Lower St. Johns River Basin 

SWIM Plan Update 

2008 

August 2008 

Prepared by 

St. Johns River Water Management District 

Wildwood Consulting, Inc. 

Lower St. Johns River Technical Advisory Committee 

 
 
 

Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update i August 2008

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 

INTRODUCTION 

The lower St. Johns River and Lake George have documented impairments and degraded 

surface water quality. Significant scientific understanding has been made in the past 20 

years and improvement through project development has continued, although surface 

waters remain in a degraded state. With the initiation of the surface water management 

planning cycle, known as the total maximum daily load (TMDL) effort, the Lower St. Johns 

River Basin (LSJRB) has received funding necessary to complete state-of-the-art water 

quality modeling resulting in a nutrient pollutant load reduction goal (PLRG). This goal has 

been used to establish the LSJRB nutrient TMDL, which has initiated major restoration 

efforts. Through collaborative efforts, the St. Johns River Water Management District 

(SJRWMD), state, local governments, utilities, and private entities are making 

unprecedented strides to reduce nutrient discharges ahead of the implementation plan, the 

Basin Management Action Plan (BMAP). Examples of projects include wastewater treatment 

facility upgrades, reuse of reclaimed wastewater, stormwater retrofits, and agricultural best 

management practices. 

SWIM PLAN ACT 

The Florida Legislature enacted the Surface Water Improvement and Management (SWIM) 

Act (Chapter 373.451-373.4595, Florida Statutes [F.S.]) in 1987 and revised it in 1991. This 

Act declares that many natural surface water systems in Florida, including the LSJRB, have 

been or are becoming degraded. The SWIM Act directed SJRWMD, with the cooperation of 

state agencies and local governments, to design and implement a plan for the improvement 

of LSJRB surface waters and habitats. The SJRWMD complied with this mandate in the 

development of the 1989 LSJRB SWIM Plan and subsequent 1993 update. This 2008 plan 

document serves as an update to that 1993 plan and includes a status report on the state of 

the LSJRB, a summary of progress on projects undertaken since the 1993 SWIM Plan, and 

recommendations for future projects and implementation efforts for the next five years. 

LOWER ST. JOHNS RIVER 2008 SWIM PLAN UPDATE

The main purpose of this document is to provide an update of the 1993 SWIM Plan and its 

programs and projects since 1993. This update also includes a reorganized format and 

additional information to address the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA’s) nine 

elements of a comprehensive watershed plan. Although including these elements is not 

essential for a SWIM plan, having these elements incorporated into the plan helps to make 

the projects that are detailed in this update eligible for federal Section 319 funding. In 

addition, information on the Lake George Basin was added, as described in greater detail 

below. 

The management issues have not changed substantially since the 1993 LSJRB SWIM Plan, 

although many of the issues have been further refined through scientific investigation, new 

management techniques, and remediation efforts. The four main issues identified in the 

1993 LSJRB SWIM Plan were: 

• Point and nonpoint sources of pollution 

• Destruction of natural systems 

• Public awareness and environmental education 

• Interagency coordination and management 
 

Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update ii August 2008

Since 1993, two additional management issues have been identified: sediment management 

and toxic contaminants remediation. These issues were previously included with the water 

quality and natural systems goals; however, the technical community now felt that these 

topics warranted their own specific goals, objectives, and strategies. This 2008 SWIM Plan 

Update includes goals for each of the above management issues as follows: 

1. Restore and protect the basin’s surface water quality to meet state-designated 

use classifications.

2. Restore and protect natural systems associated with the basin’s surface waters. 

3. Increase public awareness of water resource problems in the basin to generate 

public support for restoration and protection efforts. 

4. Enhance interagency coordination and management of water resources 

throughout the basin. 

5. Implement erosion and sediment management to protect and improve living 

resources and water quality in the LSJRB. 

6. Protect living resources in the LSJRB from toxic pollution to ensure protection 

and propagation of healthy and well-balanced communities. 

This updated plan is organized based on SJRWMD’s programs and initiatives, which 

correspond to the six SWIM Plan goals. These initiatives are 

1. Water quality 

2. Biological health 

3. Sediment management 

4. Toxic contaminants remediation 

5. Public education 

6. Intergovernmental coordination 

Milestones, strategies, and objectives were developed to meet the SWIM Plan goals for 

each of these initiatives. Projects that have been implemented since 1993 to meet the goals 

of each initiative are listed as well as projects that are projected to occur during the next five 

years (2008–2012). Estimated budgets for the future projects are also provided. 

Water Quality Initiative 

At the time of the publication of the LSJRB SWIM Plan in 1993, water quality was 

significantly degraded in many of the tributaries within the LSJRB as well as in considerable 

portions of the river itself. Agricultural and urban runoff had been identified as significant 

sources of nutrient, bacterial, and toxic contaminant pollution. Wastewater had also been 

identified as a significant source of pollution from both domestic and industrial sources. 

Since 1993, several major wastewater sources in the LSJRB began efforts to improve 

treatment levels to reduce the impacts to the river and its tributaries. These efforts included 

the elimination of many small wastewater package plants that had low levels of treatment 

and redirecting that wastewater to larger regional plants with higher treatment levels. The 

goal of these changes was to improve the quality of wastewater effluent discharged to both 

tributaries and the mainstem of the river and to reduce overall pollutant loads. Due to these 

water quality problems, public agencies involved with issues of river water quality worked 

together to perform a comprehensive examination of the LSJRB to determine the 

sustainable limits of river pollution. 

As part of this examination of river water quality, PLRGs and TMDLs were established. The 

TMDL process focuses on the assimilative capacity of a water body, which is defined using 
 

Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update iii August 2008

biological health metrics. PLRGs were also established to estimate loading reductions 

needed to meet applicable state water quality standards. Once the TMDL/PLRG was 

established, nutrient reductions were assigned to reduce inputs to the river to no more than 

its assimilative capacity. These reductions and the projects and programs to achieve them, 

are outlined in a BMAP. The BMAP process is currently ongoing for both the mainstem and 

tributaries of the LSJRB. These BMAPs are expected to be completed in 2008. 

Since 1993, many water quality related research projects have been conducted. Future 

research efforts will focus on marine reach and near-coast ecology, freshwater river reach 

ecology, discharges from the Ocklawaha River, nonpoint source water quality, and 

regulation associated with the TMDL program. 

The Water Quality Initiative includes the following seven strategies to address the issues 

noted above related to water quality in the LSJRB: 

1. Reduction of urban nonpoint source pollution 

2. Reduction of agricultural nonpoint source pollution 

3. Point-source reductions and reuse 

4. Increase understanding of ocean dynamics 

5. Reduction of algal blooms 

6. Evaluation of the effects of surface water withdrawals 

7. Protection of aquifer recharge areas 

Water Quality Projects 

This plan includes descriptions of 58 water quality related projects that occurred between 

1993 and 2007. In addition, 47 projects are expected to continue or be initiated in the next 

five years (2008–2012). Of these, estimated budgets were provided for 32 projects, with a 

total cost of more than $17 million. 

Biological Health Initiative 

The current biological condition of the LSJRB is an important consideration but is difficult to 

assess because it references an historical condition, before many of the current system 

stressors occurred. In the LSJRB, comprehensive historical biological data is essentially 

absent for many areas and for many biological groups. However, it is known that there have 

been many changes within the watershed that have likely caused changes within the biota 

of the river (e.g., channel dredging and increased pollutant discharge). 

Studies have been conducted on plankton, macroinvertebrates, submerged aquatic 

vegetation, and fisheries to determine any trends and changes in the biological health of the 

LSJRB. Historical data does indicate that development in the basin has caused detrimental 

changes to biota. Evidence includes increased phytoplankton biomass and bloom 

frequency, and invertebrate deformities in areas of elevated pollutant concentrations. It has 

also been shown that many pollutants can and do affect fish reproductive function. 

Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that many of the biological components in the river 

have changed and/or declined and general ecological health has been negatively impacted 

as a result of land use changes. The next important step is determining the extent of the 

impact, which can be accomplished by additional comparative analyses between historical 

data sets and current data. The collection of additional data is also warranted. 

To address these issues and to learn more about the biological health of the river, the 

following strategies were developed for the Biological Health Initiative: 
 

Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update iv August 2008

1. Develop biological indicators. 

2. Assess and monitoring submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV). 

3. Develop biological management and restoration tools. 

4. Assess and monitor algal populations and respond to harmful algal blooms. 

5. Assessment, monitoring, and recommendations of fisheries management. 

6. Acquire upland buffers. 

Biological Health Projects 

This plan includes descriptions of 24 projects occurring between 1993 and 2007 that 

address the Biological Health Initiative. Future efforts include 14 continuing or new projects 

that will occur from 2008 through 2012. Of these, estimated budgets were provided for 12 

projects, with a total cost of more than $3 million. 

Sediment Management Initiative 

Sedimentation in Jacksonville’s urban tributaries affects the aquatic resources and impacts 

human activities. Impacts from sedimentation and turbidity may include covering SAV, 

decreasing light penetration, and reducing photosynthesis; smothering macroinvertebrates 

and harming organisms; impacting fish health and spawning; reducing aquatic habitat; and 

filling in streams, impacting human enjoyment, boating, and recreation. 

The projects and programs associated with sediment management are concerned with 

reducing the adverse impacts from construction sites and maintenance dredging of major 

waterways to maintain required navigation depths. Restoration projects also occur in some 

areas where ecosystems have been impacted by past construction activities. A major focus 

of this initiative and an important component of the sediment management projects is public 

education. 

The strategies to meet the goal of the Sediment Management Initiative are to 

1. Investigate causes and sources of sedimentation and implement projects, programs, 

and regulations to control sediments. 

2. Provide additional education and outreach to the construction industry and citizens. 

3. Review current requirements for improving compliance and simplifying processes, 

while maintaining environmental controls. 

4. Encourage the use of polyacrylamide and other flocculants to control turbidity from 

dewatering operations. 

5. Develop incentives for innovative solutions. 

Sediment Management Projects 

In the period from 1993 through 2007, four sediment projects were completed or started and 

descriptions of these projects are provided in this update. During 2008 through 2012, five 

projects are expected to occur. Estimated budgets were provided for three of these projects, 

at a total cost of more than $20 million. 

Toxic Contaminants Remediation Initiative 

Protecting water quality and natural systems are among the top priorities of the 

management organizations in the basin. With the help of many partners, SJRWMD is 

leading work to improve stormwater treatment, remove harmful sediment deposits, buy 

environmentally sensitive lands, and execute projects designed to reverse negative trends in 

water quality and to preserve the areas still in good health. 
 

Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update v August 2008

SJRWMD has conducted several sediment quality assessments since 1993 and these 

studies found trace organic and metal contaminants in the sediments. In the LSJRB, 

sediment data indicated good environmental quality, except in the northernmost part of the 

river in Jacksonville; the Cedar-Ortega river basin in Jacksonville; Rice Creek; and river 

sediments in the Palatka area. Of the LSJRB sites, sediments in the Cedar-Ortega river 

basin were of greatest concern due to elevated levels of contamination from PCBs, organic 

solvents, pesticides, lead, copper, silver, zinc, and chlordane. Sources of the contamination 

were not identified in the study but will be addressed in later studies. 

Future studies will focus on addressing the following two strategies for the Toxic 

Contaminants Remediation Initiative: 

1. Toxic contaminant sediment assessment and diagnostics 

2. Toxic contaminant sediment remediation planning 

Toxic Contaminants Remediation Projects 

This plan includes descriptions of 19 toxic contaminants remediation projects that occurred 

between 1993 and 2007. In the next five years, seven projects will continue or be initiated, 

with a total estimated budget of more than $900,000. 

Public Education Initiative 

Public education is supported by numerous entities in the basin. SJRWMD is the most active 

source of public information and programs directed at improving the health of the LSJRB. 

The goal of SJRWMD’s Office of Communications and Governmental Affairs and the 

Outreach Program is to educate the public, media, and governmental entities about water 

resources, to involve the public in protecting these resources, and to develop partnerships 

needed to advance the mission of the St. Johns District. 

Since the last update of the LSJRB SWIM Plan, SJRWMD has been one of the leaders in 

the development of two notable partnership initiatives to restore the LSJRB to health: the 

1998–2003 River Agenda and the 2006 River Accord. In addition, District staff have given 

numerous educational presentations to homeowners, civic and school groups, and elected 

officials on the river’s water quality and media tours of the river resulting in hundreds of 

articles aired or published. 

The Public Education Initiative consists of the following two main objectives: 

1. Increase public awareness of the importance of water resources, problems affecting 

these resources, and restoration/protection efforts in the LSJRB. 

2. Increase the public’s knowledge and understanding of the St. Johns River ecosystem 

and actions needed to address its problems. 

Public Education Projects 

During the period of 1993 through 2007, multiple outreach and educational efforts were 

undertaken to meet the objectives of the Public Education Initiative. The paid media 

campaign and other outreach efforts are expected to continue in the future, with an 

estimated budget of $5 million. 

Intergovernmental Coordination Initiative 

The goal of this initiative is to encourage and enhance interagency coordination efforts and 
 

Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update vi August 2008

water resource management throughout the basin. Agencies at the federal, state, and local 

levels have and continue to work cooperatively to achieve the goals for the LSJRB. 

The major objectives of the Intergovernmental Coordination Initiative include 

1. Establishing administrative frameworks, interagency agreements, and technical 

linkages required to improve interagency coordination and management of the 

basin’s surface waters and associated natural systems. 

2. Establishing priorities for action based on political, governmental, and public input; 

addressing the needs of the LSJRB as a whole and specific needs related to the 

three planning regions and individual management units (subbasins) 

3. Providing technical support for regulatory and management programs affecting the 

basin’s natural systems 

Intergovernmental Coordination Projects 

Descriptions are provided for 10 intergovernmental coordination efforts that occurred from 

1993 through 2007. For the period of 2008 through 2012, nine coordination projects are 

expected to occur. These projects have an estimated total budget of more than $79 million, 

with the majority of the funding ($75 million) going to the River Accord efforts. 

LAKE GEORGE BASIN 

Historically, the Lake George Basin has been considered as a basin separate from both the 

Middle and Lower St. Johns River basins and has, therefore, not been considered a SWIM 

water body. This update of the LSJRB SWIM Plan identifies the Lake George Basin as a 

SWIM water body. Inclusion of the lake and its watershed is justified because water quality 

has been shown to be impaired. In addition, recent hydrodynamic and natural resource 

assessment efforts have shown the importance of improving and maintaining water quality 

within the Lake George Basin to the subsequent health of both the Middle and Lower St. 

Johns River basins. 

It should be noted that the Lake George program is not as developed as the programs for 

the Lower and Middle St. Johns River basins. Currently, the Lake George program is in the 

planning stage, which includes reconnaissance and assessment efforts to further identify the 

most critical issues facing the lake and to help develop potential strategies to address them. 

Similar to the development of the LSJRB program, initial planning efforts are currently 

focused on five key initiatives: water quality, biological health, sediment management, public 

education, and intergovernmental coordination. As the program becomes more developed, 

future plan updates will include additional information about this basin. 

There are four major groups of water resource issues that are addressed in the Lake 

George portion of the LSJRB SWIM Plan: 

1. Point- and nonpoint source pollution, including 

• Deteriorating surface and sediment quality 

2. Deterioration of natural systems, including 

• Alteration of wetlands, nursery areas, and special habitats 

• Alteration of benthic habitat 

• Riverine shoreline erosion 

3. Insufficient interagency coordination and management, including 

• Regulation and management of surface waters 
 

Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update vii August 2008

• Total maximum daily loads (TMDLs) 

• Wetlands policies and regulations 

4. Limited public awareness and environmental education programs 

Currently, very little data exists to fully analyze the five initiatives in the Lake George Basin. 

In response to increased discussions about the potential of waters within the Lake George 

Basin for consumptive purposes, SJRWMD is considering ways to more fully incorporate the 

Lake George Basin into its future management efforts. There is currently not a Lake George 

program at SJRWMD similar to the lower, middle, and upper basins; however, SJRWMD 

has begun planning efforts in the basin and is proposing the assessments outlined in this 

2008 LSJRB SWIM Plan. 

Water Quality Initiative 

There are currently four strategies to address the goal of the Water Quality Initiative: 

1. Review and strengthen water quality policies and regulations. 

2. Support the state's water policy guidelines for reuse. 

3. Evaluate impacts of agricultural and silvicultural operations and implement BMPs to 

address those impacts. 

4. Compile and analyze available water and sediment quality data in conjunction with 

biological/bioassessment, data to evaluate the extent causes, and effects of pollution 

on the basin's surface waters. 

In the Lake George Basin, five projects have been identified for the period 1993–2007. 

There are 12 projects that will continue or begin in the next five years (2008–2012). Of 

these, estimated budget is provided for four projects with a total of approximately $600,000. 

Biological Health Initiative 

The strategies for the Biological Health Initiative in the Lake George Basin include the 

following: 

1. Protect existing habitat through enforcement of regulations for land development and 

alteration. 

2. Acquire environmentally sensitive land within the Lake George Basin, including 

buffer zones and wildlife corridors. 

3. Inventory existing natural systems, fisheries, and wildlife in the basin and determine 

their condition, monitor their condition, and identify wildlife habitat needs. 

There are two projects related to biological health that were completed in the Lake George 

Basin. In addition, one project has been identified to occur in the future, with an estimated 

budget of $45,000. 

Sediment Management Initiative 

The Sediment Management Initiative currently consists of the strategy to focus on upstream 

reductions for sediments. One project has already been started related to this initiative in the 

Lake George Basin and is expected to continue in the next five years (2008–2012) with an 

estimated budget of $112,000. 

Public Education Initiative 

The main strategy for this initiative in the Lake George Basin is to heighten public 

awareness and understanding of problems with the basin's surface waters and associated 
 

Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update viii August 2008

natural systems, the cultural impacts contributing to their deterioration, and protection and 

restoration efforts in the basin. Public education efforts in this basin will be related to 

outreach efforts in the LSJRB. 

Intergovernmental Coordination Initiative 

There are two strategies in the Lake George Basin for the Intergovernmental Coordination 

Initiative: 

1. Improve GIS data used for regulation and management decision making. 

2. Enhance interagency coordination and management of surface waters and natural 

systems in the Lake George Basin. 

Intergovernmental coordination efforts in this basin will be related to efforts in the LSJRB. 

THE FUTURE 

This updated plan brings the cataloging of efforts since 1993 up-to-date and forecasts future 

efforts through 2012. Although the SWIM Program has not been funded in recent years, 

SJRWMD believes that the SWIM Program has provided significant benefits to the lower St. 

Johns River and other SWIM water bodies and, therefore, feels it is important to revisit and 

update these plans periodically. SWIM plans such as this one serve to record technical 

findings, describe the near-term vision for basin restoration, as well as document progress 

made and the challenges to restoration. Since the formulation of initiatives and strategies in 

this plan, the funding environment, both at the state and federal levels, has changed, 

becoming even more challenging than in the past. With the inclusion of the EPA’s nine 

planning elements, the linkages to potential funding sources are strengthened and increase 

the possibility of the projects described in this plan to carry forward. 
 

Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update ix August 2008

LIST OF ACRONYMS 

BMAP Basin Management Action Plan 

BMP Best Management Practice 

BOD Biological Oxygen Demand 

CAMA Coastal and Aquatic Managed Areas 

cfs Cubic Feet per Second 

COJ City of Jacksonville 

CRF Controlled Release Fertilizer 

D&F Dredge and Fill 

DO Dissolved Oxygen 

DRI Development of Regional Impact 

EA Environmental Assessment 

EFDC Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code 

EMAP Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program 

EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 

EQD City of Jacksonville Environmental Quality Division 

ERM Effects Range-Medium or Middle 

ERP Environmental Resource Permit 

F.A.C. Florida Administrative Code

FDACS Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services 

FDEP Florida Department of Environmental Protection 

FDOH Florida Department of Health 

FDOT Florida Department of Transportation 

FIM Fisheries-Independent Monitoring 

FIND Florida Inland Navigation District 

F.S. Florida Statutes 

FWC Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission 

FWRI Fish and Wildlife Research Institute 

FY Fiscal Year 

GIS Geographic Information System 

HAB Hazardous Algal Bloom 

IOA Indices of Relative Abundance 

LBR Local Budget Requests 

LID Low Impact Development 

LSJR Lower St. Johns River 

LSJRB Lower St. Johns River Basin 

MERHAB Monitoring and Event Response for Harmful Algal Blooms 

mgd Million Gallons per Day 

MOU Memorandum of Understanding 

MS4 Municipal Separate Storm Sewer System 

MSSW Management and Storage of Surface Water 

NAS Naval Air Station 

NPDES National Pollution Discharge Elimination System 

NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 

NOI Notice of Intent 

NOS National Ocean Service 

NPS National Park Service 

NRCS National Resources Conservation Service 

O&M Operation and Maintenance 

OCGA Office of Communications and Governmental Affairs 

OFW    Outstanding Florida Water 
 

Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update x August 2008

PAH Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 

PAR Photosynthetically Active Radiation 

PCB Polychlorinated Biphenyl 

PCU Platinum Cobalt Units 

PEC Probable Effect Concentration 

PLRG Pollutant Load Reduction Goal 

PMN Permanent Monitoring Network 

PWRCA Priority Water Resource Caution Area 

RST Regional Stormwater Treatment 

SAB South Atlantic Bight 

SAV Submerged Aquatic Vegetation 

SJRWMD St. Johns River Water Management District 

SRS Stratified Random Sampling 

STA Stormwater Treatment Area 

SWG State Wildlife Grant 

SWIM Surface Water Improvement and Management 

TAC Technical Advisory Committee 

TCAA Tri-County Agricultural Area 

TMDL Total Maximum Daily Load 

TSI Trophic State Index 

UF-IFAS University of Florida-Institute of Food and Agricultural Services 

USACE United States Army Corps of Engineers 

USDA United States Department of Agriculture 

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service 

USGS United States Geological Survey 

VCUD Volusia County Utilities Department 

WAM Watershed Assessment Model 

WAV Watershed Action Volunteers 

WBID Water Body Identification 

WWTF Wastewater Treatment Facility 

 
 

Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update xi August 2008

 TABLE OF CONTENTS 

1.0 INTRODUCTION TO THE SWIM PLAN AND PROGRAMS IN THE LOWER 

ST. JOHNS RIVER BASIN ..................................................................................... 1-1

1.1 SWIM Act Summary ...................................................................................... 1-1

1.2 Evolution of the Lower St. Johns River Basin SWIM Plan ............................. 1-2

1.3 Issues, Goals, and Objectives ....................................................................... 1-3

1.4 Relationship to Other Programs and Plans ................................................... 1-7

1.4.1 State Programs ....................................................................................... 1-7

1.4.2 Federal Plans and Programs .................................................................. 1-8

1.4.3 Other Agencies and Local Governments .............................................. 1-11

2.0 DESCRIPTION OF THE LOWER ST. JOHNS RIVER BASIN ..................... 2-1

2.1 Lower Basin Planning Units .......................................................................... 2-1

2.2 The Lower Basin and How It Relates to the Lake George, Middle and Upper 

Basins ..................................................................................................................... 2-1

2.3 Population Trends ......................................................................................... 2-5

2.4 Land Use ....................................................................................................... 2-5

2.4.1 Projected Future Land Use Changes ..................................................... 2-6

2.5 Geology and Groundwater Resources .......................................................... 2-8

2.6 Hydrology ...................................................................................................... 2-8

3.0 MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS IN THE LOWER ST. JOHNS RIVER BASIN3-1

3.1 Water Quality Initiative .................................................................................. 3-1

3.1.1 Strategy: Reduction of Urban Nonpoint Source Pollution ..................... 3-13

3.1.2 Strategy: Reduction of Agricultural Nonpoint Source Pollution ............. 3-13

3.1.3 Strategy: Point Source Reductions and Reuse .................................... 3-14

3.1.4 Strategy: Increase Understanding of Ocean Dynamics ........................ 3-15

3.1.5 Strategy: Reduction of Algal Blooms .................................................... 3-15

3.1.6 Strategy: Evaluation of the Effects of Surface Water Withdrawals ....... 3-15

3.1.7 Strategy: Protection of Aquifer Recharge Areas ................................... 3-16

3.2 Biological Health Initiative ........................................................................... 3-16

3.2.1 Strategy: Develop Biological Indicators ................................................ 3-19

3.2.2 Strategy: Assess and Monitor Submerged Aquatic Vegetation ............ 3-19

3.2.3 Strategy: Develop Biological Management and Restoration Tools ....... 3-20

3.2.4 Strategy: Assess and Monitor Algal Populations and Respond to Harmful 

Algal Blooms (HABs) ......................................................................................... 3-20

3.2.5 Strategy: Assessment, Monitoring, and Recommendations of Fisheries 

Management ...................................................................................................... 3-20

3.2.6 Strategy: Acquire Upland Buffer Areas ................................................. 3-21

3.3 Sediment Management Initiative ................................................................. 3-21

3.3.1 Strategy: Investigate Causes and Sources of Sedimentation and 

Implement Projects, Programs, and Regulations to Control Sediments ............ 3-22

3.3.2 Strategy: Provide Additional Education and Outreach to the Construction 

Industry and Citizens ......................................................................................... 3-22

3.3.3 Strategy: Review Current Requirements for Improving Compliance and 

Simplifying Processes, while Maintaining Environmental Controls .................... 3-23
 

Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update xii August 2008

3.3.4 Strategy: Encourage the Use of Polyacrylamide and Other Flocculants to 

Control Turbidity from Dewatering Operations ................................................... 3-23

3.3.5 Strategy: Develop Incentives for Innovative Solutions .......................... 3-23

3.4 Toxic Contaminants Remediation Initiative ................................................. 3-23

3.4.1 Strategy: Toxic Contaminant Sediment Assessment and Diagnostics . 3-25

3.4.2 Strategy: Toxic Contaminant Sediment Remediation Planning ............ 3-25

3.5 Public Education Initiative ........................................................................... 3-26

3.6 Intergovernmental Coordination .................................................................. 3-27

3.7 Past/Current Projects (1993–2007) ............................................................. 3-27

3.8 Future Projects (2008–2012) ...................................................................... 3-49

4.0 PAST FUNDING STRATEGIES AND FUTURE BUDGETS ......................... 4-1

4.1 The Early Years (1993–1996) ....................................................................... 4-1

4.1.1 Water Quality Initiative ............................................................................ 4-1

4.1.2 Biological Health Initiative ....................................................................... 4-1

4.1.3 Sediment Management Initiative ............................................................ 4-1

4.1.4 Toxic Contaminants Remediation Initiative ............................................. 4-1

4.1.5 Public Education Initiative ....................................................................... 4-2

4.1.6 Intergovernmental Coordination Initiative ............................................... 4-2

4.2 The Recent Years (1997–2007) .................................................................... 4-2

4.2.1 Water Quality Initiative ............................................................................ 4-2

4.2.2 Biological Health Initiative ....................................................................... 4-2

4.2.3 Sediment Management Initiative ............................................................ 4-3

4.2.4 Toxic Contaminants Remediation Initiative ............................................. 4-3

4.2.5 Public Education Initiative ....................................................................... 4-3

4.2.6 Intergovernmental Coordination Initiative ............................................... 4-3

4.3 The Next Five Years (2008–2012) ................................................................ 4-4

4.3.1 Water Quality Initiative ............................................................................ 4-4

4.3.2 Biological Health Initiative ....................................................................... 4-4

4.3.3 Sediment Management Initiative ............................................................ 4-4

4.3.4 Toxic Contaminants Remediation Initiative ............................................. 4-4

4.3.5 Public Education Initiative ....................................................................... 4-4

4.3.6 Intergovernmental Coordination Initiative ............................................... 4-4

4.3.7 Future Projects and Estimated Budget ................................................... 4-5

5.0 THE LAKE GEORGE BASIN ....................................................................... 5-1

5.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 5-1

5.2 General Basin Description ............................................................................ 5-1

5.2.1 Surface Waters ....................................................................................... 5-5

5.2.2 Geology and Groundwater ..................................................................... 5-9

5.2.3 Natural Resources ................................................................................ 5-14

5.3 Basin Delineation ........................................................................................ 5-15

5.3.1 Lake George Planning Unit .................................................................. 5-15

5.3.2 Lake Kerr Planning Unit ........................................................................ 5-19

5.3.3 Lake Woodruff Planning Unit ................................................................ 5-19

5.3.4 Alexander Springs Creek Planning Unit ............................................... 5-20

5.4 Issues and Associated Management Programs .......................................... 5-21
 

Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update xiii August 2008

5.4.1 Issue: Point and Nonpoint Pollution ...................................................... 5-22

5.4.2 Issue: Deterioration of Natural Systems ............................................... 5-23

5.4.3 Issue: Regulation and Management of Natural Resources .................. 5-24

5.4.4 Issue: Limited Public Awareness and Environmental Education Programs

5-26

5.5 Management Programs in the Lake George Basin ..................................... 5-26

5.5.1 Water Quality Initiative .......................................................................... 5-27

5.5.2 Biological Health Initiative ..................................................................... 5-28

5.5.3 Sediment Management Initiative .......................................................... 5-29

5.5.4 Public Education Initiative ..................................................................... 5-30

5.5.5 Intergovernmental Coordination Initiative ............................................. 5-31

5.5.6 Past/Current Projects (1993–2007) ...................................................... 5-31

5.5.7 Future Management Projects (2008–2012) .......................................... 5-32

5.5.8 Future Projects and Estimated Budget ................................................. 5-35

6.0 REFERENCES ............................................................................................. 6-1

APPENDIX A: PERMITTED DISCHARGES TO THE LOWER ST. JOHNS RIVER 

AND LAKE GEORGE BASINS ................................................................................. 1

APPENDIX B: STATE OF FLORIDA TMDL PROGRAM .......................................... 1

APPENDIX C: ALLOCATION TABLE FOR THE LSJR MAINSTEM NUTRIENT 

TMDL ......................................................................................................................... 1

APPENDIX D: STORMWATER MASTER PLANS IN THE LSJRB .......................... 1

APPENDIX E: ACTIVE HYDROLOGIC STATIONS IN THE LOWER ST. JOHNS 

RIVER AND LAKE GEORGE BASINS ..................................................................... 1

APPENDIX F: MANAGEMENT PROJECTS SUMMARY TABLES FOR THE 

LOWER ST. JOHNS RIVER AND LAKE GEORGE BASINS ................................... 1

APPENDIX G: LIST OF VERIFIED IMPAIRED WATERS IN THE LOWER ST. 

JOHNS RIVER AND LAKE GEORGE BASINS ........................................................ 1

LIST OF FIGURES 

Figure 2-1: Planning Units of the Lower St. Johns River Basin ............................... 2-3

Figure 2-2: The Lower, Middle, and Upper St. Johns River Basins ........................ 2-4

Figure 2-3: Land Use in the Lower St. Johns River Basin ....................................... 2-7

Figure 2-4: Priority Water Resource Caution Areas in SJRWMD ........................... 2-9

Figure 3-1: Salinity Reaches in the Lower St. Johns River Basin ........................... 3-5

Figure 3-2: Long-Term Trends in Total Nitrogen and Summer DO Percent Saturation 

for the Three Rivers that Discharge to the SAB ...................................................... 3-9

Figure 3-3: Mean Monthly Flow Contributions to the LSJR (1993–2006) .............. 3-11

Figure 3-4: Percent Flow Contributions to the LSJR (1993–2006) ........................ 3-11

Figure 5-1: Planning Units of the Lake George Basin ............................................. 5-3

Figure 5-2: Physiographic Regions of the Lake George Basin ............................... 5-4
 

Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update xiv August 2008

Figure 5-3: Geopolitical Breakdown of the Lake George Basin .............................. 5-6

Figure 5-4: Tributaries of the Lake George Basin ................................................... 5-7

Figure 5-5: Springs of the Lake George Basin ...................................................... 5-11

Figure 5-6: Land Use in the Lake George Basin (2004) ........................................ 5-13

Figure 5-7: Active Eagles Nests in the Lake George Basin .................................. 5-18

LIST OF TABLES 

Table 1-1: SWIM Plan Goals and Objectives .......................................................... 1-4

Table 1-2: Agencies Responsible for Water Management .................................... 1-11

Table 2-1: Lower St. Johns River Basin Population Statistics ................................. 2-5

Table 4-1: Lower St. Johns River Projected Budget, Fiscal Years 2008–2012 ....... 4-5

Table 5-1: Lake George Population Statistics ......................................................... 5-5

Table 5-2: Tributaries of the Lake George Basin .................................................... 5-8

Table 5-3: OFWs in the Lake George Basin (through 2003) ................................... 5-9

Table 5-4: Springs of the Lake George Basin ....................................................... 5-12

Table 5-5: Key Endangered, Threatened and Species of Special Concern of the 

Lake George Basin ............................................................................................... 5-14

Table 5-6: Lake George Basin Projected Budget, Fiscal Years 2008–2012 ......... 5-35
 

Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 1-1 August 2008

1.0 INTRODUCTION TO THE SWIM PLAN AND PROGRAMS IN THE LOWER ST. 

JOHNS RIVER BASIN 

1.1 SWIM Act Summary 

The Florida Legislature enacted the Surface Water Improvement and Management (SWIM) 

Act (Chapter 373.451-373.4595, Florida Statutes [F.S.]) in 1987 and revised it in 1991. This 

Act declares that many natural surface water systems in Florida, including the lower St. 

Johns River (LSJR), have been or are becoming degraded. Factors contributing to this 

degradation include point and nonpoint sources of pollution and the destruction of natural 

habitats. The SWIM Act directed the St. Johns River Water Management District 

(SJRWMD), with the cooperation of state agencies and local governments, to design and 

implement a plan for the improvement of Lower St. Johns River Basin (LSJRB) surface 

waters and habitats. 

SJRWMD complied with this mandate in the development of the 1989 LSJRB SWIM Plan 

and subsequent 1993 update. This 2008 plan document serves as an update to that 1993 

plan. This update includes a status report on the state of the LSJRB, a summary of progress 

on projects undertaken since the 1993 LSJRB SWIM Plan, and recommendations for future 

projects and implementation efforts for the next five years. This plan update was reviewed 

by the general public (via public workshops) and by appropriate state, federal, and local 

agencies, many of which have been active partners with SJRWMD in implementing the 

1993 LSJRB SWIM Plan. Additional detail on the formal plan review process is provided in 

the 1993 LSJRB SWIM Plan (chapter 1, pp. 4–6). 

Since the 1993 LSJRB SWIM Plan update, the total maximum daily load (TMDL) process 

has been active in the LSJRB. TMDLs are established for water body sections that are 

verified as “impaired;” that is, they do not meet their designated water quality standards 

(refer to Appendix G for a list of verified impaired waters in the LSJRB and projected dates 

for TMDL development). The water body identification (WBID) numbers in the basin are all 

classified as Class III water bodies by the state of Florida, which requires the water quality to 

meet the “fishable and swimmable” criterion. Using this standard, many of the WBIDs in the 

lower St. Johns River are impaired for nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus), dissolved 

oxygen, and fecal coliform bacteria. Other impairments that are less common include heavy 

metal concentrations such as mercury. 

Since 1993, many of the water bodies have been verified as impaired based on recent water 

quality monitoring data. Other water bodies will remain on the state’s planning list until more 

samples can be taken to determine whether water quality standards are being met. For 

water bodies that are verified as impaired, TMDLs will be developed based on the statewide 

schedule. Several TMDLs have been adopted in the LSJRB; in particular, TMDLs for 

nitrogen and phosphorus in the river’s mainstem and TMDLs for fecal coliforms in the 

tributaries. Additional TMDLs are scheduled for adoption in the next few years. 

In those areas where TMDLs have been adopted, basin management action plans (BMAPs) 

are being developed. BMAPs are the implementation plan for meeting the TMDLs and 

include the list of projects to reduce loads, a monitoring plan, and reporting process. The 

nutrient TMDLs in the mainstem have had an active allocation and BMAP development 

process for several years, which includes input from local stakeholders. The mainstem 

nutrient BMAP is projected to be complete in 2008. The tributary BMAP process for fecal 

coliform impairments began in 2006 and is expected to be complete in 2009. BMAPs are 
 

Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 1-2 August 2008

adopted by Florida Department of Environmental Protection Secretarial Order and are 

legally enforceable; they are also linked to permits, such as wastewater treatment facility 

and municipal separate storm sewer system (MS4) permits, where applicable. 

The TMDLs and BMAPs are revised in a five-year cycle and will be updated based on the 

river’s response and state water quality standards. This SWIM plan update and the projects 

described support the implementation of these BMAPs through the promotion of scientific 

knowledge about the river and its processes, ecological restoration efforts, and training local 

stakeholders about best management practices (BMPs) and load reductions that are 

needed to achieve the TMDLs. This SWIM plan and its projects are linked to the TMDLs as 

the TMDL efforts help to focus management efforts on load reductions. 

1.2 Evolution of the Lower St. Johns River Basin SWIM Plan 

The main purpose of this document is to provide an update of the 1993 LSJRB SWIM Plan 

and its programs and projects since 1993. As such, the content is focused on progress since 

1993, any programmatic changes that have occurred, and what is planned for the next five 

years. 

The reader is advised to have a copy of the 1993 LSJRB SWIM Plan as a reference. There 

are frequent references to the 1993 LSJRB SWIM Plan throughout this update. Other 

documents useful as technical references include the 2003 Florida Department of 

Environmental Protection (FDEP) Lower St. Johns River Basin Status Report, the 2003 

FDEP Middle St. Johns River Basin Status Report, and the St. Johns River Water 

Management District’s individual reconnaissance reports specific to the Lower and Middle 

St. Johns River basins on biology, hydrology, and sediments. 

The most obvious change from the 1993 LSJRB SWIM Plan is the layout of the plan. This 

update has an initiative-based organization versus a focus on the geographic subbasins of 

the previous plan. The original 1993 LSJRB SWIM Plan was organized by subbasin and 

then by subprogram. This document, however, is organized by SJRWMD’s programs and 

initiatives: Water Quality; Biological Health; Sediment Management; Toxic Contaminants 

Remediation; Public Education; and Intergovernmental Coordination. 

 

The Water Quality Initiative was previously referred to as the Point/Nonpoint Source 

Subprogram. The Biological Health Initiative was referred to as the Natural Systems 

Subprogram. The Sediment Management and Toxic Contaminants Remediation initiatives 

were previously part of the Point/Nonpoint Source and Natural Systems Subprograms. The 

Public Education Initiative was called the Public Awareness/Environmental Education 

Subprogram. The Intergovernmental Coordination Initiative was referred to as the 

Interagency Coordination Subprogram. 

This document also addresses the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA’s) nine 

elements of a comprehensive watershed plan, which are 

1. Identification of causes of impairment and pollutant sources or groups of similar 

sources that need to be controlled to achieve needed load reductions, and any other 

goals identified in the watershed plan [See Appendix A for permitted discharges and 

chapter 2 for land use changes.] 
 

Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 1-3 August 2008

2. An estimate of the load reductions expected from management measures [See 

Appendix C, Allocation Table for the Lower St. Johns River Mainstem Nutrient 

TMDL, and descriptions of completed and future projects in chapter 3.] 

3. A description of the management measures that will need to be implemented to 

achieve load reductions in paragraph 2, and a description of the critical areas in 

which those measures will be needed to implement this plan [See chapter 3 for 

complete descriptions of management programs in the LSJRB and chapter 5 for 

management programs in Lake George.] 

4. Estimate of the amounts of technical and financial assistance needed, associated 

costs, and/or the sources and authorities that will be relied upon to implement this 

plan [See chapter 4 for estimated project budgets for the LSJRB and chapter 5 for 

estimated budgets for Lake George projects.] 

5. An information and education component used to enhance public understanding of 

the project and encourage their early and continued participation in selecting, 

designing, and implementing the nonpoint source management measures that will be 

implemented [See chapter 3 for LSJRB public education program description and 

chapter 5 for a description of public education efforts related to Lake George.] 

6. Schedule for implementing the management measures identified in this plan that is 

reasonably expeditious [See chapters 4 and 5 for a description of the projects and 

funding that are necessary. See milestone schedules in chapter 3 for the LSJRB and 

chapter 5 for Lake George.] 

7. A description of interim measurable milestones for determining whether management 

measures or other control actions are being implemented [See chapters 4 and 5 for a 

description of the projects and funding that are necessary. See project dates and 

descriptions in chapter 3 for the LSJRB and chapter 5 for Lake George.] 

8. A set of criteria that can be used to determine whether loading reductions are being 

achieved over time and substantial progress is being made toward attaining water 

quality standards [See Appendix B for a description of the state’s TMDL program and 

Appendix C for the LSJRB mainstem nutrient TMDL allocation table.] 

9. A monitoring component to evaluate the effectiveness of the implementation efforts 

over time, measured against the criteria established under item 8 immediately above 

[See program initiative descriptions contained in chapters 3 and 5 for the LSJRB and 

Lake George respectively. Also, see project summary tables in Appendix F.] 

Although including these elements is not essential for a SWIM plan, having all these 

elements incorporated into the watershed plan helps to make the projects detailed in this 

update eligible for federal Section 319 funding. As funding availability is often the major 

limitation to project implementation, this update is structured to ensure the maximum 

eligibility of funding from federal sources. Appendix D details which entities in the LSJRB 

and Lake George Basin have stormwater master plans and whether these plans meet the 

EPA criteria to receive Section 319 funding. 

1.3 Issues, Goals, and Objectives 

The management issues have not changed substantially since the 1993 LSJRB SWIM Plan. 

Please refer to chapter 3 of the 1993 LSJRB SWIM Plan, pp. 43–62, for a discussion of the 

issues. Since 1993, many of the issues have been further refined through scientific 
 

Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 1-4 August 2008

investigation, new management techniques, and remediation efforts. These advances will 

be apparent to the reader upon further review of this 2008 LSJRB SWIM Plan Update. 

Of the four major goals in the 1993 LSJRB SWIM Plan (chapter 1, pp. 6–7), only Goal 1 was 

revised to clarify the designated use classifications to be met. The four goals are as follows: 

Previous Goal 1 (1993 LSJRB SWIM Plan): Restore and protect the basin’s 

surface water quality Class III or better (Chapter 373.451, F.S.). 

New Goal 1: Restore and protect the basin’s surface water quality to meet state 

designated use classifications.

Goal 2: Restore and protect natural systems associated with the basin’s surface 

waters. 

Goal 3: Increase public awareness of water resource problems in the basin to 

generate public support for restoration and protection efforts. 

Goal 4: Enhance interagency coordination and management of water resources 

throughout the basin. 

In addition to the previous goals, the two management issues of sediments and toxic 

contaminants were determined to be important enough to warrant their own goals. 

Previously, these issues were included with the water quality and natural systems goals. 

Although all of these resources and their management are interrelated, the technical 

community felt that these topics warranted their own specific goals, objectives, and 

strategies. Therefore, this 2008 LSJRB SWIM Plan Update includes separate sections on 

sediment management and toxic contaminants, which have the following goals associated 

with them: 

New Goal 5: Implement erosion and sediment management to protect and improve 

living resources and water quality in the LSJRB. 

New Goal 6: Protect living resources in the LSJRB from toxic pollution to ensure 

protection and propagation of healthy and well-balanced communities. 

Once the goals were updated, the original set of objectives (1993 LSJRB SWIM Plan, 

chapter 4, pp. 64–95) were reviewed and updated as well. The revised objectives reflect 

how the programs have evolved since 1993 and are now organized to highlight the sediment 

management and toxic contaminants remediation objectives as well. The revised set of 

objectives is presented in Table 1-1 along with their corresponding goals. 

Table 1-1: SWIM Plan Goals and Objectives 

1993 SWIM Objectives 2008 SWIM Objectives 

Water Quality Initiative 

Goal 1. Restore and protect the basin’s surface water quality to meet state designated use 

classifications.

y Develop basin-specific limitations for discharges 

regulated by the St. Johns River Water Management 

District. Through scientific investigations, determine 

the adequacy of existing water quality standards and 

y Support development and implementation of 

PLRGs and TMDLs. 

y Conserve freshwater resources and protect 

surface waters. 
 

Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 1-5 August 2008

1993 SWIM Objectives 2008 SWIM Objectives 

criteria and water management programs for 

restoring and protecting the health of the lower St. 

Johns River system. Recommend changes in the 

rules of other agencies as appropriate. Develop 

interim pollution load reduction goals (PLRGs) for 

priority subbasins by 1994. Develop a schedule for 

basinwide numeric PLRGs for inclusion in the 1996 

revision of the LSJRB SWIM Plan. 

y Conserve freshwater resources and protect 

surface waters. 

y Increase compliance with existing resource 

protection regulations. Bring all sources into 

compliance by 1995. 

y Develop a better understanding of specific basin 

management needs. Develop management 

improvements for specific geographic areas. Provide 

ongoing technical support for resolution of specific 

policy issues. Implement restoration and protection 

plans for surface water quality, sediments, and 

aquatic populations in the LSJRB. 

y Evaluate historical water chemistry data to 

describe trends in point- and nonpoint source 

pollution and effects on surface waters. 

y Provide an up-to-date description of the water 

chemistry characteristics of the LSJRB. 

y Determine the causes and effects of point- and 

nonpoint source pollution on water quality. 

y Select or modify the water quality assessment 

methods that will be used for water quality data 

collection and analysis. 

y Increase compliance with existing resource 

protection regulations. Bring all sources into 

compliance by 2012. 

y Provide ongoing technical support for resolution of 

specific policy issues. Implement restoration and 

protection plans for surface water quality, sediments, 

and aquatic populations in the LSJR B. 

y Continue to evaluate historical water chemistry 

data to describe trends in ambient water quality as 

well as point-source and nonpoint source pollution to 

evaluate effects and interrelationships. 

y Select or modify the water quality assessment 

methods that will be used for water quality data 

collection and analysis. 

Biological Health Initiative

Goal 2. Restore and protect natural systems associated with the basin’s surface waters.

y Evaluate historical biological data to describe 

aquatic communities in the basin and their 

responses to point- and nonpoint source pollution. 

y Provide biological data that will be used to evaluate 

the effects of point and nonpoint source pollution on 

the basin’s aquatic communities. 

y Select and/or modify the bioassessment methods 

that will be used for evaluating the effects of pointand nonpoint source pollution on aquatic 

communities. 

y Determine the cause-effect relationships of pointand nonpoint source pollution on aquatic 

communities. Use this information in restoration and 

protection plans. 

y Develop a database on landscape characteristics 

for SJRWMD’s geographic information system. 

Provide resource managers with easily accessible 

information. (This objective has been accomplished 

since 1993). 

y Provide revised performance standards and 

Management and Storage of Surface Water (MSSW) 

and Dredge and Fill (D&F) rule criteria as necessary 

y Provide biological data to perform trend analysis 

and evaluate responses to point and nonpoint 

pollution on the basin’s living resources. 

y Select and/or modify the bioassessment methods 

that will be used for evaluating the effects of pointand nonpoint source pollution on the basin’s living 

resources. 

y Establish benchmark restoration goals for the 

restoration of living resources in the basin. 

y Establish critical habitat requirements to restore 

and support living resources within the basin. 

y Investigate the causes of hazardous algal blooms 

(HAB) and the effects of HABs on other living 

resources. 

y Protect and restore natural systems through 

acquisition and management of protected lands. 
 

Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 1-6 August 2008

1993 SWIM Objectives 2008 SWIM Objectives 

to protect natural systems. (This objective has been 

accomplished since 1993). 

y Protect natural systems through the purchase and 

management of wetlands and adjacent uplands. 

y Describe the extent of wetlands, nursery areas, 

and special habitats throughout the basin. (This 

objective is superseded by new or revised 

objectives). 

y Provide an evaluation of losses related to 

wetlands, nursery areas, and special habitats. 

Assess the effectiveness of existing regulatory and 

management policies for the protection and 

restoration of natural systems. (This objective is 

superseded by new or revised objectives)

y Provide technical support for regulatory and 

management programs affecting the basin’s natural 

systems. (Moved to Intergovernmental 

Coordination). 

Public Education Initiative 

Goal 3. Increase public awareness of water resource problems in the basin to generate public 

support for restoration and protection efforts.

y Increase public awareness of [the] importance [of] 

water resources, problems affecting these 

resources, and restoration/protection efforts in the 

lower basin. 

y Increase the public’s knowledge and 

understanding of the St. Johns River ecosystem and 

actions needed to address its problems. 

y Increase public awareness of the importance of 

water resources, problems affecting these 

resources, and restoration/protection efforts in the 

lower basin. 

y Increase the public’s knowledge and 

understanding of the St. Johns River ecosystem and 

actions needed to address its problems. 

Intergovernmental Coordination Initiative

Goal 4. Enhance interagency coordination and management of water resources throughout the 

basin.

y Establish administrative frameworks, interagency 

agreements, and technical linkages required to 

improve interagency coordination and management 

of the basin’s surface waters and associated natural 

systems. 

y Establish priorities for action based on political, 

governmental, and public input. Address the needs 

of the lower basin as a whole and specific needs 

related to the three planning regions and individual 

management units (subbasins). 

y Provide technical support for regulatory and 

management programs affecting the basin’s natural 

systems. (Previously listed in Natural Systems 

section)

y Establish administrative frameworks, interagency 

agreements, and technical linkages required to 

improve interagency coordination and management 

of the basin’s surface waters and associated natural 

systems. 

y Establish priorities for action based on political, 

governmental, and public input. Address the needs 

of the lower basin as a whole and specific needs 

related to the three planning regions and individual 

management units (subbasins). 

y Provide technical support for regulatory and 

management programs affecting the basin’s natural 

systems. 

Sediment Management Initiative

Goal 5. Erosion and sediment management to protect and improve living resources and water 

quality in the LSJRB.

y Evaluate historical sediment data to describe the 

effects of point- and nonpoint source pollution on 

sediment quality. 

y Select or modify the sediment evaluation methods 

that will be used for sediment data collection and 

analysis. 

y Identify the primary causes and sources of 

sedimentation in the LSJRB. 

y Reduce the primary causes and sources of 

sedimentation in the LSJRB. 

y Encourage the development and implementation of 

new and better technology and BMPs to reduce 
 

Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 1-7 August 2008

1993 SWIM Objectives 2008 SWIM Objectives 

y Provide an up-to-date description of sediment 

conditions as they are related to point- and nonpoint 

source pollution problems. 

y Determine the causes and effects of point- and 

nonpoint source pollution problems [on sediment 

conditions]. 

sedimentation at the source. 

y Improve compliance with existing regulations and 

requirements regarding BMPs at construction sites, 

and NPDES regulations, such as adherence to the 

stormwater pollution prevention plan. 

y Reduce adverse impacts from dewatering 

operations (pumping muddy water into drainage 

systems, streams, and surface waters) 

Toxic Contaminants Remediation Initiative

Goal 6. Protect living resources in the Lower St. Johns River Basin from toxic pollution to ensure 

protection and propagation of healthy and well-balanced communities.

No objectives specific to toxic contaminants were 

included in the 1993 LSJRB SWIM Plan.

y Identify and reduce point- and nonpoint sources of 

toxic contamination in the LSJRB to levels that will 

ensure protection and propagation of aquatic living 

resources. 

y Determine the fate and effects of toxic 

contaminants on natural systems and living 

resources in the LSJRB. 

y Remediate toxic contamination in LSJRB 

sediments to Florida Sediment Quality Guidelines, or 

to levels that will ensure protection and proliferation 

of living resources. 

y Select or modify the toxic contaminant evaluation 

methods that will be used for toxic contaminant data 

collection and analysis. 

y Evaluate contaminant data and describe conditions 

of natural habitats and living resources to guide 

contaminant assessment and planning. 

1.4 Relationship to Other Programs and Plans 

1.4.1 State Programs 

FDEP/SJRWMD Partnership — The Florida Water Resources Act, Chapter 373, F.S., 

established a permit system regulating consumptive use of water based on reasonablebeneficial use. The law provided a two-tiered administrative structure headed at the state 

level by the Department of Natural Resources and at the regional level by five water 

management districts mainly based on hydrologic rather than political boundaries. The law 

required each water management district to formulate a water shortage plan and to establish 

minimum flows and levels for groundwater. In 1993, the Florida Legislature combined the 

Departments of Natural Resources and Environmental Regulation into a single agency, the 

FDEP, and empowered this new department to focus its resources on managing entire 

ecosystems. FDEP and the water management districts jointly implement a broad range of 

interrelated planning, regulatory, and management programs pertaining to water supply, 

flood protection, water quality, and protection of natural systems. Pursuant to the legislative 

intent expressed in Chapter 373, F.S., FDEP regulatory functions increasingly have been 

delegated to the water management districts, but regulation of point-source pollution 

discharges remains primarily at the state level. 

State Comprehensive Plan — The 1972 Comprehensive Planning Act required the 

development and legislative adoption of a state comprehensive plan. In 1985, the 

Legislature adopted the plan as Chapter 187, F.S., containing a Water Resources Policy 

statement that “Florida shall assure the availability of an adequate supply of water for all 
 

Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 1-8 August 2008

competing uses deemed reasonable and beneficial and shall maintain the functions of 

natural systems and the overall present level of surface and groundwater quality. Florida 

shall improve and restore the quality of waters not presently meeting water quality 

standards.” 

Aquatic Preserve Offices — The 1975 Legislature passed the Aquatic Preserves Act, 

beginning a statewide system of aquatic areas to receive special state protection and 

management. 

State Water Policy — The Department of Environmental Regulation (now FDEP) adopted 

the State Water Policy Rule in 1981, which for the first time provided water policy goals, 

objectives, and guidance for the development and review of programs, rules, and plans 

related to water resources. 

District Water Management Plans and Florida Water Plan — In 1988, FDEP and the 

water management districts began a coordinated statewide water resource planning 

initiative involving broad participation by federal, state, and local agencies and private 

interests. In 1994, comprehensive District Water Management Plans were completed for 

each region of the state. These plans provided for the first time a regional view of each 

district’s water resources, focusing on bringing together programs relating to water supply, 

flood protection, water quality, and natural systems. 

In 1995, FDEP adopted the Florida Water Plan, which builds upon the regional plans and 

provides intergovernmental strategies for addressing priority statewide issues. The legal 

basis for these efforts was strengthened in 1995 when, after two years of administrative 

challenges, major revisions became effective for the Water Resources Implementation Rule, 

Chapter 62-40, F.A.C. The purpose of this rule is “... to provide water policy goals, 

objectives, and guidance for the development of programs, rules, and plans relating to water 

resources, as expressed in Chapter 187, 373, and 403, F.S.” Collectively, these planning 

and rule advancements established the practical administrative and program management 

tools needed to ensure consistent statewide implementation of Florida’s water laws along 

with the flexibility needed to address regional problems. 

1.4.2 Federal Plans and Programs 

EPA National Pollution Discharge Elimination System Program — Water pollution 

degrades surface waters making them unsafe for drinking, fishing, swimming, and other 

activities. As authorized by the Clean Water Act, the National Pollutant Discharge 

Elimination System (NPDES) permit program controls water pollution by regulating point 

sources that discharge pollutants into waters of the United States. Point sources are 

discrete conveyances such as pipes or man-made ditches. Individual homes that are 

connected to a municipal system, use a septic system, or do not have a surface discharge 

do not need an NPDES permit; however, industrial, municipal, and other facilities must 

obtain permits if their discharges go directly to surface waters. In Florida, the NPDES permit 

program is administered by the FDEP. Since its introduction in 1972, the NPDES permit 

program is responsible for significant improvements to our nation's water quality. 

In the LSJRB, most NPDES permits are administered by the FDEP-Northeast District Office 

based in Jacksonville. This office issues permits for industrial and wastewater discharges 

and wetland mitigation requirements, including the uniform mitigation assessment method. 

As the administrator, the FDEP conducts compliance inspections and handles enforcement 
 

Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 1-9 August 2008

for permit holders in its region. MS4 permits are administered through the Tallahassee office 

of FDEP and its contractors. 

The NPDES permit program is essential to the management of pollutant loads to the 

LSJRB. It is also essential to protect wetlands for their habitat, flood control, and water 

quality benefits. The NPDES program controls the flows and concentrations of discharges to 

the lower St. Johns River and provides a legal mechanism to directly implement new TMDLbased discharge limits directed by the BMAPs. Monitoring and enforcement of discharges is 

essential to meeting the TMDLs for many types of impairments. If the science and 

restoration projects details in this 2008 LSJRB SWIM plan are to be effective, pollution 

sources to the river must be controlled to safe levels and to restore the health of the LSJRB. 

The Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve — In 1988 Congress created Timucuan 

Ecological and Historic Preserve as part of the National Park System. TIMU was created to 

“preserve certain wetlands and historic and prehistoric sites in the St. Johns River Valley” 

and to protect the many cultural resources present at the park. 

Approximately three-quarters of the park consist of inland waterways and wetlands that form 

an estuarine system of salt marsh, coastal hammock, and marine and brackish waters. The 

park is bounded by the Atlantic Ocean and Little Talbot Island to the east, the Nassau River 

in the north, and the St. John’s River in the south. Pearson Island, Fanning Island, and the 

northern portion of Black Hammock Island are three small areas in the park that are heavily 

developed. These areas within the park boundary are not considered part of the preserve. 

Timucuan Preserve encompasses approximately 46,000 acres that include the seaward 

confluence of the Nassau and St. Johns rivers. These rivers form an extensive estuarine 

system dominated by salt marsh and coastal hammock habitat, and marine and brackish 

open waters. These wetlands and waterways are notable for several reasons: both rivers 

are unusual in that they discharge directly into the Atlantic Ocean rather than into an 

embayment as is typical of most estuaries; the St. Johns River flows northward through one 

of the most heavily industrialized areas of Florida; the Nassau River is the only major 

drainage on the east coast of Florida not channelized or stabilized by engineering structures 

(except for a recent jetty at the south end of Amelia Island). The estuary is the largest 

marsh-estuarine system on the east coast of Florida and is the only example of an Atlantic 

Sea Island estuarine system in Florida. The estuary is one of the most productive in Florida, 

based on commercial landings of fin-fish and the area provides habitat for several state and 

federally-listed rare, threatened, or endangered species. Lands and waters in the preserve 

are owned by the federal government, the state of Florida, the city of Jacksonville, non-profit 

organizations, and private individuals. 

Because the preserve is largely a hydrological phenomenon (75% wetlands and open 

waters), water-related issues naturally predominate. For that reason, land use with and 

adjacent to the preserve, as well as land use anywhere in the watersheds, connected by 

either groundwater or surface water has the potential to affect the preserve. For example, 

varied land use results in: (1) severe water pollution in many St. Johns tributaries upstream 

of the preserve; (2) elevated metal concentrations in upstream sediments of the St. Johns 

River; (3) industrial effluent (especially from pulp and paper mills ) input upstream of the 

preserve; (4) the propensity of malfunctioning septic systems within and upstream of the 

preserve. 
 

Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 1-10 August 2008

The National Park Service (NPS) is a cooperative partner of the Three Rivers Conservation 

Coalition. Other partners include FDEP State Parks system, FDEP Coastal and Aquatic 

Managed Areas (CAMA), and the Nature Conservancy. This partnership was established 

with the purpose of preserving water quality, providing assistance and coordination of data 

collection within and adjacent to the Timucuan Preserve. An ongoing priority of the Three 

Rivers Conservation Coalition is to be more proactive in reviewing plans and interacting with 

local governments to ensure that planning efforts help protect water quality. 

NPS is also an active player in collecting water quality data with the city of Jacksonville and 

the Nassau-St. Johns River Aquatic Preserve. Every two months, the city of Jacksonville 

monitors ambient water quality at 12 stations within the preserve. The NPS provides field 

support as needed, as well as funding for the monitoring of chlorophyll a. 

Finally, as one of the landowners/managers in the LSJRB, the NPS is proactive in reviewing 

all zoning changes and reviewing dock permits, general development plans, and the 

management plans of other agencies to ensure water quality protection standards. 

American Heritage River Program — The entire St. Johns River, including the LSJRB , 

was officially designated an American Heritage River by President Clinton on July 30, 1998, 

in recognition of its ecological, historic, economic, and cultural significance. This designation 

resulted in a formal agreement that the signatory partners (federal agencies, state agencies, 

and the river community) would work together to preserve and enhance the water quality, 

and ecological and cultural resources along the St. Johns River, to stimulate economic 

revitalization, and to cooperate with other state, local, and federal agencies to serve their 

common interest in the St. Johns River. Federal agencies entered into this agreement for all 

the purposes stated above, to the extent allowed by law and agency policy, including 

staffing and funding. 

The American Heritage Rivers initiative is intended to help river communities seek federal 

assistance and other resources to meet challenges related to river restoration. Without any 

new regulations on private property owners, state, local, and tribal governments, the 

American Heritage Rivers initiative is about making more efficient and effective use of 

existing federal resources, cutting red-tape, and lending a helping hand. 

Through this agreement and implementation efforts, a steering committee was formed to 

guide river-wide efforts and improve coordination among local stakeholders. In support of 

these efforts a 2003 River Summit was held to discuss economic and environmental issues 

that affect the entire river. As a result of the community input at the River Summit, a highlevel working group was formed that included local government officials, nonprofits 

organizations, civic leaders, and key agencies. The working group endorsed a report called 

the “St. Johns River Restoration Strategy” in May 2003. Among other recommendations, the 

report called for the creation of a river-wide nonprofit organization that supported the goals 

of the American Heritage River Initiative and the objectives identified at the River Summit. 

Based on this report and recommendations, the St. Johns River Alliance was formed. 

As of 2007, the St. Johns River Alliance has an active Board of Directors and a list of 

projects that promote river restoration, public awareness, public access, and economic links 

to river health. The St. Johns River Alliance is supported by funding from the municipalities 

in the St. Johns River watershed and through some private support. The Alliance has 

created a unique forum for the key stakeholders such as citizens groups, local governments, 
 

Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 1-11 August 2008

and natural resource management agencies to share information and to promote efforts 

along the entire river. 

1.4.3 Other Agencies and Local Governments 

The following table provides a list of the types of agencies involved in water management at 

all levels of government and the responsibilities of each entity. 

Table 1-2: Agencies Responsible for Water Management 

FEDERAL 

Department of Commerce 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 

• Weather forecasting and climate change 

• Coastal ecosystems 

• Fisheries

Environmental Protection Agency 

• Implementation of programs under the Clean Water Act and the Safe Drinking Water Act, 

Superfund, and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act 

Department of the Interior 

U.S. Geological Survey 

• Assessment of quantity and quality of the nation’s water resources, includes National WaterQuality Assessment Program 

• Biological Resources Division, includes National Wetlands Research Center 

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 

• Endangered species, migratory birds, certain marine mammals, and freshwater and 

anadromous fish 

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 

• River and harbor navigation 

• Flood control 

• Hydroelectric power 

• Environmental restoration 

• Wetland permitting 

Department of Agriculture 

Natural Resources Conservation Service 

• Programs to reduce erosion and to conserve and protect water 

• National Resources Inventory 

• Wetlands Reserve Program 

Federal Emergency Management Agency 

• Flood zone mapping 

• National Flood Insurance Program 

• Disaster relief 

STATE 

Executive Office of the Governor 

• Coordination of interagency review of development projects and grant applications 

• Review of water management district budgets 

• Appointment of water management district Governing Board members 
 

Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 1-12 August 2008

Department of Environmental Protection 

• Water Resources Implementation Rule 

• Florida Water Plan 

• Pollution control permitting and monitoring 

• Ecosystem management and restoration 

• Water quality standards 

• Solid and hazardous waste management 

• Aquatic weed control 

• Administration of SWIM and Preservation 2000 funds 

• Mine reclamation management 

• Marine resources 

Department of Community Affairs 

• Areas of Critical State Concern 

• Developments of Regional Impact review 

• Coastal management 

• Emergency management coordination and disaster relief 

Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission 

• Research and manage habitats to maintain the long-term well-being of fish and wildlife 

resources 

• Assess development impacts on habitats 

Department of Health 

• Protect public health, related to solid waste disposal, septic tanks, and drinking water 

Public Service Commission 

• Private water and sewage utility rate structures and approval 

Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services 

• Development of agricultural and silvicultural BMPs for protection of water resources 

• Regulation of pesticide and fertilizer use 

REGIONAL 

Water Management Districts 

• District water management plans 

• Regional water supply plans 

• Water resources development 

• Water supply assistance to local governments 

• Flood protection and emergency response 

• Stormwater management 

• Natural system protection and restoration 

• Consumptive use permitting 

• Water well construction 

• Environmental Resource Permitting (ERP) Program 

• SWIM plans 

• Land acquisition for conservation and recreation 

• Water shortage orders 

Regional Planning Councils 

• Developments of Regional Impact review 

• Growth management coordination 

• Surface water quality planning and studies 

• Development of regional policy plans that provide guidelines for local comprehensive plans 

• Hurricane evacuation planning and mapping 

Water Supply Authorities 

• Water distribution 

• Development of regional sources 
 

Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 1-13 August 2008

LOCAL 

City and County Governments 

• Water supply development 

• Local environmental controls and monitoring 

• Building codes, zoning, and land use 

• Drinking water and wastewater services 

• Growth management and comprehensive planning 

• Land acquisition and management 

• Emergency preparedness 

• Public utility protection (water, sewer, solid waste) 

• Stormwater management 

• Water conservation programs 

• Emergency water restrictions 

Special Districts 

• Operation, maintenance of local surface water management systems (chapter 298 districts, 

others) 

Source: Water Resources Atlas of Florida, 1998 
 

Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 2-1 August 2008

2.0 DESCRIPTION OF THE LOWER ST. JOHNS RIVER BASIN 

2.1 Lower Basin Planning Units 

The LSJRB is made up of 11 smaller subbasins, also termed planning units (Figure 2-1). A 

planning unit is either an individual, usually large, primary tributary basin or a group of small 

adjacent primary tributary basins with similar characteristics. Since the 1993 LSJRB SWIM 

Plan, changes to subbasin delineations have occurred resulting in a decrease in the total 

number of planning units from 13 to 11. An explanation of why and how each planning unit 

was created can be found in Appendix B of SJRWMD technical report SJ97-1. Each of the 

basin’s planning units, according to the 1993 basin delineation, is described in the 1993 

LSJRB SWIM Plan, and includes discussions for the region’s hydrology, geology and 

groundwater resources, soils and related land uses, and water quality problems as they are 

related to historical and current land uses. 

2.2 The Lower Basin and How It Relates to the Lake George, Middle and 

Upper Basins 

The LSJRB is that portion of the St. Johns River that extends from the confluence of the St. 

Johns and Ocklawaha rivers near Welaka, north to the mouth of the St. Johns River at 

Mayport in Jacksonville (see Figure 2-2). It is an area of approximately 2,777 square miles 

and represents approximately 22 percent of the area within SJRWMD. The counties that 

largely occur within the basin boundary are Duval, Clay, St. Johns, Putnam, Flagler, and 

Volusia. 

Upstream of the LSJRB is the Lake George Basin. This area is the portion of the St. Johns 

River that begins at its confluence with the Wekiva River downstream of Lake Monroe and 

ends at its confluence with the Ocklawaha River and the beginning of the lower basin. The 

Lake George Basin includes the subbasins of Lake Woodruff, Alexander Springs, Lake Kerr, 

and Lake George itself. The entire Lake George Basin drainage area is 816 square miles 

and includes portions of Volusia, Marion, Lake and Putnam counties. Also upstream is the 

Ocklawaha Basin, which contributes flows into both the Lake George Basin and the LSJRB. 

Water flows from the Ocklawaha are affected by rainfall, land use changes, as well as by a 

large water control structure (the Rodman Dam). Water quality and hydrodynamics 

downstream in the Lake George Basin and the LSJRB are affected by the Ocklawaha’s 

water quality and the timing and quantity of water releases from the Rodman Dam. 

The Middle St. Johns River Basin extends from the inflow of the Econlockhatchee River 

upstream of Lake Harney northward to the confluence with the Wekiva River, just south of 

DeLand. The basin area encompasses over 1,200 square miles and sizable portions of 

Lake, Volusia, Seminole, and Orange counties, and much smaller parts of Marion and 

Brevard counties. The middle basin is comprised of a variety of landscapes, including highly 

urbanized areas such as the northeastern portion of Orlando, rapidly urbanizing areas such 

as Winter Park, as well as largely undeveloped areas such as the Deep Creek Basin. Lakes 

Jesup, Monroe, and Harney are the three major lakes in the basin. 

The Upper St. Johns River Basin extends from the headwaters of the St. Johns River in 

Indian River and Okeechobee counties to the confluence of the St. Johns and 

Econlockhatchee rivers in Seminole County. The 2,000-square-mile basin originally 

contained over 400,000 acres of floodplain marsh but has undergone significant changes 

during the 20th century that necessitated a massive flood control and wetland restoration 

project, which is nearly complete. 
 

Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 2-2 August 2008

Upstream sources of pollutants are a major concern in the lower basin. Substantial loads of 

nutrients and other contaminants originate in the middle basin and the Ocklawaha, and Lake 

George basins and then flow into the LSJRB. The St. Johns River from Lake George to the 

mouth exhibits a regular annual spike in nitrate–nitrite concentration starting in late summer 

and lasting through much of the winter. This increase could be due to several occurrences 

including (1) remineralization of phytoplankton organic matter; and (2) wet-season 

rehydration of riparian areas and the flushing of remineralized nitrogen from those areas. In 

spring and summer, competition for nitrogen by phytoplankton keeps nitrate–nitrite 

concentrations low. The river’s flow rate is highly variable and river water coming from the 

upstream basins can have long residence times and therefore be substantial sources of 

nutrients and sources for nutrient cycling. The Lake George Basin is considered a potential 

source of additional nutrients because of its own hydrodynamics, potential sediment sources 

and long residence time, and may add to the nutrient loads from the middle basin flows. 

Therefore, the upstream basins have a strong influence on the water quantity and quality 

coming into the lower basin and have a substantial influence on biological resources and 

human uses in the LSJRB. Management of resources in the lower basin needs to be related 

to the upstream inputs and consideration of changes occurring upstream. 
 

Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 2-3 August 2008

Figure 2-1: Planning Units of the Lower St. Johns River Basin 
 

Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 2-4 August 2008

Figure 2-2: The Lower, Middle, and Upper St. Johns River Basins 
 

Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 2-5 August 2008

2.3 Population Trends 

Table 2-1 lists historical, current, and projected population figures for the basin’s counties 

and major cities. Duval is the most densely populated county in the basin, with the majority 

of the population associated with the city of Jacksonville. The city of Jacksonville together 

with northern portions of Clay and St. Johns counties comprise the greater metropolitan 

Jacksonville area and have a combined population of close to 1 million. Flagler, Clay, and 

St. Johns counties have experienced the greatest population growth in the basin since the 

1950s, with a fivefold to tenfold increase. Flagler continues to be the state’s fastest-growing 

county, although growth in the 1990s (73.6 percent) was slower than in the preceding 

decades (145 percent in the 1970s and 165 percent in the 1980s). Since 1990, St. Johns 

County has ranked as the seventh fastest-growing county in Florida. 

Table 2-1: Lower St. Johns River Basin Population Statistics 

County 1950 Census 

Population 

1990 Census 

Population 

2000 Census 

Population 

2020 Projected 

Population 

Duval County 304,029 672,971 778,879 972,675 

St. Johns County 24,998 83,829 123,135 200,629 

Clay County 14,323 105,986 140,814 208,212 

Putnam County 23,614 65,070 70,423 80,614 

Volusia County 74,229 370,712 443,343 583,387 

Flagler County 3,367 28,701 49,832 92,340 

Total 444,560 1,327,269 1,606,426 2,137,857 

Source data: FDEP 2003 Lower St. Johns Basin Status Report 

The Northeast Florida Regional Planning Council identified census tracts in the region with 

the highest and lowest rates of population change. In the LSJRB, the areas with the greatest 

population increase include all of Flagler County, Kingsley Lake to Lake Lowery, south of 

Doctors Lake, south of Julington/Durbin Creeks, Clay County west of the town of Orange 

Park, and southeast Jacksonville/Duval County (south and east of the St. Johns River). The 

greatest declines in population have occurred west of the St. Johns River in the city of 

Jacksonville. 

2.4 Land Use 

Prominent types of land use in the basin are urban and built-up, upland forest, wetlands, 

and agriculture. Most urban and built-up land is concentrated in Jacksonville/Duval County 

and Palatka. Continued residential expansion is projected in southeast Duval, northern St. 

Johns, and Clay counties. With the widening of State Road (SR) 207 and the addition of 

central sewer and water, increased residential and commercial development is expected in 

East Palatka. Most upland forest consists of pine plantation or silviculture (23 percent) and 

is distributed fairly evenly throughout the basin. A breakout of basinwide land uses can be 

found in Appendix F of the FDEP 2003 Lower St. Johns Basin Status Report. 

The Trail Ridge along the basin’s northwestern boundary is the site of heavy mineral mining, 

primarily for titanium. Other heavy mineral deposits can be found in ancient beach ridges in 

southeastern Clay and northeastern Putnam counties. Sand and gravel are also mined on 

the sandy ridges in Clay and western Putnam counties. Additional tracts of land are 

designated for mining in Putnam and Clay counties. 

Agriculture land use is concentrated in Flagler, St. Johns, and Putnam counties, known as 

the Tri-County Agricultural Area (TCAA). This region is located along the eastern shoreline 
 

Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 2-6 August 2008

of the lower St. Johns River and covers a total area of 376,000 acres, of which 32,000 acres 

are irrigated row cropland (primarily potatoes, cabbage, and sod) and 8,200 acres are 

pastureland. Ferneries and other nurseries are concentrated just south of Crescent Lake 

and are largely outside the basin. 

Various types of publicly owned lands in the basin include state parks, preserves, wildlife 

management areas, and state forests (Figure 2-3). The better known areas include Haw 

Creek State Preserve, Gold Head Branch State Park, Ravine State Gardens, Timucuan

Ecological and Historic Preserve, Jennings State Forest, Fort Caroline National Memorial, 

Camp Blanding Military Reservation, and Camp Blanding Wildlife Management Area. 

2.4.1 Projected Future Land Use Changes 

Silviculture has historically dominated the LSJRB. However, agricultural, industrial, and 

urban development has been increasing throughout the basin. Rapid urbanization has been 

occurring in the northern portion of the basin, which includes Jacksonville, Orange Park, and 

Middleburg. Land use in this area is characterized by development, including residential 

dwellings and high-intensity commercial and industrial activity. The majority (64 to 82 

percent) of this land use drains to the oligohaline and meso-polyhaline reaches of the 

LSJRB. In contrast, the southern portion of the basin is largely rural, with forestry and row 

crop agriculture predominating. The majority (62 to 98 percent) of land use in this area 

drains to the fresh tidal, lacustrine reach of the LSJRB. 
 

Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 2-7 August 2008

Figure 2-3: Land Use in the Lower St. Johns River Basin 
 

Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 2-8 August 2008

2.5 Geology and Groundwater Resources 

The geology and groundwater resources of the LSJRB are fully described in chapter 2 of the 

1993 LSJRB SWIM Plan on a planning region basis. For a detailed discussion of these 

resources please refer to that document. 

SJRWMD identified priority water resource caution areas (PWRCA), which are those areas 

where existing and reasonably anticipated sources of water and conservation efforts may 

not be adequate to (1) supply water for all existing legal uses and reasonably anticipated 

future needs, and (2) sustain the water resources and related natural systems. SJRWMD 

identified the PWRCAs based on the water resource constraints and the results of water 

use, groundwater, and surface water assessments. The PWRCAs comprise approximately 

39 percent of SJRWMD. 

Figure 2-4 illustrates PWRCAs within SJRWMD. In the LSJRB, the PWRCAs extend along 

the eastern shore of Crescent Lake. 

2.6 Hydrology 

Chapter 2 of the 1993 LSJRB SWIM Plan includes a discussion of monitoring stations from 

which hydrologic data was collected within the LSJRB. Several of these stations have 

become inactive since 1993 and are no longer generating hydrologic data. Similarly, other 

hydrologic stations have since become active providing new sources of data within the 

basin. A list of currently active hydrologic stations in the LSJRB is presented in Appendix E. 

Stations are grouped according to the planning unit in which they are located and 

characterized by the type of event it monitors (rainfall, stream flow/discharge, or stage/water 

level). Data from these stations will be used in water quality and hydrological evaluations. A 

more detailed overview of the surface water system and the existing rainfall and stream flow 

monitoring networks in the LSJRB can be found within the various hydrologic reports 

published electronically at the following Web link: 

http://www.sjrwmd.com/hydroconditionsreport/otherhydroreports.html. 
 

Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 2-9 August 2008

Figure 2-4: Priority Water Resource Caution Areas in SJRWMD 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 3-1 August 2008

3.0 MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS IN THE LOWER ST. JOHNS RIVER BASIN 

The management programs described in this section are organized by SJRWMD’s programs 

and initiatives: Water Quality; Biological Health; Sediment Management; Toxic Contaminants 

Remediation; Public Education; and Intergovernmental Coordination. Within each section are a 

number of strategies and objectives that direct the associated management projects toward the 

accomplishment of the initiative’s goals (see chapter 1). 

A list of management projects and descriptions is included in section 3.7: Past/Current Projects 

and Section 3.8: Future Projects. These projects are considered in terms of the strategy and 

management activity which they are designed to accomplish. Management activities include 

resource assessment, development of management tools, and implementation efforts. Appendix 

F contains a summary table of all management projects within the LSJRB. 

3.1 Water Quality Initiative 

At the time of the publication for the LSJRB SWIM Plan in 1993, water quality in many of the 

tributaries within the LSJRB, as well as considerable portions of the river itself, was significantly 

degraded. Agricultural and urban runoff had been identified as significant sources of nutrient, 

bacterial, and toxic contaminant pollution. Wastewater had also been identified as a significant 

source of pollution from both domestic and industrial sources. Since 1993, several major 

wastewater sources in the LSJRB began efforts to improve treatment levels to reduce the 

impacts to the river and its tributaries. These efforts included the elimination of many small 

wastewater package plants that had low levels of treatment and redirecting that wastewater to 

larger regional plants with higher treatment levels. The goal of these changes was to improve 

the quality of wastewater effluent discharged to both tributaries and the mainstem of the river 

and to reduce overall pollutant loads. 

The myriad of water quality problems that affected the LSJRB could be generalized into three 

categories in terms of their impacts and recovery strategies: (1) physical alteration of habitats 

through dredging, sedimentation, bulk-heading/shoreline hardening, and wetland riparian area 

destruction; (2) contamination from toxic metals and synthetic organic compounds from 

industrial point sources, urban runoff, illicit landfills and other sources; and (3) a degradation of 

the river and estuary symptomatic of excessive nutrient enrichment and eutrophication. 

Approaches to reversing habitat destruction and toxic contamination, discussed elsewhere in 

this plan, focus primarily on identification of problems areas and remediation. However, the 

approach to reversal of eutrophication had to be fundamentally different, as unlike the legacy 

problems of toxic contamination and physical habitat destruction, the causal factors of 

eutrophication were essentially poorly understood and unabated by permit limits. And while 

evidence of eutrophication was apparent based on correlated, indirect measures, no direct, 

defensible criteria existed for unique river estuaries such as the St. Johns River to identify 

impairment. Such scientifically-defensible targets, and the quantitative characterization of 

relationships between causal pollutants and these targets, are necessary components of 

restoration. 

By 1995, public agencies involved with issues of river water quality; Duval County Department 

of Bio-Environmental Services, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the U.S. Geological Survey, 

SJRWMD, and the FDEP; came to the general conclusion that a comprehensive examination of 

the LSJRB was necessary in order to define the sustainable limits of river pollution as it pertains 

to eutrophication. This effort evolved into three interrelated branches of investigation to 

determine: (1) the magnitude, timing, and spatial distribution of pollutants entering the river 

(including its tributary mouths below the head of tide), or the external pollutant load; (2) the 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 3-2 August 2008

hydrodynamic, or water circulation and salinity patterns of the river, that could be linked to a 

water quality model to assess the effect of this external pollutant load on the river; and (3) the 

nature of ecosystem alteration brought about by increased nutrient enrichment. Investigations 

under this latter category were essential to quantify specific, defensible water quality targets to 

protect the vital aquatic plant, animal, and ultimately human components of this river ecosystem. 

The effort to establish nutrient load limits for the St. Johns River gained considerable 

momentum during the second half of the 1990s, owing to several significant events. In 1998, the 

environmental group Earthjustice successfully sued the EPA over its failure to establish TMDLs, 

with the resulting consent agreement establishing a strict schedule to promulgate the nitrogen 

and phosphorus TMDLs for the lower St. Johns River. An upsurge in river resource protection 

interest by local environmental groups, such as the Stewards of the St. Johns River, the Putnam 

County Environmental Leaders Council, and later, the Riverkeeper organization, fueled intense 

scrutiny over impending permits and compliance infractions for surface water discharges. Also 

during this time, the specter of potable water shortages merged water quality and consumptive 

use concerns, as water managers began to endorse the complimentary goals of reducing 

surface water discharges and conserving treated wastewater to offset potable uses. 

This merger of ideas precipitated several strong political and agency alliances to define a path 

to recovery for the river, and the will and financial commitment to move forward with this plan 

was demonstrated at the first River Summit in October of 1997. The regular meetings of the 

LSJRB Water Quality Technical Advisory Committee at this time served a vital role for 

coordination of interagency activities, dissemination of research findings, and as a forum for 

industry, utility, and private citizen concerns. In large part, due to the resources applied through 

the St. Johns River initiative, the understanding of the hydrodynamics, water quality, and 

ecology of the LSJRB has advanced greatly since 1993. 

The TMDL, PLRG, and BMAP Processes 

The Federal Clean Water Act’s TMDL process has emerged as the framework for defining both 

the quantitative approach to river recovery and the paradigm for future reasonable and 

beneficial use determinations. Unlike the discharge and runoff permitting that preceded it, which 

allows for progressive increase in nutrient pollution, the TMDL approach embodies a 

sustainability concept that caps all loads at the assimilative capacity, defined by metrics of 

biological health. Once a TMDL is established, all reasonable and beneficial uses that lead to a 

nutrient load increase must somehow be offset to remain under this limit. 

Pollutant load reduction goals (PLRGs) have also been established to estimate the numerical 

reductions in pollutant loadings needed to preserve or restore designated uses of receiving 

water bodies consistent with applicable state water quality standards. TMDLs and PLRGs are 

closely linked in that TMDLs identify how much loading of a pollutant a water body can 

assimilate without exceeding water quality standards, while PLRGs identify how much existing 

loading must be reduced to reach that loading. Once the TMDL/PLRG is established, nutrient 

reductions are assigned to reduce inputs to the river to no more than its assimilative capacity. 

These reductions and the projects and programs to achieve them are outlined in a basin 

management action plan (BMAP). The purpose of the BMAP is to reduce and prevent pollutant 

discharges through various cost-effective projects and programs. Once the BMAP is adopted, 

the projects associated with load reductions are required either through permit or through the 

enforceability of the BMAP itself, which is adopted by the Secretary of the FDEP. 

Staff of the FDEP Division of Environmental Assessment and Restoration (previously the 

Division of Water Resource Management) and SJRWMD’s Department of Water Resources 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 3-3 August 2008

formally joined efforts to establish TMDLs and PLRGs for the LSJRB, and their joint plan of 

study identified the following needed research areas: (1) investigations into the internal cycling 

of nutrients and carbon in the river, including examinations of sediment and water column 

interactions, algal community composition, and the unique features of specific algal community 

nutrient assimilation, salinity tolerances, etc.; (2) an updated external load assessment, that 

would better differentiate anthropogenic loads from natural loads, would differentiate labile and 

refractory organic nutrients and carbon, and examine atmospheric deposition more closely; (3) 

coupled hydrodynamic and water quality modeling to enhance the understanding of river 

nutrient and organic carbon processing and transport and make possible scenario modeling to 

assess optimal nutrient reduction strategies; and (4) the development of specific water quality 

criteria for the lower St. Johns River, built around algal biomass limits for the river’s freshwater 

section, and dissolved oxygen targets for the marine reach. 

Research Findings 

The LSJRB Nutrient Pollution Load

Examinations of the external nutrient load to the lower St. Johns River were performed twice 

from 1993 to 2006. The “external” nutrient load refers to the mass load of water quality 

constituents relevant to eutrophication (nitrogen, phosphorus, and organic carbon forms) that 

enter the river from point sources, watershed runoff, upstream flow, and atmospheric deposition. 

The external load is a necessary first step in any examination of eutrophication, and can identify 

the spatial and temporal aspects of the major load contributors, and possible processes in the 

receiving water regarding the fate of this load. The first examination relied upon a 

comprehensive water quality sampling program for major domestic and industrial waste and a 

simple watershed model to estimate nonpoint source loads. This assessment revealed that 

point sources were categorically the largest source of nutrient load, a rather surprising finding 

that could be attributed to the fact that most domestic waste facilities treated only to secondary 

level, which, while exhibiting low levels of biochemical oxygen demand and high levels of 

disinfection, contained very high concentrations of inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus, forms 

readily available to algae. This first external load assessment also found that direct wet 

atmospheric deposition supplied a lower relative amount of nitrogen to the lower St. Johns 

River, roughly only 10 percent, than had been determined for other long-residence-time 

lagoonal estuaries of Florida, such as the Indian River Lagoon and Tampa Bay. 

The investigation of the external load was improved as part of the TMDL process to differentiate 

labile and refractory organic nitrogen and carbon forms, expand the temporal coverage, improve 

the responsiveness to long-term changes in rainfall patterns, and estimate natural background 

loads. The differentiation of labile and refractory organic nitrogen and carbon loads was a 

significant enhancement, as refractory forms that dominate natural sources in blackwater river 

systems are only slowly utilized within the receiving water and, hence, contribute only minimally 

to eutrophication. In this enhanced external load assessment, it was found that bioavailable 

(inorganic and labile nutrient forms that are readily assimilated for primary production) nitrogen 

and phosphorus loads had increased approximately seven-fold over background, predevelopment loads. Dairy and urban land development was found to greatly increase the 

relative proportions of labile organic nitrogen in nonpoint source runoff. Point sources were 

confirmed as significant contributors of nutrient load (and in the case of pulp mill effluent, 

organic carbon load also), particularly in the more densely populated marine reach. Urban and 

agricultural stormwater runoff was also confirmed as significant nutrient load contributors, but its 

relative impact was dependent upon the amount and timing of rainfall. 

A closer examination of the atmospheric deposition load to the lower St. Johns River was also 

performed at this time. Based on measured data from regional National Atmospheric Deposition 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 3-4 August 2008

monitoring stations, and ratios of wet to dry deposition observed for Tampa Bay, a mean wet 

and dry deposition for nitrogen of 6.13 kilograms per hectare per year (kg/ha/yr) was estimated 

for the LSJRB for 1995 through 1999. This exceeds the mean terrestrial biome deposition of 

2.34 kg/ha (range: 0.29–15.6 kg/ha) reported by a 1999 study. Relying on data collected from 

towers (to minimize surface interference) an average annual rate of phosphorus deposition of 

0.0825 kg/ha (dry deposition only) was estimated. These direct deposition rates were found to 

comprise 4 percent of the river’s bioavailable nitrogen load, and less than five-tenths of a 

percent of the phosphorus load. These very low relative rates were due to the relatively high 

flow of the St. Johns River when compared to lagoonal estuarine systems, where atmospheric 

deposition has been found to be a significant contributor, and to the magnitude of other 

anthropogenic sources. 

The LSJRB is differentiated into three ecological zones based on salinity (Figure 3-1): a tidally 

influenced, freshwater lacustrine zone that extends from the city of Palatka north to the city of 

Orange Park; a predominately oligohaline lacustrine zone extending from Orange Park 

northward to the Fuller Warren Bridge in Jacksonville; and a meso-polyhaline riverine zone from 

the Fuller Warren Bridge downstream to the mouth. 

LSJRB Hydrodynamics

Hydrodynamic and salinity modeling, along with the associated bathymetric, discharge, and tidal 

measurements in support of this, led to some of the most significant revelations regarding 

eutrophication in the lower St. Johns River. It was found that nontidal, meteorological events 

significantly affected the transport and migration of pollutants within the river. Net reverse flow 

from such events was found to persist often for many days and, at times, in excess of a week. 

This work also revealed that river residence times varied considerably but could, at times, be 

quite long, rendering the river like a lake and providing sufficient time for algal primary 

production to exploit nutrient pollution and form nuisance blooms. Also, because of the extreme 

tide range characteristic of the South Atlantic Bight (SAB), pollutants were rapidly mixed and 

transported from multiple sources, dispelling the downstream, one-dimensional flow concept 

typically invoked for rivers. This tidal mixing, coupled with the relatively long residence times of 

the inner shelf of the SAB, meant that the river, tide marsh, and shelf processes of the St. Johns 

River estuary were highly interrelated. 

The dramatic effect of river hydrodynamics and circulation patterns were demonstrated in the 

first two applications of the Sucsy and Morris model. In April 1997, a large rainfall episode led to 

the breach of an extremely dark, turbid 20-acre holding pond owned by the RGC Minerals and 

Mining Company in the upper reaches of Simms Creek (within the Etonia/Rice watershed). The 

flocculent, colloidal nature of the organic matter contained within the pond resulted in a massive, 

6,400-acre opaque slick in the St. Johns River that stretched 10 miles from the mouth of Rice 

Creek to Deep Creek. In the ensuing eight weeks, this massive plug advanced and retreated 

with several sustained tide reversals driven by episodic changes in ocean water level. In 1998, 

the Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code (EFDC) model was employed to examine the spread of 

the Jacksonville Buckman Wastewater Treatment Facility effluent plume in association with a 

dye study. The continuous, dynamic simulations from this application demonstrated that low 

levels of effluent (one one-thousandth of the initial concentration) were transported as much as 

25 miles upstream in the St. Johns River through diffusion and advection. The hydrodynamic 

simulations of these events with EFDC became the quintessential heuristic tools demonstrating 

the limited pollutant dilution and conveyance capabilities of the lower St. Johns River. 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 3-5 August 2008

Figure 3-1: Salinity Reaches in the Lower St. Johns River Basin
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 3-6 August 2008

Plankton Ecology and Water Quality

Investigations conducted between 1993 and 2006 into the ways in which nutrient loads 

enhance algal primary production were an integral part of the case for nutrient load 

reduction and are based on water quality, sediment-water column interactions, plankton 

identification, and various assays relating algal growth to nutrient supply, water quality 

characteristics and phytoplankton and zooplankton composition. The backbone to this effort 

was the interagency river water quality monitoring program executed by SJRWMD, FDEP, 

and the city of Jacksonville. Also indispensable in this monitoring program was the creation 

by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) of several continuous, real-time stations that have 

provided great detail in short-term water quality fluctuations. Data collected in this 

monitoring has revealed (1) patterns in total nutrient concentrations associated with the 

inputs of significant external source loads; (2) patterns in significant, within-river nitrogen 

loss (denitrification) and gain (nitrogen fixation); (3) patterns of nutrient assimilation and remineralization coincident with the expansion and decline in algal blooms; (4) the factors 

such as light, temperature and salinity, and the interplay of these with river reach, that 

controls phytoplankton abundance; and (5) the secondary water quality effects of dissolved 

oxygen, turbidity, organic carbon, etc., resulting from eutrophication. 

Regular ambient plankton identification and enumeration was initiated in the mid-1990s and 

this work has identified several fundamental trends in the progression and composition of 

algal blooms, particularly for nuisance cyanobacterial (i.e., blue-green) blooms in the river’s 

freshwater reach. While diatom algae dominates the lower St. Johns River phytoplankton in 

the winter and early spring, cyanobacterial biomass dominated in the late spring and 

summer months, with the severity of blooms depending primarily on antecedent flow and 

rainfall. The decline in diatom algal dominance is triggered by both a poor competitive ability 

relative to cyanobacteria at high temperatures and low nitrogen and phosphorus 

concentrations, but is believed to be primarily due the depletion of bioavailable silica. 

As cyanobacteria are salinity intolerant, blooms of these species are generally confined to 

the fresh reaches of the river, the areal extent of which is dependent upon river flow. 

Specific nutrient enrichment and limitation experiments have revealed that while nitrogen is, 

in most cases, the first limiting nutrient for algal growth, the tendency for the formation of 

nitrogen-fixing blue-green algal blooms ultimately renders phosphorus the controlling 

nutrient. During dry years, river residence time is sufficient for cyanobacteria to fully exploit 

the available nitrogen supply, and blooms of the principal atmospheric nitrogen-fixing genera 

Anabaena, Cylindrospermopsis, and Aphanizomenon take advantage of excess phosphorus 

and dominate the phytoplankton. During the dry years from 1999 through 2001, freshwater 

blooms regularly reached biomass levels well in excess of 100 micrograms per liter (μg/L) 

as chlorophyll a. Precipitous bloom crashes were seen to occur in these years, and these 

crashes were associated with extreme low dissolved oxygen levels. During wet years, high 

levels of nitrogen relative to phosphorus favor blooms of non-nitrogen-fixing blue-greens 

such as Microcystis. During these years, fresh conditions can extend far downstream into 

the nutrient-rich reach of the river in Jacksonville, enhancing bloom expansion and resulting 

in dense surface sums of algae. At times, high levels of the algal toxin microcystin are 

associated with these blooms. In 2005, high discharge associated with the 2004 hurricane 

season resulted in an extensive bloom of Microcystis aeruginosa that stretched from Lake 

George to Jacksonville. High levels of the algal toxin microcystin were observed in 

association with this bloom as well as a number of secondary effects, including a fish fill and 

allergic reactions. 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 3-7 August 2008

The ultimate control by phosphorus of maximum algal growth appears to diminish as the 

river progresses toward the ocean, owing to the low salinity tolerance of nitrogen-fixing bluegreen algae. Hence, while phosphorus loads and concentrations are high in the river’s 

marine reach, nitrogen control emerges as the most reasonable and cost-effective approach 

to reducing marine reach algal growth. The emphasis of nitrogen control was also supported 

by research in other major river estuaries on the Atlantic coast, such as Chesapeake Bay, 

Pamlico Sound, and Narragansett Bay. 

Sediments and Sediment-Water Column Interactions

River sediment-water column exchange was examined in two investigations. The long-term 

rate of historic vertical sedimentation and sediment composition was examined first in 20 

river cores extracted from Palatka to south Jacksonville from December 1995 to November 

1996. This investigation revealed that sediments of the lower St. Johns River are highly 

organic in comparison to other estuarine sediments, with very low bulk density and relatively 

high sedimentation rates, ranging from 4 to 6 millimeters per year (mm/yr) for the river’s 

freshwater reach and from 10 to as high as 39 mm/yr in the oligohaline reach. Sediment 

organic matter, based on 13C isotope composition and alkane chain length appears to be 

primarily terrestrial in origin. Lead-210 dating indicated that sediment mass accumulation 

rates have increased over the last half of the last century. The estuarine sedimentation can 

be viewed in context with the general pattern of sea level rise over the past 18,000 years, 

which is resulting in the infilling of the St. Johns River channel at a background 

sedimentation rate of 1.9 mm/yr. Borehole data at the Buckman Bridge indicate that there is 

between 40 and 50 feet (ft) of organic sediment overlying unconsolidated sand. This 

investigation concluded that anthropogenic development has increased the rate of river 

sedimentation and that internally-produced (autochthonous) river organic matter, because it 

is rapidly decomposed, does not contribute greatly to the increased sedimentation rate. 

The investigation of sediment-water column interactions continued from 2001 to 2005 to 

determine the spatial distribution and timing of nutrient recycling. The survey of sediment 

composition found phosphorus increased in the northern portion of the river and indicated 

that calcium binding was an important means for phosphorus immobilization, particularly in 

the southern portion of the river. Low water column concentrations of nitrate and relatively 

high water column concentrations of sulfate, coupled with steep declines in vertical profiles 

of surficial sediment sulfate concentration, suggest that sulfate reduction is an important 

electron acceptor for sediment organic carbon metabolism. Sharp downward increases in 

ammonia and soluble reactive phosphorus indicated that upward fluxes of these 

constituents are likely an important source of water column resupply. Anaerobic soluble 

reactive phosphorus upward flux was found to be 40 times greater than aerobic flux, 

indicating that during times of high labile organic carbon sedimentation and decomposition, 

such as would occur during algal blooms, soluble reactive phosphorus upward flux may 

increase significantly. Sediment resuspension in high flows and maximum tidal flow was 

found to be sufficient to re-entrain surficial (top 2 centimeters [cm]) sediment on short time 

scales, and under such resuspension events, advective flux of nutrients most likely exceeds 

diffusive flux. 

Water Quality Modeling

Perhaps the most recognizable and influential element of the research efforts from 1993 

through 2006 was the adaptation of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers water quality model, 

CE-QUAL-ICM, to the St. Johns River. This three-dimensional eutrophication model, 

originally developed for and applied in Chesapeake Bay, is unique among such models as it 

relies upon the organic carbon budget to compartmentalize the assimilation of nutrient 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 3-8 August 2008

pollution loads, allowing for the assessment of nutrient pollution effect. As the model is built 

upon the fundamental relationships among light, temperature, and nutrient supply that 

govern algal growth, it is flexible and usually quite accurate if boundary input data can be 

correctly quantified. The model is particularly well suited to blackwater river estuaries, such 

as the St. Johns River that have high loads of refractory organic nitrogen and carbon (the 

model distinguishes between labile and refractory organic forms), and color (the model has 

a light attenuation algorithm that accounts for color). 

The river’s CE-QUAL-ICM adaptation provided two powerful enhancements to the 

investigation of eutrophication and assessment of control measures. First, the model 

requires thorough understanding of and, therefore, investigation into the relevant elements 

of the multifaceted problem of eutrophication, which makes it extremely useful in organizing 

eutrophication related data. Second, once model coefficients and input data are correctly 

quantified and verified through calibration, the model input data can be modified (within 

reason) to provide insight into water quality outcomes from alternative nutrient pollution load 

scenarios. It was in the evaluation of various load reduction scenarios that the water quality 

model was instrumental in the LSJRB TMDL analysis. 

The TMDL/PLRG process has been instrumental in the development of limits on coliform 

and nutrient pollution in urban stormwater. Coliform limits have been based on state water 

quality criteria for urban tributaries in Jacksonville, and nutrient loads have been allocated to 

NPDES MS4 permittees to achieve nutrient reductions necessary to achieve designated 

uses for the St. Johns River. 

Continuing Challenges — Areas of Investigation in the Next Five Years 

The enactment of nitrogen and phosphorus load limits for the lower St. Johns River 

redefines pollutant discharge permitting and the approach to watershed development. 

Because the lower St. Johns River is the most downstream hydrologic unit of the LSJRB 

watershed, the TMDL has bearing on water management activities in the middle and upper 

basins and the Ocklawaha River Basin. The establishment of nitrogen and phosphorus load 

limits redirects the investigation of nutrient pollution to tributary nonpoint sources, and 

refocuses the river monitoring efforts on compliance with TMDL load reductions and 

verification of ecosystem rebound. Still, challenges to river water quality remain due to 

threats outside the TMDL realm, brought about by reduced flow arising from upstream 

consumptive use and large-scale phenomena such as sea level rise and climate change. 

The assessment of urban nonpoint source pollution has emphasized the following areas: (1) 

evaluation of the effectiveness of stormwater retention facilities; (2) retrofit of older, preenvironmental resource permit (ERP) urban areas with regional stormwater treatment 

facilities; (3) identification of failing septic tank areas for prioritization of sanitary sewer 

service extension; (4) evaluation of sources of fecal coliform contamination in urban 

tributaries; (5) evaluation of shallow groundwater contamination from urban land use 

practices such as landscape fertilization and wastewater disposal; and (6) evaluation of the 

water quality and effectiveness of prescribed stormwater treatment under ERP in 

developments of regional impact. 

Marine Reach and Near Coast Ecology

Alternating riverine and lacustrine, freshwater and marine environments of the St. Johns 

River system leads to a succession of optimal habitats for aquatic primary producers and 

organisms. The Atlantic inner shelf in the vicinity of the St. Johns River mouth can be 

thought of as the terminal productivity zone for this alternating lake and river system. 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 3-9 August 2008

Because of the relatively long residence time of the inner shelf (two to three months), the 

nutrient and carbon load of the St. Johns River can exert a significant influence over the 

productivity of this region. While this load is vital to the nutritional requirements of the shelf 

community, large, nutrient-rich rivers that discharge into long-residence-time shelf 

environments can accelerate organic matter production and manifest in zones of hypoxic 

water. The upward trends in nitrogen concentration seen for rivers of the South Atlantic 

Bight (Figure 3-2) presumably will tend to exacerbate this condition. And while the regular 

occurrence of low dissolved oxygen in the marine reach (generally occurring between river 

miles 4 to 16) of the St. Johns has been documented, the sources of labile organic matter 

and mechanisms that drive these events are poorly understood. Because dissolved oxygen 

is the fundamental measure of TMDL achievement, it is critical that the phenomena driving 

low dissolved occurrences in the river be elucidated. 

Figure 3-2: Long-Term Trends in Total Nitrogen and Summer DO Percent Saturation 

for the Three Rivers that Discharge to the SAB 

The nitrogen concentrations in Figure 3-2 have been proportionally adjusted to estimate the 

fresh-end concentration based on the salinity at the time of collection and an assumed 

seawater total nitrogen concentration of 0.325 mg/L. Significant upward trends in total 

nitrogen are apparent for all three rivers. Significant downward trends in dissolved oxygen 

percent saturation exist for the Nassau and St. Marys Rivers, but the St. Johns River, 

presumed due to its long history of untreated effluent discharge, shows a stable or slightly 

upward trend for the monitoring stations near river mile 17. 

SJRWMD in 2007 reinstituted an off-shore water quality monitoring program to identify 

annual-temporal and spatial trends in the Atlantic inner shelf at the mouth of the St. Johns 

River. This effort will expand in 2008 with the establishment of an automated sensor 

platform funded by FDEP as part of the Florida Coastal Ocean Observing System. The 

University of North Florida is the grantee for this platform, which will monitor meteorology, 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 3-10 August 2008

hydrodynamics and water quality. This platform is the initial effort in the establishment of a 

department of coastal ocean resources at the university, which should greatly expand 

opportunities for research of the Atlantic inner shelf. The research emphasis in this area is 

also a priority for the National Park Service Timucuan Preserve, the FDEP Coastal and 

Managed Areas program, and the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission Fish 

and Wildlife Research Institute (FWRI). Interest by FWRI has been driven by episodic 

blooms of red tide in the North Florida Atlantic inner shelf. A red tide bloom in 2007 resulted 

in fish kills and the posting of swimmers’ advisories in Jacksonville and St. Augustine. 

Another research priority for the lower St. Johns River marine reach is the improved 

characterization of plankton as it transitions from the freshwater community south of Green 

Cove Springs to the predominantly marine community that typifies the river downstream of 

Jacksonville. While this reach of the river is nutrient-rich, phytoplankton blooms are episodic 

and much more variable in composition. At this time, the environmental triggers for nuisance 

blooms in this reach are poorly understood. 

Freshwater River Reach Ecology

Monitoring has shown that there are nuances to the phytoplankton and zooplankton 

community composition within freshwater reach blooms that have relevance to internal 

nitrogen and organic carbon loading, toxin production, and food chain disruption. There also 

appears to be important relationships between the antecedent and contemporary hydrologic 

setting as it relates to reach residence time, freshwater reach extent, nutrient supply and 

nutrient ratios. These factors have bearing on the phytoplankton community composition, 

and the propensity for bloom crashes that lead to extreme low dissolved oxygen events. 

Several proposed management and restoration proposals upstream of and within this reach 

will alter the residence time, nutrient supply, and relative nutrient ratios in ways that may 

have unintended consequences without further investigation of these relationships. Further 

investigation will also be necessary to better characterize the exchange between the water 

column and sediments in order to improve modeling capabilities and predictions of 

restoration time scales. Also, fisheries monitoring should continue with the objective of 

identifying the possible changes in fish communities resulting from undesirable food chain 

effects from the perpetuation of a phytoplankton dominated community, the presence of 

threatened or endangered fish species, and the viability of restoration approaches such as 

rough fish harvesting. 

Ocklawaha River 

Twenty-five percent of the mean annual discharge in the lower St. Johns River comes from 

the Ocklawaha River, and the mean relative contribution increases to 47 percent in the 

typically dry month of May (Figure 3-3 and Figure 3-4). Because of its relatively large 

contribution to the lower St. Johns River during April through June (on average 37 percent), 

when nuisance algal blooms are the most severe, agency officials are examining possible 

affects on the lower St. Johns River from proposed restoration projects for the Ocklawaha 

River. Monthly stream flow data from January 1993 to September 2006 were obtained 

through the middle St. Johns River monitoring station at Buffalo Bluff (USGS 02244040), the 

Dunns Creek monitoring station near Satsuma (USGS 02244440), and the Ocklawaha River 

monitoring station at Rodman Dam (USGS 02243960). 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 3-11 August 2008

Figure 3-3: Mean Monthly Flow Contributions to the LSJR (1993–2006) 

Figure 3-4: Percent Flow Contributions to the LSJR (1993–2006) 

Nonpoint Source Water Quality

While advances have been made in the characterization of urban and agricultural nonpoint 

source pollution, numerous challenges remain in the quantification of loads, the 

performance of stormwater BMPs, and the migration and fate of pollutants and wastes 

applied to or intercepted by the land surface. Since the mid-1990s, impressive amounts of 

spatial geographic information systems (GIS) data have been collated that can be applied to 

resource assessments, but computational tools are underdeveloped to utilize this 

information. And, as governmental entities strive to achieve the pollutant load reductions 

called for by the TMDL, significant obstacles exist with regard to assessing alternatives for 

waste disposal and the promulgation of ordinances to achieve desired targets. 

Regulatory 

The creation of the TMDL establishes regulatory precedent in NPDES and ERP. While the 

concept of load limits is not foreign to point-source permitting under the NPDES program, it 

is a radical revision to MS4 stormwater permitting. Discussions have only begun on the re-

-1000

0

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Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Mean Monthly Flow (cfs)

Mean Monthly Flow Contributions

Dunns Creek MSJ at Buffalo Bluff Ocklawaha River

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0.0%

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20.0%

30.0%

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Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Percent Flow Contributions

Dunns Creek MSJ at Buffalo Bluff Ocklawaha River
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 3-12 August 2008

design of ERP to achieve TMDL goals. The concept of zero net change, or offset of 

increased nutrient load from new development, faces not only conceptual obstacles but also 

significant quantitative deficiencies with regard to system performance, load quantification to 

judge mitigation, and questions related to load reduction responsibility and jurisdiction. 

Another important regulatory requirement with bearing on the pursuit of SWIM goals 

involves the effects of probable reductions in discharge related to the withdrawal of 

upstream water to fulfill consumptive use demands. Such withdrawals have the potential to 

increase hydraulic residence time and the upstream migration of salinity, resulting in stress 

to rooted submerged aquatic vegetation and benthic fauna, and increasing the severity of 

nuisance algal blooms and the amount of internal nitrogen load through nitrogen-fixation. A 

concerted effort is under way in fiscal year (FY) 2008 and FY 2009 that will focus on these 

possible effects, with the goal of identifying thresholds for environmental harm, sustainable 

withdrawal scenarios, and potential mitigation strategies. 

Goal for the Water Quality Initiative 

Restore and protect the basin’s surface water quality to meet state designated use 

classifications. 

Identified Milestones for the Accomplishment of the Water Quality Initiative 

FY 2008 

• Long-range reuse partners and projects identified. 

• Required monitoring partners identified; memoranda of understanding and grants in place for 

implementation of cooperative monitoring program. 

• Western Atlantic ocean-tide model extended and connected to Northern Coastal Basin. 

• Basin Management Action Plan (BMAP) adopted. 

• BMAP Monitoring Plan complete. 

• TCAA subbasins reprioritized for implementation of nonpoint projects and BMPs. 

• Optimization of regional reuse options complete. 

• Conceptual design complete for Masters Regional Stormwater Treatment (RST) facility complete. 

• Phase II of GIS tracking project for agricultural producers BMPs complete. 

• Biennial TCAA land use update complete.

• PLRG Model – land use update complete.

FY 2009 

• Enhancement of modeling tools for TMDL/BMAP verification complete. 

• Tidal dynamics module of water quality model extended into Nassau and St. Marys rivers. 

• Technical paper describing tide marsh interaction module of water quality models complete. 

• Technical paper identifying factors causing low dissolved oxygen complete. 

• Current phase of water quality model delivered. 

• Identification of management options to offset nitrification in Lake George complete. 

• Hastings Agricultural Research Farm re-engineering recommendations received. 

• GIS tracking project for implementation of BMPs per the growers NOI complete (FDACS). 

• Growers NOI program formalized (FDACS).

FY 2010 

• Decision made regarding use of near-shelf or full-shelf model. 

• Hastings Agricultural Research Farm re-engineering design complete. 

• Biennial TCAA land use update complete. 

• Watershed Assessment Model enhancements with BMP and RST scenarios complete.

• Reuse and treatment projects in place or under way (1.6 million lbs/yr N removed and 31 mgd 

reuse occurring).
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 3-13 August 2008

FY 2011 

• Revision of BMP cost-share program handbook complete. 

• Hastings Agricultural Research Farm construction complete.

• 90% compliance with TCAA growers Notice of Intent (NOI) reached for currently adopted BMPs 

(FDACS and growers). 

FY 2012 

• Documentation associated with basin water quality model complete. 

• Near-shore/full-shelf model complete. 

• SWIM Plan Update Complete. 

• Final BMP cost-share contracts closed out. 

• Biennial TCAA land use update complete.

3.1.1 Strategy: Reduction of Urban Nonpoint Source Pollution 

Objectives: 

• Support development and implementation of PLRGs and TMDLs. 

• Conserve freshwater resources and protect surface waters. 

• Increase compliance with existing resource protection regulations. Bring all sources 

into compliance by 2012. 

• Provide ongoing technical support for resolution of specific policy issues. Implement 

restoration and protection plans for surface water quality, sediments, and aquatic 

populations in the LSJRB. 

• Continue to evaluate historical water chemistry data to describe trends in ambient 

water quality as well as point-source and nonpoint source pollution to evaluate 

effects and interrelationships. 

• Select or modify the water quality assessment methods that will be used for water 

quality data collection and analysis. 

Urban Nonpoint Source Pollution Coordination with Other Agency Plans 

Nonpoint source reductions have been coordinated through the BMAP processes sponsored 

by FDEP. Stakeholder committees and working groups have been formed to address 

sources of nutrients for the mainstem of the river and sources of fecal coliform bacteria for 

the tributaries. Nonpoint source representatives as well as local, state, and federal agencies 

have been very involved in these committees and will continue to be involved throughout 

BMAP implementation. If additional BMAPs are needed to address additional TMDLs, 

nonpoint source stakeholders will be invited to participate if they are considered to be a 

likely source. 

3.1.2 Strategy: Reduction of Agricultural Nonpoint Source Pollution 

Objectives: 

• Support development and implementation of PLRGs and TMDLs. 

• Conserve freshwater resources and protect surface waters. 

• Increase compliance with existing resource protection regulations. Bring all sources 

into compliance by 2012. 

• Provide ongoing technical support for resolution of specific policy issues. Implement 

restoration and protection plans for surface water quality, sediments, and aquatic 

populations in the LSJRB. 

• Continue to evaluate historical water chemistry data to describe trends in ambient 

water quality as well as point-source and nonpoint source pollution to evaluate 

effects and interrelationships. 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 3-14 August 2008

• Select or modify the water quality assessment methods that will be used for water 

quality data collection and analysis. 

Agricultural Nonpoint Source Pollution — Coordination with Other Agency Plans 

• SJRWMD regularly coordinates its agricultural projects with the University of FloridaInstitute of Food and Agricultural Services (UF-IFAS) and Florida Department of 

Agriculture and Consumer Services (FDACS). Projects are planned in collaboration 

with these agencies and grower input and many projects are co-funded. 

• The St. Johns River Nutrient Discharge Reduction (Algal) Initiative is a coordinated 

effort among several agencies (SJRWMD, UF-IFAS, and FDACS) to reduce algal 

blooms in the lower St. Johns River. 

• Implementation of BMPs at the grower level is coordinated with FDEP as part of the 

implementation of the TMDLs and compliance with BMAP requirements. 

• The BMP cost-share program is coordinated between SJRWMD, FDACS, UF-IFAS, 

Florida Farm Bureau, Florida Fruit and Vegetable Association, FDEP, North Florida 

Growers Exchange, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture/ National Resources 

Conservation Service (USDA/NRCS) Equip program. 

3.1.3 Strategy: Point Source Reductions and Reuse 

Objectives: 

• Support development and implementation of PLRGs and TMDLs. 

• Conserve freshwater resources and protect surface waters. 

• Increase compliance with existing resource protection regulations. Bring all sources 

into compliance by 2012. 

• Provide ongoing technical support for resolution of specific policy issues. Implement 

restoration and protection plans for surface water quality, sediments, and aquatic 

populations in the LSJRB. 

• Continue to evaluate historical water chemistry data to describe trends in ambient 

water quality as well as point-source and nonpoint source pollution to evaluate 

effects and interrelationships. 

• Select or modify the water quality assessment methods that will be used for water 

quality data collection and analysis. 

Point-Source Reductions and Reuse — Coordination with Other Agency Plans 

Point-source reductions have been coordinated through the BMAP processes sponsored by 

FDEP. Stakeholder committees and working groups have been formed to address sources 

of nutrients for the mainstem of the river and sources of fecal coliform bacteria for the 

tributaries. Point-source representatives as well as local, state, and federal agencies have 

been very involved in these committees and will continue to be involved throughout BMAP 

implementation. If additional BMAPs are needed to address additional TMDLs, point-source 

stakeholders will be invited to participate if they are considered to be a likely source. Related 

to these efforts is the River Accord goal to remove wastewater discharge to reuse. This will 

be accomplished through funding from the partnership of up to $300 million. 

In addition to the BMAP committees, SJRWMD has sponsored the Northeast Florida Utility 

Managers Group to evaluate the costs and logistics of reducing point sources and 

increasing reuse water availability in the LSJRB. This group meets regularly to share 

information, develop projects for funding requests, and to evaluate the projects that provide 

the lowest cost load reductions. The group includes participation from local governments, 

utilities, FDEP, and other agencies when appropriate. 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 3-15 August 2008

3.1.4 Strategy: Increase Understanding of Ocean Dynamics 

Objectives: 

• Support development and implementation of PLRGs and TMDLs. 

• Provide ongoing technical support for resolution of specific policy issues. Implement 

restoration and protection plans for surface water quality, sediments, and aquatic 

populations in the LSJRB. 

• Continue to evaluate historical water chemistry data to describe trends in ambient 

water quality as well as point-source and nonpoint source pollution to evaluate 

effects and interrelationships. 

• Select or modify the water quality assessment methods that will be used for water 

quality data collection and analysis. 

Increase Understanding of Ocean Dynamics — Coordination with Other Agency Plans 

• The SJRWMD and FDEP will work together to implement the dissolved oxygen 

monitoring program described in the lower St. Johns River mainstem nutrient BMAP. 

These agencies will also coordinate on updating and expanding the boundaries of 

the models to be used in future TMDL efforts. 

• SJRWMD encourages partnerships with government agencies and universities 

directed toward monitoring of Atlantic inner shelf hydrodynamics and water quality. 

• SJRWMD is planning to work with other agencies and universities to design and 

implement investigations of near-coastal eutrophication, hypoxia, and plankton 

characteristics on the inner shelf in the vicinity of the St. Johns River’s mouth. 

Through these partnerships, investigations of the nature of the interaction between 

the coastal marshes of the Timucuan and the St. Johns River can also be conducted. 

3.1.5 Strategy: Reduction of Algal Blooms 

Objectives: 

• Support development and implementation of PLRGs and TMDLs. 

• Select or modify the water quality assessment methods that will be used for water 

quality data collection and analysis. 

• Continue to evaluate historical water chemistry data to describe trends in ambient 

water quality as well as point-source and nonpoint source pollution to evaluate 

effects and interrelationships. 

Reduction of Algal Blooms — Coordination with Other Agency Plans 

The St. Johns River Nutrient Discharge Reduction project (Algal Initiative) is a coordinated 

effort among several agencies including SJRWMD, UF-IFAS, FDACS, and local 

governments to reduce algal blooms in the river. As part of this initiative, support will be 

provided for funding and projects necessary to reduce phosphorus loadings. These 

agencies will continue this initiative to reduce algal blooms in the LSJRB. 

3.1.6 Strategy: Evaluation of the Effects of Surface Water Withdrawals 

Objectives: 

• Conserve freshwater resources and protect surface waters. 

• Continue to evaluate historical water chemistry data to describe trends in ambient 

water quality as well as point-source and nonpoint source pollution to evaluate 

effects and interrelationships. 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 3-16 August 2008

Effects of Surface Water Withdrawals – Coordination with Other Agency Plans 

SJRWMD is planning additional assessment of the potential cumulative effects of the 

proposed water supply withdrawals. Staff located in both the Lower and Middle St. Johns 

River basins will coordinate on these efforts and will also coordinate with any ongoing 

projects and investigations (e.g., contracted evaluations of concentrate discharge). Any 

additional investigations or research needs that are identified will be the responsibility of 

either SJRWMD or one or more regional water utilities. In addition, SJRWMD staff are 

monitoring several alternative water source projects. Coordination with other agencies, 

including FDEP, will be required as environmental, permitting, and design work proceed. 

3.1.7 Strategy: Protection of Aquifer Recharge Areas 

Objectives: 

• Conserve freshwater resources and protect surface waters. 

• Continue to evaluate historical water chemistry data to describe trends in ambient 

water quality as well as point-source and nonpoint source pollution to evaluate 

effects and interrelationships. 

Protection of Aquifer Recharge Areas — Coordination with Other Agency Plans 

A draft Aquifer Protection Plan was developed cooperatively with SJRWMD, FDEP, and 

local governments. The plan identifies strategies to protect surficial aquifers, the Floridan 

aquifer in areas where confining beds are thin or absent, and associated recharge areas. 

The strategies in the plan will be implemented through coordination of governmental 

agencies to ensure that the plan elements of natural area preservation, artificial recharge 

projects, groundwater quality protection, and data collection and analysis are carried out to 

achieve the goals of the plan. 

3.2 Biological Health Initiative 

The current biological condition of the lower St. Johns River is an important consideration 

but is difficult to ascertain. Assessing the current condition usually involves referencing an 

antecedent condition, before many of the current system stressors occurred. This time frame 

differs by region according to when urban and/or industrial development occurred. 

Unfortunately, comprehensive historical biological data is essentially absent for many areas 

of the river and for many biological groups. Yet it is known that there have been many 

changes within the watershed that have likely caused changes within the biota of the river 

(e.g., channel dredging, increased pollutant discharge). This section will review the major 

biological groups with reference to historical information, current information, and any 

discernible trends. 

Plankton

Plankton sampling was not considered important or widely performed until the past several 

decades. Fortunately, there is one data set that gives a glimpse of pre-development 

conditions. It is apparent from these data that cyanophytes have always been an important 

part of the phytoplankton community. Likewise, the cyanophytes demonstrated large 

increases (i.e., blooms) during the summer months. However, total biomass (measured as 

mg chlorophyll a liter-1) during the 1940 bloom was only around 10 percent of contemporary 

biomass. It also appears that the proportion of rotifer biomass in the zooplankton community 

is greater now than in the 1939–1940 data. Thus it appears that both the magnitude and 

composition of the plankton community has been affected by development. Bloom 

frequency and magnitude have also increased, compared to historic levels, most likely due 

to anthropogenic nutrient loading and removal of floating macrophytes. 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 3-17 August 2008

Macroinvertebrate

The earliest reliable macroinvertebrate data for the LSJRB began in 1973. Historical data 

were compared to contemporary data (1993–1995) at three sites: Georgetown (Little Lake 

George), Palatka, and Green Cove Springs. The only significant change appeared to be 

lower current invertebrate diversity at the Palatka site compared to historical diversity. 

Sampling in 2000 showed no change in diversity at the Green Cove Springs region, and 

even suggested a marginal increase. However, these results must be viewed cautiously 

given the extreme variability in invertebrate community composition even over small 

temporal and spatial scales. It was also demonstrated that higher rates of deformities in 

some taxa occur in areas of the river known to be contaminated. Therefore, there may be 

more subtle effects on the invertebrate community than broad community changes. 

Sampling continues and current data will be used to assess changes in the 

macroinvertebrate community. 

Submerged Aquatic Vegetation

Submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) is a critical habitat in the St. Johns River. Historical 

information is largely anecdotal and describes the SAV and floating macrophytes as quite 

extensive as early as 1773; however, this was prior to the dredging and channelization work 

that occurred in the lower St. Johns River. Water hyacinth was introduced in the late 19th

century and eventually displaced much of the native vegetation. By 1948, hyacinth covered 

9,500 acres in the river. Chemical control began in 1949 and reduced or eliminated most 

floating macrophytes. Contemporary SAV sampling began in 1995. These data show that 

the SAV community is highly variable and subject to the complex interactive effects of 

salinity, temperature, water transparency, and nutrient concentration. For example, during 

the recent drought, SAV was largely extirpated from downstream reaches due to increased 

salinity while it remained stable or expanded in more upstream reaches as color declined 

and transparency increased. Against this backdrop of environmentally induced variability, 

assessing the effects of anthropogenic stressors will require long-term sampling. Apart from 

drought-induced changes, there have not been obvious changes in the SAV community. 

Fisheries

The St. Johns River has long been used for sport and commercial fisheries. Anecdotal 

reports suggest a decline in fish abundance in the river since the 1950s. The Florida Marine 

Research Institute began an independent fisheries monitoring program in the river in 2001. 

While the data are rigorous and thorough, there has been insufficient time to gauge whether 

the fish community has been historically affected. However, these data should be an 

excellent resource to be used in the assessment of future changes. 

The Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC) FWRI Fisheries-Independent 

Monitoring (FIM) program in northeast Florida completed its sixth year of stratified random 

sampling (SRS) during 2006. Monthly sampling continued in the three major estuarine 

systems in northeast Florida: St. Marys River, Nassau River, and the lower St. Johns River. 

In July 2005, two new sampling zones were added to the northeast Florida FIM sampling 

universe as the result of a three-year cooperative grant agreement with SJRWMD. These 

new zones expand monthly SRS FIM sampling upstream in the lower St. Johns River to the 

city of Palatka and represent the tidal freshwater habitats of the LSJRB. 

A total of 881,757 fish and selected invertebrates from 4,522 net deployments have been 

collected in northeast Florida FIM sampling from May 2001 through December 2005. Over 

220 different taxa of fish and selected invertebrates have been identified during this time 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 3-18 August 2008

period. The most abundant taxa seen during sampling have consistently been small bait and 

forage fishes. Preliminary analysis of 2006 data show that the bay anchovy, Anchoa 

mitchilli, as in all previous years, was the most abundant taxa collected comprising 31 

percent of the total 2006 catch. Other dominant taxa collected during 2006 included 

menhaden (Brevoortia spp.), silversides (Menidia spp.), and Atlantic silversides (Menidia 

menidia). Together, these four species represented 57 percent of the total 2006 catch. 

Recreationally important species such as croaker (Micropogonias undulatus), spot 

(Leiostomus xanthurus), striped mullet (Mugil cephalus), and white shrimp (Litopenaeus 

setiferus) have consistently been in the top 10 most abundant species collected during FIM 

sampling for the last three years. Indices of relative abundance (IOAs) have been calculated 

for several recreationally important species that occur in northeast Florida. The relative 

abundance of juvenile red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) remained stable between 2001 and 

2003, declined slightly between 2003 and 2005, but returned to previously observed levels 

in 2006. The relative abundances of legal-size red drum (374-565 mm SL) increased 

between 2003 and 2004 and have remained at these higher levels through 2006. Juvenile 

spotted sea trout (Cynoscion nebulous) relative abundances remained stable from 2001 to 

2004 and have shown a steady increase since, peaking during 2006. Adult spotted sea trout 

abundances have remained stable in northeast Florida except for a marked decline seen in 

2004. Pre-fishery (131–267 mm SL) sheepshead (Archosargus probatocephalus) relative 

abundances peaked in 2002 and have shown a steady decline through 2006. Adult (> 268 

mm SL) relative abundances increased in 2002 and remained at these higher levels through 

2005, but have returned to the low levels seen in 2001. 

Catches from the two new upriver zones in the lower St. Johns River during 2006 were 

dominated by silversides (n= 15,755) and bay anchovy (n=10,024). Several freshwater 

associated species such as rainwater killifish (Lucania parva) (n=4,388), Seminole killifish 

(Fundulus seminolis) (n=1,308), bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) (n=936), white catfish 

(Ameiurus catus) (n=873), and mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) (n=725) were also 

collected in high abundances. Three recreationally important species (Atlantic Croaker 

(Micropogonias undulatus), n=5,098; striped mullet (Mugil cephalus), n=1,000 and white 

shrimp (Litopenaeus setiferus), n=677), were also among the 10 most abundant species 

collected in this new sampling area of the lower St. Johns River. Since many of the 

recreationally important species seen in northeast Florida, as well as many other areas, 

have been documented to utilize lower salinity areas during certain life history stages, the 

addition of these sampling areas will allow the FIM program to evaluate the importance of 

these habitats to specific species as well as gain a better understanding of the entire fish 

community structure over a broad salinity range. 

As with macroinvertebrates, there is evidence that past and current pollutant loading are 

introducing substances into the water that are adversely affecting fish health. So far, these 

effects have been identified for paper mill effluents; although, there are many other 

pollutants and sediments in the river that could potentially affect various aspects of fish 

physiology. There is the potential that fish populations in the river have been and continue to 

be affected by myriad legacy pollutants. Both census and laboratory studies are needed to 

gauge the effects of these pollutants. 

In summary, historical data indicates that development in the LSJRB has caused detrimental 

changes to biota. Evidence includes increased phytoplankton biomass and bloom 

frequency, and invertebrate deformities in areas of elevated pollutant concentrations. It has 

also been shown that many pollutants can and do affect fish reproductive function. 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 3-19 August 2008

Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that many of the biological components in the river 

have changed and/or declined and general ecological health has been negatively impacted 

as a result of land use changes. The next important step is determining the extent of the 

impact. This can be accomplished by additional comparative analyses between historical 

data sets and current data. In other cases, especially those lacking historic data, additional 

sampling will have to be performed to separate out normal variability and to identify any 

trends. 

Goal for Biological Health Initiative 

Restore and protect natural systems associated with the basin’s surface waters. 

Identified Milestones for the Accomplishment of the Biological Health Initiative 

FY 2008 

• Potential indicator species identified. 

FY 2009 

• Suite of long-term indicators agreed upon.

FY 2010 

• Restoration thresholds identified.

FY 2011 

• Critical habitat requirements identified. 

• Monitoring programs in place adequate to support ongoing resource assessment needs.

FY 2012 

• BMPs to maintain critical habitat developed and initiated.

3.2.1 Strategy: Develop Biological Indicators 

Objectives: 

• Select and/or modify the bioassessment methods that will be used for evaluating the 

effects of point- and nonpoint source pollution on the basin’s living resources. 

Biological Indicators — Coordination with Other Agency Plans 

The foremost agency effort to develop and use biological indicators has been the EPA’s 

Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP). The LSJRB Technical 

Advisory Committee Biological Monitoring Subcommittee has advocated the EMAP work as 

a model for developing biological indicators within the basin. State agency staff are 

investigating opportunities to partner with and utilize the expertise of EPA to develop 

biological indicators of ecosystem health. 

3.2.2 Strategy: Assess and Monitor Submerged Aquatic Vegetation 

Objectives: 

• Provide biological data to perform trend analysis and evaluate responses to point 

and nonpoint pollution on the basin’s living resources. 

• Select and/or modify the bioassessment methods that will be used for evaluating the 

effects of point- and nonpoint source pollution on the basin’s living resources. 

• Establish benchmark goals for the restoration of living resources in the basin. 

• Establish critical habitat requirements to restore and support living resources within 

the basin. 

• Provide technical support for regulatory and management programs affecting the 

basin’s natural resources. 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 3-20 August 2008

Assess and Monitor SAV — Coordination with Other Agency Plans 

SJRWMD performs comprehensive SAV sampling in the LSJRB. These data are shared 

with other agencies for a variety of uses. For example, Jacksonville University, under 

contract with U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), uses SAV data for preparing the 

Manatee Protection Plan. Similarly, FDEP uses these data to assess dock permits and SAV 

mitigation plans. SJRWMD will work with all interested parties to provide the most useful 

SAV monitoring data. 

3.2.3 Strategy: Develop Biological Management and Restoration Tools 

Objectives: 

• Establish benchmark restoration goals for the restoration of living resources in the 

basin. 

• Establish critical habitat requirements to restore and support living resources within 

the basin. 

• Protect and restore natural systems through acquisition and management of 

protected lands. 

Biological Management and Restoration Tools — Coordination with Other Agency 

Plans 

SJRWMD is working on restoration projects with a number of agency partners. For example, 

SJRWMD has partnered with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) on restoration 

plans for Chicopitt Bay, Mill Cove, and Big Fishweir Creek in Jacksonville. SJRWMD also 

participates in a multi-agency and citizen consortium planning the Hogan Creek Restoration. 

Finally, SJRWMD has consulted with USFWS regarding other federally funded projects, 

such as McGirts Creek restoration. SJRWMD will continue to provide reciprocal data and 

expertise to restoration projects occurring with the LSJRB. 

3.2.4 Strategy: Assess and Monitor Algal Populations and Respond to 

Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) 

Objectives: 

• Investigate the causes of HABs and the effects of HABs on other living resources. 

Assess and Monitor Algal Populations and Response to HABs — Coordination with 

Other Agency Plans 

SJRWMD will continue to monitor phytoplankton populations in the LSJRB and will sample 

surficial algal scums and blooms for species identification and, if funding is available, for 

algal toxins when needed. Data regarding phytoplankton toxins will be provided to the 

Florida Department of Health (FDOH) for public dissemination and public health planning 

and response. SJRWMD will continue to participate in Florida’s Harmful Algal Bloom Task 

Force and support its mission and goals whenever possible. 

3.2.5 Strategy: Assessment, Monitoring, and Recommendations of Fisheries 

Management 

Objectives: 

• Provide biological data to perform trend analysis and evaluate responses to point 

and nonpoint pollution on the basin’s living resources. 

• Select and/or modify the bioassessment methods that will be used for evaluating the 

effects of point- and nonpoint source pollution on the basin’s living resources. 

• Establish benchmark goals for the restoration of living resources in the basin. 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 3-21 August 2008

• Establish critical habitat requirements to restore and support living resources within 

the basin. 

• Investigate the causes of HABs and the effects of HABs on other living resources. 

• Provide technical support for regulatory and management programs affecting the 

basin’s natural resources. 

Assessment, Monitoring, and Recommendations of Fisheries Management — 

Coordination with Other Agency Plans 

The FIM Program is currently funded through recurring state money. Through FWRI, the 

results are integrated with other Florida fisheries assessment programs. In addition, FIM 

staff provide regular reports and updates to the LSJRB Technical Advisory Committee and 

the Biological Monitoring Subcommittee to coordinate and share information with regional 

scientists and managers. 

Additional FIM sampling zones further upstream in the lower St. Johns River (Doctors Lake 

to Palatka) were established through a three-year grant from SJRWMD in July 2005 and will 

continue to be monitored monthly through 2008. The data collected from this project is 

compatible with all other SRS fisheries sampling conducted in northeast Florida and 

adjacent water basins. The goal is to make this expanded sampling in the St. Johns River 

continuous and a regular part of the monthly FIM sampling regime, thus providing a longterm fisheries monitoring data set for the entire lower basin. The projected budget is listed in 

chapter 4. 

3.2.6 Strategy: Acquire Upland Buffer Areas 

Objectives: 

• Protect and restore natural systems through acquisition and management of 

protected lands. 

Acquire Upland Buffer Areas — Coordination with Other Agency Plans 

SJRWMD continues to pursue land acquisition opportunities both solely and in concert with 

other agencies. Those agencies may include FWC, FDEP, NRCS, and state and local 

governments. Land acquisitions will continue to be assessed according to their strategic 

value with respect to water resource protection and restoration. 

3.3 Sediment Management Initiative 

Sedimentation in Jacksonville’s urban tributaries affects the aquatic resources and impacts 

human activities. Citizens often complain about excessive sedimentation and filling-in of 

stream channels. Impacts from sedimentation and turbidity may include: 

1. Covering SAV, decreasing light penetration, and reducing photosynthesis 

2. Smothering macroinvertebrates and harming organisms 

3. Impacting fish health and spawning 

4. Reducing aquatic habitat 

5. Filling in streams, impacting human enjoyment, boating, and recreation 

Projects and programs associated with this initiative are concerned with reducing the 

adverse impacts from construction sites and disturbed areas. Implementation efforts may 

involve the inspection of construction sites for erosion and sedimentation control measures 

in order to reduce off-site sedimentation and runoff of turbid water; protection of surface 

waters, streams, and drainage systems from the effects of sedimentation and excessive 

turbidity; the inspection of construction sites before and during clearing and construction 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 3-22 August 2008

based on priorities; and the initiation of law enforcement for violators. Restoration projects 

also occur in some areas where ecosystems have been impacted by past construction 

activities. This initiative includes projects for maintenance dredging of the Intracoastal 

Waterway and Jacksonville Harbor to maintain the required navigation depths in these 

areas. Public education is also a major focus within the sediment management initiative. 

Goal for the Sediment Management Initiative 

Perform erosion and sediment management in the interest of protecting and improving living 

resources and water quality in the LSJRB. 

Identified Milestones for the Accomplishment of the Sediment Management 

Initiative 

FY 2008–2012 

• Program for determining the primary causes and sources of sedimentation in the 

LSJRB developed. 

• Primary causes and sources of sedimentation in the LSJRB identified. 

• Construction sites improving compliance with existing regulations and requirements 

regarding BMPs and NPDES regulations such as adherence to the stormwater pollution 

prevention plans. 

• Dewatering sites reducing adverse impacts (i.e., pumping muddy water into drainage 

systems, streams, and surface waters) particularly those occurring in clay soils. 

3.3.1 Strategy: Investigate Causes and Sources of Sedimentation and 

Implement Projects, Programs, and Regulations to Control Sediments 

Objectives: 

• Identify the primary causes and sources of sedimentation in the LSJRB. 

• Reduce the primary causes of sedimentation in the LSJRB. 

• Eliminate in-place sedimentation loads in the LSJRB. 

Sedimentation Management — Coordination with Other Agency Plans 

The city of Jacksonville, Environmental Quality Division (EQD) will continue to conduct 

inspections of construction sites for erosion and sedimentation control BMPs within Duval 

County. The goal of this program is to reduce sedimentation in the LSJRB. EQD coordinates 

with FDEP and other agencies so that EQD is the primary inspector for those sites within 

Duval County (city of Jacksonville) boundaries. This allows FDEP and SJRWMD compliance 

staff to concentrate efforts outside of Duval County within the rest of the LSJRB. 

3.3.2 Strategy: Provide Additional Education and Outreach to the 

Construction Industry and Citizens 

Objectives: 

• Improve compliance with existing regulations and requirements regarding BMPs at 

construction sites, and NPDES regulations, such as adherence to the stormwater 

pollution prevention plan. 

Education and Outreach to the Construction Industry – Coordination with Other 

Agency Plans 

Historically, several agencies have cooperatively offered the two-day Florida Stormwater 

Erosion and Sedimentation Control Inspectors Certification Class a minimum of several 

times per year in Jacksonville. The city of Jacksonville EQD will be coordinating this class 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 3-23 August 2008

twice per year, and will offer to help teach any other classes organized by other agencies 

held in the Jacksonville area. In addition, two-hour short classes or informative 

presentations have been cooperatively given to interested groups and companies and these 

will also continue. Other public education and outreach opportunities will be considered, 

such as additional presentations and brochures. 

3.3.3 Strategy: Review Current Requirements for Improving Compliance and 

Simplifying Processes, while Maintaining Environmental Controls 

Objectives: 

• Improve compliance with existing regulations and requirements regarding BMPs at 

construction sites, and NPDES regulations such as adherence to the stormwater 

pollution prevention plan. 

Improving Regulatory Compliance and Processes for Sediment Management — 

Coordination with Other Agency Plans 

The city of Jacksonville EQD is responsible for inspections and regulation of erosion and 

sedimentation control BMPs from construction sites within Duval County. FDEP and 

SJRWMD provide inspections and regulation for sedimentation in the rest of the LSJRB. 

3.3.4 Strategy: Encourage the Use of Polyacrylamide and Other Flocculants 

to Control Turbidity from Dewatering Operations 

Objectives: 

• Reduce adverse impacts from dewatering operations (pumping muddy water into 

drainage systems, streams, and surface waters), particularly those occurring in clay 

soils. 

Use of Flocculants to Control Turbidity — Coordination with Other Agency Plans 

During the two-day certification classes, the city of Jacksonville EQD and participating 

agencies have recently included much more information and discussion on the use of 

flocculants such as polyacrylamide to control turbidity from dewatering operations. This 

emphasis will continue in future classes. In addition, field inspections and enforcement 

meetings present opportunities for staff to stress the importance of preventing problems 

from dewatering operations by using flocculants. 

3.3.5 Strategy: Develop Incentives for Innovative Solutions 

Objectives: 

• Encourage the development and implementation of new and better technology and 

best management practices to reduce sedimentation at the source. 

Incentives for Sediment Management — Coordination with Other Agency Plans 

The city of Jacksonville and FDEP work together in the sediment management efforts in the 

LSJRB. As part of the regulatory process, field inspections and enforcement meetings 

present opportunities for staff from these entities to encourage the use of new and better 

technology and BMPs to manage sedimentation. 

3.4 Toxic Contaminants Remediation Initiative 

Protecting water quality and natural systems are among SJRWMD’s top priorities. With the 

help of many partners, SJRWMD is working to improve stormwater treatment, remove 

harmful sediment deposits, buy environmentally sensitive land, and execute projects 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 3-24 August 2008

designed to reverse negative trends in water quality and to preserve the areas still in good 

health. One new tool being used to determine the health of our waterways is a study to 

investigate the connection between water quality, sediments, and biology on the river 

bottom. 

Background

In 1996, SJRWMD began a baseline monitoring project to assess the freshwater sediment 

quality of the St. Johns River. Eighty-six sites were selected, and the study concluded that 

the general quality of sediments was good. A few locations, however, had elevated 

concentrations of organic and metal contaminants, and further study was recommended. 

SJRWMD conducted two separate detailed sediment quality assessment projects, which 

were completed in 1999. A total of 123 sites districtwide were studied. An additional 97 sites 

in the LSJRB and 58 sites in the Cedar-Ortega River Basin were also studied. The projects 

involved fieldwork such as collecting sediment samples, studying analytical chemistry and 

benthic ecology (the relationship between bottom-feeding organisms and their environment), 

testing sediment toxicity, analyzing data, and assessing risks. SJRWMD’s effort is among 

the nation’s most extensive sediment studies to date. The standards used in the study 

exceed those used by the EPA during the same period. SJRWMD used a higher standard 

because federal standards at the time were not sensitive enough to measure concentrations 

and levels of detection desired by SJRWMD and other cooperating agencies. 

Results 

SJRWMD’s studies measured trace organic and metal contaminants in sediments. 

Freshwater sediments indicated good environmental quality for most of SJRWMD. However, 

a few sites showed elevated concentrations of contaminants when compared to other sites, 

previous studies, and reference data. These sites are: 

• Lake Norris, in Lake County, showed elevated levels of pesticides. 

• In Gainesville, Sweetwater Branch and Bivens Arm showed elevated levels of PCBs 

(typically associated with electrical transformers), pesticides and metals. 

• Within the Harris Chain of Lakes, lakes Beauclair, Dora, and Eustis showed elevated 

levels of pesticides. 

• In the lower St. Johns River, sediment data indicated good environmental quality. 

The exceptions to good quality were the northernmost part of the river in Jacksonville; the 

urban tributaries, particularly the Cedar-Ortega River Basin in Jacksonville; Rice Creek; and 

river sediments in the Palatka area in Putnam County. Of the LSJRB sites, sediments in the 

Cedar-Ortega basin were of greatest concern due to elevated levels of contamination from 

PCBs, organic solvents, pesticides, lead, copper, silver, zinc, and chlordane. Sources of the 

contamination were not identified in the study but will be addressed in later studies. 

Recent/Current Actions

SJRWMD is now assessing the study’s results to determine the level of environmental 

impact. An environmental science study is under way to determine the age of the 

contamination, while engineers are determining the sources of contamination and 

developing a sediment transport computer model that may reveal how and where sediments 

move. SJRWMD engineers also are looking to see if stormwater treatment facilities may be 

strategically placed to trap pollutants before the pollutants can impact water quality and 

sediments in the waterways. SJRWMD also will conduct additional sampling of sediments 

and organisms. These projects are discussed below. 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 3-25 August 2008

Conclusion

The sediment quality assessment project has significantly enhanced SJRWMD’s 

understanding of environmental quality associated with water resources. This understanding 

enables SJRWMD scientists and engineers to make more informed decisions about further 

protecting and managing water resources. 

Goal for Toxic Contaminants Remediation Initiative 

Protect living resources in the LSJRB from toxic pollution to ensure protection and 

propagation of healthy and well-balanced communities. 

Identified Milestones for the Accomplishment of the Toxic Contaminants 

Remediation Initiative 

FY 2008–2012 

• Point- and nonpoint sources of toxic contamination in the LSJRB identified. 

• The fate and effects of toxic contaminants on natural systems determined to point of 

assisting management decisions. 

• Contaminant data evaluated to guide contaminant assessment and planning. 

• Toxic contaminant evaluation methods identified for data collection and analysis. 

• Toxic contamination in LSJRB sediments remediated to Florida Sediment Quality 

Guidelines, or other protective levels, to the degree practicable. 

3.4.1 Strategy: Toxic Contaminant Sediment Assessment and Diagnostics 

Objectives: 

• Identify and reduce point- and nonpoint sources of toxic contamination in the LSJRB 

to levels that will ensure protection and propagation of aquatic living resources. 

• Determine the fate and effects of toxic contaminants on natural systems and living 

resources in the LSJRB. 

• Remediate toxic contamination in LSJRB sediments to Florida Sediment Quality 

Guidelines, or to levels that will ensure protection and proliferation of living 

resources. 

• Select or modify the toxic contaminant evaluation methods that will be used for toxic 

contaminant data collection and analysis. 

• Evaluate contaminant data and describe conditions of natural habitats and living 

resources to guide contaminant assessment and planning. 

Toxic Contaminant Sediment Assessment and Diagnostics — Coordination with 

Other Agency Plans 

SJRWMD is planning several sediment assessment projects including Cedar River Regional 

Stormwater Treatment (RST) monitoring, Deer Creek remediation, Fishweir Creek 

remediation, rangia clam assessment, chlorophenolic contaminant assessment, and a 

pollution-induced community tolerance assessment. SJRWMD coordinates toxic sediment 

assessment and diagnostics projects with the appropriate federal, regional, state, county 

and city agencies. 

3.4.2 Strategy: Toxic Contaminant Sediment Remediation Planning 

Objectives: 

• Identify and reduce point- and nonpoint sources of toxic contamination in the LSJRB 

to levels that will ensure protection and propagation of aquatic living resources. 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 3-26 August 2008

• Remediate toxic contamination in LSJRB sediments to Florida Sediment Quality 

Guidelines, or to levels that will ensure protection and proliferation of living 

resources. 

Toxic Contaminant Sediment Remediation Planning — Coordination with Other 

Agency Plans 

SJRWMD and other agencies, such as the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and city of 

Jacksonville, are actively engaged in several sediment remediation planning projects 

including Cedar River RST monitoring, Deer Creek remediation, and Fishweir Creek 

remediation. These projects are coordinated with appropriate federal, regional, state, county 

and city agencies. Once the planning level work is completed, SJRWMD involvement in the 

remediation activity is limited and the remediation is the primary responsibility of FDEP, 

EPA, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and associated sponsoring local government. 

3.5 Public Education Initiative 

The goal of SJRWMD’s Office of Communications and Governmental Affairs and the 

Outreach Program is to educate the public, media, and governmental entities about water 

resources, to involve the public in protecting these resources, and to develop partnerships 

needed to advance the mission of SJRWMD. 

Since the last update of the LSJRB SWIM Plan, SJRWMD has been a leader in the 

development of two notable partnership initiatives to restore the LSJRB to health: the 1998–

2003 River Agenda and the 2006 River Accord. During this period, SJRWMD staff have 

given hundreds of educational presentations to homeowners, civic and school groups, and 

elected officials on the river’s water quality and dozens of media tours of the river resulting 

in hundreds of articles aired or published. 

Goal for the Public Education Initiative

Increase public awareness of water resource problems in the basin to generate public 

support for restoration and protection efforts. 

Identified Milestones for the Accomplishment of the Public Education Initiative 

FY 2008–2012 

• Stakeholders and information users identified. 

• Database for maintaining outreach contact information developed. 

• Roles and areas of responsibility of key outreach staff identified. 

• Public outreach plan for LSJRB developed with indicators of public knowledge and 

awareness identified.

• Public outreach plan being implemented.

Objectives: 

• Increase public awareness of the importance of water resources, problems affecting 

these resources, and restoration/protection efforts in the LSJRB. 

• Increase the public’s knowledge and understanding of the St. Johns River ecosystem 

and actions needed to address its problems. 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 3-27 August 2008

3.6 Intergovernmental Coordination 

Goal for the Intergovernmental Coordination Initiative

Enhance interagency coordination and management of water resources throughout the 

basin. 

Identified Milestones for the Accomplishment of the Intergovernmental 

Education Initiative 

FY 2008–2012 

• Administrative frameworks, interagency agreements, and technical linkages 

required to improve interagency coordination and management of the basin’s 

surface waters and associated natural systems identified and under development 

• Priorities for action based on political, governmental, and public input established 

• Program for providing technical support for regulatory and management programs 

affecting the basin’s natural systems developed 

Objectives: 

• Establish administrative frameworks, interagency agreements, and technical linkages 

required to improve interagency coordination and management of the basin’s surface 

waters and associated natural systems. 

• Establish priorities for action based on political, governmental, and public input. 

Address the needs of the LSJRB as a whole and specific needs related to the three 

planning regions and individual management units (subbasins). 

• Provide technical support for regulatory and management programs affecting the 

basin’s natural systems. 

3.7 Past/Current Projects (1993–2007) 

Water Quality Initiative Past/Current Projects

Agricultural BMP Cost-Share Program — Phase I (1998–2007): This SJRWMD water 

quality protection cost-share program was designed to promote grower adoption of in-field 

BMPs that reduce nutrient loading into receiving streams in the TCAA. Sign up of growers 

began in 2000 and grower contracts continue through 2010; phase II of this cost-share 

program began in 2008. This voluntary program provided a monetary incentive for farmers 

to implement BMPs and to compensate for any potential increase in cost or risk which may 

result while the farmers adjust to the new technology. The program provided cost-share 

funds for agricultural practices, which will sustain profitable crop yields and will have 

potential water conservation, runoff, and water quality benefits. Phase I of the program was 

successful, with 52 percent of area potato growers participating and 70 percent of the 

eligible potato and cabbage acres in the TCAA enrolled in the program. 

Agricultural Receiving Streams Evaluation (1990–2007): SJRWMD conducted ambient 

monitoring as part of its Nonpoint Source Pollution Program, and monitored temporal water 

quality trends associated with agricultural watersheds. Numerous parameters were 

measured with consideration toward the physical, water chemistry, and toxicological 

characteristics of the samples collected. This project is expected to continue in future years. 

Algal Toxin Monitoring (2005–2007): This SJRWMD project developed information on 

algal toxin occurrence and provided assistance to the Department of Health. The data 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 3-28 August 2008

collected documented the occurrence of high algal toxins during the large Microcystis bloom 

in 2005. This project is expected to continue in future years. 

Ambient Water Quality Monitoring in the TCAA (1990–2007): Diagnostic data were 

collected by SJRWMD to determine long-term spatial and temporal water quality trends 

within the agricultural watersheds in the LSJRB. Agricultural subbasins were mapped and 

monitored as well as the receiving streams at the confluence of the lower St. Johns River. 

These data were also used for water quality model validation and calibration for TMDL 

development. Ambient water quality monitoring is expected to continue from 2008 to 2012. 

Aquatic Organic Matter Characterization (2005–2007): This SJRWMD project evaluated 

new chemical and bioassay methods to characterize aquatic organic matter. The results of 

this evaluation allow for better characterization of the biodegradability and nutrient cycling of 

organic matter. This project is expected to continue in future years. 

Best Management Practice (BMP) Effectiveness and Stormwater Monitoring (1998–

2007): Diagnostic data were collected and studies designed to directly relate to the spatial 

and temporal water quality effects resulting from in-field BMP implementation and regional 

stormwater facilities. Monitoring was conducted over the 10-year time span of the BMP 

Implementation Program to measure the results and effectiveness of the program. This was 

a cooperative SJRWMD/UF-IFAS project. 

Best Management Practice (BMP) Geographic Information System (GIS) Tracking Tool 

(1999–2007): This SJRWMD GIS project tracked the implementation of in-field BMPs that 

were implemented in the TCAA. These tracking data were used to correlate with water 

quality data collected in the TCAA and for compliance with the nutrient TMDL and BMAP for 

the mainstem. This effort is expected to continue through 2010. 

City of Jacksonville Mainstem Run (1985–2007): The program sampled 10 ambient 

stations in the mainstem of the St. Johns River on a monthly basis. Goals of this program 

were to monitor water quality trends for nutrients and their impacts. Information collected 

assisted the state in establishing TMDLs for the lower St. Johns River in Duval County. 

TMDLs and nutrient reduction goals will then be incorporated into surface water discharge 

permits held by the city. This project will continue into the future. 

COJ MS4 Permit Monitoring Program: Stormwater BMP Effectiveness Studies (2002–

2007): This program constituted a portion of the city’s NPDES/MS4 Monitoring Plan, 

required by the EPA and state of Florida. The goal of the program was to determine the 

effectiveness of certain designated stormwater treatment projects. Four projects were 

identified for study through this program. Pollutants monitored in this program range from 

nutrients to PCBs. This project will continue into the future. 

COJ MS4 Permit Monitoring Program: Tributary Intensive Program (2002–2007): This 

program started in 2002 and was designed to provide more detailed water quality 

information about selected tributaries in Duval County. Sites were monitored in each of the 

following basins: Arlington River, Trout River, Cedar-Ortega rivers, and Julington/Durbin 

creeks. In addition, one site was located on each of the following minor tributary basins: 

McCoy, Deer, and Little Fishweir creeks. All of the 16 sites were also part of the “Routine 

Tributary” program. The sampling year was divided into wet and dry months based on 

National Weather Service average monthly rainfall from 1971–2000. In 2002, the 15 sites 

were sampled three times during wet months and two times during dry months. Data from 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 3-29 August 2008

this program were used in concert with mainstem water quality data to understand pollutant 

loading into the St. Johns River. The data were then used by the state to develop TMDLs. 

This program constituted a portion of the city’s NPDES/MS4 Monitoring Plan, required by 

the EPA and state of Florida.

COJ Tributary Routine Program (1985–2007): The focus of this program was to monitor 

water quality in the tributaries of the St. Johns River in Jacksonville. Approximately 100 sites 

along Jacksonville tributaries were monitored quarterly for a variety of parameters. The 

tributaries provide significant littoral zone habitat for a variety of species and are extremely 

important to the ecology of the St. Johns River estuary system. Pollution impacts in the 

tributaries can be pronounced, since they have a smaller dilution potential than larger water 

bodies. Two important water quality parameters measured at the tributary monitoring sites 

were dissolved oxygen and fecal coliform bacteria. Data collected through the program were 

used to track long-term water quality trends, and to determine if the surface waters were 

meeting their designated use as Class III waters. If waters were not meeting their 

designated use, programs were put in place to restore the water quality. This program 

constituted a portion of the city’s NPDES/MS4 Monitoring Plan, required by the EPA and 

state of Florida. This project will continue into the future. 

City of Jacksonville Timucuan Preserve Program (1990–2007): This program was a 

cooperative effort between the city of Jacksonville, the NPS, FDEP, CAMA, and The Nature 

Conservancy’s Machaba Balu Preserve. Cooperators assisted by providing field support 

when needed, and the NPS provided funding for chlorophyll analysis. The purpose of this 

effort was to collect water quality trend data for the surface waters in and adjacent to the 

Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve. Twelve sampling locations were monitored 

bimonthly to provide information that will be used to make land-use decisions in this area of 

the county. In addition, the state used the data collected to determine if the surface waters 

were meeting their designated use. If the waters did not meet the designated use, then a 

TMDL will be developed for the pollutants of concern. This project will continue into the 

future. 

Comprehensive Nutrient and Water Use Research Project in the TCAA (2007): The 

SJRWMD provided funding to UF-IFAS to begin multiple subprojects in the effort to reduce 

nutrients in runoff and decrease water use. 

• Evaluation of Cut-Off Date for Nutrient Applications to Potato Crops — This study 

was an evaluation of the days after planting when nutrient applications are no longer 

helpful to a potato crop (the cut-off date). Establishing this date could eliminate some 

fertilizer applications, which would decrease costs to the grower as well as result in 

nutrient reductions to the watershed. 

• Testing the Effectiveness of Controlled Release Fertilizer (CRF) on Sod — This 

project evaluated the effectiveness of CRF products on sod compared to soluble 

fertilizers. If CRFs can effectively fertilize sod and reduce runoff concentrations, they 

have the potential for widespread use and subsequent reductions in urban runoff 

concentrations. Future work is planned if the pilot project indicates this is a viable 

alternative for sod fertilization. 

• Tracking Nutrients through Ditches and Canals — This study evaluated the 

attenuation of nitrogen and phosphorus species as water travels from the field to the 

tributaries. The study included habitat assessments, algal counts, and algal species 

change evaluations. This project began in 2007 and will continue through 2010. 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 3-30 August 2008

• In-Canal BMPs for Sediment Stabilization — This project was proposed as a pilot 

project to study the use of polyacrylamides in agricultural water furrows to stabilize 

sediments and reduce phosphorus concentrations in runoff. If this pilot project is 

funded in the future and the results are promising, a full research study will be 

proposed in cooperation with UF-IFAS. 

Controlled Release Fertilizer (CRF) Field Demonstration Study Stormwater Analysis 

(2005–2006): This SJRWMD project provided an analysis of runoff water quality during 

storm events from the CRF demonstration fields. This assessment was used to quantify the 

water quality benefits of CRF use. 

Controlled Release On-Farm Project: An Alternative Irrigation Program for Potato 

Crops to Reduce Water and Nutrient Use (2005–2007): Through funding from SJRWMD, 

UF-IFAS conducted research at the Plant Science Research and Education Unit’s Hastings 

Farm to develop an alternative irrigation system for potatoes grown in the TCAA to reduce 

water and nutrient use. Specifically, factors that were measured included comparison of 

water use efficiencies, fertilizer use efficiencies, crop use, crop production, and tuber quality 

between a subsurface seepage and drip irrigation/fertigation system. SJRWMD also funded 

a water quality analysis of runoff during storm events in the CRF fields (2006–2007). The 

results indicated that the drip irrigation/fertigation system is a viable approach and future 

projects include in-field testing of the system. 

Crop Yield Sap/Tissue Analysis for the Controlled Release Fertilizer Field 

Demonstration Study in the Tri-County Agricultural Area (2005–2007): The SJRWMD 

funded UF-IFAS to conduct routine sampling on three farms to assess CRF technology 

compared to conventional soluble fertilizers as a potential BMP in the TCAA. This effort was 

associated with the assessment of crop yields and sap/tissue analysis for potato plants 

located on the study fields where CRFs and conventional soluble fertilizers are applied. By 

reducing the amount of soluble phosphorus applied in the watershed, improvements to 

phosphorus loadings to the freshwater lower St. Johns River tributaries would be expected. 

Dairy Baseline Water Quality Monitoring (1999–2007): This ambient monitoring was part 

of the SJRWMD Nonpoint Source Pollution Program, and monitored temporal water quality 

trends associated with dairy production. This project collected monthly surface grab samples 

at one-half meter, or one-half stream depth if stream depth was less than one meter. 

Numerous parameters were measured with consideration toward the physical, water 

chemistry, and toxicological characteristics of the samples collected. 

Deep Creek West Regional Stormwater Treatment (1998–2006): In 1998, the Yarborough 

property was acquired to build a regional stormwater treatment (RST) system. The RST was 

designed and constructed to treat agricultural runoff in the Deep Creek subbasin. During the 

design phase, models were used to predict the performance and effectiveness of nutrient 

reductions for various designs. A wet retention and wetlands treatment system was selected 

to optimize nitrogen and phosphorus reductions. The site went online in 2006, performed 

well, and continued to operate in 2007. Continued monitoring, operations, and maintenance 

of the site are planned from 2008–2012. 

Demonstration Project Using Controlled Release Fertilizers on In-Field Chip Potatoes 

(2005–2007): In 2007, SJRWMD and UF-IFAS completed a demonstration project on CRF 

used in chip potato growers’ fields. Three farms were involved in the project with two fields 

per farm. At each farm, CRF was applied to one of the two fields and the other was treated 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 3-31 August 2008

with standard fertilizers (control field). The yields and water quality were measured at each 

site. This project led the way to creating a CRF BMP for chip potatoes. 

Determination of Nutrient Release Curves for Controlled Release Fertilizer (2000–

2004): Through a cooperative project with SJRWMD and UF-IFAS, field plots were 

established at the UF-IFAS Hastings Research Farm, which is located in the TCAA, to 

develop a CRF for chip potatoes. UF-IFAS worked with SJRWMD to develop application 

rates and practices to maximize the treatment efficiency of this new agronomic treatment 

technology. The resulting information showed that 75 percent of the nitrogen was needed by 

crops in the first 65 days after planting. The cooperators then worked with fertilizer 

companies to design a CRF product to meet the potato growers’ needs. 

Development of a Decision Matrix to Recommend Regional Surface and Stormwater 

Treatment Alternatives (2002): This SJRWMD project developed a regional treatment 

facility decision matrix based on a review of existing data and literature related to treatment 

methods for reducing pollutants associated with agricultural and urban stormwater runoff, as 

well as lake and riverine surface waters. The matrix was used as a guide to determine which 

treatment methodology is best suited for local conditions. 

Development of the Watershed Assessment Model (WAM) (1997–2007): SJRWMD 

developed the WAM specifically for the TCAA to measure nutrient loadings from agricultural 

watersheds and to estimate the load reductions associated with BMP implementation. The 

model requires current land use and BMP implementation to be accurate in its predictions 

and; therefore, annual updates of the WAM model are planned. FDEP supplied Section 319 

funding for this effort. 

Edgefield Regional Stormwater Treatment (2001–2007): In 2001 the Edgefield property 

was acquired by SJRWMD. The RST system was designed and constructed to treat 

agricultural runoff in the Dog Branch subbasin. During the design phase, models were used 

to predict the performance and effectiveness of nutrient reductions for various designs. A 

wet retention and wetlands treatment system was selected to optimize nitrogen and 

phosphorus reductions. The site went online in 2007. Continued monitoring, operations, and 

maintenance of the site are planned from 2008–2012. 

Effects of Fertilizer Types and Fertilization Practices on Nitrogen Release to Surface 

Waters (2002–2005): This cooperative SJRWMD/UF-IFAS project was designed to explain 

the fate and effect of different types and rates of agronomic fertilizers under production 

practices and simulated rainfall conditions. 

Engineering and Design of the UF-IFAS Plant Science Research and Education Unit’s 

Hastings Farm (2007): This project designed and re-engineered the UF-IFAS Hastings 

Research Farm for conducting water quality research associated with agronomic production. 

This effort, when implemented, will establish the research center as a state-of-the-art 

outdoor research facility for monitoring BMP effectiveness for addressing TMDL goals. This 

project was sponsored by SJRWMD. Future efforts will include implementing the site design 

and upgrades. 

Evaluation of Stormwater Detention Treatment Efficiency Project (1993): This joint 

study between SJRWMD and the city of Jacksonville Environmental Resource Division 

evaluated the treatment effectiveness of various types of stormwater detention. The results 

of this study led to a rule change that revised stormwater BMPs. 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 3-32 August 2008

Expansion of Controlled Release Fertilizer Testing for Additional Crops (2007): 

SJRWMD, UF-IFAS, and FDACS worked collaboratively on plot-level research at the UFIFAS Hastings site on CRFs for crops such as cabbages, melons, corn, and greens. 

Different quantities and release times were tested as well as crop yields determined. As 

results are received, testing will move to in-field demonstration projects. 

Geographic Information System (GIS) Land Use Assessment (2005): This SJRWMD 

project monitored the land use changes in the TCAA using GIS. The GIS land use 

coverages were updated and evaluated with both predicted and actual treatment efficiencies 

in priority areas. This effort is expected to be updated annually. 

Implementation of Aquaculture BMPs (2003): This SJRWMD project implemented a plan 

to improve tailwater discharges from an existing aquaculture production operation. The 

aquaculture operation used groundwater to raise hybrid striped bass and eels. A wetland 

treatment system was constructed on-site to remove pollutants prior to discharge to the St. 

Johns River. 

Land Use Effects on Shallow Groundwater Pollution (2006–2007): This project initiated 

by SJRWMD expanded SJRWMD’s shallow groundwater monitoring network and developed 

a model to assess landscape effects on shallow groundwater quality. This project is 

expected to continue in future years. 

Lower St. Johns River Groundwater Monitoring Program (2003–2007): This ambient 

monitoring network was designed to characterize shallow groundwater quality existing 

beneath major land uses and in areas where septic tank density is high, or where reuse 

water or land disposal of domestic waste was occurring. A major objective of the study was 

to identify the conditions that allow nutrient-enriched shallow groundwater to migrate to 

surface waters. Water quality samples were collected quarterly from 59 wells at 14 sites. In 

addition, an intensive sampling program examined five sites with five replicate wells three 

times per year. Numerous parameters were measured, with consideration toward the 

physical, water chemistry, and toxicological characteristics of the samples collected. 

LSJR Mainstem Basin Management Action Plan Process (2005–2007): The FDEP in 

cooperation with SJRWMD and local stakeholders has been developing an implementation 

plan to reduce nitrogen and phosphorus loads to the lower St. Johns River. The approach 

included requiring significant reductions from both point and nonpoint sources and from 

permitted and non-permitted sources. Through a lengthy negotiation process with key 

stakeholders, the FDEP developed an approach that established load reduction 

responsibilities for domestic and industrial wastewater sources, permitted stormwater areas, 

and nonpoint sources that do not fall under the federal NPDES permit program, including 

agriculture. The BMAP is expected to be adopted in 2008 and will be implemented through 

permits and the authority of the BMAP itself. The TMDL and BMAP will be reevaluated and 

updated as necessary every five years. 

LSJR Tributary Basin Management Action Plan Process (2005–2007): Through efforts 

of the FDEP, JEA, the city of Jacksonville, and the Duval County Health Department, 

preliminary assessment of fecal coliform contamination of the lower St. Johns River 

tributaries began. Sources included failing septic tank systems, leaking or malfunctioning 

wastewater collection systems, domestic animals and wildlife. In 2005, six tributaries were 

evaluated and sources of fecal coliform contamination were investigated. An assessment 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 3-33 August 2008

manual was developed to guide the evaluation of additional tributaries. In 2006 and 2007, 

additional tributaries were monitored and assessed and a BMAP Working Group was 

formed. Data compilation and assessment efforts continued and the results were used to 

begin the BMAP implementation plan to reduce fecal coliform bacteria in the tributaries. This 

process is expected to continue with an adoption of the BMAP in 2009. 

Lower St. Johns Watershed Action Volunteers (1995–2007): This SJRWMD program 

supported volunteer monitoring in the LSJRB. Grab water quality samples of storm 

waterwere collected at various sites located on small (first-order) catchments during storm 

events. Numerous parameters were measured, with consideration toward the physical, 

water chemistry, and toxicological characteristics of the samples collected. This project is 

expected to continue in future years. 

Macroinvertebrate Sampling in the TCAA Tributaries (1995–2007): The SJRWMD 

sampled macroinvertebrates in the TCAA tributaries to quantify the biological consequences 

of load reductions associated with implementation of BMPs in the TCAA. 

Measurement of Lateral Flow in the Tri-County Agricultural Area (TCAA) (2005–2007): 

The fate of nutrients once they enter the shallow groundwater beneath the potato fields was 

not well understood. This project was necessary to determine if the nutrients in the shallow 

groundwater move out of the fields into drainage systems and the river or if they stay in the 

fields and are taken up by plants. This SJRWMD project helped determine if subsurface 

lateral movement of water occurs in fields that are seepage irrigated, determined the extent 

of lateral water movement from controlled fluctuations of the perched water table, and 

evaluated the effect of seasonal rainfall variations on the subsurface lateral water 

movement. This information helped resource managers with determining the need for 

management practices to deal with this potential source of nutrient pollution. 

Mid-Mainstem Ambient Monitoring Network (1984–2007): This monitoring was part of 

SJRWMD Ambient Monitoring Network, and was specific to the mainstem of the St. Johns 

River within the LSJRB. Specifically, monitoring occured between Palatka and Green Cove 

Springs. The ambient monitoring network was designed to characterize spatial patterns, 

monitor annual and long-term temporal trends in water quality, and help identify where 

immediate problem issues occur. This project collected monthly surface samples that were 

either grab samples or a vertically integrated sample of the top three meters, depending on 

the site. Numerous parameters were measured with consideration toward the physical, 

water chemistry, and toxicological characteristics of the samples collected. 

Mill Cove Flow Improvement Project (1999–2003): This project was undertaken by the 

USACE Northeast SJRWMD. The USACE designed and constructed a 6-ft by 80-ft flow 

improvement channel from the mouth of Mill Cove at Arlington Point to the navigational cut 

through Bartram Island east of the Dames Point Bridge. The channel was constructed to 

enhance flow through the cove and decrease siltation. The improved flushing is expected to 

improve water quality within the cove. 

Monitoring Lower St. Johns Tide Levels (1999–2007): This SJRWMD project involved 

continuous monitoring of tide levels in support of water quality model development, 

calibration, and verification. This project is expected to continue in future years. 

Northern Ambient Monitoring Network (1991–2007): This monitoring was part of the 

SJRWMD Ambient Monitoring Network, and was specific to the mainstem of the St. Johns 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 3-34 August 2008

River within the LSJRB. Specifically, monitoring occured between Green Cove Springs and 

the Fuller Warren Bridge (including Doctors Lake). The ambient monitoring network was 

designed to characterize spatial patterns, monitor annual and long-term temporal trends in 

water quality, and help identify where immediate problem issues occur. This project 

collected surface grab samples on a monthly basis at one-half meter depth. Numerous 

parameters were measured with consideration toward the physical, water chemistry, and 

toxicological characteristics of the samples collected. 

Northern Tributary Ambient Monitoring Network (1984–2007): This monitoring was part 

of the SJRWMD Ambient Monitoring Network, and was specific to tributaries of the St. Johns 

River within the LSJRB. Specifically, monitoring occured in tributaries north of Green Cove 

Springs. The ambient monitoring network was designed to characterize spatial patterns, 

monitor annual and long-term temporal trends in water quality, and help identify where 

immediate problem issues occur. This project collected surface grab samples on a monthly 

basis at one-half meter depth. Numerous parameters were measured with consideration 

toward the physical, water chemistry, and toxicological characteristics of the samples 

collected. 

Nutrient Transport and Organic Decomposition in Agricultural Flatwood (2003–2004): 

This SJRWMD project assessed how nutrients move through the soil and reach receiving 

water in the TCAA. This information was used to improve the watershed models including 

the nutrient constituents and transport. 

On-Site Sewage Treatment System Enforcement Project (1999–2007): This project, 

conducted by the Duval County Health Department, identified failed septic tanks along the 

mainstem and tributaries of the St. Johns River and enforced corrective action or hook up to 

municipal sewers where available. Septic tank failure areas were identified and earmarked 

for sewerage expansion by JEA. 

Peters Creek Restoration Initiative/Black Creek Subbasin Agricultural Nonpoint 

Source Land Use Assessment (2000–2003): Peters Creek is located in the Black Creek 

watershed and had historically suffered from the discharge of cattle waste and low dissolved 

oxygen levels. This SJRWMD project developed BMPs to deal with the sources identified by 

previous projects. The assessment also aided development of the water quality model and 

the land use characterization of the Black Creek Subbasin needed for the model. 

Point-Source Assessment Project (1994–1997): The project was conducted by FDEP, 

Duval County, and SJRWMD. The project produced the first comprehensive nutrient load 

budget for the lower St. Johns River, demonstrating that approximately half of the 

anthropogenic nutrient load comes from point sources. 

Preliminary Lower St. Johns River Mainstem Nutrient BMAP Implementation (1997–

2007): With the knowledge that the lower St. Johns River was considered impaired for 

nutrients, many local organizations began reductions while the nutrient TMDL was being 

developed. Projects included decreasing wastewater discharges, increasing the use of 

treated wastewater for irrigation (reuse), improving wastewater treatment, development and 

implementation of agricultural and stormwater BMPs, installation of regional treatment 

areas, and improving stormwater management practices and public education. These efforts 

are expected to continue and expand when the BMAP is adopted and further 

implementation efforts are required. 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 3-35 August 2008

Salinity/Dissolved Oxygen/PAR Measurements (1996–2007): This ongoing project 

provided continuous water quality data for three parameters for the development of the 

hydrodynamic model and the water quality model. This project was a cost-share with the 

USGS and is expected to continue in future years. 

Section 319 Best Management Practice (BMP) Project (1993–1997): Through 

cooperation and funding from FDEP, SJRWMD implemented BMPs on agricultural fields for 

four years. The runoff from these fields was measured and the project was designed to 

provide a baseline for the effects of BMP implementation. The estimated reductions as a 

result of BMP implementation were used in the TMDL model. The Watershed Assessment 

Model was used to determine the effects of BMP implementation on water quality. 

Southern Ambient Monitoring Network (1993–2007): This monitoring was part of 

SJRWMD Ambient Monitoring Network, and was specific to the mainstem of the St. Johns 

River within the LSJRB. Specifically, monitoring occured between Palatka and Lake George 

(including Crescent Lake). The ambient monitoring network was designed to characterize 

spatial patterns, monitor annual and long-term temporal trends in water quality, and help 

identify where immediate problem issues occur. This network was also intended to 

characterize waters entering the lower St. Johns River from its three major inputs: the 

middle St. Johns River, the Ocklawaha River, and Dunns Creek. This project collected 

monthly surface samples that were either grab samples or a vertically integrated sample of 

the top three meters, depending on the site. Numerous parameters were measured with 

consideration toward the physical, water chemistry, and toxicological characteristics of the 

samples collected. 

St. Johns River Nutrient Discharge Reduction (Algal) Initiative (2006–2007): In 2006, 

SJRWMD began the Nutrient Discharge Reduction project to reduce algal blooms in the 

Middle and Lower St. Johns River basins, including Lake George. As part of this effort, the 

staff began an assessment of options to reduce phosphorus loadings to the middle and 

lower basins, including agricultural subbasins. Once nutrient reduction options are identified, 

implementation of the best options will be pursued in conjunction with local partners. Work is 

expected to continue in 2008–2012. 

St. Johns River Synoptic Survey (1997): Proposed, coordinated, and funded by FDEP, 

this week-long survey of river-wide water quality was performed twice during the year. This 

survey provided information that was essential to the calibration of the lower St. Johns River 

water quality model for the TMDL and identified significant spatial trends in water quality.

St. Johns River Water Quality Feasibility Study (1994): This was a cooperative project 

conducted by SJRWMD, USACE, National Ocean Service (NOS), and USGS. This 

assessment included reviews of results of studies on tide control and characteristics, 

horizontal control, reviews of needs for hydrodynamic water quality modeling, deep 

groundwater interactions, and upward leakance from the Floridan aquifer. 

Study of Primary Production and Nutrient Limitation by Phytoplankton in the LSJR 

(1995–1997): This study was conducted by the University of Florida and SJRWMD. The 

results described existing benthic and planktonic communities and provided baseline data to 

evaluate success and failure of future cleanup and management efforts. The second part of 

the project determined which nutrients are most problematic in LSJRB. The results identified 

nitrogen as a pollutant of concern and identified the importance of light and location. 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 3-36 August 2008

Tributary Discharge Monitoring (1996–2007): In a cost-share effort between FDEP and 

SJRWMD, this project provided the tributary flow data needed for the development of the 

LSJR hydrodynamic model and the water quality model. This project provided calibration 

data for watershed modeling in small urban basins. 

USGS/SJRWMD Mainstem Water Quality Monitoring (1993–2007): This ongoing effort 

with USGS and SJRWMD provided flow and salinity data needed for the development of the 

LSJRB hydrodynamic model and the work was continued to support the development of the 

water quality model. The results provided accurate measurements of the flows in the St. 

Johns River and the extent of reverse flows caused by tide. This data collection is expected 

to continue in future years. 

USGS Tributary and River Flow Gauging (1989–2007): This effort installed and 

maintained gauges in the LSJR tributaries and mainstem. These data were necessary for 

determination of pollutant loads and determining the effects of land use changes. This 

project established the first time the flows of the tidally-influenced tributaries were accurately 

measured. This data collection is expected to continue in future years. 

Water Quality Monitoring Assessment (1988–2007): This ongoing project was part of the 

SJRWMD water quality monitoring program to assess system health and trends and 

contribute information to the Water Quality Atlas. This long-term data set has been an 

invaluable resource for assessments, water quality model calibration, and identification of 

water quality trends. This data collection is expected to continue in future years. 

Water Quality Monitoring in the Timucuan Preserve (2004–2007): This project 

continuously measured standard physical water quality parameters every 30 minutes at 

three sites within the Timucuan Preserve. Initial funding to start this project was provided by 

the NPS and involved the monitoring of two alternating YSI 6600 EDS-S multiparameter 

data sondes at the Kingsley Plantation site. It has since been expanded by CAMA Northeast 

Florida Aquatic Preserves (FDEP) and incorporated monitoring at two additional stations: 

Clapboard Creek, a tributary of the St. Johns River, and Lofton Creek, a tributary of the 

Nassau River. In cooperation with the city of Jacksonville Environmental Resource Division, 

nutrient analysis was carried out on grab samples collected from these three sites on a 

monthly basis. On the same frequency, the NPS provided analysis of chlorophyll a samples 

which were collected at the same time. Nutrient sampling began at all three sites in 

November of 2004, and chlorophyll a sampling began at all three sites in November 2005. 

The main body of information obtained through this monitoring serves primarily as 

background condition data for this region of the state as it experiences ever increasing 

development pressures. This project is expected to continue into the future. 

Biological Health Initiative Past/Current Projects

Ambient Light Levels within Grass Beds (2002): This project involved the monitoring and 

recording of light levels within and adjacent to submerged aquatic vegetation beds. The 

project was conducted by Water and Air Research. 

Assess the Effects of Land Use Changes on the Lower St. Johns River Basin 

Watershed Detrital Input (2004–2007): Twenty watersheds were selected as a 

representative continuum from zero percent to 60 percent of impervious surface. Within the 

streams, several parameters were evaluated, including invertebrate community structure, 

secondary productivity, litter breakdown rates and inputs, and whole stream metabolism. In 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 3-37 August 2008

particular, this project looked at Nitrogen (N15) spiraling and uptake efficiency. This project 

was conducted by the University of Alabama. 

Assessment of Epiphyte Loading Associated with Submerged Aquatic Vegetation 

(SAV) Communities in the Lower St. Johns River (2005–2007): This project included 

monitoring a small number of high frequency sites, designated as the Permanent Monitoring 

Network (PMN), monthly for epiphyte biomass on SAV leaves. A portion of the project 

included assessing the effects of fertilization on SAV and epiphytes. This work was 

conducted under the direction of Dr. Dale Casamatta at the University of North Florida. 

Before and After Effects of Developments of Regional Impacts on Receiving Streams 

(2005–2007): This monitoring study was designed to track water quality and biological 

changes in streams as developments of regional impact (DRIs) are constructed. DRIs were 

identified in the planning stages and sampling commenced prior to construction. Sampling 

will continue past build-out for each selected DRI. This project is expected to continue in 

future years. 

Biological Monitoring-Phytoplankton (1994–2007): This SJRWMD monitoring program 

identified the types and amounts of algae and zooplankton to assess the LSJRB’s biological 

health. The results indicated that blue green algae dominate nuisance blooms and adversely 

affect zooplankton populations. This data collection is expected to continue in future years. 

The Effects of Changing Nutrient Conditions on the Structure and Function of the 

Phytoplankton of the Lower St. Johns River (2001–2004): This project scope was wideranging and included assessing spatial variability and productivity of phytoplankton sample 

growth under differing nutrient and light conditions. 

Effects of Land Use on In-Stream Biota (2004–2007): This SJRWMD ambient monitoring 

study was part of the SJRWMD Natural Systems Program, and evaluated land use effects 

on in-stream invertebrate composition. Grab water quality samples were collected at onehalf stream depth. Numerous parameters were measured with consideration toward the 

physical, water chemistry, and toxicological characteristics of the samples collected. 

Elemental Contents in Submerged Aquatic Vegetation (SAV) Tissue in the Lower St. 

Johns River (2005): SAV tissue was collected in-house and analyzed for elemental 

components including carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus over a spatial and temporal 

continuum. 

Environmental Factors Affecting the Distribution and Health of Submerged Aquatic 

Plants in the Lower St. Johns River (1998–2003): The purpose of this project was to 

experimentally assess the effects of light levels, salinity, and nutrient loading on the growth 

of submerged aquatic plants. 

Establishment of Native Vegetation Riparian Buffer Zones for Nutrient Reduction in 

the Lower St. Johns River Basin (2006–2007): This project had two primary objectives: (1) 

to characterize native riparian communities in the LSJRB; and (2) to investigate the 

performance of restored riparian buffers for nutrient reduction. 

Estuarine Autonomous Instrumentation Platform and MERHAB (1999–2001): This new 

method of sampling was developed for the St. Johns River in northeast Florida. The 

Monitoring and Event Response for Harmful Algal Blooms (MERHAB) program began in 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 3-38 August 2008

1999 and was a three-year comprehensive study of the lower St. Johns River estuary. One 

of the problems with many sampling programs, including those for harmful algal blooms, is 

obtaining representative samples from the area of interest. Often, few data points are used 

to represent long time periods or a large geographic area. The limiting factors are usually 

resources (time and personnel) and logistics. AMJ Equipment Corp of Lakeland, Florida, 

was contracted to design and build a platform with continuous recording instrumentation 

aboard. The autonomous platform was mounted on a pontoon boat deck, which permitted 

safe and convenient maintenance and portability among sites and was deployed in the St. 

Johns River in northeast Florida. This type of spot-sampling misses most of the highfrequency variability in aquatic ecosystems. Many programs are now using continuously 

recording instrumentation in the field. These remote sensors allow specific variables to be 

measured at short intervals for an extended period. 

 

These types of high-frequency water quality data will help scientists to better understand the 

complex interactions of water quality, harmful algal blooms, and possibly fish-disease 

events. 

Evaluation of Impacts to Fish Communities from Low Dissolved Oxygen Episodes in 

the Lower St. Johns, a Eutrophic Blackwater River (2005–2007): This three-year project 

was a joint partnership between the FWC FWRI’s northeast Florida FIM program and 

SJRWMD and was funded by a Florida State Wildlife Grant (SWG). The lower St. Johns 

River in northeast Florida has been identified through the state and federal TMDL process 

as an impaired water body, exhibiting the symptoms of eutrophication brought about by 

nutrient enrichment. One of the chief symptoms of eutrophication in this river is severe low 

dissolved oxygen (DO) episodes, brought about by the death and decay of algal blooms. 

Though fish kills have occurred, and some limited fisheries monitoring data have shown 

evidence of low species numbers, no comprehensive FIM has been performed during low 

DO episodes to document the effects on fish communities. The objectives of this project 

were (1) conduct a literature review to determine low DO effects to regionally important fish 

and to evaluate the TMDL low DO criteria; and (2) conduct intensive fisheries monitoring 

during low DO times of year to determine possible effects to fish communities. 

Evaluation of Relationships between Submerged Aquatic Vegetation (SAV) and Fish 

Community Structure in the St. Johns River (1995): This project was conducted by 

Jacksonville University. 

Fish Community Structure in Four Tidal Creeks Tributary to the Lower St. Johns River 

(1996): This is a legacy project begun by the late Bob Brody with a retired UNF researcher; 

no additional information is available for this project. 

Fisheries — Independent Monitoring Program (2001–2007): The FWC FWRI’s FIM 

program is a long-term program designed to monitor the relative abundance of fishery 

resources in Florida’s major estuarine, coastal, and reef systems. The program was 

developed to: (1) address the critical need for effective assessment techniques for an array 

of species and sizes of fishes and selected invertebrates; (2) provide timely information for 

use in management plans; and (3) monitor trends in the relative abundance of taxa in a 

variety of estuarine and marine systems throughout Florida. In 2005 the monitoring sites for 

the FIM program were expanded through funding from SJRWMD to include sites further 

upstream and to provide fisheries data that could be compared to water quality conditions 

and future comparisons as pollutant loads are reduced. 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 3-39 August 2008

Hyperspectral Imaging for Submerged Aquatic Vegetation (SAV) Identification (2003, 

2006): Hyperspectral imaging examines large portions of the electromagnetic spectrum for 

signatures indicative of specific terrain types. A combination of visible and infrared spectra 

was used to type different species or assemblages of SAV so that remote sensing can be 

used to quickly catalog nearshore benthos. This project was conducted by Hyperspectral 

Data International. 

Land Acquisition (1994–2004): In the 10--year period from 1994–2004, SJRWMD has 

purchased or contributed to the purchase of 152 properties. Most of these properties were 

acquired to protect water resources, which implicitly includes protecting upland buffers. 

Lower St. Johns River Submerged Aquatic Vegetation (SAV) Monitoring (1995–2007):

The SAV monitoring program included monitoring a small number of high frequency sites 

(designated as the PMN) monthly or quarterly, conducted by Sagan Biological LLC. In 

addition, 75 transects were monitored annually (during the summer growing season), and 85 

transects were monitored in-house. Data were collected for health, extent, and species 

composition of SAV and were used to groundtruth aerial photography. Data were also 

collected to characterize epiphytes and to correlate biomass with visual estimates of cover. 

Microbial Food Web Dynamics in the Lower St. Johns River Basin (2007): This project 

had two primary objectives: (1) assess the role of microbial processes in hypoxic events 

(e.g., dissolved oxygen sags); and (2) assess the role of microbial processes in organic 

carbon fate and cycling in the river. 

SAV-Coupled Macroinvertebrate Sampling in the Lower St. Johns River Basin (2007):

The project included collection of invertebrates in the PMN of SAV (i.e., high frequency SAV 

sites), counting of invertebrates, and identification to the lowest practicable taxon. The work 

was conducted by Water and Air Research; Center for Systematics and Taxonomy; 

Ecoanalysts, Inc.; and MACTEC. 

Sediment Characterization in Submerged Aquatic Vegetation (SAV) Beds (2005): 

Sediment cores were extracted in 15 random sites and characterized for nutrients, organic 

matter, grain size, sediment oxygen demand, and bulk weight/density. This project was 

conducted by Dr. John White at the University of Florida. 

Shallow Groundwater Sampling in the Root Zone of Submerged Aquatic Vegetation 

(SAV) (2006–2007): This project was designed to characterize the water quality and 

variability of shallow groundwater in root zone sediments. Paired groundwater and surface 

water samples were obtained. This sampling occurred at SAV monitoring sites. 

Spectral Processing Methodology for Development of Airborne Imagery of 

Submerged Aquatic Vegetation (SAV) in the Lower St. Johns River (2005): 

Hyperspectral imagery from 2003 was used to develop analysis techniques to identify SAV. 

This work was conducted under the direction Dr. Jonathan Jordan from the University of 

Florida. 

Submerged Aquatic Vegetation (SAV) Photointerpretation (1998, 2002): Aerial 

photography was used to identify and classify SAV. In 1998, the aerial photographs were 

provided by U.S. Imaging. In 2002, this project was conducted by Jones Edmunds and 

Associates. 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 3-40 August 2008

Sediment Management Initiative Past/Current Projects

Hogan Creek Ecosystem Restoration (2005): Funding for the Hogan Creek Ecosystem 

Restoration Project in downtown Jacksonville was suspended in 2005. The project team 

was evaluating wetland restoration alternatives in the feasibility phase when funding was 

suspended. 

Maintenance Dredging of Intracoastal Waterway (2005–2006): The Intracoastal 

Waterway, managed by the Corps and the Florida Inland Navigation District (FIND), is 

dredged by the Corps as required to maintain a navigation depth of 12 ft. Within the St. 

Johns River watershed, maintenance dredging in the Palm Valley South Reach area 

removed approximately 1.2 million yards of dredged material in 2005 and 2006. This 

material was placed in Dredged Material Management Area SJ-14. 

Maintenance Dredging of Jacksonville Harbor and Vicinity (1993–2007): Approximately 

2 million cubic yards of material was dredged annually in the Jacksonville Harbor vicinity 

from the Terminal Channel (Commodore Point) to Entrance Channel Cut 3 (end of jetties). 

This total includes material dredged from the Federal Navigation Channel, JaxPort berthing 

areas, private industrial berthing areas, the Mill Cove Flow Improvement Channel, the U. S. 

Marine Corps Terminal at Blount Island, and the access channel and turning basin areas for 

the Mayport Naval Station. Dredged material was placed in upland Dredged Material 

Management Areas at Bartram Island, Buck Island, and Mayport; the south beach 

placement area at Mayport Naval Station and Katheryn Abbey Hanna Park; and the 

Jacksonville Ocean Dredged Material Management Area located approximately 3.5 miles 

east of the end of the entrance channel jetties. 

Reduction of Adverse Effects from Construction Sites and Disturbed Areas (1987–

2007): This program inspected construction sites in Duval County for erosion and 

sedimentation control measures in order to reduce off-site sedimentation and runoff of turbid 

water; to protect surface waters, streams, and drainage systems from the effects of 

sedimentation and excessive turbidity. The program consisted of a program director, two 

supervisors, four inspectors, and an education/outreach coordinator, and was funded 

through building permit fees. The program inspected construction sites before and during 

clearing and construction based on priorities, and initiated law enforcement for violators. The 

program also conducted education efforts, and offered a free two-day Erosion Control 

Inspector’s Certification class twice per year. This project was sponsored by the COJ’s EQD. 

This project is expected to continue in future years, funded by the city of Jacksonville 

through building construction permit fees. 

Toxic Contaminants Remediation Initiative Past/Current Projects

Assessment of Tissue Contaminant Burdens Found in Animals Collected from the 

Lower St. Johns River (1996–1998, 2002–2003): The tissue burden results confirmed that 

contaminants were accumulating in river biota, with the most likely source being sediments 

(because use of PCBs, DDTs, dieldrin, and lindane were discontinued years ago). These 

preliminary results also indicated that mercury and PCB contamination are very problematic 

pollutants in the LSJRB. Clam tissue results confirmed that PCBs were the most problematic 

in the Cedar River. The bass, shrimp, and clam tissue results confirmed that the urban 

Jacksonville area, the area around the Naval Air Station, and tributaries including the Cedar 

and Ortega rivers and Rice Creek are the problem areas most in need of further 

investigation in the LSJRB. 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 3-41 August 2008

Benthic Macroinvertebrate Data from Twenty Surface Water Sites within the Lower St. 

Johns River/An Evaluation of Benthic Macroinvertebrate Data from Twenty Surface 

Water Sites within the Lower St. Johns River (2002–2003): The two benthic 

macroinvertebrate reports supported the sediment assessment results (the results from the 

sediment assessments indicated that there was a significant potential for adverse biological 

impacts from sediment contaminants), indicating that contaminants were potentially causing 

adverse effects on the benthic populations, and that the Cedar and Ortega rivers were the 

most biologically impaired areas. Approximately 90 percent of the benthic deformities 

recorded in the first report were from sites in the Cedar and Ortega rivers, and indicated 

contaminant effects. These biological reports also indicated that benthic populations were 

impaired in the urban Jacksonville area, around the Naval Air Station and in tributaries 

including Rice Creek, although causes for the impairment as indicated by lower diversity and 

increased prevalence of pollution tolerant species were not determined. 

Cedar River Stormwater Treatment Outfall Monitoring (2007): This diagnostic sediment 

assessment project was conducted prior to, and is proposed to follow, construction of the 

stormwater detention facility, to determine the effectiveness of the facility sediment and 

contaminant reduction measures. The objective was to analyze sediments for physical 

variables, total metals, semi-volatile organics, PCBs and chlorinated pesticides collected 

from the eastern tributary of the Cedar River. The results will be used to determine the 

presence and concentrations of contaminants that will be carried into and accumulate in the 

regional stormwater wet detention facility. In addition, sediment samples will be collected for 

three years following construction of the regional stormwater wet detention facility to 

calculate its efficiency. 

Chemical Contamination of Sediments in the Cedar-Ortega River Basin (1998–1999):

An intensive sediment quality assessment was conducted within the Cedar-Ortega River 

Basin. Results again showed widespread contamination with more consistently elevated 

levels than the St. Johns River. Median contaminant concentrations in Cedar and Ortega 

sediments were typically similar to the higher concentrations measured in the St. Johns 

River. As in the St. Johns River, the major contaminants elevated above ERM (effects 

range-medium or middle) and PEC (probable effect concentration) sediment quality 

guidelines were PAHs, PCBs, pesticides (again mainly DDT derivatives, chlordane, dieldrin), 

and metals (mercury, zinc, lead and silver). 

Chevron Docks (2002): SJRWMD was consulted as an external party to provide technical 

assistance and review for the remediation project at the Chevron Docks. This project 

included dredging of sedimentation at the bulkhead of the docks. Dredging was completed 

in 2002. This was a cooperative effort between Chevron, FDEP, and SJRWMD. 

Deer Creek Remediation (2000–2007): The efforts to date include completion of a 

preliminary site assessment, health and risk assessments, and a planning and alternatives 

analysis. Future efforts will include a detailed assessment, finalization of a remediation plan, 

and implementation of the project plan. This project is a cooperative effort between EPA, 

NOAA, FDEP, SJRWMD, and Kerr-McGee (Tronox). 

Fishing Creek (1999): The purpose of this project was to improve access to a boat ramp 

located in Fishing Creek, a tributary to the Ortega River. Dredging occurred from the Ortega 

River confluence back upstream to the ramp site, thus improving accessibility to the St. 

Johns River from Fishing Creek. An assessment of contamination was performed at the 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 3-42 August 2008

mouth of Fishing Creek in order obtain funding for the dredge work. This project was 

completed through a cooperative effort of FIND, COJ, USACE, and SJRWMD. 

Fishweir Creek Remediation (2005–2007): The efforts to date include preliminary 

diagnostic testing and a planning and alternatives analysis. Results from the preliminary 

diagnostic testing indicate low-level contamination with pesticides, metals, and other 

industrial contaminants. Future efforts will include more specific site assessments, 

determination of an appropriate remediation strategy, and implementation of the project 

plan. This project is a cooperative effort between USACE, COJ, FDEP, and SJRWMD. 

McCoy Creek (1993–2007): SJRWMD was consulted as an external party to review the 

project scope for the flood control project at McCoy Creek, which included issues with 

sediment contamination. The project was put on hold, and a new site is being pursued for a 

stormwater treatment area (STA). This project was completed as a joint effort between the 

COJ and SJRWMD. This project is expected to continue as a new site is identified and the 

project continued. 

Mill Cove Creek Remediation (2002): Prior to dredging by USACE for the Flow 

Enhancement Channel (cut in Mill Cove Creek), an assessment of contamination in the 

creek was performed. The findings of the assessment included minimal metal and organic 

contaminants, which allowed for upland disposal of dredged material. This project was 

completed through a cooperative effort of FDEP, COJ, USACE, and SJRWMD. 

Moncrief Creek (2000–2007): An assessment was performed on a contaminated site 

identified in Moncrief Creek. The assessment indicated that the contamination was 

contained and minimal remediation was required/completed (“No Fishing” signs were 

posted). This project was completed as a cooperative effort between COJ, FDEP, 

Department of Health (state and local), and SJRWMD. 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Status and Trends 

Monitoring in the Lower St. Johns River (2002–2004): The NOAA Coastal Storms 

Program conducted a pilot study in the St. Johns River watershed from 2002 through 

2004. There were three components to the project: (1) a land use-based risk assessment of 

pesticides permitted for use within the watershed; (2) a ground and surface water model of 

transport and fate of three contaminants selected from the above risk assessment; and (3) 

toxicological tests, in all possible combinations, of the same three contaminants. The first 

item is available for use on the NOAA website (http://www.chbr.noaa.gov/easi) and is 

currently under review for updating and expansion of functions. 

The Ecological Effects of Storm Impacts project was designed to provide easily accessible 

information on risks of chemically contaminated runoff resulting from storms. The impetus 

for the first component of the project came from frequent reports by field biologists that they 

observed large fish kills following storms that seemed to be associated with chemical runoff. 

The second component included a method to predict potential causes of fish kills. The 

Pesticide Root Zone and the Exposure Analysis Modeling System models were used to 

compare risk to resident biota in estuarine headwaters. The third component examined the 

toxicity of three pesticides, singly and in mixture, to grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) 

larvae. The pesticides included atrazine, an herbicide used on turf grass and field crops; 

fipronil, a persistent insecticide used against termites and fire ants; and imidacloprid, a 

systemic insecticide used in agricultural and home products. 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 3-43 August 2008

Naval Air Station (NAS) Jacksonville Remediation (1993–2000). This project involved the 

remediation of radioactive waste and solvents, cleaners, and PCBs, all of which have been 

completed. NAS Jacksonville was the lead in this effort, with coordination from EPA, NOAA, 

FDEP, and SJRWMD. 

Pesticide Occurrence in Receiving Waters in the Tri-County Agricultural Area (1992–

1997): This project examined the presence of pesticides in tributary and mainstem 

sediments as well as contaminants in surface water drainage and groundwater in the TCAA. 

Only low levels of pesticide occurrence were found at selected sites. This project was 

funded in part with EPA Section 319 funding. 

Rice Creek Contaminant Assessment (2003): This project involved the annual sampling 

of fish tissue as required by the Georgia Pacific permit. The sampling was conducted and 

reported to the FDEP in fulfillment of the Georgia Pacific annual permit requirement. 

 

In 2002, a request was made that the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry 

conduct a public health assessment of the fish in Rice Creek, which FDOH was contracted 

to perform. This study was adapted from the Georgia Pacific Plan of Study to meet FDOH 

guidelines. Results were then reported in a Health Consultation Report as per 

requirements from Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. FDOH determined 

through this study that a fish consumption advisory would not be issued for Rice Creek. 

Sediment Contaminant Assessment Associated with Wet Detention (2007): The COJ, 

in a cooperative effort with SJRWMD, constructed a 14-acre regional stormwater wet 

detention facility that will provide retrofit treatment for 1,452 acres of tributary area that 

currently does not receive water quality treatment. Previous studies conducted by SJRWMD 

indicate that the Cedar-Ortega River confluence sediments are contaminated with a variety 

of constituents, including PAHs, PCBs, pesticides, and metals. The regional stormwater 

facility will provide water quality treatment for the area that is the potential source of some of 

these contaminants. This project will be a sediment and toxics assessment for the regional 

stormwater facility that will assist in determining the effectiveness of the wet detention pond 

at retaining these contaminants. The project will also provide data for evaluating the 

necessity for potential future remedial action of the sediments in the facility and at the 

confluence of the Cedar River. The property was acquired by SJRWMD and construction 

funding provided by the city of Jacksonville and FDEP. This project began in 2007. 

Sediment Quality of the Lower St. Johns River and the Cedar-Ortega River Basin 

(1996–1999): A basinwide sediment quality assessment focused on the lower 100 miles of 

the St. Johns River and several tributaries. Results indicated widespread contamination with 

high variability in contaminant concentrations and in the physical characteristics of the 

sediment. These are not surprising results since the sample area of over 100 river miles 

included urban, industrial, residential, and rural land use patterns. The following areas were 

found to have significantly elevated sediment contaminant concentrations: 

• LSJR in urban Jacksonville — probable sources are local industrial and wastewater 

treatment facility (WWTF) discharges, runoff, and downstream transport. In addition, 

one of the most polluted tributaries, the Cedar-Ortega River, discharges into this 

area of the St. Johns River. 

• Cedar-Ortega River — preliminary results supported previous information indicating 

elevated contamination from this urban, industrial watershed and led to a more 

detailed assessment. 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 3-44 August 2008

• LSJR around the Naval Air Station — most likely due to past military practices, 

leaching and runoff. 

• Rice Creek, the confluence and downstream of Palatka — largest industrial 

discharge to the river, a pulp mill has operated and discharged here since the 1940s. 

In addition, urban runoff, WWTF effluent, and power generating plants discharge 

here. 

Sediment contaminant concentrations were compared to Sediment Quality Guidelines and 

the most problematic pollutants, those that exceeded ERM (effects range-medium or middle) 

and PEC (probable effect concentration) values, were the typical urban industrial chemicals: 

PAHs, PCBs, and pesticides (mainly DDT derivatives, chlordane), and metals (mercury, 

zinc, lead, cadmium, chromium, silver and arsenic). Many other metals, pesticides, and 

organochlorine chemicals were also elevated in many areas of the river. 

Sediment Transport Model for the Cedar-Ortega Rivers (1998–2002): After an initial 

assessment of sediment control measures for a stormwater treatment project in the CedarOrtega Basin, the investigation of contaminants and treatment alternatives for the CedarOrtega was expanded. A sediment transport model was developed to evaluate areas of 

sediment scouring and deposition as well as to assess the feasibility of using sediment traps 

to control and capture sediments. The completed sediment transport model predicted that 

sediment traps would be effective at controlling sediment movement. However, dredging 

and potential toxic contaminated sediment remediation are not included in the mission of 

SJRWMD, but are primarily the responsibility of other agencies. 

Toxicological Plan for the Lower St. Johns River (1996–1998): This project focused on 

data collected in the early 1990s on contaminants measured in biota in the LSJRB. This 

project employed a toxicologist to review the data that had been collected and, based on 

those results, provided recommendations on remediation and management actions for the 

lower St. Johns River. 

Public Education Initiative Past/Current Projects

1995 Outreach Efforts: 

• SJRWMD began incorporating SWIM information into its education programs, 

including its Legacy Water Resource Education Program. Legacy is a long-term 

cooperative educational venture between SJRWMD and schools. Through the 

Legacy Program, educators and students learn to use natural, public land as an 

educational medium while helping public agencies make the land more accessible to 

surrounding communities. 

• The first St. Johns River Celebration cleanup of the river and its tributaries was held 

in March 1995. The celebration is a one-day river cleanup in 15 counties in Florida 

and two counties in Georgia. SJRWMD continued at the helm of the annual 

celebration through March 2001. The following year, SJRWMD turned over the 

celebration’s leadership to local entities. St. Johns River Celebration cleanups have 

been held each year since that time. 

• Under SJRWMD’s leadership for six years (1995–2001), the celebration attracted 

more than 33,900 volunteers, who removed nearly 2.5 million pounds of garbage 

from the St. Johns River and the St. Marys River systems. 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 3-45 August 2008

1997 Outreach Efforts: 

• The St. Johns River was designated as one of the nation’s 14 American Heritage 

Rivers. The American Heritage Rivers initiative fosters community empowerment 

while providing focused attention and resources to help river communities restore 

their environment, revitalize their economy, renew their culture, and preserve their 

history. The Office of Communications and Governmental Affairs (OCGA) worked 

with river navigators and various community and elected leaders on efforts to 

promote the initiative’s objectives in regard to water quality protection. 

• In 1997, individuals from northeast Florida representing business, government, and 

the environment met in the first St. Johns River Summit. The summit resulted in 

pledges to restore and enhance the lower St. Johns River and a five-year plan 

known as the River Agenda. This group began working toward six goals established 

to protect the St. Johns River and, in large part, successfully accelerated the 

restoration of the lower St. Johns River. 

• SJRWMD worked with elected officials and community leaders to develop a Lower 

St. Johns River Basin Restoration Plan, allocating $43.2 million to reduce pollution 

from urban and suburban areas, rehabilitate degraded aquatic habitats, reduce 

pollution from agricultural areas, and promote public awareness of the river and 

pollution sources. 

• Over the years, the River Agenda effort netted $47.45 million in matching dollars for 

improvements to the LSJRB. Leveraging these dollars more than doubled the state’s 

investment with local sources. 

1998 Outreach Efforts: 

• SJRWMD, with the assistance of partnering agencies, prepared the River Agenda 

booklet outlining the pledges of governmental entities and strategies and goals for 

the following five years. 

• Public awareness goals included 

o Implementing an educational promotion campaign 

o Using TV/radio announcements, school programs, public workshops, and 

store promotions 

o Working with area businesses and professional organizations to increase 

awareness of environmental issues 

o Communicating to the public what habitat is being lost, why it is important, 

and what can be done to address the loss 

o Providing water resource workshops and hosting an annual event, such as 

the St. Johns River Strategic Planning meeting, targeting elected officials 

o Making information published by SJRWMD, FDEP, and COJ more accessible 

and readily available to the public 

o Promoting participation and increasing membership in new and existing 

volunteer groups, such as the Watershed Action Volunteer (WAV) Program 

o Educating students and teachers about environmental issues 

o Expanding SJRWMD’s Legacy, FDEP’s Adopt-a-School, and state park 

programs to increase understanding of ecosystems surrounding the river 

o Promoting the use of existing educational curricula, including Waterways and 

EcoVentures

o Providing presentations to school boards on environmental education 

programs 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 3-46 August 2008

1998–2002 Outreach Efforts 

• Prepared and distributed annual “report cards” on the River Agenda’s progress 

2003 Outreach Efforts 

• When the five-year River Agenda expired in 2003, work by the partnering groups 

continued. In January, a river-wide summit was held and new priorities were 

established, including priorities for the LSJRB. In addition, a working group created 

the St. Johns River Restoration Strategy (report) and formed a framework for the St. 

Johns River Alliance, which has participated in advancing the river’s restoration. 

2006 Outreach Efforts 

• In summer 2006, SJRWMD joined with the COJ, JEA, FDEP, and EPA, as well as 

smaller local governments and utilities, in the “River Accord.” The agencies 

committed to a $700 million program to exceed the TMDL nutrient allocation for the 

lower St. Johns River. This partnership will significantly improve water quality and 

provide approximately 70 million gallons per day in reuse to augment freshwater 

being used for irrigation. 

• To promote SJRWMD’s wastewater reduction and reuse initiative and the goals of 

the River Accord, OCGA staff developed an LSJRB Outreach Initiative to heighten 

awareness of river health issues and to educate the public on how human behaviors 

impact the river and how these behaviors can be changed. 

• In April 2006, the staff began exploring the possibility of conducting a paid 

advertising, multimedia public awareness campaign to complement SJRWMD’s 

successful unpaid public and media outreach and education efforts in the LSJRB. 

The initiative concentrates on four areas of communication: public awareness 

research, public and media outreach, local government outreach, and a paid media 

campaign. 

• In SJRWMD’s FY 2006–2007 budget, $1.09 million was allocated for the initiative 

and related research, to gain a better understanding of public perceptions about the 

river’s health and pollution sources and to embark on a paid media campaign to 

complement existing efforts. 

• In September 2006, Fry Hammond Barr, an Orlando-based advertising agency, was 

awarded a contract to develop a comprehensive paid media campaign with a 

memorable and compelling water quality protection message, and to coordinate and 

implement the campaign. 

2007 Outreach Efforts 

• The Lower Basin Public Outreach Initiative seeks to increase awareness about river 

health issues and to educate the public on how human behaviors impact the river 

and how negative behaviors can be changed. 

• Developed with participation from the communication staffs of JEA, FDEP, and COJ, 

the initiative promotes consistent messages to be conveyed by SJRWMD and these 

entities, which are involved in a restoration partnership, called the River Accord, to 

improve the health of the lower St. Johns River. 

• The paid media portion of the campaign launched in April 2007 with ads on television 

and in local newspapers and radio traffic sponsorships, and with billboards from April 

through early August. Collateral materials include a campaign-specific brochure and 

website, www.floridaswater.com. 

• Media outreach includes LSJRB boat tours, editorial board visits, news releases and 

news stories, and appearances on public affairs radio and television broadcasts. 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 3-47 August 2008

Presentations to civic organizations, schools and local governments spotlight river 

health issues. 

• To evaluate the initiative’s success, public awareness surveys are conducted before, 

during, and after the campaign. 

Intergovernmental Coordination Initiative Past/Current Projects

Harmful Algal Bloom Coordination (1997–2007): SJRWMD dedicated a portion of their 

lower basin biologist’s time to coordinate with HAB efforts within SJRWMD and the rest of 

the state. This function played an important role in information sharing and SJRWMD efforts 

in controlling harmful algal blooms in the LSJR. This role is expected to continue in the 

future. 

Intergovernmental Coordination (1993–2007): SJRWMD supported two staff 

intergovernmental coordinator positions that cover geographic areas in the LSJRB. These 

staff are part of SJRWMD’s Office of Communications and Governmental Affairs (OCGA) 

and were the main contacts for local governments in the basin and provided annual 

presentations for local governments making local budget requests (LBRs) for funding. These 

staff regularly communicated with the lower basin program manager in the project 

management section. The roles of these staff are expected to continue in the future. 

Lower Basin Interagency Program Coordination (1993–2007): SJRWMD supported a 

staff position called the lower basin program manager to coordinate SJRWMD basinwide 

efforts and integrate information sharing across its departments and among other agencies. 

This position handled the special legislative funding request for the LSJRB. This position 

played a long-standing role within SJRWMD and also an important function in sharing 

information across departments and other efforts. This associate regularly communicated 

with their intergovernmental coordinator and public and media counterparts in OCGA. This 

position is expected to continue in the future and plays an important role in sharing 

information across departments and other efforts. 

Lower St. Johns River Technical Advisory Committee (TAC) Support (1993–2007): The 

COJ, FDEP, and SJRWMD have supported the meetings of the LSJR TAC since the late 

1980s when the SWIM program was initiated. The TAC has served as a scientific and 

management forum throughout this time. The TAC worked on the original (1989) SWIM plan 

and the 1993 update. The committee has provided input into nomination packages for 

National Estuary Program status and American Heritage River designation. It has reviewed 

and prioritized projects for funding through the Special Legislative Initiative each year. From 

1993 to 2002, the committee was coordinated and staffed by the co-chairs of the lead 

sponsors. In 2002, the three agencies cooperatively funded a contractor to support the 

committee activities and this support continued through 2007 through various funding 

sources. The TAC continues to be the regional forum to discuss technical and management 

issues, funding opportunities and priorities, and information source for local and regional 

conferences. As of 2007, more than 150 people are considered members of the TAC and 

the group continues to meet quarterly. The TAC is also the LSJR Basin’s technical advisory 

committee for the St. Johns River Alliance. This project is expected to continue. 

Public and Media Communications Staff (1993–2007): SJRWMD supported an OCGA 

position to provide a media and public contact for questions and issues regarding projects in 

the LSJRB. This staff position regularly coordinated with many departments within SJRWMD 

and communicated with the intergovernmental coordinator and lower basin program 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 3-48 August 2008

manager. This position is supported by the other staff in OCGA and is expected to continue 

in the future. 

Reuse Initiative/Integrated Water Management Plan (2006–2007): In 2006, the results of 

the optimization model to integrate wastewater and water supply/reuse options were 

forwarded to the long-standing Northeast Florida Utility Managers Group, which includes 

utilities from the LSJRB and Nassau River Basin. This group is supported by SJRWMD and 

became the forum to develop regional water reuse and wastewater improvement projects 

among local utilities. The group met approximately every two months to share information 

and work on opportunities for sending wastewater to reuse systems. This coordination and 

information sharing function is expected to continue in the future. 

River Accord (2006–2007): In July 2006, a 10-year river restoration effort was announced 

titled the River Accord. The program included identification of $700 million in projects that 

are needed to restore the river. These include efforts to remove wastewater discharges, 

improve wastewater effluent and increase the use of reuse water for irrigation, eliminate 

failing septic tanks, improve stormwater, and produce an annual State of the River report. 

The COJ was the lead organization in the Accord along with the other key agencies and 

universities in the LSJRB, including SJRWMD, JEA, Water and Sewer Expansion Authority, 

and FDEP. These organizations are expected to coordinate their efforts for prioritizing 

projects and funding based on the priorities in the River Accord. Continued coordination of 

the River Accord efforts is expected to occur through the St. Johns River Alliance. 

River Summits and River Agenda (1997–2003): In December 1997, the St. Johns River 

Strategic Planning Session was held, now known as the River Summit. This summit brought 

together the local, state, and federal leaders who made commitments to preserving and 

restoring the LSJRB. Six focus areas were identified as a result of the discussions at the 

summit. The focus areas included: point-source pollution, nonpoint source pollution, bacteria 

in the river’s tributaries, aquatic habitat, water quality compliance and enforcement, and 

public awareness of river issues. Over the subsequent five years, an executive committee 

met regularly to solicit pledges of funding for river projects from appropriate sources, discuss 

the projects needed to address the focus areas, and review the progress of the projects 

being implemented. Annual report cards were published that documented the projects and 

progress to date. This process was a major effort to coordinate all the agencies working on 

the LSJRB restoration and to prioritize funding and restoration efforts. 

In January 2003, a second River Summit was held in Jacksonville, Florida. This summit 

invited participation from the local, state, and federal leaders from the Upper, Middle, and 

lower St Johns River basins. Thousands of people attended the 2003 summit and provided 

input on the problems and possible solutions to river restoration. As a result of the 2003 

River Summit, a St. Johns River Working Group was formed. The working group developed 

a management strategy, based on the input from the summit, to enhance work on river-wide 

restoration and improve public access and awareness of the river and nearby communities. 

The management strategy recommended continued coordination of local governments and 

agencies and the creation of a nonprofit organization called, the St. Johns River Alliance. 

St. Johns River Alliance (2003–2007): The St. Johns River Alliance was created after the 

2003 River Summit and subsequent working group recommendation that a river-wide 

organization was needed to focus on restoration and education efforts. The Alliance was 

established as a nonprofit organization with a Board of Directors who represent citizens, 

local governments, and key agencies along the river. The organization is supported by 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 3-49 August 2008

contributions from local governments, agencies, and private groups. The Alliance serves as 

a forum for all the key organizations in the entire basin to learn about efforts and develop 

projects and funding priorities that support restoration activities. In the future, the Alliance is 

expected to expand its role in educating those outside the region about restoration needs in 

the basin, developing a research consortium of universities in the watershed, and increasing 

public education and public access efforts. This project is expected to continue. 

Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) Coordination Process (2001–2007): Through the 

authority of the federal Clean Water Act, the state of Florida, and the EPA are establishing 

TMDLs for the impaired waters in Florida. In the LSJRB, many of the tributaries as well as 

the mainstem of the river are considered impaired, meaning they do not meet the state 

water quality standards for their designated use. The FDEP is the lead state agency on the 

development of TMDLs and their subsequent BMAPs. 

Although the FDEP is the lead agency, they coordinate their efforts with local stakeholders 

as the TMDLs and BMAP are written. This coordination is important because the TMDLs 

and BMAP provisions are enforceable and can amend existing federal permits including 

wastewater, industrial, and stormwater permits. The required load reductions can also 

require nonpoint source reductions from areas that do not currently have federal permits. 

In 2001, the FDEP sponsored coordination meetings with a TMDL Stakeholders Group that 

provided input into the water quality model that was being developed by SJRWMD. This 

group met regularly to advise SJRWMD and to learn more about the modeling efforts. In 

2002 the FDEP-Northeast District Office appointed a LSJR TMDL Executive Committee to 

provide input from the specific stakeholder groups that would be directly affected by the 

TMDL implementation. The appointed members included representatives from lead 

agencies such as FDEP, SJRWMD, FDACS, and USACE. The committee also included 

representatives from agriculture, utilities, industry, and environmental interest groups. Both 

the LSJR TMDL Executive Committee and Stakeholders Group have continued to meet 

regularly during the TMDL and BMAP process to address nutrients in the mainstem. A 

separate working group was established in 2006 to coordinate efforts on TMDLs to address 

fecal coliform bacteria impairments in the lower St. Johns River tributaries. This LSJR 

Tributaries Fecal Coliform Technical Working Group has also met regularly and includes 

representation from local governments, utilities, and agencies. These groups are expected 

to continue to meet throughout the TMDL implementation process and will update the 

BMAPs approximately every five years. TMDL coordination will continue in future years. 

3.8 Future Projects (2008–2012) 

Water Quality Initiative Future Projects

Agricultural BMP Cost-Share Program—Phase II (2008–2011): This SJRWMD water 

quality protection cost-share program is designed to promote grower adoption of in-field 

BMPs that reduce nutrient loading into receiving streams in the TCAA. This voluntary 

program provides a monetary incentive for farmers to implement verified BMPs and to 

compensate for any potential increase in cost or risk which may result while the farmers 

adjust to the new technology. The program provides cost-share funds for agricultural 

practices, which will sustain profitable crop yields and will have potential water conservation, 

runoff, and water quality benefits. Recommended practices in this phase will include those 

that have been defined and proven effective by the cooperative EPA Section 319 project 

work conducted by SJRWMD and other agencies and area growers. Also included in this 

phase are new BMP technologies that include CRF technologies that have demonstrated 

agricultural nitrogen load reductions by 60 to 80 percent during storm events. 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 3-50 August 2008

Agricultural Receiving Streams Evaluation (2008–2010): SJRWMD will continue to 

conduct ambient monitoring as part of its Nonpoint Source Pollution Program, and will 

monitor temporal water quality trends associated with agricultural watersheds. Numerous 

parameters will be measured with consideration toward the physical, water chemistry, and 

toxicological characteristics of the samples to be collected. This project began in 1990. 

Algal Toxin Monitoring (2008–2012): This SJRWMD project, which started in 2005, 

develops information on algal toxin occurrences in the lower St. Johns River and provides 

assistance to the Department of Health. The historic data documented the occurrence of 

high algal toxins during the large Microcystis bloom in 2006. 

Ambient Water Quality Monitoring in the TCAA (2008–2012): Diagnostic data will be 

collected by SJRWMD to determine long-term spatial and temporal water quality trends 

within the agricultural watersheds in the LSJRB. Agricultural subbasins will be monitored as 

well as the receiving streams at the confluence of the lower St. Johns River. These data will 

also be used for water quality model validation and calibration for TMDLs as the model is 

upgraded. This is a continuation of an effort started in 1998. 

Aquatic Organic Matter Characterization (2008–2009): This SJRWMD project, which 

began in 2005, evaluates new chemical and bioassay methods to characterize aquatic 

organic matter. The results of this evaluation will allow for better characterization of the 

biodegradability and nutrient cycling of organic matter. 

Best Management Practice (BMP) Geographic Information System (GIS) Tracking Tool 

(2008–2010): This SJRWMD GIS project started in 1999 and tracks the implementation of 

in-field BMPs that are implemented in the TCAA. These data are used to correlate with 

water quality data collected in the TCAA and for compliance with the nutrient TMDL and 

BMAP for the mainstem of the lower St. Johns River. This effort is expected to continue 

through 2010. 

Chip Potato Grower Demonstration Projects Using Controlled Release Fertilizers 

(2008–2010): SJRWMD and UF-IFAS will work on additional demonstration projects using 

CRF in chip potato growers’ fields. IFAS will track different rates of nitrogen and phosphorus 

in the CRF and crop yield measurements. 

City of Jacksonville Mainstem Run (2008–2012): The program currently samples 10 

ambient stations in the mainstem of the St. Johns River on a monthly basis. Goals of this 

program are to monitor water quality trends for nutrients and their impacts. Information 

collected will assist the state in establishing TMDLs for the lower St. Johns River in Duval 

County. TMDLs and nutrient reduction goals are then incorporated into surface water 

discharge permits held by the city. 

COJ MS4 Permit Monitoring Program: Stormwater BMP Effectiveness Studies (2008–

2012): This program constitutes a portion of the city’s NPDES/MS4 Monitoring Plan, 

required by the EPA and state of Florida. The goal of the program is to determine the 

effectiveness of certain designated stormwater treatment projects. Four projects have been 

identified for study through this program. Pollutants monitored in this program range from 

nutrients to PCBs. 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 3-51 August 2008

COJ MS4 Permit Monitoring Program: Tributary Intensive Program (2008–2012): This 

program began in 2002 and is designed to provide more detailed water quality information 

about selected tributaries in Duval County. Sites are monitored in each of the following 

basins: Arlington River, Trout River, Cedar-Ortega rivers, and Julington/Durbin creeks. In 

addition, one site is located on each of the following minor tributary basins: McCoy, Deer 

and Little Fishweir Creeks. All of the 16 sites are also part of the “Routine Tributary” 

program. The sampling year is divided into wet and dry months based on National Weather 

Service average monthly rainfall from 1971- 2000. In 2002, the 15 sites were sampled three 

times during “wet” months and two times during dry months. Data from this program is used 

in concert with mainstem water quality data to understand pollutant loading into the St. 

Johns River. The data are then used by the state to develop TMDLs. This program 

constitutes a portion of the city’s NPDES/MS4 Monitoring Plan, required by the EPA and 

state of Florida. 

COJ Tributary Routine Program (2008–2012): The focus of this program is to monitor 

water quality in the tributaries of the St. Johns River in Jacksonville. Approximately 100 sites 

along Jacksonville tributaries are monitored quarterly for a variety of parameters. The 

tributaries provide significant littoral zone habitat for a variety of species and are extremely 

important to the ecology of the St. Johns River estuary system. Pollution impacts in the 

tributaries can be pronounced, since they have a smaller dilution potential than larger water 

bodies. Two important water quality parameters measured at the tributary monitoring sites 

are dissolved oxygen and fecal coliform bacteria. Data collected through the program are 

used to track long-term water quality trends, and to determine if the surface waters are 

meeting their designated use as Class III waters. If waters are not meeting their designated 

use, programs are put in place to restore the water quality. This program constitutes a 

portion of the city’s NPDES/MS4 Monitoring Plan, required by the EPA and state of Florida. 

City of Jacksonville Timucuan Preserve Program (2008–2012): This program is a 

cooperative effort between the city of Jacksonville, NPS, FDEP, CAMA, and The Nature 

Conservancy’s Machaba Balu Preserve. Cooperators assist by providing field support when 

needed, and the NPS provides funding for chlorophyll analysis. The purpose of this effort is 

to collect water quality trend data for the surface waters in and adjacent to the Timucuan 

Ecological and Historic Preserve. Currently, 12 sampling locations are monitored bimonthly; 

the information will be used to make land-use decisions in this area of the county. In 

addition, the state uses data collected to determine if the surface waters are meeting their 

designated use. If the waters do not meet the designated use, a TMDL will be developed for 

the pollutants of concern. 

Compliance with TMDL and PLRG Water Quality Goals (2008–2012): This SJRWMD 

project will improve river monitoring to evaluate the compliance of river water quality with the 

TMDL and PLRG target restoration goals. 

Comprehensive Nutrient and Water Use Research Project in the TCAA (2008–2010): 

SJRWMD provides funding to UF-IFAS to conduct multiple subprojects in the effort to 

reduce nutrients in runoff and decrease water use. Based on the results of preliminary 

studies, additional work may be pursued to document the effectiveness of BMP techniques 

in the field. 

• Evaluation of Cut-Off Date for Nutrient Applications to Potato Crops — This study is 

an evaluation of the days after planting when nutrient applications are no longer 

helpful to a potato crop (the “cut-off date”). Establishing this date could eliminate 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 3-52 August 2008

some fertilizer applications, which would decrease costs to the grower as well as 

result in nutrient reductions to the watershed. 

• Testing the Effectiveness of Controlled Release Fertilizer on Sod — This project 

evaluates the effectiveness of CRF products on sod compared to soluble fertilizers. If 

CRFs can be effective at fertilizing sod and reducing runoff concentrations, they have 

the potential for widespread use and subsequent reductions in urban runoff 

concentrations. Future work is planned if the pilot project indicates this is a viable 

alternative for sod fertilization. 

• Tracking Nutrients through Ditches and Canals — This study evaluates the 

attenuation of nitrogen and phosphorus species as water travels from the field to the 

tributaries. The assessment includes habitat assessments, algal counts, and algal 

species change evaluation. This project began in 2007 and will continue through 

2010. 

• In-Canal BMPs for Sediment Stabilization — This project was a pilot project, 

conducted in 2007, to study the use of polyacrylamides in agricultural water furrows 

to stabilize sediments and reduce phosphorus concentrations in runoff. If the results 

are good from this pilot study, a full research study will be conducted in cooperation 

with IFAS. 

Controlled Release On-Farm Project: An Alternative Irrigation Program for Potato 

Crops to Reduce Water and Nutrient Use (2008): With cooperation from SJRWMD, UFIFAS will conduct research testing the in-field use of a drip irrigation/fertigation system on 

potato crops that was first tested at the Plant Science Research and Education Unit’s 

Hastings Farm. It is hoped that this alternative irrigation system for potatoes grown in the 

TCAA will reduce water and nutrient use. Factors that will be measured in-field include 

comparison of water use efficiencies, fertilizer use efficiencies, crop use, crop production, 

and tuber quality between a subsurface seepage and drip irrigation/fertigation system. 

Dairy Baseline Water Quality Monitoring (2008–2012): This ambient monitoring is part of 

the SJRWMD Nonpoint Source Pollution Program, and monitors temporal water quality 

trends associated with dairy production. This project collects monthly surface grab samples 

at one-half meter, or one-half stream depth if stream depth is less than one meter. 

Numerous parameters will be measured with consideration toward the physical, water 

chemistry, and toxicological characteristics of the samples collected. This is a continuation 

of a project begun in 1999. 

Development of Regional Stormwater Treatment (RST) (2008–2012): SJRWMD will 

continue to acquire land and develop RST in appropriate areas. The water quality from the 

outfalls will be monitored and assessed. As of 2007, three additional treatment areas are in 

the planning phase: Deep Creek East, Masters Project, and Flagler Estates Area RSTs. 

These projects are in different stages of development and will therefore be completed at 

different times. Additional RSTs may be pursued as water quality priorities are evaluated 

and land is acquired. As the projects are implemented, monitoring, operations, and 

maintenance will begin as described below. 

Engineering and Design of the UF-IFAS Plant Science Research and Education Unit’s 

Hastings Farm (2008): This project will implement the design and engineering plan 

developed in 2007 for the UF-IFAS Hastings Research Farm. The center was designed for 

conducting water quality research associated with agronomic production. This project will 

establish the research center as a state-of-the-art outdoor research facility for monitoring 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 3-53 August 2008

BMP effectiveness for addressing TMDL goals. This project will be sponsored by SJRWMD 

and UF-IFAS. 

Establishment of the UF-IFAS Field Station on Urban Nonpoint Source Reductions in 

Hastings (2008–2010): This project will re-develop a closed facility owned by the University 

of Florida to become a state-of-the-art outdoor research facility on urban nonpoint sources. 

The site will be designed to meet research-level monitoring requirements and site testing 

conditions. Research projects will be designed to test the effects of using reuse water for 

irrigation, different landscaping approaches, and swale effectiveness and management. 

There will be a public education center established at the site. Partners on this project 

include Putnam County, St. Johns County, UF-IFAS, and SJRWMD. Funding is provided by 

state legislative appropriations. 

Expansion of Controlled Release Fertilizer Testing for Additional Crops (2008–2009): 

SJRWMD, UF-IFAS, and FDACS plan to work collaboratively on plot-level research at the 

UF-IFAS Hastings site on CRFs for crops such as cabbages, melons, corn, and greens. 

Different quantities and release times will be tested as well as crop yield measurements. As 

results are received, testing will move to in-field demonstration projects. 

Extension of the Western Atlantic Tide Model (2008): This SJRWMD modeling effort will 

allow for unbiased establishment of the ocean boundary of the lower St. Johns River water 

quality model and explain some of the interactions between the inner continental shelf and 

river water. 

Geographic Information System (GIS) Land Use Assessment (2010): This SJRWMD 

project will monitor the land use changes in the TCAA using GIS. The GIS land use 

coverages will be updated and evaluated with both predicted and actual treatment 

efficiencies in priority areas. This effort is expected to be updated annually. 

Inner Shelf Water Quality in the South Atlantic Bight (2008–2012): This SJRWMD 

project will examine the effect of the lower St. Johns River and other SAB rivers on the inner 

continental shelf water quality and the interaction of water with tide reverse flows. 

Land Use Effect on Shallow Groundwater Pollution (2008–2012): This project initiated 

by SJRWMD in 2006 increases the shallow groundwater monitoring network and develops a 

model to assess landscape effects on shallow groundwater quality. 

Lower St. Johns River Groundwater Monitoring Program (2008–2012): This ambient 

monitoring network is designed to characterize shallow groundwater quality existing beneath 

major land uses and in areas where septic tank density is high, or where reuse water or land 

disposal of domestic waste was occurring. A major objective of the study is to identify the 

conditions that allow nutrient-enriched shallow groundwater to migrate to surface waters. 

Water quality samples will be collected quarterly from fifty-nine wells at fourteen sites. In 

addition, an intensive sampling program will examine five sites with five replicate wells three 

times per year. Numerous parameters will be measured with consideration toward the 

physical, water chemistry, and toxicological characteristics of the samples collected. This 

project began in 2003. 

Lower St. Johns River Mainstem Nutrient BMAP Implementation (2008–2012): 

Implementation of the BMAP will include projects by municipalities, private businesses, 

Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT), stormwater management entities, and 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 3-54 August 2008

homeowners. Reductions will be achieved through projects such as wastewater treatment 

upgrades, taking wastewater discharges away from direct discharge and increasing reuse 

supplies, regional stormwater treatment, implementation of agricultural BMPs, building RSTs 

for agricultural areas, construction of additional stormwater treatment systems, improved 

fertilizer practices, and removal of failing septic tank systems. 

Lower St. Johns Watershed Action Volunteers (2008–2012): This continuing SJRWMD 

program will support volunteer monitoring in the LSJRB. Grab water quality samples of 

storwmater will be collected at various sites located on small (first-order) catchments during 

storm events. Numerous parameters will be measured with consideration toward the 

physical, water chemistry, and toxicological characteristics of the samples to be collected. 

Low Impact Development (LID) Stormwater Management Project (2008–2012): This 

project will be conducted at the new UF-IFAS Field Station on Urban Nonpoint Source 

Reductions in cooperation with SJRWMD. The project will monitor the effects of 

development at the site and compare pre- and post-development water quality information. 

Monitoring is expected to continue until 2012. 

LSJR Mainstem Basin Management Action Plan Process (2008–2012): The FDEP in 

cooperation with SJRWMD and local stakeholders developed a BMAP to reduce nitrogen 

and phosphorus loads to the lower St. Johns River. The approach includes requirements for 

significant reductions from both point and nonpoint sources and from permitted and nonpermitted sources. Through a lengthy negotiation process with key stakeholders, the FDEP 

developed an approach that establishes load reduction responsibilities for domestic and 

industrial wastewater sources, permitted stormwater areas, and nonpoint sources that do 

not fall under the federal NPDES permit program including agriculture. The BMAP, which is 

scheduled to be adopted in 2008, will be implemented through permits and the authority of 

the BMAP itself in 2008 and beyond. Milestones include an annual assessment of loads and 

load reductions and a re-evaluation of the TMDL and BMAP on the state’s five year cycle. 

LSJR Tributary Basin Management Action Plan Process (2008–2012): Through efforts 

of the FDEP, JEA, COJ, and the Duval County Health Department, preliminary assessment 

of fecal coliform contamination of the lower St. Johns River tributaries was begun. Sources 

include failing septic tank systems, leaking or malfunctioning wastewater collection systems, 

domestic animals, and wildlife. In 2005, six tributaries were evaluated and sources of fecal 

coliform contamination were investigated. In 2006 and 2007, additional tributaries were 

monitored and assessed and a BMAP Working Group was formed. Data compilation and 

assessment efforts continued and the results were used to begin the BMAP implementation 

plan to reduce fecal coliform bacteria in the tributaries. This process is expected to continue 

with an adoption of the BMAP scheduled for 2009. 

Mid-Mainstem Ambient Monitoring Network (2008–2012): This monitoring is part of the 

SJRWMD Ambient Monitoring Network, and is specific to the mainstem of the St. Johns 

River within the lower basin. Specifically, monitoring occurs between Palatka and Green 

Cove Springs. The ambient monitoring network is designed to characterize spatial patterns, 

monitor annual and long-term temporal trends in water quality, and help identify where 

immediate problem issues occur. This project will continue to collect monthly surface 

samples that are either grab samples or a vertically integrated sample of the top three 

meters, depending on the site. Numerous parameters will be measured with consideration 

toward the physical, water chemistry, and toxicological characteristics of the samples 

collected. This project began in 1984. 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 3-55 August 2008

Monitoring Lower St. Johns Tide Levels (2008–2012): This SJRWMD project began in 

1999 and involves continuous monitoring of tide levels in support of water quality model 

development, calibration, and verification. 

Monitoring, Operation and Maintenance of Regional Stormwater Treatment Areas 

(2008–2012): The existing RST areas (Deep Creek West and Edgefield) will be maintained 

and monitored and new RSTs will also be maintained as they are brought online. At the 

existing RSTs (within the wet retention areas and wetlands), fish populations will be 

monitored and fish tissue will be sampled for contaminants. Wildlife and vegetation on the 

site will also be assessed. Water quality discharged from the outfalls will be monitored and 

assessed. On an annual basis, these data will also be used in the watershed assessment 

model to determine effectiveness at treating regional stormwater. The results of agricultural 

area reductions will also be reported as part of the BMAP monitoring plan to assess the 

implementation of TMDLs and subsequent improvements in water quality in the mainstem. 

Northern Ambient Monitoring Network-Mainstem (2008–2012): This monitoring is part of 

the SJRWMD Ambient Monitoring Network, and is specific to the mainstem of the St. Johns 

River within the lower basin. Specifically, monitoring occurs between Green Cove Springs 

and the Fuller Warren Bridge (including Doctors Lake). The ambient monitoring network is 

designed to characterize spatial patterns, monitor annual and long-term temporal trends in 

water quality, and help identify where immediate problem issues occur. This project will 

continue to collect surface grab samples on a monthly basis at one-half meter depth. 

Numerous parameters will be measured with consideration toward the physical, water 

chemistry, and toxicological characteristics of the samples collected. This project began in 

1991. 

Northern Tributary Ambient Monitoring Network (2008–2012): This monitoring is part of 

the SJRWMD Ambient Monitoring Network, and is specific to tributaries of the St. Johns 

River within the lower basin. Specifically, monitoring occurs in tributaries north of Green 

Cove Springs. The ambient monitoring network is designed to characterize spatial patterns, 

monitor annual and long-term temporal trends in water quality, and help identify where 

immediate problem issues occur. This project will continue to collect surface grab samples 

on a monthly basis at one-half meter depth. Numerous parameters will be measured with 

consideration toward the physical, water chemistry, and toxicological characteristics of the 

samples collected. This monitoring program began in 1984. 

On-Site Sewage Treatment System Enforcement Project (2008–2009): This project, 

conducted by the Duval County Health Department, will identify failed septic tanks along the 

mainstem and tributaries of the St. Johns River and enforce corrective action or hook up to 

municipal sewers where available. Septic tank failure areas will be identified and earmarked 

for sewerage expansion by JEA. 

Regional Stormwater Treatment Optimization Monitoring (2008–2012): A SJRWMD 

monitoring program will be designed to measure and optimize the performance of each RST 

facility. These measurements will assist resource managers who must make decisions 

regarding site specific operational changes for enhancing performance of the facility or the 

future design of new facilities. The quantitative results of this program will indicate the 

effectiveness of the RSTs for reducing nutrient concentrations in agricultural runoff. 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 3-56 August 2008

Salinity/Dissolved Oxygen/PAR Measurements (2008–2012): This ongoing project, 

started in 1996, provides continuous water quality data for three parameters for the 

development of the hydrodynamic model and the water quality model. This project is a costshare with the USGS. 

Southern Ambient Monitoring Network (2008–2012): This monitoring is part of the 

SJRWMD Ambient Monitoring Network, and is specific to the mainstem of the St. Johns 

River within the lower basin. Specifically, monitoring occurs between Palatka and Lake 

George (including Crescent Lake). The ambient monitoring network is designed to 

characterize spatial patterns, monitor annual and long-term temporal trends in water quality, 

and to help identify where immediate problem issues occur. This network is also intended to 

characterize waters entering the lower St. Johns River from its three major inputs: the 

middle St. Johns River, the Ocklawaha River, and Dunns Creek. This project will continue to 

collect monthly surface samples that are either grab samples or a vertically integrated 

sample of the top three meters, depending on the site. Numerous parameters will be 

measured with consideration toward the physical, water chemistry, and toxicological 

characteristics of the samples collected. This project began in 1993 and is expected to 

continue. 

St. Johns River Nutrient Discharge Reduction (Algal) Initiative (2008–2012): In 2006, 

SJRWMD began the Nutrient Discharge Reduction Initiative to reduce algal blooms in the 

Middle and Lower St. Johns River basins, including Lake George. As part of this effort, the 

staff continue their assessment of options to reduce phosphorus loadings to the middle and 

lower basins. In addition, the list of TCAA subbasins in need of RST will be updated. Once 

nutrient reduction options are identified, implementation of the best options will be pursued 

in conjunction with local partners. 

Tide Marsh Exchange with the Lower St. Johns River (2008–2012): This project funded 

by SJRWMD will examine the role of the tide marsh interaction on the water quality of the St. 

Johns River’s mesohaline reach. The results will be used to further refine the water quality 

model. 

Timucuan Preserve Probabilistic Survey (2008): This probabilistic survey will be a 

singular event occurring in 2008 and will be repeated in 5-year intervals. The survey will 

measure heavy metals in the sediments, standard water quality parameters, and nutrients at 

30 randomly selected sites in the Nassau and lower St. Johns River drainage areas. This 

project is sponsored by the NPS. 

Tributary Discharge Monitoring (2008–2012): In a cost-share effort between FDEP and 

SJRWMD, this project provides the tributary flow data needed for the continued refinement 

of the LSJR hydrodynamic model and the water quality model. This project began in 1996 

and provides calibration data for watershed modeling in small urban basins. 

Upgrade the Watershed Assessment Model (WAM) (2008–2012): SJRWMD plans to 

update the WAM model for the TCAA annually to include the most current watershed land 

uses and management activities such as BMPs and RST efforts. The model will be run 

annually to evaluate if the implemented BMPs will meet the TMDL requirements for load 

reductions from agricultural areas. 

USGS/SJRWMD Mainstem Water Quality Monitoring (2008–2012): This ongoing effort 

with USGS and SJRWMD started in 1989 and provides flow and salinity data needed for the 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 3-57 August 2008

maintenance and refinement of the LSJRB hydrodynamic model and continues to support 

the development of the water quality model. The results provide accurate measurements of 

the flows in the St. Johns River and the extent of reverse flows caused by tide. This project 

is vital to the TMDL process and measuring the effects of load reductions under variable tide 

and rainfall conditions and the number of stations will be expanded to monitor dissolved 

oxygen levels more extensively. This effort is a component of the mainstem nutrient BMAP 

monitoring strategy. 

USGS Tributary and River Flow Gauging (2008–2012): This effort maintains gauges in 

the LSJR tributaries and mainstem that were established in 1989. These data are necessary 

for continued evaluation of pollutant loads and determining the effects of land use changes. 

This project is vital to the TMDL process and measuring the effects of load reductions under 

variable tide and rainfall conditions and the number of gauges will be expanded to monitor 

dissolved oxygen levels more extensively. This effort is a component of the mainstem 

nutrient BMAP monitoring strategy. 

Water Quality Monitoring Assessment (2008–2012): This ongoing project started in 1988 

and is part of the SJRWMD water quality monitoring program to assess system health and 

trends and contributes information to the Water Quality Atlas. This long-term data set has 

been an invaluable resource for assessments, water quality model calibration, and 

identification of water quality trends. This effort is a component of the mainstem nutrient 

BMAP monitoring strategy. 

Water Quality Monitoring in the Timucuan Preserve (2008–2012): This project 

continuously measures standard physical water quality parameters every 30 minutes at 

three sites within the Timucuan Preserve. Initial funding to start this project was provided by 

the NPS and involved the monitoring of two alternating YSI 6600 EDS-S multi-parameter 

data sondes at the Kingsley Plantation site. It has since been expanded by CAMA Northeast 

Florida Aquatic Preserves (FDEP) and now incorporates monitoring at 2 additional stations, 

Clapboard Creek, a tributary of the St. Johns River, and Lofton Creek, a tributary of the 

Nassau River. In cooperation with the city of Jacksonville Environmental Resource Division, 

nutrient analysis is carried out on grab samples collected from these three sites on a 

monthly basis. On the same frequency, the NPS provides analysis of chlorophyll a samples 

which are collected at the same time. Nutrient sampling began at all three sites in November 

2004, and chlorophyll a sampling began at all three sites in November 2005. The main body 

of information obtained through this monitoring serves primarily as background condition 

data for this region of the state as it experiences ever increasing development pressures. 

This project began in 2005. 

Biological Health Initiative Future Projects

As-Needed Sampling for Harmful Algal Blooms (2008–2012): SJRWMD will continue to 

sample surficial algal scums for toxin and species identification when needed. Data 

regarding phytoplankton toxins will be provided to FDOH for public dissemination and public 

health planning and response. 

Before and After Effects of Developments of Regional Impacts on Receiving Streams 

(2008–2012): This project is a continuation of the monitoring study designed to track water 

quality and biological changes in streams as DRIs are constructed. DRIs were identified in 

the planning stages and sampling commenced prior to construction. Sampling will continue 

past build-out for each selected DRI. 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 3-58 August 2008

Biological Monitoring-Phytoplankton (2008–2012): This SJRWMD monitoring program, 

which began in 1994, identifies the types and amounts of algae and zooplankton to assess 

the lower St. Johns River’s biological health. The previous results indicated that blue green 

algae dominate nuisance blooms and adversely affect zooplankton populations. 

Establishment of Native Vegetation Riparian Buffer Zones for Nutrient Reduction in 

the Lower St. Johns River Basin (2008–2009): This project has two primary objectives: (1) 

to characterize native riparian communities in the LSJRB; and (2) to investigate the 

performance of restored riparian buffers for nutrient reduction. 

Evaluation of the Function and Importance of Tidal Marshes to the Biological 

Functions of the Lower St. Johns River (2009–2012): This project will include the 

evaluation of tidal marsh parameters including low oxygen, water inputs, Essential Fish 

Habitat, and organic carbon exports. 

Evaluation of Impacts to Fish Communities from Low Dissolved Oxygen Episodes in 

the Lower St. Johns, a Eutrophic Blackwater River (2008): This three-year project is a 

joint partnership between the FWC FWRI’s northeast Florida FIM Program and SJRWMD 

and is funded by a Florida SWG. The lower St. Johns River in northeast Florida has been 

identified through the state and federal TMDL process as an impaired water body, exhibiting 

the symptoms of eutrophication brought about by nutrient enrichment. One of the chief 

symptoms of eutrophication in this river is severe low DO episodes, brought about by the 

death and decay of algal blooms. Though fish kills have occurred, and some limited fisheries 

monitoring data has shown evidence of low species numbers, no comprehensive FIM has 

been performed during low DO episodes to document the effects on fish communities. The 

objectives of this project are: (1) conduct a literature review to determine low DO effects to 

regionally important fish and to evaluate the TMDL low DO criteria; and (2) conduct intensive 

fisheries monitoring during low DO times of year to determine possible effects to fish 

communities. 

Fisheries — Independent Monitoring (FIM) Program (2008–2012): This FWC program 

will continue to conduct monthly samples of fisheries populations in the lower St. Johns 

River in conjunction with monitoring in nearby basins (St. Marys and Nassau rivers). Based 

on a randomized approach, stations will be sampled from the mouth at Mayport upstream to 

Doctors Lake. Expansion of sites upstream into Lake George is possible, although there are 

no specific plans to include Lake George at this time. In addition to species identification and 

standard lengths being documented, water chemistry data, habitat characteristics, and 

physical parameters will be recorded. Annual reports will be published by the FWC that 

document the results and data will be available electronically. This information is important 

to better understand and manage fisheries as well as the biological effects of water quality 

conditions. 

Additional FIM sampling zones further upstream in the lower St. Johns River (Doctors Lake 

to Palatka) were established through a three-year grant from SJRWMD in July 2005. The 

data collected from this project is compatible with all other SRS fisheries sampling 

conducted in northeast Florida and adjacent water basins. The goal is to make this 

expanded sampling in the St. Johns River continuous and a regular part of the monthly FIM 

sampling regime, thus, providing a long-term fisheries monitoring data set for the entire 

LSJRB. SJRWMD funding for the expanded sites further upstream is committed through 

2008 and is expected to continue thereafter. 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 3-59 August 2008

Hyperspectral Imaging for Submerged Aquatic Vegetation (SAV) Identification (2008, 

2010): Hyperspectral imaging examines large portions of the electromagnetic spectrum for 

signatures indicative of specific terrain types. A combination of visible and infrared spectra is 

used to type different species or assemblages of SAV so that remote sensing can be used 

to quickly catalog nearshore benthos. This project is conducted by Hyperspectral Data 

International. 

Identification of Biological Indicators of Ecosystem Health (2010–2012): The project will 

include synthesis of work on existing conditions and determination of additional information 

needs for data gaps. An advisory panel will be used to review and assess the information. 

New information will be collected where data is lacking. 

Lower St. Johns River Submerged Aquatic Vegetation (SAV) Monitoring (2007–2008):

The SAV Monitoring program includes monitoring a small number of high frequency sites 

(designated as the PMN) monthly or quarterly, conducted by Sagan Biological LLC. In 

addition, 75 transects are monitored annually (during the summer growing season), and 85 

transects are monitored in-house. Data is collected for health, extent, and species 

composition of SAV and is used to groundtruth aerial photography. Data is also collected to 

characterize epiphytes and to correlate biomass with visual estimates of cover. 

Microbial Food Web Dynamics in the Lower St. Johns River Basin (2008–2010): This 

project has two primary objectives: (1) assess the role of microbial processes in hypoxic 

events (e.g., dissolved oxygen sags); and (2) assess the role of microbial processes in 

organic carbon fate and cycling in the river. 

SAV-Coupled Macroinvertebrate Sampling in the Lower St. Johns River Basin (2008–

2009): The project will include collection of invertebrates in the PMN of SAV (i.e., high 

frequency SAV sites), counting of invertebrates, and identification to the lowest practicable 

taxon. The work will be conducted by Water and Air Research, Center for Systematics and 

Taxonomy, Ecoanalysts, Inc., and MACTEC. 

Shallow Groundwater Sampling in the Root Zone of Submerged Aquatic Vegetation 

(SAV) (2008–2010): This project is designed to characterize the water quality and variability 

of shallow groundwater in root zone sediments. Paired groundwater and surface water 

samples are obtained. This sampling occurs at SAV monitoring sites. 

Sediment Management Initiative Future Projects

Big Fishweir Creek Ecosystem Restoration (2008–2012): This project is anticipated to be 

implemented within the next five years. The purpose of this project is to restore the aquatic 

ecosystem functions of Big Fishweir Creek that have been affected by sediment loadings 

from past off-site construction projects. The project is currently in the feasibility stage and 

construction, if approved by the Corps and funded by Congress, is not anticipated until 2009 

or later. 

Future Channel Improvements (2008–2012): Alternatives for future deepening increments 

in the river channel are currently being evaluated under a draft Environmental Impact 

Statement for the Corps Jacksonville Harbor Navigation Study, General Reevaluation 

Report 2. The Notice of Intent to Prepare a Draft Supplemental Environmental Impact 

Statement was entered into the Federal Register on April 13, 2007. A Feasibility Scoping 

Meeting regarding the draft Environmental Impact Statement is anticipated to be held in 

early 2008. Alternatives for improvements to hydrological flow at Mile Point (the intersection 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 3-60 August 2008

of the St. Johns River and the Intracoastal Waterway) are also currently being evaluated by 

the Corps. 

Maintenance Dredging of Intracoastal Waterway (2009): The Intracoastal Waterway is 

dredged by the Corps as required to maintain a navigation depth of 12 ft. In 2009, 

approximately 500,000 cubic yards of material is expected to be removed from the Palm 

Valley North Reach area and placed into Dredged Material Management Area DU-9. 

Maintenance Dredging of Jacksonville Harbor and Vicinity (2008–2012): Approximately 

2 million cubic yards of material is dredged annually in the Jacksonville Harbor vicinity from 

the Terminal Channel (Commodore Point) to Entrance Channel Cut 3 (end of jetties). This 

total includes material dredged from the Federal Navigation Channel, JaxPort berthing 

areas, private industrial berthing areas, the Mill Cove Flow Improvement Channel, the U.S. 

Marine Corps Terminal at Blount Island, and the access channel and turning basin areas for 

the Mayport Naval Station. Dredged material is placed in upland Dredged Material 

Management Areas at Bartram Island, Buck Island, and Mayport; the south beach 

placement area at Mayport Naval Station and Katheryn Abbey Hanna Park; and the 

Jacksonville Ocean Dredged Material Management Area located approximately 3.5 miles 

east of the end of the entrance channel jetties. 

Reduction of Adverse Effects from Construction Sites and Disturbed Areas (2008–

2012): This program inspects construction sites for erosion and sedimentation control 

measures in order to reduce off-site sedimentation and runoff of turbid water; to protect 

surface waters, streams, and drainage systems from the effects of sedimentation and 

excessive turbidity. Currently the program consists of a program director, two supervisors, 

four inspectors, and an education/outreach coordinator, and is funded through building 

permit fees. The program inspects construction sites before and during clearing and 

construction based on priorities, and initiates law enforcement for violators. The program 

also conducts education, and offers a free two-day Erosion Control Inspector’s Certification 

class twice per year. This project is sponsored by the COJ EQD. 

Toxic Contaminants Remediation Initiative Future Projects

Agricultural Pesticide and Contaminant Assessment (2009): The purpose of this project 

is to look at contaminants in the St. Johns River, especially those areas adjacent to 

agricultural areas, and to prepare remediation plans in cooperation with UF-IFAS and other 

partners. Data obtained will be used to determine the level of risk of these contaminants to 

biota and to humans. This work will also assist in the future development of BMPs for 

pesticides and other contaminants and help guide future cleanup efforts.

Cedar River Stormwater Treatment Outfall Monitoring (2009–2011): This diagnostic 

sediment assessment project was conducted prior to, and is proposed to follow, construction 

of the stormwater detention facility, to determine the effectiveness of the facility sediment 

and contaminant reduction measures. The objective is to analyze sediments for physical 

variables, total metals, semi-volatile organics, PCBs, and chlorinated pesticides collected 

from the eastern tributary of the Cedar River. The results will be used to determine the 

presence and concentrations of contaminants that will be carried into and accumulate in the 

regional stormwater wet detention facility. In addition, sediment samples will be collected for 

three years following construction of the regional stormwater wet detention facility to 

calculate its efficiency. 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 3-61 August 2008

Contaminant Assessment in the Lower St. Johns River (2009–2012): This work will 

assess the contaminant levels in sediments and key animals in the known contaminant 

areas to determine environmental impact to the river and it will also aide the Department of 

Health in their determination of human risk. 

Deer Creek Remediation (2008–2012): The efforts to date (2000–2007) include completion 

of a preliminary site assessment, health and risk assessments, and a planning and 

alternatives analysis. Future efforts will include a detailed assessment, finalization of a 

remediation plan, and implementation of the project plan. This project is a cooperative effort 

between EPA, NOAA, FDEP, SJRWMD, and Kerr-McGee (Tronox). 

Fishweir Creek Remediation (2008–2012): The efforts to date (2005–2007) include 

preliminary diagnostic testing and a planning and alternatives analysis. Results from the 

preliminary diagnostic testing indicate low-level contamination with pesticides, metals, and 

other industrial contaminants. Future efforts will include more specific site assessments, 

determination of an appropriate remediation strategy, and implementation of the project 

plan. This project is done as a cooperative effort between USACE, COJ, FDEP, and 

SJRWMD. 

McCoy Creek (2008–2012): SJRWMD was consulted as an external party to review the 

project scope for the flood control project at McCoy Creek, which included issues with 

sediment contamination. The project was put on hold, and a new site is being pursued for a 

STA. This project is being conducted as a joint effort between the COJ and SJRWMD. This 

project is expected to continue as a new site is identified and the stormwater treatment 

project continues. 

Sediment Contaminant Assessment Associated with Wet Detention (2008–2011): The 

COJ, in a cooperative effort with SJRWMD, is constructing a 14-acre regional stormwater 

wet detention facility that will provide retrofit treatment for 1,452 acres of tributary area that 

currently does not receive water quality treatment. Previous studies conducted by SJRWMD 

indicate that the Cedar-Ortega River confluence sediments are contaminated with a variety 

of constituents, including PAHs, PCBs, pesticides, and metals. The regional stormwater 

facility will provide water quality treatment for the area that is the potential source of some of 

these contaminants. This project will be a sediment and toxics assessment for the regional 

stormwater facility that will assist in determining the effectiveness of the wet detention pond 

at retaining these contaminants. The project will also provide data for evaluating the 

necessity for potential future remedial action of the sediments in the facility and at the 

confluence of the Cedar River. The property was acquired by SJRWMD and construction 

funding is provided by the COJ and FDEP. This project began in 2007. 

Public Education Initiative Future Projects

The Public Education Initiative future efforts and funding for the LSJRB and Lake George 

Basin will include the following: 

• The Lower Basin Public Education Initiative will continue seeking to increase 

awareness about river health issues and to educate the public on how human 

behaviors impact the river and how negative behaviors can be changed. 

• Continue coordination efforts with the communication staffs of JEA, FDEP, and COJ. 

This initiative promotes consistent messages to be conveyed by SJRWMD and these 

entities, which are involved in a restoration partnership, called the River Accord, to 

improve the health of the lower St. Johns River. 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 3-62 August 2008

• Continue and adapt the paid media portion of the campaign that launched in April 

2007 with ads on television and in local newspapers, radio traffic sponsorships, and 

billboards. Collateral materials include a campaign-specific brochure and website 

(www.floridaswater.com). 

• Media outreach will include LSJRB boat tours, editorial board visits, news releases 

and news stories, and appearances on public affairs radio and television broadcasts. 

Presentations to civic organizations, schools, and local governments will spotlight 

river health issues. 

• To evaluate the initiative’s success, public awareness surveys will be conducted 

before, during, and after the campaign. 

Intergovernmental Coordination Initiative Future Projects

Harmful Algal Bloom Coordination (2008–2012): SJRWMD dedicates a portion of their 

Lower Basin biologist’s time to coordinate with HAB efforts within SJRWMD and the rest of 

the state. This function plays an important role in information sharing and SJRWMD efforts 

in controlling harmful algal blooms in the lower St. Johns River. 

Lower Basin Interagency Program Coordination (2008–2012): SJRWMD supports a staff 

position called the lower basin program manager to coordinate basinwide efforts and 

integrate information sharing across its departments and among other agencies. This 

position handles the special legislative funding request for the LSJRB. This position plays a 

long-standing role within SJRWMD and plays an important function in sharing information 

across departments and other efforts. 

Intergovernmental Coordination (2008–2012): SJRWMD supports two staff 

intergovernmental coordinator positions that cover geographic areas in the LSJRB. These 

staff are part of SJRWMD’s Office of Communications and Governmental Affairs (OCGA) 

and are the main contacts for local governments in the basin and provide annual 

presentations for local governments making LBR requests for state funding. These staff 

regularly communicate with the lower basin program manager in the Project Management 

Section. 

Lower St Johns River Technical Advisory Committee (TAC) Support (2008–2012): The 

COJ, FDEP, and SJRWMD will continue to support the meetings and activities of the LSJR 

TAC as they have since the late 1980s. The TAC will continue to serve as a scientific and 

management forum; support updates to the SWIM as needed and advise SJRWMD on its 

content; be the regional forum to discuss technical and management issues, funding 

opportunities and priorities, and information source for local and regional conferences; and 

be the LSJRB’s technical advisory committee for the St. Johns River Alliance. 

Public and Media Communications Staff (2008–2012): SJRWMD supports a position 

within OCGA to provide a media and public contact for questions and issues regarding 

projects in the LSJRB. This staff position regularly coordinates with many departments 

within SJRWMD and regularly communicates with the intergovernmental coordinator and 

lower basin program manager. This position is also supported by the other districtwide staff 

in OCGA. 

Reuse Initiative/Integrated Water Management Plan (2008–2012): The current role of this 

group is to integrate wastewater and water supply/reuse options, and includes utilities from 

the LSJRB and Nassau River Basin. The Northeast Florida Utility Managers Group is 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 3-63 August 2008

supported by SJRWMD and is the forum to develop regional water reuse and wastewater 

improvement projects among local utilities. The group will meet as appropriate to share 

information and work on opportunities for sending wastewater to reuse systems. 

River Accord (2008–2012): The River Accord (2006–2016) river restoration effort is 

expected to continue to coordinate funding and project priorities. The program includes 

identification of $700 million in projects that are needed to restore the river. These include 

continuing efforts to remove wastewater discharges, improve wastewater effluent and 

increase the use of reuse water for irrigation, eliminate failing septic tanks, improve 

stormwater, and produce an annual “State of the River” report. The COJ will be the lead 

organization in the Accord along with the other key agencies and universities in the LSJRB. 

These organizations are expected to coordinate their efforts for prioritizing projects and 

funding based on the priorities in the River Accord. Continued coordination of the River 

Accord efforts is expected to occur through the St. Johns River Alliance. 

St. Johns River Alliance (2008–2012): The St. Johns River Alliance will continue and 

expand its river-wide role focusing on restoration, public access, and education efforts. The 

Alliance is expected to expand its role in educating those outside the region about 

restoration needs in the basin, developing a research consortium of universities in the 

watershed, and increasing public education and public access efforts. 

Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) Coordination Process (2008–2012): Through the 

authority of the federal Clean Water Act, the state of Florida and the EPA will continue to 

establish TMDLs for the impaired waters in Florida. The FDEP will continue as the lead state 

agency on the development of TMDLs and their BMAPs. 

Continued coordination of TMDL implementation is expected through the TMDL 

Stakeholders Group, LSJR TMDL Executive Committee, and LSJR Tributary Working Group 

to provide input from the specific stakeholder groups that would be directly affected by the 

TMDL implementation. These groups are expected to continue as TMDL implementation 

continues and the BMAPs are updated in five-year cycles. 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 4-1 August 2008 

4.0 PAST FUNDING STRATEGIES AND FUTURE BUDGETS 

The following sections generally outline the funding strategies as they apply to projects 

completed since the 1993 LSJRB SWIM Plan. These descriptions are provided by initiative 

for three different time frames: the Early Years (1993–1996), the Recent Years (1997–

2007), and the Next Five Years (2008–2012). The projected budgets for the future projects 

are provided in Table 4-1. 

4.1 The Early Years (1993–1996) 

4.1.1 Water Quality Initiative 

In the Water Quality Initiative, most early year funding focused on collecting data and 

building tools for water quality modeling and developing effective BMPs in the TCAA. Data 

were collected on the various subbasins to determine loadings to the mainstem. Diagnostic 

research was also performed in the TCAA to identify the subbasins with the highest loads 

and sources for those loads. BMP development was focused on the largest priority crops, 

such as potatoes, and basins with the largest loads. However, there were some welldocumented sources of pollution that could be addressed without additional diagnostic or 

feasibility work to define problems and identify solutions. These “immediate action” projects 

addressed sources that were easily identified and controlled with conventional means. Chief 

among these were cooperative programs that provided funding for staff and equipment to 

local public health departments to increase enforcement and correction of failed septic 

tanks. Typically, these programs lasted for three years and, in addition to correcting failed 

septic tanks, the programs identified septic tank failure areas that were then targeted for 

public sewerage expansion to provide a permanent solution to this wide-spread source of 

nutrient and bacterial pollution. 

4.1.2 Biological Health Initiative 

Funding for the Biological Health Initiative during the early years was fairly limited and 

projects were conducted as joint studies with academia (e.g., Jacksonville University). 

These studies were primarily focused on evaluating the relationship between SAV and fish 

community structure in the lower St. Johns River. 

4.1.3 Sediment Management Initiative 

During the early years, funding for the Sediment Management Initiative was focused on 

dredging and management of sediment from construction sites. The Jacksonville Harbor 

and surrounding area was dredged on an annual basis. Construction sites in Duval County 

were also inspected for sediment management and control measures. These sites were 

inspected by the city of Jacksonville Water Quality Branch staff whose positions were 

created and funded by general tax revenue. Although not aimed entirely at sediment 

management, the development of the city of Jacksonville’s Master Stormwater Management 

Plan was one of the earliest SWIM efforts conducted within the basin. This cooperative 

project between SJRWMD and the city was one of the first funded by SWIM. The 

implementation of this plan is well under way and where older urban areas have been 

retrofitted with stormwater treatment facilities, stormwater runoff is treated and sediments 

removed before being discharged to receiving waters.

4.1.4 Toxic Contaminants Remediation Initiative 

Funding for the Toxic Contaminants Remediation Initiative in the early years was primarily 

focused on basinwide sediment quality assessments. The objectives of these assessments 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 4-2 August 2008 

was to determine the presence, concentration, and distribution of potentially toxic organic 

compounds and metals, with areas of high concentration identified for more intensive 

sampling and characterization. 

4.1.5 Public Education Initiative 

Public education budgets during this time sponsored in-house staff at SJRWMD to give 

educational presentations to homeowners, civic and school groups, and elected officials on 

the river’s water quality. Staff also provided media tours of the river, which resulted in many 

articles on the river being aired or published. 

4.1.6 Intergovernmental Coordination Initiative 

Intergovernmental coordination budgets during this period sponsored in-house staff at 

agencies and local governments to share information, prioritize projects, and coordinate 

efforts. These roles continued throughout this period. 

4.2 The Recent Years (1997–2007) 

4.2.1 Water Quality Initiative 

In the Water Quality Initiative, major funds were dedicated to land acquisition and 

development of two RST facilities to treat agricultural runoff. Both systems came online at 

the end of this period and will continue to operate and reduce nutrients over time. At least 

three more RST facilities are planned and land has been acquired for those sites. 

In addition to treating stormwater, extensive work was performed on BMP testing and 

development in cooperation with UF-IFAS and local growers. The BMP Cost-Share Program 

was initiated with local growers to encourage implementation of agricultural BMPs. CRFs 

were tested as a possible BMP and investigations will be expanded in future years on 

additional crops. Work began on redevelopment of a research facility in Hastings to test and 

develop better urban stormwater BMPs. Further work is planned at the site in the future. 

During this period, monitoring of water quality and biological monitoring was conducted in 

the TCAA and throughout the basin, including expanded efforts in Lake George. A detailed 

water quality model was developed for the mainstem and nutrient TMDLs were established 

for the freshwater and marine sections of the mainstem. 

4.2.2 Biological Health Initiative 

Funding for projects under the Biological Health Initiative during the past decade was more 

extensive than the early years. A number of projects in recent years focused on 

photointerpretation and hyperspectral imaging for SAV identification. In addition, there have 

been multiple projects related to SAV monitoring and assessment of SAV responses to 

changing conditions (e.g., land use, environmental factors, nutrients). These projects have 

been done in-house as well as with the assistance of academia and specialized contractors. 

FIM began in 2001 and provided important data on the fisheries populations in the region. In 

2005, the monitoring sites for the FIM program were expanded through funding from 

SJRWMD to include sites further upstream and to provide fisheries data that could be 

compared to water quality conditions and future comparisons as pollutant loads are 

reduced. 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 4-3 August 2008 

Other programs were funded such as a three-year continuous study of water quality 

conditions using the MERHAB automated system. This continuous monitoring supported a 

greater understanding of the changing conditions in the river and the linkage to water quality 

conditions and HAB. Also, in 2005, funding began for a study of the impacts of low oxygen 

conditions on fisheries in the lower St. Johns River. The project results will be documented 

and the project completed in 2008. 

4.2.3 Sediment Management Initiative 

During this period, the maintenance dredging of the Jacksonville Harbor continued as did 

the inspection program for construction sites. In 1997, as part of the NDPES permit for their 

MS4, the city of Jacksonville expanded the inspection program to also focus on impacts to 

the MS4 system. Then, in 2005, the efforts associated with these inspection programs were 

combined and expanded into the Erosion and Sediment Control program, which was funded 

by the building construction permit fees. This expanded program allowed for additional 

compliance and enforcement activities, increased inspections, and more education and 

outreach to the community. Funding during this time also went to maintenance dredging of 

the Intracoastal Waterway. 

4.2.4 Toxic Contaminants Remediation Initiative 

Results from assessments completed during the early years indicated widespread 

contamination with high variability in contaminant concentrations and in the physical 

characteristics of the sediment. Funding during the recent years was then focused on more 

targeted assessments of the mainstem and Cedar-Ortega basins, including detailed 

sediment characterizations, benthic macroinvertebrate studies, and tissue assessments of 

bass, shrimp, and bivalves. Funding was also used for remediation planning, where 

SJRWMD was a cooperative partner with other federal, state, and/or local entities for site 

remediation projects. 

4.2.5 Public Education Initiative 

During this time, funding was provided for SJRWMD staff to develop two major partnership 

initiatives: the 1998–2003 River Agenda and the 2006 River Accord. Also during this time, 

District staff continued with their educational presentations to homeowners, civic and school 

groups, and elected officials on the river’s water quality. Staff also gave media tours of the 

river to raise awareness, which resulted in aired and published media coverage. 

4.2.6 Intergovernmental Coordination Initiative 

The year 1997 brought the first River Summit and a higher profile to intergovernmental 

coordination efforts in the LSJRB. SJRWMD continued to support in-house staff to promote 

input from other agencies and stakeholders. In 2002, funding was provided to support a 

facilitator for LSJR TAC and TMDL efforts. The year 2003 included the second River Summit 

and marked the first year of the St Johns River Alliance. Funding was provided by numerous 

local governments and agencies in 2004. In 2006, additional funds were provided to support 

the Northeast Florida Utility Managers Group and the River Accord, which are related efforts 

to increase reuse for irrigation and reduce wastewater discharges to the river. 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 4-4 August 2008 

4.3 The Next Five Years (2008–2012) 

4.3.1 Water Quality Initiative 

At least three new RST sites are planned and additional land acquisition and treatment 

system development may be needed in the TCAA. Continued work with UF-IFAS on 

developing CRFs and “fertigation” techniques will be pursued to help the growers meet the 

requirements of the TMDLs. The new Urban Stormwater Research Station will begin new 

research projects to guide effective BMP use in urban areas, which is especially important 

for this basin that is experiencing very high population growth and conversion of agricultural 

areas to urban land uses. 

4.3.2 Biological Health Initiative 

Future projects include a mix of continued projects and new initiatives. Monitoring of SAV 

and hyperspectral imaging for SAV identification will be continued into future years. New 

initiatives include projects to understand more about the intricacies of the individual and 

cumulative components within the LSJRB, such as microbial food web dynamics, the 

evaluation of functioning tidal marshes, and the identification of biological indicators of 

ecosystem health. 

State funding is expected to continue for the FIM program; SJRWMD funding for the 

expanded sites further upstream is committed through 2008 and is expected to continue 

thereafter. Funding for the conclusion of the MERHAB project ends in 2008. 

4.3.3 Sediment Management Initiative 

Maintenance dredging of both the Jacksonville Harbor and Intracoastal Waterway are 

expected to continue into the future with funding from the USACE. The Erosion and 

Sediment Control Program is also expected to continue during this time, funded by the city 

of Jacksonville through Building Construction Permit fees. The program is expected to have 

between six and eight staff dedicated to sediment and erosion control inspections, 

enforcement, and education. Additional funding in the future is expected to go towards river 

channel improvements and restoration of the Big Fishweir Creek, which has been affected 

by sedimentation from past construction projects. 

4.3.4 Toxic Contaminants Remediation Initiative 

Future efforts of the Toxic Contaminants Remediation Initiative will be focused on further 

assessment and monitoring. This will include known problem areas (e.g., Cedar-Ortega 

rivers), and proposed regional stormwater facilities, which will provide retrofit water quality 

treatment. 

4.3.5 Public Education Initiative 

Future funding for the Public Education Initiative will continue the existing roles of agency 

staff for public education and awareness of the river’s water quality. This includes continuing 

to provide educational presentations and media tours to increase public knowledge about 

the river. 

4.3.6 Intergovernmental Coordination Initiative 

In the future, funding for intergovernmental coordination is expected to maintain the existing 

roles of agency staff. Funding or staff support will be provided for the HAB coordination, 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 4-5 August 2008 

LSJR TAC, TMDL process, St. Johns River Alliance (and the River Accord), and Northeast 

Florida Utility Managers Group. 

4.3.7 Future Projects and Estimated Budget 

Table 4-1: Lower St. Johns River Projected Budget, Fiscal Years 2008–2012 

Planned Projects FY 2008 FY 2009 FY 1010 FY 2011 FY 2012 

Water Quality Initiative

Agricultural BMP 

Cost- Share ProgramPhase II $200,000 $250,000 $250,000 $250,000 

Agricultural Receiving 

Streams Evaluation 

SJRWMD staff 

time. 

SJRWMD staff 

time. 

SJRWMD staff 

time. 

Algal Initiative $100,000 $500,000 $1,000,000 $1,000,000 $1,000,000 

Algal Toxin 

Monitoring $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 

Ambient Water 

Quality Monitoring in 

the TCAA 

$107,655 $107,655 $107,655 $107,655 $107,655 

Aquatic Organic 

Matter 

Characterization 

$75,000 

Best Management 

Practice (BMP) 

Geographic 

Information System 

(GIS) Tracking Tool 

SJRWMD staff 

time. 

SJRWMD staff 

time. 

SJRWMD staff 

time. 

Chip Potato Grower 

Demonstration 

Projects Using 

Controlled Release 

Fertilizers 

$35,000 $35,000 $35,000 

City of Jacksonville 

Mainstem Run COJ staff time COJ staff time COJ staff time COJ staff time COJ staff time 

COJ MS4 Permitting 

Monitoring Program: 

Stormwater BMP 

Effectiveness Studies 

$100,000 $100,000 $100,000 $100,000 $100,000 

COJ MS4 Permitting 

Monitoring Program: 

Tributary Intensive 

Program 

$100,000 $100,000 $100,000 $100,000 $100,000 

COJ Tributary 

Routine Program COJ staff time COJ staff time COJ staff time COJ staff time COJ staff time 

City of Jacksonville 

Timucuan Preserve 

Program 

COJ staff time COJ staff time COJ staff time COJ staff time COJ staff time 

Compliance with the 

TMDL and PLRG 

Water Quality Goals 

$120,000$120,000 $120,000 $120,000 $120,000 $120,000 

Comprehensive 

Nutrient and Water 

Use Research Project 

in the TCAA 

$259,700 $275,282 $291,799 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 4-6 August 2008 

Planned Projects FY 2008 FY 2009 FY 1010 FY 2011 FY 2012 

Controlled Release 

On-Farm Project: An 

Alternative Irrigation 

Program for Potato 

Crops to Reduce 

Water and Nutrient 

Use 

$90,857 

Dairy Baseline Water 

Quality Monitoring $23,453 $23,453 $23,453 $23,453 $23,453 

Development of 

Regional Stormwater 

Treatment (RST) 

$500,000 $500,000 $1,000,000 $1,500,000 $2,000,000 

Engineering and 

Design of the IFAS 

Plant Science 

Research and 

Education Unit’s 

Hastings Farm 

$450,000 

Establishment of the 

University of 

Florida/IFAS Field 

Station on Urban 

Nonpoint Source 

Reductions in 

Hastings 

$175,000 

Expansion of 

Controlled Release 

Fertilizer Testing for 

Additional Crops 

$100,000 $100,000 

Extension of the 

Western Atlantic Tide 

Model 

$60,000 $60,000 

Geographic 

Information System 

(GIS) Land Use 

Assessment 

$10,000 

Inner Shelf Water 

Quality in the South 

Atlantic Bight 

$50,000 $30,000 $30,000 $30,000 $30,000 

Land Use Effect on 

Shall Groundwater 

Pollution 

Estimate under 

development 

Lower St. Johns River 

Groundwater 

Monitoring Program 

$15,000 $15,500 $16,000 $16,500 $17,000 

Lower St. Johns River 

Mainstem Nutrient 

BMAP 

Implementation 

Estimate under 

development 

Lower St. Johns 

Watershed Action 

Volunteers 

$75,000 $75,000 $75,000 $75,000 $75,000 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 4-7 August 2008 

Planned Projects FY 2008 FY 2009 FY 1010 FY 2011 FY 2012 

Low Impact 

Development (LID) 

Stormwater 

Management Project 

$100,000 

LSJR Mainstem 

Basin Management 

Action Plan (BMAP) 

Process 

Estimate under 

development 

LSJR Tributary BMAP 

Process 

Estimate under 

development 

Mid-Mainstem 

Ambient Monitoring 

Network 

$66,142 $66,142 $66,142 $66,142 $66,142 

Monitoring the Lower 

St. Johns Tide Levels 

Estimate under 

development 

Monitoring, Operation 

and Maintenance of 

Regional Stormwater 

Treatment Areas 

$50,000 $50,000 $50,000 $75,000 $100,000 

Northern Ambient 

Monitoring Network – 

Mainstem 

$60,652 $60,652 $60,652 $60,652 $60,652 

Northern Tributary 

Ambient Monitoring 

Network 

$44,184 $44,184 $44,184 $44,184 $44,184 

Regional Stormwater 

Treatment 

Optimization 

Monitoring 

$37,313 $37,313 $37,313 

Salinity/Dissolved 

Oxygen/ PAR 

Measurements 

Estimate under 

development 

Southern Ambient 

Monitoring Network $55,163 $55,163 $55,163 $55,163 $55,163 

Tide Marsh Exchange 

with the Lower St. 

Johns River 

$40,000 

Timucuan Preserve 

Probabilistic Survey $83,036 

Tributary Discharge 

Monitoring 

Estimate under 

development 

Upgrade the 

Watershed 

Assessment Model 

(WAM) 

$42,620 

USGS/SJRWMD 

Mainstem Water 

Quality Monitoring 

Estimate under 

development 

USGS Tributary and 

River Flow Gauging 

Estimate under 

development 

Water Quality 

Monitoring 

Assessment 

Estimate under 

development 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 4-8 August 2008 

Planned Projects FY 2008 FY 2009 FY 1010 FY 2011 FY 2012 

Water Quality 

Monitoring in the 

Timucuan Preserve 

$45,000 (FDEP) 

$1,500 (NPS) 

$45,000 (FDEP) 

$1,500 (NPS) 

$45,000 (FDEP) 

$1,500 (NPS) 

$45,000 (FDEP) 

$1,500 (NPS) 

$45,000 (FDEP)

$1,500 (NPS) 

Biological Health Initiative

As-Needed Sampling 

for Harmful Algal 

Blooms 

$10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 

Before and After 

Effects of 

Developments of 

Regional Impacts on 

Receiving Streams 

$14,600 $14,600 $14,600 $14,600 $14,600 

Biological Monitoring 

– Phytoplankton $70,000 $70,000 $70,000 $70,000 $70,000 

Establishment of 

Native Vegetation 

Riparian Buffer Zones 

for Nutrient Reduction 

in the Lower St. 

Johns River Basin 

$71,000 

Evaluation of the 

Function and 

Importance of Tidal 

Marshes to the 

Biological Functions 

of the Lower St. 

Johns River 

 $100,000 $100,000 $100,000 $100,000 

Evaluation of the 

Impacts to Fish 

Communities from 

Low Dissolved 

Oxygen Episodes in 

the Lower St. Johns, 

A Eutrophic 

Blackwater River

$53,000 

Fisheries - 

Independent 

Monitoring (FIM) 

Program

FWC funding 

and staff 

$50,000 LSJRB 

ext 

FWC funding and 

staff 

$50,000 LSJRB 

ext 

FWC funding 

and staff 

$50,000 LSJRB 

ext 

FWC funding 

and staff 

$50,000 LSJRB 

ext 

FWC funding 

and staff 

$50,000 LSJRB 

ext 

Hyperspectral 

Imaging for 

Submerged Aquatic 

Vegetation (SAV) 

Identification 

$75,000 $80,000 $85,000 

Identification of 

Biological Indicators 

of Ecosystem Health 

 $133,000 $133,000 $133,000 

Lower St. Johns River 

Submerged Aquatic 

Vegetation (SAV) 

Monitoring 

$50,000 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 4-9 August 2008 

Planned Projects FY 2008 FY 2009 FY 1010 FY 2011 FY 2012 

Microbial Food Web 

Dynamics in the 

Lower St. Johns River 

Basin 

$60,000 $120,000 $120,000 $85,000 

SAV-Coupled 

Macroinvertebrate 

Sampling in the 

Lower St. Johns River 

Basin 

$68,000 $70,000 $72,000 $74,000 $76,000 

Shallow Groundwater 

Sampling in the Root 

Zone of Submerged 

Aquatic Vegetation 

(SAV) 

 $25,000 $25,000 $25,000 

St Johns River 

Expansion of 

Fisheries — 

Independent 

Monitoring (FIM) 

Sites

$50,000 $75,000 $75,000 $75,000 $75,000 

Sediment Management Initiative

Big Fishweir Creek 

Ecosystem 

Restoration 

$1 mill (Corps) 

$350,000 (local) 

$1 mill (Corps) 

$350,000 (local) 

$1 mill (Corps) 

$350,000 (local) 

$1 mill (Corps) 

$350,000 (local) 

$1 mill (Corps) 

$350,000 (local) 

Future Channel 

Improvements 

Estimate under 

development 

Maintenance 

Dredging of 

Intracoastal 

Waterway 

$1.5 mill $1.5 mill $1.5 mill $1.5 mill $1.5 mill 

Maintenance 

Dredging of 

Jacksonville Harbor 

and Vicinity 

$1.2 mill $1.2 mill $1.2 mill $1.2 mill $1.2 mill 

Reduction of Adverse 

Effects from 

Construction Sites 

and Disturbed Areas 

No projects 

identified yet. 

Toxic Contaminants Remediation Initiative

Agricultural Pesticide 

and Contaminant 

Assessment 

 $25,000 

Cedar River 

Stormwater 

Treatment Outfall 

Monitoring 

 $97,000 $48,000 $48,000 

Contaminant 

Assessment in the 

Lower St. Johns River 

 $80,000 $80,000 $80,000 $80,000 

Deer Creek 

Remediation $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 

Fishweir Creek 

Remediation $3,000 $3,000 $3,000 $3,000 $3,000 

McCoy Creek $1,000 $1,000 $1,000 $1,000 $1,000 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 4-10 August 2008 

Planned Projects FY 2008 FY 2009 FY 1010 FY 2011 FY 2012 

Sediment 

Contaminant 

Assessment 

Associated with Wet 

Detention 

$148,902 $47,256 $48,120 $48,120 

Public Education Initiative

Continue Paid Media 

Campaign $1,000,000 $500,000 to $1,000,000 

$500,000 to 

$1,000,000 

$500,000 to 

$1,000,000 

$500,000 to 

$1,000,000 

Intergovernmental Coordination Initiative

Harmful Algal Bloom 

Coordination $38,000 $38,000 $38,000 $38,000 $38,000 

Intergovernmental 

Coordination $100,000 $100,000 $100,000 $100,000 $100,000 

Lower Basin 

Interagency Program 

Coordination 

$120,000 $120,000 $120,000 $120,000 $120,000 

Lower St Johns River 

Technical Advisory 

Committee (TAC) 

Support

$80,000 $85,000 $90,000 $95,000 $100,000 

Public and Media 

Communications Staff $100,000 $100,000 $100,000 $100,000 $100,000 

Reuse 

Initiative/Integrated 

Water Management 

Plan

$200,000 $50,000 $50,000 $50,000 $50,000 

River Accord

$700 mill total 

 $15 million 

SJRWMD

$15 million $15 million $15 million $15 million 

St. Johns River 

Alliance $92,500 $92,500 $92,500 $92,500 $92,500 

Total Maximum Daily 

Load (TMDL) 

Coordination Process

$175,000 $175,000 $175,000 $175,000 $175,000 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 5-1 August 2008

5.0 THE LAKE GEORGE BASIN 

5.1 Introduction 

Restoration and protection of the St. Johns River has been a goal of the SJRWMD Governing 

Board since its creation in 1973. As stated in chapter 1, the 1987 SWIM Act directed the state's 

five water management districts, in cooperation with state agencies and local governments, to 

prioritize water bodies of regional or statewide significance within each district and, based on 

their need for restoration and protection, design plans for surface water improvement and 

management. 

Both the state and SJRWMD list the Lower, Middle, and Upper St. Johns River basins as priority 

water bodies. Historically, the Lake George Basin has been considered as a basin separate from 

both the middle and lower basins of the St. Johns River and has, therefore, not been considered 

a SWIM water body. This 2008 update of the LSJRB SWIM Plan identifies the Lake George 

Basin as a SWIM water body. This chapter reflects the special status of the Lake George basin 

and its association with both the middle and lower basins of the St. Johns River and is the first 

time it has been included in a SWIM plan. Inclusion of the lake and its watershed is justified 

because water quality has been shown to be impaired (i.e., it is not meeting state designated use 

classifications). In addition, recent hydrodynamic and natural resource assessment efforts have 

shown the importance of improving and maintaining water quality within the Lake George Basin 

to the subsequent health of both the Middle and Lower St. Johns River basins. 

This chapter is not intended to be a separate SWIM plan for the Lake George Basin. To do so 

would result in repetition of numerous aspects of the remainder of the LSJB SWIM Plan. 

Instead, this section will provide a description of the Lake George Basin similar to that of the 

LSJRB (as found in chapter 2) but will focus primarily on characteristics that make it distinct. 

Due to its natural integration (i.e., co-location, climate, hydrology, topography, and natural 

resources) with the St. Johns River, it would seem reasonable to apply the planning goals and 

objectives for the LSJRB (as described in chapter 1) to the Lake George Basin as well. 

However, it should be noted that the Lake George program is not as fully developed as the 

programs for the Lower and Middle St. Johns River basins. Currently, the Lake George program 

is in the planning stage, which includes reconnaissance and assessment efforts to further 

identify the most critical issues facing the lake and help develop potential strategies to address 

them. Therefore, this chapter will also provide a description of the assessment efforts that 

currently affect the Lake George Basin. As the program becomes more developed, future plan 

updates will be provided in this chapter. 

5.2 General Basin Description 

The Lake George Basin is large covering approximately 520,000 acres in area and is composed 

of four planning units. A planning unit is either an individual, usually large, primary tributary 

basin or a group of small adjacent primary tributary basins with similar characteristics. An 

explanation of why and how each planning unit was created can be found in Appendix B of 

SJRWMD technical report SJ97-1. Each of the basin’s four planning units will be discussed in 

greater detail in the section to follow. Discussions are provided for the region’s hydrology, 

geology and groundwater resources, soils and related land uses, and water quality problems as 

they are related to historical and current land uses. Information in the discussions on water 

quality problems is primarily adapted from the FDEP 2003 Middle St. Johns River Basin Status 

Report. 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 5-2 August 2008

Location: Lake George is a flow-through lake located in the St Johns River, an elongated 

shallow river estuary. The Lake George Basin is located in northeast Florida and fits within a 

bounding rectangle of NW: 29.499244, -81.872830 and SE: 28.868153, -81.246698. Centered 

about 118 miles upstream from the Atlantic Ocean, Lake George is Florida’s second largest 

lake, with an area of 73 square miles and a volume of 0.118 mi3

. It is approximately 6 miles wide 

by 9 miles (11.63 miles in the channel from mouth to mouth, shortest distance north to south is 

10.40 miles) in length. The mean depth of the lake is 8 feet. The Lake George Basin drainage 

area represents approximately 816 square miles and includes parts of Volusia, Marion, Lake, 

and Putnam counties (Figure 5-1). 

Climate: Climate in the Lake George Basin is similar to the remainder of the basin as described 

in the 1993 LSJRB SWIM Plan Update, except that the mean maximum temperature in the Lake 

George Basin can be as low as 16o

C (60oF). 

Winds: Wind patterns within the lake basin are similar to those described for the LSJRB with 

the exception that there is a greater prevalence of easterly winds and northwest winds. 

Precipitation: Rainfall patterns are similar to those of the remainder of the basin as well with 

two distinct rainfall seasons occurring: a wet season (June-–October) and a dry season 

(November–May). However, on average, rainfall amounts appear to be less than other portions 

of the basin, with the normal wet season rainfall for the basin being about 31.7 inches while the 

normal dry season rainfall amounts to 21.4 inches. In the Lake George Basin, most of the 

precipitation occurs in the summer. During the normal warm season (June–September), 

precipitation in the basin is about 28 inches compared with the cold season (December–March) 

rainfall that is equivalent to 13 inches. These data have been extracted from the six long-term 

NOAA rain gauge stations covering the Lake George Basin located in Crescent City, DeLand, 

Lisbon, Lynne, Palatka, and Sanford. Appendix E contains a list of all active rain gauge stations 

in the Lake George Basin. 

Topography: Topography within the Lake George Basin is generally flat with many wetlands 

and marsh areas in its central regions. There are numerous lakes, depressions and swamps 

throughout the region. The elevation increases east to west with ridges and terraces appearing. 

In the west of the Lake George Basin, there are many ridges, i.e., Atlantic Beach ridge, Silver 

Bluff terrace, Rim ridge, Talbot terrace, DeLand ridge and the Crescent City ridge. These ridges 

are formed parallel to the ocean shoreline and are the remnants of ocean floor and dunes 

formed in the interglacial periods of the Pleistocene age. Surface elevations in the basin range 

from 50 meters at Riverside Island to one meter at the Norwalk marsh land (Figure 5-2). 

Hydrology: A list of currently active hydrologic stations in the basin is presented in Appendix E 

of this update. Stations are grouped according to the planning unit in which they are located and 

characterized by the type of event it monitors (rainfall, stream flow/discharge, or stage/water 

level). Data from these stations will be used in water quality and hydrological evaluations. A 

more detailed overview of the surface water system and the existing rainfall and stream flow 

monitoring networks in the Lake George Basin can be found within the various hydrologic 

reports published electronically at the following SJRWMD Web link: 

http://www.sjrwmd.com/hydroconditionsreport/otherhydroreports.html. 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 5-3 August 2008

Figure 5-1: Planning Units of the Lake George Basin
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 5-4 August 2008

Figure 5-2: Physiographic Regions of the Lake George Basin 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 5-5 August 2008

Governmental Involvement in the Lake George Basin: The relationship between local, state 

and federal programs and governmental entities involved with the management of Lake George 

is essentially the same as that described for the lower St. Johns River. Figure 5-3 shows the 

geopolitical breakdown of the Lake George Basin. Table 5-1 shows the population statistics for 

the counties included within the Lake George Basin. 

Demographics of the Lake George Basin: Table 5-1 lists historical, current, and projected 

population figures for the basin’s counties and major cities. Relatively small portions of Putnam 

and Marion counties are included in the basin, and those portions are largely rural or contained 

within the Ocala National Forest. Future growth is expected in and around DeLand and an 

increase in commercial and industrial development is anticipated along the Interstate 4 corridor. 

Table 5-1: Lake George Population Statistics 

County or City 1950 Census 

Population 

1990 Census 

Population 

2000 Census 

Population 

2020 Projected 

Population 

Marion County 38,187 194,833 258,916 379,642 

Lake County 36,340 152,104 210,528 321,900 

Putnam County 23,615 65,070 70,423 80,614 

Volusia County 74,229 370,712 443,343 583,387 

DeLand 16,622 20,904 

Total 172,371 799,341 1,004,114 1,365,543 

Source data: FDEP Middle St. Johns Basin Status Report 2003 

5.2.1 Surface Waters 

St. Johns River: The St. Johns River is the major river in the Lake George Basin and drains 

approximately 90 percent of the basin. The river meanders about 50 miles throughout the area, 

entering from the south and exiting the north side of the basin while passing through Lake 

George. The longitudinal slope in this stretch of the river is minimal (average slope is 0.1 ft/mile) 

resulting in generally low flows. This results in increased residence times as compared to 

upstream areas. Lake George is unaffected by marine salinity (the greatest upstream 

encroachment of marine salinity is 112 km), but can reach appreciable levels of dissolved solids 

due to the influence of in-lake and upstream brackish springs. This imparts marine 

characteristics into the lake. Tides propagate upstream as far as the lake, where they are 

largely dampened out; although under certain conditions, they may extend as far south as Lake 

Monroe. Due to the flatness of the riverbed, the St. Johns River throughout its course is 

surrounded by marshlands and swamps. The river is relatively narrow in the south and gets 

wider in the north. 

Tributaries: Many tributaries, both large and small, discharge into the St. Johns River as the 

river flows through the basin. The largest tributary of the St. Johns River is the Ocklawaha River 

that enters the river approximately 8 km downstream of Lake George. There are 28 major 

tributaries in the basin (Figure 5-4), which are listed in Table 5-2. These tributaries drain into 

marshlands surrounding the St. Johns River and Lake George. 

A large portion of the upper St. Johns River floodplain was converted to farming during the 20th

century and is likely affecting the quality of surface water inflows to Lake George. Agricultural 

practices continue, but most of the floodplain has been bought back by SJRWMD and managed 

for flood control to improve water quality and environmental benefits. The Middle St. Johns 

River Basin, including the Orlando metropolitan area, is undergoing rapid urbanization. Nutrient 

loading enters the St. Johns River through surface runoff, and other sources such as septic 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 5-6 August 2008

systems and wastewater treatment plants. There is also an increase in nutrient concentration 

coming into the system from springs (e.g., Wekiwa, Rock, DeLeon, and Volusia Blue). 

Figure 5-3: Geopolitical Breakdown of the Lake George Basin 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 5-7 August 2008

Figure 5-4: Tributaries of the Lake George Basin 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 5-8 August 2008

Table 5-2: Tributaries of the Lake George Basin 

Planning Unit 

(Subbasin) 

Drainage Area 

(sq. mi.) Tributaries 

Alexander Springs Creek 100 Alexander Springs Creek 

Boyd Lake Outlet 

Ninemile Creek 

St. Johns River 

Glenn Branch 

Lake George 252 Lake George 

St. Johns River 

Price Creek 

Blue Creek 

Willow Cove Branch 

Patty Wiggins Branch 

Tiger Branch 

Georgetown Slough 

Lake Laura outlet 

Beecher Run 

Jumping Gully Creek 

Silver Glen Spring Run 

Lake Kerr 188 Little Lake Kerr outlet 

Juniper Creek 

Salt Springs Run 

Lake Woodruff 276 Lake Woodruff outlet 

Deleon Spring 

Deer Haven Lake outlet 

Get Out Creek 

St. Johns River 

Stone Pone outlet 

Spring Garden Creek 

Deep Creek 

Shaw Lake outlet 

Cain Lake outlet 

Dan George Lake outlet 

Stagger Mud Lake 

Source data: FDEP Middle St. Johns Basin Status Report 2003; SJRWMD Technical Publication SJ97-1 

Lakes: There are numerous lakes in the Lake George Basin ranging from less than one acre to 

almost 50,000 acres. Lake George, the second largest lake in the state, has a surface area of 

46,000 acres. Spring water enters Lake George on the west side from three main tributaries. 

Other prominent lakes in the basin include (from south to north) Lake Beresford, Lake Spring 

Garden, Lake Woodruff, Lake Dexter, Lake Kerr, Lake Delancy, Lake Louise, Lake Margaret, 

and Little Lake George. Downstream, Little Lake George receives discharge from three springs, 

and the Ocklawaha River enters the St. Johns River from the west at the north end of Little Lake 

George. 

It is believed that Lake George, as well as the other mainstem lakes that form the St. Johns 

River (e.g., Harney and Monroe), initially developed from natural depressions in an ancient 

seafloor. These depressions were formed from the repeated scouring and redepositing of 

material by wave action and water currents during interglacial periods of the Pleistocene Age 

when sea level was higher. When sea level fell, these depressions filled with freshwater. 

Riverine processes have continued to enlarge the lakes. Other lakes within the basin were 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 5-9 August 2008

formed by solution processes. Lakes formed by solution processes typically have a strong link 

with groundwater. 

Classification of Basin Surface Waters: Waters within the state are classified by Chapter 17-

3, F.A.C., which provides use designations and defines the criteria for each use. 

Class III Surface Waters — Lake George, the St. Johns River, their tributaries, and other 

lakes within the basin are Class III waters. Their designated use is for "recreation and the 

propagation and maintenance of a healthy, well-balanced population of fish and wildlife" 

(Chapter 17-3, F.A.C.). Class III use is often impaired by poor water quality. 

Outstanding Florida Waters (OFWs) — The OFW designation is given to waters that are 

“worthy of special protection due to their natural attributes” (Section 403.061, F.S.); these 

waters are listed in Section 62-302.700, F.A.C. The OFW designation affords the highest 

protection possible under state water quality rules. Its purpose is to protect ambient water 

quality. A comprehensive list of OFWs within the LSJRB and the Lake George Basin 

through 2003 is represented in Table 5-3. 

Table 5-3: OFWs in the Lake George Basin (through 2003) 

County OFW Effective 

Date 

Marion Juniper Springs 9/1/1982 

Juniper Creek 9/1/1982 

Salt Springs 9/1/1982 

Salt Springs Run 9/1/1982 

Lake Kerr 9/1/1982 

Little Lake Kerr 9/1/1982 

Lake Alexander Springs 9/1/1982 

Alexander Springs Creek 9/1/1982 

Lake and 

Volusia 

Waters within Lake Woodruff National Wildlife Refuge 3/1/1979 

Hontoon Island State Park 3/1/1979 

Volusia Blue Spring State Park 3/1/1979 

DeLeon Springs State Recreation Area 5/14/1986 

Stark Tract 10/4/1990 

Volusia Water Recharge Area 3/1/1979 

5.2.2 Geology and Groundwater 

The geology and resulting groundwater influences emanating from numerous springs within the 

basin have a significant impact on the water quality of the lake. Florida owes its geologic 

structure to the variability of sea level over millions of years. The springs of the St. Johns River 

in the region around Lake George also owe their existence to this process. Water flows through 

underground passages in the relic limestone that make up the Floridan aquifer. The presence of 

this constant artesian source has also helped to preserve the present course of the St. Johns 

River. 

The abundant groundwater contribution in the Lake George Basin is derived from three distinct 

aquifers: (1) the surficial aquifer, (2) intermediate aquifer, and (3) the Floridan aquifer. The 

surficial aquifer is composed of interbedded sand, shell and clay sediments. Depending on the 

presence and the amount of the clay in the profile, the surficial aquifer can form a good water 

bearing stratum. The thickness of the surficial aquifer varies, ranging from 25 to 80 ft. Water 

supply in this aquifer is limited, but in the areas where the Floridan aquifer contains marginal 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 5-10 August 2008

quality waters, this water could be utilized for agriculture and municipal purposes. In the Lake 

George Basin, the intermediate aquifer is located 40 to 90 ft below the ground surface. 

The Floridan aquifer is the major source of municipal, industrial, and agricultural water supply in 

the basin. In this region, the Floridan aquifer is composed of dolomite and limestone and the 

water contained in it is under artesian pressure. Water quality of the top Floridan aquifer, at 

depths of less than 200 ft, is potable, while water from layers, deeper than 200 ft contains 

considerable amounts of dissolved salt. 

SJRWMD identified priority water resource caution areas (PWRCA) based on the water 

resource constraints and the results of water use, groundwater, and surface water 

assessments. A PWRCA was identified along the eastern shore of Lake George (refer to Figure 

2-4). The purpose of the PWRCA is to identify that a water supply issue has been shown or is 

projected to occur in the near future and to coordinate with consumptive users of water to 

address the issue before it becomes worse or to solve the issue prior to the problem developing. 

Springs: There are 14 named springs within the Lake George Basin (Figure 5-5). These 

springs derive from substrates of a marine origin and yield water with high conductivities. All the 

springs in the basin introduce salts into the system in varying quantities. The three largest 

contributors of spring water are Silver Glen Springs, Alexander Springs, and Blue Spring, all of 

which are first magnitude. There are a number of second-magnitude springs as well, including 

Salt Springs, Croaker Hole Spring, DeLeon Springs, Fern Hammock Springs, Sweetwater 

Springs, and Juniper Springs. Salt Springs is the largest contributor of locally derived salt. The 

highest density of springs in the Lake George Basin occurs in the Lake George and Lake Kerr 

planning units, which contain 10 of the 14 springs in the basin. Discharge rates of the 14 named 

springs are provided in Table 5-4. The three tributaries on the west side of Lake George are 

named for their origins. Salt Springs and Silver Glen Springs are the primary sources of their 

runs, while the third, Juniper Creek, is comprised of three main springs (Juniper, Fern 

Hammock, and Sweetwater) and numerous smaller, unnamed springs. Within Lake George 

itself, recent comparisons of low- and high-flow conditions using both model simulations and 

field observations indicate that there is spatial variability of salt concentrations within the lake 

due to the presence of springs and indicates that, at times, horizontal mixing within the lake is 

incomplete. Downstream of Lake George, Croaker Hole, Forest, and Mud springs enter Little 

Lake George. In addition to the springs directly in the basin, the Wekiva River and Blackwater 

Creek upstream contribute spring discharge into the St. Johns River. Furthermore, the 

Ocklawaha River, whose baseflow is almost entirely derived from Silver Springs near Ocala, is 

by far the largest contributor of spring discharge to the basin when it enters the system at the 

north end of Little Lake George. 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 5-11 August 2008

Figure 5-5: Springs of the Lake George Basin 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 5-12 August 2008

Table 5-4: Springs of the Lake George Basin 

Spring Name Planning Unit County Magnitude 

Avg. 

Discharge 

Rate (cfs) 

Alexander Alexander Spring Creek Lake 1 104 

Volusia Blue Lake Woodruff Volusia 1 157 

Silver Glen Lake George Marion 1 104 

Juniper Lake Kerr Marion 2 10.6 

Ponce de Leon Lake Woodruff Volusia 2 27.6 

Croaker Hole Lake George Putnam 2 76.2 

Salt Lake Kerr Marion 2 80.9 

Fern Hammock Lake Kerr Marion 2 12.5 

Sweetwater Lake Kerr Marion 2 12.9 

Beecher Lake George Putnam 3 9.13 

Mosquito Lake Woodruff Marion 3 1.59 

Morman Branch Lake Kerr Marion 3 7.41 

Mud Lake George Putnam 3 1.16 

Forest Lake George Putnam 4 0.29 

Source data: SJRWMD “Springs of the District” data layer 2007 

Soils: In the Lake George Basin, soils consist primarily of sand, loam shell, clay, and organic 

matter. The percentage of each element changes with topography. In low-lying areas, flat 

woods, and flood plains, the soil contains higher percentages of organic matter, possesses 

lower hydraulic conductivity, and the water table is shallow. With the exception of excessively 

drained areas, the soil is sandy to a depth of 20 to more than 40 inches, with loam below. The 

water table fluctuates throughout the year, sometimes reaching the ground surface. In the 

excessively drained, nearly level to strongly sloping soils of uplands, the soil is mainly sandy to 

a depth of 80 inches and more. 

 Land Uses: The majority of the land in the Lake George Basin is undeveloped (refer to Figure 

5-3 for the locations of public lands). The remaining land area consists of water bodies, 

agriculture, conservation, and residential (Figure 5-6). A more detailed discussion of land uses 

and the subsequent effect on sediment and water quality within each planning unit is contained 

in section 3. A table representing these data is also available in Appendix F of the FDEP 2003 

MSJ Basin Status Report. 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 5-13 August 2008

Figure 5-6: Land Use in the Lake George Basin (2004) 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 5-14 August 2008

5.2.3 Natural Resources 

Shellfish and Finfish Resources: The ichthyofauna of Lake George is unique due to intrusion 

of artesian and spring flows of groundwater containing high levels of chlorides, the lake’s 

minimal change in elevation from mouth to headwaters, and historic processes. Historically, the 

St. Johns River was a coastal lagoon similar to the Indian River Lagoon or Halifax River, serving 

as habitat to numerous marine species. During interglacial periods of the Pleistocene, terraces 

were added to the Florida Peninsula and the St. Johns River eventually acquired its present 

course, interlacing through these terraces along relic lagoon structures. Starting with ocean 

salinity, salts gradually leached from substrates until they reached present concentrations and 

relative abundances. This process continues today, as measured in spring discharges, for 

example. The influence of the Atlantic Ocean translates into the Lake George Basin through 

high frequency (tides) and low frequency (large-scale processes) changes in the water level. 

This influence coupled with the presence of local sources of salt have provided habitat that 

allows a large assemblage of marine species to reside in the lake. The same processes may 

have had a similar role in the adaptation of marine species, such as the Atlantic stingray, to life 

in the river well upstream of Lake George for thousands of years. Due to the relatively high 

chloride levels, numerous euryhaline species, such as croaker and blue crab, reside in or 

routinely invade the lake. Ninety-seven species of fish are listed for the St. Johns River around 

the lake, with approximately 41 marine species, including striped bass and mullet. It was one of 

the most productive freshwater fisheries in the late 19th century, but began to decline in the mid1900s. Shrimp migrate into the area under ideal conditions, and the lake still supports a local 

blue crab fishery. 

Primary commercial finfish species sought are white catfish, channel catfish, bullheads (brown 

and yellow), striped mullet, American eel, and the exotic tilapia. The primary shellfish resource 

in the lake is the blue crab. Limited numbers of freshwater prawn (Macrobranchium carcinus) 

are also harvested commercially. Significant recreational fishing effort is expended in Lake 

George. Species most sought are largemouth bass, black crappie, bluegill, redear sunfish, and 

striped bass. 

Special Aquatic and Wetland-Dependent Species: The LSJRB SWIM Plan describes a few 

of the most prominent aquatic and wetland dependent species in need of protection within the 

river basin. Many of these are common to the Lake George Basin as well including those listed 

in Table 5-5 below. Loss and degradation of habitat is the primary reasons for species listing. 

Table 5-5: Key Endangered, Threatened and Species of Special Concern of the Lake 

George Basin 

Species Status 

West Indian Manatee (Trichechus manatus) Endangered 

Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) Threatened 

Wood Stork ( Mycteria Americana) Endangered 

Shortnose Sturgeon (Acipenser brevirostrum) Endangered 

Atlantic Sturgeon (A. oxyrhynchus) Species of Special Concern 

American Alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) Species of Special Concern 

Alligator Snapping Turtle (Macroclemys temmincki) Species of Special Concern 

Black Bear (Ursus americanus floridanus) Threatened 

Limpkin (Aramus guaruana) Species of Special Concern 

Florida sandhill Crane (Grus canadensis pratensis) Threatened 

Gopher Tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus) Threatened 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 5-15 August 2008

Species Status 

Bluenose Shiner (Pteronotropis welaka) Species of Special Concern 

Source data: SJRWMD 1988 Lake George Draft SWIM Plan; 2006 FWC Florida's Endangered Species, 

Threatened Species, and Species of Special Concern Official Listing, USFWS Endangered Species Program 

Freshwater Wetlands: Freshwater wetlands range from submerged beds of aquatic plants to 

bottomland hardwood forests. Shallow areas near the shoreline support submerged beds of eelgrass (Vallisneria americana) and coontail (Ceratophyllum demersum). Marshes occur along 

shorelines where water depth is less than one meter and sunlight is sufficient to permit growth 

of emergent vegetation such as cattails (Typha spp.), bulrushes (Scirpus spp.), and willows 

(Salix caroliniana). Floating marshes are comprised of water shield (Brasenia schreberi), 

spatterdock (Nuphar luteum), and the invasive, exotic water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes). All 

of these habitats serve as important nursery and feeding areas for many aquatic organisms. 

Palustrine and riverine habitats subject to semipermanent or seasonal flooding typically include 

bay trees (i.e. Gordonia lasianthus), cypress (Taxodium spp.), red maple (Acer rubrum), ash 

(Fraxinus spp.), and cabbage palm (Sabel palmetto). Pine trees, such as pond pine (Pinus 

serotina) and slash pine (Pinus elliottii), occur in transitional habitats. 

Saline Wetlands: Saline wetlands are limited to two known locations; Salt Springs and a salt 

flat located on the eastern shore of Lake George. Salt Springs, as the name indicates, is a large 

saline spring on the northwest side of Lake George that is home to an unusual community of 

salt tolerant organisms. The salt flat is characterized by communities of salt grass (Distichlis 

spicata) and glasswort (Salicornia spp.). 

5.3 Basin Delineation 

As described in section 5.2, the Lake George Basin includes approximately 520,000 acres in 

area and is composed of four smaller planning units. Each of the basin’s four planning units is 

described in one of the following sections. Discussions are provided for each of the planning 

units’ location, water quality, point sources, land use, and ecological resources. Information in 

the discussions on water quality problems is primarily adapted from FDEP’s 2003 Middle St. 

Johns River Basin Status Report. 

5.3.1 Lake George Planning Unit 

General Description: The Lake George planning unit, in portions of Lake, Marion, Volusia, and 

Putnam counties, comprises 161,139 acres (252 square miles), with Lake George itself taking 

up 46,000 of these acres (72 square miles). The major water bodies in the planning unit include 

Lake George, Little Lake George, the St. Johns River above the Ocklawaha River, Price Creek, 

and Jumping Gully Creek. The lands surrounding Lake George in Volusia County are now in the 

Lake George State Forest. 

Water Quality Summary: Water quality data from 61 monitoring stations were used for 

assessment. There are four potentially impaired water bodies in the Lake George planning unit. 

These include the St. Johns River above the Ocklawaha (WBID 2213O), Lake George (WBID 

2893A), the St. Johns River below Lake George (WBID 2893A1), and the St. Johns River above 

Lake George (WBID 2893A2). 

Lake George is potentially impaired for low dissolved oxygen (DO), elevated levels of nutrients 

(total nitrogen and total phosphorus), cadmium, selenium, and biology. Moderately eutrophic, 

the lake receives nutrient loading from both human-made and natural sources, which causes 

periodic algal blooms to occur. This watershed is surrounded by metropolitan areas in the 

uplands of the west (Ocala) and to the south-southeast of the basin (Orlando and DeLand). 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 5-16 August 2008

Lake George is especially vulnerable to pollutants because the river water slows as it drains into 

the large, shallow lake, increasing the retention time of the water. Segments of the St. Johns 

River upstream and downstream of Lake George are also impaired for nutrients (total nitrogen 

and total phosphorus). The verified list of impaired waters in the Lake George planning unit is 

presented in Appendix G. 

Water quality and water quality trends were evaluated by the FDEP as part of the 2006 

Integrated Water Quality Report for Florida. These data indicated Lake George is impaired 

based on the trophic state index (TSI). Lake George has a TSI of 84.1. Lakes are potentially 

impaired for nutrients if the annual mean TSI for colored lakes [mean color greater than 40 

platinum cobalt units (PCUs)] exceeds 60 and for clear lakes (mean color less than 40 PCUs) 

exceeds 40. In Florida, the TSI classifies lakes based on total nitrogen, chlorophyll a, and total 

phosphorus. 

Because of the prevalence of atmospheric nitrogen fixing species in the spring and summer 

cyanobaterial blooms of Lake George, significant levels of nitrogen are added to the overall 

nutrient budget to compensate for the prevailing nitrogen limiting conditions. Through an 

examination of input and output budgets, the annual nitrogen load added to Lake George by 

way of this process is approximately 760 metric tons per year. The biomass achieved in Lake 

George blooms can at times be very high, in excess of 150 μg/L as chlorophyll a. In seven out 

of 10 years from 1998 through 2007, Lake George blooms exceeded the “40 μg/L less than 40 

days” freshwater reach criteria developed for the LSJRB TMDL process. Similar to the 

freshwater reach of the lower St. Johns River, very low levels of dissolved oxygen have been 

observed with the collapse of these blooms. 

Point Sources: There are 14 total permitted point source dischargers in the Lake George 

planning unit (refer to Appendix A). Of these, 12 are domestic wastewater facilities and two are 

industrial wastewater facilities. Discharges range from 0.0990 to 0.0043 million gallons per day 

(mgd), and none are NPDES permitted. The facilities discharge to percolation ponds, drain 

fields, or holding ponds. The facility with the largest discharge is the Welaka Wastewater 

Treatment Plant (0.0990 mgd), which discharges into the lower St. Johns River above the 

Ocklawaha confluence. 

Other contributors of point source discharges include one closed Class I and two closed Class II 

solid waste landfills, as well as one closed construction and debris landfill. There are no 

delineated areas pursuant to Chapter 62-524, F.A.C. (Potable Delineated Water Well Permitting 

in Delineated Areas), Superfund, or state-funded hazardous waste sites. A list of all permitted 

dischargers located in the Lake George Basin is available in Appendix E of the FDEP 2003 

Middle St. Johns River Basin Status Report. 

Land Use: Water (32.7 percent), upland forest (30.8 percent), and wetlands (21.6 percent) 

occupy most of the land area in the Lake George planning unit. Urban and built-up lands cover 

about 7 percent of the total land area, mostly concentrated around the town of Pierson, on the 

eastern side of the planning unit (on the north shore of Lake George). Agriculture accounts for 

5.4 percent of the total land area. A detailed analysis of land use in the Lake George Basin is 

available in Appendix F of the FDEP 2003 Middle St. Johns River Basin Status Report. 

Major pollution in the Lake George planning unit comes from urban and agricultural runoff. It 

also has been suggested that leakage of old sanitary sewers could be contributing to water 

quality degradation. However, the highest nutrient pollution loading into the basin is probably 

being carried by the St. Johns River itself. 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 5-17 August 2008

Ecological Resources: The Lake George State Forest is one of several public, jointly owned 

tracts of land encircling Lake George. This parcel and the adjacent Lake George Conservation 

Area include over nine miles of forest that border the St. Johns River providing a wealth of 

ecologically valuable communities, as well as river-based recreation. The surrounding 

landscape of the forest contributes to water resource protection of the Lake George watershed 

and aquifer recharge. The Lake George region is also part of an extensive wildlife corridor that 

provides habitat and roaming areas vital to the survival of the local black bear population (Ursus 

americanus floridanus). Other wildlife that make their homes in the forest include bald eagle 

(Haliaeetus leucocephalus), sandhill crane (Grus canadensis pratensis), white-tailed deer 

(Odocoileus virginianus), wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo silvestris), bobcat (Lynx rufus), and 

gopher tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus). One of the largest concentrations of bald eagles 

statewide can be found around Lake George. This cluster of bald eagle nests is one of 13 

clusters statewide needed to ensure the survival of the species within Florida (Figure 5-7). 

Rare and imperiled or unique species of fish and aquatic invertebrates occur in the planning 

unit. The endangered shortnose sturgeon (Acipenser brevirostrum) is thought by fishery 

biologists to have used the St. Johns River upstream to Lake George. The collection of 

shortnose sturgeon in recent years has been rare. Other rare and imperiled fish observed in the 

Lake George watershed are blueback herring (Alosa aestivalis) and bluenose shiner 

(Pteronotropis welaka). The Silver Glen Springs crayfish (Procambarus attiguus) is found in 

Silver Glen Springs. Croaker Hole, a spring in the bed of the St. Johns River, is the primary 

thermal refuge for striped bass (Morone spp.), although stripers may occur as far upstream as 

Lake Jesup and have been observed in Silver Glen Spring and where the Wekiva River joins 

the St. Johns River. 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 5-18 August 2008

Figure 5-7: Active Eagles Nests in the Lake George Basin 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 5-19 August 2008

5.3.2 Lake Kerr Planning Unit 

General Description: Located in portions of Lake, Marion, and Putnam counties, the Lake Kerr 

planning unit covers 120,498 acres (188 square miles). Major water bodies include Lake Kerr 

and Juniper Creek. Lake Kerr is an OFW. Predominantly undeveloped, the planning unit is 

entirely within the Ocala National Forest. 

Water Quality Summary: Water quality data from 13 sampling stations were used for 

assessment. There are three potentially impaired water bodies in the Lake Kerr planning unit. 

These include the Little Lake Kerr outlet, Hopkins Prairie, and Lake Kerr. Parameters of concern 

for these three water bodies are DO, zinc, and lead for Hopkins Prairie; copper, lead, selenium, 

and silver for Lake Kerr; and silver for Little Lake Kerr Outlet. Lake Kerr also has a limited fish 

consumption advisory (for elevated levels of mercury) for largemouth bass, bowfin, and gar. The 

list of verified impaired waters in the Lake Kerr planning unit is presented in Appendix G. 

Point Sources: The planning unit has three permitted domestic wastewater dischargers and 

none are NPDES permitted (see Appendix A). The largest discharge is 0.0850 mgd from the 

Salt Springs Wastewater Treatment Plant, which discharges into percolation ponds. The 

smallest discharge is 0.0028 mgd from the Fountain Center Wastewater Treatment Facility, 

which also discharges into percolation ponds. The Juniper Springs Recreational Area 

discharges 0.0190 mgd into the Juniper Springs watershed through drain fields. 

The planning unit has no Superfund or state-funded hazardous waste sites; no Class I, II, or III 

solid waste landfills and debris landfills; and no delineated areas under Chapter 62-524, F.A.C., 

Potable Water Well Permitting in Delineated Areas. A list of all permitted dischargers located in 

the Lake George Basin is available in Appendix E of the FDEP 2003 Middle St. Johns River 

Basin Status Report. 

Land Use: The Lake Kerr planning unit is predominately upland forest (86 percent), with 

wetlands making up another 9 percent of land use. Water comprises 4 percent, and less than 2 

percent is urban and built-up. Rangeland, barren land, communications, transportation, and 

utilities make up less than 1 percent of land use, combined. A detailed analysis of land use in 

the entire Lake George Basin is available in Appendix F of the FDEP 2003 Middle St. Johns 

River Basin Status Report. 

5.3.3 Lake Woodruff Planning Unit 

General Description: Volusia and Lake counties bisect the Lake Woodruff planning unit, which 

drains 176,782 acres (276 square miles). Major water bodies include Lake Woodruff and Lake 

Dexter. In the planning unit, the St. Johns River extends through Beresford Lake, Lake 

Woodruff, and Lake Dexter. The St. Johns River makes up the western border of the 21,500-

acre (33.5-square-mile) Lake Woodruff National Wildlife Refuge, which is completely contained 

within the planning unit. The typical landscape comprises freshwater marshland and swamp 

bordering the St. Johns River. 

Water Quality Summary: Water quality data from 42 sampling stations were used for 

assessment. There are five potentially impaired water bodies in the Lake Woodruff planning 

unit. These include Volusia Blue Spring, the St. Johns River above Lake Woodruff, Lake 

Beresford, the St. Johns River above Lake George, and Lake Woodruff. Four of these water 

bodies are potentially impaired for DO. The majority of impairments, by mileage, are in the 

planning unit’s streams. However, Lake Beresford is potentially impaired for nutrients, and Lake 

Woodruff is potentially impaired for DO. Volusia Blue Spring is listed as impaired for nutrients on 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 5-20 August 2008

the 1998 303(d) list (the only spring on the 303(d) list in the planning unit). Nitrate–nitrite 

concentrations have increased from approximately 0.1 mg/L in the 1970s to about 0.6 mg/L in 

recent years, with some measurements in excess of 1 mg/L. Between 2000 and 2006 Volusia 

Blue Spring has averaged a stream condition index rating of about 12, which is well below the 

healthy score of 34. The list of verified impaired waters in the Lake Woodruff planning unit is 

presented in Appendix G. 

Point Sources: There are 34 permitted point source dischargers in the Lake Woodruff planning 

unit (see Appendix A). Of these, 27 are domestic wastewater facilities, and 7 are industrial 

wastewater facilities. The DeLand/Wiley Nash domestic wastewater facility is the only NPDES 

facility in the planning unit and has a permitted capacity of 6.0 mgd, but may only discharge 4.0 

mgd into the St. Johns River. Four facilities are allowed to discharge more than 0.100 mgd. 

They are Volusia County Utilities Department (VCUD)/Southwest Regional (domestic 

wastewater, permitted to 0.544 mgd into a noncontributing area), Florida Power Corp DeBary 

(industrial wastewater permitted to 0.420 mgd), and VCUD/Four Townes (domestic wastewater, 

0.300 mgd into a noncontributing area). A list of all permitted dischargers located in the Lake 

George Basin is available in Appendix E of the FDEP 2003 Middle St. Johns River Basin Status 

Report. 

Two facilities in the planning unit have implemented reuse plans. These are DeLand/Wiley Nash 

for reuse for irrigation and VCUD/Southwest Regional for public access reuse. The total volume 

discharged for reuse is 1.52 mgd, with DeLand/Wiley Nash discharging 1.0 mgd and 

VCUD/Southwest Regional discharging the remaining 0.52 mgd. 

The planning unit contains no Superfund or state-funded hazardous waste sites; however, there 

is one closed Class I solid waste landfill as well as two closed and one active Class III solid 

waste landfills, with one inactive and one active construction and debris landfill. One area is 

delineated for groundwater contamination pursuant to Chapter 62-524, F.A.C., Potable Water 

Well Permitting in Delineated Areas, for EDB. 

Land Use: The majority of land use in the planning unit is a combination of wetlands (35 

percent) and upland forest (30 percent). Other major land uses include urban and built-up (17 

percent), agriculture (10 percent), water (5 percent), and rangeland (2 percent). Less than 1 

percent of the total land area is barren land and transportation, communications, and utilities. A 

detailed analysis of land use in the entire Lake George Basin is available in Appendix F of the 

FDEP 2003 Middle St. Johns River Basin Status Report. 

Ecological Resources: The planning unit supports several unique or ecologically imperiled 

aquatic species. The blueback herring (Alosa aestivalis) has been observed in this portion of the 

St. Johns River and Lake Woodruff. Unique aquatic invertebrate species that are sensitive to 

water quality are associated with Blue Spring. These are the Blue Spring silt snail (Cincinnatia 

parva) and the Blue Spring hydrobe (Aphaostracon asthenes). 

5.3.4 Alexander Springs Creek Planning Unit 

General Description: The Alexander Springs Creek planning unit, in the Ocala National Forest, 

covers 63,953 acres (100 square miles) and lies within portions of Lake and Marion counties. 

Alexander Springs, for which the planning unit is named, is a first-magnitude spring with an 

average discharge of 104 cubic ft per second (refer to Table 5-4). Alexander Springs Creek 

flows east for approximately 8 miles until it meets the St. Johns River just south of Lake Dexter. 

Other major water bodies include Buck Lake (for which the Buck Lake Wildlife Area is named), 

Akron Lake, and Sellers Lake. 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 5-21 August 2008

Water Quality Summary: There were 23 surface water quality monitoring stations used for 

analysis. There is only one potentially impaired water body in the Alexander Springs Creek 

planning unit. Buck Lake, the site of a national forest campground, was potentially impaired for 

fecal coliform bacteria. 

Point Sources: There are four permitted point-source discharges in the Alexander Springs 

Creek planning unit (see Appendix A). All of these are domestic wastewater facilities permitted 

for less than 0.100 mgd, and none discharge to surface waters (not NPDES permitted). 

Permitted discharges range from 0.055 to 0.0090 mgd. The Country Squire Motor Home Vehicle 

Park is allowed the largest discharge, 0.055 mgd, into percolation ponds. The smallest allowed 

discharges are at Spring Creek Elementary School and the U.S. Naval Tracking Station. Each is 

allowed 0.0090 mgd and discharges into a drainage field and percolation pond, respectively. 

The only other facility is Alexander Springs Recreational Center, which discharges 0.0300 mgd 

into a drain field. A list of all permitted dischargers located in the Lake George Basin is available 

in Appendix E of the FDEP 2003 Middle St. Johns River Basin Status Report. 

Land Use: Most of the Alexander Springs Creek planning unit is relatively undeveloped. Major 

land uses are upland forest (78 percent), wetlands (14 percent), and water (4 percent). Much of 

the planning unit’s land area lies within the boundaries of the Ocala National Forest. Urban and 

built-up land accounts for less than 3 percent of the land area, and agricultural land use covers 

about 1 percent of the planning unit. A detailed analysis of land use in the entire Lake George 

Basin is available in Appendix F of the FDEP 2003 Middle St. Johns River Basin Status Report. 

The types of nonpoint pollutants in stormwater runoff vary depending on land use activities. 

Storm water in urban areas typically contains fertilizers, bacteria, metals, sediments, and 

petroleum compounds. In agricultural areas, the major contaminants are fertilizers, bacteria, 

sediments, and lesser amounts of metals. Septic tanks, another common nonpoint source of 

pollution, contribute nutrients and bacteria to ground and surface waters. 

A sinkhole is located in Shockley Heights in Lake County that connects to the Floridan aquifer. 

The sinkhole is located approximately 3,500 ft east of SR 19 and 700 ft north of CR 455. This is 

about five miles southwest and upgradient from Alexander Springs. This sinkhole drains a large 

swampy area and a portion of CR 455. It is suspected that septic tank effluent also makes its 

way into the aquifer through this sinkhole since elevated bacteria levels have been found in 

nearby wells. This sinkhole is in the groundwater basin for Alexander Springs and has 

negatively impacted drinking water wells in Shockley area. 

Ecological Resources: The dense hydrobe snail (Aphaostracon pyncus) is found in Alexander 

Springs in the Ocala National Forest. The bluenose shiner (Pteronotropis welaka) has also been 

observed in Alexander Springs. 

5.4 Issues and Associated Management Programs 

Four major groups of water resource issues are addressed in the Lake George portion of the 

LSJRB SWIM Plan: 

1. Point- and nonpoint source pollution, including 

• Deteriorating surface and sediment quality 

2. Deterioration of natural systems, including 

• Alteration of wetlands, nursery areas, and special habitats 

• Alteration of benthic habitat 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 5-22 August 2008

• Riverine shoreline erosion 

3. Insufficient interagency coordination and management, including 

• Regulation and management of surface waters 

• Total maximum daily loads (TMDLs) 

• Wetlands policies and regulations 

4. Limited public awareness and environmental education programs 

5.4.1 Issue: Point and Nonpoint Pollution 

Surface water quality problems within the Lake George Basin originate from either point or 

nonpoint sources of pollution. Point sources are end-of-pipe discharges, which include 

discharges of sewage effluent from domestic wastewater treatment plants, point sources that 

are permitted to discharge to drain fields, and industrial effluent discharged through outfall pipes 

or ditches. 

Nonpoint sources, which likely account for a large portion of pollution within the Lake George 

Basin, include urban, residential, and agricultural sources, such as: 

• Surface runoff originating from urban, residential, and agricultural lands; 

• Untreated discharges from drainage ditches serving agricultural lands; 

• Contaminated groundwater seepage from drain fields of septic tank systems; 

• Erosion and sediment disturbance; 

• Controlled discharges from stormwater management systems; 

• Chemical aquatic weed control and naturally occurring organic inputs; and 

• Naturally-occurring peak discharges of storm water. 

Deteriorating water quality and sediment conditions affect the species composition and overall 

health of aquatic communities within the Lake George Basin. Some examples are as follows: 

• Discharges from sewage treatment plants, agricultural runoff, and seepage from septic 

tank drain fields can cause nutrient-enrichment of receiving waters. These high nutrient 

levels can contribute to conditions that are optimal for algal blooms, elevated bacterial 

levels, and increased biological oxygen demand (BOD). Increased BOD levels can lower 

oxygen concentrations to the point of impairment and if severe enough to the point of 

lethality (fish kills). Species adapted to low oxygen levels may become prevalent with a 

concomitant reduction in species diversity. 

• Survival and reproductive rates as well as diversity of aquatic organisms can be affected 

by toxic substances originating from industry or agriculture. Culturally introduced or 

naturally-occurring organic particulates provide substrate for adsorption of nutrients and 

pollutants. Many of these substances and suspended particulates precipitate out of the 

water column and reside in the sediments directly affecting benthic organisms. When 

sediments and associated contaminates are resuspended into the water column 

organisms can be exposed to those contaminates. 

• Abnormally high peak flows of storm water can be detrimental to the receiving water 

body. Major storm events result in the discharge of large volumes of water into the Lake 

George Basin. This storm water may carry significant loadings of humics and suspended 

organic matter and associated contaminants, resulting in a rapid change in water quality. 

• Excessive low flows when combined with point- and nonpoint source pollution can be 

detrimental to aquatic communities. Low flows can occur as a result of drought, or 

excessive groundwater or surface water withdrawals. Contaminants become 

concentrated and dissolved oxygen concentrations decrease, creating lethal conditions 

for aquatic organisms. 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 5-23 August 2008

Problems with turbidity, BOD, nutrients, and metals have led to symptoms of deterioration such 

as periodic fish kills, algae blooms, aquatic weed problems, and a declining fishery. 

Sedimentation is primarily influenced by sources located outside the basin. A major portion of 

the inorganic and organic particulate matter introduced into the St. Johns River upstream of the 

lake ultimately resides in the sediments of Lake George. The volume and quality of this material 

will directly impact the benthic community. Nutrient-laden sediment material could provide a 

source for internal nutrient recycling to the lake water column. 

5.4.2 Issue: Deterioration of Natural Systems 

In addition to point- and nonpoint source pollution, another major resource problem in the Lake 

George Basin is the deterioration of its natural systems. For the purposes of this 2008 LSJRB 

SWIM plan, the term natural systems refers to wetlands, nursery areas of indigenous aquatic 

life, and special habitats. 

Wetlands are defined by SJRWMD's Management and Storage of Surface Water (MSSW) rule 

(Chapter 40C-4, F.A.C.) as areas that are "inundated or saturated by surface or groundwater 

with a frequency and duration sufficient to support, and that under normal circumstances do 

support, a prevalence of vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions. 

Wetlands generally include swamps, marshes, bogs, and similar areas.” This definition 

recognizes hydrology, vegetation, and soils as integral components of a wetland. 

Nursery areas of indigenous aquatic life are defined in Chapter 17-3, F.A.C., as "... any bed of 

[listed] aquatic plants, either in monoculture or mixed or any area used by the early-life stages, 

larvae and post-larvae, of aquatic life during the period of rapid growth and development into the 

juvenile states.” 

Special habitats under this plan are defined as natural areas that support unique functions 

related to fish and wildlife resources and economic and recreational values. Special habitats 

may be wetlands, nursery areas, or aquatic environments within important physical features. 

They may be uplands that protect wetland functions, or that support wetland-dependent species 

such as the bald eagle. Special habitats may, or may not, be vegetated. Examples of special 

habitats include areas frequented by manatees in the summer and fall, and spring discharges 

that attract manatees in the winter. Other examples are areas that support aquatic or wetlanddependent species that have been identified as needing special protection by the USFWS, 

FWC, or FDEP. 

Alteration of Wetlands, Nursery Areas, and Special Habitats: At the present time, the 

majority of the immediate watershed of Lake George is undeveloped. Major landholders are the 

National Forest Service, private silviculture operations, and SJRWMD. Large tracts of sensitive 

lands have been purchased for public ownership immediately adjacent to the lake. These 

provide effective protection from direct wetland and buffer zone alterations in these sensitive 

areas. 

A decline in quality and quantity of wetland and nursery habitat in Lake George is also occurring 

due to land use changes which impact sedimentation and water discharge, as well as water 

quality degradation, and have caused a reduction in littoral zone macrophyte diversity. Cattail 

(Typha spp.) has become the dominant emergent macrophyte in Lake George, likely due to 

declining water quality and accumulated sediments. Submerged vegetation is being impacted 

by sedimentation and reduced light availability as the lake becomes more eutrophic. Algal 

blooms in this basin are occurring due to upstream development and its associated nutrient 

enrichment through point- and nonpoint source pollution, and from aquatic weed spraying to 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 5-24 August 2008

eliminate floating water hyacinth. The increased nutrient loading and spraying for water hyacinth 

have caused primary production to shift from dominance by macrophytes to dominance by 

phytoplankton. 

Alteration of Benthic Habitat: Benthic habitat in Lake George is primarily influenced by 

allochthonous sources from upstream areas. Since the lake is an in-line water body, it functions 

as a settling basin for the St. Johns River downstream from Lake Monroe. Increases in 

sediment and particulate organic loading in this section of the river result in increased deposition 

to the lake basin. Deposition of organic sediments high in nutrients and/or contaminants results 

in decreased diversity of the lake benthos. A loss of benthic production in lake sediments may 

be one cause of declines in the game fish component of Lake George fish populations. 

Riverine Shoreline Erosion: The St. Johns River abruptly narrows to a width of a few hundred 

feet immediately south of Lake George. The narrow river channel winds through extensive 

wooded swamp which normally provides quality river shoreline habitat for game-fish species. 

Recreational boat traffic has increased dramatically in this section of the river as has 

commercial barge traffic. Wakes created by this boat traffic are seriously eroding river 

shorelines. Although these shoreline habitats are normally excellent spawning areas for sunfish 

and related centrarchid fish species, FWC biologists indicate that spawning success is limited 

due to constant erosion and sediment disturbance from boat wakes. 

5.4.3 Issue: Regulation and Management of Natural Resources 

Limited funding is often thought to be the controlling factor in effective water resource 

management. However, where agencies have overlapping or have closely related 

responsibilities, improved coordination of programs could increase management effectiveness 

without substantially increasing costs. Programs being implemented by several state agencies, 

local governments, and SJRWMD can be significantly more effective when they are focused on 

clearly defined and mutually supportive goals and objectives. 

Regulation and Management of Surface Waters: The use of statewide water quality 

standards for receiving waters and performance standards for pollution abatement systems may 

not be adequate to protect surface waters, and in particular entire watersheds. In addition, 

pollutant loads from unregulated sources compound receiving water problems originating from 

permitted systems. 

Florida's statutory authorities for protecting the quality of state waters are implemented in two 

ways: (1) establishment of criteria for designated uses (or classes) of surface waters; (2) 

application of statewide performance standards for pollution abatement systems. 

Reliance on surface water quality criteria that are applied statewide may not be adequate to 

protect or enhance basin waters. The existing criterion for nutrients is an example. Presently 

there are no numerical standards for nutrients; e.g., phosphates and nitrates. Current 

regulations are limited to a narrative standard stating, “In no case shall nutrient concentrations 

of a body of water be altered so as to cause an imbalance in natural populations of aquatic flora 

or fauna” (62-302 F.A.C.). 

Presently, biological assessments and water quality monitoring efforts within this subbasin are 

insufficient for the enforcement of nutrients criterion. This inadequacy makes the current 

nutrients criterion of limited value in preventing surface water pollution. Also, nutrients, which 

result in unwanted eutrophication of surface waters, are dependent on variables that can be 

difficult to define. The state is developing numerical standards for nutrients; however, until those 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 5-25 August 2008

standards are adopted insufficient data for specific water bodies limits the ability of agencies to 

apply the current nutrient criteria, a factor contributing to surface water pollution. 

Initial performance standards for treatment systems are also a problem. An example is 

SJRWMD's stormwater rule, which relies on performance standards to assure that pollution 

loads to surface waters do not significantly increase as land comes under development. The 

standards are based on the presumption that their application will result in 80 percent treatment 

efficiency for total suspended solids in Class III waters. In other words, 80 percent of the 

suspended solids generated by new developments should be prevented from being transported 

by storm water to receiving waters. However, nutrients have been identified as the primary 

constituent of concern impacting surface waters of the state and current stormwater treatment 

rules are now being revised to more adequately address nutrients. However, in the meantime, 

current rules still allow an increase in nutrient loadings resulting from development. Depending 

on pre-development land use and the quality of the receiving water, which may already be 

degraded, the current performance standards may be inadequate for maintaining water quality. 

Beyond the statewide rule improvements mentioned in this section, TMDLs will be established 

for the impaired waters within the Lake George watershed over the next few years. 

Total Maximum Daily Loads: During the next few years, considerable data collection and 

analysis will be performed to establish TMDLs for impaired waters in the Lake George Basin. A 

watershed management plan to reduce the amount of pollutants that cause impairments will 

also be produced. These activities will depend heavily on the active participation of SJRWMD, 

local governments, businesses, and other watershed stakeholders. In particular, the FDEP will 

work with these groups and individuals to undertake or continue reductions in the discharge of 

pollutants and achieve the established TMDLs for impaired water bodies. 

The verified list of impaired waters will be adopted by Secretarial Order in accordance with the 

Florida Watershed Restoration Act. Once adopted, the list will be submitted to the EPA for 

approval as the state’s Section 303(d) list for the basin. 

Wetland Policies and Regulations: The policies and rules of three regulatory agencies affect 

wetlands within the Lake George Basin: USACE, FDEP, and SJRWMD. In addition, local 

governments may also have wetland ordinances. Historically, the jurisdictional authorities of the 

regulatory agencies differed based upon their separate and broadly defined legislated missions. 

Jurisdictional authority for the USACE is granted under Section 10 of the Rivers and Harbors 

Act and Section 404 of the Clean Water Act for activities within navigable waters and "waters of 

the United States," respectively. The USACE generally regulates filling, not excavation, and 

their nationwide permitting program often allows fill of up to 10 acres without mitigation. 

The FDEP regulates dredge and fill activities within wetlands that are connected to or 

contiguous with waters of the state under Chapters 17-4 and 17-12, F.A.C. FDEP does not 

regulate dredge and fill activities in isolated wetlands; i.e., wetlands that are not connected to or 

contiguous with waters of the state. 

SJRWMD regulates wetlands where construction is not exempt from SJRWMD's MSSW rule 

(Chapter 40C-4). MSSW permits are required when projects meet certain thresholds. These 

thresholds are based on the existence and size of certain features including traversing works, 

dams, pits, wetlands and anticipated cover by impervious surfaces. When a permit is required, 

SJRWMD evaluates the impacts that the proposed project will have on off-site aquatic and 

wetland-dependant species relative to the functions that the wetland serves for those species. If 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 5-26 August 2008

the wetland serves aquatic or wetland-dependant species which are also endangered or 

threatened, impacts to both off-site and on-site species are assessed. Impacts to on-site 

isolated wetlands greater than one-half acre also come under review during the permitting 

process. SJRWMD defines an isolated wetland as one that is not within FDEP's jurisdiction for 

dredge and fill activities. 

The regulatory programs of all the agencies provided a significant degree of wetland protection; 

however, wetland systems continued to be degraded for various reasons including the following 

limitations shared by the programs: 

• Wetlands are frequently filled or dredged without the necessary permits. The “after the 

fact" resolution of these cases, if discovered, generally results in a compromise of the 

regulatory standards. 

• Exemptions exist under all the regulatory programs. Many types of wetland impacts do 

not require permits. 

• Mitigation is a mechanism that is allowed under most regulatory programs. It usually 

consists of either creating new wetlands from uplands or enhancing, by rehydrating, 

existing degraded wetlands. 

• Silviculture and agriculture are generally exempt, except where alterations are for the 

sole or predominate purpose of impounding or obstruction surface waters (Chapter 

373.406(2), F.S.). 

• Wetlands and aquatic habitats can be affected as surrounding lands are altered or as 

land uses are intensified. Currently, construction setbacks from wetlands are not 

required under existing regulations. 

Coordination between these programs has improved. In 1995 SJRWMD, in coordination with 

the FDEP, instituted the Environmental Resource and Surface Water Permitting Program 

(ERP). The ERP combines the former dredge and fill permit issued by FDEP and the MSSW 

permit issued by SJRWMD. This approach provides improved coordination of permitting 

activities related to new construction or the proposed filling of wetlands. The program includes 

monitoring focusing on surface water discharges, including agricultural discharges, and 

monitoring of wetlands. 

5.4.4 Issue: Limited Public Awareness and Environmental Education Programs 

To date, there has been limited public education effort focusing on Lake George specifically; 

however, recent years have seen increased efforts to educate the public about the importance 

of the St. Johns River as a whole and to educate them about their potential impacts. These 

efforts should be expanded to the Lake George Basin to help the public develop a better 

understanding of their relationship with the Lake George ecosystem and what changes they can 

make to improve the aquatic environment of the basin. 

5.5 Management Programs in the Lake George Basin 

As noted before, the Lake George program is earlier in its development than the programs for 

the Lower and Middle St. Johns River basins. Efforts currently focus on planning, 

reconnaissance, and assessment activities. These efforts will be the shared responsibility of 

SJRWMD staff from both the Lower and Middle St. Johns River basins. Similar to the 

development of the lower and middle basin programs, initial planning efforts are currently 

focused on a few key initiatives: water quality, biological health, sediment management, public 

education, and intergovernmental coordination. Initial objectives and strategies for each of these 

initiatives are presented below. Additional initiatives, objectives, and strategies could be added 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 5-27 August 2008

as more information about the basin is collected and the program matures. This section will be 

updated as the assessment efforts are completed and will present similar information to what is 

shown in chapter 3 for the LSJRB. 

Over the next five years, reconnaissance, assessment, modeling, and public education and 

outreach will occur for the Lake George Basin. Reconnaissance will occur during FY 2008 and 

FY 2009 with assessment efforts beginning in FY 2009 and extending to FY 2011. During the 

assessment phase, modeling will also occur and extend through FY 2012. Public education and 

outreach will begin once enough information is gathered through reconnaissance and 

assessment (approximately FY 2010) and extend until the end of the five year period of study to 

FY 2012. Initiative specific milestones will also be developed as more information about the 

Lake George Basin is collected. 

A list of management projects and descriptions is included in Section 5.5.6: Past/Current 

Projects and Section 5.5.7: Future Projects. This project list will continue to be developed 

throughout the assessment phase. The projects are considered in terms of the strategy and 

management activity which they are designed to accomplish. Management activities include 

resource assessment, development of management tools, and implementation efforts. Appendix 

F contains a summary table of management projects within the Lake George Basin. 

5.5.1 Water Quality Initiative 

In 2004 SJRWMD prepared the Status and Trends Report, which included sampling information 

for three lake, one spring, and three stream sites. The study found that Blue Spring, which was 

the only spring evaluated in this assessment, had good water quality but was getting worse. The 

spring run enters the St. Johns River upstream of the city of DeLand, where the water quality 

was fair with insufficient data for trend determination. Lake Woodruff is farther north and had 

good water quality with insufficient data for trend determination. The St. Johns River at SR 40 

showed good water quality with insufficient data for trend evaluation. Lake George had fair 

quality with no significant trends. Lake Kerr drains to the north end of Lake George and had 

good quality with no significant trends. The St. Johns River at channel marker 72 had good 

quality, but with insufficient data to evaluate trends. 

Other than the above information, very little data exists to fully analyze the Water Quality 

Initiative in the Lake George Basin. In response to increased discussions about the potential of 

waters within the Lake George Basin for consumptive purposes, SJRWMD is considering ways 

to more fully incorporate the Lake George Basin into its future management efforts. There is 

currently not a Lake George program at SJRWMD similar to the Lower, Middle, and Upper 

basins; however, SJRWMD has begun planning efforts in the basin and is proposing 

assessments as outlined in this 2008 LSJRB SWIM Plan. 

5.5.1.1 Strategy: Review and Strengthen Water Quality Policies and Regulations 

Objectives:

• Complete updates, as needed, of SJRWMD water quality status and trends assessment, 

Integrated Water Resources Monitoring quarterly progress reports within contractual 

time frames, assessment reports on the Integrated Water Resources Monitoring Tier 1 

Network, and evaluate benthic and sediment interpretive reports produced by 

contractors. 

• Establish a water balance model for the basin. 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 5-28 August 2008

• Recommend PLRGs as described for priority SWIM basins and implement them through 

appropriate regulatory and non-regulatory programs. 

• Assist FDEP in establishing and implementing TMDLs for impaired waters and in 

evaluating the effectiveness of TMDL implementation. 

• Establish strengthened water quality regulations based on improved BMPs and nutrient 

standards adoption. 

• Evaluate the effectiveness of currently accepted BMPs for surface water and stormwater 

management systems, publish evaluation results periodically, and develop and adopt 

new or improved BMPs when there is a demonstrated need. 

• Continue SJRWMD’s annual Stormwater Management Projects Cost-Share Program. 

5.5.1.2 Strategy: Support the State's Water Policy Guidelines for Reuse 

Objectives: 

• Support the state's water policy guidelines for reuse by permitted surface water 

discharges in priority areas (Chapter 17-40, F.A.C.) along with SJRWMD reuse 

requirements associated with consumptive reuse permitting. 

5.5.1.3 Strategy: Evaluate Impacts of Agricultural and Silvicultural Operations 

and Implement BMPs to Address Those Impacts 

Objectives: 

• Evaluate effects of agriculture and silviculture practices on water quality. 

Develop and implement matching grants program to encourage use of agricultural 

BMPs. 

• Monitor effectiveness of implemented agriculture and silviculture BMPs. 

5.5.1.4 Strategy: Compile and Analyze Available Water and Sediment Quality Data 

in Conjunction with Biological/Bioassessment, Data to Evaluate the Extent 

Causes, and Effects of Pollution on the Basin's Surface Waters 

Objectives: 

• Establish basinwide monitoring programs and create a database for water 

quality/quantity, sediment, and biological data to assess current health and future trends 

in the basin. 

• Investigate nutrient inputs into the Lake George Basin from upstream sources. 

• Inventory hydrologic units. 

• Delineate basins and subbasins. 

• Identify and install hydrologic and climatological monitoring network. 

• Identify seepage areas. Design and set up groundwater seepage monitoring program. 

• Identify and monitor areas where stormwater runoff quantity and/or quality is significant 

and characterize storm discharges. 

• Identify and work to reduce excessive sources of nutrients to basin water bodies. 

• Establish partnerships with local governments to compile and evaluate local data. 

5.5.2 Biological Health Initiative 

Very little data exists to analyze the Biological Health Initiative in the Lake George Basin. In 

response to increased discussions about the potential of waters within the Lake George Basin 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 5-29 August 2008

for consumptive purposes, SJRWMD is considering ways to more fully incorporate the Lake 

George Basin into its future management efforts. There is currently not a Lake George program 

at SJRWMD similar to the lower, middle, and upper basins; however, SJRWMD has begun 

planning efforts in the basin and is proposing assessments as outlined in this 2008 LSJRB 

SWIM Plan. 

5.5.2.1 Strategy: Protect Existing Habitat through Enforcement of Regulations for 

Land Development and Alteration 

Objectives: 

• Determine habitat protection needs within the basin. 

• Develop special basin criteria for habitat protection. 

• Recommend regulatory initiatives to enhance habitat protection (e.g., construction 

setbacks). 

• Provide information for the protection or mitigation of habitats to regulatory and 

management offices having responsibilities in the basin. 

• Coordinate enforcement of regulations with all agencies involved. 

5.5.2.2 Strategy: Acquire Environmentally Sensitive Land within the Lake George 

Basin Including Buffer Zones and Wildlife Corridors 

Objectives: 

• Purchase 100 percent of the land identified in the SJRWMD Florida Forever work plan 

and annually update to allow completion of major SJRWMD surface water projects under 

this or other funding programs. 

• Utilize less-than-fee acquisition where continuation of existing land use is compatible 

with conservation objectives. 

5.5.2.3 Strategy: Inventory Existing Natural Systems, Fisheries, Invertebrates and 

Wildlife in the Basin and Determine Their Condition, Monitor Their 

Condition, and Identify Wildlife Habitat Needs 

Objectives: 

• Monitor natural systems and analyze trends utilizing information on growth, land use, 

changes, etc. Determine effectiveness of protection and restoration efforts. Input 

digitized data into SJRWMD's GIS. 

• Initiate technical investigations to identify wildlife and their habitat needs, including 

protection corridors in the basin. 

• Monitor effectiveness of protection and restoration projects. 

5.5.3 Sediment Management Initiative 

Sediment quality at sites along the mainstem of the St. Johns River, including Lake George, 

was evaluated as part of a larger districtwide evaluation of metals and organic contaminants. 

Data were collected during 1996 and 1997. Additional detailed sediment studies were 

conducted on Lake George during 1998. It was found that relative to other sampling locations 

within SJRWMD the sum of PCB congeners concentrations and PCB concentrations normalized 

to total organic carbon were the lowest for samples collected from Lake George. 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 5-30 August 2008

Except for the information provided above, very little data exists to fully analyze the Sediment 

Management Initiative in the Lake George Basin. In response to increased discussions about 

the potential of waters within the Lake George Basin for consumptive purposes, SJRWMD is 

considering ways to more fully incorporate the Lake George Basin into its future management 

efforts. There is currently not a Lake George program at SJRWMD similar to the lower, middle, 

and upper basins; however, SJRWMD has begun planning efforts in the basin and is proposing 

assessments as outlined in this LSJRB SWIM Plan. 

5.5.3.1 Strategy: Upstream Reductions Including Lake George and the Ocklawaha 

Objectives: 

• Support development and implementation of PLRGs and TMDLs. 

• Conserve freshwater resources and protect surface waters. 

• Continue to evaluate historical water chemistry data to describe trends in ambient water 

quality as well as point-source and nonpoint source pollution to evaluate effects and 

interrelationships. 

• Select or modify the water quality assessment methods that will be used for water quality 

data collection and analysis. 

5.5.4 Public Education Initiative 

Very little work is being done to satisfy the Public Education Initiative’s objectives in the Lake 

George Basin. In response to increased discussions about the potential of waters within the 

Lake George Basin for consumptive purposes, SJRWMD is considering ways to more fully 

incorporate the Lake George Basin into its future management efforts. There is currently not a 

Lake George program at SJRWMD similar to the lower, middle, and upper basins; however, 

SJRWMD has begun planning efforts in the basin and is proposing assessments as outlined in 

this 2008 LSJRB SWIM Plan. 

5.5.4.1 Strategy: Heighten Public Awareness and Understanding of Problems 

with the Basin's Surface Waters and Associated Natural Systems, the 

Cultural Impacts Contributing to Their Deterioration, and Protection and 

Restoration Efforts in the Basin 

Objectives:

• Plan and implement projects to inform the general public about the status and trends of 

aquatic environmental quality in the Lake George Basin. 

• Inform local governments and the general public about the goals and objectives of the 

Lake George SWIM Plan through presentations, meetings, and publications. 

• Develop activities related to protection and restoration of environmental quality in the 

Lake George Basin that involve the public or special interest groups. 

• Encourage public participation in local government planning, regulatory, and 

management processes which impact the Lake George Basin. 

• Develop an environmental center bordering Lake George that provides a learning 

experience for children and adults (e.g., camping, nature trails). 

• Involve the Watershed Action Volunteer (WAV) program in sampling, cleanup, and other 

activities. 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 5-31 August 2008

5.5.5 Intergovernmental Coordination Initiative 

There is currently not a Lake George program at SJRWMD similar to the lower, middle, and 

upper basins; however, SJRWMD has begun planning efforts in the basin and is proposing 

assessments as outlined in this 2008 LSJRB SWIM Plan. These assessment efforts will be 

conducted in coordination with SJRWMD project management and scientific staff from both the 

Lower and Middle St. Johns River basins. 

5.5.5.1 Strategy: Improve GIS Data Used for Regulation and Management 

Decision Making 

Objectives: 

• Digitize data to provide maps, tables, and charts for land use/cover, topographic 

contours, bathymetry, seismic profiles, flood plains, soils, marinas, pollutant discharges, 

septic tanks, dredge and fill projects, historic aerial photography, and other useful 

information and integrate with SJRWMD's GIS. 

• Cooperate with other agencies to gather and disperse GIS information to resource 

managers making regulatory, policy, and land acquisition decisions. 

• Collect annual rectified aerial photography and incorporate it into GIS to monitor 

changes in the basin. 

5.5.5.2 Strategy: Enhance Interagency Coordination and Management of Surface 

Waters and Natural Systems in the Lake George Basin 

Objectives: 

• Promote incorporation of SWIM protection and restoration efforts into local 

comprehensive plans. Coordinate and cost-share research, planning, and regulatory 

efforts. Support local environmental policy that enhances water quality and habitat in the 

Lake George Basin. 

• Cooperate on conservation land identification and acquisition with local governments 

and the Florida Forever program. 

• Promote communication and partnerships among local governments to identify, commit 

to, and pursue Lake George improvement projects. 

5.5.6 Past/Current Projects (1993–2007) 

Water Quality Initiative Past/Current Projects 

Continuous Water Quality Monitoring in Lake George (1994–2007): Performed automated, 

continuous measurements of meteorological and water quality variables to determine short-term 

changes in lake condition and to provide input and calibration data for water quality models. 

Expansion of the LSJR Water Quality Model through Lake George (2005–2007): This 

SJRWMD project allowed for the evaluation of nutrient load reductions, water use and waste 

disposal scenarios. The modeling results have shown the lake’s distinct zonation, flow patterns, 

and nutrient sources and sinks within the lake. This project is expected to continue in future 

years. 

Lake George Phosphorus Removal Feasibility Project-Reconnaissance Phase (2007): 

Conducted an analysis of the feasibility of various management techniques to reduce the load of 

phosphorus imported to and/or exported from Lake George, as part of SJRWMD’s St. Johns 

River Algal Initiative. Eutrophication is the most significant water quality impairment to the 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 5-32 August 2008

middle and lower St. Johns River. In the freshwater reach of the river, phosphorus is the nutrient 

controlling maximum algal growth. While significant funding is being dedicated to the removal of 

nitrogen from the marine reach of the river, an assessment effort is being directed to 

phosphorus reduction in the freshwater reach. 

Lake George Water Quality Modeling (2007): Conducted the portion of the Lake George 

water quality modeling effort related to sediment interactions with the water column and created 

an entirely new module to the LSJR and Lake George Water Quality Model that would simulate 

the growth of floating aquatic macrophytes and ancillary effects on nutrient, light, oxygen, and 

carbon. Potential use of a floating aquatic macrophyte model is expected as a means to 

evaluate possible changes in floating aquatic plant management for the lake, and the possibility 

that hyacinth harvesting could be used as a means to reduce the nutrient content of the lake. 

Plankton Enumeration and Identification in Lake George (1997–2007): This project 

conducted the regular, monthly identification and enumeration of phytoplankton and 

zooplankton at the outlet of Lake George. The identification of the members to the plankton 

community can provide valuable information on the status of the community, such as the 

propensity for atmospheric nitrogen fixation, toxin production, or competitive interactions and 

food chain effects. 

Biological Health Past/Current Projects

The Effects of Changing Nutrient Conditions on the Structure and Function of the 

Phytoplankton of the Lower St. Johns River (2001–2004): This project scope was wideranging (from Lake George to the mouth of the lower St. Johns River) and included assessing 

spatial variability and productivity of phytoplankton sample growth under differing nutrient and 

light conditions. 

Submerged Aquatic Vegetation (SAV) Monitoring (1999–2003): SAV was monitored at one 

site on the eastern shore of Lake George. Vegetation sampling included percent coverage and 

canopy height for each species. Data also include water depth and sediment type. Water quality 

samples were also collected at this site. 

Sediment Management Initiative Past/Current Projects

Examination of Sediment Exchange in Lake George (2006–2007): This SJRWMD project 

characterized the sediment-water column exchange in the lake and its effect on water quality, 

nutrient availability, and algal growth. This project is expected to continue in future years. 

Public Education Initiative Past/Current Projects

Refer to LSJRB past/current projects (Section 3.7), as no specific projects were conducted for 

the Lake George watershed. 

Intergovernmental Coordination Initiative Past/Current Projects

Refer to LSJRB past/current projects (Section 3.7), as no specific projects were conducted for 

the Lake George watershed. 

5.5.7 Future Management Projects (2008–2012) 

Water Quality Initiative Future Projects

Assessment of Phosphorus Reduction Targets in Lake George (2008–2010): Assay work 

to assess the relationship between in-lake phosphorus levels and nitrogen-fixation, in order 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 5-33 August 2008

to evaluate phosphorus reduction targets based on the amount of internal nitrogen load 

that could potentially be eliminated. 

Continuous Water Quality Monitoring in Lake George (2008–2012): Perform automated, 

continuous measurements of meteorological and water quality variables to determine short-term 

changes in lake condition and to provide input and calibration data for water quality models. 

Effect of Control Methods on Relative Composition of Water Lettuce (2009–2011): Followup on the possibility for a change in the techniques, targeted spraying, or herbicides used in 

floating aquatic plant management to increase the relative composition of water lettuce, and 

perhaps allow for the increase in overall cover of water lettuce. 

Expansion of the LSJR Water Quality Model Through Lake George (2008–2010): This 

SJRWMD project was started in 2005 and allows for the evaluation of nutrient load reductions, 

water use and waste disposal scenarios. The initial modeling results have shown the lake’s 

distinct zonation, flow patterns, and nutrient sources and sinks within the lake. 

Fisheries Composition Survey Work (2008–2010): Fisheries composition survey work 

designed to assess the potential for gizzard shad harvesting. 

Floating Aquatic Plant Cultivation Feasibility (2008–2010): Feasibility/design work on 

a floating aquatic plant cultivation project. 

Floating Aquatic Plant Module Application Modeling (2008–2009): Application modeling 

with the floating aquatic plant module of the LSJR and Lake George water quality model, 

currently under development by the USACE water quality modeling branch, in order to assess 

growth rate, cover, phytoplankton reduction and phosphorus and nitrogen removal under 

various mechanical harvesting scenarios. 

Lake George Phosphorus Removal Feasibility Project (2008): As part of the St. Johns River 

Algal Initiative, this project will conduct an analysis of the feasibility of various management 

techniques to reduce the load of phosphorus imported to and/or exported from Lake George. 

Eutrophication is the most significant water quality impairment to the middle and lower St. Johns 

River. In the freshwater reach of the river, phosphorus is the nutrient controlling maximum algal 

growth. While significant funding is dedicated to the removal of nitrogen form the marine reach 

of the river, an assessment effort is being directed to phosphorus reductions in the freshwater 

reach. 

Lake George Phosphorus Sediment Flux (2008–2010): Lakes George, Jesup, and Monroe 

are combined in this project to develop a general theoretical model for the large, shallow lakes 

of the middle St. Johns. Objectives are to (1) determine the rates, mechanisms and amounts of 

cycling of nutrients, organic carbon, and oxygen between the water column and sediments 

through both turbulent re-suspension and diffusive flux; (2) determine the significant pathways 

of transformation and loss within the sediments; (3) determine the effect of this cycling on lake 

dissolved oxygen, suspended solids, and the renewal of macronutrient resources for the pelagic 

phytoplankton community; and (4) propose a general model of shallow, eutrophic lake sediment 

interaction for adaptation to the existing sediment flux model of the CE-QUAL-ICM 

eutrophication model. 

Lake George Water Quality Modeling (2008–2009): This project began in 2007 and will 

continue the portion of the Lake George water quality modeling effort related to sediment 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 5-34 August 2008

interactions with the water column to create an entirely new module to the LSJR and Lake 

George Water Quality Model that would simulate the growth of floating aquatic macrophytes and 

ancillary effects on nutrient, light, oxygen, and carbon. Potential use of a floating aquatic 

macrophyte model is expected as a means to evaluate possible changes in floating aquatic 

plant management for the lake, and the possibility that hyacinth harvesting could be used as a 

means to reduce the nutrient content of the lake. 

Plankton Enumeration and Identification in Lake George (2008–2012): This project 

conducts the regular, monthly identification and enumeration of phytoplankton and zooplankton 

at the outlet of Lake George. The identification of the members to the plankton community can 

provide valuable information on the status of the community, such as the propensity for 

atmospheric nitrogen fixation, toxin production, or competitive interactions and food chain 

effects. 

Potential Uses of Recycled Biomass (2010–2011): Follow-up on the potential for harvested 

biomass disposal from either ATS or mechanical harvesting, including compost or biofuel 

generation technologies, markets, and potential for a regional biomass recycling facility. 

 

Biological Health Initiative Future Projects

Primary Productivity in Lake George (2008–2010): This project will examine the relative 

balance of photosynthesis (oxygen production) and bacterial production (oxygen depletion). 

This study will determine the relative rates of external and internal carbon used and define the 

basic structure and function of the microbial food web. 

Sediment Management Initiative Future Projects

Examination of Sediment Exchange in Lake George (2008–2012): This SJRWMD project 

started in 2006 continues the characterization of the sediment-water column exchange in the 

lake and its effect on water quality, nutrient availability and algal growth. 

Public Education Initiative Future Projects

The future efforts for the Public Education Initiative in the Lake George Basin will be conducted 

as part of the education efforts in the LSJRB, as follows: 

• The Lower Basin Public Education Initiative will continue seeking to increase awareness 

about river health issues and to educate the public on how human behaviors impact the 

river and how negative behaviors can be changed. 

• Continue coordination efforts with the communication staffs of JEA, FDEP, and COJ. 

This initiative promotes consistent messages to be conveyed by SJRWMD and these 

entities, which are involved in a restoration partnership, called the River Accord, to 

improve the health of the lower St. Johns River. 

• Continue and adapt the paid media portion of the campaign that began in April 2007 with 

ads on television and in local newspapers, radio traffic sponsorships, and billboards. 

Collateral materials include a campaign-specific brochure and Web site 

(www.floridaswater.com). 

• Media outreach will include boat tours, editorial board visits, news releases and news 

stories, and appearances on public affairs radio and television broadcasts. Presentations 

will also be given to civic organizations, schools, and local governments to spotlight 

basin health issues. 

• To evaluate the initiative’s success, public awareness surveys will be conducted before, 

during, and after the campaign. 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 5-35 August 2008

• Monitor the Algal Initiative work for opportunities to provide assistance. 

Intergovernmental Coordination Initiative Future Projects

The Intergovernmental Coordination Initiative will have similar projects as what is expected for 

the LSJRB (refer to section 3.8). In addition, efforts will be made to monitor the Algal Initiative 

work for opportunities to provide assistance. 

5.5.8 Future Projects and Estimated Budget 

Table 5-6: Lake George Basin Projected Budget, Fiscal Years 2008–2012 

Planned Projects FY 2008 FY 2009 FY 2010 FY 2011 FY 2012 

Water Quality Initiative

Assessment of Phosphorus 

Reduction Targets in Lake 

George 

Estimate under 

development 

Continuous Water Quality 

Monitoring in Lake George $25,000 $25,000 $25,000 $25,000 $25,000 

Effect of Control Methods on 

Relative Composition of 

Water Lettuce 

Estimate under 

development 

Expansion of the LSJR 

Water Quality Model 

Through Lake George 

Estimate under 

development 

Lake George Phosphorus 

Removal Feasibility Project 

Estimate under 

development 

Floating Aquatic Plant 

Cultivation Feasibility 

Estimate under 

development 

Floating Aquatic Plant 

Module Application Modeling 

Estimate under 

development 

Lake George Phosphorus 

Sediment Flux 

Estimate under 

development 

Fisheries Composition 

Survey Work $50,000 $50,000 $50,000 $50,000 $50,000 

Plankton Enumeration and 

Identification in Lake George $15,000 $15,000 $15,000 $15,000 $15,000 

Lake George Water Quality 

Modeling $30,000 $30,000 $30,000 $30,000 $30,000 

Potential Uses of Recycled 

Biomass 

Estimate under 

development 

Biological Health Initiative

Primary Productivity in Lake 

George $15,000 $15,000 $15,000 

Sediment Management Initiative

Examination of Sediment 

Exchange in Lake George $32,000 $80,000 

Public Education Initiative 

Expand LSJRB Efforts No added cost No added cost No added cost No added cost No added cost 

Intergovernmental Coordination Initiative 

Expand LSJRB Efforts No added cost No added cost No added cost No added cost No added cost 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update 6-1 August 2008

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Alvarez Lehman and Associates, Inc., 1991. Fish/wildlife habitat assessment of the Lake 

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Atkinson, L.P., J.O. Blanton and E.B. Haines. 1978. Shelf flushing rates based on the 

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previously sampled locations. St. Johns River Water Management District, Final Report. 

Palatka, Fla. SJ2001-SP1. 

Battelle Memorial Institution. 2001. Development of a metals data analysis method for district 

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Water Management District, Palatka, Fla. 

SWET and Mock, Roos and Associates. 1994. Final Report – Phase I: Tri-County Agricultural 

Best Management Practices Study. Prepared for the St. Johns River Water Management 

District. 

SWET and Mock, Roos and Associates. 1996. Final Report – Phase II: Tri-County Agricultural 

Best Management Practices Study. Prepared for the St. Johns River Water Management 

District. 

SWET and Mock, Roos, and Associates. 1997. Final Report – Phase III: Tri-County Agricultural 

Best Management Practices Study. Prepared for the St. Johns River Water Management 

District. 

SWET and Mock, Roos and Associates. 1998. Final Report – Phase IV: Tri-County Agricultural 

Best Management Practices Study. Prepared for the St. Johns River Water Management 

District. 

Tagatz, M. E. (1968). Fishes of the St. Johns River, Florida. Quart. J. Florida Acad. of Science 

30: 25–50. 

Turner, R.E., Rabalais, N.N. 1994. Coastal eutophication near the Mississippi river delta. Letters 

to Nature: Apr. Vol. 368. 

URS, 2001. Middle St. Johns River basin final reconnaissance report. St. Johns River Water 

Management District, Palatka, Fla. 

USACE and SJRWMD, 1994. St. Johns River, Florida Water Quality Feasibility Study Phase I 

Interim Report, Volumes I – VII. St. Johns River Water Management District Special 

Publication SJ94-SP12-18. 

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1997. Florida Trails: Central East Section. Available: 

http://www.fl oridaconservation.org/fl trails/index.html. 

VanSickle, J, S. Medina. 1997. An Economic Analysis of Best Management Practices for 

Potatoes Grown in the Tri-county Agricultural Area of North Florida – Phase I, Final 

Report to St. Johns River Water Management District in fulfillment of contract No. 

93G228. Food and Resource Economics Department, IFAS University of Florida, 

Gainesville, Fla. 

Verity, P., M. Alber and S. B. Bricker. 2006. Development of hypoxia in well mixed subtropical 

estuaries in the southeastern USA. Estuaries and Coasts 29(4): 665–673. 

Watkins, W.E. 1992. Florida Governor’s Nomination of the Lower St. Johns River to the National 

Estuary Program. St. Johns River Water Management District, Palatka, Fla. 

Weingartner, P., G. Hochmuth, A. Tilton, D. Jesseman and C. Lippi. 1999. North Florida 

Phosphorus Fertilization Trials. Food and Resource Economics Department, IFAS 

University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla. 

Wenzel, K.L and P.P. McVety, 1986. Water Quality Review, Lower St. Johns River, Duval 

County. Florida Department of Environmental Regulation, Tallahassee, Fla. 63 pp. 

West Volusia Audubon Society. 2001. Lake Woodruff National Wildlife Refuge. Available: 

http://volusia.org/birding/woodruff.htm. 

White, W.A. 1970. The Geomorphology of Florida. Geological Bulletin No. 51. Florida Bureau of 

Geology. 

Winkler, Steve and Aisa Ceric. 2004. Status and Trends in Water Quality at Selected Sites in 

the St. Johns River Water Management District, Technical Publication SJ2004-3. 

Wolfe, D.A., M.A. Champ, D.A. Flemer, and A.J. Mearns. 1987. Long-term biological data sets: 

their role in research, monitoring, and management of estuarine and coastal marine 

systems. Estuaries 10(3):181–193. 

Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update A-1 August2008

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

APPENDIX A: PERMITTED DISCHARGES TO THE LOWER ST. JOHNS RIVER AND 

LAKE GEORGE BASINS 

Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update A-2 August2008

A-1: Permitted Discharges to the Lower St. Johns River Basin 

Facility Name 

Facility 

Permit 

Number Facility Type 

Permitted 

Discharge 

(mgd) 

Black Creek Planning Unit 

E.I. Dupont De Nemours Trailridge Mine FL0000051 Industrial Wastewater 30

Cecil Commerce Center WWTF FL0020966 Domestic WWTP 1.2

Camp Blanding WWTP FL0022853 Domestic WWTP 0.9

Orange Park, Town of FL0023922 Domestic WWTP 2.5

Miller Street WWTP FL0025151 Domestic WWTP 5

Penney Farms Retirement Center FL0032557 Domestic WWTP 0.09

Ridaught Landing FL0039721 Domestic WWTP 1.875

E.I. Dupont De Nemors – Maxville Mine FL0040274 Industrial Wastewater 4

Fleming Island System WWTP FL0043834 Domestic WWTP 1.5

Middleburg Bluffs FL0113743 Domestic WWTP 0.0099 

Bailey’s Mobile Home Park FL0115231 Domestic WWTP 0.003

Spencer WWTP FL0173371 Domestic WWTP 0.25

Powdertech Plus FL0182851 Industrial Wastewater 

Crescent Lake Planning Unit 

Bunnell, City of FL0020907 Domestic WWTP 0.3

Crescent City, City of FL0021610 Domestic WWTP 0.25

Palm Coast Membrane Softening Facility FL0042838 Industrial Wastewater 2.625

Paradise Point WWTP FL0043176 Domestic WWTP 0.005

East Coast Concrete – Bunnell Plant FLG110013 Concrete Batch GP 

Deep Creek Planning Unit 

Hastings, Town of FL0042315 Domestic WWTP 0.12

Hastings WTP – RO Reject FL0169226 Industrial Wastewater 0.087

Central Tractor Parts and Equipment, Inc. FL0182885 Industrial Wastewater 

Etonia Creek Planning Unit 

Georgia Pacific Corp. - Palatka FL0002763 Industrial Wastewater 

Montco Research Products, Inc. FL0037800 Industrial Wastewater 

PUTNAM LANES FL0117129 Domestic WWTP 0.003

Intracoastal Waterway Planning Unit 

Jacksonville Beach WWTF FL0020231 Domestic WWTP 4.5

Neptune Beach WWTF FL0020427 Domestic WWTP 1.5

Buccaneer WWTF FL0023248 Domestic WWTP 1.3

San Pablo WWTF FL0024767 Domestic WWTP 0.499

Atlantic Beach WWTF FL0038776 Domestic WWTP 3

V-Bar Edge Trailer Park FL0042188 Domestic WWTP 0.005

Innlet Beach FL0044237 Domestic WWTP 0.5

Players Club South FL0044245 Domestic WWTP 0.5

Marsh Landing WWTP FL0044253 Domestic WWTP 0.6

Julington Creek Planning Unit 

Westminster Woods WWTF FL0022489 Domestic WWTP 0.09

Royal Lakes Subdivision FL0026751 Domestic WWTP 

North Mainstem Planning Unit 

Stone Container Corporation FL0000400 Industrial Wastewater 20

Royal Lakes Subdivision FL0026751 Domestic WWTP 3.25

Jefferson Smurfit Corp. – Jax FL0000892 Industrial Wastewater 

USN Mayport FL0000922 Domestic WWTP 2

JEA Southside Gen Station FL0001015 Industrial Wastewater 0.105

JEA Kennedy Generating Station FL0001023 Industrial Wastewater 0.3

JEA Northside Units 1 2 3 FL0001031 Industrial Wastewater 827
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update A-3 August2008

Facility Name 

Facility 

Permit 

Number Facility Type 

Permitted 

Discharge 

(mgd) 

Williams Terminal Holdings L.P. FL0001287 Industrial Wastewater 0.93

Amerada Hess Corporation FL0001295 Industrial Wastewater 

Coastal Fuels Marketing, Inc. FL0001350 Industrial Wastewater 

Southwest District WWTF FL0036468 Domestic WWTP 

JEA – Jacksonville International Airport WWTF FL0023221 Domestic WWTP 0.2

Monterey WWTF FL0023604 Domestic WWTP 3.6

Holly Oaks Subdivision FL0023621 Domestic WWTP 1

San Jose Subdivision FL0023663 Domestic WWTP 2.25

Buckman Street WWTF FL0026000 Domestic WWTP 52.5

Arlington East WWTF FL0026441 Domestic WWTP 15

JEA District II WWTF FL0026450 Domestic WWTP 10

Beacon Hills WWTF FL0026778 Domestic WWTP 1.3

Woodmere Subdivision FL0026786 Domestic WWTP 0.5

St Servicesmain Terminal (FKA Stuart Petroleum) FL0037761 Industrial Wastewater 

Gate Maritime Properties, Inc. FL0037818 Domestic WWTP 0.01

JEA St Johns River Power FL0037869 Industrial Wastewater 

JPA Blount Island FL0038334 Domestic WWTP 0.055

Mercury Luggage Manufacturing Co. FL0039250 Domestic WWTP 0.0075

Riverside Plaza FL0039691 Industrial Wastewater 2.1

Atlantic Dry Dock FL0040592 Domestic WWTP 0.06

Anheuser Busch-Main St, Old Sod Farm FL0041530 Industrial Wastewater 

Singleton’s Seafood Shack FL0042056 Domestic WWTP 0.005

LA Cruise INC. FL0042994 Domestic WWTP 0.03

Suntree Mobile Home Park Inc FL0043311 Domestic WWTP 0.024

Cedar Bay Cogeneration Plant FL0061204 Industrial Wastewater 

CSX Transportation, Inc. Moncrief Rail Yard FL0176877 Industrial Wastewater 0.138

Gingiss Formalwear FL0182834 Industrial Wastewater 

Radiant Industries, Inc. FL0182893 Industrial Wastewater 

Ortega River Planning Unit 

Reichhold Chemicals Inc FL0000060 Industrial Wastewater 

Jacksonville Heights WWTF FL0023671 Domestic WWTP 2.5

Justiss Trailer Park FL0024279 Domestic WWTP 0.015

Ortega Hills Subdivision FL0025828 Domestic WWTP 0.22

Southwest District WWTF FL0026468 Domestic WWTP 

Azalea Mobile Home Park FL0040550 Domestic WWTP 0.025

Kellys Trailer Park FL0042196 Domestic WWTP 0.009

Royal Court Mobile Home Park #2 (North) FL0043095 Domestic WWTP 0.015

Royal Court Mobile Home Park #2 (North) FL0043141 Domestic WWTP 0.015

Napoli’s Mobile Home Village FL0043150 Domestic WWTP 0.015

Sunny Acres Mobile Home Park WWTF FL0043915 Domestic WWTP 0.015

East Coast Oils, Inc. FL0115410 Industrial Wastewater 0.072

Stuart Avenue Warehouse WWTP FL0115436 Domestic WWTP 0.0029 

Former Eagle Picher Industries Facility FL0167061 Industrial Wastewater 0.018

Norco Executive Center FL0175471 Domestic WWTP 2

Sixmile Creek Planning Unit 

Mill Creek Elementary School WWTF FL0025658 Domestic WWTP 0.02

South Mainstem Planning Unit 

Iluka Resources, Inc (FKA RGC Mineral Sands, Inc) FL0002119 Industrial Wastewater 

Green Cove Springs, City of FL0020915 Domestic WWTP 0.75

Mandarin WWTF FL0023493 Domestic WWTP 7.5
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update A-4 August2008

Facility Name 

Facility 

Permit 

Number Facility Type 

Permitted 

Discharge 

(mgd) 

South Green Cove Springs WWTF FL0030210 Domestic WWTP 0.5

FPL Putnam Steam PP PA74-01 FL0032166 Industrial Wastewater 

Fleming Oaks WWTP FL0032875 Domestic WWTP 0.49

Seminole Electric – Seminole Steam FL0036498 Industrial Wastewater 

Palatka, City of FL0040061 Domestic WWTP 3

Price Brothers Co. FL0041319 Industrial Wastewater 0.015

Port Buena Vista Mobile Home Park FL0042617 Domestic WWTP 0.015

Hiawatha & Hart Point WWTF FL0043389 Domestic WWTP 0.036

Julington Creek WWTP FL0043591 Domestic WWTP 1

Cypress Landing WWTF FL0043842 Domestic WWTP 0.0075

Blacksford Regional WWTF FL0174441 Domestic WWTP 0.49

Trout River Planning Unit 

Millennium Specialty Chemicals (FKA SCM Glidco) FL0000884 Industrial Wastewater 5

Bush Boake Allen, A Subsidiary of IFF FL0001040 Industrial Wastewater 2.34

Silver Dolphin Trailer Park FL0023001 Domestic WWTP 0.0075

Ideal Trailer Park FL0023426 Domestic WWTP 0.011

Briarwood Mobile Home Park FL0025704 Domestic WWTP 0.006

Cherokee Village MHP FL0032271 Domestic WWTP 0.005

Produce Terminal of Jacksonville FL0033405 Domestic WWTP 0.0042

Centurion Truck Plaza FL0042421 Domestic WWTP 0.02

Study Estates MHP FL0043419 Domestic WWTP 0.0175
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update A-5 August2008

A-2: Permitted Discharges to the Lake George Basin 

Facility Name City Facility Type

Permitted 

Discharge 

(mgd)

Alexander Springs Creek Planning Unit

Spring Creek Elementary School Paisley Domestic WWTP 0.0090

Alexander Springs Recreational Area Astor Park Domestic WWTP 0.0096

Country Squire MHV Paisley Domestic WWTP 0.0240

U.S. Naval Tracking Station STP Astor Domestic WWTP 0.0090

Lake George Planning Unit

Taylor Jr-Sr High School Pierson Domestic WWTP 0.0250

Pine Island Fishing Resort STP Lake George Domestic WWTP 0.0080

VCUD/Pine Island Seville Domestic WWTP 0.0150

St Johns River Campground Astor Domestic WWTP 0.0075

Blairs Jungle Den Astor Domestic WWTP 0.0300

Welaka WWTF Welaka Domestic WWTP 0.0990

River Park Utilities WWTF Fruitland Domestic WWTP 0.0250

Shannon Car Wash Astor Park Industrial Wastewater 0.0049

Holiday Haven Astor Domestic WWTP 0.0250

Wildwoods Campground Astor Park Domestic WWTP 0.0075

Pierson Laundromat Pierson Industrial Wastewater 0.0043

Jungle Den Astor Domestic WWTP 0.0210

Paramore’s Campground Astor Domestic WWTP 0.0120

Anglers Paradise Lodge Welaka Domestic WWTP 0.0100

Lake Kerr Planning Unit

Juniper Springs Recreational Area Silver Springs Domestic WWTP 0.0190

Fountain Center WWTF Salt Springs Domestic WWTP 0.0028

Salt Springs Salt Springs Domestic WWTP 0.0850

Lake Woodruff Planning Unit

VCUD/Four Townes Orange City Domestic WWTP 0.3000

VCUD/Southwest Regional Debary Domestic WWTP 0.5440

DeLand/Wiley Nash DeLand Domestic WWTP 7.3700

Rinker Materials/DeLand Concrete Batch Plan DeLand Industrial Wastewater 0.0016

Highbanks Marina & Camp Resort Debary Domestic WWTP 0.0240

T.G. Lee Foods/Lifestyle Division DeLand Industrial Wastewater 0.0690

Sparton Electronics STP DeLeon Springs Domestic WWTP 0.0120

Hidden Valley MHP DeLeon Springs Domestic WWTP 0.0300

Arlington Square Apartments DeLand Domestic WWTP 0.0060

Lakeview Terrace MHP DeLand Domestic WWTP 0.0100

Lingering Lane MHP DeLand Domestic WWTP 0.0150

Orange City Comfort Inn Orange City Domestic WWTP 0.0100

Holly Bluff Marina DeLand Domestic WWTP 0.0100

Duvall Home for Retarded Children Glenwood Domestic WWTP 0.0600

Sunny Sands Resort Pierson Domestic WWTP 0.0100

Land-o-Lakes MHC Orange City Domestic WWTP 0.0270

Days Inn of Orange City Orange City Domestic WWTP 0.0040

1876 Heritage Inn Orange City Domestic WWTP 0.0100

Florida Power Corp Debary Debary Industrial Wastewater 0.4200

St Johns River Club Condo Association DeLand Domestic WWTP 0.0060

Candlelight MHP Orange City Domestic WWTP 0.0270

Traders Cove MHP Debary Domestic WWTP 0.0200

Hontoon Island State Park DeLand Domestic WWTP 0.0050

Blue Spring State Park Orange City Domestic WWTP 0.0240
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update A-6 August2008

Facility Name City Facility Type

Permitted 

Discharge 

(mgd)

McInnis Elementary School DeLeon Springs Domestic WWTP 0.0100

VCUD/Northwest Barn Equipment & Truck 

Wash Recycle System DeLand Industrial Wastewater 

Eagles Nest S/D Astor Domestic WWTP 0.0100

Deerhaven Campground Paisley Domestic WWTP 0.0250

Powells Campground Astor Domestic WWTP 0.0120

DeLeon Laundry and Car Wash DeLeon Springs Industrial Wastewater 0.0047

Tarmac/DeLand Concrete Batch Plant DeLand Industrial Wastewater 

Tropical Apartments & Marina DeLand Domestic WWTP 0.0030

Iced Out Auto Detailing DeLand Industrial Wastewater 

DeLand/Orange City KOA Campground Orange Domestic WWTP 0.0150

Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update B-1 August 2008

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

APPENDIX B: STATE OF FLORIDA TMDL PROGRAM 

Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update B-2 August 2008

Florida's water quality standards are designed to ensure that surface waters can be used for 

their designated purposes, such as drinking water, recreation, and shellfish harvesting. 

Currently, most surface waters in Florida, including those in the Lower St. Johns River Basin 

(LSJRB), are categorized as Class III waters, which mean they must be suitable for recreation 

and must support the propagation and maintenance of a healthy, well-balanced population of 

fish and wildlife. Table B-1 shows other designated use categories. 

Under Section 303(d) of the federal Clean Water Act, every two years each state must identify 

its “impaired” waters, including estuaries, lakes, rivers, and streams, that do not meet their 

designated uses and are not expected to meet applicable water quality standards within the 

subsequent two years. The Florida Department of Environmental Protection (FDEP) is 

responsible for developing this “303(d) list” of impaired waters. 

Table B-1: Designated Use Attainment Categories for Florida Surface Waters 

Category Description 

Class I * Potable water supplies 

Class II * Shellfish propagation or harvesting 

Class III Recreation, propagation and maintenance of a healthy, well-balanced population of 

fish and wildlife 

Class IV Agricultural water supplies 

Class V Navigation, utility, and industrial use (no current Class V designations) 

* Class I and II waters include the uses of the classifications listed below them. 

Florida's 303(d) list identifies hundreds of water segments that fall short of water quality 

standards. The three most common water quality concerns are coliforms, nutrients, and oxygendemanding substances. FDEP develops and adopts total maximum daily loads (TMDLs) for the 

water body segments it identifies as impaired. A TMDL is the maximum amount of a specific 

pollutant that a water body can assimilate while maintaining its designated uses. 

The administrative process for listing impaired waters and establishing TMDLs are authorized 

by Section 403.067, Florida Statutes (F.S.), known as the Florida Watershed Restoration Act 

(FWRA), and the listing methodology is contained in Florida’s Identification of Impaired Surface 

Waters Rule, Chapter 62-303, Florida Administrative Code (F.A.C.). Nutrient TMDLs have been 

established for the impaired segments of the lower St. Johns River, and these TMDLs identify 

the amount of total phosphorus (TP) and total nitrogen (TN) they can receive and still maintain 

their Class III designated uses. 

TMDLs are developed, allocated, and implemented through a watershed management 

approach (managing water resources within their natural boundaries) that addresses the state’s 

52 major hydrologic basins in five groups, on a rotating schedule. Table B-2 shows the 

hydrologic basins within each of the five groups, with the FDEP District office of jurisdiction. 

Table B-3 illustrates the repeating five-year basin rotation schedule. 

 Table B-2: Major Hydrologic Basins by Group and FDEP District Office 

FDEP 

District 

Group 1 

Basins 

Group 2 

Basins 

Group 3 

Basins 

Group 4 

Basins 

Group 5 

Basins 

NW 

OchlockoneeSt. Marks ApalachicolaChipola ChoctawhatcheeSt. Andrews Bay Pensacola Bay Perdido Bay 

NE Suwannee Lower St. Johns Nassau-St. Marys Upper East Coast 

Central Ocklawaha Middle St. Johns Upper St. Johns Kissimmee 

Indian River 

Lagoon 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update B-3 August 2008

FDEP 

District 

Group 1 

Basins 

Group 2 

Basins 

Group 3 

Basins 

Group 4 

Basins 

Group 5 

Basins 

SW Tampa Bay 

Tampa Bay 

Tributaries 

Sarasota BayPeace-Myakka Withlacoochee Springs Coast 

S 

Everglades 

West Coast Charlotte Harbor Caloosahatchee Fisheating Creek Florida Keys 

SE 

Lake 

Okeechobee 

St. LucieLoxahatchee Lake Worth LagoonPalm Beach Coast Southeast Coast 

Biscayne Bay Everglades 

Each group will undergo a cycle of five phases on a rotating schedule: 

Phase 1: Preliminary evaluation of water quality 

Phase 2: Strategic monitoring and assessment to verify water quality impairments 

Phase 3: Development and adoption of TMDLs for waters verified as impaired 

Phase 4: Development of basin management action plan (BMAP) to achieve the TMDL 

Phase 5: Implementation of the BMAP and monitoring of results 

 Table B-3: Basin Rotation Schedule for TMDL Development and Implementation 

Year 00/01 01/02 02/03 03/04 04/05 05/06 06/07 07/08 08/09 09/10

Phases of the Cycle Phases of the Cycle 

Group 1 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5

Group 2 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4

Group 3 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3

Group 4 1 2 3 4 5 1 2

Group 5 1 2 3 4 5 1

 1st Five-year Cycle – High-priority Waters 2nd Five-year Cycle – Medium-Priority Waters

* Projected years for phases 3, 4, and 5 may change due to accelerated local activities, length of plan development, 

legal challenges, etc. 

TMDL development and implementation are ongoing, cyclical processes, as illustrated in Table 

B-3. FDEP will reevaluate impaired waters every five years to determine whether improvements 

are being achieved, and to refine loading estimates and TMDL allocations using new data. If 

any changes in a TMDL are required, the applicable TMDL rule will be revised, thereby 

providing a point of legal entry for interested parties. Changes to a TMDL would prompt 

revisions to the applicable BMAP, which will be revisited at least every five years and modified 

as necessary. 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update C-1 August 2008

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

APPENDIX C: ALLOCATION TABLE FOR THE LSJR MAINSTEM NUTRIENT TMDL 

Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update C-2 August 2008

Table C-1: Marine Nitrogen Allocations (as of June 2008) 

Source Category or Name of Facility Allocation Net Reduction 

kg/yr lbs/yr from Starting Point 

Wastewater Treatment Facilities (WWTFs) and Aggregated Loads

Anheuser Busch – Main Street 12,418 27,320 49.10%

Atlantic Beach (WWTFs) 21,863 48,099 55.63%

Clay County Utility Authority (WWTFs) 84,058 184,928 -36.53%

Jacksonville Beach WWTF 23,878 52,532 40.53%

JEA (WWTFs) 654,672 1,440,278 53.12%

Neptune Beach WWTF 7,014 15,431 38.73%

Orange Park WWTF 9,999 21,998 59.82%

Smurfit – Jax (closed facility) 0 0 0.00%

Smurfit-Stone Container 74,305 163,471 49.10%

U.S. Navy (WWTFs) 16,118 35,460 40.80%

Future APRICOT/RO Dischargers 4,979 10,954 0.00%

Point Sources-MS4s1

Atlantic Beach MS4 976 2,147 60.56%

Clay County Marine Urbanized Area 10,556 23,223 58.19%

City of Jacksonville/FDOT 96,016 211,235 60.56%

Jacksonville Beach MS4 1,941 4,270 60.98%

Neptune Beach MS4 585 1,287 62.84%

Orange Park MS4 1,289 2,836 62.64%

St. Johns County 746 1,641 75.59%

U.S. Navy MS4s 2,798 6,156 62.84%

Non-MS4 Stormwater1

Camp Blanding – State of Florida 1,220 2,684 57.48%

Clay County Marine Non-Urbanized Area 4,898 10,776 59.35%

Penney Farms 163 359 0.00%

St. Johns County Marine Non-Urbanized Area 4,865 10,703 50.59%

Other Sources

Agriculture 4,170 9,174 67.43%

Atmospheric Deposition 95,028 209,062 0.00% 1 Loads shown for Non-MS4s are provided only for purposes of trading and aggregation of loads. The 

allocations are expressed in percent reduction.

Table C-2: Freshwater Nitrogen Allocations (as of June 2008) 

Source Category or Name of Facility Allocation Net Reduction from 

kg/yr lbs/yr Starting Point 

Wastewater Treatment Facilities (WWTFs) and Aggregated Loads

Georgia-Pacific 165,909 365,000 35.7%

Green Cove Springs (WWTFs) 9,052 19,914 38.0%

Palatka WWTF 40,795 89,749 33.0%

Seminole Electric 14,732 32,410 30.0%

Future APRICOT/RO Dischargers 9,961 21,914 0.0%

Point Sources-MS4s1

Clay County 1,983 4,363 28.4%

Green Cove Springs MS4 4,984 10,965 28.4%

Non-MS4 Stormwater1

Alachua County Non-Urbanized Area 0.0 0.0 0.0%

Clay County Non-Urbanized Area 4,416 9,715 20.9%

Flagler County Non-Urbanized Area 7 15 0.0%

Hastings 449 988 28.1%

Palatka 6,932 15,250 28.4%
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update C-3 August 2008

Pomona Park 108 238 0.00%

Putnam County 34,093 75,005 21.8%

St. Johns County Non-Urbanized Area 25,427 55,939 6.8%

Welaka 841 1,850 28.4%

Other Sources

Agriculture 195,001 429,002 37.2%

Atmospheric Deposition 94,963 208,919 10.1% 1

 Loads shown for the MS4s and Non-MS4s are provided only for purposed of trading and aggregation of 

loads. The allocations are expressed in percent reduction.

Table C-3: Freshwater Phosphorus Allocations (as of June 2008) 

Source Category or Name of Facility Allocation Net Reduction from 

kg/yr lbs/yr Starting Point 

Wastewater Treatment Facilities (WWTFs) and Aggregated Loads

Georgia-Pacific 33,182 73,000 48.05%

Green Cove Springs (WWTFs) 2,397 5,273 38.00%

Palatka WWTF 6,670 14,674 33.00%

Future APRICOT/RO Dischargers 3,320 7,304 0.00%

Point Sources-MS4s1

Clay County 212.6 467.7 47.44%

Green Cove Springs MS4 575.9 1,267.0 47.44%

Non-MS4 Stormwater1

Alachua County Non-Urbanized Area 83.8 184.4 0.00%

Clay County Non-Urbanized Area 499.4 1,098.7 34.92%

Flagler County Non-Urbanized Area 0.9 2.0 0.00%

Hastings 49.3 108.5 46.93%

Palatka 792.5 1,743.5 47.44%

Pomona Park 15.8 34.8 0.00%

Putnam County 3,964.9 8,722.8 33.81%

St. Johns County Non-Urbanized Area 3,296.6 7,252.5 11.56%

Welaka 90.4 198.9 47.44%

Other Sources

Agriculture 70,974 156,143 14.96%

Atmospheric Deposition 1,356 2,983 0.00% 1

 Loads shown for the MS4s and Non-MS4s are provided only for purposes of trading and aggregation of 

loads. The allocations are expressed in percent reduction.
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update D-1 August 2008

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

APPENDIX D: STORMWATER MASTER PLANS IN THE LSJRB 

Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update D-2 August 2008

In the future, applications for Section 319 or other federal funding will be limited to those 

projects that are part of a local watershed plan. Since local watershed plans will become such 

an important part of receiving federal funding, having a watershed plan in place that meets 

EPA’s nine elements for a comprehensive management plan will be important as funding 

availability is often the major limitation to project implementation. 

Table D-1 lists the entities in the Lower St. Johns River Basin that have stormwater master 

plans and indicates whether these plans meet the EPA criteria for a comprehensive 

management plan. The information in this table reflects that provided by representatives of each 

listed entity between September 20 and December 18, 2007, and may not provide the most upto-date information available. 

Table D-1: Local Stormwater Plans in the Lower St. Johns River Basin 

Local Entity County 

Stormwater 

Master Plan 

Meet EPA 

criteria for 319 

Funds 

Year 

Completed 

Yes No Yes No 

Clay County Clay x x 2007–2008 

Green Cove 

Springs 

Clay x x - 

Orange Park Clay x x 

Penney Farms Clay x x 

Keystone 

Heights 

Clay/Bradford x x - 

City of 

Jacksonville 

Duval x x 2008–2009 

Atlantic Beach Duval x x 2008–2009 

Neptune Beach Duval x x 2008–2009 

Jacksonville 

Beach 

Duval x Undetermined - 

NS Mayport Duval x x - 

NAS Jax Duval x Undetermined 2007 

Palatka Putnam x Undetermined 1997 

Welaka Putnam x x - 

Pomona Park Putnam x x - 

Putnam County Putnam x x pending 

Interlachen Putnam x x - 

Hastings St. Johns x x - 

St. Johns 

County 

St. Johns x x - 

Pierson Volusia x x - 

DeBary Volusia x Undetermined - 

Deltona Volusia x x 

Orange City Volusia x Undetermined 2009 

De Land Volusia x x - 

Volusia County Volusia x x pending 

Crescent City Volusia x x - 

Daytona Beach Volusia x Undetermined 2006 

Palm coast Flagler x x - 

Flagler County Flagler x x - 

Bunnell Flagler x x pending 

Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update E-1 August 2008

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

APPENDIX E: ACTIVE HYDROLOGIC STATIONS IN THE LOWER ST. JOHNS 

RIVER AND LAKE GEORGE BASINS 

Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update E-2 August 2008

Table E-1: Active Hydrologic Stations in the Lower St. Johns River Basin 

Station Name Event Type Planning Unit 

Black Ck Rain (RN) Black Creek 

Black Ck Maxville Rain (RN) Black Creek 

Black Ck Middleburg Rain (RN) Black Creek 

Camp Blanding NOAA Rain (RN) Black Creek 

Codys Corner Rain (RN) Crescent Lake 

Crescent City Rain (RN) Crescent Lake 

Hell Cat Bay Rain (RN) Crescent Lake 

Sam Tilton Frm Rain (RN) Crescent Lake 

SR40 & 11 Rain (RN) Crescent Lake 

Elkton Rain (RN) Deep Creek Unit 

Hastings 4NE Rain (RN) Deep Creek Unit 

Chesser Well Rain (RN) Etonia Creek 

DHQ Rain (RN) Etonia Creek 

Etonia E V Rd Rain (RN) Etonia Creek 

Gold Head SP Rain (RN) Etonia Creek 

Jacksonville Bch Rain (RN) Intracoastal Waterway 

Jax Bch WP Rain (RN) Intracoastal Waterway 

Losco Rd Rain (RN) Julington Creek 

Jacksonville AP Rain (RN) North Lower Basin Unit 

Jacksonville WB Rain (RN) North Lower Basin Unit 

National Weather Srv Rain (RN) North Lower Basin Unit 

Rolling Hills Rain (RN) Ortega River 

Bayard Point Rain (RN) South Lower Basin Unit 

Federal Point Rn Rain (RN) South Lower Basin Unit 

Pritchard Rd Rain (RN) Trout River 

N Fork Black Ck Discharge Black Creek 

S Fork Black Ck Discharge Black Creek 

Wadesboro Spg Discharge Black Creek 

Dunns Ck USGS Discharge Crescent Lake 

Haw Ck Russell Discharge Crescent Lake 

Haw Creek Discharge Crescent Lake 

Lt Haw Ck Discharge Crescent Lake 

Middle Haw Ck Discharge Crescent Lake 

Deep Ck nr Hastings Discharge Deep Creek Unit 

Deep Ck RR Brdg Discharge Deep Creek Unit 

Allig Ck above Lowry Discharge Etonia Creek 

Allig Greble Rd Discharge Etonia Creek 

Spg above Lowry Discharge Etonia Creek 

Big Davis Ck Discharge Julington Creek 

SJR at Jax Discharge North Lower Basin Unit 

Cedar Rv Discharge Ortega River 

Ortega R Kirwin Discharge Ortega River 

Black Ck Dr Inlet Discharge South Lower Basin Unit 

SJR at Buffalo Bluff Discharge South Lower Basin Unit 

Green Cove Spg Discharge South Mainstem Unit 

Camp Blanding CR315 Water Level (WL) Black Creek 

Camp Blanding CR315 Water Level (WL) Black Creek 

Camp Blanding CR315 Water Level (WL) Black Creek 

Camp Blanding CR315 Water Level (WL) Black Creek 

Camp Blanding N Rd Water Level (WL) Black Creek 

Camp Blanding N Rd Water Level (WL) Black Creek 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update E-3 August 2008

Station Name Event Type Planning Unit 

Camp Blanding N Rd Water Level (WL) Black Creek 

Camp Blanding SR16 Water Level (WL) Black Creek 

Camp Blanding SR16 Water Level (WL) Black Creek 

Camp Blanding SR16 Water Level (WL) Black Creek 

Canvasback Rd Water Level (WL) Black Creek 

Canvasback Rd Water Level (WL) Black Creek 

Canvasback Rd Water Level (WL) Black Creek 

Canvasback Rd Water Level (WL) Black Creek 

Kingsley Lk Water Level (WL) Black Creek 

Lk Asbury Wells Water Level (WL) Black Creek 

Lk Asbury Wells Water Level (WL) Black Creek 

N Fork Black Ck Water Level (WL) Black Creek 

N Fork Black Ck Water Level (WL) Black Creek 

Penny Frms Twr Water Level (WL) Black Creek 

Penny Frms Twr Water Level (WL) Black Creek 

Penny Frms Twr Water Level (WL) Black Creek 

S Fork Black Ck Water Level (WL) Black Creek 

Sheelar Lk Water Level (WL) Black Creek 

SR16 St. Marys Kraft Water Level (WL) Black Creek 

State Rd 16 Water Level (WL) Black Creek 

Thunderbolt ES Water Level (WL) Black Creek 

Thunderbolt ES Water Level (WL) Black Creek 

Tynes ES Water Level (WL) Black Creek 

Tynes ES Water Level (WL) Black Creek 

Tynes ES Water Level (WL) Black Creek 

Wadesboro Spg Water Level (WL) Black Creek 

Yellow Water Ck Water Level (WL) Black Creek 

Yellow Water Ck Water Level (WL) Black Creek 

Yellow Water Ck Water Level (WL) Black Creek 

Argenta Lk Water Level (WL) Crescent Lake 

Codys Crn Wells Water Level (WL) Crescent Lake 

Coon Pd Water Level (WL) Crescent Lake 

County Line Water Level (WL) Crescent Lake 

Cow Pd Water Level (WL) Crescent Lake 

Cowarts Rd Water Level (WL) Crescent Lake 

Dan Ford Rd N Water Level (WL) Crescent Lake 

DeLand USGS Water Level (WL) Crescent Lake 

DeLand USGS Water Level (WL) Crescent Lake 

DeLand USGS Water Level (WL) Crescent Lake 

Dinner Is Water Level (WL) Crescent Lake 

Dinner Is Water Level (WL) Crescent Lake 

Dinner Is Water Level (WL) Crescent Lake 

Dream Pd Water Level (WL) Crescent Lake 

Dunns Ck USGS Water Level (WL) Crescent Lake 

English Lk Water Level (WL) Crescent Lake 

F-0179 at SR 11 Water Level (WL) Crescent Lake 

Flagler F-0087 Water Level (WL) Crescent Lake 

Gore Lk Water Level (WL) Crescent Lake 

Haw Ck Russell Water Level (WL) Crescent Lake 

Haw Creek Water Level (WL) Crescent Lake 

Hendrix Well Water Level (WL) Crescent Lake 

Hendrix Well Water Level (WL) Crescent Lake 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update E-4 August 2008

Station Name Event Type Planning Unit 

Horseshoe Lk Water Level (WL) Crescent Lake 

Horseshoe Lk Water Level (WL) Crescent Lake 

Indian Lk Water Level (WL) Crescent Lake 

Indian Lk Site 3 Water Level (WL) Crescent Lake 

Indian Lk Site 4 Water Level (WL) Crescent Lake 

Indian Lk Site 5 Water Level (WL) Crescent Lake 

Indian Lk Site 6 Water Level (WL) Crescent Lake 

Lawrence Frms Water Level (WL) Crescent Lake 

Lawrence Frms Water Level (WL) Crescent Lake 

Lee AP Water Level (WL) Crescent Lake 

Lee AP Water Level (WL) Crescent Lake 

Lee AP Water Level (WL) Crescent Lake 

Lk Broward Water Level (WL) Crescent Lake 

Lk Broward Wells Water Level (WL) Crescent Lake 

Lk Broward Wells Water Level (WL) Crescent Lake 

Lk Daugharty Water Level (WL) Crescent Lake 

Lk Daugharty Water Level (WL) Crescent Lake 

Lk Daugharty Water Level (WL) Crescent Lake 

Lk Daugharty Water Level (WL) Crescent Lake 

Lk Dias Water Level (WL) Crescent Lake 

Lk Disston Water Level (WL) Crescent Lake 

Lk Hires Water Level (WL) Crescent Lake 

Lk Juanita Water Level (WL) Crescent Lake 

Lk Omega Water Level (WL) Crescent Lake 

Lk Winona Water Level (WL) Crescent Lake 

Lt Haw Ck Water Level (WL) Crescent Lake 

Lt Mall Lk Water Level (WL) Crescent Lake 

Middle Haw Ck Water Level (WL) Crescent Lake 

Murphy Is Water Level (WL) Crescent Lake 

N Lk Talmadge Water Level (WL) Crescent Lake 

Palmer Lk Water Level (WL) Crescent Lake 

R. Nolan Water Level (WL) Crescent Lake 

Relay Twr Water Level (WL) Crescent Lake 

Relay Twr Water Level (WL) Crescent Lake 

San Mateo Water Level (WL) Crescent Lake 

San Mateo Water Level (WL) Crescent Lake 

San Mateo Water Level (WL) Crescent Lake 

San Mateo Twr Water Level (WL) Crescent Lake 

Scoggin Lk Water Level (WL) Crescent Lake 

Seville Ftwr Water Level (WL) Crescent Lake 

Seville Ftwr Water Level (WL) Crescent Lake 

Seville Ftwr Water Level (WL) Crescent Lake 

Seville Ftwr Water Level (WL) Crescent Lake 

Silver Lk Crescent Water Level (WL) Crescent Lake 

SR40 and 11 Water Level (WL) Crescent Lake 

SR40 and 11 Water Level (WL) Crescent Lake 

SR40 and 11 Water Level (WL) Crescent Lake 

Stella Lk Water Level (WL) Crescent Lake 

Stella Lk Wells Water Level (WL) Crescent Lake 

Stella Lk Wells Water Level (WL) Crescent Lake 

Stella Lk Wells Water Level (WL) Crescent Lake 

Tiger Bay Water Level (WL) Crescent Lake 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update E-5 August 2008

Station Name Event Type Planning Unit 

Tiger Bay Mile W Water Level (WL) Crescent Lake 

Tiger Bay near Samsula Water Level (WL) Crescent Lake 

Union Camp V-0088 Water Level (WL) Crescent Lake 

Union Camp V-0090 Water Level (WL) Crescent Lake 

V-0788 near Middle 

Haw Water Level (WL) Crescent Lake 

Westside Bapt Water Level (WL) Crescent Lake 

Westside Bapt Water Level (WL) Crescent Lake 

Westside Bapt Water Level (WL) Crescent Lake 

Deep Ck near Hastings Water Level (WL) Deep Creek Unit 

Deep Ck RR Brdg Water Level (WL) Deep Creek Unit 

Dick Reid Frm Water Level (WL) Deep Creek Unit 

Sykes Frms Water Level (WL) Deep Creek Unit 

Tilton Water Level (WL) Deep Creek Unit 

Allig Ck above Lowry Water Level (WL) Etonia Creek 

Allig Greble Rd Water Level (WL) Etonia Creek 

Big Lk Johnson Water Level (WL) Etonia Creek 

Blue Pd Water Level (WL) Etonia Creek 

DHQ Water Level (WL) Etonia Creek 

DHQ Water Level (WL) Etonia Creek 

Etonia Buck Spg Rd Water Level (WL) Etonia Creek 

Etonia Buck Spg Rd Water Level (WL) Etonia Creek 

Etonia Buck Spg Rd Water Level (WL) Etonia Creek 

Etonia E V Rd Water Level (WL) Etonia Creek 

Etonia E V Rd Water Level (WL) Etonia Creek 

Etonia E V Rd Water Level (WL) Etonia Creek 

FL Rock MW1 Water Level (WL) Etonia Creek 

Georges Lk Water Level (WL) Etonia Creek 

Gold Head SP Water Level (WL) Etonia Creek 

Gold Head SP Water Level (WL) Etonia Creek 

Gold Head SP Water Level (WL) Etonia Creek 

Hollister Work Cntr Water Level (WL) Etonia Creek 

Hollister Work Cntr Water Level (WL) Etonia Creek 

Lk Brooklyn Water Level (WL) Etonia Creek 

Lk Brooklyn Wells Water Level (WL) Etonia Creek 

Lk Brooklyn Wells Water Level (WL) Etonia Creek 

Lk Brooklyn Wells Water Level (WL) Etonia Creek 

Lk Geneva Water Level (WL) Etonia Creek 

Lk Geneva C-0031 Water Level (WL) Etonia Creek 

Lk Geneva Wells Water Level (WL) Etonia Creek 

Lk Geneva Wells Water Level (WL) Etonia Creek 

Lk Geneva Wells Water Level (WL) Etonia Creek 

Lk Grandin Water Level (WL) Etonia Creek 

Lk Grandin Wells Water Level (WL) Etonia Creek 

Lk Grandin Wells Water Level (WL) Etonia Creek 

Lk Grandin Wells Water Level (WL) Etonia Creek 

Lk Melrose Water Level (WL) Etonia Creek 

Lowry Lk Water Level (WL) Etonia Creek 

Lt Lk Johnson Water Level (WL) Etonia Creek 

Magnolia Lk Telem Water Level (WL) Etonia Creek 

Moody Wells Water Level (WL) Etonia Creek 

Moody Wells Water Level (WL) Etonia Creek 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update E-6 August 2008

Station Name Event Type Planning Unit 

Pebble Lk Water Level (WL) Etonia Creek 

Spg above Lowry Water Level (WL) Etonia Creek 

Sungarden Twr Water Level (WL) Etonia Creek 

Sungarden Twr Water Level (WL) Etonia Creek 

Sungarden Twr Water Level (WL) Etonia Creek 

Sungarden Twr Water Level (WL) Etonia Creek 

Swan Lk Water Level (WL) Etonia Creek 

Swan Lk Well Water Level (WL) Etonia Creek 

Bch Haven Water Level (WL) Intracoastal Waterway 

City of Neptune Bch Water Level (WL) Intracoastal Waterway 

Oaks Landing Water Level (WL) Intracoastal Waterway 

Ponte Vedra Test Water Level (WL) Intracoastal Waterway 

Southside and Butler Water Level (WL) Intracoastal Waterway 

Southside Ftwr Water Level (WL) Intracoastal Waterway 

Southside Ftwr Water Level (WL) Intracoastal Waterway 

Southside Ftwr Water Level (WL) Intracoastal Waterway 

Big Davis Ck Water Level (WL) Julington Creek 

Chesser Lk Rd E Water Level (WL) Julington Creek 

Chesser Lk Rd E Water Level (WL) Julington Creek 

Greenland Pines ES Water Level (WL) Julington Creek 

Greenland Pines ES Water Level (WL) Julington Creek 

Julington Ck Wells Water Level (WL) Julington Creek 

Julington Ck Wells Water Level (WL) Julington Creek 

Arlington E STP Water Level (WL) North Lower Basin Unit 

Camden Rd Water Level (WL) North Lower Basin Unit 

Ft George Wells Water Level (WL) North Lower Basin Unit 

Ft George Wells Water Level (WL) North Lower Basin Unit 

Ft. Caroline Water Level (WL) North Lower Basin Unit 

Ft. Caroline Water Level (WL) North Lower Basin Unit 

Ft. Caroline Nat Pk Water Level (WL) North Lower Basin Unit 

Hanna Pk Test Well Water Level (WL) North Lower Basin Unit 

SJR at Bar Pilot Dock Water Level (WL) North Lower Basin Unit 

SJR at Main St Brdg Water Level (WL) North Lower Basin Unit 

SJR at Dames Pt Water Level (WL) North Lower Basin Unit 

SJR at Jax Water Level (WL) North Lower Basin Unit 

Cedar Rv Water Level (WL) Ortega River 

Indian Trls Water Level (WL) Ortega River 

NAS Jax WP 3 Water Level (WL) Ortega River 

NAS Jax WP 3 Water Level (WL) Ortega River 

NAS Jax WP 3 Water Level (WL) Ortega River 

NAS Jax WP 3 Water Level (WL) Ortega River 

NAS Jax WP 3 Water Level (WL) Ortega River 

Ortega R Kirwin Water Level (WL) Ortega River 

Rolling Hills Water Level (WL) Ortega River 

Bakersville Twr Water Level (WL) Sixmile Creek 

Bakersville Twr Water Level (WL) Sixmile Creek 

Durbin Ftwr Water Level (WL) Sixmile Creek 

Durbin Ftwr Water Level (WL) Sixmile Creek 

Durbin Ftwr Water Level (WL) Sixmile Creek 

Trout Ck Pk Water Level (WL) Sixmile Creek 

Trout Ck Pk Water Level (WL) Sixmile Creek 

Trout Ck Pk Water Level (WL) Sixmile Creek 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update E-7 August 2008

Station Name Event Type Planning Unit 

Trout Ck Pk Water Level (WL) Sixmile Creek 

Twelve Mile Swamp Water Level (WL) Sixmile Creek 

Twelve Mile Swamp Water Level (WL) Sixmile Creek 

Twelve Mile Swamp Water Level (WL) Sixmile Creek 

Twelve Mile Swamp Water Level (WL) Sixmile Creek 

Barge Port Water Level (WL) South Lower Basin Unit 

Bayard WMA Well Rd Water Level (WL) South Lower Basin Unit 

Bayard WMA Well Rd Water Level (WL) South Lower Basin Unit 

Bayard nr Walkill Water Level (WL) South Lower Basin Unit 

Bayard Point Water Level (WL) South Lower Basin Unit 

Bayard Point Water Level (WL) South Lower Basin Unit 

Bayard Point Water Level (WL) South Lower Basin Unit 

Bayard Point Water Level (WL) South Lower Basin Unit 

Bayard WMA at Camp Water Level (WL) South Lower Basin Unit 

Bayard WMA at Camp Water Level (WL) South Lower Basin Unit 

Bayard WMA at Camp Water Level (WL) South Lower Basin Unit 

Bayard WMA at Camp Water Level (WL) South Lower Basin Unit 

Bayard WMA Bayard Rd Water Level (WL) South Lower Basin Unit 

Bayard WMA Gate 3 Water Level (WL) South Lower Basin Unit 

Bayard WMA Gate 3 Water Level (WL) South Lower Basin Unit 

Bayard WMA Tram Rd Water Level (WL) South Lower Basin Unit 

Bayard WMA Tram Rd Water Level (WL) South Lower Basin Unit 

Black Ck Dr Inlet Water Level (WL) South Lower Basin Unit 

EH Miller Sch Water Level (WL) South Lower Basin Unit 

EH Miller Sch Water Level (WL) South Lower Basin Unit 

EH Miller Sch Water Level (WL) South Lower Basin Unit 

Greenbrier Rd Water Level (WL) South Lower Basin Unit 

Mandarin Terrace Water Level (WL) South Lower Basin Unit 

Orange Mill Well Water Level (WL) South Lower Basin Unit 

Ravine St Gardens Water Level (WL) South Lower Basin Unit 

Riverdale Pk Water Level (WL) South Lower Basin Unit 

Riverdale Pk Water Level (WL) South Lower Basin Unit 

SJR at Racy Point Water Level (WL) South Lower Basin Unit 

SJR at Shands Brdg Water Level (WL) South Lower Basin Unit 

SJR at Buffalo Bluff Water Level (WL) South Lower Basin Unit 

Walkill Water Level (WL) South Lower Basin Unit 

Green Cove Spg Water Level (WL) South Mainstem Unit 

Dinsmore Water Level (WL) Trout River 

Panama Pk Water Level (WL) Trout River 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update E-8 August 2008

Table E-2: Active Hydrologic Stations in the Lake George Basin 

Station Name Event Type Planning Unit 

Camp Ocala 4H Rain (RN) Alexander Springs Creek 

Lk George Marker 5 Rain (RN) Lake George Unit 

Pierson AP Rain (RN) Lake George Unit 

Silver Pd Wells Rain (RN) Lake George Unit 

Forest Rd 88 Rain (RN) Lake Kerr Unit 

DeLand 1 SSE Rain (RN) Lake Woodruff Unit 

S of Blue Spg Repl Rain (RN) Lake Woodruff Unit 

Alex Spg Run CR445 Discharge Alexander Springs Creek 

Alex Spg Tracy Cnl Discharge Alexander Springs Creek 

Alexander Spg Discharge Alexander Springs Creek 

Croaker Hole Spg Discharge Lake George Unit 

Silver Glen Spg Discharge Lake George Unit 

Fern Hammock Spg Discharge Lake Kerr Unit 

Juniper Spg Discharge Lake Kerr Unit 

Salt Spg Discharge Lake Kerr Unit 

Sweetwater Spg Discharge Lake Kerr Unit 

Blue Spg Org City Discharge Lake Woodruff Unit 

Ponce De Leon Spg Discharge Lake Woodruff Unit 

SJR at Astor USGS Discharge Lake Woodruff Unit 

SJR near DeLand 

USGS Discharge Lake Woodruff Unit 

Alex Spg Run CR445 Water Level (WL) Alexander Springs Creek 

Alex Spg Tracy Cnl Water Level (WL) Alexander Springs Creek 

Alexander Spg Water Level (WL) Alexander Springs Creek 

Alexander Spg Cr445 Water Level (WL) Alexander Springs Creek 

Alexander Spg Cr445 Water Level (WL) Alexander Springs Creek 

Alexander Spg Wells Water Level (WL) Alexander Springs Creek 

Bombing Range Water Level (WL) Alexander Springs Creek 

Bunch Ground Pd Water Level (WL) Alexander Springs Creek 

Astor Pk Water Level (WL) Lake George Unit 

Astor Pk Water Level (WL) Lake George Unit 

Banana Lk Water Level (WL) Lake George Unit 

Bayard WMA Camp Rd Water Level (WL) Lake George Unit 

Bayard WMA Camp Rd Water Level (WL) Lake George Unit 

Bell Lk Water Level (WL) Lake George Unit 

Bird Pd Water Level (WL) Lake George Unit 

Clear Lk Cres City Water Level (WL) Lake George Unit 

Como Lk Water Level (WL) Lake George Unit 

Crystal Lk Putnam Water Level (WL) Lake George Unit 

Drudy Lk Water Level (WL) Lake George Unit 

Echo Lk Water Level (WL) Lake George Unit 

Estella Lk Water Level (WL) Lake George Unit 

Forest Rd 77 Water Level (WL) Lake George Unit 

Fruitland Handy Way Water Level (WL) Lake George Unit 

Fruitland Wells Water Level (WL) Lake George Unit 

Fruitland Wells Water Level (WL) Lake George Unit 

J C Mew Water Level (WL) Lake George Unit 

Lk Howell Water Level (WL) Lake George Unit 

Lk Lizzie Water Level (WL) Lake George Unit 

Lk Pierson Water Level (WL) Lake George Unit 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update E-9 August 2008

Station Name Event Type Planning Unit 

Lower Lk Louise Water Level (WL) Lake George Unit 

Lt Como Lk Water Level (WL) Lake George Unit 

Margaret Lk Water Level (WL) Lake George Unit 

Marvin Jones Rd Water Level (WL) Lake George Unit 

Marvin Jones Rd Water Level (WL) Lake George Unit 

Marvin Jones Rd Water Level (WL) Lake George Unit 

McGrady Lk Water Level (WL) Lake George Unit 

McKasel Lk Water Level (WL) Lake George Unit 

Middle Rd Water Level (WL) Lake George Unit 

Middle Rd Water Level (WL) Lake George Unit 

Middle Rd Water Level (WL) Lake George Unit 

Middle Rd Water Level (WL) Lake George Unit 

Middle Rd Water Level (WL) Lake George Unit 

N Como Pk Lk Water Level (WL) Lake George Unit 

Niles Rd Wells Water Level (WL) Lake George Unit 

Niles Rd Wells Water Level (WL) Lake George Unit 

Niles Rd Wells Water Level (WL) Lake George Unit 

Nolan Rd Water Level (WL) Lake George Unit 

Nolan Rd Water Level (WL) Lake George Unit 

Ocala Nat Forest 77 Water Level (WL) Lake George Unit 

Ocala Nat Forest 77 Water Level (WL) Lake George Unit 

Old Bubbly New Water Level (WL) Lake George Unit 

Pierson AP Water Level (WL) Lake George Unit 

Pierson AP Water Level (WL) Lake George Unit 

Pierson AP Water Level (WL) Lake George Unit 

Pierson AP Water Level (WL) Lake George Unit 

Prior Lk Water Level (WL) Lake George Unit 

S Como Pk Lk Water Level (WL) Lake George Unit 

Shell Harbor Rd E Water Level (WL) Lake George Unit 

Shell Harbor Rd E Water Level (WL) Lake George Unit 

Shell Harbor Rd E Water Level (WL) Lake George Unit 

Shell Harbor Rd W Water Level (WL) Lake George Unit 

Silver Glen Spg Water Level (WL) Lake George Unit 

Silver Pd Wells Water Level (WL) Lake George Unit 

Silver Pd Wells Water Level (WL) Lake George Unit 

Silver Pd Wells Water Level (WL) Lake George Unit 

Tarhoe Lk Water Level (WL) Lake George Unit 

Thunderbird AP Water Level (WL) Lake George Unit 

Trone Lk Water Level (WL) Lake George Unit 

Upper Lk Louise Water Level (WL) Lake George Unit 

W Pierson Water Level (WL) Lake George Unit 

W Pierson Water Level (WL) Lake George Unit 

W Pierson Water Level (WL) Lake George Unit 

Welaka SF Trl 10 Water Level (WL) Lake George Unit 

Welaka SF Trl 14 Water Level (WL) Lake George Unit 

Welaka SF Trl 9 Water Level (WL) Lake George Unit 

WSF Apaloosa Trl Water Level (WL) Lake George Unit 

WSF Fire Break Water Level (WL) Lake George Unit 

WSF Fire Break Water Level (WL) Lake George Unit 

WSF Paso Fino Trl Water Level (WL) Lake George Unit 

WSF Paso Fino Trl Water Level (WL) Lake George Unit 

Fern Hammock Spg Water Level (WL) Lake Kerr Unit 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update E-10 August 2008

Station Name Event Type Planning Unit 

Forest Rd 75 Water Level (WL) Lake Kerr Unit 

Frontier Dance Hall Water Level (WL) Lake Kerr Unit 

Frontier Dance Hall Water Level (WL) Lake Kerr Unit 

FSR 31 and FSR 97 Water Level (WL) Lake Kerr Unit 

FSR 90 W SR19 Water Level (WL) Lake Kerr Unit 

Halfmoon Lk Water Level (WL) Lake Kerr Unit 

Hopkins Pr Water Level (WL) Lake Kerr Unit 

Hopkins Pr T1 Water Level (WL) Lake Kerr Unit 

Hopkins Pr T1 Water Level (WL) Lake Kerr Unit 

Hopkins Pr T1 Water Level (WL) Lake Kerr Unit 

Hopkins Pr T1 Water Level (WL) Lake Kerr Unit 

Juniper Spg Water Level (WL) Lake Kerr Unit 

Lk Kerr Water Level (WL) Lake Kerr Unit 

Salt Run Water Level (WL) Lake Kerr Unit 

Salt Spg Water Level (WL) Lake Kerr Unit 

SR19 and 40 Water Level (WL) Lake Kerr Unit 

Sweetwater Spg Water Level (WL) Lake Kerr Unit 

Barberville Wells Water Level (WL) Lake Woodruff Unit 

Barberville Wells Water Level (WL) Lake Woodruff Unit 

Blue Spg Org City Water Level (WL) Lake Woodruff Unit 

Blue Spg Org City Water Level (WL) Lake Woodruff Unit 

Blue Spg Wells Water Level (WL) Lake Woodruff Unit 

Coleman Sch Water Level (WL) Lake Woodruff Unit 

Crosby Realty Water Level (WL) Lake Woodruff Unit 

Crosby Realty Water Level (WL) Lake Woodruff Unit 

Crows Bluff Water Level (WL) Lake Woodruff Unit 

Davis Fernery Water Level (WL) Lake Woodruff Unit 

De Leon Spg Ftwr Water Level (WL) Lake Woodruff Unit 

De Leon Spg SP Water Level (WL) Lake Woodruff Unit 

De Leon Spg SP Water Level (WL) Lake Woodruff Unit 

De Leon Spg SP Water Level (WL) Lake Woodruff Unit 

Deep Ck Dawson Rd Water Level (WL) Lake Woodruff Unit 

Deep Ck Wells Water Level (WL) Lake Woodruff Unit 

Deep Ck Wells Water Level (WL) Lake Woodruff Unit 

Dexter Point Water Level (WL) Lake Woodruff Unit 

Dexter Point Water Level (WL) Lake Woodruff Unit 

Franklin St Water Level (WL) Lake Woodruff Unit 

Glenwood Water Level (WL) Lake Woodruff Unit 

Grand Ave Water Level (WL) Lake Woodruff Unit 

Holiday Hills Water Level (WL) Lake Woodruff Unit 

Jones Fernery Water Level (WL) Lake Woodruff Unit 

Jones Fernery Water Level (WL) Lake Woodruff Unit 

Jones Is Water Level (WL) Lake Woodruff Unit 

Kalota Water Level (WL) Lake Woodruff Unit 

Kalota Water Level (WL) Lake Woodruff Unit 

Lk Emporia Water Level (WL) Lake Woodruff Unit 

Lk Gertie Water Level (WL) Lake Woodruff Unit 

Lk Purdom Water Level (WL) Lake Woodruff Unit 

Lk Woodruff NWR Water Level (WL) Lake Woodruff Unit 

Lk Woodruff Well Water Level (WL) Lake Woodruff Unit 

Orange City Ftwr Water Level (WL) Lake Woodruff Unit 

Orange City Ftwr Water Level (WL) Lake Woodruff Unit 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update E-11 August 2008

Station Name Event Type Planning Unit 

Orange City Ftwr Water Level (WL) Lake Woodruff Unit 

Orange City Ftwr Water Level (WL) Lake Woodruff Unit 

Pine Is Wells Water Level (WL) Lake Woodruff Unit 

Pine Is Wells Water Level (WL) Lake Woodruff Unit 

Ponce De Leon Spg Water Level (WL) Lake Woodruff Unit 

S of Blue Spg Repl Water Level (WL) Lake Woodruff Unit 

Shaw Lk Water Level (WL) Lake Woodruff Unit 

SJR at Astor USGS Water Level (WL) Lake Woodruff Unit 

SJR at High Banks Rd Water Level (WL) Lake Woodruff Unit 

SJR near DeLand 

USGS Water Level (WL) Lake Woodruff Unit 

Southwest MS Water Level (WL) Lake Woodruff Unit 

Southwest MS Water Level (WL) Lake Woodruff Unit 

SR44 and Ridgewood Water Level (WL) Lake Woodruff Unit 

Tall Oaks Dr Water Level (WL) Lake Woodruff Unit 

Tall Oaks Dr Water Level (WL) Lake Woodruff Unit 

Tick Is Water Level (WL) Lake Woodruff Unit 

Trout Lk Volusia Water Level (WL) Lake Woodruff Unit 

USFS Well Water Level (WL) Lake Woodruff Unit 

Wolfs Well Water Level (WL) Lake Woodruff Unit 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update F-1 August 2008

APPENDIX F: MANAGEMENT PROJECTS SUMMARY TABLES FOR THE LOWER 

ST. JOHNS RIVER AND LAKE GEORGE BASINS

Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update F-2 August 2008

Tables F-1 and F-2 list the management projects described in sections 3.7, 3.8, 5.5.6, and 5.5.7 of the 2007 SWIM Plan Update. These projects are considered in terms of the strategy and management activity that they are designed to accomplish. Management

activities include resource assessment (RA) (research and assessment projects), development of management tools (DMT) (projectsthat develop tools such as models), and implementation efforts (IE) (projects that are physical implementation such as a restoration 

project or installation of a BMP). A “√” in the box below the management activity column (designated with the abbreviation RA, DMT, 

or IE, respectively) represents the primary management activity for which the project is designed to accomplish. An “x” in the box 

below the management activity column represents those activities that the project supports as a secondary or tertiary objective. 

Table F-1: Past/Current Management Projects in the Lower St. Johns River Basin 

Past/Current Projects Initiative Strategy Management Activity Sponsoring Entity Dates (FY) Primary Supportive Primary Supportive RA DMT IE 

WATER QUALITY INITIATIVE Agricultural BMP Cost-Share Program - Phase I 3.1 3.1.2 √ SJRWMD/ IFAS/ USDA 1998–2007 Agricultural Receiving Streams Evaluation 3.1 3.4 3.1.2 3.1.5 √ x SJRWMD 1990–2007 Algal Initiative 3.1 3.1.2 √ x SJRWMD 2006–2007 Algal Toxin Monitoring 3.1 3.2 3.1.1 3.1.3 √ SJRWMD 2005–2007 Ambient Water Quality Monitoring in the TCAA 3.1 3.1.2 √ x SJRWMD 1990–2007 Aquatic Organic Matter Characterization 3.1 3.1.1 √ x SJRWMD 2005–2007 Best Management Practice (BMP) Effectiveness and Stormwater Monitoring 

3.1 3.1.2 √ x SJRWMD/ IFAS 1998–2007 

Best Management Practice (BMP) Geographic Information System (GIS) Tracking Tool 

3.1 3.1.2 √ x SJRWMD 1999-2007 

City of Jacksonville Mainstem Run 3.1 3.2 3.1.1 3.1.2, 3.1.5 √ x COJ 1985–2007 COJ MS4 Permit Monitoring Program: Stormwater BMP Effectiveness Studies 

3.1 3.2 3.4 3.1.1 3.1.5 √ x COJ 2002-2007 

COJ MS4 Permit Monitoring Program: Tributary Intensive Program 3.1 3.2, 3.4 3.1.1 3.1.5 √ x COJ 2002–2007 COJ Tributary Routine Program 3.1 3.2, 3.4 3.1.1 3.1.5 √ x COJ 1985–2007 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update F-3 August 2008

Past/Current Projects Initiative Strategy Management Activity Sponsoring Entity Dates (FY) Primary Supportive Primary Supportive RA DMT IE 

City of Jacksonville Timucuan Preserve program 3.1 3.2 3.1.1 3.1.2, 3.1.5 

√ x COJ/NPS 1990–2007 

Comprehensive Nutrient and Water Use Research Project in the TCAA 3.1 3.1.2 

√ x x SJRWMD/ IFAS 2007 

Controlled Release Fertilizer (CRF) Field Demonstration Study Stormwater Analysis 

3.1 3.1.2 

√ x x SJRWMD 2005–2006 

Controlled Release On-Farm Project: An Alternative Irrigation Program for Potato Crops to Reduce Water and Nutrient Use 

3.1 3.1.2 

√ x x SJRWMD/ IFAS 2005–2007 

Crop Yield Sap/Tissue Analysis for the Controlled Release Fertilizer Field Demonstration Study in the TriCounty Agricultural Area 3.1 3.1.2 

√ x x SJRWMD/ IFAS 2005-– 2007 

Dairy Baseline Water Quality Monitoring 3.1 3.4 3.1.2 3.1.5 

√ x SJRWMD 1999–2007 

Deep Creek West Regional Stormwater Treatment 3.1 3.1.2 

√ SJRWMD 1998–2006 

Demonstration Project Using Controlled Release Fertilizers on InField Chip Potatoes 3.1 3.1.2 

√ x SJRWMD/ IFAS 2005–2007 

Determination of Nutrient Release Curves for Controlled Release Fertilizer 

3.1 3.1.2 

√ x x SJRWMD/ IFAS 2000–2004 

Development of a Decision Matrix to Recommend Regional Surface and Stormwater Treatment Alternatives 

3.1 3.1.2 

√ x SJRWMD 2002 

Development of the Watershed Assessment Model (WAM) 3.1 3.1.2 

√ x SJRWMD 1997–2007 

Edgefield Regional Stormwater Treatment 3.1 3.1.2 

√ SJRWMD 2001–2007 

Effects of Fertilizer Types and Fertilization Practices on Nitrogen Release to Surface Waters 

3.1 3.1.2 

√ x x SJRWMD/ IFAS 2002–2005 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update F-4 August 2008

Past/Current Projects Initiative Strategy Management Activity Sponsoring Entity Dates (FY) Primary Supportive Primary Supportive RA DMT IE 

Evaluation of Developments of Regional Impacts and Their BMP Efficiencies 

3.1 3.2 3.1.1 3.1.5 

√ x SJRWMD 2005–2007 

Evaluation of Stormwater Detention Treatment Efficiency Project 3.1 3.1.1 

√ x SJRWMD/ COJ 1993 

Engineering and Design of the IFAS Plant Science Research and Education Unit’s Hastings Farm 

3.1 3.1.2 

√ x SJRWMD/ IFAS 2007 

Expansion of Controlled Release Fertilizer Testing for Additional Crops 3.1 3.1.2 

√ x x SJRWMD/ IFAS/ FDACS 2007 

Geographic Information System (GIS) Land Use Assessment 3.1 3.1.2 

√ x SJRWMD 2005 

Implementation of Aquaculture BMPs 3.1 3.1.2 

√ SJRWMD 2003 

Land Use Effect on Shallow Groundwater Pollution 3.1 3.1.1 

√ SJRWMD 2006–2007 

Lower St. Johns River Groundwater Monitoring Program 3.1 3.4 3.1.6 3.1.5 

√ x SJRWMD 2003–2007 

LSJR Mainstem Basin Management Action Plan Process 3.1 3.1.1 3.1.3 

√ FDEP/ 

SJRWMD 2005–2007 

LSJR Tributary Basin Management Action Plan Process 3.1 3.1.1 3.1.3 x 

√ FDEP/ 

SJRWMD 2005–2007 

Lower St. Johns Watershed Action Volunteers 3.1 3.4 3.1.1 3.1.5 

√ x SJRWMD 1995–2007 

Macroinvertebrate Sampling in the TCAA Tributaries 3.1 3.2 3.1.2 

√ SJRWMD 1995–2007 

Measurement of Lateral Flow in the Tri-County Agricultural Area (TCAA) 3.1 3.1.2 

√ x x SJRWMD 2005–2007 

Mid-Mainstem Ambient Monitoring Network 3.1 3.4 3.1.1, 3.1.2 3.1.5 

√ x SJRWMD 1984–2007 

Monitoring Lower St. Johns Tide Levels 3.1 3.1.1 3.1.3, 3.1.4 

√ x SJRWMD 1999–2007 

Northern Ambient Monitoring Network 3.1 3.2, 3.4 3.1.1, 3.1.2 3.1.5 

√ x SJRWMD 1991–2007 

Northern Tributary Ambient Monitoring Network 3.1 3.2, 3.4 3.1.1, 3.1.2 3.1.5 

√ x SJRWMD 1984–2007 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update F-5 August 2008

Past/Current Projects Initiative Strategy Management Activity Sponsoring Entity Dates (FY) Primary Supportive Primary Supportive RA DMT IE 

Nutrient Transport and Organic Decomposition in Agricultural Flatwood 

3.1 3.1.2 √ x SJRWMD 2003–2004 

Peters Creek Restoration Initiative/ Black Creek Subbasin Agricultural Nonpoint Source Land Use Assessment 

3.1 3.1.2 √ x SJRWMD 2000–2003 

Point-Source Assessment Project 3.1 3.1.3 √ x 

FDEP/ Duval 

County/ 

SJRWMD 

1994–1997 

Preliminary Lower St. Johns River Mainstem Nutrient BMAP Implementation 

3.1 3.1.1 3.1.3 √ SJRWMD 1997–2007 

Salinity/Dissolved Oxygen/PAR Measurements 3.1 3.1.1 3.1.3, 3.1.4 √ x USGS/ SJRWMD 1996–2007 Section 319 Best Management Practice (BMP) Project 3.1 3.1.2 √ x FDEP/ SJRWMD 1993–1997 Southern Ambient Monitoring Network 3.1 3.2, 3.4 3.1.1, 3.1.2 3.1.5 √ x SJRWMD 1993–2007 St. Johns River Synoptic Survey 3.1 3.1.1 √ SJRWMD 1997 St. Johns River Water Quality Feasibility Study 3.1 3.1.1 √ x 

SJRWMD/ 

USACE/ NOS/ 

USGS 

1994 

Study of Primary Production and Nutrient Limitation by Phytoplankton in the LSJR 

3.1 3.2 3.1.1 √ x UF/SJRWMD 1995–1997 

Tributary Discharge Monitoring 3.1 3.1.1 3.1.3 √ x FDEP/ SJRWMD 1996–2007 USGS/SJRWMD Mainstem Water Quality Monitoring 3.1 3.1.1 3.1.3 √ x SJRWMD/ USGS 1993–2007 USGS Tributary and River Flow Gauging 3.1 3.1.1 3.1.3 √ x SJRWMD/ USGS 1989–2007 Water Quality Monitoring Assessment 3.1 3.1.1 3.1.3 √ x SJRWMD 1988–2007 Water Quality Monitoring in the Timucuan Preserve 

3.1 3.2 3.1.1 3.1.2, 3.1.5 √ x FDEP/ NPS/ COJ-ERD 2005–2007 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update F-6 August 2008

Past/Current Projects Initiative Strategy Management Activity Sponsoring Entity Dates (FY) Primary Supportive Primary Supportive RA DMT IE 

BIOLOGICAL HEALTH INITIATIVE Ambient Light Levels within Grassbeds 3.2 3.2.3 √ Water and Air Research 2002 Assess the Effects of Land Use Changes on the Lower St. Johns River Basin Watershed Detrital Input 

3.2 3.2.3 √ x University of Alabama 2004–2007 

Assessment of Epiphyte Loading Associated with Submerged Aquatic Vegetation (SAV) Communities in the Lower St. Johns River 

3.2 3.2.2 3.2.3, 3.2.4 √ x UNF 2005–2007 

Before and After Effects of Developments of Regional Impacts on Receiving Streams 

3.2 3.2.1 SJRWMD 2005–2007 

Biological Monitoring-Phytoplankton 3.2 3.1 3.2.4 3.2.1 √ SJRWMD 1994–2007 The Effects of Changing Nutrient Conditions on the Structure and Function of the Phytoplankton of the Lower St. Johns River 

3.2 3.1 3.2.4 3.1.5 √ SJRWMD 2001–2004 

Effects of Land Use on In-Stream Biota 3.2 3.1, 3.4 3.2.1 3.2.3 √ x SJRWMD 2004–2007 Elemental Contents in Submerged Aquatic Vegetation (SAV) Tissue in the Lower St. Johns River 

3.2 3.2.2 √ SJRWMD 2005 

Environmental Factors Affecting the Distribution and Health of Submerged Aquatic Plants in the Lower St. Johns River 

3.2 3.2.2 3.2.3 √ x SJRWMD 1998–2003 

Establishment of Native Vegetation Riparian Buffer Zones for Nutrient Reduction in the Lower St. Johns River Basin 

3.2 3.2.3 3.2.6 √ SJRWMD/ UNF 2006–2007 

Estuarine Autonomous Instrumentation Platform and MERHAB 

3.2 3.2.5 √ SJRWMD 1999–2001 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update F-7 August 2008

Past/Current Projects Initiative Strategy Management Activity Sponsoring Entity Dates (FY) Primary Supportive Primary Supportive RA DMT IE 

Evaluation of Impacts to Fish Communities from Low Dissolved Oxygen Episodes in the Lower St. Johns, a Eutrophic Blackwater River 

3.2 3.2.5 3.2.4 √ x Florida State Wildlife Grant 2005–2007 

Evaluation of Relationships between Submerged Aquatic Vegetation (SAV) and Fish Community Structure in the St. Johns River 

3.2 3.2.2 3.2.5 √ SJRWMD 1995 

Fish Community Structure in Four Tidal Creeks Tributary to the Lower St. Johns River 

3.2 3.2.5 √ SJRWMD/ UNF 1996 

Fisheries - Independent Monitoring (FIM) Program 3.2 3.2.5 √ x FWCC 2001–2007 Hyperspectral Imaging for Submerged Aquatic Vegetation (SAV) Identification 

3.2 3.2.2 3.2.3 √ x SJRWMD 2003, 2006 

Land Acquisition 3.2 3.2.6 √ 1994–2004 Lower St. Johns River Submerged Aquatic Vegetation (SAV) Monitoring 3.2 3.2.2 √ SJRWMD 1995–2007 Microbial Food Web Dynamics in the Lower St. Johns River Basin 3.2 3.2.3 √ SJRWMD 2007 SAV-Coupled Macroinvertebrate Sampling in the Lower St. Johns River Basin 

3.2 3.2.1 √ SJRWMD 2007 

Sediment Characterization in Submerged Aquatic Vegetation (SAV) Beds 

3.2 3.2.2 3.2.3 √ x University of Florida 2005 

Shallow Groundwater Sampling in the Root Zone of Submerged Aquatic Vegetation (SAV) 

3.2 SJRWMD 2006–2007 

Spectral Processing Methodology for Development of Airborne Imagery of Submerged Aquatic Vegetation (SAV) in the Lower St. Johns River 

3.2 3.2.2 √ University of Florida 2005 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update F-8 August 2008

Past/Current Projects Initiative Strategy Management Activity Sponsoring Entity Dates (FY) Primary Supportive Primary Supportive RA DMT IE 

Submerged Aquatic Vegetation (SAV) Photointerpretation 3.2 3.2.2 3.2.3 √ x 

 SJRWMD/ 

U.S. Imaging/ 

Jones 

Edmunds & 

Assoc 

1998, 2002 

SEDIMENT MANAGEMENT INITIATIVE Hogan Creek Ecosystem Restoration 3.2 3.2.3 √ USACE 2005 Maintenance Dredging of Intracoastal Waterway 3.3 3.3.1 √ USACE 2005–2006 Maintenance Dredging of Jacksonville Harbor and Vicinity 3.3 3.3.1 √ USACE 1993–2007 Reduction of Adverse Effects from Construction Sites and Disturbed Areas 

3.3 3.3.1 √ COJ 1987–2007 

TOXIC CONTAMINANTS REMEDIATION INITIATIVE Assessment of Tissue Contaminant Burdens Found in Animals Collected from the Lower St. Johns River 

3.4 3.2 3.4.1 √ SJRWMD 

1996–

1998, 

2002–2003 

Benthic Macroinvertebrate Data from Twenty Surface Water Sites within the Lower St. Johns River / An Evaluation of Benthic Macroinvertebrate Data from Twenty Surface Water Sites within the Lower St. Johns River 

3.4 3.2 3.4.1 √ SJRWMD 2002–2003 

Cedar River Stormwater Treatment Outfall Monitoring 3.4 3.4.1 √ x SJRWMD 2007 Chemical Contamination of Sediments in the Cedar-Ortega River Basin 

3.4 3.4.1 √ SJRWMD 1998–1999 

Chevron Docks 3.4 3.4.2 √

 Chevron/ 

FDEP/ 

SJRWMD 

2002 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update F-9 August 2008

Past/Current Projects Initiative Strategy Management Activity Sponsoring Entity Dates (FY) Primary Supportive Primary Supportive RA DMT IE 

Deer Creek Remediation 3.4 3.4.2 √

EPA/NOAA/ 

FDEP/ 

SJRWMD/ 

Kerr-McGee 

(Tronox) 

2000–2007 

Fishing Creek 3.4 3.4.2 √

 FIND/COJ/ 

USACE/ 

SJRWMD 

Fishweir Creek Remediation 3.4 3.4.2 √

USACE/ 

COJ/FDEP/ 

SJRWMD 

2005–2007 

McCoy Creek 3.4 3.4.2 √ COJ/ SJRWMD 1993–2007 Mill Cove Creek Remediation 3.4 3.4.2 √

 FDEP/COJ/ 

USACE/ 

SJRWMD 

2002 

Moncrief Creek 3.4 3.4.2 √

COJ/ FDEP/ 

DOH/ 

SJRWMD 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Status and Trends Monitoring in the Lower St. Johns River 

3.4 3.1, 3.2 3.4.1 √ x NOAA 2002–2004 

Naval Air Station (NAS) Jacksonville Remediation 3.4 3.4.2 √

NAS Jax/EPA/ 

NOAA/ FDEP/ 

SJRWMD 

1993–2000 

Pesticide Occurrence in Receiving Waters in the Tri-County Agricultural Area 

3.4 3.4.1 √ SJRWMD/ EPA 1992–1997 

Rice Creek Contaminant Assessment 3.4 3.4.1 √ FDOH 2003 Sediment Contaminant Assessment Associated with Wet Detention 3.4 3.4.1 √ x COJ/ SJRWMD 2007 Sediment Quality of the Lower St. Johns River and the Cedar-Ortega River Basin 

3.4 3.4.1 √ SJRWMD 1996–1999 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update F-10 August 2008

Past/Current Projects Initiative Strategy Management Activity Sponsoring Entity Dates (FY) Primary Supportive Primary Supportive RA DMT IE 

Sediment Transport Model for the Cedar-Ortega Rivers 3.4 3.4.1 √ x SJRWMD 1998–2002 Toxicological Plan for the Lower St. Johns River 3.4 3.4.1 √ x SJRWMD 1996–1998 INTERGOVERNMENTAL COORDINATION INITIATIVE Harmful Algal Bloom Coordination 3.6 SJRWMD 1997–2007 Intergovernmental Coordination 3.6 SJRWMD 1993–2007 Lower Basin Interagency Program Coordination 3.6 SJRWMD 1993–2007 Lower St. Johns River Technical Advisory Committee (TAC) Support 3.6 SJRWMD/ local sponsors 1993–2007 Public and Media Communications Staff 3.6 SJRWMD 1993–2007 Reuse Initiative/Integrated Water Management Plan 3.6 SJRWMD 2006–2007 River Accord 3.6 

 COJ/ 

SJRWMD/ 

JEA/ WSEA/ 

FDEP 

2006–2007 

River Summits and River Agenda 3.6 

 SJRWMD/ 

local and state 

representatives

1997–2003 

St. Johns River Alliance 3.6 

SJRWMD; 

Brevard, Indian 

River, Osceola, 

Lake, Orange, 

Seminole, 

Volusia, 

Putnam, 

Flagler, Clay, 

and St. Johns 

counties; COJ; 

Private 

Sponsors 

2003–2007 

Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) Coordination Process 3.6 FDEP 2001–2007 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update F-11 August 2008

Table F-2: Future Management Projects in the Lower St. Johns River Basin 

Future Projects Initiative Strategy Project Type Sponsoring Entity Dates (FY) Primary Supportive Primary Supportive RA DMT IE 

WATER QUALITY INITIATIVE Agricultural BMP Cost-Share Program—Phase II 3.1 3.1.2 

√ SJRWMD/ IFAS/ USDA 2008– 2011 

Agricultural Receiving Streams Evaluation 3.1 3.4 3.1.2 3.1.5 

√ x SJRWMD 2008– 2010 

Algal Initiative 3.1 3.1.2 

√ x SJRWMD 2008– 2012 

Algal Toxin Monitoring 3.1 3.2 3.1.1 3.1.3 

√ SJRWMD 2008– 2012 

Ambient Water Quality Monitoring in the TCAA 3.1 3.1.2 

√ x SJRWMD 2008– 2012 

Aquatic Organic Matter Characterization 3.1 3.1.1 

√ x SJRWMD 2008– 2009 

Best Management Practice (BMP) Geographic Information System (GIS) Tracking Tool 

3.1 3.1.2 

√ x SJRWMD 2008– 2010 

Chip Potato Grower Demonstration Projects Using Controlled Release Fertilizers 

3.1 3.1.2 

√ x SJRWMD/ IFAS 2008– 2010 

City of Jacksonville Mainstem Run 3.1 3.2 3.1.1 3.1.2, 3.1.5 

√ x COJ 2008– 2012 

COJ MS4 Permit Monitoring Program: Stormwater BMP Effectiveness Studies 3.1 3.2, 3.4 3.1.1 3.1.5 

√ x COJ 2008– 2012 

COJ MS4 Permit Monitoring Program: Tributary Intensive Program 3.1 3.2, 3.4 3.1.1 3.1.5 

√ x COJ 2008– 2012 

COJ Tributary Routine Program 3.1 3.2, 3.4 3.1.1 3.1.5 

√ x COJ 2008– 2012 

City of Jacksonville Timucuan Preserve program 3.1 3.2 3.1.1 3.1.2, 3.1.5 

√ x COJ/ NPS 2008– 2012 

Compliance with TMDL and PLRG Water Quality Goals 3.1 3.1.1 3.1.3 

√ x SJRWMD 2008– 2012 

Comprehensive Nutrient and Water Use Research Project in the TCAA 3.1 3.1.2 

√ x x SJRWMD/ IFAS 2008– 2010 

Controlled Release On-Farm Project: An Alternative Irrigation Program for Potato Crops to Reduce Water and Nutrient Use 

3.1 3.1.2 

√ x x SJRWMD/ IFAS 2008 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update F-12 August 2008

Future Projects Initiative Strategy Project Type Sponsoring Entity Dates (FY) Primary Supportive Primary Supportive RA DMT IE 

Dairy Baseline Water Quality Monitoring 3.1 3.4 3.1.2 3.1.5 

√ x SJRWMD 2008– 2012 

Development of Regional Stormwater Treatment (RST) 3.1 3.1.2 

√ SJRWMD/ FDOT 2008– 2012 

Engineering and Design of the IFAS Plant Science Research and Education Unit’s Hastings Farm 

3.1 3.1.2 

√ x SJRWMD/ IFAS 2008 

Establishment of the University of Florida/IFAS Field Station on Urban Nonpoint Source Reductions in Hastings 

3.1 3.1.2 

√ SJRWMD/ IFAS 2008– 2010 

Evaluation of Developments of Regional Impacts and Their BMP Efficiencies 3.1 3.4 3.1.1 3.1.5 

√ x SJRWMD 2008– 2010 

Expansion of Controlled Release Fertilizer Testing for Additional Crops 3.1 3.1.2 

√ x x 

SJRWMD/ 

IFAS/ 

FDACS 

2008–

2009 

Extension of the Western Atlantic Tide Model 3.1 3.1.1 3.1.4 

√ SJRWMD 2008 

Geographic Information System (GIS) Land Use Assessment 3.1 3.1.2 

√ x SJRWMD 2010 

Inner Shelf Water Quality in the South Atlantic Bight 3.1 3.1.1 3.1.3, 3.1.4 

√ x SJRWMD 2008– 2012 

Land Use Effect on Shallow Groundwater Pollution 3.1 3.1.1 

√ SJRWMD 2008– 2012 

Lower St. Johns River Groundwater Monitoring Program 3.1 3.4 3.1.6 3.1.5 

√ x SJRWMD 2008– 2012 

Lower St. Johns River Mainstem Nutrient BMAP Implementation 3.1 3.1.1 3.1.3 

√ FDEP/ SJRWMD 2008– 2012 

Lower St. Johns Watershed Action Volunteers 3.1 3.4 3.1.1 3.1.5 

√ x SJRWMD 2008– 2012 

Low Impact Development (LID) Stormwater Management Project 3.1 3.1.2 

√ SJRWMD/ IFAS 2008– 2012 

LSJR Mainstem Basin Management Action Plan Process 3.1 3.1.1 3.1.3 

√ FDEP/ SJRWMD 2008– 2012 

LSJR Tributary Basin Management Action Plan Process 3.1 3.1.3 x 

√ FDEP/ SJRWMD 2008– 2012 

Mid-Mainstem Ambient Monitoring Network 3.1 3.4 3.1.1, 3.1.2 3.1.5 

√ x SJRWMD 2008– 2012 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update F-13 August 2008

Future Projects Initiative Strategy Project Type Sponsoring Entity Dates (FY) Primary Supportive Primary Supportive RA DMT IE 

Monitoring Lower St. Johns Tide Levels 3.1 3.1.1 3.1.3, 3.1.4 

√ x SJRWMD 2008– 2012 

Monitoring, Operation & Maintenance of Regional Stormwater Treatment Areas 3.1 3.1.2 

√ SJRWMD 2008– 2012 

Northern Ambient Monitoring NetworkMainstem 3.1 3.4 3.1.1, 3.1.2 3.1.5 

√ x SJRWMD 2008– 2012 

Northern Tributary Ambient Monitoring Network 3.1 3.4 3.1.1, 3.1.2 3.1.5 

√ x SJRWMD 2008– 2012 

Regional Stormwater Treatment Optimization Monitoring 3.1 3.1.2 

√ SJRWMD 2008– 2012 

Salinity/Dissolved Oxygen/PAR Measurements 3.1 3.1.1 3.1.3, 3.1.4 

√ x USGS/ SJRWMD 2008– 2012 

Southern Ambient Monitoring Network 3.1 3.4 3.1.1, 3.1.2 3.1.5 

√ x SJRWMD 2008– 2012 

Tide Marsh Exchange with the Lower St. Johns River 3.1 3.1.1 3.1.3 

√ x SJRWMD 2008– 2012 

Timucuan Preserve Probabilistic Survey 3.1 3.4 3.1.1 3.1.5 

√ NPS 2008 

Tributary Discharge Monitoring 3.1 3.1.1 3.1.3 

√ x FDEP/ SJRWMD 2008– 2012 

Upgrade the Watershed Assessment Model (WAM) 3.1 3.1.2 

√ x SJRWMD 2008– 2012 

USGS/SJRWMD Mainstem Water Quality Monitoring 3.1 3.1.1 3.1.3 

√ x USGS/ SJRWMD 2008– 2012 

USGS Tributary and River Flow Gauging 3.1 3.1.1 3.1.3 

√ x USGS 2008– 2012 

Water Quality Monitoring Assessment 3.1 3.1.1 3.1.3 

√ x SJRWMD 2008– 2012 

Water Quality Monitoring in the Timucuan Preserve 3.1 3.2 3.1.1 3.1.2, 3.1.5 

√ x FDEP/ NPS/ COJ-ERD 2008– 2012 

 BIOLOGICAL HEALTH INITIATIVE As-Needed Sampling for Harmful Algal Blooms 3.2 3.2.4 

√ SJRWMD 2008– 2012 

Before and After Effects of Developments of Regional Impacts on Receiving Streams 

3.2 3.2.1 SJRWMD 2008– 2012 

Biological Monitoring-Phytoplankton 3.2 3.1 3.2.4 3.2.1 

√ SJRWMD 2008– 2012 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update F-14 August 2008

Future Projects Initiative Strategy Project Type Sponsoring Entity Dates (FY) Primary Supportive Primary Supportive RA DMT IE 

Establishment of Native Vegetation Riparian Buffer Zones for Nutrient Reduction in the Lower St. Johns River Basin 

3.2 3.2.3 3.2.6 

√ SJRWMD, UNF 2008– 2009 

Evaluation of the Function and Importance of Tidal Marshes to the Biological Functions of the Lower St. Johns River 

3.2 3.2.1 3.2.5 

√ SJRWMD 2009– 2012 

Evaluation of Impacts to Fish Communities from Low Dissolved Oxygen Episodes in the Lower St. Johns, A Eutrophic Blackwater River 

3.2 3.2.5 3.2.4 

√ x Florida State Wildlife Grant 2008 

Fisheries - Independent Monitoring (FIM) Program 3.2 3.2.5 

√ FWC/ SJRWMD 2008– 2012 

Hyperspectral Imaging for Submerged Aquatic Vegetation (SAV) Identification 3.2 3.2.2 3.2.3 

√ SJRWMD 2008, 2010 

Identification of Biological Indicators of Ecosystem Health 3.2 3.2.1 

√ SJRWMD 2010– 2012 

Lower St. Johns River Submerged Aquatic Vegetation (SAV) Monitoring 3.2 3.2.2 

√ SJRWMD 2008 

Microbial Food Web Dynamics in the Lower St. Johns River Basin 3.2 3.2.3 

√ SJRWMD 2008– 2010 

SAV-Coupled Macroinvertebrate Sampling in the Lower St. Johns River Basin 

3.2 3.2.1 

√ SJRWMD 2008– 2009 

Shallow Groundwater Sampling in the Root Zone of Submerged Aquatic Vegetation (SAV) 

3.2 SJRWMD 2008– 2010 

SEDIMENT MANAGEMENT INITIATIVE Big Fishweir Creek Ecosystem Restoration 3.3 3.3.1 

√ USACE 2008– 2010 

Future Channel Improvements 3.3 3.3.1 

√ USACE 2008– 2010 

Maintenance Dredging of Intracoastal Waterway 3.3 3.3.1 

√ USACE 2009 

Maintenance Dredging of Jacksonville Harbor and Vicinity 3.3 3.3.1 

√ USACE 2008– 2010 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update F-15 August 2008

Future Projects Initiative Strategy Project Type Sponsoring Entity Dates (FY) Primary Supportive Primary Supportive RA DMT IE 

Reduction of Adverse Effects from Construction Sites and Disturbed Areas 3.3 3.3.1 √ COJ 2008– 2012 TOXIC CONTAMINANTS REMEDIATION INITIATIVE Agricultural Pesticide and Contaminant Assessment 3.4 3.4.1 3.4.2 √ x SJRWMD/ IFAS 2009 Cedar River Stormwater Treatment Outfall Monitoring 3.4 3.4.1 3.4.2 √ x SJRWMD 2009– 2011 Contaminant Assessment in the Lower St. Johns River SJRWMD 2009– 2012 Deer Creek Remediation 3.4 3.4.2 √

EPA/ NOAA/ 

FDEP/ 

SJRWMD/ 

Kerr-McGee 

(Tronox) 

2008–

2012 

Fishweir Creek Remediation 3.4 3.4.2 √

USACE/ 

COJ/ FDEP/ 

SJRWMD 

2008–

2012 

McCoy Creek 3.4 3.4.2 √ COJ/ SJRWMD 2008– 2012 Sediment Contaminant Assessment Associated with Wet Detention 3.4 3.4.1 √ x COJ/ SJRWMD 2008– 2011 INTERGOVERNMENTAL COORDINATION INITIATIVE Harmful Algal Bloom Coordination 3.6 SJRWMD 2008– 2012 Intergovernmental Coordination 3.6 SJRWMD 2008– 2012 Lower Basin Interagency Program

Coordination 3.6 SJRWMD 2008– 2012 

Lower St Johns River Technical Advisory Committee (TAC) Support 3.6 

SJRWMD 

and local 

sponsors 

2008–

2012 

Public and Media Communications Staff 3.6 SJRWMD 2008– 2012 Reuse Initiative/Integrated Water Management Plan 3.6 SJRWMD 2008– 2012 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update F-16 August 2008

Future Projects Initiative Strategy Project Type Sponsoring Entity Dates (FY) Primary Supportive Primary Supportive RA DMT IE 

River Accord 3.6 

COJ/ 

SJRWMD/ 

JEA/ WSEA/ 

FDEP 

2008–

2012 

St. Johns River Alliance 3.6 

SJRWMD; 

Brevard, 

Indian River, 

Osceola, 

Lake, 

Orange, 

Seminole, 

Volusia, 

Putnam, 

Flagler, St. 

Johns, and 

Clay 

counties; 

COJ; Private 

Sponsors 

2008–

2012 

Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) Coordination Process 3.6 FDEP 2008– 2012 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update F-17 August 2008

Table F-3: Past/Current Management Projects in the Lake George Basin 

Past/Current Projects Initiative Strategy Project Type Sponsoring Entity Dates (FY) Primary Supportive Primary Supportive RA DMT IE 

WATER QUALITY INITIATIVE Continuous Water Quality Monitoring in Lake George 5.5.1 5.5.1.4 √ SJRWMD 1994– 2007 Expansion of the LSJR Water Quality Model through Lake George 5.5.1 5.5.1.1 √ SJRWMD 2005– 2007 Lake George Phosphorus Removal Feasibility Project-Reconnaissance Phase 

5.5.1 5.5.1.4 √ SJRWMD 2007 

Lake George Water Quality Modeling 5.5.1 5.5.1.1 √ SJRWMD 2007 Plankton Enumeration and Identification in Lake George 5.5.1 5.5.1.4 √ SJRWMD 1997– 2007 BIOLOGICAL HEALTH INITIATIVE The Effects of Changing Nutrient Conditions on the Structure and Function of the Phytoplankton of the Lower St. Johns River

5.5.2 5.5.1 5.5.2.3 5.5.1.4 √ SJRWMD 2001– 2004 

Submerged Aquatic Vegetation (SAV) Monitoring 5.5.2 5.5.2.3 SJRWMD 1999– 2003 SEDIMENT MANAGEMENT INITIATIVE Examination of Sediment Exchange in Lake George 5.5.3 3.1.5, 5.5.2 5.5.4 3.1.5, 5.5.1.4 √ SJRWMD 2006– 2007 
Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update F-18 August 2008

Table F-4: Future Management Projects in the Lake George Basin 

Future Projects Initiative Strategy Project Type Sponsoring Entity Dates (FY) Primary Supportive Primary Supportive RA DMT IE 

WATER QUALITY INITIATIVE Assessment of P reduction Targets in Lake George 5.5.1 5.5.1.4 √ x SJRWMD 2008– 2010 Continuous Water Quality Monitoring in Lake George 5.5.1 5.5.1.4 √ SJRWMD 2008– 2012 Effect of Control Methods on Relative Composition of Water Lettuce 5.5.2 5.5.2.3 √ SJRWMD 2009– 2011 Expansion of the LSJR Water Quality Model Though Lake George 5.5.1 5.5.1.1 √ SJRWMD 2008– 2010 Fisheries Composition Survey Work 5.5.2 5.5.2.3 √ x SJRWMD 2008– 2010 Floating Aquatic Plant Cultivation Feasibility 5.5.1 5.5.1.4 √ SJRWMD 2008– 2010 Floating Aquatic Plant Module Application Modeling 5.5.1 5.5.1.4 √ USACE/ SJRWMD 2008– 2009 Lake George Phosphorus Removal Feasibility Project 5.5.1 5.5.1.4 √ SJRWMD 2008– 2009 Lake George Phosphorus Sediment Flux 5.5.1 5.5.1.4 √ SJRWMD 2008– 2010 Lake George Water Quality Modeling 5.5.1 5.5.1.1 √ SJRWMD 2008– 2009 Plankton Enumeration and Identification in Lake George 5.5.1 5.5.2 5.5.1.4 5.5.2.3 √ SJRWMD 2008– 2012 Potential Uses of Recycled Biomass 5.5.1 5.5.1.4 √ SJRWMD 2010– 2011 BIOLOGICAL HEALTH INITIATIVE Primary Productivity in Lake George 5.5.2 5.5.1 5.5.2.3 5.5.1.4 SJRWMD 2008– 2010 SEDIMENT MANAGEMENT INITIATIVE Examination of Sediment Exchange in Lake George 5.5.3 5.5.1.4 √ x SJRWMD 2008– 2012 

Final LSJRB SWIM Plan Update G-1 August 2008

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

APPENDIX G: LIST OF VERIFIED IMPAIRED WATERS IN THE LOWER ST. JOHNS 

RIVER AND LAKE GEORGE BASINS 

Final Draft LSJRB SWIM Plan Update G-2 August 2008

Table G-1: List of Verified Impaired Waters in the Lower St. Johns River Basin 

WBID Waterbody Segment Name Waterbody 

Type 

Parameters Assessed 

Using the Impaired 

Waters Rule 

Projected 

Year for 

TMDL 

Development

2181 Dunn Creek Stream Fecal Coliforms 2008 

2191 Broward River Estuary 

Dissolved Oxygen, Fecal 

Coliforms 2008 

2203 Trout River Stream 

Dissolved Oxygen, Fecal 

Coliforms 2008 

2203A Trout River Estuary Fecal Coliforms 2008 

2204 Terrapin Creek Stream 

Dissolved Oxygen, Fecal 

Coliforms 2008 

2207 Block House Creek Stream Fecal Coliforms 2008 

2210 West Branch Stream Fecal Coliforms 2008 

2213A St. Johns River Above Mouth Estuary Iron, Copper, Nickel 2008 

2213B St. Johns River Above ICWW Estuary 

Copper, Iron, Lead, 

Nickel 2008 

2213C St. Johns River Above Dames Pt Estuary Copper, Iron, Nickel 2008 

2213D St. Johns River Above Trout River Estuary Copper, Iron, Nickel 2008 

2213E St. Johns River Above Warren Bridge Estuary Copper, Iron, Nickel 2008 

2213G St. Johns River Above Doctor's Lake Lake Cadmium 2008 

2213I St. Johns River Above Black Creek Lake Silver 2008 

2213P Ortega River Stream 

Nutrients (chlorophyll a), 

Dissolved Oxygen, Fecal 

Coliforms, Lead 2008 

2220 Ninemile Creek Stream 

Dissolved Oxygen, Fecal 

Coliforms 2008 

2224 Ribault River Stream 

Dissolved Oxygen, Fecal 

Coliforms 2008 

2227 Sherman Creek Stream 

Dissolved Oxygen, Fecal 

Coliforms 2008 

2228 Moncrief Creek Estuary 

Copper, Fecal Coliforms, 

Iron, Lead, Nutrients 

(chlorophyll a) 2004 

2232 Sixmile Creek Reach Stream Fecal Coliforms 2008 

2233 Long Branch Stream Fecal Coliforms 2008 

2235 New Castle Creek Stream Fecal Coliforms 2008 

2238 Little Sixmile Creek Stream Fecal Coliforms 2008 

2239 Strawberry Creek Stream Fecal Coliforms 2008 

2240 Greenfield Creek Stream Fecal Coliforms 2008 

2244 Cow Head Creek Stream Fecal Coliforms 2008 

2246 Jones Creek Stream Fecal Coliforms 2008 

2248 Gin House Creek Stream Fecal Coliforms 2008 

2249A Ortega River Stream Fecal Coliforms 2008 

2249B McGirts Creek Stream Fecal Coliforms 2008 

2252 Hogan Creek Stream Fecal Coliform 2004 

2254 Red Bay Branch Stream Fecal Coliforms 2008 

2256 Deer Creek Stream 

Dissolved Oxygen, Fecal 

Coliforms 2008 

2257 McCoy Creek Stream Fecal Coliforms 2008 

2262 Cedar River Stream 

Dissolved Oxygen, Fecal 

Coliforms 2004 

2265A Arlington River Estuary Nutrients (chlorophyll a) 2008 
Final Draft LSJRB SWIM Plan Update G-3 August 2008

WBID Waterbody Segment Name Waterbody 

Type 

Parameters Assessed 

Using the Impaired 

Waters Rule 

Projected 

Year for 

TMDL 

Development

2265B Pottburg Creek Stream Fecal Coliforms 2008 

2266 Hopkins Creek Stream Fecal Coliforms 2008 

2270 Hogpen Creek Stream Fecal Coliforms 2008 

2273 Mill Dam Creek Stream Dissolved Oxygen 2008 

2278 Silversmith Creek Stream Fecal Coliforms 2008 

2280 Big Fishweir Creek Stream Fecal Coliforms 2008 

2282 Wills Branch Stream Fecal Coliforms 2004 

2284 Little Pottsburg Creek Stream Fecal Coliforms 2008 

2287 Miller Creek Stream Dissolved Oxygen 2008 

2297 Craig Creek Stream 

Dissolved Oxygen, Fecal 

Coliforms 2008 

2299 Open Creek Stream Fecal Coliforms 2008 

2304 Miramar Creek Stream Fecal Coliforms 2008 

2306 New Rose Creek Stream Fecal Coliforms 2008 

2308 Leeds Pond Lake Fecal Coliforms 2008 

2316 Williamson Creek Stream Fecal Coliforms 2004 

2321 Christopher Branch Stream Fecal Coliforms 2008 

2322 Butcher Pen Creek Stream 

Dissolved Oxygen, Fecal 

Coliforms, Nutrients 

(chlorophyll a) 2004 

2324 Fishing Creek Stream 

Dissolved Oxygen, Fecal 

Coliforms 2004 

2326 Goodbys Creek Stream 

Dissolved Oxygen, Fecal 

Coliforms 2008 

2356 Big Davis Creek Stream Fecal Coliforms 2008 

2361 Deep Bottom Creek Stream Fecal Coliforms 2008 

2365 Durbin Creek Stream 

Dissolved Oxygen, Fecal 

Coliforms, Nutrients 

(chlorophyll a) 2004 

2370 Oldfield Creek Stream Fecal Coliforms 2008 

2381 Cormorant Creek Stream Fecal Coliforms 2008 

2382 Unnamed Drain Stream 

Dissolved Oxygen, Fecal 

Coliforms 2008 

2385 Mandarin Drain Stream Fecal Coliforms 2008 

2389 Doctors Lake Lake Nutrients (TSI) 2008 

2410 Swimming Pen Creek Stream Nutrients (chlorophyll a) 2008 

2415A Black Creek Above St. Johns River Stream Dissolved Oxygen 2008 

2423 Mill Log Creek Stream 

Dissolved Oxygen, Iron, 

Lead 2008 

2424 Bradley Creek Stream Dissolved Oxygen, Lead 2008 

2460 Mill Creek Stream 

Dissolved Oxygen, 

Nutrients (chlorophyll a) 2008 

2538 Cedar Creek Stream Nutrients (chlorophyll a) 2008 

2540 Moccain Branch Stream Dissolved Oxygen 2004 

2543F Lake Ross Lake Nutrients (TSI) 2008 

2549 Deep Creek Stream 

Dissolved Oxygen, 

Nutrients (chlorophyll a) 2004 

2561 Unnamed Ditches Stream Dissolved Oxygen 2008 

2569 West Run Interceptor D Stream Dissolved Oxygen 2004 

2571 Unnamed Ditch Stream Dissolved Oxygen 2008 
Final Draft LSJRB SWIM Plan Update G-4 August 2008

WBID Waterbody Segment Name Waterbody 

Type 

Parameters Assessed 

Using the Impaired 

Waters Rule 

Projected 

Year for 

TMDL 

Development

2575Q Cue Lake Lake Mercury - Fish 2011 

2578 Dog Branch Stream Dissolved Oxygen 2008 

2583 Cow Branch Stream Dissolved Oxygen 2008 

2589 Sixteenmile Creek Stream 

Dissolved Oxygen, 

Nutrients (chlorophyll a) 2008 

2592 Mill Branch Stream 

Dissolved Oxygen, Fecal 

Coliforms, Nutrients 

(chlorophyll a) 2004 

2606A Dunns Creek Stream 

Dissolved Oxygen, 

Nutrients (chlorophyll a) 2008 

2606B Crescent Lake Lake Iron, Nutrients (TSI) 2008 

2622A Haw Creek Above Crescent Lake Stream 

Dissolved Oxygen, Iron, 

Nutrients (chlorophyll a) 2004 

2630A Little Haw Creek Stream Iron 2004 

2630B Lake Disston Lake 

Iron, Mercury-Fish, 

Selenium 2008 

2630C Little Haw Spring Stream Dissolved Oxygen 2008 

2630I South Lake Talmadge Lake Nutrients (TSI) 2008 

2680A Lake Molly Lake Nutrients (TSI) 2008 

8998 Florida Atlantic Coast Coastal Mercury - Fish 2011 
Final Draft LSJRB SWIM Plan Update G-5 August 2008

Table G-2: List of Verified Impaired Waters in the Lake George Basin 

Planning Unit WBID Waterbody Segment 

Waterbody 

Type 

Parameters 

Assessed 

Using the 

IWR 

Projected 

Year for 

TMDL 

Development

Lake George 2213O 

St. Johns River Above 

Ocklawaha River Stream 

Nutrients 

(Chlorophyll a) 2008 

Lake George 2892 Lake Margaret Lake 

Mercury (in 

fish tissue) 2011 

Lake George 2893A Lake George Lake Nutrients (TSI) 2008 

Lake George 2893A1 

St. Johns River Below Lake 

George Stream 

Nutrients 

(Chlorophyll a) 2008 

Lake George 2893A2 

St. Johns River Above Lake 

George Stream 

Dissolved 

Oxygen 2008 

Lake George 2893A2 

St. Johns River Above Lake 

George Stream 

Nutrients 

(Chlorophyll a) 2008 

Lake George 2916B Grasshopper Lake Lake 

Mercury (in 

fish tissue) 2011 

Lake Kerr 2905C Wildcat Lake Lake 

Mercury (in 

fish tissue) 2011 

Lake Woodruff 2893U Lake Beresford Lake Nutrients (TSI) 2008