IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI

NO. 2001-CA-01839-SCT

ROBERT E. WACHTLER

v.

STATE FARM MUTUAL AUTOMOBILE

INSURANCE COMPANY

DATE OF JUDGMENT: 11/21/2001

TRIAL JUDGE: HON. STEPHEN B. SIMPSON

COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: HANCOCK COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: BEN F. GALLOWAY

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE: JAMES F. STEEL

NATURE OF THE CASE: CIVIL - INSURANCE

DISPOSITION: AFFIRMED - 01/16/2003

MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:

MANDATE ISSUED:

EN BANC.

CARLSON, JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:

¶1. Robert E. Wachtler, a city employee struck by a city truck operated by another city employee,

appeals from the Hancock County Circuit Court’s grant of summary judgment which held he was not

entitled to receive uninsured motorist benefits under insurance policies issued to Wachtler by State Farm

Mutual Automobile Insurance Company ("State Farm"). Finding that the circuit court correctly held

Wachtler was not legally entitled to recover from his co-employee, we affirm the circuit court's grant of

summary judgment in favor of State Farm. 

FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS IN THE TRIAL COURT
1Miss. Code Ann. §§ 11-46-1 to -23 (Rev. 2002).

2Miss. Code Ann. §§ 71-3-1 to -129 (Rev. 2000 & Supp. 2002).

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¶2. On February 11, 2000, Robert E. Wachtler, an employee of the City of Waveland, was struck

by a city truck operated by Kevin Gillum, Wachtler's co-employee. As a result of his injuries, Wachtler

asserted a workers' compensation claim against the City of Waveland. Wachtler also asserted a claim

against State Farm, his personal insurer, for uninsured motorist (UM) coverage under two family policies.

After an investigation, State Farm determined both Gillum and the City of Waveland to be immune from

tort liability to Wachtler under the provisions of the Mississippi Tort Claims Act1 and the Mississippi

Workers' Compensation Act,2 respectively. State Farm, therefore, denied Wachtler's claims concluding

Wachtler was not legally entitled to recover damages from the owner or operator of an uninsured motor

vehicle.

¶3. Section III Coverage U of State Farm's policy provides:

We will pay damages for bodily injury an insured is legally entitled to collect from the

owner or driver of an uninsured motor vehicle. The bodily injury must be caused

by [an] accident arising out of the operation, maintenance or use of an uninsured motor

vehicle.

(emphasis in original). 

¶4. On November 21, 2000, State Farm filed its complaint in this action seeking declaratory relief

pursuant to M.R.C.P. 57. Wachtler answered the complaint alleging Gillum to be an uninsured motorist

which would, therefore, permit Wachtler to receive UM benefits under the contracts of insurance

maintained with his insurer, State Farm.

¶5. State Farm moved for summary judgment stating that because Wachtler was not legally entitled to

recover from Gillum, his co-employee, Wachtler should not be able to pursue a claim under his UM
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coverage. After a hearing, the circuit court granted State Farm's motion for summary judgment, holding

that since Wachtler was precluded from legally recovering from Gillum, State Farm had no obligation to

pay UM benefits to Wachtler.

¶6. Following the order of the circuit court, Wachtler timely filed his appeal raising only one issue, that

being whether the circuit court erred in granting State Farm’s motion for summary judgment.

DISCUSSION

¶7. This Court employs a de novo standard in reviewing a trial court's grant of summary judgment.

Short v. Columbus Rubber & Gasket Co., 535 So.2d 61, 65 (Miss. 1988). Summary judgment may

only be granted where there are no genuine issues of material fact such that the moving party is entitled to

judgment as a matter of law. M.R.C.P. 56(c). The trial court must carefully review all evidentiary matters

in the light most favorable to the non-moving party. Brown v. Credit Ctr., Inc., 444 So. 2d 358, 362

(Miss. 1983). If in this view, the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law, summary judgment

should be granted. Id.

¶8. In support of his argument that summary judgment was improperly granted, Wachtler states his

claim for uninsured motorist benefits for his work-related injury is not barred by the exclusive remedy

provision of the Workers' Compensation Act. State Farm, however, argues the facts of the case sub

judice are analogous to Medders v. United States Fidelity & Guaranty Co., 623 So. 2d 979 (Miss.

1993), where this Court held the exclusivity provision of the Workers' Compensation Act barred recovery

under the employer's uninsured motorist coverage. Therefore, State Farm asks this Court to apply the same

law to the case at bar because Wachtler's entitlement to UM benefits should not be determined by his own

purchase of insurance, but instead by whether he may legally recover from Gillum. 
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¶9. InMedders, an ambulance operated by an employee of Williams Ambulance Service ("Williams")

collided with a truck. Id. at 980. Oswalt, the driver, and his co-employee, Medders, were transporting a

patient to the hospital at the time of the accident. Id. All passengers in the ambulance were killed. Id. At

the time of the accident, USF&G issued a business automobile liability insurance policy to Williams. Id.

USF&G filed an interpleader action in order that all claimants could assert their rights to the amounts due

under the terms and provisions of the policy. Id. at 980-81. The heirs of Medders filed a counterclaim

alleging that the driver's actions were so grossly negligent that they were removed from the exclusion found

in the Workers' Compensation Act. Id. at 981. The counterclaim also stated that UM benefits should be

available to the heirs. Id. 

¶10. Because the policy contained certain exclusions, USF&G argued that according to Mississippi law,

UM benefits would not have been available to Medders had he lived; therefore, they were not available

to his heirs. Id. USF&G filed a motion for summary judgment asserting that Medders' heirs were limited

to workers' compensation benefits. Id. The circuit court found there were no genuine issues of material fact

and granted summary judgment in favor of USF&G. Id. at 982. 

¶11. The issue before this Court in Medders was whether the exclusivity clause of the Workers'

Compensation Act barred recovery under an employer's UM coverage where the uninsured motorist was

uninsured only because he was a fellow employee acting in the course and scope of his employment. Id.

980. The Court determined this analysis would depend upon the interpretation of "legally entitled to

recover."Id. USF&G argued because the uninsured motorist was a co-employee, the heirs were barred

by the exclusivity clause of the Workers' Compensation Act and the policy itself. Id. at 983. 
5

¶12. Section 71-3-9, the exclusivity provision of the Workers' Compensation Act, states in pertinent

part:

The liability of an employer to pay compensation shall be exclusive and in place of all other

liability of such employer to the employee, his legal representative, husband or wife,

parents, dependents, next-of-kin, and anyone otherwise entitled to recover damages at

common law or otherwise from such employer on account of such injury or death, except

that if an employer fails to secure payment of compensation as required by this chapter, an

injured employee, or his legal representative in case death results from the injury, may elect

to claim compensation under this chapter, or to maintain an action at law for damages on

account of such injury or death.

Section 83-11-101(1), the uninsured motorist statute, provides:

No automobile liability insurance policy or contract shall be issued or delivered after

January 1, 1967, unless it contains an endorsement or provisions undertaking to pay the

insured all sums which he shall be legally entitled to recover as damages for bodily injury

or death from the owner or operator of an uninsured motor vehicle, within limits which shall

be no less than those set forth in the Mississippi Motor Vehicle Safety Responsibility Law,

as amended, under provisions approved by the commissioner of insurance; however, at

the option of the insured, the uninsured motorist limits may be increased to limits not to

exceed those provided in the policy of bodily injury liability insurance of the insured or such

lesser limits as the insured elects to carry over the minimum requirement set forth by this

section. The coverage herein required shall not be applicable where any insured named in

the policy shall reject the coverage in writing and provided further, that unless the named

insured requests such coverage in writing, such coverage need not be provided in any

renewal policy where the named insured had rejected the coverage in connection with a

policy previously issued to him by the same insurer.

¶13. FollowingPerkins v. Insurance Co. of North America, 799 F.2d 955 (5th Cir. 1986), where

the Fifth Circuit applied Mississippi law and determined under the Mississippi Workers' Compensation

Act's exclusive remedy statute that an employee is not legally entitled to recover from an employer or coemployee any damages the employee sustains, and thus was not entitled to UM benefits from the insured,

this Court determined there was no person from whom the Medders were legally entitled to recover

damages pursuant to the UM statute. Medders, 623 So. 2d at 988. This Court held the clear meaning of
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"legally entitled to recover" limited the scope of coverage to those instances where the insured would be

entitled at the time of the injury to recover through legal action. Id. at 989. 

¶14. Like the heirs in Medders, Wachtler compares his case to Barfield v. Barfield, 742 P.2d

1107 (Okla. 1987), where the Oklahoma Supreme Court allowed UM coverage despite immunity created

by workers' compensation. In Barfield, a widow, whose husband was killed in the scope of his

employment in an accident allegedly caused by his co-employee, brought a wrongful death action against

the co-employee's estate and against her husband's insurer for UM benefits. Id. at 1109. Because the court

found she was not legally entitled to recover any damages from the co-employee, the court held the

exclusivity provision of the Workers' Compensation Act barred the widow's suit against her husband's coemployee. Id. at 1111. However, the court also held the status and actions of the tortfeasor were

irrelevant and did not bar the widow's claim against her husband's insurer. Id. To reach this conclusion,

the Oklahoma Supreme Court determined:

An uninsured motorist carrier does not stand in the tortfeasor's shoes and the conditions

for recovery under an uninsured motorist policy can be satisfied even if the insured cannot

prove all the elements of the tort against the uninsured. Uptegraft v. Home Insurance

Company, 662 P.2d 681 (Okl.1983) at 685 states:

The words "legally entitled to recover" simply mean that the insured must

be able to establish fault on the part of the uninsured motorist which gives

rise to damages and prove the extent of those damages. 

Barfield, 742 P.2d at 1112. The holding of the Oklahoma Supreme Court is contrary to a majority of

the jurisdictions in this country and to this Court's holding and interpretation of "legally entitled to recover"

in Medders.

¶15. Wachtler's reliance on Barfield is misplaced. By using a different analysis and a different

interpretation of "legally entitled to recover" than the one adopted by this Court in Medders, the Barfield
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court held an uninsured motorist does not stand in the shoes of the tortfeasor; and therefore, it found that

the widow's claim against her husband's insurer would not be barred by the exclusivity provision of the

Workers' Compensation Act. 

¶16. This Court does not agree that the contrary standard in Barfield should be followed so as to allow

Wachtler to collect UM benefits from State Farm. In Medders, this Court stated:

Indeed, the majority of jurisdictions, which have ruled on the issue with respect to the

injured party's policy and all jurisdictions with respect to the employer's policy, have held

that the exclusive remedy of worker's compensation bars recovery of UM benefits when

the insured is injured by a co-employee. See,Allstate Ins. Co. v. Boynton, 486 So.2d

552 (Fla. 1986), rev'ing 443 So.2d 427 (Dist.Ct.App.1984); Williams v. Thomas, 187

Ga.App. 527, 370 S.E.2d 773 (1988); Davis v. Allstate Ins. Co., 452 So.2d 310

(La.App. 2 Cir. 1984); Mayfield v. Casualty Reciprocal Exchange, 442 So.2d

894 (La.Ct.App.1983); Gray v. Margot Inc., 408 So.2d 436 (La.Ct.App. 1981);

Carlisle v. State Dept. of Transportation and Development, 400 So.2d 284

(La.Ct.App. 1981); Webb, 54 Ohio St.3d 61, 562 N.E.2d 132; Hopkins v. AutoOwners Ins. Co., 41 Mich.App. 635, 200 N.W.2d 784 (1972); Kough v. N.J. Auto.

Full. Ins., 237 N.J.Super. 460, 568 A.2d 127 (A.D. 1990); Cormier v. Nat.

Farmers U. Prop. and Cas., 445 N.W.2d 644 (N.D. 1989); Perkins v. Insurance

Co. of North America, 799 F.2d 955 (5th Cir. 1986) (Applying its perception of

Mississippi law); Hubbel v. Western Fire Ins. Co., 218 Mont. 21, 706 P.2d 111

(1985); Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co. v. Dodson, 235 Va. 346, 367 S.E.2d 505 (1988);

Peterson v. Kludt, 317 N.W.2d 43 (Minn. 1982); Sayan v. United Services Auto.

Ass'n, 43 Wash.App. 148, 716 P.2d 895 (1986) (Holding the opposite of the Baldwin

with respect to the Feres doctrine.)

623 So. 2d at 986-87.

¶17. InKough, a passenger, who was injured by the negligence of her co-employee, filed suit to compel

her personal insurer to arbitrate her claim to UM benefits. 568 A.2d at 128. The insurance company denied

UM benefits after determining the plaintiff was not legally entitled to recover from her co-employee. Id.

The New Jersey Superior Court, Appellate Division, agreed and held because of the workers'
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compensation bar, the plaintiff was not "legally entitled to recover" damages from her co-employee, thus

she was not entitled to recover UM benefits from her insurer. Id. at 132.

¶18. InCormier, the plaintiff, a passenger who was injured in an automobile driven by a co-employee,

and her husband filed suit against the co-employee's insurer and their personal insurer claiming they were

entitled to UM benefits under both policies. 445 N.W.2d at 645. The Supreme Court of North Dakota

held the policy language and statutory language clearly stated that "an insured is entitled to uninsured

motorist benefits only if she is 'legally entitled to recover' damages from the owner or operator of an

uninsured vehicle." Id. at 646. 

We believe that the clear meaning of the language, "legally entitled to recover," imports a

condition precedent to the uninsured motorist insurer's obligation that the insured have a

legally enforceable right to recover damages from the owner or operator of the uninsured

motor vehicle. Because workers compensation is the exclusive remedy for an injured

employee against a co-employee, Cormier does not have a legally enforceable right to

recover damages from Fankhanel and, therefore, is not "legally entitled to recover." 

Id.

¶19. Unlike the court in Barfield, the courts in Kough and Cormier adopted the same interpretation

of "legally entitled to recover" as this Court later did inMedders. In following our decision in Medders,

as well as the holdings of Kough and Cormier, and many other jurisdictions which have addressed this

precise issue, this Court finds that the exclusivity provision of the Workers' Compensation Act completely

bars Wachtler from recovering any damages from his co-employee. Thus Wachtler is not entitled to

recover UM benefits from his personal insurer.

CONCLUSION

¶20. This Court finds it is of no moment whether Wachtler is seeking to recover UM benefits from his

personal insurer or from the insurer of his co-employee based upon the legal doctrine of entitlement to
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recovery. Therefore, based on our ruling in Medders, defining "legally entitled to recover," and the various

rulings in other jurisdictions with similar interpretations, this Court affirms the ruling of the circuit court which

held that Wachtler was not legally entitled to recover any damages from his co-employee and therefore,

was not entitled to UM benefits from his personal insurer. The circuit court's judgment is affirmed.

¶21. AFFIRMED.

PITTMAN, C.J., SMITH, P.J., WALLER, COBB AND GRAVES, JJ., CONCUR.

McRAE, P.J., DISSENTS WITHOUT SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION. EASLEY, J.,

CONCURS IN PART AND DISSENTS IN PART WITHOUT SEPARATE WRITTEN

OPINION. DIAZ, J., DISSENTS WITH SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION JOINED BY

McRAE, P.J.

DIAZ, JUSTICE, DISSENTING:

¶22. The majority bases its denial of Wachtler’s claim on the fact that he is attempting to recover from

a co-employee. In my opinion, that description of Wachtler’s claim is inaccurate. He is not attempting to

recover anything from his co-employee, Kevin Gillum; rather, he is trying to recover from his insurance

company. The contract that Wachtler entered into with State Farm was separate from the protections

afforded him under the MTCA and the workers' compensation statute. Thus, although these statutes

provide his exclusive remedy against the State of Mississippi, they are not his exclusive remedy against

State Farm.

¶23. State Farm’s argument, accepted by the majority, is that because Wachtler is not legally entitled

to recover from Gillum, he should not be allowed to assert a claim against it. This argument overlooks the

fact that, though Wachtler cannot assert a direct cause of action against Gillum, he has been allowed to

pursue administrative remedies against the State of Mississippi for Gillum’s negligence. 
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¶24. By predicating recovery under a privately-contracted UM insurance contract upon the identity of

the tortfeasor's employer, the majority applies a nonsensical distinction. In every case that an insured seeks

UM coverage benefits, the tortfeasor will be someone from whom the insured cannot recover. Otherwise,

the insured would simply seek recovery from the tortfeasor. Indeed, the very purpose of UM coverage

is to provide insureds a means to be reimbursed for the negligence of someone who cannot pay. In most

cases, this failure will be the result of a tortfeasor who is insolvent or one who flees the scene of an accident

and remains unidentified. However, underinsured motorists, such as Gillum, also fall within the ambit of

UM protection.

¶25. Uninsured motorist coverage is designed for the benefit of insureds and not insurers. Lee R. Russ

& Thomas F. Segalla, Couch on Insurance § 122:10, at 122-26 (3d ed.1997). The purpose of

uninsured motorist coverage is to benefit an insured by making available compensation for his property

damage, bodily injuries, or death. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Daughdrill, 474 So.2d 1048,

1051 (Miss. 1985). Seeking to take advantage of this benefit, Wachtler contracted with State Farm for

UM protection. Now, after dutifully paying his premiums, he has been injured by an underinsured driver.

Wachtler has complied with his end of the bargain, but this Court relieves State Farm of its responsibility.

¶26. Wachtler entered into a private insurance contract with State Farm. The State of Mississippi is not

a party to that contract. It is not entitled to any of the benefits or protections of Wachtler's contract with

State Farm. Likewise, State Farm should not be protected by the exclusivity provision of the Workers'

Compensation Act.

¶27. The purpose of the exclusivity provision of the MTCA and the Workers' Compensation Act is to

limit the liability exposure of state government and other employers. Because allowing Wachtler to recover
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from his privately-contracted insurance provider will not increase this exposure, I believe he should be

allowed to pursue his claim. Numerous decisions of this Court have held that the uninsured motorist statute

is to be liberally construed so as to provide coverage and that exceptions from coverage are to be strictly

construed. Because the majority fails to follow this admonition, I respectfully dissent.

McRAE, P.J., JOINS THIS OPINION.