FILED U.S. COURT OF AP P EALS E LEVEN T HC IRC UIT NOVEMB ER 9, 2007 THOMAS K. KAH

N CLERK

Honora ble J ames H. H ancock, United States District Judg e for the Northern District of * Alabama , sitti ngby

designation. [ P UB L I S H] I N THE UN I TE D STATE S C OU RT OF APPE ALS F O R T H E E L E V E N T H C IR C U IT

________________________ N o. 06- 15186

________________________ D . C. D o c k e tN o . 0 5 - 0 0 1 2 6 - CR- 1 - CB U N I T E D S T A T E S O F A M E R I C A , P la in tif f - A p p e lle e , v ersu s B R I A N D E V O N J A C K S O N , a .k .a . B r ia n J o n e s , D e f e n d a n t- A p p e lla n t.

________________________ A pp ea l fr om the U ni t ed S t at es D i stri ctC ou rt f o rth e So u th e rn D i s tr i c to f A l ab a ma

_________________________ ( N ove m b e r 9, 2007) B ef ore M A R C U S and P R Y O R , C i rc ui tJudg es , and H A N C O C K , D i stri ctJudg e. * P R Y O R , C i rc ui tJudg e:2

T hi s appe a l pr e s e nt s the que s t i on w he the rthe C ons t i tut i on r e qui r e s the ex clu sio n o f p h ys ical ev id en ce th at w as d isco v er ed o n th e b as is o f a d ef en d an t’ s vo l un t ary s t at em entel i ci t ed w i tho utthe w arni ng s r equi re d b y M i rand a v. A ri zona, 38 4 U . S . 43 6, 86 S . C t . 16 02 (196 6). W hi l e he s ati n the back of a poli ce car, B r i a n D e von J a c ks on a dm i tt e d t o hi s pr oba t i on of f i c e rtha tthe of

f i c e rw oul d f

i nd a f i r e a rm i n J a c ks on’ s be dr oom . P ol i c e of f i c e r s r e c ove r e d the f

i r e a rm , a nd agr a nd ju ry c h a r g e d J a c k s o n w ith f ir e a rm p o s s e s s io n b yac o n v ic te d f e lo n . 1 8 U .S .C . § 9 2 2 ( g ) . A f

t e rth e d i s tr i c tc o u rtd e n i e d J a c k s o n ’ s mo t i o n t o s u p p r e s s th e f i r e a rm, Ja ckson ent er ed a c on di t i on al pl eaof gu i l ty. In the l i gh tof U ni t ed S t at es v. P at ane, 5 4 2 U .S . 6 3 0 , 1 2 4 S . C t. 2 6 2 0 ( 2 0 0 4 ) , w e a f f irm J a c k s o n ’s c o n v ic tio n . I . B AC KG RO UN D W hi l e on p atrol i n an u nm arked car i n E vergree n, A l abam a, P ol i ce C hi ef Ja m es S im p so n o b se rv ed Ja ck so n an d an o th erm an n ea r th e h o u se o f J ac k so n ’s m othe r . J a c ks on a nd S i m ps on kne w e a c h othe rw e l l . W he n S i m ps on pa s s e d the h o u s e , c lo s e e n o u g h f

o rJ a c k s o n to r e c o g n iz e h im , J a c k s o n r a n b e h in d th e h o u s e to aut i l i ty s he d. W he n S i m ps on ba c ke d up, J a c ks on m ove d t o the ba c k doorof the h o u s e . J a c ks on w a s s e rvi ng as e nt e nc e of pr oba t i on f

orpos s e s s i on of

m a r i j ua naa nd w a s the s ubj e c tof

a n une xe c ut e d a rr e s tw a rr a ntf orhi s f a i l ur e t o appe a rf

or3

pr oba t i on s upe rvi s i on. E ve r gr e e n pol i c e of f i c e r s ha d a l s o be e n l ooki ng f orJ a c ks on for s ever al days because they s uspect ed thathe had l ed po l i ce on a hi gh -s peed c h a s e . S i m ps on e xi t e d hi s c a ra nd t ol d J a c ks on tha the w a s unde ra rr e s t . J a c ks on s a id th a t h is g r a n d f

a th e rh a d p a s s e d a w a y , a n d J a c k s o n s a id th a t h e w o u ld n o t g o to j ai l . Ja ckson then ent er ed the ho use and re fuse d t o l ea ve. S i m pson re qu es t ed a s s is ta n c e f

r o m o th e ro f

f ic e r s . S im p s o n s to o d o n th e b a c kp o r c h o f th e h o m e u n til other off i ce rs arri ved and tri ed t o p er suade J ac kson t o l ea ve the ho use. A ft er approx i m at el y 15 t o 2 0 m i nu t es , Ja ckson l ef tthe ho use, and o ff

i ce rs pl ac ed J a c k s o n u n d e rarr e s t. W h il e J ac k so n w as in sid e th e h o u se , a p o li ce o ff icerca ll ed Ja ck so n ’s p r o b a tio n o f

f ic e r , J e f f J e te r . T h e p o lic e o f

f ic e ra s k e d J e te rto c o m e to th e s c e n e in the eventthatoffi ce rs needed t o ent erthe ho use t o arr es tJa ckson. W hen Jet er a rr iv e d , J a c k s o n h a d a lr e a d y b e e n a rr e s te d . T he t e rm s of

J a c ks on’ s pr oba t i on s e nt e nc e r e qui r e d hi m t o “ s ubm i tt o a s e a r c h of [ hi s ] pe r s on, hom e , ve hi c l e , a nd a nyothe rpr ope rtyunde r[ hi s ] c ontr ol by the P r oba t i on O f

f i c e rw i thoutaw a rr a nt . ” W hi l e J a c ks on s a ti n the ba c k of apa tr ol car, Je t ert ol d Jac kson thathe w as go i ng t o searc h the ho use and as ked, “ Is there a ny thi ng I s houl d know abouti n the r e ? ” J a c ks on r e s ponde d tha taf i r e a rm a nd4

a nothe rm a n w e r e i ns i de the hous e . N e i the rJ e t e rnorthe of f i c e r s pr ovi de d a ny M i rand a w arni ng s bef

ore J ac kson answ er ed Je t er ’ s quest i on . Je t erand ano ther o f f ic e re n te r e d th e h o u s e . A f r ie n d o f J a c k s o n ’s m o th e rd ir e c te d o f f ic e r s to J a c ks on’ s be dr oom . T he r e the of f i c e r s f ound as hot gun, tw o s hot gun s he l l s , a nd J a c k s o n ’s d r iv e r ’s lic e n s e . A g ran d j u ry i n d i ct ed Jack so n an d ch arg ed h i m w i th fi rearm p o ssessi o n b y a c o n v ic te d f

e lo n . 1 8 U .S .C . § 9 2 2 ( g ) . J a c k s o n m o v e d to s u p p r e s s h is s ta te m e n t to Je t erand the fi re arm re covered fr om Ja ckson’ s bedroom . T he di stri ctcourt g r a n te d J a c k s o n ’s m o tio n to e x c lu d e th e s ta te m e n t a n d d e n ie d J a c k s o n ’s m o tio n to e x c l u d e th e f

i r e a rm. J a c k s o n e n t e r e d ac o n d i t i o n a l g u i l typ l e a . Se e Fe d . R. Cr i m. P . 11( a ) ( 2) . H e r e s e rve d the r i ghtt o appe a l the de ni a l of hi s m ot i on t o s uppr e s s the f ir e a rm . T h e d is tr ic t c o u rt s e n te n c e d J a c k s o n to 3 7 m o n th s o f im p r is o n m e n t. I I . STA N D A R D O F R EVI EW

“ W e r e vi e w adi s tr i c tc ourt ’ s de ni a l of am ot i on t o s uppr e s s de novo, r e vi e w i ng a l l e vi de nc e i n the l i ghtm os tf a vor abl e t o the pa rtytha tpr e va i l e d i n the d is tr ic t c o u rt.” U n ite d S ta te s v . Y u k n a v ic h , 4 1 9 F .3 d 1 3 0 2 , 1 3 0 8 ( 1 1 th C ir . 2 0 0 5 ) . I I I . DI S CUS S I ON B e c au s e J a c k s o n w a s s e rv in g as e n te n c e o f p r o b a tio n th a t r e q u ir e d h im to s ubm i tt o w a rr a nt l e s s s e a r c he s , the pa rt i e s a gr e e tha tpol i c e of f i c e r s ne e de d no5

m or e tha n r e a s onabl e s us pi c i on t o s e a r c h J a c ks on’ s hom e . S e e U ni t e d S t a t e s v. K ni gh t s, 53 4 U . S . 11 2, 12 1, 12 2 S . C t . 58 7, 59 2 (20 01 ); Y uk navi ch, 41 9 F . 3d at 1311. J a c ks on c onc e de s tha thi s s t a t e m e nte s t abl i s he d r e a s onabl e s us pi c i on a nd w a s vol unt a ry , buthe a r gue s tha t , be c aus e he r e c e i ve d no M i r a ndaw a rni ngs , the fi re arm di sc ov er ed as a r es ul tof the se ar ch m ustbe supp re ss ed. W e di sa gree . O u rr e s o l u t i o n o f

th i s ap p e a l i s c o n tr o l l e d b yth e d e c i s i o n o f th e Su p r e me C ou rti n U ni t ed S t at es v. P at ane, 54 2 U . S . 63 0, 12 4 S . C t . 26 20 (200 4). T hat d e c is io n a ls o in v o lv e d ad e f e n d a n t a rr e s te d a t h is r e s id e n c e . A n o f f ic e rb e g a n to i nf orm P a t a ne of

hi s r i ght s unde rM i r a nda , butP a t a ne i nt e rrupt e d the of f i c e ra nd s a id “th a t h e k n e w h is r ig h ts .” I d . a t 6 3 5 , 1 2 4 S . C t. a t 2 6 2 5 ( p lu r a lityo p in io n ) . T he of f i c e rthe n a s ke d P a t a ne aboutaf i r e a rm tha tthe of

f i c e rs us pe c t e d P a t a ne i l l e ga l l ypos s e s s e d. P a t a ne r e pl i e d tha tthe f i r e a rm w a s i n hi s be dr oom a nd ga ve the of f i c e rpe rm i s s i on t o r e tr i e ve i t . B oth the di s tr i c ta nd appe l l a t e c ourt s he l d the f ir e a rm in a d m is s ib le . I d . T h e S u p r e m e C o u rt r e v e r s e d . A f r a c tur e d m a

j or i ty of f i ve he l d tha tthe f

i r e a rm w a s a dm i s s i bl e . T he pl ural i ty opi ni on for three j ust i ce s r ec og ni ze d thatthe M i rand a rul e i s agu ar d “a g a in s t th e p r o s e c u to r ia l u s e o f c o m p e lle d s ta te m e n ts a s p r o h ib ite d b yth e F if th A m e n d m e n t.” O r e g o n v . E ls ta d , 4 7 0 U .S . 2 9 8 , 3 0 4 , 1 0 5 S . C t. 1 2 8 5 , 1 2 9 0 ( 1 9 8 5 ) . T he pl ural i ty c on cl ud ed that“ [t ] he S el f- Incr i m i nat i on C l ause . . . i s noti m pl i ca t ed6

by the adm i ss i on i nt o evi dence of the ph ys i ca l frui tof a vol un t ary s t at em ent . ” P a ta n e , 5 4 2 U .S . a t 6 3 6 , 1 2 4 S . C t. a t 2 6 2 6 ( p lu r a lityo p in io n ) . A se para t e c on curr ence by tw o j ust i ce s r ea ched the sa m e r es ul tfor a d if f e r e n t a n d n a rr o w e rr e a s o n . T h o s e ju s tic e s c o n c lu d e d th a t, in th e lig h t o f its p u rp o s e s o f

p r o m o tin g tru s tw o rth ye v id e n c e a n d d e te rr in g p o lic e m is c o n d u c t, E l st ad, 47 0 U . S . at30 8, 10 5 S . C t . at12 93 , the M i rand a rul e does notre qu i re excl usi on of the “ ph ys i ca l frui t s” of an un w arned b utvo l un t ary s t at em ent . P at ane, 5 4 2 U .S . a t 6 4 5 , 1 2 4 S . C t. a t 2 6 3 1 ( K e n n e d y , J ., c o n c u rr in g in th e ju d g m e n t) . P hy s i c a l e vi de nc e i s trus tw orthy , a nd the va l ue of de t e rr e nc e i s outw e i ghe d by“ the i m port a ntpr oba t i ve va l ue of r e l i abl e phy s i c a l e vi de nc e . ” I d. “ W he n af

r a gm e nt e d C ourtde c i de s ac a s e a nd no s i ngl e r a t i ona l e e xpl a i ni ng the r e s ul te nj oy s the a s s e ntof f i ve J us t i c e s , ‘ the hol di ng of the C ourtm a ybe v ie w e d a s th a t p o s itio n ta k e n b y th o s e M e m b e r s w h o c o n c u rr e d in th e ju d g m e n ts o n th e n a rr o w e s tg r o u n d s . . . . ’ ” M a rk s v . U n i t e d St a t e s , 4 3 0 U . S. 1 8 8 , 1 9 3 , 9 7 S. C t. 9 9 0 , 9 9 3 ( 1 9 7 7 ) ( q u o tin g G r e g g v . G e o r g ia , 4 2 8 U .S . 1 5 3 , 1 6 9 n .1 5 , 9 6 S . C t. 29 09 , 29 23 n. 15 (197 6) (opi ni on of S t ew art , P ow el l , and S t evens, JJ . )) . F rom that pe r s pe c t i ve , the P a t a ne pl ur a l i ty a nd c onc urr e nc e a gr e e d, a tl e a s t , tha tM i r a nda d o e s n o t r e q u ir e th e e x c lu s io n o f p h y s ic a l e v id e n c e th a t is d is c o v e r e d o n th e b a s is of avol unt a ry , a l though unw a rne d, s t a t e m e nt . A s s e ve r a l of ours i s t e rc i r c ui t s ha ve7

re cogn i ze d, thi s narrow agre em enti s the ho l di ng of P at ane. S ee , e. g. , U ni t ed S t a t e s v. R e nke n, 474 F . 3d 984, 988 ( 7th C i r . 2007) , c e rt . de ni e d, N o. 06- 11673, 2007 W L 1647196 ( U . S . O c t . 1, 2007) ; U ni t e d S t a t e s v. P hi l l i ps , 468 F . 3d 1264, 1266 ( 10th C i r . 2006) , c e rt . de ni e d, 127 S . C t . 1893 ( 2007) ; U ni t e d S t a t e s v. B r a thw a i t e , 458 F . 3d 376, 382 n. 7 ( 5th C i r . 2006) ; U ni t e d S t a t e s v. N i c hol s , 438 F .3 d 4 3 7 , 4 4 2 ( 4 th C ir . 2 0 0 6 ) . J a c ks on a r gue s tha tM i s s our i v. S e i be rt , 542 U . S . 600, 124 S . C t . 2601 (200 4), w hi ch w as deci ded the sa m e dayas P at ane, qu al i fi es the ho l di ng of P at ane, buta ga i n w e di s a gr e e . S e i be rthe l d i na dm i s s i bl e as t a t e m e ntobt a i ne d by i nt e rr oga t i on t e c hni que s c a l c ul a t e d t o unde rm i ne M i r a ndaw a rni ngs . S e i be rt , 542 U . S . a t617, 124 S . C t . a t2613 ( pl ur a l i tyopi ni on) . P a t a ne he l d tha tno vi ol a t i on of a n obl i ga t i on t o w a rn tha tpr oduc e s avol unt a rys t a t e m e nti s s e ve r e e nough tha tthe de t e rr e nc e va l ue of

s uppr e s s i on outw e i ghs “ the i m port a ntpr oba t i ve va l ue of rel i ab l e p h ysi cal ev i d en ce. ” P at an e, 5 4 2 U . S . at6 4 5 , 1 2 4 S . C t . at2 6 3 1 (K en n ed y, J ., c o n c u rr in g in th e ju d g m e n t) . O urunde r s t a ndi ng of

the na rr ow a gr e e m e ntof the m a j or i tyi n P a t a ne r e s ol ve s thi s appe a l . B e c aus e J a c ks on’ s f i r e a rm i s phy s i c a l e vi de nc e a nd he c onc e de s tha thi s unw a rne d s t a t e m e ntw a s vol unt a ry , P a t a ne a l l ow s the a dm i s s i on o f J a c k s o n ’s f

ir e a rm . T h e d is tr ic t c o u rt w a s c o rr e c t to d e n yJ a c k s o n ’s m o tio n to8

s u p p r e s s th e f

ir e a rm . I V . CONCL US I ON J a c k s o n ’s c o n v ic tio n is AF F I RME D.