# Patent

## Title
System for determining efficient combinations of toner colors to form prints with enhanced gamut

## Abstract

Systems for determining toner colors to be combined to form a target color at a location on a receiver. In one aspect, a system has a processor that determines a fluorescent toner color to be provided at the location based upon the density and hue angle of the target color and that determines one or more reflective toner colors to be provided with the determined fluorescent toner color at the location to form the target color in which the amount of the fluorescent toner color is decreased as the target color density increases.

## Background
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application relates to commonly assigned, copending U.S. application Ser. No. 13/562,377, filed Jul. 31, 2012, entitled: “TONER PRINTING WITH INCREASED GAMUT” and U.S. application Ser. No. 13/562,404, filed Jul. 31, 2012, entitled: “TONER PRINT WITH EFFICIENTLY ENHANCED GAMUT” each of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to a method for toner printing.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Toner printing is one common method for forming an image on a receiver. In toner printing, toner particles are patterned to form toner images and these toner images are transferred and fused to the receiver to form a print. Toner particles typically take the form of small particles of a transparent binder material having a colorant such as a pigment or a dye therein. The colorant reflects color forming wavelengths of light while absorbing other wavelengths and causes the toner particle to appear to have a particular color.
To form multi-color images, a plurality of toner images are transferred in register and collectively fused to a receiver to form a composite toner image. Typically each toner image is formed using a different toner having a different color of reflective colorant. The colors are selected so that toners can be combined to form specific ranges colors on a receiver according to a subtractive color model in which increases in color gamut are made possible by subtracting a greater proportion of an ambient light.
Prints made according to the subtractive color model therefore have a lowest density at unprinted areas and highest density where there is the most toner. The density difference between the brightest point in a toner print and the darkest point in a toner print is known as the dynamic range of the print. It is generally preferred to provide prints having a high dynamic range as this expands the color gamut of the prints. However, it is difficult to provide high dynamic range in a toner print on a reflective receiver using toners having reflective colorants.
For example, it has proven to be challenging to extend the dynamic range of a toner print by providing for additional high density levels. This requires that a printer be capable of providing one or more printable levels that are have a visibly higher density than preceding ones. This approach becomes increasingly challenging with each new level of additional density because absorbing ambient light to an extent that is visibly differentiable from the density of a very high density portion of an image requires a substantial amount of toner. The incremental difference in toner required to create each new level of higher density required to increase the dynamic range of the print increases significantly with each new level of higher density and quickly becomes inefficient. Further, this approach can create artifacts in terms of continuing depositing colorants such as toner and ink.
Additionally, as the color subtraction model requires the basic colorants to absorb short (blue), medium (green) and long (red) wavelength portions of the visible spectrum similar to the human visual system, the basic primary colors for any printing process are perceived by human as cyan, magenta and yellow. When density is created by combining these colors, it can be difficult to provide additional levels of density without creating an unintended color shift.
To address the color shifting problem and to reduce the amount of toner required to form an image, a black colorant is used. The black toner absorbs the full range of visible spectrum and therefore allows greater color stability and reduced colorant consumption when higher densities are required. Other supplemental colorants, such as orange, violet, light cyan, light magenta and light black, have also been used to extend the printing capabilities to a larger color gamut and to achieve higher quality prints. Nonetheless, all reflective colorants obey the color subtraction model and ultimately the incremental amounts of toner required to achieve visible density gains in the high density becomes prohibitive because of cost limitations or limitations on the ability of a toner printer to pattern, transfer or fuse such amounts of toner to a receiver.
Alternatively, there are examples of efforts to increase the low density limits of dynamic range by improving the brightness of receivers used in toner printing. For example, many cellulosic or paper fibers have a naturally yellow color, and even after bleaching, the fibers in such papers can limit the overall brightness of the receiver and therefore the overall dynamic range of a print made thereon. It has therefore been known to add fluorescing colorants in the form of optical brighteners to such receivers. These optical brighteners absorb invisible wavelengths of an ambient light and use the absorbed energy from these wavelengths to emit a visible blue light. The visible blue light tends to combine with the yellow light to provide a brighter receiver.
As a practical matter, it has been found that it is typically necessary to add significant amounts of optical brightener to a receiver to achieve brightness gains that are generally stable over time. This can occur in some instances because the content of the paper fibers and the environment in which the receiver materials are used or stored can cause an increase in the yellow content of the receiver fiber over time and the optical brighteners are added in amounts that are intended to offset the potential long term yellowing of the receiver fibers. This causes a variety of color variations. For example, when human skin tones are printed on receivers having such high levels of optical brighteners, these unwanted blue emissions give the skin tones a bluish hue. The excessive blue hue in human skin tones can appear to be an unnatural coloration and will be objectionable to most viewers as the reproductions of the original image will be flawed. It will also be appreciated that such optical brighteners add cost to the receiver and must be added to such receivers in a uniform manner such that the cost of receivers having high loadings of optical brighteners can be significant.
Additionally, in the case of toner printing it is possible for the binder to absorb wavelengths of light that are typically absorbed by optical brighteners and re-emitted by the optical brighteners that are typically used in a receiver. Accordingly, optical brighteners on a portion of a receiver that is covered by a clear fused toner mass will re-emit a lower intensity of light than optical brighteners that are not covered by the receiver. This creates a variation in density in a print between toner covered portions and uncovered portions that can lower apparent image quality and create unrealistic artifacts.
Similarly, the emissivity of the fluorescent materials in a receiver can make it difficult to provide natural transitions between areas having higher levels of fluorescent material and areas having lower levels of fluorescent material.
It is also known to use fluorescent toners having fluorescent colorants for security printing purposes and to provide spot colors. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,713,861 (Sharp) describes coating a fluorescent material over a document image for anti-copying purposes. It has also been proposed to incorporate fluorescing pigments or dyes into liquid toner particles as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,105,451 (Lubinsky et al.). Additionally, U.S. Patent Application Publication 2010/0164218 (Schulze-Hagenest et al.) describes the use of substantially clear (colorless) fluorescent toner particles in printing methods over color toner images. Such clear fluorescent toner particles can be used for security purposes since they are not colored except when excited with appropriate light. Other invisible fluorescent pigments for toner images are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,664,017 (Patel et al.).
Printing processes for providing one or more color toner images are known, but it is also desired that fluorescing effects can also be provided for any type of color toner image in order to expand the color gamut while using conventional non-fluorescing color toners. However, it has been difficult to properly design desired fluorescing effects using known fluorescing colorants (dyes and pigments) as many of them are very sensitive to the illuminating radiation. Further, color reproduction using fluorescing color toners produces unrealistically “bright” colors for most objects. This is usually an undesirable effect. For example, when an illuminating light has some portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is absorbed by fluorescing colorants that emit at a different wavelength, the overall resulting emissions are very “bright” and may overwhelm the non-fluorescing traditional colors in the color toner images. This again results in unrealistic images.
Additionally, where fluorescent colorants are used in toners, it can be difficult to form toner images having high density high gamma image portions.
Accordingly, there remains a need for toner printing systems and methods that can form toner images with enhanced dynamic range in an efficient manner without creating additional image artifacts.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Systems for determining toner colors to be combined to form a target color at a location on a receiver. In one aspect, a system has a processor that determines a fluorescent toner color to be provided at the location based upon the density and hue angle of the target color and that determines one or more reflective toner colors to be provided with the determined fluorescent toner color at the location to form the target color in which the amount of the fluorescent toner color is decreased as the target color density increases.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 illustrates a first embodiment of a toner printer.
FIGS. 2, 3, and 4 illustrate the operation of one embodiment of a printing module.
FIG. 5 illustrates a first embodiment of a method for determining toner color images.
FIG. 6 shows one embodiment of a fused toner print.
FIG. 7 shows a function that can be used to determine fluorescent toner color amounts to be used to achieve densities.
FIG. 8 shows another embodiment of a fused toner print.
FIG. 9 shows another embodiment of a fused toner print.
FIG. 10 shows another embodiment of a fused toner print.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
FIG. 1 is a system level illustration of one embodiment of a toner printer 20. In the embodiment of FIG. 1, toner printer 20 has a print engine 22 that deposits toner 24 to form a toner image 25 in the form of a patterned arrangement of toner stacks. Toner image 25 can include any pattern of toner 24 and can be mapped according to image data representing text, graphics, photo, and other types of visual content, as well as patterns that are determined based upon desirable structural or functional arrangements of the toner 24.
Toner 24 is a material or mixture that contains toner particles and that can develop on an imaging member having an electrostatic latent image. Examples of such an imaging member include a photoreceptor, photoconductor, or electrostatically charged surface. Particles of toner 24 have at least two components, a generally transparent binder material and colorant particles that cause the toner particles to have a particular color.
Typically, toner 24 has reflective colorant particles disbursed within the toner binder material. The reflective colorant particles absorb and reflect selected wavelengths of an ambient light to cause light that is reflected by the colorant particles to have a reflective toner color. These particles are generally referred to herein as reflective toner particles.
Toner 24 can also include so called fluorescent toner particles that have a binder material with fluorescent colorant particles therein. Fluorescent colorant particles absorb and can reflect visible light as do reflective toner particles. Fluorescent colorant particles also absorb invisible wavelengths of light such as infra-red and ultra-violet light and convert this absorbed light into a light that is emitted from the fluorescent colorant particles. This allows such fluorescent colorant particles to appear to provide greater brightness than reflective toner colors having a comparable color hue angle. Examples of such fluorescent colorant particles will be described in greater detail below.
Additionally, it is known to provide particles of toner 24 with little or no colorant therein. When fused, such clear particles have the appearance of being transparent or that while being generally transparent, impart a coloration or opacity. Such clear toner particles can provide, for example, a protective layer on an image or can be used to create other effects and properties on the image.
Toner particles can have a range of diameters, e.g. less than 4 μm, on the order of 5-15 μm, up to approximately 30 μm, or larger. When referring to particles of toner 24, the toner size or diameter is defined in terms of the mean volume weighted diameter as measured by conventional diameter measuring devices such as a Coulter Multisizer, sold by Coulter, Inc. The mean volume weighted diameter is the sum of the volume of each toner particle multiplied by the diameter of a spherical particle of equal volume, divided by the total particle volume. Toner 24 is also referred to in the art as marking particles or dry ink. In certain embodiments, toner 24 can also comprise particles that are entrained in a liquid carrier.
Typically, receiver 26 takes the form of paper, film, fabric, metalized or metallic sheets or webs. However, receiver 26 can take any number of forms and can comprise, in general, any article or structure that can be moved relative to print engine 22 and processed as described herein.
Print engine 22 has one or more printing modules, shown in FIG. 1 as printing modules 40, 42, 44, 46, and 48 that are each used to deliver a single application of toner 24 to form a toner image 25 on receiver 26. For example, the toner image 25 shown formed on receiver 26A shown in FIG. 1 can provide a monochrome image or layer of a structure or other functional material or shape.
Print engine 22 and a receiver transport system 28 cooperate to cause one or more toner image 25 to be provided in registration to form a composite toner image 27 such as the composite image 27 shown in FIG. 1 as being formed on receiver 26B. Composite toner image 27 can be used for any of a plurality of purposes, the most common of which is to provide a printed image with more than one color. For example, in a four color image, four toner images are formed with each toner image having one of the four subtractive primary colors, cyan, magenta, yellow, and black. These four toner colors can be combined to form a representative color gamut. Similarly, in a five color image various combinations of any of five differently colored toners can be combined to form a color print on receiver 26. That is, any of the five colors of toner 24 can be combined with toner 24 of one or more of the other colors at a particular location on receiver 26 to form a color after a fusing or fixing process that is different than the colors of the toners 24 applied at that location.
In FIG. 1, print engine 22 is illustrated with five printing modules 40, 42, 44, 46, and 48, arranged along a length of receiver transport system 28. Each printing module delivers a single toner image 25 to a respective transfer subsystem 50 in accordance with a desired pattern. The respective transfer subsystem 50 transfers the toner image 25 onto a receiver 26 as receiver 26 is moved by receiver transport system 28 past transport system 50. Receiver transport system 28 comprises a movable surface 30 that positions receiver 26 relative to printing modules 40, 42, 44, 46, and 48. In this embodiment, movable surface 30 is illustrated in the form of an endless belt that is moved by motor 36, that is supported by rollers 38, and that is cleaned by a cleaning mechanism 52. However, in other embodiments receiver transport system 28 can take other forms and can be provided in segments that operate in different ways or that use different structures. In an alternate embodiment, not shown, printing modules 40, 42, 44, 46 and 48 can each deliver a single application of toner 24 to a common transfer subsystem 50 to form a combination toner image 27 thereon which can be transferred to a receiver 26. As is also shown in FIG. 1, a cleaning system 52 can be provided to clean movable surface 30.
Print engine 22 can cause a single toner 24 to be transferred to a receiver 26 to form a toner image 25 as receiver 26 is moved by receiver transport system 28 relative to print engine 22. Where more than one toner image 25 is transferred onto a receiver 26 in registration, a composite toner image 27 is formed. In such a composite toner image 27, different types of toner are combined at individual areas of a receiver 26. The toner colors transferred to receiver 26 are combined during fusing to form a single combination color at each location of a receiver to provide different combinations of properties, or for other purposes. For example, in a four color image, four toners having subtractive primary colors, cyan, magenta, yellow, and black, can be combined to form any of a plurality of combination colors in a four-color color gamut. Similarly, in a five color image various combinations of any of five toner colors can be combined at individual locations on receiver 26 to form any of a plurality of combination colors in a five-color color gamut.
Typically, the addition of the fifth toner is used to increase the color gamut available for printing as compared to a color gamut available using four toners for printing. However, the fifth toner can also be a specialty color toner or spot color, such as for making proprietary logos or colors that cannot be produced repeatedly or accurately with only reflective type colorants used, for example, to provide cyan, magenta, yellow and black toner colors. Other toners such as those that provide metallic or pearlescent colors, or a clear toner or tinted toner can also be supplied by way of a fifth printing module Tinted toners absorb less light than they transmit, but do contain pigments or dyes that move the hue of light passing through them towards the hue of the tint. For example, a blue-tinted toner coated on white paper will cause the white paper to appear light blue when viewed under white light, and will cause yellows printed under the blue-tinted toner to appear slightly greenish under white light.
The fifth color can also include a fluorescent toner color that can be used as described herein to reduce noise levels in a toner print.
As is also shown in the embodiment of FIG. 1, toner printer 20 includes a fuser 60. Fuser 60 can take any variety of forms and can include, for example, a heated fusing roller and opposing pressure roller, a noncontact fusing system, and a solvent based fusing system. Such fusing systems can be used in modes that fuse toner images to a receiver or that fix the toner images to the receiver as is known in the art. In other embodiments, other known systems for causing a toner image to adhere to a receiver can be used as are also known in the art. In the example illustrated in FIG. 1, receiver transport system 28 advances a receiver such as receiver 26B past fuser 60 after a composite toner image 27 has been formed thereon. This yields a toner print 70. Receiver transport system 28 then advances receiver 26B to an optional finishing system 74 that can perform any of a wide variety of finishing operations on a toner print 70.
Printer 20 is operated by a printer processor 82 that controls the operation of print engine 22, receiver transport system 28, receiver delivery system 32, and transfer system 50, to form, for example, a composite toner image 27 on receiver 26 and to cause fuser 60 composite toner image 27 on receiver 26 to form prints 70 as described herein or as is otherwise known in the art.
Printer processor 82 can take any of a variety of forms and can comprise for example, and without limitation a mainframe, server, or personal computer, a digital microprocessor, logic control device, programmable logic controller, a programmable analog device, or a hardwired arrangement of circuits and/or circuit components that can perform the functions described herein.
Printer processor 82 operates printer 20 based upon input signals from a user input system 84, sensors 86, a memory 88 and a communication system 90. User input system 84 can comprise any form of transducer or other device capable of detecting conditions that are indicative of an action of a user and converting this input into a form that can be used by printer processor 82. For example, user input system 84 can comprise a touch screen input, a touch pad input, a 4-way switch, a 6-way switch, an 8-way switch, a stylus system, a trackball system, a joystick system, a voice recognition system, a gesture recognition system or other such systems. Sensors 86 can include contact, proximity, magnetic, or optical sensors and other sensors known in the art that can be used to detect conditions in printer 20 or in the environment surrounding printer 20 and to convert this information into a form that can be used by printer processor 82 in governing printing, fusing, finishing or other functions. Memory 88 can comprise any form of conventionally known memory devices including but not limited to optical, magnetic or other movable media as well as semiconductor or other forms of electronic memory. Memory 88 can be fixed within printer 20 or removable from printer 20 at a port, memory card slot or other known means for temporarily connecting a memory 88 to an electronic device. Memory 88 can also be connected to printer 20 by way of a fixed data path or by way of communication system 90.
Communication system 90 can comprise any form of circuit, system or transducer that can be used to send signals to or receive signals from memory 88 or external devices 92 that are separate from or separable from direct connection with printer processor 82. Communication system 90 can connect to external devices 92 by way of a wired or wireless connection. In certain embodiments, communication system 90 can comprise any circuit that can communicate with one of external devices 92 using a wired connection such as a local area network, a point-to-point connection, or an Ethernet connection. In certain embodiments, communication system 90 can alternatively or in combination provide wireless communication circuits for communication with separate or separable devices using, for example, wireless telecommunication or wireless protocols such as those found in the Institute of Electronics and Electrical Engineers Standard 802.11 or any other known wireless communication systems. Such systems can be networked or can use point to point communication.
External devices 92 can comprise any type of electronic system that can generate signals bearing data that may be useful to printer processor 82 in operating printer 20. For example and without limitation, one example of such external devices 92 can include but are not limited to mainframe and personal computers, portable computing devices, digital graphic processing systems, and any form of general-purpose or special-purpose digital computing device that can perform the functions described herein. In one embodiment an external device can be what is known in the art as a digital front end (DFE), which is a computing device that can be used to provide an external source of a print order that has image information and, optionally, printing instructions including printing information from which the manner in which the images are to be printed can be determined. Optionally, the printing instructions can include finishing information that defines how prints made according to the print order are to be processed after printing. A print order that is generated by such external devices 92 is received at communication system 90 which in turn provides appropriate signals that are received by communication system 90.
Similarly, the print order or portions thereof including image and production data can be obtained from any other source that can provide such data to printer 20 in any other manner, including but not limited to memory 88. Further, in certain embodiments image data and/or production data or certain aspects thereof can be generated from a source at printer 20 such as by way of user input system 84 and an output system 94. Output system 94 can comprise for example, and without limitation, a display, audio signal source or tactile signal generator or any other device that can be used by printer processor 82 to provide human perceptible signals for feedback, informational or other purposes.
Printer 20 further comprises an output system 94, such as a display, audio signal source or tactile signal generator or any other device that can be used to provide human perceptible signals by printer processor 82 to feedback, informational or other purposes.
Printer 20 prints images based upon print order information. Print order information can include image data and printing instructions that enable printer processor 82 to make a print.
The print order information can be supplied by a variety of sources. In the embodiment of FIG. 1, these sources include memory 88, communication system 90, that printer 20 can receive such image data through local generation or processing that can be executed at printer 20 using, for example, user input system 84, output system 94 and printer processor 82. Print order information can also be generated by way of remote input 56 and local input 66 and can be calculated by printer processor 82. For convenience, these sources are referred to collectively herein as source of print order information 100. It will be appreciated, that this is not limiting and that source of print order information 100 can comprise any electronic, magnetic, optical or other system known in the art of printing that can be incorporated into printer 20 or that can cooperate with printer 20 to make print order information or parts thereof available.
In the embodiment of printer 20 that is illustrated in FIG. 1, printer processor 82 has a color separation image processor 96 to convert the image data into color separation image data that can be used by printing modules 40-48 of print engine 22 to generate color separation images. An optional halftone processor 98 is also shown that can process the color separation images according to any half-tone screening requirements of print engine 22. In other embodiments, printer processor 82 can be used to perform the functions of generating color separation images. In still other embodiments, external devices such as external computers and DFEs can be used to generate color separation images. Conventional color separation techniques can be used for this purpose including raster image processing.
FIGS. 2, 3 and 4 illustrate a first embodiment of a printing module 48 that is representative of printing modules 40, 42, 44 and 46 of FIG. 1. In this embodiment, printing module 48 has a primary imaging system 110, a charging subsystem 120, a writing system 130 and a development system 140 that are each ultimately responsive to printer processor 82.
Primary imaging system 110 includes a primary imaging member 112. In the embodiment of FIGS. 2, 3 and 4, primary imaging member 112 takes the form of an imaging cylinder. However, in other embodiments primary imaging member 112 can take other forms, such as a belt or plate.
Primary imaging system 110 has a surface 114 on which a pattern of charge can be formed. In the embodiment of FIGS. 2, 3, and 4, surface 114 is a photoreceptor having a charge retentive surface on which a pattern of charge can be applied and further having a photosensitive layer that can locally discharge a charge on the surface as a function to an amount of light to which the charge retentive surface is exposed.
As is indicated by arrow 109 in FIGS. 2, 3, and 4, primary imaging member 112 is rotated by a motor (not shown) such that primary imaging member 112 rotates from charging subsystem 120 where a uniform charge is imparted onto primary imaging member 112, to writing subsystem 130 which selectively discharges primary imaging member 112 to for a latent electrostatic image on primary imaging member 112. Primary imaging member 112 is then rotated past development system 140 where a charged toner 24 is exposed to the latent electrostatic image in the presence of a development field causing charged toner 24 to leave development system 140 and develop on the primary imaging member 112 to form a toner image corresponding to the latent electrostatic image.
Continued rotation of primary imaging member 112 brings the toner image into a transfer nip 156 with a transfer system 50 where the toner image is transferred to a co-rotating intermediate transfer member 162 while further rotation of primary imaging member 112 moves primary imaging member 112 past a cleaning subsystem 158 and back to charging subsystem 120.
As is shown in FIG. 3, rotation of intermediate transfer member 162 causes surface 164 to move the transferred toner image 25 toward a transfer nip 166 while moving surface 30 advances receiver 26 toward transfer nip 166.
As is shown in FIG. 5, when both toner image 25 and receiver 26 are in nip 166, print image 25 is transferred from transfer surface 164 of intermediate transfer member 162.
In this embodiment, transfer system 50 includes a transfer backup member 160 opposite intermediate transfer member 162 at transfer nip 166. Intermediate transfer member 162 optionally has a resilient support (not shown) for transfer surface 164. As is further shown in the embodiments of FIGS. 2, 3 and 4 a transfer power supply 168 is provided to create a transfer field between intermediate transfer member 162 and transfer backup member 160 to facilitate the transfer of a print image 25 onto receiver 26.
Method for Providing a Toner Print With Improved Gamut
FIG. 5 illustrates one embodiment of a method for providing toner color images that can be executed for example, by printer processor 82 of the embodiment of toner printer 20 of FIG. 1. However, it will be understood that this method can be executed in whole or in part by any or all of printer processor 82, by color separation image processor 96 or by external devices 92 including but not limited to the Digital Front End (DFE) acting alone or in any functional combination thereof.
In the embodiment of FIG. 5, image data and printing instructions for printing according to the image data are obtained (step 200). There are a variety of ways that this can be done. In one embodiment, print order data is provided by for example, the source of print order information 100 from an external device 92 by way of communication system 90. In this embodiment, printer processor 82 uses the print order data to determine the image data to be used in making the print and any printing instructions that define how print image data is to be used to form the print. The image data can include any form of data that can be used to generate an image. In this regard, the image data can include image data in the form of conventional types of image data files such as JPEG, TIFF, bitmap or graphics interchange format (GIF) data files. The image data can also be of a type that is obtained for example, from a color document scanner or that is generated by a digital camera or by a computer or from a memory or network. The image data can also be supplied in any other form that can be used by printer processor 82 to generate image data including but not limited documents, world wide web pages, commercial word, image or publication formats including but not limited to PDF format documents, graphic arts formats, and algorithms other information that can be used to generate image data.
The printing instructions can comprise any information that can be used by printer processor 82 to determine any information regarding the way in which the image data is to be printed by printer 20. Examples of information that can be obtained from the printing instructions include but are not limited to information that can be used to determine a type of receiver to be used in making a print based upon the image data, a size and orientation of a print that is to be made using the image data, data from which a desired gloss level of the print can be determined, data from which finishing instructions for the print can be determined and any other information that may be useful to printer 20 in any way when generating a print based upon the determined image data.
Printer controller 82 then determines a pattern of target colors to be printed based upon the image data, printing instructions and a known color gamut that can be printed using a set of reflective toner colors (step 202). In one embodiment, printer controller 82 begins by identifying a pattern of target colors represented by the image data and then determining whether the pattern of target colors is be adjusted based upon the printing instructions. That is, to the extent that the printing instructions provide instructions that require modification of the target colors that are determined according to the image data or that provide instructions that override the image data appropriate target colors will be determined that reflect the printing instructions and the image data. For example, the printing instructions can include instructions to superimpose text, graphics, or images onto the image data. In such an embodiment, the target colors determined for locations of the print where such text or graphics are to be superimposed are modified or superseded according to the printing instructions to create the text, graphics or images.
A fluorescent toner color image is then generated based upon the determined pattern of target colors (step 204). As discussed previously, light that is reflected from areas, a print having fluorescent toner colorants includes light that is converted from non-visible wavelengths into visible wavelengths of light such that the presence of fluorescent toner in an area provides additional illumination to extend the dynamic range of a print and to also extend the color gamut that a toner printer can use in forming a toner image. This is achieved because the fluorescent toner can provide concentrations of fluorescent colorants that effectively increase the brightness of an image where necessary to form target colors that have both high gamma and high luminance. Such a result is not possible when colors are formed using a reflective toners and the subtractive color model.
The extent of the increased illumination provided by the fluorescent toner color is typically proportional to the amount of fluorescent toner in an area and the fluorescent toner image is defined by printer controller 82 so that there is sufficient additional illumination where needed in a toner print to allow the fluorescent toner color to combine with reflective toner colors to form target colors that are outside of a color gamut of that toner printer 20 can print using reflective toner colors.
In this regard, as is noted above, printer processor 82 typically determines a set of target colors based upon a color gamut that is associated with the reflective toner colors used by the toner printer. Where an image is supplied having colors that are not within the reflective toner color gamut, the colors from the image data are color compressed into the reflective toner color gamut of the printer. This can create artifacts and limit dynamic range.
However, when printer processor 82 determines that a print will be made using a fluorescent toner color, printer processor 82 uses a larger fluorescent toner color enhanced color gamut to convert a pattern of colors in image data into a pattern of target colors. In some cases, color compression may not be necessary when the fluorescent toner color enhanced color gamut is available. In other cases, the extent of color compression can be lessened. The larger fluorescent toner color gamut represents an increased ability to form colors having high luminance and high gamma that is made possible by the use of the fluorescent toner color. Other factors can also influence the pattern of target colors determined by the printer processor 82 when a fluorescent toner is used. These can include the color of the receiver, including any coloration caused by fluorescent materials in the receiver.
In order to achieve a greater dynamic range, printer processor 82 forms a fluorescent toner color image that provides fluorescent toner color at locations based upon the need to provide supplemental illumination to increase dynamic range and ultimately color gamut and fluorescent toner color image defines a pattern of fluorescent toner where such supplemental illumination is required and, optionally, in proportion to the need for such supplemental illumination.
The exact extent of the larger color gamut made available by the fluorescent toner will depend, generally, upon the efficiency of the fluorescent colorants in converting non-visible wavelengths of light into visible wavelengths of light, assumptions about amounts of non-visible wavelengths of light available to support the emission of visible wavelengths of light, the extent to which the fluorescent toner color can be combined with available ranges of reflective toner densities to form combination colors.
One factor that is influential in determining the scope of the larger color gamut made available when fluorescent toner is used is the hue angle of the fluorescent toner color. Typically, the hue angle of the fluorescent toner color is not neutral and where larger amounts fluorescent toner color are required for illumination there will also be increases in the color contribution of fluorescent toner color. Such additional color contributions may or may not be adapted for the formation of a particular target color.
One or more reflective toner color images are then determined to be combined with determined fluorescent toner color image to form the pattern of target colors (step 206). In this regard, printer processor 82 considers the color and luminance provided by the fluorescent toner color at each target color in the pattern of toner colors and then determines the color contributions that must be made by the reflective toners to form the pattern of toner colors.
The process by which such reflective toners are defined for use with the fluorescent toner color to form a target color differs from the process that is used when combining only reflective toners to form a target color. In particular, when reflective toners are combined with fluorescent toner at a location to achieve a target color, both the chroma and the luminance of the fluorescent toner must be considered. However, when only reflective toners are used to form a target color, it can be assumed that additional color contributions from a particular color will be accompanied by an associated reduction in density.
For example, where a fluorescent toner provides, for example, a magenta fluorescent toner color and the target color includes a high level of magenta color at a high density it can be necessary to use a high level of magenta fluorescent toner color to provide the high level of magenta for the target color. However, doing so will also create a high level of luminance that must be dampened by the amounts of reflective toners used in combination with the fluorescent toner in order to form the high density target color. Printer processor 82 provides reflective toner colors at levels that are typically greater than the levels of reflective toner colors that would be required to form a target color in the event that the magenta color is supplied by a reflective magenta toner.
Accordingly, when a target color is in a high density region and includes a substantial color contribution by the fluorescent toner color, substantial amounts of reflective toner can be required simply for the purpose of offsetting the luminance provided by the fluorescent toner.
This problem can become particularly acute where the fluorescent toner is applied at uppermost level of a print. For example, as is shown in FIG. 6, when a fluorescent toner is transferred and fused to a receiver 26 so that fluorescent colorant particles 170 are at or near an exterior surface 172 of a fused binder material 174 of a toner print 176 a first part of the light 178 from fluorescent colorant particles 170 emits in directions that do not pass to the underlying reflective colorant particles 180 in fused binder material 174 such that a substantial proportion of light 178 emitted by the fluorescent colorant particles 170 travels directly into the viewing area of a print without modulation by the reflective colorant particles 180.
Where the fused toner mass has the configuration shown in FIG. 8, the reflective colorant 180 has an opportunity to modulate about one half of the fluorescent color light. This further increases the amount of reflective toner that must be used in order to achieve high densities when a toner image is printed having a combination of fluorescent toner colorants and reflective toner colorants. This makes it difficult to efficiently combine fluorescent toner colors with reflective toner colors to achieve high density areas that also have high color content.
However, the simple expedient of using fluorescent toner where necessary to achieve target colors that are outside of a color gamut of a combination of available reflective toner colors while using only reflective toner colors other target colors tends to be problematic because the luminance differences between fluorescent toner colors and reflective toner colors create visible artifacts.
What is needed, therefore, is a strategy for efficiently using fluorescent toner color in combination with one or more reflective toner colors to form a toner image without creating visible artifacts.
In this regard, the applicants have discovered that the fluorescent toner generally provides higher-level of color per unit of fluorescent toner than equivalent amount of reflective toner of a similar color. For example, an amount of a fluorescent magenta toner required to achieve a first magenta color content can be one quarter of the amount of reflective magenta toner required to achieve the same color content and it is more efficient to use fluorescent magenta toner in areas of low magenta color content.
Accordingly, in addition to providing fluorescent toner for the purpose of extending the color gamut of a toner print, the process of generating a fluorescent toner color image (step 206) can include providing fluorescent toner colors in areas of a toner image where it is possible to create a target color in an image using less toner than would be required to form the target color using a combination of reflective toner colors.
In one embodiment of this type, the reflective toner colors include a black toner color and the black toner color image is determined before determining any other reflective toner color images. Where this is done, the black reflective toner color image includes amounts of black toner color that are determined based in part upon amounts of fluorescent toner color and to reduce an amount of luminance at an area where a fluorescent toner color has been used to provide a particular gamma but has done so with excess luminance. In this manner, the combined fluorescent toner color image and black toner color image can be combined to provide a range of densities in the fluorescent toner color chroma with greater efficiency than can be achieved using an equivalent amount of reflective toner color having a chroma that is similar to the chroma of the fluorescent toner color. The range of densities provided by such a combination can include a density of the target color in certain case and in other cases can include a range of densities to which other reflective colorants can efficiently supply additional colorant to form a target color.
Additionally, as is known in the art, the amount of black toner color determined for each pattern of target colors can also be adjusted to reduce the amounts of other toner colors to be used to achieve target colors and that toner color images for such other colors of toner can be determined based upon the pattern of target colors as well as the previously determined fluorescent toner color image and black toner color image.
However, as has been previously noted, there are limits on the extent to which this approach provides a toner image having desired dynamic range in an efficient manner. In particular, this approach becomes significantly less efficient when a target color requires both a high color content of a color supplied by a fluorescent toner color and a high density. This is because amounts of fluorescent toner required to achieve high color content are accompanied by high luminance and it is therefore necessary to supply significant amounts of reflective toner to offset any unnecessary luminance created by high levels of such toner.
Accordingly, in the embodiment of FIG. 5, the method of determining a fluorescent toner image includes decreasing an amount of fluorescent toner color as the target color density increases. The decrease in the amount of fluorescent toner color can be functionally related to increases in density according to a functional relationship such as by monotonically decreasing amounts of fluorescent toner color with increases in toner density.
One example of such a functional relationship is illustrated in FIG. 7. In the embodiment of FIG. 7, an example of one potential function that could be used to determine an amount of fluorescent toner color toner is illustrated that has a first hue angle to be used in forming a target color. This function has as a Y-axis, an amount of fluorescent toner color to be used, and on an X-axis, a density of the first hue angle required to form a target color.
As is shown in this example, fluorescent toner color is used in amounts that increase with increased density at the first hue angle until a threshold density level 232 is reached at which it becomes inefficient to form a target color using a combination of fluorescent toner color along with additional reflective toner colors to provide densities of the first hue angle that are required to form target colors. Thereafter the amount of fluorescent toner color used to form the target image follows a different curve 234 and begins to decrease monotonically as the density required of along the first hue angle increases. In this way, increases in density can be achieved using less fluorescent toner color and therefore less reflective toner color is required for the purpose of reducing the amount of light generated by the fluorescent toner color.
This approach, however, limits the density at the first hue angle that the fluorescent toner color can provide. In some cases, it may be necessary to provide a substitute source of density along the first hue angle where, as is shown in FIG. 7 there is a need to provide toners to supply a necessary density along a first range of density levels 236 of the first hue angle that is above threshold density 232.
In one embodiment, this need is met by using a combination of toner colors to form the toner image that include a fluorescent toner color having a first hue angle and a similar reflective toner color having for example, a hue angle that is at or within 10 degrees of the first hue angle at one or more density levels above the threshold. In this embodiment, a substitution strategy can be used with the similar reflective toner color being combined with the fluorescent toner color to achieve particular density levels at the first hue angle.
In the embodiment of FIG. 7, when target colors in an image require density levels that increase from the threshold density level 232, the amount of the fluorescent toner color to form a target color decreases with increases in desired density at a first rate 234 while the color provided by the similar reflective toner color increases at a second rate 238 that is double the first rate in order to allow continuous density levels 240 to be achieved both before and after the threshold density level 232 is reached. In one example of this type, the fluorescent toner color and the reflective toner color can be along a magenta hue angle, with the magenta reflective toner color replacing the magenta fluorescent toner color according to the function illustrated in FIG. 7, or according to any other functional relationship appropriate to the covering power, colorant loading or other properties of the toner image to be printed.
In another example of this type, a similar result can be achieved where a color spectrum of the visible wavelengths of the fluorescent toner color and a color absorption spectrum of visible wavelengths of a reflective toner color overlap by at least about 25%. In such a case, printer processor 82 increases the amount of the spectrally overlapping reflective toner as the amount of fluorescent toner is decreased to achieve greater densities in regions of spectral overlap.
It will be appreciated that it is possible to use such examples in tandem in printers providing for example, five, six or seven printing modules.
In other embodiments, the hue angle of the fluorescent toner color is not well aligned such as where there is more than a 10 degree difference between the hue angle of the fluorescent toner color and a hue angle of any of the reflective toner colors. In such embodiments, printer processor 82 determines the amount of more than one of the reflective toner colors based upon the determined amount of fluorescent toner color. In this example, the determined amount of the reflective toner colors are calculated to provide a density contribution at the first hue angle of the fluorescent toner color that can be combined with the fluorescent toner color to form the target color. In one example of this type, the fluorescent toner can include a magenta hue angle while a substitute reflection toner color can include an orange hue angle. In this example the orange density used for the toner print can be adjusted to supply any requisite magenta toner color while other reflective toner colors can be defined to combine with magenta fluorescent toner and the orange toner colors at an area on the receiver to form the target color.
Similarly, where there is less than a 25 percent overlap in the spectral distribution of the fluorescent toner color and any of the reflective toner colors, printer processor 82 adjusts the amounts of more than one of the reflective toner colors used at the location in ways that can be combined with the fluorescent toner image to provide the pattern of target colors.
The reflective toner color images and the fluorescent toner color images are then further processed if necessary to form toner color separation images. Such color separation images define specific toner color contributions for each individually addressable area of the print to be made (step 208). Generally, this involves developing toner color images for each of the toner colors that are to be used during printing based upon a subtractive color model for the toners to be used in making the print and factoring in the additional illumination provided by the fluorescent toner in the noise evident portions. The reflective toner color separation images and the fluorescent toner color separation image can be stored until used. Where such images are created at an external device 92 such as by a DFE, a mainframe computer, a server or a remote personal computer or other personal computing device, such reflective toner color separation images can be stored and later transmitted at the time of printing to communication system 90.
The threshold density level 232 is an efficiency metric representing a threshold between lower density levels where the use of fluorescent toner color to form target colors can provide efficiency advantages and higher density levels where the use of fluorescent toner colors can be counterproductive in terms of reaching high density colors. The threshold density level will depend upon specific factors in any individual application. In one embodiment, threshold density level 232 can be determined based at least in part upon any of a fluorescent toner hue angle, reflective toner hue angle, colorant concentrations, the efficiency of the fluorescence of any toner, limitations on the total area coverage that a toner printer can achieve at a printed area, the total dynamic range needed in the print, the lay clown order of the toner, the colorant loading of the toner particles or a combination of these factors. This list of factors is not limiting.
In the embodiment of FIG. 5, the reflective toner color separation images and the fluorescent toner separation image are then submitted to halftone image processor 98 also known as a raster image processor (RIP) that converts the reflective toner color images and the fluorescent toner color image into halftone dot image data in the respective color using matrices, which comprise desired screen angles and screen rulings (step 210). The RIP may be a suitably programmed computer and/or logic devices and is adapted to employ stored or generated matrices and templates for processing separated color image data into rendered image data in the form of halftone information suitable for printing.
The halftone processed toner color images and the halftone processed fluorescent toner color image can also be stored until used. When used, these can be submitted to frame or line buffers that convey the reflective toner color images to respective writers 130 in printing modules 40-48.
The halftone processed reflective toner color images are then used by printing modules 40-48 to form toner images (step 212). In this regard, selected ones of printing modules 40-48 convert each of the processed reflective toner images into a toner image using a reflective toner that forms a color that corresponds to the reflective toner color. For example, a cyan toner color image is converted into a cyan toner image having a toner with a cyan colorant therein arranged according to the cyan toner image. Similarly, the fluorescent toner color image is converted into a fluorescent toner image having a pattern of a toner with a fluorescent colorant arranged according to the fluorescent toner color image and having a colorant with a color that corresponds to the fluorescent toner colorant.
The reflective toner images and the fluorescent toner image are transferred in registration onto a receiver (step 214). A bond is then formed between the toner and the receiver such as by way of fusing fuser 60 or using other known structures or apparatuses and/or techniques.
As is noted above, the fluorescent toner color image may not be the only source of fluorescent colorant in a toner print. Specifically, in some circumstances, a receiver with high levels of optical brighter may be used and, as is also noted above, such optical brighter can impart a bluish hue on images printed thereon. In many cases, such a bluish hue will not be helpful in achieving a target color and, in such cases, an amount of fluorescent color light can be provided to increase the effective color gamut of a print by illuminating areas of the image where such a bluish hue prevents a desired color from being reached with a fluorescent toner color that helps to offset the effects of the optical printers in the paper. This can be made to work in a variety of fashions. In one embodiment, fluorescent toner color image provides for fluorescent toner color in areas where the bluish tint of the optical brighter may be detrimental and in amounts combined with the bluish light from the optical printers to yield a combined color can combine with the color formed by the reflective toners to yield the determined pattern of target colors.
When fluorescent toner colors are used in combination with a receiver having a fluorescent colorant, such fluorescent toner colors can absorb a significant portion of the invisible wavelengths of light that are absorbed in reemitted bluish light by the optical printers in the receiver. Accordingly, in these embodiments the fluorescent toner color image is determined at least in part to absorb invisible wavelengths of light that excite optical brighteners in the receiver to reduce an extent to which the optical brighteners emit reemit blue light and to emit light of a color that at least in part offsets any blue light emitted by optical brighteners in the receiver. This provides the effect of reducing the amount of light from the optical printers that must be offset by the fluorescent toner color.
In one example of this, the pattern of target colors may include a region of colors that are in a predetermined range of range of skin tone target colors and the determined fluorescent toner color image is used offset or reduce the bluish light from such optical brighteners by introducing, for example, a fluorescent magenta color in such areas in amounts that are sufficient to substitute a magenta color for the bluish light or that are sufficient to can increase a gamma of the magenta color. This makes the skin tone regions appear to be more natural.
It will be appreciated, that in certain embodiments printer processor 82 can be programmed to limit the extent to which the color gamut of the printer is extended such that a color space that can be formed with the use of the fluorescent toner is greater than a color space that can be formed with the one or more reflective toners, but does not provide for any location where uncombined fluorescent toner is used. In this way the presence of fluorescent toners, which can have an unnatural appearance, is limited.
In other embodiments, printer processor 82 additionally adapts the fluorescent toner color image to shape the color gamut of the printer to conform better to a shape that corresponds to a color gamut shape of a known emissive display. This can be done so that prints that are ordered from particular devices having particular display types had an appearance that more closely mimics the appearance of the image as previewed on the ordering device.
It will also be understood that in determining amounts of fluorescent toner color to use in a toner image, the lay down order of the toners to be used can be a factor. For example, as is shown in FIG. 8, in certain embodiments, the fluorescent toner may be applied to a receiver such that after fusing fused binder material 176 has fluorescent colorant particles 170 positioned between reflective colorant particles 180 and receiver 26.
Where this lay down order is used, a portion of the energy from non-visible wavelengths of an illuminating light L that are typically absorbed and emitted by fluorescent colorant particles 170 is absorbed by fused binder material 174 and another portion is absorbed by reflective colorant particles 180. Thus, fluorescent colorant particles 170 receive more energy and generate more light when used at an upper layer of a fused toner mass where fluorescent colorant particles are positioned as shown in FIG. 6 to receive these invisible wavelengths of light before absorption losses meaningfully reduce the illuminating efficiency of the fluorescent colorants.
However, it can be useful or necessary to accept such losses in some cases. In these embodiments, fluorescent toner colors are defined by a reflective toner color image set as described above and are further adjusted to levels that create necessary levels of illumination despite the absorption of energy by the fused binder material 174 and reflective colorant particles 180. It will be appreciated that this lay down order can be more efficient in certain cases because all light 178 emitted by the fluorescent colorant particles 170 will be modulated by the overlying reflective colorant particles 180 and therefore less overlying reflective colorant particles 180 and less reflective toner may be necessary in order to compensate for any unnecessary illumination from fluorescent colorant particles 170.
It will be appreciated that using the function of FIG. 7, the density of fluorescent toner colorant in a fused toner image increases with increases in density at a hue angle of the fluorescent toner color until a threshold density of the fluorescent toner color is met, and for density increases above the threshold density the amount of the fluorescent toner colorant is decreased as the target color density increases.
FIG. 9 illustrates one example of a section of a toner print 300 made according to the method of FIG. 5. As is shown in FIG. 9 toner print 300 has: a receiver 26 and a toner image 310 fused to receiver 26. Toner image 312 has a first area 320 with a first density at a first hue angle formed by a first amount of a fluorescent colorant 324 at first area 320.
Toner print 330 also has a second area 330 having a second density at the first hue angle and formed by a second amount 332 of the fluorescent toner colorant at second area 330. However, in the example of FIG. 9, the density of light at the hue angle of the fluorescent toner in second area 330 is greater than the density of light at the hue angle of the fluorescent toner in first area 320.
In this embodiment, second area 334 further has a reflective colorant 334 that is black in color. Here, the black colorant 334 is present in amounts that are provided in proportion to an amount of reflective black toner transferred into second area 334 and the amounts of reflective toner colorant 334 are provide for the increased density. This can be done to achieve a target color having a density that is within a predetermined range of densities.
In the example of FIG. 9, receiver 26 also has optional optical brighteners 342 that emit visible blue light 344 at a first intensity when excited by invisible wavelengths of light in an unprinted an area such as area 340. Such blue light 342 may not be conducive to forming color accurate rendition of a target color when, for example, when the target color has a skin tone target colors. However, such optical brighteners 342 are typically excited by the same wavelengths of light that excite fluorescent colorants 324. Accordingly in an area that has a skin tone such as for example area 320, an amount of fluorescing toner colorant 322 is provided to achieve a skin tone target color that at least in part absorbs the invisible wavelengths of light L that excite optical brighteners 342 in the receiver 26 reducing an extent to which the optical brighteners emit reemit blue light 344. Additionally, fluorescent toner colorant 324 provides a color of light that in the example forms a skin tone and by supplying a color of light that in part offsets any visible blue light emitted by the optical brighteners 344.
In other embodiments, a toner print can be defined without areas with colors formed using only fluorescent toner. This can be done in circumstances where the fluorescent toner color is not consistent with image information.
The example of FIG. 10 is identical to the example of FIG. 9, except that in this example, a toner image 300 is formed having reflective toner colorants 332 at second area 320 with the fluorescent toner colorant 332 having a hue angle. Second area 332 also has reflective toner colorants having a hue angle that is within about 10 degrees of the hue angle of the fluorescent toner colorant. Here, an amount 334 of fluorescent toner colorant 324 in the second area 330 is less than an amount 322 of fluorescent toner colorant 324 in first area 320, and an amount 336 of the reflective toner colorant 334 in the second area 330 combines with the fluorescent toner colorant 324 in second area 330 to form a target color having a density at a hue angle of the fluorescent toner that is greater than a density of the fluorescent toner. For example, the fluorescent toner color can have a magenta hue angle and the reflective toner colorant can also have a magenta hue angle and the combination of the reflective magenta colorant and the reflective magenta colorant can form the target density with greater efficiency than can an area that has a hue angle of the fluorescent toner colorant supplied by the fluorescent toner colorant because this combination does not require that increases in the density at the hue angle of the fluorescent toner are associated with luminance increases that must be offset by using increased amounts of reflective toners of other hue angles.
In other embodiments, where a hue angle of the fluorescent toner colorant is greater than 10 degrees different from a hue angle of any of the one or more reflective toner colorants an amount of more than one of the reflective toner colorants in an area provide a color along the hue angle of the fluorescent toner with a density that is greater than a density along the hue angle of the fluorescent toner at the first area. Here too, such an approach can achieve higher densities at the hue angle of the fluorescent toner in a more efficient manner than other approaches. In other embodiments, wherein a color spectrum of the fluorescent toner colorants and a color spectrum of a reflective toner colorant overlap by at least about 25 percent and an amount of more than one of the reflective toner colorants provide a color of the overlapping portions of the color spectrum with a density that is greater than a density along the hue angle of the fluorescent toner at the first area 320.
It will also be appreciated that in certain embodiments, the use of fluorescent toner color can help to achieve efficiency gains at lower density level target colors because the emissive properties of the light provided by fluorescent toner colorants can provide what appears to be greater coverage for an equivalent concentration of colorant in an area.
Examples of Fluorescent Color Toner
The following provides non-limiting examples of reflective and fluorescent toner that can be used in embodiments described above. As is used in the following, fluorescent toner color refers to a color of light provided by a fluorescent toner when illuminated
The term “reflective toner” as in the following refers to dry non-fluorescing color toner particles containing one or more non-fluorescing colorants (dyes or pigments) that provide a color or hue having an optical density of at least 0.2 at the maximum exposure so as to distinguish them from “colorless” dry toner particles that have a lower optical density. By non-fluorescing colorants, it is meant that the colorants do not emit light or “fluoresce” upon exposure to light of a different wavelength to a significant degree.
The term “fluorescent toner” refers to a colorant, dry toner particle, or toner image that provides a color or hue having an optical density of at least 0.2 at the maximum exposure to irradiating light, so as to distinguish them from “colorless” or “substantially clear” fluorescing colorants, toner particles, or toner images as described for example in U.S. Patent Application Publication 2010/0164218 (noted above). The “visible fluorescing magenta” colorants and dry toner particles emit as one or more peak wavelengths of at least 510 nm and up to and including 590 nm, and particular at one or more peak wavelengths of at least 520 nm and up to and including 580 nm.
The term “peak wavelength” in reference to the visible fluorescing magenta colorants in the visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles means an emission peak within the noted range of wavelengths that provides the desired fluorescing magenta effect according to this invention. There can be multiple peak wavelengths for a given visible fluorescing colorant. It is not necessary that the λmax be within the noted range of wavelengths or that the peak wavelength of interest be the λmax. However, many useful visible fluorescing colorants will have a λmax within the noted range of wavelengths and this λmax can also be the desired “peak” wavelength.
The term “composite”, when used in reference to developed color toner images or developed and fixed color toner images, refers to the combination of at least 2 (for example, CM) and up to 4 (for example, CYMK), non-fluorescing color toner images in the same multicolor toner image.
The term “covering power” refers to the coloring strength (optical density) value of fixed dry toner particles on a specific receiver material, or the ability of the fixed dry toner particles to “cover” or hide radiation reflected from the receiver material. For example, covering power values can be determined by making patches of varying densities from non-fixed dry toner particles on a receiver material such as a clear film. The weight and area of each of these patches is measured, and the dry toner particles in each patch are fixed for example in an oven with controlled temperature that is hot enough to melt the dry toner particles sufficiently to form a continuous thin film in each patch on the receiver material. The transmission densities of the resulting patches of thin films are measured with a Status A blue filter on an X-rite densitometer (other conventional densitometers can be used). A plot of the patch transmission densities vs. initial patch dry toner weight is prepared, and the weight per unit area of toner thin film is calculated at a transmission density of 1.0. The reciprocal of this value, in units of cm2/g of fixed dry toner particles, is the “covering power”. Another way of saying this is that the covering power is the area of the receiver material that is covered to a transmission density of 1.0 by 1 gram of dry toner particles. As the covering power increases, the “yield” of the dry toner particles increases, meaning that less mass of dry toner particles is needed to create the same amount of density area coverage in a printed image on the receiver material. Thus, covering power is a measurement that is taken after the dry toner particles are fixed (or fused) to a given receiver material. A skilled worker would be able from this description to measure the covering power of any particular dry toner particle composition (containing polymer binder, colorants, and optional addenda), receiver material, and fixing conditions as used in the practice of this invention.
Dry Toner Particles
In this example, dry toner particles and compositions of multiple dry toner particles in dry developers (described below) can be used for reproduction of a fluorescing hue or effect, particularly a visible fluorescing magenta hue that can have the appearance of a “pink” fluorescing hue, by an electrostatic printing process, especially by an electrophotographic imaging process.
These visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles can be porous or nonporous. For example, if they are porous particles, up to 60% of the volume can be occupied or unoccupied pores within the polymeric binder phase (matrix). The visible fluorescing magenta colorants can be within the pores or within the polymeric binder phase. In many embodiments, the visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles are not purposely designed to be porous although pores may be created unintentionally during manufacture. In such “nonporous” embodiments, the porosity of the visible fluorescing magenta toner particles used in this example is less than 10% based on the total particle volume within the external particle surface, and the visible fluorescing magenta colorants are predominantly (at least 90 weight %) in the polymeric binder phase.
The visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles used in this example are generally non-magnetic in that magnetic materials are not purposely incorporated within the polymeric binder phase.
The visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles have an external particle surface and consist essentially of a polymeric binder phase and one or more visible fluorescing magenta colorants (described below) that are generally uniformly dispersed within the polymeric binder phase to provide, when fixed (or fused) and excited by appropriate radiation, the fluorescing magenta effects described herein.
As described in more detail below, these visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles can be used for imaging in combination with non-fluorescing dry color toner particles that provide one or more non-fluorescing colors in a color toner image.
Optional additives (described below) can be incorporated into the visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles used in this invention to provide various properties that are useful for electrostatic printing processes. However, only the polymeric binder phase and the visible fluorescing magenta colorants described herein are essential for providing the desired fluorescing magenta effects in a fixed color toner image and for this purpose, they are the only essential components of the visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles.
The polymeric binder phase is generally a continuous polymeric phase comprising one or more polymeric binders that are suitable for the various imaging methods described herein. Many useful binder polymers are known in the art as being suitable for forming dry toner particles as they will behave properly melt and flow) during thermal fixing of the toner particles to a suitable receiver material. Such polymeric binders generally are amorphous and each has a glass transition temperature (Tg) of at least 50° C. and up to and including 100° C. In addition, the visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles prepared from these polymeric binders have a caking temperature of at least 50° C. so that the visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles can be stored for relatively long periods of time at fairly high temperatures without having individual particles agglomerate and clump together.
Useful polymeric binders for providing the polymeric binder phase include but are not limited to, polycarbonates, resin-modified malic alkyd polymers, polyamides, phenol-formaldehyde polymers and various derivatives thereof, polyester condensates, modified alkyd polymers, aromatic polymers containing alternating methylene and aromatic units, and fusible crosslinked polymers.
Other useful polymeric binders are vinyl polymers, such as homopolymers and copolymers derived from two or more ethylenically unsaturated polymerizable monomers. For example, useful copolymers can be derived one or more of styrene or a styrene derivative, vinyl naphthalene, p-chlorostyrene, unsaturated mono-olefins such as ethylene, propylene, butylene, and isobutylene, vinyl halides such as vinyl chloride, vinyl bromide, and vinyl fluoride, vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, vinyl benzoate, vinyl butyrate, vinyl esters such as esters of mono carboxylic acids including acrylates and methacrylates, acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, acrylamides, methacrylamide, vinyl ethers such as vinyl methyl ether, vinyl isobutyl ether, and vinyl ethyl ether, N-vinyl indole, N-vinyl pyrrolidone, and others that would be readily apparent to one skilled in the electrophotographic polymer art.
For example, homopolymers and copolymers derived from styrene or styrene derivatives can comprise at least 40 weight % and to and including 100 weight % of recurring units derived from styrene or styrene derivatives (homologs) and from 0 to and including 40 weight % of recurring units derived from one or more lower alkyl acrylates or methacrylates (the term “lower alkyl” means alkyl groups having 1 to 6 carbon atoms). Other useful polymers include fusible styrene-acrylic copolymers that are partially crosslinked by incorporating recurring units derived from a divinyl ethylenically unsaturated polymerizable monomer such as divinylbenzene or a diacrylate or dimethacrylate. Polymeric binders of this type are described, for example, in U.S. Reissue Pat. 31,072 (Jadwin et al.) that is incorporated herein by reference. Mixtures of such polymeric binders can be used if desired.
Some useful polymeric binders are derived from styrene or another vinyl aromatic ethylenically unsaturated polymerizable monomer and one or more alkyl acrylates, alkyl methacrylates, or dienes wherein the styrene recurring units comprise at least 60% by weight of the polymer. For example, copolymers that are derived from styrene and either butyl acrylate or butadiene are also useful as polymeric binders, or these copolymers can be part of blends of polymeric binders. For example, a blend of poly(styrene-co-butyl acrylate) and poly(styrene-co-butadiene) can be used wherein the weight ratio of the first polymeric binder to the second polymeric binder is from 10:1 to 1:10, or from 5:1 to 1:5.
Styrene-containing polymers are particularly useful and can be derived from one or more of styrene, α-methylstyrene, p-chlorostyrene, and vinyl toluene. Useful alkyl acrylates, alkyl methacrylates, and monocarboxylic acids that can be copolymerized with styrene or styrene derivatives include but are not limited to, acrylic acid, methyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, ethyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, dodecyl acrylate, octyl acrylate, phenyl acrylate, methacrylic acid, ethyl methacrylate, butyl methacrylate, and octyl methacrylate.
Condensation polymers are also useful as polymeric binders in the visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles. Useful condensation polymers include but are not limited to, polycarbonates, polyamides, polyesters, polywaxes, epoxy resins, polyurethanes, and polymeric esterification products of a polycarboxylic acid and a diol comprising a bisphenol. Particularly useful condensation polymeric binders include polyesters and copolyesters that are derived from one or more aromatic dicarboxylic acids and one or more aliphatic diols, including polyesters derived from isophthalic or terephthalic acid and diols such as ethylene glycol, cyclohexane dimethanol, and bisphenols (such as Bisphenol A). Other useful polyester binders can be obtained by the co-polycondensation polymerization of a carboxylic acid component comprising a carboxylic acid having two or more valencies, an acid anhydride thereof or a lower alkyl ester thereof (for example, fumaric acid, maleic acid, maleic anhydride, phthalic acid, terephthalic acid, trimellitic acid, or pyromellitic acid), using as a diol component a bisphenol derivative or a substituted compound thereof. Other useful polyesters are copolyesters prepared from terephthalic acid (including substituted terephthalic acid), a bis[(hydroxyalkoxy)phenyl]alkane having 1 to 4 carbon atoms in the alkoxy radical and from 1 to 10 carbon atoms in the alkane moiety (that can also be a halogen-substituted alkane), and an alkylene glycol having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms in the alkylene moiety. Specific examples of such condensation copolyesters and how they are made are provided for example in U.S. Pat. No. 5,120,631 (Kanbayashi et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 4,430,408 (Sitaramiah), and U.S. Pat. No. 5,714,295 (Wilson et al.), all of which are incorporated herein by reference for describing such polymeric binders. A useful polyester is a propoxylated bisphenol—A fumarate.
Useful polycarbonates are described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,694,359 (Merrill et al.) that is incorporated by reference, which polycarbonates can contain alklidene diarylene moieties in recurring units.
Other specific polymeric binders useful in the visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles are described in [0031] of U.S. Patent Application Publication 2011/0262858 (noted above) that is incorporated herein by reference.
In some embodiments, the polymeric binder phase comprises a polyester or a vinyl polymer derived at least in part from styrene or a styrene derivative, both of which are described above.
In general, one or more polymeric binders are present in the visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles in an amount of at least 50 weight % and up to and including 80 weight %, or typically at least 60 weight % and up to and including 75 weight %, based on the total visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particle weight.
The visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles used in this example are not generally perfectly spherical so it is best to define them by the mean volume weighted diameter (Dvol) that can be determined as described above. Before fixing, the Dvol can be at least 4 μm and up to and including 20 μm and typically at least 5 μm and up to and including 12 μm, but larger or smaller particles may be useful in certain embodiments. Some very small particles can be considered as “liquid” toner particles.
The visible fluorescing magenta colorants useful in the practice of this example can be chosen from any of such pigments and dyes that are known in the art for emitting at one or more peak wavelengths of at least 510 nm and up to and including 590 nm, or at least 520 and up to and including 580 nm. Such compounds can be readily determined from such sources as Honeywell International (New Jersey), Union Pigment (Hongzhau, China), Dayglo Corporation (Ohio), Clariant Corporation (Rhode Island), H.W. Sands (Jupiter Fla.), Sun Chemicals (Ohio), and Risk Reactor (California).
For example, useful visible fluorescing magenta colorant classes are rhodamine, perylene, naphthalimide, and anthrone classes of fluorescing magenta colorants that emit at one or more peak wavelengths of at least 510 nm and up to and including 590 nm, or one or more peak wavelengths of at least 520 nm and up to and including 590 mm.
Mixtures of two or more of the visible fluorescing magenta colorants as described herein can be used if desired. In some embodiments, one or more fluorescing magenta colorants can be used in combination with one or more colorless or visible non-magenta fluorescing colorants.
The one or more visible fluorescing magenta colorants are generally present in the visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles in an amount of at least 0.5 weight % and up to and including 20 weight %, or typically at least 2 weight % and up to and including 12 weight %, based on the total visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particle weight.
Various optional additives that can be present in the visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles can be added in the dry blend of polymeric resin particles and visible fluorescing magenta colorants as described below. Such optional additives include but are not limited to, non-fluorescing colorants (such as dyes and pigments), charge control agents, waxes, fuser release aids, leveling agents, surfactants, stabilizers, or any combinations of these materials. These additives are generally present in amounts that are known to be useful in the electrophotographic art as they are known to be used in other dry toner particles, including dry color toner particles.
In some embodiments, a spacing agent, fuser release aid, flow additive particles, or combinations of these materials can be provided on the outer surface of the visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles, and such materials are provided in amounts that are known in the electrophotographic art. Generally, such materials are added to the visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles after they have been prepared using the dry blending, melt extrusion, and breaking process (described below).
Inorganic or organic non-fluorescing colorants (pigments or dyes) can be present in the visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles to provide any suitable color, tone, or hue other than fluorescing magenta effect described herein. Most visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles used in the practice of this example are free of non-fluorescing colorants (fluoresce to an insubstantial amount at the noted wavelengths).
Such non-fluorescing colorants can be incorporated into the polymeric binders in known ways, for example by including them in the dry blends described below. Useful colorants or pigments include but are not limited to the following compounds unless they are visible fluorescing magenta colorants: titanium dioxide, carbon black, Aniline Blue, Calcoil Blue, Chrome Yellow, Ultramarine Blue, DuPont Oil Red, Quinoline Yellow, Methylene Blue Chloride, Malachite Green Oxalate, Lamp Black, Rose Bengal, Colour Index Pigment Red 48:1, Colour Index Pigment Red 57:1, Colour Index Pigment Yellow 97, Colour Index Pigment Yellow 17, Colour Index Pigment Blue 15:1, Colour Index Pigment Blue 15:3, phthalocyanines such as copper phthalocyanine, mono-chlor copper phthalocyanine, hexadecachlor copper phthalocyanine, Phthalocyanine Blue or Colour Index Pigment Green 7, and quinacridones such as Colour Index Pigment Violet 19 or Colour Index Pigment Red 122, and pigments such as HELIOGEN BlueTM, HOSTAPERM PinkTM, NOVAPERM YellowTM, LITHOL ScarletTM, MICROLITH BrownTM, SUDAN BlueTM, FANAL PinkTM, and PV FAST BlueTM. Mixtures of colorants can be used. Other suitable non-fluorescing colorants are described in U.S. Reissue Pat. 31,072 (noted above), U.S. Pat. No. 4,160,644 (Ryan), U.S. Pat. No. 4,416,965 (Sandhu et al.), and U.S. Pat. No. 4,414,152 (Santilli et al.), all of which are incorporated herein by reference.
One or more of such non-fluorescing colorants can be present in the visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles in an amount of at least 1 weight % and up to and including 20 weight %, or typically at least 2 to and including 15 weight %, based on total visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particle weight, but a skilled worker in the art would know how to adjust the amount of colorant so that the desired fluorescing magenta effect can be obtained when the visible fluorescing magenta colorants are mixed with the non-fluorescing colorants.
The colorants can also be encapsulated using elastomeric resins that are included within the visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles. Such a process is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,298,356 (Tyagi et al.) that is incorporated herein by reference.
Suitable charge control agents and their use in toner particles are well known in the art as described for example in the 1991 Handbook of Imaging Materials, 2nd Edition, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, ISBN 0-8247-8451-0, Chapter 4, Dry Toner Technology, Robert J. Gruber and Paul C. Julien, 4.3.4. Charging, Page 180 and references noted therein. The term “charge control” refers to a propensity of the material to modify the triboelectric charging properties of the visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles. A wide variety of charge control agents can be used as described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,893,935 (Jadwin-et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 4,079,014 (Burness et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 4,323,634 (Jadwin), U.S. Pat. No. 4,394,430 (Jadwin et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 4,624,907 (Nimura et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 4,814,250 (Kwarta et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 4,840,864 (Bugner et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 4,834,920 (Bugner et al.), and U.S. Pat. No. 4,780,553 (Suzuki et al.), all of which are incorporated herein by reference. The charge control agents can be transparent or translucent and free of pigments and dyes. Generally, these compounds are colorless or nearly colorless. Mixtures of charge control agents can be used. A desired charge control agent can be chosen depending upon whether a positive or negative charging visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particle is needed.
Examples of useful charge control agents include but are not limited to, triphenylmethane compounds, ammonium salts, aluminum-azo complexes, chromium-azo complexes, chromium salicylate organo-complex salts, azo-iron complex salts, an azo-iron complex salt such as ferrate (1-), bis[4-[5-chloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)azo]-3-hydroxy-N-phenyl-2-naphthalene-carboxamidato(2-)], ammonium, sodium, or hydrogen (Organoiron available from Hodogaya Chemical Company Ltd.). Other useful charge control agents include but are not limited to, acidic organic charge control agents such as 2,4-dihydro-5-methyl-2-phenyl-3H-pyrazol-3-one (MPP) and derivatives of MPP such as 2,4-dihydro-5-methyl-2-(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)-3H-pyrazol-3-one, 2,4-dihydro-5-methyl-2-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorophenyl)-3H-pyrazol-3-one, 2,4-dihydro-5-methyl-2-(2-trifluoroethylphenyl)-3H-pyrazol-3-one and the corresponding zinc salts derived therefrom. Other examples include charge control agents with one or more acidic functional groups, such as fumaric acid, malic acid, adipic acid, terephthalic acid, salicylic acid, fumaric acid monoethyl ester, copolymers derived from styrene and methacrylic acid, copolymers of styrene and lithium salt of methacrylic acid, 5,5′-methylenedisalicylic acid, 3,5-di-t-butylbenzoic acid, 3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 5-t-octylsalicylic acid, 7-t-butyl-3-hydroxy-2-napthoic acid, and combinations thereof. Still other acidic charge control agents which are considered to fall within the scope of the example include N-acylsulfonamides, such as, N-(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoyl)-4-chlorobenzenesulfonamide and 1,2-benzisothiazol-3(2H)-one 1,1-dioxide. Another class of charge control agents include, but are not limited to, iron organo metal complexes such as organo iron complexes, for example T77 from Hodogaya. Still another useful charge control agent is a quaternary ammonium functional acrylic polymer.
Other useful charge control agents include alkyl pyridinium halides such as cetyl pyridinium halide, cetyl pyridinium tetrafluoroborates, quaternary ammonium sulfate, and sulfonate charge control agents as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,338,390 (Lu Chin) that is incorporated herein by reference, stearyl phenethyl dimethyl ammonium tosylates, distearyl dimethyl ammonium methyl sulfate, and stearyl dimethyl hydrogen ammonium tosylate.
Other useful charge control agents include alkyl pyridinium halides such as cetyl pyridinium halide, cetyl pyridinium tetrafluoroborates, quaternary ammonium sulfate, and sulfonate charge control agents as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,338,390 (Lu) that is incorporated herein by reference, stearyl phenethyl dimethyl ammonium tosylates, distearyl dimethyl ammonium methyl sulfate, and stearyl dimethyl hydrogen ammonium tosylate.
Useful waxes (can also be known as lubricants) that can be present in the visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles include low molecular weight polyolefins (polyalkylenes) such as polyethylene, polypropylene, and polybutene, such as Polywax 500 and Polywax 1000 waxes from Peterolite, Clariant PE130 and Licowax PE190 waxes from Clariant Chemicals, and Viscol 550 and Viscol 660 waxes from Sanyo. Also useful are ester waxes that are available from Nippon Oil and Fat under the WE-series. Other useful waxes include silicone resins that can be softened by heating, fatty acid amides such as oleamide, erucamide, ricinoleamide, and stearamide, vegetable waxes such as carnauba wax, rice wax, candelilla wax, Japan wax, and jojoba wax, animal waxes such as bees wax, mineral and petroleum waxes such as montan wax, ozocerite, ceresine, paraffin wax, microcrystalline wax, and Fischer-Tropsch wax, and modified products thereof. Irrespective to the origin, waxes having a melting point in the range of at least 30° C. and up to and including 150° C. are useful. One or more waxes can be present in an amount of at least 0.1 weight % and up to and including 20 weight %, or at least 1 weight % and up to and including 10 weight %, based on the total visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particle weight. These waxes, especially the polyolefins, can be used also as fuser release aids. In some embodiments, the fuser release aids are waxes having 70% crystallinity as measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).
In general, a useful wax has a number average molecular weight (Mn) of at least 500 and up to and including 7,000. Polyalkylene waxes that are useful as fuser release aids can have a polydispersity of at least 2 and up to and including 10 or typically of at least 3 and up to and including 5. Polydispersity is a number representing the weight average molecular weight (Mw) of the polyalkylene wax divided by its number average molecular weight (Mn).
Useful flow additive particles that can be present inside or on the outer surface of the visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles include but are not limited to, a metal oxide such as hydrophobic fumed silica particles. Alternatively, the flow additive particles can be both incorporated into the visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles and on their outer surface. In general, such flow additive particles have an average equivalent spherical diameter (ESD) of at least 5 nm and are present in an amount of at least 0.01 weight % and up to and including 10 weight %, based on the total visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particle weight.
Surface treatment agents can also be on the outer surface of the visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles in an amount sufficient to permit the visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles to be stripped from carrier particles in a dry two-component developer by electrostatic forces associated with the charged image or by mechanical forces. Surface fuser release aids can be present on the outer surface of the visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles in an amount of at least 0.05 weight % to and including 1 weight %, based on the total dry weight of visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles. These materials can be applied to the outer surfaces of the visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles using known methods for example by powder mixing techniques.
Spacing treatment agent particles (“spacer particles”) can be attached to the outer surface by electrostatic forces or physical means, or both. Useful surface treatment agents include but are not limited to, silica such as those commercially available from Degussa as R972 and RY200 or from Wasker as H2000. Other suitable surface treatment agents include but are not limited to, titania, aluminum, zirconia, or other metal oxide particles, and polymeric beads all generally having an ECD of less than 1 μm. Mixture of these materials can be used if desired, for example a mixture of hydrophobic silica and hydrophobic titania particles.
Preparation of Dry Toner Particles
The visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles used in the practice of this example can be prepared using any suitable manufacturing procedure wherein colorants are incorporated within the particles. Such manufacturing methods include but are not limited to, melt extrusion methods, coalescence, spray drying, and other chemical techniques. The visible fluorescing magenta dry toners can be prepared as “chemically prepared toners”, “polymerized toners”, or “in-situ toners”. They can be prepared using controlled growing instead of grinding. Various chemical processes include suspension polymers, emulsion aggregation, micro-encapsulation, dispersion, and chemical milling. Details of such processes are described for example in the literature cited in [0010] of U.S. Patent Application Publication 2010/0164218 (Schulze-Hagenest et al.) that is incorporated herein by reference. Such dry toner particles can also be prepared using limited coalescence process as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,298,356 (Tyagi et al.) that is incorporated herein by reference, or a water-in-oil-in-water double emulsion process as described in U.S. Patent Application Publication 2011/0262858 (Nair et al.) that is incorporated herein by reference, especially if porosity is desired in the visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles. Another method for preparing visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles is by a spray/freeze drying technique as described in U.S. Patent Application Publication 2011/0262654 (Yates et al.).
In a particularly useful manufacturing method, a desired polymer binder (or mixture of polymeric binders) for use in the visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles is produced independently using a suitable polymerization process known in the art. The one or more polymeric binders are dry blended or mixed as polymeric resin particles with visible fluorescing magenta colorants (pigments or dyes) to form a dry blend. The optional additives, such as charge control agents, waxes, fuser release aids, and colorants are also incorporated into the dry blend with the two essential components. The amounts of the essential and optional components can be adjusted in the dry blend in a suitable manner that a skilled worker would readily understand to provide the desired amounts in the resulting visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles. The conditions for mechanical dry blending are known in the art.
For example, the method can comprise dry blending the resin particles with the visible fluorescing magenta colorant(s), such as the rhodamine class fluorescing colorants described above, and a charge control agent, and optionally with a wax or colorant, or any combination of these optional components, to form a dry blend. The dry blend can be prepared by mechanically blending the components for a suitable time to obtain a uniform dry mix.
The dry blend is then melt processed in a suitable apparatus such as a two-roll mill or hot-melt extruder. In some embodiments, the dry melt is extruded under low shear conditions in an extrusion device to form an extruded composition. However, these low shear conditions are not always required in the practice of this example. The melt processing time can be from 1 minute to and including 60 minutes, and the time can be adjusted by a skilled worker to provide the desired melt processing temperature and uniformity in the resulting extruded composition.
For example, it is useful to melt extrude a dry blend of the noted components that has a viscosity of at least 90 pascals sec to and including 2300 pascals sec, or typically of at least 150 pascals sec to and including 1200 pascals sec.
Generally, the dry blend is melt extruded in the extrusion device at a temperature higher than the glass transition temperature of the one or more polymeric binders used to form the polymeric binder phase, and generally at a temperature of at least 90° C. and up to and including 240° C. or typically of at least 120° C. and up to and including 160° C. The temperature results, in part, from the frictional forces of the melt extrusion process.
The resulting extruded composition (sometimes known as a “melt product” or a “melt slab”) is generally cooled, for example, to room temperature, and then broken up (for example pulverized) into visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles having the desired Dvol as described above. It is generally best to first grind the extruded composition prior to a specific pulverizing operation. Grinding can be carried out using any suitable procedure. For example, the extruded composition can be crushed and then ground using for example a fluid energy or jet mill as described for example in U.S. Pat. No. 4,089,472 (Seigel et al.). The particles are then further reduced in size by using high shear pulverizing devices such as a fluid energy mill, and then classified as desired.
The resulting visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles can then be surface treated with suitable hydrophobic flow additive particles having an equivalent circular diameter (ECD) of at least 5 nm to affix such hydrophobic flow additive particles on the outer surface of the particles. These hydrophobic flow additive particles can be composed of metal oxide particles such as hydrophobic fumed oxides such as silica, alumina, or titania in an amount of at least 0.01 weight % and up to and including 10 weight % or typically at least 0.1 weight % and up to and including 5 weight %, based on the total visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particle weight.
In particular, a hydrophobic fumed silica such as R972 or RY200 (from Nippon Aerosil) can be used for this purpose, and the amount of the fumed silica particles can be as noted above, or more typically at least 0.1 weight % and up to and including 3 weight %, based on the total visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particle weight.
The hydrophobic flow additive particles can be added to the outer surface of the visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles by mixing both types of particles in an appropriate mixer.
The resulting treated visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles can be classified (sieved) through a 230 mesh vibratory sieve to remove non-attached silica particles and silica agglomerates and any other components that may not have been incorporated into the visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles. The temperature during the surface treatment can be controlled to provide the desired attachment and blending.
Non-fluorescing dry color toner particles useful in the practice of this example can be prepared in various ways as described above, including the melt extrusion processes described above for the visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles.
The various non-fluorescing dry color toner particles can be prepared using a suitable polymeric binder phase comprising one or more polymeric binders (as described above) and one or more of non-fluorescing cyan, non-fluorescing yellow, non-fluorescing magenta, or non-fluorescing black colorants. For example, such colorants can be in principle any of the colorants described in the Colour Index, Vols. I and II, 2nd Edition (1987) or in the Pantone® Color Formula Guide, 1st Edition, 2000-2001. The choice of particular non-fluorescing colorants for the cyan, yellow, magenta, and black (CYMK) color toners is well described in the art, for example in the proceedings of IS&T NIP 20: International Conference on Digital Printing Technologies, IS&T: The Society for Imaging Science and Technology, Salt Lake City, Utah, October 2004, ISBN 089208-253-4, “Enabling Expanded Color Gamut and In-line Coating Processes, Dinesh Tyagi, et al., Pages 135-138. Carbon black is generally useful as the black toner colorant while other colorants for the CYM color toners include but are not limited to, red, blue, and green pigments, respectively. Specific colorants can include copper phthalocyanine and Pigment Blue that can be obtained as Lupreton BlueTM SE1163. Other colorants useful in non-fluorescing dry color toners are also described above as non-fluorescing colorants for the visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles.
The amount of one or more non-fluorescing colorants in the non-fluorescing dry color toners can vary over a wide range and a skilled worker in the art would know how to pick the appropriate amount for a given non-fluorescing colorant or mixture of colorants. In general, the total non-fluorescing colorants in each non-fluorescing dry color toner can be at least 1 weight % and up to and including 40 weight %, or typically at least 3 weight % and up to and including 25 weight %, based on the total dry color toner weight. The non-fluorescing colorant in each non-fluorescing dry color toner can also have the function of providing charge control, and a charge control agent (as described above) can also provide coloration. All of the optional additives described above for the visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles used in this example can likewise be used in the non-fluorescing dry color toners.
Developers
The visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles used in this example can be used as a dry mono-component developer, or combined with carrier particles to form dry two-component developers. In all of these embodiments, a plurality (usually thousands or millions) of individual visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles are used together.
Such dry mono-component or dry two-component developers generally comprise a charge control agent, wax, lubricant, fuser release aid, or any combination of these materials within the visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles, or they can also include flow additive particles on the outer surface of the particles. Such components are described above.
Useful dry one-component developers generally include the visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles as the essential component. Dry two-component developers generally comprise carrier particles (also known as carrier vehicles) that are known in the electrophotographic art and can be selected from a variety of materials. Carrier particles can be uncoated carrier core particles (such as magnetic particles) and core magnetic particles that are overcoated with a thin layer of a film-forming polymer such as a silicone resin type polymer, poly(vinylidene fluoride), poly(methyl methacrylate), or mixtures of poly(vinylidene fluoride) and poly(methyl methacrylate).
The amount of visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles in a two-component developer can be at least 4 weight % and up to and including 20 weight % based on the total dry weight of the two-component dry developer.
The following examples are provided to illustrate the practice of this example and are not meant to be limiting in any manner.
Dry toner particles were prepared using polymeric binder resin particles that were melt processed in a two roll mill or extruder with appropriate colorants and addenda. A preformed mechanical blend of particulate polymer resin particles, colorants, and toner additives can also be prepared and then roll milled or extruded. Roll milling, extrusion, or other melt processing was performed at a temperature sufficient to achieve a uniform melt processed composition. This composition, referred to as a “melt product” or “melt slab” was then cooled to room temperature. For a polymeric binder having a Tg in the range of from 50° C. to 120° C., or a Tm in the range of from 65° C. to 200° C., a melt blending temperature of from 90° C. to 240° C. was suitable using a roll mill or extruder. The melt blending times (that is, the exposure period for melt blending at elevated temperature) was in the range of from 1 minute to 60 minutes.
The components were dry powder blended in a 40 liter Henschel mixer for 60 seconds at 1000 RPM to produce a homogeneous dry blend that was then melt compounded in a twin screw co-rotating extruder to melt the polymer binder and disperse the pigments, charge agents, and waxes uniformly within the resulting polymeric binder phase. Melt compounding was done at a temperature of 110° C. at the extruder inlet, increasing to 196° C. in the extruder compounding zones, and 196° C. at the extruder die outlet. The melt extrusion conditions were a powder blend feed rate of 10 kg/hr and an extruder screw speed of 490 RPM. The extruded composition (extrudate) was cooled to room temperature and then broken into about 0.32 cm size granules.
These granules were then finely ground in an air jet mill to a Dvol of 8 μm as determined using a Coulter Counter Multisizer. The finely ground toner particles were then classified in a centrifugal air classifier to remove very small particles and fines that were not desired in the finished dry toner composition. After classification, the toner particles had a particle size distribution with a width, expressed as the diameter at the 50% percentile/diameter at the 16% percentile of the cumulative particle number versus particle diameter, of 1.30 to 1.35.
The classified toner particles were then surface treated with fumed hydrophobic silica (Aerosil® R972 from Nippon Aerosil) wherein 2000 grams of toner particles were mixed with 20 grams of the fumed hydrophobic silica so that 1 weight % silica was attached to the toner particles, based on total toner particle weight using a 10 liter Henschel mixer with a 3-element impeller for 2 minutes at 2000 RPM.
The silica surface-treated toner particles were sieved using a 300 mesh vibratory sieve to remove non-dispersed silica agglomerates and any toner particle flakes that may have formed during the surface treatment process.
The melt extrusion composition was cooled and then pulverized to a Dvol of from about 5 μm to about 20 μm. It is generally preferred to first grind the melt extrusion composition prior to a specific pulverizing operation using any convenient grinding procedure. For example, the solid melt extrusion composition can be crushed and then ground using, for example, a fluid energy or jet mill, such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,089,472 (noted above) and the ground particles can then be classified in one or more steps. If necessary, the size of the particles can be further reduced by use of a high shear pulverizing device such as a fluid energy mill and classified again.
Two-component electrographic developers were prepared by mixing toner particles prepared as described above with hard magnetic ferrite carrier particles coated with silicone resin as a concentration of 8 weight % toner particles and 92 weight % carrier particles.
Fluorescent Toner Example 1
A visible fluorescing magenta (pink) dry toner formulation was made with 12,000 g of Reichhold Atlac 382 ES polyester resin, 2200 g of Dayglo WRT-11 Aquabest Pink visible magenta fluorescing colorant, and 293 g of Orient Bontron E-84 charge control agent.
These components were dry blended using a 40 liter Henschel mixer for 60 seconds at 1000 RPM to produce a homogeneous dry blend. The dry blend was then melt compounded in a twin screw co-rotating extruder to melt the polymer binder and disperse the fluorescing colorants, and charge control agent at a temperature of 110° C. at the extruder inlet, 110° C. increasing to 196° C. in the extruder compounding zones, and 196° C. at the extruder die outlet. The processing conditions were a powder blend feed rate of 10 kg/hr and an extruder screw speed of 490 RPM. The cooled extrudate was then chopped to approximately 0.32 cm size granules.
These granules were then finely ground in an air jet mill to an 8 μm Dvol as measured using a Coulter Counter Multisizer. The finely ground toner particles were then classified in a centrifugal air classifier to remove very small toner particles and toner fines that are not desired. After this classification, the visible fluorescing magenta toner product had a particle size distribution with a width, expressed as the diameter at the 50% percentile/diameter at the 16% percentile of the cumulative particle number versus Dvol of 1.30 to 1.35.
The classified toner was then surface treated with fumed silica, a hydrophobic silica (Aerosil® R972 manufactured by Nippon Aerosil) by mixing 2000 g of the visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles with 20 g of the silica to give a dry toner product containing 1.0 weight % silica in a 10 liter Henschel mixer with a 4 element impeller for 2.5 minutes at 3000 RPM. The silica surface-treated visible fluorescing magenta toner particles were sieved through a 300 mesh vibratory sieve to remove non-dispersed silica agglomerates and any toner flakes that may have formed during the surface treatment process.
The covering power of the visible fluorescing magenta (pink) toner particles was measured at 400 cm2/g in the resulting printed enhanced composite color toner images. A two-component dry developer was prepared by combining 100 g of the noted toner particles with 1200 g of carrier particles comprising strontium ferrite cores that had been coated at 230° C. with 0.75 parts of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (KynarTM 301F manufactured by Pennwalt Corporation) and 0.50 parts of poly(methyl methacrylate) (Soken 1101 distributed by Esprix Chemicals).
The two-component dry developer were then used in the fifth printing station (toner imaging unit) of a NexPressTM 3000 Digital Color Printing Press containing non-fluorescing cyan, non-fluorescing magenta, non-fluorescing yellow, and non-fluorescing black toner particles in the first four printing stations. After application of the various toner particles to paper sheets as the receiver material, and fixing, the covering power for these non-fluorescing color toners was measured at 1650 cm2/g, 1700 cm2/g, 2200 cm2/g, and 1800 cm2/g respectively, in the resulting printed enhanced color toner images.
It was evident that the presence of the visible fluorescing magenta toner particles in the enhanced color toner images provided a “pinkish” effect to the color toner image. This fluorescing effect can be varied by using variations of amounts of fluorescing and non-fluorescing toner particles, visible fluorescing colorant, and other features that are described above.
Fluorescent Toner Example 2
Using visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles in the fifth printing station, various toner images were printed on a NexPressTM 3000 Digital Color printing press that was equipped with standard non-fluorescing CYMK toners in the first four printing stations. When compared with the standard 4-color image, the addition of the visible fluorescing magenta toner image (fluorescing “pink” hue) provided more warm hue and colorfulness to the human skin tones in the toner images. Color properties of the various skin tones produced with 4 and 5-color process were measured by a Gretag Spectrolino Spectrophotometer and are summarized below in TABLE I. The data show that the 5-color images produced differences in the human skin tones as well as the chroma at the same print density of the human skin tones. In general, the 4-color images had a more blue skin tone hue. When there were no other images available to compare against, the 4-color images appeared acceptable. But when the 4-color image was compared against the 5-color images produced according to the present example, blue hue seen in the human skin tones was objectionable. When these images were shown randomly to several people, all of the observers preferred the warmer hue in the human skin tones that were produced according to the present example.
In TABLE I, L*, a*, and b* parameters are known CIEL*a*b* color scale designations that are known in the art for example from the CEI 1976 standards. In colorimetry or color theory, “chroma” is known as the “colorfulness”, color saturation, or perceived intensity of a given color. More details of such property can be found in the book by R. W. G. Hunt, Measuring Color, 2nd Ed. page 32 (similar details can be found in later editions by the same author).












TABLE I






Image






Toner Image Colors
Density
L*
a*
b*
Chroma




















CYMK
0.22
87.26
5.04
9.11
10.41


CYMK + Visible
0.22
87.14
7.71
8.88
11.76


Fluorescing Magenta


CYMK
0.42
78.49
10.61
18.11
20.99


CYMK + Visible
0.41
78.01
14.29
16.14
21.55


Fluorescing Magenta


CYMK
0.60
67.51
14.74
17.55
20.86


CYMK + Visible
0.61
67.46
14.99
14.5
22.92


Fluorescing Magenta


CYMK
0.82
69.02
15.03
36.57
36.91


CYMK + Visible
0.85
64.01
20.61
30.62
39.54


Fluorescing Magenta


CYMK
1.16
56.15
49.41
41.0
64.21


CYMK + Visible
1.28
58.52
53.27
50.74
73.57


Fluorescing Magenta









It will be appreciated, that other types of fluorescent toner can also be used and that the fluorescent colorants used in such other types of fluorescent toner can have any of a variety of fluorescent colors. For example, U.S. Patent Application Publication 2010/0164218 (Schulze-Hagenest et al.) describes the use of substantially clear (colorless) fluorescent toner particles in printing methods over color toner images for security purposes. Other invisible fluorescent pigments for toner images are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,664,017 (Patel et al.).
The invention has been described in detail with particular reference to certain preferred embodiments thereof, but it will be understood that variations and modifications can be effected within the scope of the invention.

## Claims

1. A system for determining toner colors to be combined to form a target color at a location on a receiver, the system comprising:
a processor that determines a fluorescent toner color to be provided at the location based upon the density and hue angle of the target color and that determines one or more reflective toner colors to be provided with the determined fluorescent toner color at the location to form the target color;
wherein the amount of the fluorescent toner color is decreased as the target color density increases.

2. The system of claim 1, wherein one of the one or more reflective toners is a black toner and wherein a black toner color is determined after the fluorescent toner color is determined and before any other toner colors are determined for any other of the one or more reflective toner colors are determined.

3. The system of claim 1, wherein one of the one or more reflective toners is a black toner and wherein a black toner color is determined to cause the combination of the fluorescent toner color and black toner color at the location to provide a hue angle of the fluorescent toner with a density that is within a predetermined range of densities.

4. The system of claim 1, wherein the one of the one or more reflective toner colors is determined at least in part to combine with the fluorescent toner color to cause the location to have a target color with a density that is within a predetermined range of densities.

5. The system of claim 1, wherein when the target color for the location is in a range of skin tone target colors and the determined fluorescent toner color is determined to at least in part absorb invisible wavelengths of light that excite optical brighteners in the receiver an amount of fluorescent toner color is provided to reduce an extent to which the optical brighteners emit blue light and to emit light of a color that at least in part offsets any blue light emitted by the optical brighteners.

6. The system of claim 1, wherein when the target color for the location is in a range of skin tone target colors the determined amount of fluorescent toner includes an amount that at least in part is used to increase a luminance of the location.

7. The system of claim 1, wherein a color gamut that can be formed using a combination of the fluorescent toner color and the one or more reflective toner colors is greater than a color gamut that can be formed using a combination of only the one or more reflective toners and wherein the color gamut excludes colors formed using only fluorescent toner.

8. The system of claim 1, wherein a hue angle of one of the reflective toner colors and a hue angle of the fluorescent toner color are within about 10 degrees and wherein the determined reflective color and the determined fluorescent toner color provide a density at the hue angle of the fluorescent toner color that can be further combined with any other of the one or more reflective toner colors to form the target color.

9. The system of claim 1, wherein a hue angle of the fluorescent toner color differs by more than 10 degrees from a hue angle of any of the one or more reflective toner colors and wherein more than one of the reflective toner colors are determined so that the target color is formed when toner images corresponding to the more than one reflective toner colors and the fluorescent toner color are printed and fixed to the receiver.

10. The system of claim 1, wherein a color spectrum of the visible wavelengths of the fluorescent toner color and a color spectrum of visible wavelengths of a reflective toner color overlap by at least about 25 percent and wherein the spectrally overlapping reflective toner color density increases as the amount of fluorescent toner color density decreases to achieve greater densities along regions of spectral overlap.

11. The system of claim 1, wherein a density of a fluorescent toner colorant in the location increases with increases in the density at a hue angle of the fluorescent toner color until a threshold density of the fluorescent toner color is met, and for density increases above the threshold, a density of the fluorescent toner colorant is decreased with increases in the density at the hue angle of the fluorescent toner color.

12. A system for determining toner color images, the system comprising:
a source of print order data;
a processor that determines image data and printing instructions for printing the image data based upon the print order data and that determines a pattern of target colors based upon the image data and the printing instructions;
wherein the processor generates a fluorescent toner color image based upon the pattern of target colors and generates a plurality of reflective toner color images for combination in register with the fluorescent toner image to form the pattern of target colors and wherein the density of fluorescent toner color in the fluorescent toner image decreases with increases in a density of the target colors at a hue angle of the fluorescent toner color.

13. The system of claim 12, further comprising:
a print engine that forms toner images according to the fluorescent toner color image and the reflective toner color images and that transfers the toner images to a receiver in register; and a fixing system that forms a bond between the toner images and the receiver.

14. The system of claim 12, wherein the density of the fluorescent toner color increases with increases in density until a threshold density of a fluorescent toner is met, and for density increases above the threshold density the amount of the fluorescent toner color is decreased as the target color density increases.

15. The method of claim 12, wherein the density of fluorescent toner colorant in a fused toner image increases with increases in density at a hue angle of the fluorescent toner color until a threshold density of the fluorescent toner color is met, and for density increases above the threshold density the amount of the fluorescent toner colorant is decreased as the target color density increases.

16. The system of claim 12, wherein a hue angle of a first one of the one or more reflective toner colors and a hue angle of the fluorescent toner color are within about 10 degrees and wherein the determined reflective color image for the first one of the reflective toner colors and the determined fluorescent toner color image provide a density at the hue angle of the fluorescent toner color that can be further combined with any other reflective toner color images for other ones of the one or more reflective toner colors to form the target color.

17. The system of claim 12, wherein a hue angle of the fluorescent toner color differs by more than 10 degrees from a hue angle of any of the one or more reflective toner colors and wherein more than one of the reflective toner color images are determined so that the target color is formed when the more than one reflective toner colors and the fluorescent toner color are printed and fixed to the receiver.