NOT FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

 FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

 v.

GEORGE STEPHEN MCGOWAN,

Defendant-Appellant.

No. 18-30028

D.C. No. 

2:17-cr-00201-RSM-1

MEMORANDUM*

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Western District of Washington

Ricardo S. Martinez, Chief District Judge, Presiding

Submitted May 15, 2019** 

Seattle, Washington

Before: O’SCANNLAIN, KLEINFELD, and FRIEDLAND, Circuit Judges.

George Stephen McGowan appeals his 160-month sentence for one count of

Access with Intent to View Child Pornography in violation of 18 U.S.C. §

2252(a)(4)(B). We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and affirm.

FILED

JUN 04 2019

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent

except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.

** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision

without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
We review the district court’s interpretations of the Sentencing Guidelines

de novo, and application of the Guidelines generally for abuse of discretion. 

United States v. Ayala-Nicanor, 659 F.3d 744, 746 (9th Cir. 2011). “A district

court abuses its discretion when it errs in its Guidelines calculation, imposes a

sentence based on clearly erroneous facts, or imposes a substantively unreasonable

sentence.” United States v. Burgos-Ortega, 777 F.3d 1047, 1052 (9th Cir. 2015).

We do not decide whether the district court erred in determining that

McGowan’s prior convictions established the predicate for the 10-year mandatory

minimum sentence under 18 U.S.C. § 2252(b)(2) because error, if any, was

harmless. In reviewing the applicable sentencing factors, the district court noted

that McGowan had “murdered a roommate for making too much noise washing

pots and pans,” that as a 40-year-old he confessed to having an ongoing sexual

relationship with a 14-year-old, and that “within mere days after not having anyone

looking over his shoulder, he turn[ed] around and he immediately obtain[ed] a

laptop and start[ed] looking at child pornography[] again.” See 18 U.S.C. §

3553(a). These facts showed McGowan’s inability to control his impulses, and

that McGowan was “a predatory individual” who would commit future offenses

“given the opportunity.” Although acknowledging the serious questions raised

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about the applicability of the 10-year mandatory minimum, the district court stated

that “in this particular case, irregardless of whether the court found that the

predicate offenses counted and, therefore, the mandatory minimum applied, for all

of the reasons stated previously, the court would have applied and imposed the

exact same sentence.” Moreover, the applicable Guidelines range—which all

parties agreed was correctly calculated—was above the mandatory minimum, and

the district court explained that it was varying upward from that range because of

these concerns. This record establishes that any error regarding the mandatory

minimum was harmless. See United States v. Leasure, 319 F.3d 1092, 1098 (9th

Cir. 2003) (“A sentencing error is harmless if the district court ‘would have

imposed the same sentence absent the errors.’” (quoting United States v.

Matsumaru, 244 F.3d 1092, 1106 (9th Cir. 2001)); see also United States v. Ali,

620 F.3d 1062, 1074 (9th Cir. 2010) (“When an ‘alleged error is harmless [it is]

not a ground for resentencing.’” (alteration in original) (quoting United States v.

Garro, 517 F.3d 1163, 1169 (9th Cir. 2008)). 

Whether the district court meant the “just hours” remark in its Statement of

Reasons—filed six days after McGowan’s sentence was imposed by the district

court—literally, or merely to suggest that only a short time had passed between

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McGowan’s release from state supervision and the “instant offense,” its

significance was that it showed a lack of impulse control and likelihood of reoffending. For that purpose, the precise duration of the time gap between the lack

of state supervision and offending conduct did not matter.1 See Burgos-Ortega,

777 F.3d at 1056 (finding no procedural error where “[v]iewing the record as a

whole, the district court did not rest its sentence on” clearly erroneous facts). 

And because McGowan does not allege that there was a factual error at the time of

sentencing, we are not persuaded that the district court procedurally erred. See

United States v. Hernandez, 795 F.3d 1159, 1169 (9th Cir. 2015).

As for substantive unreasonableness, the district court expressly and

carefully reviewed the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) factors, and considered any potential

mitigating circumstances. “[T]he record as a whole reflects rational and

meaningful consideration of [all relevant] factors.” United States v.

Ruiz-Apolonio, 657 F.3d 907, 911 (9th Cir. 2011) (citation omitted). The sentence

was also not far above the Guideline range which, as noted above, the parties agree

1

 The presentence report also states that the laptop had been purchased on

March 8, 2017, that McGowan’s state supervision ended after March 9, 2017, and

that a review of the laptop revealed improper searches “in March.” 

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was calculated correctly. In light of McGowan’s history as discussed and

considered by the district court, the sentence was not substantively unreasonable.

AFFIRMED.

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