blessing and more than other female employees. 

However, the Amended Complaint alleges that he was hired as a “technical expert,” while Ms. 

Blessing worked as an “executive assistant.” Accordingly, the Amended Complaint does not 

allege that they were similarly situated for purposes of salary comparison. 

Accordingly, after a careful review of the Amended Complaint, we conclude that the sex 

and age discrimination counts were properly dismissed.9 

C. Violation of Public Policy 

Count Four makes the following bald assertion: 

The conduct described here that resulted in the plaintiff’s forced resignation also 

constituted a violation of public policy by an organization established to govern 

9

Although not raised in respondents’ motion to dismiss, it appears that the age and gender 

discrimination claims would also be time-barred. We held in Syllabus Point 3 of Harmon v. 

Higgins, 188 W.Va. 709, 426 S.E.2d 344 (1992), that “[i]n cases involving allegations of 

discharge from employment related to claims of sexual harassment or discrimination, a two-year 

statute of limitations for personal injuries begins to run on the date of the last offensive contact, 

or threat of offensive contact, which precipitated the termination of employment.” Here, the 

allegedly harassing conduct that precipitated Ms. Blessing to terminate her employment occurred 

on or before mid-February 2011; mid-February is when she submitted her notice to retire. 

However, she did not file suit until February 26, 2013, more than two years later. 

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officers of the court while tolerated or sanctioned by the supervising entity 

responsible for administering justice in this state. 

Importantly, the Amended Complaint fails to identify any source for the public policy that was 

allegedly violated in this case. Moreover, as discussed above, the Amended Complaint does not 

allege that Ms. Blessing engaged in any activity that would be protected by any public policy of 

this State, or that she was retaliated against by respondents because she engaged in a protected 

activity. Accordingly, on its face, the Amended Complaint fails to state a claim for constructive 

discharge in violation of a public policy. 

Ms. Blessing argues that the public policy supporting her claim is in the State Bar’s 

Constitution, which advocates for the advancement of the administration of justice and for 

upholding and elevating the standards of honesty, integrity, and courtesy in the legal profession. 

W.Va. State Bar Const., Art. II. 

Beginning with Harless, we recognized that a successful claim for discharge in violation 

of public policy requires a showing that the employer’s motivation for the discharge must have 

contravened a “substantial” public policy. Syl., Harless, 162 W.Va. at 116, 246 S.E.2d at 271. 

“Inherent in the term ‘substantial public policy’ is the concept that the policy will provide 

specific guidance to a reasonable person.” Syl. Pt. 3, Birthisel v. Tri–Cities Health Services 

Corp., 188 W.Va. 371, 424 S.E.2d 606 (1992). “To identify the sources of public policy for 

purposes of determining whether a retaliatory discharge has occurred, we look to established 

precepts in our constitution, legislative enactments, legislatively approved regulations, and 

judicial opinions.” Syl. Pt. 2, id. “A determination of the existence of public policy in West 

Virginia is a question of law, rather than a question of fact for a jury.” Syl. Pt. 1, Cordle v. 

General Hugh Mercer Corp., 174 W.Va. 321, 325 S.E.2d 111 (1984). 

The provision of the State Bar Constitution upon which Ms. Blessing now relies sets 

forth goals for the State Bar, specifically, to promote the administration of justice and high ideals 

in the practice of law. However, this provision has nothing to do with how the State Bar treats its 

employees, thus it does not provide guidance in this matter. 

Accordingly, this count was properly dismissed. 

D. Invasion of Privacy 

Count Five of the Amended Complaint alleges that “[t]he conduct described her[e] also 

amounted to an invasion of the plaintiff’s privacy the plaintiff believes was sanctioned, if not 

encouraged, by defendant Casey and with the knowledge of all defendants which also amounted 

to a violation of the state bar’s own personnel policy.” The claim does not specify which of the 

alleged acts amounted to an invasion of privacy, but a careful reading of the Amended Complaint 

indicates that Ms. Blessing is referencing the deletion of the report from her office computer; Mr. 

Ryan’s act of listening to her work telephone conversations; and the tape recorder she found in 

her office. The Amended Complaint alleges that those acts occurred during Ms. Blessing’s 

employment. Indeed, any conceivable alleged act that could amount to an invasion of privacy 

would have occurred during Ms. Blessing’s employment, which ended on February 28, 2011. 

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The initial Complaint in this lawsuit was not filed until February 26, 2013, more than two 

years after the last alleged act of invasion of privacy. However, invasion of privacy claims are 

subject to a one-year statute of limitations: “Invasion of privacy is a personal action that does not 

survive the death of the individual at common law or under W.Va. Code, 55-7-8a(a) (1959). 

Consequently, a claim for invasion of privacy is governed by the one-year statute of limitations 

provided by W.Va. Code, 55-2-12(c) (1959).” Syl. Pt. 1, Slack, 188 W.Va. at 145, 423 S.E.2d at 

548. Therefore, because Ms. Blessing did not file her complaint within one year of the alleged 

invasion of privacy, her claim is time-barred. 

We reject Ms. Blessing’s assertion that the discovery rule applies. Under the discovery 

rule, a statute of limitations is tolled until a claimant knows or by reasonable diligence should 

know of her claim. Syl. Pt. 2, Gaither v. City Hosp., Inc., 199 W.Va. 706, 487 S.E.2d 901 

(1997). Syllabus Point 4 of Gaither provides, 

In tort actions, unless there is a clear statutory prohibition to its 

application, under the discovery rule the statute of limitations begins to run when 

the plaintiff knows, or by the exercise of reasonable diligence, should know (1) 

that the plaintiff has been injured, (2) the identity of the entity who owed the 

plaintiff a duty to act with due care, and who may have engaged in conduct that 

breached that duty, and (3) that the conduct of that entity has a causal relation to 

the injury. 

The facts set forth in the Amended Complaint show that prior to the end of her employment, Ms. 

Blessing knew everything she needed to timely bring an invasion of privacy claim. She knew 

who allegedly breached her privacy, how and when this was done, and she believed that the 

conduct had a causal relation to her claimed injury. Although she states that she has never 

learned the true purpose for the tape recorder or whether its placement constituted a criminal act, 

such knowledge is not a prerequisite for bringing a civil suit for invasion of privacy. Therefore, 

the discovery rule does not apply. 

E. Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress 

The sixth and final count in the Amended Complaint alleges that “[t]he conduct described 

here constituted an intentional infliction of emotional distress that also harmed the plaintiff 

physically.” 

Intentional infliction of emotional distress, also known as the tort of outrage, requires 

proof that, inter alia, “the defendant’s conduct was atrocious, intolerable, and so extreme and 

outrageous as to exceed the bounds of decency” resulting in “emotional distress suffered by the 

plaintiff . . . so severe that no reasonable person could be expected to endure it.” Syl. Pt. 3, in 

part, Travis, 202 W.Va. at 371, 504 S.E.2d at 421.10 “Whether conduct may reasonably be 

10In its entirety, Syllabus Point 3 of Travis, 202 W.Va. at 371, 504 S.E.2d at 421, 

provides as follows: 

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considered outrageous is a legal question, and whether conduct is in fact outrageous is a question 

for jury determination.” Syl. Pt. 4, in part, id. 

There is a two-year statute of limitations for bringing suit on outrage claims. Syl. Pt. 7, 

id.; Syl. Pt. 5, Courtney v. Courtney, 190 W.Va. 126, 437 S.E.2d 436 (1993). As to the issue of 

when this limitations period begins to run, we have held that, 

[i]n claims for intentionally or recklessly inflicted emotional distress that 

arise from the termination of employment, the two-year statute of limitation for 

personal injuries begins to run on the date of the last extreme and outrageous 

conduct, or threat of extreme and outrageous conduct, which precipitated the 

termination of employment. 

Syl. Pt. 8, Travis, 202 W.Va. at 371-72, 504 S.E.2d at 421-22. Thus, the limitations period 

begins to run on the date of the last outrageous conduct or threat thereof that precipitated the 

termination of employment—not on the last date of employment. 

When announcing syllabus point eight of Travis, we relied upon a similar statute of 

limitations question decided in Harmon v. Higgins, 188 W.Va. 709, 426 S.E.2d 344 (1992), a 

case where the plaintiff alleged sexual harassment and discrimination on the job. In Harmon, the 

plaintiff last had contact with her allegedly harassing supervisor on September 24, 1986, but did 

not terminate her employment until September 30, 1986. We held that the plaintiff’s filing of her 

lawsuit on September 27, 1988, was outside of the two-year statute of limitations for sexual 

harassment discrimination because the last offensive contact or threat of offensive contact which 

precipitated the termination of her employment had occurred on September 24, 1986. 

Ms. Blessing filed her initial Complaint on February 26, 2013. Examining the facts 

alleged in her Amended Complaint, and accepting all of the factual allegations as true, it is clear 

that all of the alleged conduct that could potentially be deemed outrageous occurred prior to midFebruary of 2011, more than two years before she filed suit. Indeed, she asserts that the alleged 

harassment was the reason why, in mid-February of 2011, she submitted her notice to retire. The 

only allegation that Ms. Blessing makes regarding her last two weeks at work is the tape recorder 

incident. However, she does not allege that it occurred on or after February 26, 2011—and, even 

if she had so alleged, she avers that the tape recorder was placed by a co-worker, whom she did 

not name as a defendant, and not by one of the respondents herein. 

In order for a plaintiff to prevail on a claim for intentional or reckless infliction of 

emotional distress, four elements must be established. It must be shown: (1) that 

the defendant’s conduct was atrocious, intolerable, and so extreme and outrageous 

as to exceed the bounds of decency; (2) that the defendant acted with the intent to 

inflict emotional distress, or acted recklessly when it was certain or substantially 

certain emotional distress would result from his conduct; (3) that the actions of 

the defendant caused the plaintiff to suffer emotional distress; and, (4) that the 

emotional distress suffered by the plaintiff was so severe that no reasonable 

person could be expected to endure it. 

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Furthermore, as to the conduct that allegedly occurred after Ms. Blessing retired, not only 

did it not precipitate the termination of her employment, it also cannot reasonably be considered 

as “outrageous” for purposes of the tort of intentional infliction of emotional distress. While it 

may have been hurtful to Ms. Blessing’s feelings that Ms. Casey and high-ranking Board of 

Governor’s members did not attend her retirement luncheon or terminate Mr. Ryan’s 

employment, and it may have been inconvenient that Ms. Casey delayed signing the pension 

paperwork, these were not acts so “atrocious, intolerable, and so extreme and outrageous as to 

exceed the bounds of decency.” See Syl. Pt. 3, Travis. Moreover, Ms. Blessing acknowledges 

that an investigation was begun when, after her retirement, she brought the tape recorder incident 

to the attention of the Supreme Court Clerk. Undertaking an investigation into the tape recorder 

incident is presumably what Ms. Blessing wanted and thus could not constitute the tort of 

outrage. 

Because the Amended Complaint is devoid of any alleged outrageous conduct occurring 

on or after February 26, 2011, Count Six was untimely filed on February 26, 2013,11 and was 

properly dismissed.12 

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the circuit court’s dismissal of Ms. Blessing’s 

Amended Complaint. 

Affirmed. 

ISSUED: May 27, 2014 

CONCURRED IN BY: 

Acting Chief Justice Allen H. Loughry II 

Judge John W. Hatcher Jr. 

Judge James J. Rowe 

Judge Phil Jordan 

Judge Lawrance S. Miller Jr. 

11Because this count was untimely filed, we need not address whether the pre-February 

26, 2011, allegations could constitute conduct that may reasonably be considered as outrageous. 

12In her final assignment of error on appeal, Ms. Blessing argues that the circuit court 

failed to abide by the correct standard for granting a motion to dismiss. We find no support for 

this argument. The circuit court’s order shows that it understood and applied the applicable law 

for consideration of Rule 12(b)(6) motions, including accepting the factual allegations as true. 

Lastly, we note that the only allegations against the Supreme Court and then-Chief 

Justice Benjamin are that Supreme Court officials failed to intervene and stop the harassment 

allegedly perpetrated by Ms. Casey with the assistance of certain members of the Board of 

Governors. Because we have already determined that each count in Ms. Blessing’s Amended 

Complaint was properly dismissed pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6), we do not address the issue of 

whether the Supreme Court had any duty to impose itself into this situation. 

11
 
 

 

 

VOLUNTARILY DISQUALIFIED: 

Chief Justice Robin Jean Davis 

Justice Brent D. Benjamin 

Justice Margaret L. Workman 

Justice Menis E. Ketchum 

12