J-A12014-19

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

ERIC URBIETA AND KRISTI URBIETA, IN THE SUPERIOR COURT

OF

PENNSYLVANIA

Appellants

v.

ALL-AMERICAN HOSE, LLC; DAVIS 

STANDARD CORPORATION; HAGERTY 

PRECISION TOOL, INC.; FASTENAL 

COMPANY; ERIE COMMERCE, LLC; 

LEWCO, INC.; LEWCO INTERNATIONAL, 

LLC; PERFORMANCE FIBERS, INC.; 

T/D/B/A DURAFIBER TECHNOLOGIES; 

PERFORMANCE FIBERS OPERATIONS, 

INC., T/D/B/A DURAFIBER 

TECHNOLOGIES; DURAFIBER 

TECHNOLOGIES,

Appellees No. 1224 WDA 2018

Appeal from the Order Entered July 31, 2018

In the Court of Common Pleas of Erie County

Civil Division at No(s): 11413-2015

BEFORE: BENDER, P.J.E., DUBOW, J., and FORD ELLIOTT, P.J.E.

MEMORANDUM BY BENDER, P.J.E.: FILED JULY 26, 2019

Appellants, Eric Urbieta and Kristi Urbieta, appeal from the trial court’s 

July 31, 2018 order, granting summary judgment in favor of Appellees, AllAmerican Hose, LLC (“AAH”); Davis Standard Corporation (“Davis”); Hagerty 

Precision Tool, Inc. (“Hagerty”); Fastenal Company (“Fastenal”); Erie 
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Commerce, LLC;1 Lewco, Inc.; Lewco International, LLC;2 Performance Fibers, 

Inc., t/d/b/a Durafiber Technologies; Performance Fibers Operations, Inc.,

t/d/b/a Durafiber Technologies; and Durafiber Technologies.

3 We affirm. 

The trial court aptly summarized the background of this case as follows:

[Mr.] Urbieta ... suffered a traumatic brain and right shoulder 

injury when he was struck by an industrial hose on May 3, 2013, 

while working at [AAH] as a temporary employee supplied by 

Remedy Intelligent Staffing, Inc. (“Remedy”). At the time of the 

accident, [Mr.] Urbieta was working as a hose “normalizer.” 

Normalization is a quality control process in which high pressure 

steam is injected into the hose, made by [AAH], to test it for leaks. 

[Mr.] Urbieta was responsible for placing an adapter inside one 

end of a hose. He then had to clamp the hose fabric between the 

adapt[e]r and a “bell and cable system.” [Hagerty] manufactured 

the adapt[e]r using [AAH’s] specifications. The bell and cable 

system consisted of various parts, including nuts made by 

[Fastenal]. During testing, the hose was stretched out on a nonmotorized roller table made by [Lewco]. The table was equipped 

with a safety strap designed and installed by [AAH]. 

On the day of the accident, before steam was injected into the 

hose as part of the normalization process, [Mr.] Urbieta was 

tasked with inserting the adapt[e]r into the hose and clamping the 

bell and cable system around [the] adapt[e]r and hose end. [Mr.] 

Urbieta found a stripped screw or bolt on the bell and cable 

system. Instead of obtaining a new screw or bolt, the 

maintenance man, Mike Sammons, drove to [AAH’s] Union City 

[p]lant and retrieved a new bell and cable system. This bell and 

____________________________________________

1 Based on our review of the docket, it appears that a stipulation of voluntary 

discontinuance of Erie Commerce, LLC, with prejudice, was entered on 

December 5, 2016. 

2 We refer to Lewco, Inc., and Lewco International, LLC, collectively as 

“Lewco.” 

3 We refer to Performance Fibers, Inc., t/d/b/a Durafiber Technologies; 

Performance Fibers Operations, Inc., t/d/b/a Durafiber Technologies; and 

Durafiber Technologies collectively as “Durafiber.”
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cable system was smaller than the ones provided at the Erie plant 

because the hoses manufactured in Union City were smaller. It is 

unknown whether [Mr.] Urbieta was aware of the difference in 

sizes. [Mr.] Urbieta affixed the new bell and cable system. The 

hose was filled with pressurized steam and the[n,] suddenly, the 

bell and cable system and the adapt[e]r blew off the end of the 

hose. The hose, powered by the steam coursing through it, 

whipped around striking [Mr.] Urbieta and violently throwing him 

across the room. [Mr.] Urbieta sustained serious injuries. 

Prior to the accident, [Mr.] Urbieta had only been in the 

normalizing position for less than a week. He was a temporary 

employee hired out by Remedy on a “temp-to-hire” basis. 

Remedy reviewed [Mr.] Urbieta’s work history, training and 

educational background and classified him in order to place him 

with an appropriate employer. Remedy forwarded [Mr.] Urbieta’s 

résumé to its client, [AAH], for its consideration. [AAH] selected 

[Mr.] Urbieta, among others, to work in its Erie plant. [Mr.] 

Urbieta reported directly to [AAH] each work day. No one from 

Remedy accompanied new hires to [AAH]. No one from Remedy 

was present at the [AAH] job site. [Mr.] Urbieta received all work 

assigned for [AAH]. [Mr.] Urbieta began his employment at [AAH] 

doing maintenance work. On approximately April 25, 2013, [AAH] 

assigned [Mr.] Urbieta to work as a hose normalizer. He was 

trained and directed on how to do the job solely by representatives 

of [AAH]. [AAH] provided [Mr.] Urbieta with all equipment 

necessary for the job including gloves, eye protection, hearing 

protection and tools. [AHH] had the power to promote or reject 

[Mr.] Urbieta as an employee. If unsatisfied with [Mr.] Urbieta’s 

work, [AAH] could return him to Remedy. [AAH] also had the 

power to hire [Mr.] Urbieta to full[-]time status. 

Procedurally, [the Urbietas] initially brought suit against [AAH] 

only[] at Docket No. 10646-2015. They subsequently filed a 

second lawsuit against [AAH] and the other [Appellees] at the 

above[-]noted Docket No. 11413-2015. Pursuant to a stipulation 

with [AAH], [the Urbietas] elected to abandon the action at Docket 

No. 10646-2015 in favor of pursuing this case. [The Urbietas’] 

claims sound in negligence, strict liability, breach of warranty, and 

loss of consortium. [The Urbietas] have filed two expert reports 

with their pretrial narratives. Discovery is now closed and each 

[remaining Appellee] has filed a Motion for Summary Judgment. 

[]Hagerty joined in [the Urbietas’] Responses in Opposition to 

[AAH]’s Motion for Summary Judgment under the theory that the 
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adapt[e]r Hagerty manufactured was designed by [AAH] and 

subsequently altered by [AAH].

***

[AAH] investigated the accident and did not find that any of the 

component parts of the normalization process had failed. The bell 

and cable system was still secured together and the nuts were still 

fastened to the bolts. Rather, [AAH] found that the adapter and 

bell and cable system had slipped off the end of the hose. [AAH] 

concluded that the wrong sized bell and cable system was 

obtained by another [AAH] employee and erroneously provided to 

[Mr.] Urbieta. [AAH] also concluded that [Mr.] Urbieta did not 

affix the seat belt type strap used to secure the hose to the table 

and that [Mr.] Urbieta failed to properly secure the bell and cable 

system around the hose and adapt[e]r assembly. 

[The Urbietas’] experts, James L. Glancey, Ph.D.[,] and Jack R. 

Vinson, Ph.D., submitted two expert reports: (1) Engineering 

Letter Report, June 20, 2017; and (2) Supplemental Engineering 

Report, August 10, 2017. [The Urbietas’] experts conclude that, 

“[b]y all accounts, the [b]ell and [c]able system that was used to 

secure the normalizing hardware to the hose failed.” In their June 

20, 2017 report, [the Urbietas’] experts identify specific 

shortcomings of Lewco, the manufacturer of the non-motorized 

table, and Fastenal, the maker of the nuts used to secure the bell 

and cable system together. In their August 10, 2017 report, [the 

Urbietas’] experts also cite specific shortcomings on the part of 

Hagerty, the manufacturer of the adapt[e]r.

[The Urbietas’] experts do not mention [Davis], the manufacturer 

of the extruder machine that applied a coating to the hose, nor do 

[the Urbietas] mention ... Durafiber..., manufacturers of the 

yarn/fibers used to construct the hose. Furthermore, [the 

Urbietas’] experts do not make any findings that implicate the 

hose, its fibers, or its coating as contributing factors or sources of 

the accident.

Trial Court Opinion (“TCO”), 7/31/2018, at 2-5 (footnote and internal citations 

omitted). 

As mentioned by the trial court, AAH, Davis, Hagerty, Fastenal, Lewco, 

and Durafiber each filed a motion for summary judgment. On July 31, 2018, 
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the trial court issued an opinion and order, granting summary judgment in 

favor of each of these Appellees. That same day, it entered judgment 

accordingly. On August 27, 2018, the Urbietas filed a timely notice of appeal. 

The trial court directed the Urbietas to file a Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) concise 

statement of errors complained of on appeal, and they timely complied. In 

their Rule 1925(b) statement, the Urbietas asserted errors pertaining to only 

Hagerty and Lewco. Consequently, on November 26, 2018, AAH, Davis, 

Fastenal, and Durafiber filed an application for relief with this Court, 

requesting that we dismiss them from the appeal because there was no appeal 

or claimed error involving them before us. On December 10, 2018, this Court 

entered a per curiam order, dismissing the appeal as to those parties. 

Presently, the Urbietas raise the following issues for our review:

1. Did the trial court err in finding that [the Urbietas] failed to 

produce evidence that Hagerty’s adapter failed?

2. Did the trial court err by deciding issues of fact in holding that 

[Lewco was] not aware of the use of its table in the normalization 

process and therefore was not required to affix proper warnings?

3. Did the trial court err by deciding issues of fact in holding that 

[Lewco was] not required to supply proper guards for its tables?

Urbietas’ Brief at 4. 

At the outset, we acknowledge our standard of review for orders 

granting summary judgment:

It is well settled that summary judgment is appropriate only in 

those cases where the record clearly demonstrates that there is 

no genuine issue of material fact and that the moving party is 

entitled to judgment as a matter of law. In ruling on such a 

motion, the trial court must take all facts of record and reasonable 

inferences therefrom in a light most favorable to the non-moving 
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party and resolve all doubts as to the existence of a genuine issue 

of material fact against the moving party. Where the non-moving 

party bears the burden of proof on an issue, he may not merely 

rely on his pleadings or answers in order to survive summary 

judgment. [F]ailure of a non-moving party to adduce sufficient 

evidence on an issue essential to his case and on which he bears 

the burden of proof establishes the entitlement of the moving 

party to judgment as a matter of law. Thus, a proper grant of 

summary judgment depends upon an evidentiary record that 

either (1) shows the material facts are undisputed or (2) contains 

insufficient facts to make out a prima facie cause of action or 

defense.

On appeal, this Court

may reverse a grant of summary judgment if there has been 

an error of law or an abuse of discretion. But the issue as 

to whether there are no genuine issues as to any material 

fact presents a question of law, and therefore, on that 

question our standard of review is de novo. This means we 

need not defer to the determinations made by the lower 

tribunals.

To the extent that this Court must resolve a question of law, we 

shall review the grant of summary judgment in the context of the 

entire record.

Thus, our responsibility as an appellate court is to determine 

whether the record either establishes that the material facts 

are undisputed or contains insufficient evidence of facts to 

make out a prima facie cause of action, such that there is 

no issue to be decided by the fact-finder. If there is 

evidence that would allow a fact-finder to render a verdict 

in favor of the non-moving party, then summary judgment 

should be denied.

Dunlap v. Federal Signal Corp., 194 A.3d 1067, 1069-70 (Pa. Super. 2018) 

(footnote, internal quotation marks, and internal citations omitted). 

In their first issue, the Urbietas argue that the trial court erred by finding 

as a matter of law that they failed to produce evidence that Hagerty’s adapter

failed. See Urbietas’ Brief at 18. They explain that they produced expert 
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reports wherein their experts identified multiple defects in the drawings used

by Hagerty to machine the adapter. Id. at 16. The Urbietas claim that, 

“[d]espite these deficiencies, Hagerty failed to contact [AAH] before 

machining a final product, and ultimately produced a defective product.” Id. 

According to the Urbietas, “[t]he defect in the final product materially 

contributed to the adapter failing and injuring Mr. Urbieta.” Id. Thus, they 

assert that Hagerty defectively designed the adapter and should be liable 

under Section 402A of the Restatement (Second) of Torts. Id. at 18-20. 

Our Supreme Court has stated that Pennsylvania “remains a Second 

Restatement jurisdiction....” Tincher v. Omega Flex, Inc., 104 A.3d 328,

400 (Pa. 2014).

4

 Section 402A of the Second Restatement provides:

(1) One who sells any product in a defective condition 

unreasonably dangerous to the user or consumer or to his 

property is subject to liability for physical harm thereby caused to 

the ultimate user or consumer, or to his property, if

(a) the seller is engaged in the business of selling such a 

product, and

(b) it is expected to and does reach the user or consumer 

without substantial change in the condition in which it is 

sold.

(2) The rule stated in Subsection (1) applies although

(a) the seller has exercised all possible care in the 

preparation and sale of his product, and

(b) the user or consumer has not bought the product from 

or entered into any contractual relation with the seller.

____________________________________________

4 Our Supreme Court cautioned us, however, that “[t]he language of a 

restatement ... is not necessarily susceptible to ‘statutory’-type construction 

or parsing.” Id. at 401. 
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Restatement (2D) of Torts § 402A (1965). 

This Court has explained that:

To prevail in an action under [S]ection 402A, the plaintiff must 

prove that the product was defective, the defect existed when it 

left the defendant’s hands, and the defect caused the harm. The 

threshold inquiry in all products liability cases is whether there is 

a defect. This threshold

can be crossed ... either by proving a breakdown in the 

machine or a component thereof, traditionally known as a 

manufacturing defect; or in cases where there is no 

breakdown, by proving that the design of the machine 

results in an unreasonably dangerous product, traditionally 

known as a design defect.

A third doctrine recognized under [S]ection 402A is the “failureto-warn” theory, under which the plaintiff may recover for the 

defendant’s failure to provide adequate instructions to the user on 

how to use the product as the product was designed. To succeed 

on a claim of inadequate or lack of warning, a plaintiff must prove 

that the lack of warning rendered the product unreasonably 

dangerous and that it was the proximate cause of the injury.

Barton v. Lowe’s Home Centers, Inc., 124 A.3d 349, 354-55 (Pa. Super. 

2015) (internal citations and some quotation marks omitted).

With respect to Hagerty, the Urbietas only challenge the trial court’s 

granting of summary judgment in favor of Hagerty on their defective design 

claim against it. See Urbietas’ Brief at 18-20. For design defects, 

[t]he plaintiff may prove defective condition by showing either 

that (1) the danger is unknowable and unacceptable to the 

average or ordinary consumer, or that (2) a reasonable person 

would conclude that the probability and seriousness of harm 

caused by the product outweigh the burden or costs of taking 

precautions. The burden of production and persuasion is by a 

preponderance of the evidence.

... Whether a product is in a defective condition is a question of 

fact ordinarily submitted for determination to the finder of fact; 
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the question is removed from the jury’s consideration only where 

it is clear that reasonable minds could not differ on the issue.

Tincher, 104 A.3d at 335.

In granting summary judgment in favor of Hagerty, the trial court 

explained:

Hagerty is a tool and die business that manufactured the adapt[e]r 

used to cap the end of the hose. Hagerty machined the adapt[e]r 

to the precise specifications provided by [AAH]. In their August 

10, 2017 report, [the Urbietas’] experts note that they reviewed 

the mechanical drawings provided by [AAH] to Hagerty. Based on 

their review of the drawings, [the Urbietas’] experts opine that the 

drawings are defective in that: (1) there is a missing dimension in 

the drawing[;] (2) there is an improper call out for a [threaded] 

hole[;] (3) there is no specification for surface finish; and (4) 

Hagerty used a different steel alloy than specified by the drawings. 

However, [the Urbietas’] experts do NOT say that any of the 

imperfections in the drawings actually caused the adapt[e]r to fail. 

On the contrary, they specify that it was the “Bell and Cable 

System” used to secure the normalizing hardware (i.e.[,] the 

adapt[e]r) to the hose that failed. Consequently, [the Urbietas’] 

claims against Hagerty, based on negligence, products liability, 

and warranty theories all fail for lack of any evidence evincing 

proximate cause.

TCO at 14 (emphasis in original). 

We agree with the trial court. While the Urbietas do not contest that 

evidence of proximate cause is required, they fail to point to specific evidence 

establishing that any purported defect in the adapter caused Mr. Urbieta’s 

harm. Specifically, with respect to causation, the Urbietas argue:

The [June 20, 2017] Engineering Letter Report does note that the 

bell and cable system used to secure the normalizing hardware, 

including the at[-]issue adapter, failed. R.R. 1403. However, 

there is nothing in the June 20, 2017 Report that exculpates ... 

Hagerty from liability in this matter. Rather, a fair reading of the 

June 20, 2017 Report and August 10, 2017 Supplemental Report, 

reveals that the issues identified in the Supplemental Report 
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caused or contributed to [the] overall failure of the bell and cable 

system and Mr. Urbieta’s injuries. 

Urbietas’ Brief at 22-23. Problematically, the Urbietas do not cite to where 

their experts opined that the purported defects in the adapter caused or 

contributed to the overall failure of the bell and cable system and Mr. Urbieta’s 

harm, nor do they develop an argument — with citations to specific evidence 

— to otherwise support this proposition. As Hagerty persuasively discerns, 

“[t]here exists no genuine issue of material fact for a jury to decide. Nowhere 

in either of [the] Urbietas’ expert reports does the expert say that Hagerty’s 

adapter caused [Mr.] Urbieta’s accident. Reasonable minds cannot differ. 

Summary judgment was appropriate.” Hagerty’s Brief at 11. We concur. 

Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court did not err in entering summary 

judgment in favor of Hagerty on this basis. 

In their second issue, the Urbietas advance that the trial court “erred by 

deciding issues of fact in holding that [Lewco] was not aware of the use of its 

table in the normalization process and therefore was not required to affix 

proper warnings.” Urbietas’ Brief at 24 (unnecessary emphasis omitted). 

They contend that Lewco “had a legal duty to warn of dangerous propensities 

of [its] products, a legal duty that [Lewco has] made impossible to fulfill based 

on their online ordering system,” and aver that Lewco failed to provide 

warnings “regarding the amount of weight or force that could be exerted on 
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the machine, despite sufficient knowledge to do so.” Id. at 28.5 They argue 

that “[a] portion of the conveyor supplied by Lewco ... was functionally 

destroyed during the incident which injured [Mr. Urbieta],” and claim that 

“[t]he combined weight and force exerted by the hose exceeded the conveyor 

table’s physical capabilities and ultimately caused the conveyor table to fail. 

If that at[-]issue conveyor table did not totally break down during the at[-

]issue incident, [Mr. Urbieta] would not have been injured.” Id. at 27, 28. 

Thus, the Urbietas advance that Lewco was negligent in failing to warn users 

of the recommended weight and force to be exerted on the table. See id. at 

24, 26-27. 

It is well established that:

Negligence is the absence of ordinary care that a reasonably 

prudent person would exercise in the same or similar 

circumstances. To prove a negligence claim, the plaintiff must 

prove the following four elements: (1) a legally recognized duty 

____________________________________________

5 By way of background, with respect to Lewco’s online ordering system, the 

Urbietas explain that Lewco’s online configurator “allowed customers to input 

necessary parameters for a required conveyor, such as the length, width, 

roller diameters, roll centers, light support, elevations[,] and other pertinent 

information, and the configurator would generate a quote with options for the 

customer.” Urbietas’ Brief at 9. However, they say that “a customer is unable 

to enter information about an end user’s application in which the conveyor 

would be used.” Id. Moreover, the Urbietas note that Lewco does not “sell 

[its] products directly to end users. Rather, [its] products are sold only to 

resellers....” Id. As a result, the Urbietas assert that Lewco purposely avoids 

learning of how their conveyors will be used. See id. at 24 (“It is clear [that]

... Lewco [is] attempting to escape liability for [its] products by[] 1) selling 

[its] products through a third party, and 2) designing and running an online 

configurator that protects them from knowledge they would need to warn 

those who would come into contact with their products.”). 
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that the defendant conform to a standard of care; (2) the 

defendant breached that duty; (3) causation between the conduct 

and the resulting injury; and (4) actual damage to the plaintiff.

Zimmerman v. Alexander Andrew, Inc., 189 A.3d 447, 452-53 (Pa. Super. 

2018) (internal citations and quotation marks omitted). 

Initially, the Urbietas do not adequately develop an argument to 

demonstrate that Lewco had a duty to warn AAH of the table’s weight and 

force limitations.

6

 To support that Lewco had a duty, the Urbietas cite to two 

cases for seemingly general propositions, but fail to discuss those cases and

analyze them in light of the circumstances in the case sub judice. See 

____________________________________________

6 We note that the trial court did not examine whether Lewco was negligent 

in failing to warn AAH of the weight/force capacity of the conveyor table, but 

instead focused its analysis on whether Lewco was negligent for failing to warn 

AAH not to use the table without guarding. See TCO at 11, 13; see also 

Urbietas’ Brief in Opposition to Lewco’s Motion for Summary Judgment, dated 

6/11/2017, at 9 (“There was no warning or instruction on the at[-]issue 

conveyor belt system which informed users of the recommended weight and 

force to be exerted on the machine, a warning that, if present, would have 

shifted liability to the user for using the conveyor belt against Lewco’s 

warnings and instructions.”). Nevertheless, that the trial court did not 

specifically address this argument does not preclude our review because “we 

can look to the record to ascertain the reasons for the order.” 

Commonwealth v. Hood, 872 A.2d 175, 178 (Pa. Super. 2005) (citation 

omitted). We surmise that the trial court did not address it in light of the 

Urbietas’ expert report, which proffers opinions on the conveyor table’s guards 

and safety features, but not its weight/force capabilities. See TCO at 8 

(determining that expert testimony is required in this case because “the cause 

of this accident is not within the ability of the average person of ordinary 

intelligence to determine on their own”). Despite the content of their expert 

report, the Urbietas do not raise a negligent failure to warn argument 

pertaining to guarding on appeal, and therefore we do not address it. See 

Urbietas’ Brief at 24-28 (making argument that Lewco was negligent for failing 

to warn of the amount of weight or force that could be exerted on the conveyor 

table). 
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Urbietas’ Brief at 24.7 We decline to perform that analysis for them. See 

Pa.R.A.P. 2119(a) (“The argument shall be ... followed by such discussion and 

citation of authorities as are deemed pertinent.”); Commonwealth v. Hardy, 

918 A.2d 766, 771 (Pa. Super. 2007) (“[I]t is an appellant’s duty to present 

arguments that are sufficiently developed for our review. The brief must 

support the claims with pertinent discussion, with references to the record and 

with citations to legal authorities. Citations to authorities must articulate the 

principles for which they are cited.”) (citations omitted). 

Furthermore, setting aside that the Urbietas failed to establish that 

Lewco had a duty to warn, the Urbietas also failed to prove that the lack of 

warnings regarding the weight/force capacity of the table proximately caused 

Mr. Urbieta’s injuries. In their brief, the Urbietas state that if the table did not 

break down during the incident, Mr. Urbieta would not have been injured. 

Urbietas’ Brief at 28. However, they provide no citation to record evidence, 

particularly their expert reports, to support this proposition. See Pa.R.A.P. 

2119(c) (“If reference is made to the ... evidence ... or any other matter 

appearing in the record, the argument must set forth, in immediate connection 

therewith, or in a footnote thereto, a reference to the place in the record where 

____________________________________________

7 We note that one of these cases — Harsh v. Petroll, 840 A.2d 404, 415 

(Pa. Cmwlth. 2003) — is a decision from the Commonwealth Court, which is 

not binding on this Court. See In re Barnes Found., 74 A.3d 129, 134 n.2 

(Pa. Super. 2013) (citation omitted). Additionally, the other citation provided 

by the Urbietas is to a portion of a dissenting opinion from a Supreme Court 

case. See Urbietas’ Brief at 24 (citing Sherk v. Daisy-Hedon, A. Div. of 

Victor Comptometer Corp., 450 A.2d 615, 626 (Pa. 1982)). 
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the matter referred to appears....”); see also TCO at 8 (noting that expert 

testimony is necessary in the case at bar because “the cause of this accident 

is not within the ability of the average person of ordinary intelligence to 

determine on their own”); Lewco’s Brief at 10 (“The facts of this case revealed 

that ... Lewco[’s] actions relative to the sale of the conveyor were not the 

proximate cause of [Mr. Urbieta’s] injuries. ... [The Urbietas have] not 

produced an expert report to support any other conclusion.”). Our own review 

of the Urbietas’ expert report shows that their experts rendered opinions on

Lewco’s failure to provide or recommend a guarding system, not its failure to 

warn AAH of the weight/force capacity of the table. Thus, we conclude that 

the Urbietas did not demonstrate that Lewco’s failure to warn AAH of the 

table’s weight/force capacity proximately caused Mr. Urbieta’s injuries. See 

Sherk, 450 A.2d at 617 (determining that the evidence presented precluded 

a finding that the allegedly inadequate warnings caused the harm). 

Accordingly, the trial court did not err in entering summary judgment in favor 

of Lewco on this basis. 

In their final issue, the Urbietas claim that the trial court erred by 

deciding that Lewco was not required to supply proper guards for its tables. 

Urbietas’ Brief at 28. By not supplying guarding, the Urbietas argue that 

Lewco provided a defective conveyor table. See id. at 33. In advancing this 

argument, the only case reference they provide is to Tincher, which they 

briefly point to for the principle that “a product is in a defective condition if ‘a 

reasonable person would conclude that the probability and seriousness of 
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harm caused by the product outweigh the burden or costs of taking 

precautions.’” Id. at 29 (quoting Tincher, 104 A.3d at 335). Relying on this 

tenet, they contend that “the probability and seriousness of harm caused by 

an unguarded conveyor plainly outweighs the burden or costs of taking 

precautions, such as providing or recommending guarding.” Id. at 31. In 

support, they explain that “it cannot be claimed that there is [an] 

unreasonable burden [on Lewco] in recommending guarding for its conveyors, 

especially when the same is recommended on a daily basis. Nor can Lewco ... 

claim the cost of recommending or supplying guarding would be prohibitive, 

especially where [it is] the seller[] of the product and could expect the 

customer to reasonably pay for the additional guarding to the conveyor table.” 

Id. at 32 (citing deposition testimony of Lewco’s corporate designee wherein 

he represented that he recommends guarding on a daily basis). 

We deem this argument waived. “[A]rguments not raised initially before 

the trial court in opposition to summary judgment cannot be raised for the 

first time on appeal.” Krentz v. Consolidated Rail Corp., 910 A.2d 20, 37 

(Pa. 2006) (citations omitted). This rule “is consistent with our Supreme 

Court’s efforts to promote finality, and effectuates the clear mandate of our 

appellate rules requiring presentation of all grounds for relief to the trial court 

as a predicate for appellate review.” Id. (citation and quotation marks 

omitted). Here, in their response to Lewco’s summary judgment motion, the 

Urbietas did not argue that the probability and seriousness of the harm caused 

by an unguarded conveyor outweigh the burden or costs of taking precautions. 
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They also did not raise therein that, because Lewco recommends guarding on 

a daily basis, it would not be burdensome for it to do so. Likewise, they did 

not aver in their response that it would not be cost-prohibitive for Lewco to 

supply guarding, as users would bear the cost of buying the additional 

guarding from Lewco. Rather, the Urbietas countered Lewco’s motion for 

summary judgment by arguing that Lewco was strictly liable because the 

conveyor table purportedly lacked the strength to hold the weight and force 

of the hose. See Urbietas’ Brief in Opposition to Lewco’s Motion for Summary 

Judgment, dated 6/11/2017, at 10-14.8 We will not permit the Urbietas to 

raise new arguments on appeal. Accordingly, based on the foregoing, we 

affirm the trial court’s granting summary judgment in favor of Lewco.

Order affirmed. 

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 7/26/2019

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8 The Urbietas also do not examine and discuss other design defect cases that 

have applied a risk-utility analysis. See Hardy, supra. Given the relatively 

recent changes to products liability law in Pennsylvania, as well as the 

complexity of this area of the law, more than a generic, meager cite to 

Tincher is warranted.