# Patent

## Title
Mechanism for facilitating dynamic load balancing at application servers in an on-demand services environment

## Abstract

In accordance with embodiments, there are provided mechanisms and methods for facilitating dynamic load balancing at application servers in an on-demand services environment. In one embodiment and by way of example, a method includes polling a plurality of application servers for status, receiving status from each of the plurality of application servers, assigning a priority level to each of the plurality of application servers based on its corresponding status, and facilitating load balancing at the plurality of application servers based on their corresponding priority levels.

## Background
CLAIM OF PRIORITY
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/512,113, entitled “Method and Systems for Load Balancing App Servers” by Oleg Gusak, filed Jul. 27, 2011, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference and priority is claimed thereof.


COPYRIGHT NOTICE
A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains material which is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or the patent disclosure, as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office patent file or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever.
TECHNICAL FIELD
One or more implementations relate generally to data management and, more specifically, to a mechanism for facilitating dynamic load balancing at application servers in an on-demand services environment.
BACKGROUND
A number of conventional load balancing algorithms are used to manage load balancing of multiple application servers. However, since it is virtually unlikely that each application server would receive exactly the same amount of workload as the other application servers, the techniques used by these algorithms fail to manage the load balancing fairly for application servers.
The subject matter discussed in the background section should not be assumed to be prior art merely as a result of its mention in the background section. Similarly, a problem mentioned in the background section or associated with the subject matter of the background section should not be assumed to have been previously recognized in the prior art. The subject matter in the background section merely represents different approaches, which in and of themselves may also be inventions.
In conventional database systems, users access their data resources in one logical database. A user of such a conventional system typically retrieves data from and stores data on the system using the user's own systems. A user system might remotely access one of a plurality of server systems that might in turn access the database system. Data retrieval from the system might include the issuance of a query from the user system to the database system. The database system might process the request for information received in the query and send to the user system information relevant to the request. The secure and efficient retrieval of accurate information and subsequent delivery of this information to the user system has been and continues to be a goal of administrators of database systems. Unfortunately, conventional database approaches are associated with various limitations.
SUMMARY
In accordance with embodiments, there are provided mechanisms and methods for facilitating dynamic load balancing at application servers in an on-demand services environment. In one embodiment and by way of example, a method of embodiment includes polling a plurality of application servers for status, receiving status from each of the plurality of application servers, assigning a priority level to each of the plurality of application servers based on its corresponding status, and facilitating load balancing at the plurality of application servers based on their corresponding priority levels.
While the present invention is described with reference to an embodiment in which techniques for facilitating management of data in an on-demand services environment are implemented in a system having an application server providing a front end for an on-demand database service capable of supporting multiple tenants, the present invention is not limited to multi-tenant databases nor deployment on application servers. Embodiments may be practiced using other database architectures, i.e., ORACLE®, DB2® by IBM and the like without departing from the scope of the embodiments claimed.
Any of the above embodiments may be used alone or together with one another in any combination. Inventions encompassed within this specification may also include embodiments that are only partially mentioned or alluded to or are not mentioned or alluded to at all in this brief summary or in the abstract. Although various embodiments of the invention may have been motivated by various deficiencies with the prior art, which may be discussed or alluded to in one or more places in the specification, the embodiments of the invention do not necessarily address any of these deficiencies. In other words, different embodiments of the invention may address different deficiencies that may be discussed in the specification. Some embodiments may only partially address some deficiencies or just one deficiency that may be discussed in the specification, and some embodiments may not address any of these deficiencies.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
In the following drawings like reference numbers are used to refer to like elements. Although the following figures depict various examples, one or more implementations are not limited to the examples depicted in the figures.
FIG. 1 illustrates a computing system employing a dynamic load balancing mechanism according to one embodiment;
FIG. 2 illustrates a dynamic load balancing mechanism employed at a computing device according to one embodiment;
FIG. 3 illustrates a dynamic load balancing mechanism serving as a load balancer for multiple application servers according to one embodiment;
FIG. 4 illustrates a method for dynamic load balancing at application servers according to one embodiment;
FIG. 5 illustrates a computer system according to one embodiment;
FIG. 6 illustrates a block diagram of an environment wherein an on-demand database service might be used according to one embodiment; and
FIG. 7 illustrates a block diagram of an embodiment of elements of environment of FIG. 6 and various possible interconnections between these elements according to one embodiment.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Methods and systems are provided for facilitating dynamic load balancing at application servers an on-demand service environment. A method of embodiments includes polling a plurality of application servers for status, receiving status from each of the plurality of application servers, assigning a priority level to each of the plurality of application servers based on its corresponding status, and facilitating load balancing at the plurality of application servers based on their corresponding priority levels.
As used herein, a term multi-tenant database system refers to those systems in which various elements of hardware and software of the database system may be shared by one or more customers. For example, a given application server may simultaneously process requests for a great number of customers, and a given database table may store rows for a potentially much greater number of customers.
Next, mechanisms and methods for dynamic load balancing for application servers in an on-demand service environment will be described with reference to example embodiments.
FIG. 1 illustrates a computing system employing a dynamic load balancing mechanism according to one embodiment. In one embodiment, a computing device 100 serves as a host machine hosting dynamic load balancing mechanism 110 to facilitate dynamic load balancing of workloads at multiple application servers. Computing device 100 represents a computing system that includes a dedicated appliance performing data flow multiplexing and/or de-multiplexing and implementing an algorithm for assigning incoming user flows to application servers.
Computing device 100 includes an operating system 106 serving as an interface between any hardware or physical resources of the computer device 100 and a user. Computing device 100 further includes one or more processors 102, memory devices 104, network devices, drivers, or the like, as well as input/output sources 108, such as touchscreens, touch panels, touch pads, virtual or regular keyboards, virtual or regular mice, etc. It is to be noted that terms like “node”, “computing node”, “client”, “server”, “machine”, “host machine”, “device”, “computing device”, “computer”, “computing system”, “multi-tenant on-demand data system”, and the like, are used interchangeably and synonymously throughout this document.
FIG. 2 illustrates a dynamic load balancing mechanism employed at a computing device according to one embodiment. In one embodiment, dynamic load balancing mechanism 110 includes an application server responder unit (“responder unit”) 200 having components 202 and 204, and a load balancer 220 having various components 206, 208, 210, 212 and 214 to offer a number of services to facilitate management of workload, including dynamic load balancing, at multiple application servers in an on-demand services environment. This provides an efficient solution to problems (e.g., estimating weights of the round robin algorithm) associated with various conventional load balancing techniques so that a fair distribution of workload can be achieved.
In one embodiment, the responder unit 200 may be employed at application servers where a data access module 202 may be used by each application server to access the relevant data or information provided by its associated virtual machines (VMs) (e.g., Java® VM (JVM), Common Language Runtime (CLR), Parrot® VM (PVM), etc.). For example, a VM may provide certain details about an application server, such as the amount of allocated memory to objects, state of memory heaps, the number of garbage collections performed during a given period of time or for a particular heap, etc. Once the data is accessed by the data access module 202, it is then analyzed by a data analysis module 204 of the responder unit 200. This way, each application server maintains information about its state (or availability) as retrieved from (or based on) the data provided by (and accessed at) the VMs associated with it.
In one embodiment, a polling module 210 of the polling unit 206 polls or pings the application servers to determine their status, such as to check whether an application server is ready to service requests from users. The polling may be performed periodically (such as based on a predetermined schedule as set forth by a system administrator) or as necessitated by a computing system and/or as desired by the system administrator, etc. In response to the polling, based on the aforementioned data analysis, an application server sends a response back to the polling unit 206 indicating its status or state of its memory heap, such as simply whether it is available or not or providing a more detailed response including the level of its availability and the amount of work it is capable of performing as determined from the data analysis.
Based on the responses received from the application servers, in one embodiment, a priority module 214 of the polling unit 206 assigns various priority levels to the application servers. The assigned priority levels may simply be assigned numbers, such as first, second, third, etc., indicating the status and/or level of availability of each application server. For example, a highest priority is assigned by the dynamic load balancing mechanism 110 to one or more application servers that in comparison with other application servers, report more available space in the heap and/or have performed fewer full garbage collections during the last or any particular interval of time. As aforementioned, such determinations are made and conclusions are reached based on the data provided by relevant VMs as accessed by the data access module 202 and analyzed by the data analysis module 204 of the responder unit 200 at each application server. Once the priorities have been assigned, a performance facilitator 208 facilitates load balancing at the relevant application servers according to their assigned priorities, such as an application server with the highest priority is assigned the user request before other application servers and so forth. Furthermore, in one embodiment, since the workload at the application servers continues to change, it results in the changing heap space and therefore the availability of each application server as detected, determined, and processed by the dynamic load balancing mechanism 110.
A VM refers to a runtime environment that is a software implementation of a machine (e.g., computing device) that is capable of executing software programs like a physical machine. For example, a system VM provides a complete system platform to support the execution of a complete operating system, while a process VM is designed to run a single software program, which means it supports a single process. An application server (e.g., Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition (J2EE), JBoss® Application server, IBM® application server, etc.) refers to a software framework or platform provides an environment in which software applications can run, regardless of the nature or type of these applications, and is dedicated to the efficient execution of procedures (e.g., software programs, routines, scripts) for supporting the construction of software applications. Garbage collection (GC) refers to a form of automatic memory management to reclaim garbage or memory occupied by objects that are no longer in use by a software program. It is contemplated that the terms “software program” and “software application” and are used interchangeably and synonymously throughout the document.
It is contemplated that any number and type of components may be added to and removed from the dynamic load balancing mechanism 110 to facilitate its workings and operability in facilitating dynamic load balancing at application servers. For brevity, clarity, ease of understanding and to focus on the dynamic load balancing mechanism 110, many of the conventional or known components of a computing device are not shown or discussed here.
FIG. 3 illustrates a dynamic load balancing mechanism serving as a load balancer for multiple application servers according to one embodiment. In the illustrated embodiment, the dynamic load balancing mechanism 110 is in communication with multiple application servers 1-N 302, 304, 306 as referenced by solid arrows between them. As illustrated by another solid arrow between a user-based computing device 322 and the load balancing mechanism 110 that a request is received, at the load balancing mechanism 110, from the computing device 322 (as placed by a user using an interface, such as a Graphical-User Interface (GUI)-based interface, etc.). The request is processed by the load balancing mechanism 110 such that load balancing of multiple application servers 302, 304, 306 is performed based on priority assignments 312 (e.g., assigned weights) of these application servers 302, 304, 306.
In one embodiment and as illustrated by the dotted arrows, the application servers 302, 304, 306 are periodically polled by the polling unit 206 (as shown in reference to FIG. 2) of the load balancing mechanism 110 to determine their status, including availability and capacity, etc., and in response, using the application server responding unit 200 (as shown in reference to FIG. 2), each application server 302, 304, 306 provides its status back to the load balancing mechanism 110. Using the status, the load balancing mechanism 110 assigns a priority level 312 (as represented by weights, such as weight_i, weight_j, weight_n, etc.) to each application server 302, 304, 306 based on its corresponding status. Stated differently, using this dynamic assignment of priorities or weights 312, a fair load balancing or distribution of workload at the applications servers 302, 304, 306 can be achieved, which can result in an increasingly better response time and promote efficient workload leveling (e.g., Central Processing Unit (CPU) and memory utilization) of the application servers 302, 304, 306. In addition to achieving a fair or equalized distribution of external load to the application server 302, 304, 306, the overall overhead introduced by the management system is also minimized, such as minimizing memory allocations by the application severs 302, 304, 306 and consequently, minimizing garbage collection of memory heaps.
FIG. 4 illustrates a method for dynamic load balancing at application servers according to one embodiment. Method 400 may be performed by processing logic that may comprise hardware (e.g., circuitry, dedicated logic, programmable logic, microcode, etc.), software (such as instructions run on a processing device), or a combination thereof, such as firmware or functional circuitry within hardware devices. In one embodiment, method 400 is performed by the dynamic load balancing mechanism 110 of FIG. 1.
Method 400 begins at block 405 with accessing of data or information (e.g., state of memory heaps, number of garbage collections performed during a period of time, current state of memory, amount of available memory, etc.) by application servers as provided by virtual machines. At block 410, the accessed data is analyzed by application servers. At block 415, application servers are polled for status which includes the analyzed data. At block 420, status of each application server is received. At block 425, based on the status received from the application servers, a priority is assigned to each application server. At block 430, load balancing is facilitated at the application servers based on their corresponding assigned priorities.
FIG. 5 illustrates a diagrammatic representation of a machine 500 in the exemplary form of a computer system, in accordance with one embodiment, within which a set of instructions, for causing the machine 500 to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein, may be executed. Machine 500 may be the same as or similar to computing device 100 of FIG. 1 and computing device 322 of FIG. 3. In alternative embodiments, the machine may be connected (e.g., networked) to other machines in a Local Area Network (LAN), an intranet, an extranet, or the Internet. The machine may operate in the capacity of a server or a client machine in a client-server network environment, or as a peer machine in a peer-to-peer (or distributed) network environment or as a server or series of servers within an on-demand service environment, including an on-demand environment providing multi-tenant database storage services. Certain embodiments of the machine may be in the form of a personal computer (PC), a tablet PC, a set-top box (STB), a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), a cellular telephone, a web appliance, a server, a network router, switch or bridge, computing system, or any machine capable of executing a set of instructions (sequential or otherwise) that specify actions to be taken by that machine. Further, while only a single machine is illustrated, the term “machine” shall also be taken to include any collection of machines (e.g., computers) that individually or jointly execute a set (or multiple sets) of instructions to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein.
The exemplary computer system 500 includes a processor 502, a main memory 504 (e.g., read-only memory (ROM), flash memory, dynamic random access memory (DRAM) such as synchronous DRAM (SDRAM) or Rambus DRAM (RDRAM), etc., static memory such as flash memory, static random access memory (SRAM), volatile but high-data rate RAM, etc.), and a secondary memory 518 (e.g., a persistent storage device including hard disk drives and persistent multi-tenant data base implementations), which communicate with each other via a bus 530. Main memory 504 includes emitted execution data 524 (e.g., data emitted by a logging framework) and one or more trace preferences 523 which operate in conjunction with processing logic 526 and processor 502 to perform the methodologies discussed herein.
Processor 502 represents one or more general-purpose processing devices such as a microprocessor, central processing unit, or the like. More particularly, the processor 502 may be a complex instruction set computing (CISC) microprocessor, reduced instruction set computing (RISC) microprocessor, very long instruction word (VLIW) microprocessor, processor implementing other instruction sets, or processors implementing a combination of instruction sets. Processor 502 may also be one or more special-purpose processing devices such as an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA), a digital signal processor (DSP), network processor, or the like. Processor 502 is configured to execute the processing logic 526 for performing the operations and functionality of dynamic load balancing mechanism 110 as described with reference to FIGS. 1 and 2 and other figures discussed herein.
The computer system 500 may further include a network interface card 508. The computer system 500 also may include a user interface 510 (such as a video display unit, a liquid crystal display (LCD), or a cathode ray tube (CRT)), an alphanumeric input device 512 (e.g., a keyboard), a cursor control device 514 (e.g., a mouse), and a signal generation device 516 (e.g., an integrated speaker). The computer system 500 may further include peripheral device 536 (e.g., wireless or wired communication devices, memory devices, storage devices, audio processing devices, video processing devices, etc. The computer system 500 may further include a Hardware based API logging framework 534 capable of executing incoming requests for services and emitting execution data responsive to the fulfillment of such incoming requests.
The secondary memory 518 may include a machine-readable storage medium (or more specifically a machine-accessible storage medium) 531 on which is stored one or more sets of instructions (e.g., software 522) embodying any one or more of the methodologies or functions of dynamic load balancing mechanism 110 as described with reference to FIGS. 1 and 2 and other figures described herein. The software 522 may also reside, completely or at least partially, within the main memory 504 and/or within the processor 502 during execution thereof by the computer system 500, the main memory 504 and the processor 502 also constituting machine-readable storage media. The software 522 may further be transmitted or received over a network 520 via the network interface card 508. The machine-readable storage medium 531 may include transitory or non-transitory machine-readable storage media.
Portions of various embodiments of the present invention may be provided as a computer program product, which may include a computer-readable medium having stored thereon computer program instructions, which may be used to program a computer (or other electronic devices) to perform a process according to the embodiments of the present invention. The machine-readable medium may include, but is not limited to, floppy diskettes, optical disks, compact disk read-only memory (CD-ROM), and magneto-optical disks, ROM, RAM, erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically EPROM (EEPROM), magnet or optical cards, flash memory, or other type of media/machine-readable medium suitable for storing electronic instructions.
The techniques shown in the figures can be implemented using code and data stored and executed on one or more electronic devices (e.g., an end station, a network element). Such electronic devices store and communicate (internally and/or with other electronic devices over a network) code and data using computer-readable media, such as non-transitory computer-readable storage media (e.g., magnetic disks; optical disks; random access memory; read only memory; flash memory devices; phase-change memory) and transitory computer-readable transmission media (e.g., electrical, optical, acoustical or other form of propagated signals—such as carrier waves, infrared signals, digital signals). In addition, such electronic devices typically include a set of one or more processors coupled to one or more other components, such as one or more storage devices (non-transitory machine-readable storage media), user input/output devices (e.g., a keyboard, a touchscreen, and/or a display), and network connections. The coupling of the set of processors and other components is typically through one or more busses and bridges (also termed as bus controllers). Thus, the storage device of a given electronic device typically stores code and/or data for execution on the set of one or more processors of that electronic device. Of course, one or more parts of an embodiment of the invention may be implemented using different combinations of software, firmware, and/or hardware.
Computing device 500, like computing device 100 of FIG. 1 and computing device 322 of FIG. 3, may include mobile computing devices, such as cellular phones including smartphones (e.g., iPhone®, BlackBerry®, etc.), handheld computing devices, personal digital assistants (PDAs), etc., tablet computers (e.g., iPad®, Samsung® Galaxy Tab®, etc.), laptop computers (e.g., notebooks, netbooks, etc.), e-readers (e.g., Kindle®, Nook®, etc.), etc. Computing device 500 may further include set-top boxes (e.g., Internet-based cable television set-top boxes, etc.), and larger computing devices, such as desktop computers, server computers, cluster-based computers, etc.
FIG. 6 illustrates a block diagram of an environment 610 wherein an on-demand database service might be used. Environment 610 may include user systems 612, network 614, system 616, processor system 617, application platform 618, network interface 620, tenant data storage 622, system data storage 624, program code 626, and process space 628. In other embodiments, environment 610 may not have all of the components listed and/or may have other elements instead of, or in addition to, those listed above.
Environment 610 is an environment in which an on-demand database service exists. User system 612 may be any machine or system that is used by a user to access a database user system. For example, any of user systems 612 can be a handheld computing device, a mobile phone, a laptop computer, a work station, and/or a network of computing devices. As illustrated in herein FIG. 6 (and in more detail in FIG. 7) user systems 612 might interact via a network 614 with an on-demand database service, which is system 616.
An on-demand database service, such as system 616, is a database system that is made available to outside users that do not need to necessarily be concerned with building and/or maintaining the database system, but instead may be available for their use when the users need the database system (e.g., on the demand of the users). Some on-demand database services may store information from one or more tenants stored into tables of a common database image to form a multi-tenant database system (MTS). Accordingly, “on-demand database service 616” and “system 616” will be used interchangeably herein. A database image may include one or more database objects. A relational database management system (RDMS) or the equivalent may execute storage and retrieval of information against the database object(s). Application platform 618 may be a framework that allows the applications of system 616 to run, such as the hardware and/or software, e.g., the operating system. In an embodiment, on-demand database service 616 may include an application platform 618 that enables creation, managing and executing one or more applications developed by the provider of the on-demand database service, users accessing the on-demand database service via user systems 612, or third party application developers accessing the on-demand database service via user systems 612.
The users of user systems 612 may differ in their respective capacities, and the capacity of a particular user system 612 might be entirely determined by permissions (permission levels) for the current user. For example, where a salesperson is using a particular user system 612 to interact with system 616, that user system has the capacities allotted to that salesperson. However, while an administrator is using that user system to interact with system 616, that user system has the capacities allotted to that administrator. In systems with a hierarchical role model, users at one permission level may have access to applications, data, and database information accessible by a lower permission level user, but may not have access to certain applications, database information, and data accessible by a user at a higher permission level. Thus, different users will have different capabilities with regard to accessing and modifying application and database information, depending on a user's security or permission level.
Network 614 is any network or combination of networks of devices that communicate with one another. For example, network 614 can be any one or any combination of a LAN (local area network), WAN (wide area network), telephone network, wireless network, point-to-point network, star network, token ring network, hub network, or other appropriate configuration. As the most common type of computer network in current use is a TCP/IP (Transfer Control Protocol and Internet Protocol) network, such as the global internetwork of networks often referred to as the “Internet” with a capital “I,” that network will be used in many of the examples herein. However, it should be understood that the networks that one or more implementations might use are not so limited, although TCP/IP is a frequently implemented protocol.
User systems 612 might communicate with system 616 using TCP/IP and, at a higher network level, use other common Internet protocols to communicate, such as HTTP, FTP, AFS, WAP, etc. In an example where HTTP is used, user system 612 might include an HTTP client commonly referred to as a “browser” for sending and receiving HTTP messages to and from an HTTP server at system 616. Such an HTTP server might be implemented as the sole network interface between system 616 and network 614, but other techniques might be used as well or instead. In some implementations, the interface between system 616 and network 614 includes load sharing functionality, such as round-robin HTTP request distributors to balance loads and distribute incoming HTTP requests evenly over a plurality of servers. At least as for the users that are accessing that server, each of the plurality of servers has access to the MTS′ data; however, other alternative configurations may be used instead.
In one embodiment, system 616, shown in FIG. 6, implements a web-based customer relationship management (CRM) system. For example, in one embodiment, system 616 includes application servers configured to implement and execute CRM software applications as well as provide related data, code, forms, webpages and other information to and from user systems 612 and to store to, and retrieve from, a database system related data, objects, and Webpage content. With a multi-tenant system, data for multiple tenants may be stored in the same physical database object, however, tenant data typically is arranged so that data of one tenant is kept logically separate from that of other tenants so that one tenant does not have access to another tenant's data, unless such data is expressly shared. In certain embodiments, system 616 implements applications other than, or in addition to, a CRM application. For example, system 616 may provide tenant access to multiple hosted (standard and custom) applications, including a CRM application. User (or third party developer) applications, which may or may not include CRM, may be supported by the application platform 618, which manages creation, storage of the applications into one or more database objects and executing of the applications in a virtual machine in the process space of the system 616.
One arrangement for elements of system 616 is shown in FIG. 6, including a network interface 620, application platform 618, tenant data storage 622 for tenant data 623, system data storage 624 for system data 625 accessible to system 616 and possibly multiple tenants, program code 626 for implementing various functions of system 616, and a process space 628 for executing MTS system processes and tenant-specific processes, such as running applications as part of an application hosting service. Additional processes that may execute on system 616 include database indexing processes.
Several elements in the system shown in FIG. 6 include conventional, well-known elements that are explained only briefly here. For example, each user system 612 could include a desktop personal computer, workstation, laptop, PDA, cell phone, or any wireless access protocol (WAP) enabled device or any other computing device capable of interfacing directly or indirectly to the Internet or other network connection. User system 612 typically runs an HTTP client, e.g., a browsing program, such as Microsoft's Internet Explorer browser, Netscape's Navigator browser, Opera's browser, or a WAP-enabled browser in the case of a cell phone, PDA or other wireless device, or the like, allowing a user (e.g., subscriber of the multi-tenant database system) of user system 612 to access, process and view information, pages and applications available to it from system 616 over network 614. Each user system 612 also typically includes one or more user interface devices, such as a keyboard, a mouse, trackball, touch pad, touch screen, pen or the like, for interacting with a graphical user interface (GUI) provided by the browser on a display (e.g., a monitor screen, LCD display, etc.) in conjunction with pages, forms, applications and other information provided by system 616 or other systems or servers. For example, the user interface device can be used to access data and applications hosted by system 616, and to perform searches on stored data, and otherwise allow a user to interact with various GUI pages that may be presented to a user. As discussed above, embodiments are suitable for use with the Internet, which refers to a specific global internetwork of networks. However, it should be understood that other networks can be used instead of the Internet, such as an intranet, an extranet, a virtual private network (VPN), a non-TCP/IP based network, any LAN or WAN or the like.
According to one embodiment, each user system 612 and all of its components are operator configurable using applications, such as a browser, including computer code run using a central processing unit such as an Intel Pentium® processor or the like. Similarly, system 616 (and additional instances of an MTS, where more than one is present) and all of their components might be operator configurable using application(s) including computer code to run using a central processing unit such as processor system 617, which may include an Intel Pentium® processor or the like, and/or multiple processor units. A computer program product embodiment includes a machine-readable storage medium (media) having instructions stored thereon/in which can be used to program a computer to perform any of the processes of the embodiments described herein. Computer code for operating and configuring system 616 to intercommunicate and to process webpages, applications and other data and media content as described herein are preferably downloaded and stored on a hard disk, but the entire program code, or portions thereof, may also be stored in any other volatile or non-volatile memory medium or device as is well known, such as a ROM or RAM, or provided on any media capable of storing program code, such as any type of rotating media including floppy disks, optical discs, digital versatile disk (DVD), compact disk (CD), microdrive, and magneto-optical disks, and magnetic or optical cards, nanosystems (including molecular memory ICs), or any type of media or device suitable for storing instructions and/or data. Additionally, the entire program code, or portions thereof, may be transmitted and downloaded from a software source over a transmission medium, e.g., over the Internet, or from another server, as is well known, or transmitted over any other conventional network connection as is well known (e.g., extranet, VPN, LAN, etc.) using any communication medium and protocols (e.g., TCP/IP, HTTP, HTTPS, Ethernet, etc.) as are well known. It will also be appreciated that computer code for implementing embodiments can be implemented in any programming language that can be executed on a client system and/or server or server system such as, for example, C, C++, HTML, any other markup language, JavaTM, JavaScript, ActiveX, any other scripting language, such as VBScript, and many other programming languages as are well known may be used. (JavaTM is a trademark of Sun Microsystems, Inc.).
According to one embodiment, each system 616 is configured to provide webpages, forms, applications, data and media content to user (client) systems 612 to support the access by user systems 612 as tenants of system 616. As such, system 616 provides security mechanisms to keep each tenant's data separate unless the data is shared. If more than one MTS is used, they may be located in close proximity to one another (e.g., in a server farm located in a single building or campus), or they may be distributed at locations remote from one another (e.g., one or more servers located in city A and one or more servers located in city B). As used herein, each MTS could include one or more logically and/or physically connected servers distributed locally or across one or more geographic locations. Additionally, the term “server” is meant to include a computer system, including processing hardware and process space(s), and an associated storage system and database application (e.g., OODBMS or RDBMS) as is well known in the art. It should also be understood that “server system” and “server” are often used interchangeably herein. Similarly, the database object described herein can be implemented as single databases, a distributed database, a collection of distributed databases, a database with redundant online or offline backups or other redundancies, etc., and might include a distributed database or storage network and associated processing intelligence.
FIG. 7 also illustrates environment 610. However, in FIG. 7 elements of system 616 and various interconnections in an embodiment are further illustrated. FIG. 7 shows that user system 612 may include processor system 612A, memory system 612B, input system 612C, and output system 612D. FIG. 7 shows network 614 and system 616. FIG. 7 also shows that system 616 may include tenant data storage 622, tenant data 623, system data storage 624, system data 625, User Interface (UI) 730, Application Program Interface (API) 732, PL/SOQL 734, save routines 736, application setup mechanism 738, applications servers 7001-700N, system process space 702, tenant process spaces 704, tenant management process space 710, tenant storage area 712, user storage 714, and application metadata 716. In other embodiments, environment 610 may not have the same elements as those listed above and/or may have other elements instead of, or in addition to, those listed above.
User system 612, network 614, system 616, tenant data storage 622, and system data storage 624 were discussed above in FIG. 6. Regarding user system 612, processor system 612A may be any combination of one or more processors. Memory system 612B may be any combination of one or more memory devices, short term, and/or long term memory. Input system 612C may be any combination of input devices, such as one or more keyboards, mice, trackballs, scanners, cameras, and/or interfaces to networks. Output system 612D may be any combination of output devices, such as one or more monitors, printers, and/or interfaces to networks. As shown by FIG. 7, system 616 may include a network interface 620 (of FIG. 6) implemented as a set of HTTP application servers 700, an application platform 618, tenant data storage 622, and system data storage 624. Also shown is system process space 702, including individual tenant process spaces 704 and a tenant management process space 710. Each application server 700 may be configured to tenant data storage 622 and the tenant data 623 therein, and system data storage 624 and the system data 625 therein to serve requests of user systems 612. The tenant data 623 might be divided into individual tenant storage areas 712, which can be either a physical arrangement and/or a logical arrangement of data. Within each tenant storage area 712, user storage 714 and application metadata 716 might be similarly allocated for each user. For example, a copy of a user's most recently used (MRU) items might be stored to user storage 714. Similarly, a copy of MRU items for an entire organization that is a tenant might be stored to tenant storage area 712. A UI 730 provides a user interface and an API 732 provides an application programmer interface to system 616 resident processes to users and/or developers at user systems 612. The tenant data and the system data may be stored in various databases, such as one or more OracleTM databases.
Application platform 618 includes an application setup mechanism 738 that supports application developers' creation and management of applications, which may be saved as metadata into tenant data storage 622 by save routines 736 for execution by subscribers as one or more tenant process spaces 704 managed by tenant management process 710 for example. Invocations to such applications may be coded using PL/SOQL 734 that provides a programming language style interface extension to API 732. A detailed description of some PL/SOQL language embodiments is discussed in commonly owned U.S. Pat. No. 7,730,478 entitled, “Method and System for Allowing Access to Developed Applicants via a Multi-Tenant Database On-Demand Database Service”, issued Jun. 1, 2010 to Craig Weissman, which is incorporated in its entirety herein for all purposes. Invocations to applications may be detected by one or more system processes, which manage retrieving application metadata 716 for the subscriber making the invocation and executing the metadata as an application in a virtual machine.
Each application server 700 may be communicably coupled to database systems, e.g., having access to system data 625 and tenant data 623, via a different network connection. For example, one application server 7001 might be coupled via the network 614 (e.g., the Internet), another application server 700N-1 might be coupled via a direct network link, and another application server 700N might be coupled by yet a different network connection. Transfer Control Protocol and Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) are typical protocols for communicating between application servers 700 and the database system. However, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that other transport protocols may be used to optimize the system depending on the network interconnect used.
In certain embodiments, each application server 700 is configured to handle requests for any user associated with any organization that is a tenant. Because it is desirable to be able to add and remove application servers from the server pool at any time for any reason, there is preferably no server affinity for a user and/or organization to a specific application server 700. In one embodiment, therefore, an interface system implementing a load balancing function (e.g., an F5 Big-IP load balancer) is communicably coupled between the application servers 700 and the user systems 612 to distribute requests to the application servers 700. In one embodiment, the load balancer uses a least connections algorithm to route user requests to the application servers 700. Other examples of load balancing algorithms, such as round robin and observed response time, also can be used. For example, in certain embodiments, three consecutive requests from the same user could hit three different application servers 700, and three requests from different users could hit the same application server 700. In this manner, system 616 is multi-tenant, wherein system 616 handles storage of, and access to, different objects, data and applications across disparate users and organizations.
As an example of storage, one tenant might be a company that employs a sales force where each salesperson uses system 616 to manage their sales process. Thus, a user might maintain contact data, leads data, customer follow-up data, performance data, goals and progress data, etc., all applicable to that user's personal sales process (e.g., in tenant data storage 622). In an example of a MTS arrangement, since all of the data and the applications to access, view, modify, report, transmit, calculate, etc., can be maintained and accessed by a user system having nothing more than network access, the user can manage his or her sales efforts and cycles from any of many different user systems. For example, if a salesperson is visiting a customer and the customer has Internet access in their lobby, the salesperson can obtain critical updates as to that customer while waiting for the customer to arrive in the lobby.
While each user's data might be separate from other users' data regardless of the employers of each user, some data might be organization-wide data shared or accessible by a plurality of users or all of the users for a given organization that is a tenant. Thus, there might be some data structures managed by system 616 that are allocated at the tenant level while other data structures might be managed at the user level. Because an MTS might support multiple tenants including possible competitors, the MTS should have security protocols that keep data, applications, and application use separate. Also, because many tenants may opt for access to an MTS rather than maintain their own system, redundancy, up-time, and backup are additional functions that may be implemented in the MTS. In addition to user-specific data and tenant specific data, system 616 might also maintain system level data usable by multiple tenants or other data. Such system level data might include industry reports, news, postings, and the like that are sharable among tenants.
In certain embodiments, user systems 612 (which may be client systems) communicate with application servers 700 to request and update system-level and tenant-level data from system 616 that may require sending one or more queries to tenant data storage 622 and/or system data storage 624. System 616 (e.g., an application server 700 in system 616) automatically generates one or more SQL statements (e.g., one or more SQL queries) that are designed to access the desired information. System data storage 624 may generate query plans to access the requested data from the database.
Each database can generally be viewed as a collection of objects, such as a set of logical tables, containing data fitted into predefined categories. A “table” is one representation of a data object, and may be used herein to simplify the conceptual description of objects and custom objects. It should be understood that “table” and “object” may be used interchangeably herein. Each table generally contains one or more data categories logically arranged as columns or fields in a viewable schema. Each row or record of a table contains an instance of data for each category defined by the fields. For example, a CRM database may include a table that describes a customer with fields for basic contact information such as name, address, phone number, fax number, etc. Another table might describe a purchase order, including fields for information such as customer, product, sale price, date, etc. In some multi-tenant database systems, standard entity tables might be provided for use by all tenants. For CRM database applications, such standard entities might include tables for Account, Contact, Lead, and Opportunity data, each containing pre-defined fields. It should be understood that the word “entity” may also be used interchangeably herein with “object” and “table”.
In some multi-tenant database systems, tenants may be allowed to create and store custom objects, or they may be allowed to customize standard entities or objects, for example by creating custom fields for standard objects, including custom index fields. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/817,161, filed Apr. 2, 2004, entitled “Custom Entities and Fields in a Multi-Tenant Database System”, and which is hereby incorporated herein by reference, teaches systems and methods for creating custom objects as well as customizing standard objects in a multi-tenant database system. In certain embodiments, for example, all custom entity data rows are stored in a single multi-tenant physical table, which may contain multiple logical tables per organization. It is transparent to customers that their multiple “tables” are in fact stored in one large table or that their data may be stored in the same table as the data of other customers.
While one or more implementations have been described by way of example and in terms of the specific embodiments, it is to be understood that one or more implementations are not limited to the disclosed embodiments. To the contrary, it is intended to cover various modifications and similar arrangements as would be apparent to those skilled in the art. Therefore, the scope of the appended claims should be accorded the broadest interpretation so as to encompass all such modifications and similar arrangements. It is to be understood that the above description is intended to be illustrative, and not restrictive.

## Claims

1. A computer-implemented method comprising:
polling a plurality of application servers for status, wherein polling includes periodically pinging each of the plurality of application servers;
in response to the polling, receiving status reports corresponding to the plurality of application servers, wherein each status report includes data analysis relating to an availability or a capability of each of the plurality of application servers, wherein the status reports are generated based on sets of details provided, in real-time, by a plurality virtual machines associated with the plurality of application servers, wherein the sets of details are collected, in real-time, by one or more virtual machines associated with each application server;
assigning priority levels to the plurality of application servers based on the status reports, wherein each application server is assigned a single priority level based on its corresponding status report, wherein the assigned priority levels are dynamically adjusted based on the real-time collection of the sets of details by the plurality of virtual machines, wherein, based on the real-time collection of the sets of details, a high priority level of the assigned priority levels is assigned to one or more application servers that, in comparison with other applications, have more available space in a heap or performed fewer full garbage collections during a last or any particular interval of time; and
facilitating dynamic load balancing at the plurality of application servers based on the assigned priority levels.

2. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising accessing data at virtual machines associated with the plurality of application servers, and analyzing the data accessed at the virtual machines, wherein the data relates to at least one of the availability and the capability of each of the plurality of application servers.

3. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein each priority level includes a number indicating a queue placement of a corresponding application server of the plurality of application servers.

4. A system comprising:
a computing device having a memory to store instructions, and a processing device to execute the instructions, wherein the instructions cause the processing device to:
poll a plurality of application servers for status, wherein polling includes periodically pinging each of the plurality of application servers;
in response to the polling, receive status reports corresponding to the plurality of application servers, wherein each status report includes data analysis relating to an availability or a capability of each of the plurality of application servers, wherein the status reports are generated based on sets of details provided, in real-time, by a plurality virtual machines associated with the plurality of application servers, wherein the sets of details are collected, in real-time, by one or more virtual machines associated with each application server;
assign priority levels to the plurality of application servers based on the status reports, wherein each application server is assigned a single priority level based on its corresponding status report, wherein the assigned priority levels are dynamically adjusted based on the real-time collection of the sets of details by the plurality of virtual machines, wherein, based on the real-time collection of the sets of details, a high priority level of the assigned priority levels is assigned to one or more application servers that, in comparison with other applications, have more available space in a heap or performed fewer full garbage collections during a last or any particular interval of time; and
facilitate dynamic load balancing at the plurality of application servers based on the assigned priority levels.

5. The system of claim 4, wherein the processing device is further to access data at virtual machines associated with the plurality of application servers, and analyzing the data accessed at the virtual machines, wherein the data relates to at least one of the availability and the capability of each of the plurality of application servers.

6. The system of claim 4, wherein each priority level includes a number indicating a queue placement of a corresponding application server each of the plurality of application servers.

7. At least one non-transitory machine-readable medium having stored thereon instructions which, when executed by a machine, cause the machine to:
poll a plurality of application servers for status, wherein polling includes periodically pinging each of the plurality of application servers;
in response to the polling, receive status reports corresponding to the plurality of application servers, wherein each status report includes data analysis relating to an availability or a capability of each of the plurality of application servers, wherein the status reports are generated based on sets of details provided, in real-time, by a plurality virtual machines associated with the plurality of application servers, wherein the sets of details are collected, in real-time, by one or more virtual machines associated with each application server;
assign priority levels to the plurality of application servers based on the status reports, wherein each application server is assigned a single priority level based on its corresponding status report, wherein the assigned priority levels are dynamically adjusted based on the real-time collection of the sets of details by the plurality of virtual machines, wherein, based on the real-time collection of the sets of details, a high priority level of the assigned priority levels is assigned to one or more application servers that, in comparison with other applications, have more available space in a heap or performed fewer full garbage collections during a last or any particular interval of time; and
facilitate dynamic load balancing at the plurality of application servers based on the assigned priority levels.

8. The non-transitory machine-readable medium of claim 7, wherein the machine is further to access data at virtual machines associated with the plurality of application servers, and analyzing the data accessed at the virtual machines, wherein the data relates to at least one of the availability and the capability of each of the plurality of application servers.

9. The non-transitory machine-readable medium of claim 7, wherein each priority level includes a number indicating a queue placement of a corresponding application server of the plurality of application servers.

10. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the priority levels are capable of being dynamically changed with updating of the data analysis based on varying of at least one of the availability and the capability of the application servers.

11. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein periodic pinging includes at least one of an on-demand pinging as necessitated or desired and an automatic pining based on a predetermined schedule, and wherein each set of details comprises specific information relating to a corresponding application server, the specific information including one or more of an amount of allocated memory to objects, a state of memory heaps, and a number of garbage collections performed during a period of time or for a particular heap.

12. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the availability includes a schedule of availability indicating an application server being available now or at a later time or at regular time intervals, and wherein the capability refers to the application server having a capacity for performing a pending job.

13. The system of claim 4, wherein the priority levels are capable of being dynamically changed with updating of the data analysis based on varying of at least one of the availability and the capability of the application servers.

14. The system of claim 4, wherein periodic pinging includes at least one of an on-demand pinging as necessitated or desired and an automatic pining based on a predetermined schedule, and wherein each set of details comprises specific information relating to a corresponding application server, the specific information including one or more of an amount of allocated memory to objects, a state of memory heaps, and a number of garbage collections performed during a period of time or for a particular heap.

15. The system of claim 4, wherein the availability includes a schedule of availability indicating an application server being available now or at a later time or at regular time intervals, and wherein the capability refers to the application server having a capacity for performing a pending job.

16. The non-transitory machine-readable medium of claim 7, wherein the priority levels are capable of being dynamically changed with updating of the data analysis based on varying of at least one of the availability and the capability of the application servers.

17. The non-transitory machine-readable medium of claim 7, wherein periodic pinging includes at least one of an on-demand pinging as necessitated or desired and an automatic pining based on a predetermined schedule, and wherein each set of details comprises specific information relating to a corresponding application server, the specific information including one or more of an amount of allocated memory to objects, a state of memory heaps, and a number of garbage collections performed during a period of time or for a particular heap.

18. The non-transitory machine-readable medium of claim 7, wherein the availability includes a schedule of availability indicating an application server being available now or at a later time or at regular time intervals, and wherein the capability refers to the application server having a capacity for performing a pending job.