66808 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 216 / Tuesday, November 7, 2000 / Proposed Rules

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

Fish and Wildlife Service

50 CFR Part 17

RIN 1018–AG71

Endangered and Threatened Wildlife

and Plants; Determinations of Whether

Designation of Critical Habitat Is

Prudent for 81 Plants and Proposed

Designations for 76 Plants From the

Islands of Kauai and Niihau, Hawaii

AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service,

Interior.

ACTION: Proposed rule and notice of

determinations of whether designation

of critical habitat is prudent.

SUMMARY: We, the U.S. Fish and

Wildlife Service, have reconsidered our

findings concerning whether

designating critical habitat for 81

federally protected plant species

currently found on the islands of Kauai

and Niihau is prudent. A total of 95

species historically found on these two

islands were listed as endangered or

threatened species under the

Endangered Species Act of 1973, as

amended (Act), between 1991 and 1996.

Some of these species may also occur on

other Hawaiian islands. At the time

each plant was listed, we determined

that designation of critical habitat was

not prudent because designation would

increase the degree of threat to the

species and/or would not benefit the

species.

Due to litigation, we reconsidered our

previous prudency determinations for

the 95 plants. From this review, we are

proposing that critical habitat is prudent

for 76 of these species because the

potential benefits of designating critical

habitat essential for the conservation of

these species outweigh the risks of

designation. We are proposing that the

designation of critical habitat is not

prudent for five species. The remaining

14 species historically found on Kauai

and/or Niihau, no longer occur on these

islands. However, these species do

occur on other islands, so proposed

prudency determinations will be made

in future rules addressing plants on

those islands.

This proposed rule also proposes

designation of critical habitat for the 76

species. Twenty-three critical habitat

units, covering a total of 24,539.23

hectares (60,636.42 acres), are proposed

for designation on the islands of Kauai

and Niihau.

We solicit data and comments from

the public on all aspects of this

proposal, including data on the

economic and other impacts of the

proposed designations. We may revise

this proposal to incorporate or address

new information received during the

comment period.

DATES: We must receive comments from

all interested parties by December 7,

2000. Public hearing requests must be

received by December 22, 2000.

ADDRESSES: If you wish to comment,

you may submit your comments and

materials concerning this proposal by

any one of several methods:

(1) You may submit written comments

and information to the Field Supervisor,

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific

Islands Office, 300 Ala Moana Blvd.,

P.O. Box 50088, Honolulu, HI 96850–

0001.

(2) You may send comments by

electronic mail (e-mail) to

KAandNIcrithab pr@fws.gov.

(3) You may hand-deliver written

comments to our Pacific Islands Office

at 300 Ala Moana Blvd., Room 3–122,

Honolulu, HI.

Comments and materials received, as

well as supporting documentation used

in the preparation of this proposed rule,

will be available for public inspection,

by appointment, during normal business

hours at the Pacific Islands Office.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:

Christa Russell, Coordinator for Listing

and Recovery of Plants and

Invertebrates, Pacific Islands Office (see

ADDRESSES section) (telephone: 808/

541–3441; facsimile: 808/541–3470).

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

Background

We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife

Service (Service), have reconsidered our

findings concerning whether

designating critical habitat for 81

federally protected plants from the

islands of Kauai and Niihau, Kauai

County, Hawaii, is prudent. In the Lists

of Endangered and Threatened Plants

(50 CFR 17.12), there are 95 plant

species that, at the time of listing, were

found on the islands of Kauai and

Niihau (Table 1). Currently, 55 of these

species are endemic to the islands of

Kauai and/or Niihau, while 24 species

are known from one or more other

islands, as well as Kauai and/or Niihau.

Two species (Melicope quadrangularis

and Phyllostegia waimeae) are thought

to be extinct since they have not been

seen recently in the wild and no viable

genetic material of these species is

known to exist. The remaining 14

species, Acaena exigua, Achyranthes

mutica, Ctenitis squamigera, Diellia

erecta, Diplazium molokaiense,

Hibiscus brackenridgei, Ischaemum

byrone, Isodendrion pyrifolium,

Mariscus pennatiformis, Phlegmariurus

mannii, Phlegmariurus nutans, Silene

lanceolata, Solanum incompletum, and

Vigna o-wahuensis, are known only

from historical records (pre-1970) on

Kauai and/or Niihau, or from

undocumented observations, or are no

longer extant in the wild on these

islands. These species do occur on other

islands, however.

TABLE 1.—SUMMARY OF ISLAND DISTRIBUTION OF 95 SPECIES FROM KAUAI AND NIIHAU

Species

Island Distribution

Kauai Oahu Molokai Lanai Maui Hawaii

N.W. Isles,

Kahoolawe

Niihau

Acaena exigua (liliwai) ............................................................. H C

Achyranthes mutica (NCN) ...................................................... H C

Adenophorus periens (NCN) ................................................... CHCRRC

Alectryon macrococcus (mahoe) ............................................. C C C C

Alsinidendron lychnoides (kuawawaunohu) ............................. C

Alsinidendron viscosum (NCN) ................................................ C

Bonamia menziesii (NCN) ....................................................... CCHCCC

Brighamia insignis (olulu) ......................................................... C Ni(C).

Centaurium sebaeoides (awiwi) ............................................... CCCCC

Chamaesyce halemanui (akoko) ............................................. C

Ctenitis squamigera (pauoa) .................................................... HCHCC

Cyanea asarifolia (haha) .......................................................... C

Cyanea recta (haha) ................................................................ C

Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 216 / Tuesday, November 7, 2000 / Proposed Rules 66809

TABLE 1.—SUMMARY OF ISLAND DISTRIBUTION OF 95 SPECIES FROM KAUAI AND NIIHAU—Continued

Species

Island Distribution

Kauai Oahu Molokai Lanai Maui Hawaii

N.W. Isles,

Kahoolawe

Niihau

Cyanea remyi (haha) ............................................................... C

Cyanea undulata (haha) .......................................................... C

Cyperus trachysanthos (pu ukaa) ............................................ CCHH Ni(C).

Cyrtandra cyaneoides (mapele) ............................................... C

Cyrtandra limahuliensis (haiwale) ............................................ C

Delissea rhytidosperma (NCN) ................................................ C

Delissea rivularis (NCN) .......................................................... C

Delissea undulata (NCN) ......................................................... C H C Ni(H).

Diellia erecta (NCN) ................................................................. HCCHCC

Diellia pallida (NCN) ................................................................ C

Diplazium molokaiense (NCN) ................................................. HHHHC

Dubautia latifolia (kahalapehu) ................................................ C

Dubautia pauciflorula (naenae) ................................................ C

Euphorbia haeleeleana (akoko) ............................................... C C

Exocarpos luteolus (heau) ....................................................... C

Flueggea neowawraea (mehamehame) .................................. C C H C C

Gouania meyenii (NCN) ........................................................... C C

Hedyotis cookiana (awiwi) ....................................................... C H H H

Hedyotis st.-johnii (NCN) ......................................................... C

Hesperomannia lydgatei (NCN) ............................................... C

Hibiscadelphus woodii (hau kuahiwi) ....................................... C

Hibiscus brackenridgei (mao hau hele) ................................... HCHCCC Ka(R).

Hibiscus clayi (kokio ulaula) .................................................... C

Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae (kokio keokeo) ................... C

Ischaemum byrone (Hilo ischaemum) ..................................... R H C C C

Isodendrion laurifolium (aupaka) ............................................. C C

Isodendrion longifolium (aupaka) ............................................. C C

Isodendrion pyrifolium (wahine noho kula) .............................. HHHHC Ni(H).

Kokia kauaiensis (kokio) .......................................................... C

Labordia lydgatei (kamakahala) ............................................... C

Labordia tinifolia var. wahiawaensis (kamakahala) ................. C

Lipochaeta fauriei (nehe) ......................................................... C

Lipochaeta micrantha (nehe) ................................................... C

Lipochaeta waimeaensis (nehe) .............................................. C

Lobelia niihauensis (NCN) ....................................................... C C Ni(H).

Lysimachia filifolia (NCN) ......................................................... C C

Mariscus pennatiformis (NCN) ................................................. H H C H NW (C).

Melicope haupuensis (alani) .................................................... C

Melicope knudsenii (alani) ....................................................... C C

Melicope pallida (alani) ............................................................ C C

Melicope quadrangularis (alani) ............................................... H

Munroidendron racemosum (NCN) .......................................... C

Myrsine linearifolia (kolea) ....................................................... C

Nothocestrum peltatum (aiea) ................................................. C

Panicum niihauense (NCN) ..................................................... C Ni(H).

Peucedanum sandwicense (makou) ........................................ C C C C

Phlegmariurus mannii (wawaeiole) .......................................... H C C

Phlegmariurus nutans (wawaeiole) .......................................... H C

Phyllostegia knudsenii (NCN) .................................................. C

Phyllostegia waimeae (NCN) ................................................... H

Phyllostegia wawrana (NCN) ................................................... C

Plantago princeps (ale) ............................................................ C C C C H

Platanthera holochila (NCN) .................................................... C H C C

Poa mannii (NCN) .................................................................... C

Poa sandvicensis (NCN) .......................................................... C

Poa siphonoglossa (NCN) ....................................................... C

Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii (wahane) ................................... Ni(C).

Pritchardia napaliensis (loulu) .................................................. C

Pritchardia viscosa (loulu) ........................................................ C

Pteralyxia kauaiensis (kaulu) ................................................... C

Remya kauaiensis (NCN) ........................................................ C

Remya montgomeryi (NCN) .................................................... C

Schiedea apokremnos (NCN) .................................................. C

Schiedea helleri (NCN) ............................................................ C

Schiedea kauaiensis (NCN) ..................................................... C

Schiedea membranacea (NCN) ............................................... C

Schiedea nuttallii (NCN) .......................................................... C C R R

Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda (NCN) ............................... C

66810 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 216 / Tuesday, November 7, 2000 / Proposed Rules

TABLE 1.—SUMMARY OF ISLAND DISTRIBUTION OF 95 SPECIES FROM KAUAI AND NIIHAU—Continued

Species

Island Distribution

Kauai Oahu Molokai Lanai Maui Hawaii

N.W. Isles,

Kahoolawe

Niihau

Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina (NCN) ............................ C

Schiedea stellarioides (NCN) ................................................... C

Sesbania tomentosa (ohai) ...................................................... CCCHCC NW, Ka, Ni (H).

Silene lanceolata (NCN) .......................................................... HCCH C

Solanum incompletum (popolo ku mai) ................................... H HHHC

Solanum sandwicense (popolo aiakeakua) ............................. C H

Spermolepis hawaiiensis (NCN) .............................................. CCCCCC

Stenogyne campanulata (NCN) ............................................... C

Vigna o-wahuensis (NCN) ....................................................... H C C C C Ni (H), Ka (C).

Viola helenae (NCN) ................................................................ C

Viola kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis (nani wai ale) ................. C

Wilkesia hobdyi (iliau) .............................................................. C

Xylosma crenatum (NCN) ........................................................ C

Zanthoxylum hawaiiense (ae) .................................................. C CHCC

KEY

C (Current)—population last observed within the past 30 years.

H (Historical)—population not seen for more than 30 years.

R (Reported)—reported from undocumented observations.

The plants considered in this rule were listed as endangered or threatened species under the Endangered Species

Act of 1973, as amended (Act), between 1991 and 1996. At the time each plant was listed, we determined that designation

of critical habitat was not prudent because designation would increase the degree of threat to the species and/or would

not benefit the plant. These not-prudent determinations, along with the not-prudent determinations for 150 other Hawaiian

plants, were challenged in Conservation Council for Hawaii v. Babbitt, 2 F. Supp. 2d 1280 (D. Hawaii). On March

9, 1998, the United States District Court for the District of Hawaii directed us to review the prudency determinations

for 245 listed plant species in Hawaii. On August 10, 1998, the court ordered us to publish proposed critical habitat

designations or non-designations for at least 100 species by November 30, 2000, and to publish proposed designations

or non-designations for the remaining 145 species by April 30, 2002. To comply with the Court’s order, between now

and April 30, 2002, we plan to publish seven rules that will include proposed determinations of whether critical

habitat is prudent, along with designations if appropriate. Each rule, arranged by island or island group (Kauai and

Niihau; Maui and Kahoolawe; Lanai; Molokai; Northwest Hawaiian Islands; Hawaii; Oahu), will contain the proposed

prudency determination and, when appropriate, proposed designations of critical habitat for each plant species known

to occur from that island or group of islands. This determination and proposed rule for 79 plants currently found

on the islands of Kauai and Niihau responds to the court order. The proposed prudency determinations for Melicope

quadrangularis and Phyllostegia waimeae, which appear to be no longer extant in the wild, will also be made in

this rule. The proposed prudency determinations and, if appropriate, critical habitat designation for the 14 species

that no longer occur on Kauai and/or Niihau, but do occur on other islands, will be made in subsequent rules (Table

2).

TABLE 2.—LIST OF PROPOSED RULES IN WHICH PRUDENCY DETERMINATIONS AND CRITICAL HABITAT DESIGNATIONS/NON

DESIGNATIONS WILL BE PROPOSED FOR THE 14 SPECIES THAT NO LONGER OCCUR ON KAUAI OR NIIHAU

Species Proposed rule in which

prudency will be proposed

Proposed rule in which critical habitat designations/non

designations will be discussed

Acaena exigua ......................................................... Maui and Kahoolawe ......... Maui and Kahoolawe.

Achranthes mutica ................................................... Hawaii ................................. Hawaii.

Ctenitis squamigera ................................................. Maui and Kahoolawe ......... Maui and Kahoolawe; Lanai; Oahu.

Diellia erecta ............................................................ Maui and Kahoolawe ......... Maui and Kahoolawe; Molokai; Hawaii; Oahu.

Diplazium molokaiense ............................................ Maui and Kahoolawe ......... Maui and Kahoolawe.

Hibiscus brackenridgei ............................................. Maui and Kahoolawe ......... Maui and Kahoolawe; Lanai; Hawaii; Oahu.

Ischaemum byrone .................................................. Maui and Kahoolawe ......... Maui and Kahoolawe; Molokai; Hawaii.

Isodendrion pyrifolium .............................................. Hawaii ................................. Hawaii.

Mariscus pennatiformis ............................................ Maui and Kahoolawe ......... Maui and Kahoolawe; NW Hawaiian Islands; Hawaii.

Phlegmariurus mannii .............................................. Maui and Kahoolawe ......... Maui and Kahoolawe; Hawaii.

Phlegmariurus nutans .............................................. Oahu ................................... Oahu.

Silene lanceolata ..................................................... Molokai ............................... Molokai; Hawaii; Oahu.

Solanum incompletum ............................................. Hawaii ................................. Hawaii.

Vigna o-wahuensis .................................................. Maui and Kahoolawe ......... Maui and Kahoolawe; Lanai; Molokai; Hawaii.

The Islands of Kauai and Niihau

Because of its age and relative

isolation, levels of floristic diversity and

endemism are higher on Kauai than on

any other island in the Hawaiian

archipelago. However, the vegetation of

Kauai has undergone extreme

alterations because of past and present

land use. Land with rich soils was

Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 216 / Tuesday, November 7, 2000 / Proposed Rules 66811

altered by the early Hawaiians, and

more recently, converted to agricultural

use or pasture (Gagne and Cuddihy

1999). Intentional or inadvertent

introduction of nonnative plant and

animal species has also contributed to

the reduction of native vegetation on the

island of Kauai. Native forests are now

limited to the upper elevation mesic

(moist) and wet regions within Kauai’s

conservation district. The land that

supports the 79 extant plant taxa is

owned by various private parties, the

State of Hawaii (including State parks,

forest reserves, and natural area

reserves), and the United States of

America. Most of the taxa included in

this proposed rule persist on steep

slopes, precipitous cliffs, valley

headwalls, and other regions where

unsuitable topography has prevented

agricultural development or where

inaccessibility has limited

encroachment by nonnative plant and

animal species.

Niihau’s relative isolation and severe

environmental conditions have

produced a few endemic species.

Unfortunately, human disturbance,

primarily ungulate ranching, has

drastically changed the vegetation and

hydrologic parameters of the island,

leaving few of the native vegetation

communities. Niihau has been privately

owned since 1864 and access has been

and continues to be restricted

(Department of Geography 1998).

Therefore, current information on plant

locations and population status is

extremely limited.

Discussion of the 79 Extant Plant Taxa

Species Endemic to Kauai and Niihau

Alsinidendron lychnoides

Alsinidendron lychnoides, a member

of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is

a weakly climbing or sprawling woody,

at least at the base, subshrub with a

dense covering of fine glandular hairs

throughout. This short-lived perennial

species is distinguished from others in

this endemic Hawaiian genus by the

weakly climbing or sprawling habit,

color of the sepals, number of flowers

per cluster, and size of the leaves. It is

closely related to Alsinidendron

viscosum, which differs primarily in

having narrower leaves, fewer capsule

valves, and fewer flowers per cluster

(Wagner et al. 1999).

This species was observed with fruits

during February (USFWS 1998a). No

additional life history information for

this species is currently available.

Historically, Alsinidendron

lychnoides was found on the east rim of

Kalalau Valley near Keanapuka, the

western and southeastern margins of the

Alakai Swamp, and southwest of the

Swamp near Kaholuamano on the island

of Kauai. Currently, there are a total of

four populations with a total of six

individual plants (HINHP Database

1999). This species is extant on Stateowned land in the Alakai Swamp,

including the Alakai Wilderness

Preserve, and on State-owned land on

the west and east rims of Kalalau Valley

(Geographic Decision Systems

International (GDSI) 1999). This latter

population occurs on the boundary of

Hono O Na Pali Natural Area Reserve

(NAR) and Na Pali Coast State Park (61

FR 53070; GDSI 1999).

Alsinidendron lychnoides typically

grows in montane wet forests dominated

by Metrosideros polymorpha (ohia) and

Cheirodendron sp. (olapa), or by M.

polymorpha and Dicranopteris linearis

(uluhe), trailing on the ground or on

other vegetation, and at elevations

between 1,100 and 1,320 m (3,610 and

4,330 ft). Associated plant species

include Carex sp. (No Common Name

(NCN)), Cyrtandra sp. (haiwale),

Machaerina sp. (uki), Vaccinium sp.

(ohelo), Peperomia sp. (ala ala wai nui),

Hedyotis terminalis (manono), Astelia

sp. (painiu), and Broussaisia arguta

(kanawao) (61 FR 53070).

The major threats to this species are

competition from the aggressive alien

plant species Rubus argutus (prickly

Florida blackberry); habitat degradation

by feral pigs (Sus scrofa); trampling by

humans; risk of extinction from

naturally occurring events (such as

landslides or hurricanes); and by

reduced reproductive vigor due to the

small number of extant individuals (61

FR 53070).

Alsinidendron viscosum

Alsinidendron viscosum, a member of

the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is a

weakly climbing or sprawling subshrub

densely covered with fine glandular

hairs. This short-lived perennial species

is distinguished from others in this

endemic Hawaiian genus by the weakly

climbing or sprawling habit, color of the

sepals, number of flowers per cluster,

and size of the leaves. It is closely

related to Alsinidendron lychnoides,

which differs primarily in having wider

leaves and more capsule valves and

flowers per cluster (Wagner et al. 1999).

Alsinidendron viscosum was observed

in flower during January, February, and

April 1995 (USFWS 1998a). No

additional life history information for

this species is currently available.

Historically, Alsinidendron viscosum

was found at Kaholuamano, Kokee,

Halemanu, Nawaimaka, and Waialae

areas of northwestern Kauai. Currently,

there are a total of four populations

containing a total of 98 individuals on

the island of Kauai (HINHP Database

1999). These populations are reported

on the ridge between Waialae and

Nawaimaka Valleys, in the same general

area on a north-facing ridge in

Nawaimaka Valley, along the MohihiWaialae Trail, and along the Ditch Trail

in the Kokee area on State and privately

owned lands (61 FR 5307; GDSI 1999).

Alsinidendron viscosum is typically

found at elevations between 820 and

1,200 m (2,700 and 3,940 ft), on steep

slopes in Acacia koa (koa)-Metrosideros

polymorpha lowland or montane mesic

or wet forest. Associated plant species

include Alyxia olivaeformis (maile),

Bidens cosmoides (poola nui), Bobea sp.

(ahakea), Carex sp., Coprosma sp. (pilo),

Dodonaea viscosa (aalii), Gahnia sp.

(NCN), Ilex anomala (aiea), Melicope sp.

(alani), Pleomele sp. (hala pepe),

Psychotria sp. (kopiko), and Schiedea

stellarioides (61 FR 53070).

The major threats to this species are

destruction of habitat by feral pigs and

goats (Capra hircus); competition with

the alien plant species Rubus argutus,

Lantana camara (lantana), and Melinis

minutiflora (molasses grass); and a risk

of extinction from naturally occurring

events, such as landslides or hurricanes,

and from reduced reproductive vigor,

due to the small number of extant

populations and individuals (61 FR

53070).

Brighamia insignis

Brighamia insignis, a member of the

bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is

an unbranched plant with a succulent

stem that is bulbous at the bottom and

tapers toward the top, ending in a

compact rosette of fleshy leaves. This

short-lived perennial species is a

member of a unique endemic Hawaiian

genus with only one other species, B.

rockii, presently known only from

Molokai, from which it differs by the

color of its petals, its shorter calyx

lobes, and its longer flower stalks (59 FR

9304; Lammers 1999).

Current reproduction is not thought to

be sufficient to sustain populations,

with poor seedling establishment due to

competition with alien grasses as the

limiting factor (59 FR 9304). Pollination

by native sphingid moths (Sphingidae

family) is likely; however, pollination

failure is common, due to either a lack

of pollinators or a reduction in genetic

variability. The flower structure appears

to favor outcrossing (pollination

between different parent plants). Some

vegetative cloning has been observed

and flower and leaf size appear to be

dependent on moisture availability (59

FR 9304). Seeds of this species are

undoubtedly dispersed by gravity.

66812 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 216 / Tuesday, November 7, 2000 / Proposed Rules

Although they may be blown for short

distances, they are not obviously

adapted for wind dispersal, being ovoid

to ellipsoid, smooth, and lacking any

sort of wing or outgrowth (USFWS

1995).

Historically, Brighamia insignis was

known from the headland between

Hoolulu and Waiahuakua Valleys along

the Na Pali Coast on the island of Kauai,

and from Kaali Spring on the island of

Niihau. Currently, there are a total of

five populations containing a total of

45–65 individuals on the islands of

Kauai and Niihau (HINHP Database

1999). It is reported on State and

privately owned lands along the Na Pali

Coast within or on the boundary of the

Hono O Na Pali NAR, in Hoolulu,

Waiahuakua, and the Haupu Range on

the island of Kauai, and on the island

of Niihau (GDSI 1999; HINHP Database

1999; Steve Perlman, National Tropical

Botanical Garden (NTBG), pers. comm.

2000; USFWS 1995).

Brighamia insignis is found from sea

level to 480 m (1,575 ft) elevation on

rocky ledges with little soil or on steep

sea cliffs in lowland dry grasslands or

shrublands with annual rainfall that is

usually less than 170 cm (65 in.).

Associated native plant taxa include

Artemisia sp. (ahinahina), Chamaesyce

celastroides (akoko), Canthium

odoratum (alahee), Eragrostis variabilis

(kawelu), Heteropogon contortus (pili

grass), Hibiscus kokio (kokio), Hibiscus

saintjohnianus (kokio), Lepidium serra

(anaunau), Lipochaeta succulenta

(nehe), Munroidendron racemosum, and

Sida fallax (ilima) (59 FR 9304).

The major threats to this plant are

browsing and habitat degradation by

feral goats; human disturbance; fire; the

Carmine spider mite (Tetranychus

cinnabarinus); a risk of extinction from

naturally occurring events, such as

landslides or hurricanes, due to the

small number of individuals; restricted

distribution; reduced reproductive

vigor; and competition from alien plant

species such as Melinis minutiflora,

Setaria gracilis (yellow foxtail),

Sporobolus africanus (smutgrass),

Lantana camara, Psidium cattleianum

(strawberry guava), Psidium guajava

(common guava), Kalanchoe pinnata

(air plant), Ageratum conyzoides (maile

hohono), and Stachytarpheta dichotoma

(owi) (59 FR 9304).

Chamaesyce halemanui

Chamaesyce halemanui, a member of

the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae), is a

scandent (climbing) shrub. It is

distinguished from closely related

species by its decussate leaves,

persistent stipules, more compact flower

clusters, shorter stems on cyathia, and

smaller capsules (57 FR 20580; Koutnik

1987; Koutnik and Huft 1999).

Little is known about the life history

of Chamaesyce halemanui. Although

the plant is a short-lived perennial, its

flowering cycles, pollination vectors,

seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific

environmental requirements, and

limiting factors are unknown.

Historically, Chamaesyce halemanui

was found in Kauhao and Makaha

Valleys in the Na Pali-Kona Forest

Reserve, Mahanaloa Valley in Kuia

NAR, the Halemanu drainage in Kokee

State Park, and Olokele Canyon on the

island of Kauai (HINHP Database 1999;

Ken Wood, NTBG, in litt. 1999).

Currently, there is a total of seven

populations, with 88 to 139 individuals,

at Kohua Ridge, Makaha Valley, Waialae

Ridge, and the Halemanu drainage, all

State-owned land (HINHP Database

1999; K. Wood, in litt. 1999; GDSI 1999).

Chamaesyce halemanui is typically

found on the steep slopes of gulches in

mesic Acacia koa forests at an elevation

of 660 to 1,100 m (2,165 to 3,610 ft).

Associated native species include

Metrosideros polymorpha, Alphitonia

ponderosa (kauila), Antidesma

platyphyllum (hame), Bobea brevipes

(ahakea lau lii), Cheirodendron

trigynum (olapa), Coprosma sp.,

Diospyros sandwicensis (lama),

Dodonaea viscosa, Elaeocarpus bifidus

(kalia), Hedyotis terminalis, Kokia

kauaiensis, Melicope haupuensis,

Pisonia sp. (papala kepau), Pittosporum

sp. (ho awa), Pleomele aurea (hala

pepe), Psychotria mariniana (kopiko), P.

greenwelliae (kopiko), Pouteria

sandwicensis (alaa), Santalum

freycinetianum (iliahi), and Styphelia

tameiameiae (pukiawe) (57 FR 20580).

The major threats to this species are

competition from alien plants, such as

Lantana camara, Psidium cattleianum,

and Stenotaphrum secundatum (St.

Augustine grass); habitat degradation by

feral pigs; restricted distribution; small

population size; increased potential for

extinction resulting from naturally

occurring events, such as landslides or

hurricanes; and depressed reproductive

vigor (57 FR 20580).

Cyanea asarifolia

Cyanea asarifolia, a member of the

bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a

sparingly branched shrub. This shortlived perennial species is distinguished

from others of the genus that grow on

Kauai by the shape of the leaf base, the

leaf width in proportion to the length,

and the presence of a leaf stalk (59 FR

9304; Lammers 1999).

Little is known about the life history

of Cyanea asarifolia. Flowering cycles,

pollination vectors, seed dispersal

agents, longevity, specific

environmental requirements, and

limiting factors are unknown.

Historically, Cyanea asarifolia was

known only from above the bed of

Anahola Stream on Kauai (HINHP

Database 1999). Currently, two

populations with a total of 9 to 11 total

individuals are reported from the

headwaters of the Wailua River in

central Kauai on State-owned land

(HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999).

This species typically grows in

pockets of soil on sheer rock cliffs in

lowland wet forests at an elevation of

approximately 330 to 730 m (1,080 to

2,400 ft). Associated plant taxa include

ferns, Hedyotis elatior (awiwi),

Machaerina angustifolia (uki),

Metrosideros polymorpha, Touchardia

latifolia (olona), and Urera glabra

(opuhe) (59 FR 9304).

The major threats to this species are

a risk of extinction from naturally

occurring events, such as hurricanes

and rock slides, and/or reduced

reproductive vigor due to the small

number of existing individuals;

introduced slugs; rodents (Rattus rattus

and Mus musculus); and habitat

degradation by feral pigs (59 FR 9304).

Cyanea recta

Cyanea recta, a member of the

bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is

an unbranched shrub with densely hairy

flowers. This short-lived perennial

species is distinguished from other

species in the genus that grow on Kauai

by the following collective

characteristics: horizontal or ascending

inflorescence, narrowly elliptic leaves

12 to 28 cm (4.7 to 11 in.) long, flat leaf

margins, and purple berries (Lammers

1999).

No life history information for this

species is currently available.

Historically, Cyanea recta was found

in upper Hanalei Valley, Waioli Valley,

Hanapepe Valley, Kalalau cliffs,

Wainiha Valley, Makaleha Mountains,

Limahuli Valley, Power line Trail, and

the Lehua Makanoe-Alakai area on the

island of Kauai. Currently, there is a

total of eight populations, with between

599 and 609 individuals, on State and

private lands in the following areas:

upper Waioli Valley, Wainiha Valley,

Makaleha Mountains, Limahuli Valley,

and the Wahiawa Bog area, Iliiliula

drainage, and the back of Hanalei Valley

(GDSI 1999; HINHP Database 1999).

Cyanea recta grows in lowland wet or

mesic Metrosideros polymorpha forest

or shrubland, usually in gulches or on

slopes, and typically from 400 to 1,200

m (1,310 to 3,940 ft) elevation.

Associated native plant species include

Dicranopteris linearis, Psychotria sp.,

Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 216 / Tuesday, November 7, 2000 / Proposed Rules 66813

Antidesma sp. (hame), Cheirodendron

platyphyllum (lapalapa), Cibotium sp.

(hapuu), and Diplazium sp. (NCN) (61

FR 53070).

The major threats to this species are

bark removal and other damage by rats

(Rattus sp.); habitat degradation by feral

pigs; browsing by goats; unidentified

slugs that feed on the stems; and

competition with the alien plant species

Blechnum occidentale (blechnum fern),

Lantana camara, Rubus rosaefolius

(thimbleberry), Clidemia hirta (Koster’s

curse), Crassocephalum crepidioides

(NCN), Deparia petersenii (NCN),

Erechtites valerianaefolia (fireweed),

Melastoma candidum (NCN), Paspalum

conjugatum (Hilo grass), Sacciolepis

indica (Glenwood grass), and Youngia

japonica (Oriental hawksbeard) (61 FR

53070).

Cyanea remyi

Cyanea remyi, a member of the

bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a

shrub with generally unbranched,

unarmed (lacking prickles) stems which

are hairy toward the base. This shortlived perennial species is distinguished

from others in the genus that grow on

Kauai by its shrubby habit, relatively

slender, unarmed stems, smooth or

minutely toothed leaves, densely hairy

flowers, the shape of the calyx lobes,

length of the calyx and corolla, and

length of the corolla lobe relative to the

floral tube (Lammers 1999).

No life history information for this

species is currently available.

Currently, there are seven known

populations with a total of 294–384

plants on the island of Kauai (HINHP

Database 1999; K. Wood, in litt. 1999).

Cyanea remyi is reported from Waioli

Valley, at the base of Mount Waialeale,

in the Wahiawa Mountains near Hulua,

on the summit plateau of the Makaleha

Mountains, and in Limahuli Valley, on

State and privately owned lands

(Lammers and Lorence 1993; HINHP

Database 1999; K. Wood, in litt. 1999;

GDSI 1999).

Cyanea remyi is usually found in

lowland wet forest or shrubland at an

elevation of 360 to 930 m (1,180 to 3,060

ft). Associated plant species include

Antidesma sp., Cheirodendron sp.,

Diospyros sp. (lama), Broussaisia arguta,

Metrosideros polymorpha, Freycinetia

arborea (ieie), Hedyotis terminalis,

Machaerina angustifolia, Perrottetia

sandwicensis (olomea), Psychotria

hexandra (kopiko), and Syzygium

sandwicensis (ohia ha) (61 FR 53070).

The major threats to this species are

competition with the alien plant species

Erechtites valerianaefolia, Paspalum

conjugatum, Psidium cattleianum,

Rubus rosaefolius, and Melastoma

candidum; habitat degradation by feral

pigs; browsing by feral goats; predation

by rats; unidentified slugs that feed on

the stems; and a risk of extinction from

naturally occurring events, such as

landslides or hurricanes, due to the

small number of remaining populations

(61 FR 53070).

Cyanea undulata

Cyanea undulata is an unbranched (or

the stem is occasionally forked) shrub or

undershrub with fine rust-colored hairs

covering the lower surface of the leaves

(Lammers 1999).

Native members of the

Campanulaceae (bellflower) family,

including the genus Cyanea, are

generally believed to have adapted to

pollination by native nectar-eating

passerine birds, such as the Hawaiian

‘‘honeycreepers.’’ The long, tubular,

slightly curved flowers of C. undulata

fit this model, but field observations are

lacking. The fleshy orange fruits of this

species are adapted for bird dispersal

like other species of Cyanea. Although

recognized as a short-lived perennial

species, specific details of the life

history of this species, such as growth

rates, age plants begin to flower, and

longevity of plants, are unknown.

Cyanea undulata is found in pristine,

undisturbed, and uninvaded sites, often

on shady stream banks or on steep to

vertical slopes that are prone to erosion

or landslides (Lorence and Flynn 1991;

USFWS 1994).

Historically, Cyanea undulata was

known only from the Wahiawa Bog area

on Kauai. Currently, one population

with a total of 28 plants is reported on

privately owned land between 630 to

800 m (2,070 to 2,625 ft) elevation along

the bank of a tributary of the Wahiawa

Stream in the Wahiawa Drainage

(HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999).

The primary threats to this species

include competition with the alien plant

species Psidium cattleianum,

Melastoma candidum, Rhodomyrtus

tomentosa (rose myrtle), Clidemia hirta,

Melaleuca quinquenervia (paperbark

tree), Stachytarpheta dichotoma, Rubus

rosaefolius, Elephantopus mollis (NCN),

Erechtites valerianefolia, Youngia

japonica, Pluchea carolinensis

(sourbush), Oplismenus hirtellus

(basketgrass), Paspalum conjugatum,

Paspalum urvillei (Vasey grass),

Sacciolepis indica, Setaria gracilis,

Deparia petersenii, and Cyathea cooperi

(Australian tree fern); trampling by feral

pigs; landslides; seed predation by rats;

herbivory by introduced slugs; loss of

pollinators; hurricanes; decreased

reproductive vigor; restricted

distribution; and extinction due to

unforseen circumstances because of

small population size (USFWS 1994; 56

FR 47695).

Cyrtandra cyaneoides

Cyrtandra cyaneoides, a member of

the African violet family (Gesneriaceae),

is an erect or ascending, fleshy, usually

unbranched shrub with opposite

toothed leaves which have impressed

veins on the lower surface that are

sparsely covered with long hairs. This

short-lived perennial species differs

from others of the genus that grow on

Kauai by being a succulent, erect or

ascending shrub and having a bilaterally

symmetrical calyx that is spindleshaped in bud and falls off after

flowering, leaves with a wrinkled

surface, 40 to 55 cm (16 to 22 in.) long

and 22 to 35 cm (9 to 14 in.) wide, and

berries with shaggy hairs (Wagner et al.

1999).

No life history information for this

species is currently available.

Historically, Cyrtandra cyaneoides

was known to occur only along the trail

to Waialae Valley on Kauai (61 FR

53070). It is currently known from four

populations on private and State lands

with a total of 352 to 452 individuals at

Namolokama above Lumahai Valley, the

Makaleha Plateau, Wainiha Valley, and

upper Waioli Valley (GDSI 1999; HINHP

Database 1999).

Cyrtandra cyaneoides typically grows

on steep slopes or cliffs near streams or

waterfalls in lowland or montane wet

forest or shrubland dominated by

Metrosideros polymorpha or a mixture

of M. polymorpha and Dicranopteris

linearis between 550 and 1,220 m (1,800

and 4,000 ft) elevation. Associated

native species include Perrottetia

sandwicensis, Pipturus sp. (mamaki),

Bidens sp. (ko oko olau), Psychotria sp.,

Pritchardia sp. (loulu), Freycinetia

arborea, Cyanea sp. (haha), Cyrtandra

limahuliensis, Diplazium

sandwichianum (NCN), Gunnera sp.(ape

ape), Coprosma sp., Stenogyne sp.

(NCN), Machaerina sp., Boehmeria

grandis (akolea), Pipturus sp.,

Cheirodendron sp., Hedyotis terminalis,

and Hedyotis tryblium (NCN) (61 FR

53070).

The major threats to this species are

competition with alien plant species

such as Paspalum conjugatum, Rubus

rosaefolius, Deparia petersenii, and

Drymaria cordata (pipili); predation of

seeds by rats; reduced reproductive

vigor and a risk of extinction from

naturally occurring events, such as

landslides and hurricanes, due to the

small number of populations; and

habitat degradation by feral pigs (61 FR

53070).

66814 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 216 / Tuesday, November 7, 2000 / Proposed Rules

Cyrtandra limahuliensis

Cyrtandra limahuliensis, a member of

the African violet family (Gesneriaceae),

is an unbranched or few-branched shrub

with moderately or densely hairy leaves.

The following combination of

characteristics distinguishes this shortlived perennial species from others of

the genus: the leaves are usually hairy

(especially on lower surfaces), the

usually symmetrical calyx is tubular or

funnel-shaped and encloses the fruit at

maturity, and the flowers are borne

singly (Wagner et al. 1999).

Little is known about the life history

of Cyrtandra limahuliensis. Flowering

cycles, pollination vectors, seed

dispersal agents, longevity, specific

environmental requirements, and

limiting factors are unknown.

Historically, Cyrtandra limahuliensis

was known from three locations on

Kauai: Wainiha Valley, Lumahai Valley,

and near Kilauea River (HINHP

Database 1999). Currently, a total of 13

populations containing 928–1,029

plants are reported on private and State

lands in Wainiha Valley, Limahuli

Valley, Waipa Valley, on Mount Kahili,

along the north fork of Wahiawa Stream,

along Anahola Stream, Waioli Valley,

and near Powerline Trail. However, it

has been estimated that the total number

of plants on Kauai may be as high as a

few thousand (HINHP Database 1999;

GDSI 1999).

This species typically grows along

streams in lowland wet forests at

elevations between 245 and 915 m (800

and 3,000 ft). Associated taxa include

Antidesma sp., Cyrtandra kealiea

(haiwale), Pisonia sp., Pipturus sp.,

Cibotium glaucum (hapuu), Eugenia sp.

(nioi), Hedyotis terminalis, Dubautia sp.

(na ena e), Boehmeria grandis,

Touchardia latifolia, Bidens sp.,

Hibiscus waimeae (kikio ke okeo),

Charpentiera sp. (papala), Urera glabra,

Pritchardia sp., Cyanea sp., Perrottetia

sandwicensis, Metrosideros

polymorpha, Dicranopteris linearis,

Gunnera kauaiensis (apeape), and

Psychotria sp. (59 FR 9304).

The major threats to this species are

competition from alien plant species

(Psidium cattleianum, Paspalum

conjugatum, Melastoma candidum,

Psidium guajava, Hedychium flavescens

(yellow ginger), Rubus rosaefolius,

Youngia japonica, Erechtites

valerianefolia, Blechnum occidentale,

and Clidemia hirta); habitat degradation

by feral pigs; natural landslides; and

hurricanes (59 FR 9304).

Delissea rhytidosperma

Delissea rhytidosperma, a member of

the bellflower family (Campanulaceae),

is a branched shrub with lance-shaped

or elliptic toothed leaves. This shortlived perennial species differs from

other taxa of the genus by the shape,

length, and margins of the leaves and by

having hairs at the base of the anthers

(Lammers 1999).

Little is known about the life history

of Delissea rhytidosperma. Flowering

cycles, pollination vectors, seed

dispersal agents, longevity, specific

environmental requirements, and

limiting factors are unknown.

Historically, Delissea rhytidosperma

was known from as far north as Wainiha

and Limahuli Valleys, as far east as

Kapaa and Kealia, and as far south as

Haupu Range and between the

elevations of 120 and 915 m (400 and

3,000 ft) on the island of Kauai (HINHP

Database 1999). Currently, three

populations, on State and private lands,

with a total of 20 individuals are

reported from the Haupu range,

Mahanaloa Valley, and Limahuli Valley

(HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999).

This species generally grows in

diverse lowland mesic forests or Acacia

koa-dominated lowland dry forests that

have well-drained soils with medium-to

fine-textured subsoil. Associated native

plant taxa includes Euphorbia

haeleeleana, Psychotria hobdyi

(kopiko), Pisonia sp., Pteralyxia sp.

(kaulu), Dodonaea viscosa, Cyanea sp.,

Hedyotis sp. (NCN), Dianella

sandwicensis (ukiuki), Diospyros

sandwicensis, Styphelia tameiameiae,

and Nestegis sandwicensis (olopua) (59

FR 9304).

The major threats to this species are

predation and/or habitat degradation by

mule or black-tailed deer (Odocoileus

hemionus columbianus), feral pigs, and

goats; herbivory by rats and introduced

slugs; fire; and competition with the

alien plants Lantana camara, Passiflora

ligularis (sweet granadilla), Cordyline

fruticosa (ti), and Passiflora mollissima

(banana poka); and a risk of extinction

from naturally occurring events, such as

landslides or hurricanes, and/or

reduced reproductive vigor due to the

small number of existing individuals (59

FR 9304; USFWS 1995).

Delissea rivularis

Delissea rivularis, a member of the

bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a

shrub, unbranched or branched near the

base, with hairy stems and leaves

arranged in a rosette at the tips of the

stems. This short-lived perennial

species is distinguished from others of

the genus by the color, length, and

curvature of the corolla, shape of the

leaves, and presence of hairs on the

stems, leaves, flower clusters, and

corolla (Lammers 1999).

No life history information for this

species is currently available.

Historically, Delissea rivularis was

found at Waiakealoha waterfall, Waialae

Valley, Hanakoa Valley, and

Kaholuamanu on the island of Kauai (61

FR 53070). Currently, this species is

known from two populations with a

total of 40 individuals (HINHP Database

1999; K. Wood, in litt. 1999). One

population is reported in the upper

Hanakoa Valley stream area on State

land within the Hono O Na Pali NAR

between 1,100 to 1,220 m (3,610 to

4,000 ft) elevation, while the other is

reported in the upper Hanakapiai

drainage, on privately owned land

(HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999; K.

Wood in litt. 1999).

Delissea rivularis is found on steep

slopes in Metrosideros polymorphaCheirodendron trigynum montane wet

or mesic forest, near streams. Associated

native species include Broussaisia

arguta, Carex sp., Coprosma sp.,

Melicope clusiifolia (kolokolo

mokihana), Melicope anisata

(mokihana), Psychotria hexandra,

Dubautia knudsenii (na ena e),

Diplazium sandwichianum, Hedyotis

foggiana (NCN), Ilex anomala, and

Sadleria sp. (amau) (61 FR 53070).

The major threats to this species are

competition with the encroaching alien

plant Rubus argutus; habitat destruction

by feral pigs; predation by rats; and

reduced reproductive vigor and a risk of

extinction from naturally occurring

events, such as landslides or hurricanes,

due to the small number of remaining

individuals (61 FR 53070; USFWS

1998a).

Diellia pallida

Diellia pallida, a member of the

spleenwort family (Aspleniaceae), is a

plant that grows in tufts of three to four

light green, lance-shaped fronds along

with a few persistent dead ones. This

short-lived perennial species differs

from others of this endemic Hawaiian

genus by the color and sheen of the

midrib, the presence and color of scales

on the midrib, and the frequent fusion

of sori (Wagner 1952, 1987).

Little is known about the life history

of Diellia pallida. Reproductive cycles,

longevity, specific environmental

requirements, and limiting factors are

unknown.

Diellia pallida was known historically

from Halemanu on the island of Kauai

(59 FR 9304). Currently, there is a total

of five populations with 20–25

individuals in Koaie Canyon,

Mahanaloa Valley, and Makaha Valley,

all on State-owned land (HINHP

Database 1999; GDSI 1999; K. Wood, in

litt. 1999).

Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 216 / Tuesday, November 7, 2000 / Proposed Rules 66815

This species grows on bare soil on

steep, rocky, dry slopes in lowland

mesic forests, from 520 to 915 m (1,700

to 3,000 ft) in elevation. Associated

native plant taxa include Acacia koa,

Alectryon macrococcus, Antidesma

platyphyllum, Metrosideros

polymorpha, Myrsine lanaiensis (kolea),

Zanthoxylum dipetalum (ae),

Tetraplasandra kauaiensis (ohe ohe),

Psychotria mariniana, Carex meyenii

(NCN), Diospyros hillebrandii (lama),

Hedyotis knudsenii (NCN), Canthium

odoratum, Pteralyxia kauaiensis,

Nestegis sandwicensis, Alyxia

olivaeformis, Wilkesia gymnoxiphium

(iliau), Alphitonia ponderosa, Styphelia

tameiameiae, and Rauvolfia

sandwicensis (hao) (59 FR 9304).

The major threats to this species

include competition with the alien

plants Lantana camara, Melia

azedarach (Chinaberry), Stenotaphrum

secundatum, Oplismenus hirtellus,

Aleurites moluccana (kukui) and

Cordyline fruticosa; predation and

habitat degradation by feral goats, pigs,

and deer; fire; and a risk of extinction

from naturally occurring events, such as

landslides or hurricanes, and/or

reduced reproductive vigor due to the

small number of existing individuals (59

FR 9304).

Dubautia latifolia

Dubautia latifolia, a member of the

aster family (Asteraceae), is a diffusely

branched, woody perennial vine with

leaves which are conspicuously netveined, with the smaller veins outlining

nearly square areas. A vining habit,

distinct petioles, and broad leaves with

conspicuous net veins outlining

squarish areas separate this from closely

related species (Carr 1982b, 1985,

1999a).

Individual plants of this species do

not appear to be able to fertile

themselves. Since at least some

individuals of Dubautia latifolia require

cross-pollination, the wide spacing of

individual plants (e.g., each 0.5 km (0.3

mi) apart) may pose a threat to the

reproductive potential of the species.

The very low seed set noted in plants in

the wild indicates a reproductive

problem, possibly asynchronous

flowering. Seedling establishment is

also rare and young plants are rarely

seen. Dubautia latifolia experiences

seasonal vegetative decline during the

spring and summer, often losing most of

its leaves. New growth and flowering

occur in the fall with fruits developing

in November. Pollinators and seed

dispersal agents are unknown (Carr

1982b; USFWS 1995).

Historically, Dubautia latifolia was

found in the Makaha, Awaawapuhi,

Waialae, Kawaiula, and Kauhao Valleys

of the Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve,

Nualolo Trail and Valley in Kuia NAR,

Halemanu in Kokee State Park, along

Mohihi Road in both Kokee State Park

and Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve, along

the Mohihi-Waialae Trail on Mohihi

and Kohua ridges in both Na Pali-Kona

Forest Reserve and Alakai Wilderness

Preserve, and at Kaholuamanu on the

island of Kauai (Carr 1982b; HINHP

Database 1999; GDSI 1999). Currently,

there are a total of 24 populations

containing between 59–70 individuals

on State and privately owned lands in

all of the aforementioned areas, except

Halemanu and Kaholuamanu (HINHP

Database 1999 GDSI 1999; K. Wood, in

litt. 1999).

This species typically grows on gentle

to steep slopes in well drained soil and

in semi-open or closed, diverse montane

mesic forest dominated by Acacia koa

and/or Metrosideros polymorpha, at

elevations of 800 to 1,220 m (2,625 to

4,000 ft). Commonly associated native

species are Pouteria sandwicensis,

Dodonaea viscosa, Nestegis

sandwicensis, Diplazium

sandwichianum, Elaeocarpus bifidus,

Claoxylon sandwicense (po ola), Bobea

sp., Pleomele sp., Antidesma sp.,

Cyrtandra sp., Xylosma sp. (maua),

Alphitonia ponderosa, Coprosma

waimeae (olena), Dicranopteris linearis,

Hedyotis terminalis, Ilex anomala,

Melicope anisata, Psychotria mariniana,

and Scaevola sp. (naupaka) (59 FR

9304).

The threats to this species include

competition from the alien plants

Passiflora mollissima, Rubus argutus,

Lonicera japonica (Japanese

honeysuckle), Acacia mearnsii (black

wattle), Hedychium sp. (ginger),

Erigeron karvinskianus (daisy fleabane),

and Psidium cattleianum; damage from

trampling and grazing by feral pigs and

deer; vehicle traffic and road

maintenance; seasonal dieback; small

number of extant individuals; and

restricted distribution (59 FR 9304).

Dubautia pauciflorula

Dubautia pauciflorula, a member of

the aster family (Asteraceae), is a

somewhat sprawling shrub or erect

small tree with narrowly lance-shaped

or elliptic leaves clustered toward the

ends of the stems. The tiny, 2–4

flowered heads distinguish this shortlived perennial species from its relatives

(Carr 1985, 1999a).

Few details are known about the life

history of any Dubautia species under

natural conditions. Certain species

produce viable seed when selfpollinated (self-fertile), although others

fail to do so (self-infertile). Low

pollinator numbers resulting in reduced

cross-pollination and consequently low

numbers of viable seeds could explain

the small population sizes. Because of

their structure and small size, flowers of

D. pauciflorula are presumably

pollinated by small generalist insects,

although field observations are lacking.

The bristle-like pappus crowning the

fruit probably represents an adaptation

for wind dispersal. Very little is known

about the life cycle of this species,

including growth rates, longevity of the

plants, and number of years the plants

remain reproductive (56 FR 47695; Carr

1985; USFWS 1994).

Historically and currently, this

species is found only on State and

privately owned lands in the Wahiawa

Drainage on Kauai (HINHP Database

1999; GDSI 1999). There are a total of

four populations containing 52

individual plants. These populations are

found in lowland wet forest at

elevations between 670–700 m (2,200–

2,300 ft) (HINHP Database 1999).

The threats to this plant include

direct competition with the alien plant

species such as Psidium cattleianum

and Melastoma candidum, and potential

threats from Rhodomyrtus tomentosa,

Clidemia hirta, Melaleuca

quinquenervia, Stachytarpheta

dichotoma, Rubus rosaefolius,

Elephantopus mollis, Erechtites

valerianefolia, Youngia japonica,

Pluchea carolinensis, Oplismenus

hirtellus, Paspalum conjugatum,

Paspalum urvillei, Sacciolepis indica,

Setaria gracilis, Deparia petersenii, and

Cyathea cooperi; trampling by feral pigs;

landslides and erosion; restricted

distribution; and hurricanes (56 FR

47695; USFWS 1994).

Exocarpos luteolus

Exocarpos luteolus, a member of the

sandalwood family (Santalaceae), is a

moderately to densely branched shrub

with knobby branches and leaves which

are either minute scales or typical

leaves. This short-lived perennial

species is distinguished from others of

the genus by its generally larger fruit

with 4 indentations and by the color of

the receptacle and fruit (Wagner et al.

1999).

Little is known about the life history

of Exocarpos luteolus. This species

tends to grow at habitat edges where

there is adequate light (USFWS 1995).

Flowering cycles, pollination vectors,

seed dispersal agents, longevity, other

specific environmental requirements,

and limiting factors are unknown.

Historically, Exocarpos luteolus was

known from three locations on Kauai:

Wahiawa Bog, Kaholuamanu, and

Kumuwela Ridge (HINHP Database

66816 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 216 / Tuesday, November 7, 2000 / Proposed Rules

1999). Currently, there is a total of nine

populations containing 69–70

individual plants (HINHP Database

1999; K. Wood, in litt. 1999). This

species has a scattered distribution on

State and privately owned lands and is

reported on Kumuwela Ridge; in

Kauaikanana Valley; near Honopu Trail;

Waialae; on the rim of Kalalau Valley

within or on the boundary of Kokee

State Park; on Kamalii Ridge in Kealia

Forest Reserve; in the Na Pali Kona

Forest Reserve; Alakai Swamp; and in

the Wahiawa Mountains (HINHP

Database 1999; GDSI 1999; K. Wood, in

litt. 1999).

This species is found at elevations

between 475 and 1,290 m (1,560 and

4,220 ft) in a variety of habitats: wet

areas bordering swamps; on open, dry

ridges; and lowland or montane,

Metrosideros polymorpha-dominated

wet forest communities (59 FR 9304).

Associated species include Acacia koa,

Cheirodendron trigynum, Pouteria

sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa,

Pleomele aurea, Psychotria mariniana,

Psychotria greenwelliae, Bobea brevipes,

Hedyotis terminalis, Elaeocarpus

bifidus, Melicope haupuensis, Dubautia

laevigata (na ena e), Dianella

sandwicensis, Poa sandvicensis,

Schiedea stellarioides, Peperomia

macraeana (ala ala wai nui), Claoxylon

sandwicense, Santalum freycinetianum,

Styphelia tameiameiae, and

Dicranopteris linearis (59 FR 9304;

USFWS 1995).

The major threats to this species are

feral goats and pigs; competition with

the alien plants Erigeron karvinskianus,

Acacia mearnsii, Corynocarpus

laevigata (karakanut), Myrica faya

(firetree), and Rubus argutus; seed

predation by rats; fire; and erosion (59

FR 9304; USFWS 1995).

Hedyotis st.-johnii

Hedyotis st.-johnii, a member of the

coffee family (Rubiaceae), is a succulent

perennial herb with slightly woody,

trailing, quadrangular stems and fleshy

leaves clustered towards the base of the

stem. This species is distinguished from

related species by its succulence,

basally clustered fleshy leaves, shorter

floral tube, and large leafy calyx lobes

when in fruit (Wagner et al. 1999).

Little is known about the life history

of Hedyotis st.-johnii. Flowering cycles,

pollination vectors, seed dispersal

agents, longevity, specific

environmental requirements, and

limiting factors are unknown.

Currently, there are a total of six

populations, containing 223–278

individuals, on State owned land on the

Na Pali coast of Kauai: between Kalalau

and Honopu beaches, in Nualolo Valley,

Nualolo Kai, at Milolii Beach, and in

Polihale (HINHP Database 1999; GDSI

1999).

This plant grows in the crevices of

north-facing, near-vertical coastal cliff

faces within the spray zone (below 75 m

(250 ft)). The associated vegetation is

sparse dry coastal shrubland and

includes species such as the native

Myoporum sandwicense (naio),

Eragrostis variabilis, Lycium

sandwicense (ohelo kai), Heteropogon

contortus, Artemisia australis

(ahinahina), and Chamaesyce

celastroides (56 FR 49639).

The major threats to this species are

herbivory and habitat degradation by

feral goats; competition from alien plant

species, especially Pluchea carolinensis;

landslides; fire; trampling and grazing

by cattle (Bos taurus); and a risk of

extinction due to naturally occurring

events, such as landslides or hurricanes,

as well as decreased reproductive vigor

because of the small population sizes

and restricted distribution (56 FR 49639;

USFWS 1995).

Hesperomannia lydgatei

Hesperomannia lydgatei, a member of

the aster family (Asteraceae) is a

sparsely branched small long-lived

perennial tree with alternately arranged,

lance-shaped or elliptic leaves (Wagner

et al. 1999).

Little is known about the life history

of Hesperomannia lydgatei. Flowering

cycles, pollination vectors, seed

dispersal agents, longevity, specific

environmental requirements, and

limiting factors are unknown.

Historically, Hesperomannia lydgatei

was found in the Wahiawa Mountains of

Kauai. Currently, this species is known

from State and privately owned lands in

the Wahiawa and Waioli Stream areas.

There are a total of four populations

containing a total of 214 individual

plants (GDSI 1999; HINHP Database

1999; K. Wood, in litt. 1999).

Hesperomannia lydgatei is found at

elevations between 410–915 m (1,345–

3,000 ft) along stream banks in rich

brown soil and silty clay in

Metrosideros polymorpha or M.

polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis

lowland wet forest with one or more of

the following associated native plant

species: Adenophorus sp. (Pendant

fern), Antidesma sp., Broussaisia arguta,

Cheirodendron sp., Elaphoglossum sp.

(Ekaha), Freycinetia arborea, Hedyotis

terminalis, Labordia lydgatei,

Machaerina angustifolia, Peperomia sp.,

Pritchardia sp., Psychotria hexandra,

and Syzygium sandwicensis (HINHP

Database 1999; USFWS 1994).

Threats to the species include alien

plants; feral goats; rats; landslides; and

erosion (USFWS 1994).

Hibiscadelphus woodii

Hibiscadelphus woodii, a member of

the mallow family (Malvaceae), is a

small branched, long-lived perennial

tree with a rounded crown. H. woodii

differs from the other Kauai species by

differences in leaf surface and

characteristics of the whirled leaves or

bract and flower color (Lorence and

Wagner 1995; Bates 1999).

Flowering material has been collected

in March, April, and September, but no

fruit set has been observed in spite of

efforts to manually outcross and bag the

flowers. A museum specimen of a

liquid-preserved flower has been

identified that contains three adult

Nitidulidae beetles, probably an

endemic species. The damage by these

larvae may be responsible for the

observed lack of fruit set in

Hibiscadelphus woodii (Lorence and

Wagner 1995; USFWS 1998a). No

additional life history information for

this species is currently available.

Hibiscadelphus woodii has been

found only at the site of its original

discovery on State owned land in

Kalalau Valley, within the Na Pali Coast

State Park on Kauai; only nine trees of

this species are known (HINHP Database

1999; K. Wood, in litt. 1999; GDSI 1999).

Hibiscadelphus woodii is found at

elevations around 915 m (3,000 ft) on

basalt talus or cliff walls in Metrosideros

polymorpha montane mesic forest.

These forests contain one or more of the

following associated native plant

species: Bidens sandwicensis (ko oko

olau), Artemisia australis, Melicope

pallida, Dubautia sp., Lepidium serra,

Lipochaeta sp. (nehe), Lysimachia

glutinosa (kolokolo kuahiwi), Carex

meyenii, Chamaesyce celastroides var.

hanapepensis, Hedyotis sp.,

Nototrichium sp. (kului), Panicum

lineale (NCN), Myrsine sp. (kolea), and

the federally endangered species

Stenogyne campanulata, Lobelia

niihauensis, and Poa mannii (61 FR

53070; HINHP Database 1999; Lorence

and Wagner 1995).

Major threats to Hibiscadelphus

woodii are habitat degradation by feral

goats and pigs; competition from the

alien plant species Erigeron

karvinskianus; nectar robbing by

Japanese white-eye (Zosterops

japonicus), an introduced bird; and a

risk of extinction from naturally

occurring events (e.g., rock slides) and

reduced reproductive vigor due to the

small number of existing individuals at

the only known site (61 FR 53070;

Lorence and Wagner 1995).

Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 216 / Tuesday, November 7, 2000 / Proposed Rules 66817

Hibiscus clayi

Hibiscus clayi, a member of the

mallow family (Malvaceae), is a longlived perennial shrub or small tree. This

species is distinguished from other

native Hawaiian members of the genus

by the lengths of the calyx, calyx lobes,

and capsule and by the margins of the

leaves (Bates 1999).

Little is known about the life history

of Hibiscus clayi. Flowering cycles,

pollination vectors, seed dispersal

agents, longevity, specific

environmental requirements, and

limiting factors are unknown.

Historically, Hibiscus clayi was

known from scattered locations on

Kauai: the Kokee region on the western

side of the island, Moloaa Valley to the

north, Nounou Mountain in Wailua to

the east, and as far south as Haiku near

Halii Stream (HINHP Database 1999). At

this time, only the population on State

and privately owned lands in the

Nounou Mountains, with a total of four

trees, is known to be extant (HINHP

Database 1999; GDSI 1999).

Hibiscus clayi generally grows on

slopes (230 to 350 m (750 to 1,150 ft)

elevation) in Acacia koa or Diospyros

sp.-Pisonia sp.-Metrosideros

polymorpha lowland dry or mesic forest

with Hedyotis acuminata (au), Pipturus

sp., Psychotria sp., Cyanea hardyi

(haha), Artemisia australis, or Bidens

sp. (59 FR 9304; HINHP Database 1999).

The major threat to this species is

competition with alien plants,

principally Psidium cattleianum. In

addition, Araucaria columnaris (Norfolk

Island pine) has been planted in the area

of the Nounou Mountain population.

This aggressive alien tree may prevent

regeneration of native plants in the

understory. The close proximity of most

of the Hibiscus clayi plants to a hiking

trail makes them susceptible to human

disturbance. Feral pigs also pose a

potential threat to the species. Lastly,

the small total number of existing

individuals makes the species

susceptible to extinction due to

naturally occurring events, such as

landslides or hurricanes, and/or

reduced reproductive vigor (59 FR 9304;

HINHP Database 1999).

Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae

Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae, a

member of the mallow family

(Malvaceae), is a gray-barked tree with

star-shaped hairs densely covering its

leaf and flower stalks and branchlets.

The long-lived perennial species is

distinguished from others of the genus

by the position of the anthers along the

staminal column, length of the staminal

column relative to the petals, color of

the petals, and length of the calyx. Two

subspecies, ssp. hannerae and ssp.

waimeae, both endemic to Kauai, are

recognized. Subspecies hannerae is

distinguishable from ssp. waimeae by its

larger leaves and smaller flowers (Bates

1999).

No life history information for this

species is currently available.

Historically, Hibiscus waimeae ssp.

hannerae was known from Kalihiwai

and adjacent valleys, Limahuli Valley,

and Hanakapiai Valley (Bates 1999;

HINHP Database 1999). This subspecies

is no longer extant at Kalihiwai.

Currently, there are two populations

containing 27 individuals on State and

privately owned lands in the Limahuli

and Hanakapiai Valleys (HINHP

Database 1999; GDSI 1999).

Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae

grows between 190 and 560 m (620 and

1,850 ft) elevation. It is found in

Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris

linearis lowland wet forest or in Pisonia

sp.-Charpentiera elliptica (papala)

lowland wet or mesic forest with

Antidesma sp., Psychotria sp., Pipturus

sp., Bidens sp., Bobea sp., Sadleria sp.,

Cyrtandra sp. Cyanea sp., Cibotium sp.,

Perrottetia sandwicensis, and Syzygium

sandwicensis (USFWS 1998a; Bates

1999; HINHP Database 1999).

Major threats to Hibiscus waimeae

ssp. hannerae are habitat degradation by

feral pigs, competition with alien plant

species, and a risk of extinction from

naturally occurring events (e.g.,

landscapes and hurricanes) and/or

reduced reproductive vigor due to the

small number of remaining populations

(61 FR 53070; HINHP Database 1999).

Kokia kauaiensis

Kokia kauaiensis, a member of the

mallow family (Malvaceae), is a small

tree. This long-lived perennial species is

distinguished from others of this

endemic Hawaiian genus by the length

of the bracts surrounding the flower

head, number of lobes and the width of

the leaves, the length of the petals, and

the length of the hairs on the seeds

(Bates 1999).

No life history information for this

species is currently available.

Historically, Kokia kauaiensis was

found at seven scattered populations on

northwestern Kauai (HINHP Database

1999). Currently, there are a total of 11

populations with 179 to 184

individuals, found in Paaiki,

Mahanaloa, Kuia, Kalalau, and

Pohakuao Valleys, Na Pali Coast State

Park, and the Koaie Stream branch of

Waimeae Canyon, all on State-owned

land (HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999;

K. Wood, in litt. 1999).

Kokia kauaiensis typically grows in

diverse mesic forest between 350 to 660

m (1,150 to 2,165 ft) elevation.

Associated species include Bobea sp.,

Acacia koa, Diospyros sandwicensis,

Hedyotis sp., Pleomele sp., Xylosma sp.,

Isodendrion sp. (aupaka), Pisonia sp.,

Nestegis sandwicensis, Syzygium

sandwicensis, Antidesma sp., Alyxia

olivaeformis, Pouteria sandwicensis,

Streblus pendulinus (aiai), Canthium

odoratum, Nototrichium sp., Pteralyxia

kauaiensis, Dicranopteris linearis,

Hibiscus sp. (aloalo), Flueggea

neowawraea, Rauvolfia sandwicensis,

Melicope sp., Diellia laciniata (palapalai

lau lii), Tetraplasandra sp. (ohe ohe),

Chamaesyce celastroides, Lipochaeta

fauriei, Dodonaea viscosa, Santalum sp.

(iliahi), Claoxylon sandwicense, and

Metrosideros polymorpha (USFWS

1998a; Bates 1999; HINHP Database

1999; K. Wood, in litt. 1999).

Competition with and habitat

degradation by invasive alien plant

species, substrate loss from erosion,

habitat degradation and browsing by

feral goats and deer, and seed predation

by rats are the major threats affecting the

survival of Kokia kauaiensis (Wood and

Perlman 1993; USFWS 1998a; HINHP

Database 1999).

Labordia lydgatei

Labordia lydgatei, a member of the

Logania family (Loganiaceae), is a

much-branched perennial shrub or

small tree with sparsely hairy, square

stems. The small size of the flowers and

capsules borne on sessile inflorescences

distinguish it from other members of the

genus growing in the same area (Wagner

et al. 1999).

Immature fruits were seen on two

plants during surveys in 1991 and 1992

by botanists from NTBG, and remnants

of old fruiting bodies were seen on

another, suggesting that the plants are

self-fertile. It is also suspected that the

fruits of this species are adapted for bird

dispersal. Due to a lack of bird or other

native pollinators, pollination may be

inhibited (USFWS 1994). Microhabitat

requirements for seed germination and

growth may also be extremely specific.

Virtually nothing is known about the

life history or ecology of this species.

This species was originally known

from the Wahiawa Drainage, Waioli

Stream Valley, and Makaleha Mountains

on Kauai (HINHP Database 1999).

Labordia lydgatei is currently known

from six populations, consisting of 37

individual plants, located on State and

privately owned lands along one of the

tributaries of the Wahiawa Stream, as

well as in Limahuli and Lumahai

Valleys (HINHP Database 1999; GDSI

1999; K. Wood, in litt. 1999).

66818 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 216 / Tuesday, November 7, 2000 / Proposed Rules

Labordia lydgatei is found in

Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris

linearis lowland wet forest at elevations

between 635 and 855 m (2,080 to 2800

ft). Associated native plants include

Psychotria sp., Hedyotis terminalis sp.,

Cyanea sp., Cyrtandra sp., Labordia

hirtella (NCN), Antidesma platyphyllum

var. hildebrandi, Syzygium

sandwicensis, Ilex anomala, and

Dubautia knudsenii (USFWS 1994;

HINHP Database 1999; K. Wood, in litt.

1999).

Competition from alien plants poses

the greatest threat to the survival of

Labordia lydgatei (56 FR 47695).

Additional threats include habitat

degradation from feral pigs; rats, a

potential seed predator; landslides and

erosion; and a lack of dispersal,

germination or pollination agents

(USFWS 1994).

Labordia tinifolia var. wahiawaensis

Labordia tinifolia var. wahiawaensis,

a member of the Logania family

(Loganiaceae), is a shrub or small tree

with hairless, cylindrical young

branches. This long-lived perennial

species differs from others of the genus

by having a long common flower cluster

stalk, hairless young stems and leaf

surfaces, transversely wrinkled capsule

valves, and corolla lobes usually 1.7 to

2.3 mm (0.1 in.) long (Wagner et al.

1999). Three varieties of Labordia

tinifolia are recognized: var. lanaiensis

on Lanai and Molokai; var. tinifolia on

Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Maui, and

Hawaii; and var. wahiawaensis,

endemic to Kauai. Variety wahiawaensis

is distinguished from the other two by

its larger corolla (Wagner et al. 1999).

No life history information for this

subspecies is currently available.

Labordia tinifolia var. wahiawaensis

is only known from one population with

a total of 20–30 individual plants on

private land in the Wahiawa Drainage in

the Wahiawa Mountains from (GDSI

1999; HINHP Database 1999).

Labordia tinifolia var. wahiawaensis

grows along streambanks in lowland

wet forests dominated by Metrosideros

polymorpha at elevations between 300

to 920 m (985 to 3,020 ft), with

Cheirodendron sp., Dicranopteris

linearis, Cyrtandra sp., Antidesma sp.,

Psychotria sp., Hedyotis terminalis, or

Athyrium microphyllum (HINHP

Database 1999).

The primary threats to the remaining

individuals of Labordia tinifolia var.

wahiawaensis are competition with

alien plants, habitat degradation by feral

pigs, trampling by humans, and a risk of

extinction from catastrophic random

events or reduced reproductive vigor

due to the small number of individuals

in a single population (61 FR 53070).

Lipochaeta fauriei

Lipochaeta fauriei, a member of the

aster family (Asteraceae), is a perennial

herb with somewhat woody, erect or

climbing stems. This short-lived

perennial species differs from other

species on Kauai by having a greater

number of disk and ray flowers per

flower head, longer ray flowers, and

longer leaves and leaf stalks (Gardner

1976, 1979; USFWS 1995; Wagner et al.

1985, 1999).

Little is known about the life history

of Lipochaeta fauriei. Flowering cycles,

pollination vectors, seed dispersal

agents, longevity, specific

environmental requirements, and

limiting factors are unknown.

Historically and currently, Lipochaeta

fauriei is known from Olokele Canyon

on Kauai (Gardner 1979, HINHP

Database 1999). This species is now also

found on State and privately owned

lands in Poopooiki, Haeleele, and

Hikimoe Valleys (HINHP Database 1999;

GDSI 1999; K. Wood, in litt. 1999).

Currently there is a total of four

populations with 132 individuals

(HINHP Database 1999; K. Wood, in litt.

1999). A population in Koaie Canyon

previously thought to be L. fauriei was

later identified as L. subcordata

(USFWS 1995).

This species grows most often in

moderate shade to full sun and is

usually found on the sides of steep

gulches in diverse lowland mesic forests

between 480 and 900 m (1,575 and

2,950 ft) elevation (Wagner et al. 1999).

Associated native plant taxa include

Myrsine lanaiensis, Euphorbia

haeleeleana, Acacia koa, Pleomele

aurea, Sapindus oahuensis (lonomea),

Nestegis sandwicensis, Dodonaea

viscosa, Psychotria mariniana,

Psychotria greenwelliae, Kokia

kauaiensis, Diospyros sp. and Hibiscus

waimeae (HINHP Database 1999; K.

Wood, in litt. 1999).

Major threats to Lipochaeta fauriei are

predation and habitat degradation by

feral goats and pigs, and competition

with invasive alien plants. Fire is also

a significant threat to L. fauriei due to

the invasion of Melinis minutiflora, a

fire-adapted grass that creates

unnaturally high fuel loads. The small

total number of individuals makes the

species susceptible to extinction from

naturally occurring events, such as

landslides or hurricanes, and/or

reduced reproductive vigor (59 FR 9304;

USFWS 1995; HINHP Database 1999).

Lipochaeta micrantha

Lipochaeta micrantha, a member of

the aster family (Asteraceae), is a

somewhat woody short-lived perennial

herb. The small number of disk florets

separates this species from the other

members of the genus on the island of

Kauai. The two recognized varieties of

this species, var. exigua and var.

micrantha, are distinguished by

differences in leaf length and width,

degree of leaf dissection, and the length

of the ray florets (Gardner 1976, 1979;

Wagner et al. 1999).

Little is known about the life histories

of Lipochaeta micrantha var. exigua or

L. m. var. micrantha. Flowering cycles,

pollination vectors, seed dispersal

agents, longevity, specific

environmental requirements, and

limiting factors are unknown.

Historically, Lipochaeta micrantha

var. exigua was only known from the

Haupu Range on Kauai. Currently, three

populations of L. m. var. exigua, with

102–112 individuals, are known from

privately owned land in the vicinity of

Haupu Range and southwest of Hokunui

summit (HINHP 1999; GDSI 1999).

Historically, L. m. var. micrantha was

known from Olokele Canyon, Hanapepe

Valley, and the Koloa District on Kauai

(HINHP Database 1999). Currently, this

variety is only known from three

populations totalling 56 to 66

individuals in the Koaie branch of

Waimeae Canyon (State owned land)

(HINHP 1999; GDSI 1999).

Lipochaeta micrantha var. exigua

grows on cliffs, ridges, or slopes in

grassy, shrubby or dry mixed

communities between 305–430 m

(1,000–1,400 ft) elevation with

Artemisia australis, Bidens

sandvicensis, Plectranthus parviflorus

(ala ala wai nui), Chamaesyce

celastroides, Diospyros sp., Canthium

odoratum, Neraudia sp., Pipturus sp.,

Hibiscus kokio, Sida fallax, Eragrostis

sp. (kawelu), and Lepidium bidentatum

(anaunau) (USFWS 1995; HINHP 1999).

Lipochaeta micrantha var. micrantha

grows on basalt cliffs, stream banks, or

level ground in mesic or diverse

Metrosideros polymorpha-Diospyros sp.

forest between 610–720 m (2,000–2,360

ft) elevation with Lobelia niihauensis,

Chamaesyce celastroides var.

hanapepensis, Neraudia kauaiensis,

Rumex sp. (dock or sorrel),

Nototrichium sp., Artemisia sp.,

Dodonaea viscosa, Antidesma sp.,

Hibiscus sp., Xylosma sp., Pleomele sp.,

Melicope sp., Bobea sp., and Acacia koa

(USFWS 1995; HINHP 1999).

The major threats to both varieties of

Lipochaeta micrantha are habitat

degradation by feral pigs and goats, and

Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 216 / Tuesday, November 7, 2000 / Proposed Rules 66819

competition with alien plant species,

such as Lantana camara, Pluchea

carolinensis, Erigeron karvinskianus,

and Stachytarpheta dichotoma. The

species is also threatened by extinction

from naturally occurring events, such as

landslides or hurricanes, and/or

reduced reproductive vigor due to the

small number of existing populations

(Lorence and Flynn 1991; USFWS 1995;

HINHP Database 1999).

Lipochaeta waimeaensis

Lipochaeta waimeaensis, a member of

the aster family (Asteraceae), is a low

growing, somewhat woody, short-lived

perennial herb. This species is

distinguished from other Lipochaeta on

Kauai by leaf shape and the presence of

shorter leaf stalks and ray florets

(Gardner 1976, 1979; Wagner et al.

1999).

Little is known about the life history

of Lipochaeta waimeaensis. Flowering

cycles, pollination vectors, seed

dispersal agents, longevity, specific

environmental requirements, and

limiting factors are unknown.

Lipochaeta waimeaensis is known

only from the original site of discovery

along the rim of Kauai’s Waimeae

Canyon on State and privately owned

lands. There are no more than 100

individuals (HINHP Database 1999;

GDSI 1999).

This population grows on eroded soil

on a precipitous, shrub-covered gulch in

a diverse lowland mesic forest between

350 and 400 m (1,150 and 1,310 ft)

elevation with Dodonaea viscosa and

Lipochaeta connata (nehe) (HINHP

Database 1999; Wagner et al. 1999).

The major threats to Lipochaeta

waimeaensis are competition from alien

plants and habitat destruction by feral

goats, whose presence exacerbates the

existing soil erosion problem at the site.

The single population, and thus the

entire species, is threatened by

extinction from naturally occurring

events, such as landslides or hurricanes,

and/or reduced reproductive vigor due

to the small number of existing

individuals (59 FR 9304).

Melicope haupuensis

Melicope haupuensis, a member of

the citrus family (Rutaceae), is a small

long-lived perennial tree. Unlike other

taxa of this genus on Kauai, the exocarp

and endocarp are hairless and the sepals

are covered with dense hairs (Stone et

al. 1999).

Little is known about the life history

of Melicope haupuensis. Flowering

cycles, pollination vectors, seed

dispersal agents, longevity, specific

environmental requirements, and

limiting factors are unknown.

For 62 years, Melicope haupuensis

was known only from the site of its

original discovery on the north side of

Haupu Ridge on Kauai (HINHP Database

1999). This population is now gone. The

species is now known from single trees

at three separate locations on State

owned land (along the banks of Koaie

Stream in Waimeae Canyon,

Awaawapuh, and Honopu) (GDSI 1999;

HINHP Database 1999; K. Wood, in litt.

1999).

Melicope haupuensis grows on moist

talus slopes in Metrosideros

polymorpha-dominated lowland mesic

forests or Metrosideros polymorphaAcacia koa montane mesic forest at

elevations between 375 and 1,075 m

(1,230 to 3,530 ft). Associated species

include Dodonaea viscosa, Diospyros

sp., Psychotria mariniana, P.

greenwelliae, Melicope ovata (alani), M.

anisata, M. barbigera (alani), Dianella

sandwicensis, Pritchardia minor (loulu),

Tetraplasandra waimeae (oheohe),

Claoxylon sandwicensis, Cheirodendron

trigynum, Pleomele aurea, Cryptocarya

mannii (holio), Pouteria sandwicensis,

Bobea brevipes, Hedyotis terminalis,

Elaeocarpus bifidus, and Antidesma sp.

(HINHP Database 1999).

Habitat degradation by feral goats and

competition with invasive alien plant

taxa are the major threats to Melicope

haupuensis. In addition, this species

may be susceptible to the black twig

borer (Xylosandrus compactus). The

existence of only three known trees

constitutes an extreme threat of

extinction from naturally occurring

events, such as landslides or hurricanes,

or reduced reproductive vigor (59 FR

9304; Hara and Beardsley 1979;

Medeiros et al. 1986; HINHP Database

1999).

Munroidendron racemosum

Munroidendron racemosum, a

member of the ginseng family

(Araliaceae), is a small tree with a

straight gray trunk crowned with

spreading branches. This long-lived

perennial species is the only member of

a genus endemic to Hawaii. The genus

is distinguished from other closely

related Hawaiian genera of the family by

its distinct flower clusters and corolla

(Constance and Affolter 1999).

Reproduction occurs year-round, with

flowers and fruits found throughout the

year. Self pollination is assumed to

occur since viable seeds have been

produced by isolated individuals.

Pollinators have not been observed, but

insect pollination is likely. Dispersal

mechanisms are unknown (USFWS

1995).

Historically, Munroidendron

racemosum was known from scattered

locations throughout the island of Kauai

(HINHP Database 1999). Populations are

now known from the Na Pali Coast

within Na Pali Coast State Park and

Hono O Na Pali NAR, in the Poomau

and Koaie branches of Waimeae

Canyon, in the Haupu Range area, and

on Nounou Mountain. There are

currently 15 known populations with a

total of 58 to 98 individuals on State

and privately owned lands (HINHP

Database 1999; GDSI 1999).

Munroidendron racemosum is

typically found on steep exposed cliffs

or on ridge slopes in coastal to lowland

mesic forests between 120 and 400 m

(395 and 1,310 ft) elevation (Lowrey

1999). Associated plant taxa include

Pisonia umbellifera (papala kepau),

Canavalia galeata (awikiwiki), Sida

fallax, Brighamia insignis, Canthium

odoratum, Psychotria sp., Nestegis

sandwicensis, Tetraplasandra sp.,

Bobea timonioides (ahakea), Rauvolfia

sandwicensis, Pleomele sp., Pouteria

sandwicensis, and Diospyros sp. (59 FR

9304; Gagne and Cuddihy 1999; HINHP

Database 1999).

The major threat to Munroidendron

racemosum is competition with alien

plant species, such as Aleurites

moluccana, Psidium guajava, Lantana

camara, and Leucaena leucocephala.

Other threats include habitat

degradation by feral goats, fire, and fruit

predation by rats. In addition, a mature,

cultivated tree was observed being

killed by an introduced insect of the

long-horned beetle family

(Cerambycidae) and there is the

potential of the beetle attacking and

damaging or killing wild trees. Because

each population of this species contains

only a small number of trees, and the

total number of individuals is less than

100, the species is threatened by

extinction from naturally occurring

events, such as landslides or hurricanes,

and reduced reproductive vigor (59 FR

9304; USFWS 1995; HINHP Database

1999).

Myrsine linearifolia

Myrsine linearifolia, a member of the

myrsine family (Myrsinaceae), is a

branched shrub. This long-lived

perennial species is distinguished from

others of the genus by the shape, length,

and width of the leaves, length of the

petals, and number of flowers per

cluster (Wagner et al. 1999).

No life history information for this

species is currently available.

Historically, Myrsine linearifolia was

found at scattered locations on Kauai:

Olokele Valley, Kalualea, Kalalau

Valley, Kahuamaa Flat, LimahuliHanakapiai Ridge, Koaie Stream,

Pohakuao, Namolokama Summit

66820 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 216 / Tuesday, November 7, 2000 / Proposed Rules

Plateau, and Haupu (HINHP Database

1999). There are currently eight

populations with 360 to 421 individuals

on State and privately owned lands

(GDSI 1999; HINHP Database 1999; K.

Wood, in litt. 1999). The populations are

found in Kalalau Valley, Kahuamaa Flat,

Limahuli Valley, Hanakapiai Ridge,

Koaie Stream, Pohakuao, Namolokama

Summit Plateau, and the Wahiawa

Drainage (HINHP Database 1999; K.

Wood, in litt. 1999).

Myrsine linearifolia typically grows

from 585 to 1,280 m (1,920 to 4,200 ft)

elevation, in diverse mesic or wet

lowland or montane Metrosideros

polymorpha forest, with Cheirodendron

sp. or Dicranopteris linearis as codominant species (Wood and Perlman

1993; HINHP Database 1999). Plants

growing in association with this species

include Dubautia sp., Cryptocarya

mannii, Sadleria pallida (amau),

Myrsine sp., Syzygium sandwicensis,

Machaerina angustifolia, Freycinetia

arborea, Hedyotis terminalis,

Cheirodendron sp., Bobea brevipes,

Nothocestrum sp. (aiae), Melicope sp.,

Eurya sandwicensis (anini), Psychotria

sp., Lysimachia sp. (kolokolo kuahiwi),

and native ferns (61 FR 53070; HINHP

Database 1999; K. Wood, in litt. 1999).

Competition with alien plants, such

as Erigeron karvinskianus, Lantana

camara, Rubus argutus, Psidium

cattleianum, Rubus rosaefolius, and

Kalanchoe pinnata, and habitat

degradation by feral pigs and goats are

the major threats to Myrsine linearifolia

(61 FR 53070).

Nothocestrum peltatum

Nothocestrum peltatum, a member of

the nightshade family (Solanaceae), is a

small tree with ash-brown bark and

woolly stems. The usually peltate leaves

and shorter leaf stalks separate this

species from others in the genus (Symon

1999).

Although plants of this long-lived

perennial species have been observed

flowering, they rarely set fruit. This

could be the result of a loss of

pollinators, reduced genetic variability,

or an inability to fertilize itself (59 FR

9304). Little else is known about the life

history of Nothocestrum peltatum.

Flowering cycles, pollination vectors,

seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific

environmental requirements, and

limiting factors are unknown.

Historically, Nothocestrum peltatum

was known from Kauai at Kumuwela,

Kaholuamanu, and the region of

Nualolo (HINHP Database 1999). This

species is now known from a total of

nine populations with 19 individuals,

located near the Kalalau Lookout area,

Kalalau Valley, Awaawapuhi and

Makaha Valleys, Waimeae Canyon,

Nualolo, and Kawaiula, all on State

owned land; the species may occur on

or near land under Federal jurisdiction

in Kokee State Park (HINHP Database

1999; GDSI 1999; K. Wood, in litt. 1999).

This species generally grows in rich

soil on steep slopes in montane mesic

or lowland mesic or wet forest

dominated by Acacia koa or a mixture

of Metrosideros polymorpha and A. koa

between 915 and 1,220 m (3,000 and

4,000 ft) elevation. Associated plants

include Antidesma sp., Dicranopteris

linearis, Bobea brevipes, Elaeocarpus

bifidus, Alphitonia ponderosa, Melicope

anisata, M. barbigera, M. haupuensis,

Pouteria sandwicensis, Dodonaea

viscosa, Dianella sandwicensis,

Tetraplasandra kauaiensis, Claoxylon

sandwicensis, Cheirodendron trigynum,

Psychotria mariniana, P. greenwelliae,

Hedyotis terminalis, Ilex anomala,

Xylosma sp., Cryptocarya mannii,

Coprosma sp., Pleomele aurea,

Diplazium sandwicensis, Broussaisia

arguta, and Perrottetia sandwicensis

(Sohmer and Gustafson 1987; HINHP

Database 1999; K. Wood, in litt. 1999).

Competition with alien plants, such

as Passiflora mollissima, Lantana

camara, Rubus argutus, and Erigeron

karvinskianus, and habitat degradation

by feral pigs, deer, and red jungle fowl

(Gallus gallus) constitute the major

threats to Nothocestrum peltatum. This

species is also threatened by fire, risk of

extinction from naturally occurring

events (e.g., landslides or hurricanes),

and reduced reproductive vigor due to

the small number of existing individuals

(59 FR 9304; HINHP Database 1999).

Panicum niihauense

Panicum niihauense, a member of the

grass family (Poaceae), is a perennial

bunchgrass with unbranched culms

(aerial stems). This short-lived perennial

species is distinguished from others in

the genus by the shape of the

inflorescence branches, which are erect,

and the arrangement of the spikelets,

which are densely clustered (Davids

1999).

Little is known about the life history

of this species. Reproductive cycles,

longevity, specific environmental

requirements, and limiting factors are

unknown.

Panicum niihauense was known

historically from Niihau and one

location on Kauai (HINHP Database

1999). Currently this species is only

known from the Polihale State Park area

on State and privately owned land, and

may occur on or near the federally

owned Pacific Missile Range Facility

(PMRF) on Kauai (GDSI 1999). The

single population of 23 individuals is

found scattered in sand dunes in a

coastal shrubland at elevations of 100 m

(330 ft) or less (HINHP Database 1999).

Associated plant taxa include Dodonaea

viscosa, Cassytha filiformis (kaunaoa

pehu), Sporobolus sp., Scaevola sericea

(naupaka kahakai), Sida fallax, and

Vitex rotundifolia (kolokolo kahakai)

(HINHP Database 1999).

Primary threats to Panicum

niihauense are destruction by off-road

vehicles, competition with alien plant

taxa, and a risk of extinction from

naturally occurring events (e.g.,

landslides or hurricanes) and reduced

reproductive vigor due to the small

number of individuals in the one

remaining population (61 FR 53108;

HINHP Database 1999).

Phyllostegia knudsenii

Phyllostegia knudsenii, a member of

the mint family (Lamiaceae), is an erect

herb or vine. This short-lived perennial

species is distinguished from others in

the genus by its specialized flower stalk;

it differs from the closely related P.

floribunda by often having four flowers

per group (Wagner et al. 1999).

No life history information for this

species is currently available.

Until 1993, Phyllostegia knudsenii

was only known from the site of its

original discovery made in the 1800s

from the woods of Waimeae on Kauai

(Sherff 1935; HINHP Database 1999;

Wagner et al. 1999). There are currently

two known populations with a total of

8 to 17 individuals on State owned land

in Koaie Canyon (HINHP Database 1999;

GDSI 1999; K. Wood, in litt. 1999).

Phyllostegia knudsenii is found in

Metrosideros polymorpha lowland

mesic or wet forest between 865–975 m

elevation (2,840–3,200 ft) (HINHP

Database 1999). Associated species

include Perrottetia sandwicensis,

Cyrtandra kauaiensis (hai wale),

Cyrtandra paludosa (hai wale),

Elaeocarpus bifidus, Claoxylon

sandwicensis, Cryptocarya mannii, Ilex

anomala, Myrsine linearifolia, Bobea

timonioides, Selaginella arbuscula

(lepelepeamoa), Diospyros sp.,

Zanthoxylum dipetalum, Pittosporum

sp., Tetraplasandra sp., Pouteria

sandwicensis, and Pritchardia minor (61

FR 53070).

Major threats to Phyllostegia

knudsenii include habitat degradation

by feral pigs and goats, competition

with alien plants, and a risk of

extinction from naturally occurring

events (e.g., landslides and hurricanes)

and reduced reproductive vigor due to

the small number of individuals in the

only known population (61 FR 53070;

USFWS 1998a).

Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 216 / Tuesday, November 7, 2000 / Proposed Rules 66821

Phyllostegia wawrana

Phyllostegia wawrana, a member of

the mint family (Lamiaceae), is a

perennial vine that is woody toward the

base and has long, crinkly hairs along

the stem. This short-lived perennial

species can be distinguished from the

related P. floribunda and P. knudsenii,

by its less specialized flower stalk

(Wagner et al. 1999).

Seeds were observed in the wild in

August (USFWS 1998a). No additional

life history information for this species

is currently available.

Phyllostegia wawrana was reported to

be found at Hanalei on Kauai in the

1800s and along Kokee Stream in 1926.

Currently, populations are reported in

the Makaleha Mountains, Honopu

Valley, and Hanakoa Valley. A total of

four populations with 29–49 individuals

are found on State and privately owned

lands. In addition, this species may

occur on or near land under Federal

jurisdiction in Kokee State Park (HINHP

Database 1999; GDSI 1999).

This species grows between 780 and

1,200 m elevation (2,560 to 3,940 ft) in

Metrosideros polymorpha-dominated

lowland or montane wet or mesic forest

with Cheirodendron sp. or Dicranopteris

linearis as co-dominant species (HINHP

Database 1999). Associated species

include Delissea rivularis, Diplazium

sandwichianum, Vaccinium sp.,

Broussaisia arguta, Myrsine lanaiensis,

Psychotria sp., Dubautia knudsenii,

Scaevola procera (naupaka kuahiwi),

Gunnera sp., Pleomele aurea, Claoxylon

sandwicense, Elaphoglossum sp.,

Hedyotis sp., Sadleria sp., and

Syzygium sandwicensis (61 FR 53070;

HINHP Database 1999).

Major threats to Phyllostegia wawrana

include habitat degradation by feral pigs

and competition with alien plant

species, such as Rubus rosaefolius,

Passiflora mollissima, Rubus argutus,

Melastoma candidum, Erigeron

karvinskianus, and Erechtites

valerianefolia (61 FR 53070; USFWS

1998a).

Poa mannii

Poa mannii, a member of the grass

family (Poaceae), is a perennial grass

with short rhizomes (underground

stems) and erect, tufted culms. All three

native species of Poa in the Hawaiian

Islands are endemic to the island of

Kauai. Poa mannii is distinguished from

both P. siphonoglossa and P.

sandvicensis by its fringed ligule and

from P. sandvicensis by its shorter

panicle branches (O’Connor 1999).

Little is known about the life history

of Poa mannii. Flowering cycles,

pollination vectors, seed dispersal

agents, longevity, specific

environmental requirements, and

limiting factors are unknown.

Historically, this species was found in

Olokele Gulch on Kauai (O’Connor

1999). Currently, there is a total of six

populations with 163–168 individuals

on State owned land in Kalalau Valley,

Makaha Valley, Koaie Valley, and

Waialae Valley (HINHP Database 1999;

GDSI 1999; K. Wood, in litt. 1999).

This species typically grows on cliffs,

rock faces, or stream banks in lowland

or montane wet, mesic, or dry

Metrosideros polymorpha forests or

Acacia koa-M. polymorpha montane

mesic forest at elevations between 460

and 1,150 m (1,510 and 3,770 ft).

Associated species include Chamaesyce

celastroides var. hanapepensis,

Artemisia australis, Bidens

sandwicensis, Lobelia sandwicensis

(NCN), Wilkesia gymnoxiphium,

Eragrostis variabilis, Panicum lineale,

Mariscus phloides (NCN), Luzula

hawaiiensis (NCN), Carex meyenii, C.

wahuensis (NCN), Cyrtandra wawrae

(haiwale), Exocarpos luteolus, Labordia

helleri (kamakahala), Nototrichium sp.,

Hedyotis terminalis, Melicope anisata,

M. barbigera, M. pallida, Pouteria

sandwicensis, Schiedea membranacea,

Diospyros sandwicensis, Psychotria

mariniana, P. greenwelliae, Kokia

kauaiensis, Alectryon macrococcus,

Antidesma platyphyllum, Bidens

cosmoides, Dodonaea viscosa, and

Schiedea amplexicaulis (NCN) (59 FR

56330; HINHP Database 1999; K. Wood,

in litt. 1999).

Poa mannii survives only in very

steep areas that are inaccessible to goats,

suggesting that goat herbivory may have

eliminated this species from more

accessible locations, as is the case for

other rare plants from northwestern

Kauai. Threats to P. mannii include

habitat damage, trampling, and

browsing by feral goats, and competition

with invasive alien plants. Erigeron

karvinskianus has invaded Kalalau,

Koaie, and Waialae Valleys, three of the

areas where P. mannii occurs. Lantana

camara threatens all known

populations, and Rubus argutus

threatens the populations in Kalalau

and Waialae Valleys. Poa mannii is also

threatened by fire, and reduced

reproductive vigor and/or extinction

from naturally occurring events, such as

landslides or hurricanes, due to the

small number of existing populations

and individuals (59 FR 56330).

Poa sandvicensis

Poa sandvicensis is a perennial grass

(family Poaceae) with densely tufted,

mostly erect culms. Poa sandvicensis is

distinguished from closely related

species by its shorter rhizomes, shorter

culms which do not become rush-like

with age, closed and fused sheaths,

relatively even-edged ligules, and longer

panicle branches (O’Connor 1999).

Little is known about the life history

of Poa sandvicensis. Flowering cycles,

pollination vectors, seed dispersal

agents, longevity, specific

environmental requirements, and

limiting factors are unknown.

Historically, this species was known

from six areas on the island of Kauai:

the rim of Kalalau Valley in Na Pali

Coast State Park; Halemanu and

Kumuwela Ridges and Kauaikanana

drainage in Kokee State Park;

Awaawapuhi Trail in Na Pali-Kona

Forest Reserve; Kohua Ridge/Mohihi

drainage in both the Forest Reserve and

Alakai Wilderness Preserve; and

Kaholuamanu (57 FR 20580; Hitchcock

1922; HINHP Database 1999).

Hillebrand’s (1888) questionable

reference to a Maui locality is most

likely an error (57 FR 20580; Hitchcock

1922). Currently, there is a total of nine

populations with 1,841 individuals

occurring on State and privately owned

lands (GDSI 1999; HINHP Database

1999; K. Wood, in litt. 1999). Poa

sandvicensis is known to be extant at

the rim of Kalalau Valley in Na Pali

Coast State Park; Awaawapuhi Trail,

Kumuwela Ridge and Kauaikanana

drainage in Kokee State Park; and

Kohua Ridge and Mohihi drainage

(HINHP Database 1999).

Poa sandvicensis grows on wet,

shaded, gentle to usually steep slopes,

ridges, and rock ledges in semi-open to

closed, mesic to wet, diverse montane

forest dominated by Metrosideros

polymorpha, at elevations of 1,035 to

1,250 m (3,400 to 4,100 ft) (HINHP

Database 1999). Associated native

species include Dodonaea viscosa,

Dubautia sp., Coprosma sp., Melicope

sp., Dianella sandwicensis, Alyxia

olivaeformis, Bidens sp., Dicranopteris

linearis, Schiedea stellarioides,

Peperomia macraeana, Claoxylon

sandwicense, Acacia koa, Psychotria

sp., Hedyotis sp., Scaevola sp.,

Cheirodendron sp., and Syzygium

sandwicensis (57 FR 20580; HINHP

Database 1999).

The greatest immediate threats to the

survival of Poa sandvicensis are

competition from alien plants, such as

Erigeron karvinskianus, Rubus argutus,

Passiflora mollissima and Hedychium

sp.; erosion caused by feral pigs and

goats; and State forest reserve trail

maintenance activities and human

recreation. In addition, naturally

occurring events could constitute a

threat of extinction or reduced

reproductive vigor due to the species’

66822 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 216 / Tuesday, November 7, 2000 / Proposed Rules

small population size with its limited

gene pool (57 FR 20580; USFWS 1995).

Poa siphonoglossa

Poa siphonoglossa is a perennial grass

(family Poaceae). It differs from P.

sandvicensis principally by its longer

culms, lack of a prominent tooth on the

ligule, and shorter panicle branches.

Poa siphonoglossa has extensive tufted

and flattened culms that cascade from

banks in masses. Short rhizomes, long

culms, closed and fused sheaths, and

lack of a tooth on the ligule separate P.

siphonoglossa from P. mannii and other

closely related species (O’Connor 1999).

Little is known about the life history

of Poa siphonoglossa. Flowering cycles,

pollination vectors, seed dispersal

agents, longevity, specific

environmental requirements, and

limiting factors are unknown.

Historically, Poa siphonoglossa was

known from five sites on the island of

Kauai: Kohua Ridge in Na Pali-Kona

Forest Reserve; near Kaholuamanu;

Kaulaula Valley in Puu Ka Pele Forest

Reserve; Kuia Valley; and Kalalau

(HINHP Database 1999). Currently, there

are a total of five populations with 50

individuals on State owned land in

three of these historic areas: Kohua

Ridge, Kuia Valley, and Kalalau (HINHP

Database 1999; GDSI 1999; K. Wood, in

litt. 1999).

Poa siphonoglossa typically grows on

shady banks near ridge crests in mesic

Metrosideros polymorpha forest

between about 1,000 to 1,200 m (3,280

and 3,940 ft) elevation (Hitchcock 1922;

HINHP Database 1999). Associated

species include native species such as

Acacia koa, Psychotria sp., Scaevola sp.,

Alphitonia ponderosa, Zanthoxylum

dipetalum, Tetraplasandra kauaiensis,

Dodonaea viscosa, Hedyotis sp.,

Melicope sp., Vaccinium sp., Styphelia

tameiameiae, Carex meyenii, C.

wahuensis, and Wilkesia gymnoxiphium

(57 FR 20580).

The primary threat to the survival of

Poa siphonoglossa is habitat

degradation and/or herbivory by feral

pigs and deer. The alien plant Rubus

argutus invading Kohua Ridge

constitutes a probable threat to that

population (HINHP Database 1999 ). A

limited gene pool and potential for one

disturbance event to destroy the

majority of known individuals are also

serious threats to this species (57 FR

20580; USFWS 1995).

Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii

Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii of the

palm family (Arecaceae) is a fan-leaved

tree about 7 to 15 m (23 to 50 ft) tall.

This species is distinguished from

others of the genus by the thin leaf

texture and drooping leaf segments, tan

woolly hairs on the underside of the

petiole and the leaf blade base, stout

hairless flower clusters that do not

extend beyond the fan-shaped leaves,

and the smaller spherical fruit (Read

and Hodel 1999).

Historically, Pritchardia aylmerrobinsonii was found at three sites in

the eastern and central portions of the

island of Niihau. Trees were found on

Kaali Cliff and in Mokouia and Haao

Valleys at elevations between 70 and

270 m (230 and 885 ft) on privately

owned land (HINHP Database 1999;

GDSI 1999). The most recent

observations indicate that two plants

still remain on Kaali Cliff (Read and

Hodel 1999).

The substrate in the seepage area

where this species currently occurs is

rocky talus (HINHP Database 1999).

Native plants that have been found in

the area include Brighamia insignis,

Cyperus trachysanthos, Lipochaeta

lobata var. lobata (nehe), and Lobelia

niihauensis (HINHP Database 1999).

Originally a component of the coastal

dry forest, this species now occurs only

in a rugged and steep area where it

receives some protection from grazing

animals (61 FR 41020).

The species is threatened by habitat

degradation and/or herbivory by cattle,

feral pigs, and goats and seed predation

by rats. Small population size, limited

distribution, and reduced reproductive

vigor makes this species particularly

vulnerable to extinction (61 FR 41020).

Pritchardia napaliensis

Pritchardia napaliensis, a member of

the palm family (Arecaceae), is a small

palm with about 20 leaves and an open

crown. This species is distinguished

from others of the genus that grow on

Kauai by having about 20 flat leaves

with pale scales on the lower surface

that fall off with age, inflorescences

with hairless main axes, and globose

fruits less than 3 cm (1.2 in.) long (Read

and Hodel 1999).

No life history information for this

species is currently available.

Pritchardia napaliensis is known from

four populations with 159–179

individuals on State owned land in

Hoolulu and Waiahuakua Valleys in the

Hono O Na Pali NAR and Alealau in

Kalalau Valley (within or close to the

boundaries of Hono O Na Pali NAR and

Na Pali Coast State Park), Kauai (HINHP

Database 1999; GDSI 1999; K. Wood in

litt. 1999).

Pritchardia napaliensis typically

grows in areas from 150 to about 1,160

m (500 to about 3,800 ft) elevation in a

wide variety of habitats ranging from

lowland dry to mesic forests dominated

by Diospyros sp. or montane wet forests

dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha

and Dicranopteris linearis (61 FR 53070;

HINHP Database 1999). Several

associated plant species besides those

mentioned above include Rauvolfia

sandwicensis, Elaeocarpus bifidus,

Syzygium sandwicensis, Cibotium sp.,

Canthium odoratum, Vaccinium

dentatum (ohelo), Dubautia knudsenii,

Alsinidendron lychnoides, Poa

sandvicensis, Phyllostegia electra

(NCN), Stenogyne purpurea (NCN),

Melicope peduncularis (alani), Pouteria

sandwicensis, Lipochaeta connata var.

acris (nehe), Nesoluma polynesicum

(keahi), Santalum freycinetianum,

Pteralyxia kauaiensis, Wilkesia

gymnoxiphium, Boehmeria grandis,

Pleomele sp., Psychotria sp.,

Cheirodendron trigynum, and Ochrosia

sp. (holei) (HINHP Database 1999).

Major threats to Pritchardia

napaliensis include habitat degradation

and grazing by feral goats and pigs; seed

predation by rats; and competition with

the alien plants, such as Kalanchoe

pinnata, Erigeron karvinskianus,

Lantana camara, Psidium guajava, and

possibly Cordyline fruticosa. The

species is also threatened by vandalism

and over-collection. In 1993 near the

Wailua River, the Hawaiian Department

of Fish and Wildlife (DOFAW)

constructed a fenced enclosure around

39 recently planted P. napaliensis

individuals. Shortly after being planted,

the fence was vandalized and the 39

plants were removed (A. Kyono, pers.

comm. 2000; Craig Koga, DOFAW, in

litt. 1999). Also, because of the small

number of remaining populations and

individuals, this species is susceptible

to a risk of extinction from naturally

occurring events, such as landslides or

hurricanes, and from reduced

reproductive vigor (61 FR 53070).

Pritchardia viscosa

Pritchardia viscosa, a member of the

palm family (Arecaceae), is a small palm

3 to 8 m (10 to 26 ft) tall. This species

differs from others of the genus that

grow on Kauai by the degree of hairiness

of the lower surface of the leaves and

main axis of the flower cluster, and

length of the flower cluster (Read and

Hodel 1999).

Historically, Pritchardia viscosa was

known only from a 1920 collection from

Kalihiwai Valley on the island of Kauai

(HINHP Database 1999). It was not seen

again until 1987, when Robert Read

observed it in the same general area as

the type locality, off the Powerline Road

at 510 m (1,680 ft) elevation (61 FR

53070; HINHP Database 1999).

Currently, there is one population with

three individuals on privately owned

Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 216 / Tuesday, November 7, 2000 / Proposed Rules 66823

land (HINHP Database 1999; GDSI

1999).

The plants are found in a

Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris

linearis lowland wet forest with

Nothocestrum sp., Bobea sp., Antidesma

sp., Cibotium sp., and Psychotria sp. (61

FR 53070).

Psidium cattleianum and alien

grasses, such as Paspalum conjugatum,

are major threats to Pritchardia viscosa

because these alien plants are effective

competitors for space, light, nutrients,

and water. Rats eat the fruit of

Pritchardia viscosa and are, therefore, a

serious threat to the reproductive

success of this species. At least one of

the remaining mature trees has been

damaged by spiked boots used either by

a botanist or seed collector to scale the

tree. In mid-1996, a young plant and

seeds from mature Pritchardia viscosa

plants were removed from the only

known location of this species. Because

of this past activity, it is reasonable to

assume that these plants are threatened

by over-collection and vandalism (A.

Kyono, pers. comm. 2000; C. Koga, in

litt. 1999). Also, because of the small

numbers of individuals in the only

known population, this species is

susceptible to extinction since a single

naturally occurring event (e.g., a

hurricane) could destroy all remaining

plants (61 FR 53070).

Pteralyxia kauaiensis

Pteralyxia kauaiensis, a member of

the dogbane family (Apocynaceae), is a

long-lived perennial tree 3 to 8 m (10 to

26 ft) tall. The leaves are dark green and

shiny on the upper surfaces, but pale

and dull on the lower surfaces. This

species differs from the only other taxa

of this endemic Hawaiian genus in

having reduced lateral wings on the

seed (Lamb 1981; St. John 1981; Wagner

et al. 1999).

Little is known about the life history

of Pteralyxia kauaiensis. Flowering

cycles, pollination vectors, seed

dispersal agents, longevity, specific

environmental requirements, and

limiting factors are unknown.

Historically, Pteralyxia kauaiensis

was known from the Wahiawa

Mountains in the southern portion of

Kauai (HINHP Database 1999). This

species is now known from 20

populations, with a total of 478–505

individuals in the following scattered

locations on private, State lands, and

perhaps on or near Federal land:

Mahanaloa-Kuia Valley in Kuia NAR;

Haeleele Valley; Na Pali Coast State

Park; Limahuli Valley; the Koaie branch

of Waimeae Canyon; Haupu Range;

Wailua River; and Moloaa Forest (59 FR

9304; Wagner et al. 1999; HINHP

Database 1999; K. Wood, in litt. 1999).

There is also an undocumented sighting

of one individual at Makaleha, above

the town of Kapaa (59 FR 9304).

This taxon is typically found in

diverse mesic or wet forests at an

elevation of 250 to 610 m (820 to 2,000

ft) (Wagner et al. 1999). Associated

species include Acacia koa, Alphitonia

ponderosa, Antidesma sp., Alectryon

macrococcus, Bobea timonioides,

Canthium odoratum, Cyanea sp.,

Caesalpinia kauaiensis (uhiuhi), Carex

sp., Charpentiera elliptica, Claoxylon

sandwicense, Delissea sp. (NCN),

Dodonaea viscosa, Dianella

sandwicensis, Diplazium

sandwichianum, Diospyros sp.,

Euphorbia haeleeleana, Freycinetia

arborea, Gardenia remyi (nanu), Gahnia

sp., Hedyotis terminalis, Hibiscus sp.,

Kokia kauaiensis, Metrosideros

polymorpha, Myrsine lanaiensis,

Nesoluma polynesicum, Neraudia

kauaiensis, Nestegis sandwicensis,

Pisonia sandwicensis (papala kepau),

Peperomia macraeana, Poa

sandwicensis, Pipturus sp., Pouteria

sandwicensis, Pritchardia sp.,

Psychotria mariniana, Pleomele sp.,

Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Syzygium

sandwicensis, Schiedea stellarioides,

Styphelia tameiameiae, Santalum

freycinetianum, Tetraplasandra sp.,

Xylosma hawaiiense (maua), and

Zanthoxylum dipetalum (59 FR 9304;

HINHP Database 1999).

The major threats to Pteralyxia

kauaiensis are habitat destruction by

feral animals and competition with

introduced plants. Animals affecting the

survival of this species include feral

goats and pigs, and, possibly, rats,

which may eat the fruit. Fire could

threaten some populations. Introduced

plants competing with this species

include Psidium guajava, Erigeron

karvinskianus, Aleurites moluccana,

Lantana camara, Psidium cattleianum,

and Cordyline fruticosa (59 FR 9304;

USFWS 1995; HINHP Database 1999).

Remya kauaiensis

Remya kauaiensis, one of three

species of a genus endemic to the

Hawaiian Islands, is in the aster family

(Asteraceae). Remya kauaiensis is a

small short-lived perennial shrub, about

90 cm (3 ft) tall, with many slender,

sprawling branches which are covered

with a fine tan fuzz near their tips. The

leaves, coarsely toothed along the edges,

are green on the upper surface while the

lower surface is covered with a dense

mat of fine white hairs (Wagner et al.

1999).

Seedlings of this taxon have not been

observed. Flowers have been observed

in April, May, June, and August, and are

probably insect-pollinated. Seeds are

probably wind or water-dispersed.

Remya kauaiensis may be selfincompatible (56 FR 1450; Herbst 1988;

USFWS 1995).

Historically, this species was found in

the Na Pali Kona Forest Reserve at

Koaie, Mohihi, Kalalau, Makaha,

Nualolo, Kawaiula, Kuia, Honopu,

Awaawapuhi, Kopakaka, and Kauhao,

on Kauai (HINHP Database 1999). There

are currently 14 known populations

with a total of 78–86 individuals on

State owned land (HINHP Database

1999; GDSI 1999; K. Wood, in litt. 1999).

One known population of Remya

kauaiensis grows on the steep cliffs

below the rim of Kalalau Valley, which,

although at the edge of a mesic forest,

receives considerably more moisture

than do the other populations of the

species (56 FR 1450). Other populations

are scattered throughout the drier ridges

of Northwest Kauai and in Waimeae

Canyon (HINHP Database 1999; K.

Wood, in litt. 1999).

Remya kauaiensis grows chiefly on

steep, north or northeast-facing slopes

between 850 to 1,250 m (2,800 to 4,100

ft) in elevation. It is found primarily in

Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha

lowland mesic forest with Chamaesyce

sp. (akoko), Nestegis sandwicensis,

Diospyros sp., Hedyotis terminalis,

Melicope sp., Pouteria sandwicensis,

Schiedea membranacea, Psychotria

mariniana, Dodonaea viscosa, Dianella

sandwicensis, Tetraplasandra

kauaiensis, and Claoxylon sandwicensis

(56 FR 1450; Herbst 1988; HINHP

Database 1999).

The primary threats to Remya

kauaiensis include herbivory and

habitat degradation by feral goats, pigs,

cattle, and deer, and competition from

alien plant species. Other threats

include erosion, fire, and risk of

extinction from naturally occurring

events, such as landslides or hurricanes,

and/or reduced reproductive vigor due

to the small number of remaining

populations and individuals (56 FR

1450; USFWS 1995).

Remya montgomeryi

The genus Remya, in the aster family

(Asteraceae), is endemic to the

Hawaiian Islands. Remya montgomeryi

was discovered in 1985 by Steven

Montgomery on the sheer, virtually

inaccessible cliffs below the upper rim

of Kalalau Valley, Kauai. It is a small

short-lived perennial shrub, about 90

cm (3 ft) tall, with many slender,

sprawling to weakly erect, smooth

branches. The leaves are coarsely

toothed along the edges, and are green

on the upper as well as lower surfaces

(Wagner et al. 1999).

66824 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 216 / Tuesday, November 7, 2000 / Proposed Rules

Seedlings of this taxon have not been

observed. Flowers have been observed

in April, May, June, and August, and are

probably insect-pollinated. Seeds are

probably wind or water-dispersed.

Remya montgomeryi may be selfincompatible (56 FR 1450; Herbst 1988).

Remya montgomeryi is known only

from Kauai. Three populations with 143

individuals are reported on State owned

land on the rim of Kalalau Valley and

Koaie Canyon. This species may also

occur on or near land under Federal

jurisdiction in Kokee State Park (Herbst

1988; GDSI 1999; HINHP Database 1999;

K. Wood, in litt. 1999).

Remya montgomeryi grows between

elevation of 850 to 1,250 m (2,800 to

4,100 ft), primarily on steep, north or

northeast-facing slopes or stream banks

near waterfalls in Metrosideros

polymorpha mixed mesic forest and

cliffs. Associated plants include

Lysimachia glutinosa, Lepidium serra,

Boehmeria grandis, Poa mannii,

Stenogyne campanulata, Myrsine

linearifolia, Bobea timonioides, Ilex

anomala, Zanthoxylum dipetalum,

Claoxylon sandwicensis,

Tetraplasandra sp., Artemisia sp.,

Nototrichium sp., Cyrtandra sp.,

Dubautia plantaginea (na ena e),

Sadleria sp., Cheirodendron sp.,

Scaevola sp., and Pleomele sp. (HINHP

Database 1999; K. Wood, in litt. 1999).

The primary threats to Remya

montgomeryi are herbivory and habitat

degradation by feral goats, pigs, cattle,

and deer, and competition from alien

plant species. Other threats include

erosion, fire, and an increased risk of

extinction from naturally occurring

events (e.g., landslides or hurricanes) by

virtue of the extremely small size of the

populations and their limited

distribution. The limited gene pool may

depress reproductive vigor, or a single

environmental disturbance could

destroy a significant percentage of the

known individuals (56 FR 1450; USFWS

1995).

Schiedea apokremnos

Schiedea apokremnos is a low,

branching short-lived perennial shrub

20 to 50 cm (8 to 20 in.) tall, of the pink

family (Caryophyllaceae). The leaves are

oppositely arranged, oblong, and

somewhat fleshy and glabrous. Schiedea

apokremnos is distinguished from

related species by shorter sepals,

nectaries, and capsules (Wagner et al.

1999).

Little is known about the life history

of Schiedea apokremnos. Flowering

cycles, pollination vectors, seed

dispersal agents, longevity, specific

environmental requirements, and

limiting factors are unknown.

Schiedea apokremnos has been

collected from Nualolo Kai, Kaaweiki

Ridge, and along a 10.5 km (6.5 mi) long

section of the Na Pali coast including

Milolii Valley, Kalalau Beach,

Kaaalahina and Manono ridges,

Haeleele ridge, and, as far north as,

Pohakuao Valley, all on the island of

Kauai (HINHP Database 1999).

Currently, the species is extant at all

locations except Nualolo Kai, although

the Kalalau and Milolii populations

have not been revisited for over six

years. The Kaaweiki population is in

Puu Ka Pele Forest Reserve and the

Haeleele ridge population is in Polihale

State Park, while all others are in Na

Pali Coast State Park (56 FR 49639).

There is currently a total of five

populations containing 311 to 1,251

individuals on State owned lands

(HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999).

Schiedea apokremnos grows in the

crevices of near-vertical coastal cliff

faces, from 60 to 330 m (200 to 1,080 ft)

in elevation. The species grows in

sparse dry coastal shrub vegetation

along with Heliotropium sp.

(ahinahina), Bidens sp., Artemisia

australis, Lobelia niihauensis, Wilkesia

hobdyi, Lipochaeta connata, Myoporum

sandwicense, Canthium odoratum,

Peperomia sp. and Chamaesyce sp. (56

FR 49639; HINHP Database 1999).

The restriction of this species to

inaccessible cliffs suggests that goat

herbivory may have eliminated them

from more accessible locations. The

greatest current threat to the survival of

Schiedea apokremnos is still herbivory

and habitat degradation by feral goats,

as well as competition from the alien

plants Leucaena leucocephala (koa

haole) and Hyptis pectinata (comb

hyptis), and trampling (trails) by

humans. Given the small size of most

populations, restricted distribution, and

limited gene pool, depressed

reproductive vigor may be serious

threats to the species. Some S.

apokremnos individuals are

functionally female and must be crosspollinated to set seed. This reproductive

strategy may be ineffective in

populations with few individuals (56 FR

49639; USFWS 1995). In addition, a

single environmental disturbance (such

as a landslide or fire) could destroy a

significant percentage of the extant

individuals.

Schiedea helleri

Schiedea helleri, a member of the

pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is a

short-lived perennial vine. The stems,

smooth below and minutely hairy

above, are usually prostrate and at least

15 cm (6 in.), long with internodes at

least 4 to 15 cm (1.6 to 6 in.) long. The

opposite leaves are somewhat thick,

triangular, egg-shaped to heart-shaped,

conspicuously three-veined, and nearly

hairless to sparsely covered with short,

fine hairs, especially along the margins.

This species is the only member of the

genus on Kauai that grows as a vine

(Wagner et al. 1999).

Three plants were observed flowering

in February (USFWS 1998a). No

additional life history information for

this species is currently available.

Schiedea helleri was originally found

only at a single location above Waimeae,

at Kaholuamano on the island of Kauai,

over 100 years ago (HINHP Database

1999). In 1993, this species was

discovered on a steep wall above a side

stream off Mohihi Stream,

approximately 5.6 km (3.5 mi) north of

the original location (61 FR 53070).

Recently, a small population was

discovered along the Mohihi-Waialeale

Trail, and plants were found in

Nawaimaka Valley (HINHP Database

1999; K. Wood, in litt. 1999). There is

currently a total of two populations with

53–63 individuals on State owned land

(HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999; K.

Wood, in litt. 1999).

Schiedea helleri is found on ridges

and steep cliffs in closed Metrosideros

polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis

montane wet forest, M. polymorphaCheirodendron sp. montane wet forest,

or Acacia koa-M. polymorpha montane

mesic forest between 1,065–1,100 m

(3,490–3,610 ft) elevation (HINHP

Database 1999; K. Wood, in litt. 1999).

Other native plants growing in

association with this species include

Dubautia raillardioides (na ena e),

Scaevola procera, Hedyotis terminalis,

Syzygium sandwicensis, Melicope

clusifolia, Cibotium sp., Broussaisia

arguta, Cheirodendron sp., Cyanea

hirtella (haha), Dianella sandwicensis,

Viola wailenalenae (pamakani), and Poa

sandvicensis (HINHP Database 1999; K.

Wood, in litt. 1999).

Competition with the noxious alien

plant Rubus argutus and a risk of

extinction from naturally occurring

events (e.g., landslides or hurricanes)

and reduced reproductive vigor due to

the small number of extant individuals,

are serious threats to Schiedea helleri

(61 FR 53070).

Schiedea kauaiensis 

Schiedea kauaiensis, a member of the

pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is a

generally hairless, erect subshrub. The

green, sometimes purple-tinged leaves

are opposite, narrowly egg-shaped or

lance-shaped to narrowly or broadly

elliptic. Lacking petals, the perfect

flowers are borne in open branched

inflorescences, and are moderately

Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 216 / Tuesday, November 7, 2000 / Proposed Rules 66825

covered with fine, short, curly, white

hairs. This short-lived perennial species

is distinguished from others in this

endemic Hawaiian genus by its habit,

larger leaves, the hairiness of the

inflorescence, the number of flowers in

each inflorescence, larger flowers, and

larger seeds (Wagner et al. 1999).

Little is known about the life history

of this taxon. Fruit and flowers have

been observed in July and August, and

flowering material has been collected in

September (USFWS 1998a). There is no

evidence of regeneration from seed

under field conditions. Reproductive

cycles, longevity, specific

environmental requirements and

limiting factors are unknown.

Historically, Schiedea kauaiensis was

known from the northwestern side of

Kauai, from Papaa to Mahanaloa. It was

thought to be extinct until the two

currently known populations in

Mahanaloa and Kalalau Valleys, with a

total of 18 individuals, were found

(HINHP Database 1999; K. Wood, in litt.

1999). Both populations occur on State

land—the Mahanaloa Valley population

within Kuia NAR and the Kalalau

Valley population within Na Pali Coast

State Park (GDSI 1999; HINHP Database

1999; K. Wood, in litt. 1999).

Schiedea kauaiensis typically grows

in diverse mesic to wet forest on steep

slopes between 680–790 m elevation

(2,230–2,590 ft) (HINHP Database 1999).

Associated plant taxa include

Psychotria mariniana, P. hexandra,

Canthium odoratum, Pisonia sp.,

Microlepia speluncae (NCN), Exocarpos

luteolus, Diospyros sp., Peucedanum

sandwicense, and Euphorbia

haeleeleana (61 FR 53108; HINHP

Database 1999).

Threats to Schiedea kauaiensis

include habitat degradation and/or

destruction by feral goats, pigs, and

cattle; competition from several alien

plant taxa; predation by introduced

slugs and snails; and a risk of extinction

from naturally occurring events, such as

landslides or hurricanes, and/or

reduced reproductive vigor due to the

low number of individuals in only two

known populations. Schiedea

kauaiensis is also potentially threatened

by fire (61 FR 53108; USFWS 1998a;

HINHP Database 1999).

Schiedea membranacea

Schiedea membranacea, a member of

the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is a

perennial herb. The unbranched, fleshy

stems rise upwards from near the base

and are somewhat sprawling. During

dry seasons, the plant dies back to a

woody, short stem at or beneath the

ground surface. The oppositely arranged

leaves are broadly elliptic to egg-shaped,

generally thin, have five to seven

longitudinal veins, and are sparsely

covered with short, fine hairs. The

perfect flowers have no petals, are

numerous, and occur in large branched

clusters. This short-lived perennial

species differs from others of the genus

that grow on Kauai by having five-to

seven-nerved leaves and a herbaceous

habit (Wagner et al. 1999).

Plants marked in Mahanaloa Gulch on

Kauai in 1987 were alive in 1997,

despite Hurricane Iniki. However, there

was no evidence of recruitment in the

population, despite the production of

abundant seed during all years of

observation (1987, 1994–1997) (USFWS

1998a). Introduced snails have been

observed feeding on flowers and

developing seed capsules, and garlic

snails (Oxychilus alliarius) were

common near the plants. It seems very

likely that introduced molluscs are

responsible for the failure of

recruitment. Under greenhouse

conditions, this species, as well as other

Schiedea species, is extremely sensitive

to slugs and snails, further suggesting

that the introduction of these alien

species has had detrimental effects on

Schiedea species in natural conditions.

In addition, research suggests that this

species largely requires outcrossing for

successful germination and survival to

adulthood (USFWS 1998a). Pollinators

for Schiedea membranacea are

unknown, since none have been seen

during the daytime, and none were

observed during one set of night

observations (USFWS 1998a).

Schiedea membranacea is known

from the western side of the island of

Kauai, at Mahanaloa-Kuia, Paaiki,

Kalalau, Nualolo, Wainiha, and Waialae

Valleys (including Kuia NAR and Na

Pali Coast State Park) (61 FR 53070;

Wood and Perlman 1993; HINHP

Database 1999). There is currently a

total of nine populations containing

199–203 individuals, on State and

privately owned lands. This species

may also occur on or near land under

Federal jurisdiction in Kokee State Park

(HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999; K.

Wood, in litt. 1999 ).

This species is typically found on

cliffs and cliff bases in mesic or wet

habitats, open to closed lowland,

montane shrubland, or forest dominated

by Acacia koa, Pipturus sp. or

Metrosideros polymorpha between 520

and 1,160 m (1,700 and 3,800 ft)

elevation. Associated native plants

species include Hedyotis terminalis,

Melicope sp., Pouteria sandwicensis,

Poa mannii, Hibiscus waimeae,

Psychotria mariniana, Canthium

odoratum, Pisonia sp., Perrottetia

sandwicensis, Scaevola procera,

Sadleria cyatheoides (amau), Diplazium

sandwicensis, Thelypteris sandwicensis,

Boehmeria grandis, Dodonaea viscosa,

Myrsine sp.,Bobea brevipes, Alyxia

olivaeformis, Psychotria greenwelliae,

Pleomele sp., Alphitonia ponderosa,

Joinvillea ascendens ssp. ascendens

(ohe), Athyrium sandwicensis (akolea),

Machaerina angustifolia, Cyrtandra

paludosa, Touchardia latifolia,

Thelypteris cyatheoides (kikawaio),

Lepidium serra, Eragrostis variabilis,

Remya kauaiensis, Lysimachia

kalalauensis (NCN), Labordia helleri,

Mariscus pennatiformis, Asplenium

praemorsum (NCN), and Poa

sandvicensis (61 FR 53070; HINHP

Database 1999).

Habitat degradation by feral goats, and

pigs, and deer; competition with the

alien plant species Erigeron

karvinskianus, Lantana camara, Rubus

argutus, R. rosaefolius, Psidium

cattleianum, Ageratina riparia

(Hamakua pamakani), and Passiflora

mollissima; loss of pollinators; and

landslides are the primary threats to

Schiedea membranacea. Based on

observations indicating that snails and

slugs may consume seeds and seedlings,

it is likely that introduced molluscs also

represent a major threat to this species

(61 FR 53070; Wood and Perlman 1993;

USFWS 1998a).

Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda

and Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina

Schiedea spergulina, a member of the

pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is a

short-lived perennial subshrub. The

opposite leaves are very narrow, oneveined, and attached directly to the

stem. The flowers are unisexual, with

male and female flowers on different

plants. Flowers occur in compact

clusters of three. The capsular fruits

contain nearly smooth, kidney-shaped

seeds. Of the 22 species in this endemic

genus, only two other species have

smooth seeds. Schiedea spergulina

differs from those two in having very

compact flower clusters. The two

weakly defined varieties differ primarily

in the degree of hairiness of the

inflorescences, with S. s. var. leiopoda

being the less hairy of the two (Wagner

et al. 1999).

Little is known about the life histories

of either Schiedea spergulina var.

leiopoda or Schiedea spergulina var.

spergulina. Flowering cycles,

pollination vectors, seed dispersal

agents, longevity, specific

environmental requirements, and

limiting factors are unknown.

Historically, Schiedea spergulina var.

leiopoda was found on a ridge on the

east side of Hanapepe on Kauai (HINHP

Database 1999). One population with

35–50 individuals is now known to

66826 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 216 / Tuesday, November 7, 2000 / Proposed Rules

grow in Lawai Valley on Kauai on

privately owned land (HINHP Database

1999; GDSI 1999).

Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina

was historically found in Olokele

Canyon, but is now known only from

Kalalau rim and Waimeae Canyon on

Kauai. A total of three populations

numbering over 200 individuals is

reported on State and privately owned

lands. However, it has been estimated

that this species may number in the

thousands on Kauai (USFWS 1995;

HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999).

Both varieties of Schiedea spergulina

are usually found on bare rock outcrops

or sparsely vegetated portions of rocky

cliff faces or cliff bases in diverse

lowland mesic forest at elevations

between 180 and 800 m (590 and 2,625

ft) (59 FR 9304; Wagner et al. 1999).

Associated plants include Bidens

sandvicensis, Doryopteris sp.

(kumuniu), Peperomia leptostachya (ala

ala wai nui), Plectranthus parviflorus,

Heliotropium sp., and Nototrichium

sandwicense (kului) (59 FR 9304;

Lorence and Flynn 1991; USFWS 1995;

HINHP Database 1999).

The major threats to Schiedea

spergulina var. leiopoda are habitat

destruction by feral goats and

competition with alien plants such as

Leucaena leucocephala, Lantana

camara, and Furcraea foetida (Mauritius

hemp). Individuals have also been

damaged and destroyed by rock slides.

This variety is potentially threatened by

pesticide use in nearby sugarcane fields,

as well as a risk of extinction from

naturally occurring events (e.g.,

hurricanes) and/or reduced

reproductive vigor due to the small

number of existing individuals (59 FR

9304; Lorence and Flynn 1991; USFWS

1995).

Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina is

threatened by competition with alien

plant taxa, including Erigeron

karvinskianus, Lantana camara, Melia

azedarach, and Triumfetta semitriloba

(Sacramento bur). The area in which

this variety grows is used heavily by

feral goats, and there is evidence that

plants are being browsed and trampled

(59 FR 9304; Lorence and Flynn 1991;

HINHP Database 1999).

Schiedea stellarioides

Schiedea stellarioides, a member of

the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is a

slightly erect to prostrate subshrub with

branched stems. The opposite leaves are

very slender to oblong-elliptic, and oneveined. This short-lived perennial

species is distinguished from others of

the genus that grow on Kauai by the

number of veins in the leaves, shape of

the leaves, presence of a leaf stalk,

length of the flower cluster, and shape

of the seeds (Wagner et al. 1999).

Plants were observed flowering in the

field in February (USFWS 1995). No

additional life history information for

this species is currently available.

Historically, Schiedea stellarioides

was found at the sea cliffs of Hanakapiai

Beach, Kaholuamano-Opaewela region,

the ridge between Waialae and

Nawaimaka Valleys, and Haupu Range

on the island of Kauai (HINHP Database

1999). This species is now found only

at the ridge between Waialae and

Nawaimaka Valleys on State land, just

0.8 kilometer (0.5 mile) northwest of the

Kaholuamano-Opaewela region and in

upper Kawaiiki (K. Wood, in litt. 1999;

HINHP Database 1999). There is a total

of two populations with 400 individuals

on State owned land (HINHP Database

1999; K. Wood, in litt. 1999; GDSI 1999).

Schiedea stellarioides is found on

steep slopes in closed Acacia koaMetrosideros polymorpha lowland to

montane mesic forest or shrubland

between 610 and 1,120 m (2,000 and

3,680 ft) elevation. Associated plant

species include Nototrichium sp.,

Artemisia sp., Dodonaea viscosa,

Melicope sp., Dianella sandwicensis,

Bidens cosmoides, Mariscus sp., and

Styphelia tameiameiae (61 FR 53070;

HINHP Database 1999).

The primary threats to this species

include habitat degradation and

herbivory by feral pigs and goats,

competition with the alien plants

Melinis minutiflora and Rubus argutus,

and a risk of extinction of the two

remaining population from naturally

occurring events, such as landslides or

hurricanes (61 FR 53070).

Stenogyne campanulata

Stenogyne campanulata, a member of

the mint family (Lamiaceae), is

described as a vine with four-angled,

hairy stems. A short-lived perennial

species, Stenogyne campanulata is

distinguished from closely related

species by its large and very broadly

bell-shaped calyces that nearly enclose

the relatively small, straight corollas,

and by small calyx teeth that are half as

long as wide (Weller and Sakai 1999).

Little is known about the life history

of Stenogyne campanulata. Flowering

cycles, pollination vectors, seed

dispersal agents, longevity, specific

environmental requirements, and

limiting factors are unknown.

Stenogyne campanulata is known

from one to three populations with 22–

32 individuals which were originally

discovered on the cliffs of Kalalau to

below Puu o Kila, on State-owned land

in the Na Pali Coast State Park (GDSI

1999; HINHP Database 1999).

Stenogyne campanulata grows on the

rock face of a nearly vertical, northfacing cliff in diverse lowland or

montane mesic forest at an elevation of

1,085 m (3,560 ft). The associated

shrubby vegetation includes native

species such as Heliotropium sp.,

Lepidium serra, Lysimachia glutinosa,

Perrottetia sandwicensis, and Remya

montgomeryi (57 FR 20580; Weller and

Sakai 1999).

The restriction of this species to

virtually inaccessible cliffs suggests that

herbivory by feral goats may have

eliminated it from more accessible

locations. Goat herbivory and habitat

degradation remain the primary threat.

Feral pigs have disturbed vegetation in

the vicinity of these plants. Erosion

caused by feral goats or pigs exacerbates

the potential threat of landslides.

Erigeron karvinskianus and Rubus

argutus are the primary alien plants

threatening Stenogyne campanulata.

The small number of individuals and its

restricted distribution are serious

potential threats to the species. The

limited gene pool may depress

reproductive vigor, or a single

environmental disturbance such as a

landslide could destroy all known

extant individuals (57 FR 20580).

Viola helenae

Viola helenae is a small, unbranched

perennial subshrub with an erect stem

in the violet family (Violaceae). The

hairless leaves are clustered on the

upper part of the plant and are lanceshaped with a pair of narrow,

membranous stipules (leaf-like

structures) below each leaf. The small,

pale lavender or white flowers are

produced on stems either singly or in

pairs in the leaf axils. The fruit is a

capsule that splits open at maturity,

releasing the pale olive brown seeds (St.

John 1989; Wagner et al. 1999).

Little is known about the life history

and ecology of Viola helenae. Wagner et

al. (1999) stated that the flowers are all

chasmogamous (open at maturity for

access by pollinators) and not

cleistogamous (remain closed and selffertilize in the bud) as in certain other

violets. Therefore, it is likely that its

flowers require pollination by insects

for seed set. Mature flowering plants do

produce seed; however, seed viability

may be low and microhabitat

requirements for germination and

growth may be very specific. Seeds

planted at NTBG on Kauai failed to

germinate, although they may not have

been sufficiently mature when collected

and violet seeds are often very slow to

germinate. The seeds are jettisoned

when the capsule splits open, as in most

species of the genus (USFWS 1994).

Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 216 / Tuesday, November 7, 2000 / Proposed Rules 66827

Historically, Viola helenae was

known from four populations, two along

either branch of the Wahiawa Stream on

Kauai (56 FR 47695). Currently, there

are five known populations, with a total

of 137 individual plants, on privately

owned land within the Wahiawa

Drainage (GDSI 1999; HINHP Database

1999; USFWS 1994). This species is

found in Metrosideros polymorphaDicranopteris linearis lowland wet

forest growing on stream banks or

adjacent valley bottoms in light to

moderate shade between 610–855 m

elevation (2,000–2,800 ft) (USFWS 1994;

HINHP Database 1999).

Threats include competition from

alien plant species, including Psidium

cattleianum, Melastoma candidum,

potentially Melaleuca quinquenervia,

Stachytarpheta dichotoma, Rubus

rosaefolius, Elephantopus mollis,

Erechtites valerianefolia, and various

alien grasses; trampling and browsing

damage by feral pigs; landslides and

erosion; and hurricanes (56 FR 47695;

USFWS 1994).

Viola kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis

Viola kauaiensis, a member of the

violet family (Violaceae), is a short-lived

perennial herb with upward curving or

weakly rising, hairless, lateral stems.

The species is distinguished from others

of the genus by its nonwoody habit,

widely spaced kidney-shaped leaves,

and by having two types of flowers:

conspicuous, open flowers and smaller,

unopened flowers. Two varieties of the

species are recognized, both occurring

on Kauai: var. kauaiensis and var.

wahiawaensis. Viola kauaiensis var.

wahiawaensis is distinguished by

having broadly wedge-shaped leaf bases

(USFWS 1998a;Wagner et al. 1999).

Five Viola kauaiensis var.

wahiawaensis plants were observed in

flower in December 1994 (USFWS

1998a). No additional life history

information for this species is currently

available.

Viola kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis is

known only from two populations in the

Wahiawa Mountains of Kauai with a

total of 13 individual plants on State

and privately owned lands (HINHP

Database 1999; GDSI 1999). This taxon

is not known to have occurred beyond

its current range.

Viola kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis is

found in open montane bog or wet

shrubland between 640 and 865 m

(2,100 and 2,840 ft) elevation. It is found

to be associated with Metrosideros

polymorpha, Dicranopteris linearis,

Diplopterygium pinnatum (NCN) and

Syzygium sandwicensis (61 FR 53070;

Lorence and Flynn 1991; USFWS 1998a;

HINHP Database 1999).

The primary threats to Viola

kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis are a risk

of extinction from naturally occurring

events, such as landslides or hurricanes,

and from reduced reproductive vigor

due to the small number of existing

populations and individuals; habitat

degradation through the rooting

activities of feral pigs; and competition

with alien plants, such as Juncus

planifolius (NCN) and Pterolepis

glomerata (NCN) (61 FR 53070; Lorence

and Flynn 1991; USFWS 1994; HINHP

Database 1999).

Wilkesia hobdyi

Wilkesia hobdyi, a member of the

sunflower family (Asteraceae), is a

short-lived perennial shrub which

branches from the base. The tip of each

branch bears a tuft of narrow leaves

growing in whorls joined together into

a short sheathing section at their bases.

The cream-colored flower heads grow in

clusters (St. John 1971; Carr 1982a,

1999b).

This species is probably pollinated

through outcrossing and is probably

self-incompatible. Insects are the most

likely pollinators. In 1982, Carr reported

that reproduction and seedling

establishment were occurring and

appeared sufficient to sustain the

populations. Flowering was observed

most often in the winter months, but

also during June. Fruits may be

dispersed when they stick to the

feathers of birds. Densities reach one

plant per square meter (approximately

one square yard) in localized areas, and

hybridization with Wilkesia

gymnoxiphium may be occurring (Carr

1982a).

First collected in 1968 on Polihale

Ridge, Kauai, this species was not

formally described until 1971 (St. John

1971). Currently, there are seven

populations with a total of 336 to 401

individuals (HINHP Database 1999;

GDSI 1999). This species occurs on

State and privately owned lands and

may occur on or near land Federal land

or land under Federal jurisdiction on

Makaha Ridge and in Kokee State Park

(GDSI 1999). There are populations in

the Puu Ka Pele Forest Reserve, growing

on the north-facing, nearly vertical rock

outcrops near the summits of the

adjacent Polihale and Kaaweiki ridges

(HINHP Database 1999). There are also

plants growing on a cliff face in

Waiahuakua Valley, on the boundary

between the Hono O Na Pali NAR and

the Na Pali Coast State Park,

approximately 16 km (10 mi) northeast

of the other populations (HINHP

Database 1999).

Wilkesia hobdyi grows on coastal dry

cliffs or very dry ridges from 275 to 400

m (900 to 1,310 ft) in elevation. The

associated native vegetation includes

Artemisia sp., Wilkesia gymnoxiphium,

Lipochaeta connata, Lobelia

niihauensis, Peucedanum sandwicense,

Hibiscus kokio ssp. saint johnianus

(kokio), Canthium odoratum, Peperomia

sp., Myoporum sandwicense, Sida

fallax, Waltheria indica (uhaloa),

Dodonaea viscosa, and Eragrostis

variabilis (57 FR 27859; USFWS 1995;

Wagner et al. 1999).

The greatest immediate threats to the

survival of this species are habitat

disturbance and browsing by feral goats.

Although the low number of individuals

and their restricted habitat could be

considered a potential threat to the

survival to the species, the plant

appears to have vigorous reproduction

and may survive indefinitely if goats

were eliminated from its habitat. Fire

and extinction through naturally

occurring events, such as landslides or

hurricanes, could also be threats to the

survival of the species (57 FR 27859;

USFWS 1995).

Xylosma crenatum

Xylosma crenatum is a dioecious

(plant bears only male or female

flowers, and must cross-pollinated with

another plant to produce viable seed)

long-lived perennial tree in the

flacourtia family (Flacourtiaceae). The

tree grows up to 14 m (45 ft) tall and has

dark gray bark. The somewhat leathery

leaves are oval to elliptic-oval, with

coarsely toothed edges and moderately

hairy undersides. More coarsely toothed

leaf edges and hairy undersides of the

leaves distinguish X. crenatum from the

other Hawaiian member of this genus

(Wagner et al. 1999).

Little is known about the life history

of Xylosma crenatum. Flowering cycles,

pollination vectors, seed dispersal

agents, longevity, specific

environmental requirements, and

limiting factors are unknown.

Historically, Xylosma crenatum was

known from two sites on Kauai: along

upper Nualolo Trail in Kuia NAR and

along Mohihi Road between Waiakoali

and Mohihi drainages in Na Pali-Kona

Forest Reserve (57 FR 20580). Currently,

this species is extant on State and

privately owned lands in Honopu

Valley in Kokee State Park; Nawaimaka

Valley in Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve;

and Mahanaloa Valley, and may occur

on or near land under Federal

jurisdiction in the same areas. There are

a total of three populations with eight

individual plants total (USFWS 1995;

HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999).

Xylosma crenatum is known from

diverse Acacia koa-Metrosideros

polymorpha montane wet or mesic

66828 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 216 / Tuesday, November 7, 2000 / Proposed Rules

forests and M. polymorphaDicranopteris linearis montane wet

forests between 975 to 1,065 m (3,200 to

3,490 ft) elevation. The species is

sometimes found along stream banks

and within a planted conifer grove. The

species is associated with

Tetraplasandra kauaiensis, Hedyotis

terminalis, Pleomele aurea, Ilex

anomala, Claoxylon sandwicense,

Myrsine alyxifolia (kolea), Nestegis

sandwicensis, Streblus pendulinus,

Psychotria sp., Diplazium

sandwichianum, Pouteria sandwicensis,

Scaevola procera, Coprosma sp.,

Athyrium sandwichianum, Touchardia

latifolia, Dubautia knudsenii,

Cheirodendron sp., Lobelia yuccoides

(NCN), Cyanea hirta (haha), Poa

sandwicensis, and Diplazium

sandwichianum (57 FR 20580; USFWS

1995; HINHP Database 1999).

The small number of individuals and

scattered distribution makes this species

vulnerable to human or natural

environmental disturbance. Xylosma

crenatum is also threatened by

competition from alien plants,

particularly Psidium guajava. In

addition, feral pigs may threaten this

species (57 FR 20580; USFWS 1995;

HINHP Database 1999).

Multi-Island Species

Adenophorus periens.

Adenophorus periens, a member of

the Grammitis family (Grammitidaceae),

is a small, pendant, epiphytic (not

rooted on the ground) fern. This species

differs from other species in this

endemic Hawaiian genus by having

hairs along the pinna margins, by the

pinnae being at right angles to the

midrib axis, by the placement of the sori

on the pinnae, and the degree of

dissection of each pinna (Linney 1989).

Little is known about the life history

of Adenophorus periens, which seems

to grow only in closed canopy dense

forest with high humidity. Its breeding

system is unknown, but outbreeding is

very likely to be the predominant mode

of reproduction. Spores are dispersed by

wind, possibly by water, and perhaps on

the feet of birds or insects (Linney

1989). Spores lack a thick resistant coat

which may indicate their longevity is

brief, probably measured in days at

most. Due to the weak differences

between the seasons, there seems to be

no evidence of seasonality in growth or

reproduction. Adenophorus periens

appears to be susceptible to volcanic

emissions and/or resultant acid

precipitation (Linney 1989). Additional

information on reproductive cycles,

longevity, specific environmental

requirements, and limiting factors is not

available.

Historically, Adenophorus periens

was reported from Kauai, Oahu, Lanai,

Maui, and Hawaii Island (59 FR 56333;

HINHP Database 1999). Currently, it is

known from several locations on Kauai,

Molokai, and Hawaii (HINHP Database

1999). On Kauai, there is a total of seven

populations on private and State owned

lands, with 84–89 individuals, that

occur on the boundary of Hono O Na

Pali NAR and Na Pali Coast State Park

at the head of Hanakoa drainage; Waioli

Valley; Wainiha Valley; Kealia Forest

Reserve; and in the Wahiawa drainage

(GDSI 1999; HINHP Database 1999).

This species, an epiphyte usually

growing on Metrosideros polymorpha

trunks, is found in M. polymorphaCibotium glaucum lowland wet forest,

open M. polymorpha montane wet

forest, and M. polymorphaDicranopteris linearis lowland wet

forests at elevations between 400 and

1,265 m (1,310 and 4,150 ft) (59 FR

56333). It is found in habitats of welldeveloped, closed canopy providing

deep shade and high humidity (Linney

1989). Associated native species include

Athyrium sandwicensis, Broussaisia

arguta, Cheirodendron trigynum,

Cyanea sp., Cyrtandra sp., Freycinetia

arborea, Hedyotis terminalis, Labordia

hirtella, Machaerina angustifolia,

Psychotria sp., P. hexandra, and

Syzygium sandwicensis (59 FR 56333;

Linney 1989).

The threats to this species on Kauai

include habitat degradation by feral pigs

and goats, and competition with the

alien plant Psidium cattleianum (59 FR

56333; HINHP Database 1999).

Alectryon macrococcus var.

macrococcus

Alectryon macrococcus, a member of

the soapberry family (Sapindaceae),

consists of two varieties, macrococcus

and auwahiensis, both trees with

reddish-brown branches and net-veined

paper- or leather-like leaves with one to

five pairs of sometimes asymmetrical

egg-shaped leaflets. The underside of

the leaf has dense brown hairs,

persistent in A. m. var. auwahiensis, but

only on leaves of young A. m. var.

macrococcus plants. The only member

of its genus found in Hawaii, this

species is distinguished from other

Hawaiian members of its family by

being a tree with a hard fruit 2.5 cm (0.9

in.) or more in diameter (Wagner et al.

1999).

Alectryon macrococcus is a relatively

slow-growing, long-lived tree that grows

in xeric to mesic sites and is adapted to

periodic drought. Little else is known

about the life history of Alectryon

macrococcus. Flowering cycles,

pollination vectors, seed dispersal

agents, longevity, and specific

environmental requirements are

unknown.

Currently, Alectryon macrococcus

var. macrococcus occurs on State owned

land in Waimeae Canyon and in Na Pali

Coast State Park on Kauai. A total of six

populations of 68–83 individuals is

known (GDSI 1999; K. Wood, in litt.

1999). This variety is also found on

Oahu, Molokai, and West Maui. (57 FR

20772). Alectryon macrococcus var.

auwahiensis is found only on leeward

east Maui and will be reviewed further

in a subsequent rule (Medeiros et al.

1986; HINHP Database 1999).

The habitat of Alectryon macrococcus

var. macrococcus on Kauai is Diospyros

sp.-Metrosideros polymorpha lowland

mesic forest, M. polymorpha mixed

mesic forest, and Diospyros sp. mixed

mesic forest on dry slopes or in gulches,

between elevations of 360–1,070 m

(1,180–3,510 ft) (57 FR 20772; Wagner et

al. 1999). Associated native plants

include Psychotria sp., Pisonia sp.,

Xylosma sp., Streblus pendulinus,

Hibiscus sp., Antidesma sp., Pleomele

sp., Acacia koa, Melicope knudsenii,

Hibiscus waimeae, Pteralyxia sp.,

Zanthoxylum sp., Kokia kauaiensis,

Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Nestegis

sandwicensis, Myrsine lanaiensis,

Canthium odoratum, Canavalia sp.

(awikiwiki), Alyxia olivaeformis,

Nesoluma polynesicum, Munroidendron

racemosum, Caesalpinia kauaiensis,

Tetraplasandra sp., Pouteria

sandwicensis, and Bobea timonioides

(57 FR 20772; HINHP Database 1999).

Alectryon macrococcus var.

macrococcus on Kauai is threatened by

feral goats and pigs; the alien plant

species Melinis minutiflora, Schinus

terebinthifolius (Christmasberry), and

Psidium cattleianum; damage from the

black twig borer; seed predation by rats

and mice (Mus domesticus); fire;

depressed reproductive vigor; seed

predation by insects (probably the

endemic microlepidopteran Prays cf.

fulvocanella); loss of pollinators; and,

due to the very small remaining number

of individuals and their limited

distribution, natural or human-caused

environmental disturbances which

could easily be catastrophic (57 FR

20772).

Bonamia menziesii

Bonamia menziesii, a member of the

morning-glory family (Convolvulaceae),

is a vine with twining branches that are

fuzzy when young. This species is the

only member of the genus that is

endemic to the Hawaiian Islands and

differs from other genera in the family

by its two styles, longer stems and

Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 216 / Tuesday, November 7, 2000 / Proposed Rules 66829

petioles, and rounder leaves (Austin

1999).

Little is known about the life history

of this plant. Reproductive cycles,

longevity, specific environmental

requirements, and limiting factors are

unknown.

Historically, Bonamia menziesii was

known from the following general areas:

scattered locations on Kauai, the

Waianae Mountains of Oahu, scattered

locations on Molokai, one location on

West Maui, and eastern Hawaii (HINHP

Database 1999). Currently, it is known

from Kauai, Oahu, Lanai, Maui, and

Hawaii. On Kauai, there are seven total

populations with 37 individuals on

State and privately owned lands in

Kalalau Valley; scattered across the

north coast from Paaiki Valley to Milolii

Ridge; in Kawaiula Valley; in Haiku; in

Hipalau Valley; in Mount Kahili; on

Hono O Na Pali NAR; and in Wahiawa

drainage. However, it has been

estimated that the total number of

populations and individuals on Kauai

may be as high as a dozen populations

with thousands of individuals (HINHP

Database 1999; GDSI 1999; USFWS

1999; K. Wood, in litt. 1999).

Bonamia menziesii is found in dry,

wet, or mesic forest at elevations

between 150 and 850 m (500 and 2,800

ft) (59 FR 56333; Austin 1999).

Associated species include Metrosideros

polymorpha, Canthium odoratum,

Dianella sandwicensis, Diospyros

sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa,

Hedyotis terminalis, Melicope anisata,

M. barbigera, Myoporum sandwicense,

Nestegis sandwicense, Pisonia sp.,

Pittosporum sp., Pouteria sandwicensis,

and Sapindus oahuensis (HINHP

Database 1999; USFWS 1999).

The primary threats to this species on

Kauai include habitat degradation and

possible predation by feral pigs and

goats, deer, and cattle; competition with

a variety of alien plants; and fire (59 FR

56333).

Centaurium sebaeoides

Centaurium sebaeoides, a member of

the gentian family (Gentianaceae), is an

annual herb with fleshy leaves and

stalkless flowers. This species is

distinguished from C. erythraea (bitter

herb), which is naturalized in Hawaii,

by its fleshy leaves and the unbranched

arrangement of the flower cluster

(Wagner et al. 1999).

Centaurium sebaeoides has been

observed flowering in April. It is

possible that heavy rainfall induces

flowering. Populations are found in dry

areas, and plants are more likely to be

found following heavy rains (USFWS

1999).

Historically and currently,

Centaurium sebaeoides is known from

scattered localities on the islands of

Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, and Maui

(HINHP Database 1999). Currently on

Kauai, there are a total of three

populations with 22–52 individuals on

State owned land (HINHP Database

1999; GDSI 1999). This species is found

at Kalalau Beach, seacliffs at Pohakuao,

and Awaawapuhi Valley (HINHP

Database 1999).

Centaurium sebaeoides typically

grows in volcanic or clay soils or on

cliffs in arid coastal areas below 250 m

(820 ft) elevation (56 FR 55770; Wagner

et al. 1999). Associated species include

Artemisia sp., Bidens sp., Chamaesyce

celastroides, Dodonaea viscosa,

Fimbristylis cymosa (mau u aki aki),

Heteropogon contortus, Jaquemontia

ovalifolia (pa uohi iaka), Lipochaeta

succulenta, L. heterophylla (nehe), L.

integrifolia (nehe), Lycium sandwicense,

Lysimachia mauritiana (kolokolo

kuahiwi), Mariscus phloides, Panicum

fauriei (NCN), P. torridum

(kakonakona), Scaevola sericea,

Schiedea globosa (NCN), Sida fallax,

and Wikstroemia uva-ursi (akia) (56 FR

55770; Medeiros et al. 1999).

The major threats to this species on

Kauai include habitat degradation by

feral goats and cattle; competition from

the alien plant species Casuarina

equisetfolia (paina), Casuarina glauca

(saltmarsh), Leucaena leucocephala,

Prosopis pallida (kiawe), Schinus

terebinthifolius, Syzygium cumini (Java

plum), and Tournefortia argentea (tree

heliotrope); trampling by humans on or

near trails; and fire (56 FR 55770;

Medeiros et al. 1999; USFWS 1999).

Cyperus trachysanthos

Cyperus trachysanthos, a member of

the sedge family (Cyperaceae), is a

perennial grass-like plant with a short

rhizome. The culms are densely tufted,

obtusely triangular in cross section, tall,

sticky, and leafy at the base. This

species is distinguished from others in

the genus by the short rhizome, the leaf

sheath with partitions at the nodes, the

shape of the glumes, and the length of

the culms (Koyama 1999).

Little is known about the life history

of this species. Reproductive cycles,

longevity, specific environmental

requirements, and limiting factors are

unknown.

Historically, Cyperus trachysanthos

was known on Niihau, Kauai, scattered

locations on Oahu, Molokai, and Lanai

(HINHP Database 1999). It is no longer

extant on Molokai and Lanai. Currently,

this species is reported from the Nualolo

Valley on Kauai and west of Mokouia

Valley on Niihau. There are two known

populations, with about 300 individuals

on the island of Kauai and an unknown

number of individuals on Niihau

(HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999).

Cyperus trachysanthos is usually

found in wet sites (mud flats, wet clay

soil, or wet cliff seeps) on coastal cliffs

or talus slopes at elevations between 3

and 160 m (10 and 525 ft). Hibiscus

tiliaceus (hau) is often found in

association with this species (61 FR

53108; Koyama 1999).

On Kauai, the threats to this species

are a risk of extinction from naturally

occurring events, such as landslides or

hurricanes, due to the small number of

populations. The threats on Niihau are

unknown (61 FR 53108; USFWS 1999).

Delissea undulata ssp. kauaiensis

Delissea undulata, a member of the

bell flower family (Campanulaceae), is

an unbranched, palm-like, woodystemmed perennial tree, with a dense

cluster of leaves at the tip of the stem.

One or two knob-like structures often

occur on the back of the flower tube.

The three recognized subspecies are

distinguishable on the basis of leaf

shape and margin characters: D.

undulata ssp. kauaiensis, leaf blades are

oval and have a flat-margin with sharp

teeth; D. undulata ssp. niihauensis, leaf

blades are heart shaped and have a flatmargin with shallow, rounded teeth;

and D. undulata ssp. undulata, leaf

blades are elliptic to lance-shaped and

wavy-margin with small, sharply

pointed teeth. This species is separated

from the other closely related members

of the genus by its large flowers and

berries and broad leaf bases (Lammers

1999).

On the island of Hawaii, Delissea

undulata ssp. undulata was observed in

flower and fruit (immature) in August

and outplanted individuals were

observed in flower in July (61 FR

53124). No other life history information

is currently available for any of the three

varieties.

Historically and currently, Delissea

undulata ssp. kauaiensis is known only

from Kauai. Currently, there is one

known population of five individuals on

state owned land in the Kuia NAR

(GDSI 1999; HINHP Database 1999; K.

Wood, in litt. 1999). Delissea undulata

ssp. niihauensis was known only from

Niihau, but is now considered extinct

(HINHP Database 1999; Lammers 1999).

Delissea undulata ssp. undulata was

known from southwestern Maui and

western Hawaii. Currently, this variety

occurs only on the island of Hawaii (61

FR 53124; HINHP Database 1999).

Delissea undulata ssp. kauaiensis

occurs in open dry or mesic Sophora

chrysophylla (mamane) and

66830 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 216 / Tuesday, November 7, 2000 / Proposed Rules

Metrosideros polymorpha forest at

elevations of about 610–1,740 m (2,000–

5,700 ft). Associated native species

include Diospyros sandwicensis,

Dodonaea viscosa, Psychotria

mariniana, P. greenwelliae, Santalum

ellipticum (iliahialo e), Nothocestrum

breviflorum (aiea), and Acacia koa

(Lammers 1999).

The threats to this subspecies on

Kauai are feral goats, pigs, and cattle;

small population size; competition with

the alien plants Passiflora mollissima

and Senecio mikanioides (German ivy);

fire; introduced slugs; seed predation by

rats and introduced game birds; and a

risk of extinction due to random

naturally occurring events, such as

landslides or hurricanes (USFWS 1996).

Euphorbia haeleeleana

Euphorbia haeleeleana, a member of

the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae), is a

dioecious tree with alternate papery

leaves. This short-lived perennial

species is distinguished from others in

the genus in that it is a tree, whereas

most of the other species are herbs or

shrubs, as well as by the large leaves

with prominent veins (Wagner et al.

1999).

Individual trees of Euphorbia

haeleeleana bear only male or female

flowers, and must be cross-pollinated

from a different tree to produce viable

seed. Euphorbia haeleeleana sets fruit

between August and October (Wagner et

al. 1999; USFWS 1999). Little else is

known about the life history of this

species. Reproductive cycles, longevity,

specific environmental requirements,

and limiting factors are unknown.

Euphorbia haeleeleana is known

historically and currently from

northwestern Kauai and the Waianae

Mountains of Oahu (61 FR 53108;

USFWS 1999; HINHP Database 1999; K.

Wood, in litt. 1999). On Kauai, there is

a total of 14 populations with 522–593

individuals occurring on State and

privately owned lands (HINHP Database

1999; GDSI 1999; K. Wood, in litt. 1999).

It is found on valley slopes and cliffs

along Kauai’s northwestern coast from

Pohakuao to Haeleele Valley and

Hipalau Valley within Waimeae

Canyon, including Kuia NAR and the

Na Pali Coast State Park (HINHP

Database 1999; K. Wood, in litt. 1999).

Euphorbia haeleeleana is usually

found in lowland mixed mesic or dry

forest that is often dominated by

Metrosideros polymorpha, Acacia koa,

or Diospyros sp. This plant is typically

found at elevations between 205 and

670 m (680 and 2,200 ft), but a few

populations have been found up to 870

m (2,860 ft). Associated plants include

Acacia koaia (koaia), Antidesma

platyphyllum, Carex meyenii, Carex

wahuensis, Claoxylon sp., Diplazium

sandwichianum, Dodonaea viscosa,

Erythrina sandwicensis (wiliwili), Kokia

kauaiensis, Pisonia sandwicensis,

Pleomele aurea, Pouteria sandwicensis,

Psychotria mariniana, P. greenwelliae,

Pteralyxia sandwicensis, Rauvolfia

sandwicensis, Reynoldsia sandwicensis

(ohe), Sapindus oahuensis,

Tetraplasandra kauaiensis, and

Xylosma sp. (61 FR 53108).

Threats to this species on Kauai

include habitat degradation and/or

destruction by deer, feral goats, and

pigs; seed predation by rats; fire; and

competition with alien plants (61 FR

53108; USFWS 1999).

Flueggea neowawraea

Flueggea neowawraea, a member of

the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae), is a

large dioecious tree with white oblong

pores covering its scaly, pale brown

bark. This long-lived perennial species

is the only member of the genus found

in Hawaii and can be distinguished

from other species in the genus by its

large size, scaly bark, the shape, size,

and color of the leaves, flowers

clustered along the branches, and the

size and shape of the fruits (Linney

1982; Neal 1965; Hayden 1999; USFWS

1999).

Individual trees of Flueggea

neowawraea bear only male or female

flowers, and must be cross-pollinated

from a different tree to produce viable

seed (Hayden 1999). Little else is known

about the life history of this species.

Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific

environmental requirements, and

limiting factors are unknown.

Historically, Flueggea neowawraea

was known from Kauai, Oahu, Maui,

Molokai, and Hawaii Island (Hayden

1999; HINHP Database 1999). Currently,

it is known from Kauai, Oahu, east

Maui, and Hawaii. On Kauai, this

species is reported from Limahuli

Valley, Kalalau, Pohakuao, and the

Koaie and Poomau branches of Waimeae

Canyon. There is a total of nine

populations with 56 individuals

occurring on State and privately owned

lands. However, it has been estimated

that the total number of individuals may

be slightly over 100 (HINHP Database

1999; GDSI 1999; USFWS 1999; K.

Wood, in litt. 1999).

Flueggea neowawraea occurs in dry or

mesic forests at elevations of 250 to

1,000 m (820 to 3,280 ft) (Hayden 1999).

Associated native plant species include

Alectryon macrococcus, Bobea

timonioides, Charpentiera sp.,

Caesalpinia kauaiense, Hibiscus sp.,

Melicope sp., Myrsine lanaiensis,

Metrosideros polymorpha,

Munroidendron racemosum,

Tetraplasandra sp., Kokia kauaiensis,

Isodendrion sp., Pteralyxia kauaiensis,

Psychotria mariniana, Diplazium

sandwichianum, Freycinetia arborea,

Nesoluma polynesicum, Diospyros sp.,

Antidesma pulvinatum (hame), A.

platyphyllum, Canthium odoratum,

Nestegis sandwicensis, Rauvolfia

sandwicensis, Pittosporum sp.,

Tetraplasandra sp., Pouteria

sandwicensis, Xylosma sp., Pritchardia

sp., Bidens sp., and Streblus pendulinus

(59 FR 56333; HINHP Database 1999;

USFWS 1999).

The threats to this species on Kauai

include the black twig borer; habitat

degradation by feral pigs, goats, deer,

and cattle; competition with alien plant

species; fire; small population size;

depressed reproductive vigor; and a

potential threat of predation on the fruit

by rats (59 FR 56333; HINHP Database

1999; USFWS 1999).

Gouania meyenii

Gouania meyenii, a member of the

buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae), is a

shrub with entire, papery leaves. This

short-lived perennial species is

distinguished from the two other

Hawaiian species of Gouania by its lack

of tendrils on the flowering branches,

the absence of teeth on the leaves, and

the lack or small amount of hair on the

fruit (Wagner et al. 1999).

Gouania meyenii flowers from March

to May. Seed capsules develop in about

6 to 8 weeks. Plants appear to live about

10 to 18 years in the wild (USFWS

1998b). No other information exists on

specific environmental requirements or

limiting factors.

Historically, Gouania meyenii was

known only from Oahu (HINHP

Database 1999; Wagner et al. 1999).

Currently, this species is found on Oahu

and two locations on State and privately

owned lands on Kauai: the Na Pali-Kona

Forest Reserve and in Koaie Canyon.

There is a total of three populations

with nine individuals (56 FR 55770;

GDSI 1999; HINHP Database 1999).

This species typically grows on rocky

ledges, cliff faces, and ridge-tops in dry

shrubland or Metrosideros polymorpha

lowland mesic forest at elevations

between 490 to 880 m (1,600 to 2,880 ft)

(56 FR 55770; HINHP Database 1999;

Wagner et al. 1999). Associated plants

include Dodonaea viscosa, Chamaesyce

sp., Psychotria sp., Hedyotis sp.,

Melicope sp., Nestegis sandwicensis,

Bidens sp., Carex meyenii, Diospyros

sp., Lysimachia sp., and Senna

gaudichaudii (kolomona) (56 FR 55770;

HINHP Database 1999).

Threats to Gouania meyenii on Kauai

include competition from the alien

Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 216 / Tuesday, November 7, 2000 / Proposed Rules 66831

plants Schinus terebinthifolius, Melinis

minutiflora, and Psidium cattleianum;

fire; habitat degradation by feral pigs

and goats; and the small number of

extant populations and individuals (56

FR 55770; USFWS 1998b).

Hedyotis cookiana

Hedyotis cookiana, a member of the

coffee family (Rubiaceae), is a small

shrub with many branches and paperytextured leaves which are fused at the

base to form a sheath around the stem.

This short-lived perennial species is

distinguished from other species in the

genus that grow on Kauai by being

entirely hairless (Wagner et al. 1999).

Little is known about the life history

of Hedyotis cookiana. Flowering cycles,

pollination vectors, seed dispersal

agents, longevity, specific

environmental requirements, and

limiting factors are unknown.

Historically, Hedyotis cookiana was

known from the islands of Hawaii,

Kauai, Molokai, and Oahu (HINHP

Database 1999). Currently, it is only

known from one population of 60–80

individuals on State land within Hono

O Na Pali NAR in Waiahuakua Valley

on Kauai (GDSI 1999; HINHP Database

1999).

This species generally grows in

streambeds or on steep cliffs close to

water sources in lowland wet forest

communities (59 FR 9304). Hedyotis

cookiana is believed to have formerly

been much more widespread on several

of the main Hawaiian Islands at

elevations between 170 and 370 m (560

and 1,210 ft) (Wagner et al. 1999).

The threats to this species on Kauai

are risk of extinction from naturally

occurring events, such as landslides or

hurricanes, and/or reduced reproductive

vigor due to the small number of

individuals in the only known

population; flooding; competition with

alien plants; and habitat modification by

feral pigs and goats (59 FR 9304;

USFWS 1995; HINHP Database 1999).

Isodendrion laurifolium

Isodendrion laurifolium, a member of

the violet family (Violaceae), is a

slender, straight shrub with few

branches. The short-lived perennial

species is distinguished from others in

the genus by its leathery, oblong-elliptic

or narrowly elliptic lance-shaped leaves

(Wagner et al. 1999).

Little is known about the life history

of this plant. Reproductive cycles,

longevity, specific environmental

requirements, and limiting factors are

unknown.

Historically, Isodendrion laurifolium

is known from scattered locations on

Kauai and Oahu (HINHP Database

1999). Currently, this species is found

on Kauai in the following locations:

Paaiki, Kawaiula, Haeleele, Makaha,

Poopooiki, and Kuia Valleys (including

Kuia NAR), and the Koaie branch of

Waimeae Canyon (GDSI 1999; HINHP

Database 1999). There are a total of eight

populations with 132–143 individuals,

on State-owned land (HINHP Database

1999; GDSI 1999; USFWS 1999).

Isodendrion laurifolium is usually

found between 490 and 820 m (1,600

and 2,700 ft) in elevation in diverse

mesic forest, or rarely wet forest,

dominated by Metrosideros

polymorpha, Acacia koa or Diospyros

sp. with Kokia kauaiensis, Streblus sp.,

Elaeocarpus bifidus, Canthium

odoratum, Antidesma sp., Xylosma

hawaiiense, Hedyotis terminalis,

Pisonia sp., Nestegis sandwicensis,

Dodonaea viscosa, Euphorbia

haeleeleana, Pleomele sp., Pittosporum

sp., Melicope sp., Claoxylon

sandwicense, Alphitonia ponderosa,

Myrsine lanaiensis, and Pouteria

sandwicensis (HINHP Database 1999).

The primary threats to Isodendrion

laurifolium on Kauai are habitat

degradation by feral goats, pigs and

deer, and competition with alien plants

(61 FR 53108; HINHP Database 1999;

USFWS 1999).

Isodendrion longifolium

Isodendrion longifolium, a member of

the violet family (Violaceae), is a

slender, straight shrub. Hairless,

leathery, lance-shaped leaves

distinguish this species from others in

the genus (Wagner et al. 1999).

Little is known about the life history

of this short-lived perennial species.

Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific

environmental requirements, and

limiting factors are unknown.

Historically and currently,

Isodendrion longifolium is known from

scattered locations on Kauai and Oahu

(61 FR 53108; Lorence and Flynn 1991,

1993; HINHP Database 1999; USFWS

1999). On Kauai, this species is reported

from Limahuli Valley, Mt. Kahili,

Hanakapiai-Hoolulu Ridge, near Peapea,

east of Haupu Peak, Wainiha-Manoa

drainage, Hanapepe drainage, Kawaiula

Valley, Kalalau Valley, Wahiawa

Mountains, upper Waioli Valley, and

Honopu. There is a total of 16

populations containing between 472–

522 individual plants on State and

privately owned lands. This species

may also occur on or near land under

Federal jurisdiction in Kokee State Park

(HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999).

Isodendrion longifolium is found on

steep slopes, gulches, and stream banks

in mixed mesic or wet Metrosideros

polymorpha forest, usually between 410

and 760 m (1,345 and 2,500 ft) elevation

(61 FR 53108). Associated plants

include Dicranopteris linearis, Eugenia

sp., Diospyros sp., Pritchardia sp.,

Canthium odoratum, Melicope sp.,

Cheirodendron sp., Ilex anomala,

Pipturus sp., Hedyotis fluviatilis

(kamapua a), Peperomia sp., Bidens sp.,

Nestegis sandwicensis, Syzygium

sandwicensis, Cibotium sp., Bobea

brevipes, Antidesma sp., Cyanea hardyi,

Cyrtandra sp., Hedyotis terminalis,

Peperomia sp., Perrottetia sandwicensis,

Pittosporum sp., and Psychotria sp. (61

FR 53108; Lorence and Flynn 1993;

HINHP Database 1999; USFWS 1999).

The major threats to Isodendrion

longifolium on Kauai are habitat

degradation or destruction by feral goats

and pigs, and competition with various

alien plants (61 FR 53108; Lorence and

Flynn 1993; HINHP Database 1999;

USFWS 1999).

Lobelia niihauensis

Lobelia niihauensis, a member of the

bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a

small, branched shrub. This short-lived

perennial species is distinguished from

others in the genus by lacking or nearly

lacking leaf stalks, the magenta-colored

flowers, the width of the leaf, and length

of the flowers (Rock 1919, Lammers

1999).

Lobelia niihauensis flowers in late

summer and early fall. Fruits mature a

month to six weeks later. Plants are

known to live as long as 20 years

(USFWS 1998b).

Historically, Lobelia niihauensis was

known from Oahu, Niihau, and western

(Limahuli Valley to near the Hanapepe

River) and eastern (Nounou Mountain

and the Haupu Range) Kauai (HINHP

Database 1999). It is now known to be

extant only on Kauai and Oahu (HINHP

Database 1999). On Kauai, 12

populations containing 456–1,406

individuals can be found on State and

privately owned lands in Waimeae

Canyon, on Polihale Ridge, along the Na

Pali Coast, and in the Haupu Range

(USFWS 1998b; HINHP Database 1999;

GDSI 1999).

Lobelia niihauensis typically grows

on exposed, mesic shrubland or coastal

dry cliffs at elevation of 100 to 830 m

(330 to 2720 ft) (HINHP Database 1999,

Lammers 1999). Associated native

plants include Eragrostis sp., Bidens sp.,

Plectranthus parviflorus, Lipochaeta sp.,

Lythrum sp., Wilkesia hobdyi, Hibiscus

kokio ssp. saint johnianus,

Nototrichium sp., Schiedea

apokremnos, Chamaesyce celastroides,

Charpentiera sp., and Artemisia sp.

(HINHP Database 1999; USFWS 1998b).

On Kauai, the major threats to this

species are habitat degradation and

66832 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 216 / Tuesday, November 7, 2000 / Proposed Rules

browsing by feral goats and competition

from alien plants (56 FR 55770).

Lysimachia filifolia

Lysimachia filifolia, a member of the

primrose family (Primulaceae), is a

small shrub. This short-lived perennial

species is distinguished from other taxa

of the genus by its leaf shape and width,

calyx lobe shape, and corolla length

(Wagner et al. 1999).

Little is known about the life history

of Lysimachia filifolia. Flowering cycles,

pollination vectors, seed dispersal

agents, longevity, specific

environmental requirements, and

limiting factors are unknown.

Historically, Lysimachia filifolia was

known only from the upper portion of

Olokele Valley on Kauai. This species is

now also known from Oahu, and the

‘‘blue hole’’ area of Waialeale, Kauai

(USFWS 1995; HINHP Database 1999).

There is currently one population

containing a total of 20–75 individuals

on State owned land on Kauai (USFWS

1995; HINHP Database 1999; GDSI

1999).

This species typically grows on mossy

banks at the base of cliff faces within the

spray zone of waterfalls or along streams

in lowland wet forests at elevations of

245 to 680 m (800 to 2,230 ft).

Associated plants include mosses, ferns,

liverworts, Machaerina sp.,

Heteropogon contortus, and Melicope

sp. (59 FR 9304; USFWS 1995; HINHP

Database 1999; Wagner et al. 1999).

The major threats to Lysimachia

filifolia on Kauai include competition

with alien plant species; feral pigs; and

the risk of extinction on Kauai from

naturally occurring events (e.g.,

landslides and hurricanes), due to the

small number of individuals in the only

known population (59 FR 9304; HINHP

Database 1999).

Melicope knudsenii

Melicope knudsenii, a member of the

citrus family (Rutaceae), is a tree with

smooth gray bark and yellowish brown

to olive-brown hairs on the tips of the

branches. The long-lived perennial

species is distinguished from M.

haupuensis and other members of the

genus by the distinct carpels present in

the fruit, a hairless endocarp, a larger

number of flowers per cluster, and the

distribution of hairs on the underside of

the leaves (Stone et al. 1999).

Little is known about the life history

of Melicope knudsenii. Flowering

cycles, pollination vectors, seed

dispersal agents, longevity, specific

environmental requirements, and

limiting factors are unknown.

Historically and currently, Melicope

knudsenii is known from Maui and

Kauai (59 FR 9304; USFWS 1995;

HINHP Database 1999). On Kauai, this

species is known from five populations

on State owned land, with a total of six

individuals, in the Koaie drainage of

Waimeae Canyon and the upper Kuia

Valley (USFWS 1995; GDSI 1999;

HINHP Database 1999; K. Wood, in litt.

1999).

Melicope knudsenii grows on forested

flats or talus slopes in lowland dry to

montane mesic forests at elevations of

about 450 to 1,000 m (1,480 to 3,280 ft)

with Dodonaea viscosa, Antidesma sp.,

Metrosideros polymorpha, Hibiscus sp.,

Myrsine lanaiensis, Diospyros sp.,

Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Bobea sp.,

Nestegis sandwicensis, Hedyotis sp.,

Melicope sp., Psychotria sp., or

Pittosporum kauaiensis and Xylosma

sp. (USFWS 1995; HINHP Database

1999; Stone et al. 1999).

The major threats to Melicope

knudsenii on Kauai include competition

with the alien plant, Lantana camara;

habitat degradation by feral goats and

pigs; fire; black twig borer; and the risk

of extinction on Kauai from naturally

occurring events, such as landslides or

hurricanes, and/or reduced reproductive

vigor due to the small number of

existing individuals and populations (59

FR 9304; USFWS 1995).

Melicope pallida

Melicope pallida, a member of the

citrus family (Rutaceae), is a tree with

grayish white hairs and black, resinous

new growth. The long-lived perennial

species differs from M. haupuensis, M.

knudsenii, and other members of the

genus by presence of resinous new

growth, leaves folded in clusters of

three, and fruits with separate carpels

(Stone et al. 1999).

Little is known about the life history

of Melicope pallida. Flowering cycles,

pollination vectors, seed dispersal

agents, longevity, specific

environmental requirements, and

limiting factors are unknown.

Historically and currently, Melicope

pallida is known from Oahu and Kauai

(USFWS 1995; HINHP Database 1999;

D.W. Mathias, U.S. Navy in litt. 1999).

On Kauai, the species is currently

known in the following locations:

Kalalau Valley and rim, Limahuli

Valley, Koaie Stream in Waimeae

Canyon, Pohakuao Valley, and

Awaawapuhi Valley to Honopu Valley

(59 FR 9304; K. Wood, in litt. 1999;

HINHP Database 1999). There is a total

of five populations with 181 individuals

on State owned land (USFWS 1995;

HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999; K.

Wood, in litt. 1999), although the status

of the one individual in Limahuli Valley

is unknown (USFWS 1995).

Melicope pallida usually grows on

steep rock faces in lowland to montane

mesic to wet forests or shrubland at an

elevation 490 to 915 m (1,600 to 3,000

ft) (59 FR 9304; Lorence and Flynn

1991; Stone et al. 1999). Associated

plant taxa include Dodonaea viscosa,

Lepidium serra, Pleomele sp.,

Boehmeria grandis, Coprosma sp.,

Hedyotis terminalis, Melicope sp.,

Pouteria sandwicensis, Poa mannii,

Schiedea membranacea, Psychotria

mariniana, Dianella sandwicensis,

Pritchardia minor, Chamaesyce

celastroides var. hanapepensis,

Nototrichium sp., Carex meyenii,

Artemisia sp., Abutilon sandwicense,

Alyxia olivaeformis, Dryopteris

unidentata (kumunui), Metrosideros

polymorpha, Pipturus albidus (mamaki),

Sapindus oahuensis, Tetraplasandra

sp., and Xylosma hawaiiense (59 FR

9304; USFWS 1995; HINHP Database

1999).

The major threats to Melicope pallida

are habitat destruction by feral goats and

pigs; the black twig borer; fire;

susceptibility to extinction from

naturally occurring events, such as

landslides or hurricanes, and/or

reduced reproductive vigor due to the

small number of existing populations;

and competition with alien plant taxa

(59 FR 9304; Hara and Beardsley 1979;

Medeiros et al. 1986; USFWS 1995;

HINHP Database 1999).

Peucedanum sandwicense

Peucedanum sandwicense, a member

of the parsley family (Apiaceae), is a

parsley-scented, sprawling herb. Hollow

stems arise from a short, vertical stem

with several fleshy roots. This shortlived perennial species is the only

member of the genus in the Hawaiian

Islands, one of three genera of the family

with taxa endemic to the island of

Kauai. This species differs from the

other Kauai members of the parsley

family in having larger fruit and

pinnately compound leaves with broad

leaflets (Constance and Affolter 1999).

Little is known about the life history

of Peucedanum sandwicense. Flowering

cycles, pollination vectors, seed

dispersal agents, longevity, specific

environmental requirements, and

limiting factors are unknown.

Historically and currently,

Peucedanum sandwicense is known

from Molokai, Maui, and Kauai (HINHP

Database 1999). Discoveries in 1990

extended the known distribution of this

species to the Waianae Mountains on

the island of Oahu (59 FR 9304).

Additionally, a population is known

from State-owned Keopuka Rock, an

islet off the coast of Maui. On Kauai,

there are a total of 14 populations on

Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 216 / Tuesday, November 7, 2000 / Proposed Rules 66833

State and privately owned lands,

containing between 238–339

individuals, in Kuia NAR, on the

boundary of Na Pali Coast State Park

and Hono O Na Pali NAR between

Hanakapiai and Hoolulu Valleys, the

mouth of the Hanakapiai Stream, in

Waiahuakua Valley, Hoolulu Valley,

Limahuli Valley, Waimeae Canyon,

Kalalau trail, Kaaalahina Ridge,

Hanakoa Valley, Haupu, Mahanaloa

Valley, and Pohakuao (USFWS 1995;

HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999; K.

Wood, in litt. 1999).

This species grows in mixed shrub

coastal dry cliff communities or diverse

mesic forest from sea level to above 915

m (3,000 ft). It is associated with

Hibiscus kokio, Brighamia insignis,

Bidens sp., Artemisia sp., Lobelia

niihauensis, Wilkesia gymnoxiphium,

Canthium odoratum, Dodonaea viscosa,

Psychotria sp., Acacia koa, Kokio

kauaiensis, Carex meyenii, Panicum

lineale, Chamaesyce celastroides,

Eragrostis sp., Diospyros sp., and

Metrosideros polymorpha (59 FR 9304;

Constance and Affolter 1999; HINHP

Database 1999).

The major threats to Peucedanum

sandwicense on Kauai include

competition with introduced plants;

habitat degradation and browsing by

feral goats and deer; and trampling and

trail clearing (Hanakapiai population)

(59 FR 9304; USFWS 1995; HINHP

Database 1999).

Plantago princeps

Plantago princeps, a member of the

plantain family (Plantaginaceae), is a

small shrub or robust perennial herb.

This short-lived perennial species

differs from other native members of the

genus in Hawaii by its large branched

stems, flowers at nearly right angles to

the axis of the flower cluster, and fruits

that break open at a point two-thirds

from the base. The four varieties,

anomala, laxiflora, longibracteata, and

princeps, are distinguished by the

branching and pubescence of the stems;

the size, pubescence, and venation of

the leaves; the density of the

inflorescence; and the orientation of the

flowers (Wagner et al. 1999).

Little is known about the life history

of this plant. Reproductive cycles,

longevity, specific environmental

requirements, and limiting factors are

generally unknown. However,

individuals have been observed in fruit

from April through September (USFWS

1999).

Historically, Plantago princeps was

found on the islands of Hawaii, Kauai,

Maui, Molokai, and Oahu. It no longer

occurs on the island of Hawaii. Two

varieties of the species, totaling seven

populations, with 500–572 individuals,

are extant on the island of Kauai, on

both State and privately owned lands

(HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999).

Historically on Kauai, Plantago princeps

var. anomala was reported from a ridge

west of Hanapepe River. Currently, this

variety is found on Mt. Kahili, upper

Pohakuao (near Puu Ki), and from the

south rim and upper reaches of Kalalau

Valley. Plantago princeps var.

longibracteata was historically known

from Hanalei, the Wahiawa Mountains,

and Hanapepe Falls. Currently,

populations are known from

Namolokama, Iliiliula drainage,

Wainiha Valley, Waioli Valley, and

Waialeale (59 FR 56333; GDSI 1999;

HINHP Database 1999; USFWS 1999).

Plantago princeps is typically found

on steep slopes, rock walls, or at bases

of waterfalls in mesic to wet

Metrosideros polymorpha forest from

480 to about 1,100 m (1,575 to 3,610 ft)

in elevation (Wagner et al. 1999).

Associated plant species include

Dodonaea viscosa, Psychotria sp.,

Dicranopteris linearis, Cyanea sp.,

Hedyotis sp., Melicope sp., Xylosma sp.,

Pleomele sp., Machaerina angustifolia,

Athyrium sp., Bidens sp., Eragrostis sp.,

Lysimachia filifolia, Pipturus sp.,

Cyrtandra sp., and Dubautia

plantaginea, as well as Exocarpos

luteolus, Poa siphonoglossa,

Nothocestrum peltatum, Remya

montgomeryi, and Stenogyne

campanulata, and the threatened

Myrsine linearifolia (HINHP Database

1999; USFWS 1999).

The primary threats to Plantago

princeps on Kauai are herbivory and

habitat degradation by feral pigs and

goats, and competition with various

alien plant species. Ungulate herbivory

is especially severe, with numerous

observations of P. princeps individuals

exhibiting browse damage (61 FR 53108;

USFWS 1999).

Platanthera holochila

Platanthera holochila, a member of

the orchid family (Orchidaceae), is an

erect, deciduous herb. The stems arise

from underground tubers, the pale green

leaves are lance to egg-shaped, and the

greenish-yellow flowers occur in open

spikes. This short-lived perennial is the

only species of this genus that occurs in

the Hawaiian Islands (Wagner et al.

1999).

Little is known about the life history

of this plant. Reproductive cycles,

longevity, specific environmental

requirements, and limiting factors are

unknown.

Historically, Platanthera holochila

was known from the Alakai Swamp,

Kaholuamano area, and the Wahiawa

Mountains on Kauai, and scattered

locations on Oahu, Molokai, and Maui

(HINHP Database 1999). Currently, P.

holochila is extant on Kauai, Molokai,

and Maui (HINHP Database 1999). On

Kauai, there are one to two populations

with nine individuals reported on State

and privately owned lands in the Alakai

Swamp (HINHP Database 1999; GDSI

1999).

Platanthera holochila is found in

montane Metrosideros polymorphaDicranopteris linearis montane wet

forest or M. polymorpha mixed bog

between 1,050 and 1,600 m (3,450 and

5,245 ft) elevation. Associated native

plants include Myrsine denticulata

(kolea), Cibotium sp., Coprosma

ernodeoides (kukaenene), Oreobolus

furcatus (NCN), Styphelia tameiameiae,

and Vaccinium sp. (61 FR 53108;

USFWS 1999).

The primary threats to Platanthera

holochila on Kauai are habitat

degradation and/or destruction by feral

cattle and pigs; competition with alien

plants; and a risk of extinction on Kauai

from naturally occurring events, such as

landslides or hurricanes, and/or

reduced reproductive vigor, due to the

small number of remaining populations

and individuals. Predation by

introduced slugs may also be a potential

threat to this species (61 FR 53108;

USFWS 1999).

Schgiedea nuttallii

Schiedea nuttallii, a member of the

pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is a

generally hairless, erect subshrub. This

long-lived perennial species is

distinguished from others in this

endemic Hawaiian genus by its habit,

length of the stem internodes, length of

the inflorescence, number of flowers per

inflorescence, and smaller leaves,

flowers, and seeds (Wagner et al. 1999).

Little is known about the life history

of Schiedea nuttallii. Based on field and

greenhouse observations, it is

hermaphroditic (Weller and Sakai

1999). Plants on Oahu have been under

observation for 10 years, and they

appear to be long-lived. Schiedea

nuttallii appears to be an outcrossing

species. Under greenhouse conditions,

plants fail to set seed unless hand

pollinated, suggesting that this species

requires insects for pollination. Fruits

and flowers are abundant in the wet

season but can be found throughout the

year (USFWS 1999).

Historically and currently, Schiedea

nuttallii is known from Kauai and Oahu

(61 FR 53108; HINHP Database 1999). In

addition, it was also reported from

Molokai and Maui (USFWS 1999).

Currently on Kauai, one population

with 10–50 individuals is reported from

66834 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 216 / Tuesday, November 7, 2000 / Proposed Rules

east of Haupu Peak on privately owned

land. The status of individuals

previously found in the Limahuli Valley

is currently unknown (HINHP Database

1999; GDSI 1999; USFWS 1999).

Schiedea nuttallii typically grows in

diverse lowland mesic Metrosideros

polymorpha forest at elevations between

415 and 790 m (1,360 and 2,590 ft).

Associated plants include Antidesma

sp., Psychotria sp., Perrottetia

sandwicensis, Pisonia sp., and Hedyotis

acuminata (USFWS 1999).

Schiedea nuttallii is threatened on

Kauai by habitat degradation and/or

destruction by feral pigs, goats, and

possibly deer; competition with several

alien plants; landslides; predation by

the black twig borer; and a risk of

extinction from naturally occurring

events (e.g., landslides or hurricanes)

and/or reduced reproductive vigor, due

to the small number of individuals in

the only known population (61 FR

53108; USFWS 1999). Based on

observations that indicate that

introduced snails and slugs may

consume seeds and seedlings, it is likely

that introduced molluscs also represent

a major threat to this species (61 FR

53108; USFWS 1999).

Sesbania tomentosa

Sesbania tomentosa, a member of the

pea family (Fabaceae), is typically a

sprawling short-lived perennial shrub,

but may also be a small tree. Each

compound leaf consists of 18 to 38

oblong to elliptic leaflets which are

usually sparsely to densely covered

with silky hairs. The flowers are salmon

color tinged with yellow, orange-red,

scarlet or rarely, pure yellow coloration.

Sesbania tomentosa is the only endemic

Hawaiian species in the genus, differing

from the naturalized S. sesban by the

color of the flowers, the longer petals

and calyx, and the number of seeds per

pod (Geesink et al. 1999).

The pollination biology of Sesbania

tomentosa is being studied by David

Hopper, a graduate student in the

Department of Zoology at the University

of Hawaii at Manoa. His preliminary

findings suggest that although many

insects visit Sesbania flowers, the

majority of successful pollination is

accomplished by native bees of the

genus Hylaeus and that populations at

Kaena Point on Oahu are probably

pollinator-limited. Flowering at Kaena

Point is highest during the winter-spring

rains, and gradually declines throughout

the rest of the year (USFWS 1999).

Other aspects of this plant’s life history

are unknown.

Currently, Sesbania tomentosa occurs

on at least six of the eight main

Hawaiian Islands (Kauai, Oahu,

Molokai, Kahoolawe, Maui, and Hawaii)

and in the Northwestern Hawaiian

Islands (Nihoa and Necker). Although

once found on Niihau and Lanai, it is no

longer extant on these islands (59 FR

56333; GDSI 1999, USFWS 1999;

HINHP Database 1999). On Kauai, S.

tomentosa is known from two

populations, with eight individuals,

from the Polihale State Park area (State

land) and may extend onto privately

owned land and the PMRF (Federal

land) (HINHP Database 1999; GDSI

1999).

Sesbania tomentosa is found on

sandy beaches, dunes, soil pockets on

lava, and along pond margins (Geesink

et al. 1999; USFWS 1999). It commonly

occurs in coastal dry shrublands and

grasslands, but is also known from open

Metrosideros polymorpha forests and

mixed coastal dry cliffs in lower

elevations (HINHP Database 1999).

Associated plant species include Sida

fallax, Scaevola sericea, Dodonaea

viscosa, Heteropogon contortus,

Myoporum sandwicense, and

Sporobolus virginicus (akiaki) (HINHP

Database 1999; USFWS 1999).

The primary threats to Sesbania

tomentosa on Kauai are habitat

degradation caused by competition with

various alien plant species; lack of

adequate pollination; seed predation by

rats, mice and, potentially, alien insects;

fire; and destruction by off-road vehicles

and other human disturbances (59 FR

56333; USFWS 1999).

Solanum sandwicense

Solanum sandwicense, a member of

the nightshade family (Solanaceae), is a

large sprawling shrub. The younger

branches are more densely hairy than

older branches and the oval leaves

usually have up to 4 lobes along the

margins. This short-lived perennial

species differs from others of the genus

in having dense hairs on young plant

parts, a greater height, and its lack of

prickles (Sohmer and Gustafson 1987;

Symon 1999).

Little is known about the life history

of Solanum sandwicense. Flowering

cycles, pollination vectors, seed

dispersal agents, longevity, specific

environmental requirements, and

limiting factors are unknown.

Historically, Solanum sandwicense

was known from both Oahu and Kauai

(59 FR 9304; USFWS 1995; HINHP

Database 1999; K. Wood, in litt. 1999).

Currently, this species is only known

from Kauai (Joan Yoshioka, The Nature

Conservancy of Hawaii (TNCH), pers.

comm. 2000). On Kauai, this species

was reported from locations in the

Kokee region bounded by Kalalau

Valley, Milolii Ridge, and extending to

the Hanapepe River (USFWS 1995;

HINHP Database 1999). Currently,

Solanum sandwicense is only known

from eight populations of 13–14

individual plants on private and State

lands (Kokee and Na Pali Coast State

Parks), and may occur on or near land

under Federal jurisdiction in Kokee

State Park (HINHP Database 1999; GDSI

1999; K. Wood, in litt. 1999).

This species is typically found in

open, sunny areas at elevations between

760 and 1,220 m (2,500 and 4,000 ft) in

diverse lowland or montane mesic

forests or occasionally in wet forests

(HINHP Database 1999; Symon 1999).

Associated plant taxa include

Alphitonia ponderosa, Ilex anomala,

Xylosma sp., Athyrium sandwicensis,

Syzygium sandwicensis, Bidens

cosmoides, Dianella sandwicensis, Poa

siphonoglossa, Carex meyenii, Hedyotis

sp., Coprosma sp., Dubautia sp.,

Pouteria sandwicensis, Cryptocarya

mannii, Acacia koa, Metrosideros

polymorpha, Dicranopteris linearis,

Psychotria sp., and Melicope sp. (59 FR

9304; USFWS 1995; HINHP Database

1999).

The major threats to populations of

Solanum sandwicense on Kauai are

habitat degradation by feral pigs, and

competition with alien plant taxa

(Passiflora mollissima, Rubus argutus,

Psidium cattleianum, Hedychium

gardnerianum (kahili ginger), and

Lonicera japonica); fire; human

disturbance and development; and a

risk of extinction from naturally

occurring events (e.g., landslides or

hurricanes) and/or reduced

reproductive vigor due to the small

number of existing individuals (59 FR

9304; USFWS 1995; HINHP Database

1999).

Spermolepis hawaiiensis

Spermolepis hawaiiensis, a member of

the parsley family (Apiaceae), is a

slender annual herb with few branches.

Its leaves, dissected into narrow, lanceshaped divisions, are oblong to

somewhat oval in outline and grow on

stalks. Flowers are arranged in a loose,

compound umbrella-shaped

inflorescence arising from the stem,

opposite the leaves. Spermolepis

hawaiiensis is the only member of the

genus native to Hawaii. It is

distinguished from other native

members of the family by being a nonsucculent annual with an umbrellashaped inflorescence (Constance and

Affolter 1999).

Little is known about the life history

of Spermolepis hawaiiensis.

Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific

environmental requirements, and

limiting factors are unknown.

Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 216 / Tuesday, November 7, 2000 / Proposed Rules 66835

Historically, Spermolepis hawaiiensis

was known from the islands of Kauai,

Oahu, Lanai, and Hawaii (HINHP

Database 1999). Currently, it is found on

Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, West

Maui, and Hawaii (59 FR 56333; GDSI

1999; HINHP Database 1999). On Kauai,

this species has been observed on State

and private land in the Koaie branch

and other unspecified locations within

Waimeae Canyon, Hanapepe at Kapahili

Gulch, and Hipalau (HINHP Database

1999). There are two known populations

with four individuals total on Kauai.

However, it has been estimated that the

total number of plants on Kauai may be

as high as a few thousand (HINHP

Database 1999; GDSI 1999; USFWS

1999).

Spermolepis hawaiiensis is known

from various vegetation types, including

Metrosideros polymorpha forest and

Dodonaea viscosa lowland dry

shrubland, at elevations from about 305

to 610 m (1,000 to 2,000 ft). Associated

plant species include Eragrostis

variabilis, Bidens sandvicensis,

Schiedea spergulina, Lipochaeta sp.,

Cenchrus agrimonioides (kamanomano),

Sida fallax, Doryopteris sp., and the

Federally listed endangered Gouania

hillebrandii (HINHP Database 1999;

USFWS 1999).

The primary threats to Spermolepis

hawaiiensis on Kauai are habitat

degradation by feral goats; competition

with various alien plants; and erosion,

landslides, and rockslides due to natural

weathering which result in the death of

individual plants, as well as habitat

destruction (59 FR 56333; USFWS

1999).

Zanthoxylum hawaiiense

Zanthoxylum hawaiiense is a

medium-size tree with pale to dark gray

bark, and lemon-scented leaves in the

rue family (Rutaceae). Alternate leaves

are composed of three small triangularoval to lance-shaped, toothed leaves

(leaflets) with surfaces usually without

hairs. A long-lived perennial tree,

Zanthoxylum hawaiiense is

distinguished from other Hawaiian

members of the genus by several

characteristics: three leaflets all of

similar size, one joint on lateral leaf

stalk, and sickle-shape fruits with a

rounded tip (Stone et al. 1999).

No life history information is

currently available for this species.

Historically, Zanthoxylum hawaiiense

was known from five islands: Kauai,

Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and Hawaii.

Currently, Zanthoxylum hawaiiense is

found on Kauai, Molokai, Maui, and

Hawaii. On Kauai, this species is only

known from a single individual on State

owned land in Waimeae Valley (HINHP

Database 1999; GDSI 1999).

Zanthoxylum hawaiiense is reported

from lowland dry or mesic forests, or

montane dry forest, at elevations

between 550 and 1,740 m (1,800 and

5,700 ft) (Stone et al. 1999). This species

is typically found in forests dominated

by Metrosideros polymorpha or

Diospyros sandwicensis (59 FR 10305;

HINHP Database 1999). Other associated

species include Pleomele auwahiensis

(halapepe), Antidesma platyphyllum,

Pisonia sp., Alectryon macrococcus,

Charpentiera sp., Melicope sp.,

Dodonaea viscosa, Streblus pendulinus,

Myrsine lanaiensis, and Sophora

chrysophylla (HINHP Database 1999).

The threats to Zanthoxylum

hawaiiense on Kauai include

competition with the alien plant species

(Melia azedarach, Lantana camara, and

Pennisetum setaceum (fountain grass));

fire; human disturbance; and risk of

extinction from naturally occurring

events, such as landslides or hurricanes,

and/or reduced reproductive vigor due

to the small number of individuals in

the only known population (59 FR

10305; USFWS 1996).

A summary of populations and

landownership for these 81 plants

species on Kauai and Niihau is given in

Table 3.

TABLE 3.—SUMMARY OF POPULATIONS AND LANDOWNERSHIP FOR 81 SPECIES ON KAUAI AND NIIHAU

Species

Number of

current

populations

Landownership

Federal State Private

Adenophorus periens ............................................................................................................. 7 X X

Alectryon macrococcus .......................................................................................................... 6 X

Alsinidendron lychnoides ....................................................................................................... 4 X

Alsinidendron viscosum ......................................................................................................... 4 X X

Bonamia menziesii ................................................................................................................. 7 X X

Brighamia insignis .................................................................................................................. 5 X X

Centaurium sebaeoides ......................................................................................................... 3 X

Chamaesyce halemanui ........................................................................................................ 7 X

Cyanea asarifolia ................................................................................................................... 2 X

Cyanea recta ......................................................................................................................... 8 X X

Cyanea remyi ......................................................................................................................... 7 X X

Cyanea undulata .................................................................................................................... 1 X

Cyperus trachysanthos .......................................................................................................... 2 X X

Cyrtandra cyaneoides ............................................................................................................ 4 X X

Cyrtandra limahuliensis .......................................................................................................... 13 X X

Delissea rhytidosperma ......................................................................................................... 3 X X

Delissea rivularis .................................................................................................................... 2 X X

Delissea undulata .................................................................................................................. 1 X

Diellia pallida .......................................................................................................................... 5 X

Dubautia latifolia .................................................................................................................... 24 X X

Dubautia pauciflorula ............................................................................................................. 4 X X

Euphorbia haeleeleana .......................................................................................................... 14 X X

Exocarpos luteolus ................................................................................................................ 9 X X

Flueggea neowawraea .......................................................................................................... 9 X X

Gouania meyenii .................................................................................................................... 3 X X

Hedyotis cookiana ................................................................................................................. 1 X

Hedyotis st.-johnii ................................................................................................................... 6 X

Hesperomannia lydgatei ........................................................................................................ 4 X X

Hibiscadelphus woodii ........................................................................................................... 1 X

Hibiscus clayi ......................................................................................................................... 1 X X

Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae .......................................................................................... 2 X X

66836 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 216 / Tuesday, November 7, 2000 / Proposed Rules

TABLE 3.—SUMMARY OF POPULATIONS AND LANDOWNERSHIP FOR 81 SPECIES ON KAUAI AND NIIHAU—Continued

Species

Number of

current

populations

Landownership

Federal State Private

Isodendrion laurifolium ........................................................................................................... 8 X

Isodendrion longifolium .......................................................................................................... 16 X X X

Kokia kauaiensis .................................................................................................................... 11 X

Labordia lydgatei ................................................................................................................... 6 X X

Labordia tinifolia var. .............................................................................................................. 1 X

Lipochaeta fauriei .................................................................................................................. 4 X X

Lipochaeta micrantha ............................................................................................................ 6 X X

Lipochaeta waimeaensis ........................................................................................................ 1 X X

Lobelia niihauensis ................................................................................................................ 12 X X

Lysimachia filifolia .................................................................................................................. 1 X

Melicope haupuensis ............................................................................................................. 3 X

Melicope knudsenii ................................................................................................................ 5 X

Melicope pallida ..................................................................................................................... 5 X

Melicope quadrangularis (extinct) .......................................................................................... 0

Munroidendron racemosum ................................................................................................... 15 X X

Myrsine linearifolia ................................................................................................................. 8 X X

Nothocestrum peltatum .......................................................................................................... 9 X X

Panicum niihauense ............................................................................................................... 1 X X X

Peucedanum sandwicense .................................................................................................... 14 X X

Phyllostegia knudsenii ........................................................................................................... 2 X

Phyllostegia waimeae (extinct) .............................................................................................. 0

Phyllostegia wawrana ............................................................................................................ 4 X X X

Plantago princeps .................................................................................................................. 7 X X

Platanthera holochila ............................................................................................................. 1–2 X X

Poa mannii ............................................................................................................................. 6 X

Poa sandvicensis ................................................................................................................... 9 X X

Poa siphonoglossa ................................................................................................................ 5 X

Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii ................................................................................................. 1 X

Pritchardia napaliensis ........................................................................................................... 4 X

Pritchardia viscosa ................................................................................................................. 1 X

Pteralyxia kauaiensis ............................................................................................................. 20 X X X

Remya kauaiensis .................................................................................................................. 14 X

Remya montgomeryi .............................................................................................................. 3 X X

Schiedea apokremnos ........................................................................................................... 5 X

Schiedea helleri ..................................................................................................................... 2 X

Schiedea kauaiensis .............................................................................................................. 2 X

Schiedea membranacea ........................................................................................................ 9 X X X

Schiedea nuttallii .................................................................................................................... 1 X

Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda ........................................................................................ 1 X

Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina ..................................................................................... 3 X X

Schiedea stellarioides ............................................................................................................ 2 X

Sesbania tomentosa .............................................................................................................. 2 X X X

Solanum sandwicense ........................................................................................................... 8 X X X

Spermolepis hawaiiensis ....................................................................................................... 2 X X

Stenogyne campanulata ........................................................................................................ 1–3 X

Viola helenae ......................................................................................................................... 5 X

Viola kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis ...................................................................................... 2 X X

Wilkesia hobdyi ...................................................................................................................... 7 X X X

Xylosma crenatum ................................................................................................................. 3 X X X

Zanthoxylum hawaiiense ....................................................................................................... 1 X

Previous Federal Action

Federal action on these plants began

as a result of Section 12 of the Act,

which directed the Secretary of the

Smithsonian Institution to prepare a

report on plants considered to be

endangered, threatened, or extinct in the

United States. This report, designated as

House Document No. 94–51, was

presented to Congress on January 9,

1975. In that document, Adenophorus

periens, Alectryon macrococcus (as A.

macrococcum var. macrococcum and A.

mahoe), Bonamia menziesii, Brighamia

insignis (as B. citrina var. napaliensis

and B. insignis), Chamaesyce halemanui

(as Euphorbia halemanui), Delissea

rhytidosperma, Dubautia latifolia (as D.

latifolia var. latifolia), Exocarpos

luteolus, Flueggea neowawraea (as

Drypetes phyllanthoides), Hedyotis st.-

johnii, Hesperomannia lydgatei,

Hibiscus clayi (as H. clayi and H.

newhousei), H. waimeae ssp. hannerae

(as H. waimeae), Kokia kauaiensis,

Lipochaeta fauriei, L. micrantha (as L.

exigua), Lobelia niihauensis, Melicope

haupuensis (as Pelea haupuensis), M.

knudsenii (as P. multiflora), M. pallida

(as P. leveillei and P. pallida), Melicope

quadrangularis (Pelea quadrangularis),

Myrsine linearifolia (as M. linearifolia

var. linearifolia), Nothocestrum

peltatum, Peucedanum sandwicense (as

P. kauaiense), Phyllostegia knudsenii,

Plantago princeps (as P. princeps var.

elata, P. var. laxifolia, and P. var.

princeps), Poa sandvicensis, Pritchardia

aylmer-robinsonii, Sesbania tomentosa

(as S. hobdyi and S. tomentosa var.

tomentosa), Solanum sandwicense (as S.

hillebrandii and S. kauaiense), Viola

helenae, V. kauaiensis var.

wahiawaensis, Wilkesia hobdyi,

Xylosma crenatum (as Antidesma

Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 216 / Tuesday, November 7, 2000 / Proposed Rules 66837

crenatum), and Zanthoxylum

hawaiiense (as Z. hawaiiense var.

citiodora), were considered to be

endangered; Delissea rivularis, Diellia

pallida (as Diellia laciniata), Labordia

lydgatei, Lipochaeta micrantha, L.

waimeaensis, Lysimachia filifolia,

Schiedea membranacea, and

Zanthoxylum hawaiiense (as Z.

hawaiiense var. hawaiiense and Z.

hawaiiense var. velutinosum) were

considered to be threatened; and

Delissea undulata (as D. undulata var.

argutidenta and D. undulata var.

undulata), Gouania meyenii, Hedyotis

cookiana, Melicope knudsenii (as Pelea

knudsenii and P. tomentosa),

Munroidendron racemosum (as M.

racemosum var. macdanielsii), Plantago

princeps (as P. princeps var. acaulis, P.

princeps var. denticulata, and P.

princeps var. queleniana), and Remya

kauaiensis were considered to be

extinct. On July 1, 1975, the Service

published a notice in the Federal

Register (40 FR 27823) of its acceptance

of the Smithsonian report as a petition

within the context of Section 4(c)(2)

(now Section 4(b)(3)) of the Act, and

gave notice of its intention to review the

status of the plant taxa named therein.

As a result of that review, on June 16,

1976, the Service published a proposed

rule in the Federal Register (41 FR

24523) to determine endangered status

pursuant to Section 4 of the Act for

approximately 1,700 vascular plant taxa,

including all of the above taxa, except

for Diellia pallida considered to be

endangered or thought to be extinct,.

The list of 1,700 plant taxa was

assembled on the basis of comments and

data received by the Smithsonian

Institution and the Service in response

to House Document No. 94–51 and the

July 1, 1975, Federal Register

publication.

General comments received in

response to the 1976 proposal were

summarized in an April 26, 1978,

Federal Register publication (43 FR

17909). In 1978, amendments to the Act

required that all proposals over two

years old be withdrawn. A one-year

grace period was given to proposals

already over two years old. On

December 10, 1979, the Service

published a notice in the Federal

Register (44 FR 70796) withdrawing the

portion of the June 16, 1976, proposal

that had not been made final, along with

four other proposals that had expired.

The Service published updated notices

of review for plants on December 15,

1980 (45 FR 82479), September 27, 1985

(50 FR 39525), February 21, 1990 (55 FR

6183), and September 30, 1993 (58 FR

51144).

A summary of the status categories for

these 81 plant species in the 1980–1993

notices of review can be found in Table

4(a) and a summary of the listing actions

can be found in Table 4(b).

TABLE 4(A).—SUMMARY OF CANDIDACY STATUS FOR 81 PLANT SPECIES FROM KAUAI AND NIIHAU

Species

Federal Register notice of review

1980 1985 1990 1993

Adenophorus periens ............................................................................................................... C1 C1 C1

Alectryon macrococcus ............................................................................................................ C1 3C C1

Alsinidendron lychnoides ......................................................................................................... C1* C2

Alsinidendron viscosum ........................................................................................................... C1* 3A

Bonamia menziesii ................................................................................................................... C1 C1 C1

Brighamia insignis .................................................................................................................... C1 C1 C1

Centaurium sebaeoides ........................................................................................................... C1

Chamaesyce halemanui .......................................................................................................... C1 C1 C1

Cyanea asarifolia ..................................................................................................................... C1

Cyanea recta ............................................................................................................................ 3A

Cyanea remyi.

Cyanea undulata ...................................................................................................................... 3A

Cyperus trachysanthos ............................................................................................................ C2

Cyrtandra cyaneoides .............................................................................................................. C2

Cyrtandra limahuliensis ............................................................................................................ C1

Delissea rhytidosperma ........................................................................................................... C1 C1 C1

Delissea rivularis ...................................................................................................................... C2 C2 3A

Delissea undulata .................................................................................................................... C1 C1* C1*

Diellia pallida ............................................................................................................................ C1*

Dubautia latifolia ...................................................................................................................... C1 C1 C1

Dubautia pauciflorula ............................................................................................................... C1

Euphorbia haeleeleana ............................................................................................................ C1 C1 C1

Exocarpos luteolus ................................................................................................................... C1 C1

Flueggea neowawraea ............................................................................................................. C1 C1 C1

Gouania meyenii ...................................................................................................................... 3A 3A C1

Hedyotis cookiana .................................................................................................................... 3A 3A C1

Hedyotis st.-johnii ..................................................................................................................... C1 C1 C1

Hesperomannia lydgatei .......................................................................................................... C1 C1 C1

Hibiscadelphus woodii.

Hibiscus clayi ........................................................................................................................... C1 C1 C1

Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae ............................................................................................ 3C 3C C2 C2

Isodendrion laurifolium ............................................................................................................. C1 C1 C1 C2

Isodendrion longifolium ............................................................................................................ C1 C1 C1 C2

Kokia kauaiensis ...................................................................................................................... C2 C2 C2 C2

Labordia lydgatei ...................................................................................................................... C2 C2 C2

Labordia tinifolia var. wahiawaensis.

Lipochaeta fauriei ..................................................................................................................... C1* C1* C1

Lipochaeta micrantha ............................................................................................................... C1 C1 C1

Lipochaeta waimeaensis .......................................................................................................... C1 C1 C1

Lobelia niihauensis .................................................................................................................. C1 C1 C1

Lysimachia filifolia .................................................................................................................... C2 C2 C1

Melicope haupuensis ............................................................................................................... C1 C1 C1

66838 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 216 / Tuesday, November 7, 2000 / Proposed Rules

TABLE 4(A).—SUMMARY OF CANDIDACY STATUS FOR 81 PLANT SPECIES FROM KAUAI AND NIIHAU—Continued

Species

Federal Register notice of review

1980 1985 1990 1993

Melicope knudsenii .................................................................................................................. C1* C1* C1

Melicope pallida ....................................................................................................................... C1*

Melicope quadrangularis .......................................................................................................... C1 C1 C1*

Munroidendron racemosum ..................................................................................................... C1 C1 C1

Myrsine linearifolia ................................................................................................................... C1 C1 C2 C2

Nothocestrum peltatum ............................................................................................................ C1 C1 C1

Panicum niihauense ................................................................................................................. C2

Peucedanum sandwicense ...................................................................................................... C2 C2 C2

Phyllostegia knudsenii ............................................................................................................. C1 C1 3A

Phyllostegia waimeae .............................................................................................................. C1

Phyllostegia wawrana .............................................................................................................. 3A

Plantago princeps .................................................................................................................... C2 C2 C1

Platanthera holochila ............................................................................................................... C1 C1 C1 C2

Poa mannii ............................................................................................................................... C1 C1 C1*

Poa sandvicensis ..................................................................................................................... C1 C1 C1

Poa siphonoglossa ................................................................................................................... C1 C1 C1

Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii ................................................................................................... C1 C1 C1

Pritchardia napaliensis ............................................................................................................. C2 C2

Pritchardia viscosa ................................................................................................................... C2 C2

Pteralyxia kauaiensis ............................................................................................................... C1 C1 C1

Remya kauaiensis .................................................................................................................... C1* C1*

Remya montgomeryi.

Schiedea apokremnos ............................................................................................................. C1 C1

Schiedea helleri ....................................................................................................................... C1* 3A

Schiedea kauaiensis.

Schiedea membranacea .......................................................................................................... C2 C2 C2 C2

Schiedea nuttallii ...................................................................................................................... C2

Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda .......................................................................................... C1 C1*

Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina ....................................................................................... C1 C1

Schiedea stellarioides .............................................................................................................. C1* 3A

Sesbania tomentosa ................................................................................................................ C1* C1* C1

Solanum sandwicense ............................................................................................................. C1* C1* C1

Spermolepis hawaiiensis ......................................................................................................... C1

Stenogyne campanulata .......................................................................................................... C1

Viola helenae ........................................................................................................................... C1 C1 C1

Viola kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis ........................................................................................ C1 C1 C2 C2

Wilkesia hobdyi ........................................................................................................................ C1 C1

Xylosma crenatum ................................................................................................................... C2 C2 C1

Zanthoxylum hawaiiense ......................................................................................................... C1 C1 C1

Key:

C1: Taxa for which the Service has on file enough substantial information on biological vulnerability and threat(s) to support proposals to list

them as endangered or threatened species.

C1*: Taxa of known vulnerable status in the recent past that may already have become extinct.

C2: Taxa for which there is some evidence of vulnerability, but for which there are not enough data to support listing proposals at this time.

3A: Taxa for which the Service has persuasive evidence of extinction. If rediscovered, such taxa might acquire high priority for listing.

3C: Taxa that have proven to be more abundant or widespread than previously believed and/or those that are not subject to any identifiable

threat.

Federal Register Notice of Review.

1980: 45 FR 82479; 1985: 50 FR 39525; 1990: 55 FR 6183; 1993: 58 FR 51144.

TABLE 4(B).—SUMMARY OF LISTING ACTIONS FOR 81 PLANT SPECIES FROM KAUAI AND NIIHAU

Species Federal

status

Proposed rule Final rule

Date Federal Register Date Federal Register

Adenophorus periens ........................................................ E 09/14/1993 ....... 58 FR 48012 ..... 11/10/1994 ....... 59 FR 56333.

Alectryon macrococcus ..................................................... E 05/24/1991 ....... 56 FR 23842 ..... 05/15/1992 ....... 57 FR 20772.

Alsinidendron lychnoides ................................................... E 09/25/1995 ....... 60 FR 49359 ..... 10/10/1996 ....... 56 FR 53070.

Alsinidendron viscosum ..................................................... E 09/25/1995 ....... 60 FR 49359 ..... 10/10/1996 ....... 61 FR 53070.

Bonamia menziesii ............................................................ E 09/14/1993 ....... 58 FR 48012 ..... 11/10/1994 ....... 59 FR 56333.

Brighamia insignis ............................................................. E 10/30/1991 ....... 56 FR 5562 ....... 02/25/1994 ....... 59 FR 09304.

Centaurium sebaeoides .................................................... E 09/28/1990 ....... 55 FR 39664 ..... 10/29/1991 ....... 56 FR 55770.

Chamaesyce halemanui .................................................... E 09/21/1990 ....... 50 FR 39301 ..... 05/13/1992 ....... 57 FR 20580.

Cyanea asarifolia ............................................................... E 10/30/1991 ....... 56 FR 5562 ....... 02/25/1994 ....... 59 FR 09304.

Cyanea recta ..................................................................... T 09/25/1995 ....... 60 FR 49359 ..... 10/10/1996 ....... 61 FR 53070.

Cyanea remyi .................................................................... E 09/25/1995 ....... 60 FR 49359 ..... 10/10/1996 ....... 61 FR 53070.

Cyanea undulata ............................................................... E 09/17/1990 ....... 55 FR 38242 ..... 09/20/1991 ....... 56 FR 47695.

Cyperus trachysanthos ...................................................... E 10/02/1995 ....... 60 FR 51417 ..... 10/10/1996 ....... 61 FR 53108

Cyrtandra cyaneoides ....................................................... E 09/25/1995 ....... 60 FR 49359 ..... 10/10/1996 ....... 61 FR 53070.

Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 216 / Tuesday, November 7, 2000 / Proposed Rules 66839

TABLE 4(B).—SUMMARY OF LISTING ACTIONS FOR 81 PLANT SPECIES FROM KAUAI AND NIIHAU—Continued

Species Federal

status

Proposed rule Final rule

Date Federal Register Date Federal Register

Cyrtandra limahuliensis ..................................................... T 10/30/1991 ....... 56 FR 5562 ....... 02/25/1994 ....... 59 FR 09304.

Delissea rhytidosperma ..................................................... E 10/30/1991 ....... 56 FR 5562 ....... 02/25/1994 ....... 59 FR 09304.

Delissea rivularis ............................................................... E 09/25/1995 ....... 60 FR 49359 ..... 10/10/1996 ....... 61 FR 53070.

Delissea undulata .............................................................. E 06/27/1994 ....... 59 FR 32946 ..... 10/10/1996 ....... 61 FR 53124.

Diellia pallida ..................................................................... E 10/30/1991 ....... 56 FR 5562 ....... 02/25/1994 ....... 59 FR 09304.

Dubautia latifolia ................................................................ E 09/21/1990 ....... 50 FR 39301 ..... 05/13/1992 ....... 57 FR 20580.

Dubautia pauciflorula ......................................................... E 09/17/1990 ....... 55 FR 38242 ..... 09/20/1991 ....... 56 FR 47695.

Euphorbia haeleeleana ..................................................... E 10/02/1995 ....... 60 FR 51417 ..... 10/10/1996 ....... 61 FR 53108.

Exocarpos luteolus ............................................................ E 10/30/1991 ....... 56 FR 5562 ....... 02/25/1994 ....... 59 FR 09304.

Flueggea neowawraea ...................................................... E 09/14/1993 ....... 58 FR 48012 ..... 11/10/1994 ....... 59 FR 56333.

Gouania meyenii ............................................................... E 09/28/1990 ....... 55 FR 39664 ..... 10/29/1991 ....... 56 FR 55770.

Hedyotis cookiana ............................................................. E 10/30/1991 ....... 56 FR 5562 ....... 02/25/1994 ....... 59 FR 09304.

Hedyotis st.-johnii .............................................................. E 08/03/1990 ....... 55 FR 31612 ..... 09/30/1991 ....... 56 FR 49639.

Hesperomannia lydgatei .................................................... E 09/17/1990 ....... 55 FR 38242 ..... 09/20/1991 ....... 56 FR 47695.

Hibiscadelphus woodii ....................................................... E 09/25/1995 ....... 60 FR 49359 ..... 10/10/1996 ....... 61 FR 53070.

Hibiscus clayi ..................................................................... E 10/30/1991 ....... 56 FR 5562 ....... 02/25/1994 ....... 59 FR 09304.

Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae ..................................... E 09/25/1995 ....... 60 FR 49359 ..... 10/10/1996 ....... 61 FR 53070.

Isodendrion laurifolium ...................................................... E 10/02/1995 ....... 60 FR 51417 ..... 10/10/1996 ....... 61 FR 53108.

Isodendrion longifolium ..................................................... T 10/02/1995 ....... 60 FR 51417 ..... 10/10/1996 ....... 61 FR 53108.

Kokia kauaiensis ............................................................... E 09/25/1995 ....... 60 FR 49359 ..... 10/10/1996 ....... 61 FR 53070.

Labordia lydgatei ............................................................... E 09/17/1990 ....... 55 FR 38242 ..... 09/20/1991 ....... 56 FR 47695.

Labordia tinifolia var. wahiawaensis ................................. E 09/25/1995 ....... 60 FR 49359 ..... 10/10/1996 ....... 61 FR 53070.

Lipochaeta fauriei .............................................................. E 10/30/1991 ....... 56 FR 5562 ....... 02/25/1994 ....... 59 FR 09304.

Lipochaeta micrantha ........................................................ E 10/30/1991 ....... 56 FR 5562 ....... 02/25/1994 ....... 59 FR 09304.

Lipochaeta waimeaensis ................................................... E 10/30/1991 ....... 56 FR 5562 ....... 02/25/1994 ....... 59 FR 09304.

Lobelia niihauensis ............................................................ E 09/28/1990 ....... 55 FR 39664 ..... 10/29/1991 ....... 56 FR 55770.

Lysimachia filifolia ............................................................. E 10/30/1991 ....... 56 FR 5562 ....... 02/25/1994 ....... 59 FR 09304.

Melicope haupuensis ......................................................... E 10/30/1991 ....... 56 FR 5562 ....... 02/25/1994 ....... 59 FR 09304.

Melicope knudsenii ............................................................ E 10/30/1991 ....... 56 FR 5562 ....... 02/25/1994 ....... 59 FR 09304.

Melicope pallida ................................................................. E 10/30/1991 ....... 56 FR 5562 ....... 02/25/1994 ....... 59 FR 09304.

Melicope quadrangularis ................................................... E 10/30/1991 ....... 56 FR 5562 ....... 02/25/1994 ....... 59 FR 09304.

Munroidendron racemosum .............................................. E 10/30/1991 ....... 56 FR 5562 ....... 02/25/1994 ....... 59 FR 09304.

Myrsine linearifolia ............................................................. T 09/25/1995 ....... 60 FR 49359 ..... 10/10/1996 ....... 61 FR 53070.

Nothocestrum peltatum ..................................................... E 10/30/1991 ....... 56 FR 5562 ....... 02/25/1994 ....... 59 FR 09304.

Panicum niihauense .......................................................... E 10/02/1995 ....... 60 FR 51417 ..... 10/10/1996 ....... 61 FR 53108.

Peucedanum sandwicense ............................................... T 10/30/1991 ....... 56 FR 5562 ....... 02/25/1994 ....... 59 FR 09304.

Phyllostegia knudsenii ....................................................... E 09/25/1995 ....... 60 FR 49359 ..... 10/10/1996 ....... 61 FR 53070.

Phyllostegia waimeae ........................................................ E 10/30/1991 ....... 56 FR 5562 ....... 02/25/1994 ....... 59 FR 09304.

Phyllostegia wawrana ........................................................ E 09/25/1995 ....... 60 FR 49359 ..... 10/10/1996 ....... 61 FR 53070.

Plantago princeps .............................................................. E 09/14/1993 ....... 58 FR 48012 ..... 11/10/1994 ....... 59 FR 56333.

Platanthera holochila ......................................................... E 10/02/1995 ....... 60 FR 51417 ..... 10/10/1996 ....... 61 FR 53108.

Poa mannii ........................................................................ E 04/07/1993 ....... 58 FR 18073 ..... 11/10/1994 ....... 59 FR 56330.

Poa sandvicensis .............................................................. E 09/21/1990 ....... 50 FR 39301 ..... 05/13/1992 ....... 57 FR 20580.

Poa siphonoglossa ............................................................ E 09/21/1990 ....... 50 FR 39301 ..... 05/13/1992 ....... 57 FR 20580.

Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii ............................................. E 12/17/1992 ....... 57 FR 59970 ..... 08/07/1996 ....... 61 FR 41020.

Pritchardia napaliensis ...................................................... E 09/25/1995 ....... 60 FR 49359 ..... 10/10/1996 ....... 61 FR 53070.

Pritchardia viscosa ............................................................ E 09/25/1995 ....... 60 FR 49359 ..... 10/10/1996 ....... 61 FR 53070.

Pteralyxia kauaiensis ......................................................... E 10/30/1991 ....... 56 FR 5562 ....... 02/25/1994 ....... 59 FR 09304.

Remya kauaiensis ............................................................. E 10/02/1989 ....... 54 FR 40447 ..... 01/14/1991 ....... 56 FR 1450.

Remya montgomeryi ......................................................... E 10/02/1989 ....... 54 FR 40447 ..... 01/14/1991 ....... 56 FR 1450.

Schiedea apokremnos ....................................................... E 08/03/1990 ....... 55 FR 31612 ..... 09/30/1991 ....... 56 FR 49639.

Schiedea helleri ................................................................. E 09/25/1995 ....... 60 FR 49359 ..... 10/10/1996 ....... 61 FR 53070.

Schiedea kauaiensis ......................................................... E 10/02/1995 ....... 60 FR 51417 ..... 10/10/1996 ....... 61 FR 53108.

Schiedea membranacea ................................................... E 09/25/1995 ....... 60 FR 49359 ..... 10/10/1996 ....... 61 FR 53070.

Schiedea nuttallii ............................................................... E 10/02/1995 ....... 60 FR 51417 ..... 10/10/1996 ....... 61 FR 53108.

Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda .................................... E 10/30/1991 ....... 56 FR 5562 ....... 02/25/1994 ....... 59 FR 09304.

Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina ................................. T 10/30/1991 ....... 56 FR 5562 ....... 02/25/1994 ....... 59 FR 09304.

Schiedea stellarioides ....................................................... E 09/25/1995 ....... 60 FR 49359 ..... 10/10/1996 ....... 61 FR 53070.

Sesbania tomentosa .......................................................... E 09/14/1993 ....... 58 FR 48012 ..... 11/10/1994 ....... 59 FR 56333.

Solanum sandwicense ...................................................... E 10/30/1991 ....... 56 FR 5562 ....... 02/25/1994 ....... 59 FR 09304.

Spermolepis hawaiiensis ................................................... E 09/14/1993 ....... 58 FR 48012 ..... 11/10/1994 ....... 59 FR 56333.

Stenogyne campanulata .................................................... E 09/21/1990 ....... 50 FR 39301 ..... 05/13/1992 ....... 57 FR 20580.

Viola helenae ..................................................................... E 09/17/1990 ....... 55 FR 38242 ..... 09/20/1991 ....... 56 FR 47695.

Viola kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis .................................. E 09/25/1995 ....... 60 FR 49359 ..... 10/10/1996 ....... 61 FR 53070.

Wilkesia hobdyi ................................................................. E 10/02/1989 ....... 54 FR 40444 ..... 06/22/1992 ....... 57 FR 27859.

Xylosma crenatum ............................................................. E 09/21/1990 ....... 50 FR 39301 ..... 05/13/1992 ....... 57 FR 20580.

Zanthoxylum hawaiiense ................................................... E 12/17/1992 ....... 57 FR 59951 ..... 03/04/1994 ....... 59 FR 10305.

Key: E = Endangered; T = Threatened.

66840 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 216 / Tuesday, November 7, 2000 / Proposed Rules

Section 4(a)(3) of the Act, as

amended, and implementing regulations

(50 CFR 424.12) require that, to the

maximum extent prudent and

determinable, the Secretary designate

critical habitat at the time the species is

determined to be endangered or

threatened. Our regulations (50 CFR

424.12(a)(1)) state that designation of

critical habitat is not prudent when one

or both of the following situations exist:

(1) The species is threatened by taking

or other human activity, and

identification of critical habitat can be

expected to increase the degree of threat

to the species, or (2) such designation of

critical habitat would not be beneficial

to the species. At the time each plant

was listed, we determined that

designation of critical habitat was not

prudent because it would not benefit the

plant and/or would increase the degree

of threat to the species.

These not prudent determinations

were challenged in Conservation

Council for Hawaii v. Babbitt, 2 F. Supp.

2d 1280 (D. Haw. 1988). On March 9,

1998, the United States District Court

for the District of Hawaii, directed us to

review the prudency determinations for

245 listed plant species in Hawaii,

including these 81 species. Among other

things, the court held that in most cases

we did not sufficiently demonstrate that

the species are threatened by human

activity or that such threats would

increase with the designation of critical

habitat. The court also held that we

failed to balance any risks of designating

critical habitat against any benefits (2 F.

Supp. 2d 1283–1285). For example, the

court suggested that, before concluding

critical habitat would not be prudent,

the Service should consider whether

designation might prevent an

inadvertent act of destruction by

educating the public.

Regarding our determination that

designating critical habitat would have

no additional benefits to the species

above and beyond those already

provided through the section 7

consultation requirement of the Act, the

court ruled that we failed to consider

the specific effect of the consultation

requirement on each species (Id. at

1286–88). In addition, the court stated

that we did not consider benefits

outside of the consultation

requirements. In the court’s view, these

potential benefits include substantive

and procedural protections. The court

held that, substantively, designation

establishes a ‘‘uniform protection plan’’

prior to consultation and indicates

where compliance with section 7 of the

Act is required. Procedurally, the court

stated that the designation of critical

habitat educates the public and State

and local governments and affords them

an opportunity to participate in the

designation (Id. at 1288). The court also

stated that private lands may not be

excluded from critical habitat

designation even though section 7

requirements apply only to Federal

agencies. In addition to the potential

benefit of informing the public and State

and local governments of the listing and

of the areas that are essential to the

species’ conservation, the court found

that although no Federal activity may be

occurring on private property at present,

there may be such activity in the future

(Id. at 1285–88).

On August 10, 1998, the court ordered

us to publish proposed critical habitat

designations or non-designations for at

least 100 species by November 30, 2000,

and to publish proposed designations or

non-designations for the remaining 145

species by April 30, 2002 (24 F. Supp.

2d 1074). This rule responds to the

court’s order.

On November 30, 1998, we published

a notice in the Federal Register

requesting public comments on our

reevaluation of whether designation of

critical habitat is prudent for the 245

Hawaiian plants at issue (63 FR 65805).

The comment period closed on March 1,

1999, and was reopened from March 24,

1999, to May 24, 1999 (64 FR 14209).

We received over 100 responses from

individuals, non-profit organizations,

county governments, the State of

Hawaii’s Division of Forestry and

Wildlife, and Federal agencies (U.S.

Department of Defense (Army, Navy, Air

Force)). Only a few responses offered

information on the status of individual

plant species or on current management

actions for one or more of the 245

Hawaiian plants. While many of the

respondents expressed support for the

designation of critical habitat for 245

Hawaiian plants, more than 80%

opposed the designation of critical

habitat for these plants. In general, these

respondents opposed designation

because they believed it will cause

economic hardship, negatively impact

cooperative projects, polarize

relationships with hunters, or

potentially increase the occurrences of

trespassing or vandalism on private

lands. In addition, commenters cited a

lack of information on the biological

and ecological needs of these plants

which may lead to designation based on

insufficient data. The respondents who

supported the designation of critical

habitat cited that designation would

provide a uniform protection plan for

the Hawaiian Islands; promote funding

for management of these plants; educate

the public and State government; and

protect partnerships with landowners

and build trust.

On October 5, 1999, we mailed letters

to over 160 landowners on the islands

of Kauai and Niihau requesting any

information considered germane to the

management of any of the 245 plants on

his/her property. The letters contained a

copy of the November 30, 1998, Federal

Register notice, a map showing the

general locations of the plants that may

be on his/her property, and a handout

containing general information on

critical habitat. We received 25 written

responses to our landowner mailing

with varying types of information on

their current land management

activities. These responses included

information on: the presence of fences

or locked gates to restrict public access;

access to the respondent’s property by

hunters or if hunting is allowed on the

property; ongoing weeding and rat

control programs; and the propagation

and/or planting of native plants. Some

respondents stated that the plants of

concern were not on her/his property.

Only a few respondents expressed

support for the designation of critical

habitat. We held three open houses on

the island of Kauai, at the Waimea

Community Center, the Kauai War

Memorial Convention Hall in Lihue,

and the Kilauea Neighborhood Center,

on October 19–21, 1999, respectively, to

meet one-on-one with local landowners

and other interested members of the

public. A total of forty-eight people

attended the three open houses.

Critical Habitat

Critical habitat is defined in section 3

of the Act as: (i) The specific areas

within the geographic area occupied by

a species, at the time it is listed in

accordance with the Act, on which are

found those physical or biological

features (I) essential to the conservation

of the species and (II) that may require

special management considerations or

protection; and (ii) specific areas

outside the geographic area occupied by

a species at the time it is listed, upon

a determination that such areas are

essential for the conservation of the

species. ‘‘Conservation’’ means the use

of all methods and procedures that are

necessary to bring an endangered

species or a threatened species to the

point at which listing under the Act is

no longer necessary.

Section 4(b)(2) of the Act requires that

we base critical habitat proposals upon

the best scientific and commercial data

available, after taking into consideration

the economic impact, and any other

relevant impact, of specifying any

particular area as critical habitat. We

may exclude areas from critical habitat

Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 216 / Tuesday, November 7, 2000 / Proposed Rules 66841

designation when the benefits of

exclusion outweigh the benefits of

including the areas within critical

habitat, provided the exclusion will not

result in extinction of the species

(section 4(b)(2) of the Act).

Designation of critical habitat can

help focus conservation activities for a

listed species by identifying areas that

contain the physical and biological

features that are essential for

conservation of that species.

Designation of critical habitat alerts the

public as well as land-managing

agencies to the importance of these

areas.

Critical habitat also identifies areas

that may require special management

considerations or protection, and may

provide protection to areas where

significant threats to the species have

been identified. Critical habitat receives

protection from destruction or adverse

modification through required

consultation under section 7 of the Act

with regard to actions carried out,

funded, or authorized by a Federal

agency. Section 7 also requires

conferences on Federal actions that are

likely to result in the adverse

modification or destruction of proposed

critical habitat. Aside from the

protection that may be provided under

section 7, the Act does not provide other

forms of protection to lands designated

as critical habitat.

Section 7(a)(2) of the Act requires

Federal agencies to consult with us to

ensure that any action they authorize,

fund, or carry out is not likely to

jeopardize the continued existence of a

threatened or endangered species, or

result in the destruction or adverse

modification of critical habitat. In 50

CFR 402.02, ‘‘jeopardize the continued

existence’’ (of a species) is defined as

engaging in an activity likely to result in

an appreciable reduction in the

likelihood of survival and recovery of a

listed species. ‘‘Destruction or adverse

modification’’ (of critical habitat) is

defined as a direct or indirect alteration

that appreciably diminishes the value of

critical habitat for the survival and

recovery of the listed species for which

critical habitat was designated. Thus,

the definitions of ‘‘jeopardy’’ to the

species and ‘‘adverse modification’’ of

critical habitat are nearly identical.

Designating critical habitat does not,

in itself, lead to recovery of a listed

species. Designation does not create a

management plan, establish numerical

population goals, prescribe specific

management actions (inside or outside

of critical habitat), or directly affect

areas not designated as critical habitat.

Specific management recommendations

for areas designated as critical habitat

are most appropriately addressed in

recovery, conservation, and

management plans, and through section

7 consultations and section 10 permits.

A. Prudency Redetermination

As previously stated, designation of

critical habitat is not prudent when one

or both of the following situations exist:

(i) The species is threatened by taking

or other human activity, and

identification of critical habitat can be

expected to increase the degree of such

threat to the species; or (ii) such

designation of critical habitat would not

be beneficial to the species (50 CFR

424.12(a)(1)).

To determine whether critical habitat

would be prudent for each species, we

analyzed the potential threats and

benefits for each species in accordance

with the court’s order. Two species,

Phyllostegia waimeae and Melicope

quadrangularis, both endemic to the

island of Kauai, are no longer extant in

the wild. Phyllostegia waimeae was last

collected in 1969 and no individuals

were seen in two subsequent visits

(1991 and 1992) to the last known

location (Wagner et al. 1999; K. Wood,

pers. comm. 2000). Melicope

quadrangularis was last observed in the

Wahiawa drainage area in 1991. This

species has not been seen in surveys of

this area subsequent to Hurricane Iniki

in 1992 (S. Perlman and K. Wood, pers.

comm. 2000). In addition, neither

species is known to be in storage or

under propagation. Therefore, we

believe both species may be extinct.

Under these circumstances, we propose

that designation of critical habitat for

Phyllostegia waimeae and Melicope

quadrangularis is not prudent because

such designation would be of no benefit

to these species. If either species is

rediscovered we may revise this

proposal to incorporate or address new

information as new data becomes

available (See 16 U.S.C. § 1532 (5)(B); 50

CFR 424.13(f)).

Due to low numbers of individuals

and/or populations and their inherent

immobility, the other 79 plants may be

vulnerable to unrestricted collection,

vandalism, or disturbance. We

examined the evidence currently

available for each of these taxa and

found specific evidence of vandalism,

disturbance, and/or the threat of

unrestricted collection for three species

of Pritchardia, the native palm, on

Kauai and Niihau. At the time of listing

we determined that designation of

critical habitat was not prudent for

Pritchardia napaliensis, P. aylmerrobinsonii, and P. viscosa because it

would increase the degree of threat from

vandalism or collecting, and would

provide no benefits (60 FR 53070). At

that time, we had information that at

least one of the remaining adult plants

has been damaged by spiked boots used

either by a botanist or seed collector to

scale these trees (61 FR 53070). Since

publication of the listing rule, we

learned of additional instances of

vandalism, collection, and commercial

trade involving these three species of

Pritchardia. In 1993, the State’s DOFAW

planted 39 young Pritchardia

napaliensis plants within a fenced

exclosure near the Wailua River. A short

time after this, the fence was vandalized

and all 39 plants were removed (A.

Kyono, pers. comm. 2000; Craig Koga,

DOFAW, in litt. 1999). In mid-1996, a

young plant and seeds of Pritchardia

viscosa were removed from the only

known location of this species (A.

Kyono, pers. comm. 2000; C. Koga, in

litt. 1999). Recently we received

information on the commercial trade in

palms conducted through the internet

(Grant Canterbury, USFWS, in litt.

2000). Several nurseries advertise and

sell seedlings and young plants,

including 13 species of Hawaiian

Pritchardia. Seven of these species are

federally protected, including

Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii and P.

napaliensis.

In light of this information, we believe

that designation of critical habitat

would likely increase the threat to these

three species of Pritchardia on Kauai

and Niihau from vandalism or

collection. These plants are easy to

identify, and they are attractive to

collectors of rare palms either for their

personal use or to trade or sell for

personal gain (Johnson 1996). The final

listing rules for these three species

contained only general information on

their distribution, but the publication of

precise maps and descriptions of critical

habitat in the Federal Register would

make these species more vulnerable to

incidents of vandalism or collection,

and, therefore, contribute to the decline

of these species and make recovery

more difficult (61 FR 53070).

In addition, we believe that

designation would not provide

significant benefits that would outweigh

these increased risks. First, Pritchardia

napaliensis and P. viscosa do not occur

on Federal land, and the State lands

where they are found are zoned for

conservation. Some of the plants are on

lands set aside in perpetuity to conserve

their natural flora and fauna, or as

geological sites (State of Hawaii natural

area reserves) (HRS § 195–1). In

addition, these species are found in

areas that are remote and accessible

only by four-wheel drive (Pritchardia

viscosa only), foot, boat, or helicopter. It

66842 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 216 / Tuesday, November 7, 2000 / Proposed Rules

is, therefore, unlikely that the lands on

which these species are found will be

developed. Since there do not appear to

be any actions in the future that would

involve a Federal agency, designation of

critical habitat would not provide any

additional protection to the species than

they do not already have through listing

alone. If, however, in the future any

Federal involvement did occur, such as

through the permitting process or

funding by the U.S. Department of

Agriculture, the U.S. Department of

Interior, the Corps through section 404

of the Clean Water Act, the U.S. Federal

Department of Housing and Urban

Development or the Federal Highway

Administration, the actions would be

subject to consultation under section 7

of the Act.

Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii is only

found on Niihau, which is presently

zoned for agriculture. There are no

hotels, resorts, or other commercial

development on the island. Public

access to the island is not generally

authorized by the landowner. Most of

the people living on this island (fewer

than 300) are employed in ranching

activities (Department of Geography

1998). While future activities on the

island are unknown, it is unlikely that

the land on which this species is found

will be developed. Future projects that

would require Federal permitting or

funding such as those mentioned above

are particularly unlikely on this

privately owned island. Although access

to the island has been and continues to

be restricted, P. aylmer-robinsonii is

endemic only to Niihau, so any

commercial availability indicates that

collection, either with or without the

land owner’s permission, has occurred

in the past and may still be occurring.

We acknowledge that critical habitat

designation, in some situations, may

provide some value to the species, for

example, by identifying areas important

for conservation and calling attention to

those areas in need of special

protection. However, for these three

species, we believe that the benefits of

designating critical habitat do not

outweigh the potential increased threats

from vandalism or collection. Given all

of the above considerations, we propose

that designation of critical habitat for

Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii, P.

napaliensis, and P. viscosa is not

prudent.

We examined the evidence available

for the other 76 taxa and have not, at

this time, found specific evidence of

taking, vandalism, collection or trade of

these taxa or of similar species.

Consequently, while we remain

concerned that these activities could

potentially threaten these 76 plant

species in the future, consistent with

applicable regulations (50 CFR

424.12(a)(1)(i)) and the court’s

discussion of these regulations, we do

not find that any of these species are

currently threatened by taking or other

human activity, which would be

exacerbated by the designation of

critical habitat.

In the absence of finding that critical

habitat would increase threats to a

species, if there are any benefits to

critical habitat designation, then a

prudent finding is warranted. The

potential benefits include: (1) Triggering

section 7 consultation in new areas

where it would not otherwise occur

because, for example, it is or has

become unoccupied; (2) focusing

conservation activities; (3) providing

educational benefits to State or county

governments or private entities; and (4)

preventing people from causing

inadvertent harm to the species.

In the case of these 76 species, there

would be some benefits to critical

habitat. The primary regulatory effect of

critical habitat is the section 7

requirement that Federal agencies

refrain from taking any action that

destroys or adversely affects critical

habitat. At least eleven of these species

are reported on or near Federal lands

(see Table 3), where actions are subject

to section 7 consultation. Although a

majority of the species considered in

this rule are located exclusively on nonFederal lands with limited Federal

activities, there could be Federal actions

affecting these lands in the future.

While a critical habitat designation for

habitat currently occupied by these

species would not likely change the

section 7 consultation outcome, since an

action that destroys or adversely

modifies such critical habitat would

also be likely to result in jeopardy to the

species, there may be instances where

section 7 consultation would be

triggered only if critical habitat were

designated. There would also be some

educational or informational benefits to

the designation of critical habitat.

Benefits of designation would include

the notification of land owners, land

managers, and the general public of the

importance of protecting the habitat of

these species and dissemination of

information regarding their essential

habitat requirements.

Therefore, we propose that

designation of critical habitat is prudent

for these 76 plant species: Adenophorus

periens, Alectryon macrococcus,

Alsinidendron lychnoides,

Alsinidendron viscosum, Bonamia

menziesii, Brighamia insignis,

Centaurium sebaeoides, Chamaesyce

halemanui, Cyanea asarifolia, Cyanea

recta, Cyanea remyi, Cyanea undulata,

Cyperus trachysanthos, Cyrtandra

cyaneoides, Cyrtandra limahuliensis,

Delissea rhytidosperma, Delissea

rivularis, Delissea undulata, Diellia

pallida, Dubautia latifolia, Dubautia

pauciflorula, Euphorbia haeleeleana,

Exocarpos luteolus, Flueggea

neowawraea, Gouania meyenii,

Hedyotis cookiana, Hedyotis st.-johnii,

Hesperomannia lydgatei,

Hibiscadelphus woodii, Hibiscus clayi,

Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae,

Isodendrion laurifolium, Isodendrion

longifolium, Kokia kauaiensis, Labordia

lydgatei, Labordia tinifolia var.

wahiawaensis, Lipochaeta fauriei,

Lipochaeta micrantha, Lipochaeta

waimeaensis, Lobelia niihauensis,

Lysimachia filifolia, Melicope

haupuensis, Melicope knudsenii,

Melicope pallida, Munroidendron

racemosum, Myrsine linearifolia,

Nothocestrum peltatum, Panicum

niihauense, Peucedanum sandwicense,

Phyllostegia knudsenii, Phyllostegia

wawrana, Plantago princeps,

Platanthera holochila, Poa mannii, Poa

sandvicensis, Poa siphonoglossa,

Pteralyxia kauaiensis, Remya

kauaiensis, Remya montgomeryi,

Schiedea apokremnos, Schiedea helleri,

Schiedea kauaiensis, Schiedea

membranacea, Schiedea nuttallii,

Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda,

Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina,

Schiedea stellarioides, Sesbania

tomentosa, Solanum sandwicense,

Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Stenogyne

campanulata, Viola helenae, Viola

kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis, Wilkesia

hobdyi, Xylosma crenatum, and

Zanthoxylum hawaiiense.

B. Primary Constituent Elements

In accordance with section 4(b)(2) of

the Act and regulations at 50 CFR

424.12, in determining which areas to

propose as critical habitat, we are

required to base critical habitat

determinations on the best scientific

and commercial data available and to

consider those physical and biological

features that are essential to the

conservation of the species and that may

require special management

considerations or protection. Such

requirements include, but are not

limited to, space for individual and

population growth, and for normal

behavior; food, water, air, light,

minerals, or other nutritional or

physiological requirements; cover or

shelter; sites for breeding, reproduction,

or rearing of offspring, germination, or

seed dispersal; and habitats that are

protected from disturbance or are

representative of the historic

Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 216 / Tuesday, November 7, 2000 / Proposed Rules 66843

geographical and ecological

distributions of a species.

Very little is known about the specific

physical and biological requirements of

most of these 76 species. Therefore, we

have defined primary constituent

elements on the basis of general habitat

features of the areas in which the

species currently occur, such as the

plant community associated with the

listed species and the species’ physical

location (e.g., steep rocky cliffs, talus

slopes, stream banks, and elevation).

Areas outside the currently known

occupied areas (e.g., potentially suitable

unoccupied habitat) may be important

to the recovery of most of these 76

species. However, in most cases, we

have not included such areas in the

proposed designations for these species

because of our limited knowledge of the

historical range (i.e., the geographical

area they once occupied but from which

they are now absent) and our lack of

information on the physical or

biological features essential for the

conservation of a species. The Service

considers reintroduction (the planting of

propagated individuals or seedlings into

an area) to be an acceptable method to

try to achieve plant species recovery.

Native plant reintroductions are,

however, difficult and successful efforts

are not common. We do not know

enough about these 76 species to

identify areas where reintroductions are

likely to be successful. We will continue

to support experimental efforts to

reintroduce species. Such

reintroduction work may lead to the

need to designate unoccupied habitat in

the future to provide additional

protection to the reintroduced plants.

The areas we are currently proposing to

designate as critical habitat provide

some or all of the habitat components

essential for the conservation of the 76

plant species.

The plant communities given in the

following descriptions of primary

constituent elements are based upon

biological and physical features such as

predominant plant species, associated

plant species, elevation, precipitation,

and soil types and/or parent material.

Descriptions of these Hawaiian plant

communities are found in Gagne and

Cuddihy (1999).

Species Endemic to Kauai

The currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Alsinidendron lychnoides are:

(1) montane wet forests

(a) dominated by Metrosideros

polymorpha and Cheirodendron sp., or

by M. polymorpha and Dicranopteris

linearis, and

(b) containing one or more of the

following native plant species: Carex

sp., Cyrtandra sp., Machaerina sp.,

Vaccinium sp., Peperomia sp., Hedyotis

terminalis, Astelia sp., or Broussaisia

arguta; and

(2) elevations between 1,100 and

1,320 m (3,610 and 4,330 ft).

The currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Alsinidendron viscosum are:

(1) steep slopes

(a) in Acacia koa-Metrosideros

polymorpha lowland, montane mesic, or

wet forest, and

(b) containing one or more of the

following native plant species: Alyxia

olivaeformis, Bidens cosmoides, Bobea

sp., Carex sp., Coprosma sp., Dodonaea

viscosa, Gahnia sp., Ilex anomala,

Melicope sp., Pleomele sp., Psychotria

sp., or Schiedea stellarioides; and

(2) elevations between 820 and 1,200

m (2,700 and 3,940 ft).

The currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Chamaesyce halemanui are:

(1) steep slopes of gulches

(a) in mesic Acacia koa forests, and

(b) containing one or more of the

following native plant species:

Metrosideros polymorpha, Alphitonia

ponderosa, Antidesma platyphyllum,

Bobea brevipes, Cheirodendron

trigynum, Coprosma sp., Diospyros

sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa,

Elaeocarpus bifidus, Hedyotis

terminalis, Kokia kauaiensis, Melicope

haupuensis, Pisonia sp., Pittosporum

sp., Pleomele aurea, Psychotria

mariniana, Psychotria greenwelliae,

Pouteria sandwicensis, Santalum

freycinetianum, or Styphelia

tameiameiae; and

(2) elevations between 660 to 1,100 m

(2,165 to 3,610 ft).

The currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Cyanea asarifolia are:

(1) pockets of soil on sheer rock cliffs

(a) in lowland wet forests, and

(b) containing one or more of the

following native plant species: Hedyotis

elatior, Machaerina angustifolia,

Metrosideros polymorpha, Touchardia

latifolia, or Urera glabra; and

(2) elevations between 330 to 730 m

(1,080 to 2,400 ft).

The currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Cyanea recta are:

(1) gulches or slopes

(a) in lowland wet or mesic

Metrosideros polymorpha forest or

shrubland, and

(b) containing one or more of the

following native plant species:

Antidesma sp., Cheirodendron

platyphyllum, Cibotium sp.,

Dicranopteris linearis, Diplazium sp., or

Psychotria sp.; and

(2) elevations between 400 to 1,200 m

(1,310 to 3,940 ft).

The currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Cyanea remyi are:

(1) lowland wet forest or shrubland

and containing one or more of the

following native plant species:

Antidesma sp., Cheirodendron sp.,

Diospyros sp., Broussaisia arguta,

Metrosideros polymorpha, Freycinetia

arborea, Hedyotis terminalis,

Machaerina angustifolia, Perrottetia

sandwicensis, Psychotria hexandra, or

Syzygium sandwicensis; and

(2) elevations between 360 and 930 m

(1,180 and 3,060 ft).

The currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Cyanea undulata are:

(1) pristine, undisturbed sites along

shady stream banks or steep to vertical

slopes; and

(2) elevations between 630 to 800 m

(2,070 to 2,625 ft).

The currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Cyrtandra cyaneoides are:

(1) steep slopes or cliffs near streams

or waterfalls

(a) in lowland or montane wet forest

or shrubland dominated by

Metrosideros polymorpha or a mixture

of M. polymorpha and Dicranopteris

linearis, and

(b) containing one or more of the

following native species: Perrottetia

sandwicensis, Pipturus sp., Bidens sp.,

Psychotria sp., Pritchardia sp.,

Freycinetia arborea, Cyanea sp.,

Cyrtandra limahuliensis, Diplazium

sandwichianum, Gunnera sp.,

Coprosma sp., Stenogyne sp.,

Machaerina sp., Boehmeria grandis,

Pipturus sp., Cheirodendron sp.,

Hedyotis terminalis, or Hedyotis

tryblium; and

(2) elevations between 550 and 1,220

meter (1,800 and 4,000 ft).

The currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Cyrtandra limahuliensis are:

(1) stream banks

(a) in lowland wet forests, and

(b) containing one or more of the

following native plant species:

Antidesma sp., Cyrtandra kealiea,

Pisonia sp., Pipturus sp., Cibotium

glaucum, Eugenia sp., Hedyotis

terminalis, Dubautia sp., Boehmeria

grandis, Touchardia latifolia, Bidens

sp., Hibiscus waimeae, Charpentiera sp.,

Urera glabra, Pritchardia sp., Cyanea

sp., Perrottetia sandwicensis,

Metrosideros polymorpha, Dicranopteris

linearis, Gunnera kauaiensis, or

Psychotria sp.; and

66844 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 216 / Tuesday, November 7, 2000 / Proposed Rules

(2) elevations between 245 and 915 m

(800 and 3,000 ft).

The currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Delissea rhytidosperma are:

(1) well-drained soils with medium or

fine-textured subsoil

(a) in diverse lowland mesic forests or

Acacia koa dominated lowland dry

forests, and

(b) containing one or more of the

following native species: Euphorbia

haeleeleana, Psychotria hobdyi, Pisonia

sp., Pteralyxia sp., Dodonaea viscosa,

Cyanea sp., Hedyotis sp., Dianella

sandwicensis, Diospyros sandwicensis,

Styphelia tameiameiae, or Nestegis

sandwicensis; and

(2) elevations between 120 and 915 m

(400 and 3,000 ft).

The currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Delissea rivularis are:

(1) steep slopes near streams

(a) in Metrosideros polymorpha—

Cheirodendron trigynum montane wet

or mesic forest, and

(b) containing one or more of the

following native plant species:

Broussaisia arguta, Carex sp., Coprosma

sp., Melicope clusiifolia, M. anisata,

Psychotria hexandra, Dubautia

knudsenii, Diplazium sandwichianum,

Hedyotis foggiana, Ilex anomala, or

Sadleria sp.; and

(2) elevations between 1,100 to 1,220

m (3,610 to 4,000 ft).

The currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Diellia pallida are:

(1) bare soil on steep, rocky, dry

slopes

(a) in lowland mesic forests, and

(b) containing one or more of the

following native plant species: Acacia

koa, Alectryon macrococcus, Antidesma

platyphyllum, Metrosideros

polymorpha, Myrsine lanaiensis,

Zanthoxylum dipetalum,

Tetraplasandra kauaiensis, Psychotria

mariniana, Carex meyenii, Diospyros

hillebrandii, Hedyotis knudsenii,

Canthium odoratum, Pteralyxia

kauaiensis, Nestegis sandwicensis,

Alyxia olivaeformis, Wilkesia

gymnoxiphium, Alphitonia ponderosa,

Styphelia tameiameiae, or Rauvolfia

sandwicensis; and

(2) elevations between 520 to 915 m

(1,700 to 3,000 ft).

The currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Dubautia latifolia are:

(1) gentle or steep slopes on well

drained soil

(a) in semi-open or closed, diverse

montane mesic forest dominated by

Acacia koa and/or Metrosideros

polymorpha, and

(b) containing one or more of the

following native plant species: Pouteria

sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa,

Nestegis sandwicensis, Diplazium

sandwicensis, Elaeocarpus bifidus,

Claoxylon sandwicense, Bobea sp.,

Pleomele sp., Antidesma sp., Cyrtandra

sp., Xylosma sp., Alphitonia ponderosa,

Coprosma waimeae, Dicranopteris

linearis, Hedyotis terminalis, Ilex

anomala, Melicope anisata, Psychotria

mariniana, or Scaevola sp.; and

(2) elevations between 800 to 1,220 m

(2,625 to 4,000 ft).

The currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Dubautia pauciflorula are:

(1) lowland wet forest within stream

drainages; and

(2) elevations between 670–700m

(2,200–2,300 ft).

The currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Exocarpos luteolus are:

(1) wet areas bordering swamps and

open, dry ridges

(a) in lowland or montane

Metrosideros polymorpha dominated

wet forest communities, and

(b) containing one or more of the

following native plant species: Acacia

koa, Cheirodendron trigynum, Pouteria

sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa,

Pleomele aurea, Psychotria mariniana,

Psychotria greenwelliae, Bobea brevipes,

Hedyotis terminalis, Elaeocarpus

bifidus, Melicope haupuensis, Dubautia

laevigata, Dianella sandwicensis, Poa

sandwicensis, Schiedea stellarioides,

Peperomia macraeana, Claoxylon

sandwicense, Santalum freycinetianum,

Styphelia tameiameiae, or Dicranopteris

linearis; and

(2) elevations between 475 and 1,290

m (1,560 and 4,220 ft).

The currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Hedyotis st.-johnii are:

(1) crevices of north-facing, nearvertical coastal cliff faces within the

spray zone

(a) in sparse dry coastal shrubland,

and

(b) containing one or more of the

following native plant species:

Myoporum sandwicense, Eragrostis

variabilis, Lycium sandwicense,

Heteropogon contortus, Artemisia

australis or Chamaesyce celastroides;

and

(2) elevations below 75 m (250 ft).

The currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Hesperomannia lydgatei are:

(1) stream banks with rich brown soil

and silty clay

(a) in Metrosideros polymorpha or

Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris

linearis lowland wet forest, and

(b) containing one or more of the

following associated native plant

species: Adenophorus sp., Antidesma

sp., Broussaisia arguta, Cheirodendron

sp., Elaphoglossum sp., Freycinetia

arborea, Hedyotis terminalis, Labordia

lydgatei, Machaerina angustifolia,

Peperomia sp., Pritchardia sp.,

Psychotria hexandra, and Syzygium

sandwicensis; and

(2) elevations between 410–915 m

(1,345–3,000 ft).

The currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Hibiscadelphus woodii are:

(1) basalt talus or cliff walls

(a) in Metrosideros polymorpha

montane mesic forest, and

(b) containing one or more of the

following associated native plant

species: Bidens sandwicensis, Artemisia

australis, Melicope pallida, Dubautia

sp., Lepidium serra, Lipochaeta sp.,

Lysimachia glutinosa, Carex meyenii,

Chamaesyce celastroides var.

hanapepensis, Hedyotis sp.,

Nototrichium sp., Panicum lineale,

Myrsine sp., Stenogyne campanulata,

Lobelia niihauensis, or Poa mannii; and

(2) elevations around 915 m (3,000 ft).

The currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Hibiscus clayi are:

(1) slopes

(a) in Acacia koa or Diospyros sp.-

Pisonia sp.-Metrosideros polymorpha

lowland dry or mesic forest, and

(b) containing one or more of the

following associated native plant

species: Hedyotis acuminata, Pipturus

sp., Psychotria sp., Cyanea hardyi,

Artemisia australis, or Bidens sp.; and

(2) elevations between 230 to 350 m

(750 to 1,150 ft).

The currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae are:

(1) Metrosideros polymorphaDicranopteris linearis or Pisonia sp.,

Charpentiera elliptica lowland wet or

mesic forest and containing one or more

of the following associated native plant

species: Antidesma sp., Psychotria sp.,

Pipturus sp., Bidens sp., Bobea sp.,

Sadleria sp., Cyrtandra sp., Cyanea sp.,

Cibotium sp., Perrottetia sandwicensis,

or Syzygium sandwicensis; and

(2) elevations between 190 and 560 m

(620 and 1,850 ft).

The currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Kokia kauaiensis are:

(1) diverse mesic forest containing

one or more of the following associated

native plant species: Acacia koa,

Metrosideros polymorpha, Bobea sp.,

Diospyros sandwicensis, Hedyotis sp.,

Pleomele sp., Pisonia sp., Xylosma sp.,

Isodendrion sp., Syzygium

Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 216 / Tuesday, November 7, 2000 / Proposed Rules 66845

sandwicensis, Antidesma sp., Alyxia

olivaeformis, Pouteria sandwicensis,

Streblus pendulinus, Canthium

odoratum, Nototrichium sp., Pteralyxia

kauaiensis, Dicranopteris linearis,

Hibiscus sp., Flueggea neowawraea,

Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Melicope sp.,

Diellia laciniata, Tetraplasandra sp.,

Chamaesyce celastroides, Lipochaeta

fauriei, Dodonaea viscosa, Santalum

sp., Claoxylon sp., or Nestegis

sandwicensis; and

(2) elevations between 350–660 m

(1,150–2,165 ft).

The currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Labordia lydgatei are:

(1) Metrosideros polymorphaDicranopteris linearis lowland wet

forest containing one or more of the

following associated native plant

species: Psychotria sp., Hedyotis

terminalis sp., Cyanea sp., Cyrtandra

sp., Labordia hirtella, Antidesma

platyphyllum var. hillebrandii,

Syzygium sandwicensis, Ilex anomala,

or Dubautia knudsenii; and

(2) elevations between 635 and 855 m

(2,080 to 2,800 ft).

The currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Labordia tinifolia var. wahiawaensis

are:

(1) streambanks

(a) in lowland wet forests dominated

by Metrosideros polymorpha, and

(b) containing one or more of the

following associated species:

Cheirodendron sp., Dicranopteris

linearis, Cyrtandra sp., Antidesma sp.,

Psychotria sp., Hedyotis terminalis, or

Athyrium microphyllum; and

(2) elevations between 300 to 920 m

(985 to 3,020 ft).

The currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Lipochaeta fauriei are:

(1) moderate shade to full sun on the

sides of steep gulches

(a) in diverse lowland mesic forests,

and

(b) containing one or more of the

following native species: Diospyros sp.,

Myrsine lanaiensis, Euphorbia

haeleeleana, Acacia koa, Pleomele

aurea, Sapindus oahuensis, Nestegis

sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa,

Psychotria mariniana, Psychotria

greenwelliae, Kokia kauaiensis, or

Hibiscus waimeae; and

(2) elevations between 480 to 900 m

(1,575 to 2,950 ft).

The currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Lipochaeta micrantha var. exigua

are:

(1) cliffs, ridges, or slopes

(a) in grassy, shrubby or dry mixed

communities, and

(b) containing one or more of the

following associated native plant

species: Artemisia australis, Bidens

sandvicensis, Plectranthus parviflorus,

Chamaesyce celastroides, Diospyros sp.,

Canthium odoratum, Neraudia sp.,

Pipturus sp., Hibiscus kokio, Sida

fallax, Eragrostis sp., or Lepidium

bidentatum; and

(2) elevations between 305–430 m

(1,000–1,400 ft).

The currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Lipochaeta micrantha var.

micrantha are:

(1) basalt cliffs, stream banks, or level

ground

(a) in mesic or diverse Metrosideros

polymorpha-Diospyros sp. forest, and

(b) containing one or more of the

following associated native plant

species: Lobelia niihauensis,

Chamaesyce celastroides var.

hanapepensis, Neraudia kauaiensis,

Rumex sp., Nontrichium sp., Artemisia

sp., Dodonaea viscosa, Antidesma sp.,

Hibiscus sp., Xylosma sp., Pleomele sp.,

Melicope sp., Bobea sp., and Acacia

koa; and

(2) elevations between 610–720 m

(2,000–2,360 ft).

The currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Lipochaeta waimeaensis are:

(1) extremely steep, shrub-covered

gulches

(a) in diverse lowland forest, and

(b) containing the native species

Dodonaea viscosa or Lipochaeta

connata; and

(2) elevations between 350 to 400 m

(1,150 to 1,310 ft).

The currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Melicope haupuensis are:

(1) moist talus slopes

(a) in Metrosideros polymorpha

dominated lowland mesic forests, or

Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia koa

montane mesic forest and

(b) containing one or more of the

following associated native plant

species: Dodonaea viscosa, Diospyros

sp., Psychotria mariniana, P.

greenwelliae, Melicope ovata, M.

anisata, M. barbigera, Dianella

sandwicensis, Pritchardia minor,

Tetraplasandra waimeae, Claoxylon

sandwicensis, Cheirodendron trigynum,

Pleomele aurea, Cryptocarya mannii,

Pouteria sandwicensis, Bobea brevipes,

Hedyotis terminalis, Elaeocarpus

bifidus, or Antidesma sp; and

(2) elevations between 375 to 1,075 m

(1,230 to 3,530 ft).

The currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Munroidendron racemosum are:

(1) steep exposed cliffs or ridge slopes

(a) in coastal or lowland mesic forest,

and

(b) containing one or more of the

following associated plant taxa

including: Pisonia umbellifera,

Canavalia galeata, Sida fallax,

Brighamia insignis, Canthium

odoratum, Psychotria sp., Nestegis

sandwicensis, Tetraplasandra sp.,

Bobea timonioides, Rauvolfia

sandwicensis, Pleomele sp., Pouteria

sandwicensis, or Diospyros sp.; and

(2) elevations between 120 to 400 m

(395 to 1,310 ft).

The currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Myrsine linearifolia are:

(1) diverse mesic or wet lowland or

montane Metrosideros polymorpha

forest

(a) with Cheirodendron sp. or

Dicranopteris linearis as co-dominants,

and

(b) containing one or more of the

following associated native plant

species: Dubautia sp., Cryptocarya

mannii, Sadleria pallida, Myrsine sp.,

Syzygium sandwicensis, Machaerina

angustifolia, Freycinetia arborea,

Hedyotis terminalis, Cheirodendron sp.,

Bobea brevipes, Nothocestrum sp.,

Melicope sp., Eurya sandwicensis,

Psychotria sp., Lysimachia sp., or native

ferns; and

(2) elevations between 585 to 1,280 m

(1,920 to 4,200 ft).

The currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Nothocestrum peltatum are:

(1) fertile soil on steep slopes

(a) in montane or lowland mesic or

wet forest dominated by Acacia koa or

a mixture of Acacia koa and

Metrosideros polymorpha, and

(b) containing one or more of the

following associated native plant

species: Antidesma sp., Dicranopteris

linearis, Bobea brevipes, Elaeocarpus

bifidus, Alphitonia ponderosa, Melicope

anisata, M. barbigera, M. haupuensis,

Pouteria sandwicensis, Dodonaea

viscosa, Dianella sandwicensis,

Tetraplasandra Kauaiensis, Claoxylon

sandwicensis, Cheirodendron trigynum,

Psychotria mariniana, P. greenwelliae,

Hedyotis terminalis, Ilex anomala,

Xylosma sp., Cryptocarya mannii,

Coprosma sp., Pleomele aurea,

Diplazium sandwicensis, Broussaisia

arguta, or Perrottetia sandwicensis; and

(2) elevations between 915 to 1,220 m

(3,000 to 4,000 ft).

The currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Panicum niihauense

are:

(1) sand dunes

(a) in coastal shrubland, and

(b) containing one or more of the

following associated native plant

66846 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 216 / Tuesday, November 7, 2000 / Proposed Rules

species: Dodonaea viscosa, Cassytha

filiformis, Scaevola sericea, Sida fallax,

Vitex rotundifolia, or Sporobolus sp.;

and

(2) elevations of 100 m or less (330 ft).

The currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Phyllostegia knudsenii are:

(1) Metrosideros polymorpha lowland

mesic or wet forest containing one or

more of the following associated native

plant species: Perrottetia sandwicensis,

Cyrtandra kauaiensis, Cyrtandra

paludosa, Elaeocarpus bifidus,

Claoxylon sandwicensis, Cryptocarya

mannii, Ilex anomala, Myrsine

linearifolia, Bobea timonioides,

Selaginella arbuscula, Diospyros sp.,

Zanthoxylum dipetalum, Pittosporum

sp., Tetraplasandra sp., Pouteria

sandwicensis, or Pritchardia minor; and

(2) elevations between 865–975 m

(2,840–3,200 ft).

The currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Phyllostegia wawrana are:

(1) Metrosideros polymorpha

dominated lowland or montane wet or

mesic forest

(a) with Cheirodendron sp. or

Dicranopteris linearis as co-dominants,

and

(b) containing one or more of the

following associated native plant

species: Delissea rivularis, Diplazium

sandwichianum, Vaccinium sp.,

Broussaisia arguta, Myrsine lanaiensis,

Psychotria sp., Dubautia knudsenii,

Scaevola procera, Gunnera sp.,

Pleomele aurea, Claoxylon

sandwicense, Elaphoglossum sp.,

Hedyotis sp., Sadleria sp., and

Syzygium sandwicensis; and

(2) elevations between 780–1,210 m

(2,560–3,920 ft).

The currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Poa mannii are:

(1) cliffs, rock faces, or stream banks

(a) in lowland or montane wet, dry, or

mesic Metrosideros polymorpha or

Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha

montane mesic forest, and

(b) containing one or more of the

following associated native plant

species: Alectryon macrococcus,

Antidesma platyphyllum, Bidens

cosmoides, Chamaesyce celastroides

var. hanapepensis, Artemisia australis,

Bidens sandwicensis, Lobelia

sandwicensis, Wilkesia gymnoxiphium,

Eragrostis variabilis, Panicum lineale,

Mariscus phloides, Luzula hawaiiensis,

Carex meyenii, C. wahuensis, Cyrtandra

wawrae, Dodonaea viscosa, Exocarpos

luteolus, Labordia helleri, Nototrichium

sp., Schiedea amplexicaulis, Hedyotis

terminalis, Melicope anisata, M.

barbigera, M. pallida, Pouteria

sandwicensis, Schiedea membranacea,

Diospyros sandwicensis, Psychotria

mariniana, P. greenwelliae, or Kokia

kauaiensis; and

(2) elevations between 460 and 1,150

m (1,510 and 3,770 ft).

The currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Poa sandvicensis are:

(1) wet, shaded, gentle or steep slopes,

ridges, or rock ledges

(a) in semi-open or closed, mesic or

wet, diverse montane forest dominated

by Metrosideros polymorpha, and

(b) containing one or more of the

following associated native species:

Dodonaea viscosa, Dubautia sp.,

Coprosma sp., Melicope sp., Dianella

sandwicensis, Alyxia olivaeformis,

Bidens sp., Dicranopteris linearis,

Schiedea stellarioides, Peperomia

macraeana, Claoxylon sandwicense,

Acacia koa, Psychotria sp., Hedyotis sp.,

Scaevola sp., Cheirodendron sp., or

Syzygium sandwicensis; and

(2) elevations between 1,035 to 1,250

m (3,400 to 4,100 ft).

The currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Poa siphonoglossa are:

(1) shady banks near ridge crests

(a) in mesic Metrosideros polymorpha

forest, and

(b) containing one or more of the

following associated native plant

species: Acacia koa, Psychotria sp.,

Scaevola sp., Alphitonia ponderosa,

Zanthoxylum dipetalum,

Tetraplasandra Kauaiensis, Dodonaea

viscosa, Hedyotis sp., Melicope sp.,

Vaccinium sp., Styphelia tameiameiae,

Carex meyenii, Carex wahuensis, or

Wilkesia gymnoxiphium; and

(2) elevations between 1,000 to 1,200

m (3,300 and 3,940 ft).

The currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Pteralyxia kauaiensis are:

(1) diverse mesic or wet forests

containing one or more of the following

associated plant taxa: Pisonia

sandwicensis, Euphorbia haeleeleana,

Charpentiera elliptica, Pipturus sp.,

Neraudia kauaiensis, Hedyotis

terminalis, Pritchardia sp., Gardenia

remyi, Syzygium sp., Pleomele sp.,

Cyanea sp., Hibiscus sp., Kokia

kauaiensis, Alectryon macrococcus,

Canthium odoratum, Nestegis

sandwicensis, Bobea timonioides,

Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Nesoluma

polynesicum, Myrsine lanaiensis,

Caesalpinia Kauaiensis, Tetraplasandra

sp., Acacia koa, Styphelia tameiameiae,

Dodonaea viscosa, Gahnia sp.,

Freycinetia arborea, Psychotria

mariniana, Diplazium sandwichianum,

Zanthoxylum dipetalum, Carex sp.,

Delissea sp., Xylosma hawaiiense,

Alphitonia ponderosa, Santalum

freycinetianum, Antidesma sp.,

Diospyros sp., Metrosideros

polymorpha, Dianella sandwicensis,

Poa sandwicensis, Schiedea

stellarioides, Peperomia macraeana,

Claoxylon sandwicense, or Pouteria

sandwicensis; and

(2) elevations between 250 to 610 m

(810 to 2,000 ft).

The currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Remya kauaiensis are:

(1) steep, north or northeast facing

slopes

(a) in Acacia koa-Metrosideros

polymorpha lowland mesic forest, and

(b) containing one or more of the

following associated native plant

species: Chamaesyce sp., Nestegis

sandwicensis, Diospyros sp., Hedyotis

terminalis, Melicope ssp., Pouteria

sandwicensis, Schiedea membranacea,

Psychotria mariniana, Dodonaea

viscosa, Dianella sandwicensis,

Tetraplasandra kauaiensis or Claoxylon

sandwicensis; and

(2) elevations between 850 to 1,250 m

(2,800 to 4,100 ft).

The currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Remya montgomeryi are:

(1) steep, north or northeast-facing

slopes, cliffs, or stream banks near

waterfalls

(a) in Metrosideros polymorpha mixed

mesic forest, and

(b) containing one or more of the

following associated native plant

species: Lysimachia glutinosa, Lepidium

serra, Boehmeria grandis, Poa mannii,

Stenogyne campanulata, Myrsine

linearifolia, Bobea timonioides, Ilex

anomala, Zanthoxylum dipetalum,

Claoxylon sandwicensis,

Tetraplasandra sp., Artemisia sp.,

Nototrichium sp., Cyrtandra sp.,

Dubautia plantaginea, Sadleria sp.,

Cheirodendron sp., Scaevola sp., or

Pleomele sp.; and

(2) elevations between 850 to 1,250 m

(2,800 to 4,100 ft).

The currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Schiedea apokremnos are:

(1) crevices of near-vertical coastal

cliff faces

(a) in sparse dry coastal shrub

vegetation, and

(b) containing one or more of the

following associated native plant

species: Heliotropium sp., Chamaesyce

sp., Bidens sp., Artemisia australis,

Lobelia niihauensis, Wilkesia hobdyi,

Lipochaeta connata, Myoporum

sandwicense, Canthium odoratum, or

Peperomia sp.; and

(2) elevations between 60 to 330 m

(200 to 1,080 ft).

Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 216 / Tuesday, November 7, 2000 / Proposed Rules 66847

The currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Schiedea helleri are:

(1) ridges and steep cliffs

(a) in closed Metrosideros

polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis

montane wet forest, or Metrosideros

polymorpha-Cheirodendron sp.

montane wet forest, or Acacia koaMetrosideros polymorpha montane

mesic forest, and

(b) containing one or more of the

following associated native plant

species: Dubautia raillardioides,

Scaevola procera, Hedyotis terminalis,

Syzygium sandwicensis, Melicope

clusifolia, Cibotium sp., Broussaisia

arguta, Cheirodendron sp., Cyanea

hirtella, Dianella sandwicensis, Viola

wailenalenae, or Poa sandwicensis; and

(2) elevations between 1,065–1,100 m

(3,490–3,610 ft).

The currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Schiedea kauaiensis are:

(1) steep slopes

(a) in diverse mesic or wet forest, and

(b) containing one or more of the

following associated plant taxa:

Psychotria mariniana, Psychotria

hexandra, Canthium odoratum, Pisonia

sp., Microlepia speluncae, Exocarpos

luteolus, Diospyros sp., Peucedanum

sandwicense, or Euphorbia haeleeleana;

and

(2) elevations between 680–790 m

(2,230–2,590 ft).

The currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Schiedea membranacea are:

(1) cliffs or cliff bases

(a) in mesic or wet habitats,

(b) in lowland, or montane shrubland,

or forest communities dominated by

Acacia koa, Pipturus sp. or Metrosideros

polymorpha, and

(c) containing one or more of the

following associated native plant

species: Hedyotis terminalis, Melicope

sp., Pouteria sandwicensis, Poa mannii,

Hibiscus waimeae, Psychotria

mariniana, Canthium odoratum,

Pisonia sp., Perrottetia sandwicensis,

Scaevola procera, Sadleria cyatheoides,

Diplazium sandwicensis, Thelypteris

sandwicensis, Boehmeria grandis,

Dodonaea viscosa, Myrsine sp., Bobea

brevipes, Alyxia olivaeformis,

Psychotria greenwelliae, Pleomele sp.,

Alphitonia ponderosa, Joinvillea

ascendens ssp. ascendens, Athyrium

sandwichianum, Machaerina

angustifolia, Cyrtandra paludosa,

Touchardia latifolia, Thelypteris

cyatheoides, Lepidium serra, Eragrostis

variabilis, Remya kauaiensis,

Lysimachia kalalauensis, Labordia

helleri, Mariscus pennatiformis,

Asplenium praemorsum, or Poa

sandvicensis; and

(2) elevations between 520 and 1,160

m (1,700 and 3,800 ft).

The currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda

are:

(1) bare rock outcrops or sparsely

vegetated portions of rocky cliff faces or

cliff bases

(a) in diverse lowland mesic forests,

and

(b) containing one or more of the

following native plants: Bidens

sandvicensis, Doryopteris sp.,

Peperomia leptostachya, or Plectranthus

parviflorus; and

(2) elevations between 180 and 800 m

(590 and 2,625 ft).

The currently known primary

constituent elements for Schiedea

spergulina var. spergulina are:

(1) bare rock outcrops or sparsely

vegetated portions of rocky cliff faces or

cliff bases

(a) in diverse lowland mesic forests,

and

(b) containing one or more of the

following associated plant taxa:

Heliotropium sp., or Nototrichium

sandwicense; and

(2) elevations between 180 and 800 m

(590 and 2,625 ft).

The currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Schiedea stellarioides are:

(1) steep slopes

(a) in closed Acacia koa-Metrosideros

polymorpha lowland or montane mesic

forest or shrubland, and

(b) containing one or more of the

following native plant species:

Nototrichium sp., Artemisia sp.,

Dodonaea viscosa, Melicope sp.,

Dianella sandwicensis, Bidens

cosmoides, Mariscus sp., or Styphelia

tameiameiae; and

(2) elevations between 610 and 1,120

m (2,000 and 3,680 ft).

The currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Stenogyne campanulata are:

(1) rock faces of nearly vertical, northfacing cliffs

(a) in diverse lowland or montane

mesic forest, and

(b) containing one or more of the

following associated native plant

species: Heliotropium sp., Lepidium

serra, Lysimachia glutinosa, Perrottetia

sandwicensis, or Remya montgomeryi;

and

(2) an elevation of 1,085 m (3,560 ft).

The currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Viola helenae are:

(1) stream banks or adjacent valley

bottoms with light to moderate shade in

Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris

linearis lowland wet forest; and

(2) elevations between 610–855 m

(2,000–2,800 ft).

The currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Viola kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis

are:

(1) open montane bog or wet

shrubland containing one or more of the

following native plant species:

Dicranopteris linearis, Diplopterygium

pinnatum, Syzygium sandwicensis, or

Metrosideros polymorpha; and

(2) elevations between 640 and 865 m

(2,100 and 2,840 ft).

The currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Wilkesia hobdyi are:

(1) coastal dry cliffs or very dry ridges

containing one or more of the following

associated native plant species:

Artemisia sp., Wilkesia gymnoxiphium,

Lipochaeta connata, Lobelia

niihauensis, Peucedanum sandwicensis,

Hibiscus kokio ssp. saint johnianus,

Canthium odoratum, Peperomia sp.,

Myoporum sandwicense, Sida fallax,

Waltheria indica, Dodonaea viscosa, or

Eragrostis variabilis; and

(2) elevations between 275 to 400 m

(900 to 1,310 ft).

The currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Xylosma crenatum are:

(1) diverse Acacia koa -Metrosideros

polymorpha montane mesic forest, or M.

polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis

montane wet forest, or A. koa -M.

polymorpha montane wet forest, and

containing one or more of the following

associated native plant species:

Tetraplasandra kauaiensis, Hedyotis

terminalis, Pleomele aurea, Ilex

anomala, Claoxylon sandwicense,

Myrsine alyxifolia, Nestegis

sandwicensis, Streblus pendulinus,

Psychotria sp., Diplazium

sandwichianum, Pouteria sandwicensis,

Scaevola procera, Coprosma sp.,

Athyrium sandwichianum, Touchardia

latifolia, Dubautia knudsenii,

Cheirodendron sp., Lobelia yuccoides,

Cyanea hirta, Poa sandwicensis, or

Diplazium sandwichianum; and

(2) elevations between 975 to 1,065 m

(3,200 to 3,490 ft).

Multi Island Species

The currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Adenophorus periens on Kauai are:

(1) well-developed, closed canopy

that provides deep shade or high

humidity

(a) in Metrosideros polymorphaCibotium glaucum lowland wet forests,

open M. polymorpha montane wet

66848 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 216 / Tuesday, November 7, 2000 / Proposed Rules

forest, or M. polymorpha-Dicranopteris

linearis lowland wet forest, and

(b) containing one or more of the

following native plant species:

Athyrium sandwicensis, Broussaisia sp.,

Cheirodendron trigynum, Cyanea sp.,

Cyrtandra sp., Dicranopteris linearis,

Freycinetia arborea, Hedyotis

terminalis, Labordia hirtella,

Machaerina angustifolia, Psychotria sp.,

Psychotria hexandra, or Syzygium

sandwicensis; and

(2) elevations between 400 and 1,265

m (1,310 and 4,150 ft).

The currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Alectryon macrococcus on Kauai are:

(1) dry slopes or gulches

(a) in Diospyros sp.-Metrosideros

polymorpha lowland mesic forest, M.

polymorpha mixed mesic forest, or

Diospyros sp. mixed mesic forest, and

(b) containing one or more of the

following native plant species: Nestegis

sandwicensis, Psychotria sp., Pisonia

sp., Xylosma sp., Streblus pendulinus,

Hibiscus sp., Antidesma sp., Pleomele

sp., Acacia koa, Melicope knudsenii,

Hibiscus waimeae, Pteralyxia sp.,

Zanthoxylum sp., Kokia Kauaiensis,

Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Myrsine

lanaiensis, Canthium odoratum,

Canavalia sp., Alyxia olivaeformis,

Nesoluma polynesicum, Munroidendron

racemosum, Caesalpinia kauaiense,

Tetraplasandra sp., Pouteria

sandwicensis, or Bobea timonioides;

and

(2) elevations between 360 to 1,070 m

(1,180 to 3,510 ft).

The currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Bonamia menziesii on Kauai are:

(1) dry, mesic or wet forests

containing one or more of the following

native plant species: Metrosideros

polymorpha, Canthium odoratum,

Dianella sandwicensis, Diospyros

sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa,

Hedyotis terminalis, Melicope anisata,

Melicope barbigera, Myoporum

sandwicense, Nestegis sandwicense,

Pisonia sp., Pittosporum sp., Pouteria

sandwicensis, or Sapindus oahuensis;

and

(2) elevations between 150 and 850 m

(500 and 2,800 ft).

The currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Brighamia insignis on both Kauai

and Niihau are:

(1) rocky ledges with little soil or

steep sea cliffs

(a) in lowland dry grasslands or

shrublands with annual rainfall that is

usually less than 170 cm (65 in.), and

(b) containing one or more of the

following native plant species:

Artemisia sp., Chamaesyce celastroides,

Canthium odoratum, Eragrostis

variabilis, Heteropogon contortus,

Hibiscus kokio, Hibiscus

saintjohnianus, Lepidium serra,

Lipochaeta succulenta, Munroidendron

racemosum, or Sida fallax; and

(2) elevations between sea level and

480 m (1,575 ft).

The currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Centaurium sebaeoides on Kauai are:

(1) volcanic or clay soils or cliffs

(a) in arid coastal areas, and

(b) containing one or more of the

following native plant species:

Artemisia sp., Bidens sp., Chamaesyce

celastroides, Dodonaea viscosa,

Fimbristylis cymosa, Heteropogon

contortus, Jaquemontia ovalifolia,

Lipochaeta succulenta, Lipochaeta

heterophylla, Lipochaeta integrifolia,

Lycium sandwicense, Lysimachia

mauritiana, Mariscus phloides,

Panicum fauriei, P. torridum, Scaevola

sericea, Schiedea globosa, Sida fallax,

or Wikstroemia uva-ursi; and

(2) elevations below 250 m (800 ft).

The currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Cyperus trachysanthos on both

Kauai and Niihau are:

(1) wet sites (mud flats, wet clay soil,

or wet cliff seeps)

(a) on coastal cliffs or talus slopes,

and

(b) containing the native plant species

Hibiscus tiliaceus; and

(2) elevations between 3 and 160 m

(10 and 525 ft).

The currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Delissea undulata on Kauai are:

(1) dry or mesic open Sophora

chrysophylla-Metrosideros polymorpha

forests containing one or more of the

following native plant species:

Diospyros sandwicensis, Dodonaea

viscosa, Psychotria mariniana, P.

greenwelliae, Santalum ellipticum,

Nothocestrum breviflorum, or Acacia

koa; and

(2) elevations between 610–1,740 m

(2,000–5,700 ft).

The currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Euphorbia haeleeleana on Kauai are:

(1) lowland mixed mesic or dry forest

(a) that is often dominated by

Metrosideros polymorpha, Acacia koa,

or Diospyros sp., and

(b) containing one or more of the

following native plant species: Acacia

koaia, Antidesma platyphyllum,

Claoxylon sp., Carex meyenii, Carex

wahuensis, Diplazium sandwichianum,

Dodonaea viscosa, Erythrina

sandwicensis, Kokia kauaiensis,

Pleomele aurea, Psychotria mariniana,

P. greenwelliae, Pteralyxia

sandwicensis, Rauvolfia sandwicensis,

Reynoldsia sandwicensis, Sapindus

oahuensis, Tetraplasandra Kauaiensis,

Pouteria sandwicensis, Pisonia

sandwicensis, or Xylosma sp.; and

(2) elevations between 205 and 670 m

(680 and 2,200 ft).

The currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Flueggea neowawraea on Kauai are:

(1) dry or mesic forests containing one

or more of the following native plant

species: Alectryon macrococcus, Bobea

timonioides, Charpentiera sp.,

Caesalpinia kauaiense, Hibiscus sp.,

Melicope sp., Metrosideros polymorpha,

Myrsine lanaiensis, Munroidendron

racemosum, Tetraplasandra sp., Kokia

kauaiensis, Isodendrion sp., Pteralyxia

kauaiensis, Psychotria mariniana,

Diplazium sandwichianum, Freycinetia

arborea, Nesoluma polynesicum,

Diospyros sp., Antidesma pulvinatum,

A. platyphyllum, Canthium odoratum,

Nestegis sandwicensis, Rauvolfia

sandwicensis, Pittosporum sp.,

Tetraplasandra sp., Pouteria

sandwicensis, Xylosma sp., Pritchardia

sp., Bidens sp., or Streblus pendulinus;

and

(2) elevations of 250 to 1,000 m (820

to 3,280 ft).

The currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Gouania meyenii on Kauai are:

(1) rocky ledges, cliff faces, or ridge

tops

(a) in dry shrubland or Metrosideros

polymorpha lowland mesic forest, and

(b) containing one or more of the

following native plant species:

Dodonaea viscosa, Chamaesyce sp.,

Psychotria sp., Hedyotis sp., Melicope

sp., Nestegis sandwicensis, Bidens sp.,

Carex meyenii, Diospyros sp.,

Lysimachia sp., or Senna gaudichaudii;

and

(2) elevations between 490 to 880 m

(1,600 to 2,880 ft).

The currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Hedyotis cookiana on Kauai are:

(1) streambeds or steep cliffs close to

water sources in lowland wet forest

communities; and

(2) elevations between 170 and 370 m

(560 and 1,210 ft).

The currently known primary

constituent elements for Isodendrion

laurifolium on Kauai are:

(1) diverse mesic or wet forest

(a) dominated by Metrosideros

polymorpha, Acacia koa, or Diospyros

sp., and

(b) containing one or more of the

following associated native plant

species: Kokia kauaiensis, Streblus sp.,

Elaeocarpus bifidus, Canthium

odoratum, Antidesma sp., Xylosma

Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 216 / Tuesday, November 7, 2000 / Proposed Rules 66849

hawaiiense, Hedyotis terminalis,

Pisonia sp., Nestegis sandwicensis,

Dodonaea viscosa, Euphorbia

haeleeleana, Pleomele sp., Pittosporum

sp., Melicope sp., Claoxylon

sandwicense, Alphitonia ponderosa,

Myrsine lanaiensis, or Pouteria

sandwicensis; and

(2) elevations between 490 and 820 m

(1,600 and 2,700 ft).

The currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Isodendrion longifolium on Kauai

are:

(1) steep slopes, gulches, or stream

banks

(a) in mesic or wet Metrosideros

polymorpha forests, and

(b) containing one or more of the

following native species: Dicranopteris

linearis, Eugenia sp., Diospyros sp.,

Pritchardia sp., Canthium odoratum,

Melicope sp., Cheirodendron sp., Ilex

anomala, Pipturus sp., Hedyotis

fluviatilis, Peperomia sp., Bidens sp.,

Nestegis sandwicensis, Cyanea hardyi,

Syzygium sp., Cibotium sp., Bobea

brevipes, Antidesma sp., Cyrtandra sp.,

Hedyotis terminalis, Peperomia sp.,

Perrottetia sandwicensis, Pittosporum

sp., or Psychotria sp.; and

(2) elevations between 410 to 760 m

(1,345 to 2,500 ft).

The currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Lobelia niihauensis on Kauai are:

(1) exposed mesic mixed shrubland or

coastal dry cliffs containing one or more

of the following associated native plant

species: Eragrostis sp., Bidens sp.,

Plectranthus parviflorus, Lipochaeta sp.,

Lythrum sp., Wilkesia hobdyi, Hibiscus

kokio ssp. saint johnianus,

Nototrichium sp., Schiedea

apokremnos, Chamaesyce celastroides,

Charpentiera sp., or Artemisia sp.; and

(2) elevations between 100 to 830 m

(330 to 1,400 ft).

The currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Lysimachia filifolia on Kauai are:

(1) mossy banks at the base of cliff

faces within the spray zone of waterfalls

or along streams in lowland wet forests

and containing one or more of the

following associated native plant

species: mosses, ferns, liverworts,

Machaerina sp., Heteropogon contortus,

or Melicope sp.; and

(2) elevations between 240 to 680 m

(800 to 2,230 ft).

The currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Melicope knudsenii on Kauai are:

(1) forested flats or talus slopes

(a) in lowland dry or montane mesic

forests, and

(b) containing one or more of the

following associated native plant

species: Dodonaea viscosa, Antidesma

sp., Metrosideros polymorpha, Xylosma

sp., Hibiscus sp., Myrsine lanaiensis,

Diospyros sp., Rauvolfia sandwicensis,

Bobea sp., Nestegis sandwicensis,

Hedyotis sp., Melicope sp., Psychotria

sp., or Pittosporum Kauaiensis; and

(2) elevations between 450 to 1,000 m

(1,480 to 3,300 ft).

The currently known primary

constituent element of critical habitat

for Melicope pallida on Kauai are:

(1) steep rock faces

(a) in lowland or montane mesic or

wet forests or shrubland, and

(b) containing one or more of the

following associated native plant

species: Dodonaea viscosa, Lepidium

serra, Pleomele sp., Boehmeria grandis,

Coprosma sp., Hedyotis terminalis,

Melicope sp., Pouteria sandwicensis,

Poa mannii, Schiedea membranacea,

Psychotria mariniana, Dianella

sandwicensis, Pritchardia minor,

Chamaesyce celastroides var.

hanapepensis, Nototrichium sp., Carex

meyenii, Artemisia sp., Abutilon

sandwicense, Alyxia olivaeformis,

Dryopteris sp., Metrosideros

polymorpha, Pipturus albidus,

Sapindus oahuensis, Tetraplasandra

sp., or Xylosma hawaiiense; and

(2) elevations between 490 to 915 m

(1,600 to 3,000 ft).

The currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Peucedanum sandwicense on Kauai

are:

(1) cliff habitats

(a) in mixed shrub coastal dry cliff

communities or diverse mesic forest

and,

(b) containing one or more of the

following associated native plant

species: Hibiscus kokio, Brighamia

insignis, Bidens sp., Artemisia sp.,

Lobelia niihauensis, Wilkesia

gymnoxiphium, Canthium odoratum,

Dodonaea viscosa, Psychotria sp.,

Acacia koa, Kokio kauaiensis, Carex

meyenii, Panicum lineale, Chamaesyce

celastroides, Eragrostis sp., Diospyros

sp., or Metrosideros polymorpha; and

(2) elevations from sea level to above

915 m (3,000 ft).

The currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Plantago princeps on Kauai are:

(1) steep slopes, rock walls, or bases

of waterfalls

(a) in mesic or wet Metrosideros

polymorpha forest, and (b) containing

one or more of the following associated

native plant species: Dodonaea viscosa,

Psychotria sp., Dicranopteris linearis,

Cyanea sp., Hedyotis sp., Melicope sp.,

Dubautia plantaginea, Exocarpos

luteolus, Poa siphonoglossa,

Nothocestrum peltatum, Remya

montgomeryi, Stenogyne campanulata,

Xylosma sp., Pleomele sp., Machaerina

angustifolia, Athyrium sp., Bidens sp.,

Eragrostis sp., Lysimachia filifolia,

Pipturus sp., Cyrtandra sp., or Myrsine

linearifolia; and

(2) elevations between 480 to 1,100 m

(1,580 to 3,610 ft).

The currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Platanthera holochila on Kauai are:

(1) Metrosideros polymorphaDicranopteris linearis montane wet

forest or M. polymorpha mixed bog and

containing one or more of the following

associated native plants: Myrsine

denticulata, Cibotium sp., Coprosma

ernodeoides, Oreobolus furcatus,

Styphelia tameiameiae, or Vaccinium

sp.; and

(2) elevations between 1,050 and

1,600 m (3,450 and 5,245 ft).

The currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Schiedea nuttallii on Kauai are:

(1) diverse lowland mesic forest, often

with Metrosideros polymorpha

dominant and containing one or more of

the following associated native plant

species: Antidesma sp. Psychotria sp.,

Perrottetia sandwicensis, Pisonia sp., or

Hedyotis acuminata; and

(2) elevations between 415 and 790 m

(1,360 and 2,590 ft).

The currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Sesbania tomentosa on Kauai are:

(1) sandy beaches, dunes, soil pockets

on lava, or pond margins

(a) in coastal dry shrublands, or open

Metrosideros polymorpha forests, or

mixed coastal dry cliffs, and

(b) containing one or more of the

following associated native plant

species: Sida fallax, Heteropogon

contortus, Myoporum sandwicense,

Sporobolus virginicus, Scaevola sericea

or Dodonaea viscosa; and

(2) elevations between sea level and

12 m (0 and 40 ft).

The currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Solanum sandwicense on Kauai are:

(1) open, sunny areas

(a) in diverse lowland or montane

mesic or wet forests, and

(b) containing one or more of the

following associated plants: Alphitonia

ponderosa, Ilex anomala, Xylosma sp.,

Athyrium sandwicensis, Syzygium

sandwicensis, Bidens cosmoides,

Dianella sandwicensis, Poa

siphonoglossa, Carex meyenii, Hedyotis

sp., Coprosma sp., Dubautia sp.,

Pouteria sandwicensis, Cryptocarya

mannii, Acacia koa, Metrosideros

polymorpha, Dicranopteris linearis,

Psychotria sp., or Melicope sp.; and

(2) elevations between 760 and 1,220

m (2,500 and 4,000 ft).

66850 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 216 / Tuesday, November 7, 2000 / Proposed Rules

The currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Spermolepis hawaiiensis on Kauai

are:

(1) Metrosideros polymorpha forests

or Dodonaea viscosa lowland dry

shrubland containing one or more of the

following associated plant species:

Eragrostis variabilis, Bidens

sandvicensis, Schiedea spergulina,

Lipochaeta sp., Cenchrus

agrimonioides, Sida fallax, Doryopteris

sp., or Gouania hillebrandii; and

(2) elevations of about 305 to 600 m

(1,000 to 2,000 ft).

The currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

for Zanthoxylum hawaiiense on Kauai

are:

(1) lowland dry or mesic forests, or

montane dry forest

(a) dominated by Metrosideros

polymorpha or Diospyros sandwicensis,

and

(b) containing one or more of the

following associated plant species:

Pleomele auwahiensis, Antidesma

platyphyllum, Pisonia sp., Alectryon

macrococcus, Charpentiera sp.,

Melicope sp., Streblus pendulinus,

Myrsine lanaiensis, Sophora

chrysophylla, or Dodonaea viscosa; and

(2) elevations between 550 and 730 m

(1,800 and 2,400 ft).

C. Methods for Selection of Areas for

Proposed Critical Habitat Designations

As discussed above, very little is

known about the specific physical and

biological requirements of most of the

76 species. Therefore, we have defined

the primary constituent elements based

on the general habitat features of the

areas in which the plants currently

occur, such as the type of plant

community the plants are growing in,

their physical location (e.g., steep rocky

cliffs, talus slopes, stream banks), and

elevation. The areas we are proposing to

designate as critical habitat provide

some or all of the habitat components

essential for the conservation of the 76

plant species.

Critical habitat may also include areas

outside the area currently occupied by

a species when it is determined that

such areas are essential to the

conservation of the species. 16 U.S.C.

§ 1532(5)(A)(ii). For example, this may

include potentially suitable unoccupied

habitat that is important to the recovery

of the species. However, except for areas

within the Alakai Swamp, as discussed

later, we have not included such areas

in the proposed designations for these

76 species due to our limited knowledge

of the historical range (the geographical

area outside the area presently occupied

by the species) and our lack of more

detailed information on the specific

physical or biological features essential

for the conservation of the species. This

would include those features that would

be needed, for instance, to determine

where to reintroduce a species.

Although, we consider reintroduction

(the planting of propagated individuals

or seedlings into an area) to be an

acceptable method to try to achieve

plant species recovery, native plant

reintroductions are difficult and

successful efforts are not common. We

will continue to support experimental

efforts to reintroduce species that may

provide us with additional information

on the physical and biological features

essential to the conservation of these

species. If necessary, unoccupied

habitat could be designated in the future

to provide additional protection to

reintroduced plants.

The historical (pre-1970) or even

some post-1970 records for a species

may be based on herbarium specimens

that contain only the most rudimentary

collection information, such as only the

name of the island from which the

specimen was collected or a general

place name (e.g., east Kauai, Na Pali

coast, Waimea, Hanalie). In the main

Hawaiian Islands, climatic and

ecological conditions, such as rainfall,

elevation, slope, and aspect, may vary

dramatically within a relatively short

distance. Therefore, a simple place

name would not provide adequate

information on the specific physical and

biological features of the area where the

plant specimen was collected.

The apparent unpredictable

distribution of Hawaiian plant species

also makes it difficult to designate

potentially suitable unoccupied habitat.

For example, a species may be known

from northern and southern locations on

an island, but not from intervening

locations in similar habitat. Based on

the best available information, we may

be unable to determine whether the

species once occurred in the intervening

areas and disappeared prior to

Polynesian or European times (thus

never having been collected or

documented there) or simply never

occurred there.

As required by the Act and

regulations (section 4(b)(2) and 50 CFR

424.12) we used the best scientific

information available to determine areas

that contain the physical and biological

features that are essential for the

survival and recovery of the 76 plant

species. This information included sitespecific species information from the

Hawaii Natural Heritage Program

(HINHP) and our rare plant database,

species information from the Center for

Plant Conservation’s (CPC) rare plant

monitoring database housed at the

University of Hawaii’s Lyon Arboretum,

recent biological surveys and reports,

our recovery plans for these 76 species,

discussions with botanical experts, and

recommendations from the Hawaii and

Pacific Plant Recovery Coordinating

Committee (Plant Recovery Committee)

(see below) (HINHP 1999, Plant

Recovery Committee 1998, USFWS

1994, 1995, 1996, 1998a, 1998b, 1999; S.

Perlman, pers. comm. 2000; Derral

Herbst, Bishop Museum, pers. comm.,

2000; Warren L. Wagner, Smithsonian

Institution, pers. comm., 2000; CPC in

litt.1999).

In 1994, the Plant Recovery

Committee initiated an effort to identify

and map habitat it believed to be

necessary for the recovery of 282

endangered and threatened Hawaiian

plant species. The Plant Recovery

Committee identified areas on most of

the islands in the Hawaiian chain, and

in 1999, we published a description of

these areas in our Recovery Plan for the

Multi-Island Plants (USFWS 1999). The

Plant Recovery Committee expects there

will be subsequent efforts to further

refine the locations of important habitat

areas and that new survey information

or research findings may also lead to

additional refinements (Plant Recovery

Committee 1998).

Because the Plant Recovery

Committee identified essential habitat

areas for all listed, proposed, and

candidate plant species, as well as

evaluated if these essential habitat areas

would provide for habitat requirements

of other species the Service is

monitoring, the Plant Recovery

Committee’s mapping of habitat is

distinct from the regulatory designation

of critical habitat. These habitat maps

are a planning tool to focus conservation

efforts on the areas that may be most

important to the conservation of

Hawaii’s listed species and other nonlisted plants.

For the 76 plant species on Kauai and

Niihau, currently occupied habitat was

examined and critical habitat

boundaries were delineated so that

locations with a high density of

endangered and threatened plants

(multi-species units) were clearly

depicted. However, these multi-species

critical habitat units are not

homogeneous or uniform in nature. The

variable topography of the Hawaiian

Islands necessitate the creation of

critical habitat units that often

encompassed a number of plant

community types.

When developing critical habitat

units, every current (post-1970) location

of every plant specimen was delineated

within a 586 m (1,924 ft) radius circle,

Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 216 / Tuesday, November 7, 2000 / Proposed Rules 66851

in order to insure enough area to

provide for the proper ecological

functioning of the habitat immediately

supporting the plant. Due to

inaccuracies in mapping locations, it

has been determined that the actual

location of the plant specimen is within

536 m (1,760 ft) of the center of the

delineated circle. The 536 m (1,760 ft)

distance is consistent with standard

mapping methodology for rare species

used by the HINHP (1996). An

additional 50 m (164 ft) included in the

delineated circle to be consistent with

the guidelines identified in the recovery

plans for these species for minimumsized exclosures for rare plants (USFWS

1994, 1995, 1996, 1998a, 1998b, 1999).

In cases of isolated species locations, an

area with a radius of roughly 586 m

(1,924 ft) is proposed as critical habitat

(HINHP 1996; USFWS 1994, 1995, 1996,

1998a, 1998b, 1999).

In areas with multiple species

locations, critical habitat units were

developed as follows.

—Known current locations of each plant

specimen were delineated using the

guidelines explained above (Figure

1(a)).

—The perimeter boundaries of

individual circular areas were

connected to form unit area

boundaries (Figure 1(b)).

—Unit area boundaries were delineated

to follow significant topographic

features (50 CFR § 424.12(c)) such as

coastlines, ridgelines, and valleys

(Figure 1(c)).

This delineation method was used to

facilitate identification of boundary

lines and to aid in implementation of

on-the-ground conservation measures.

When delineating critical habitat units,

we made an effort to avoid developed

areas such as towns, agricultural lands,

and other lands unlikely to contribute to

the conservation of the 76 species.

Existing features and structures within

proposed areas, such as buildings,

roads, aqueducts, telecommunications

equipment, arboreta and gardens, heiaus

(indigenous place of worship, shrine),

and other man-made features, do not

contain, and are not likely to develop,

constituent elements. Therefore, unless

a Federal action related to these existing

features or structures indirectly affected

nearby habitat containing the primary

constituent elements, such features or

structures would not be included in the

critical habitat designation and

therefore, not be impacted by the

designation of critical habitat.

The only exception to this

methodology are the units in the Alakai

Swamp area (units H, I, and T). The

Alakai Swamp is a contiguous

watershed that, due to its largely boggy

condition, is sensitive to disturbances.

The relatively level cap rock formation

of the Alakai plateau has allowed claylike soils to accumulate in this area and

produce bogs and large forested areas

66852 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 216 / Tuesday, November 7, 2000 / Proposed Rules

with hydrated (wet) soil. Where water

has completely saturated the soils, many

of the common native plants, such as

Metrosideros polymorpha, Vaccinium

sp., Styphelia tameiameiae, and

Coprosma sp., are severely stunted and

give way to species adapted specifically

to bog environments (Carlquist 1980).

Patterns of water drainage in the Alakai

are critical to the maintenance of plant

habitats and plant community diversity

in this ecosystem (Mueller-Dombois and

Fosberg 1998). Changes in water flow

patterns or forest cover can lead to longterm shifts in plant habitat used by

Exocarpos luteolus and Platanthera

holochila, the two federally listed plant

species known from this area.

Platanthera holochila is restricted to the

bog habitats within the Alakai Swamp

where fewer than ten individuals exist.

Exocarpos luteolus is typically

associated with habitat edges where

ecological conditions such as

availability of light and moisture

changes rapidly over short distances.

These types of habitats cover

comparatively small areas that are

scattered throughout the Alakai Swamp

landscape. In addition, individual areas

may disappear or be created over time

depending on changes in seasonal

patterns of rainfall or water drainage, or

rooting pigs which can alter these edge

landscapes and open them to invasive

nonnative weeds, such as Juncus sp.

that can exclude native plants.

Because the habitats required by these

two listed species are likely dispersed

throughout the Alakai Swamp, we

believe this area should be managed as

a cohesive ecological unit in order to

insure enough area to provide for the

proper ecological functioning of the

habitat immediately supporting the

plants. Smaller areas where these

species now occur may simply dry up

or become too wet to sustain them. In

addition, the current known locations of

these two listed species may not

represent all extant locations. The

Alakai Swamp area is extremely rugged

and difficult to survey, and remnant

populations may occur in remote areas

of the Swamp. Therefore, it is possible

that the entire swamp is occupied

habitat, but to the extent portions are

not currently occupied, maintenance of

the swamp’s ecosystem is essential to

the conservation of these species.

Designation of an inclusive areas is also

consistent with 50 CFR 424.12(d) which

allows for several habitats that each

meet the requirements for designation to

be designated at one unit.

All currently occupied sites

containing one or more of the primary

constituent elements considered

essential to the conservation of the 76

plant species were examined to

determine if additional special

management considerations or

protection are required above those

currently provided. We reviewed all

available management information on

the plants at these sites including

published reports and surveys; annual

performance reports; forestry

management plans; grants; memoranda

of understanding and cooperative

agreements; DOFAW planning

documents; internal letters and memos;

biological assessments and

environmental impact statements; and,

section 7 consultations. Additionally,

each public (i.e., any county, state, or

Federal government office holdings) and

private landowner on Kauai and Niihau

with a known occurrence of one of the

76 species was contacted by mail. We

reviewed all information received

during the public comment period, in

response to our landowner mailing and

at open houses held at three locations

on Kauai from October 19–21, 1999.

When clarification was required on the

information provided to us, we followed

up with a telephone contact. Because of

the large amount of land on Kauai under

State of Hawaii jurisdiction, we

personally met with staff from the Kauai

DOFAW and Kauai State Parks to

discuss their current management for

the plants on their lands. In addition,

we contacted the State’s Department of

Hawaiian Home Lands regarding

management for the plants on lands

under their jurisdiction.

If an area being considered for

designation as critical habitat is not in

need of additional special management

or protection and it is certain to remain

so in the future, the area does not meet

the definition in section 3(5)(A) of the

Act. In order to make the determination

that an area is not in need of special

management considerations or

protection, we must find that the

management efforts are certain to be

implemented and effective so as to

contribute to the recovery of the species.

Any such area must be specifically

managed for the species and have a net

conservation benefit for the species. In

this case, we considered whether the

management would reduce the threats

to the species.

In determining and weighing the

relative significance of the threats that

would need to be addressed in

management plans or agreements, we

considered the following:

—The factors that led to the listing of

the species, as described in the final

rules for listing each of the species.

For all or nearly all endangered and

threatened plants in Hawaii, the major

threats include adverse impacts due

to nonnative plant and animal

species. Direct browsing, digging, and

trampling by ungulates, including

pigs, goats, cattle, sheep, and deer,

and direct competition from

nonnative plants have led to the

decline of Hawaii’s native flora

(Smith 1985; Stone 1985; Wagner et

al. 1985; Scott et al. 1986; Cuddihy

and Stone 1990; Vitousek 1992; Loope

in Mac et al. 1998; USFWS 1994,

1995, 1996, 1998a, 1998b, 1999).

Ungulate activity in most areas results

in an increase of nonnative plants

since most of these nonnative plants

are able to colonize disturbed areas

more quickly and effectively than

Hawaii’s native plants (Smith 1985;

Scott et al. 1986; Cuddihy and Stone

1990; Mack 1992; Tunison et al. 1992;

USFWS 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998a,

1998b, 1999).

—The management actions needed for

assurance of survival and ultimate

recovery of Hawaii’s endangered

plants. These actions are described in

the Service’s recovery plans for the 76

species (USFWS 1994, 1995, 1996,

1998a, 1998b, 1999), the 1998 Plant

Recovery Committee report (‘‘Habitat

Essential to the Recovery of Hawaiian

Plants’’) to the Service (Plant

Recovery Committee 1998), the June

1999 Plant Recovery Committee draft

‘‘Integrated Plan for the Conservation

of Hawaii’s Unique Plants and the

Ecosystems They Depend Upon’’

(Plant Recovery Committee in prep.),

and in various other documents and

publications relating to plant

conservation in Hawaii (MuellerDombois 1985; Smith 1985; Stone

1985; Cuddihy and Stone 1990; Stone

et al. 1992). In addition to monitoring

the plant populations, these actions

include, but are not limited to: (1)

Feral ungulate control; (2) nonnative

plant control; (3) rodent control; (4)

invertebrate pest control; (5) fire

control; (6) maintenance of genetic

material of the endangered and

threatened plants species; (7)

propagation, reintroduction, and/or

augmentation of existing populations

into areas deemed essential for the

recovery of these species; (8) ongoing

management of the wild, outplanted,

and augmented populations; and (9)

habitat management and restoration

in areas deemed essential for the

recovery of these species.

In general, taking all of the above

recommended management actions into

account, the following management

actions are ranked in order of

importance. It should be noted,

however, that, on a case-by-case basis,

Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 216 / Tuesday, November 7, 2000 / Proposed Rules 66853

some of these actions may rise to a

higher level of importance for a

particular species or area, depending on

the biological and physical

requirements of the species and the

location(s) of the individual plants:

—Feral ungulate control;

—Nonnative plant control;

—Rodent control;

—Invertebrate pest control;

—Fire control;

—Maintenance of genetic material of the

endangered and threatened plant

species;

—Propagation, reintroduction, and/or

augmentation of existing populations

into areas deemed essential for the

recovery of the species;

—Ongoing management of the wild,

outplanted, and augmented

populations;

—Maintenance of natural pollinators

and pollinating systems, when

known;

—Habitat management and restoration

in areas deemed essential for the

recovery of the species;

—Monitoring of the wild, outplanted,

and augmented populations;

—Rare plant surveys;

—Control of human activities/access.

As shown in Table 3, the 76 species

of plants occur on Federal, State, and

private lands on the islands of Kauai

and Niihau. In addition to the

information in our files, we received

various amounts and types of

information on the conservation

management actions occurring on these

lands. In response to our two public

notices, letters to the landowners, open

houses, and meetings, many landowners

reported that they are not conducting

conservation management actions on

their lands, while others provided

information on various activities, such

as fencing, weeding, and control of

human access.

Management occurring on the U.S.

military lands on the island of Kauai

currently consists of restricting human

access and mowing landscaped areas.

Since these actions alone are not

sufficient to address relevant threats

facing the listed plant species, these

lands are included in the proposed

critical habitat units for the following

plant species: Panicum niihauense,

Sesbania tomentosa, Pteralyxia

kauaiensis, Wilkesia hobdyi,

Isodendrion longifolium, Nothocestrum

peltatum, Phyllostegia wawrana, Remya

montgomeryi, Schiedea membranacea,

Solanum sandwicense, and Xylosma

crenatum.

The State lands on the island of Kauai

that harbor many of the 76 plant species

are administered by the Department of

Hawaiian Home Lands (DHHL) and the

Department of Land and Natural

Resources (DLNR). DLNR lands are

made up of State Parks, Forest Reserves,

Natural Area Reserves, and the Alakai

Wilderness Preserve. The Division of

Forestry and Wildlife administers all of

these lands, except the State parks,

which are administered by the Division

of State Parks. DLNR also manages the

DHHL lands on the island of Kauai.

Although the State conducts some

conservation management actions on

these lands and provides access to

others who are conducting such

activities, there are no comprehensive

management plans for the long-term

conservation of endangered and

threatened plants on these lands and no

assurances that management actions

will be implemented. Therefore, we

cannot, at this time, find that

management on State lands is adequate

to exclude them from designation as

critical habitat.

The Service received 25 responses

from the over 160 private landowners

who received letters inquiring about

management actions on their lands. The

main activities being conducted by

several of these landowners are

weeding, control of human access, and

planting of native species. We are aware

of only a few private landowners who

are drafting management plans for their

areas. Without such plans and

assurances that the plans will be

implemented, we are unable to find that

the lands in question do not require

special management or protection.

For the 76 species for which

designation of critical habitat is

prudent, we know of no areas at this

time that do not require special

management considerations or

protection. However, if we receive

information during the public comment

period that any of the lands within the

proposed designations are actively

managed to promote the conservation

and recovery of these listed species, in

accordance with long term conservation

management plans or agreements, and

there are assurances that the proposed

management actions will be

implemented and effective, we can

consider this information when making

a final determination of critical habitat.

In summary, the proposed critical

habitat areas described below constitute

our best assessment of the physical and

biological features needed for the

conservation of the 76 plant species and

the special management needs of the

species, and are based on the best

scientific and commercial information

available and described above. We

acknowledge that we have incomplete

information regarding many of the

primary biological and physical

requirements for these species, but the

Act and relevant court orders require us

to proceed with designation at this time

based on the available information,

however limited. As new information

accrues, and in conjunction with our

listing priority guidance and available

budget, we may reevaluate if additional

areas warrant critical habitat

designation. We anticipate that

comments received through the public

review process and from any public

hearings, if requested, will provide

additional information in our decisionmaking process.

The approximate areas of proposed

critical habitat by land ownership are

shown in Table 5. Proposed critical

habitat includes habitat for 76 species

predominantly in northwestern Kauai,

with smaller units scattered in other

portions of the island and two small

units in the northwestern portion of

Niihau. Lands proposed are under

private, State, and Federal jurisdiction

(owned and leased lands), with Federal

lands including lands managed by the

Department of Defense. Lands proposed

as critical habitat have been divided

into 21 units (Kauai A through Kauai U)

on Kauai and 2 units (Niihau A and

Niihau B) on Niihau. A brief description

of each unit is presented below.

TABLE 5.—APPROXIMATE PROPOSED CRITICAL HABITAT AREA BY UNIT AND LAND OWNERSHIP OR JURISDICTION, KAUAI

COUNTY, HAWAII

Unit name State Private Federal Total

Kauai A ................................ N/A ...................................... 120.79 hectares ..................

(298.34 acres) .....................

N/A ...................................... 120.79 hectares

(298.34 acres).

Kauai B ................................ 139.32hectares ...................

(344.27 acres) .....................

2.91 hectares ......................

(7.18 acres) .........................

N/A ...................................... 142.23 hectares

(351.45 acres).

Kauai C ................................ N/A ...................................... 123.92 hectares ..................

(306.20 acres) .....................

N/A ...................................... 123.92 hectares

(306.20 acres).

66854 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 216 / Tuesday, November 7, 2000 / Proposed Rules

TABLE 5.—APPROXIMATE PROPOSED CRITICAL HABITAT AREA BY UNIT AND LAND OWNERSHIP OR JURISDICTION, KAUAI

COUNTY, HAWAII—Continued

Unit name State Private Federal Total

Kauai D ................................ N/A ...................................... 124.68 hectares ..................

(308.08 acres) .....................

N/A ...................................... 124.68 hectares

(308.08 acres).

Kauai E ................................ N/A ...................................... 116.72 hectares ..................

(288.42 acres) .....................

N/A ...................................... 116.72 hectares

(288.42 acres).

Kauai F ................................ 352.05hectares ...................

(869.91 acres) .....................

591.05 hectares ..................

(1,460.49 acres) ..................

N/A ...................................... 943.10 hectares

(2,330.40 acres).

Kauai G ................................ 6,052.12 hectares ...............

(14,954.79 acres) ................

316.27 hectares ..................

(781.50 acres) .....................

3.67 hectaries .....................

(9.06 acres) .........................

6,372.06 hectares

(15,745.35 acres).

Kauai H ................................ 3,877.20 hectares ...............

(9,580.55 acres) ..................

68.49 hectares ....................

(169.25 acres) .....................

N/A ...................................... 3,945.69 hectares

(9,749.80 acres).

Kauai I ................................. 4,042.80 hectares ...............

(9,989.77 acres) ..................

1,067.95 hectares ...............

(2,638.91 acres) ..................

N/A ...................................... 5,110.75 hectares

(12,628.67 acres).

Kauai J ................................. 328.79 hectares ..................

(812.43 acres) .....................

102.48 hectares ..................

(253.22 acres) .....................

72.78 hectares ....................

(179.83 acres) .....................

504.05 hectares

(1,245.48 acres).

Kauai K ................................ N/A ...................................... 820.76 hectares ..................

(2,028.09 acres) ..................

N/A ...................................... 820.76 hectares

(2,028.09 acres).

Kauai L ................................ 215.40 hectares ..................

(532.24 acres) .....................

1,466.89 hectares ...............

(3,624.69 acres) ..................

N/A ...................................... 1,682.29 hectares

(4,156.93 acres).

Kauai M ............................... N/A ...................................... 482.16 hectares ..................

(1,191.42 acres) ..................

N/A ...................................... 482.16 hectares

(1,191.42 acres).

Kauai N ................................ 286.14 hectares ..................

(707.06 acres) .....................

N/A ...................................... N/A ...................................... 286.14 hectares

(707.06 acres).

Kauai O ................................ 188.93 hectares ..................

(466.85 acres) .....................

53.86 hectares ....................

(133.08 acres) .....................

N/A ...................................... 242.79 hectares

(599.93 acres).

Kauai P ................................ 456.62 hectares ..................

(1,128.30 acres) ..................

254.82 hectares ..................

(639.66 acres) .....................

N/A ...................................... 711.44 hectares

(1,757.96 acres).

Kauai Q ................................ 58.35 hectares ....................

(144.18 acres) .....................

195.35 hectares ..................

(482.71 acres) .....................

N/A ...................................... 253.70 hectares

(626.89 acres).

Kauai R ................................ 694.10 hectares ..................

(1,715.13 acres) ..................

521.49 hectares ..................

(1,288.60 acres) ..................

N/A ...................................... 1,215.59 hectares

(3,003.73 acres).

Kauai S ................................ 119.08 hectares ..................

(294.26 acres) .....................

N/A ...................................... N/A ...................................... 119.08 hectares

(294.26 acres).

Kauai T ................................ 200.57 hectares ..................

(495.63 acres) .....................

438.01 hectares ..................

(a,082.32 acres) ..................

N/A ...................................... 638.58 hectares

(1,577.95 acres).

Kauai U ................................ 392.21 hectares ..................

(969.15 acres) .....................

N/A ...................................... N/A ...................................... 392.21 hectares

(969.15 acres).

Niihau A ............................... N/A ...................................... 93.79 hectares ....................

(231.76 acres) .....................

N/A ...................................... 93.79 hectares

(231.76 acres).

Niihau B ............................... N/A ...................................... 96.76 hectares ....................

(239.09 acres) .....................

N/A ...................................... 96.76 hectares

(239.09 acres).

Total .............................. 17,403.68 hectares .............

(43,004.52 acres) ................

7059.10 hectares ................

(17,443.01 acres) ................

76.45 hectares ....................

(188.89 acres) .....................

24.539.23 hectares

(60,636.42 acres).

Descriptions of Critical Habitat Units

Kauai A

The proposed Kauai A provides

critical habitat for one species:

Cyrtandra limahuliensis. This unit

contains a total of 120.79 hectares (ha)

(298.34 acres (ac)) on privately owned

land. The natural features found in this

unit are portions of the floor and

western wall of Lumahai Valley and

portions of the Lumahai River. This unit

is bound on the west by the western

wall of Lumahai Valley and on the east

by the eastern wall of Lumahai Valley.

Kauai B

The proposed Kauai B provides

critical habitat for two species:

Lipochaeta waimeaensis and

Spermolepis hawaiiensis. This unit

contains a total of 142.23 ha (351.45 ac).

The lands contained within this unit are

owned by the State of Hawaii and by

private landowners. The natural features

found within this unit are portions of

the following areas: western wall of

Waimea Canyon, Huluhulunui Ridge,

Hukipo Ridge, and the Waimea River.

This unit is bounded on the northeast

and east by Waimea Canyon; on the

west by Kapilimao Valley; and on the

south by Hukipo Ridge.

Kauai C

The proposed Kauai C provides

critical habitat for one species: Schiedea

spergulina var. leiopoda. This unit

contains a total of 123.92 ha (306.20 ac)

of privately owned land. The natural

features found within this unit are

portions of the Lawai Valley and Lawai

Stream. To the east of the unit is the

Niukapu Heiau; to the south is Lawai

Bay; to the north are the Lawai

Homesteads; and to the northwest is

Kalaheo town.

Kauai D

The proposed Kauai D provides

critical habitat for one species: Solanum

sandwicense. This unit totals 124.68 ha

(308.08 ac) on land owned by a single

private entity within the State’s Na PaliKona Forest Reserve. The most evident

natural feature found in this area is a

portion of the Mokuone Stream.

Kauai E

The proposed Kauai E provides

critical habitat for Brighamia insignis.

This unit contains a total of 116.72 ha

(288.42 ac), all within the Haupu

Mountain Range. The area contained in

this unit is owned by a private entity.

The natural features found in this unit

are Keopaweo Peak and portions of the

north facing slope of the Haupu

Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 216 / Tuesday, November 7, 2000 / Proposed Rules 66855

Mountain Range. This area is bounded

on the north by Huleia Stream.

Kauai F

The proposed Kauai F provides

critical habitat for 12 species:

Adenophorus periens, Cyrtandra

limahuliensis, Delissea rhytidosperma,

Flueggea neowawraea, Hesperomannia

lydgatei, Hibiscus waimeae ssp.

hannerae, Isodendrion longifolium,

Labordia lydgatei, Lobelia niihauensis,

Myrsine linearifolia, Peucedanum

sandwicense,and Pteralyxia kauaiensis.

This unit contains a total of 943.10 ha

(2,330.40 ac) of land owned by the State

of Hawaii and private owners. A very

small portion of this unit is found in the

State’s Hono o Na Pali Natural Area

Reserve. The natural features contained

within this unit are Kulanaililia Peak,

portions of Manoa Stream, Pohakukane

Peak, portions of Haena Valley, portions

of the Wainiha Pali, portions of Wainiha

Valley, Hono o Na Pali Peak, Limahuli

Falls, Limahuli Valley and Stream,

Maunapulua Peak, Maunahou Peak,

Makana Peak, and portions of

Hanakapiai Valley and Stream. This

unit is bounded on the east by Wainiha

Pali and Valley; on the west by

Hanakapiai Valley; on the southwest by

the Kauai G; and on the north by Haena

State Park, the Pacific Ocean, and Haena

town.

Kauai G

The proposed Kauai G provides

critical habitat for 48 species:

Adenophorus periens, Alectryon

macrococcus, Alsinidendron

lychnoides, Bonamia menziesii,

Brighamia insignis, Centaurium

sebaeoides, Chamaesyce halemanui,

Cyperus trachysanthos, Delissea

rhytidosperma, Delissea rivularis,

Delissea undulata, Diellia pallida,

Dubautia latifolia, Euphorbia

haeleeleana, Exocarpos luteolus,

Flueggea neowawraea, Gouania

meyenii, Hedyotis cookiana, Hedyotis

st.-johnii, Hibiscadelphus woodii,

Isodendrion laurifolium, Isodendrion

longifolium, Kokia kauaiensis,

Lipochaeta fauriei, Lobelia niihauensis,

Melicope haupuensis, Melicope

knudsenii, Melicope pallida,

Munroidendron racemosum, Myrsine

linearifolia, Nothocestrum peltatum,

Peucedanum sandwicense, Phyllostegia

wawrana, Plantago princeps, Poa

mannii, Poa sandvicensis, Poa

siphonoglossa, Pteralyxia kauaiensis,

Remya kauaiensis, Remya montgomeryi,

Schiedea apokremnos, Schiedea

kauaiensis, Schiedea membranacea,

Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina,

Solanum sandwicense, Stenogyne

campanulata, Wilkesia hobdyi, and

Xylosma crenatum. This unit contains a

total of 6,372.06 ha (15,745.35 ac). The

lands contained within this unit are

owned by the State of Hawaii, private

land owners, and owned or leased by

the United States Department of Defense

(U.S. Navy and U.S. Air Force). Portions

of this unit are contained within the

State’s Hono o Na Pali Natural Area

Reserve, Kuia Natural Area Reserve, Na

Pali-Kona Forest Reserve, Kokee Air

Force Station, Kokee State Park, and

Puu Ka Pele Forest Reserve. The natural

features found in this unit are portions

of Kopakaka Ridge; portions of Makaha

Ridge and Valley; Milolii Ridge;

portions of Kauhao Valley; Paaiki

Valley; Poopooiki Valley; Kuia Valley;

Mahanaloa Valley; Kawaiula Valley;

Milolii Valley; portions of Kaahole

Valley; Nualoolo Valley and Stream;

Awaawapuhi Valley; Honopu Valley;

Makaha Point; Keawanui Point;

Makuaiki Point; Alapii Point; Puanaiea

Point; Nakeikionaiwi Falls; Kalepa

Ridge; Kainamanu Peak; Kalahu;

Nianiau; Kalalau Beach, Valley, and

Stream; Kanakou; Puu Ki; Kaaalahina

Ridge; Keanapuka; Alealau; Manono

Ridge; Hanakoa Valley and Stream;

Pohakukumano; Waiahuakua;

Waiahuakua Stream; Pohakea; Hoolulu

Stream; Puu okila; Pihea; Moaalelele;

portions of Hanakapiai Stream and

Valley; Kaunouhua Ridge; and

Kahuamaa Flat. This area is bounded on

the north and northeast by the Pacific

Ocean; on the northeast by Kauai F; on

the southeast by Kauai H; and on the

south by Kauai I.

Kauai H

The proposed Kauai H provides

critical habitat for four species:

Alsinidendron lychnoides, Exocarpos

luteolus, Myrsine linearifolia, and

Platanthera holochila. This unit

contains a total of 3,945.69 ha (9,749.80

ac) on State and private lands. Portions

of this area are contained within the

State’s Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve,

Alakai Wilderness Preserve, Halelea

Forest Reserve, and Kokee State Park.

The natural features found in this unit

are portions of the Kawaikoi Stream;

most of the Alakai Swamp; portions of

Kaunuohua Ridge; Pihea Peak;

Waiakoali Stream; Koali Peak; portions

of Kawaiiki Ridge; portions of Kawaiiki

Valley; portions of Koaie Stream;

portions of Waialae Stream; portions of

Loli River; portions of Halepaakai

Stream; and portions of Halehaha

Stream. This unit is bounded on the

northeast by Kauai K; on the west by

Kauai I; and on the south by Opaewela

Valley.

Kauai I

The proposed Kauai I provides critical

habitat for 36 species: Alectryon

macrococcus, Alsinidendron viscosum,

Chamaesyce halemanui, Diellia pallida,

Dubautia latifolia, Euphorbia

haeleeleana, Exocarpos luteolus,

Flueggea neowawraea, Gouania

meyenii, Isodendrion laurifolium, Kokia

kauaiensis, Lipochaeta fauriei,

Lipochaeta micrantha, Lobelia

niihauensis, Melicope haupuensis,

Melicope knudsenii, Melicope pallida,

Munroidendron racemosum, Myrsine

linearifolia, Nothocestrum peltatum,

Peucedanum sandwicense, Phyllostegia

knudsenii, Phyllostegia wawrana, Poa

sandvicensis, Poa siphonoglossa,

Pteralyxia kauaiensis, Remya

kauaiensis, Remya montgomeryi,

Schiedea helleri, Schiedea

membranacea, Schiedea spergulina var.

spergulina, Schiedea stellarioides,

Solanum sandwicense, Spermolepis

hawaiiensis, Xylosma crenatum, and

Zanthoxylum hawaiiense. This unit

contains a total of 5,110.75 ha

(12,628.68 ac). The unit contains areas

owned by the State of Hawaii and

private owners. Portions of this unit are

found within the State’s Puu Ka Pele

Forest Reserve, Na Pali-Kona Forest

Reserve, Kokee State Park, Waimea

Canyon State Park, and Alakai

Wilderness Preserve. The natural areas

found in this unit are upper portions of

Awini Stream, portions of Kokee

Stream, portions of Waipoo falls, Kaou,

portions of Loli River, portions of

Waiahulu Stream, portions of Poomau

Stream, portions of Kohua Ridge,

portions of Kaluahaula Ridge, portions

of Koaie Stream and Canyon, portions of

Hipalau Valley, Poo Kaena Peak,

portions of Oneopaewa Valley, portions

of Waimea Canyon, portions of Waimea

River, portions of Nawaimaka Valley

and Stream, Waialae Falls, portions of

Kapukapala Ridge, Kipalau Valley, a

small portion of the Alalaki Swamp,

Waineke Swamp, Kumuwela Ridge,

portions of Maluapopoki Stream,

portions of Koliee Stream, portions of

Elekeninui Stream, portions of Noe

Stream, portions of Elekeniiki Stream,

Puu Kaohelo Peak, portions of

Kauaikinuna Stream, portions of Mohihi

Stream, Haeleele Ridge, portions of

Haeleele Valley, portions of Kaulaula

Valley, Kawaiiki Ridge, Kumuwela

Ridge, portions of Wahana Valley,

Kaluahaulau Ridge, and portions of

Kawaiiki Valley. Kauai H is bordered by

Kauai I to the east and northeast. The Na

Pali coastline is to the north, northwest,

and west of the boundaries. The

remainder of the Alakai Swamp is to the

east and northeast.

66856 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 216 / Tuesday, November 7, 2000 / Proposed Rules

Kauai J

The proposed Kauai J provides critical

habitat for six species: Hedyotis st.-

johnii, Lobelia niihauensis, Panicum

niihauense, Schiedea apokremnos,

Sesbania tomentosa, and Wilkesia

hobdyi. This unit contains a total of

504.05 ha (1,245.48 ac) on Federal,

State, and privately owned land.

Portions of this unit are contained

within the State’s Puu Ka Pele Forest

Reserve, Polihale State Park, and the

Pacific Missile Range Facility. The

natural features and landmarks found in

this area are Polihale Spring, Kapaula

Heiau, and the lower portions of

Haeleele Valley, Hikimoe Valley,

Kaaweiki Ridge, Kauhao Ridge,

Kaaweiki Ridge, and Polihale Ridge.

This area is bounded on the east by the

Pacific Ocean.

Kauai K

The proposed Kauai K provides

critical habitat for 7 species:

Adenophorus periens, Cyanea recta,

Cyrtandra cyaneoides, Cyrtandra

limahuliensis, Labordia lydgatei,

Plantago princeps, and Schiedea

membranacea. This unit contains a total

of 820.76 ha (2,028.09 ac). The areas

contained in this unit are owned by the

State of Hawaii. Portions of this unit are

found within the State’s Halelea Forest

Reserve. The natural features found in

this area are the back portions of

Lumahai Valley and River,

Mahinakehau Ridge, the back portions

of Wainiha Valley and River, and

sections of the Wainiha Pali.

Kauai L

The proposed Kauai L provides

critical habitat for 14 species:

Adenophorus periens, Bonamia

menziesii, Cyanea remyi, Cyanea

undulata, Cyrtandra limahuliensis,

Dubautia pauciflorula, Exocarpos

luteolus, Hesperomannia lydgatei,

Isodendrion longifolium, Labordia

lydgatei, Labordia tinifolia var.

wahiawaensis, Myrsine linearifolia,

Viola helenae, and Viola kauaiensis var.

wahiawaensis. This unit contains a total

of 1,682.29 ha (4,156.93 ac). The lands

contained within this unit are owned by

the State of Hawaii and private owners.

Portions of this unit are contained

within the State’s Lihue-Koloa Forest

Reserve. The natural features and

landmarks found in this area are

portions of Hanapepe Valley, Kapalaoa

Peak, Hulua Peak, portions of Wahiawa

Stream, Kanaele Swamp, Kahili Peak,

Laauhihaihai Peak, Kalualea Peak, Puu

Kolo Peak, portions of Wainonoia

Stream, and Puuauuka Peak. This unit

is bounded on the south by Alexander

Reservoir and on the west by Hanapepe

Valley and Stream.

Kauai M

The proposed Kauai M provides

critical habitat for eight species:

Brighamia insignis, Delissea

rhytidosperma, Isodendrion

longifolium, Lipochaeta micrantha,

Munroidendron racemosum,

Peucedanum sandwicense, Pteralyxia

kauaiensis, and Schiedea nuttallii. This

unit contains a total of 482.16 ha

(1,191.42 ac) on privately owned lands

within the Haupu Mountain Range. The

natural features found within this unit

are Haupu Peak, Naluakeina Peak, and

Queen Victoria’s profile. A length of

1,730.72 m of the Haupu Range

ridgeline to the west and 2,036.42 m of

the Haupu Range ridgeline to east of

Haupu Peak are included in this unit.

This unit is bound on the north by Kipu;

on the southeast by Kipu Kai; and on

the southwest by Mahaulepu.

Kauai N

The proposed Kauai N provides

critical habitat for two species: Hibiscus

clayi and Munroidendron racemosum.

This unit contains a total of 286.14 ha

(707.06 ac). The area found in the

Nonou Forest Reserve, owned by the

State of Hawaii. The natural features

found within this unit are the Nonou

Mountain Range, Sleeping Giant, and

Nonou Peak. This unit is bounded on

the east by Wailua; on the south by the

Wailua River; on the southwest by the

Wailua Homesteads; and on the north

by the Twin Reservoirs.

Kauai O

The proposed Kauai O provides

critical habitat for 2 species: Cyrtandra

limahuliensis and Cyanea recta. This

unit contains a total of 242.79 ha

(599.93 ac) on State and privately

owned lands. This unit is found within

the State’s Kealia and Lihue-Koloa

Forest Reserves. The natural features

found in this area are Kupakanui Falls,

Kualapa Peak, portions of Keahua

Stream, and portions of Waipunaea

Stream.

Kauai P

The proposed Kauai P provides

critical habitat for 10 species:

Adenophorus periens, Cyanea recta,

Cyanea remyi, Cyrtandra cyaneoides,

Cyrtandra limahuliensis,

Hesperomannia lydgatei, Isodendrion

longifolium, Labordia lydgatei, Myrsine

linearifolia, and Plantago princeps. This

unit contains a total of 711.44 ha

(1,757.96 ac). The lands contained

within this unit are owned by the State

of Hawaii and private owners. Portions

of this unit are contained within the

State’s Halelea Forest Reserve. The

natural features found in this unit are

the Mamalohoa Peak, Waiopa,

Namolokama Mountains, Kaliko,

portions of the Lumahai River, portions

of the eastern wall of the Lumahai

Valley, portions of the Waioli Stream,

portions of the back of Waioli Valley,

portions of the western wall of Hanalei

Valley, and Puu Manu. This unit is

bounded on the north by Waioli Valley;

on the east by Hanalei Valley; and on

the west and south by Lumahai Valley.

Kauai Q

The proposed Kauai Q provides

critical habitat for two species:

Cyrtandra limahuliensis and Pteralyxia

kauaiensis. This unit contains a total of

253.70 ha (626.89 ac). The areas

contained in this unit are owned by the

State of Hawaii and a private entity.

Portions of this unit are contained

within the State’s Halelea Forest

Reserve. The natural features found in

this unit are the back of Waipa Valley,

portions of Waipo Stream, Kapailu Peak,

Waiokihi Peak, and Kapalikea Peak. The

area is bounded on the west and

southwest by Lumahai Valley and on

the east by Waioli Valley.

Kauai R

The proposed Kauai R provides

critical habitat for 8 species:

Adenophorus periens, Cyanea

asarifolia, Cyanea recta, Cyanea remyi,

Cyrtandra cyaneoides, Cyrtandra

limahuliensis, Labordia lydgatei, and

Phyllostegia wawrana. This unit

contains a total of 1,215.59 ha (3,003.73

ac) of State and privately owned land.

Portions of this unit are found within

the State’s Moloaa, Kealia, and LihueKoloa Forest Reserves. The natural

features found in this area are portions

of Makaleha Mountains and Stream,

portions of Kaumoku Stream, Mt.

Namahana, Keoiki Peak, portions of

Anahola Stream, Kahili Peak, the

Pinnacle, Leleiwi Peak, Ke Ana Kolea

Falls, Puu Awa Peak, and Puu Eu Peak.

Kauai S

The proposed Kauai S provides

critical habitat for Exocarpos luteolus.

This unit contains 119.08 ha (294.26 ac)

of State owned land within the Kealia

and Lihue-Koloa Forest Reserves. The

natural features found in this area are

portions of Kamalii Ridge and

Kamahuna Peak, and portions of

Moalepe and Makaleha Streams.

Kauai T

The proposed Kauai T provides

critical habitat for 7 species: Cyanea

asarifolia, Cyanea remyi, Cyrtandra

Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 216 / Tuesday, November 7, 2000 / Proposed Rules 66857

limahuliensis, Labordia lydgatei,

Lysimachia filifolia, Plantago princeps,

and Pteralyxia kauaiensis. This unit

contains a total of 638.58 ha (1,577.95

ac). The areas contained in this unit are

owned by the State of Hawaii, as well

as private owners. The area included in

this unit are found within the State’s

Lihue-Koloa Forest Reserve and Alakai

Wilderness Preserve. The natural

features found in this unit are Mt.

Waialeale and portions of Iliiliula

Stream, the north Fork of the Wailua

River, the most eastern section of the

Alakai Swamp, and the Hanalei River.

Kauai U

The proposed Kauai U provides

critical habitat for 7 species: Alectryon

macrococcus, Euphorbia haeleeleana,

Isodendrion laurifolium, Lipochaeta

fauriei, Poa siphonoglossa, Pteralyxia

kauaiensis, and Remya kauaiensis. This

unit contains a 392.21 ha (969.15 ac) of

land owned by the State of Hawaii.

Portions of this unit are found within

the State’s Puu Ka Pele Forest Reserve,

as well as containing portions of

Haeleele Ridge and Valley, portions of

Polihale Ridge, and portions of Kaulaula

Valley.

Niihau A

Niihau A provides critical habitat for

Cyperus trachysanthos on Niihau. This

unit contains 93.79 ha (231.76 ac) of

land owned by a private entity. The

entire unit falls within the Keawanui

watershed and contains the lower

portions of Kanaio and Mokouia

Valleys.

Niihau B

Niihau B provides critical habitat for

Brighamia insignis on Niihau. This unit

contains a total of 96.76 ha (239.09 ac)

of privately owned land. This entire

unit falls within the Keawanui

watershed and contains the Kaali Cliffs.

Effects of Critical Habitat Designation

Section 7 Consultation

Section 7(a)(2) of the Act requires

Federal agencies, including the Service,

to ensure that actions they fund,

authorize, or carry out do not destroy or

adversely modify critical habitat to the

extent that the action appreciably

diminishes the value of the critical

habitat for the survival and recovery of

the species. Individuals, organizations,

States, local governments, and other

non-Federal entities are affected by the

designation of critical habitat only if

their actions occur on Federal lands,

require a Federal permit, license, or

other authorization, or involve Federal

funding.

Section 7(a) of the Act requires

Federal agencies to evaluate their

actions with respect to any species that

is proposed or listed as endangered or

threatened and with respect to its

critical habitat, if any is designated or

proposed. Regulations implementing

this interagency cooperation provision

of the Act are codified at 50 CFR part

402. Section 7(a)(4) of the Act requires

Federal agencies to confer with us on

any action that is likely to jeopardize

the continued existence of a proposed

species or result in destruction or

adverse modification of proposed

critical habitat. Conference reports

provide conservation recommendations

to assist the agency in eliminating

conflicts that may be caused by the

proposed action. The conservation

recommendations in a conference report

are advisory.

We may issue a formal conference

report if requested by a Federal agency.

Formal conference reports on proposed

critical habitat contain an opinion that

is prepared according to 50 CFR 402.14,

as if critical habitat were designated. We

may adopt the formal conference report

as the biological opinion when the

critical habitat is designated, if no

substantial new information or changes

in the action alter the content of the

opinion (see 50 CFR 402.10(d)).

If a species is listed or critical habitat

is designated, section 7(a)(2) requires

Federal agencies to ensure that activities

they authorize, fund, or carry out are not

likely to jeopardize the continued

existence of such a species or to destroy

or adversely modify its critical habitat.

If a Federal action may affect a listed

species or its critical habitat, the

responsible Federal agency (action

agency) must enter into consultation

with us. Through this consultation, we

would ensure that the permitted actions

do not destroy or adversely modify

critical habitat.

When we issue a biological opinion

concluding that a project is likely to

result in the destruction or adverse

modification of critical habitat, we also

provide reasonable and prudent

alternatives to the project, if any are

identifiable. Reasonable and prudent

alternatives are defined at 50 CFR

402.02 as alternative actions identified

during consultation that can be

implemented in a manner consistent

with the intended purpose of the action,

that are consistent with the scope of the

Federal agency’s legal authority and

jurisdiction, that are economically and

technologically feasible, and that the

Director believes would avoid the

likelihood of jeopardizing the continued

existence of listed species and avoid the

destruction or adverse modification of

critical habitat. Reasonable and prudent

alternatives can vary from slight project

modifications to extensive redesign or

relocation of the project. Costs

associated with implementing a

reasonable and prudent alternative are

similarly variable.

Section 4(b)(8) of the Act requires us

to describe in any proposed or final

regulation that designates critical

habitat a description and evaluation of

those activities involving a Federal

action that may adversely modify such

habitat or that may be affected by such

designation. When determining whether

any of these activities may adversely

modify critical habitat, we base our

analysis on the effects of the action on

the entire critical habitat area and not

just on the portion where the activity

will occur. Adverse effects on

constituent elements or segments of

critical habitat do not result in an

adverse modification determination

unless that loss, when added to the

environmental baseline, is likely to

appreciably diminish the capability of

the critical habitat to satisfy essential

requirements of the species. In other

words, activities that may destroy or

adversely modify critical habitat include

those that alter the primary constituent

elements (defined above) to an extent

that the value of critical habitat for both

the survival and recovery of any of the

76 plant species is appreciably reduced.

To properly portray the effects of

critical habitat designation, we must

first compare the section 7 requirements

for actions that may affect critical

habitat with the requirements for

actions that may affect a listed species.

Section 7 prohibits actions funded,

authorized, or carried out by Federal

agencies from jeopardizing the

continued existence of a listed species

or destroying or adversely modifying the

listed species’ critical habitat. Actions

likely to ‘‘jeopardize the continued

existence’’ of a species are those that

would appreciably reduce the

likelihood of the species’ survival and

recovery (50 CFR 402.02). Actions likely

to ‘‘destroy or adversely modify’’ critical

habitat are those that would appreciably

reduce the value of critical habitat for

the survival and recovery of the listed

species (50 CFR 402.02).

Common to both definitions is an

appreciable detrimental effect on both

survival and recovery of a listed species.

Given the similarity of these definitions,

actions likely to destroy or adversely

modify critical habitat would almost

always result in jeopardy to the species

concerned when the habitat is occupied

by the species. The purpose of

designating critical habitat is to

contribute to a species’ conservation,

66858 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 216 / Tuesday, November 7, 2000 / Proposed Rules

which by definition equates to survival

and recovery. Section 7 prohibitions

against the destruction or adverse

modification of critical habitat apply to

actions that would impair survival and

recovery of the listed species, thus

providing a regulatory means of

ensuring that Federal actions within

critical habitat are considered in

relation to the goals and

recommendations of any existing

recovery plan for the species concerned.

As a result of the direct link between

critical habitat and recovery, the

prohibition against destruction or

adverse modification of the critical

habitat should provide for the

protection of the critical habitat’s ability

to contribute fully to a species’ recovery.

Activities on lands being proposed as

critical habitat for these 76 species or

activities that may indirectly affect such

lands and that are conducted by a

Federal agency, are funded by a Federal

agency, or require a permit from a

Federal agency will be subject to the

section 7 consultation process. Federal

actions not affecting critical habitat, as

well as actions on non-Federal lands

that are not federally funded or

permitted, will not require section 7

consultation.

Section 4(b)(8) of the Act requires us

to briefly describe and evaluate in any

proposed or final regulation that

designates critical habitat those

activities involving a Federal action that

may adversely modify such habitat or

that may be affected by such

designation. Activities that may destroy

or adversely modify critical habitat

would be those that alter the primary

constituent elements to the extent that

the value of critical habitat for both the

survival and recovery of any one of the

76 species is appreciably reduced. We

note that such activities may also

jeopardize the continued existence of

the species. Activities that, when

carried out, funded, or authorized by a

Federal agency, may directly or

indirectly destroy or adversely modify

critical habitat include, but are not

limited to:

(1) Activities that appreciably degrade

or destroy habitat defined as a primary

constituent element, including but not

limited to: overgrazing; maintenance of

feral ungulates; clearing or cutting of

native live trees and shrubs, whether by

burning or mechanical, chemical, or

other means (e.g., woodcutting,

bulldozing, construction, road building,

mining, or herbicide application);

introducing or enabling the spread of

nonnative species; or actions that pose

a risk of fire;

(2) Water diversion or impoundment,

groundwater pumping, or other activity

that alters water quality or quantity to

an extent that wet forest or bog

vegetation is significantly affected; and

(3) Recreational activities that

appreciably degrade vegetation.

Actions affected by designation of

critical habitat may include, but are not

limited to:

(1) Regulation of activities affecting

waters of the United States by the Army

Corps of Engineers under section 404 of

the Clean Water Act;

(2) Development on private or State

lands requiring permits from other

Federal agencies, such as Housing and

Urban Development;

(3) Military training or similar

activities of the U.S. Department of

Defense (Navy and Air Force) on their

lands or lands under their jurisdiction at

Makaha Ridge, Pacific Missile Range

Facility at Barking Sands, and Kokee Air

Force Station;

(4) The release or authorization of

release of biological control agents by

the U.S. Department of Agriculture;

(5) Regulation of activities affecting

point source pollution discharges into

waters of the United States by the

Environmental Protection Agency under

section 402 of the Clean Water Act;

(6) Construction of communication

sites licensed by the Federal

Communications Commission; and

(7) Activities not previously

mentioned that is funded or

authorization by the U.S. Department of

Agriculture (Forest Service, Natural

Resources Conservation Service),

Department of Defense, Department of

Transportation, Department of Energy,

Department of Interior (U.S. Geological

Survey, National Park Service),

Department of Commerce (National

Oceanic and Atmospheric

Administration) or any other Federal

agency.

If you have questions regarding

whether specific activities will

constitute adverse modification of

critical habitat, contact the Field

Supervisor, Pacific Islands Ecological

Services Field Office (see ADDRESSES

section). Requests for copies of the

regulations on listed wildlife and plants

and inquiries about prohibitions and

permits should be directed to the U.S.

Fish and Wildlife Service, Branch of

Endangered Species/Permits at the same

address.

Consideration of Economic and Other

Relevant Impacts

Section 4(b)(2) of the Act requires that

we designate critical habitat on the basis

of the best scientific and commercial

information available, and to consider

the economic and other relevant

impacts of designating a particular area

as critical habitat. We may exclude areas

from critical habitat upon a

determination that the benefits of such

exclusions outweigh the benefits of

designating these areas as critical

habitat. We cannot exclude such areas

from critical habitat when the exclusion

will result in the extinction of the

species. We will conduct an analysis of

the economic impacts of designating

these areas as critical habitat prior to a

final determination. When completed,

we will announce the availability of the

draft economic analysis with a notice in

the Federal Register, and we will

reopen the comment period for 30 days

at that time to accept comments on the

economic analysis or further comments

on the proposed rule.

Public Comments Solicited

We intend that any final action

resulting from this proposal be as

accurate and as effective as possible.

Therefore, we solicit comments or

suggestions from the public, other

concerned governmental agencies, the

scientific community, industry or any

other interested party concerning this

proposed rule.

The Service invites comments from

the public that provide information on

whether lands within proposed critical

habitat are currently being managed to

address conservation needs of these

listed plants. As stated earlier in this

proposed rule, if we receive information

that any of the areas proposed as critical

habitat are adequately managed or

protected, we may exclude such areas

from the final rule, because they would

not meet the definition in section

3(5)(A)(i) of the Act. In determining

adequacy of management, we must find

that the management effort is

sufficiently certain to be implemented

and effective so as to contribute to the

recovery of the species.

In determining whether a

management effort is likely to be

implemented, we would generally

consider: (a) whether a management

plan or agreement exists, which

specifies the management actions being

implemented, or to be implemented, the

schedule for implementation, the

responsible party(ies), and the funding

source(s), or other resources necessary

to implement the actions, are available

with a high level of certainty that the

funding will be provided; and (b) the

authority and long-term commitment of

the party(ies) to the agreement or plan

to implement the management actions,

as demonstrated, for example, by a legal

instrument providing enduring

protection and management of the

lands.

Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 216 / Tuesday, November 7, 2000 / Proposed Rules 66859

In determining whether an action is

likely to be effective, we would

generally consider: (a) whether the plan

specifically addresses the management

needs, including reduction of threats of

the species; (b) whether such actions

have been successful in the past; (c)

whether there are provisions for

monitoring and assessment of the

effectiveness of the management

actions; (d) and whether adaptive

management principles have been

incorporated into the plan.

We are aware that the State of Hawaii

and some private landowners are

considering the development and

implementation of land management

plans or agreements that may promote

the conservation and recovery of

endangered and threatened plant

species on the island of Kauai. We are

soliciting comments in this proposed

rule on whether current land

management plans or practices applied

within the areas proposed as critical

habitat adequately provide for the

recovery of the species. We are also

soliciting comments on whether future

development and approval of

conservation measures (e.g.,

Conservation Agreements, Safe Harbor

Agreements, etc.) should be excluded

from critical habitat and, if so, by what

mechanism.

In addition, we are seeking comments

on the following:

(1) The reasons why critical habitat

for any of these species is prudent or not

prudent as provided by section 4 of the

Act and 50 CFR 424.12(a)(1), including

whether the benefits of designation

would outweigh any threats to these

species due to designation;

(2) The reasons why any particular

area should or should not be designated

as critical habitat for any of these

species, as critical habitat is defined by

section 3 of the Act (16 U.S.C. 1532(5));

(3) Specific information on the

amount and distribution of habitat for

Adenophorus periens, Alectryon

macrococcus, Alsinidendron

lychnoides, Alsinidendron viscosum,

Bonamia menziesii, Brighamia insignis,

Centaurium sebaeoides, Chamaesyce

halemanui, Cyanea asarifolia, Cyanea

recta, Cyanea remyi, Cyanea undulata,

Cyperus trachysanthos, Cyrtandra

cyaneoides, Cyrtandra limahuliensis,

Delissea rhytidosperma, Delissea

rivularis, Delissea undulata, Diellia

pallida, Dubautia latifolia, Dubautia

pauciflorula, Euphorbia haeleeleana,

Exocarpos luteolus, Flueggea

neowawraea, Gouania meyenii,

Hedyotis cookiana, Hedyotis st.-johnii,

Hesperomannia lydgatei,

Hibiscadelphus woodii, Hibiscus clayi,

Hibiscus waimeae spp. hannerae,

Isodendrion laurifolium, Isodendrion

longifolium, Kokia kauaiensis, Labordia

lydgatei, Labordia tinifolia var.

wahiawaensis, Lipochaeta fauriei,

Lipochaeta micrantha, Lipochaeta

waimeaensis, Lobelia niihauensis,

Lysimachia filifolia, Melicope

haupuensis, Melicope knudsenii,

Melicope pallida, Melicope

quadrangularis, Munroidendron

racemosum, Myrsine linearifolia,

Nothocestrum peltatum, Panicum

niihauense, Peucedanum sandwicense,

Phyllostegia knudsenii, Phyllostegia

waimeae, Phyllostegia wawrana,

Plantago princeps, Platanthera

holochila, Poa mannii, Poa

sandvicensis, Poa siphonoglossa,

Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii,

Pritchardia napaliensis, Pritchardia

viscosa, Pteralyxia kauaiensis, Remya

kauaiensis, Remya montgomeryi,

Schiedea apokremnos, Schiedea helleri,

Schiedea kauaiensis, Schiedea

membranacea, Schiedea nuttallii,

Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda,

Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina,

Schiedea stellarioides, Sesbania

tomentosa, Solanum sandwicense,

Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Stenogyne

campanulata, Viola helenae, Viola

kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis, Wilkesia

hobdyi, Xylosma crenatum, and

Zanthoxylum hawaiiense, and what

habitat is essential to the conservation

of the species and why;

(4) Land use practices and current or

planned activities in the subject areas

and their possible impacts on proposed

critical habitat;

(5) Any economic or other relevant

impacts resulting from the proposed

designations of critical habitat,

including any impacts on small entities

or families; and

(6) Economic and other potential

values associated with designating

critical habitat for the 76 plant species

such as those derived from nonconsumptive uses (e.g., hiking, camping,

birding, enhanced watershed protection,

increased soil retention, ‘‘existence

values,’’ and reductions in

administrative costs).

If you wish to comment, you may

submit your comments and materials

concerning this proposal by any one of

several methods (see ADDRESSES). If you

are sending comments by electronic

mail (e-mail), please submit them in

ASCII file format and avoid the use of

special characters and encryption.

Please include ‘‘Attn: 1018–AG71’’ and

your name and return address in your

e-mail message. If you do not receive a

confirmation from the system that we

have received your e-mail message,

contact us directly by calling our Pacific

Islands Office at phone number 808/

541–3441. Please note that the e-mail

address (KAandNIcrithab pr@fws.gov)

will be closed out at the termination of

the public comment period.

Our practice is to make comments,

including names and home addresses of

respondents, available for public review

during regular business hours.

Respondents may request that we

withhold their home address, which we

will honor to the extent allowable by

law. There also may be circumstances in

which we would withhold a

respondent’s identity, as allowable by

law. If you wish us to withhold your

name and/or address, you must state

this request prominently at the

beginning of your comment. However,

we will not consider anonymous

comments. To the extent consistent with

applicable law, we will make all

submissions from organizations or

businesses, and from individuals

identifying themselves as

representatives or officials of

organizations or businesses, available

for public inspection in their entirety.

Comments and materials received will

be available for public inspection, by

appointment, during normal business

hours at the above address.

Peer Review

In accordance with our policy

published on July 1, 1994 (59 FR

34270), we will seek the expert opinions

of at least three appropriate and

independent specialists regarding this

proposed rule. The purpose of such

review is to ensure listing and critical

habitat decisions are based on

scientifically sound data, assumptions,

and analyses. We will send copies of

this proposed rule to these peer

reviewers immediately following

publication in the Federal Register. We

will invite the peer reviewers to

comment, during the public comment

period, on the specific assumptions and

conclusions regarding the proposed

designations of critical habitat.

We will consider all comments and

data received during the 60-day

comment period on this proposed rule

during preparation of a final

rulemaking. Accordingly, the final

decision may differ from this proposal.

Clarity of the Rule

Executive Order 12866 requires each

agency to write regulations and notices

that are easy to understand. We invite

your comments on how to make this

proposed rule easier to understand

including answers to questions such as

the following: (1) Are the requirements

in the proposed rule clearly stated? (2)

Does the proposed rule contain

technical language or jargon that

66860 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 216 / Tuesday, November 7, 2000 / Proposed Rules

interferes with the clarity? (3) Does the

format of the proposed rule (grouping

and order of sections, use of headings,

paragraphing, etc.) aid or reduce its

clarity? (4) Is the description of the

proposed rule in the ‘‘Supplementary

Information’’ section of the preamble

helpful in understanding the document?

(5) Are the detailed scientific

descriptions of the plants helpful, and

(6) What else could we do to make the

proposed rule easier to understand?

Send a copy of any comments that

concern how we could make this notice

easier to understand to: Office of

Regulatory Affairs, Department of the

Interior, Room 7229, 1849 C Street, NW,

Washington, DC 20240. You may e-mail

your comments to this address:

Execsec@ios.doi.gov.

Required Determinations

1. Regulatory Planning and Review

In accordance with Executive Order

(EO) 12866, this action was submitted

for review by the Office of Management

and Budget (OMB). We are in the

process of preparing an economic

analysis to determine the economic

consequences of designating the specific

areas identified as critical habitat. If our

economic analysis reveals that the

economic impacts of designating any

area as critical habitat outweigh the

benefits of designation, we may exclude

those areas from consideration, unless

such exclusion will result in the

extinction of the species.

(a) Even though we will prepare an

economic analysis to assist us in

considering whether areas should be

excluded pursuant to section 4 of the

Act, we do not believe this proposed

rule will have an annual economic

effect of $100 million or adversely affect

an economic sector, productivity, jobs,

the environment, or other units of

government. Therefore, we do not

believe a cost-benefit and economic

analysis pursuant to EO 12866 is

required.

These 76 plants were listed as

endangered or threatened species

between the years 1991 and 1996. With

the possible exception of portions of the

Alakai Swamp, the areas proposed for

critical habitat are currently occupied

by one or more of these species. Under

section 7 of the Act, critical habitat may

not be destroyed or adversely modified

by a Federal agency action; designation

does not impose any restrictions on

non-Federal persons unless they are

conducting activities funded or

otherwise sponsored or permitted by a

Federal agency. Section 7 also requires

Federal agencies to ensure that they do

not jeopardize the continued existence

of the species. Based on our experience,

due to the limited number of

individuals and populations, and

limited range, we conclude that any

Federal action or authorized action that

could potentially cause an adverse

modification of the proposed critical

habitat for any of these 76 species

would also likely cause ‘‘jeopardy’’ to

that species. Accordingly, the

designation of currently occupied areas

as critical habitat would not have any

incremental impacts on what actions

may or may not be conducted by

Federal agencies or non-Federal persons

that receive Federal authorization or

funding. Non-Federal persons that do

not have a Federal involvement in their

actions are not restricted by the

designation of critical habitat. It is

possible that some unoccupied habitat

in the Alakai Swamp has been proposed

as critical habitat. However, the Alakai

Swamp is unlikely to be developed

because it is a designated State

wilderness preserve, and therefore, any

possible inclusion of unoccupied

habitat that might not otherwise be

covered by section 7 is unlikely to have

an economic impact.

(b) This proposed rule will not create

inconsistencies with other agencies’

actions. As discussed above, Federal

agencies have been required to ensure

that their actions not jeopardize the

continued existence of these 76 plant

species since their listing between 1991

and 1996. The prohibition against

adverse modification of critical habitat

would not be expected to impose any

additional restrictions to those that

currently exist because all proposed

critical habitat is occupied, with the

exception, possibly, of portions of the

Alakai Swamp.

(c) This proposed rule will not

materially affect entitlements, grants,

user fees, loan programs, or the rights

and obligations of their recipients.

Federal agencies are currently required

to ensure that their activities do not

jeopardize the continued existence of

the species, and as discussed above we

do not anticipate that the adverse

modification prohibition resulting from

critical habitat designation will have

any incremental effects.

(d) This proposed rule will not raise

novel legal or policy issues. The

proposed rule follows the requirements

for determining critical habitat

contained in the Endangered Species

Act.

2. Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C.

601 et seq.)

In the economic analysis, we will

determine whether designation of

critical habitat will have a significant

effect on a substantial number of small

entities. As discussed under Regulatory

Planning and Review above, this

proposed rule is not expected to result

in any restrictions in addition to those

currently in existence. As indicated on

Table 5 (see ‘‘Methods for Selection of

Areas for Proposed Critical Habitat

Designations’’) we have designated

property owned by Federal and State

governments, and private property.

Within these areas, the types of

Federal actions or authorized activities

that we have identified as potential

concerns are:

(1) Regulation of activities affecting

waters of the United States by the Army

Corps of Engineers under section 404 of

the Clean Water Act;

(2) Development on private or State

lands requiring permits from other

Federal agencies such as Housing and

Urban Development;

(3) Military training or similar

activities of the U.S. Department of

Defense (Navy and Air Force) on their

lands or lands under their jurisdiction;

(4) The release or authorization of

release of biological control agents by

the U.S. Department of Agriculture;

(5) Regulation of activities affecting

point source pollution discharges into

waters of the United States by the

Environmental Protection Agency under

section 402 of the Clean Water Act;

(6) Construction of communication

sites licensed by the Federal

Communications Commission;

(7) Activities not previously

mentioned that are funded or authorized

by the U.S. Department of Agriculture

(Forest Service, Natural Resources

Conservation Service), Department of

Defense, Department of Transportation,

Department of Energy, Department of

Interior (U.S. Geological Survey,

National Park Service), Department of

Commerce (National Oceanic and

Atmospheric Administration) or any

other Federal agency.

Many of these activities authorized or

funded by Federal agencies within the

proposed critical habitat areas are

carried out by small entities (as defined

by the Regulatory Flexibility Act)

through contract, grant, permit, or other

Federal authorization. As discussed in

section 1 above, these actions are

currently required to comply with the

protections of the Act that are triggered

by listing, such as avoiding jeopardy to

these species, and the designation of

critical habitat is not anticipated to have

any additional effects on these

activities.

For actions on non-Federal property

that do not have a Federal connection

(such as funding or authorization), the

current State restrictions concerning

Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 216 / Tuesday, November 7, 2000 / Proposed Rules 66861

take of listed threatened or endangered

plant species remain in effect, and this

proposed rule will have no additional

restrictions.

3. Small Business Regulatory

Enforcement Fairness Act (5 U.S.C.

804(2))

In the economic analysis, we will

determine whether designation of

critical habitat will cause (a) any effect

on the economy of $100 million or

more, (b) any increases in costs or prices

for consumers, individual industries,

Federal, State, or local government

agencies, or geographic regions in the

economic analysis, or (c) any significant

adverse effects on competition,

employment, investment, productivity,

innovation, or the ability of U.S.-based

enterprises to compete with foreignbased enterprises.

4. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (2

U.S.C. 1501 et seq.)

In accordance with the Unfunded

Mandates Reform Act (2 U.S.C. 1501 et

seq.):

(a) This proposed rule will not

‘‘significantly or uniquely’’ affect small

governments. A Small Government

Agency Plan is not required. Small

governments will only be affected to the

extent that any Federal funds, permits

or other authorized activities must

ensure that their actions will not

adversely affect the critical habitat.

However, as discussed in section 1,

these actions are currently subject to

equivalent requirements through the

listing protections of the species, and no

further restrictions are anticipated.

(b) This proposed rule will not

produce a Federal mandate of $100

million or greater in any year, that is, it

is not a ‘‘significant regulatory action’’

under the Unfunded Mandates Reform

Act. The designation of critical habitat

imposes no obligations on State or local

governments.

5. Takings

In accordance with Executive Order

12630, this proposed rule does not have

significant takings implications. A

takings implication assessment is not

required. As discussed above, the

designation of critical habitat affects

only Federal agency actions. The

proposed rule will not increase or

decrease the current restrictions on

private property concerning take of

these 76 plant species. We do not

anticipate that property values will be

affected by the critical habitat

designations. Landowners in areas that

are included in the designated critical

habitat will continue to have

opportunity to utilize their property in

ways consistent with State law and with

the continued survival of the plant

species.

6. Federalism

In accordance with Executive Order

13132, the proposed rule does not have

significant Federalism effects. A

Federalism assessment is not required.

As discussed above, the designation of

critical habitat in areas currently

occupied by the 76 plant species would

have little incremental impact on State

and local governments and their

activities. The designations may have

some benefit to these governments in

that the areas essential to the

conservation of these species are more

clearly defined, and the primary

constituent elements of the habitat

necessary to the survival of the species

are identified. While this definition and

identification does not alter where and

what Federally sponsored activities may

occur, it may assist these local

governments in long range planning

rather than waiting for case-by-case

section 7 consultation to occur.

7. Civil Justice Reform

In accordance with Executive Order

12988, the Office of the Solicitor has

determined that the proposed rule does

not unduly burden the judicial system

and meets the requirements of sections

3(a) and 3(b)(2) of the Order. We

designate critical habitat in accordance

with the provisions of the Endangered

Species Act. The proposed rule uses

standard property descriptions and

identifies the primary constituent

elements within the designated areas to

assist the public in understanding the

habitat needs of the 76 plant species.

8. Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44

U.S.C. 3501 et seq.)

This proposed rule does not contain

any information collection requirements

for which OMB approval under the

Paperwork Reduction Act is required.

9. National Environmental Policy Act

We have determined that an

Environmental Assessment and/or an

Environmental Impact Statement as

defined by the National Environmental

Policy Act of 1969 need not be prepared

in connection with regulations adopted

pursuant to section 4(a) of the Act. A

notice outlining our reason for this

determination was published in the

Federal Register on October 25, 1983

(48 FR 49244). This proposed rule does

not constitute a major Federal action

significantly affecting the quality of the

human environment.

References Cited

A complete list of all references cited

in this proposed rule is available upon

request from the Pacific Islands

Ecoregion Office (see ADDRESSES

section).

Authors

The primary authors of this notice are

Stacy Jorgensen, Christa Russell,

Michelle Stephens, and Marigold Zoll

(see ADDRESSES section).

List of Subjects in 50 CFR Part 17

Endangered and threatened species,

Exports, Imports, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements, Transportation.

Proposed Regulation Promulgation

Accordingly, we propose to amend

part 17, subchapter B of chapter I, title

50 of the Code of Federal Regulations as

set forth below:

PART 17—[AMENDED]

1. The authority citation for part 17

continues to read as follows:

Authority: 16 U.S.C. 1361–1407; 16 U.S.C.

1531–1544; 16 U.S.C. 4201–4245; Pub. L. 99–

625, 100 Stat. 3500; unless otherwise noted.

2. In § 17.12(h) revise the entries for

‘‘Alectryon macrococcus, Alsinidendron

lychnoides, Alsinidendron viscosum,

Bonamia menziesii, Brighamia insignis,

Centaurium sebaeoides, Chamaesyce

halemanui, Cyanea asarifolia, Cyanea

recta, Cyanea remyi, Cyanea undulata,

Cyperus trachysanthos, Cyrtandra

cyaneoides, Cyrtandra limahuliensis,

Delissea rhytidosperma, Delissea

rivularis, Delissea undulata, Dubautia

latifolia, Dubautia pauciflorula,

Euphorbia haeleeleana, Exocarpos

luteolus, Flueggea neowawraea,

Gouania meyenii, Hedyotis cookiana,

Hedyotis st.-johnii, Hesperomannia

lydgatei, Hibiscadelphus woodii,

Hibiscus clayi, Hibiscus waimeae spp.

hannerae, Isodendrion laurifolium,

Isodendrion longifolium, Kokia

kauaiensis, Labordia lydgatei, Labordia

tinifolia var. wahiawaensis, Lipochaeta

fauriei, Lipochaeta micrantha,

Lipochaeta waimeaensis, Lobelia

niihauensis, Lysimachia filifolia,

Melicope haupuensis, Melicope

knudsenii, Melicope pallida,

Munroidendron racemosum, Myrsine

linearifolia, Nothocestrum peltatum,

Panicum niihauense, Peucedanum

sandwicense, Phyllostegia knudsenii,

Phyllostegia wawrana, Plantago

princeps, Platanthera holochila, Poa

mannii, Poa sandvicensis, Poa

siphonoglossa, Pteralyxia kauaiensis,

Remya kauaiensis, Remya montgomeryi,

Schiedea apokremnos, Schiedea helleri,

Schiedea kauaiensis, Schiedea

66862 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 216 / Tuesday, November 7, 2000 / Proposed Rules

membranacea, Schiedea nuttallii,

Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda,

Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina,

Schiedea stellarioides, Sesbania

tomentosa, Solanum sandwicense,

Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Stenogyne

campanulata, Viola helenae, Viola

kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis, Wilkesia

hobdyi, Xylosma crenatum, and

Zanthoxylum hawaiiense’’ under

‘‘FLOWERING PLANTS’’ and

‘‘Adenophorus periens and Diellia

pallida’’ under ‘‘FERNS AND ALLIES’’

to read as follows:

17.12(h) Endangered and threatened

plants.

* * * * *

(h) * * *

Species

Historic range Family Status When listed Critical

habitat

Special

rules Scientific name Common name

FLOWERING PLANTS

*******

Alectryon

macrococcus.

Mahoe ...................... U.S.A. (HI) ............... Sapindaceae ............ E 467 17.96(a) NA

*******

Alsinidendron

lychnoides.

Kuawawaenohu ....... U.S.A. (HI) ............... Caryophyllaceae ...... E 590 17.96(a) NA

Alsinidendron

viscosum.

None ........................ U.S.A. (HI) ............... Caryophyllaceae ...... E 590 17.96(a) NA

*******

Bonamia menziesii ... None ........................ U.S.A. (HI) ............... Convolvulaceae ....... E 559 17.96(a) NA

Brighamia insignis .... ’Olulu ........................ U.S.A. (HI) ............... Campanulaceae ....... E 530 17.96(a) NA

*******

Centaurium

sebaeoides.

’Awiwi ....................... U.S.A. (HI) ............... Gentianaceae ........... E 448 17.96(a) NA

*******

Chamaesyce

halemanui.

None ........................ U.S.A. (HI) ............... Euphorbiaceae ......... E 464 17.96(a) NA

*******

Cyanea asarifolia ...... Haha ........................ U.S.A (HI) ................ Campanulaceae ....... E 530 17.96(a) NA

*******

Cyanea recta ............ Haha ........................ U.S.A (HI) ................ Campanulaceae ....... T 590 17.96(a) NA

Cyanea remyi ........... Haha ........................ U.S.A (HI) ................ Campanulaceae ....... E 590 17.96(a) NA

*******

Cyanea undulata ...... Haha ........................ U.S.A. (HI) ............... Campanulaceae ....... E 436 17.96(a) NA

*******

Cyperus

trachysanthos.

Pu’uka’a ................... U.S.A. (HI) ............... Cyperaceae .............. E 592 17.96(a) NA

*******

Cyrtandra cyaneoides Mapele ..................... U.S.A. (HI) ............... Gesneriaceae ........... E 590 17.96(a) NA

*******

Cyrtandra

limahuliensis.

Ha’iwale’ ................... U.S.A. (HI) ............... Gesneriaceae ........... T 530 17.96(a) NA

*******

Delissea

rhytidosperma.

None ........................ U.S.A. (HI) ............... Campanulaceae ....... E 530 17.96(a) NA

Delissea rivularis ...... ’Oha’ ......................... U.S.A. (HI) ............... Campanulaceae ....... E 590 17.96(a) NA

*******

Delissea undulata ..... None ........................ U.S.A. (HI) ............... Campanulaceae ....... E 593 17.96(a) NA

*******

Dubautia latifolia ....... Na’ena’e’ .................. U.S.A. (HI) ............... Asteraceae ............... E 464 17.96(a) NA

Dubautia pauciflorula Na’ena’e’ .................. U.S.A. (HI) ............... Asteraceae ............... E 436 17.96(a) NA

*******

Euphorbia

haeleeleana.

’Akoko ...................... U.S.A. (HI) ............... Euphorbiaceae ......... E 592 17.96(a) NA

*******

Exocarpos luteolus ... Heau ........................ U.S.A. (HI) ............... Santalaceae ............. E 530 17.96(a) NA

Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 216 / Tuesday, November 7, 2000 / Proposed Rules 66863

Species

Historic range Family Status When listed Critical

habitat

Special

rules Scientific name Common name

*******

Flueggea

neowawraea.

Mehamehame .......... U.S.A. (HI) ............... Euphorbiaceae ......... E 559 17.96(a) NA

*******

Gouania meyenii ...... None ........................ U.S.A. (HI) ............... Rhamnaceae ............ E 448 17.96(a) NA

*******

Hedyotis cookiana .... ’Awiwi ....................... U.S.A. (HI) ............... Rubiaceae ................ E 530 17.96(a) NA

*******

Hedyotis st.-johnii ..... Na Pali beach

hedyotis.

U.S.A. (HI) ............... Rubiaceae ................ E 441 17.96(a) NA

*******

Hesperomannia

lydgatei.

None ........................ U.S.A. (HI) ............... Asteraceae ............... E 436 17.96(a) NA

*******

Hibiscadelphus

woodii.

Hau kuahiwi ............. U.S.A. (HI) ............... Malvaceae ................ E 590 17.96(a) NA

*******

Hibiscus clayi ............ Clay’s hibiscus ......... U.S.A. (HI) ............... Malvaceae ................ E 530 17.96(a) NA

Hibiscus waimeae

spp. hannerae.

Koki’o ke’oke’o ......... U.S.A. (HI) ............... Malvaceae ................ E 590 17.96(a) NA

*******

Isodendrion

laurifolium.

Aupaka ..................... U.S.A. (HI) ............... Violaceae ................. E 592 17.96(a) NA

Isodendrion

longifolium.

Aupaka ..................... U.S.A. (HI) ............... Violaceae ................. T 592 17.96(a) NA

*******

Kokia kauaiensis ...... Koki’o ....................... U.S.A. (HI) ............... Malvaceae ................ E 590 17.96(a) NA

*******

Labordia lydgatei ...... Kamakahala ............. U.S.A. (HI) ............... Loganiaceae ............ E 436 17.96(a) NA

Labordia tinifolia var.

wahiawaensis.

Kamakahala ............. U.S.A. (HI) ............... Loganiaceae ............ E 590 17.96(a) NA

*******

Lipochaeta fauriei ..... Nehe ........................ U.S.A. (HI) ............... Asteraceae ............... E 530 17.96(a) NA

*******

Lipochaeta micrantha Nehe ........................ U.S.A. (HI) ............... Asteraceae ............... E 530 17.96(a) NA

*******

Lipochaeta

waimeaensis.

Nehe ........................ U.S.A. (HI) ............... Asteraceae ............... E 530 17.96(a) NA

*******

Lobelia niihauensis ... None ........................ U.S.A. (HI) ............... Campanulaceae ....... E 448 17.96(a) NA

*******

Lysimachia filifolia .... None ........................ U.S.A. (HI) ............... Primulaceae ............. E 530 17.96(a) NA

*******

Melicope haupuensis Alani ......................... U.S.A. (HI) ............... Rutaceae .................. E 530 17.96(a) NA

Melicope knudsenii ... Alani ......................... U.S.A. (HI) ............... Rutaceae .................. E 530 17.96(a) NA

*******

Melicope pallida ........ Alani ......................... U.S.A. (HI) ............... Rutaceae .................. E 530 17.96(a) NA

*******

Munroidendron

racemosum.

None ........................ U.S.A. (HI) ............... Araliaceae ................ E 530 17.96(a) NA

*******

Myrsine linearifolia .... Kolea ........................ U.S.A. (HI) ............... Myrsinaceae ............. T 590 17.96(a) NA

66864 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 216 / Tuesday, November 7, 2000 / Proposed Rules

Species

Historic range Family Status When listed Critical

habitat

Special

rules Scientific name Common name

*******

Nothocestrum

peltatum.

’Aiea ......................... U.S.A. (HI) ............... Solanaceae .............. E 530 17.96(a) NA

*******

Panicum niihauense Lau ’ehu ................... U.S.A. (HI) ............... Poaceae ................... E 592 17.96(a) NA

*******

Peucedanum

sandwicense.

Makou ...................... U.S.A. (HI) ............... Apiaceae .................. T 530 17.96(a) NA

*******

Phyllostegia

knudsenii.

None ........................ U.S.A. (HI) ............... Lamiaceae ............... E 590 17.96(a) NA

*******

Phyllostegia wawrana None ........................ U.S.A. (HI) ............... Lamiaceae ............... E 590 17.96(a) NA

*******

Plantago princeps ..... Laukahi kuahiwi ....... U.S.A. (HI) ............... Plantaginaceae ........ E 559 17.96(a) NA

Platanthera holochila None ........................ U.S.A. (HI) ............... Orchidaceae ............. E 592 17.96(a) NA

*******

Poa mannii ............... Mann’s bluegrass ..... U.S.A. (HI) ............... Poaceae ................... E 558 17.96(a) NA

*******

Poa sandvicensis ..... Hawaiian bluegrass U.S.A. (HI) ............... Poaceae ................... E 464 17.96(a) NA

Poa siphonoglossa ... None ........................ U.S.A. (HI) ............... Poaceae ................... E 464 17.96(a) NA

*******

Pteralyxia kauaiensis Kaulu ........................ U.S.A. (HI) ............... Apocynaceae ........... E 530 17.96(a) NA

*******

Remya kauaiensis .... None ........................ U.S.A. (HI) ............... Asteraceae ............... E 413 17.96(a) NA

*******

Remya montgomeryi None ........................ U.S.A. (HI) ............... Asteraceae ............... E 413 17.96(a) NA

*******

Schiedea

apokremnos.

Ma’oli’oli ................... U.S.A. (HI) ............... Caryophyllaceae ...... E 441 17.96(a) NA

*******

Schiedea helleri ........ None ........................ U.S.A. (HI) ............... Caryophyllaceae ...... E 590 17.96(a) NA

*******

Schiedea kauaiensis None ........................ U.S.A. (HI) ............... Caryophyllaceae ...... E 592 17.96(a) NA

*******

Schiedea

membranacea.

None ........................ U.S.A. (HI) ............... Caryophyllaceae ...... E 590 17.96(a) NA

Schiedea nuttallii ...... None ........................ U.S.A. (HI) ............... Caryophyllaceae ...... E 592 17.96(a) NA

*******

Schiedea spergulina

var. leiopoda.

None ........................ U.S.A. (HI) ............... Caryophyllaceae ...... E 530 17.96(a) NA

Schiedea spergulina

var. spergulina.

None ........................ U.S.A. (HI) ............... Caryophyllaceae ...... T 530 17.96(a) NA

Schiedea stellarioides Laulihilihi (Ma’oli’oli) U.S.A. (HI) ............... Caryophyllaceae ...... E 590 17.96(a) NA

*******

Sesbania tomentosa ’Ohai ......................... U.S.A. (HI) ............... Fabaceae ................. E 559 17.96(a) NA

*******

Solanum

sandwicense.

’Aiakeakua, popolo .. U.S.A. (HI) ............... Solanaceae .............. E 530 17.96(a) NA

*******

Spermolepis

hawaiiensis.

None ........................ U.S.A. (HI) ............... Apiaceae .................. E 559 17.96(a) NA

Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 216 / Tuesday, November 7, 2000 / Proposed Rules 66865

Species

Historic range Family Status When listed Critical

habitat

Special

rules Scientific name Common name

*******

Stenogyne

campanulata.

None ........................ U.S.A. (HI) ............... Lamiaceae ............... E 464 17.96(a) NA

*******

Viola helenae ............ None ........................ U.S.A. (HI) ............... Violaceae ................. E 436 17.96(a) NA

Viola kauaiensis var.

wahiawaensis.

Nani wai’ale’ale ........ U.S.A. (HI) ............... Violaceae ................. E 590 17.96(a) NA

*******

Wilkesia hobdyi ........ Dwarf iliau ................ U.S.A. (HI) ............... Asteraceae ............... E 473 17.96(a) NA

Xylosma crenatum .... None ........................ U.S.A. (HI) ............... Flacourtiaceae ......... E 464 17.96(a) NA

*******

Zanthoxylum

hawaiiense.

A’e ............................ U.S.A. (HI) ............... Rutaceae .................. E 532 17.96(a) NA

*******

FERNS AND ALLIES

Adenophorus periens Pendant kihi fern ...... U.S.A. (HI) ............... Grammitidaceae ....... E 559 17.96(a) NA

*******

Diellia pallida ............ None ........................ U.S.A. (HI) ............... Aspleniaceae ........... E 530 17.96(a) NA

*******

3. In § 17.96, redesignate paragraph (a)

as paragraph (b); revise heading of

newly designated paragraph (b) to read

‘‘Single-species critical habitat—

flowering plants’’; and add a new

paragraph (a) to read as follows:

§ 17.96 Critical habitat—plants.

(a) Unit Descriptions and Maps of

multiple-species critical habitat units.

(1) Hawaii.

(i) Maps and critical habitat unit

descriptions.

(A) Kauai.

66866 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 216 / Tuesday, November 7, 2000 / Proposed Rules

Critical habitat units with multiple

species are described below.

Coordinates are in UTM Zone 4 with

units in meters using North American

Datum of 1983 (NAD83). Distances are

provided in meters and miles.

Kauai A (121 ha; 298 ac)

Unit consists of seven boundary points

with the following coordinates: 443666,

2452051; 443998, 2452413; 444554,

2452401; 444886, 2452015; 444832,

2451423; 444282, 2451133; 443696,

2451454.

Note: Map follows:

Kauai B (142 ha; 351 ac)

Unit consists of eight boundary points

with the following coordinates: 429954,

2432936; 430228, 2433024; 430792,

2432813; 431050, 2432278; 431007,

2431901; 430646, 2431556; 429966,

2431685; 429725, 2432253.

Note: Map follows:

Kauai C (124 ha; 306 ac)

Unit consists of seven boundary points

with the following coordinates: 447275,

2421965; 447607, 2422327; 448163,

2422315; 448481, 2421928; 448450,

2421347; 447896, 2421028; 447268,

2421332.

Note: Map follows:

Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 216 / Tuesday, November 7, 2000 / Proposed Rules 66867

Kauai D (125 ha; 308 ac)

Unit consists of seven boundary points

with the following coordinates: 440157,

2439356; 440489, 2439719; 441045,

2439706; 441377, 2439320; 441355,

2438717; 440773, 2438438; 440155,

2438734.

Note: Map follows:

Kauai E (117 ha; 288 ac)

Unit consists of seven boundary points

and the intermediate coastline with the

following coordinates: 462461, 2426866;

462686, 2426588; 462598, 2425988;

462047, 2425726; 461453, 2426032;

461432, 2426617; 461741, 2426979.

Note: Map follows:

Kauai F (943 ha; 2,330 ac)

Unit consists of twenty-seven boundary

points and the intermediate coastline

with the following coordinates: 439582,

2457190; 439646, 2457137; 439870,

2457165; 440480, 2457164; 440853,

2456992; 441585, 2456539; 441928,

2456203; 441875, 2455686; 441477,

2455265; 440747, 2455513; 440294,

2454127; 440678, 2454002; 440939,

2453662; 440687, 2452786; 440011,

2452638; 439324, 2452794; 438821,

2452909; 438249, 2453179; 438122,

2453607; 438356, 2454207; 439171,

2454579; 439213, 2454955; 439014,

2455248; 439053, 2455692; 439249,

2455858; 439274, 2456481; 439060,

2456669.

Note: Map follows:

66868 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 216 / Tuesday, November 7, 2000 / Proposed Rules

Kauai G (6,372 ha; 15,752 ac)

Unit consists of sixty-one boundary

points and two intermediate stretches of

coastline with the following

coordinates: 438237, 2456026; 438340,

2455904; 438452, 2455418; 438302,

2455008; 438227, 2454336; 438356,

2454207; 438122, 2453607; 438249,

2453179; 438821, 2452909; 439324,

2452794; 439098, 2452402; 438390,

2451683; 438377, 2451066; 438479,

2450630; 438081, 2450611; 437856,

2450386; 437196, 2450236; 436686,

2450327; 436206, 2450012; 435576,

2449428; 435171, 2449398; 434571,

2449188; 434346, 2448873; 433716,

2448589; 433056, 2448274; 432606,

2447884; 431976, 2447600; 431571,

2447195; 431376, 2446520; 431001,

2446041; 430881, 2445501; 430956,

2445096; 430506, 2444616; 430055,

2444390; 429511, 2444515; 429264,

2445339; 428958, 2445710; 428546,

2445373; 427836, 2445411; 427275,

2446121; 427275, 2446869; 427649,

2447167; 427163, 2447392; 427051,

2446869; 426453, 2446532; 426005,

2446794; 425182, 2446869; 424958,

2447466; 425033, 2448288; 424734,

2448475; 424703, 2448535; 425519,

2449626; 425631, 2449559; 426331,

2449614; 427201, 2449297; 428060,

2449185; 428733, 2449372; 428696,

2449969; 427986, 2449820; 427327,

2449846; 427036, 2450343.

Note: Map follows:

Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 216 / Tuesday, November 7, 2000 / Proposed Rules 66869

Kauai H North (1,893 ha; 4,678 ac)

Unit consists of thirty boundary points

with the following coordinates: 438479,

2450630; 438530, 2450411; 439197,

2449222; 439559, 2448851; 439963,

2448868; 440449, 2447452; 441231,

2446950; 441832, 2446159; 442326,

2445855; 441941, 2445618; 441564,

2445724; 440439, 2445635; 439481,

2445574; 439012, 2445981; 438755,

2446540; 437858, 2446764; 437473,

2446353; 436897, 2446435; 436567,

2446737; 436399, 2447492; 435795,

2447718; 434346, 2448873; 434571,

2449188; 435171, 2449398; 435576,

2449428; 436206, 2450012; 436686,

2450327; 437196, 2450236; 437856,

2450386; 438081, 2450611.

Note: Map follows:

Kauai H South (2,053 ha; 5,072 ac)

Unit consists of thirty-six boundary

points with the following coordinates:

442681, 2445377; 443901, 2444045;

443929, 2443735; 444310, 2443141;

445138, 2442798; 445835, 2442346;

446429, 2442286; 446674, 2441998;

446559, 2441513; 446662, 2441347;

446394, 2441140; 446090, 2441397;

445534, 2441154; 445380, 2441414;

445147, 2441167; 444455, 2440991;

444124, 2441223; 443707, 2441132;

443023, 2441344; 442289, 2441224;

441900, 2441577; 441650, 2441573;

441526, 2441372; 441085, 2441150;

440912, 2440914; 440464, 2440832;

440002, 2440430; 439021, 2440374;

438871, 2440154; 438599, 2440452;

438983, 2440918; 438956, 2441522;

439226, 2442251; 439011, 2443004;

437912, 2443251; 442140, 2444430.

Note: Map follows:

66870 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 216 / Tuesday, November 7, 2000 / Proposed Rules

Kauai I (5,111 ha; 12,629 ac)

Unit consists of seventy-five boundary

points with the following coordinates:

442326, 2445855; 442681, 2445377;

442140, 2444430; 437912, 2443251;

439011, 2443004; 439226, 2442251;

438956, 2441522; 438983, 2440918;

438599, 2440452; 438182, 2440018;

437639, 2439989; 437237, 2440320;

436456, 2440043; 436254, 2440270;

436809, 2441177; 435666, 2441725;

435498, 2441102; 434893, 2440850;

434168, 2441070; 433936, 2440283;

433268, 2440018; 432676, 2440585;

433230, 2441908; 434465, 2443017;

435654, 2443235; 435682, 2443786;

435977, 2444109; 437779, 2444969;

437565, 2445246; 436658, 2444679;

436091, 2445059; 435939, 2445705;

435335, 2445271; 435492, 2443672;

435074, 2443340; 433280, 2443372;

433030, 2444063; 433773, 2445154;

435198, 2446208; 435150, 2446635;

434429, 2446408; 434277, 2445895;

433180, 2444874; 431397, 2443543;

431758, 2442201; 431027, 2441811;

430463, 2442072; 430035, 2443613;

431367, 2445115; 432329, 2445592;

432614, 2446180; 432320, 2446465;

431417, 2445364; 430956, 2445096;

430881, 2445501; 431001, 2446041;

431376, 2446520; 431571, 2447195;

431976, 2447600; 432606, 2447884;

433056, 2448274; 433716, 2448589;

434346, 2448873; 435795, 2447718;

436399, 2447492; 436567, 2446737;

436897, 2446435; 437473, 2446353;

437858, 2446764; 438755, 2446540;

439012, 2445981; 439481, 2445574;

440439, 2445635; 441564, 2445724;

441941, 2445618.

Note: Map follows:

Kauai J (504 ha; 1,245 ac)

Unit consists of eight boundary points

and the intermediate coastline with the

following coordinates: 423814, 2445432;

424802, 2445255; 424177, 2443625;

423776, 2443508; 423659, 2442716;

422590, 2442656; 419640, 2439894;

419295, 2440404.

Note: Map follows:

Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 216 / Tuesday, November 7, 2000 / Proposed Rules 66871

Kauai K (821 ha; 2,028 ac)

Unit consists of fifteen boundary points

with the following coordinates: 448086,

2443601; 447030, 2442449; 446492,

2442508; 446087, 2442992; 446126,

2443364; 444940, 2443559; 444633,

2444048; 444772, 2444564; 446167,

2445324; 446631, 2445322; 447605,

2444633; 448415, 2445609; 449238,

2445413; 449406, 2444618; 449057,

2444228.

Note: Map follows:

Kauai L (1,682 ha; 4,157 ac)

Unit consists of eleven boundary points

with the following coordinates: 443963,

2429307; 446972, 2431287; 447094,

2432620; 449275, 2432701; 449659,

2430034; 449235, 2429166; 450649,

2427126; 449602, 2426473; 447114,

2429408; 444745, 2428502; 443963,

2429287.

Note: Map follows:

Kauai M (482 ha; 1,191 ac)

Unit consists of nine boundary points

with the following coordinates: 456911,

2424542; 456931, 2425122; 459885,

2425581; 460651, 2425063; 460751,

2424475; 459457, 2424224; 458932,

2423556; 457954, 2423431; 457777,

2424372.

Note: Map follows:

66872 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 216 / Tuesday, November 7, 2000 / Proposed Rules

Kauai N (286 ha; 707 ac)

Unit consists of sixteen boundary points

with the following coordinates: 462502,

2438598; 462104, 2438973; 462578,

2439445; 462918, 2439799; 462987,

2440106; 463169, 2440475; 463176,

2440747; 463392, 2440968; 463540,

2441156; 463704, 2441235; 463768,

2440728; 464252, 2439811; 463789,

2439644; 463956, 2439085; 463831,

2438883; 463365, 2438375.

Note: Map follows:

Kauai O (243 ha; 600 ac)

Unit consists of eight boundary points

with the following UTM coordinates:

454357, 2445398; 454986, 2445311;

455160, 2444765; 455113, 2443528;

454847, 2443199; 454234, 2443189;

453902, 2443647; 453926, 2445083.

Note: Map follows:

Kauai P (711 ha; 1,758 ac)

Unit consists of thirteen boundary

points with the following coordinates:

447753, 2447225; 447428, 2447829;

448470, 2448968; 447125, 2450677;

447365, 2451166; 448229, 2451166;

449288, 2451766; 449752, 2451666;

450073, 2451227; 449432, 2449395;

449073, 2448924; 449147, 2447868;

448339, 2447084.

Note: Map follows:

Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 216 / Tuesday, November 7, 2000 / Proposed Rules 66873

Kauai Q (254 ha; 627 ac)

Unit consists of eight boundary points

with the following coordinates: 445509,

2452732; 446856, 2453623; 447285,

2453489; 447596, 2453084; 447448,

2452593; 446079, 2451669; 445560,

2451860; 445359, 2452315.

Note: Map follows:

Kauai R (1,216 ha; 3,004 ac)

Unit consists of twenty boundary points

with the following coordinates: 455777,

2449394; 456131, 2450017; 458344,

2450005; 459083, 2449224; 460578,

2449637; 461026, 2449189; 460925,

2448495; 459811, 2448172; 458204,

2448066; 457900, 2446720; 458214,

2446760; 458887, 2446950; 459348,

2446748; 459490, 2446382; 459454,

2446075; 459242, 2445757; 458486,

2445521; 456838, 2445992; 456525,

2446628; 457057, 2447386.

Note: Map follows:

Kauai S (119 ha; 294 ac)

Unit consists of eight boundary points

with the following coordinates: 458569,

2444612; 459074, 2444680; 459466,

2444364; 459486, 2443810; 459152,

2443495; 458687, 2443427; 458285,

2443787; 458273, 2444282.

Note: Map follows:

66874 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 216 / Tuesday, November 7, 2000 / Proposed Rules

Kauai T (639 ha; 1,578 ac)

Unit consists of sixteen boundary points

with the following coordinates: 448552,

2442388; 449125, 2442584; 449589,

2442204; 449663, 2440988; 450101,

2440410; 449514, 2439343; 450217,

2438368; 450068, 2437872; 449597,

2437516; 448836, 2437971; 448762,

2438443; 448960, 2438905; 448605,

2440584; 447306, 2440964; 447381,

2441287; 448241, 2441890.

Note: Map follows:

Kauai U (392 ha; 969 ac)

Unit consists of eleven boundary points

with the following coordinates: 426882,

2443616; 428076, 2443787; 428971,

2442855; 429381, 2442944; 429822,

2442698; 429881, 2441922; 429083,

2441549; 428635, 2441781; 428233,

2442549; 426763, 2442385; 426465,

2443191.

Note: Map follows:

Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 216 / Tuesday, November 7, 2000 / Proposed Rules 66875

PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT ON KAUAI

Kauai

units Species

A Cyrtandra limahuliensis.

B Lipochaeta waimeaensis and Spermolepis hawaiiensis.

C Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda.

D Solanum sandwicense.

E Brighamia insignis.

F Adenophorus periens, Cyrtandra limahuliensis, Delissea rhytidosperma, Flueggea neowawraea, Hesperomannia lydgatei, Hibiscus

waimeae ssp. hannerae, Isodendrion longifolium, Labordia lydgatei, Lobelia niihauensis, Myrsine linearifolia, Peucedanum

sandwicense, and Pteralyxia kauaiensis.

G Adenophorus periens, Alectryon macrococcus, Alsinidendron lychnoides, Bonamia menziesii, Brighamia insignis, Centaurium

sebaeoides, Chamaesyce halemanui, Cyperus trachysanthos, Delissea rhytidosperma, Delissea rivularis, Delissea undulata, Diellia

pallida, Dubautia latifolia, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Exocarpos luteolus, Flueggea neowawraea, Gouania meyenii, Hedyotis cookiana,

Hedyotis st.-johnii, Hibiscadelphus woodii, Isodendrion laurifolium, Isodendrion longifolium, Kokia kauaiensis, Lipochaeta fauriei, Lobelia niihauensis, Melicope haupuensis, Melicope knudsenii, Melicope pallida, Munroidendron racemosum, Myrsine linearifolia,

Nothocestrum peltatum, Peucedanum sandwicense, Phyllostegia wawrana, Plantago princeps, Poa mannii, Poa sandvicensis, Poa

siphonoglossa, Pteralyxia kauaiensis, Remya kauaiensis, Remya montgomeryi, Schiedea apokremnos, Schiedea kauaiensis,

Schiedea membranacea, Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina, Solanum sandwicense, Stenogyne campanulata, Wilkesia hobdyi, and

Xylosma crenatum.

H Alsinidendron lychnoides, Exocarpos luteolus, Myrsine linearifolia, and Platanthera holochila.

I Alectryon macrococcus, Alsinidendron viscosum, Chamaesyce halemanui, Diellia pallida, Dubautia latifolia, Euphorbia haeleeleana,

Exocarpos luteolus, Flueggea neowawraea, Gouania meyenii, Isodendrion laurifolium, Kokia kauaiensis, Lipochaeta fauriei,

Lipochaeta micrantha, Lobelia niihauensis, Melicope haupuensis, Melicope knudsenii, Melicope pallida, Munroidendron racemosum,

Myrsine linearifolia, Nothocestrum peltatum, Peucedanum sandwicense, Phyllostegia knudsenii, Phyllostegia wawrana, Poa

sandvicensis, Poa siphonoglossa, Pteralyxia kauaiensis, Remya kauaiensis, Remya montgomeryi, Schiedea helleri, Schiedea

membranacea, Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina, Schiedea stellarioides, Solanum sandwicense, Spermolepis hawaiiensis,

Xylosma crenatum, and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense.

J Hedyotis st.-johnii, Lobelia niihauensis, Panicum niihauense, Schiedea apokremnos, Sesbania tomentosa, and Wilkesia hobdyi.

K Adenophorus periens, Cyanea recta, Cyrtandra cyaneoides, Cyrtandra limahuliensis, Labordia lydgatei, Plantago princeps, and

Schiedea membranacea.

L Adenophorus periens, Bonamia menziesii, Cyanea remyi, Cyanea undulata, Cyrtandra limahuliensis, Dubautia pauciflorula, Exocarpos

luteolus, Hesperomannia lydgatei, Isodendrion longifolium, Labordia lydgatei, Labordia tinifolia var. wahiawaensis, Myrsine

linearifolia, Viola helenae, and Viola kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis.

M Brighamia insignis, Delissea rhytidosperma, Isodendrion longifolium, Lipochaeta micrantha, Munroidendron racemosum, Peucedanum

sandwicense, Pteralyxia kauaiensis, and Schiedea nuttallii.

N Hibiscus clayi and Munroidendron racemosum.

O Cyrtandra limahuliensis and Cyanea recta.

P Adenophorus periens, Cyanea recta, Cyanea remyi, Cyrtandra cyaneoides, Cyrtandra limahuliensis, Hesperomannia lydgatei,

Isodendrion longifolium, Labordia lydgatei, Myrsine linearifolia, and Plantago princeps.

Q Cyrtandra limahuliensis and Pteralyxia kauaiensis.

R Adenophorus periens, Cyanea asarifolia, Cyanea recta, Cyanea remyi, Cyrtandra cyaneoides, Cyrtandra limahuliensis, Labordia

lydgatei, Phyllostegia wawrana.

S Exocarpos luteolus.

T Cyanea asarifolia, Cyanea remyi, Cyrtandra limahuliensis, Labordia lydgatei, Lysimachia filifolia, Plantago princeps, and Pteralyxia

kauaiensis.

U Alectryon macrococcus, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Isodendrion laurifolium, Lipochaeta fauriei, Poa siphonoglossa, Pteralyxia kauaiensis,

and Remya kauaiensis.

66876 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 216 / Tuesday, November 7, 2000 / Proposed Rules

(B) Niihau.

Critical habitat units with multiple

species are described below.

Coordinates are in UTM Zone 4 with

units in meters using North American

Datum of 1983 (NAD83). Distances are

provided in meters and miles.

Niihau A (94 ha; 232 ac)

Area consists of seven boundary

points with the following coordinates:

385256, 2427495; 384807, 2427285;

384358, 2427494; 384230, 2427972;

384607, 2428421; 385100, 2428379;

385384, 2427974.

Note: Map follows:

Niihau B (97 ha; 239 ac)

Area consists of eight boundary points

with the following coordinates: 387204,

2428323; 387067, 2427946; 386719,

2427745; 386241, 2427873; 386032,

2428321; 386169, 2428698; 386618,

2428908; 387067, 2428699.

Note: Map follows:

PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH

CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT ON NIIHAU

Niihau

units Species

A Cyperus trachysanthos.

B Brighamia insignis.

(ii) Hawaiian plants—Constituent

elements.

(A) Flowering plants.

Family Apiaceae: Peucedanum

sandwicense (makou)

Kauai F, G, I, and M, identified in the

legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A),

constitute critical habitat for

Peucedanum sandwicense on Kauai.

Within these units, the currently known

primary constituent elements of critical

habitat are habitat components that

provide: (1) cliff habitats (a) in mixed

shrub coastal dry cliff communities or

diverse mesic forest and (b) containing

one or more of the following associated

native plant species: Hibiscus kokio,

Brighamia insignis, Bidens sp.,

Artemisia sp., Lobelia niihauensis,

Wilkesia gymnoxiphium, Canthium

odoratum, Dodonaea viscosa,

Psychotria sp., Acacia koa, Kokio

kauaiensis, Carex meyenii, Panicum

lineale, Chamaesyce celastroides,

Eragrostis sp., Diospyros sp., or

Metrosideros polymorpha; and (2)

elevations from sea level to above 915

m (3,000 ft).

Family Apiaceae: Spermolepis

hawaiiensis (no common name)

Kauai B and I, identified in the legal

descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitute

critical habitat for Spermolepis

hawaiiensis on Kauai. Within these

units, the currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

are habitat components that provide: (1)

Metrosideros polymorpha forests or

Dodonaea viscosa lowland dry

shrubland containing one or more of the

following associated plant species:

Eragrostis variabilis, Bidens

sandvicensis, Schiedea spergulina,

Lipochaeta sp., Cenchrus

agrimonioides, Sida fallax, Doryopteris

sp., or Gouania hillebrandii; and (2)

elevations of about 305 to 610 m (1,000

to 2,000 ft).

Family Apocynaceae: Pteralyxia

kauaiensis (kaulu)

Kauai F, G, I, M, Q, T, and U,

identified in the legal descriptions in

(a)(1)(i)(A), constitute critical habitat for

Pteralyxia kauaiensis on Kauai. Within

these units, the currently known

primary constituent elements of critical

habitat are habitat components that

provide: (1) diverse mesic or wet forests

containing one or more of the following

associated plant taxa: Pisonia

sandwicensis, Euphorbia haeleeleana,

Charpentiera elliptica, Pipturus sp.,

Neraudia kauaiensis, Hedyotis

terminalis, Pritchardia sp., Gardenia

remyi, Syzygium sp., Pleomele sp.,

Cyanea sp., Hibiscus sp., Kokia

kauaiensis, Alectryon macrococcus,

Canthium odoratum, Nestegis

sandwicensis, Bobea timonioides,

Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Nesoluma

polynesicum, Myrsine lanaiensis,

Caesalpinia kauaiensis, Tetraplasandra

sp., Acacia koa, Styphelia tameiameiae,

Dodonaea viscosa, Gahnia sp.,

Freycinetia arborea, Psychotria

mariniana, Diplazium sandwichianum,

Zanthoxylum dipetalum, Carex sp.,

Delissea sp., Xylosma hawaiiense,

Alphitonia ponderosa, Santalum

freycinetianum, Antidesma sp.,

Diospyros sp., Metrosideros

polymorpha, Dianella sandwicensis,

Poa sandwicensis, Schiedea

Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 216 / Tuesday, November 7, 2000 / Proposed Rules 66877

stellarioides, Peperomia macraeana,

Claoxylon sandwicense, or Pouteria

sandwicensis; and (2) elevations

between 250 to 610 m (820 to 2,000 ft).

Family Araliaceae: Munroidendron

racemosum (no common name)

Kauai G, I, M, and N, identified in the

legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A),

constitute critical habitat for

Munroidendron racemosum on Kauai.

Within these units the currently known

primary constituent elements of critical

habitat are habitat components that

provide: (1) steep exposed cliffs or ridge

slopes (a) in coastal or lowland mesic

forest and (b) containing one or more of

the following associated plant taxa:

Pisonia umbellifera, Canavalia galeata,

Sida fallax, Brighamia insignis,

Canthium odoratum, Psychotria sp.,

Nestegis sandwicensis, Tetraplasandra

sp., Bobea timonioides, Rauvolfia

sandwicensis, Pleomele sp., Pouteria

sandwicensis, or Diospyros sp.; and (2)

elevations between 120 to 400 m (395 to

1,310 ft).

Family Asteraceae: Dubautia latifolia

(na‘ena‘e)

Kauai G and I, identified in the legal

descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitute

critical habitat for Dubautia latifolia on

Kauai. Within these units, the currently

known primary constituent elements of

critical habitat are habitat components

that provide: (1) gentle or steep slopes

on well drained soil in (a) semi-open or

closed, diverse montane mesic forest

dominated by Acacia koa and/or

Metrosideros polymorpha and (b)

containing one or more of the following

native plant species: Pouteria

sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa,

Nestegis sandwicensis, Diplazium

sandwichianum, Elaeocarpus bifidus,

Claoxylon sandwicense, Bobea sp.,

Pleomele sp., Antidesma sp., Cyrtandra

sp., Xylosma sp., Alphitonia ponderosa,

Coprosma waimeae, Dicranopteris

linearis, Hedyotis terminalis, Ilex

anomala, Melicope anisata, Psychotria

mariniana, or Scaevola sp.; and (2)

elevations between 800 to 1,220 m

(2,625 to 4,000 ft).

Family Asteraceae: Dubautia

pauciflorula (na‘ena‘e)

Kauai L, identified in the legal

description in (a)(1)(i)(A), description

above, constitutes critical habitat for

Dubautia pauciflorula on Kauai. Within

this unit, the currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

are habitat components that provide: (1)

lowland wet forest within stream

drainages; and (2) elevations between

670–700 m (2,200–2,300 ft).

Family Asteraceae: Hesperomannia

lydgatei (no common name)

Kauai F, L, and P, identified in the

legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A),

constitute critical habitat for

Hesperomannia lydgatei on Kauai.

Within these units, the currently known

primary constituent elements of critical

habitat are habitat components that

provide: (1) stream banks with rich

brown soil and silty clay (a) in

Metrosideros polymorpha or

Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris

linearis lowland wet forest and (b)

containing one or more of the following

associated native plant species:

Adenophorus sp., Antidesma sp.,

Broussaisia arguta, Cheirodendron sp.,

Elaphoglossum sp., Freycinetia arborea,

Hedyotis terminalis, Labordia lydgatei,

Machaerina angustifolia, Peperomia sp.,

Pritchardia sp., Psychotria hexandra,

and Syzygium sandwicensis; and (2)

elevations between 410–915 m (1,345–

3,000 ft).

Family Asteraceae: Lipochaeta fauriei

(nehe)

Kauai G, I, and U, identified in the

legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A),

constitute critical habitat for Lipochaeta

fauriei on Kauai. Within these units, the

currently known primary constituent

elements of critical habitat are habitat

components that provide: (1) moderate

shade to full sun on the sides of steep

gulches (a) in diverse lowland mesic

forests and (b) containing one or more

of the following native species:

Diospyros sp., Myrsine lanaiensis,

Euphorbia haeleeleana, Acacia koa,

Pleomele aurea, Sapindus oahuensis,

Nestegis sandwicensis, Dodonaea

viscosa, Psychotria mariniana,

Psychotria greenwelliae, Kokia

kauaiensis, or Hibiscus waimeae; and

(2) elevations between 480 and 900 m

(1,575 and 2,950 ft).

Family Asteraceae: Lipochaeta

micrantha (nehe)

Kauai I and M, identified in the legal

descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitute

critical habitat for Lipochaeta micrantha

on Kauai. Within these units the

currently known primary constituent

elements of critical habitat for

Lipochaeta micrantha var. exigua are

habitat components that provide: (1)

cliffs, ridges, or slopes (a) in grassy,

shrubby or dry mixed communities and

(b) containing one or more of the

following associated native plant

species: Artemisia australis, Bidens

sandvicensis, Plectranthus parviflorus,

Chamaesyce celastroides, Diospyros sp.,

Canthium odoratum, Neraudia sp.,

Pipturus sp., Hibiscus kokio, Sida

fallax, Eragrostis sp., or Lepidium

bidentatum; and (2) elevations between

305–430 m (1,000–1,400 ft).

Within these units, the currently

known primary constituent elements of

critical habitat for Lipochaeta micrantha

var. micrantha are habitat components

that provide: (1) basalt cliffs, stream

banks, or level ground (a) in mesic or

diverse Metrosideros polymorphaDiospyros sp. forest and (b) containing

one or more of the following associated

native plant species: Lobelia

niihauensis, Chamaesyce celastroides

var. hanapepensis, Neraudia

kauaiensis, Rumex sp., Nontrichium sp.

(kului), Artemisia sp., Dodonaea

viscosa, Antidesma sp., Hibiscus sp.,

Xylosma sp., Pleomele sp., Melicope sp.,

Bobea sp., and Acacia koa; and (2)

elevations between 610–720 m (2,000–

2,360 ft).

Family Asteraceae: Lipochaeta

waimeaensis (nehe)

Kauai B, identified in the legal

description in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitutes

critical habitat for Lipochaeta

waimeaensis on Kauai. Within this unit,

the currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

are habitat components that provide: (1)

precipitous, shrub-covered gulch (a) in

diverse lowland forest and (b)

containing the native species Dodonaea

viscosa or Lipochaeta connata; and (2)

elevations between 350 and 400 m

(1,150 and 1,310 ft).

Family Asteraceae: Remya kauaiensis

(no common name)

Kauai G, I, and U, identified in the

legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A),

constitute critical habitat for Remya

kauaiensis on Kauai. Within these units,

the currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

are habitat components that provide: (1)

steep, north or northeast facing slopes

(a) in Acacia koa-Metrosideros

polymorpha lowland mesic forest and

(b) containing one or more of the

following associated native plant

species: Chamaesyce sp., Nestegis

sandwicensis, Diospyros sp., Hedyotis

terminalis, Melicope ssp., Pouteria

sandwicensis, Schiedea membranacea,

Psychotria mariniana, Dodonaea

viscosa, Dianella sandwicensis,

Tetraplasandra kauaiensis, or

Claoxylon sandwicensis; and (2)

elevations between 850 to 1,250 m

(2,800 to 4,100 ft).

Family Asteraceae: Remya

montgomeryi (no common name)

Kauai G and I, identified in the legal

descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitute

critical habitat for Remya montgomeryi

on Kauai. Within these units, the

66878 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 216 / Tuesday, November 7, 2000 / Proposed Rules

currently known primary constituent

elements of critical habitat are habitat

components that provide: (1) steep,

north or northeast-facing slopes, cliffs,

or stream banks near waterfalls (a) in

Metrosideros polymorpha mixed mesic

forest and (b) containing one or more of

the following associated native plant

species: Lysimachia glutinosa, Lepidium

serra, Boehmeria grandis, Poa mannii,

Stenogyne campanulata, Myrsine

linearifolia, Bobea timonioides, Ilex

anomala, Zanthoxylum dipetalum,

Claoxylon sandwicensis,

Tetraplasandra spp., Artemisia sp.,

Nototrichium sp., Cyrtandra sp.,

Dubautia plantaginea, Sadleria sp.,

Cheirodendron sp., Scaevola sp., or

Pleomele sp.; and (2) elevations between

850 to 1,250 m (2,800 to 4,100 ft).

Family Asteraceae: Wilkesia hobdyi

(dwarf iliau)

Kauai G and J, identified in the legal

descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitute

critical habitat for Wilkesia hobdyi on

Kauai. Within these units, the currently

known primary constituent elements of

critical habitat are habitat components

that provide: (1) coastal dry cliffs or

very dry ridges containing one or more

of the following associated native plant

species: Artemisia sp., Wilkesia

gymnoxiphium, Lipochaeta connata,

Lobelia niihauensis, Peucedanum

sandwicensis, Hibiscus kokio ssp. saint

johnianus, Canthium odoratum,

Peperomia sp., Myoporum sandwicense,

Sida fallax, Waltheria indica, Dodonaea

viscosa, or Eragrostis variabilis; and (2)

elevations between 275 to 400 m (900 to

1,310 ft).

Family Campanulaceae: Brighamia

insignis (‘olulu)

Kauai E, G, and M, identified in the

legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), and

Niihau B, identified in the legal

descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(B), constitute

critical habitat for Brighamia insignis on

Kauai and Niihau. Within these units,

the currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

are habitat components that provide: (1)

rocky ledges with little soil or steep sea

cliffs (a) in lowland dry grasslands or

shrublands with annual rainfall that is

usually less than 170 cm (65 in.) and (b)

containing one or more of the following

native plant species: Artemisia sp.,

Chamaesyce celastroides, Canthium

odoratum, Eragrostis variabilis,

Heteropogon contortus, Hibiscus kokio,

Hibiscus saintjohnianus, Lepidium

serra, Lipochaeta succulenta,

Munroidendron racemosum, or Sida

fallax; and (2) elevations between sea

level to 480 m (1,575 ft) elevation.

Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea

asarifolia (haha)

Kauai R and T, identified in the legal

descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitute

critical habitat for Cyanea asarifolia on

Kauai. Within these units, the currently

known primary constituent elements of

critical habitat are habitat components

that provide: (1) pockets of soil on sheer

rock cliffs (a) in lowland wet forests and

(b) containing one or more of the

following native plant species: Hedyotis

elatior, Machaerina angustifolia,

Metrosideros polymorpha, Touchardia

latifolia, or Urera glabra; and (2)

elevations between 330 to 730 m (1,080

to 2,400 ft).

Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea recta

(haha)

Kauai K, O, P, and R, identified in the

legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A),

constitute critical habitat for Cyanea

recta on Kauai. Within these units, the

currently known primary constituent

elements of critical habitat are habitat

components that provide: (1) gulches or

slopes (a) in lowland wet or mesic

Metrosideros polymorpha forest or

shrubland and (b) containing one or

more of the following native plant

species: Dicranopteris linearis,

Psychotria sp., Antidesma sp.,

Cheirodendron platyphyllum, Cibotium

sp., or Diplazium sp.; and (2) elevations

between 400 to 1,200 m (1,310 to 3,940

ft).

Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea remyi

(haha)

Kauai L, P, R, and T, identified in the

legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A),

constitute critical habitat for Cyanea

remyi on Kauai. Within these units, the

currently known primary constituent

elements of critical habitat are habitat

components that provide: (1) lowland

wet forest or shrubland and containing

one or more of the following native

plant species: Antidesma sp.,

Cheirodendron sp., Diospyros sp.,

Broussaisia arguta, Metrosideros

polymorpha, Freycinetia arborea,

Hedyotis terminalis, Machaerina

angustifolia, Perrottetia sandwicensis,

Psychotria hexandra, or Syzygium

sandwicensis; and (2) elevations

between 360 to 930 m (1,180 to 3,060 ft).

Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea

undulata (haha)

Kauai L, identified in the legal

descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitutes

critical habitat for Cyanea undulata on

Kauai. Within these units, the currently

known primary constituent elements of

critical habitat are habitat components

that provide: (1) pristine, undisturbed

sites along shady stream banks or steep

to vertical slopes; and (2) elevations

between 630 to 800 m (2,070 to 2,625 ft).

Family Campanulaceae: Delissea

rhytidosperma (no common name)

Kauai F, G, and M, identified in the

legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A),

constitute critical habitat for Delissea

rhytidosperma on Kauai. Within these

units, the currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

are habitat components that provide: (1)

well-drained soils with medium or finetextured subsoil (a) in diverse lowland

mesic forests or Acacia koa dominated

lowland dry forests and (b) containing

one or more of the following native

species: Euphorbia haeleeleana,

Psychotria hobdyi, Pisonia sp.,

Pteralyxia sp., Dodonaea viscosa,

Cyanea sp., Hedyotis sp., Dianella

sandwicensis, Diospyros sandwicensis,

Styphelia tameiameiae, or Nestegis

sandwicensis; and (2) elevations

between 120 and 915 m (400 and 3,000

ft).

Family Campanulaceae: Delissea

rivularis (‘oha)

Kauai G, identified in the legal

description in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitutes

critical habitat for Delissea rivularis on

Kauai. Within this unit, the currently

known primary constituent elements of

critical habitat are habitat components

that provide: (1) steep slopes near

streams (a) in Metrosideros

polymorpha—Cheirodendron trigynum

montane wet or mesic forest and (b)

containing one or more of the following

native plant species: Broussaisia arguta,

Carex sp., Coprosma sp., Melicope

clusiifolia, M. anisata, Psychotria

hexandra, Dubautia knudsenii,

Diplazium sandwichianum, Hedyotis

foggiana, Ilex anomala, or Sadleria sp.;

and (2) elevations between 1,100 to

1,220 m (3,610 to 4,000 ft).

Family Campanulaceae: Delissea

undulata (no common name)

Kauai G, identified in the legal

description in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitutes

critical habitat for Delissea undulata on

Kauai. Within this unit, the currently

known primary constituent elements of

critical habitat are habitat components

that provide: (1) dry or mesic open

Sophora chrysophylla-Metrosideros

polymorpha forests containing one or

more of the following native plant

species: Diospyros sandwicensis,

Dodonaea viscosa, Psychotria

mariniana, P. greenwelliae, Santalum

ellipticum, Nothocestrum breviflorum,

or Acacia koa; and (2) elevations

between 610–1,740 m (2,000–5,700 ft).

Family Campanulaceae: Lobelia

niihauensis (no common name)

Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 216 / Tuesday, November 7, 2000 / Proposed Rules 66879

Kauai F, G, I, and J, identified in the

legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A),

constitute critical habitat for Lobelia

niihauensis on Kauai. Within these

units, the currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

are habitat components that provide: (1)

exposed mesic mixed shrubland or

coastal dry cliffs containing one or more

of the following associated native plant

species: Eragrostis sp., Bidens sp.,

Plectranthus parviflorus, Lipochaeta sp.,

Lythrum sp., Wilkesia hobdyi, Hibiscus

kokio ssp. saint johnianus,

Nototrichium sp., Schiedea

apokremnos, Chamaesyce celastroides,

Charpentiera sp., or Artemisia sp.; and

(2) elevations between 100 to 830 m

(330 to 2720 ft).

Family Caryophyllaceae: Alsinidendron

lychnoides (kuawawaenohu)

Kauai G and H, identified in the legal

descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitute

critical habitat for Alsinidendron

lychnoides on Kauai. Within these

units, the currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

are habitat components that provide: (1)

montane wet forests (a) dominated by

Metrosideros polymorpha and

Cheirodendron sp., or by Metrosideros

polymorpha and Dicranopteris linearis

and (b) containing one or more of the

following native plant species: Carex

sp., Cyrtandra sp., Machaerina sp.,

Vaccinium sp., Peperomia sp., Hedyotis

terminalis, Astelia sp., or Broussaisia

arguta; and (2) elevations between 1,100

and 1,320 m (3,610 and 4,330 ft).

Family Caryophyllaceae: Alsinidendron

viscosum (no common name)

Kauai I, identified in the legal

description in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitutes

critical habitat for Alsinidendron

viscosum on Kauai. Within this unit, the

currently known primary constituent

elements of critical habitat are habitat

components that provide: (1) steep

slopes (a) in Acacia koa-Metrosideros

polymorpha lowland, montane mesic, or

wet forest and (b) containing one or

more of the following native plant

species: Alyxia olivaeformis, Bidens

cosmoides, Bobea sp., Carex sp.,

Coprosma sp., Dodonaea viscosa,

Gahnia sp., Ilex anomala, Melicope sp.,

Pleomele sp., Psychotria sp., or

Schiedea stellarioides; and (2)

elevations between 820 and 1,200 m

(2,700 and 3,940 ft).

Family Caryophyllaceae: Schiedea

apokremnos (ma’oli’oli)

Kauai G and J, identified in the legal

descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitute

critical habitat for Schiedea apokremnos

on Kauai. Within these units, the

currently known primary constituent

elements of critical habitat are habitat

components that provide: (1) crevices of

near-vertical coastal cliff faces (a) in

sparse dry coastal shrub vegetation and

(b) containing one or more of the

following associated native plant

species: Heliotropium sp., Chamaesyce

sp., Bidens sp., Artemisia australis,

Lobelia niihauensis, Wilkesia hobdyi,

Lipochaeta connata, Myoporum

sandwicense, Canthium odoratum, or

Peperomia sp.; and (2) elevations

between 60 to 330 m (200 to 1,080 ft).

Family Caryophyllaceae: Schiedea

helleri (no common name)

Kauai I, identified in the legal

description in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitutes

critical habitat for Schiedea helleri on

Kauai. Within this unit, the currently

known primary constituent elements of

critical habitat are habitat components

that provide: (1) ridges and steep cliffs

(a) in closed Metrosideros polymorphaDicranopteris linearis montane wet

forest, or Metrosideros polymorphaCheirodendron sp. montane wet forest,

or Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha

montane mesic forest, and (b)

containing one or more of the following

associated native plant species:

Dubautia raillardioides, Scaevola

procera, Hedyotis terminalis, Syzygium

sandwicensis, Melicope clusifolia,

Cibotium sp., Broussaisia arguta,

Cheirodendron sp., Cyanea hirtella,

Dianella sandwicensis, Viola

wailenalenae, or Poa sandvicensis; and

(2) elevations between 1,065–1,100 m

(3,490–3,610 ft).

Family Caryophyllaceae: Schiedea

kauaiensis (no common name)

Kauai G, identified in the legal

description in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitutes

critical habitat for Schiedea kauaiensis

on Kauai. Within this unit, the currently

known primary constituent elements of

critical habitat are habitat components

that provide: (1) steep slopes (a) in

diverse mesic or wet forest and (b)

containing one or more of the following

associated plant taxa: Psychotria

mariniana, Psychotria hexandra,

Canthium odoratum, Pisonia sp.,

Microlepia speluncae, Exocarpos

luteolus, Diospyros sp., Peucedanum

sandwicense, or Euphorbia haeleeleana;

and (2) elevations between 680–790 m

(2,230–2,590 ft).

Family Caryophyllaceae: Schiedea

membranacea (no common name)

Kauai G, I, and K, identified in the

legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A),

constitute critical habitat for Schiedea

membranacea on Kauai. Within these

units, the currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

are habitat components that provide: (1)

cliffs or cliff bases (a) in mesic or wet

habitats, (b) in lowland, or montane

shrubland, or forest communities

dominated by Acacia koa, Pipturus sp.

or Metrosideros polymorpha and (c)

containing one or more of the following

associated native plant species:

Hedyotis terminalis, Melicope sp.,

Pouteria sandwicensis, Poa mannii,

Hibiscus waimeae, Psychotria

mariniana, Canthium odoratum,

Pisonia sp., Perrottetia sandwicensis,

Scaevola procera, Sadleria cyatheoides,

Diplazium sandwicensis, Thelypteris

sandwicensis, Boehmeria grandis,

Dodonaea viscosa, Myrsine sp., Bobea

brevipes, Alyxia olivaeformis,

Psychotria greenwelliae, Pleomele sp.,

Alphitonia ponderosa, Joinvillea

ascendens ssp. ascendens, Athyrium

sandwichianum, Machaerina

angustifolia, Cyrtandra paludosa,

Touchardia latifolia, Thelypteris

cyatheoides, Lepidium serra, Eragrostis

variabilis, Remya kauaiensis,

Lysimachia kalalauensis, Labordia

helleri, Mariscus pennatiformis,

Asplenium praemorsum, or Poa

sandvicensis; and (2) elevations

between 520 and 1,160 m (1,700 and

3,800 ft).

Family Caryophyllaceae: Schiedea

nuttallii (no common name)

Kauai M, identified in the legal

description in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitutes

critical habitat for Schiedea nuttallii on

Kauai. Within this unit, the currently

known primary constituent elements of

critical habitat are habitat components

that provide: (1) diverse lowland mesic

forest, often with Metrosideros

polymorpha dominant, containing one

or more of the following associated

native plant species: Antidesma sp,

Psychotria sp., Perrottetia sandwicensis,

Pisonia sp., or Hedyotis acuminata; and

(2) elevations between 415 and 790 m

(1,360 and 2,590 ft).

Family Caryophyllaceae: Schiedea

spergulina var. leiopoda (no common

name)

Kauai C, identified in the legal

description in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitutes

critical habitat for Schiedea spergulina

var. leiopoda on Kauai. Within this unit,

the currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

are habitat components that provide: (1)

bare rock outcrops or sparsely vegetated

portions of rocky cliff faces or cliff bases

(a) in diverse lowland mesic forests and

(b) containing one or more of the

following native plants: Bidens

sandvicensis, Doryopteris sp.,

Peperomia leptostachya, or Plectranthus

parviflorus; and (2) elevations between

180 and 800 m (590 and 2,625 ft).

66880 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 216 / Tuesday, November 7, 2000 / Proposed Rules

Family Caryophyllaceae: Schiedea

spergulina var. spergulina (no common

name)

Kauai G and I, identified in the legal

descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitute

critical habitat for Schiedea spergulina

var. spergulina on Kauai. Within these

units, the currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

are habitat components that provide: (1)

bare rock outcrops or sparsely vegetated

portions of rocky cliff faces or cliff bases

(a) in diverse lowland mesic forests and

(b) containing one or more of the

following associated plant taxa:

Heliotropium sp., or Nototrichium

sandwicense; and (2) elevations between

180 and 800 m (590 and 2,625 ft).

Family Caryophyllaceae: Schiedea

stellarioides (laulihilihi (ma‘oli‘oli))

Kauai I, identified in the legal

description in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitutes

critical habitat for Schiedea stellarioides

on Kauai. Within this unit, the currently

known primary constituent elements of

critical habitat are habitat components

that provide: (1) steep slopes (a) in

closed Acacia koa-Metrosideros

polymorpha lowland or montane mesic

forest or shrubland and (b) containing

one or more of the following native

plant species: Nototrichium sp.,

Artemisia sp., Dodonaea viscosa,

Melicope sp., Dianella sandwicensis,

Bidens cosmoides, Mariscus sp., or

Styphelia tameiameiae; and (2)

elevations between 610 and 1,120 m

(2,000 and 3,680 ft).

Family Convolvulaceae: Bonamia

menziesii (no common name)

Kauai G and L, identified in the legal

descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitute

critical habitat for Bonamia menziesii

on Kauai. Within these units, the

currently known primary constituent

elements of critical habitat are habitat

components that provide: (1) dry, mesic

or wet forests containing one or more of

the following native plant species:

Metrosideros polymorpha, Canthium

odoratum, Dianella sandwicensis,

Diospyros sandwicensis, Dodonaea

viscosa, Hedyotis terminalis, Melicope

anisata, Melicope barbigera, Myoporum

sandwicense, Nestegis sandwicense,

Pisonia sp., Pittosporum sp., Pouteria

sandwicensis, or Sapindus oahuensis;

and (2) elevations between 150 and 850

m (500 and 2,800 ft).

Family Cyperaceae: Cyperus

trachysanthos (pu‘uka‘a)

Kauai G, identified in the legal

descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), and Niihau

A, identified in the legal descriptions in

(a)(1)(i)(B), constitute critical habitat for

Cyperus trachysanthos on Kauai and

Niihau. Within these units, the

currently known primary constituent

elements of critical habitat are habitat

components that provide: (1) wet sites

(mud flats, wet clay soil, or wet cliff

seeps) (a) on coastal cliffs or talus slopes

and (b) containing the native plant

species Hibiscus tiliaceus; and (2)

elevations between 3 and 160 m (10 and

525 ft).

Family Euphorbiaceae: Chamaesyce

halemanui (no common name)

Kauai G and I, identified in the legal

descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitute

critical habitat for Chamaesyce

halemanui on Kauai. Within these units,

the currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

are habitat components that provide: (1)

steep slopes of gulches (a) in mesic

Acacia koa forests and (b) containing

one or more of the following native

plant species: Metrosideros polymorpha,

Alphitonia ponderosa, Antidesma

platyphyllum, Bobea brevipes,

Cheirodendron trigynum, Coprosma sp.,

Diospyros sandwicensis, Dodonaea

viscosa, Elaeocarpus bifidus, Hedyotis

terminalis, Kokia kauaiensis, Melicope

haupuensis, Pisonia sp., Pittosporum

sp., Pleomele aurea, Psychotria

mariniana, Psychotria greenwelliae,

Pouteria sandwicensis, Santalum

freycinetianum, or Styphelia

tameiameiae; and (2) elevations

between 660 to 1,100 m (2,165 to 3,610

ft).

Family Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia

haeleeleana (‘akoko)

Kauai G, I, and U, identified in the

legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A),

constitute critical habitat for Euphorbia

haeleeleana on Kauai. Within these

units, the currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

are habitat components that provide: (1)

lowland mixed mesic or dry forest that

(a) is often dominated by Metrosideros

polymorpha, Acacia koa, or Diospyros

sp. and (b) containing one or more of the

following native plant species: Acacia

koaia, Antidesma platyphyllum,

Claoxylon sp., Carex meyenii, Carex

wahuensis, Diplazium sandwichianum,

Dodonaea viscosa, Erythrina

sandwicensis, Kokia kauaiensis,

Pleomele aurea, Psychotria mariniana,

P. greenwelliae, Pteralyxia

sandwicensis, Rauvolfia sandwicensis,

Reynoldsia sandwicensis, Sapindus

oahuensis, Tetraplasandra kauaiensis,

Pouteria sandwicensis, Pisonia

sandwicensis, or Xylosma sp.; and (2)

elevations between 205 and 670 m (680

and 2,200 ft).

Family Euphorbiaceae: Flueggea

neowawraea (mehamehame)

Kauai F, G, and I, identified in the

legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A),

constitute critical habitat for Flueggea

neowawraea on Kauai. Within these

units, the currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

are habitat components that provide: (1)

dry or mesic forests containing one or

more of the following native plant

species: Alectryon macrococcus, Bobea

timonioides, Charpentiera sp.,

Caesalpinia kauaiense, Hibiscus sp.,

Melicope sp., Metrosideros polymorpha,

Myrsine lanaiensis, Munroidendron

racemosum, Tetraplasandra sp., Kokia

kauaiensis, Isodendrion sp., Pteralyxia

kauaiensis, Psychotria mariniana,

Diplazium sandwichianum, Freycinetia

arborea, Nesoluma polynesicum,

Diospyros sp., Antidesma pulvinatum,

A. platyphyllum, Canthium odoratum,

Nestegis sandwicensis, Rauvolfia

sandwicensis, Pittosporum sp.,

Tetraplasandra sp., Pouteria

sandwicensis, Xylosma sp., Pritchardia

sp., Bidens sp., or Streblus pendulinus;

and (2) elevations of 250 to 1,000 m (820

to 3,280 ft).

Family Fabaceae: Sesbania tomentosa

(‘ohai)

Kauai J, identified in the legal

description in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitutes

critical habitat for Sesbania tomentosa

on Kauai. Within these units, the

currently known primary constituent

elements of critical habitat are habitat

components that provide: (1) sandy

beaches, dunes, soil pockets on lava, or

pond margins (a) in coastal dry

shrublands, or open Metrosideros

polymorpha forests, or mixed coastal

dry cliffs, and (b) containing one or

more of the following associated native

plant species: Sida fallax, Heteropogon

contortus, Myoporum sandwicense,

Sporobolus virginicus, Scaevola sericea,

or Dodonaea viscosa; and (2) elevations

between sea level and 12 m (0 and 40

ft).

Family Flacourtiaceae: Xylosma

crenatum (no common name)

Kauai G and I, identified in the legal

descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitute

critical habitat for Xylosma crenatum on

Kauai. Within these units, the currently

known primary constituent elements of

critical habitat are habitat components

that provide: (1) diverse Acacia koaMetrosideros polymorpha montane

mesic forest, or Metrosideros

polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis

montane wet forest, or Acacia koaMetrosideros polymorpha montane wet

forest, and containing one or more of the

following associated native plant

species: Tetraplasandra kauaiensis,

Hedyotis terminalis, Pleomele aurea,

Ilex anomala, Claoxylon sandwicense,

Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 216 / Tuesday, November 7, 2000 / Proposed Rules 66881

Myrsine alyxifolia, Nestegis

sandwicensis, Streblus pendulinus,

Psychotria sp., Diplazium

sandwichianum, Pouteria sandwicensis,

Scaevola procera, Coprosma sp.,

Athyrium sandwichianum, Touchardia

latifolia, Dubautia knudsenii,

Cheirodendron sp., Lobelia yuccoides,

Cyanea hirta, Poa sandwicensis, or

Diplazium sandwichianum; and (2)

elevations between 975 to 1,065 m

(3,200 to 3,4900 ft).

Family Gentianaceae: Centaurium

sebaeoides (‘awiwi)

Kauai G, identified in the legal

description in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitutes

critical habitat for Centaurium

sebaeoides on Kauai. Within this unit,

the currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

are habitat components that provide: (1)

volcanic or clay soils or cliffs (a) in arid

coastal areas and (b) containing one or

more of the following native plant

species; Artemisia sp., Bidens sp.,

Chamaesyce celastroides, Dodonaea

viscosa, Fimbristylis cymosa,

Heteropogon contortus, Jaquemontia

ovalifolia, Lipochaeta succulenta,

Lipochaeta heterophylla, Lipochaeta

integrifolia, Lycium sandwicense,

Lysimachia mauritiana, Mariscus

phloides, Panicum fauriei, P. torridum,

Scaevola sericea, Schiedea globosa,

Sida fallax, or Wikstroemia uva-ursi;

and (2) elevations above 250 m (800 ft).

Family Gesneriaceae: Cyrtandra

cyaneoides (mapele)

Kauai K, P, and R, identified in the

legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A),

constitute critical habitat for Cyrtandra

cyaneoides on Kauai. Within these

units, the currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

are habitat components that provide: (1)

steep slopes or cliffs near streams or

waterfalls (a) in lowland or montane wet

forest or shrubland dominated by

Metrosideros polymorpha or a mixture

of Metrosideros polymorpha and

Dicranopteris linearis and (b) containing

one or more of the following native

species: Perrottetia sandwicensis,

Pipturus sp., Bidens sp., Psychotria sp.,

Pritchardia sp., Freycinetia arborea,

Cyanea sp., Cyrtandra limahuliensis,

Diplazium sandwichianum, Gunnera

sp., Coprosma sp., Stenogyne sp.,

Machaerina sp., Boehmeria grandis,

Pipturus sp., Cheirodendron sp.,

Hedyotis terminalis, or Hedyotis

tryblium; and (2) elevations between

550 and 1,220 meter (1,800 and 4,000

ft).

Family Gesneriaceae: Cyrtandra

limahuliensis (ha‘iwale)

Kauai A, F, K, L, O, P, Q, R, and T,

identified in the legal descriptions in

(a)(1)(i)(A), constitute critical habitat for

Cyrtandra limahuliensis on Kauai.

Within these units, the currently known

primary constituent elements of critical

habitat are habitat components that

provide: (1) stream banks (a) in lowland

wet forests and (b) containing one or

more of the following native plant

species: Antidesma sp., Cyrtandra

kealiea, Pisonia sp., Pipturus sp.,

Cibotium glaucum, Eugenia sp,

Hedyotis terminalis, Dubautia sp.,

Boehmeria grandis, Touchardia

latifolia, Bidens sp., Hibiscus waimeae,

Charpentiera sp., Urera glabra,

Pritchardia sp., Cyanea sp., Perrottetia

sandwicensis, Metrosideros

polymorpha, Dicranopteris linearis,

Gunnera kauaiensis, or Psychotria sp.;

and (2) elevations between 245 and 915

m (800 and 3,000 ft).

Family Lamiaceae: Phyllostegia

knudsenii (no common name)

Kauai I, identified in the legal

description in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitutes

critical habitat for Phyllostegia

knudsenii on Kauai. Within this unit,

the currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

are habitat components that provide: (1)

Metrosideros polymorpha lowland

mesic or wet forest containing one or

more of the following associated native

plant species: Perrottetia sandwicensis,

Cyrtandra kauaiensis, Cyrtandra

paludosa, Elaeocarpus bifidus,

Claoxylon sandwicensis, Cryptocarya

mannii, Ilex anomala, Myrsine

linearifolia, Bobea timonioides,

Selaginella arbuscula, Diospyros sp.,

Zanthoxylum dipetalum, Pittosporum

sp., Tetraplasandra spp., Pouteria

sandwicensis, or Pritchardia minor; and

(2) elevations between 865–975 m

(2,840–3,200 ft).

Family Lamiaceae: Phyllostegia

wawrana (no common name)

Kauai G, I, and R, identified in the

legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A),

constitute critical habitat for

Phyllostegia wawrana on Kauai. Within

these units, the currently known

primary constituent elements of critical

habitat are habitat components that

provide: (1) Metrosideros polymorpha

dominated lowland or montane wet or

mesic forest with (a) Cheirodendron sp.

or Dicranopteris linearis as codominants, and (b) containing one or

more of the following associated native

plant species: Delissea rivularis,

Diplazium sandwichianum, Vaccinium

sp., Broussaisia arguta, Myrsine

lanaiensis, Psychotria sp., Dubautia

knudsenii, Scaevola procera, Gunnera

sp., Pleomele aurea, Claoxylon

sandwicense, Elaphoglossum sp.,

Hedyotis sp., Sadleria sp., and

Syzygium sandwicensis; and (2)

elevations between 780–1,210 m (2,560–

3,920 ft).

Family Lamiaceae: Stenogyne

campanulata (no common name)

Kauai G, identified in the legal

description in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitutes

critical habitat for Stenogyne

campanulata on Kauai. Within this

unit, the currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

are habitat components that provide: (1)

rock faces of nearly vertical, northfacing cliffs (a) in diverse lowland or

montane mesic forest and (b) containing

one or more of the following associated

native plant species: Heliotropium sp.,

Lepidium serra, Lysimachia glutinosa,

Perrottetia sandwicensis, or Remya

montgomeryi; and (2) an elevation of

1,085 m (3,560 ft).

Family Loganiaceae: Labordia lydgatei

(kamakahala)

Kauai F, K, L, P, R, and T, identified

in the legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A),

constitute critical habitat for Labordia

lydgatei on Kauai. Within these units,

the currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

are habitat components that provide: (1)

Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris

linearis lowland wet forest containing

one or more of the following associated

native plant species: Psychotria sp.,

Hedyotis terminalis sp., Cyanea sp.,

Cyrtandra sp., Labordia hirtella,

Antidesma platyphyllum var.

hillebrandii, Syzygium sandwicensis,

Ilex anomala, or Dubautia knudsenii;

and (2) elevations between 635 and 855

m (2,080 to 2,800 ft).

Family Loganiaceae: Labordia tinifolia

var. wahiawaensis (kamakahala)

Kauai L, identified in the legal

description in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitutes

critical habitat for Labordia tinifolia var.

wahiawaensis on Kauai. Within this

unit, the currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

are habitat components that provide: (1)

streambanks (a) in lowland wet forests

dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha

and (b) containing one or more of the

following associated species:

Cheirodendron sp., Dicranopteris

linearis, Cyrtandra sp, Antidesma sp.,

Psychotria sp., Hedyotis terminalis, or

Athyrium microphyllum; and (2)

elevations between 300 to 920 m (985 to

3,020 ft).

Family Malvaceae: Hibiscadelphus

woodii (hau kuahiwi)

Kauai G, identified in the legal

description in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitutes

66882 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 216 / Tuesday, November 7, 2000 / Proposed Rules

critical habitat for Hibiscadelphus

woodii on Kauai. Within this unit, the

currently known primary constituent

elements of critical habitat are habitat

components that provide: (1) basalt

talus or cliff walls (a) in Metrosideros

polymorpha montane mesic forest and

(b) containing one or more of the

following associated native plant

species: Bidens sandwicensis, Artemisia

australis, Melicope pallida, Dubautia

sp., Lepidium serra, Lipochaeta sp.,

Lysimachia glutinosa, Carex meyenii,

Chamaesyce celastroides var.

hanapepensis, Hedyotis sp.,

Nototrichium sp., Panicum lineale,

Myrsine sp., Stenogyne campanulata,

Lobelia niihauensis, or Poa mannii; and

(2) elevations around 915m (3,000 ft).

Family Malvaceae: Hibiscus clayi

(Clay’s hibiscus)

Kauai N, identified in the legal

description in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitutes

critical habitat for Hibiscus clayi on

Kauai. Within this unit, the currently

known primary constituent elements of

critical habitat are habitat components

that provide: (1) slopes (a) in Acacia koa

or Diospyros sp.-Pisonia sp.-

Metrosideros polymorpha lowland dry

or mesic forest and (b) containing one or

more of the following associated native

plant species: Hedyotis acuminata,

Pipturus sp., Psychotria sp., Cyanea

hardyi, Artemisia australis, or Bidens

sp.; and (2) elevations between 230 to

350 m (750 to 1,150 ft).

Family Malvaceae: Hibiscus waimeae

ssp. hannerae (koki’o ke’oke’o)

Kauai F, identified in the legal

description in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitutes

critical habitat for Hibiscus waimeae

ssp. hannerae on Kauai. Within this

unit, the currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

are habitat components that provide: (1)

Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris

linearis or Pisonia sp.-Charpentiera

elliptica lowland wet or mesic forest

and containing one or more of the

following associated native plant

species: Antidesma sp., Psychotria sp.,

Pipturus sp., Bidens sp., Bobea sp.,

Sadleria sp., Cyrtandra sp., Cyanea sp.,

Cibotium sp., Perrottetia sandwicensis,

or Syzygium sandwicensis; and (2)

elevations between 190 and 560 m (620

and 1,850 ft).

Family Malvaceae: Kokia kauaiensis

(koki’o)

Kauai G and I, identified in the legal

descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitute

critical habitat for Kokia kauaiensis on

Kauai. Within these units, the currently

known primary constituent elements of

critical habitat are habitat components

that provide: (1) diverse mesic forest

containing one or more of the following

associated native plant species: Acacia

koa, Metrosideros polymorpha, Bobea

sp., Diospyros sandwicensis, Hedyotis

sp., Pleomele sp., Pisonia sp., Xylosma

sp., Isodendrion sp., Syzygium

sandwicensis, Antidesma sp., Alyxia

olivaeformis, Pouteria sandwicensis,

Streblus pendulinus, Canthium

odoratum, Nototrichium sp., Pteralyxia

kauaiensis, Dicranopteris linearis,

Hibiscus sp., Flueggea neowawraea,

Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Melicope sp.,

Diellia laciniata, Tetraplasandra sp.,

Chamaesyce celastroides, Lipochaeta

fauriei, Dodonaea viscosa, Santalum

sp., Claoxylon sp., or Nestegis

sandwicensis; and (2) elevations

between 350–660 m (1,150–2,165 ft).

Family Myrsinaceae: Myrsine

linearifolia (kolea)

Kauai F, G, H, I, L, and P, identified

in the legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A),

constitute critical habitat for Myrsine

linearifolia on Kauai. Within these

units, the currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

are habitat components that provide: (1)

diverse mesic or wet lowland or

montane Metrosideros polymorpha

forest with (a) Cheirodendron sp. or

Dicranopteris linearis as co-dominants,

and (b) containing one or more of the

following associated native plant

species: Dubautia sp., Cryptocarya

mannii, Sadleria pallida, Myrsine sp.,

Syzygium sandwicensis, Machaerina

angustifolia, Freycinetia arborea,

Hedyotis terminalis, Cheirodendron sp.,

Bobea brevipes, Nothocestrum sp.,

Melicope sp., Eurya sandwicensis,

Psychotria sp., Lysimachia sp., or native

ferns; and (2) elevations between 585 to

1,280 m (1,920 to 4,200 ft).

Family Orchidaceae: Platanthera

holochila (no common name)

Kauai H, identified in the legal

description in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitutes

critical habitat for Platanthera holochila

on Kauai. Within this unit, the currently

known primary constituent elements of

critical habitat are habitat components

that provide: (1) Metrosideros

polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis

montane wet forest or M. polymorpha

mixed bog containing one or more of the

following associated native plants:

Myrsine denticulata, Cibotium sp.,

Coprosma ernodeoides, Oreobolus

furcatus, Styphelia tameiameiae, or

Vaccinium sp.; and (2) elevations

between 1,050 and 1,600 m (3,450 and

5,245 ft).

Family Plantaginaceae: Plantago

princeps (laukahi kuahiwi)

Kauai G, K, P, and T, identified in the

legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A),

constitute critical habitat for Plantago

princeps on Kauai. Within these units,

the currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

are habitat components that provide: (1)

Steep slopes, rock walls, or bases of

waterfalls (a) in mesic or wet

Metrosideros polymorpha forest and (b)

containing one or more of the following

associated native plant species:

Dodonaea viscosa, Psychotria sp.,

Dicranopteris linearis, Cyanea sp.,

Hedyotis sp., Melicope sp., Dubautia

plantaginea, Exocarpos luteolus, Poa

siphonoglossa, Nothocestrum peltatum,

Remya montgomeryi, Stenogyne

campanulata, Xylosma sp., Pleomele

sp., Machaerina angustifolia, Athyrium

sp., Bidens sp., Eragrostis sp.,

Lysimachia filifolia, Pipturus sp.,

Cyrtandra sp., or Myrsine linearifolia;

and (2) elevations between 480 to 1,100

m (1,580 to 3,610 ft).

Family Poaceae: Panicum niihauense

(lau ‘‘ehu)

Kauai J, identified in the legal

description in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitutes

critical habitat for Panicum niihauense

on Kauai. Within this unit, the currently

known primary constituent elements of

critical habitat are habitat components

that provide: (1) sand dunes (a) in

coastal shrubland and (b) containing

one or more of the following associated

native plant species: Dodonaea viscosa,

Cassytha filiformis, Scaevola sericea,

Sida fallax, Vitex rotundifolia, or

Sporobolus sp.; and (2) elevations of 100

m or less (330 ft).

Family Poaceae: Poa mannii (Mann’s

bluegrass)

Kauai G, identified in the legal

description in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitutes

critical habitat for Poa mannii on Kauai.

Within this unit, the currently known

primary constituent elements of critical

habitat are habitat components that

provide: (1) cliffs, rock faces, or stream

banks (a) in lowland or montane wet,

dry, or mesic Metrosideros polymorpha

or Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha

montane mesic forest and (b) containing

one or more of the following associated

native plant species: Alectryon

macrococcus, Antidesma platyphyllum,

Bidens cosmoides, Chamaesyce

celastroides var. hanapepensis,

Artemisia australis, Bidens

sandwicensis, Lobelia sandwicensis,

Wilkesia gymnoxiphium, Eragrostis

variabilis, Panicum lineale, Mariscus

phloides, Luzula hawaiiensis, Carex

meyenii, C. wahuensis, Cyrtandra

wawrae, Dodonaea viscosa, Exocarpos

luteolus, Labordia helleri, Nototrichium

sp., Schiedea amplexicaulis, Hedyotis

terminalis, Melicope anisata, M.

Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 216 / Tuesday, November 7, 2000 / Proposed Rules 66883

barbigera, M. pallida, Pouteria

sandwicensis, Schiedea membranacea,

Diospyros sandwicensis, Psychotria

mariniana, P. greenwelliae, or Kokia

kauaiensis; and (2) elevations between

460 and 1,150 m (1,510 and 3,770 ft).

Family Poaceae: Poa sandvicensis

(Hawaiian bluegrass)

Kauai G and I, identified in the legal

descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitute

critical habitat for Poa sandvicensis on

Kauai. Within these units, the currently

known primary constituent elements of

critical habitat are habitat components

that provide: (1) wet, shaded, gentle or

steep slopes, ridges, or rock ledges (a) in

semi-open or closed, mesic or wet,

diverse montane forest dominated by

Metrosideros polymorpha and (b)

containing one or more of the following

associated native species: Dodonaea

viscosa, Dubautia sp., Coprosma sp.,

Melicope sp., Dianella sandwicensis,

Alyxia olivaeformis, Bidens sp.,

Dicranopteris linearis, Schiedea

stellarioides, Peperomia macraeana,

Claoxylon sandwicense, Acacia koa,

Psychotria sp., Hedyotis sp., Scaevola

sp., Cheirodendron sp., or Syzygium

sandwicensis; and (2) elevations

between 1,035 to 1,250 m (3,400 to

4,100 ft).

Family Poaceae: Poa siphonoglossa (no

common name)

Kauai G, I, and U, identified in the

legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A),

constitute critical habitat for Poa

siphonoglossa on Kauai. Within these

units, the currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

are habitat components that provide: (1)

shady banks near ridge crests (a) in

mesic Metrosideros polymorpha forest

and (b) containing one or more of the

following associated native plant

species: Acacia koa, Psychotria sp.,

Scaevola sp., Alphitonia ponderosa,

Zanthoxylum dipetalum,

Tetraplasandra kauaiensis, Dodonaea

viscosa, Hedyotis sp., Melicope sp.,

Vaccinium sp., Styphelia tameiameiae,

Carex meyenii, Carex wahuensis, or

Wilkesia gymnoxiphium; and (2)

elevations between 1,000 to 1,200 m

(3,300 and 3,900 ft).

Family Primulaceae: Lysimachia filifolia

(no common name)

Kauai T, identified in the legal

description in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitutes

critical habitat for Lysimachia filifolia

on Kauai. Within this unit, the currently

known primary constituent elements of

critical habitat are habitat components

that provide: (1) mossy banks at the base

of cliff faces within the spray zone of

waterfalls or along streams in lowland

wet forests and containing one or more

of the following associated native plant

species: mosses, ferns, liverworts,

Machaerina sp., Heteropogon contortus,

or Melicope sp.; and (2) elevations

between 240 to 680 m (800 to 2,230 ft).

Family Rhamnaceae: Gouania meyenii

(no common name)

Kauai G and I, identified in the legal

descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitute

critical habitat for Gouania meyenii on

Kauai. Within these units, the currently

known primary constituent elements of

critical habitat are habitat components

that provide: (1) rocky ledges, cliff faces,

or ridge tops (a) in dry shrubland or

Metrosideros polymorpha lowland

mesic forest and (b) containing one or

more of the following native plant

species: Dodonaea viscosa, Chamaesyce

sp., Psychotria sp., Hedyotis sp.,

Melicope sp., Nestegis sandwicensis,

Bidens sp., Carex meyenii, Diospyros

sp., Lysimachia sp., or Senna

gaudichaudii; and (2) elevations

between 490 to 880 m (1,600 to 2,880 ft).

Family Rubiaceae: Hedyotis cookiana

(’awiwi)

Kauai G, identified in the legal

description in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitutes

critical habitat for Hedyotis cookiana on

Kauai. Within this unit, the currently

known primary constituent elements of

critical habitat are habitat components

that provide: (1) streambeds or steep

cliffs close to water sources in lowland

wet forest communities; and (2)

elevations between 170 and 370 m (560

and 1,210 ft).

Family Rubiaceae: Hedyotis st.-johnii

(Na Pali beach Hedyotis)

Kauai G and J, identified in the legal

descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitute

critical habitat for Hedyotis st.-johnii on

Kauai. Within these units, the currently

known primary constituent elements of

critical habitat are habitat components

that provide: (1) crevices of northfacing, near-vertical coastal cliff faces

within the spray zone (a) in sparse dry

coastal shrubland and (b) containing

one or more of the following native

plant species: Myoporum sandwicense,

Eragrostis variabilis, Lycium

sandwicense, Heteropogon contortus,

Artemisia australis or Chamaesyce

celastroides; and (2) elevations above 75

m (250 ft).

Family Rutaceae: Melicope

haupuensis (alani)

Kauai G and I, identified in the legal

descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitute

critical habitat for Melicope haupuensis

on Kauai. Within these units, the

currently known primary constituent

elements of critical habitat are habitat

components that provide: (1) moist talus

slopes (a) in Metrosideros polymorpha

dominated lowland mesic forests or

Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia koa

montane mesic forest and (b) containing

one or more of the following associated

native plant species: Dodonaea viscosa,

Diospyros sp., Psychotria mariniana, P.

greenwelliae, Melicope ovata, M.

anisata, M. barbigera, Dianella

sandwicensis, Pritchardia minor,

Tetraplasandra waimeae, Claoxylon

sandwicensis, Cheirodendron trigynum,

Pleomele aurea, Cryptocarya mannii,

Pouteria sandwicensis, Bobea brevipes,

Hedyotis terminalis, Elaeocarpus

bifidus, or Antidesma sp; and (2)

elevations between 375 to 1,075 m

(1,230 to 3,530 ft).

Family Rutaceae: Melicope knudsenii

(alani)

Kauai G and I, identified in the legal

descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitute

critical habitat for Melicope knudsenii

on Kauai. Within these units, the

currently known primary constituent

elements of critical habitat are habitat

components that provide: (1) forested

flats or talus slopes (a) in lowland dry

or montane mesic forests and (b)

containing one or more of the following

associated native plant species:

Dodonaea viscosa, Antidesma sp.,

Metrosideros polymorpha, Xylosma sp.,

Hibiscus sp., Myrsine lanaiensis,

Diospyros sp., Rauvolfia sandwicensis,

Bobea sp., Nestegis sandwicensis,

Hedyotis sp., Melicope sp., Psychotria

sp., or Pittosporum kauaiensis; and (2)

elevations between 450 to 1,000 m

(1,480 to 3,300 ft).

Family Rutaceae: Melicope pallida

(alani)

Kauai G and I, identified in the legal

descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitute

critical habitat for Melicope pallida on

Kauai. Within these units, the currently

known primary constituent elements of

critical habitat are habitat components

that provide: (1) steep rock faces (a) in

lowland or montane mesic or wet forests

or shrubland and (b) containing one or

more of the following associated native

plant species: Dodonaea viscosa,

Lepidium serra, Pleomele sp.,

Boehmeria grandis, Coprosma sp.,

Hedyotis terminalis, Melicope sp.,

Pouteria sandwicensis, Poa mannii,

Schiedea membranacea, Psychotria

mariniana, Dianella sandwicensis,

Pritchardia minor, Chamaesyce

celastroides var hanapepensis,

Nototrichium sp., Carex meyenii,

Artemisia sp., Abutilon sandwicense,

Alyxia olivaeformis, Dryopteris sp.,

Metrosideros polymorpha, Pipturus

albidus, Sapindus oahuensis,

Tetraplasandra sp., or Xylosma

66884 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 216 / Tuesday, November 7, 2000 / Proposed Rules

hawaiiense; and (2) elevations between

490 to 915 m (1,600 to 3,000 ft).

Family Rutaceae: Zanthoxylum

hawaiiense (a‘e)

Kauai I, identified in the legal

description in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitutes

critical habitat for Zanthoxylum

hawaiiense on Kauai. Within this unit,

the currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

are habitat components that provide: (1)

lowland dry or mesic forests, or

montane dry forest, (a) dominated by

Metrosideros polymorpha or Diospyros

sandwicensis, and (b) containing one or

more of the following associated plant

species: Pleomele auwahiensis,

Antidesma platyphyllum, Pisonia sp.,

Alectryon macrococcus, Charpentiera

sp., Melicope sp., Streblus pendulinus,

Myrsine lanaiensis, Sophora

chrysophylla, or Dodonaea viscosa; and

(2) elevations between 550 and 730 m

(1,800 and 2,400 ft).

Family Santalaceae: Exocarpos luteolus

(heau)

Kauai G, H, I, L, and S, identified in

the legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A),

constitute critical habitat for Exocarpos

luteolus on Kauai. Within these units,

the currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

are habitat components that provide: (1)

wet places bordering swamps; open, dry

ridges (a) in lowland or montane

Metrosideros polymorpha dominated

wet forest communities and (b)

containing one or more of the following

native plant species: Acacia koa,

Cheirodendron trigynum, Pouteria

sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa,

Pleomele aurea, Psychotria mariniana,

Psychotria greenwelliae, Bobea brevipes,

Hedyotis terminalis, Elaeocarpus

bifidus, Melicope haupuensis, Dubautia

laevigata, Dianella sandwicensis, Poa

sandwicensis, Schiedea stellarioides,

Peperomia macraeana, Claoxylon

sandwicense, Santalum freycinetianum,

Styphelia tameiameiae, or Dicranopteris

linearis; and (2) elevations between 475

and 1,290 m (1,560 and 4,220 ft).

Family Sapindaceae: Alectryon

macrococcus (mahoe)

Kauai G, I, and U, identified in the

legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A),

constitute critical habitat for Alectryon

macrococcus on Kauai. Within these

units, the currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

are habitat components that provide: (1)

dry slopes or gulches (a) in Diospyros

sp.-Metrosideros polymorpha lowland

mesic forest, Metrosideros polymorpha

mixed mesic forest, or Diospyros sp.

mixed mesic forest, (b) containing one

or more of the following native plant

species: Nestegis sandwicensis,

Psychotria sp., Pisonia sp., Xylosma sp.,

Streblus pendulinus, Hibiscus sp.,

Antidesma sp., Pleomele sp., Acacia

koa, Melicope knudsenii, Hibiscus

waimeae, Pteralyxia sp., Zanthoxylum

sp., Kokia kauaiensis, Rauvolfia

sandwicensis, Myrsine lanaiensis,

Canthium odoratum, Canavalia sp.,

Alyxia oliviformis, Nesoluma

polynesicum, Munroidendron

racemosum, Caesalpinia kauaiense,

Tetraplasandra sp., Pouteria

sandwicensis, or Bobea timonioides;

and (2) elevations between 360 to 1,070

m (1,180 to 3,510 ft).

Family Solanaceae: Nothocestrum

peltatum (‘aiea)

Kauai G and I, identified in the legal

descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitute

critical habitat for Nothocestrum

peltatum on Kauai. Within these units,

the currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

are habitat components that provide: (1)

rich soil on steep slopes (a) in montane

or lowland mesic or wet forest

dominated by Acacia koa or a mixture

of Acacia koa and Metrosideros

polymorpha, and (b) containing one or

more of the following associated native

plant species: Antidesma sp.,

Dicranopteris linearis, Bobea brevipes,

Elaeocarpus bifidus, Alphitonia

ponderosa, Melicope anisata, M.

barbigera, M. haupuensis, Pouteria

sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa,

Dianella sandwicensis, Tetraplasandra

kauaiensis, Claoxylon sandwicensis,

Cheirodendron trigynum, Psychotria

mariniana, P. greenwelliae, Hedyotis

terminalis, Ilex anomala, Xylosma sp.,

Cryptocarya mannii, Coprosma sp.,

Pleomele aurea, Diplazium

sandwicensis, Broussaisia arguta, or

Perrottetia sandwicensis; and (2)

elevations between 915 to 1,220 m

(3,000 to 4,000 ft).

Family Solanaceae: Solanum

sandwicense (‘aiakeaakua, popolu)

Kauai D, G, and I, identified in the

legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A),

constitute critical habitat for Solanum

sandwicense on Kauai. Within these

units, the currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

are habitat components that provide: (1)

open, sunny areas (a) in diverse lowland

or montane mesic or wet forests and (b)

containing one or more of the following

associated plants: Alphitonia

ponderosa, Ilex anomala, Xylosma sp.,

Athyrium sandwicensis, Syzygium

sandwicensis, Bidens cosmoides,

Dianella sandwicensis, Poa

siphonoglossa, Carex meyenii, Hedyotis

sp., Coprosma sp., Dubautia sp.,

Pouteria sandwicensis, Cryptocarya

mannii, Acacia koa, Metrosideros

polymorpha, Dicranopteris linearis,

Psychotria sp., or Melicope sp.; and (2)

elevations between 760 and 1,220 m

(2,500 and 4,000 ft).

Family Violaceae: Isodendrion

laurifolium (aupaka)

Kauai G, I, and U, identified in the

legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A),

constitute critical habitat for

Isodendrion laurifolium on Kauai.

Within these units, the currently known

primary constituent elements of critical

habitat are habitat components that

provide: (1) diverse mesic or wet forest

(a) dominated by Metrosideros

polymorpha, Acacia koa, or Diospyros

sp. and (b) containing one or more of the

following associated native plant

species: Kokia kauaiensis, Streblus sp.,

Elaeocarpus bifidus, Canthium

odoratum, Antidesma sp., Xylosma

hawaiiense, Hedyotis terminalis,

Pisonia sp., Nestegis sandwicensis,

Dodonaea viscosa, Euphorbia

haeleeleana, Pleomele sp., Pittosporum

sp., Melicope sp., Claoxylon

sandwicense, Alphitonia ponderosa,

Myrsine lanaiensis, or Pouteria

sandwicensis; and (2) elevations

between 490 and 820 m (1,600 and

2,700 ft).

Family Violaceae: Isodendrion

longifolium (aupaka)

Kauai F, G, L, M, and P, identified in

the legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A),

constitute critical habitat for

Isodendrion longifolium on Kauai.

Within these units, the currently known

primary constituent elements of critical

habitat are habitat components that

provide: (1) steep slopes, gulches, or

stream banks (a) in mesic or wet

Metrosideros polymorpha forests and (b)

containing one or more of the following

native species: Dicranopteris linearis,

Eugenia sp., Diospyros sp., Pritchardia

sp., Canthium odoratum, Melicope sp.,

Cheirodendron sp., Ilex anomala,

Pipturus sp., Hedyotis fluviatilis,

Peperomia sp., Bidens sp., Nestegis

sandwicensis, Cyanea hardyi, Syzygium

sp., Cibotium sp., Bobea brevipes,

Antidesma sp., Cyrtandra sp., Hedyotis

terminalis, Peperomia sp., Perrottetia

sandwicensis, Pittosporum sp., or

Psychotria sp.; and (2) elevations

between 410 to 760 m (1,345 to 2,500 ft).

Family Violaceae: Viola helenae (no

common name)

Kauai L, identified in the legal

description in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitutes

critical habitat for Viola helenae on

Kauai. Within this unit, the currently

known primary constituent elements of

critical habitat are habitat components

Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 216 / Tuesday, November 7, 2000 / Proposed Rules 66885

that provide: (1) stream banks or

adjacent valley bottoms with light to

moderate shade in Metrosideros

polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis

lowland wet forest; and (2) elevations

between 610–855 m (2,000–2,800 ft).

Family Violaceae: Viola kauaiensis var.

wahiawaensis (nani wai‘ale‘ale)

Kauai L, identified in the legal

description in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitutes

critical habitat for Viola kauaiensis var.

wahiawaensis on Kauai. Within this

unit, the currently known primary

constituent elements of critical habitat

are habitat components that provide: (1)

open montane bog or wet shrubland

containing one or more of the following

native plant species: Dicranopteris

linearis, Diplopterygium pinnatum,

Syzygium sandwicensis, or Metrosideros

polymorpha; and (2) elevations between

640 and 865 m (2,100 and 2,840 ft).

(B) Ferns and Allies.

Family Aspleniaceae: Diellia pallida (no

common name)

Kauai G and I, identified in the legal

descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitute

critical habitat for Diellia pallida on

Kauai. Within these units, the currently

known primary constituent elements of

critical habitat are habitat components

that provide: (1) bare soil on steep,

rocky, dry slopes (a) in lowland mesic

forests and (b) containing one or more

of the following native plant species:

Acacia koa, Alectryon macrococcus,

Antidesma platyphyllum, Metrosideros

polymorpha, Myrsine lanaiensis,

Zanthoxylum dipetalum,

Tetraplasandra kauaiensis, Psychotria

mariniana, Carex meyenii, Diospyros

hillebrandii, Hedyotis knudsenii,

Canthium odoratum, Pteralyxia

kauaiensis, Nestegis sandwicensis,

Alyxia olivaeformis, Wilkesia

gymnoxiphium, Alphitonia ponderosa,

Styphelia tameiameiae, or Rauvolfia

sandwicensis; and (2) elevations

between 530 to 915 m (1,700 to 3,000 ft).

Family Grammitidaceae: Adenophorus

periens (pendant kihi fern)

Kauai F, G, K, L, P, and R, identified

in the legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A),

constitute critical habitat for

Adenophorus periens on Kauai. Within

these units, the currently known

primary constituent elements of critical

habitat are habitat components that

provide: (1) well-developed, closed

canopy that provides deep shade or high

humidity (a) in Metrosideros

polymorpha-Cibotium glaucum lowland

wet forests, open Metrosideros

polymorpha montane wet forest, or

Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris

linearis lowland wet forest, and (b)

containing one or more of the following

native plant species: Athyrium

sandwicensis, Broussaisia sp.,

Cheirodendron trigynum, Cyanea sp.,

Cyrtandra sp., Dicranopteris linearis,

Freycinetia arborea, Hedyotis

terminalis, Labordia hirtella,

Machaerina angustifolia, Psychotria sp.,

Psychotria hexandra, or Syzygium

sandwicensis; and (2) elevations

between 400 and 1,265 m (1,310 and

4,150 ft).

* * * * *

Dated: August 24, 2000.

Stephen C. Saunders,

Assistant Secretary for Fish and Wildlife and

Parks.

[FR Doc. 00–28214 Filed 11–6–00; 8:45 am]

BILLING CODE 4310–55–P