IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT KNOXVILLE

Assigned on Briefs February 26, 2019

STATE OF TENNESSEE v. MAKOYOUS HOUSTON

Appeal from the Criminal Court for Knox County

No. 106372 G. Scott Green, Judge

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No. E2018-01118-CCA-R3-CD

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The Appellant, Makoyous Houston, appeals the trial court’s revocation of his probation, 

contending that the proof adduced at the hearing was insufficient to support the 

revocation and that the trial court abused its discretion by ordering him to serve his 

sentence in confinement. We affirm the judgment of the trial court. 

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Criminal Court Affirmed

NORMA MCGEE OGLE, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which JAMES CURWOOD 

WITT, JR., and D. KELLY THOMAS, JR., JJ., joined.

Mark E. Stephens and Jonathan Harwell (on appeal), and Chloe Akers (at trial), 

Knoxville, Tennessee, for the Appellant, Makoyous Houston.

Herbert H. Slatery III, Attorney General and Reporter; Jeffrey D. Zentner, Assistant 

Attorney General; Charme P. Allen, District Attorney General; and Deborah Malone, 

Assistant District Attorney General, for the Appellee, State of Tennessee.

OPINION

I. Factual Background

On September 16, 2015, the Appellant was indicted on charges of especially 

aggravated kidnapping, aggravated assault, and domestic assault. Pursuant to a plea 

agreement, the Appellant pled guilty to aggravated assault and agreed to be sentenced as 

a Range II offender to ten years. The plea agreement further provided that the Appellant 

could apply for probation. The remaining charges were dismissed. The trial court 

ultimately sentenced the Appellant to serve one year in confinement and the remaining 

nine years on supervised probation. 

09/10/2019
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On March 27, 2018, a probation violation warrant was issued alleging that the 

Appellant failed to report for an intake appointment on February 13, 2018; that he 

reported on February 20, 2018; but that he failed to report again in February or March. 

The warrant further alleged that the Appellant’s whereabouts were unknown and that he 

had failed to pay any of the required fees and costs. On April 5, 2018, the probation 

violation warrant was amended to allege that the Appellant had been charged with simple 

possession and casual exchange of marijuana on March 29, 2018, and that he had failed 

to report the charges to his probation officer. 

At the probation revocation hearing, Officer Hunter Snodderly testified that he had 

been employed by the Knoxville Police Department for four years and that he had been 

trained in the detection and identification of narcotics, including how to distinguish the 

smell of burned marijuana from the smell of raw marijuana. 

Officer Snodderly said that on March 15, 2018, he initiated a traffic stop of a 

BMW that had a brake light out. The Appellant was driving the vehicle, and his small 

child was a passenger. Because Officer Snodderly detected the smell of raw marijuana 

coming from the vehicle, he asked the Appellant if any marijuana was in the vehicle, and 

the Appellant responded that “he had thrown it out before [Officer Snodderly] stopped 

him.” The Appellant stepped out of the vehicle at Officer Snodderly’s request, and 

Officer Snodderly searched the vehicle. In the center console, he found a small plastic 

baggie containing a green leafy substance he believed to be marijuana. 

On cross-examination, Officer Snodderly acknowledged that he did not find any 

drug paraphernalia, money, or other drugs in the vehicle. Officer Snodderly issued the 

Appellant a citation for possession of marijuana. 

Jacob White, a probation officer with the Tennessee Board of Probation and 

Parole, testified that the Appellant was supposed to report for the first time on February 

13, 2018. The Appellant did not report on that date. Although White did not call the 

Appellant to tell him to report on February 20, he was “sure someone did.” The 

Appellant reported to probation on February 20, but he did not report to probation again. 

On March 27, a probation violation warrant was issued alleging that the Appellant 

had failed to report to the probation office. On April 5, White filed an amendment to the 

warrant upon discovering that the Appellant had been cited for simple possession of 

marijuana. The Appellant never informed White of the citation. 

On cross-examination, White said that he did not recall whether he was working 

on February 13. However, after the Appellant failed to report, White received an email 

from the “intake team” informing him that the Appellant had failed to report on February 
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13, but he did not keep a copy of the email. White did not know how the Appellant was

notified that he was to report on February 20. He explained that the normal procedure 

was that when someone failed to report, the intake team contacted the person to find out 

why they failed to report, warned them of the consequences of the failure to report, and 

rescheduled the appointment to the next date, which would explain why the Appellant 

came in on February 20. 

White stated that as part of the intake procedure, a probationer was subject to a

drug screen. White did not recall whether the Appellant’s drug screen was negative but 

acknowledged that he would have been informed of a positive test. 

White stated that the Appellant’s original probation officer was Paula Bothof, but 

White did not know if she was at the probation office on February 20. White explained 

that Bothof was transferred at the first of March, and White became the Appellant’s

probation officer. White acknowledged that he did not make any attempts to contact the 

Appellant. White said that the Appellant would have been informed of the change in 

probation officers if he had reported for his appointment.

White thought that after February 20, the Appellant’s next appointment would 

have been sometime during the first week of March. White said that even if the 

Appellant did not know his probation officer had changed, the Appellant could have 

contacted Bothof because she still worked for the probation department. 

On redirect examination, White stated that the Appellant was on enhanced 

probation and was required to report twice a month. The requirement would have been 

explained to the Appellant when he reported on February 20. 

The Appellant testified that he was released from custody on February 2, 2018, 

and that he was given an initial reporting date of February 13, 2018. The Appellant said 

that he arrived at the probation office early on February 13 and “signed in.” Nine or ten 

people were in the lobby at the time. After waiting a couple of hours without his name 

being called, the Appellant asked the desk clerk for help. The desk clerk asked for the 

name of the Appellant’s probation officer, and he responded that he had not been 

assigned a probation officer. The desk clerk gave him a card reflecting that he was to 

report on February 20. 

The Appellant said that when he reported on February 20, he spent the entire day 

at the probation office. He had a drug screen, had his photograph taken, obtained an 

identification card, and had a mental evaluation. He spoke with one probation officer, 

who asked if the Appellant knew the name of his probation officer. The Appellant 

responded that he “had a card at the time in my folder saying Jacob White.” Before the 

Appellant left, he handed his probation folder to probation officer Nathan Taylor. The 
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Appellant told Taylor that he had not been given a return date. Taylor explained that 

White was out of the office and said that he would leave White a message with the 

Appellant’s contact information. Taylor told the Appellant that if White failed to contact 

him in three weeks, the Appellant should call Taylor. 

The Appellant said that he thought he was supposed to report four times a month 

while he was on enhanced probation. The Appellant said that his drug screen was 

negative. He acknowledged that he was cited for possession of marijuana on March 15 

and that he did not report the citation to his probation officer. When he reported to court 

on the marijuana charge on March 29, he was arrested for the probation violation and 

“didn’t make it into the courtroom.” The Appellant explained that during his last 

sentencing hearing, the trial judge essentially said “not to let him down”; therefore, the 

Appellant did not want to report a citation for simple possession of marijuana the first 

time he reported to his probation officer. The Appellant said, “I planned on coming with 

a straight foot forward instead of how everything played out.” 

The Appellant said that the marijuana did not belong to him, that he did not know 

it was in the car, and that the car belonged to his girlfriend, Angelia Whitcomb. The 

Appellant said that he had not smoked marijuana in more than two years. 

On cross-examination, the Appellant denied that the car smelled like marijuana. 

Upon questioning by the trial court, the Appellant said that he had been working at 

Ruth’s Chris restaurant and that he had been allowed to return after he was released. The 

Appellant acknowledged that he “dropped the ball” but said he was willing to comply 

with the terms of probation. 

The trial court stated that it wanted to hear from the Appellant’s girlfriend, who 

had been sworn in with the witnesses who were expected to testify. Defense counsel 

stated that she had not planned to call her to testify. The trial court stated, “Well, then I’ll 

call her.” Angelia Whitcomb testified that she had dated the Appellant for nearly four 

years and that he was driving her 2001 BMW X5 on March 15. Whitcomb stated that the 

marijuana found in the vehicle belonged to her and that the Appellant did not know 

anything about it. 

The trial court asked the parties if the probation office kept logs that reflected who 

signed in each day. The State responded affirmatively. The trial court told the State to 

produce the logs and cautioned the Appellant, “If those logs are produced and they don’t 

show your name on one or both of those dates, you’re going to the penitentiary. If they 

do, I’ll decide what the appropriate sanction is.” 
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At a subsequent hearing, the State presented the sign-in logs maintained by the 

probation office. The records did not show that the Appellant signed in on February 13; 

however, he did sign in on February 20. The prosecutor stated, “I also spoke with the 

intake officer and reviewed notes in our system and she does not have him on February 

13th.” 

The court stated that the Appellant had been given an “advantageous resolution” 

and a chance to serve his sentence on probation. The court accredited the officer’s 

testimony that he smelled raw marijuana in the car and discredited the Appellant’s

testimony that he did not smell marijuana. The court also found that the probation office 

logs reflected that the Appellant had been untruthful with the court about reporting on 

February 13. The trial court revoked the Appellant’s probation and ordered him to serve 

his original sentence in confinement. On appeal, the Appellant challenges the trial 

court’s ruling.

II. Analysis

Upon finding by a preponderance of the evidence that the Appellant has violated 

the terms of his probation, a trial court is authorized to order the Appellant to serve the 

balance of his original sentence in confinement. See Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 40-35-310 and 

-311(e); State v. Harkins, 811 S.W.2d 79, 82 (Tenn. 1991). Furthermore, probation 

revocation rests in the sound discretion of the trial court and will not be overturned by 

this court absent an abuse of that discretion. State v. Leach, 914 S.W.2d 104, 106 (Tenn. 

Crim. App. 1995). “A trial court abuses its discretion when it applies incorrect legal 

standards, reaches an illogical conclusion, bases its ruling on a clearly erroneous 

assessment of the proof, or applies reasoning that causes an injustice to the complaining 

party.” State v. Phelps, 329 S.W.3d 436, 443 (Tenn. 2010). 

On appeal, the Appellant complains that the trial court failed to specifically find 

how the Appellant knew to report on February 20 if he had failed to report on February 

13. Additionally, he contends that the State failed to adduce proof to corroborate Officer 

Snodderly’s testimony that marijuana was found in the car and failed to prove that the 

Appellant had constructive possession of the marijuana. Finally, the Appellant asserts 

that even if the revocation were proper, the trial court abused its discretion by ordering 

the Appellant to serve his sentence in confinement because of a mere confusion about his 

reporting date. 

The trial court need only find by a preponderance of the evidence that the 

Appellant violated the terms of his probation. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-311(e). The 

trial court found that the Appellant failed to report to the probation office as directed on 

February 13. Moreover, the Appellant admitted he did not report that he had been 

charged with possession of marijuana. The record does not preponderate against the 
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findings of the trial court. Upon finding that the Appellant violated the terms of his 

probation, it was within the trial court’s authority to order the Appellant to serve his 

original sentence in confinement. See Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 40-35-310 and -311(e); State 

v. Mitchell, 810 S.W.2d 733, 735 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1991). Moreover, “an accused, 

already on probation, is not entitled to a second grant of probation or another form of 

alternative sentencing.” State v. Jeffrey A. Warfield, No. 01C01-9711-CC-00504, 1999 

WL 61065, at *2 (Tenn. Crim. App. at Nashville, Feb. 10, 1999); see also State v. 

Timothy A. Johnson, No. M2001-01362- CCA-R3-CD, 2002 WL 242351, at *2 (Tenn. 

Crim. App. at Nashville, Feb. 11, 2002).

III. Conclusion

The judgment of the trial court is affirmed. 

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NORMA MCGEE OGLE, JUDGE