IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT

---------------

No. 91-3554

---------------

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff-Appellee,

versus

DON DOWLING, Defendant-Appellant.

-----------------------------------------------------------------

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Eastern District of Louisiana

---------------------------------------------------------------

(May 21, 1992)

Before, BROWN, GARWOOD and EMILIO M. GARZA, Circuit Judges.

JOHN R. BROWN, Circuit Judge:

The sole issue before us is whether 18 U.S.C. § 3585(b) allows

credit for time spent in official detention to reduce a term of

probation. 

Dowling, who pleaded guilty to misprision of a felony, argues

that the time he served in Parish Prison prior to his sentencing

should be credited towards the community confinement portion of the

three year sentence of probation he eventually received. Because

Dowling's halfway house confinement is merely a special condition

of his probation, rather than a term of imprisonment, no credit may

apply to reduce his sentence. We therefore affirm the judgment of

the district court.

How it all started

Dowling was arrested on January 23, 1991, for aiding the
 

1 According to the Statement of Reasons for Imposing Sentence, the

District Court accepted the Sentencing Guidelines range of 0-6 months as

calculated in the probation officer's Pre Sentence Investigation Report, and the

District Court found "no reason to depart from the sentence called for by

application of the guidelines ...." A sentence of probation was merited as

Dowling's minimum term of imprisonment was zero months. U.S.S.G. § 5B1.1(a)(1). 

Because Dowling's crime was a felony, a probationary term of not less than one

nor more than five years was authorized. 18 U.S.C. § 3561(b)(1). Therefore, the

District Court was authorized to sentence Dowling to three years' probation. The

six-month term of residence at the halfway house was included in Dowling's

sentence as a special condition of probation. U.S.S.G. § 5B1.4(b)(19); § 5F1.1.

2

attempted escape of Gayleann P. Neidhardt, a federal inmate, from

the St. Tammany Parish Prison. Dowling was ordered detained

without bond and he remained in Orleans Parish Prison from January

24 to April 5, 1991, a total of 74 days.

On April 3, 1991, Dowling entered a plea of guilty pursuant to

a Plea Agreement in which the Government agreed to dismiss the

original Indictment against him and supersede the original

Indictment with a Bill of Information charging him with misprision

of a felony. 18 U.S.C. § 4. Two days later Dowling was released

on a personal surety bond.

On June 19, 1991, the District Court sentenced Dowling to

three years probation and, in addition to standard conditions of

probation, the District Court ordered him confined for six months

at the Volunteers of America Community Correctional Center, a

halfway house, where he was instructed to remain except for the

hours he spent at his place of employment.1 Although requested by

Dowling at sentencing, the District Court refused to give him

credit for the 74 days he served in the Parish Prison from the date

of his arrest and detention, January 22, 1991, until April 5, 1991,

when he made bond. 

Credit Crossfire
 

2 In Temple, the namesake defendant contended that he should receive

credit for time spent in confinement on a prior felony conviction to reduce his

probation term. 918 F.2d at 135. Interpreting 18 U.S.C. § 3568 (§ 3585(b)'s

predecessor statute -- see note 4, infra), the Tenth Circuit held that "Congress

did not intend criminal defendants to receive credit toward probation for time

spent in custody" because a "term of probation" does not "constitute[] a sentence

of imprisonment pursuant to section 3568." Id.

Dowling argues that Temple does not foreclose his credit request because he

was not sentenced to "straight probation" as in Temple, but, instead, received a

term of probation with a special condition attached: a six-month stay in a

halfway house. Thus, Dowling seeks to apply credit toward only his six-month

community confinement term, hoping that such a focus removes his appeal from

within the ambit of Temple. 

3

In an effort to distinguish his appeal from that of the

defendant in United States v. Temple,

2 918 F.2d 134 (10th Cir.

1990), Dowling seeks to set aside only the community confinement

portion of his sentence because:

(a) the District Court's sentence refusing credit

for time served in Parish Prison (prior to sentencing)

toward Dowling's community confinement condition of

probation exceeded the six month maximum sentence

established in the guideline range;

(b) the District Court failed to articulate any

specific reasons for the upward departure; and

(c) the denial of credit for time served violated

equal protection as no rational basis exists for the

disparate treatment of a similarly situated defendant who

receives credit for time served only because he was

sentenced to six months' imprisonment rather than six

months' community confinement as a special condition of

probation.

The Government responds that since Dowling was sentenced to a

term of probation, rather than a term of imprisonment, he cannot

receive credit for time served in presentence custody to reduce his

probation. The Government claims that the statute governing credit

for time served, 18 U.S.C. § 3585(b), allows credit for presentence
 

3 It is uncontroverted and we agree that Dowling's 74-day stay in

Orleans Parish Prison constituted "official detention" for purposes of 18 U.S.C.

§ 3585(b). United States v. Becak, 954 F.2d 386, 388 (6th Cir. 1992) ("'official

detention' means incarceration.").

 

4 18 U.S.C. § 3585(b) is a recodification of its predecessor statute

18 U.S.C. § 3568 which stated in relevant part:

The sentence of imprisonment of any person convicted of an offense

shall commence to run from the date on which such person is received

at the penitentiary, reformatory, or jail for service of such

sentence. The Attorney General shall give any such person credit

toward service of his sentence for any days spent in custody in

connection with the offense or acts for which sentence was imposed.

18 U.S.C. § 3568.

4

official detention3 to be applied only to "a term of imprisonment."

Therefore, the issue of Dowling's appeal comes down to this:

Whether Dowling's special condition of probation confining him to

a halfway house is a "term of imprisonment" toward which credit may

be awarded.

Only give credit where credit is due

The phrase "term of imprisonment" carries significant meaning

as a term-of-art in 18 U.S.C. § 3585(b), the statute which

authorizes credit for prior custody. Section 3585(b),4 which

became effective in 1987 as part of the Sentencing Reform Act of

1984, 18 U.S.C. § 3551 et seq., states:

A defendant shall be given credit toward the service of

a term of imprisonment for any time he has spent in

official detention prior to the date the sentence

commences--

(1) as a result of the offense for which the

sentence was imposed; or

(2) as a result of any other charge for which the

defendant was arrested after the commission of the

offense for which the sentence was imposed;

that has not been credited against another sentence.
 

5 28 C.F.R. § 0.96 (1991) states that "[t]he Director of the Bureau of

Prisons is authorized to exercise or perform any of the authority, functions, or

duties conferred or imposed upon the Attorney General by any law relating to the

commitment, control, or treatment or persons ... charged with or convicted of

offenses against the United States ...." This all inclusive delegation

authorizes the Bureau of Prisons to make credit determinations. United States v.

Lucas, 898 F.2d 1554, 1555 n.2 (11th Cir. 1990).

 

6 The Wilson opinion explains exactly why it is the job of the Bureau

of Prisons, and not the District Court,to determine the amount of credit, if any,

to be awarded to the defendant:

After a District Court sentences a federal offender, the Attorney

General, through the Bureau of Prisons, has the responsibility for

administering the sentence. See 18 U.S.C. § 3621(a)("A person who

has been sentenced to a term of imprisonment...shall be committed to

the custody of the Bureau of Prisons until the expiration of the

term imposed"). To fulfill this duty, the Bureau of Prisons must

know how much of the sentence the offender has left to serve. 

Because the offender has a right to certain jail-time credit under §

3585(b), and because the District Court cannot determine the amount

of credit at sentencing [because federal defendants do not always

begin to serve their sentences immediately], the Attorney General

has no choice but to make the determination as an administrative

matter when imprisoning the defendant.

Wilson, 117 L.Ed.2d at 600-601.

5

18 U.S.C. § 3585(b). 

In its recent opinion interpreting 18 U.S.C. § 3585(b), United

States v. Wilson, 503 U.S. ___, 112 S.Ct. 1351, 117 L.Ed.2d 593

(1992), the United States Supreme Court held that § 3585(b) does

not authorize a district court to compute credit for time spent in

official detention at sentencing, but that credit awards are to be

made by the Attorney General, through the Bureau of Prisons,5 after

sentencing.6 117 L.Ed.2d at 600. Prisoners may then seek

administrative review of the computations of their credit, see 28

C.F.R. §§ 542.10-542.16 (1990), and, once they have exhausted their

administrative remedies, prisoners may only then pursue judicial

review of these computations. 117 L.Ed.2d at 601.

Dowling cannot receive credit toward his halfway house stay

because § 3585(b) does not authorize credit to be awarded toward a
 

7 In fact, on Dowling's Judgment and Probation/Commitment Order the

District Court struck the clause ordering that "The defendant is hereby committed

to the custody of the United States Bureau of Prisons for a term of ___

months"(underline indicates deleted portion). Instead, the court typed [The

defendant is hereby] "placed on probation for a term of three years...." In

contrast, on the co-defendants' Commitment Orders, the clause was not deleted as

both co-defendants were sentenced to terms of imprisonment.

 

8 The Bureau of Prisons exercises no control over Dowling; rather, it

is the District Court that supervises Dowling's term of probation. 3 C. Wright,

Federal Practice and Procedure: Criminal 2d § 529 at pp. 152-153 (1982) ("Since

the probation law is intended to rehabilitate the offender without having to

place him in prison, it contemplates that during the probation period he will be

within the jurisdiction of the court that retains control over him and be

available to probation officers for the performance of their duties.").

 

9 Thus, by employing the Supreme Court's holding in Wilson, we agree

with the result in United States v. Temple: 18 U.S.C. § 3585(b) does not

authorize credit to be awarded toward a term of probation. 918 F.2d at 135.

6

term of probation, no matter how severe the probationary conditions

imposed on the offender. This is so because a necessary condition

to obtaining § 3585(b) credit is that the offender must first

exhaust his administrative remedies before the Bureau of Prisons.

Wilson, 117 L.Ed.2d at 601. Yet, unlike his co-defendant's who

received prison terms for their roles in the attempted escape,

Dowling was not committed to the custody of the Bureau of Prisons

after sentencing.7 As Dowling's sentence of probation is not

supervised by the Bureau of Prisons, he obviously cannot exhaust

his administrative remedies before it.8 See 28 C.F.R. § 0.96

(1991). Since he cannot seek review before the Bureau, such review

being an absolute prerequisite to receiving credit, Dowling cannot

enjoy the benefit of a § 3585(b) credit determination.9 

Accordingly, the District Court correctly determined that

Dowling is due no credit towards the halfway house portion of his

probation term, not because the § 3585(b) calculation makes it so,

but because § 3585(b) does not apply to nor award credit toward a
 

10 Thus, for purposes of 18 U.S.C. § 3585(b), a special condition of

probation confining one to a halfway house cannot qualify as a "term of

imprisonment." Cf. United States v. Canales, ___ F.2d ___, ___ (5th Cir. 1992)

(escape from a halfway house while serving a "sentence of imprisonment" merits

enhancement of sentence under U.S.S.G. § 4A1.1(e); United States v. Vickers, 891

F.2d 86, 87-88 (5th Cir. 1989) (same)).

7

term of probation in the first place.10

As a final matter, Dowling's constitutional challenge is

without merit. Even assuming that a defendant sentenced to a term

of probation with a special condition attached is similarly

situated to a defendant sentenced to a like term of imprisonment,

there exists a rational basis for such disparate treatment in

awarding credit time toward a sentence of imprisonment and denying

it to a term of probation: To wit, Dowling was presumably placed

in the halfway house environment to ease his return to society.

Given that there is a specific rehabilitative purpose to his

successfully completing his community confinement (i.e., to

incorporate Dowling as a law-abiding citizen back into society),

the rehabilitative gain of a halfway house stay (as opposed to the

punitive or retributive value of imprisonment) should not be

diminished by applying credit to reduce the term of his probation.

The District Court did not err in denying credit for time

served. 

AFFIRMED.