## TO: Air and Radiation Docket EPA-HQ-OAR-2015-0093

**SUBJECT:** Evaluaton of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Carinata Oil Production and Transport **Description:** Spreadsheet calculations used to estimate GHG emissions for the production of carinata oil.
**Outline of this Spreadsheet: Tab Name**  **Description** Data sources Description of data sources used for each input Input & Emissions Summary of input assumptions and GHG emissions CO2eq Emissions Calculations of carinata and soybean emissions from agricultural inputs Inputs Summary of inputs for carinata and soybean Yields Crop and oil yields per acre Conversions Factors to convert between units N2O Summary of N2O emissions for carinata and soybean N2O calc Calculation of N2O emissions from carinata soybean N2O calc Calculation of N2O emissions from soybeans CRFactors Factors used to calculate N2O emissions from soybeans Returns Economic returns for carinata Oil Extraction Energy inputs to extract oil from carinata and soybeans

## Evaluaton of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Carinata Oil Production and Transport Spreadsheet calculations used to estimate GHG emissions for the production of carinata oil.

## Inputs Data source



## Nitrogen Fertilizer 40

- 80 lbs/acre Low, assumed to be same as EPA's camelina estimate. High, based off independent studies. See memo to the docket for more information 

## Phosphorus Fertilizer 15

- 30 lbs/acre Low, assumed to be same as EPA's camelina estimate. High, based off petitioner test plots 

## Potassium Fertilizer 0

- 10 lbs/acre Low, based off of petioner information - carinata is expected to be grown on lands with high potassium levels so supplemental potassium fertilizer would generally not be necessary. High, assumed to be the same as EPA's camelina estimate 

## Herbicide 2.75

- 2.75 lbs/acre Petition, assumed to be the same as EPA's camelina estimate 

## Pesticide 0

- 0 lbs/acre Petition 

## Diesel 3.5

- 3.5 gal/acre Petition, assumed to be the same as EPA's camelina estimate 

## Gasoline 0

- 0 gal/acre Petition 

## Crop Yield Data source 2022 projected 1865 lbs seed/acre Petition, based off of 2009-2012 research plots in Canada (Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and Alberta) and the U.S. (Montana, North Dakota, and South Dakota) Oil Yield Data source
Current 0.44 lb oil/lb carinata seed Amount of oil that can be extracted from developed high-oil strains the carinata seed. Getinet, A 1996

N2O Data source Ratio of above ground residue to product yield 2.31 Janzen 2003, Appendix 1, AG residue/Product for Canola N content of above ground residue 0.008 kg N/kg Janzen 2003, Appendix 1, Canola Ratio of below ground residue to product yield 0.58 Janzen 2003, Appendix 1, Roots/Product for Canola N content of below ground residue 0.01 kg N/kg Janzen 2003, Appendix 1, Canola References Janzen, H.H. et al (2003) "The fate of nitrogen in agroecosystems: An illustration using Canadian estimates." Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 67: 85-102. Saskatchewan Mustard Development Commission, "Carinata Production: A Guide to Best Management Practices" Taylor, DC et al (2010) "Brassica carinata- a new molecular farming platform for delivering bio-industrial oil feestocks: case studies of genetic modifications to improve very long-chain fatty acid and oil content in seeds" Biofuels, Bioproducts & Biorefining 4.5: 538-561. Getinet, A. et al (1996) "Agronomic performance and seed quality of Ethiopian mustard inSaskatchewan." Canadian J

## Low, assumed to be same as EPA's camelina estimate. High, based off independent studies. See memo to the docket for more information Low, assumed to be same as EPA's camelina estimate. High, based off petitioner test plots Low, based off of petioner information - carinata is expected to be grown on lands with high potassium levels so supplemental potassium fertilizer would generally not be necessary. High, assumed to be the same as EPA's camelina estimate Petition, assumed to be the same as EPA's camelina estimate Petition, assumed to be the same as EPA's camelina estimate

Petition, based off of 2009-2012 research plots in Canada (Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and Alberta) and the U.S. (Montana, North Dakota, and South Dakota)

Amount of oil that can be extracted from developed high-oil strains the carinata seed. Getinet, A 1996

Janzen 2003, Appendix 1, AG residue/Product for Canola

Janzen 2003, Appendix 1, Roots/Product for Canola

Janzen, H.H. et al (2003) "The fate of nitrogen in agroecosystems: An illustration using Canadian estimates." Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 67: 85-102. Saskatchewan Mustard Development Commission, "Carinata Production: A Guide to Best Management Practices"

Brassica carinata- a new molecular farming platform for delivering bio-industrial oil feestocks: case studies of genetic modifications to improve very long-chain fatty acid and oil content in seeds" Biofuels, Bioproducts & Biorefining 4.5: 538-561. Saskatchewan." Canadian Journal of Plant Science. 76. 387-392

## Low, assumed to be same as EPA's camelina estimate. High, based off independent studies. See memo to the docket for more information Low, based off of petioner information - carinata is expected to be grown on lands with high potassium levels so supplemental potassium fertilizer would generally not be necessary. High, assumed to be the same as EPA's camelina estimate

Petition, based off of 2009-2012 research plots in Canada (Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and Alberta) and the U.S. (Montana, North Dakota, and South Dakota)

Brassica carinata- a new molecular farming platform for delivering bio-industrial oil feestocks: case studies of genetic modifications to improve very long-chain fatty acid and oil content in seeds" Biofuels, Bioproducts & Biorefining 4.5: 538-561.

## N2O N/A 583,595

- 868,984 g CO2eq N/A

Nitrogen Fertilizer 40

- 80 lbs 160,439

- 320879 g CO2eq 3.5

- 8.2 Phosphorus Fertilizer 15

- 30 lbs 20,531

- 41061 g CO2eq 5.4

- 21.4 Potassium Fertilizer 0

- 10 lbs 0

- 9049 g CO2eq 3.1

- 24.3 Herbicide 2.75

- 2.75 lbs 78,587

- 78587 g CO2eq 0.0

- 1.3 Pesticide 0

- 0 lbs 0

- 0 g CO2eq 0.1

- 0.8 Diesel 3.5

- 3.5 gal 107,070

- 107070 g CO2eq 3.8

- 8.9 

## Gasoline 0

- 0 gal 0

- 0 g CO2eq 1.6

- 3.0 Total 950,222

- 1,425,629 g CO2eq

N2O N/A 584

- 869 kg CO2eq N/A Nitrogen Fertilizer 40

- 80 lbs 160

- 321 kg CO2eq 3.5

- 8.2 Phosphorus Fertilizer 15

- 30 lbs 21

- 41 kg CO2eq 5.4

- 21.4 Potassium Fertilizer 0

- 10 lbs 0

- 9 kg CO2eq 3.1

- 24.3 Herbicide 2.75

- 2.75 lbs 79

- 79 kg CO2eq 0.0

- 1.3 Pesticide 0

- 0 lbs 0

- 0 kg CO2eq 0.1

- 0.8 Diesel 3.5

- 3.5 gal 107

- 107.1 kg CO2eq 3.8

- 8.9 

## Gasoline 0

- 0 gal 0

- 0 kg CO2eq 1.6

- 3.0 Total 950

- 1426 kg CO2eq **(per acre) Emissions**  **(per ton carinata oil) Carinata**  **Carinata**

**Inputs Soybeans (varies by region)**  **Inputs (per acre)**  **(per acre) Inputs**  **(per ton carinata oil) Emissions** 

**(per acre) Soybeans (varies by region)**  **Inputs**

## 449,003

- 661,127 g CO2eq

lbs 23,198

- 79,130 g CO2eq lbs 13,501

- 64,833 g CO2eq lbs 5,317

- 48,487 g CO2eq lbs 2,411

- 69,646 g CO2eq lbs 12,436

- 50,227 g CO2eq gal 227,858

- 622,289 g CO2eq gal 93,091

- 151,433 g CO2eq 961,379

- 1,442,911 g CO2eq

449.0

- 661.1 kg CO2eq lbs 23.2

- 79.1 kg CO2eq lbs 13.5

- 64.8 kg CO2eq lbs 5.3

- 48.5 kg CO2eq lbs 2.4

- 69.6 kg CO2eq lbs 12.4

- 50.2 kg CO2eq gal 227.9

- 622.3 kg CO2eq gal 93

- 151.4 kg CO2eq 961
- 1443 kg CO2eq **Soybeans (varies by region)**

**Emissions (per ton soybean oil)** 

**(per ton soybean oil) Soybeans (varies by region)** 

**Emissions Carinata Oil** 

High Inputs

**Category**

N2O Emissions 0.00121862 acre/lb feedstock oil 2000 lb oil/ ton oil 356,544 g CO2eq/ acre 868,984

Nitrogen Fertilizer 80.0 lbs/acre 0.0005 tons of nitrogen/lbs of nitrogen 0.00121862 acre/lb feedstock oil 2000 lb oil/ ton oil 3,291,414g CO2eq/ ton of nitrogen 320,879
Phosphorus Fertilizer 30.0 lbs/acre 0.0005 tons of P/lbs of P 0.00121862 acre/lb feedstock oil 2000 lb oil/ ton oil 1,123,159 g CO2eq/ ton of phosphate 41,061

Potassium Fertilizer 10.0 lbs/acre 0.0005 tons of K/lbs of K 0.00121862 acre/lb feedstock oil 2000 lb oil/ ton oil 742,546g CO2eq/ ton of potash 9,049

Herbicide 2.75 lbs/acre 0.0005 tons herbicide/ lbs herbicide 0.00121862 acre/lb feedstock oil 2000 lb oil/ ton oil 23,450,279 gCO2eq/ tons of herbicide 78,587

Pesticide 0.0 lbs/acre 0.0005 tons pesticide/ lbs pesticide 0.00121862 acre/lb feedstock oil 2000 lb oil/ ton oil 27,216,587gCO2eq/ tons of pesticide 0

Diesel 3.50 gal/acre 0.13 mmBTU diesel/ gal diesel 0.00121862 acre/lb feedstock oil 2000 lb oil/ ton oil 96,551 gCO2eq/ mmBTU diesel 107,070

Gasoline 0.0 gal/acre 0.115 mmBTU/ gal gasoline 0.00121862 acre/lb feedstock oil 2000 lb oil/ ton oil 96,754gCO2eq/ mmBtu 0 Total Emissions 1,425,629 **Soybean Oil**

Inputs (lbs or gal/acre) Yields (lb

oil/acre) **emissions**

**(gCO2eq/ton oil)** Inputs (lbs or

gal/acre) Yields (lb

oil/acre)

**Category** N2O Emissions 2000 lb oil/ g CO2eq/ 542.6184 482,687 434.3531 **Carinata Input**

**Conversions Conversions**  **Emissions/ton oil**

**Soybean Input Soybean Input**  GP CBNitrogen Fertilizer 0.0005 tons of nitrogen/lbs of nitrogen 2000 lb oil/ ton oil 3291414.00 g CO2eq/ ton of nitrogen 7.8114 542.6184 47,382 7.1751 434.3531
Phosphorus Fertilizer 0.0005 tons of P/lbs of P 2000 lb oil/ ton oil 1123158.9 g CO2eq/ ton of phosphate 6.6928 542.6184 13,853 13.7389 434.3531

Potassium Fertilizer 0.0005 tons of K/lbs of K 2000 lb oil/ ton oil 742,546g CO2eq/ ton of potash 20.9214 542.6184 28,630 3.1099 434.3531

Herbicide 0.0005 tons herbicide/ lbs herbicide 2000 lb oil/ ton oil 23450278.7gCO2eq/ tonsof herbicide 1.1800 542.6184 50,996 1.2900 434.3531

Pesticide 0.0005 tons herbicide/ lbs herbicide 2000 lb oil/ ton oil 27,216,587gCO2eq/ tonsof pesticide 0.7000 542.6184 35,111 0.7300 434.3531

Diesel 0.13 mmBTU/ gal diesel 2000 lb oil/ ton oil 96551.365 gCO2eq/ mmBTU diesel 8.9237 542.6184 412,840 6.6186 434.3531 Gasoline 0.1150 mmBTU/ gal gasoline 2000 lb oil/ ton oil 96754gCO2eq/ mmBtu 2.9500 542.6184 120,983 1.8170 434.3531 Total Emissions 1,192,482**Carinata Oil** Low Inputs

**Category** gCO2eq/ton carinata oil N2O Emissions 0.001218621 acre/lb feedstock oil 2000 lb oil/ ton oil 239,449.21 g CO2eq/ acre 583,595
gCO2eq/ton carinata oil Nitrogen Fertilizer 40.0 lbs/acre 0.0005 tons of nitrogen/lbs of nitrogen 0.001218621 acre/lb feedstock oil 2000 lb oil/ ton oil 3,291,414.00g CO2eq/ ton of nitrogen 160,439 gCO2eq/ton carinata oil Phosphorus Fertilizer 15.0 lbs/acre 0.0005 tons of P/lbs of P 0.001218621 acre/lb feedstock oil 2000 lb oil/ ton oil 1,123,158.90g CO2eq/ ton of phosphate 20,531 gCO2eq/ton carinata oil Potassium Fertilizer 0.0 lbs/acre 0.0005 tons of K/lbs of K 0.001218621 acre/lb feedstock oil 2000 lb oil/ ton oil 742,545.77g CO2eq/ ton of potash 0
gCO2eq/ton carinata oil Herbicide 2.75 lbs/acre 0.0005 tons herbicide/ lbs herbicide 0.001218621 acre/lb feedstock oil 2000 lb oil/ ton oil 23,450,278.67gCO2eq/ tons of herbicide 78,587
gCO2eq/ton carinata oil Pesticide 0.0 lbs/acre 0.0005 tons pesticide/ lbs pesticide 0.001218621 acre/lb feedstock oil 2000 lb oil/ ton oil 27,216,586.75 gCO2eq/ tons of pesticide 0 gCO2eq/ton carinata oil Diesel 3.5 gal/acre 0.13 mmBTU diesel/ gal diesel 0.001218621 acre/lb feedstock oil 2000 lb oil/ ton oil 96,551.37gCO2eq/ mmBTU diesel 107,070 gCO2eq/ton carinata oil Gasoline 0.0 gal/acre 0.115 mmBTU/ gal gasoline 0.001218621 acre/lb feedstock oil 2000 lb oil/ ton oil 96,753.76gCO2eq/ mmBtu 0 gCO2eq/ton carinata oil Total Emissions 950,222

SW

**emissions (gCO2eq/ton oil)**  Inputs (lbs or

gal/acre) Yields (lb oil/acre) **emissions (gCO2eq/ton**  **oil)** Inputs (lbs

or gal/acre) Yields (lb

oil/acre) **emissions**

**(gCO2eq/to n oil)**  Inputs (lbs or

gal/acre) Yields (lb

oil/acre) **emissions**

**(gCO2eq/t on oil)**  Inputs (lbs

or gal/acre) Yields (lb

oil/acre) **emissions**

**(gCO2eq/ton oil)**  Inputs (lbs

or gal/acre) **Soybean Input**  523,634 501.6531 449,003 447.3809 525,403 422.6610 498,339 371.5277 579,990 **Emissions/ton oil Carinata Input**  **Conversions Emissions/ton oil** 

**Soybean Input Soybean Input**  NE SC SE

**Soybean Input Soybean Input**  **Soybean Input** LS54,371 3.5356 501.6531 23,198 7.8434 447.3809 57,704 4.8708 422.6610 37,931 8.1797 371.5277 72,465 6.3139

35,526 7.7366 501.6531 17,322 5.3778 447.3809 13,501 16.0656 422.6610 42,692 21.4461 371.5277 64,833 6.9993

5,317 22.6240 501.6531 33,488 13.2435 447.3809 21,981 22.1210 422.6610 38,863 24.2600 371.5277 48,487

69,646 1.0300 501.6531 48,148 0.0460 447.3809 2,411 1.1800 422.6610 65,469 0.7300 371.5277 46,077 0.2700

45,742 0.6600 501.6531 35,808 0.2600 447.3809 15,817 0.7800 422.6610 50,227 0.4600 371.5277 33,698 0.1200

382,521 8.9231 501.6531 446,523 7.6884 447.3809 431,410 3.8364 422.6610 227,858 7.3784 371.5277 498,543 6.5103 93,091 0.0000 501.6531 3.0444 447.3809 151,433 0.0000 422.6610 1.6498 371.5277 98,818 0.0000 1,209,847 1,053,489 1,219,661 961,379 1,442,911gCO2eq/ton

carinata oil
gCO2eq/ton carinata oil gCO2eq/ton carinata oil gCO2eq/ton carinata oil
gCO2eq/ton carinata oil
gCO2eq/ton carinata oil gCO2eq/ton carinata oil gCO2eq/ton carinata oil gCO2eq/ton carinata oil

Min Max

Yields (lb oil/acre) **emissions**

**(gCO2eq/to n oil)** 

262.6276 661,127 449,003 661,127 **Emissions/ton oil**262.6276 79,130 23,198 79,130

262.6276 29,933 13,501 64,833

262.6276 5,317 48,487

262.6276 24,109 2,411 69,646

262.6276 12,436 12,436 50,227

262.6276 622,289 227,858 622,289
262.6276 93,091 151,433

1,429,024 961,379 1,442,911

## Carinata Soybean CB GP LS NE 

## Nitrogen Fertilizer 80 lbs/acre 7.8114 7.1751 3.5356 7.8434 

## Phosphorus Fertilizer 30 lbs/acre 6.6928 13.7389 7.7366 5.3778 

## Potassium Fertilizer 10 lbs/acre 20.9214 3.1099 22.624 13.2435 

## Herbicide 2.75 lbs/acre 1.18 1.29 1.03 0.046 

## Pesticide 0 lbs/acre 0.7 0.73 0.66 0.26 

## Diesel 3.5 gal/acre 8.9237 6.6186 8.9231 7.6884 

## Gasoline 0gal/acre 2.95 1.817 3.0444

## SC SE SW min max

4.8708 8.1797 6.3139 lbs/acre 3.5356 8.1797 16.0656 21.4461 6.9993 lbs/acre 5.3778 21.4461 22.121 24.26 lbs/acre 3.1099 24.26 1.18 0.73 0.27 lbs/acre 0.046 1.29 0.78 0.46 0.12 lbs/acre 0.12 0.78 3.8364 7.3784 6.5103gal/acre 3.8364 8.9237

1.6498 gal/acre 1.6498 3.0444

## Category **Soybean Carinata**  CB GP LS 50.24 40.22 46.45 

## Crop Yield 1865 lbs seed/acre 

## 3,015 2,413 2,787 Oil Yield 821 lbs oil/acre 

## 542.62 434.35 501.65 Crop yields 2.1 MT/ha 3.37981255 2.7054596 3.124651

## NE SC SE SW

41.42 39.14 34.40 24.32 bu/acre 

## 2,485 2,348 2,064 1,459 lbs seed/acre 

## 447.38 422.66 371.53 262.63 lbs oil/acre
2.786606 2.632633 2.314138 1.635831

## Conversions:

1 lb/acre = 1.12085116 kg/ha Source: 1 ha = 2.47105381 acre http://extension.usu.edu/files/publications/publication/NR_RM_05.pdf 1 MT= 2204 lbs http://www.google.com/intl/en/help/features.html#calculator 1 kg N2O= 310 kg CO2eq **Assumptions:** Carinata Soybeans: 0.44 lb carinata oil/pound seed 0.18 7.6 lbs oil/gal BD 60.00 9.558613042 lbs oil/gal RD 12.67014848 lbs oil/gal RJ Methyl ester (biodiesel) 118000 Btu/gal Low-sulfur diesel 130000 Btu/gal Conventional gasoline 115000 Btu/gal

## http://extension.usu.edu/files/publications/publication/NR_RM_05.pdf http://www.google.com/intl/en/help/features.html#calculator

lb soybean oil/lb soybean pound/bushel

## Soybean Biodiesel CB GP LS NE

kg N2O/ha 1.043879259 0.906486361 0.897724056 0.936828768 kg CO2eq/ha 323.6025703 281.0107719 278.2944574 290.4169179 kg CO2 eq/acre 130.9573142 113.7210249 112.6217714 117.5275572 g CO2 eq/acre 130957.3142 113,721.02 112621.7714 117527.5572 **High Low**  Fertilizer: 80 40 lb/acre of N **Carinata** Yield: 1865 1865 lbs seed/acre kg N2O/ha 2.842062918 1.908683502 kg CO2eq/ha 881.0395047 591.6918856 kg CO2 eq/acre 356.5440385 239.4492112 g CO2 eq/acre 356,544.04 239,449.21

## SC SE SW

0.839475216 0.858820681 0.69201549 260.237317 266.2344112 214.524803 105.3143059 107.7412439 86.8151079 105314.3059 107741.2439 86815.1079**N2O Equations and Factors** Source: IPCC (2006). 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Vol. 4: Agriculture, Forestry; and Other Land Use. **Assumptions** Carinta, high fertilizer Carinata, low fertilizer **Yield Yield**  0.9325 tons seed/acre 0.9325 tons seed/acre 2090 kg/ha 2091 kg/ha N fertilizer applied N fertilizer applied

80 lbs/acre 40 lbs/acre 89.67 kg/ha 44.83 kg/ha **Ab ove-ground residue ratio**  **Ab ove-ground residue ratio** 

2.31 Janzen 2003, Canola, AG residue/product 2.31 Janzen 2003, Canola, AG residue/product **Ratio of below-ground residue to above-ground product Ratio of below-ground residue to above-ground product** 

0.58 Janzen 2003, Canola, roots/product 0.58 Janzen 2003, Canola, roots/product **N content of above-ground residue N content of above-ground residue**  0.008 Janzen 2003, Canola 0.008 Janzen 2003, Canola **N content of below-ground residue N content of below-ground residue**  0.010 Janzen 2003, Canola 0.010 Janzen 2003, Canola **Direct N2O Emissions Direct Emissions (Overall Equation)**  **Equation**

Emissions = (N additions to soils from mineral fertilizer + N additions to soils from crop residues) × EF (89.68 +50.66) x 0.01 1.40 kg N2O-N (44.83 +50.66) x 0.01 0.95 kg N2O-N EF for N additions from mineral fertilizer and crop residues = 0.01 kg N2O-N / kg N added **N Additions from Mineral Fertilizers**

N additions to soils from mineral fertilizers = kg fertilizer N applied to soils (i.e., change in fertilizer N applications between current and projected year) 89.67 kg/ha 44.83 kg/ha **N Additions from Crop Residues (based on Janzen 2003 paper)**

N additions to soils from crop residues = Crop area x (Above-ground residue dry matter x N content of aboveground residues + below-ground residue dry matter x N content of below-ground residues) 1 ha × [4825 kg/ha x 0.008 + 1164 × 0.01] 50.65 kg 1 ha × [4825 kg/ha x 0.008 + 1164 × 0.01] 50.66 kg where,
Above-ground residue dry matter = Product yield x (ratio of AG residue to product yield) 2090 kg/ha x 2.31 4823.97 kg/ha 2090 kg/ha x 2.31 4824.61 kg/ha

Below-ground residue dry matter = Product yield x (ratio of below-ground residue to product yield) 2090 kg/ha*0.58 1205.99 kg/ha 2090 kg/ha*0.58 1206.15 kg/ha **Crop residue summary equations Indirect N2O Emissions**  Note that for indirect emissions, the calculation of N applied to soils from fertilizers or crop residues is the same as for direct emissions **Indirect Emissions from Volatilization Equation** 

Emissions = N additions to soils from mineral fertilizers × N lost through volatilization × EF 67.26*0.1*0.01 0.08966809 kg N2O-N 67.26*0.1*0.01 0.044834046 kg N2O-N N lost (from synthetic fertilizer additions) through volatilization = 0.1 (kg NH3–N + NOx–N) / kg N applied EF for N lost through volatilization = 0.010 kg N2O–N / (kg NH3–N + NOX–N volatilised) **Indirect Emissions from Leaching/Runoff Equation**  **Carinata, High Fertilizer Carinata, Low Fertilizer** Emissions = (N additions to soils from mineral fertilizers + N additions to soils from crop residues) × N lost through leaching or runoff × EF (67.26+50.66)*0.3* 0.0075 0.31571952 kg N2O-N (67.26+50.66)*0.3* 0.0075 0.214858052 kg N2O-N N lost through leaching/runoff (from all N sources) = 0.3 N losses by leaching or runoff / kg N addition EF for N lost through leaching/runoff = 0.0075 kg N2O-N / kg N leaching or runoff
1.809 kg N2O-N 1.215 kg N2O-N 2.842 kg N2O/ha 1.909 kg N2O/ha 881.04 kg CO2eq/ha 591.69 kg CO2eq/ha 356.54 kg CO2eq/acre 239.45 kg CO2eq/acrekg CO2eq/ha kg CO2eq/acre**N2O Equations and Factors**

Source: IPCC (2006). 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Vol. 4: Agriculture, Forestry; and Other Land Use. **Assumptions Soybean**  Corn belt Great Plains **Yield** MT/ha 3.380 2.705 kg/ha 3,379.8 2,705.5 N fertilizer applied lbs/acre 7.8114 7.1751 kg/ha 8.76 8.04 **Above-ground residue slope (from CRFactors tab)** Soybean value 0.93 0.93

**Above-ground residue intercept (from CRFactors tab)** Soybean value 1.35 1.35

**Ratio of below-ground residue to above-ground biomass** Soybean value 0.19 0.19

**N content of above-ground residues** Soybean value 0.008 0.008

**N content of below-ground residues** Soybean value 0.008 0.008

**Dry matter fraction of harvested product (enter 1 if yield is already in terms of dry matter)** Soybean value 0.91 0.91 **Direct N2O Emissions Direct Emissions (Overall Equation)**  **Equation**

Emissions = (N additions to soils from mineral fertilizer + N additions to soils from crop residues) × EF (8.76+44.76) x 0.01 0.535128 kg N2O-N (8.04+38.39) x 0.01 0.464337 kg N2O-N EF for N additions from mineral fertilizer and crop residues = 0.01 kg N2O-N / kg N added **N Additions from Mineral Fertilizers**

N additions to soils from mineral fertilizers = kg fertilizer N applied to soils (i.e., change in fertilizer N applications between current and projected year) 8.76 kg/ha 8.04 kg/ha **N Additions from Crop Residues (based on "Soybean" values under CRFactors tab)**

N additions to soils from crop residues = Crop area x (Above-ground residue dry matter x N content of aboveground residues + below-ground residue dry matter x N content of below-ground residues) 1 ha × [4210 kg/ha x 0.008 + 1384 × 0.008] 44.75735 kg 1 ha × [3640 kg/ha x 0.008 + 1159 × 0.008] 38.39147 kg where, Above-ground residue dry matter = Fresh weight yield (in Mg fresh weight harvested/ha) × dry matter fraction of harvested crop × slope + intercept 3.38 Mg/ha x 0.91 x 0.93 + 1.35 4.21 Mg/ha 2.71 Mg/ha x 0.91 x 0.93 + 1.35 3.64 Mg/ha 4210.335 kg/ha 3639.63 kg/ha
Below-ground residue dry matter = (Above-ground residue dry matter + Harvested dry matter) x ratio of below-ground residue to above-ground biomass (4210 kg/ha + 3380 kg/ha x 0.91)*0.19 1384.333 kg/ha (3640 kg/ha + 2705 kg/ha x 0.91)*0.19 1159.304 kg/ha **Crop residue summary equations [see CRFactors tab for explanation of letters]** N additions to soils from crop residues = A x [AGdm x F + BGdm x H] Above-ground residue dry matter (AGdm) = 1000 x [(B/A) x (1/1000) x C x D + E] Below-ground residue dry matter (BGdm) = [AGdm + (B/A)] x G **Indirect N2O Emissions** Note that for indirect emissions, the calculation of N applied to soils from fertilizers or crop residues is the same as for direct emissions **Indirect Emissions from Volatilization Equation** 

Emissions = N additions to soils from mineral fertilizers × N lost through volatilization × EF 8.76*0.1*0.01 0.008755 kg N2O-N 8.04*0.1*0.01 0.008042 kg N2O-N N lost (from synthetic fertilizer additions) through volatilization = 0.1 (kg NH3–N + NOx–N) / kg N applied EF for N lost through volatilization = 0.010 kg N2O–N / (kg NH3–N + NOX–N volatilised) **Indirect Emissions from Leaching/Runoff Equation** 

Emissions = (N additions to soils from mineral fertilizers + N additions to soils from crop residues) × N lost through leaching or runoff × EF (8.76+44.76)*0.3*0. 0075 0.120404 kg N2O-N (8.04+38.39)*0.3*0. 0075 0.104476 kg N2O-N Corn belt Great PlainsN lost through leaching/runoff (from all N sources) = 0.3 N losses by leaching or runoff / kg N addition EF for N lost through leaching/runoff = 0.0075 kg N20-N / kg N leaching or runoff
0.664 kg N2O-N 0.577 kg N2O-N 1.044 kg N2O/ha 0.906 kg N2O/ha 323.60 kg CO2eq/ha 281.01 kg CO2eq/ha 130.96 kg CO2eq/acre 113.72 kg CO2eq/acreLake States North East South Central Southeast Southwest
3.125 2.787 2.633 2.314 1.636 3,124.7 2,786.6 2,632.6 2,314.1 1,635.8
3.5356 7.8434 4.8708 8.1797 6.3139 3.96 8.79 5.46 9.17 7.08
0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93
1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35
0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19
0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008
0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 **Dry matter fraction of harvested product (enter 1 if yield is already in terms of dry matter)** 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91

(3.96+42.35) x 0.01 0.463115 kg N2O-N (8.79+39.16) x 0.01 0.479488 kg N2O-N (5.46+37.70) x 0.01 0.431634 kg N2O-N (9.17+34.70) x 0.01 0.438656 kg N2O-N (7.08+28.29)*0.01 0.353711 kg N2O-N

3.96 kg/ha 8.79 kg/ha 5.46 kg/ha 9.17 kg/ha 7.08 kg/ha
1 ha × [3994 kg/ha x 0.008 + 1299 × 0.008] 42.34863 kg 1 ha × [3708 kg/ha x 0.008 + 1186 × 0.008] 39.15749 kg 1 ha × [3578 kg/ha x 0.008 + 1135 × 0.008] 37.70399 kg 1 ha × [3308 kg/ha x 0.008 + 1029 × 0.008] 34.69741 kg 1 ha × [2734 kg/ha x 0.008 + 802 × 0.008] 28.29421 kg 3.13 Mg/ha x 0.91 x 0.93 + 1.35 3.99 Mg/ha 2.79 Mg/ha x 0.91 x 0.93 + 1.35 3.71 Mg/ha 2.63 Mg/ha x 0.91 x 0.93 + 1.35 3.58 Mg/ha 2.31 Mg/ha x 0.91 x 0.93 + 1.35 3.31 Mg/ha 1.64 Mg/ha x 0.91 x 0.93 + 1.35 2.73 Mg/ha 3994.392 kg/ha 3708.304 kg/ha 3577.997 kg/ha 3308.455 kg/ha 2734.404 kg/ha (3994 kg/ha + 3125 kg/ha x 0.91)*0.19 1299.187 kg/ha (3708 kg/ha + 2787 kg/ha x 0.91)*0.19 1186.382 kg/ha (3578 kg/ha + 2633 kg/ha x 0.91)*0.19 1135.002 kg/ha (3308 kg/ha + 2314 kg/ha x 0.91)*0.19 1028.721 kg/ha (2734 kg/ha + 1636 kg/ha x 0.91)*0.19 802.3719 kg/ha

3.96*0.1*0.01 0.003963 kg N2O-N 8.79*0.1*0.01 0.008791 kg N2O-N 5.46*0.1*0.01 0.005459 kg N2O-N 9.17*0.1*0.01 0.009168 kg N2O-N 7.08*0.1*0.01 0.007077 kg N2O-N

(3.96+42.35)*0.3*0. 0075 0.104201 kg N2O-N (8.79+39.16)*0.3*0. 0075 0.107885 kg N2O-N (5.46+37.70)*0.3*0. 0075 0.097118 kg N2O-N (9.17+34.70)*0.3*0. 0075 0.098698 kg N2O-N (7.08+28.29)*0.3*0. 0075 0.079585 kg N2O-N

Southwest Lake States North East South Central Southeast0.571 kg N2O-N 0.596 kg N2O-N 0.534 kg N2O-N 0.547 kg N2O-N 0.440 kg N2O-N 0.898 kg N2O/ha 0.937 kg N2O/ha 0.839 kg N2O/ha 0.859 kg N2O/ha 0.692 kg N2O/ha kg CO2eq/ha 278.29 kg CO2eq/ha 290.42 kg CO2eq/ha 260.24 kg CO2eq/ha 266.23 kg CO2eq/ha 214.52 kg CO2eq/ha kg CO2eq/acre 112.62 kg CO2eq/acre 117.53 kg CO2eq/acre 105.31 kg CO2eq/acre 107.74 kg CO2eq/acre 86.82 kg CO2eq/acre

### IPCC Table 11.2**DEFA ULT FA** **CTORS FOR ESTIMA TION OF N A** **DDED TO SOILS FROM CROP RESIDUES a** A B C D E

**Crop** 

### Crop A**rea Crop**  **Harvested Dry** 

**matter fraction of**  **harvested product**  **(DRY)**
**Slope ± 2 s.d. as**  **% of mean**  **Intercept ± 2 s.d. as**  **% of mean**  

### Units **ha kg**  Major crop types Grains 0.88 1.09 ± 2% 0.88 ± 6% Beans & pulsesb 

### 0.91 1.13 ± 19% 0.85 ± 56% Tubersc 

### 0.22 0.10 ± 69% 1.06 ± 70% Root crops, otherd 

### 0.94 1.07 ± 19% 1.54 ± 41% N-fixing forages 0.90 0.30 ± 50% default 0.00 - Non-N-fixing forages 0.90 0.30 ± 50% default 0.00 - Perennial grasses 0.90 0.30 ± 50% default 0.00 - Grass-clover mixtures 0.90 0.30 ± 50% default 0.00 - Individual crops Maize 0.87 1.03 ± 3% 0.61 ± 19% Wheat 0.89 1.51 ± 3% 0.52 ± 17% Rice 0.89 0.95 ±19% 2.46 ± 41% Barley 0.89 0.98 ± 8% 0.59 ± 41% Oats 0.89 0.91 ± 5% 0.89 ± 8% Millet 0.90 1.43 ± 18% 0.14 ± 308% Sorghum 0.89 0.88 ± 13% 1.33 ± 27% Ryee 

### 0.88 1.09 ± 50% default 0.88 ± 50% default Soybeanf 

### 0.91 0.93 ± 31% 1.35 ± 49% Dry beang 

### 0.90 0.36 ± 100% 0.68 ± 47% Potatoh 

### 0.22 0.10 ± 69% 1.06 ± 70% Peanut (w/pod)i 

### 0.94 1.07 ± 19% 1.54 ± 41% Alfalfaj 

### 0.90 0.29 ± 31% 0.00 - Non-legume hay j 

### 0.90 0.18 ± 50% default 0.00 -

Items highlighted indicate crops where NA data has been pulled from crop categories to estimate N2O emissions in the Crop Residues N worksheet a Source: Literature review by Stephen A. Williams, Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University. (Email: stevewi@warnercnr.colostate.edu) for CASMGS (http://www.casmgs.colostate.edu/). A list of the original references is given in Annex 11A.1. b The average above-ground residue:grain ratio from all data used was 2.0 and included data for soya bean, dry bean, lentil, cowpea, black gram, and pea. c Modelled after potatoes. d Modelled after peanuts. **Above-ground residue dry matter AGDM(T) (Mg/ha): AGDM(T)**  **= Crop(T)/1000 * slope(T) + intercept(T)**

### e No data for rye. Slope and intercept values are those for all grain. Default s.d.

f The average above-ground residue:grain ratio from all data used was 1.9. g Ortega, 1988 (see Annex 11A.1). The average above-ground residue:grain ratio from this single source was 1.6. default s.d. for root:AGB. h The mean value for above-ground residue:tuber ratio in the sources used was 0.27 with a standard error of 0.04. I The mean value for above-ground residue: pod yield in the sources used was 1.80 with a standard error of 0.10. j Single source. Default s.d. for root:AGB. k This is the average above-ground biomass reported as litter or harvest losses. This does not include reported stubble, which averaged 0.165 x Reported Yields. Default s.d. l Estimate of root turnover to above-ground production based on the assumption that in natural grass systems below-ground biomass is approximately equal to twice (one to three times) the above-ground biomass and that root turnover in these systems averages about 40% (30% to 50%) per year. Default s.d. m This is an estimate of non-tuber roots based on the root:shoot values found for other crops. If unmarketable tuber yield is returned to the soil then data are derived from Vangessel and Renner, 1990 (see Annex 11A.1) (unmarketable yield = 0.08 * marketable yield = 0.29 * above-ground biomass) suggest that the total residues returned might then be on the order of 0.49 * above-ground biomass. Default s.d. n This is an estimate of root turnover in perennial systems. Default s.d. p It is assumed here that grass dominates the system by 2 to 1 over legumes.

### DEFA**ULT FA CTORS FOR ESTIMA**  **TION OF N A DDED TO SOILS FROM CROP RESIDUES a**  F G H

**N content of above**  **ground residues**  **(NAG) Ratio of** 

**below ground**  **residues to above**  **ground biomass**  **(RBG-BIO) N content** 

**of below ground**  **residues (NBG)** 

**R 2** 

### adj.



### 0.65 0.006 0.22 0.009 0.28 0.008 0.19 0.008 0.18 0.019 0.20 0.014 0.63 0.016 0.20 0.014

- 0.027 0.40 0.022

- 0.015 0.54 0.012

- 0.015 0.80 0.012

- 0.025 0.80 0.016
0.76 0.006 0.22 0.007 0.68 0.006 0.24 0.009 0.47 0.007 0.16 NA 0.68 0.007 0.22 0.014 0.45 0.007 0.25 0.008 0.50 0.007 NA NA 0.36 0.007 NA 0.006

- 0.005 NA 0.011 0.16 0.008 0.19 0.008 0.15 0.010 NA 0.010 0.18 0.019 0.20 0.014 0.63 0.016 NA NA

- 0.027 0.40 0.019

- 0.150 0.54 0.012

Items highlighted indicate crops where NA data has been pulled from crop categories to estimate N2O emissions in the Crop Residues N worksheet a Source: Literature review by Stephen A. Williams, Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University. (Email: stevewi@warnercnr.colostate.edu) for CASMGS (http://www.casmgs.colostate.edu/). A list b The average above-ground residue:grain ratio from all data used was 2.0 and included data for soya bean, dry bean, lentil, cowpea, black gram, and pea. **Above-ground residue dry matter AGDM(T) (Mg/ha): AGDM(T)** 

### g Ortega, 1988 (see Annex 11A.1). The average above-ground residue:grain ratio from this single source was 1.6. default s.d. for root:AGB. h The mean value for above-ground residue:tuber ratio in the sources used was 0.27 with a standard error of 0.04. I The mean value for above-ground residue: pod yield in the sources used was 1.80 with a standard error of 0.10. k This is the average above-ground biomass reported as litter or harvest losses. This does not include reported stubble, which averaged 0.165 x Reported Yields. Default s.d. l Estimate of root turnover to above-ground production based on the assumption that in natural grass systems below-ground biomass is approximately equal to twice (one to three times) the above-ground biomass and that m This is an estimate of non-tuber roots based on the root:shoot values found for other crops. If unmarketable tuber yield is returned to the soil then data are derived from Vangessel and Renner, 1990 (see Annex 11A.1) (unmarketable yield = 0.08 * marketable yield = 0.29 * above-ground biomass) suggest that the total residues returned might then be on the order of 0.49 * above-ground biomass. Default s.d.

### a Source: Literature review by Stephen A. Williams, Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University. (Email: stevewi@warnercnr.colostate.edu) for CASMGS (http://www.casmgs.colostate.edu/). A list

### l Estimate of root turnover to above-ground production based on the assumption that in natural grass systems below-ground biomass is approximately equal to twice (one to three times) the above-ground biomass and that m This is an estimate of non-tuber roots based on the root:shoot values found for other crops. If unmarketable tuber yield is returned to the soil then data are derived from Vangessel and Renner, 1990 (see Annex 11A.1) (unmarketable yield = 0.08 * marketable yield = 0.29 * above-ground biomass) suggest that the total residues returned might then be on the order of 0.49 * above-ground biomass. Default s.d.

## Costs to Farmers
2022 Carinata

**Inputs Rates**  **Herbicides Glysophate (Fall)**  **16 oz. ($0.39/oz) $7.00**  **Glysophate (Spring) 16 oz. ($0.39/oz)**  **$7.00 Post**  **12 oz ($0.67/oz) $8.00**  **Seed $7.20**  **(5 lbs/ac) Fertilizer**  **$60.00 (60 lb/acre)**  **$30.00 (30 lb/acre)**  **Sub-Total $119.20**  **Logistics Planting Trip**  **$10.00 Harvest & Hauling**  **$25.00 Total Cost**  **$154.20 Yields**  **lbs/ac 1865**  **Ma rket Price**  

## $/lb **$0.14 $261.10**  **$106.90** 

## Data provided by petitioner, USDA, or literature. See Data sources tab for details on sources of fertilizer inputs **Returns Phosphate Fertilizer**  **$1/lb**

**Total Revenue Carinata seed**  **$1.44 lb**

**Nitrogen Fertilizer $1/lb** 

## Data provided by petitioner, USDA, or literature. See Data sources tab for details on sources of fertilizer inputs

## Source Petition

Feedstock Carinata oil **Material Inputs** Beans/Seeds lb / lb oil* 2.38 **Energy Inputs** Purchased Electricity Btu / lb oil 76 Gas & Steam Btu / lb oil 428 Diesel Btu / lb oil

- **Outputs** Oil lb / lb oil 1.00 Meal lb / lb oil 1.38 **Emissions Factors (from EPA 2010)** Natural Gas Upstream gCO2e/Btu 0.01 Natural Gas Combustion gCO2e/Btu 0.06 U.S. Average Electricity Production, Year 2022 (available at wall outlets) gCO2e/Btu 0.22 Diesel gCO2e/Btu 0.097 **Oil Extraction Emissions (gCO2e / lb plant oil)** Purchased Electricity gCO2e/ lb oil 17 Gas & Steam gCO2e/ lb oil 29 Diesel gCO2e/ lb oil

- Total gCO2e/ lb oil 46
* there is small penalty in oil return from the extraction process so calculations assume .42 lbs of refined oil per lb of seed versus .44 lbs of oil per seed, the oil proportion going into the crushing process

## EPA (2010)

Soybean oil
5.38 g/lb 453.59 lb/kg 2.20 t/lb 0.00 374 Btu/MJ 947.82 1,912 Btu/kWh 3,412.14 gal/litre 0.26 MJ/mmBtu 1,055.06 Steam (50 psig), Btu/lb LHV 1,179.10 1.00 4.08

0.01 0.06 0.22 0.097

82 131

- 213
* there is small penalty in oil return from the extraction process so calculations assume .42 lbs of refined oil per