# Patent

## Title
Pivotal double nested wrench ends

## Abstract

A hand tool for holding a plurality of wrench head tools on the end of a handle, comprising a handle with a handle hinge paw and at least two pivotal wrench head tools pivotally mounted to the handle hinge paw, at least one pivotal wrench head tool defining a second hinge paw and at least one pivotal wrench head tool defining a pivotal arm post. Wherein the pivotal arm post is pivotally mounted within the second hinge paw which is pivotally mounted within the handle hinge paw. The wrench handle may also comprise a folding hinge to allow both a smaller stowed position and a larger unfold or extended operational position for the hand tool. The handle may also comprise a central hub and/or further include additional non-wrench tools. The hand tool may also comprise a hinge locking mechanism for each folding and/or pivotal hinge.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This non-provisional application claims priority and benefit from U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/806,877, filed on Mar. 30, 2013, titled: “PIVOTAL DOUBLE NESTED WRENCH ENDS” by the same inventor, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.


BACKGROUND
1. Field of Invention
The field of this invention relates to hand tools for the purpose of turning rotary fasteners, and more specifically to wrenches that have two pivoting wrench heads mounted on a single pivotal hinge.
2. Background
The present state of the art for hand tools is very diverse. For wrenches, a typical set of hand wrenches can come in sets of six or more sizes and various styles. These sets usually come in a carrying case or other holding structure to keep the multiple tools together. The disclosed double nested wrench ends allow for four or more wrench sizes to be ergonomically positioned on one end of a handle or tool arm using a single pivotal hinge or pivot pin. This single pivotal hinge can comprise a pressure fitted pivot pin, a riveted pivot pin, threaded pivot pin, or other pivotal hinge mounting means. The disclosed double nested wrench designs can also be configured with a folding hinge to allow a short, low-profile position for stowage. This stowed position can be accomplished by including a folding hinge near the center of the hand tool so that each end of the hand tool can fold substantially together on one side of the folding hinge. In this way, a very compact stowed position can be achieved for folding hand tools with double nested wrench ends and additional tools (e.g., a screwdriver).
Wrench and socket heads have been used for nearly a century to turn a rotary fastener of various sizes and shapes. Sockets typically have a significant vertical height when engaging a rotary fastener. Sockets also tend to be designed to be removable from the tool handle or tool arm so that only one wrench handle or ratchet wrench is need for the entire set of sockets. Wrench heads on the other hand, generally have a much lower profile (smaller vertical height above a rotary fastener during use) than a socket, and/or are normally permanently attached to its tool arm (handle). The exact difference in structure between a “socket” and a “wrench head” is blurred by the fact that both provide similar functions, but the difference often comes down to the fact that most “sockets” are designed for removable attachment to a wrench handle, or ratchet and also tend to have a much higher vertical profile. For the disclosed double duplex wrench heads presented here, the vertical profile (vertical height) of the wrench head can have a wide variety of lengths depending on the intended use. For most wrench applications, the duplex wrench heads presented here can be permanently attached to its respective wrench head pivot arm. Depending on the intended use, the wrench head gripping surfaces can have a longitudinal length (vertical height) ranging from a fraction of its gripping surface's diameter to as great as three times its exterior diameter. Duplex wrench heads shorter than the diameter of its gripping surface (see duplex wrench head assemblies 71a and 72a in FIG. 4A) can be used to reach rotary fasteners in vertically tight spaces, while the longer duplex wrench heads (see duplex wrench head assemblies 71b and 72b in FIG. 4A) can be used to reach rotary fasteners within indented areas. Thus, the vertical height of a wrench head or a wrench socket can be thought of as the height the wrench head or socket extends above a surface when engaging a rotatory fastener on that surface and would include any additional height from the wrench handles, ratchets, and arms that are positioned above the rotary fastener when the wrench or socket is engaged for use.
In FIG. 1A, we see duplex wrench head 20 is shown with a longitudinal length slightly less than the diameter of its larger gripping surface 21. In FIGS. 1C-D, we see prior art Craftsman® Figure Eight® wrench comprising a duplex wrench heads 20a which has a tool length (vertical height during use) approximate equal to the diameter of its larger gripping surface 21a. In FIG. 4A, we see a wrench heads 71b and 72b with a vertical height that is approximately twice the diameter of its larger gripping surface 33b and 37b, respectively. In the disclosed invention, the longitudinal length, or vertical height, of the wrench heads can be increased to two, three, or four times its diameter to provide specific wrench needs. As the longitudinal length of the wrench heads increase above twice its gripping surface diameter, the wrench heads can reach down into deeper and deeper indentations to turn a rotary fastener and begin to provide a socket-like function for the hand tool.
The duplex wrench heads presented here can comprise a variety of gripping surfaces for use with different types of fasteners. Some of the rotary fastener gripping surfaces commonly used today comprise: 1) four-point standard (square shape), 2) six-point standard (hexagon shape, see FIG. 3A), 3) twelve-point standard (double hexagon, see FIG. 3B), 4) twelve-point spline (see FIG. 3B), 5) lobed gripping surfaces (both six and twelve point), 6) Torex® gripping surfaces, 7) asymmetric gripping surfaces, 8) variations on these basic gripping surfaces, and 9) many other specialty shape surfaces for various purposes. This list of gripping surfaces is not exhaustive and many other gripping surface designs exist in the patent record that can be used with the disclosed folding wrench system. Besides a large variety of gripping surface types, wrench heads also come in various configurations such as box-end wrench heads, open-end wrench heads, flare nut wrench heads, overlapped wrench heads, duplexed wrench heads, overlapped and duplexed wrench heads, ratcheting open-end wrench heads, Jonard Speed wrench heads, and many other specialty wrench heads.
3. Prior Art
In the prior art, duplex wrench heads have been used in various configurations. A few designs exist in the prior art that provide multiple duplex wrench heads in a single wrench end or pivotal duplexed wrench ends, however none were found that provide a double duplex wrench end that provides two pivotal duplex wrench heads with wrench head arms nested one inside to reduce the overall width and size of the wrench as disclosed by the Applicant.
Pivotal duplexed wrench heads are shown in U.S. Pat. No. 1,613,976 to Bellows, U.S. Pat. No. 5,325,744 to Horikawa, U.S. Pat. No. 6,112,625 to Turtle, and U.S. Pat. No. 8,230,766 to Chang. Two duplex wrench heads combined on one tool end are shown in U.S. Patent Application 2011/0120275 to Macor, U.S. Pat. No. 8,302,510 to Macor, and U.S. Pat. No. 8,230,766 to Chang. Four sided pivotal wrench heads are shown in U.S. Patent Application 2012/0060653 to HSU, U.S. Pat. No. 8,069,753 to Kriz, U.S. Pat. No. 7,966,912 to Hobden, U.S. Pat. No. 1,796,083 to Carlberg, U.S. Pat. No. 1,571,148 to Sisolak, and U.S. Design Pat. No. D658,459 to Meholovitch. Also, U.S. Pat. No. 6,109,142 to Learng shows a sliding duplex socket with four gripping surface sizes, and U.S. Pat. No. 1,930,238 to Heller shows a six sided wrench socket that removably attaches at different positions for use.
SUMMARY
The disclosed hand tools comprise a double nested wrench end where two or more separate wrench head assemblies are pivotally mounted on a single end of a hand tool. Duplex wrench heads, or other types and styles of multiple gripping surface size wrench heads can be used for the wrench head assemblies. Each double nested wrench head comprises a large wrench head assembly and a small wrench head assembly. The large wrench head assembly defines a second hinge paw which can be pivotally mounted within a handle's hinge paw (nested within the handle's hinge paw). The small wrench head assembly defines a pivotal arm that can be pivotally mounted inside the large wrench head assembly's hinge paw (double nested within the large wrench head assembly's hinge paw and the handle's hinge paw). This provides a small wrench head assembly that is pivotal within a large wrench head assembly. This arrangement provides high torque strength to the large duplex wrench head because its hinge paw structural comprises two widely spaced pivot arm. This structure also significantly reduces the overall width of the handle's hinge paw. The actual wrench heads used on these designs can be made in many types, styles, sizes depending on the desired use.
The disclosed double nested wrench ends can combine a full set of wrench sizes into a single hand tool (two ends), that can significantly reduce the overall stowed size of the wrench over prior art wrench set designs. In some of the disclosed designs, the wrench handle can fold in different directions around a center folding hinge (handle hinge) while at the same time providing a stable transfer of torque from one end of the wrench to the other end during use. In many cases, the folding wrench handles plus their tool heads can be folded to approximately half their fully extended length (see FIGS. 3B and 4A). In other configurations the tool arms can have significantly different lengths to allow the wrench heads to store compactly adjacent one another (see FIG. 4B), and/or nest next to one another other along the length of the arms (see position of wrench heads assemblies 51a-b in FIG. 4B) instead of on top of the other wrench heads (see wrench heads on assemblies 71a-b in FIG. 4A). The disclosed hand tools and wrenches can also comprise a central hub with an additional tool arm(s) securely attached to the central hub (see FIGS. 4B-C and 5). With the proper limits placed on the rotation of the hand tool's handles, the additional tools (e.g. screwdrivers assemblies 80 and 80a) can be stabilized for ergonomic use. The central hub can alternatively comprise a pivotal tool arm if desired.
The disclosed double nested wrenches can comprise one or more folding hinges that allow the wrench to fold between an extended position for use to a stowed position for compact storage. The exact number of stowed and extended configurations can depend on the number of separate folding hinge joints used, the range of motion of these folding hinge joints, and arrangement of the hinge joints on the wrench. These folding hinges (see FIGS. 3B, and 4A-D) allow the disclosed wrenches to fold into a compact stowed position (see FIGS. 4A-B, and 5) or extend for use (see FIG. 3B). The hinges used to fold the disclosed wrenches can comprise a hinge with a stabilizing means that provide sufficient friction and/or a locking action in the hinge joint so that the wrench handles can hold a particular configuration during use. The stabilizing means can comprise standard friction and locking devices commonly used with hand tools and wrenches, such as, a friction control systems (see FIGS. 4B and 4D), multiple stable position devices (spring biased ball and grooves), and/or hinge locking devices. The term “folding hinge” is used within this patent to identify a pivoting hinge that is used to fold and extend the wrench's handles (arms) for storage and use, respectively. The term “pivot hinge” will most often be used to refer to the hinges that pivot the wrench head assemblies for use. Because of the similarity between the definitions of the words “pivot”, “pivoting”, and “pivotal”, and the terms “fold” and “folding”, the terms “pivot”, “pivoting” and “pivotal” will sometimes be used when discussing “folding hinges” and the term “fold” and “folding” at times will be used when discussing pivotal tool heads and their hinges.
All the hinges presented in this patent can comprise a friction means and/or locking mechanisms to help hold the tool handles and/or wrench heads arms at a particular angle with respect to the rest of the hand tool. These friction mechanisms (friction means) and locking mechanisms (locking means) can comprise any standard friction or locking system used with tool hinges to help hold a tool arm or handle in place during use. A few examples of friction creating and hinge locking systems are shown in this patent, and other patent applications by the Applicant. Nearly all prior art hinge stabilizing mechanisms (friction and locking mechanisms) for hand tools can easily be made to work on the disclosed wrenches and hand tools.
OBJECTIVES AND ADVANTAGES
Accordingly, many unique structures and advantages of my invention are:

    
    
        a) To provide a hand tool with four wrench gripping surface sizes pivotally mounded on a handle end using nested multiple gripping surface wrench heads on a single hinge (pivot hinge).
        b) To provide a hand tool with four or more wrench sizes on a handle end using two or more duplex wrench heads nested on a single hinge.
        c) To provide a wrench tool with a smaller multiple gripping surface wrench head assembly pivotally nested inside the hinge paw of a larger multiple gripping surface wrench head assembly on a single hinge. Where the smaller multiple gripping surface wrench head is pivotal to more than three hundred sixty degrees around the single hinge and the larger multiple gripping surface wrench head is pivotal over a range of less than three-hundred sixty degrees around the single hinge.
        d) To provide a wrench tool with a smaller duplex wrench head assembly pivotally nested inside the hinge paw of a larger duplexed wrench head assembly on a single hinge. Where the smaller duplex wrench head is pivotal to more than three hundred sixty degrees around the single hinge and the larger duplex wrench head is pivotal over a range of less than three-hundred sixty degrees around the single hinge.
        e) To provide a hand tool with four or more wrench sizes on a handle end using a smaller wrench head assembly nested inside a larger wrench head assembly on a single hinge. Where the smaller wrench head assembly defines a pivot arm for pivotal attachment to the single hinge, and the larger wrench head assembly defines a pivot arm that is split into two separate arms (hinge paw) for pivotal attachment to the single hinge.
        f) The hand tool above where the wrench head assemblies comprise a duplexed wrench head.
        g) To provide a hand tool with a smaller pivotal duplex wrench head assembly pivotally nested inside a larger pivotal duplex wrench head assembly, both pivotal on a single pivot pin. Where the smaller duplex wrench head defines a single pivot arm, and the larger duplex wrench head defines a hinge paw (two separated pivot arms). Where the single pivot arm is pivotally mounted between the hinge paw arms (two pivotal arms).
        h) To provide a folding hand tool comprising two folding tool arms pivotally connected at one end and comprising a hinge paw on the other ends. Wherein a single arm wrench head assembly is pivotally mounted withing a double armed (hinge paw) wrench head assembly.
        i) To provide a folding hand tool comprising two handles pivotally mounted together at a folding hinge so that two wrench head assemblies are pivotally mounted on each end of the folding wrench (two wrench heads on each handle) can be folded substantially adjacent each other on one side of the folding hinge.
        j) The folding hand tool above where the wrench head assemblies comprise a duplexed wrench head.
        k) To provide a folding hand tool comprising two handles pivotally mounted together at a folding hinge so that two wrench head assemblies are pivotally mounted on each end of the folding wrench (two wrench heads on each handle) can be folded substantially adjacent each other on one side of the folding hinge. Wherein each end of the folding wrench comprises a smaller wrench head assembly and a larger wrench head assembly attached with a single hinge. Where the smaller wrench head assembly defines a pivot arm for pivotal attachment to the single hinge, and the larger duplex wrench head defines two spaced arms (hinge paw) for pivotal attachment to the single hinge.
        l) The folding hand tool above where the wrench head assemblies comprise a duplexed wrench head.
        m) To provide a folding wrench with a folding handle having two hinge paw ends, wherein a large wrench head with hinge paw pivot arms is pivotally mounted within each hinge paw end of the folding handle, and a small wrench head with a pivot arm is pivotally mounted within the hinge paw pivot arms of each large wrench head.
        n) The folding wrench above further including at least one other tool attached to the folding wrench that is not a wrench.
        o) To provide a folding wrench with a wrench handle having two hinge paw ends, two large wrench head defining a two hinge paw pivot arms, two small wrench head assemblies defining a small pivot arm, wherein each small wrench head assembly is pivotally mounted within one of the hinge paw pivot arms, which are both mounted within one of the hinge paw ends of the wrench handle.
        p) The folding wrench above further including a screwdriver tool defined on the folding wrench.
        q) To provide a folding hand tool with two folding tool handles pivotally attached to a central hub at one end and defining a hinge paw end on their other end. Wherein a large wrench head with hinge paw pivot arm is pivotally attached within each hinge paw end and one or more small wrench heads are pivotally attached within the hinge paw pivot arm of each large wrench head.
        r) The folding hand tool above further including at least one additional tool arm mounted to the central hub and supporting a tool other than a wrench head, such as, screwdriver, knife, hammer, pry bar, pliers, ratchet head, etc.
        s) The folding hand tool above where the wrench head assemblies comprise a duplexed wrench head.
        t) To provide a folding hand tool with two folding tool handles pivotally attached to a central hub at one end and defining a hinge paw end on their other end. Wherein a large wrench head with hinge paw pivot arm is pivotally attached within each hinge paw end and one or more small wrench heads are pivotally attached within the hinge paw pivot arm of each large wrench head and further including a screwdriver tool defined on the folding hand tool.
        u) The folding hand tool above wherein the screwdriver tool defines an additional tool arm attached to the central hub designed to reversibly attach to a screwdriver assembly, wherein the screwdriver assembly comprises a connecting port on each end for reversibly attaching a double-ended screwdriver bit, whereby as many as four different screwdriver bits can be used with the screwdriver assembly.
        v) To provide a folding hand tool comprising a central hub defining a screwdriver tool and two folding handles pivotally attached to the central hub, wherein the two folding handles are pivotal between a stowed position where the two handles are longitudinally adjacent the screwdriver tool and a hand grip position where the two handles are adjacent each other on the opposite side of the central hub from the screwdriver tool, wherein the two handles provide a hand grip for use of the screwdriver tool.
    
    





DRAWING FIGURES
FIG. 1A Prior art duplex wrench head with hex gripping surfaces.
FIG. 1B Prior art duplex wrench head with spline gripping surfaces (side view).
FIG. 1C Prior art duplex wrench head with spline gripping surfaces (Front view)
FIG. 1D Prior art Figure Eight® wrench head with two single nested wrench heads with spline gripping surfaces (Front view).
FIG. 2A Front View of a first embodiment of a double nested wrench end with standard six point gripping surfaces.
FIG. 2B Side View of the first embodiment of a double nested wrench end.
FIG. 2C Front View of a second embodiment of a double nested wrench end having three separate wrench head assemblies.
FIG. 3A Front View of the first embodiment (full wrench) seen partially in FIG. 2A-B.
FIG. 3B Front View of third embodiment with two double nested wrench ends and a folding handle (extended).
FIG. 3C Front View of alternative wrench head assembly 71c with overlapped and duplexed gripping surfaces (standard twelve-point gripping surface).
FIG. 3D Front View of alternative wrench head assembly 72d with overlapped gripping surfaces with twelve-point spline gripping surfaces.
FIG. 3E Front View of alternative wrench head assembly 72e with open-end duplex wrench head.
FIG. 4A Side View of third embodiment with double nested wrench ends in its folded position.
FIG. 4B Side View of fourth embodiment with double nested wrench ends and central hub.
FIG. 4C Side view of center hub 65 and attached screwdriver tool 80.
FIG. 4D Left end view of fourth embodiment with tool arms extended (screwdriver tool 80 is not shown in hidden lines to make the drawing easier to understand).
FIG. 5 Assembly view of fifth embodiment of a double nested wrench with a central hub and a reversible screwdriver assembly.
FIG. 5A Side view of a sixth embodiment comprising the tool assembly seen in FIG. 5 further including a third tool arm with a duplexed wrench head.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
All of the hand tools disclosed in this patent can be made of a hardened metal or metal alloy such as high carbon steel, chrome vanadium steel, stainless steel, titanium, aluminum, cobalt alloys, etc. The materials used to make the disclosed multitool are not limited to metals, and other materials like plastics and composite materials can be used depending on the tool. The standard manufacturing methods of drop forging and machining, injection molding, extrusion, etc. can be used here to manufacture the disclosed double nested wrench ends. The use of press fitted and/or screwed in hinge pins or pivot pins can provide assembly that is typical of existing wrenches and tools. Chrome vanadium steel can be used with all the disclosed wrenches and is used for wrenches, ratchets, sockets, screwdrivers, etc. because of its combination of relatively inexpensive cost, high strength, and good corrosion resistance. Standard tool manufacturing techniques can be used to construct the disclosed wrenches and hand tools. Hinge construction on these hand tools can comprise nearly any hinge structure that can support the torques and loads that will be applied perpendicular to the hinge axis during use. The folding hinges' axis can be oriented substantially perpendicular to the wrench heads' gripping surface axis so that the hinges do not need a locking mechanism in order for the user to transfer torque through the hinge to a rotary fastener. This means that when turning or rotating a fastener with a vertical rotational axis, the wrench's hinge(s) are oriented substantially parallel to the horizontal plane that is normal (perpendicular along two axes) to the fastener's rotational axis. A locking mechanism can be used on the folding hinges and the wrench heads' pivot hinges to prevent pivoting of the hinges during use, and any of the multitude of existing hinge locking and friction methods can be used.
In FIG. 1A, we see a sectioned perspective view of a prior art six-point duplex box-end wrench 20 with lobe style gripping surfaces 21 and 22. Wrench handle 23 supports duplex wrench head 20 comprising a small six-point lobe box-end wrench surface 21, a large six-point lobe box wrench surface 22, and a separator ring 24 for providing a wall between the small and large wrench sizes. Duplex wrench head 20 also angles the axis of gripping surfaces 21 and 22 slightly away from handle 23 so that the rotational axis of gripping surfaces 21 and 22 are no longer parallel. While surfaces 21 and 22 are shown only slightly angled in this example, present day technology often angles the axis of gripping surface 21 and 22 approximately fifteen degree away from perpendicular with the longitudinal axis of handle 23. This angle offset for each gripping surface is common for more ergonomic use of gripping surfaces 21 and 22. In the following examples the rotational axes of the gripping surfaces will be parallel, but the reader should realize that a forward angle is often placed on wrench gripping surface (see wrench head 51d in FIG. 5). For the disclosed designs, the wrench head assemblies have very short pivot arms which can approximately simulate the angling of the gripping surface axis on the end of the handle. This allows a user to easily turn a flush rotatory fastener on a flat or indented surface. Thus, the disclosed duplexed wrench heads for this invention are shown with parallel gripping surfaces, except for wrench head 20 in FIG. 1A), and wrench head 51d in FIG. 5. The other wrench heads disclosed here can have similar gripping surface axis angles if desired for a particular tool.
In FIGS. 1B and 1C, we see a front view and a side view, respectively, of a prior art duplex wrench head 20a. Pivot arm 23a provides a short arm length for wrench head 20a with a pivot hinge hole 26a for attachment on a pivot pin 26. Duplex wrench head 20a comprises a larger gripping surface 21a and a smaller gripping surface 22a. Both gripping surfaces 21a and 22a are shown with twelve point spline style gripping surfaces which have axes that are substantially parallel to each other (rotational axes coming out and into the page in FIG. 1B, and left and right in FIG. 1C). Gripping surfaces 21a and 22a come together near the middle of duplex wrench head 20a without a separator like separator 24 seen in FIG. 1A. A similar separator can be added to wrench head 20a to allow easier alignment of fasteners with the appropriate gripping surface.
In FIG. 1D, we see a prior art Figure Eight® wrench end 25 comprising two duplexed wrench heads 20a and 20b with pivot arms 23a and 23b, respectively, a pivot pin 26, a wrench handle 27 with a wrench handle hinge paw 28 having a wide hinge gap or opening 29. Pivot arms 23a and 23b are pivotally attached to hinge paw 28 with pivot pin 26 so that both pivot arms can rotate three-hundred sixty degrees in either direction around pivot pin 26. This full rotation of the wrench heads requires hinge opening 29 to be wide enough to allow larger duplex wrench head 20a to rotate through this opening. The disclosed double nested wrench end designs significantly reduces this width of the handle hinge paw (see width W1 in FIG. 2A) by splitting the pivot arm (hinge paw) of the larger wrench head to provide a space for the pivot arm of the smaller duplex wrench head. This provides good torque transfer for the larger wrench head while providing room for the smaller wrench head's pivot arm. This arrangement allows a much narrower hinge paw on the wrenches handle (see FIG. 2A) because the larger wrench head (see wrench head assembly 51a) does not need to rotate through the wrench handles hinge paw (see hinge paw gap 45a). This greatly reduced width of the handle's hinge paws while still allowing over three-hundred sixty degrees ofrotation for the smaller wrench head, but limits the rotation of the larger wrench head to less than three-hundred sixty degrees. During operation, this restriction of the rotation of the larger wrench head produces very little limitation on the usefulness of the wrenches since each side of both duplexed wrench heads can be rotated to nearly all the angles normally used in real life situations.
In FIGS. 2A, 2B, and 3A, we see a front view, right-side view, and a front view, respectively, of the first embodiment of the disclosed double nested wrench end. FIGS. 2A-B show the larger end of double nested wrench 50, while FIG. 3A shows the entire wrench 50 (two ends). In FIG. 3A, we see wrench 50 comprises a handle 40, two pivot pins 44a-b, two large duplex wrench head assemblies 51a-b, and two small duplex wrench assemblies 52a-b. Handle 40 comprises a handle body 41, a large handle hinge paw 43a on one end and a small handle hinge paw 43b on the other end. Each hinge paw 43a-b defines a paw gap 45a-b, respectively, between the hinge paw arms and are designed to allow smaller wrench heads 52a-b, respectively, to rotate through their respective gap area. With this design the diameter of wrench heads 51a can be significantly larger than the width W2 of the gap area 45a formed by hinge paw 43a. Similarly wrench head 51b can be significantly larger than the gap area 45b within hinge paw 43b. This can provide a significant reduction in width of the handle's hinge paws compared to prior art wrench end 25 seen in FIG. 1D for the same size gripping surfaces.
In FIGS. 2A-B and 3A, wrench head assembly 51a comprises a large gripping surface 31, a small gripping surface 32, and a pivotal hinge paw 53a. Wrench head assembly 52a comprises a large gripping surface 35, a small gripping surface 36, and a pivot arm 54a. Wrench head assembly 51b comprises a large gripping surface 33, a small gripping surface 34, and a pivotal hinge paw 53b. Wrench head assembly 52a comprises a large gripping surface 37, a small gripping surface 38, and a pivot arm 54b. The eight gripping surfaces sizes 31 through 38 are ordered in size from the largest to smallest, respectively. Each of the eight gripping surfaces are shown on wrench 50 as standard six point gripping surfaces for turning hex-head rotary fasteners. Other types of gripping surfaces can be easily substituted, as is illustrated in FIG. 3B, where standard twelve-point gripping surfaces are shown on the upper end of folding wrench 70, and twelve-point spline gripping surfaces are shown on the lower end of folding wrench 70. Wrench head assemblies 51a-b comprise a two arm hinge paws 53a-b for attachment to its respective pivot pins 44a-b. The width of wrench head pivotal hinge paws 53a-b (see width W2 for hinge paw 53a in FIG. 2A) can closely match the width of paw gap 45a-b, respectively. Each wrench head hinge paw 53a-b also defines a gap (see width W3 of gap on wrench head hinge paw 53a in FIG. 2A) between its hinge paw arms that allow pivotal attachment of pivot arms 54a-b of wrench heads 52a-b within hinge paw 53a-b, respectively. This allows arms 54a-b to be nested inside hinge paws 53a-b, respectively, and hinge paws 53a-b to be nested inside of handle hinge paws 43a-b, respectively on their respective pivot pins 44a-b. The overall width of the wrench head hinge paw 53a (see width W2) can be similar to the width of the pivot arm on a Craftsman's Figure Eight® wrench head of similar sized gripping surfaces (see arm 23a in FIG. 1D). This is because the outer portions of arm 23a provide most of the torque strength for turning gripping surfaces 21a and 22a. Thus, the arms of hinge paw 53a can provide nearly the same torque strength as solid arm 23a seen on Figure Eight® wrench 25, even though there is a significant gap (see width W3 in FIG. 2A) between the pivotal arms of hinge paw 53a. 
In FIG. 2B, we see wrench 50 with wrench head assembly 51a having a range of rotation 59a and wrench head assembly 52a having a range of rotation 59b. On the smaller end of wrench 50 (see FIG. 3A), wrench head assembly 51b can have a similar range of rotation 59a, and wrench head assembly 52b can have a similar range of rotation 59b. The range of rotation 59a of wrench head 51a is limited to less than three-hundred sixty degrees because handle hinge paw 43a stops wrench head 51a from rotating completely around pivot pin 44a. The range of rotation 59b of wrench head 52a is limited to less than seven-hundred twenty degrees because even though it can pass through handle hinge paw 43a it is stopped from rotating further by wrench head 51a. In this particular design, wrench head 51a has a range of rotation that is approximately two-hundred seventy degrees, and wrench head 52a has a range of rotation that is approximately five-hundred forty degrees. These rotation ranges can be increased or decreased as needed by adjusting the shape of the hinge paws and wrench head assemblies. The center of rotation for wrench head 51a is in a vertical upward position as shown in FIGS. 2A-B, while wrench head 52a has its center of rotation vertically downward from pivot pin 44a as shown in FIG. 2A. This is in contrast to a Figure Eight® wrench 25 which provides space on its handle hinge paw 28 to allow both wrench heads 20a-b to rotate freely in either direction without limit (see FIG. 1D) though they cannot rotate past each other.
In FIG. 2B, the vertical height W4 of wrench head 51a is approximately equal to the diameter of gripping surface 31. This is a typical dimensional relationship between the vertical height of a duplex wrench and the diameter of its larger gripping surface. Single size wrench heads typically have vertical heights of approximately one-half their gripping surface diameter, or less, though these relationships very greatly from wrench to wrench. For example, in FIG. 4A, duplex wrench heads 71b and 72b are shown with a vertical height that is nearly twice the diameter of their larger gripping surfaces 34b and 37b, respectively. While duplex wrench heads 71a and 72a are shown with a vertical height significantly less than the diameter of their larger gripping surfaces 31a and 35a, respectively. Thus, the vertical height chosen for a particular duplex wrench head can be selected depending on its intended use, and can have values from a small fraction of its gripping surface diameter to well over two times its gripping surface diameter.
In FIG. 3A, we see all eight gripping surfaces 31 through 38 in order from largest to smallest, respectively. If we number these eight wrench sizes one through eight, with one being the largest size and eight being the smallest size, we see that the large end of wrench 50 has gripping surface sizes one, two, five and six, and the small end of wrench 50 has gripping surface sizes three, four, seven and eight. This combination of large duplex wrench head 51a with much smaller duplex wrench head 52a, and large duplex wrench head 51b with much smaller duplex wrench head 52b, allows for a narrower handle hinge paw because the gap area 45a only needs to be large enough to pass smaller wrench head assembly 52a through it. Also, a larger portion of hinge paw 53a can remain because the smaller size of wrench head assembly 52a allows a narrower pivot arm 54a so that gap W3 can be made relatively narrow and thus can allow width W2 of wrench head hinge paw 53a to be made more narrow than it might otherwise be. Thus hinge paw 43a can be significantly narrower than duplex wrench head 51a, something the Craftsman® Figure Eight® wrench cannot do because the larger duplex wrench head must pass through its handle's hinge paw. If alternatively, the four largest wrench sizes were mounted on one side of wrench 50 (wrench head assembly 51a and wrench head assembly 52b with substituted gripping surfaces 33 and 34) the width of the handle's hinge paw 43a would need to be increased to allow the new, larger, wrench head to pass through the hinge paw. At the same time with the four smallest wrench sizes (gripping surfaces 35, 36, 37, and 38) would still require the same size hinge paw 43b to allow wrench head 52b to rotate through hinge paw gap 45b. Thus, there is a significant size benefit for the disclosed double duplex wrench to match the two larger wrench head sizes with the two smaller wrench head sizes to minimize the width of the pivot hinges as shown.
In FIG. 2C, we see an alternative double nested wrench end 50c which is very similar to the large end of wrench 50 seen in FIGS. 2A-B. However, wrench end 50c comprises three duplex wrench head assemblies 51c, 52a, and 52c, a hinge paw 43c on handle 41c, and a pivot pin 44c. Wrench head assembly 52a can be identical to that wrench head assembly 52a seen in FIGS. 2A-B. Handle 41c and hinge paw 43c can be nearly identical to handle 41 and hinge paw 43a, respectively, but in this particular design handle hinge paw 43c is slightly wider than hinge paw 43a to accommodate larger width of wrench head pivot paw 53c. Wrench head assembly 51c can be nearly identical to wrench head 51a except that hinge paw 53c on wrench head assembly 51c is slightly wider than hinge paw 53a on wrench head assembly 51a to accommodate the attachment of pivot arm 54c of wrench head assembly 52c within hinge paw 53c of wrench head assembly 51c. If pivot arm 54c of wrench head assembly 52c is mounted on pivot pin 44c outside the larger wrench head's hinge paw (next to handle hinge paw 43c) then wrench head assembly 51a can be used instead of assembly 51c without loss in functionality. Wrench head assembly 52c comprises two duplexed gripping surfaces 39a and 39b, and a curved pivot arm 54c. Gripping surfaces 39a-b can have the ninth and tenth sizes (the next two sizes smaller than gripping surface 38) for a complete ten-size wrench set. Notice that gripping surfaces 39a-b are shown four sizes smaller than gripping surfaces 35 and 36, respectively, and gripping surfaces 35 and 36 are four sizes smaller than gripping surfaces 31 and 32, respectively. If one, or both, ends of wrench 50 (see FIG. 3A) where to use this style of three wrench head tool end, wrench 50 could support ten or twelve wrench sizes, respectively.
In FIG. 2C, the range of rotation of wrench head assembly 52c can be similar to the range of rotation of wrench head assembly 52a in both cases (pivot arm 54c inside as shown or outside hinge paw 53c next to handle hinge paw 43c), because wrench head assembly 52c cannot pivot past wrench head assembly 51c even if its handle is located outside hinge paw 53c (or a substituted hinge paw 53a). Also notice that other additional pivotal tools can be attached to pivot pin 44c if desired by simply increasing the width of handle hinge paw 43c and pivot pin 44c. 
In FIGS. 3B and 4A, we see folding wrench 70, which is very similar to wrench 50, but includes a folding hinge handle assembly 60 instead of a fixed handle 40, and has different styles of wrench gripping surfaces. Folding wrench 70 comprises four duplex wrench head assemblies 71a, 71b, 72a, and 72b in order of largest to smallest, and a folding handle assembly 60. Wrench head assembly 71a comprises gripping surfaces 31a and 32a, and a pivotal hinge paw 73a. Wrench head assembly 71b comprises gripping surfaces 33b and 34b, and a pivotal hinge paw 73b. Wrench head assembly 72a comprises gripping surfaces 35a and 36a, and a pivot arm 74a. Wrench head assembly 72b comprises gripping surfaces 37b and 38b, and a pivot arm 74b. Folding handle assembly 60 comprises a large folding handle 61a, a small folding handle 61b, and a hinge pin 66. Large folding handle 61a comprises a large handle hinge paw 63a, and a folding hinge paw 67a. Small folding handle 61b comprises a small handle hinge paw 63b and a hinge post 67b. The folding hinge comprises hinge paw 67a, hinge post 67b, and hinge pin 66. Hinge pin 66 pivotally connects hinge paw 67a to hinge post 67b so that arms 61a and 61b can fold substantially next to or adjacent (longitudinally adjacent) each other to provide a compact stowed position for wrench 70 (see FIG. 4A), and substantially apart from each other to provide an extended position for use. Range of motion arrows 79 show the approximate range of motion of folding handle 61b with respect to folding handle 61a. Gripping surfaces 31a, 32a, 33b, 34b, 35a, 36a, 37b, and 38b on wrench 70 can have substantially the same grip sizes as gripping surfaces 31 through 38 on wrench 50, respectively. However, wrench 70 has different gripping surface styles, where gripping surfaces 31a, 32a, 33b, and 34b have twelve-point standard gripping surfaces, and gripping surfaces 35a, 36a, 37b, and 38b have twelve-point spline gripping surfaces. Because wrenches 50 and 70 have common sized gripping surfaces they can both provide similar functionality. However, wrench 70 also provides folding handle 60 which allows it to fold to a stowed position; something wrench 50 cannot do.
In FIG. 4A, we see wrench 70 folded in its stowed position with handles 61a and 61b longitudinally adjacent each other, and wrench head assemblies 71a and 72a longitudinally adjacent wrench head assemblies 71b and 72b. Wrench head assemblies 71a and 72a have duplexed wrench heads that have a vertical height approximately equal to the diameter if their respective gripping surface. This provides compact stowage of the wrench when the wrench head assemblies are pivoted inline with handle 61a as shown. Wrench head assemblies 71b and 72b have higher vertical profiles with vertical heights that can be greater than twice the diameter of their respective larger gripping surface. To allow better folding of the wrench, the vertical height of wrench head assemblies 71a-b and 72a-b can be kept to a minimum. However, for some purposes, deeper wrench head gripping surfaces are needed. The duplexed wrench heads of assemblies 71b and 72b have extended gripping surfaces, so that each wrench size can reach into indentations to turn rotary fasteners. This arrangement gives gripping surfaces 33b and 34b a combined vertical height that is just over two times the diameter of gripping surface 33b. Similarly, gripping surfaces 37b and 38b have a combined vertical height that is just over two times the diameter of gripping surface 37b. The larger vertical height of wrench head 71b could cause problems when folding for stowage because of its size. However, the end of gripping surface 34b is positioned so that it can fold down into the cavity formed by gripping surface 31a to provide a compact folded, and stowed position. This makes it easier to slip wrench 70 into ones pocket (pocket ready). Arms 61a and 61b can fold substantially parallel to each other because hinge paw 67a and hinge post 67b are slightly angled from the rest of its respective handle (see left side of FIG. 4A). These slight angling allows room for handles 61a-b to fold longitudinally adjacent each other as shown in FIG. 4A.
In FIG. 4A, wrench 70 is drawn approximately to scale for a wrench set with gripping surface sizes from 13/16 inch to 3⁄8 inch in 1/16 inch increments. This gives wrench 70 approximately a six inch folded length (stowed position, see FIG. 4A) and approximately a twelve inch extended length (extended position, see FIG. 3B—Not to scale). The user can grip the wrench around pivot pins 44a-b to apply torque to gripping surfaces on the other end of the wrench. In alternate designs, the length of arms 61a-b can be made shorter to provide a more compact wrench when folded to a stowed position, or where the higher torques provided by a longer wrench are not needed.
As we see in FIG. 4A, large handle hinge paws 63a along with wrench head assemblies 71a and 72a can provide a wider pivotal range than wrench head assemblies 51a and 52a, respectively, seen in FIG. 2B, because of the lower profile (smaller vertical height) of wrench heads 71a and 72a. Wrench head assembly 71a, can pivot to position 71y (shown in shadow lines) when fully rotated clockwise against hinge paw 63a on handle 61a. With the larger wrench head assembly 71a in position 71y, smaller wrench head assembly 72a can be rotated approximately two-hundred seventy degrees clockwise to position 72y (shown in shadow lines) against wrench head assembly 71a to use gripping surface 36a. If wrench head assembly 71a is instead fully rotated counter-clockwise (position not shown), wrench head assembly 72a can rotate two-hundred seventy degrees counter-clockwise from its shown position to use gripping surface 35a. Wrench head assemblies 71b and 72b, because of their larger vertical height, have slightly smaller pivotal ranges than wrench head assemblies 71a and 72a, respectively, as well as, smaller pivotal ranges than wrench head assemblies 51b and 52b, respectively. Thus, many different combinations of vertical height can be used to provide the desired functions for a double nested wrench. For example, the small vertical heights for wrench heads 71a and 72a allow the wrench head positions shown by 71y and 72y, respectively. This position allows the axis of gripping surface 36a to be substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of arm 61a (see position 72y). This can allow one to use the wrench somewhat like a screwdriver, with folded handles 61a-b acting as the handle for the wrench gripping surface 36a. Handle 61b can also be pivoted ninety degrees around hinge pin 66 so that it is substantially perpendicular to handle 61a to provide a short handle for the user to apply torque along the axis of gripping surface 36a (pivoted to position 72y) or 35a (pivoted opposite position 72y). Thus, many different modes of operation are possible for these double nested wrenches depending on how they are constructed. These modes of operation can include a short handle mode (exposed gripping surfaces used in their stowed position), a long handle mode (handles folded out to and extend position), a screwdriver mode (wrench head axis or tool axis pivoted inline with its handles with the handles used as the screwdriver hand grip), a driver handle mode (one handle angled substantially perpendicular to the other handle and perpendicular to the axis of the gripping surface being used), a double handled mode (requires central hub and elongated tool on central hub) and various angled modes in-between these modes. Similar modes exist on the other example folding double nested wrenches presented here.
In FIGS. 3C, 3D, and 3E, we see three alternative wrench head assemblies 71c, 72d, and 72e, respectively. Wrench head assembly 71c can be substituted directly for wrench head assemblies 51a and 71a on pivot pin 44a of wrench hand tools 50, 70, 70a, and 70b. Similarly, alternative wrench head assemblies 72d and 72e can be substituted for either wrench head assemblies 52b and 72b on pivot pin 44b of wrench hand tools 50, 70, 70a and 70b. In FIG. 3C, we see wrench head assembly 71c comprising an overlapped and duplexed wrench head with four gripping surface sizes 31c, 32c, 33c, and 34c, and a pivotal hinge paw 73c with a pivot hole 75c passing therethrough. Hinge paw 73c on wrench head assembly 71c can be substantially the same as hinge paw 53a seen on wrench head assembly 51a or hinge paw 73a seen on wrench head assembly 71a. Thus, wrench head assembly 71c can be mounted on wrench hand tools 50, 70, 70a and 70b with pivot hole 75c pivotally attached to pivot pin 44a. Wrench head assembly 71c shows how alternate wrench head designs can be used to provide greater numbers of wrench sizes in a double nested wrench design. If all four wrench head assemblies 71a-b and 72a-b were replaced with overlapped duplex wrench heads like wrench head 71c, wrench hand tools 50, 70, 70a or 70b could provide sixteen separate wrench sizes (four sizes each times four wrench heads) for the user. If a third pivotal wrench head assembly, like wrench head assembly 52c, were added to each end of wrench hand tools 50, 70, 70a or 70b, a total of twenty wrench sizes are possible, and twenty-four wrench sizes if both additional wrench heads also have overlapped duplex wrench heads.
In FIG. 3D, we see alternative wrench head assembly 72d comprising two overlapped wrench gripping surfaces 37d and 38d, and a pivot arm 74d defining a pivot hole 75d for mounting on pivot pin 44b of wrench hand tools 50, 70, 70a or 70b. Pivot arm 74d can be substantially the same as pivot arm 54b or 74b on wrench head assembly 52b or 72b respectively. Thus, wrench head assembly 72d is designed so that it can replace wrench head assembly 52b on wrench hand tools 50, 70a, and 70b, or wrench head assembly 72b on wrench 70. Wrench head assembly 72d shows how alternate wrench head designs can be used to provide different wrench gripping surface configurations for disclosed double nested wrench, while still providing multiple gripping surfaces on a single pivotal wrench head. Both the overlapped duplex wrench head 71c and overlapped wrench head 72d can be modified to provide two, three, four, or more different gripping surface sizes depending on their design.
In FIG. 3E, we see wrench head assembly 72e comprising an duplexed open-end wrench head with open-end gripping surfaces 37e and 38e, and a pivot arm 74e defining a pivot hole 75e for mounting on pivot pin 44b of wrench hand tools 50, 70, 70a or 70b. Pivot arm 74e can be substantially the same as pivot arms 54b or 74b discussed previously. Thus, wrench head assembly 72e can be designed so that it can replace wrench head assembly 52b on wrench hand tools 50, 70a, and 70b, or wrench head assembly 72b on wrench 70. The use of open ended wrenches, like wrench head 72e, can allow the user to get to rotary fasteners that can only be reached from the side. The above three alternative wrench head assemblies 71c, 72d, and 72e are just a few of the possible alternative multiple gripping surface wrench head designs that can be use with disclosed pivotal double nested wrench ends.
In FIG. 4B, we see wrench hand tool design 70a comprising a central hub 65, a large folding wrench handle 62a with a pivot pin 44a for pivotally mounting two wrench head assemblies 51a and 52a on a large folding handle hinge paw 64a, a small folding wrench handle 62b with a pivot pin 44b for pivotally mounted two wrench head assemblies 51b and 52b on a small handle hinge paw 64b, and a screwdriver tool assembly 80. Hand tool 70a can also be referred to as a wrench, because in addition to a screwdriver tool 80, a full set of wrench sizes 31 through 38 are provided. Wrench handle 62b is slightly shorter than handle 61b seen in FIG. 4A, so that the portion of wrench head 51b housing gripping surface 33 can fold down against pivotal hinge paw 53a of wrench head 51a, and provide a more compact stowed position. Hinge paws 64a-b can be the same or similar to hinge paws 63a-b, respectively. In FIG. 4C, central hub 65 can be seen separated from handles 62a-b, and comprising a larger hinge paw 65a, a smaller hinge paw 65b, a central support member 65c, a large hinge pin 66a, a small hinge pin 66b, a large friction spring disc 69a, a small friction spring disc 69b, and a screwdriver arm 62c integrated with central support member 65c. In alternate designs, screwdriver arm 62c can be pivotally mounted to central hub 65 with a separate hinge pin through central hub 65. Screwdriver assembly 80 comprises a screwdriver tool arm 62c and a double ended screwdriver bit 82 designed for reversible mounting on the end of screwdriver arm 62c. Handle 62a is pivotally mounted to large hinge paw 65a on central hub 65 with hinge pin 66a, and friction disc 69a positioned between the end of handle 62a and the inside of hinge paw 65a. Friction disc 69a presses on both handle 62a and hinge paw 65a to provide friction to help hold handle 62a in a particular position with respect to hub 65 during use. Handle 62b is pivotally mounted to central hub 65 with hinge pin 66b, and friction disc 69b positioned between handle 62b and hinge paw 65b. Friction disc 69a presses on both handle 62b and hinge paw 65b to provide friction to help hold handle 62b in a particular position with respect to hub 65 during use. Handles 62a and 62b are each designed to rotate approximately one-hundred eighty degrees from their shown position in FIG. 4B. Center support member 65c can provide a stop in both directions for handles 62a-b. Wrench heads 51a-b and 52a-b on hand tool 70a can be attach, and function, similar to those previously discussed in wrench 50.
In FIGS. 4B and 4C, screwdriver tool 80 is seen integrated with central hub 65, where screwdriver arm 62c can be formed by, forging, welding, screwing, pressure fitting, riveting, or otherwise attaching it to central hub 65. With this arrangement, reversible screwdriver assembly 80 is fixed in relationship to central hub 65 during use. Handle 62a can be rotated one-hundred eighty degrees away from screwdriver 80 in the clockwise around hinge pin 66a (see range of rotation 79a). Similarly, handle 62b can be rotated one-hundred eighty degrees away from screwdriver assembly 80 in the counter-clockwise around hinge pin 66b (see range of rotation 79b). This allows both handles to pivot away from screwdriver assembly 80 as shown by range of rotation arrows 79a-b, allowing wrench heads 51a and 52a to fold together with wrench heads 51b and 52b on the opposite side of central hub 65. In this unfolded position, central support member 65c can provide a stop for both handles 62a-b so that hub 65 and screwdriver arm 62c is locked in place substantially parallel to handles 62a-b when the user grasps handles 62a-b and their respective wrench head assemblies. This allows the entire wrench to function effectively as a stiff screwdriver, with handles 62a and 62b acting as the screwdriver hand grip (handle).
In FIG. 5, we see an alternative double nested wrench hand tool 70b which is very similar to hand tool 70a. Hand tool 70b can be constructed from hand tool 70a by replacing central hub 65 on hand tool 70a with an expanded central hub 75, replacing handles 62a-b with a pair of folding wrench handles 76a-b, respectively, replacing screwdriver arm 62c with a screwdriver arm 77, replacing screwdriver bit 82 with a reversible screwdriver assembly 80a, and replacing wrench head assembly 51a an angled wrench head assembly 51d. The remainder of hand tool 70b can be the same as seen in hand tool 70a in FIG. 4B. Central hub 75 has been expanded in height to increase the spacing between hinge pins 66a-b and to provide folding handles 76a-b with a larger enough space between them to fold comfortably to the sides of screwdriver arm 77 and screwdriver assembly 80a. Central hub 75 comprises a support member 75a, a pair of hinge pins 66a-b, a pair of friction discs 69a-b, and screwdriver arm 77. Support member 75a connects the two sides of central hub 75 together and provides an “H” shaped structure (see similar hub 65 in FIG. 4D) to provide two hinge paws for pivotally mounting handles 76a-b on hinge pins 66a-b, respectively. Hinge pins 66a-b and friction discs 69a-b provide the same structure and function as they did in hand tool 70a. Screwdriver arm 77 can be an integral part of central hub 75 and comprises a screwdriver arm body 77a and an attachment channel 77b defining a pair of connecting slots 77c. Handles 76a-b are pivotally attached to hinge pins 66a-b respectively, and each define a groove 78a and 78b respectively, which provide added space for screwdriver arm 77, and allows hand tool 70b to fold more compactly for stowage as shown.
In FIG. 5, screwdriver assembly 80a comprises a screwdriver body 81, two reversible double-ended screwdriver bits 82a-b, two connector tabs 83, and two attachment ports 84a-b. Attachment ports 84a-b are designed for removable attachment to either end of screwdriver bits 82a-b, respectively. Both ends of screwdriver assembly 80a can be inserted into screwdriver arm 77 as shown by construction line 89. When inserted, screwdriver body 81 engages attachment channel 77b, and tabs 83 engaging slots 77c to allows torque to be transferred from hub 75 to screwdriver body 81 and ultimately to any one of the ends of screwdriver bits 82a-b. Because, both double ended screwdriver bits 82a-b are reversible, and screwdriver body 81 is reversible, all four screwdriver bit ends can be used by the user simply by selecting which screwdriver bit end they want to use. Screwdriver body 81 can be designed with hex head attachment ports 84a-b (standard six point wrench gripping surface) that can also be used for turning rotary fasteners (when its respective screwdriver bit is removed). With this type of reversible screwdriver body 81 attachment ports 84a-b can be shaped to provide two additional gripping surface sizes. For example, attachment port 84a can be given a six-point hex head shape and provide a wrench size of 5/16 inch, or 7 mm. Similarly, attachment port 84b can be given a six-point hex head shape and provide a wrench size of 1⁄4 inch, or 6 mm. By doing this, hand tool 70b can have a total of ten wrench sizes (e.g. 1⁄4′′, 5/16′′, 3⁄8′′, 7/16′′, 1⁄2′′, 9/16′′, 5⁄8′′, 11/16′′, 3⁄4′′, and 13/16′′—or—e.g. 6 mm, 7 mm, 8 mm, 9 mm, 10 mm, 12 mm, 14 mm, 15 mm, 17 mm, and 19 mm). Where gripping surfaces 31 through 38 provide the wrench sizes 3⁄8′′ to 13/16′′, respectively, or 8 mm to 19 mm, respectively. These two examples for hand tool 70b represent only a tiny sampling of the many different wrench styles, gripping surface types, gripping surface sizes, wrench head vertical heights, and choice of additional tools that can be combined in hand tool 70b. 
In FIG. 5, screwdriver arm 77 and screwdriver assembly 80a is shown between wrench handles 76a and 76b for stowage. Handles 76a-b each can be folded out one-hundred eighty degrees to use screwdriver assembly 80a. In alternate designs, screwdriver arm 77 and assembly 80a can be mounted to the side of wrench handles 76a-b so that the spacing between hinge pins 66a and 66b on central hub 75 can be similar to the spacing seen on central hub 65 in FIG. 4A, or even narrower. In order to do this, screwdriver arm 77 and assembly 80a can be positioned out from between handles 76a-b to the side, with arm 77 mounted on the front side of central hub 65 (e.g., attaching arm 77 to hub surface facing the reader in FIG. 5) so that screwdriver arm 77 and assembly 80a can rest along the side handles 76a-b instead of between them. This allows handles 76a-b and screwdriver arm 77 to fold substantially parallel and adjacent each other forming a somewhat triangular arrangement of handles 76a-b and arm 77 when viewed form the end. This arrangement can provide a compact stowed position.
In FIG. 5, wrench head assembly 51d comprises two angled gripping surfaces 31 and 32, which can be the same size and shape as gripping surfaces 31 and 32 seen in wrench head assembly 51a. However, in wrench head assembly 51d, gripping surfaces 31 and 32 are angled approximately fifteen degrees further away from pivot arms of hinge paw 53a than on wrench head assembly 51a. This can make it slightly easier to reach a rotary fastener than having parallel axis gripping surfaces (see wrench head assemblies 51a-c, 52a-b, 71a-b and 72a-b). However, since the length of hinge paw 53a is so short, most of the advantages from having an angled gripping surface axis, such as that seen on wrench head assembly 51d, can be achieved by pivoting wrench head 51a around pivot pin 44a (see FIGS. 2A and 2B).
In FIG. 5A, we see a side-view of a folding wrench hand tool 70c in its folded or stowed position. Hand tool 70c is very similar to hand tool 70b, but comprises an additional duplexed wrench head 72c and a tool arm 76c. Duplex head 72c can comprise two wrench gripping surfaces 39a and 39b which are attached to one end of tool arm 76c. This provides a total of ten different wrench sizes for folding hand tool 70c not including the two additional socket sizes that can be provided by attachment ports 84a and 84b. In alternate designs, a double nested wrench end (a smaller version of hinge paw 64b and duplex wrench heads 51b and 52b) can be used with arm 76c to provide twelve wrench sizes for hand tool 70c plus and additional two socket sizes from ports 84a-b for a total of fourteen different wrench sizes plus four screwdriver bit sizes in a single tool. Connection ports 84a and 84b can be made to fit 5/16 inch and 1⁄4 inch hexagon shaped rotatory fasteners, respectively, or alternatively, different gripping surface sizes and/or different gripping surface types can be used. Additional wrench arms with various wrench heads can be added to hand tool 70c in a similar manner.
Wrench arm 76c is pivotally attached to central hub 75 with hinge pin 66b at the end opposite wrench head 72c. This allows arm 76c to pivot independently of tool arms 76a-b through an angle of approximately one-hundred eighty degrees, similar to the pivotal action of tool arm 76b. Arm 76c and wrench head 72c can be pivoted up to one-hundred eighty degrees counter-clockwise from the position seen in FIG. 5A to a substantially extended position for use. This allows handles 76a-b and tool heads 51b, 51d and 52a-b to be used as the wrench handle for gripping surfaces 39a-b. Central hub 75 can be the same as seen in FIG. 5. In this particular design the pivotal end of arm 76b (at hinge pin 66b) has been narrowed slightly so that the pivotal end of arm 76c can be inserted into hub 75 adjacent handle 76b. In alternate designs, hub 75 can be widened to allow both of the unmodified pivotal ends of tool handles 76b and 76c to be pivotally mounted. Alternatively, an additional tool arm can be added in a similar manner to the larger arm hinge (hinge pin 66a) to provide even more gripping surface sizes for tool 70c. 
Operational Description (FIGS. 2B, 3A-B, and 4A-B)
All the hand tools presented in this patent operate generally in the same way, with some of the examples have added functions that make their design unique. Also, with the addition of a folding handle, the hand tools can have an extended and stowed positions, as well as, additional operational positions, and operational functions. If additional tools besides wrench tools are attached to the disclosed hand tools then additional operational modes exist to use these additional tools.
Individual wrenches, with a single wrench size, can be used with the double nested wrench tools presented in this patent, but this can limit its advantages by not allowing a full set of eight or more wrench sizes to be combined into a single hand tool. Thus, all the examples presented here use wrench heads that provide two or more sizes for each wrench head to maximize functionality. However, nothing prevents single gripping surface wrenches from to be used for some or all of the pivotal wrench heads, if needed for a specific purpose. For most of the examples presented here, duplex wrench heads are shown, but many other types of multiple gripping surface wrench heads can be substituted for the duplexed wrench heads. Thus, wrench heads with both overlapped and/or duplexed gripping surfaces (see FIGS. 3C-E) can be used to enhance the functionality of the disclosed wrench hand tools. Specifically, this can be useful when providing a full set of both metric and standard wrenches in a single wrench, where using overlapped duplex wrench heads (four sizes each, see FIG. 3C) can provide sixteen or more wrench gripping surface in metric and standard sizes.
The disclosed double nested wrench head ends can be made more ergonomic by adding tools other than wrenches. For example, hand tools 70a and 70b both incorporate a multi-sized screwdriver to provide added functionality. Other tools can be added or substituted for the screwdrivers shown. The operation of multiple sized wrench heads is slightly differently than single sized wrenches, but are well understood. Duplexed wrenches can have a different gripping surface size on each side of the wrench head, such that, each side can be used to engage a rotary fastener of a different size. The actual act of using the wrench head amounts to nothing more than engaging a rotary fastener with a wrench's gripping surface of similar size and turning the wrench handle. Such tool operation is well understood by most people. However, the addition of double nested pivotal wrench heads changes the way the wrench heads can be angled, and will be discussed further.
The disclosed double nested wrenches (tool handle and double nested tool head combination) can be placed in any or all of seven functional positions: 1) a folded and stowed position for stowage (see wrench hand tools 70, 70a, and 70b), 2) a short handle operational position(s) where some or all of the wrench sizes can be used while in the stowed position (see wrench hand tools 70a and 70b), 3) an long handle, or extension handle position, for use of the wrench heads (all wrenches, see FIGS. 3A and 3B), 4) a crank handle position (see FIG. 4A), 5) a short handle with tool extension position (see FIG. 4A), 6) an additional tool's operational position (non-wrench tools, see FIGS. 4B and 5), 7) various angled positions for the wrench heads (see FIGS. 2B and 4A), and each position above having various angled positions for the tool handles (see FIGS. 4A-B and 5). Because of the variety of angles possible for the wrench heads and folding handles, these hand tools disclosed here can simulate a number of curved and strangely shaped wrenches. The specific operation of the hand tools depend greatly on the arrangement of tool handles and the placement of the pivotal wrench heads. In the designs presented here, the “extended handle position” on one side of a wrench can also be an “extended operational position” when the user grips the opposite side of the wrench. The “short handle position” or “stowed position” are not available for some hand tools because they lack a folding hinge.
Hand Tool Operation
The operational use of wrenches and other hand tools is common knowledge. For use of wrenches, the wrench gripping surface is placed in contact with the rotary fastener's head and torque is applied to the wrench handle to turn the fastener. For other tools such as hammers, screwdrivers, pry bars, and others, most people already know how to use these tools even if other pivotal handles are surrounding them. Also, it is somewhat intuitive to pivot a particular tool away from the main body of the hand tool for use, such as in a folding knife, or folding allen wrench set, etc. Thus, the use of the disclosed folding wrenches is similarly very intuitive. However, because of the multitude of possible configurations for the tool handles, a few specific examples will be discussed here to ensure understanding.
Prior Art Operation (FIGS. 1C-D)
In FIG. 1D, Figure Eight® wrench 25 is shown with wrench head assembly 20a extended for use. Gripping surfaces 21a and 22a can be used in this position depending on which side of wrench head 20a is engaged against a fastener. To use wrench head assembly 20b, both wrench head assemblies 20a and 20b can be pivoted around pivot pin 26 to exchange places. With wrench head 20b extended away from hinge paw 28, its gripping surfaces can be used. Wrench head assemblies 20a-b can be rotated to many other angles depending on the needed orientation of the wrench head. Both assemblies 20a-b can pivot around pivot pin 26 continuously in either direction, but neither assembly can rotate past the other. Thus, the Figure Eight® wrench can pivot its two wrench head assemblies 20a-b to any angle desired.
Operation of Double Nested Wrench (FIGS. 2A-B, 2C, and 3A)
In FIGS. 2A and 2B we see one end of wrench 50 with two wrench head assemblies 51a and 52a mounted on hinge paw 43a with pivot pin 44a. Large wrench head 51a is nested pivotally inside handle hinge paw 43a, and small wrench head 52a is nested pivotally inside hinge paw 53a on wrench head 51a (double nested). Unlike the Figure Eight® wrench, the gap 45a (width W2) in handle hinge paw 43a is significantly smaller than the tool end of wrench head assembly 51a, so that wrench head 51a cannot pass through gap 45a on handle hinge paw 43a. This prevents wrench head 51a from pivoting a full three-hundred sixty degrees around pivot pin 44a. In FIG. 2B we see that wrench head 51a can pivot clockwise until it encounters the right side of hinge paw 43a at position 51y. Wrench head 51a can also pivot counter-clockwise to a similar position on the left side of hinge paw 43a. Thus, wrench head 51a has a range of rotation 59a that can be approximately two-hundred seventy degrees. Smaller wrench head assembly 52a is pivotally nested inside hinge paw 53a on wrench head 51a and pivotally attached to pivot pin 44a. This nesting arrangement means that wrench head 52a cannot rotate past wrench head assembly 51a, and thus has a limited range of rotation 59b around pivot pin 44a even though it can rotate freely through handle hinge paw gap 45a. Because wrench head 52a is small enough to pass through gap 45a in hinge paw 43a, it can pivot to either side of wrench head 51a. The result of this is that both wrench heads 51a and 52a can pivot to the same useful orientations as a Figure Eight® wrench, but without the oversized wrench handle hinge paws of the Figure Eight® wrench. Thus, the double nested wrench design can provide nearly all the functionality of a Figure Eight® wrench, but with a handle hinge width W1 that is significantly small than a Figure Eight® wrench with similarly sized gripping surfaces.
In FIGS. 2A-B and 3A, the width of hinge paw 43a (width W1), on wrench handle 41, is made smaller than a double nested wrench design with the large wrenches on one side and the small wrenches on the other. This can be done by skipping two gripping surface sizes between gripping surfaces 31 and 32 on wrench head 51a and gripping surfaces 35 and 36 on wrench head 52a. The gripping surface sizes 33 and 34 are moved to the opposite end of wrench 50, where the width of handle hinge paw 43b can be determined by the width of the smallest duplex wrench head assembly 52b. If instead the four largest gripping surfaces 31 through 34 where all put on the same side of wrench 50 (duplex wrench head 52a having gripping surfaces 33 and 34), the width of hinge paw 43a would have to be made significantly larger to allow a wrench head having gripping surfaces 33 and 34 to pass through the wrench handle's hinge paw (width of gap 45a would have to be increased). At the same time, the other end of wrench 50 (see FIG. 3A) would include the four smaller gripping surface sizes 35 through 38, with wrench head assembly 51b defining gripping surfaces 35 and 36, and wrench head assembly 52b defining gripping surfaces 37 and 38 to provide a continuous set of sizes from gripping surfaces 31 through 38. Wrench head assembly 52b with gripping surfaces 37 and 38 would still determine the width of gap 45b, so the width of handle hinge paw 43b can remain nearly unchanged by the modification of wrench head 51b to have gripping surfaces 35 and 36. Thus, the shown arrangement of sizes shown in FIG. 3A, represents a highly optimized configuration to minimize the widths of the handle hinge paws 43a-b and improve the ergonomics of a wrench hand tool.
The other examples of double nested wrench ends, shown in this patent, operate substantially the same way as described above. The vertical height of the wrench heads and gripping surfaces can be adjusted as needed, which can effect the overall range of rotation of the pivotal wrench head assemblies. In general, the smaller the vertical height of the wrench heads the larger the range of rotation for the wrench head assemblies. However, even with very tall wrench heads (large vertical height) the larger wrench can still have a range of rotation greater than one-hundred eighty degrees, and the smaller wrench head assembly (double nested wrench head) can have a range of rotation greater than three-hundred sixty degrees, which is sufficient for nearly all the useful orientations for both the large and small wrench heads (single nested and double nested wrench heads, respectively).
In FIG. 2C, we see wrench end 50c having three wrench head assemblies 51c, 52a, and 52c mounted pivotally on hinge paw 43c with pivot pin 44c. Wrench head assemblies 51c and 52a can have a pivotal range similar to the pivotal range of rotation 59a-b, respectively on wrench 50. The third wrench head assembly 52c can have a pivotal range of rotation similar to range of rotation 59b of wrench head assembly 52a and can pass through wider hinge paw 43c like wrench head 52a. Because wrench head 52c can pivot past both wrench head 52a and hinge paw 43c, the positioning of wrench head 52c is not limited by the position of wrench head assembly 52a, and can easily pivot to useful orientations with both wrench heads 51c and 52a pivoted out of its way.
Operation of Additional Tools (FIGS. 4B-D and 5)
In FIGS. 4B-D, the operation of additional tools can be similar to the operation of that tool in its standard form. For example, for a hammer you would generally pound with it, for a pair of pliers you would grip with it, for a pry bar you would pry with it, and for a screwdriver you would screw rotary fasteners with it. To save space on the disclosed hand tools, these additional tools can use the wrench handles and wrench head assemblies as the hand grip for the additional tool(s). For example, in FIG. 4B we see folding hand tool 70a with two folding handles 62a-b supporting double nested wrench ends. Screwdriver assembly 80 is mounted securely to central hub 65 and handles 62a-b can be pivoted one-hundred eighty degrees from their shown position in FIG. 4B to the opposite side of central hub 65 (see range of rotation arrows 79a-b, respectively). Properly positioned surfaces on support member 65c can provide a stop for handles 62a-b and provide a stable stopping position for handles 62a-b with respect to central hub 65. If support member 65c stops handles 62a-b before they touch on the opposite side of central hub 65 (away from the screwdriver 80), then the user can squeeze handles 62a-b toward each other forcing them against the stopping surfaces on support member 65c. This can lock central hub 65 in place with respect to handles 62a-b and allow the use of screwdriver tool 80 without it pivoting with respect to handles 62a-b. In this way, screwdriver arm 62c and handles 62a-b can be forced to hold their position with respect to each other while being used. Alternatively, the hinges defined at hinge pins 66a-b can include a locking mechanism to hold handles 76a-b in a fixed orientation with respect to hub 65 and screwdriver assembly 80a, and allow the use of handles 76a-b as a screwdriver handle.
In FIG. 5, folding wrench 70b is designed to receive screwdriver assembly 80a into screwdriver arm 77 on central hub 75. As with screwdriver 80 on hand tool 70a (see FIG. 4B), handles 76a-b on wrench 70b can be rotate approximately one-hundred eighty degrees to the left of central hub 75 before the surfaces of support member 75a stop their rotation. Thus, screwdriver assembly 80a can extend to the right in FIG. 5, while handles 76a-b extend to the left. Support member 75a provides a stopping surface for handles 76a-b so that squeezing handles 76a-b on the left side of central hub 75 forces the folding hinge end of handles 76a-b against the top and bottom surfaces of support member 75a, respectively. These forces tend to hold central hub 75 (and screwdriver arm body 77a) in place with respect to handles 76a-b during use of screwdriver assembly 80a. This allows the user to grip handles 76a-b, and their respective wrench ends, and use them as a screwdriver hand grip. Screwdriver assembly 80a can be reversibly mounted in arm 77 to alternately select screwdriver bits 82a or 82b. Screwdriver bits 82a-b can also be reversibly mounted in attachment ports 84a-b, respectively, to allow the use of all four ends of screwdriver bits 82a-b. 
Operation of Pivotal Handle (FIGS. 3B, 4A-D, and 5)
All the hand tools disclosed in this patent provide a folding handle except wrench 50. These folding handles allow multiple positions for the handle to allow the wrenches and other tools to get into hard to reach places. The folding handles can allow several different operational positions for the disclosed hand tools. These operational positions or configurations can comprise: 1) a stowed position, 2) a short-handle operational position, 3) a long-handle operational position, 4) a crank handle operational position, 5) a short-handle with extension operational position, 6) a screwdriver handle operational position, and 7) a double handle operational position.
Stowed Positions (FIGS. 4A-B, and 5)
One of the major advantages of the disclosed double nested wrench tools is that they can have a folding design to allow a compact, pocket ready form, for stowage. The stowed position can minimize the overall size of the tool set by moving two portions of the hand tool substantially next to one another and/or longitudinally adjacent one another. The stowed position is one of the most useful modes for a folding hand tool and substantially allows the hand tool to fold in half to reduce its length for stowage. In FIG. 3B we see wrench hand tool 70 with a folding handle assembly 60. Hinge pin 66 is approximately in the middle of the wrench so that when folded, wrench 70 forms a compact storable package (see FIG. 4A). In this particular design, the length of handles 61a-b are chosen so that large vertical height wrench head 71b can fold into gripping surface 31a of wrench head 71a. This allows the wrench head assemblies 71a-b and 72a-b, and handles 61a-b to fold more compactly. Each folding handle design presented here has a stowed position shown in FIGS. 4A, 4B, and 5. For folding hand tools that have a central hub (see FIGS. 4B and 5), two stowed positions can exist, with the handles folded together on either side of its central hub. With added tools like screwdriver assemblies 80 and 80a, the most compact stowed position is with the handles folded on the same side as the screwdriver. However, without the added tools, either side will form a compact stowed position.
Short Handle Operation (FIGS. 4B and 5)
Many of the hand tool designs disclosed in this patent can be used when in their stowed position with their handles folded together to from a short hand grip handle for the user. In the stowed position shown in FIGS. 4B and 5, gripping surfaces 32, 34, 36 and 38 are facing outward from hand tools 70a-b and can be used to turn a rotary fastener by gripping their handles. If both handles 62a-b on hand tool 70a, and handles 76a-b on hand tool 70b seen in FIGS. 4B and 5 are pivoted together on the left, a second short handle position is created that orients gripping surfaces 31, 33, 35, and 37 facing outward so they can be used to turn a rotary fastener. Thus, with these two short handle positions (both somewhat stowed positions) all eight gripping surfaces can be used from a stowed or short handle position. These configurations thus provide a short handle position since the handle length is significantly reduced in these folded together positions.
Long Handle Operation (FIGS. 3A, 3B, 4B and 5)
All of the double nested wrench tools disclosed in this patent can operate in a long handle position. Some designs like wrench 50 are fixed in a long handle position with a handle that cannot fold. The other designs that can unfold to an extended or long handle position to provide maximum torque to a rotary fastener. These long handle configurations in many cases can be considered the “normal” operating positions for a particular tool. When in use, one handle becomes the tool end while the other handle is used as a handle hand grip. For example, in FIG. 3A, when gripping surface 32 is being used on a particular rotary fastener, the smaller hinge paw 43b and wrench head assembly 51b become the handle hand grip for the user to grip and apply torque to the rotary fastener. If gripping surface 34 is being used to turn a particular fastener, the larger hinge paw 43a and wrench head assembly 51a can be used as the handle hand grip for the user to grip and apply torque to a fastener. The situation is similar for the other wrench hand tools 70, 70a, and 70b when extended. One end of these wrenches is used as the tool end, and the other end is used as the handle, and vice versa. A range of angles for the folding hinges on the handles can be used while still being considered in a long handle position.
In FIGS. 4B and 5, folding hand tools 70a and 70b can use its additional tool (screwdriver) as a hand grip during use. For example, screwdriver arm 77 and screwdriver assembly 80a can remain adjacent either handle 76a or 76b while the other handle is folded out for use (extended long-handle position). This means that arm 77 and screwdriver assembly 80a can become part of the hand grip for the user. For example, in FIG. 5, handle 76b can be folded out to the left for use of wrench head 51b or 52b to turn a rotary fastener with gripping surfaces 33b, 34b, 37b, or 38b. At the same time, arm 77, screwdriver assembly 80a, handle 76a, and wrench heads 51d and 52a remain on the right side and can be used as the hand grip for the wrench. A similar situation exists if handle 76a is folded out to the left for use, and handle 76b and screwdriver assembly 80a is used as the hand grip for the wrench. Of course other tools can be substituted for screwdriver assemblies 80 and 80a and still allow similar operation of hand tools 70a and 70b, respectively.
Crank Handle Operation (FIG. 4A)
The reader should realize that there is a continuum of angles that the tool handles can be placed in not just the example ones discussed here. When the angle of the two handles is near ninety degrees, a different mode of operation occurs. For example, in FIG. 4A, with handle 61b pivoted to position 61z, handles 61a and 61b are at right angles to each other. In this right angle position, handle 61b can be used like a crank handle to turn handle 61a around gripping surface 32a (as shown in FIG. 4A) and apply torque to gripping surface 32a. For gripping surface 31a to be used in this way, handle 61b can be rotated to its furthest extent 61y so that it can be used as a crank handle to turn handle 61a (see range of motion 79 for handle 61b, in FIG. 4A). In this way all the wrench gripping surfaces on pivot pin 44a can be used. In the same ninety-degree handle position, handle 61a can be used as the crank handle and handle 61b along with wrench head assemblies 71b and 72b can be used to turn a rotary fastener. These same configurations are possible on hand tools 70a and 70b. Notice also that many additional crank handle positions are possible. For example, in FIG. 4A, if wrench head 71a is rotated to position 71y, and handle 61b rotated slightly past position 61z, then handle 61b can be used as a crank handle for gripping surface 31a. 
Short Handle with Tool Extension (FIG. 4A)
The disclosed folding wrenches can also use each of their folding handles by themselves as a short handle while the other folding handle becomes a tool extension position. This arrangement also uses the tool handles at right angles with each other, but there operation is quite different. For example, in FIG. 4A, with handle 61b pivoted to position 61z and wrench head assembly 72a pivoted to a right angle position 72y, handle 61b can then be used as a short handle to turn handle 61a along its axis for and turn wrench head 71a. This arrangement allows handle 61a to be used like a socket extension for gripping surface 36a who's rotational axis is substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of handle 61a when in position 72y. Handle 61b in position 61z is then used like a short handle to apply torque along the longitudinal axis of handle 61a to turn gripping surface 36a. Each of the other gripping surfaces on wrench heads 71a and 72a can be used the same way by pivoting them so that their gripping surface axis is facing away from and substantially parallel to handle 61a. With the same right angle position of handles 61a-b, handle 61b can be uses as a tool extension, and handle 61a can be used as the a short handle to turn handle 61b along its longitudinal axis and provide torque to the gripping surfaces on wrench heads 71b and 72b. This allows each handle to be used as an extension to get down into a deep depression to reach a rotary fastener at the bottom. Hand tools 70a and 70b can provide similar configurations and functionality. For short handle operation with tool extension, having a locking mechanisms at the hinges formed by pivot pins 44a-b can be very useful to temporarily lock the wrench head assemblies in place during use. Such locking mechanisms would allow the user to apply pressure onto the rotary fastener being turned without worry that the wrench head assembly will pivoting under the force. Such locking mechanisms can also be useful for other handle configurations.
Screwdriver Handle (FIGS. 4A, 4B and 5)
The disclosed folding handles can also allow the hand tools to be used like a screwdriver if properly designed. For example, in FIG. 4A, with handles 61a-b folded together as shown, handles 61a-b can be used as a screwdriver style hand grip for wrench head assemblies 71a-b and 72a-b. These wrench head assemblies can be pivoted to a right angle position (see position 72y) so that the axis of the wrench head's gripping surface (see gripping surface 36a) is substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of wrench handles 61a-b. This allows twisting motion of handles 61a-b to turn the gripping surfaces to turn a rotary fastener. Similarly, in FIGS. 4B and 5, handles 62a-b and 76a-b, respectively, can be used as a screwdriver hand grip to turn wrench head assemblies 51a-b and 52a-b. The use of this screwdriver style configuration for turning wrench heads works best when the folding handles are close to the same length so that each gripping surface can be positioned at the extreme end of the hand tool for use. Folding hand tool 70b, seen in FIG. 5, is the only design shown that is optimized for this type of operation. Besides using these screwdriver style hand grips for turning wrench heads, FIGS. 4B and 5, show hand tools 70a and 70b can also be use to turn screwdriver assemblies 80 and 80a, respectively. The handles on both hand tools 70a-b can be pivot together on the opposite side of the central hub from their screwdriver tool. With a means for locking the handles in place, the user can grip the handles and use them like a screwdriver hand grip to use screwdriver assemblies 80 and 80a. Each hand tool 70a-b uses support member 65c and 75a, respectively, to provide a stop for the rotation of, and provide a stable position for handles 61a-b and 62a-b, respectively, so that the user can operate the screwdriver.
Double Handle (FIG. 5)
A double handle mode of operation is possible with the disclosed folding hand tools that have a central hub and an additional elongated tool. In FIG. 5, with screwdriver assembly 80a mounted in attachment channel 77b, assembly 80a can act like a third handle allowing any two of the three functional handles (wrench handles 76a, and 76b, and screwdriver assembly 80a) to turn the third handle. For example, if handles 76a-b are rotated ninety degrees from their shown positions they form a double handle grip for turning screwdriver arm 77 and assembly 80a. For effective use in this position, the hinges formed by hinge pins 66a-b can have a pivotal locking means to allow hub 75 to be stable during use. If handle 76b is pivoted one-hundred eighty degrees to the left and handle 76a is pivoted ninety degrees to a straight down position, handle 76b and arm 77 with assembly 80a can be used as a double handle to turn handle 76a along its longitudinal axis. In this position, handle 76a acts like a tool extension for wrench head assemblies 51d and 52a. A similar arrangement exists for using handle 76b as a tool extension when handle 76b is pivoted ninety degrees and handle 76a is pivoted one-hundred eighty degrees.
Finally, the reader should understand that a patent of this length and complexity will have errors in it. For this reason, if a sentence within this document is not clear, or has wording that contradict the rest of the specification, that sentence can be ignored to correct the clarity of the patent. Also, errors in reference numbering is nearly unavoidable in a patent of this size, but the correct reference number should be discernable from the context of the paragraph.
RAMIFICATIONS, and SCOPE
The disclosed double nested wrench ends can provide a full set of wrench tools in a convenient folding handle format. With a folding handle, these hand tools can fold to a very compact state or fold out to an extended position for use of the tools. By using wrench heads with two or more gripping surface sizes, the overall weight of the collection of tools is often much less than half the weight of the same collection of tool separately. For fixed sized wrench sets this weight can be one-fourth as much as a complete standard set of similar sized wrenches. Most of the examples shown in this patent show the hand tools with eight or ten wrench sizes. This was done because of the great advantage of having a full set of wrench sizes permanently attached to each other so they cannot be individually lost. However, wrench sets are commonly sold with as little as four wrench. Further, other tools, besides wrenches can take the place of wrench head assemblies in the disclosed examples.
Although the above description of the invention contains many specifications, these should not be viewed as limiting the scope of the invention. Instead, the above description should be considered illustrations of some of the presently preferred embodiments of this invention. For example, the disclosed duplexed, overlapped, and overlapped/duplex wrench heads are only a few example of the multiple gripping surface wrench head that can be used, and many other wrench head styles, types and sizes can easily be substituted. Variable size gripping surface wrench heads is one possible substitution. For some users, significantly different configurations of gripping surface styles and wrench head construction can be used to provide a specific combination of tools, or more ergonomic configuration for a specific user's need. The examples presented in this patent are only a small fraction of the vast number of configurations for double nested wrenches.
Thus, instead of limiting the protection accorded by this document, or any document which is related to this document, to the material explicitly disclosed herein, the protection should be understood as being defined by the claims when the terms used in those claims which are set fourth below under the label “EXPLICIT DEFINITIONS” are given the explicit definitions set forth under that label, and the remaining terms are given their broadest reasonable interpretation as shown by a general purpose dictionary. To the extent that the interpretation which would be given based on the above disclosure or incorporated priority document is in any way narrower than the interpretation which would be given based on the “EXPLICIT DEFINITIONS” and the broadest reasonable interpretation as shown by a general purpose dictionary, the interpretation provided by the “EXPLICIT DEFINITIONS” and the broadest reasonable interpretation shall control, and the narrower interpretation shall have no effect.
EXPLICIT DEFINITIONS


    
    
        When used in the claims “SUBSTANTIALLY PARALLEL” should be understood to mean the relationship between two elongated objects that is within twenty degrees of being exactly parallel.
        When used in the claims “SUBSTANTIALLY PERPENDICULAR” should be understood to mean and angle within twenty degrees of being exactly perpendicular.
        When used in the claims “FOLDING HINGE” should be understood to mean a hinge that is used to pivot or fold one or more wrench handles (or arms) between a stowed position for stowage and an extended position for use.
        When used in the claims “LONGITUDINALLY ADJACENT” should be understood to mean the relational position where two or more elongated objects (e.g. tool arms, wrench handles, wrench head assemblies, screwdriver arms, screwdriver assemblies, etc.) have their elongated sides adjacent another and their longitudinal axes are substantially parallel to a central axis (midpoint of longitudinal axes) of the collection of elongated objects.

## Claims

1. A hand tool for turning rotary fasteners of different sizes, comprising:
a) a handle comprising first end defining a handle hinge paw with a pivotal axis;
b) a first wrench head assembly comprising a multiple size wrench head attached to a pivotal hinge paw, wherein the pivotal hinge paw defines a pivotal axis for pivotally mounting the first wrench head assembly to the handle hinge paw, and
c) a second wrench head assembly comprising a multiple size wrench head attached to a pivotal hinge post, wherein the pivotal hinge post defines a pivotal axis for pivotally mounting the second wrench head assembly within the pivotal hinge paw of the first wrench head assembly, wherein the pivotal axes of the handle hinge paw, the pivotal hinge paw and the pivotal hinge post are aligned along the same axis, whereby the first and second wrench heads pivot around a single hinge axis.

2. The hand tool in claim 1, wherein the first wrench head assembly has a range of rotation less than three-hundred sixty degrees, and the second wrench head assembly has a range of rotation greater than three-hundred sixty degrees.

3. The hand tool in claim 1, wherein handle hinge paw has a width that allows the second wrench head assembly to rotate through the handle hinge paw, but will not allow the first wrench head assembly cannot rotate through the handle hinge paw.

4. The hand tool in claim 1, further comprising:
a) a second handle hinge paw defined on the handle;
b) a third wrench head assembly comprising a duplexed wrench head and a second pivotal hinge paw, wherein the second pivotal hinge paw defines a pivotal axis for pivotally mounting the third wrench head assembly to the second handle hinge paw, and
c) a fourth wrench head assembly comprising a duplexed wrench head attached to a second pivotal hinge post, wherein the second pivotal hinge post defines a pivotal axis for pivotally mounting the second pivotal hinge post within the second pivotal hinge paw of the third wrench head assembly, wherein the pivotal axes of the second handle hinge paw, the second pivotal hinge post, and the second pivotal hinge paw are aligned along the same axis, whereby the third and fourth wrench heads assemblies pivot around a single hinge axis.

5. The hand tool in claim 4, wherein the first and third wrench head assemblies have the largest wrench sizes, and wherein the second and fourth wrench head assemblies have the smallest wrench sizes.