PUBLISH 

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

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No. 97-2116

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D. C. Docket Nos. 90-CV-30209 LAC

 90-CV-30210 LAC

FRANCES W. HORTON,

Plaintiff-AppelleeCross-Appellant,

versus

RELIANCE STANDARD LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY,

PROVIDENT LIFE AND ACCIDENT INSURANCE COMPANY,

Defendants-AppellantsCross-Appellees,

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FRANCES W. HORTON.

Plaintiff-AppelleeCross-Appellant,

versus

PROVIDENT LIFE AND ACCIDENT INSURANCE

COMPANY,

Defendant-AppellantCross-Appellee.
2

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Appeals from the United States District Court

for the Northern District of Florida

 

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(May 20, 1998)

Before EDMONDSON and BIRCH, Circuit Judges, and FAY, Senior Circuit Judge.

PER CURIAM:

This appeal involves the Employee Retirement Income

Security Act (ERISA). Defendants-Appellants appeal from the

district court’s judgment in favor of plaintiff-appellee,

declaring that plaintiff is entitled to receive benefits under

two insurance policies indemnifying the life of her husband. We

chiefly conclude that, when the evidence is inconclusive as to

whether the deceased died by accidental or intentional means,
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Because we affirm, plaintiff’s cross-appeal about the district

court’s exclusion of certain evidence is moot. 

3

use of the legal presumptions against suicide and in favor of

accidental death are appropriate. These presumptions are

properly part of the pertinent federal common law; and we

affirm.1

I.

These consolidated cases involve benefit claims arising out

of an in-flight fire and airplane crash that killed Jacob Horton

and two pilots. Jacob Horton was insured through his employer

by a Reliance Standard Life Insurance Company accidental
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death policy and a Provident Life & Accident Insurance Company

business travel accident policy. Plaintiff Frances Horton, widow

of Jacob Horton, sued Reliance and Provident to recover benefits

from the two policies in the amounts of $300,376 and $300,000

respectively. Defendants-Appellants dispute that Mr. Horton’s

death was accidental and deny their obligation to provide

benefits to Mrs. Horton. 

 II.
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We review findings of fact made by the district court for

clear error, Anderson v. Bessemer City, 470 U.S. 564, 573 (1985),

and conclusions of law de novo, In re Sublett, 895 F.2d 1381, 1383

(11th Cir. 1990).

A. The Insurance Policies at Issue.

Mrs. Horton’s claim against the defendant insurance

companies is brought under section 1132 (a)(1)(B) of ERISA. This

section allows a “participant or beneficiary” to bring a civil

action “to recover benefits due to him under the terms of his
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plan, to enforce his rights under the terms of the plan, or to

clarify his rights to future benefits under the terms of the plan

. . . .” 29 U.S.C.A. § 1132(a)(1)(B). A plaintiff suing under this

provision bears the burden of proving his entitlement to

contractual benefits. See Farley v. Benefit Trust Life Ins. Co.,

979 F.2d 653, 658 (8th Cir. 1992). But, if the insurer claims that

a specific policy exclusion applies to deny the insured benefits,

the insurer generally must prove the exclusion prevents

coverage. Farley, 979 F.2d at 658. 

Though the coverage provisions of the two policies are

worded differently, in substance they are identical. The
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Provident policy covers any “injury” sustained while Mr. Horton

was on company business. The policy defines “injury” as an

“[a]ccidental bodily injury which: (i) is direct and independent of

any other cause . . . .” The Reliance policy also requires Mr. Horton

to be on company business and pays benefits for any loss

“resulting directly and independently of all other causes from

bodily injury caused by accident occurring while this Policy is in

force.” Both policies contain exclusions for suicide.

Mr. Horton’s death will come within the terms of the

insurance policies unless (1) he was not engaged in the business

of his employer at the time of the crash; or (2) the crash was
 2

We conclude that the district court’s finding that Mr. Horton

was on company business at the time of the incident is not

clearly erroneous and does not warrant further discussion.

 3Because the district court concluded that the evidence did not

favor one theory over the other, it decided that the

presumptions were outcome-determinative. 

For the sake of discussion only, we assume -- as the

insurance companies encourage us to do -- that plaintiff had

the burden of persuasion.

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not accidental. The parties contest both of these issues;2 but the

latter issue is the focus of this opinion.

B. Whether the Legal Presumptions Were Applicable.

Defendants argue that the district court erred when it used

legal presumptions to decide the case.3

 The district court stated
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that these kinds of presumptions could be incorporated into

ERISA as federal common law; and we agree.

Although it is a “comprehensive and reticulated statute,”

Nachman Corp. v. Pension Benefit Guar. Corp., 446 U.S. 359,

361 (1980), ERISA’s text is silent on these presumptions.

Courts have the authority “to develop a body of federal

common law to govern issues in ERISA actions not covered by

the act itself.” Kane v. Aetna Life Ins., 893 F.2d 1283, 1285 (11th

Cir. 1990). When crafting a body of common law, federal courts

may look to state law as a model because of the states’ greater

experience in interpreting insurance contracts and resolving

coverage disputes. 

To decide whether a particular rule should become part of

ERISA’s common law, courts must examine whether the rule,

if adopted, would further ERISA’s scheme and goals.

Nachwalter v. Christie, 805 F.2d 956, 960 (11th Cir. 1986). ERISA
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has two central goals: (1) protection of the interests of

employees and their beneficiaries in employee benefit plans,

id.; and (2) uniformity in the administration of employee benefit

plans, Smith v. Jefferson Pilot Life Ins. Co., 14 F.3d 562, 570-71

(11th Cir. 1994). 

Both the negative presumption against suicide and the

affirmative presumption of accidental death further ERISA’s

goals. The presumptions provide courts and juries with uniform

rules to resolve coverage questions where the evidence of how the

insured died is inconclusive. The presumptions favor the

protection of the interests of beneficiaries over those of

insurance companies, but this bias is not arbitrary: it is
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grounded in tested observations of human behavior and in

American legal history. 

 A majority of states recognizes the presumptions

against suicide and in favor of accidental death but treat them

as rebuttable. See 31A C.J.S. Evidence §183, at 362-65 (1996);

Couch on Insurance, §138:66 (3d ed. 1997). When Congress enacted

ERISA, it was not writing on a clean slate. See Goodyear

Atomic Corp. v. Miller, 486 U.S. 174, 184-85 (1988). “Congress is

understood to legislate against a background of common-law

adjudicatory principles. . . . Thus, where a common-law principle

is well established . . . the courts may take it as given that
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Congress has legislated with an expectation that the principle

will apply except when a statutory purpose to the contrary is

evident.” Astoria Fed. Sav. and Loan Ass’n v. Solimino, 501 U.S.

104, 108 (1991) (internal quotation omitted). Common law has

existed in the United States and England for hundreds of years,

and part of that law is that suicide will not be presumed. See 31A

C.J.S. Evidence §183, at 362-65; Couch on Insurance, §138:66.

This presumption was important because suicide was viewed

as “a species of crime or wickedness -- something wrong; a kind

of self murder.” Life Ass’n of America v. Waller, 57 Ga. 533, 536

(1876). One earthly reason that an unexplained death was
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historically not counted as a suicide was the law’s harsh impact

on the deceased’s family and heirs, that is, the innocent. Suicide,

a “felo de se,” was a felony at common law, punishable by

forfeiture of the goods and chattels of the offender. Stiles v.

Clifton Springs Sanitarium Co., 74 F. Supp. 907, 909 (W.D.N.Y.

1947); 83 C.J.S. Suicide §§1-2 (1953). We are not persuaded that

Congress, by enacting ERISA, meant to change the established,

basic presumptions on the subject of accidental death. It still

makes sense not to deprive innocent heirs (here Mrs. Horton)

without sufficient evidence of suicide.
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The presumptions never drop out of the case until the factfinder becomes convinced, given all the evidence, that it is more

likely than not that Mr. Horton committed suicide. Defendants’

evidence about suicide was not so strong that every reasonable

fact-finder would have had to find the death to be a suicide. And,

the trial judge -- the fact-finder in this case -- was not persuaded

by defendants’ evidence: “All of the speculation about the

arson/suicide theory is just that, speculation. Much of the

evidence supporting this theory is incredible. All of it, credible

or not, yields no conclusive answer.” Therefore, the district
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court’s finding of ultimate fact that Mr. Horton’s death was

accidental must be affirmed.

AFFIRMED.