# Patent

## Title
Curing activators

## Abstract

Use of compounds of molecular formula (I) as curing activators of mixes having a cross-linkable unsaturated-chain polymer base: ([R1R2R3NR5(NR4R6R7)n](n+1)+)y(n+1)Xy− (I); where: X is an anionic atom or group; R1, R2 and R3, which may be the same or different, are each CmH2m+1, where m ranges between 1 and 3, or CH2CHCH2 or CHCHCH3; R4, R6 and R7, which may be the same or different, are each CH2CHCH2 or CHCHCH3; n is 0 or 1; y is 1 when n is 1; y is 1 or 2 when n is 0; R5 is an aliphatic group C15-C22 when n is 0; and is an aliphatic group C8-C16 when n is 1; when n is 0, at least one of R1, R2, R3 and R5 comprises a double bond.

## Background
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a National Stage of International Application No. PCT/IB2010/002546 filed Oct. 7, 2010, claiming priority based on Italian Patent Application No. TO2009A000765 filed Oct. 7, 2009, the contents of all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
TECHNICAL FIELD
The present invention relates to curing activators.
BACKGROUND ART
To achieve specific results, curing a rubber mix calls for special additives, including curing activators and accelerating agents.
In some industrial applications requiring fast curing, highly effective, booster accelerating agents are used.
Some of these have recently come under attack for health reasons.
Fatty acids are also commonly used as curing activators, but, though effective in activating the curing process, may result in a reduction in adhesion of the green mix. Fatty acids, in fact, by reacting with zinc oxide, may produce, as an undesired by-product, zinc salts which tend to migrate towards the surface of the mix, thus reducing adhesion of the green mix.
A need is therefore felt for new curing activator systems designed to ensure fast curing, while at the same time limiting use of fatty acids.
DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION
The present invention relates to use of compounds of molecular formula (I) as curing activators of mixes comprising a cross-linkable unsaturated-chain polymer base;

([R1R2R3NR5(NR4R6R7)n](n+1)+)y(n+1)Xy−  (I)

where:

X is an anionic atom or group
R1, R2 and R3, which may be the same or different, are each CmH2m+1, where m ranges between 1 and 3, or CH2CHCH2 or CHCHCH3 
R4, R6 and R7, which may be the same or different, are each CH2CHCH2 or CHCHCH3 
n is 0 or 1
y is 1 when n is 1; y is 1 or 2 when n is 0
R5 is an aliphatic group C15-C22 when n is 0; and is an aliphatic group C8-C16 when n is 1
when n is 0, at least one of R1, R2, R3 and R5 comprises a double bond.
R1, R2 and R3 are preferably CH2CHCH2, and, more preferably, n is 1 and R5 is a saturated aliphatic group.
Preferably, R5 comprises a double bond, and n is 0.
The curing activator preferably has a molecular formula in the group comprising:

[(CH3)3N(CH2)8CHCH(CH2)7CH3]+X−;

[(CH2CHCH2)3N(CH2)15CH3]+X−;

[(CH3)(CH2CHCH2)2N(CH2)15CH3]+X−;

[(CH2CHCH2)(CH3)2N(CH2)15CH3]+X−; e 

[(CH2CHCH2)3N(CH2)12N(CH2CHCH2)3]2+2X−.

Preferably, X− is I− or Br−.
Preferably, 0.01 to 10 phr of the curing activator is used in the mix.
The present invention also relates to a mix comprising a cross-linkable unsaturated-chain polymer base, characterized by comprising a compound of molecular formula (I) as a curing activator.
The present invention also relates to a rubber product, characterized by being made from a mix comprising a compound of molecular formula (I) as a curing activator.
The present invention also relates to a tyre, characterized by comprising at least one rubber part made from a mix comprising a compound of molecular formula (I) as a curing activator.


BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
The following are purely non-limiting examples for a clearer understanding of the invention.
Examples
In the examples below, five different compounds (a, b, c, d, e) in the class of curing aids according to the present invention were employed.
The five curing activators were as follows:

    
    
        compound (a) of molecular formula [(CH3)3N(CH2)8CHCH(CH2)7CH3]+I−
        compound (b) of molecular formula [(CH2CHCH2)3N(CH2)15CH3]+Br—
        compound (c) of molecular formula [(CH3)(CH2CHCH2)2N(CH2)15CH3]+I−
        compound (d) of molecular formula [(CH2CHCH2)(CH3)2N(CH2)15CH3]+I−
        compound (e) of molecular formula [(CH2CHCH2)3N(CH2)12N(CH2CHCH2)3]2+2Br−
    
    


Purely by way of example, the above curing activators were tested using TBBS and DPG accelerating agents as described below.
TBBS Mixes
Ten mixes (A1, A2, B1, B2, C1, C2, D1, D2, E1, E2) were prepared, each comprising one of the above five curing activators (a, b, c, d, e) according to the present invention. More specifically, the five different curing activators (a, b, c, d, e) were used in two different concentrations.
Table I shows the compositions in phr of the above mixes.

















TABLE I






A1
A2
B1
B2
C1
C2
D1
D2
E1
E2
















S-SER
100 


N660
40


ZnO
2


S
2


TBBS
2

















comp. (a)
2
5










comp. (b)


2
5








comp. (c)




2
5






comp. (d)






2
5




comp. (e)








2
5









To accurately assess the advantages of mixes comprising the curing activators according to the present invention, a control mix (MCTBBS) was prepared comprising fatty acids as activators, as opposed to the curing activators of the mixes in Table I.
Table II shows the composition in phr of the control mix.









TABLE II







MCTBBS



















S-SBR
100



N660
40



FATTY ACIDS
1



ZnO
2



S
2



TBBS
2










DPG Mixes
Four mixes (C3, C4, E3, E4) were prepared comprising curing activators (c) and (e) according to the present invention respectively. As shown below, curing activators (c) and (e) were tested in both the presence and absence of fatty acids.
To accurately assess the advantages of mixes comprising the curing activators according to the present invention, a control mix (MCDPG) was prepared comprising no curing activators, and only comprising DPG and fatty acids as activators.
Table III shows the compositions in phr of mixes C3, C4, E3, E4 and the control mix MCDPG.













TABLE III







C3
C4
E3
E4
MCDPG


















S-SBR
100



N660
40














FATTY ACIDS

1

1
1










ZnO
2



S
1



DPG
1














Acc. (c)
1
1






Acc. (e)


1
1










Tests
The mixes with the above compositions were test cured at different temperatures. More specifically, the rheometric properties of each mix were tested as per ISO Standard 6502.
Table IV shows the rheometric property results of the TBBS mixes. The curing tests were performed at temperatures of 145° C., 160° C., 175° C. and 195° C. The MH and ML values are expressed in dNM, and T'10 and T'90 in minutes.

















TABLE IV





MCTBBS
A1
A2
B1
B2
C1
C2
D1
D2
E1
E2















145° C.

















1.81
1.36
1.4
1.76
1.66
1.64
1.48
1.38
1.28
1.29
1.18


22.03
17.79
14.36
17.49
12.05
17.73
15.43
19.58 
16.78
18.36
14.7


26.39
5.26
3.3
10.3
5.32
7.53
7.15
4.38
4.22
3.7
3.5


37.64
15.18
25.23
20.53
29.32
17.9
27.52
13.46
23.12
13.36
24.1







160° C.

















1.72
1.29
0.61
1.7
1.44
1.02
0.98
1.16
1.06
1.32
1.13


21.23
19.02
13.21
17.38
11.16
18.59
15.04
20.05
16.87
18.2
11.11


8.79
1.68
0.9
2.36
1.7
1.61
1.56
1.96
1.92
2.86
2.59


14.9
7.81
10.56
6.63
10.52
5.41
9.26
6.34
11.58
8.12
10.12







175° C.

















1.53
1.12
0.74
1.53
0.98
0.86
0.8
1
0.93
1.2
0.95


21.24
19.65
13.12
17.39
12.62
18.63
15.96
20.32
17.57
18.36
12.44


3.23
0.75
0.49
1.01
0.77
0.77
0.76
0.96
0.94
1.22
1.09


7.09
5.02
5.22
2.68
5.33
2.63
5.18
3.39
4.99
3.92
5.91







195° C.

















1.34
0.55
0.74
1.29
1.03
0.79
0.78
0.92
0.84
1.13
0.88


20.77
19.12
14.52
17.42
12.34
18.22
15.46
20.14
17.16
18.18
13


0.94
0.27
0.24
0.46
0.4
0.38
0.39
0.46
0.45
0.51
0.47


2.28
1.27
1.27
1.29
2.9
1.08
2.45
1.42
2.43
1.53
3.38









Table V shows the rheometric property results of the DPG mixes. The curing tests were performed at a temperature of 160° C.
Because curing did not occur at the set conditions, Table V does not show the results of the control mix MCDPG.












TABLE V







C3
C4
E3
E4






















ML
1.54
1.05
1.89
1.64



MH
12.31
13.58
15.14
14.2



T10
1.91
2.89
1.83
1.51



T50
4.84
10.17
4.49
4.7



T90
13.92
20.04
12.42
16.61










As the above results clearly show, the curing activators according to the present invention provide for a surprisingly significant increase in the effectiveness of the accelerating agents used with them. This constitutes a major advantage in terms of production, as well as a valid alternative to booster accelerating agents widely used in the rubber industry, and some of which are currently under investigation by health protection agencies.
The curing activators according to the present invention also surprisingly provide for limiting use of fatty acids in the mix as activators, which has the advantage of solving the green-rubber adhesion problems posed by salts migrating towards the surface of the mix. Zinc salts, in fact, are formed as an undesired byproduct of fatty acids reacting with zinc oxide.
As will be clear to anyone skilled in the art, the present invention may be used to advantage in industries involving the manufacture of fast-cured rubber products, in particular, and preferably, the tyre industry.

## Claims

1. A method of curing a mix comprising a cross-linkable unsaturated-chain polymer base comprising the step of activating curing by using a compound of molecular formula (I) as a curing activator;


([R1R2R3NR5(NR4R6R7)n](n+1)+)y(n+1)Xy−  (I)

where:
X is an anionic atom or group
R1, R2 and R3, which may be the same or different, are each CmH2m+1, where m ranges between 1 and 3, or CH2CHCH2 or CHCHCH3 
R4, R6 and R7, which may be the same or different, are each CH2CHCH2 or CHCHCH3 
n is 0 or 1
y is 1 when n is 1; y is 1 or 2 when n is 0
R5 is an aliphatic group C15-C22 when n is 0; and is an aliphatic group C8-C16 when n is 1 when n is 0, at least one of R1, R2, R3 and R5 comprises a double bond.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein R1, R2 and R3 are CH2CHCH2.

3. The method of claim 2, wherein n is 1 and R5 is a saturated aliphatic group.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein R5 comprises a double bond and n is 0.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein said compounds of molecular formula (I) has a molecular formula selected from the group consisting of:


[(CH3)3N(CH2)8CHCH(CH2)7CH3]+X−;



[(CH2CHCH2)3N(CH2)15CH3]+X−;



[(CH3)(CH2CHCH2)2N(CH2)15CH3]+X−;



[(CH2CHCH2)(CH3)2N(CH2)15CH3]+X−; e and



[(CH2CHCH2)3N(CH2)12N(CH2CHCH2)3]2+2X−.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein X− is I− or Br−.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein the mix comprising a cross-linkable unsaturated-chain polymer base comprises sulphur and an accelerating agent.