TO: Air and Radiation Docket EPA-HQ-OAR-2015-0093

SUBJECT: Evaluaton of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Carinata Oil Production and Transport

Description: Spreadsheet calculations used to estimate GHG emissions for the production of carinata oil.

Outline of this Spreadsheet:

Tab Name Description

Data sources Description of data sources used for each input

Input & Emissions Summary of input assumptions and GHG emissions

CO2eq Emissions Calculations of carinata and soybean emissions from agricultural inputs

Inputs Summary of inputs for carinata and soybean

Yields Crop and oil yields per acre

Conversions Factors to convert between units

N2O Summary of N2O emissions for carinata and soybean

N2O calc Calculation of N2O emissions from carinata

soybean N2O calc Calculation of N2O emissions from soybeans

CRFactors Factors used to calculate N2O emissions from soybeans

Returns Economic returns for carinata

Oil Extraction Energy inputs to extract oil from carinata and soybeans
uction and Transport

he production of carinata oil.
Inputs Data source

Nitrogen Fertilizer 40 - 80 lbs/acre Low, assumed to be same as EPA's camelina estimate. H

Phosphorus Fertilizer 15 - 30 lbs/acre Low, assumed to be same as EPA's camelina estimate. H

Potassium Fertilizer 0 - 10 lbs/acre Low, based off of petioner information - carinata is expe

Herbicide 2.75 - 2.75 lbs/acre Petition, assumed to be the same as EPA's camelina est

Pesticide 0 - 0 lbs/acre Petition

Diesel 3.5 - 3.5 gal/acre Petition, assumed to be the same as EPA's camelina est

Gasoline 0 - 0 gal/acre Petition

Crop Yield Data source

2022 projected 1865 lbs seed/acre Petition, based off of 2009-2012 research plots in Canad

Oil Yield Data source

Current 0.44

lb oil/lb carinata 

seed Amount of oil that can be extracted from developed hig

N2O Data source

Ratio of above ground 

residue to product yield 2.31 Janzen 2003, Appendix 1, AG residue/Product for Cano

N content of above ground 

residue 0.008 kg N/kg Janzen 2003, Appendix 1, Canola

Ratio of below ground 

residue to product yield 0.58 Janzen 2003, Appendix 1, Roots/Product for Canola

N content of below ground 

residue 0.01 kg N/kg Janzen 2003, Appendix 1, Canola

References

Janzen, H.H. et al (2003) "The fate of nitrogen in agroecosystems: An illustration using Canadian estimates." Nutrient Cycling 

Saskatchewan Mustard Development Commission, "Carinata Production: A Guide to Best Management Practices" 

Taylor, DC et al (2010) "Brassica carinata- a new molecular farming platform for delivering bio-industrial oil feestocks: case st

Getinet, A. et al (1996) "Agronomic performance and seed quality of Ethiopian mustard in Saskatchewan." Canadian J
me as EPA's camelina estimate. High, based off independent studies. See memo to the docket for more information

me as EPA's camelina estimate. High, based off petitioner test plots

oner information - carinata is expected to be grown on lands with high potassium levels so supplemental potassium fertilizer would gener

e the same as EPA's camelina estimate

e the same as EPA's camelina estimate

009-2012 research plots in Canada (Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and Alberta) and the U.S. (Montana, North Dakota, and South Dakota)

 be extracted from developed high-oil strains the carinata seed. Getinet, A 1996

x 1, AG residue/Product for Canola

x 1, Roots/Product for Canola

dian estimates." Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 67: 85-102.

anagement Practices" 

io-industrial oil feestocks: case studies of genetic modifications to improve very long-chain fatty acid and oil content in seeds" Biofuels, B

askatchewan." Canadian Journal of Plant Science. 76. 387-392
 information

 potassium fertilizer would generally not be necessary. High, assumed to be the same as EPA's camelina estimate

th Dakota, and South Dakota)

d oil content in seeds" Biofuels, Bioproducts & Biorefining 4.5: 538-561.
N2O N/A 583,595 - 868,984 g CO2eq N/A

Nitrogen Fertilizer 40 - 80 lbs 160,439 - 320879 g CO2eq 3.5 - 8.2

Phosphorus Fertilizer 15 - 30 lbs 20,531 - 41061 g CO2eq 5.4 - 21.4

Potassium Fertilizer 0 - 10 lbs 0 - 9049 g CO2eq 3.1 - 24.3

Herbicide 2.75 - 2.75 lbs 78,587 - 78587 g CO2eq 0.0 - 1.3

Pesticide 0 - 0 lbs 0 - 0 g CO2eq 0.1 - 0.8

Diesel 3.5 - 3.5 gal 107,070 - 107070 g CO2eq 3.8 - 8.9

Gasoline 0 - 0 gal 0 - 0 g CO2eq 1.6 - 3.0

Total 950,222 - 1,425,629 g CO2eq

N2O N/A 584 - 869 kg CO2eq N/A

Nitrogen Fertilizer 40 - 80 lbs 160 - 321 kg CO2eq 3.5 - 8.2

Phosphorus Fertilizer 15 - 30 lbs 21 - 41 kg CO2eq 5.4 - 21.4

Potassium Fertilizer 0 - 10 lbs 0 - 9 kg CO2eq 3.1 - 24.3

Herbicide 2.75 - 2.75 lbs 79 - 79 kg CO2eq 0.0 - 1.3

Pesticide 0 - 0 lbs 0 - 0 kg CO2eq 0.1 - 0.8

Diesel 3.5 - 3.5 gal 107 - 107.1 kg CO2eq 3.8 - 8.9

Gasoline 0 - 0 gal 0 - 0 kg CO2eq 1.6 - 3.0

Total 950 - 1426 kg CO2eq

(per acre)

Emissions

(per ton carinata oil)

Carinata

Carinata

Inputs

Soybeans (var

Inputs

(per acre) (per acre)

Inputs

(per ton carinata oil)

Emissions

(per acre)

Soybeans (var

Inputs
449,003 - 661,127 g CO2eq

lbs 23,198 - 79,130 g CO2eq

lbs 13,501 - 64,833 g CO2eq

lbs 5,317 - 48,487 g CO2eq

lbs 2,411 - 69,646 g CO2eq

lbs 12,436 - 50,227 g CO2eq

gal 227,858 - 622,289 g CO2eq

gal 93,091 - 151,433 g CO2eq

961,379 - 1,442,911 g CO2eq

449.0 - 661.1 kg CO2eq

lbs 23.2 - 79.1 kg CO2eq

lbs 13.5 - 64.8 kg CO2eq

lbs 5.3 - 48.5 kg CO2eq

lbs 2.4 - 69.6 kg CO2eq

lbs 12.4 - 50.2 kg CO2eq

gal 227.9 - 622.3 kg CO2eq

gal 93 - 151.4 kg CO2eq

961 - 1443 kg CO2eq

Soybeans (varies by region)

Emissions

(per ton soybean oil)

(per ton soybean oil)

Soybeans (varies by region)

Emissions
Carinata Oil

High Inputs

Category

N2O Emissions 0.00121862

acre/lb 

feedstock oil 2000

lb oil/

ton oil 356,544

g CO2eq/

acre 868,984

Nitrogen Fertilizer 80.0 lbs/acre 0.0005

tons of 

nitrogen/lbs of 

nitrogen 0.00121862

acre/lb 

feedstock oil 2000

lb oil/

ton oil 3,291,414

g CO2eq/

ton of 

nitrogen 320,879

Phosphorus Fertilizer 30.0 lbs/acre 0.0005 tons of P/lbs of P 0.00121862

acre/lb 

feedstock oil 2000

lb oil/

ton oil 1,123,159

g CO2eq/

ton of 

phosphate 41,061

Potassium Fertilizer 10.0 lbs/acre 0.0005 tons of K/lbs of K 0.00121862

acre/lb 

feedstock oil 2000

lb oil/

ton oil 742,546

g CO2eq/

ton of potash 9,049

Herbicide 2.75 lbs/acre 0.0005

tons herbicide/

lbs herbicide 0.00121862

acre/lb 

feedstock oil 2000

lb oil/

ton oil 23,450,279

gCO2eq/

tons of 

herbicide 78,587

Pesticide 0.0 lbs/acre 0.0005

tons pesticide/

lbs pesticide 0.00121862

acre/lb 

feedstock oil 2000

lb oil/

ton oil 27,216,587

gCO2eq/

tons of 

pesticide 0

Diesel 3.50 gal/acre 0.13

mmBTU diesel/

gal diesel 0.00121862

acre/lb 

feedstock oil 2000

lb oil/

ton oil 96,551

gCO2eq/

mmBTU 

diesel 107,070

Gasoline 0.0 gal/acre 0.115

mmBTU/

gal gasoline 0.00121862

acre/lb 

feedstock oil 2000

lb oil/

ton oil 96,754

gCO2eq/

mmBtu 0

Total 

Emissions 1,425,629

Soybean Oil

Inputs (lbs or 

gal/acre)

Yields (lb 

oil/acre)

emissions 

(gCO2eq/ton oil)

Inputs (lbs or 

gal/acre)

Yields (lb 

oil/acre)

Category

N2O Emissions 2000 lb oil/ g CO2eq/ 542.6184 482,687 434.3531

Carinata Input

Conversions

Conversions Emissions/ton oil

Soybean Input Soybean Input

CB GP
Nitrogen Fertilizer 0.0005

tons of nitrogen/lbs of 

nitrogen 2000

lb oil/

ton oil 3291414.00

g CO2eq/

ton of 

nitrogen 7.8114 542.6184 47,382 7.1751 434.3531

Phosphorus Fertilizer 0.0005 tons of P/lbs of P 2000

lb oil/

ton oil 1123158.9

g CO2eq/

ton of 

phosphate 6.6928 542.6184 13,853 13.7389 434.3531

Potassium Fertilizer 0.0005 tons of K/lbs of K 2000

lb oil/

ton oil 742,546

g CO2eq/

ton of potash 20.9214 542.6184 28,630 3.1099 434.3531

Herbicide 0.0005

tons herbicide/

lbs herbicide 2000

lb oil/

ton oil 23450278.7

gCO2eq/

tonsof 

herbicide 1.1800 542.6184 50,996 1.2900 434.3531

Pesticide 0.0005

tons herbicide/

lbs herbicide 2000

lb oil/

ton oil 27,216,587

gCO2eq/

tonsof 

pesticide 0.7000 542.6184 35,111 0.7300 434.3531

Diesel 0.13

mmBTU/

gal diesel 2000

lb oil/

ton oil 96551.365

gCO2eq/

mmBTU 

diesel 8.9237 542.6184 412,840 6.6186 434.3531

Gasoline 0.1150

mmBTU/

gal gasoline 2000

lb oil/

ton oil 96754

gCO2eq/

mmBtu 2.9500 542.6184 120,983 1.8170 434.3531

Total 

Emissions 1,192,482
Carinata Oil

Low Inputs

Category

gCO2eq/ton 

carinata oil N2O Emissions 0.001218621

acre/lb 

feedstock oil 2000

lb oil/

ton oil 239,449.21

g CO2eq/

acre 583,595

gCO2eq/ton 

carinata oil Nitrogen Fertilizer 40.0 lbs/acre 0.0005

tons of 

nitrogen/lbs 

of nitrogen 0.001218621

acre/lb 

feedstock oil 2000

lb oil/

ton oil 3,291,414.00

g CO2eq/

ton of 

nitrogen 160,439

gCO2eq/ton 

carinata oil Phosphorus Fertilizer 15.0 lbs/acre 0.0005

tons of 

P/lbs of P 0.001218621

acre/lb 

feedstock oil 2000

lb oil/

ton oil 1,123,158.90

g CO2eq/

ton of 

phosphate 20,531

gCO2eq/ton 

carinata oil Potassium Fertilizer 0.0 lbs/acre 0.0005

tons of 

K/lbs of K 0.001218621

acre/lb 

feedstock oil 2000

lb oil/

ton oil 742,545.77

g CO2eq/

ton of potash 0

gCO2eq/ton 

carinata oil Herbicide 2.75 lbs/acre 0.0005

tons 

herbicide/

lbs 

herbicide 0.001218621

acre/lb 

feedstock oil 2000

lb oil/

ton oil 23,450,278.67

gCO2eq/

tons of 

herbicide 78,587

gCO2eq/ton 

carinata oil Pesticide 0.0 lbs/acre 0.0005

tons 

pesticide/

lbs 

pesticide 0.001218621

acre/lb 

feedstock oil 2000

lb oil/

ton oil 27,216,586.75

gCO2eq/

tons of 

pesticide 0

gCO2eq/ton 

carinata oil Diesel 3.5 gal/acre 0.13

mmBTU 

diesel/

gal diesel 0.001218621

acre/lb 

feedstock oil 2000

lb oil/

ton oil 96,551.37

gCO2eq/

mmBTU diesel 107,070

gCO2eq/ton 

carinata oil Gasoline 0.0 gal/acre 0.115

mmBTU/

gal gasoline 0.001218621

acre/lb 

feedstock oil 2000

lb oil/

ton oil 96,753.76

gCO2eq/

mmBtu 0

gCO2eq/ton 

carinata oil

Total 

Emissions 950,222

SW

emissions 

(gCO2eq/ton oil)

Inputs (lbs or 

gal/acre) Yields (lb oil/acre)

emissions 

(gCO2eq/ton 

oil)

Inputs (lbs 

or 

gal/acre)

Yields (lb 

oil/acre)

emissions 

(gCO2eq/to

n oil)

Inputs (lbs or 

gal/acre)

Yields (lb 

oil/acre)

emissions 

(gCO2eq/t

on oil)

Inputs (lbs 

or gal/acre)

Yields (lb 

oil/acre)

emissions 

(gCO2eq/ton 

oil)

Inputs (lbs 

or gal/acre)

Soybean 

Input

 523,634 501.6531 449,003 447.3809 525,403 422.6610 498,339 371.5277 579,990

Emissions/ton oil

Carinata Input

Conversions Emissions/ton oil

Soybean Input Soybean Input

NE SC SE

Soybean Input Soybean Input Soybean Input

LS
54,371 3.5356 501.6531 23,198 7.8434 447.3809 57,704 4.8708 422.6610 37,931 8.1797 371.5277 72,465 6.3139

35,526 7.7366 501.6531 17,322 5.3778 447.3809 13,501 16.0656 422.6610 42,692 21.4461 371.5277 64,833 6.9993

5,317 22.6240 501.6531 33,488 13.2435 447.3809 21,981 22.1210 422.6610 38,863 24.2600 371.5277 48,487 

69,646 1.0300 501.6531 48,148 0.0460 447.3809 2,411 1.1800 422.6610 65,469 0.7300 371.5277 46,077 0.2700

45,742 0.6600 501.6531 35,808 0.2600 447.3809 15,817 0.7800 422.6610 50,227 0.4600 371.5277 33,698 0.1200

382,521 8.9231 501.6531 446,523 7.6884 447.3809 431,410 3.8364 422.6610 227,858 7.3784 371.5277 498,543 6.5103

93,091 0.0000 501.6531 3.0444 447.3809 151,433 0.0000 422.6610 1.6498 371.5277 98,818 0.0000

1,209,847 1,053,489 1,219,661 961,379 1,442,911
gCO2eq/ton 

carinata oil

gCO2eq/ton 

carinata oil

gCO2eq/ton 

carinata oil

gCO2eq/ton 

carinata oil

gCO2eq/ton 

carinata oil

gCO2eq/ton 

carinata oil

gCO2eq/ton 

carinata oil

gCO2eq/ton 

carinata oil

gCO2eq/ton 

carinata oil

Min Max

Yields (lb oil/acre)

emissions 

(gCO2eq/to

n oil)

262.6276 661,127 449,003 661,127

Emissions/ton oil
262.6276 79,130 23,198 79,130

262.6276 29,933 13,501 64,833

262.6276 5,317 48,487

262.6276 24,109 2,411 69,646

262.6276 12,436 12,436 50,227

262.6276 622,289 227,858 622,289

262.6276 93,091 151,433

1,429,024 961,379 1,442,911
Carinata Soybean

CB GP LS NE

Nitrogen Fertilizer 80 lbs/acre 7.8114 7.1751 3.5356 7.8434

Phosphorus Fertilizer 30 lbs/acre 6.6928 13.7389 7.7366 5.3778

Potassium Fertilizer 10 lbs/acre 20.9214 3.1099 22.624 13.2435

Herbicide 2.75 lbs/acre 1.18 1.29 1.03 0.046

Pesticide 0 lbs/acre 0.7 0.73 0.66 0.26

Diesel 3.5 gal/acre 8.9237 6.6186 8.9231 7.6884

Gasoline 0 gal/acre 2.95 1.817 3.0444
SC SE SW min max

4.8708 8.1797 6.3139 lbs/acre 3.5356 8.1797

16.0656 21.4461 6.9993 lbs/acre 5.3778 21.4461

22.121 24.26 lbs/acre 3.1099 24.26

1.18 0.73 0.27 lbs/acre 0.046 1.29

0.78 0.46 0.12 lbs/acre 0.12 0.78

3.8364 7.3784 6.5103 gal/acre 3.8364 8.9237

 1.6498 gal/acre 1.6498 3.0444
Category Soybean 

Carinata CB GP LS

50.24 40.22 46.45

Crop Yield 1865 lbs seed/acre 3,015 2,413 2,787

Oil Yield 821 lbs oil/acre 542.62 434.35 501.65

Crop yields 2.1 MT/ha 3.37981255 2.7054596 3.124651
NE SC SE SW

41.42 39.14 34.40 24.32 bu/acre

2,485 2,348 2,064 1,459 lbs seed/acre

447.38 422.66 371.53 262.63 lbs oil/acre

2.786606 2.632633 2.314138 1.635831
Conversions:

1 lb/acre = 1.12085116 kg/ha Source:

1 ha = 2.47105381 acre http://extension.usu.edu/files/publications

1 MT= 2204 lbs http://www.google.com/intl/en/help/featu

1 kg N2O= 310 kg CO2eq

Assumptions:

Carinata Soybeans:

0.44 lb carinata oil/pound seed 0.18

7.6 lbs oil/gal BD 60.00

9.558613042 lbs oil/gal RD

12.67014848 lbs oil/gal RJ

Methyl ester (biodiesel) 118000 Btu/gal

Low-sulfur diesel 130000 Btu/gal

Conventional gasoline 115000 Btu/gal
nsion.usu.edu/files/publications/publication/NR_RM_05.pdf

w.google.com/intl/en/help/features.html#calculator

lb soybean oil/lb soybean

pound/bushel
Soybean Biodiesel CB GP LS NE

kg N2O/ha 1.043879259 0.906486361 0.897724056 0.936828768

kg CO2eq/ha 323.6025703 281.0107719 278.2944574 290.4169179

kg CO2 eq/acre 130.9573142 113.7210249 112.6217714 117.5275572

g CO2 eq/acre 130957.3142 113,721.02 112621.7714 117527.5572

High Low

Fertilizer: 80 40 lb/acre of N

Carinata Yield: 1865 1865 lbs seed/acre

kg N2O/ha 2.842062918 1.908683502

kg CO2eq/ha 881.0395047 591.6918856

kg CO2 eq/acre 356.5440385 239.4492112

g CO2 eq/acre 356,544.04 239,449.21
SC SE SW

0.839475216 0.858820681 0.69201549

260.237317 266.2344112 214.524803

105.3143059 107.7412439 86.8151079

105314.3059 107741.2439 86815.1079
N2O Equations and Factors

Source: IPCC (2006). 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Vol. 4: Agriculture, Forestry; and Other Land Use.

Assumptions 

Carinta, high fertilizer Carinata, low fertilizer

Yield Yield

0.9325 tons seed/acre 0.9325 tons seed/acre

2090 kg/ha 2091 kg/ha 

N fertilizer applied N fertilizer applied

80 lbs/acre 40 lbs/acre

89.67 kg/ha 44.83 kg/ha

Above-ground residue ratio Above-ground residue ratio

2.31 Janzen 2003, Canola, AG residue/product 2.31 Janzen 2003, Canola, AG residue/product

Ratio of below-ground residue to above-ground product Ratio of below-ground residue to above-ground product

0.58 Janzen 2003, Canola, roots/product 0.58 Janzen 2003, Canola, roots/product

N content of above-ground residue N content of above-ground residue

0.008 Janzen 2003, Canola 0.008 Janzen 2003, Canola

N content of below-ground residue N content of below-ground residue

0.010 Janzen 2003, Canola 0.010 Janzen 2003, Canola

Direct N2O Emissions

Direct Emissions (Overall Equation) Equation

Emissions =

(N additions to soils from mineral fertilizer + N additions to soils 

from crop residues) × EF

(89.68 +50.66) x 

0.01 1.40 kg N2O-N

(44.83 +50.66) x 

0.01 0.95 kg N2O-N

EF for N additions from mineral fertilizer and crop residues = 0.01 kg N2O-N / kg N added

N Additions from Mineral Fertilizers

N additions to soils from mineral fertilizers =

kg fertilizer N applied to soils (i.e., change in fertilizer N applications 

between current and projected year) 89.67 kg/ha 44.83 kg/ha

N Additions from Crop Residues (based on Janzen 2003 paper)

N additions to soils from crop residues =

Crop area x (Above-ground residue dry matter x N content of aboveground residues + below-ground residue dry matter x N content of 

below-ground residues) 

1 ha × [4825 kg/ha 

x 0.008 + 1164 × 

0.01] 50.65 kg 

1 ha × [4825 kg/ha 

x 0.008 + 1164 × 

0.01] 50.66 kg 

where,

Above-ground residue dry matter = Product yield x (ratio of AG residue to product yield) 2090 kg/ha x 2.31 4823.97 kg/ha 2090 kg/ha x 2.31 4824.61 kg/ha

Below-ground residue dry matter = Product yield x (ratio of below-ground residue to product yield) 2090 kg/ha*0.58 1205.99 kg/ha 2090 kg/ha*0.58 1206.15 kg/ha

Crop residue summary equations 

Indirect N2O Emissions

Note that for indirect emissions, the calculation of N applied to soils from fertilizers or crop residues is the same as for direct emissions

Indirect Emissions from Volatilization Equation

Emissions =

N additions to soils from mineral fertilizers × N lost through 

volatilization × EF 67.26*0.1*0.01 0.08966809 kg N2O-N 67.26*0.1*0.01 0.044834046 kg N2O-N

N lost (from synthetic fertilizer additions) through volatilization = 0.1 (kg NH3–N + NOx–N) / kg N applied

EF for N lost through volatilization = 0.010 kg N2O–N / (kg NH3–N + NOX–N volatilised)

Indirect Emissions from Leaching/Runoff Equation

Carinata, High Fertilizer Carinata, Low Fertilizer
Emissions =

(N additions to soils from mineral fertilizers + N additions to soils 

from crop residues) × N lost through leaching or runoff × EF

(67.26+50.66)*0.3*

0.0075 0.31571952 kg N2O-N

(67.26+50.66)*0.3*

0.0075 0.214858052 kg N2O-N

N lost through leaching/runoff (from all N sources) = 0.3 N losses by leaching or runoff / kg N addition

EF for N lost through leaching/runoff = 0.0075 kg N2O-N / kg N leaching or runoff

1.809 kg N2O-N 1.215 kg N2O-N

2.842 kg N2O/ha 1.909 kg N2O/ha

881.04 kg CO2eq/ha 591.69 kg CO2eq/ha

356.54 kg CO2eq/acre 239.45 kg CO2eq/acre

O2eq/ha

O2eq/acre
N2O Equations and Factors

Source: IPCC (2006). 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Vol. 4: Agriculture, Forestry; and Other Land Use.

Assumptions 

Soybean Corn belt Great Plains

Yield

MT/ha 3.380 2.705

kg/ha 3,379.8 2,705.5

N fertilizer applied

lbs/acre 7.8114 7.1751

kg/ha 8.76 8.04

Above-ground residue slope (from CRFactors tab)

Soybean value 0.93 0.93

Above-ground residue intercept (from CRFactors tab)

Soybean value 1.35 1.35

Ratio of below-ground residue to above-ground biomass

Soybean value 0.19 0.19

N content of above-ground residues

Soybean value 0.008 0.008

N content of below-ground residues

Soybean value 0.008 0.008

Dry matter fraction of harvested product (enter 1 if yield is already in terms of dry matter)

Soybean value 0.91 0.91

Direct N2O Emissions

Direct Emissions (Overall Equation) Equation

Emissions =

(N additions to soils from mineral fertilizer + N additions to soils 

from crop residues) × EF (8.76+44.76) x 0.01 0.535128 kg N2O-N (8.04+38.39) x 0.01 0.464337 kg N2O-N

EF for N additions from mineral fertilizer and crop residues = 0.01 kg N2O-N / kg N added

N Additions from Mineral Fertilizers

N additions to soils from mineral fertilizers =

kg fertilizer N applied to soils (i.e., change in fertilizer N 

applications between current and projected year) 8.76 kg/ha 8.04 kg/ha

N Additions from Crop Residues (based on "Soybean" values under CRFactors tab)

N additions to soils from crop residues =

Crop area x (Above-ground residue dry matter x N content of aboveground residues + below-ground residue dry matter x N content of 

below-ground residues) 

1 ha × [4210 kg/ha 

x 0.008 + 1384 × 

0.008] 44.75735 kg 

1 ha × [3640 kg/ha 

x 0.008 + 1159 × 

0.008] 38.39147 kg 

where,

Above-ground residue dry matter =

Fresh weight yield (in Mg fresh weight harvested/ha) × dry matter 

fraction of harvested crop × slope + intercept

3.38 Mg/ha x 0.91 x 

0.93 + 1.35 4.21 Mg/ha

2.71 Mg/ha x 0.91 x 

0.93 + 1.35 3.64 Mg/ha

4210.335 kg/ha 3639.63 kg/ha

Below-ground residue dry matter =

(Above-ground residue dry matter + Harvested dry matter) x ratio of 

below-ground residue to above-ground biomass

(4210 kg/ha + 3380 

kg/ha x 0.91)*0.19 1384.333 kg/ha

(3640 kg/ha + 2705 

kg/ha x 0.91)*0.19 1159.304 kg/ha

Crop residue summary equations [see CRFactors tab for explanation of letters]

N additions to soils from crop residues = A x [AGdm x F + BGdm x H] 

Above-ground residue dry matter (AGdm) = 1000 x [(B/A) x (1/1000) x C x D + E]

Below-ground residue dry matter (BGdm) = [AGdm + (B/A)] x G

Indirect N2O Emissions

Note that for indirect emissions, the calculation of N applied to soils from fertilizers or crop residues is the same as for direct emissions

Indirect Emissions from Volatilization Equation

Emissions =

N additions to soils from mineral fertilizers × N lost through 

volatilization × EF 8.76*0.1*0.01 0.008755 kg N2O-N 8.04*0.1*0.01 0.008042 kg N2O-N

N lost (from synthetic fertilizer additions) through volatilization = 0.1 (kg NH3–N + NOx–N) / kg N applied

EF for N lost through volatilization = 0.010 kg N2O–N / (kg NH3–N + NOX–N volatilised)

Indirect Emissions from Leaching/Runoff Equation

Emissions =

(N additions to soils from mineral fertilizers + N additions to soils 

from crop residues) × N lost through leaching or runoff × EF

(8.76+44.76)*0.3*0.

0075 0.120404 kg N2O-N

(8.04+38.39)*0.3*0.

0075 0.104476 kg N2O-N

Corn belt Great Plains
N lost through leaching/runoff (from all N sources) = 0.3 N losses by leaching or runoff / kg N addition

EF for N lost through leaching/runoff = 0.0075 kg N20-N / kg N leaching or runoff

0.664 kg N2O-N 0.577 kg N2O-N

1.044 kg N2O/ha 0.906 kg N2O/ha

323.60 kg CO2eq/ha 281.01 kg CO2eq/ha

130.96 kg CO2eq/acre 113.72 kg CO2eq/acre
Lake States North East South Central Southeast Southwest

 3.125 2.787 2.633 2.314 1.636

 3,124.7 2,786.6 2,632.6 2,314.1 1,635.8

3.5356 7.8434 4.8708 8.1797 6.3139

3.96 8.79 5.46 9.17 7.08

0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93

1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35

0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19

0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008

0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008

ter 1 if yield is already in terms of dry matter)

0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91

(3.96+42.35) x 0.01 0.463115 kg N2O-N (8.79+39.16) x 0.01 0.479488 kg N2O-N (5.46+37.70) x 0.01 0.431634 kg N2O-N (9.17+34.70) x 0.01 0.438656 kg N2O-N (7.08+28.29)*0.01 0.353711 kg N2O-N

3.96 kg/ha 8.79 kg/ha 5.46 kg/ha 9.17 kg/ha 7.08 kg/ha

1 ha × [3994 kg/ha 

x 0.008 + 1299 × 

0.008] 42.34863 kg 

1 ha × [3708 kg/ha 

x 0.008 + 1186 × 

0.008] 39.15749 kg 

1 ha × [3578 kg/ha 

x 0.008 + 1135 × 

0.008] 37.70399 kg 

1 ha × [3308 kg/ha 

x 0.008 + 1029 × 

0.008] 34.69741 kg 

1 ha × [2734 kg/ha 

x 0.008 + 802 × 

0.008] 28.29421 kg 

3.13 Mg/ha x 0.91 x 

0.93 + 1.35 3.99 Mg/ha

2.79 Mg/ha x 0.91 x 

0.93 + 1.35 3.71 Mg/ha

2.63 Mg/ha x 0.91 x 

0.93 + 1.35 3.58 Mg/ha

2.31 Mg/ha x 0.91 x 

0.93 + 1.35 3.31 Mg/ha

1.64 Mg/ha x 0.91 x 

0.93 + 1.35 2.73 Mg/ha

3994.392 kg/ha 3708.304 kg/ha 3577.997 kg/ha 3308.455 kg/ha 2734.404 kg/ha

(3994 kg/ha + 3125 

kg/ha x 0.91)*0.19 1299.187 kg/ha

(3708 kg/ha + 2787 

kg/ha x 0.91)*0.19 1186.382 kg/ha

(3578 kg/ha + 2633 

kg/ha x 0.91)*0.19 1135.002 kg/ha

(3308 kg/ha + 2314 

kg/ha x 0.91)*0.19 1028.721 kg/ha

(2734 kg/ha + 1636 

kg/ha x 0.91)*0.19 802.3719 kg/ha

3.96*0.1*0.01 0.003963 kg N2O-N 8.79*0.1*0.01 0.008791 kg N2O-N 5.46*0.1*0.01 0.005459 kg N2O-N 9.17*0.1*0.01 0.009168 kg N2O-N 7.08*0.1*0.01 0.007077 kg N2O-N

(3.96+42.35)*0.3*0.

0075 0.104201 kg N2O-N

(8.79+39.16)*0.3*0.

0075 0.107885 kg N2O-N

(5.46+37.70)*0.3*0.

0075 0.097118 kg N2O-N

(9.17+34.70)*0.3*0.

0075 0.098698 kg N2O-N

(7.08+28.29)*0.3*0.

0075 0.079585 kg N2O-N

Lake States North East South Central Southeast Southwest
0.571 kg N2O-N 0.596 kg N2O-N 0.534 kg N2O-N 0.547 kg N2O-N 0.440 kg N2O-N

0.898 kg N2O/ha 0.937 kg N2O/ha 0.839 kg N2O/ha 0.859 kg N2O/ha 0.692 kg N2O/ha

kg CO2eq/ha 278.29 kg CO2eq/ha 290.42 kg CO2eq/ha 260.24 kg CO2eq/ha 266.23 kg CO2eq/ha 214.52 kg CO2eq/ha

kg CO2eq/acre 112.62 kg CO2eq/acre 117.53 kg CO2eq/acre 105.31 kg CO2eq/acre 107.74 kg CO2eq/acre 86.82 kg CO2eq/acre
IPCC Table 11.2 DEFAULT FACTORS FOR ESTIMATION OF N ADDED TO SOILS FROM CROP RESIDUES a 

A B C D E

Crop Crop Area

Crop 

Harvested

Dry matter 

fraction of 

harvested 

product 

(DRY) 

Slope 

± 2 s.d. as 

% of mean Intercept 

± 2 s.d. as 

% of mean 

Units ha kg

Major crop types 

Grains 0.88 1.09 ± 2% 0.88 ± 6% 

Beans & pulsesb 0.91 1.13 ± 19% 0.85 ± 56% 

Tubersc 0.22 0.10 ± 69% 1.06 ± 70% 

Root crops, otherd 0.94 1.07 ± 19% 1.54 ± 41% 

N-fixing forages 0.90 0.30 ± 50% default 0.00 - 

Non-N-fixing forages 0.90 0.30 ± 50% default 0.00 - 

Perennial grasses 0.90 0.30 ± 50% default 0.00 - 

Grass-clover mixtures 0.90 0.30 ± 50% default 0.00 - 

Individual crops 

Maize 0.87 1.03 ± 3% 0.61 ± 19% 

Wheat 0.89 1.51 ± 3% 0.52 ± 17% 

Rice 0.89 0.95 ±19% 2.46 ± 41% 

Barley 0.89 0.98 ± 8% 0.59 ± 41% 

Oats 0.89 0.91 ± 5% 0.89 ± 8% 

Millet 0.90 1.43 ± 18% 0.14 ± 308% 

Sorghum 0.89 0.88 ± 13% 1.33 ± 27% 

Rye

e

0.88 1.09 ± 50% default 0.88 ± 50% default 

Soybeanf

0.91 0.93 ± 31% 1.35 ± 49% 

Dry beang

0.90 0.36 ± 100% 0.68 ± 47% 

Potatoh

0.22 0.10 ± 69% 1.06 ± 70% 

Peanut (w/pod)i 0.94 1.07 ± 19% 1.54 ± 41% 

Alfalfaj

0.90 0.29 ± 31% 0.00 - 

Non-legume hayj 0.90 0.18 ± 50% default 0.00 - 

Items highlighted indicate crops where NA data has been pulled from crop categories to estimate N2O emissions in the Crop Re

a Source: Literature review by Stephen A. Williams, Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University. (Email: st

of the original references is given in Annex 11A.1.

b The average above-ground residue:grain ratio from all data used was 2.0 and included data for soya bean, dry bean, lentil, co

c Modelled after potatoes.

d Modelled after peanuts.

Above-ground residue dry matter AGDM(T) (Mg/ha): AGDM(T) 

= Crop(T)/1000 * slope(T) + intercept(T) 
e No data for rye. Slope and intercept values are those for all grain. Default s.d.

f The average above-ground residue:grain ratio from all data used was 1.9.

g Ortega, 1988 (see Annex 11A.1). The average above-ground residue:grain ratio from this single source was 1.6. default s.d. f

h The mean value for above-ground residue:tuber ratio in the sources used was 0.27 with a standard error of 0.04.

I The mean value for above-ground residue: pod yield in the sources used was 1.80 with a standard error of 0.10.

j Single source. Default s.d. for root:AGB.

k This is the average above-ground biomass reported as litter or harvest losses. This does not include reported stubble, which a

l Estimate of root turnover to above-ground production based on the assumption that in natural grass systems below-ground bio

root turnover in these systems averages about 40% (30% to 50%) per year. Default s.d.

m This is an estimate of non-tuber roots based on the root:shoot values found for other crops. If unmarketable tuber yield is retu

(unmarketable yield = 0.08 * marketable yield = 0.29 * above-ground biomass) suggest that the total residues returned might the

n This is an estimate of root turnover in perennial systems. Default s.d.

p It is assumed here that grass dominates the system by 2 to 1 over legumes.
P RESIDUES a 

F G H

N content 

of aboveground 

residues 

(NAG) 

Ratio of 

belowground 

residues to 

aboveground 

biomass 

(RBG-BIO) 

N content 

of belowground 

residues 

(NBG) 

R

2

 adj. 

0.65 0.006 0.22 0.009

0.28 0.008 0.19 0.008

0.18 0.019 0.20 0.014

0.63 0.016 0.20 0.014

- 0.027 0.40 0.022

- 0.015 0.54 0.012

- 0.015 0.80 0.012

- 0.025 0.80 0.016

0.76 0.006 0.22 0.007

0.68 0.006 0.24 0.009

0.47 0.007 0.16 NA 

0.68 0.007 0.22 0.014

0.45 0.007 0.25 0.008

0.50 0.007 NA NA 

0.36 0.007 NA 0.006

- 0.005 NA 0.011

0.16 0.008 0.19 0.008

0.15 0.010 NA 0.010

0.18 0.019 0.20 0.014

0.63 0.016 NA NA 

- 0.027 0.40 0.019

- 0.150 0.54 0.012

O emissions in the Crop Residues N worksheet

 State University. (Email: stevewi@warnercnr.colostate.edu) for CASMGS (http://www.casmgs.colostate.edu/). A list

ya bean, dry bean, lentil, cowpea, black gram, and pea.

GDM(T) (Mg/ha): AGDM(T) 
ource was 1.6. default s.d. for root:AGB.

d error of 0.04.

error of 0.10.

de reported stubble, which averaged 0.165 x Reported Yields. Default s.d.

s systems below-ground biomass is approximately equal to twice (one to three times) the above-ground biomass and that

marketable tuber yield is returned to the soil then data are derived from Vangessel and Renner, 1990 (see Annex 11A.1)

residues returned might then be on the order of 0.49 * above-ground biomass. Default s.d.
p://www.casmgs.colostate.edu/). A list
 times) the above-ground biomass and that

sel and Renner, 1990 (see Annex 11A.1)

 Default s.d.
Costs to Farmers 

2022 Carinata

Inputs Rates

Herbicides

Glysophate (Fall) 16 oz. ($0.39/oz) $7.00

Glysophate (Spring) 16 oz. ($0.39/oz) $7.00

Post 12 oz ($0.67/oz) $8.00

Seed

$7.20 

(5 lbs/ac)

Fertilizer

$60.00 

(60 lb/acre)

$30.00 

(30 lb/acre)

Sub-Total $119.20 

Logistics

 Planting Trip $10.00 

 Harvest & Hauling $25.00 

Total Cost $154.20 

Yields lbs/ac 1865

Market Price $/lb $0.14 

$261.10 

$106.90 

Data provided by petitioner, USDA, or literature. See Data sources tab for details on sources of fertilizer inputs

Returns

 Phosphate Fertilizer $1/lb

Total Revenue

 Carinata seed $1.44 lb

 Nitrogen Fertilizer $1/lb
rtilizer inputs
Source Petition

Feedstock Carinata oil

Material Inputs

Beans/Seeds lb / lb oil* 2.38

Energy Inputs

Purchased Electricity Btu / lb oil 76

Gas & Steam Btu / lb oil 428

Diesel Btu / lb oil -

Outputs

Oil lb / lb oil 1.00

Meal lb / lb oil 1.38

Emissions Factors (from EPA 2010)

Natural Gas Upstream gCO2e/Btu 0.01

Natural Gas Combustion gCO2e/Btu 0.06

U.S. Average Electricity Production, Year 2022 (available at wall outlets) gCO2e/Btu 0.22

Diesel gCO2e/Btu 0.097

Oil Extraction Emissions (gCO2e / lb plant oil)

Purchased Electricity gCO2e/ lb oil 17

Gas & Steam gCO2e/ lb oil 29

Diesel gCO2e/ lb oil -

Total gCO2e/ lb oil 46

* there is small penalty in oil return from the extraction process so calculations assume .42 lbs of refined oil per 

lb of seed versus .44 lbs of oil per seed, the oil proportion going into the crushing process
EPA (2010)

Soybean oil

 5.38 g/lb 453.59

lb/kg 2.20

t/lb 0.00

 374 Btu/MJ 947.82

 1,912 Btu/kWh 3,412.14

gal/litre 0.26

MJ/mmBtu 1,055.06

Steam (50 psig), Btu/lb LHV 1,179.10

 1.00

 4.08

 0.01

 0.06

 0.22

 0.097

 82

 131

 -

 213

s assume .42 lbs of refined oil per