Fourth Court of Appeals

San Antonio, Texas

MEMORANDUM OPINION

No. 04-12-00712-CV

Tomas PEREZ,

Appellant

v.

Smart Corporation, Inc. d/b/a Smart Companies,

SMART CORPORATION, INC. d/b/a Smart Companies, Inc.,

Appellee

From the 53rd Judicial District Court, Travis County, Texas

Trial Court No. D-1-GN-10-003281

The Honorable Gisela D. Triana, Judge Presiding

Opinion by: Rebeca C. Martinez, Justice

Sitting: Karen Angelini, Justice

Marialyn Barnard, Justice

Rebeca C. Martinez, Justice

Delivered and Filed: November 27, 2013

AFFIRMED

Tomas Perez was injured when he fell from a ladder while painting the exterior of a fivestory building. Perez brought a suit for negligence against Smart Corporation, Inc. d/b/a Smart 

Companies, Inc. Following an eight-day trial, the jury returned a 10-2 verdict finding Smart 45 

percent responsible and Perez 55 percent responsible. Because the jury apportioned more than 50 

percent of the negligence to Perez, a take-nothing judgment was rendered against him. Perez now 

appeals, complaining that certain evidence was improperly admitted. We affirm the judgment of 

the trial court.
04-12-00712-CV

BACKGROUND

Smart Companies contracted to paint the exterior of the five-story Stoneleigh 

condominiums in Austin, Texas. Smart then subcontracted the painting project to Perez. Smart 

provided Perez with a 60-foot, three-section aluminum extension ladder to reach the upper portions 

and roof of the building. On the day in question, Perez and his three-man crew set the 180-pound 

ladder up against the side of the building and climbed approximately 46 feet onto the flat roof to 

do final touch-up painting. When they were finished, two crewmembers completely descended 

the ladder before Perez untied the top of the ladder from a vent pipe on the roof and began to 

descend the ladder with a can of paint in his hand. After stepping down a few rungs, the ladder’s 

uppermost “fly” section on which Perez was standing suddenly began to slide or “telescope” 

downward. Perez fell approximately 45 feet to the ground. Perez broke his back and suffered 

other permanently disabling injuries.

About a month after the accident, Perez’s attorney contacted the Occupational Safety and 

Health Administration (OSHA) and asked them to investigate the accident. OSHA sent an 

investigator to interview Allan Tolbert, Smart’s president. Tolbert referred the investigator to 

Ramiro Sandi, a Smart employee and the Stoneleigh project manager. The OSHA investigator 

never spoke to Perez. The OSHA investigator issued a report which incorrectly stated that the 

ladder from which Perez fell “had been tied together with a second ladder in order to obtain the 

necessary height of at least approximately 70 feet.” The investigation did not reveal any violations 

of OSHA standards, and no citations were issued to Smart. 

Perez sued Smart seeking damages for the injuries he sustained in the fall. Perez alleged 

that Smart was negligent in breaching its duty “to provide safer and alternative means to access 

the roof and upper areas of the structure to be painted, and by failing to provide any form of fall 

protection.” At trial, Perez argued that Smart retained and exercised the right-of-control with 

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regard to the means of roof access and that Smart was negligent in requiring the use of a 60-foot 

extension ladder instead of available safer alternatives, such as scaffolding or allowing Perez to 

access the roof via an existing, but locked, interior stairway. Perez presented testimony from his 

liability expert, an engineer and architect named Eugene Holland, that OSHA does not allow a 

ladder to be used for a painting job over 40 feet high because it is unstable. Holland further testified 

that the use of scaffolding on the Stoneleigh project would have been appropriate under OSHA 

standards. Holland’s expert report, which was admitted into evidence, identified nine alleged 

violations of OSHA “rules reflecting good custom and practice” by Smart, ranging from failure to 

provide fall protection and adequate training, to failure to set up the ladder at the proper angle. 

During its cross-examination of Holland, Smart sought to admit the OSHA file. Perez 

objected on hearsay and relevancy1 grounds, and also argued that the file was inadmissible as a 

matter of law in state-law tort cases under 29 U.S.C. § 653(b)(4)2 and Hill v. Consolidated 

Concepts, Inc., No. 14-05-00345-CV, 2006 WL 2506403 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2006, 

pet. denied) (mem. op.). Perez argued that although OSHA regulations may be relevant to the 

common law standard of care, OSHA findings are not relevant to the question of whether that 

standard was or was not violated in a particular case. The trial court overruled the objections, and 

admitted the entire OSHA investigation file, stating:

[I]f you’re going to elicit testimony from somebody to tell me whether something 

is OSHA compliant or not, I’m going to allow them to introduce the official report 

from OSHA, not for the purposes of saying that yes, obviously OSHA has 

determined that there was nothing wrong, but for the purposes to rebut the 

testimony of Holland.

1 Perez argued that the OSHA investigative file was irrelevant because the investigator’s finding of “no violations” 

was based on an erroneous accident scenario.

2 29 U.S.C. § 653(b)(4) provides:

Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to supersede or in any manner affect any workmen’s 

compensation law or to enlarge or diminish or affect in any other manner the common law or 

statutory rights, duties, or liabilities of employers and employees under any law with respect to 

injuries, diseases, or death of employees arising out of, or in the course of, employment.

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04-12-00712-CV

After the OSHA file was admitted, testimony was elicited from several witnesses by both 

sides regarding the applicable OSHA regulations and whether they were violated by Smart. On 

cross-examination, Holland specifically testified that he believed Smart violated the OSHA 

standards as they represent and reflect custom and practice in the industry; he declined to answer 

whether Smart committed OSHA violations. The jury found that Smart exercised some control 

over “the manner in which Perez had access to paint the higher parts of the Stoneleigh property.” 

The jury also found that Smart and Perez were both negligent and that their concurrent negligence 

proximately caused the accident. The jury apportioned 45 percent of the responsibility for the 

accident to Smart, and 55 percent to Perez, thereby denying Perez any recovery. See TEX. CIV.

PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 33.001 (West 2008). 

On appeal, Perez argues that the trial court erred as a matter of law by admitting into 

evidence over his objection the OSHA investigation file, which included OSHA’s findings that 

Smart had committed no violations of safety standards. 

STANDARD OF REVIEW

Evidentiary rulings are committed to the trial court’s sound discretion. Bay Area 

Healthcare Grp., Ltd. v. McShane, 239 S.W.3d 231, 234 (Tex. 2007) (per curiam); Interstate 

Northborough P’ship v. State, 66 S.W.3d 213, 220 (Tex. 2001). A trial court abuses this discretion 

when it acts without regard for guiding rules or principles. U-Haul Int’l, Inc. v. Waldrip, 380 

S.W.3d 118, 132 (Tex. 2012); Owens–Corning Fiberglas Corp. v. Malone, 972 S.W.2d 35, 43 

(Tex. 1998). Even if a trial court errs by improperly admitting evidence, reversal is warranted only 

if the error was harmful, i.e., it probably resulted in an improper judgment. TEX. R. APP. P. 44.1; 

Nissan Motor Co. Ltd. v. Armstrong, 145 S.W.3d 131, 144 (Tex. 2004). 

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04-12-00712-CV

DISCUSSION

Perez contends the trial court erred in admitting the OSHA file because a finding of “no 

violation” by OSHA is irrelevant and inadmissible. Generally, OSHA regulations are admissible 

as being relevant to the standards of conduct that should have been employed by a defendant. See

Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Seale, 904 S.W.2d 718, 720 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1995, no writ); 

Carrillo v. Star Tool Co., 14-04-00104-CV, 2005 WL 2848190, at *2 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th 

Dist.] Nov. 1, 2005, no pet.) (mem. op.). However, OSHA evidence beyond regulations, such as 

findings or citations, is not admissible because it is not relevant to the issue of common law 

negligence. See Hill v. Consolidated Concepts, Inc., No. 14-05-00345-CV, 2006 WL 2506403, at 

*4-6 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2006, pet. denied) (mem. op.). The “common law is not 

expanded by OSHA regulations—either a general contractor owes a duty based upon common law 

principles, or it does not.” Id.; 29 U.S.C. § 653(b)(4). In Hill, a subcontractor (Hill) fell from a 

roof while installing shingles, and sued the contractor (CCI) for negligence. See Hill, 2006 WL 

2506403, at *4-6. The central issue was which party had responsibility to provide fall protection. 

Id. Just as in this case, the jury found both parties negligent, and apportioned 51 percent of the 

negligence to Hill and 49 percent to CCI. Id. On appeal, Hill argued that the trial court erred in 

excluding OSHA administrative records showing that CCI had been cited and fined by OSHA for 

roofers’ failure to wear fall protection. Id. Hill claimed that CCI had opened the door to all OSHA 

evidence when it introduced a form signed by Hill in which Hill agreed to follow all OSHA 

regulations and safety standards. Id. The court of appeals affirmed the trial court’s refusal to 

admit the OSHA administrative records because they were not relevant to liability. Id. at *4 (“the 

citations and fines paid had no bearing on liability”). 

Just as evidence of OSHA citations and fines may not be used to establish negligence per 

se, we conclude that a finding of no violation of OSHA regulations is similarly inadmissible to 

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04-12-00712-CV

exculpate a defendant. See id. at *4-6 (holding trial court did not err in excluding OSHA evidence, 

including OSHA regulations, OSHA administrative records, and OSHA fines and citations because 

evidence was irrelevant to issue of common law negligence); see also Carrillo, 2005 WL 2848190, 

at *2-3 (trial court did not abuse its discretion in excluding letter written by OSHA investigator to 

plaintiff’s employer regarding accident and declaring that no citation would issue); Behanan v. 

Desco Distrib. Co., 98 Ohio App.3d 23, 647 N.E.2d 830, 831-32 (1994) (holding trial court did 

not err in refusing to admit inspection and safety records compiled by OSHA because use of OSHA 

regulations to establish that product was unreasonably dangerous is improper; OSHA should not 

provide a basis for civil liability). 

Nonetheless, Smart argues that Perez opened the door to the OSHA file as rebuttal evidence 

when he presented evidence, through his liability expert, of alleged OSHA violations. We 

disagree. As discussed above, while evidence of OSHA regulations is admissible and relevant to 

the standards of conduct that should have been employed by a defendant, evidence of OSHA 

findings or citations is not relevant to the issue of negligence and is therefore inadmissible. See 

Hill, 2006 WL 2506403, at *4-6. Further, we disagree that Holland’s testimony “opened the door” 

to the admission of the OSHA file. Holland did not testify, as Smart avers, that Smart actually 

committed violations of OSHA regulations. To the contrary, prior to the introduction of the OSHA 

file, Holland merely testified that it was inappropriate under OSHA standards to use a ladder for a 

painting job over 40 feet high. Holland specifically declined to answer whether Smart committed 

OSHA violations. Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court abused its discretion in admitting 

the OSHA file. 

Having found error, we must now conduct a harm analysis to determine whether the error 

resulted in the rendition of an improper judgment. Even when an evidentiary ruling is erroneous, 

we will not reverse unless the ruling probably caused rendition of an improper judgment. TEX. R.

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04-12-00712-CV

APP. P. 44.1(a); Nissan Motor, 145 S.W.3d at 144. In determining whether the error was harmful, 

we review the entire record and require the complaining party to demonstrate that the judgment 

turns on the particular evidence admitted. McShane, 239 S.W.3d at 234; Nissan Motor, 145 

S.W.3d at 144; see also Serv. Corp. Int’l v. Guerra, 348 S.W.3d 221, 236 (Tex. 2011) (reviewing 

court evaluates the entire case from voir dire to closing argument, considering the evidence, 

strengths and weaknesses of the case, and the verdict). We also consider whether counsel 

emphasized the erroneous evidence and whether the admission of the evidence was calculated or 

inadvertent. Reliance Steel & Aluminum Co. v. Sevcik, 267 S.W.3d 867, 874 (Tex. 2008); Nissan 

Motor, 145 S.W.3d at 144 (“[W]hether erroneous admission is harmful is more a matter of 

judgment than precise measurement.”). “[I]t is not necessary for the complaining party to prove 

that ‘but for’ the exclusion of evidence, a different judgment would necessarily have resulted.” 

McCraw v. Maris, 828 S.W.2d 756, 758 (Tex. 1992). The complaining party must only show “that 

the exclusion of evidence probably resulted in the rendition of an improper judgment.” Id.

In arguing that an improper judgment resulted, Perez asserts that given the narrow 45

percent to 55 percent split of the jury’s apportionment of comparative responsibility, the references 

by Smart to the OSHA file and to OSHA’s finding that Smart did not violate any safety standard 

probably tipped the scale and caused the jury to assign less responsibility for the accident to Smart. 

Essentially, Perez contends that the jury’s apportionment of liability would have been different if 

the OSHA file had not been admitted.

The Evidence at Trial

Ramiro Sandi’s deposition testimony was presented to the jury. Sandi, a Smart employee, 

served as the project manager for the Stoneleigh project. Sandi had worked with Perez for several 

years and offered the Stoneleigh job to him. Sandi was not on-site often, usually no more than an 

hour a day, if at all. Sandi’s main role as project manager was to oversee the amount of paint that 

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04-12-00712-CV

was used. Other than that, Perez was in charge of supervising his painting crew. Sandi affirmed 

that as the subcontractor, Perez was in charge of his safety and the safety of his crew. The 

subcontractor is also responsible for fall protection. Sandi knew that Perez had used fall protection 

in the past, and that he owned a safety harness. Perez never asked Sandi for additional help or 

equipment, nor did Perez say he did not understand how to use the 60-foot extension ladder. Perez 

never indicated to Sandi that it was unsafe to take the Stoneleigh job. 

Perez testified that he had been a painter for about 18 years at the time of the accident and 

was experienced using ladders. Perez owned a 40-foot extension ladder, which works the same 

way as a 60-foot extension ladder. Smart had subcontracted several painting jobs to him in the 

past. When he worked on jobs for Smart, he was in charge of the job. 

When Perez first viewed the Stoneleigh jobsite with Sandi, Sandi told him they could not

use a boom lift on the project because it would not fit. Perez then asked Sandi about using 

scaffolding, but he also said it would not fit and that it was too expensive to rent. Sandi told Perez 

to use a 60-foot ladder with a “32[-foot ladder] tied on top of it.” When Perez told Sandi that was 

too dangerous, Sandi replied, “[d]on’t worry[,] Mexicans can invent a solution to this.” Sandi told 

Perez not to enter the building to access the painting work because people might think he was up 

to something and call the police. Perez testified that despite the dangerous conditions, he accepted 

the job because he had a newborn and he needed the money. 

Perez and three crewmembers worked on the Stoneleigh project for about seven days; the 

accident occurred on the last day. Prior to the accident, Perez admitted he had had no problems 

with the 60-foot ladder. Perez and his three-man crew set up the ladder on the day of the accident. 

Just before Perez’s fall, two workers descended the ladder before Perez. One man went down after 

Perez untied the ladder from the roof vent pipe, but Perez held the ladder at the top while the man 

descended. Perez then untied the rope that was securing the ladder to a metal vent pipe. He began 

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04-12-00712-CV

to descend the ladder with an empty gallon paint can in his left hand, and after taking two or three 

steps, the ladder began to close and he fell. Perez admitted that he did not check to see that the 

ladder was locked before descending. Perez also did not recall seeing warning labels or diagrams 

on the ladder. 

Phillip Garwood, Smart’s vice president and the son-in-law of the company’s owner, 

testified that he delivered the 60-foot ladder to the jobsite for Perez. Garwood knew that Perez

had used a 60-foot extension ladder at a previous Smart project. Smart had previously offered an 

OSHA training session (10-hour safety course) to Perez, but Perez did not attend. According to 

Garwood, a boom lift would not have worked at the Stoneleigh project because there was not 

enough space. Garwood stated that Perez could have had someone hold the ladder at the bottom 

for him after he had untied it at the top. While Garwood was at the Stoneleigh jobsite, Perez 

showed Garwood a safety harness that he had in his truck. Perez, however, disputed this testimony, 

and stated that he did not have a safety harness for the Stoneleigh job. He only used a harness if 

provided one by Smart, and the harness belonged to Smart.

Allan Tolbert, the owner of Smart Companies, testified that he had known Perez for a long 

time. He stated that Perez was a very experienced painter, and described him as intelligent and “a 

good leader.” In Tolbert’s opinion, Perez could have used a 40-foot ladder with an extension pole 

to reach the upper portions of the Stoneleigh building instead of a 60-foot ladder. Tolbert testified 

that it is up to the subcontractor to decide which equipment he needs to do the project. Tolbert did 

not think that scaffolding or a boom lift would have worked on this project. 

Holland, Perez’s liability expert, testified that it was not reasonable to require Perez to use 

the 60-foot ladder to access the roof because perfectly good access was available through the 

interior stairway leading to the roof. Holland additionally found it unreasonable to require Perez 

to climb the 60-foot ladder before he was able to secure the ladder to the rooftop. Moreover, 

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Holland stated Smart did not provide an acceptable means of anchoring the ladder at the top of the 

roof. Holland himself had never used a 60-foot ladder, which he described as very heavy and 

challenging to maneuver, even with the required four-man crew. Holland opined that the accident 

occurred when tension developed in the line between the ladder and the tie off, causing the top 

section of the ladder to pull up and become unlocked. 

The evidence showed that the height of the wall where the ladder was placed was 43 feet 

and two inches. On cross-examination, Holland conceded that OSHA rules were not violated by 

using a 60-foot ladder to reach a height of 43 feet, i.e., to access the roof. But, Holland clarified 

that it was not permissible to use a 60-foot ladder to “do work,” as Perez was doing at the time of 

the fall. 

Dean Bernal, Smart’s liability expert, testified that he was familiar with OSHA regulations 

requiring that a three-point contact be maintained at all times on the ladder, meaning that either 

two hands and one foot, or two feet and one hand, must be on the ladder at all times. He later 

conceded that another body part, such as the chest, can be used to maintain three-point contact 

with the ladder in lieu of a hand or a foot. Bernal opined that Perez fell because he did not have 

the ladder properly set up and did not maintain a three-point contact with the ladder when 

descending the ladder while carrying an empty one-gallon paint can in his left hand. Bernal 

criticized Holland’s report, and disagreed with Holland’s opinion that a ladder over 40 feet should 

not have been used on the project. He stated that the use of a 60-foot ladder was “perfectly 

acceptable.” Bernal knew the OSHA investigator to be a “very thorough” inspector. 

On cross-examination, Bernal admitted that he would not personally use a 60-foot ladder 

on a project such as this one because his company owns a man lift and scaffolding. In fact, Bernal 

conceded that he had never been on a 60-foot ladder; the highest ladder he had been on was a fixed 

44-foot ladder. He agreed that the use of a man lift would have been safe for this project. 

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Dale King, the Werner ladder representative, testified that a ladder that is properly locked 

will not telescope, or slide down. King examined the ladder involved in the accident, and saw 

nothing indicating that the ladder had in fact been telescoped. In the past, when King saw ladders 

that were telescoped, he often observed bends to the ladder rungs or rungs that were pierced by the 

lock tip. King also noted that the ladder from which Perez fell was set up at a much more vertical 

angle than is recommended. King described Perez’s theory of the accident—that the ladder was 

properly locked, then it was pulled up five inches and became unlocked, after which another 

painter successfully descended the ladder before Perez began to descend and the ladder 

telescoped—as “a little farfetched.” King opined that the accident was caused by Perez and his 

failure to follow the bilingual and pictorial warning labels on the ladder. 

At closing, Smart argued that OSHA inspected the incident and issued no citations; 

however, the bulk of its closing argument focused on the evidence of Perez’s alleged negligence. 

Counsel for Smart submitted that Perez was negligent in: (1) failing to lock the ladder in place

before descending it; (2) setting up the ladder; (3) failing to visually inspect the locks before 

descending; (4) descending the ladder with a paint can in one hand; and (5) failing to follow 

pictorial warning labels and diagrams on the ladder. The defense further argued that it was Perez’s 

choice not to use the interior stairs, and that he should have asked if he wanted to use the stairs.

Smart submitted that Perez’s percentage of fault “would be somewhere between the 90 to 100 

percent range.” As far as Smart’s negligence, counsel again emphasized the OSHA report and the 

finding of no violations. Counsel implied that if Smart had done anything to cause or to contribute 

to the accident, OSHA would have found it. 

Perez argued to the jury that Smart was negligent in failing to give him safer alternatives 

to the 60-foot ladder, such as scaffolding or access to the interior stairs. Perez further argued that 

Smart “had him over a barrel” because his son had just been born and he needed the money. 

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Counsel maintained that Perez was not negligent at all. Nonetheless, counsel instructed the jury 

that it did not have to get to damages if it found Perez more than 50 percent responsible. 

Analysis

Our review of the entire record does not support Perez’s assertion that the erroneous 

admission of the OSHA file caused the jury to render an improper verdict by increasing Perez’s 

percentage of responsibility above 50 percent, thereby prohibiting any recovery. See TEX. CIV.

PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 33.001 (West 2008). Ample evidence exists in the record—even 

without considering the OHSA file—from which the jury could have concluded that Perez bore 

more responsibility for the accident than Smart. 

The bulk of the evidence at trial centered on the fact that, as the subcontractor, Perez was 

in charge of his own safety and that of his crewmembers. Perez was an experienced painter who 

had done other projects for Smart using a 60-foot extension ladder. No one from Smart testified 

that Perez had voiced any concerns about using the 60-foot ladder for the Stoneleigh project. Once 

he elected to do the job with the 60-foot ladder, Perez was responsible for exercising proper ladder 

safety. There was testimony that Perez descended the ladder while holding an empty can of paint 

in one hand, preventing him from maintaining a proper three-point contact with the ladder. 

Additionally, given Garwood’s testimony that Perez had a harness in his truck, Perez chose not to 

use a safety harness, as he had done in the past. Moreover, although Perez testified he properly 

set up and locked the ladder on the morning of the accident, he also admitted that did not check to 

see that the ladder was locked before descending from the roof, just prior to the fall. On the last 

day of the seven-day project, two other workers descended the ladder immediately before Perez 

without incident. The ladder did not fall backward, but according to Perez, the top extension 

telescoped down. According to the representative for the ladder manufacturer, the ladder revealed 

no evidence of telescoping, and the accident could not have occurred as Perez described if the 

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ladder was properly locked. Thus, the jury could have determined that Perez’s failure to properly 

lock the ladder heavily contributed to the accident. 

Beyond the fact that there was ample evidence indicating Perez’s responsibility for the 

accident, the OSHA findings were criticized by Perez’s expert. Holland gave “no credence” to the 

OSHA report and noted that the report was completely inaccurate because it stated that Perez used 

a ladder tied together with a second ladder to access a height of 70 feet. The OSHA investigator’s 

finding of no violations made no sense to Holland. Thus, the jury was certainly made aware of the 

OSHA report’s inaccuracies. It is the jury’s role to resolve conflicts in the evidence and to decide 

what weight, if any, to give the evidence. See City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 819-20 

(Tex. 2005). It would be speculative for us to conclude that the jury gave controlling weight to 

the OSHA file, especially considering that the jury found Smart negligent despite evidence that it 

committed no OSHA violations. We therefore conclude that the error in admitting the OSHA file 

did not result in the rendition of an improper judgment and was thus harmless. 

CONCLUSION

Based on the foregoing, we overrule Perez’s sole issue on appeal and affirm the judgment 

of the trial court.

Rebeca C. Martinez, Justice

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