## Im**portation of B**  **anana ,**  **Musa spp.**  **, as Fresh**  **, Hard Green Fruit** 

**from t**  **he Philippines to the Continental United S**  **tates**
**A Qualitative Pathway** **- Initiated Risk**  **Assessment**

**July 21 , 2009**  **Rev. 02**

**Agency Contact:** Plant Epidemiology and Ris k Analysis Laboratory Center for Plant Health Science and Technology United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine 1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300 Raleigh, NC 27606Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to Continental United States

Rev. 02 July 21, 2009 ii 

### E **xecutive Summary** In this as sessment we examined the risks associated with the importation of mature hard green bananas ( Musa spp. ) from the Philippines into the continental United S tates
. We developed a list o f quarantine pests associated with banana in the Philippines that c ould be introduced into the continental United States via this pathway

. We qualitatively analy zed the quarantine pests that could follow the pathway

based on international standards and internal guidelines described in the PPQ Guidelines for Pathway

- Initia ted Pest Risk Assessments, Version 5.02 (PPQ, 2000a). I n this analysis, we examined pest biology in the context of Consequences of I ntroduction and Likelihood of I ntroduction. We analyzed sixteen quarantine pests that could follow the pathway of bananas from the Philippines: **Taxa Scientific name**  **Pest risk potential**  Diptera: Tephritidae Bactrocera musae (Tryon) High Bactrocera occipitalis (Bezzi) High Bactrocera philippinensis Drew and Hancock High Coleoptera: Ceramb ycidae Sybra alternans Wiedemann M edium Hempitera: Coccidae Ceroplastes rubens Maskell Medium Coccus viridis (Green) Medium Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Beardsley Medium Geococcus coffeae Green Medium Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) Medium Planococcus lilac inus (Cockerell) Medium Planococcus minor (Maskell) Medium Pseudococcus cryptus Hempel Medium Rastrococcus invadens Williams Medium Rastrococcus spinosus (Robinson) Medium Fungi Cercospora hayi Calpouzos Low Guignardia musae Racib

. Low
We gave ratings of **High** to the fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) , **Medium** to Syb ra alternans , both scales (Hemiptera: Coccidae) , and all mealy bugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), and a **L ow**  rating for the two fungi. All of these pests pose phy tosanitary risks to American agriculture. Pests with L ow risk ratings will ty

pically not require specific mitigation measures; the port

- of

- entry inspection to which all imported commodities are subjected is likely to provide sufficient phy tosanitary security. However, we list options for risk mitigation for all pests at the end of this document.Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to Continental United States

Rev. 02 July 21, 2009 iii 

### Table of Contents Executive Summary

................................ ................................ ................................ ........................ ii 1. Introduction

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ . 1 1.1. Background

................................ ................................ ................................ .......................... 1 1.2. Standard production and post

- harvest processing

................................ ................................ 1 2. Risk Assessment

................................ ................................ ................................ ......................... 2 2.1 Initiating Event: Proposed Action

................................ ................................ ......................... 2 2.2 Botanical and Horticultural Background

................................ ................................ .............. 2 2.3 Assessment of the Weed Potential of Musa spp. ................................ ................................ .. 4 2.4. Decision History , Current Status, and Pest Interceptions

................................ .................... 6 2.4. Pests reported on banana in the Philippines

................................ ................................ ....... 10 2.5. Quarantine pests following the pathway and analyzed further

................................ .......... 29 2.6. Consequences of Introduction

................................ ................................ ............................ 30 2.7. Likelihood of Introduction

................................ ................................ ................................ . 38 2.8. Conclusion

- Pest Risk Potential and Pests Requiring Phy tosanitary Measures
............... 41 3. Risk Mitigation Options

................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 42 4. Literature Cited

................................ ................................ ................................ ......................... 46 5. Authors and Reviewers

................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 58 6. Appendices

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ 59 Appendix A: Pest mitigation measures built in the production and processing operations of Philippine bananas intended for export.

................................ ................................ .................... 59 Appendix B: Banana pest list provided by the Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Plant Industry , the Philippines and Dole Fruit Company , Philippines

................................ .............. 61Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to Continental United States

Rev. 02 July 21, 2009 1 

### 1 **. I**  **ntroduction 1.1. Background**  This pest risk assessment was originally prepared for Dole Philippines, Inc., Dole Asia Ltd

. , Makati, Philippines. A request for mar ket access has been submitted previously by the Bureau of Plant Industry

(BPI) , Department of Agriculture of the Philippines , to the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), U. S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). This RA was submitted by

L eal yn A. Ramos , Director /Officer

- in

- Charge , BPI, to APHIS in support of the request for m arket access. In this assessment we examine d the risks associated with the importation as mature , green banana fruits of Musa spp., which include Musa acuminata cultivars and M

. a cuminata x M

. b albisiana hy

brids , from the Philippines into the continental United States. We use the word “green” herein to mean banana fruit harvested in the mature (hard) green stage, which is Stage 1 in the banana fruit growth cycle , and packed for export within 24 hours of harvesting. We did the assessment on the basis of pests and pathogens of the genus Musa with edible fruits , in general, and M
. acuminata and its hy

brids or cultivars in particular (p lease see Section 2.2 for botanical details ). Hereafter , we will refer to the commodity as “ Musa spp.” In this risk assessment we estimate d risk using the qualitative terms “high”, “medium” and “low” rather than probabilities or frequencies. The details of the methodology and rating criteria are in the document: Guidelines for Pathway

-Initiated Pest Risk Assessments, Version 5.02 (PPQ, 2000a). Regional and international plant protection organizations, such as the North American Plant Protection Organization (NAPPO) and the International Plant Prote ction Convention (IPPC), provide guidance for conducting pest risk anal ys es (IPPC, 2007 : I SPM #11 ). The methods used to initiate, conduct, and report this assessment, as well as the use of biological and phy tosanitary terms, are based on these standards. The IPPC standards describe three stages of pest risk anal ys is: Stage 1, Initiation: Stage 2, Risk Assessment; and Stage 3, Risk Management. This document satisfies the requirements of IPPC Stages 1 and 2, and provides mitigation options for Stage 3. **1.2. Standard production and post** **- harvest processing**  **measures** The following processes, described b y the exporters (Appendix A), are standard and completed for all exported products. These processes will be subject to verification and compliance checks. Although it may

be useful and appropriate during the creation of the risk assessment to assume these standard processes apply to all exported fruit, we could not do that here. In standard banana operations, growers appl y insecticides and fungicides as injection s and sprays, and cover developing bunches with plastic bags impregnated with insecticides. These practices are done to control thrips, scale insects, mealy bugs, aphids, fruit flies, and other external insect pests, as well as bacterial and fungal diseases

. Exporters inspect b anana bunches one day before harvest and cull infested fruit . At the packing plant, they

spray fruit bunches with high

-pressure water, and examine and cull fruit again forPest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to Continental United States

Rev. 02 July 21, 2009 2 pest infestations or other damage. Then the y separate the bunches into “hands”

— smaller individual bunches of bananas

—thoroughl y clean them with soapy , chlorinated water, and inspect yet again for pest infestation. Finall y, fruit are packed into c lean boxes and pallets are loaded into shipping vessels or cold storage

. This all happens within three hours of harvest. 

### 2 **. R isk**  **Assessment 2.1**  **I nitiating Event: Proposed Action**  This risk assessment is commodity

-based, and therefore is “pathway

- initiated.” The original risk assessment was completed by Robert P. Kahn and Phi lip Lima, Consultants in Plant Protection and Quarantine, in a contract (dated September 20, 2004) with Dole Food Company , represented by James Prideaux, Director, Dole, Philippines, Inc. , to assess the potential risk of importing into continental United S tates commercial shipments of mature hard green bananas of Musa acuminata cultivars and M
. a cuminata x M. b albisiana and other hybrid s. The importation into the United States of the fresh fruit of species or hybrids of Musa is a potential pathway for the introduction of plant pests of quarantine significance to the United States. The regulatory authority for the importation of fruits and vegetables from foreign sources into the continental United States may

be found in the Code of Federal Regulations ( 7 CFR § 319.56 , 2005 ). **2.2 B**  **otanical and Horticultural Background** B ananas are classified under two genera, Musa and Ensete, in the famil y Musaceae and Order Zingiberales. In this document we did not assess the genus Ensete , which includes E. ventricosum , an A frican species known as the Abyssinian banana (Jones, 2000 a ; Wiersema and León, 1999)

. The genus Musa contains ornamental, fiber, wild, and edible species. We did not assess M

. textilis , or abaca, which is a species grown commerciall y in the Philippines as a source of fiber known as Manila hemp. The edible species of the genus Musa that we assessed here include M

. acuminata Colla

, M. balbisiana Colla, and M. troglodytarum L. , and hybrids such as Musa x paradisiaca or M. acuminata x M. balbisiana. Musa acu minata and M. balbisiana are characterized further by their genomes, which are designated as “A” for those derived from M. acuminata sources and “B” for M. balbisiana. AA and BB are used to denote diploids, AAA and BBB for triploids and AAAA, and BBBB for tetraploids (Simmonds, 1966). Dole is prim arily

interested in exporting Cavendish bananas; cultivars in this subgroup include Dwarf Cavendish, Giant Cavendish, Grand Nain (AAA), and Williams. Stanfilco, a Division of Dole Philippines, mainly produces the Dwarf Cavendish cultivar , but also produces selections from Giant Cavendish (such as SFC

- 18 , also known as Supersweet). Other varieties to be exported in smaller quantities include M. acuminata cultivars Lakatan (AA) and Señorita (AA); M. acuminata x M. b albisiana cultivar Tindok (AAB ); and M. acuminata cultivars Bungulan and Morado (AAA) (Munez, 2004).Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to Continental United States

Rev. 02 July 21, 2009 3 Banana plants are parthenocarpic: fruits develop without pollination (Simmonds, 1966). Triploids and cultivated diploids of M. acuminata are seedless. Th e plant is a monocotyledonous herbaceous perennial. The plant or mat consists of:  a fleshy rhizome (sometimes called a corm or head)  a fibrous root s ys tem  a pseudostem, which arises from the rhizome, consisting of fused petiole bases ( i.e ., tightly packed leaf sheaths)  other suckers that arise from the rhizome  one sucker, retained for continued growth of the mat referred to as the “maiden” or “maiden plant” when the main pseudostem is known as the “mother” or “mother plant”  other suckers for propagation, o ften referred as “followers” or as “seed” but not seed in the botanical sense  leaves (also known as “sword

- , spear- , or arrow - leaves) that emerge from the pseudostem to form a canop y  a peduncle or stalk upon which bracts, inflorescences, i.e ., separate fem ale and male flowers (sometimes called bells) , and fruits are borne  a bunch, which is a collective term for a series of hands (also referred to as tiers) consisting of fruits known as fingers  crowns, which are the fleshy part of a hand, and gi ve rise to pe dicels that support fingers We used m any

of these terms in the pest list ( Table 6)

. More detailed descriptions of the banana plant morphology

are available (Crane and Balerdi, 1998; Jones, 2000 a ; Karamura and Karamura, 1995; Morton, 1987; Price, 1995; Rob inson, 1993; and Simmonds, 1966). Since thrips are associated with flowers, we present the following description of male and female flowers (Crane and Balerdi, 1998). InFlorida, the inflorescence emerges from the center of the pseudostem 10

- 15 months after planting , when 26

- 32 leaves are present. The flowers are arranged spirall y along the axis of the inflorescence in groups of 10

- 20. A purplish fleshy bract covers each group of flowers and can be shed

. The first flowers are functionally female , and the l ast to emerge are functionally male. In edible cultivars, the ovaries develop parthenocarpically into clusters of fruits (i.e., hands). Bananas grow best under humid and uniformly warm to hot conditions. Consequently, b ananas are grown in humid tropical climates within latitudes of 30° N and S of the equator , but are most productive within 20° N and S. Most multinational companies produce bananas within 16° north or south latitudes (Watson, 1997). Robinson (1993) states , “The banana is primarily a crop of the humid tropical lowlands which are areas characterized by less than 10° N and S latitude, less than 100 meters altitude, not less than 19° C mean minimum temperature, and more than 100 mm of rain each month.” Inthe Philippines, bananas are grown in similar tropical humid climates. Tropical areas are also characterized b y less fluctuation between high and low temperatures than subtropical areas where there may be an unfavorable range of too high and too low temperatures. In South Africa, bananas are grown under subtropical rather than tropical conditions. During winter months, cold night temperatures between 12° and 5°C are devastating to the banana crop.Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to Continental United States

Rev. 02 July 21, 2009 4 Temperatures approach the ideal there only during the summer months , when daily minimum temperature s are above 18°C (Robinson, 1993). In the continental United S tates , tropical areas are found in the Key West Islands, which are in Plant Hardiness Zone 11 [ mean average dail y temperature = above 5°C (USDA

-NA, 2003 )]

. About 300 acres of bananas are grown commercially in the sub

- tropical areas (Zones 9 and 10) at Homestead , Florida (Ploetz, 2004, personal communication). The onl y other Zone 11 area in the continental United States is in the southern tip of California, which is mostly desert and not suitabl e for banana production. Musa spp. are not listed in a California Plant Disease Host Index (French, 1989). In subtropical areas of Zone 10 , bananas are grown in gardens in southern Florida and along the Gulf Coast. However, the plants are subject to frequent damaging or killing frosts characteristic of subtropical areas. In Zone 9 of Louisiana , banana cultivars are grown as ornamentals , but not commerciall y for fruit (NRCS, 2005; Hardy , 2004)

. Some hardier ornamental species or cultivars are grown , but may produce no fruit or onl y small fruits (Hardy, 2004). In Texas, ornamental Musa species are grown extensively in areas where bananas cannot survive (Sauls, 2004). In Florida, the influence of temperature on banana plant growth has been described (Crane a nd Belerdi, 1998) as follows:  Shoots grow best at 26

- 28 °C and f ruits grow best at 29

- 30 °C  Plant growth slows below 1 6 °C and stops at 1 0°C  Sy mptoms of chilling injury that occur below 1 6°C but above 0°C include a failure of flower stalk or fruit bunch to emerge, a dull yellow or greenish gray color to ripening fruit, distorted fruit, and an increase in fruit rotting  Chilling damage and irreversible freeze damage may occur at or below 0°C. Sy mptoms include water

- soaking appearance of aboveground parts , desic cation , browning , and death of leaves, pseudostems, and fruit  Temperature below

- 7 **°** C usually kill plants to the ground but new growth may sprout when warm weather returns  Temperatures above 37°C may result in leaf scorch and narrowing of newly emerged leaf blades Banana plant growth is also influenced b y humidity, wind, drought, flooding, soil type and moisture, fertilizer, and shading (Crane and Belerdi, 1998; Simmonds, 1966; Robinson, 1993; and Turner, 1995). **2.3 A**  **ssessment of the Weed P**  **otential of M**  **usa spp.**  The results of the screening for weed potential of Musa species did not prompt a pest
- initiated risk assessment

. In addition to the references listed in the “ Guidelines ” (PPQ, 2000a) for the preparation of Table 1, we also consulted A Global Compen dium of Weeds (Randall, 2002), which is based on over 700 references or databases. This compendium includes Musa x hy brids, M
. acuminata, M. basjoo, M. liukiuensis, M. textilis, M. tikap, and M. troglodytarum , ” but no countries considered them to be quarantine, noxious, or sleeper (poses a potential threat) weeds. Where these speciesPest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to Continental United States

Rev. 02 July 21, 2009 5 are listed as “weeds,” they are further classified as: [1] weed (economic weeds, i.e. pests of agriculture), [2] naturalized (self

- sustaining and spreading without human assistance), [3] introduced (species that have been planted and that may or may not become naturalized; some species are desirable in some locations), [4] casual alien (survive without human assistance but do not develop persistent populations, and [5] cultivati on escapes (escaped from cultivated area

– includes some crop or pasture species). As in Table 1, the weed potential is considered as negligible in the context of risk assessment.
**Table 1.** Assessment of the Weed Potential of Musa spp. **Commodity:** Fresh gre en banana fruits , Musa spp. (Musaceae). **Phase 1** : In the continental United States , banana production is limited to humid area s in Plant Hardiness Zone 11 (USDA

-NA, 2003 ) although bananas will grow in sub

- tropical areas ( Zone 10 )

. Musa spp. for commercial fruit production are located south of Homestead, Florida ( Zone 11 ) (Ploetz, 2004, personal communication). According to plant surveys in the Plant Profile Database (NRCS, 2005), M. acuminata is in Florida and Musa x paradisia ca is in Louisiana and Florida; but M. troglodytarum and M. balbisiana are not listed as occurring in the United States

. Frost is a limiting factor for banana plant growth in the subtropical continental United States

. In the continental United States , edible banana plants and ornamental cultivars in home gardens exist in subtropical areas of Florida, the Gulf Coast, and the southern areas of California that may

be subject to frost or arid limitations. Banana production in the continental United States is not significant enough to be listed in a statistical publication (NASS, 2004 ). **Phase 2:** Is the species listed in: YES A Geographical Atlas of the W orld Weeds (Holm et al

. , 1979). Musa acuminata is listed as “present as a weed (defined as : the species is present and behaves as a weed but its economic importance is unknown)” in Malaysia , as is M. x paradisia ca in Jamaica. The latter hybrid is listed as part of the flora of Israel but needs evidence confirming that it could behave as a weed. NO The World’s Worst Weeds (Holm et al

. , 1977)

. NO 1982 Report of the Technical Committee to Evaluate Noxious Weeds; Exotic Weeds for the Federal Noxious Weed Act (Gunn and Ritchie, 1982). NO Economically Important Foreign W eeds (Reed, 1977). NO Composite List of Weeds (WSSA, 1989). NO World We eds (Holm et al

. , 1997). NO A Global Compendium of Weeds (Randall, 2002). NO Is there any literature reference indicating weediness ( e. g ., AGRICOLA , CABI, Biological Abstracts , and AGRIS search on “species name” combined with “weed”). **Phase 3:** Musa species are not widely prevalent in continental United States. The weed potential of Musa species is considered as negligible based on the following: [1] The climate in the continental United States is a limiting factor, [2] The bananas of commerce are s eedless, thus limiting spread b y m an or via natural pathways, [3] A survey of the literature listed in this Table and the following paragraph do es not support a conclusion that specie s of edible bananas are weedy. A pest

- initiated risk assessment of Musa spec ies as weeds is not warranted.Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to Continental United States

Rev. 02 July 21, 2009 6 **2.4 . Decision History, Current Status, and Pest Interceptions**  2.4.1. Decision history Below we summarized the decisions made b y a panel of APHI S entomologists and plant pathologists based on assessments of pest data for ban anas from the Philippines in “fact sheets” (Table 2). 2.4.2. Current Status of Banana Imports Bananas are currentl y allowed into the United States from numerous countries (Table 3).
**Table 2.** Results from available decision sheets since 1970 concerning recommendations for the entry into the United States of commercial shipments of banana fruit from the Philippines ( CPHST, 2008 ). **Date Origin**  **Ports Requested Decision**  **Rationale** 6/7/70 Philippines All Approved North Atlantic ports. Subject to EDB treatment as a condition of entry with a note that EDB treatment may affect flavor 4/11/72 Philippines Guam Approved Permit entry subject to phy

tosanitary conditions at origin and inspection on arrival 6/20/83 Philippines Guam Denied No acceptable treatment available for Dacus dorsalis 9/22/86 Philippines Honolulu Denied A complex of Dacus spp. fruit flies for which there are no known treatments 3/3/88 Philippines Guam Denied No acceptable treatment available for Dacus dorsalis 9/24/93 Philippines Hawaii Denied Undetermined species of Bactrocera
**Table 3.** Imports allowed of banana fruit, flowers, or leaves, and the approved ports (APHIS, 2004 ). **Country Plant Parts**  **Ports Asia And Oceania**  American Samoa * Green fruit All 1 Cook I slands (Also see Table 2) Green fruit All Japan (from specified areas) Fruit, leaves Alaska, Guam, Northern Marianas Korea, Republic of (South Korea) Fruit Guam, Northern Marianas

1 “All” means all ports of entry where PPQ officers are stationed or their areas of coverage , including Guam, Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands.Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to Continental United States

Rev. 02 July 21, 2009 7 **Country Plant Parts**  **Ports** Micronesia, Federated States of (from named islands) Fruit Guam, Northern Marianas Samoa Green f ruit All Tonga Green fruit All Vanuatu Fruit All **South America** Argentina * Fruit All Bolivia * Fruit, Leaves All Brazil * Fruit, Leaves, Stem All Chile * Fruit, Leaves All Colombia * Fruit, Leaves All Ecuador * Flower, Fruit, Leaves All French Guiana * Fruit, Leaves All Guyana * Fruit, Leaves All Paraguay * Fruit, Leaves All Peru * Fruit, Leaves All Suriname * Fruit, Leaves All Uruguay * Fruit All Venezuela * Fruit All **North America Including Central America**  Aruba * Fruit All Barbados F lowers, Fruit, Leaves All Belize * Flowers In Bracts With Stem, Fruit, Leaves All Bermuda Fruit, Leaves All Costa Rica * Fruit, Leaves All Dominican Republic Flower, Fruit All El Salvador * Fruit, Leaves All Guatemala * Fruit, Leaves All Honduras * Flower, Fruit, Leaves All Mexico Flower, Fruit, Leaves (Commercial Shipments Only) Fruit (Release Program Protocol) * All
Netherlands Antilles: Curacao Fruit, Leaves All Nicaragua * Fruit, Leaves All Panama * Fruit, Leaves AllPest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to Continental United States

Rev. 02 July 21, 2009 8 **Country Plant Parts**  **Ports** Trinidad And Tobago * Fruit All West Indies, All Countries 2 * Fruit, Leaves All **Africa** Algeria Fruit, Leaves All Angola Fruit North Pacific Benin Fruit, Leaves All Burkina Faso Fruit, Leaves All Cameroon Fruit, Leaves All Congo, Democratic Republic of the Fruit, Leaves All Congo, Republic of the Fruit, Leaves All Côte D’ Ivoire Fruit, Leaves All Egy pt Fruit, Leaves All Ghana Fruit, Leaves All Guinea, Republic of Fruit, Leaves All Liberia Fruit, Leaves All Mali Fruit, Leaves All Mauritania Fruit, Leaves All Moroc co Fruit, Leaves All Niger Fruit, Leaves All Nigeria Fruit, Leaves All Senegal Fruit, Leaves All Sierra Leon Fruit, Leaves All Togo Fruit, Leaves All Tunisia Fruit, Leaves All **Europe** Spain: Canary

I slands Fruit, leaves All * = no written permits required (APHIS, 2004 )
2. 4.3. Pest Interception Records for Musa spp . Pests are intercepted on imported articles , including commodities , at U.S.

- authorized ports

- of

entry
. S uch interceptions indicate that the commodity can serve as a pathway for the entry

of the pest. Pest interceptions at U. S. ports
- of

- entry (including Hawaii) on banana fruit in baggage from the Philippines (PestID, 2009 ) are shown below (Table 4)

. However, the baggage may not have originated in the country

listed below : passenger s may have been in transit from another country

. Because they

are p ertinent to the APHI S risk assessments and regulations for bananas exported to the United States, we separately listed interceptions at U. S. ports
- of

- entry (including Hawaii)

2 West Indies includes (APHIS, 2004): Antigua, Bahamas, Barbados, Cayman Islands, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Haiti, Jamaica, Martinique, Montserrat; Nevis; St. Barthelemy, St. Eustatius, St. Kitts, St. Lucia, St. Martin, St. Vincent, and British Virgin Islands. (Some of these area are listed separately)Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to Continental United States

Rev. 02 July 21, 2009 9 on bananas in bagg age from Pacific Ocean islands, which have been approved for exportation of green bananas into the United States (including US Territories) (Table 5). APHI S regulations permitting green bananas from Hawaii to Guam and to the continental U.S. are found in 7 CFR § 318.13

–4i ( 2005 )

. Bactrocera dorsalis occurs in Hawaii, but not in Guam or in the Philippines (IIE, 1986). As a result of studies conducted in Hawaii, mature green bananas without precocious ripening and morphological aberrations that are grown under certain horticultural conditions are not likely to be hosts of B. dorsalis in nature (Armstrong 1983, 2001). Miller and Chang (1998) anal yz ed Armstrong’s results and recommended conditions of entry into the continental U.S. and the territories.
**Table 4.**  Pest interceptions on banana fruit in baggage from the Philippines (PestID, 2009 )

. **Organism Interceptions**  **( n**  **o.) Organism**  **Interceptions (No.)**  Aphididae, species of 2 Maconellicoccus hirsutus 1 Aspidiotus sp. 1 Margarodidae, species of 1 Coccidae, species of 3 Phomopsis musicola 1 Coccus sp 1 Phyllosticta musarum 135 Dacus sp. 2 Phyllosticta spp. 2 Diaspididae, species of 2 Pinnaspis musae 1 Dysmicoccus neobrevipes 60 Planococcus lilacinus 6 Dysmicoccus spp. 5 Planococcus minor 6 Flatidae, species of 1 Planococcus sp. 1 Gryllidae, species of 1 Pseudococcidae, species of 52 Guignardia musae 45 Pseudococcus cryptus 1 Icerya pulcher 8 Pseudococcus spp. 3 Icerya sp. 4 Py ralidae, species of 2 Imperata sp. (seed) 1 Thrip idae, species of 1 Lepidosaphes similis 2 Tineidae, species of 1 Lym antriidae, species of 1 Uxantis siccifolia 1Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to Continental United States

Rev. 02 July 21, 2009 10 **Table 5** . Pest interceptions on banana fruit in baggage from Pacific Ocean islands **Island group Organism**  **Interceptions (No.)** Ameri can Samoa Aphidae, species of 1

Dysmicoccus neobrevipes 3 Planococcus minor 2 Pseudococcidae, species of 2 Guam Diaspididae, species of 2

Dysmicoccus neobrevipes 3 Hesperidae, species of (leaf) 1 Phyllosticta musarum 1 Pseudaulacaspis sp . 1 Pseudococcidae, species of 3 Samoa Dysmicoccus neobrevipes 1

Pseudococcidae, species of 3 Tonga Planococcus minor 3

Pseudococcus sp. 1 Tephritidae, species of 1
**2. 4.**  **Pests reported on b**  **anana in the Philippines** Below we list p ests reported in the scientific and regulatory literature to occur on Musa species and cultivars in the Philippines are recorded in ( Table 6 )

. We also include information on the presence of these pests in the continental United States , as well as the parts of the hos t that are infested or infected, and quarantine status of the pest

. In the table below, the “pathway” is defined as commercial hard green mature banana fruits. They are subjected to the growing

- season pest
- management procedures and also phy tosanitary saf eguards during harvesting, packing and shipping, which are applied within 24 hours of harvest, as described in Appendix A. Hard or mature green bananas are harvested, and these are equivalent to Stage 1 (e. g., McGregor, 1987; Nakasone and Paull, 1998) in the following banana industry standard:  Stage 1 = dark green or green  Stage 2 = green with a trace of ye llow around the finger stalk, or light green  Stage 3 = more green than yellow  Stages 4

- 7 = more yellow than green, to yellow with brown spots. Note: In the pest list, information on plant part association and whether the pest is likely to follow the pathway

is only provided for quarantine pests, not for non

- quarantine pests. Even if non - quarantine pests are able to follow the pathway, phytosanitary measures against these pests would not be justified as the y already occur in the United States. Therefore, information on plant part association and whether the pest is likely to follow the pathway

is not needed for non

quarantine pests and is indicated with “n/a” (not applicable).Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to Continental United States

Rev. 02 July 21, 2009 11 Some p est s with limited distribution in the United States are being considered for official control. APHI S is treating these pests as provisional quarantine pest s (IPPC, 2003) until their official status es are recognized. Quarantine p ests in this category have their status denoted with brackets as follows: [ Y es ]

. **Table 6**  **.** Pests associated with Musa spp. (in any country) and present in the Philippines (on any host)

. **Pest ( Scientific**  **name and**  **taxonomy) Geographic**  **d istribution**  **3 Plant**  **part**

**affected 4**  **Quar an**  ****

**tine pest Follow** 

**pathway References**  **FUNGI AND CHROMISTANS** Aspergillus flavus Link: Fr. (Ascomycetes: Eurotiales) PH, US n/a No n/a Farr et al. 2009 Aspergillus niger Tiegh. (Ascomycetes: Eurotiales) PH, US n/a No n/a CABI, 2004 Asteromella paradisiaca Petr. (Ascomycetes: Incertae sedis) PH L Yes No Farr et al. 2009; CABI, 2009 Athelia rolfsii (Curzi) C. C. Tu & Kim brough. Syn: Corticium rolfsii Curzi (Basidomycetes: Pleosporales) Anamorph = Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. PH, US n/a No n/a CABI, 2004

Beltraniella portoricensis (F. Stevens) Piroz. & S.D. Patil Syn: Ellisiopsis gallesiae Bat. & Nascim. Teleomorph: Pseudomassaria carolinensis M.E. Barr & Hodges (Ascomycetes: Xylariales) PH, US (FL, PR, VI, SC) L [ Yes ] No F arr et al., 2009; CABI, 2009

Bipolaris sacchari (E.J. Butler) Shoemaker (Ascomycetes: Pleosporales) PH, US n/a No n/a CABI, 2004 Ceratocystis paradoxa (Dade) C. Moreau Syn: Ceratostomella paradoxa Dade (Pyrenomycetes: Ophiostomatales) Anamorph: Charlara paradoxa (De Seynes) Sacc., Thielaviopsis paradoxa (De Seynes) Honn. PH, US n/a No n/a Anon., 1982; BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Farr et al., 2009 ; Muirhead and Jones, 2000

3 PH = Philippines; US = continental United States, selected S tates: AL = Alabama, AZ = Arizona, CA = California, C T = Connecticut, DE = Delaware, FL = Florida, GA = Georgia, HI = Hawaii, IA = Iowa, LA = Louisiana, PA = Pennsylvania, PR = Puerto Rico, SC = South Carolina, TX = Texas , VI = Virgin Islands ; WW = world

- wide or cosmopolitan. 4 B = bracts, C = crow

n, F = fruit, Fl = reported as flowers or inflorescences, L = leaves, n/a = not applicable, P = peduncle, Ps = pseudostem, sometimes reported as “stem”, R = roots, Rh = rhizome also sometimes reported as corm, S = sucker, when reported as such, it is equivalent to P s. (Please see Section 2.2 for a more detailed explanation of these terms). W = whole plant.Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to Continental United States

Rev. 02 July 21, 2009 12 **Pest ( Scientific**  **name and**  **taxonomy) Geographic**  **d istribution**  **3 Plant**  **part**

**affected 4**  **Quar an**  ****

**tine pest Follow** 

**pathway References**  Cercospora hayi Calpouzos (Ascomycetes: Mycosphaerellales) PH C, F, P Yes Yes BPI/Dole, 2004; Jones and Stover, 2000; Kaiser and Lukezic, 1965, 1966; PCARRD, 1988 Cladosporium cladosporioides (Fresen.) G.A. De Vries (Ascomycetes: Mycosphaerellales) PH, US n/a No n/a Farr et al., 2009 Cladosporium herbarum (Pers. : Fr.) Link Tele omorph: Davidiella tassiana (De Not.) Crous & U. Braun (Ascomycetes: Mycosphaerellales) PH, US n/a No n/a Farr et al., 2009

Cochliobolus geniculatus R.R. Nelson Anamorph: Curvularia geniculata (Tracy & Earle) Boedijn (Ascomycetes: Pleosporales) PH, US n/a No n/a Farr et al., 2009

Cochliobolus lunatus R.R.Nelson & Haasis Anamorph = Curvularia lunata (Wakk.) Boedijn (Loculoascomycetes: Dothideales) PH, US n/a No n/a BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Meredith, 1963
Colletotrichum capsici (Syd.) E.J. Butler & Bisby (Ascomycetes: Phyllachorales) PH, US n/a No n/a Farr et al., 2009; CABI, 200 4 Colletotrichum musae (Berk. & M. A. Curt. von Arx. Syn: Gloeosporium musarum Cooke and Massee (Ascomycetes: Phyllachorales) PH, US n/a No n/a BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Farr et al ., 2009 ; Jones and Stover, 2000; PCARRD, 1988; Weber, 1973 Cordana musae (

Zimm.) Höhne. (Ascomycetes: Incertae sedis) PH, US n/a No n/a Anon., 1982; BPI/Dole, 2004; Farr et al., 1989; Gaskalla, 2004; Jones, 2000c; PCARRD, 1988 Corynespora cassiicola (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) C.T. Wei (Ascomycetes: Pleosporales) PH, US n/a No n/a Farr et al., 2009
Curvularia lunata (Wakker) Boedijn Teleomorph: Cochliobolus lunatus R.R. Nelson & Haasis (Ascomycetes: Pleosporales) PH, US n/a No n/a Farr et al., 2009
Deightoniella torulosa (Syd.) M. B. Ellis Syn: Helminthosporium torulosum (Syd.) F.S. Ashby (Ascomycetes: Incertae sedis) PH, US n/a No n/a Anon., 1982; BPI/Dole, 2004; Farr et al., 1989; Gaskalla, 2004; Jones, 2000d; Jones and Stover, 2000Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to Continental United States

Rev. 02 July 21, 2009 13 **Pest ( Scientific**  **name and**  **taxonomy) Geographic**  **d istribution**  **3 Plant**  **part**

**affected 4**  **Quar an**  ****

**tine pest Follow** 

**pathway References**  Fusariu m incarnatum (Desm.) Sacc Syn: Fusarium pallidoroseum (Cooke) Sacc. (Ascomycetes: Hypocreales) PH, US n/a No n/a BPI/Dole, 2004; Farr et al., 1989; Jones and Stover, 2000; PCARRD, 1988 Fusarium lateritium Nees : Fr. Teleomorph : Gibberella baccata (Wallr .) Sacc. (Ascomycetes: Hypocreales) PH, US n/a No n/a Farr et al., 2009
Fusarium moniliforme J. Sheld. Teleomorph: Gibberella moniliformis Wineland (Ascomycetes: Hypocreales) PH, US n/a No n/a Farr et al., 2009

Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht. f. sp. cubens e (E. F. Smith) W. C. Synder & N. H. Hans. (Ascomycetes: Hypocreales) PH, US n/a No n/a Alfieri et al ., 1994; Anon., 1982; BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Gaskalla, 2004; Jeger, et al.,1995, PCARRD, 1988; Ploetz et al

. , 1990; Ploetz and Pegg, 2000 Fusarium roseum Link: Fr. (Ascomycetes: Hypocreales) PH, US n/a No n/a BPI/Dole, 2004; Farr et al., 1989; PCARRD, 1988 Fusarium sacchari (E.J. Butler) W. Gams (Ascomycetes: Hypocreales) PH, US n/a No n/a Farr et al., 2009, CABI, 2004 Fusarium sambucinum Fuckel Teleomorph: Gibberella pulicaris (Fr.: Fr.) Sacc. (Ascomycetes: Hypocreales) PH, US n/a No n/a Farr et al., 2009

Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc. Teleomorph: Haematonectria haematococca (Berk. & Broome) Samuels & Rossman (Ascomycetes: Hypocreales) PH, US n/a No n/a Farr et al., 2009

Fusarium subglutinans (Wollenw. & Reinking) P.E. Nelson, Toussoun & Marasas Teleomorph: Gibberella subglutinans (E. Edwards) P.E. Nelson, Toussoun & Marasas (Ascomycetes: Hypocreales) PH, US n/a No n/a Farr et al. 2009

Gibb erella fujikuroi (Sawada) Ito in Ito & K.Kimura (Ascomycetes: Hypocreales). Anamorph = Fusarium fujikuroi Nirenberg PH, US n/a No n/a BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Ploetz, 1994Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to Continental United States

Rev. 02 July 21, 2009 14 **Pest ( Scientific**  **name and**  **taxonomy) Geographic**  **d istribution**  **3 Plant**  **part**

**affected 4**  **Quar an**  ****

**tine pest Follow** 

**pathway References**  Glomerella cingulata (Stoneman) Spauld. & H.Schrenk (Ascomycetes: Incertae sedis) Anamorph = Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. in Sacc. PH, US n/a No n/a ARS, 1970; CABI, 2004; Farr et al., 2009 ; Gaskalla, 2004
Guignardia mangiferae A.J. Roy (Ascomycetes: Dothideales) Anamorph: Phyllosticta capitalensis Henn. PH, US n/a No n/a Farr et al., 2009
Guignardia musae Racib. 5 Syn: G

. sydowiana Trotter Anamorph = Phyllosticta musarum (Cooke) van der Aa., Phyllostictina musarum (Cooke) Petr., Sphaeropsis musarum Cooke (Ascomycetes: Dothideales) PH, US (HI) B, F, L [ Yes ] Y es PestID, 200 9 ; BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004: Jones, 2000f; Jones and Stover, 2000; PCARRD, 1988; Farr et al. 2009
Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon & Maubl. Syn: Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat., Botryosphaeria rhodina (Ascomycetes: Dothideales) P H, US n/a No n/a Alfieri et al ., 1994; BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Farr et al., 2009 ; Jones, 2000a; PCARRD, 1988; Weber, 1973 Lenzites tenuis Hook. (Basidiomycetes: Polyporales) PH Ps Yes No Farr et al. 2009 ; CABI, 2009 Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. (Ascomycetes: Incertae sedis) PH, US n/a No n/a Farr et al. 2009
Marasmiellus inoderma (Berkeley) Singer. Syn: M. semiustus (Berk. & M. A. Curtis), Marasmius semiustus Berkeley & Curtis; Singer (Basidiomycetes: Agaricales) PH L, Ps, R Yes No Jon es and Lomerio, 2000

Mycosphaerella fijiensis Morelet Anamorph = Pseudocercospora fijiensis (Morelet) Deighton (Ascomycetes: Mycosphaerellales) PH, US (FL, HI , PR) n/a No n/a BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Carlier et al ., 2000; Crane and Balerdi, 1998; F arr et al., 2009 ; Gaskalla, 2004; Jeger et al., 1995; Marin et al., 2003; PCARRD, 1988; Ploetz, 2001; Stover, 1972; Wardlaw, 1972

5 Guignardia musae (teleomorph) and Phyllosticta musarum ( anamorph) are two forms or morphs that exhibit different symptoms. Therefore, confusion exists about the taxonomy of the causal agent. This pathogen is an actionable pest in the continental United States, but does not require action in Hawaii (PestID, 200 9).Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to Continental United States

Rev. 02 July 21, 2009 15 **Pest ( Scientific**  **name and**  **taxonomy) Geographic**  **d istribution**  **3 Plant**  **part**

**affected 4**  **Quar an**  ****

**tine pest Follow** 

**pathway References**  Mycosphaerella musae (Speg.) Syd. & P. Syd. (Ascomycetes: Mycosphaerellales) PH, US (HI, PR, VI) n/a No n/a Farr, et al. 200 9 Mycosphaerella musicola J.L.Mulder in J.L.Mulder & Stover (Loculoascomycetes: Dothideales). Anamorph = Pseudocercospora musae Speg. (Ascomycetes: Mycosphaerellales) PH, US L [ Yes ] No Alfieri et al ., 1994; BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Crane and Balerdi, 1998; Farr et al., 2009 ; Gaskalla, 2004; Jeger et al

. , 1995; Jones, 2000b; PCARRD, 1988; Stover, 1972; Wardlaw, 1972 Nigrospora sphaerica (Sacc.) E.W. Mason (Ascomycetes: Trichosphaeriales) PH, US n/a No n/a Farr et al., 2009 Periconia byssoides Pers. (Ascomycetes: Incertae sedis) PH, US n/a No n/a Farr et al., 2009 Pestalotiopsis disseminata (Thüm.) Steyaert (Ascomycetes: Xylariales) PH, US n/a No n/a Farr et al., 2009 Pestalotiopsis palmarum (Cooke) Steyaert Syn: Pestalotia palmarum Cooke (Ascomyc etes: Xylariales) PH, US n/a No n/a Farr et al., 2009
Phoma sorghina (Sacc.) Boerema, Dorenb. & Kesteren (Ascomycetes: Pleosporales) PH, US n/a No n/a Farr et al., 2009 Phyllosticta sp. (Coelomycetes) PH, US F Yes Yes PestID, 200 9 Phytophthora nicotianae Breda de Haan (Kingdom Chromista, Oomycetes: Pythiales) PH, US n/a No n/a Farr et al., 2009 Pithomyces chartarum (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) M.B. Ellis Sporidesmium bakeri Syd. & P. Syd. (Ascomycetes: Pleosporales) PH, US n/a No n/a Farr et al., 2009

Pyricularia grisea (Cooke) Sacc. Teleomoph = Magnaporthe grisea (Herbert) Barr. (Ascomycetes: Incertae sedis) PH, US n/a No n/a Alfieri et al ., 1994; BPI/Dole, 2004; Farr et al., 1989; Gaskalla, 2004; Jeger et al., 1995; Jones and Stover, 2000; Stover, 1 972 Pythium debaryanum Auct. non R. Hesse (Kingdom Chromista; Oomycetes: Peronosporales) PH, US n/a No n/a CABI, 2004Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to Continental United States

Rev. 02 July 21, 2009 16 **Pest ( Scientific**  **name and**  **taxonomy) Geographic**  **d istribution**  **3 Plant**  **part**

**affected 4**  **Quar an**  ****

**tine pest Follow** 

**pathway References**  Ramichloridium musae (Stahel ex. E. B. Ellis) De Hoog Syn: Periconiella musae Stahel ex Ellis. (Ascomycetes: Incertae sedis) PH 6 F , L, P Yes No 7 Jeger et al., 1995; Jones, 2000e; PCARRD, 1988
Rhizoctonia grisea (J.A. Stev.) J. Matz Teleomorph: Corticium sasakii (Shirai) Matsumoto (Basidiomycetes: Polyporales) PH, US n/a No n/a Farr et al., 2009

Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehrenb.: Fr.) Vuill. Syn: R

. nigricans Ehrenb. (Zygomycetes: Mucorales) PH, US n/a No n/a Farr et al., 2009
Rigidoporus microporus (Sw. : Fr.) Overeem (Basidiomycetes: Polyporales) PH, US (HI, PR) n/a No n/a Farr et al., 2009
Rosellinia bunodes (Berk. & Broome) Sacc

. (Ascomycetes: Xylariales) PH, US (VI, PR) R [ Yes ] No Farr et al., 2009 Schizophyllum commune Fr.: Fr. (Basidiomycetes: Agaricales) PH, US n/a No n/a Farr et al., 2009 Thanatephorus cucumeris (A.B. Frank) Donk Anamorph: Rhizoctonia solani J.G. Kühn ( Basidiomycetes: Ceratobasidiales) PH, US n/a No n/a Farr et al., 2009

Torula herbarum (Pers. : Fr.) Link (Ascomycetes: Incertae sedis) PH, US n/a No n/a Farr et al., 2009 Uredo musae Cummins (Urediniomycetes: Uredinales) PH L Yes No BPI/Dole, 2004; Jone s, 2000 f Uromyces musae P. Hen (Urediniomycetes: Uredinales) PH L Yes No BPI/Dole, 2004; Jones, 2000 f ; Weber, 1973 **BACTERIA AND PHYTOPLASMAS** Erwinia carotovora subsp. a troseptica (van Hall) Dye PH, US n/a No n/a CABI, 2004

6 Periconiella musae occurs world

- wide , but is not specifically listed as present in the United States

. 7 “T ropical Speckle Disease ” is caused by two fungi: P

. musae , and Veronaea musae Stahel ex Ellis. [ Syn = Chloridium musae Stahel ] . Tropical Speckle is a leaf disease and causes two ty pes of foliar symptoms. In the Umlalog variety (AAA , Cavendish subgro up), the ends of fingers are sometimes affected , and the fruit is rendered unacceptable for export (Jones, 2000d). Infected fruit would not be likely to follow the pathway because the symptoms are highly visible and such fruit wo uld be culled.Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to Continental United States

Rev. 02 July 21, 2009 17 **Pest ( Scientific**  **name and**  **taxonomy) Geographic**  **d istribution**  **3 Plant**  **part**

**affected 4**  **Quar an**  ****

**tine pest Follow** 

**pathway References**  Erwinia caro tovora subsp. caro tovora (Jones) Bergey et al. PH, US n/a No n/a BPI/Dole, 2004; Bradbury, 1986; CABI, 2004; Jeger et al

. , 1995; Thwaites et al., 2000; Weber, 1973 Erwinia chrysanthemi Burkholder et al

. PH, US n/a No n/a CABI, 2004; Jeger et al

. , 1995 Erwinia chrysan themi pv. zeae (Saet) Victoria et al

. PH, US n/a No n/a CABI, 2004 Erwinia carotovora subsp. a troseptica (van Hall) Dye PH, US n/a No n/a CABI, 2004 Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith) Yabuuchi et al ., Race 1 Syn: Pseudomonas solanacearum, Bulkholderia sol

anacearum (Infects diploid bananas) PH, US n/a No n/a Alfieri et al ., 1994; BPI/Dole, 2004; Bradbury, 1986; CABI, 2004; CABI/EPPO 1999a; BPI/Dole, 2004; Jeger et al

. , 1995 Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith) Yabuuchi et al ., Race 2, Biovar 1 8 (Infects triploi d bananas) PH, US n/a No n/a BPI/Dole, 2004; Bradbury, 1986; CABI, 2004; CABI/EPPO, 1999b; Jeger et al

. , 1995; PCARRD, 1988; Thwaites et al., 2000; Wardlaw, 1972; Weber, 1973 **VIRUSES AND VIROIDS 9**  Abacá mosaic potyvirus 10 [Also known as the Abacá mosai c strain of sugarcane mosaic potyvirus] PH W Yes No Baj et and Magnaye, 2002; BPI/Dole, 2004; Diekmann and Putter, 1996; Thomas and Magnaye, 2000 Banana bract mosaic potyvirus PH W Yes No BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Diekmann and Putter, 1996; Thomas et al. , 2000

8 Bugtok and Moko diseases have distinct symptoms and host ranges, but are caused by the same race and biovar of the bacterium, Ralstonia solanacearum Race 2 Biovar 1 (Thwaites et al ., 2000). Bugtok is not recognized in commercially grown dessert bananas, but the dis ease has become a limiting factor in the cultivation of cooking bananas in areas of the southern Philippines (Soguilon et al., 1995). Differences in disease expression may be due to differences in production practices between cooking bananas and dessert bananas (Molina, 2005). 9 Because bananas are seedless and intended for consumption, viruses are unlikely to be transmitted to susceptible hosts in the United States. Therefore, viruses are highly unlikely to follow the pathway. 10 Abacá mosaic potyvirus (A bMV) is a strain of sugarcane mosaic potyvirus (SCMV

-- Ab ) (CABI, 2004; Gambley et al ., 2004). The strain is not present in the United S tates ; and its host, Musa textilis , a fiber crop, is not grown in the continental United S tates (Brunt et al ., 1996; Thomas and Magnaye, 2000). AbMV has been experimentally transmitted from abacá to banana using aphid vectors (Gambley et al ., 2004).Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to Continental United States

Rev. 02 July 21, 2009 18 **Pest ( Scientific**  **name and**  **taxonomy) Geographic**  **d istribution**  **3 Plant**  **part**

**affected 4**  **Quar an**  ****

**tine pest Follow** 

**pathway References**  Banana bunchy top nanovirus PH, US (HI) W [ Yes ] No BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Diekmann and Putter, 1996; Jeger, et al., 1995; Thomas and Iskra

Carauna, 2000; PCARRD, 1988 Banana streak badnavirus PH, US (FL) W [ Yes ] No BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004 ; Diekmann and Putter, 1996; Lockhart and Jones, 2000b Cucumber mosaic cucumovirus (banana mosaic) PH, US n/a No n/a Alfieri et al ., 1 994; BPI, Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Gaskalla, 2004; Lockhart and Jones, 2000b; PCARRD, 1988 **NEMATODA Criconematidae**  Criconemella sp . PH, US R Yes No CABI, 2004 Hemicriconemoides mangiferae Siddiqi PH, US (CA, DE, FL) R [ Yes ] No Anon., 1984; CABI, 2004; Handoo, 2007 **Heteroderidae** Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal) Chitwood PH, US n/a No n/a Anon., 1984; CABI, 2004; De Waele, 2000; PCARRD, 1988 Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood PH, US n/a No n/a Anon., 1984; BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; PCARRD, 1988 Meloidogyne javanica (Treub) Chitwood PH, US n/a No n/a Anon., 1984; CABI, 2004; De Waele, 2000 **Hoplolaimidea** Helicotylenchus multicinctus (Cobb) Golden PH, US n/a No n/a BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Crane and Balerdi,1998; Gowen, 2000; Ploetz et al ., 1994 Hopolaimus seinhorsti Luc PH, US n/a No n/a Anon., 1984; BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004 Rotylenchulus reniformis Linford & Oliveira PH, US n/a No n/a Anon., 1984; CABI, 2004; De Waele, 2000 **Longidoridae** Longidorus sp. PH, US R Yes No Anon., 1984; CABI, 2004 **Pratylenchidae** Pratylenchus coffeae (Zimmermann) Filipjev & Schuurmans Stekhoven PH, US n/a No n/a Anon. , 1984; CABI, 2004; Gowen, 2000; Ploetz et al

. , 1994Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to Continental United States

Rev. 02 July 21, 2009 19 **Pest ( Scientific**  **name and**  **taxonomy) Geographic**  **d istribution**  **3 Plant**  **part**

**affected 4**  **Quar an**  ****

**tine pest Follow** 

**pathway References**  Pratylenchus penetrans (Cobb) Filipjev & Schuurmans Stekhoven PH, US n/a No n/a Anon., 1984; CABI, 2004; Gowen, 2000 Pratylenchus zeae Graham PH, US n/a No n/a Anon., 1984; CABI, 2004; Gowen, 2000 Radopholus similis (Cobb) Thorne PH, US R, Rh [ Yes ] No Anon., 1982; Anon., 1984; BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Crane and Balerdi, 1998; PCARRD, 1988; Ploetz et al., 1994; Sarah, 2000 **WEEDS** Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv. 11 PH n/a Yes No CABI, 2004; 7 CFR 360, 2008 ; NRCS, 2005 Imperata sp. PH , US n/a Yes No PestID, 200 9 ; 7 CFR 360, 2008 **ARTHROPODS Acari:**  **Acaridae** Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) PH, US n/a No n/a CABI, 2004 **Acari: Tenuipalpidae**  Brevipalpus californicus (Banks) PH, US n/a No n/a CABI, 2004 Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes) PH, US n/a No n/a CABI, 2004 **Acari: Tetranychidae**  Eutetranychus orientalis Klein PH L Yes No BPI/Dole, 2004 ;CABI, 2004 Oligonychus orthius Rimando PH L Yes No BPI/Dole, 2004 Oligonychus velascoi (Rimando) P H L Yes No BPI/Dole, 2004; Cayme and Gapasin, 1987 Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval) PH, US n/a No n/a BPI/Dole, 20004; CABI, 2004; Tetranychus neocaledonicus Andre PH, US (FL) n/a No n/a BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Gaskala, 2004 Tetranychus piercei (McGregor) PH L, Ps Yes No BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004 Tetranychus urticae (Koch) PH, US n/a No n/a BPI/Dole, 2004 **Coleoptera: Anthribidae**  Araecerus coffeae (Fabricius) = A. fasciculatus (De Geer) PH, US n/a No n/a BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004

11 One interception of Imperata sp . was associated with banana fruit from the Philippines. The genus Imperata is quarantine significant because I. brasiliensis Trin. and I. cylindrica (L.) Raeusch are Federal Noxious Weeds (7 CFR 360, 2008)

. Bananas carried by passengers were typically locally grown for consumption. In baggage, the banana skin or any associated plant material (lea f debris, bracts, etc) could have been contaminated with Imperata seeds. The origin of any baggage is subject to doubt since it may have originated in a different country visited by the passenger. Commercial bananas are unlikely to be a pathway for the entry of weed seed, because they will be removed during production and post

harvest processing.Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to Continental United States

Rev. 02 July 21, 2009 20 **Pest ( Scientific**  **name and**  **taxonomy) Geographic**  **d istribution**  **3 Plant**  **part**

**affected 4**  **Quar an**  ****

**tine pest Follow** 

**pathway References**  **Coleoptera :**  **Cerambycidae** Sybra alternans Wiedemann PH, US (FL) F, Ps [ Yes ] Yes Chen et al ., 2000; Thomas, 2000 **Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae**  Hispodonta sp. PH Fl, L, Ps Yes No Cayabyab et al ., 2000 **Coleoptera: Curculionidae**  Cosmopolites sordidus (Gemar) PH , US (FL) C, R, Rh, Ps [ Yes ] No BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Gaskala, 2004; Gold and Messiaen, 2000; Gold et al ., 2002; Muniappan and Bjork, 1984; PCARRD, 1988; Smith, 1995 Metamasius hemipterus Linnaeus PH, US (FL) L, Ps, W [ Yes ] No CABI, 2004; Gold et al ., 2002 Odoiporus longicollis (Olivier) PH L, Ps Yes No BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Capco, 1956; Gold et al ., 2002 Philicoptus demissus (Heller) PH F, L Yes No 12 BPI/Dole, 2004; Stephens, 1984 Philicoptus iliganus (Heller) PH F, Fl, L, R Yes No 13 BPI/Dole, 2004; Muniappan and Bjork, 1984; PCARRD, 1988; Stephens, 1984 Philicoptus sp. 14 PH F, L Yes No 15 Stephens, 1984 Philicoptus stringifons (Heller) PH F, Fl, L Yes No 16 BPI/Dole, 2004; Stephens, 1984 Philicoptus waltoni (Boheman) PH F Yes No 17 El

- Sayed and Suckling , 2004; Hill, 1983

12 This pest has never been intercepted on Musa spp. (PestID, 2009). Philicoptus demissus is a large (6

- 7 mm), mobile beetle (Stephens, 1984) that is unlikely to re main with bananas through commercial processing. 13 This pest has never been intercepted on Musa spp. (PestID, 200 9 ). The larvae of P

. iliganus feed on roots of banana, while adults feed externally on the peels of the fruit, thereby leading to the common name of peel

- scarring beetle (Stephens, 1984). As an adult, the beetle is a large (6

- 8 mm), flightless and drops to the ground when disturbed (Stephens, 1984). Therefore, this beetle is highly unlikely to follow the pathway

. 14 Stephens (1984) discussed two undescribed species within the genus Philicoptus (sp. 1 and sp. 2). These species feed on the flowers, leaves, and fruits of bananas in the Philippines. 15 Beetles in the genus Philicoptus are large (6

- 8 mm) and mobile weevils (Stephens, 1984) that are unl ikely to remain with bananas through commercial processing. This genus has never been intercepted on Musa spp. (PestID, 2009). 16 Philicoptus stringifons is not a proven pest of bananas, but it fed on banana flowers and fruit in the laboratory (Stephens, 19 84). This pest has never been intercepted on Musa spp. (PestID, 2009). It is a large (about 7 mm), mobile beetle (Stephens, 1984) that is unlikely to remain with bananas through commercial processing. 17 Philicoptus waltoni has never been intercepted on Musa spp. (PestID, 2009). We found no other data on its feeding habits, but think it will behave similarly to others in the same genus (e.g., P. demissus , P. iliganus , and P. stringifons ). These weevils are all relatively large in size (6

- 8 mm), mobile, and drop from fruit when disturbed (Stephens, 1984). Thus, P. waltoni seems highly unlikely to follow the pathway of commercial banana fruit.Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to Continental United States

Rev. 02 July 21, 2009 21 **Pest ( Scientific**  **name and**  **taxonomy) Geographic**  **d istribution**  **3 Plant**  **part**

**affected 4**  **Quar an**  ****

**tine pest Follow** 

**pathway References**  **Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae**  Oryctes rhinoceros (Linnaeus) PH L Yes No BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004 Scapanes australis Boisduval PH F, L, Ps, W Yes No 18 CABI, 2004 Xylotrupes gideon (Linnaeus) PH L Yes No CABI, 2004 **Diptera: Muscidae**  Ath erigona orientalis Schiner PH, US n/a No n/a BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004 **Diptera: Stratiomyidae**  Hermetia illucens (Linnaeus) PH, US n/a No n/a BPI/Dole, 2004; Stephens, 1975; Tomberlin and Sheppard, 2001; Woodley, 1989 **Diptera: Tephritidae**  Bactrocera musae (Tryon) PH F Yes Yes BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Carroll et al., 2002; Drew et al ., 1982; Pacify, 2002; Smith, 1977; White and Elson

-Harris, 1992 Bactrocera occipitalis (Bezzi) PH F Yes Yes Anon., 2002; BPI/Dole, 2004; Carroll et al ., 2002; Drew and Hancock, 1994; IIE, 1994 a ; Pacifly, 2002a; Sengebau, 2001; White and Elson

-Harris, 1992 Bactrocera philippinensis Drew and Hancock PH F Yes Yes Anon., 2002; BPI/Dole, 2004; Carroll et al ., 2002; Drew and Hancock, 1994; IIE, 1994b ; Pacifly, 2002b; Sengebau, 2001; White and Elson

-Harris, 1992 **Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae** Aleurocanthus woglumi Ashby PH, US (Fl, TX) L, Ps [ Yes ] No BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004 Aleurodicus dispersus Russell PH, US (FL) L [ Yes ] No BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004

18 Adults of S. australis burrow into the pseudo stem of bananas , which caus es plants to fall over and grow bunches out of the side of the stem (French, 2006)

. The rhinoceros beetle is very large and mobile (CABI, 2004), and is unlikely to remain with bananas through commercial processing.Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to Continental United States

Rev. 02 July 21, 2009 22 **Pest ( Scientific**  **name and**  **taxonomy) Geographic**  **d istribution**  **3 Plant**  **part**

**affected 4**  **Quar an**  ****

**tine pest Follow** 

**pathway References**  **Hemiptera: Aphi**  **didae** Aphis gossypii Glover PH, US n/a No n/a BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Muniappan and Bjork, 1984 Pentalonia nigronervosa (Coquerel) PH, US (CA, FL) n/a No n/a BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Gold et al ., 2002; Mau, et al ., 1994; Muniappan and Bjork, 19 84; PCARRD, 1988; Silva and Fancelli, 1998 Rhopalosiphum (

Aphis) maidis (Fitch) PH, US n/a No n/a BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004 Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae (Linnaeus) PH, US n/a No n/a CABI, 2004; Capco, 1956 Rhopalosiphum padi Linnaeus PH, US n/a No n/a CABI , 2004 **Hemiptera: Coccidae**  Ceroplastes cirripediformis Comstock PH, US n/a No n/a CABI, 2004; Ben
-Dov et al. , 2005 Ceroplastes rubens Maskell PH, US (FL) F, L, Ps [ Yes ] Yes CABI, 2004; Ben
-Dov et al. , 2005 Coccus hesperidium Linnaeus PH, US n/a No n/a BPI/Dole, 2004; Ben
-Dov et al. . 2005 Coccus longulus (Douglas) PH, US n/a No n/a Ben
-Dov et al. , 2005 Coccus sp. PH , US F, L, Ps Yes Yes CABI, 2004; PestID, 200 9 Coccus viridis (Green) PH , US ( FL ) F, L, Ps [ Yes ] Yes CABI, 2004; Capco, 1956; Hill, 1983; Moore and Tudela, 1 999; Nafus, 2000; Ben
-Dov et al. , 2005 ; PPQ, 2000b Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner) PH , US n/a No n/a CABI, 200 4; Ben
-Dov et al. , 2005 Saissetia coffeae (Walker) PH , US n/a No n/a CABI, 2004; Ben
-Dov et al. , 2005 Vinsonia stellifera (We stwood) PH, US (AL, F L , GA) L, Ps [ Yes ] No Ben
-Dov et al. , 200 5 ; Thomas, 2000 **Hemiptera: Coreidae**  Leptoglossus gonagra (Fabricius) PH , US n/a No n/a CABI, 2004; Baranowski and Slater, 1986; Muniappan and Bjork, 1984Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to Continental United States

Rev. 02 July 21, 2009 23 **Pest ( Scientific**  **name and**  **taxonomy) Geographic**  **d istribution**  **3 Plant**  **part**

**affected 4**  **Quar an**  ****

**tine pest Follow** 

**pathway References**  **Hemiptera: Diaspididae**  **19** Abgrallas pis (Hemiberlesia ) cynaophylli (Signoret) PH, US n/a No n/a BPI/Dole, 2004; Ben
-Dov et al. , 2005 ; Velasquez, 1971 Abgrallaspis (Hemiberlesia ) palmae (Cockerell) PH, US n/a No n/a PCARRD, 1988; Ben
-Dov et al. , 2005 Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) PH, US n/a No n/a CABI, 2004; Ben
-Dov et al., 2005 ; Velasquez, 1971 Aonidiella comperei McKenzie PH F, L, Ps Yes Yes 19 Ben
-Dov et al. , 2005 ; Velasquez, 1969 Aonidiella inornata McKenzie PH, US (TX) F, L, Ps [ Yes ] Yes 19 Muniappan and Bjork, 1984; Ben
-Dov et al. , 2 00 5 ; Velasquez, 1971 Aonidiella orientalis (Newstead) PH, US (Fl) n/a No n/a CABI, 2004; Ben
-Dov et al. , 2005 ; Velasquez, 1971 Aspidiotus coryphae Cockerell and Robinson PH F, L, Ps Yes Yes 19 BPI/Dole, 2004; Ben
-Dov et al., 2005 ; Velasquez, 1971 Aspidi otus destructor Signoret PH, US (CT, Fl, GA, PA) n/a No n/a BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Muniappan and Bjork, 1984; PCARRD, 1988; Ben
-Dov et al., 2005 ; Velasquez, 1971 Aspidiotus excisus Green PH, US (FL) n/a No n/a BPI/Dole, 2004; Ben
-Dov et al. , 2005 ; Ve lasquez, 1971 Aspidiotus sp. PH , US F, L, Ps Yes Yes 19 PestID, 2009 ; CABI, 2004 Chrysomphalus aonidum (Linnaeus)

= C. ficus Ashmead PH, US n/a No n/a BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Muniappan and Bjork, 1984; Ben
-Dov et al. , 2005 ; Velasquez, 1971 Chrysompha lus dictyospermi (Morgan) PH, US n/a No n/a BPI/Dole, 2004; Ben
-Dov et al. , 2005 ; Velasquez, 1971 Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret) PH, US n/a No n/a BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Ben
-Dov et al. , 200 5 ; Velasquez, 1971 Hemiberlesia palmae (Cockerell) PH, US (CA, FL) n/a No n/a BPI/Dole, 2004; Ben
-Dov et al. , 200 5 ; Velasquez, 1971

19 Armo red s cales are external feeders, and appear in various colors on stem, leaves, and fruit , such as red scale ( Aonidiella aurantii), Florida red scale ( Chrysomphalus aonidum ) and the purple scale ( Lepidosaphes beckii) (Smith et al ., 1997). Infestations begin on the underside of leaves, and in severe infestations, armored scales attach to stalks and fruit (Pinese and Piper, 1994 ). Armored scales may follow the pathway on fruit or vegetables for consumption but are highly unlikely to establish (PERAL, 2007). For more details, see discussion after table.Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to Continental United States

Rev. 02 July 21, 2009 24 **Pest ( Scientific**  **name and**  **taxonomy) Geographic**  **d istribution**  **3 Plant**  **part**

**affected 4**  **Quar an**  ****

**tine pest Follow** 

**pathway References**  Hemiberlesia rapax (Comstock) PH, US n/a No n/a BPI/Dole, 2004; Ben
-Dov et al. , 200 5 Ischnaspis longirostris (Signoret) PH, US n/a No n/a CABI, 2004; Ben
-Dov et al. , 2005 Lepidos aphes beckii (Newman) PH, US n/a No n/a CABI, 2004; Ben
-Dov et al. , 2005 Lepidosaphes similis Beardsley PH F, L, Ps Yes Yes 19 CPHST, 2008 Mycetaspis personata (Comstock) PH, US (FL) n/a No n/a Ben
-Dov et al. , 2005 Parlatoria proteus (Curtis) PH, US n/a No n/a Ben
-Dov et al. , 2005 Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret) PH, US n/a No n/a Ben
-Dov et al. , 2005 Pinnaspis buxi (BouchT) PH, US n/a No n/a Ben
-Dov et al., 2005 Pinnaspis musae Takagi PH F, L, Ps Yes Yes 19 PestID, 200 9 ; BPI/Dole, 2004; Ben
-Dov et al. , 2005 Pinnsaspis strachani (Cooley) PH, US (FL) n/a No n/a BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Ben
-Dov et al. , 2005 Pseudaulacaspis cockerelli (Cooley) PH, US n/a No n/a BPI/Dole, 2004; Ben
-Dov et al. , 200 5 Selenaspidus articulatus (Morgan) PH, US (CA, FL) n/a No n/a CABI, 2004; Ben
-Dov et al. , 2005 Unaspis citri (Comstock) PH, US n/a No n/a CABI, 2004; Ben
-Dov et al. , 2005 **Hemiptera: Flatidae**  Uxantis siccifolia (Stal) PH L, Ps Yes No PestID, 200 9 **Hemiptera: Margarodidae**  **20** Icerya aegyptiaca Douglas PH F, L, Ps, W Yes No CABI, 2004; Hill, 1983; Muniappan and Bjork, 1984; PPQ, 2000b Icerya pulcher (Leonardi) PH F, L, Ps, W Yes No PestID, 200 9 Icerya seychellarum (Westwood) PH F, L, Ps, W Yes No BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Hill, 1983 Icerya sp. PH , US F Ye s No CABI, 2004; PestID, 200 9 **Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae**  Dysmicoccus brevipes (Cockerell) PH, US (CA, FL, LA) n/a No n/a Ben
-Dov, 1994; BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Martin Kessing and Mau, 1992; Ben
-Dov et al. , 2005

20 Mem bers of this family are larg e scales commonly known as “giant coccids” or “ground pearls” (Borror et al., 1989), and can be easily seen during inspection. The species present in the P hilippines prefer leaves and young twigs, but may be found on fruit and stems (CABI, 2004). Members o f this family are unlikely follow the pathway on export quality fruit, and have never been intercepted on commercial bananas (PestID, 2009 ).Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to Continental United States

Rev. 02 July 21, 2009 25 **Pest ( Scientific**  **name and**  **taxonomy) Geographic**  **d istribution**  **3 Plant**  **part**

**affected 4**  **Quar an**  ****

**tine pest Follow** 

**pathway References**  Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Beardsley PH, US (FL) F, L, Ps [ Yes ] Yes PestID, 200 9 ; Ben
-Dov, 1994; BPI/Dole, 2004; Miller and Miller, 20 02; PCARRD, 1988; Ben
-Dov et al. , 2005 Dysmicoccus sp . PH , US F, L, Ps Ye s Yes CABI, 2004; PestID, 200 9 Ferrisia virgata (Cockerell) PH, US n/a No n/a Ben -Dov, 1994; BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Ben
Dov et al. , 2005 Geococcus coffeae Green PH, US (CA, FL) F, Fl, L, Ps [ Yes ] Yes Ben
-Dov, 1 994; CABI, 2004; Ben
-Dov et al. , 2005 Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) PH, US (CA, FL) F, Fl, L, R,

Ps [ Yes ] Yes PestID, 2009 ; Ben
-Dov, 1994; BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Hill, 1983; Ben
-Dov et al. , 200 5 Nipaecoccus nipae (Maskell) PH, US n/a No n/a CABI, 2004 ; Tilos, 2008 Planococcus citri (Risso) PH, US n/a No n/a Ben
-Dov, 1994; BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Ben
Dov et al. , 200 5 Planococcus lilacinus (Cockerell) PH F, Fl, L, Ps, W Yes Yes PestID, 200 9 ; CABI, 2004; Ben
-Dov et al. , 2005 Planococcus minor (Maskell) = P. pacificus Cox PH F, L, Ps Yes Yes PestID, 200 9 ; BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Ben
Dov et al., 2005 Plan ococcus sp. PH , US F, L Yes Yes CABI, 2004; PestID, 200 9 Pseudococcus cryptus Hempel PH F Yes Yes PestID, 2009 ; Ben
-Dov et al. , 2005 Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi Gimpel and Miller = P. elisae Borchsenius PH, US (FL, TX) n/a No n/a Ben
-Dov, 1994; BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Ben
Dov et al. , 2005 ; Thomas, 2000 Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni Tozzetti) PH, US n/a No n/a BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Muiniappan and Bjork, 1984 Pseudococcus sp . PH , US F, Fl, L, Ps, W Yes Yes PestID, 2009 ; Ben
-Dov, 1994; CABI , 2004; Ben
Dov et al. , 2005 Rastrococcus invadens Williams PH F, L, Ps Yes Yes Ben
-Dov, 1994 ; BPI/Dole, 2004; Ben
-Dov et al. , 2005 Rastrococcus spinosus (Robinson) PH F, L, Ps Yes Yes Ben
-Dov, 1994; BPI/Dole, 2004Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to Continental United States

Rev. 02 July 21, 2009 26 **Pest ( Scientific**  **name and**  **taxonomy) Geographic**  **d istribution**  **3 Plant**  **part**

**affected 4**  **Quar an**  ****

**tine pest Follow** 

**pathway References**  **Hemiptera: Tingidae**  Stephanitis typicus (Distant) PH L Yes No BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Capco, 1956; Muniappan and Bjork, 1984 **Lepidoptera: Hesperi** **i dae**  Erionota torus Evans PH L Yes No D e Jong, and Treadaway, 1993 Erionota thrax (Linnaeus) PH L Yes No BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Monty, 1 970; Muniappan and Bjork, 1984; PCARRD, 1988; D e Jong, and Treadaway, 1993 Erionota thrax mindana Evans PH L Yes No Sands et al ., 1991 **Lepidoptera: Limacodidae**  Darna diducta Snellen PH L Yes No CABI, 2004 Parasa lepida (Cramer) PH F, L Yes No 21 CABI, 20 04 ; Waterhouse, 1993 Thosea sinensis Walker = Hindothosea cervina Moore PH L Yes No BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Muniappan and Bjork, 1984 **Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae**  Olene mendosa Hubner = Dasychira mendosa (Hubner) PH L Yes No CABI, 2004 ; Waterhouse, 199 3 **Lepidoptera: Noctuidae**  Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) PH, US n/a No n/a CABI, 2004; Zhang, 1994 Eudocima ( = Othreis ) fullonia (Clerck) PH F Yes No 22 CABI, 2004; Denton et al ., 1989, 1999; Martin Kessing and Mau, 1993; Muniappan et al ., 1995; Zhang, 1994 Spodoptera exigua (Hubner) PH, US n/a No n/a BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Zhang, 1994 Spodoptera ( = Prodena ) litura (Fabricius) PH L Yes No CABI, 2004 Tiracola plagiata (Walker) PH F, L, Ps Yes No 23 BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004 ; Pinese and Piper, 1994

21 Parasa lepida is a large external feeder (CABI, 2004), and has never been intercepted on commercially produced M usa (PestID, 2009). Therefore, this pest is highly unlikely to follow the pathway. 22 Eudocima fullonia has never been intercepted on commercially produced species of Musa (PestID, 2009). It is a large moth that feeds externally on banana, and the adult is an active flyer. It is highly unlikely to follow the pathway (CABI, 2004).Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to Continental United States

Rev. 02 July 21, 2009 27 **Pest ( Scientific**  **name and**  **taxonomy) Geographic**  **d istribution**  **3 Plant**  **part**

**affected 4**  **Quar an**  ****

**tine pest Follow** 

**pathway References**  **Lepi doptera:**  **Nymphalidae** Melanitis leda ismene Cramer PH L Yes No BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004 **Lepidoptera: Psychidae**  Cryptothelea ( = Eumeta ) fuscescens (Snellen) PH L Yes No BPI/Dole, 2004; Capco, 1956; PCARRD, 1988 **Lepidoptera: Pyralidae**  Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenee) PH L Yes No CABI, 2004; Zhang, 1994 Diaphania indica (Saunders) PH, US (FL) F, L [ Yes ] No 24 CABI, 2004; Zhang, 1994 Tirathaba rufivena (Walker) PH Fl Yes No BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Zhang, 1994 **Lepidoptera: Thyrididae**  Rodenura intima lis (Moore) PH L, Ps Yes No Capco, 1956 **Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae**  Artona catoxantha (Hampson) PH L Yes No BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Zhang, 1994 **Orthoptera: Acrididae**  **25** Chondracris rosea (DeGeer) PH F, Fl, L, Ps, W Yes No BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004 Lo custa migratoria (Linnaeus) PH F, Fl, L, Ps , W Yes No BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004 Melicodes tenebrosa Walker PH F, Fl, L, Ps Yes No Capco, 1956 Valanga nigricornis Burmeister PH F, Fl, L, Ps Yes No BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Muniappan and Bjork, 1984 **Th ysanoptera:**  **Thripidae 26**  Chaetanaphothrips signipennis (Bagnall) PH, US (FL) F, L, Ps [ Yes ] No BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Hara et al ., 2002; PCARRD, 1988; Silva and Fancelli, 1998

23 The larvae of T. plagiata cause sporadic damage to banana during hot summers after the wet season , and rarely merit specific treatment in Queensland (Pinese and Piper 1994)

. Tira cola plagiata is unlikely to be a pest in commercial banana plantations, and therefore it is unlikely to follow the pathway. 24 Diaphania indica has never been intercepted on commercially produced species of Musa (PestID, 2009). It is a large external feeder (CABI, 2004) that is likely to be removed during post

-harvest processing. Therefore, this pest is highly unlikely to follow the pathway. 25 This family is part of the suborder Caelifera, which is known as “jumping Orthoptera” (Borror et al., 1989). The sp ecies in this family are relatively large and mobile, and are therefore unlikely to remain with commercially produced bananas after post
-harvest processing. 26 Thrips spp. feed on developing fruit and cause a corky scab that decreases fruit quality (Peña et al., 2002). Cracked and corky bananas would be culled during the harvesting and post

- harvesting procedures . Therefore, thrips are unlikely to follow the pathway of commercial bananas.Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to Continental United States

Rev. 02 July 21, 2009 28 **Pest ( Scientific**  **name and**  **taxonomy) Geographic**  **d istribution**  **3 Plant**  **part**

**affected 4**  **Quar an**  ****

**tine pest Follow** 

**pathway References**  Elixothrips brevisetis (Bagnall) PH , US (FL) Fl, L, Ps [ Yes ] No BPI/Dole, 2 004; Mau and Martin Kessing, 1993; Muniappan and Bjork, 1984; Thomas, 2000 Hercinothrips femoralis (Reuter) PH, US (AZ , CA, FL) n/a No n/a CABI, 2004; Muniappan and Bjork, 1984; Silva and Fancelli, 1998 Thrips florum Schmutz PH F, Fl Yes No BPI/Dole, 20 04; CABI, 2004; Muniappan and Bjork, 1984; PCARRD, 1988; Silva and Fancelli, 1998 Thrips hawaiiensis (Morgan) = T
. albipes Bagnall PH , US (CA, GA, SC, TX) n/a No n/a BPI/Dole, 2004; CAB I, 2004; Muniappan and Bjork, 1984 **MOLLUSCA :**  **Achitinidae** Achatina fu lica Bowdich PH F, L, Ps, R, W Yes No 27 CABI, 2004

27 Achatina fulica is a large, normally five to 10 cm, external feeder that attacks the entire plant, but prefers cuttings or seedlings (CABI, 2004). Because the snail, its slime trail, and its eggs (about five mm) are so conspicuous, commercial bananas for export are highly unlikely to be a pathway for this pest.Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to Continental United States

Rev. 02 July 21, 2009 29 **2. 5.**  **Quarantine pests following the pathway and analyzed further** Organisms identified to the genus, or higher taxonomic level, are not anal yzed further, even though individual species within those taxonomic groups are potential pests that may or may not occur within the United States. The IPPC guidelines do not require risk assessment of pests identified only

by genus name ( IPPC, 2007: I SPM #11 ). By necessity, pest risk assessments focus on those organisms for which adequate biological and taxonomic information is available. Often, there are many species within a genus, and it is not reasonable to assume that the biology of all organisms within a genus is identical. Lack of species identification may indicate the limits of the current taxonomic knowledge, the life stage or the quality of the specimen submitted for identification. The lack of identification at the species level does not rule out the possibility that a high risk quarantine pest was interc epted or that the intercepted pest was not a quarantine pest. By developing detailed assessments for known pests that inhabit a variety of niches on the parent commodity , for example, on the surface of, within the stem or fruit, on the flowers, etc ., effective mitigation measures may be developed to eliminate the known pests, and any similar unknown ones that inhabit the same niches. Lack of biological information on any gi ven insect or pathogen should not be equated with a low risk. We did not further analyze the armored scale s Aonidiella comperei , A. inornata , Aspidiotus coryphae , Lepidosaphes similis , and Pinnaspis musae
. Armored scales may enter on commercial fruit for consumption but are highl y unlikely to establish via this pathway ( PERAL , 2007 ). A recent critical review of the literature, APHI S

- PPQ operational data, and expert opinion concludes that, even assuming high quantities of imported fruit infested with armored scale species that could be parthenogenic, highl y fecund, poly phagous, invasive, theoreticall y able to survive in most of the United States, and capable of causing high level consequences, the specific pathway of commerc iall y produced fruit shipped without leaves, stems, or contaminants is extremely

low risk (PERAL , 2007). This low risk is explained by the poor ability of armored scales to disperse to new host plants from fruits for consumption, and consequently , by a very l ow probability

of establishment. The following characteristics of armored scales contribute to their poor dispersal capability :  Legs and wings are absent in females and in feeding immature forms. Males possess wings but are short

- lived, do not feed, and tend to mate with nearby females.  Self

- dispersal of armored scales occurs b y immature forms, or “crawlers.” They are the most vulnerable life stage. Crawlers can be passivel y dispersed b y wind from one plant to another only during a time period of approx imately 24 hours , and the survival rate decreases with distance

. After the crawlers start feeding , the mouth parts are deepl y inserted in the host, and their legs are lost during the first molt , so no further dispersal is possible.  Dispersal from fruit dis carded in the environment is considered very unlikely because of low wind speeds at ground level , and low survival rate of crawlers on the ground or on decaying fruit material

. A ctive dispersal of crawlers from their natal host is highl y unlikely since the y cannot move well or quickly over bare soil or rough surfaces. Processing, culling, and inspection of fruit infested with armored scales can further reduce the prevalence and survival of this group of pests.Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to Continental United States

Rev. 02 July 21, 2009 30 **Table 7 .**  Quarantine pests that are present in the Philippines and could follow the pathway of commercial banana fruit

. **Taxa Scientific name**  Fungi Cercospora hayi Calpouzos Guignardia musae Racib

. Coleoptera: Cerambycidae Sybra alternans Wiedemann Diptera: Tephritidae Bactrocera musae (Tryon) Bactrocera occipitalis (Bezzi) Bactrocera philippinensis Drew and Hancock Hempitera: Coccidae Ceroplastes rubens Maskell Coccus viridis (Green) Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Beardsley Geococcus coffeae Green Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) Planococcus lilacinus (Cockerell) Planococcus minor (Maskell)= P. pacificus Cox Pseudococcus cryptus Hempel Rastrococcus invadens Williams Rastrococcus spinosus (Robinson)
**2. 6.**  **Consequences of Introduction** We rated the Consequences of Introduction using five risk elements related to pest biology (PPQ, 2000a) . For each risk element, we rated the pests Low (1 point), Medium (2 points), or High (3 points). W e summed the five risk elements to give a Cumulative Risk Rating, which indicates the potential of the pest to establish, spread, and cause economic and environmental impacts

. We summarized the ratings for the C onsequences of Introduction below ( Table 8)

. Due to the limited availability of data for some meal ybug species, the group of meal ybugs was anal yz ed as one entity b y using data from more commonly studied species.
**Bactrocera spp.**  [B. musae , B. occipitalis , and B. philippinensis ] **Risk r**  **ating s**  **Risk Element #1:**  **Climate**

**– Host Interaction**  **Bactrocera musae** is found in the tropical areas of the Philippines, Papua New Guinea, Solomon I slands, Vanuatu and Australia

. **B actrocera**  **occipitalis** is found in Borneo, Palau and the Philippines , and has also been rec orded in Asia on mango and guava (Sengebau, 2001). **B actrocera**  **philippinensis** is reported only in the Philippines and Palau. It was found in Australia in 1997 and eradicated (CABI, 2004). All species could establish within U.S. Plant Hardiness Zones 9

- 11 (P ERAL , 2008)

. Because of its small size, Zone 11 does not count towards the total. Consequently , the risk rating for this element is **Medium**

. Medium (2)

**Risk Element #2: Host range** We found no reports of any of these species on green bananas in the Philippines. High (3)Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to Continental United States

Rev. 02 July 21, 2009 31 **Bactrocera spp.**  [B. musae , B. occipitalis , and B. philippinensis ] **Risk r**  **ating s**  **Bactrocera musae** has been reported from 10 genera and 9 plant families. Hosts include banana (

Musa spp., Musaceae); guava ( Psidium guajava, My

rtaceae); pawpaw ( Carica papaya, Caricaceae); chili and tomato (Solanaceae). Reports are mostly

from banana ( Sar, et al ., 2001: Smith, 1977; CABI, 2004). **Bactrocera occipitalis** infests mango ( Mangifera indica , Anacardiaceae); guava ( Psidium guajava , (M yrt aceae) , citrus ( Citrus microcarpa (Rutaceae) (Allwood, et al ., 1999 and Pacifl y, 2002)

. Banana is a host in P alau (Anon., 2002). Other hosts include Carambola ( Averrhoa carambola , Oxalidaceae); mandarin ( Citrus reticulata , Rutaceae); sapodilla ( Manilkara zapota , Sapotaceae) and the mombin (Spondias purpurea , Anacardiaceae ) (CABI, 2004). **Bactrocera philippinensis** infests mango (Anacardiaceae), breadfruit ( Artocarpus altilis , Moraceae), carambola (Oxalidaceae), pawpaw (Caricaceae); mandarin (Rutaceae), sapodilla (Pouteria deklitan , Sapotaceae); guava (M yrtaceae), Spondias purpurea (Anacardiaceae), and Malay apple (Syzygium malaccense , My rtaceae) (Allwood, et al ., 1999; CABI, 2004). Banana as a host was reported in Palau (Anon., 2002). **Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential** For this element we have referred to information available for related Bactrocera , since we found little biological information on these three species. Fruit flies generall y have high reproductive potential and high dispersal capability, e.g. the B

. dorsalis complex (Bateman, 1972) . Adults reproduce year round and live one to three months, or longer in cooler temperatures. Tropical fruit flies are strong fliers and are capable of dispersing long distances (Bateman, 1972). Bactrocera spp. are able to fly

50

- 100 km (Fletcher, 1989)

. Transportation in infested fruit is also a major means of di spersal. High (3)

**Risk Element #4: Economic Impact** The three Bactrocera species attack a large variety of fruits and vegetables throughout their known distribution , reducing yi elds (Norrbom, 2004) . Damage can reach 100 percent in field environments (CABI, 2004). Thailand considers all three species of Bactrocera to be quarantine pests (CERI S, 2009; EPPO, 2007). Bactrocera musae is a quarantine pest for French Pol ynesia (CERI S, 2009). Bactrocera philippinensis is a quarantine pest for New Zealand, and both B. occipitalis and B. philippinensis are European Union quarantine pests (EPPO, 2007). Thus, introduction of any of these into the United States would likely cause the loss of foreign markets. Costly fruit fly control programs are also likely to be instituted (Norrbom, 2004). High (3)

**Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact** N o hosts of the three Bactrocera species are listed as Threatened or Endangered in the United States (USFWS, 2006) . However, these species are pests of important commercial crops such as citrus, tomato, and peppers. If introduced into the United States, chemical and/or biological control programs are highly likely to be started

. Medium ( 2 )Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to Continental United States

Rev. 02 July 21, 2009 32 **Cercospora hayi Risk ratings**  **Risk Element #1: Climate**

**– Host Interaction**  The fungus occurs in tropical areas, including Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, Suriname, and some Caribbean Islands (Jones and Stover, 2000) and in the Philippines (BPI/Dole 2004). Given this, C. hayi could survive in U.S. Plant Hardiness Zones 10

- 11 (PERAL , 2008). Be cause of its small size, Zone 11 does not count towards the total. Consequently , we rated this element **Low**
. Low (1)

**Risk Element #2: Host range** The reported host range is only cultivars of Musa species with edible fruits. Kaiser and Lukezic (1965) suggest that this fungus may be a saprophy

te on plants geneticall y unrelated to Musa . Jones and Stover (2000) cite a publication of Stover that the fungus is a common saprophyte on hanging banana

- leaf trash and on leaves of dying weeds. Many other Cercospora spec ies were named after the host upon which they

were described without cross

- reference to other species in the genus. Consequently , some uncertainty exists as to the host range of many Cercospora species. As a weak pathogen, this fungus appears to be confine d to multiple species within a single genus. A fungus resembling C. hayi has been found sporulating on other herbaceous plants in banana plantations but only on dead, not live , tissue (Kaiser and Lukezic, 1965). Low (1)

**Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potentia l**  Conidia of the fungus are readil y disseminated b y wind, rain, and dew (Kaiser and Lukezic, 1965), but Jones and Stover (2000) reported that sporulation does not occur in diamond

- spot lesions, the characteristic external sy mptom in ripening fruit. This sp ecific pathogen has not been intercepted at U.S. ports

- of

entry , but unidentified species of Cercospora have been intercepted numerous times on various commodities (PestID, 2009). Medium (2 )

**Risk Element #4: Economic Impact** The fungus is considered a weak pathogen (Kaiser and Lukezic, 1965). It is often found on hanging banana leaf trash, but also causes small brown lesions on the crowns and on peduncles (Jones and Stover, 2000). In association with Fusarium pallidoroseum , which is not a quarantine pest, it causes diamond

- spot lesions on fruit. In Central America, C. hayi has caused damage but is no longer considered to limit banana production (Jones and Stover, 2000). Low (1)

**Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact** C ontrol measures implemented on infected b anana were the same as for other fungi (Jones and Stover, 2000). If introduced, this species is unlikely to impact any of the relevant environmental risk factors. Low (1)

**Guignardia musae Risk Rating**  **Risk Element #1: Climate**

**– Host Interaction**  The fungus occurs in tropical areas of South and East Asia, including the Philippines, and the Australasia

- Oceania region, including Hawaii (Jones, 2000d). Itis also in Africa and Central America, but some taxonomic confusion exists, because ty

pical symptoms have not been seen there. Based on this Low (1)Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to Continental United States

Rev. 02 July 21, 2009 33 **Guignardia musae Risk Rating**  distribution, the fungus could survive in Plant Hardiness Zones 10 and 11 (PERAL , 2008). Because of its small size, Zone 11 does not count towards the total. Consequently , the risk rating for this element is **Low**
. **Risk Element #2: Host Range** The host range is restricted to species of Musa (Jones, 2000d). Low (1) **Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential** The fungus is spread mainly by conidia, but also by ascospores. C onidia are exuded from pycnidia as gelatinous tendrils, and then spread b y water drops along leaves or fruits. S pread b y wind

-blown spores has not been reported. However, this pathogen has been intercepted worldwide 91 times at U.S. ports

of

- entry , indicating that it can be moved long distances through human

- assisted means (PestID, 2009). Medium (2)

**Risk Element #4: Economic Impact** The introduction of the pest could lower the yi eld and value of Musa spp. Because the acres of commercial banana production are limited to 300 acres near Homestead, Florida (Ploetz, 2004) and to the commercial plant nurseries featuring ornamental Musa species in Texas (Sauls, 2004), the economic risk to the continental United States is **L ow**  . Low (1)

**Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact** We do not expect the introduction of thi s fungus to affect any factors described for this risk element. Species in Musaceae are not listed in CITES (2005), which is the only

known host for this pathogen. Low (1)

**Mealybugs [**

**Dysmicoccus neobrevipes ,**  **Geococcus coffeae ,**  **Maconellicoccus hirsutus**  **, Planococcus lilacinus**  **, P. minor**  **, Pseudococcus cryptus**  **, Rastrococcus**  **invadens , and**  **R. spinosus ]**  **Risk ratings**
**Risk Element #1: Climate**

**– Host Interaction**  Examples are given for commonly studie d species, as follows. **Dysmicoccus neobrevipes** occurs throughout Central America, northern South America, the Caribbean, Indo

- China, the Philippines, and Oceania (Ben
- Dov et al. , 2005; CABI, 2004). **Maconellicoccus hirsutus** occurs in the Philippines, Indonesia, Oceania, southern Australia, and south , southeast , and ea st Asia. It occurs as far north as Lebanon, Africa, Central America, and the Caribbean (CABI, 2004). **Planococcus lilacinus** occurs in south Asia, the islands of the South Pacific, east Africa, Central America, and northern South America (CABI , 2004). **Plan ococcus minor**  is reported in south Asia , Australia, and the islands of the South Pacific, Africa, tropical areas of the New World, and Mexico (Ben
- Dov et al. , 2005). Thus, we estimate that all mealy bugs could survive in areas of the continental United Sta

tes corresponding to U.S. Plant Hardiness Zones 9

- 11 (PERAL , 2008)

. Because of its small size, Zone 11 does not count towards the total. Consequently , the risk rating for this element is **Medium**

. Medium (2)Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to Continental United States

Rev. 02 July 21, 2009 34 **Mealybugs [**

**Dysmicoccus neobrevipes ,**  **Geococcus coffeae ,**  **Maconellicoccus hirsutus**  **, Planococcus lilacinus**  **, P. minor**  **, Pseudococcus cryptus**  **, Rastrococcus**  **invadens , and**  **R. spinosus ]**  **Risk ratings Risk Element #2: Host range**  Each of the meal ybug species is a pol yphagous feeder with a very wide host range across numerous families. Selected examples are as follows: **Dysmicoccus neobrevipes** : Ananas comosus (Bromeliaceae), Malus pumila (Rosaceae) (CABI, 2004); Musa paradisiaca (Musaceae), Helianthus an nuus (Asteraceae) (Nakahara, 1981); Agave sisalana (Agavaceae), Citrus spp. (Rutaceae), Cucurbita maxima (Cucurbitaceae), Zea mays (Poaceae), and Lycopersicon esculentum (Solanaceae) (Ben
- Dov et al. , 2005). **Maconellicoccus hirsutus** : Glycine max (Fabaceae), Artocarpus spp. (Moraceae), Persea americana (Lauraceae), Citrus spp. (Rutaceae), Averrhoa carambola (Oxalidaceae), Passiflora edulis (Passifloraceae), Musa paradisiaca (Musaceae), Theobroma cacao (Sterculiaceae), and Vitis vinifera (Vitaceae), (Ben
- Dov et al. , 2005). **Planococcus lilacinus** : Citrus spp. (Rutaceae), Mangifera indica (Anacardiaceae), Coffea spp. (Rubiaceae), Theobroma cacao (Sterculiaceae), Vitis spp. (Vitaceae), Cocos nucifera (Arecaceae), Bambusa vulgaris (Poaceae), Tamarindus indica ( Caes alpiniaceae ), and Psidium guajava (Myr taceae) (CABI , 2004). **Planococcus minor** : Musa spp. (Musaceae), Citrus spp. (Rutaceae), Solanum spp. (Solanaceae), Theobroma cacao (Sterculiaceae), Coffea spp. (Rubiaceae), Mangifera indica (Anacardiaceae), Vitis vinif era (Vitaceae), Persea americana (Lauraceae), Cucumis spp. (Cucurbitaceae), Zea mays (Poaceae), Pyrus pyrifolia (Rosaceae), and Asparagus plumosus (Liliaceae) (Ben

- Dov, 1994; CABI , 2004). High (3)

**Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential** Each species can pass ively disperse by wind during the first

- instar crawler stage (Gullan and Kosztarab, 1997). Mealy bugs can be transported long distances in shipments of commodities, and many species have been intercepted numerous times at U.S. ports

- of

- entry on a variety

of plants (PestID, 2009). Generally , meal ybugs have multiple generations per year and produce hundreds of eggs per female, with wide ranges of fecundity even in a single species across hosts. Specific examples from frequently studied mealy

bugs are listed b elow. **Maconellicoccus hirsutus** : from 150

- 600 eggs per female, with as many as 15 generations per year (CABI, 2004). **Planococcus lilacinus** : from 55

- 152 eggs (Loganathan and Suresh, 2001). I t has two or three generations per year (IPM DANIDA, 2003). **Planoc occus minor**  : 200 to over 400 eggs per female, depending on the host plant (Maity et al

. , 1998; Martinez and Suris, 1998; Sahoo et al

. , 1999). It has as many as 10 generations per year (Sahoo et al

. , 1999). High (3)

**Risk Element #4: Economic Impact** Biological and chemical controls are often implemented to control meal ybugs (Peña et al., 2002). Because many of the host plants attacked by the mealybugs are commerciall y or environmentally important in the continental United States, introduction might cause th e loss of international and domestic markets. High (3)Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to Continental United States

Rev. 02 July 21, 2009 35 **Mealybugs [**

**Dysmicoccus neobrevipes ,**  **Geococcus coffeae ,**  **Maconellicoccus hirsutus**  **, Planococcus lilacinus**  **, P. minor**  **, Pseudococcus cryptus**  **, Rastrococcus**  **invadens , and**  **R. spinosus ]**  **Risk ratings** Feeding b y large mealybug populations may cause a loss of host plant vigor. Also, honeydew deposited on leaves and fruit by mealy bugs serves as a medium for the growth of black sooty molds, which interfere with photos ynthesis and reduce the market value of the crop (Cox, 1989; Peña et al., 2002). Specific examples from frequently studied meal ybugs are listed below. **Dysmicoccus neobrevipes** attacks some valuable commercial crops, and is a particularl y serious pes t of pineapple, Ananas comosus . This species is also a vector of the virus causing pineapple wilt disease (Rohrbach et al., 1988). **Maconellicoccus hirsutus** caused estimated annual losses to crops and the environment in Grenada of $3.5 million, before biol ogical controls were implemented (CABI, 2004). Other seriously damaged (20 to 100 percent) crops include cotton in Egy

pt, tree cotton and grapes in India, and the fiber crop Hibiscus sabdariffa var. altissima (roselle) in India and Bangladesh. **Planococcus lilacinus**  causes severe damage to y oung cacao trees by

killing the tips of branches (CABI, 2004 ). Iti s also a major pest of tamarind in I ndia (Hill, 1983 ) and can damage a wide range of other economically important crops (see above). In coffee, it causes serious damage by attacking roots and shoots (CABI, 2004 ). In India, chemical and biological control programs are necessary to control this pest in cacao, coffee, custard apple, and mandarin orange ( CABI, 2004 ). **Planococcus minor** is an important pest of coffee in I ndia (Reddy et al

. , 1997), and severe outbreaks (or

iginally attributed to P
. citri [Risso]) have been reported on coffee and sugarcane in New Guinea (CABI , 2004). **Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact** The introduction of any of the meal ybugs would likely initiate chemical or biological control p rograms, such as for Maconellicoccus hirsutus in the Greater Caribbean Region. All species are pol yphagous and could infest plants listed as Threatened or Endangered in the continental United States. High (3)

**Scales [**  **Ceroplastes rubens and**  **Coccus viri dis**  **] Risk**  **r ating**  **s Risk Element #1:**  **Climate**

**– Host Interaction**  **Ceroplastes rubens** occurs in subtropical and tropic al regions

. It is found in East and S outh Asia, Oceania (including Australia), eastern and southern parts of Afri ca , Hawaii, Florida, and par ts of the Caribbean ( CABI , 2004 ). **Coccus viridis** is present in northeastern Australia, sub

- Saharan Africa, Central America, India, the South Pacific, northern South America, Florida and Hawaii (CABI, 2004). We estimate that both C. rubens and C. viridis c ould survive in U.S. Plant Hardiness Zones 9

- 11 (PERAL , 2008)

. Because of its small size, Zone 11 does not count towards the total. Consequently , the risk rating for this element is **Medium**

. Medium (2 )

**Risk Element #2: Host range** Both species attack Citrus spp. (Rutaceae) , Artocarpus altilis (Moraceae) , Camellia sinensis (Theaceae) , Coffea spp . (Rubiaceae) , Mangifera indica High (3)Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to Continental United States

Rev. 02 July 21, 2009 36 **Scales [**  **Ceroplastes rubens and**  **Coccus viri dis**  **] Risk**  **r ating**  **s** (Anacardiaceae), and Psidium guajava (My rtaceae) (CABI, 2004)

. **Ceroplastes rubens**  attacks numerous other wild and cultivated hosts, including Alpinia purpurata (Zingiberaceae), Annona sp. (Annonaceae), Artemisia sp. (Asteraceae), Cinnamomum verum (Lauraceae), Cocos nucifera (Arecaceae) , Litchi chinensis (Sapindaceae), Myristica fragrans (My risticaceae), Prunus spp. (Rosaceae), Pinus spp. (Pinaceae) ( CABI , 2004 ), and Dimocarpus longan (Sapindaceae ) (Ben
- Dov et al. , 2005)

. **Coccus viridis** attack s a wide variety of other hosts when Citrus is not available. Besides those above, m ajor hosts include Manihot esculenta (Euphorbiaceae) and Theobrom a cacao (Sterculiaceae) (CABI, 200 4 ). **Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential** Both **C. rubens** (CABI , 2004) and **C. viridis**  (Kosztarab, 1997) complete two or more generations per ye ar . Ceroplastes rubens females may deposit over 1000 eggs, but mean fecundity

is just below 300 , while C. viridis females can mature up to 500 eggs (CABI, 2004)

. Like other scales, the se species have limited motility. The first instar “crawler” stage of scales can passively disperse from a few meters to hundreds of kilometers with wind ( Gullan and Kosztarab, 1997 ), but long

- distance dispersal is primarily via infested plant materials (CABI , 2004). Since 1985, the genus Ceroplastes has been intercepted on plant materials at U.S. ports

- of

- entry over 4,800 times, and most interceptions were C. rubens (P estID , 200 9 )

. Coccus viridis has been intercepted over 11,000 times on fresh commodities. High (3)

**Risk Element #4: Economic Impact** Both species cause indirect damage by promoting the growth of sooty mold, which reduces photosy

nt hetic efficiency

and growth, and lowers market value of fresh fruit (CABI , 2004). Both species are also likel y to cause a loss of markets if either becomes widel y established in the United States. **Ceroplastes rubens** cause s direct damage by phloem feeding (CABI , 2004)

. **C occus**  **viridis** usually

causes minor damage, but it can dev astate certain crops

. It is a major pest of Citrus in Bolivia and Coffea in Haiti and India (Aitken Soux, 1985; Ben

- Dov, 1993; Narasimham, 1987). As few as 50 insects per Coffea plant can reduce leaf area, plant growth and yield (Silva and Parra, 1982). High (3)

**Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact** Because both species are pests of citrus, widespread establishment in the United States is likely

to initiate chemical and/or biological control programs. **Ceroplastes rubens**  is poly

phagous , so it could probably attack plants in the United States listed as Threatened or Endangered. It s hosts Euphorbia , Lindera , and Rhus (CABI, 2004) , have congeners

—

E. haeleeleana , E. telephioides , L. melissi folia , and R
. michauxii

—listed in 50 CFR §17.12 (USFWS, 2006) and occurring in areas of the continental United States climatically suitable for C. rubens

. **Coccus viridis** could also attack plants listed as Threaten ed or Endangered in the United S tates , such as Manihot walkerae

. High (3)Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to Continental United States

Rev. 02 July 21, 2009 37 **Sybra alternans Risk ratings**  **Risk Element #1: Climate**

**– Host Interaction**  Sybra alternans , or long

- horned beetle, is found in Indonesia, Philippines, Micronesia, the Hawaiian I slands (Chen et al., 2000), and southern Flo rida (Thomas, 2000 ). The species could establish in Plant Hardiness Zones 10

- 13 (PERAL , 2008). Zones 10 and 11 are in the continental United States, but Zone 11 is too small to count towards the total. Hence , we rated this element **Low**
. Low (1)

**Risk Elemen t #2: Host range**  Ceramb ycid beetles are known as wood

-boring pests. Lo ng - horned beetle has a wide host range that includes the dry or dead limbs of the following plants: fig ( Ficus ), Pandanus , breadfruit ( Artocarpus ), cotton ( Gossypium ), Euphorbia multiformis , Hibiscus , Barringtonia , Cycas , and Triphasia (Chen et al., 2000). Also, long

- horned beetle is known to feed on the stems of jack beans ( Canavalia ensiformis ) , dead stems of basil ( Ocimum basilicum ) and cocklebur ( Xanthium strumarium ), pineapple (

Ananas comosus ), garden bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris ), Cordia fruits, peduncles of passion fruit ( Passiflora edulis ) , and pseudo

-bulbs of orchid species (Chen et al., 2000). The study by Chen et al. (2000) was the first report of this beetle feeding on banana. The find was also unusual because long

horned beetle fed on the banana fruit

. W e rated this element **High**

. High (3)

**Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential** Long
- horned beetle populations can quickly increase and spread (Chen et al., 2000). We found no biological information for this beetle. Anoplophora glabripennis , the Asian longhorned beetle, which is in the same family and subfamily as this l ong - horned beetle, disperses about 1500 m in a single season (Smith et al., 2001). While adult long

- horned beetles can fl y , it is more likely

to be dispersed b y human

- assisted movement of eggs, larvae, or pupae on host material, as with A. glabripennis (CABI, 2004). High (3)

**Risk Element #4: Economic Impact** In Hawaii, where long

- horned beetle is established, it has become a pest of banana (Chen et al., 2000) and the papala tree (Giffin, 2003). Very little biological information is available for this beetle and little is known about its possible impacts. Exotic Ceramb ycid beetles introduced into the continental United States can have very detrimental effects on endemic tree species, leading to costly control efforts. For example, from 1996 through 2000, survey, eradication, restoration, public education, and research costs for A. glabripennis were estimated to be $35M (Haack et al., 2000). Conservativel y, we rated long

horned beetle **High** for this element, though it has not yet been shown to use live tree hosts like A. glabripennis. High (3)

**Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact** Of the known hosts of long

- horned beetle , at leas t one related species, Euphorbia telephiodes, is listed as Threatened or Endangered in the United States (USFWS, 2006) . However, this species was first detected in Florida in the dead limbs of Ficus in 1992 (Thomas, 2000), and there have been no additional reports of range expansion or economic damage in the United States (Haack, 2006). Medium (2)Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to Continental United States

Rev. 02 July 21, 2009 38 **Table 8**  **.** Risk Rating for Consequences of Introduction **Pest Risk elements**  **Cumulative risk ratings**  **a Climate**  **- host**  **interaction Host** 

**range Dispersal** 

**potential Eco**  **nomic**

**impact Environ**  ****

**mental impact**  Cercospora hayi Low (1) Low (1) Med (2 ) Low (1) Low (1) Low (6 ) Guignardia musae Low (1) Low (1) Med (2) Low (1) Low (1) Low (6) Sybra alternans Low (1) High (3) High (3) High (3) Med (2) Medium (12) Bactrocera spp. b Med (2) High (3) High (3) High (3) Med (2) High (13) Scales c Med (2) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (14) Mealy bugs d Med (2) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (14) a Lo w = 5
- 8 points , Medium = 9

- 12 points , High = 13

- 15 points b Includes B. musae, B. occipitalis, and B. philippinensis c Includes Ceroplastes rubens and Coccus viridus d Includes Dysmicoccus neobrevipes, Geococcus coffeae, Maconellicoccus hirsutus, Planococcus lilacinus, P. minor, Pseudococcus cryptus, Rastrococcus invadens, and R. spinosus.
**2. 7**  **. Likelihood of Introduction**  We rated pest s for Likelihood of Introduction based on six sub

- elements. Each element is rated High (3), Medium (2), or Low (1), and the scores of the six sub

- elements are added to give an overall score for the Lik elihood of Introduction (Table 9 ). 2.7. 1. Quantity of Commodity Imported Annually The estimated volume of bananas from the Philippines to be imported is less than 100 containers per year. All pests are rated **Medium** for this element. 2. 7.2

. Su rvive Post

- harvest Treatment: **Cercospora hayi.** Surface sterilization in the laboratory killed spores, but not mycelia (Kaiser and Lukezic, 1966). Therefore, the fungal spores are not likely to survive post

- harvest safeguards (Appendix A) , but mycelium embe dded in the host tissue may survive. We rated this pest **High** for this sub

- element. **Guignardia musae.** Free spores would not survive post

- harvest treatment (Appendix A). The chlorine treatment of banana hands in tanks would most likely penetrate the fungus fruiting bodies. Many

common fungicides used in commercial banana production control G. musae , and bagging the banana bunches reduce fruit infection (Jones, 2000d). We rated this fungus **Low**
. **Bactrocera spp.**  B actrocera musae can lay eggs into green fruit (Vijaysegaran , 1997) , or sting and oviposit in very

immature fruit ( Gold et al. , 2002) , but eggs may not fully develop except in fruit approaching maturity ( Gold et al., 2002). Additionally, commercial bananas harvested during the mature 'hard green' stage are reportedl y not hosts of B. musae for quarantine purposes ( Gold et al., 2002). Still, because of the uncertainties about egg development, w e rated the fruit flies **Medium**

.Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to Continental United States

Rev. 02 July 21, 2009 39 **Sybra alternans .**  This pest survive s shipment in conventionally produced bananas co ming from Hawaii (Chen et al., 2000) , which indicates it survived post

- harvest treatment

. We rated it **High** for this element. **Scale insects**  and **mealybugs.** These pests

— Ceroplastes rubens , and Coccus viridis ; Dysmicoccus neobrevipes, Maconellicoccus hirsutus, Planococcus lilacinus, P. minor, Pseudococcus cryptus, Rastrococcus invadens, and R. spinosus

— have sessile stages that live firmly pressed to the plant surfaces (Hill, 1983) . Their small size, tendency to repel water, waxy coverings, and tendency

to firmly attach to the substrate make them difficult to dislodge, especiall y if they are sheltered at the stem or blossom end of the fruit (Hill, 1983) . Thus we rated the scales and meal ybugs **High** for this sub

- element. 2.7.3

. Survive Shipment **Cercospora hayi.** Myc elia in lesions , or free spores , could survive shipment. Mycelia in colonized leaf tissue have survived at least 15 weeks, and non

- germinated conidia have survived at least five weeks (Kaiser and Lukezic, 1966). We rated this fungus **High** for this sub

- element. **Guignardia musae.** We found no published research on the viability of spores. Any

spores surviving post
- harvest processing would most likely survive ship ment , because conventional shipping conditions are not extreme enough to kill spores

. We rated this fungus **High**

. **Sybra alternans.** We found no research on the effects of cold on this pest

. Although S. alternans is tropical, being an internal feeder may allow it to survive conventional shipping conditions of banana , as observed on shipments from Hawaii (Chen et al., 2000) . Therefore, we rated it **High**

. **Bactrocera spp**  . B ananas are shipped in cool temperatures to prevent ripening but those temperatures are not cold enough to affect the survival of Bactrocera larvae. We rated Bactrocera spp. **High** here

. **Sc ale insects**  and **mealybugs.** The se are external feeders, and therefore are less likely to survive post
-harvest treatments than internal feeders. However, many scales prefer tight, protected areas, such as cracks and crevices (Kosztarab, 199 7 ) and can therefo re be more protected than other external pests

. We found no evidence that scales or meal ybugs are affected by cold conditions during shipment. Thus, we rated the scales and mealy bugs **High** for this sub

- element. 2.7. 4. Not Detected at the Port

- of

- entry Unle ss specific protocols with special commodity inspection are in place, we assumed standard inspection protocols for like commodities. **Fungi**

. Standard inspection procedures should detect both the lesions caused by Guignardia musae (Jones and Stover, 2000), and the brown spots caused b y Cercospora hayi

. We rated b oth fungi **Low** for this sub

- element. **Sybra alternans .**  This is an internal feeder , but its larvae produce large, frass

- filled tunnels that are easier to detect than other internal pests (Chen et al., 2000). We rated this pest **Medium**

.Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to Continental United States

Rev. 02 July 21, 2009 40 **Bactrocera spp**  . Fruit flies are highl y likel y to escap e detection at a port

- of

- entry because the larvae are internal feeders (White & Elson

- Harris, 1992)

. We rated these insects **High**

. **Scale insects** and **mealybugs .**  These pests feed externally and are likel y to be detected during a port
- of

- entry inspection . W e rated them **Low**
. 2.7. 5. Imported or Subsequently Moved to an Area with an Environment Suitable for Survival Most of the potential markets for bananas are located out side of the ecological range of Musa species in the continental United States, which means the fruit is unlikely to be moved to a suitable environment for these pests. **Cercospora hayi** and **Guignardia musae** . For the reasons above, we rated these pests **Low** for this sub

- element. **Sybra alternans .**  This beetle has occur red in southern Florida since 1992 (Thomas, 2000), and no additional range expansion or economic damage in the United States has been reported (Haack, 2006). Since it is already

present in its suitable area, we rated it **Low** for this element. **Bactrocera spp**  . The se fruit flies could establish in Plant H ardiness Z ones 9

- 11, which makes up 9.9 percent of the continental United States (PERAL , 2008)

. Therefore we rated these pests **Medium**

. **Scales** and **m ealybugs**  **.** As with the fruit flies above, these pests could establish in hardiness zones 9

- 11, and therefore we rated them **Medium** for this sub

- element. 2.7. 6. Come into Contact with Host Material Suitable for Reproduction **Cercospora hayi** or **Guignardia musa e**  **.** These pests are unlikel y to contact Musa spp., except in very small areas of the continental United States. We rated them **Low** for this sub

- element. **Sybra alternans.** While this pest only survive s in warmer climates, some of its hosts (Chen et al., 2000) could be available in zones 10 and 11 of the continental United States. We rated this pest **Medium** for this sub

- element. **Bactrocera spp.**  Multiple fr uit flies often infest one host , which means larvae can emerge and more easil y find mates (White and Elson

- Harris, 1992)

. F ruit flies can fl y long distances (Fletcher, 1989) and disperse to attractive hosts (up to 0.8 km for male baited traps) (White and Elson

- Harris, 1992) . Hence, if moved to an area where hosts are prevalent, these pests are likely to find ho sts . While some of the suitable hosts such as mango, guava, and pawpaw have limited distribution s in the continental United States , tomato, peppers, and citrus are more widely available . For these reasons, we gave them a **High** rating for this sub

- element

. **S cales**  and **mealybug s**  **.** These pests lack wings and have limited powers of dispersal (Gullan & Kosztarab, 1997), and thus cannot locate hosts quickly

. S uccessful establishment in a new environment depends at least two necessary conditions occurring: 1) close proximity of susceptible hosts , and 2) presence on the imported fruit of crawlers or other mobile forms (Blank et al ., 1993) . These circumstances are highl y unlikely to occur together. Thus , these pests have a **Low** likelihood of contacting host material suitable for reproduction.Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to Continental United States

Rev. 02 July 21, 2009 41 **Table 9**  **.** Risk Rating for Likelihood of Introduction

. **Pest Risk sub**  **- elements**  **Cumulative risk**  **ratings a**  **, b Survive post** **** **harvest treatment**  **Survive**

**shipment Not** 

**detected at port** **- of** 

**** **entry Moved to** 

**suitable habitat**  **Contact**

**host m**  **ateria l**  Bactrocera spp. c Med ( 2 ) High ( 3 ) High (3) Med (2) High (3) High ( 15 ) Cercospora hayi High (3) High (3) Low (1) Low (1) Low (1) Medium (11) Guignardia musae Low (1) High (3) Low (1) Low (1) Low (1) Low (9) Mealy bugs d High (3) High (3) Low (1) Med (2 ) Low (1) Medium (12) Scales e High (3) High (3) Low (1) Med (2) Low (1) Medium (12) Sybra alternans High (3) High (3) Med (2) Low (1) Med (2) Medium (13) a Lo w = 6

– 9 points , Medium = 10

– 14 points , High = 15

– 18 points b For all pests, the ratings for ‘Quantity imported annually ’ were Medium, so two points were added to the sum of each pest in the ‘Cumulative risk rating.’ c Includes B

. musae, B. occipitalis, and B. philippinensis. d Includes Dysmicoccus neobrevipes, Geococcus coffeae, Maconellicocc us hirsutus, Planococcus lilacinus, P. minor, Pseudococcus cryptus, Rastrococcus invadens, and R. spinosus. e Includes Ceroplastes rubens and Coccus viridus.
**2. 8.**  **Conclusion -**  **Pest Risk Potential and Pests Requiring Phytosanitary Measures** To estimate th e Pest Risk Potential for each pest, we summed the cumulative risk rating s for the Consequences of Introduction and the Likelihood of Introduction (Table 10)

. The fruit flies had a High pest risk potential; the meal ybugs, scales, and beetle were Medium ris k ; and Cercospora hayi and Guignardia musae were Low risk. Pest Risk Potential ratings have the following suggested meanings (PPQ, 2000a): Low: pest will typicall y not require specific mitigation procedures. The port

- of

- entry inspection to which all impor ted commodities are subjected can be expected to provide sufficient phytosanitary security

. Medium: specific phytosanitary measures may

be necessary

. High: specific phytosanitary measures are strongly

recommended. Port

- of

- entry inspection is not considered sufficient to provide phy tosanitary security. The choice of appropriate phy tosanitary measures to mitigate risks is undertaken as part of Risk Management, and is not addressed in this document. We do, however, list mitigation options for these pests belo w.Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to Continental United States

Rev. 02 July 21, 2009 42 **Table 10** 

. Pest risk p otential s for pests on Philippine bananas to the continental United States **Type Pest**  **Cumulative risk ratings Pest risk potential**  **a Consequences**  **of introduction Likelihood of** 

**introduction Total**  **Rating** Fruit flies B. musae

B. oc cipitalis B. philippinensis High (13) High (1 5 ) 2 8 High Mealy bugs Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Geococcus coffeae Maconellicoccus hirsutus Planococcus lilacinus P. minor Pseudococcus cryptus Rastrococcus invadens R. spinosus High (14) Medium (12) 26 Medium

Sc ales Ceroplastes rubens

Coccus viridus High (14) Medium (12) 26 Medium Ceramb ycidae Sybra alternans Medium (12) Medium (13) 25 Medium Fungi Cercospora hayi Low (6 ) Medium (11) 17 Low

Guignardia musae Low (6) Low (9) 15 Low a Lo w = 11

– 18 points , Medium = 19

– 26 pts , High = 27

– 33 pts


### 3 **. Risk**  **M itigation Options**  Above we identified and analyzed quarantine significant pests that are present in Philippine bananas and follow the pathway . Even if the commodity is subject to port

- of

- entry inspections, the quarantine pests discussed in this assessment will likely require additional mitigation measures. The three fruit flies had High pest risk potentials, eleven pests had Medium pest risk potentials, and the two fungi Low pest risk potentials

. Pest risk m anagement is the decision

- making process of reducing the risk of introduction of a quarantine pest (IPPC, 2007: I SPM #11). The appropriate level of protection for an importing country can be achieved by

the application of a single phy tosanitary measure, such as inspection or quarantine treatment, or a combination of measures. If no single measure is likely to reduce pest risk to an acceptable level, then a combination of measures may be needed. The combination of specific phy tosanitary measures that provide s overlapping or redundant safeguards is called a “s ystems approach.” Systems approaches vary in complexity ; however, all require the integration of two or more measures that act independently of each other, with the cumulative effect of achieving the desired level of phy tosanitary protection (IPPC, 2007: I SPM #14). Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ) uses systems approaches for the importation of many commodities; including Unshu oranges from Japan (7 CFR § 319.28, 2008) , and tomatoes from Central americ a, Chile, Spain, France, Morocco, and Western Sahara (7 CFR § 319.56

- 28, 2008). These programs have performed successfully for many years. Specific mitigations may be selected from a range of pre

- harvest and post

- harvest options, and may include otherPest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to Continental United States

Rev. 02 July 21, 2009 43 safe guarding measures. Measures may be added, or the strength of measures increased, to compensate for uncertainty . At a minimum, for a measure to be considered for use in a s ys tems approach, it must be: 1) clearl y defined, 2) efficacious, 3) officiall y required (mandated), and 4) subject to monitoring and control by the responsible national plant protection organization (IPPC, 2007: I SPM #14). Below we present a list of mitigation options for these pests (Table 11 ) , except for most of the standard postharvest processing measures, which were described above (1.2) and detailed in Appendix A . These options are based on current existing fruits and vegetables regulations for approved bananas or Musa spp., and mitigation options specific to the quarantine pests of c oncern that could appl y to this commodity (7 CFR § 319.56, 2008; PPQ, 2009)

. **Table 11.** Summary

of risk mitigation options for bananas from the Philippines. **Measure(s) Pests**  **Efficacy** Pre
- harvest and harvest measures Pest
- free areas or places of producti on All ( Cercospora hayi ,

Guignardia musae , Sybra alternans , Bactrocera spp., Scales, and Mealy

bugs) Satisfies requirements for appropriate level of protection
Harvesting immature (hard green) bananas Bactrocera spp. Commercial bananas collected in the “h ard green” stage (Stage 1) (e. g., McGregor, 1987; Nakasone and Paull, 1998) may not be hosts for fruit flies. There are mixed results for B. musae (Gold et al., 2002; Vijaysegaran, 1997), and w e found no data for B. occipitalis or B. philippinensis as to whether harvesting banana fruit in the hard green stage may remove the fruit as a potential host. Further research is required to confirm the treatment efficacy

. Selected post

- harvest processing measures Inspections and monitoring All; must be used in

co mbination with other measures Cercospora hayi produces visible brown spots on the banana fruit, crowns, and the penducles (Jones and Stover, 2000). Guignardia musae causes leaf spotting on older banana leaves (Jones, 2000d), which would be visible and mos t likely

treated with fungicide in commerciall y produced banana. Sybra alternans feeds internall y on banana fruit, but leave s visible exit holes and black tunnels (Chen et al., 2000). Bactrocera spp. feed internally on banana fruit, but could potentially leave both ovipositionPest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to Continental United States

Rev. 02 July 21, 2009 44 **Measure(s) Pests**  **Efficacy** punctures and exit holes of larvae (CABI, 2004) that could be detected b y careful inspection. Scales and meal ybugs feed externally and are easily seen upon inspection. These insects also encourage the growth of sooty mold due to the high levels of honeydew deposits on leaves; therefore these groups of pests would likely be seen during inspections (CABI, 2004). Packinghouse procedures All; should be used in

combination with other measures Packinghouse procedures for banana include washing, rinsing, and culling for faults and pests. The efficacy

of the elimination of pests is unknown and would require additional research. Post
- harvest mitigations Vapor heat treatment Bactrocera spp. The approved treatment for vapor heat of Bac trocera spp., which includes B. occipitalis and B. phlippinensis , is T106

- d

- 1 for mango from the Philippines, which requires 114.8 oF water vapor for 10 minutes (PPQ, 2009 ). Thi s may be a feasible treatment because the species are closely

related , but efficacy research is needed. Irradiation Bactrocera spp. The approved treatment for irradiation of fruit flies on fruits and vegetables is T105

- a- 1, which includes a minimum of 15 0 Gray (15 krad), and is not to exceed 1000 Gray (100 krad) (PPQ, 2009 ). Irradiation Sybra alternans , Scales

and Meal ybugs ( Ceroplastes rubens, Coccus viridus, Dysmicoccus neobrevipes, Geococcus coffeae, Maconellicoccus hirsutus, Planococcus lilacinus, P. minor, Pseudococcus cryptus, Rastrococcus invadens, and R. spinosus ) PPQ recognizes the generic dose of 400 Gray for quarantine treatment on all regulated plant articles for all insect pests, except for Lepidopteran pupae and adults (PPQ, 2009 ).

Methyl bromide Sybra alternans The approved treatment for internal feeders onPest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to Continental United States

Rev. 02 July 21, 2009 45 **Measure(s) Pests**  **Efficacy** fumigation

Bactrocera spp.

Scales and Mealy

bugs ( Ceroplastes rubens, Coccus viridus, Dysmicoccus neobrevipes, Geococcus coffeae, Maconellicoccus hirsutus, Planococcus lilacinus, P. minor, Pseudococcus cryptus, Rastro coccus invadens, and R. spinosus ) pineapple is T101

- r- 2, which requires 2 lbs/1000ft 3 methyl bromide for 2 hours at 70 oF (PPQ, 2009 ). This treatment may be applicable for banana but additional research would be needed. The approved treatment for Ceratitis capitata on multiple commodities requires 2lbs/1000ft3 methyl bromide for 2 hours at 70 oF, which corresponds to T101

- c - 1, T101

- c - 3, T101

- d

- 3, T101

- h

- 2

- 1, T101

- i

- 1

- 1, T101

- m - 2

- 1, and T101

- w - 1

- 2 (PPQ, 2009 ). Bactrocera is in the same subfamily

(Dacinae) as Ceratitis , so this treatment might be applicable for Bactrocera spp. , but additional research is needed. The approved treatment for external feeders and leaf miners on multiple commodities is T104

- a1, which requires 4 lbs/1000ft 3 methyl bromide for 2 hours at 40 oF (PPQ, 2009 ).

Cold treatment Bactrocera spp. The approved cold treatments on multiple commodities for C. capitata are T107

- a and T107

- a- 1, which require temperatures of 34 oF for 15 days and 35 oF for 17 days (PPQ, 2009 ). Bactrocera is in the same subfamily (Dacinae) as Ceratitis , so this treatment might be applicable for Bactrocera spp., but additional research is needed. Cold treatment may not be feasible for banana because it could damage the fruit. Research on efficacy is needed. Methyl bromide fumigation + Cold treatment Bactrocera spp. The approved methylbromide plus cold treatment for C. capitata on multiple commodities (T108

- a) is a two step process, requiring 2lbs/1000ft 3 methyl bro mide for 2 hours at 70 oF, followed by 33

- 37 oF for 4 days (PPQ, 2009 ). Bactrocera is in the same subfamily (Dacinae) as Ceratitis , so thisPest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to Continental United States

Rev. 02 July 21, 2009 46 **Measure(s) Pests**  **Efficacy** treatment might be applicable for Bactrocera spp., but additional research is needed. Cold treatment + Methyl bromide treatment Bactrocera spp. The approved cold treatment plus methyl bromide fumigation for C. capitata on multiple commodities from Australia (T109

- d

- 1) is a two step process, requiring 33 oF for 21 days, followed b y 2lbs/1000ft 3 methyl bromide for 2 h ours at 70 oF (PPQ, 2009 ). Bactrocera is in the same subfamily

(Dacinae) as Ceratitis , so this treatment might be applicable for Bactrocera spp., but additional research is needed.


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- 29 In: Management of Fruit Flies in the Pacific, Eds. A. J. Allwood & R.A.I . Drew, 1996. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra, ACT. Wade, N. L ., Kavanagh, E. e., and Sepiah, M. 1993. Effects of modified atmosphere storage on banana postharvest diseases and the control of banana bunch rot. Postharvest Biology and Technology

3(2):143

- 154. (Abs tract). http://koala.nal.usda.gov/webspirs/showFullRecordContent.ws

. Last accessed 11/4/2004. Wardlaw, C. W. 1972. Banana Diseases including Plantains and Abaca. Lo ngman Group Ltd ., London. 878 pp. Waterhouse DF, 1993. The major arthropod pests and weeds of agriculture in Southeast Asia. Canberra, Australia: ACIAR. Watson, Brian. 1997. Agronomy /Agroclimatology Notes for the Production of Banana. MAAFFA, Australia. Weber, G. F. 197 3. Bacterial and Fungal Diseases of Plants in the Tropics. University of Florida Press, Gainesville, FL. Pp. 24

- 47. White, I . M. and Elson

- Harris, M. M. 1992. Fruit Flies of Economic Significance; Their Id entification and Bionomics. CAB International. Wal lingford, Oxon, UK. 601 pp. Wiersema. J. H. and León, B. 1999. World Economic Plants. CRC Press, Boca Raton. 747 pp. Williams, D. J. 2004. Mealy bugs of southern Asia. The Natural History Museum, London, 896 pp. Woodley , N. E., 1989. Family Stratiomyidae, N o. 33. Australiasian/Oceanian Diptera Catalog

Web Version. http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/aocat/strat.html

. Last accessed 11/15/2004

.Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to Continental United States

Rev. 02 July 21, 2009 58 WSSA. 1989, Composite List of Weeds. Weed Society of America, C hampaign, Illinois. Yong De, R. and Treadaway , C. G. 1993. The Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) of the Philippines. Zoologische Verhandelingen. National Natuurhistorisch Museum, Leiden, Netherlands. 125 pp. Zhang, B

- C. 1994. Index of Economicall y Important Lepidoptera. CAB International. Wallingford, Oxon, UK. 599 pp.


### 5 **. Authors and Reviewers**  **Authors :**  Robert P. Kahn, Plant Pathologist and Consultant, 14104 Flint Rock Terrace, Columbia, MD 21045 Philip Lima, Entomologist and Consultant, 5517 Phelps Luck Drive , Rockville, MD 20853 Christie Bertone, Entomologist (USDA

- APHI S

- PPQ

- CPHST

- PERAL) **R eviewers**  **of Draft by R. P. Kahn and P. Lima:** Jorge Peña, Entomologist, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Homestead, FL 33031 R. C. Ploetz , Plant Pathologist, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Homestead, FL 33031 John Lightfield , 307 Cone Branch , Middletown, MD 21769 **USDA Reviewers** USDA

- APHIS

- PPQ Center for Plant Health Science and Technology Plant Epidemio logy

and Risk Analysis Laboratory Nicanor Liquido, Risk Analyst Lawrence Brown, Plant Path ologistPest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to Continental United States

Rev. 02 July 21, 2009 59 

### 6 **. A** **ppendices Appendix A:**  **Pest mitigation measures built in the production and processing operations of Philippine bananas intended for export.**  The following measures are standard farm operations and packing station practices that are aimed at preventing or reducing the likelihood of pests such as meal ybugs, scale insects, fruit flies, freckle pathogens, or bunchy top disease from being present in the exported banana fruits. **A1. Insect Pest Management**  : a) Use of tissue culture seedlings in new plantings. b) Weed control to eliminate alternate hosts, thus reducing resident insect pest populations in plantations. c) Pseudostem sanitation to eliminate insect breeding sites. d) Fruit obstruction removal to prevent fruit damage as well as to eliminate bridges that may be utilized by

insects to infest fruits. e) Insecticidal bud injection to control the banana flower thrips. f) Insecticidal sprays on the pseudos tem to eliminate insect pests, e.g., scale insects, meal ybugs, aphids, and other external pests. g) Regular bunch sprays with insecticide(s) to prevent mealy bugs, scale insects, and other pests from colonizing the developing fruit bunch. These sprays also kills foraging fruit flies, if present. h) Chlorpy

rifos

- impregnated polyethyl ene (PE) bags are used to cover the fruit bunches after bunch spray

to further prevent infestation by mealy bugs, scales, other external pests, and fruit flies, if present. i) Additional Chlorpy

rifos

- impregnated PE material (in a form of “strip” or “square”) is installed on the fruit as additional control against insect pests when needed. j) Bunches for harvest are identified/tagged one day before harvest in a procedure called “pre calibration.” Bunches, in the process, are inspected likewise for the presence of insect pests. Bunches with meal ybugs, scales and other insect infestations are discarded during harvest. k) Upon arrival of the fruit at the packing plant, fruit bunches are sprayed with high

-pressure water to eliminate any possible, although highly improbable, meal ybug and other external pests infestation. l) While bunches are waiting to be de

- handed, the “fruit inspector” in the packing plant will check for insect damage, particularl y meal ybug infestation, on individual bunches. m) During de

- handing, individual hands are thoroughly inspected by

the “de

- hander” for possible mealy

bug and other surface insect infestations and for any other evidence of insect damage. To remo ve fruit that may have fruit fly

infestation, hands with “faults” are culled during de

- handing. “Faults” include fruits that are precociousl y ripened, damaged and/or with compromised skin integrity, and with tip rot and fused fingers. n) After de

- handing, individual hands are thoroughly cleaned with soap and water by the fruit selectors and further brushed with high

-pressure water to eliminate possible surface insect infestation. o) The individual hands are again inspected to confirm freedom from meal yb ugs and other surface insects during weighing and immediatel y before packing inside the shipping box.Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to Continental United States

Rev. 02 July 21, 2009 60 p) Only new pallets and those that are clean, dry and free from any trash, soil, weed seeds and other contaminants are utilized by the industry

. q) Fruits in boxes packed in pallets are brought to the wharf, and within or less than 3 hours loaded into the shipping vessel or into cold storage facility. Wharf areas are kept clean and situated away

from houses and farms. Regular cleaning of wharf is done to remov e any source of contamination. r) Vessels are cleaned with the recommended disinfectant before loading. Some vessels use ozone for disinfection between loads. **A2. Diseases** a) Use of disease free tissue culture seedlings in new plantings. b) Application of weed management practices to eliminate alternate hosts of diseases and/or their vectors. c) Strict tools disinfection to prevent spread of diseases like moko (R. solanacearum ) and fruit rot ( E. carotovora pv . carotovora ). d) Disease surveys (i.e., sigatoka, moko and bunchy top) are done regularl y. All moko and bunchy top infected plants are eradicated within 24

- hours from detection. e) Each fruit bunch receives at least 2 cycles of bunch spray containing fungicide to control fruit fungal diseases. f) Each developing bunch is deflowered two times before bagging thereb y m aking visits of insect that carry

pathogens like the ones causing Moko and bugtok less likely

. g) Each developing bunch is treated with insecticide

- fungicide sprays; such insecticide prev ents/deters insect vectors from being attracted to the developing bunch and subsequentl y transmitting diseases. h) Bunches are bagged with chlorpy rifos

- impregnated poly

bag that prevents further insect vector incursions after bagging. At the time of baggin g, bunches already received at least 2 fungicidal bunch sprays. i) Debudding is b y hand, not with the use of knife. Therefore, further fruit infection due to inoculum transmission by insects would be negligible after debudding. Debudding has long been dem onstrated by

Buddenhagen and Elsasser (1962) and Buddenhagen and Kelman (1964) as an effective measure to prevent occurrence of insect transmission of moko disease. j) Bunches for harvest are identified one day before harvest in a procedure “pre

- calibratio n.” Bunches, in the process, are inspected likewise for the presence of diseases. In the case of moko infection, the sy

mptoms clearl y manifest in terms of pre

- mature ripening, rupture and fruit malformation. The whole mat on which moko infected fruit was detected is eradicated immediately

following standard eradication procedures, while bunches with fruit rot disease are discarded outright. k) During harvest, the stalk of the bunch is inspected for the presence of internal disease sy mptoms (discolored vascular bundles) of moko and discolored vascular bundles at the cut surface of the peduncle. Infected bunches including the whole mat are eradicated immediately

. l) During processing in the packing plant, fruits are treated with a mixture of chlorine and aluminum sulphate in the dehanding and floatation tanks. The aluminum sulphate binds and removes the sap from the solution to keep the desired concentration and efficacy of chlorine. Chlorine is lethal to bacterial and fungal pathogens that adhere on the surface of the fruits.Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to Continental United States

Rev. 02 July 21, 2009 61 **A ppendix**  **B :**  **Banana pest list provided by the Department of Agriculture,**  **Bureau of Plant Industry**  **, t**  **he Philippines and Dole Fruit Company, Philippines** Source: Munez, 2004 **Scientific Name Comm** **on Name Order**  **Fam ily**  **Reference** 1 Abgrallaspi

s cyanophylli (Signoret) Cyanophyllum

scale Hemiptera Diaspididae Sugimoto, 1994; Velasquez. 1971 2 Aleurocanthus woglumi Ashby Citrus whitefly Hemiptera Aleyrodidae Martin, 1999; Mound & Halsey, 1978 3 Aleurodicus dispersus Russell Spiraling

whitefly He miptera Aleyrodidae Lit & Calilung, 1994; Waterhouse, 1993 4 Aphis gossypili Glover Cotton aphid; melon aphid Hemiptera Ap hidae Waterhouse, 1993 5 Araecerus coffeae (Fabricius) Syn = Araecerus fasciculatus (De Geer) Coffee bean

weevil Coleoptera Anthribi dae Mphuru, 1974 ; Waterhouse, 1993

6 Artona catoxantha (Ham pson) Syn = Brachartona catoxantha (Ham pson Coconut leaf

mo th Lepidoptera Zygaenidae Merino, 1938

7 Aspidiotus coryphae Cockerell & Robinson Hard scale Hemiptera Diaspididae Sugimoto, 1994; Velas quez, 1971 8 Aspidiotus destructor Signoret Transparent

scale; coconut scale Hemiptera Diaspididae PCARRD, 1988; Sugimoto, 1994; Velasquez, 1971; Waterhouse, 1993 9 Aspidiotus excisus Green Hard scale Hemiptera Diaspididae Sugimoto, 1994; Velasquez. 1971 10 Atherigona orientalis Pepper fruit fly Diptera Muscidae CABI, 2002 11 Bactrocera musae Banana fruit fly Diptera Tephritidae CABI, 2002 12 Bactrocera occipitalis (Bezzi) Fruit fly Diptera Tephritidae Drew & Hancock, 1994 13 Bactrocera philippinensis Drew & Hancock Philippine fruit

fly Diptera Tephritidae Drew & Hancock, 1994

14 Chaetanaphothrips signipennis (Bagnall) Banana rust

thrips; red rust thrips Thysanoptera Thripidae PCARRD, 1988
15 Chondracris rosea Citrus locust Orthoptera Acrididae CABI, 2002 16 Chrysomphalus aonidum Circular ecale Hemiptera Diaspididae CABI, 2002 17 Chrysomphalus dictyospermi Spanish red scale Hemiptera Diaspididae CABI, 2002 18 Coccus hesperidium Linnaeus Soft brown scale Hemiptera Coccidae Sugimoto, 1994; Swirski et al., 1997 19 Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar) Banana weevil

borer; banana root weevil Coleoptera Curculionidae Deang et al., 1971; PCARRD, 1988Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to Continental United States

Rev. 02 July 21, 2009 62 **Scientific Name Comm** **on Name Order**  **Fam ily**  **Reference** 20 Cryptothelea fuscescens (Snellen) Bag worm Lepidoptera Psychidae Kalshoven, 1981; PCARRD, 1988 21 Dysmicocc us brevipes (Cockerell) Pineapple

mealybug Hemiptera Pseudococcidae Sugimoto, 1994; 22 Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Beardsley Grey pineapple mealybug Hemiptera Pseudococcidae Ben
- Dov, 1994; PCARRD, 1988; Sugimoto, 1994 23 Elixothrips brevisetis Bagnall Banana rind

thrips Thysanoptera Thripidae Mau & Kessing, 1993a 24 Erionota thrax (Linnaeus) Syn = Pelopidas thrax (Linnaeus) Banana skipper;

banana leaf roller Lepidoptera Hesperiidae De Jong & Treadaway 1993; Hoffmann, 1935; PCARRD, 1988 25 Ferrisia virgata ( Cockerell) Striped

mealybug Hemiptera Pseudococcidae Waterhouse, 1993 26 Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret) Latania scale Hemiptera Diaspididae CABI, 2002; Velasquez, 1971 27 Hemiberlesia palmae (Cockerell) Citrus black

scale Hemiptera Diaspididae PCARRD, 1988; Sugimoto, 1994; Velasquez, 1971 28 Hemiberlesia rapax (Comstock) Greedy scale Hemiptera Diaspididae Sugimoto, 1994; 29 Hermetia illucens (Linnaeus) American soldier

fly Rueda et al., 1990 30 Icerya seychellarum (Westwood) Seychelles scale Hemiptera Margarodidae Sugimoto, 1994; 31 Locusta migratoria Migratory locust Orthoptera Acrididae CABI, 2002 32 Melanitis leda ismene Rice butterfly Lepidoptera Nymphalidae CABI, 2002 33 Odoiporus longicollis Olivier Banana stem

weevil; banana stem borer C oleoptera Curculionidae Uichanco, 1936
34 Oryctes rhinoceros Rhinoceros beetle Coleoptera Scarabaeidae CABI, 2002 35 Pentalonia nigronervosa Coquerel Banana aphid Hemiptera Ap hidae Lo merio & Calilung, 1993; PCARRD, 1988 36 Philicoptus demissus (Heller) Peel

- scarring

weevil Coleoptera Curculionidae Stephens, 1984 37 Philicoptus iliganus (Heller) Peel

- scarring

weevil Coleoptera Curculionidae PCARRD, 1988; Stephens, 1984 38 Philicoptus sp. 1 Peel

- scarring weevil Coleoptera Curculionidae Stephens, 1984 39 Philicoptus sp. 2 Peel

- scarring weevil Coleoptera Curculionidae Stephens, 1984 40 Philicoptus stringifrons (Heller) Peel

- scarring

weevil Coleoptera Curculionidae Stephens, 1984 41 Pinnapsis musae Takagi Hard scale Hemiptera Diaspididae Sugimoto, 1994; 42 Pinnaspis strachani Lesser snow scale Hemiptera Diaspididae CABI, 2002Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to Continental United States

Rev. 02 July 21, 2009 63 **Scientific Name Comm** **on Name Order**  **Fam ily**  **Reference** 43 Planococcus citri (Risso) Citrus mealybug Hemiptera Pseudococcidae Waterhouse, 1993 44 Planococcus minor (Maskell) Syn = P. pacificus Cox Passionvine mealybug; Pacific mealybug Hemiptera Pseudococcidae Ben
- Dov., 1994

45 Pseudaulacapsis cockerelli (Cooley) Mango scale;

Oleander scale Hemiptera Diaspididae Sugimoto, 1994; 46 Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi Gim pel & Miller Syn = P. elisae Borchsenius Banana

mealybug Hemiptera Pseudoco ccidae Ben
- Dov., 1994; Lit & Calilung, 1994

47 Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni Tozzetti) Longtail

mealybug Hemiptera Pseudococcidae Lit & Calilung, 1994
48 Rastrococcus spinosus Robinson Mealybug Hemiptera Pseudococcidae Ben
- Dov., 1994; Williams, 1989 49 Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) Syn = Aphis maidis (Fitch Corn aphid;

maize aphid Hemiptera Ap hidae Waterhouse, 1993

50 Spodoptera exigua Beet armyworm Lepidoptera Noctuidae CABI, 2002 51 Stephanitis typica (Distant) Banana lacewing

bug Hoffmann, 1 935; Waterhouse, 1993 52 Thosea sinensis (Walker) Cup moth;

Assam nettle; saddle

-back nettle Lepidoptera Limacodidae Waterhouse, 1993

53 Thrips florum Schmutz Banana flower thrips; scab thrips Thysanoptera Thripidae Palmer & Wetton, 1987; PCARRD, 1988 5 4 Thrips hawaiiensis Hawaiian flower thrips Thysanoptera Thripidae CABI, 2002 55 Tiracola plagiata Plague caterpillar Lepidoptera Noctuidae CABI, 2002 56 Tirathaba rufivena Coconut spike mo th Lepidoptera Py ralidae CABI, 2002 57 Valanga nigricornis Burme ister Grasshopper Orthoptera Acrididae Waterhouse, 1993 58 Eutetranychus orientalis Citus brown mite CABI, 2002 59 Oligonychus orthius (Rimando) Spider mite Corpuz

- Raros, 1989; Rimando, 1962 60 Oligonychus velascoi (Rimando) Coconut spider

mite Corpuz

- Raros, 1989; Rimando, 1962 61 Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval) Spider mite Corpuz

- Raros, 1989;Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to Continental United States

Rev. 02 July 21, 2009 64 **Scientific Name Comm** **on Name Order**  **Fam ily**  **Reference** 62 Tetranychus neocaledonicus Andre Spider mite Corpuz

- Raros, 1989;
63 Tetranychus piercei (McGregor) Red spider mite McGregor, 195 0 64 Tetranychus urticae (Koch) Two - spotted

spider mite Corpuz

- Raros, 1989; **Bacteria:** 65 Erwinia carotovora (Jones) Bergy, Harrison, Breed, Hammer & Huntoon Corm rot Enterobacteriales Enterobacteriaceae Phil. Dept. of Agric, 2001; San Juan, 1980
66 Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith, 1896) Yabuuchi et al., 1995 Race 2 Syn = Pseudomonas solanacearum Moko/Bugtok Burkholderiales Burkholderiaceae Phil. Dept. of Agric, 2001; Jones, 2000 a

**Fungi:** 67 Aspergillus niger Tiegh Collar rot, fruit rot Mitosporic Fungi Hy phomycetes CABI, 2002 68 Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat. Anamorph = Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griff. & Maubl.) Crown rot, finger rot Mitosporic fungi Coelomycetes PCARRD, 1988 ; CABI, 2002

69 Ceratocystis paradoxa (Dade) C. More au Anamorph = Charlara paradoxa (DeSeynes) Sac. Syn =Thielaviopsis paradoxa (Der Syanes) Honn. Corm rot, black end, fingertip rot Ophiostomatales Ophiostomataceae CABI, 2002

Ceratostomella paradoxa Dade (teleomorph); Ophiostoma paradoxa (Dad e) Nannf. (teleomorph); Sporoschisma paradoxum De Seynes (teleomorph) 70 Cercospora hayi Calpouzos Brown spot,

diamond spot Mitosporic fungi Hy phomycetes PCARRD, 1988 ; CABI,

2002 71 Colletotrichum musae (Berk. & Curt.) von Arx Anthracnose,

crow n rot Mitosporic fungi Coelomycetes BPI, 2000Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to Continental United States

Rev. 02 July 21, 2009 65 **Scientific Name Comm** **on Name Order**  **Fam ily**  **Reference** Gloeosporium musarum Cooke & Massee PCARRD, 1988
72 Cochliobolus lunatus R.R. Nelson & Hasis. Anamorph = Curvularia lunata (Wakk.) Biedjin Loculoascomycetes Dothideales CABI, 2002

73 Corda na musae (Zimm) Hohnel Cordana leaf

spot Mitosporic Fungi Phil. Dept. of Agric, 2001; 74 Deightoniella torulosa(Syd.) Ellis Speckle Mitosporic fungi Hy phomycetes Phil. Dept. of Agric,

2001; 75 Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Cubense (Smith) Sny. & Han. Fu sarium wilt,

Panama Disease Ascomycetes

Hy pocreales HyHy pocreaceae Phil. Dept. of Agric,

2001; Jones, 2000 a 76 Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon Teleomorph = Gibberella fujikuroi (J. Sawada) Wollenw .) Crown rot, fruit

rot Ascomycetes

Hy pocreales Hy

pocreaceae PCARRD, 1988

77 Fusarium pallidoroseum (Cooke) Crown rot, fruit

rot Ascomycetes Hy pocreaceae PCARRD, 1988
Sacc. F. semitectum auct. non Hy pocreales 78 Fusarium roseum Link:Fr. Crown rot, fruit

rot Ascomycetes

Hy pocreales Hy

pocreaceae PCARRD, 1 988 79 Guignardia musae Racib. Freckle Dothideales Mycosphaerellaceae Jones, 2000 a ; Conde, 2001 80 Mycosphaerella fijiensis Black sigatoka, Ascomycetes Mycosphaerellaceae Phil. Dept. of Agric, 2001; Jones, 2000 a M. fijiensis var. difformis Mulder & S tover; Paracercospora fijiensis (Morelet) Deighton; black leaf streak Dothideales

Cercospora fijiensis Morelet Pseudocercospora fijiensis (Morelet0 81 Mycosphaerella musicola J.L.Mulder & Stover Yellow sigatoka Ascomycetes Mycosp haerellaceae Jones, 2000 a Pseudocercospora musae (A. Zimmerm.) Deighton DothidealesPest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to Continental United States

Rev. 02 July 21, 2009 66 **Scientific Name Comm** **on Name Order**  **Fam ily**  **Reference** 82 Py ricularia grisea (Cooke ) Sacc. Syn = Magnaporthe grisea (Hebert) Barr.) Pitmark, fruit

pitting disease, Johnson spot Ascomycetes Magnaporthaceae Jones, 2000 a ; Phil. Dept. of Agric, 2001
83 Remichloridium musae (Stahel ex E.B. Ellis) De Hoog Speckle PCARRD, 1988
Chloridium musae Stahel nom. Inval; Periconiella musae Stahel ex M.B. Ellis; Veronaea musae Stahel ex M. B. Ellis 84 Uredo musae Cummins Rust Uredinales Pucciniaceae CIE, 1971 85 Uromyces musae Henn. Rust Uredinales Pucciniaceae Teodoro, 1937 ; PCARRD, 1988 **Nem atodes:**  86 Helicotylenchus multicinctus Banana spiral

nematode Tylenchida Hoploplaimidae CABI, 2002 87 Hop olaimus seinhorsti Luc Lance nematode Tylenchida Hoploplaimidae CABI, 2002 88 Meliodogyne arenaria Neal Root knot

nematode Tylenchida Meloidogynidae Taylor et al., 1982 89 Meliodogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Root knot

nematode Tylenchida Meloidogynida e Timm, 1965 90 Radopholus similes (Cobb) Thorne Burrowing

nematode Tylenchida Pratylenchidae Booth & Stover. 1974 91 Rotylenchus reniformis Linford & Oliveira Reniform

nematode Tylenchida Heteroderidae CABI, 2002 **Viruses:** 92 Abaca mosaic polyvirus Abaca mosaic,

sugarcane mo saic Jones, 2000 a
93 Banana bract mosaic potyvirus Banana bract

mo saic virus Jones, 2000 a 94 Banana bunchy top nanavirus Banana bunchy

top Jones, 2000 a 95 Banana streak badnavirus Banana streak Jones, 2000 a 96 Cucumber mosaic cucumovirus Mosaic,

infectious chlorosis, heart

rot, virus sheath rot Phil. Dept. of Agric, 2001