COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA 

Present: Chief Judge Fitzpatrick, Judges Willis and Annunziata 

Argued at Alexandria, Virginia 

SUPER FRESH FOOD MARKETS, INC./THE 

 GREAT ATLANTIC AND PACIFIC TEA COMPANY 

 MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY 

v. Record No. 1354-97-4 CHIEF JUDGE JOHANNA L. FITZPATRICK 

 FEBRUARY 10, 1998 

NANCY L. WORTMAN 

 FROM THE VIRGINIA WORKERS' COMPENSATION COMMISSION 

 S. Vernon Priddy, III (Sands, Anderson, 

Marks & Miller, on brief), for appellant. 

 William A. Musto (Koonz, McKenney, Johnson, 

DePaolis & Lightfoot, on brief), for 

appellee. 

 Super Fresh Food Markets, Inc./The Great Atlantic and 

Pacific Tea Company ("employer") appeals from a decision of the 

Workers' Compensation Commission ("commission") holding that 

Nancy L. Wortman ("claimant") was injured in an accident arising 

out of her employment. For the following reasons, we reverse the 

decision of the commission. 

 I. 

 On September 20, 1995, claimant, who was employed as a 

bookkeeper for employer, was walking down a three-step set of 

stairs in the office area where she worked when she slipped and 

fell. At the time of her accident, claimant was in the process 

of handling a Western Union transaction for a customer. As a 

 

 *Pursuant to Code § 17-116.010 this opinion is not 

designated for publication. 
 2 

 

result of her fall, claimant sustained an injury to her ankle. 

In describing the accident, claimant stated that she slipped when 

the ball of her foot hit the metal edge of the step.1

 At the 

time of the accident, claimant was wearing rubber-soled shoes 

with "little, if any, tread." 

 The steps were tile with chrome edges. Claimant testified 

that she normally traversed this set of steps numerous times each 

day. She stated that she had slipped on the steps previously, 

but could not state what caused her to slip on those previous 

occasions. Claimant admitted that the step on which she slipped 

was not defective and that there was no foreign substance or 

debris on the step at the time she fell. She further admitted 

that she had never tested the skid resistant quality of the metal 

edging, and had never run her hand along the edging to see if it 

was slippery. 

 Safety Engineer Gregory Harrison performed an inspection of 

the steps on July 22, 1996. He testified that the steps had a 

"safe dimensional design," the edging complied with building code 

requirements for slick resistance, and that the metal edges "did 

not represent a slippery surface." He described the metal edging 

 1Claimant testified: "My foot slipped off of the slippery 

chrome and I fell to the floor." Employer objected to claimant's 

characterization of the chrome as "slippery." The deputy 

commissioner ruled that unless claimant "in fact, went back later 

and looked at it and can describe what it was that she described 

slippery, I'm just going to take it that . . . her foot slipped 

off the chrome ledge." Claimant did not thereafter testify that 

she inspected the chrome edge after her fall to see if it was, 

indeed, slippery. 
 3 

as "a square edge as opposed to a rounded or beveled edge." 

Regarding the passage of time between the accident and his 

inspection of the steps, Harrison testified that, if anything, 

wear and tear would cause the steps to be more slippery when he 

inspected them. 

 Claimant presented evidence that others had slipped on this 

set of steps, but there was no evidence regarding the conditions 

under which these other incidents occurred. 

 The commission, in reversing the deputy commissioner, found 

that claimant proved that her "injury was caused by a risk of her 

employment, i.e., the slippery surface at the front edge of the 

step which caused her fall." Referring to the photographs of the 

step, the commission noted that the metal on the edge of the step 

was "smooth" and "slightly rounded." The commission did not 

reject Harrison's testimony, but rather found that it was not 

dispositive. 

 II. 

 "The commission's decision that an accident arises out of 

the employment involves a mixed question of law and fact and is 

thus reviewable on appeal." Southside Virginia Training Ctr. v. 

Shell, 20 Va. App. 199, 202, 455 S.E.2d 761, 763 (1995). 

 "The claimant ha[s] the burden of establishing, by a 

preponderance of the evidence, and not merely by conjecture or 

speculation, that she suffered an injury by accident which arose 

out of . . . the employment." Central State Hospital v. Wiggers, 
 4 

230 Va. 157, 159, 335 S.E.2d 257, 258 (1985). The claimant "must 

show that a condition of the workplace either caused or 

contributed to her fall." Shell, 20 Va. App. at 202, 455 S.E.2d 

at 763. This analysis "excludes an injury which cannot fairly be 

traced to the employment as a contributing proximate cause and 

which comes from a hazard to which the [claimant] would have been 

equally exposed apart from the employment." R & T Investments, 

Ltd. v. Johns, 228 Va. 249, 253, 321 S.E.2d 287, 289 (1984). 

 In Shell, the claimant fell while traversing steps en route 

to retrieving a medical file. The commission awarded benefits, 

finding that the claimant was unaccustomed to the steps in the 

building where she fell and she was hurrying at the time she 

fell. Shell, 20 Va. App. at 202, 455 S.E.2d at 763. We prefaced 

our analysis in that case noting that "our inquiry must be 

whether credible evidence supports a finding that a defect in the 

stairs or a condition of [the claimant's] employment caused her 

to fall down the steps and injure herself." Id. at 203, 455 

S.E.2d at 763 (emphasis added). In reversing the commission, we 

noted that there was no evidence that the claimant was being 

rushed by her employer to complete her task, and the steps on 

which she fell were not defective. Id. at 203-04, 455 S.E.2d at 

763. See Memorial Hospital v. Hairston, 2 Va. App. 677, 679, 347 

S.E.2d 527, 527 (1986) (finding claimant not entitled to benefits 

where, despite claimant's testimony that "my foot slipped and I 

lost my balance and fell down," there was no evidence that the 
 5 

condition of the surface on which she fell contributed to the 

fall). Cf. Reserve Life Ins. Co. v. Hosey, 208 Va. 568, 572, 159 

S.E.2d 633, 636 (1968) (finding that claimant's injury arose out 

of her employment where the steps on which she was injured were 

unusual, "slightly higher than normal"). 

 The uncontroverted evidence was that the step from which 

claimant fell was not defective. The commission noted that it 

was "uncontested that there was no water, oil, or other slippery 

substance on the steps." There was also no evidence that the 

accident was caused by claimant being rushed, or as a result of 

some other facet of her job responsibilities. Cf. Marion 

Correctional Center v. Henderson, 20 Va. App. 477, 480-81, 458 

S.E.2d 301, 303 (1995) (finding that correctional officer was 

exposed to an increased risk of slipping and falling on steps 

because of his "duty to observe the guard towers and provide 

security at the facility"). 

 The commission found "claimant's testimony that the smooth, 

rounded edge of the metal strip caused her slip and fall" to be 

persuasive; however, claimant never testified that her fall was 

due to "the smooth, rounded edge of the metal strip." Indeed, 

claimant admitted that she never inspected the step to ascertain 

whether the metal edge was, in fact, slippery. Accordingly, in 

the absence of credible evidence that claimant's accident arose 

out of her employment, the ruling of the commission is reversed 

and the claim dismissed. 
 6 

 Reversed and dismissed.

 

 
 7 

Annunziata, J., dissenting. 

 I respectfully dissent from the majority opinion. 

 As the majority notes, the question of whether claimant's 

accident arises out of her employment "involves a mixed question 

of law and fact and is thus reviewable on appeal." Southside 

Virginia Training Center v. Shell, 20 Va. App. 199, 202, 455 

S.E.2d 761, 763 (1995). In addressing a mixed question of law 

and fact, however, we must separate the issue of fact from the 

issue of law. See Stenrich Group v. Jemmott, 251 Va. 186, 192, 

467 S.E.2d 795, 798 (1996). Although we review de novo the 

commission's application of law to the facts, "we must defer to 

the factual findings of the commission." Roanoke Belt v. 

Mroczkowski, 20 Va. App. 60, 68, 455 S.E.2d 267, 271 (1995) 

(citing Franklin Mortgage Corp. v. Walker, 6 Va. App. 108, 

110-11, 367 S.E.2d 191, 193 (1988) (en banc)). 

 Findings of the commission with respect to the factual 

portion of a mixed question of law and fact "will not be 

disturbed on appeal, if based on credible evidence." Roberson v. 

Whetsell, 21 Va. App. 268, 270, 463 S.E.2d 681, 682 (1995) 

(citing Hercules, Inc. v. Gunther, 13 Va. App. 357, 361, 412 

S.E.2d 185, 187 (1991)). On appeal, we review the evidence in 

the light most favorable to the party prevailing below. Creedle 

Sales Co. v. Edmonds, 24 Va. App. 24, 26, 480 S.E.2d 123, 123 

(1997) (citing R.G. Moore Bldg. Corp. v. Mullins, 10 Va. App. 

211, 212, 390 S.E.2d 788, 788 (1990)). As an appellate body, 
 8 

"[w]e do not retry the facts before the Commission nor do we 

review the weight, preponderance of the evidence, or the 

credibility of witnesses." Caskey v. Dan River Mills, Inc., 225 

Va. 405, 411, 302 S.E.2d 507, 510-11 (1983). 

 In this case, the commission determined that "claimant's 

injury was caused by a risk of her employment, i.e., the slippery 

surface at the front edge of the step which caused her fall." 

The commission's conclusion that "claimant's injury was caused 

by . . . the slippery surface at the front edge of the step" is a 

factual question, which we may review only to determine if it is 

based on credible evidence. Roberson, 21 Va. App. at 270, 463 

S.E.2d at 682 (citing Gunther, 13 Va. App. at 361, 412 S.E.2d at 

187). 

 The record shows that competent, credible evidence supports 

the commission's decision. Claimant's testimony regarding the 

occurrence specifically identified "the slippery chrome" edging 

on the stairs which caused her to slip. Furthermore, she 

testified that she had slipped and fallen on the stairs on four 

separate occasions prior to the injury sustained in this case. 

Her testimony was buttressed by Mary Aldaya, a co-worker of the 

claimant who frequently used the same stairs for at least six 

months. Aldaya testified that, in using the stairs, her "foot 

went off the metal strip . . . . It slipped right off the edge." 

She also testified that the store manager, Kyle Wetsel, had 

warned her that the stairs were slippery and that she should 
 9 

exercise care when using them. Finally, the commission had 

before it several photographs that had been admitted into 

evidence showing the stairs and the metal edging which claimant 

testified caused her to slip, and the rubber-soled shoes claimant 

was wearing on the date she fell. 

 The existence of conflicting testimony before the commission 

on causality does not detract from the force of the commission's 

findings of fact. Caskey, 225 Va. at 411, 302 S.E.2d at 510-11. 

 In addition, although the safety engineer who inspected the 

steps after the incident stated his opinion that the edging "did 

not represent a slippery surface," the commission was free to 

accord his testimony whatever weight it felt appropriate, in 

light of the other evidence it had before it. Street v. Street, 

25 Va. App. 380, 387, 488 S.E.2d 665, 668-69 (1997) (en banc). 

The other evidence before the commission included the engineer's 

testimony that no portable machine reliably tests the coefficient 

of friction and that therefore he based his opinion on a 

"qualitative" approach of "feeling" the metal in light of his 

knowledge of the "feel" of certain coefficients of friction. 

 Turning to the legal portion of the mixed question of law 

and fact, I would hold that the commission properly applied the 

law to the facts. Virginia law, including the cases cited by the 

majority, clearly provides that an injury caused by stairs that 

are defective in some way arises out of employment. County of 

Chesterfield v. Johnson, 237 Va. 180, 186, 376 S.E.2d 73, 76 
 10 

(1989); Richmond Memorial Hosp. v. Crane, 222 Va. 283, 286, 278 

S.E.2d 877, 879 (1981); Reserve Life Ins. Co. v. Hosey, 208 Va. 

568, 569, 572, 159 S.E.2d 633, 634, 636 (1968); Shell, 20 Va. 

App. at 203, 455 S.E.2d at 763; Plumb Rite Plumbing Service v. 

Barbour, 8 Va. App. 482, 484, 382 S.E.2d 305, 306 (1989); 

Memorial Hosp. v. Hairston, 2 Va. App. 677, 682, 347 S.E.2d 527, 

529 (1986). As the majority recognizes, "our inquiry must be 

whether credible evidence supports a finding that a defect in the 

stairs . . . caused [claimant] to fall down the steps and injure 

herself." Shell, 20 Va. App. at 203, 455 S.E.2d at 763. The 

slippery stairs, which caused claimant's fall, constitute a 

defect within the meaning of these cases. 

 For the foregoing reasons, I dissent.