J-A22038-19

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

IN RE: S.C.F., JR., A MINOR

APPEAL OF: S.F., SR. AND J.F., 

PARENTS

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 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

 PENNSYLVANIA

 No. 1217 EDA 2019

Appeal from the Order Entered April 2, 2019

In the Court of Common Pleas of Pike County Civil Division at No(s): No. 

2-2018 OA

BEFORE: MURRAY, J., STRASSBURGER, J.*, and PELLEGRINI, J.*

MEMORANDUM BY PELLEGRINI, J.: FILED OCTOBER 08, 2019

S.F., Sr. (Father) and J.F (Mother) (collectively, Parents) appeal from 

the order of the Court of Common Pleas of Pike County (trial court) 

involuntarily terminating their parental rights to S.C.F., Jr. (Child). We vacate 

and remand.

Because of our disposition, we need not recite all of the facts adduced 

at the involuntary termination of parental rights hearing (TPR). However, we 

provide the following pertinent facts and procedural history from the trial 

court’s April 2, 2019 order and our independent review of the certified record 

to provide some context for the reader. Child was born in November 2012

and was six years old at the time of the subject proceeding. On August 20, 

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* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
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2013, Mother executed a consensual legal guardianship agreement with C.F. 

(Maternal Grandfather) and D.F. (Maternal Grandmother) (collectively, 

Maternal Grandparents). In a handwritten document dated September 9, 

2013, Mother requested that Maternal Grandparents assume full custody of 

Child. Father did not endorse or consent to any documents that gave custody 

or guardianship to Maternal Grandparents.

On the March 28, 2013 recommendation of a custody hearing officer, 

the trial court entered an order granting primary physical custody to Maternal 

Grandparents, shared legal custody to Parents and Maternal Grandparents, 

and periods of supervised visitation for Parents as agreed upon by the parties. 

On February 16, 2018, Maternal Grandparents filed a Petition for Involuntary 

Termination of Parental Rights of Father and Mother to Child and a Petition for 

Adoption of Child.

On April 2, 2019, after a TPR hearing, the trial court entered an order 

terminating the parental rights of Mother and Father, finding that the totality 

of the evidence established that they evidenced a strong and settled purpose 

of relinquishing their parental rights or failed or refused to perform their 

parental duties. Mother and Father timely appealed. They and the trial court

complied with Rule 1925. See Pa.R.A.P. 1925.

On appeal, Mother and Father argue that the trial court erred and 

abused its discretion by failing to appoint counsel for Child pursuant to Section 
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2313(a) of the Adoption Act1 and in involuntarily terminating their parental 

rights.2

We address the issue of the trial court’s failure to appoint counsel first. 

Section 2313 of the Adoption Act provides, in pertinent part, that “[t]he court 

shall appoint counsel to represent the child in an involuntary termination 

proceeding when the proceeding is being contested by one or both of the 

parents.” 23 Pa.C.S. § 2313(a). Based on this clear and unambiguous 

language, our appellate courts have found that the appointment of counsel 

representing the child is mandatory, and failure to do so is legal error. See 

In re K.J.H., 180 A.3d 411, 413-14 (Pa. Super. 2018) (concluding 23 

Pa.C.S.A. § 2313(a) mandated orphans’ court to appoint counsel for child in 

contested involuntary termination of parental rights proceeding and 

committed an error of law by failing to do so); see also In re Adoption of 

N.A.G., 471 A.2d 871, 874-75 (Pa. Super. 1984) (observing Section 2313(a) 

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1 Mother and Father did not raise this issue with the trial court and, generally, 

this would result in waiver. See Pa.R.A.P. 302(a). However, because the 

statutory right found in Section 2313(a) belongs to Child and not Mother and 

Father, they cannot waive it on his behalf. See In re T.S., 192 A.3d 1080, 

1087 (Pa. 2018), cert. denied, 139 S.Ct. 1187 (2019).

2 “The standard of review in termination of parental rights cases requires 

appellate courts to accept the findings of fact and credibility determinations of 

the trial court if they are supported by the record.” Interest of M.V., 203 

A.3d 1104, 1111 (Pa. Super. 2019) (citation omitted). “If the factual findings 

are supported, appellate courts review to determine if the trial court made an 

error of law or abused its discretion.” Id. (citation omitted).
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creates a statutory mandate that court appoint counsel for a child who owes 

loyalty exclusively to him or her to actively advance his or her needs and 

welfare).

Here, it is undisputed that the trial court failed to appoint counsel for 

Child. Therefore, it erred as a matter of law. While acknowledging that the 

trial court erred, Grandparents suggest that the error was harmless under the 

circumstances. (See Grandparents’ Brief, at 2). We are not legally persuaded 

by this suggestion, however, because the failure to appoint counsel is a 

structural error. As this court recently observed:

A structural error is defined as one that affects the 

framework within which the trial proceeds, rather than simply an 

error in the trial process itself. Structural errors are not subject 

to harmless error analysis. Generally, denial of counsel is a 

structural error; although such error usually stems from 

deprivation of a constitutional right to counsel. Here, by contrast, 

the right to counsel is statutory. Nonetheless, we do not find that 

distinction to be determinative. The same concerns are evident 

regardless of the derivation of the right. Whether the right to 

counsel is conferred by constitution or statute, the right having 

been conferred must be protected.

In re Adoption of K.J.H., supra at 413 (brackets, internal citation, and 

footnote omitted) (addressing failure to appoint counsel in termination of 

parental rights proceeding sua sponte) (citing In re L.B.M., 161 A.3d 172, 

183 (Pa. 2017) (Opinion announcing judgment of the Court with five Justices 

joining this section) (holding that failure to appoint counsel for child in 
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contested TPR proceeding is structural error not subject to harmless error 

analysis)).

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In spite of the foregoing, Grandparents argue that “[t]he Supreme Court 

in In re T.S., [supra], stated that the lack of a guardian ad litem for the 

subject minor child is non waivable but that the harmless error standard is to 

be used.” (Grandparents’ Brief, at 2). This argument fails. First, 

Grandparents confuse the role of a guardian ad litem, who may or may not be 

an attorney and whom a court appoints to represent a child’s best interests 

with that of an attorney appointed pursuant to Section 2313(a), who 

represents a child’s legal interests (preference). Second, Grandparents 

misinterpret In re T.S., which actually supports the theory that the failure to 

appoint counsel is a structural error that is not subject to harmless error 

analysis and merely reaffirms the principle that where a child is too young to 

express a preference in a contested involuntary termination hearing, an 

attorney-GAL can fulfill the role of Section 2313(a) counsel.

Specifically, in In re T.S., the subject children were too young to 

express a preference as to the involuntary termination proceeding’s outcome,

and, although they had an attorney-GAL to represent their best interests, the 

court did not appoint a separate attorney to represent their legal interests 

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3 Because we are remanding for a new proceeding, we need not reach the 

issue of whether the trial court properly terminated the parental rights of 

Mother and Father.
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pursuant to Section 2313(a). See In re T.S., supra at 1092. On appeal, 

Mother argued that this was structural error and not subject to harmless error 

analysis, requiring a remand for the appointment of counsel. See id.

In reviewing this argument, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court observed 

first that, “[t]o the extent Mother indicates that structural error is not subject 

to harmless error analysis, by definition she is correct. However, structural 

error cannot arise unless the trial court erred.” Id. It continued, “[w]e have 

determined an attorney-GAL who is present and representing a child’s best 

interests can properly fulfill the role of Section 2313(a) counsel where, as 

here, the child at issue is too young to be able to express a preference as to 

the outcome of the proceedings.” Id. Thus, the Court concluded that “the 

trial court did not err in allowing [] the children’s guardian ad litem, to act as 

the sole representative for [them].” Id.

Therefore, contrary to Grandparents’ assertion, In re T.S. did not apply 

the harmless error analysis to the facts before it or state that the harmless 

error doctrine should be applied under any other circumstances.4 Additionally, 

in this case, not only was Child six years old at the time of the hearing and

may have been able to express his preference, he did not have either a 

guardian ad litem or an attorney pursuant to Section 2313(a). Therefore, the 

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4 Although the dissent in In re T.S. characterizes the Majority’s holding as a 

“harmless error approach,” the decision does not endorse a harmless error 

analysis and merely reaffirms the exception detailed above. In re T.S., supra

at 1104 (Wecht, J., dissenting).
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trial court committed a structural error when it failed to appoint Section 

2313(a) counsel for Child.

Accordingly, we vacate the order of the trial court and remand for the 

appointment of counsel to represent Child’s legal interests at a new 

involuntary termination proceeding.

Order vacated. Case remanded. Jurisdiction relinquished.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 10/8/19