OFFICE OF CHEMICAL SAFETY AND POLLUTION PREVENTION 

PC Code: 051505 

DP Barcodes: 421678, 422714 

Date: September 26, 2014 

MEMORANDUM 

Subject: 

To: 

From: 

Addendum to 2,4-D Choline Salt Section 3 Risk assessment: Refined Endangered 

SpeCies Assessment for Proposed New Uses on Herbicide-Tolerant Corn and Soybean for AR, KS, LA, MN, MS, MO, NE, ND, OK, TN 

Emily Schmid, Risk Manager Reviewer 

Kathryn Montague, Product Manager Team 23 

Dan Kenny, Branch Chief 

Herbicide Branch Pesticide Registration Division (7505P) 

Office of Pesticide Programs 

Edward Odenkirchen, Ph.D., Senior Science 

Meghan Radtke, Ph.D., Biologist Assfssment Process eader) 

Sujatha Sankula, Ph.D., Branch Chief 1 w\ q \..l--b\ 

Environmental Risk Branch 1 .............. Environmental Fate and Effects Division (7507P) 

Office of Pesticide Programs 

The Environmental Fate and Effects Division (EFED) issued a screening level risk assessment 

for a Federal action involving proposed new uses of the 2,4-D choline salt on herbicide-tolerant 

corn and soybean in January, 2013 (DP 400223, 400230, 400234, 400237, 405028, 405812); an 

amendment to the assessment was issued on June, 2013 (DP 411614). This document considers 

the screening risk assessment, mammalian effects endpoint characterization in DP 418022 and 

additional information supplied by the registrant (principally species habitat information 

assembled as part of a listed species effects assessment document summarized in DP 421678) 

and addresses the listed species found in 10 states: Arkansas, Kansas, Louisiana, Minnesota, 

Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Oklahoma, and Tennessee (AR, KS, LA, MN, 
concerns could not be excluded for mammals (acute and chronic); birds, reptiles, and terrestrialphase amphibians (acute); and terrestrial plants. Indirect effect risk concerns for all taxa were 

possible for any species that have dependencies (e.g., food, shelter, and habitat) on mammals, 

birds, reptiles, terrestrial-phase amphibians, or terrestrial plants. 

The purpose of this addendum is to conduct an effects determination for all federally listed 

species expected to exist within the action area proposed for this registration of2,4-D choline 

salt for use on corn or soy in AR, KS, LA, MN, MS, MO, NE, ND, OK, and TN. Based on 

EFED's LOCATES database and information from the US Fish and Wildlife Service, 168 

species in the 10 states proposed for registration were identified as within the action area (at a 

preliminary county-wide level of resolution) associated with the 2,4-D-tolerant corn and soybean 

uses. 

EFED has refined the endangered species risk assessment on the basis of spray drift mitigation 

language that has been added to the label. Specifically, the spray drift language limits 

applications to specific product nozzles and a specific formulation of the 2,4-D choline product 

It requires the use of a 30ft on-field buffer when the wind is blowing towards all areas that are 

not fields in crop cultivation, paved areas, or areas covered by buildings and other structures. 

Species-specific biology, and 2,4-D application timing information are also incorporated into this 

refined endangered species assessment. The following text discusses the lines of evidence and 

processes that were used to make effects determinations for listed species identified as 

potentially at-risk in the screening level assessment. 

Making an Effects Determination 

The bullets below outline EFED's process for making an effects determination for the Federal 

action: 

• For listed individuals inside the action area but NOT part of an affected taxa NOR relying on 

the affected taxa for services (involving food, shelter, biological mediated resources 

necessary for survival/reproduction), use of a pesticide would be determined to have NO 

EFFECT. 

• For listed individuals outside the action area, use of a pesticide would be determined to have 

NO EFFECT. 

2 
species action 

• LIKELY or NOT LIKELY TO ADVERSELY AFFECT determinations are made using 

the following criteria: 

o Insignificant- The level of the effect cannot be meaningfully related to a "take." 

o Highly Uncertain- The effect is highly unlikely to occur. 

o Wholly beneficial - The effects are only good things. 

Spray Drift Mitigation 

There are 168 species of potential concern in the 10 proposed 2,4-D choline com and soy states 

as a result of the screening-level assessment (Appendix 1). The spray drift mitigation language 

of the product is intended to limit off site transport of2,4-D choline drift to the extent that no off 

site area that could potentially provide non-target organism habitat will receive loadings that will 

trigger concerns for any terrestrial receptor class assessed in the risk assessment (terrestrial 

vertebrate, invertebrate, or plants). The assessment assumes that spray drift will remain confined 

to the field and that the action area is limited to the 2,4-choline treated field when applied 

according to the label. Terrestrial species that are not expected to occur on treated fields under 

the provisions of the proposed label are not expected to be directly exposed to 2,4-D choline, nor 

are their critical biologically mediated resources expected to be exposed to levels of the herbicide 

above any effects thresholds of concern. [Note: the screening level risk assessment has 

concluded no aquatic receptor taxa to be of concern.] Consequently, 157 of the 168 species 

originally identified as potentially at-risk can be given a "no effect" determination based on the 

premise that they are not expected to occur on an action area encompassing the treated soybean 

and com fields (Appendix 2). 

The spray drift mitigation label language cannot preclude listed species exposure on treated 

fields, should a listed species utilize such areas as part of its range. Of the listed species within 

the 10 states (AR, KS, LA, MN, MS, MO, NE, ND, OK, TN) considered part of the proposed 

Federal decision, the Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis), gray wolf(Canis lupis), Indiana bat 

(Myotis soda/is), Ozark bat (Corynorhinus townsendii ingens), Louisiana black bear (Ursus 

americanus luteo/us), whooping crane (Grus americana), Mississippi sandhill crane (Grus 

canadensis pulla), lesser prairie-chicken (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus), gopher tortoise 

3 
The screening-level assessment suggests that mammals could be at reproductive risk from 

chronic exposures to 2,4-D choline on treated fields. Of the mammal species identified as 

potentially at risk in the screening-level assessment, five are reasonably expected to occur on 

treated soybean and corn fields. Therefore, species specific biological information and 2,4-D 

choline use patterns were considered in more depth to further refine the assessment and effects 

determinations for those species. 

Canada Lynx 

In light of the expected reliance on boreal habitat for foraging and the absence of this habitat on 

2,4-D choline treated soybean and corn fields as discussed in the previous 6-state assessment 

(DP 411614), it is not reasonable to expect that the Canada lynx will be exposed to 2,4-D choline 

residues in small mammals (prey) from treated soybean and corn fields. Therefore the Agency 

believes it is reasonable to conclude a "no effect" determination for the Canada lynx under 

prescribed conditions of the use of 2,4-D choline under this Federal action. 

Gray Wolf 

Gray wolves are habitat generalists that live throughout the northern hemisphere. They are a 

carnivorous species that typically feeds on ungulate species, such as deer. While not likely to 

feed on agricultural fields themselves, the primary prey species of the gray wolf may be expected 

to feed on plant material within the field during the period of applications. Based on this 

information, it is reasonable to conclude that the gray wolf may be exposed to 2,4-D choline 

residues in prey. A biologically representative modification to the screening assessment follows: 

The first step in the refinement process is to calculate 2,4-D residues in the prey species. Using 

the conservative assumptions that the prey species is represented by a 1 000 g mammal that feeds 

exclusively on short grass, EFED calculated the residues based on the following allometric 

equations: 

1000 g mammal prey ingestion rate (dry)= 0.621(1000)0·564 = 30.56 g /day 

1000 g mammal prey ingestion rate (wet)= 30.56/0.2 = 152.8 g/day 

2,4-D residue in prey eating short grass from T-REX = 578.44 mg 2,4-D/kg-food X 0.1528 kg 

foodlkg-bw = 88.40 mglkg-bw/day 

4 
Adjusted Acute LD50 = 441 mg/kg/day X (350/17700)<0·25)= 165.37 

Adjusted NOAEL = 55 mg/kg-bw X (350/17700)(0·25) = 20.62 mg/kw-bw 

RQ for acute effects= 11.74/165.37 = 0.07 

RQ for chronic effects= 11.74/20.62 = 0.57 

An acute RQ of 0.07 does not exceed the level of concern (LOC) of 0.1 for acute effects to listed 

species. A chronic RQ of0.57 does not exceed the LOC of 1.0. Consequently, it is reasonable 

to make a "no effect" determination for the gray wolf. 

Indiana Bat 

A past assessment for com and soy uses of2,4-D choline for other states (DP 418022) concluded 

that Indiana bats make use of agricultural land as a source of prey and can reasonably be 

expected to roost in patches of fragmented forest that are adjacent to com and soybean fields. 

They are opportunistic foragers and are expected to forage over many different land covers, 

including agricultural land, on a broad range of insects/arthropods. A survey of com insect 

populations reveals a variety of flying, foliage and ground-dwelling invertebrates comprising a • 

large number of taxonomic groups that could provide on-field prey sources for bats foraging over 

these areas. However, the extent of foraging over agricultural land is expected to be less than the 

degree of foraging around the canopies of forested areas. 

Initial screening level risk assessment results for mammals were adjusted to account for the bat's 

biology: 

Field metabolic rate kcal/day = 0.6167(5.4)0·862 = 2.64 kcal/day 

(USEPA 1993, body weight 5.4 g reflects screening assumption for the Indiana bat) 

Mass of prey consumed per day= (2.64 kcal/day)/(1.7 kcallg ww X 0.87) = 1.78 g/day 

(1.7 is energy content of prey item from USEPA (1993); 0.87 is assimilation efficiency 

from USEPA 1993) 

Mass of2,4-D choline in insect diet= 226.56 mg/kg-ww from T-REX run 

Mass of2,4-D in daily diet= 1.78 g/day X 226.56 mg 2,4-D/kg-ww mammal prey X 0.001 = 

0.40 mg/day 

Daily dose in bat= 0.40 mg 2,4-D/day/0.0054 = 74 mg/kg-bw/day 

Indiana bat acute LD50 mg/kg/day = 441 mg/kg/day X (350/5.4)0·25 = 1251.29 mg/kg 

Indiana bat NOAEL mg/kg-bw/day =55 mg/kg-bw X (350/.5.4)0·25 = 156.06 mg/kg-bw 

RQ for acute effects= 74/1251.29 = 0.06 

5 
The Ozark big-eared bat inhabits caves and cliffs that can be found in large blocks of forest to 

small forest tracts interspersed with open areas. Land use of surrounding areas does not appear 

to influence location of occupied maternity caves and hibernacula. The Recovery Plan indicates 

that the prey base for the Ozark bat consists primarily of lepidopterans and that edge habitat 

between forested and open areas is the preferred foraging area. Open areas allow for easy 

foraging because bats are not obstructed by branches while pursuing prey and are able to 

discriminate insects at greater distances. Based on this information, the Ozark bat cannot be 

precluded from foraging on agricultural fields. 

Initial screening level risk assessment results for the Ozark bat were adjusted to account for the 

bat's biology. 

Field metabolic rate kcal/day = 0.6167(7.0)0 862 = 3.30 kcal/day 

(USEPA 1993, body weight of7.0 g reflects screening assumption for the Ozark bat) 

Mass of prey consumed per day= (3.30 kcal/day)/(1.7 kcal/g ww X 0.87AE)= 2.23 g/day 

(1.7 is energy content of insect prey item from USEPA (1993); 0.87 is assimilation 

efficiency from USEPA 1993) 

Mass of2,4-D choline in insect diet= 226.56 mg/kg-ww from T-REX run 

Mass of2,4-D in daily diet= 2.23 g/day X 226.56 mg 2,4-D/kg-ww mammal prey X 0.001 = 

0.51 mg/day 

Daily dose in bat= 0.51 mg 2,4-D/day/0.007 mg = 72.86 mg/kg-bw/day 

Ozark bat acute LD50 mg/kg/day = 441 mg/kg/day X (350/7 .0)<0·25) =·1172.68 mg/kg 

Ozark bat NOAEL mg/kg-bw/day =55 mg/kg-bw X (350/7.0)<0·25) = 146.25 mg/kg-bw 

RQ for acute effects= 72.86/1172.68= 0.06 

RQ for chronic exposure= 72.86/146.25 = 0.50. 

An acute RQ of 0.06 does not exceed the acute listed species LOC. A chronic RQ of 0.50 does 

not exceed the chronic LOC of 1.0. Consequently, it is reasonable to make a "no effect" 

determination for the Ozark bat. 

Louisiana Black Bear 

The Louisiana black bear inhabits bottomland hardwood forest communities, brackish and 

freshwater marshes, salt domes, wooded spoil levees along canals ~d bayous, and agricultural 

fields. Remoteness is an important spatial feature based on forest tract size and presence of 

roads (US FWS Recovery Plan, 1995). The Recovery Plan further describes black bears as 

6 
Field metabolic rate kcal/day = 0.800(92000)0·813= 8682.59 kcal/day 

(USEPA 1993, body weight 92,000 g reflects screening assumption for the Louisiana 

black bear) 

Mass of prey consumed per day= (8682.59 kcal/day)/(1.3 kcal/g ww X 0.76 AE)= 8788 g/day 

(1.3 is energy content of grass item from USEPA (1993); 0.76 is assimilation efficiency 

from USEPA 1993) 

Mass of2,4-D in short grass diet = 578.44 mglkg-ww from T-REX run 

Mass of2,4-D in daily diet= 8788 g/day X 578.44 mg 2,4-D/kg-ww mammal prey X 0.001 = 

5083.3 mg/day 

Daily dose in bear= 5083.3 mg 2,4-D/day/92 kg= 55.25 mg/kg-bw/day 

Louisiana black bear LD50 mglkg/day = 441 mg/kg/day X (350/92000)<0·25) = 109.52 

Louisiana black bear NOAEL mglkg-bw/day =55 mglkg-bw X (350/92000)<0·25) = 13.66 mg/kgbw 

TheRQ for acute exposure= RQ = 55.24/109.52 = 0.50 

The RQ for chronic exposure number= RQ = 55.25/13.66 = 4.04 

An acute RQ of 0.50 exceeds the acute endangered species level of concern of 0.1. A chronic 

RQ of 4.04 exceeds the chronic level of concern of 1. 

Bears are omnivores and are likely to eat a variety of food items. Other food item residues, as 

predicted from the risk assessment screen, such as for tall grass (256.12 mg 2,4-D/kg), broadleaf 

plants (325.7 mg 2,4-D/kg), and arthropods 226.56 mg 2,4-D/kg) would result in RQ values in 

excess of concern levels, but not fruits pods or seeds (36.15 mg 2,4-D/kg. 

A major assumption in the screening risk assessment is that bears are coincident with the 

application of 2,4-D and are consuming treated materials during this period of potential 

maximum residue potential. Additional consideration of the biology, specifically dietary 

requirements ofthe bear in the contiguous United States, was undertaken to determine if it is 

reasonable to expect that exposures would occur from use in soy and com fields. This analysis 

centered on two questions: 

• What do bears consume over the course of the year? 

• Where are home ranges established relative to sources of seasonally exploited foods? 

Louisiana black bears, like most black bears, can be expected to show seasonal dietary shifts. 

Louisiana black bear scat analysis in a subpopulation in the Tensas River basin revealed that the 

7 
In analyzing radiotelemetry-determined home ranges for bears in the Tensas, and Deltic 

populations of Louisiana black bears, Benson (2005) concluded the following: 

Tensas Bears: selected winter and spring ranges encompassed swamp, and 

upland/lowland forested areas. Agricultural habitats were evident when choosing 

summer and fall home range indicating a shift in their home range closer to agricultural 

fields during summer and fall, presumably to exploit abundant food resources (i.e. com). 

Deltic Bears: selected upland and lowland forests and avoided agriculture and corridor 

habitats during most seasons. Agriculture was not avoided during summer, which is 

likely the result of the bears moving closer to agricultural fields to exploit food resources 

as they become available. 

To summarize, elements of the diet assessed in the screening assessment related to grasses and 

broadleaf foliage, and arthropod consumption would trigger risk screening concerns if exposure 

occurred near the time of application. The spray drift mitigations incorporated into the proposed 

federal action preclude exposures off the field that are above levels of concern for any taxonomic 

group. Therefore, the potential for exposure to occur for Louisiana black bears is limited to 

periods of time when available data suggest bears will actually use agricultural fields as a food 

source, namely summer and fall. The attractive attribute of agriculture for bears is a food source 

that coincides with the natural tendency of black bears to progress to consumption of fruits and 

mast in summer and fall. As indicated by the previously discussed scat analysis, the attraction is 

soybean and com grain. Therefore, the nexus of timing and land use by bears and 2,4-D 

application lies with the 2,4-D residues in these seed materials at the time when bears will 

consume them. 

The Health Effects Division summarized available com and soybean grain residues of 2,4-D in 

the Human Health Risk Assessment for a Proposed Use of2,4-D Choline on Herbicide-Tolerant 

Com and Soybean (DP 389455). Based on HED's assessment, residues of2,4-D on com and 

soybean grain were non-detectable (<0.01 mg 2,4-D/kg). Likewise, residues of2,4-D in 

soybean also were non-detectable (<0.01 mg 2,4-D/kg). Even considering the detection limit of 

0.01 mg 2,4-D/kg, residue estimates would be orders of magnitude below the levels triggering 

concerns for the bear. Moreover, even if the assessment were to rely on seed residue predictions 

from risk screening efforts (36.16 mg 2,4-D/kg), these too would be inadequate to trigger a 

concern for the bear. 

8 
2. Survey data show no association with agricultural fields at other times. 

3. Application of2,4-D has already occurred by the time bears are in the field and corn and 

soy residues are far below toxicity thresholds for the bear. 

4. Estimated residues from screening level risk assessment for seeds (i.e. corn and soybean) 

are also below toxicity thresholds for the bear. 

Consequently, it is reasonable to make a "no effect" determination for this species under prescribed 

conditions of the use of 2,4-D choline under this Federal action. 

Birds 

The screening-level assessment suggests that birds could be at risk of mortality from acute 

exposures to 2,4-D choline on treated fields. Of the bird species identified as potentially at risk 

in the screening-level assessment, three are reasonably expected to occur on treated soybean and 

corn fields. Therefore, species specific biological information and 2,4-D choline use patterns 

were considered in more depth to further refine the assessment and effects determinations for 

those species. 

Whooping Crane 

In DP 411614, an effects determination relied on effects endpoints and ingestion rates 

specifically tailored to the whooping crane. That analysis is directly applicable to the analysis 

for the species in this case as well and yields an acute RQ of 0.065. 

An RQ of 0.065 does not exceed the acute listed species LOC of 0.1, conseq!lently it is 

reasonable to make a "no effect" determination for the whooping crane. 

Mississippi Sandhill Crane 

Sandhill cranes are well known to feed on farms. Cranes feed on adult and larval insects, 

earthworms, crayfish, small reptiles, amphibians, roots, tubers, seeds, nuts, fruits and leaves. 

EFED considered the maximum T-REX predicted concentrations of2,4-D choline expected to be 

found on arthropods as a conservative pesticide load in the prey base. Alternative terrestrial 

vertebrate prey are expected to have lower residues than those predicted for arthropods. A 

biologically representative modification to the screening assessment follows for an insect 

consummg crane: 

Field metabolic rate kcal/day = 1.146(2500)0·749 = 402.01 kcal/day 

9 
Daily dose in crane= 74.41 mg 2,4-D/day/2.5 kg= 29.76 mg/kg-bw/day 

Crane LD50 mg/kg-bw = 218.7 mg/kg-bw X (2500/178)(1 15-1> = 325.07 mg/kg-bw 

The RQ for acute exposure= 29.76/325.07 = 0.09 

An RQ of 0.09 is less than the acute listed species LOC of 0.1; consequently a "no effect" 

determination is concluded for the sandhill crane. 

Lesser Prairie Chicken 

Like the Louisiana black bear, the lesser prairie chicken makes use of agricultural fields at 

specific times of the year. However all available lines of evidence indicate the use of corn and 

soy is limited temporally and that the agricultural field is not an ideal habitat for the species 

because conversion of rangelands to cropland has reduced lesser prairie-chicken populations 

greatly since the early 1900's (Giesen 1998). An analysis of exposure potential for 2,4-D 

choline use and lesser prairie chickens centered on the seasonal use of corn and soy fields by the 

birds as well as the likely food consumption during those periods. 

Available information suggests that the birds do not use agricultural fields during the nesting and 

rearing cycle. Nesting lesser prairie chickens have been observed to establish nest sites deep. 

within native prairie habitat and similar grassland that affords adequate cover and an understory 

that allows the young to move. Within these areas, nesting sites are observed to be situated far 

from edge areas (Jamison 2000 and Hagen et al. 2007). A review of nesting and brood rearing 

habitat studies indicate that hens nest in tall, residual grasses or under shrubs in native pasture 

avoiding short grass habitats and cultivated fields and transition to habitats for rearing brood that 

can be described as areas with abundant bare ground and approximately 25% canopy cover of 

shrubs, forbs, or grasses <30 em in height (Jamison 2000). In Jamison's review of almost a 

dozen studies of nesting and brood rearing habitat, corn and soy fields are not included as habitat 

used by the birds. Similarly, spring and summer foraging habitat has been summarized as 

including grasses and forbes less than 80 em in height (Jamison 2000). In all studies of spring 

and summer habitat, there is no inclusion of corn or soy as a cover type utilized by the birds 

during nesting, brood rearing or foraging. 

In contrast to the spring and summer months, the lesser prairie chicken in Finney County of 

southwestern Kansas has been observed commonly foraging in harvested fields of irrigated corn 

during fall and winter (Jamison 2000) and this pattern has been confirmed by a radiotelemetry 

study (Salter et al. 2005). Rob and Schroeder (2005) report similar use of soybean fields by the 

birds as a fall and winter source of seed and Jamison (2000) cited 17 studies reporting the use of 

10 
Based on the reports of over two dozen studies spanning multiple sites across the less prairie 

chicken established range, it is reasonable to expect that utilization of com and soy by lesser 

prairie chickens occurs during the fall and winter months and is associated with the consumption 

of waste grain and seed in the fields. Consequently, the exposure refinement for the labeled 2,4-

D choline product use on com and soy should focus on the consumption of crop seeds. 

Field metabolic rate kcal/day = 1.146(730)0·749 = 159.89 kcal/day (USEPA 1993, body weight 

The Birds ofNorth America, No. 364, 1998) 

Mass of seed consumed per day= 159.89 kcal/day/(4.6 kcal/g X 0.59 AE) = 58.91 g/day 

( 4.6 is energy content of insect prey item from USEP A (1993); 0.59 is assimilation 

efficiency from USEPA 1993) 

Mass of2,4-D choline in seed= 36.15 mg/kg-ww from T-REX run 

Mass of2,4-D in daily diet mg = (58.91 g/day X 0.001) X 36.15 mg 2,4-D/kg bird food= 2.13 

mg/day 

Daily dose in chicken= (2.13 mg 2,4-D/day)/0.73 kg= 2.92 mglkg-bw/day 

Chicken LD50 mglkg-bw = 218.7 mglkg-bw X (737/178)(l.IS-I) = 270.65 mg/kg-bw 

The RQ for acute exposure= 2.92/270.65 = 0.01 

An RQ of0.01 does not exceed the acute listed species LOC of0.1; consequently it is 

reasonable to make a "no effect" determination for the lesser prairie chicken. 

Reptiles and Amphibians 

The screening-level assessment suggests that reptiles and terrestrial-phase amphibians could be 

at risk of mortality from acute exposures to 2,4-D choline on treated fields. Of the 11 reptile and 

4 amphibians species identified as potentially at risk in the screening-level assessment, 1 reptile 

is reasonably expected to occur on treated soybean and com fields. Therefore, species specific 

biological information and 2,4-D choline use patterns were considered in more depth to further 

refine the assessment and effects determinations for that species. 

Gopher Tortoise 

The gopher tortoise inhabits droughty, deep sand ridges, xeric communities, originally longleaf 

pine-scrub oak, and may also be found along fence rows, field edges, power lines, and in 

pastures. The tortoise feeds on plant material, such as leaves and grass. EFED considers the 

maximum T-REX predicted concentrations of2,4-D choline expected to be found on short grass 

11 
y 

) 

Mass of2,4-D in short grass diet= 578.44 mg/kg-ww from T-REX run 

Mass of2,4-D in daily diet mg = 36.73 g/day X 578.44 mg 2,4-D/kg tortoise prey X 0.001 = 

21.25 mg/day 

Daily dose in tortoise= (21.25 mg 2,4-D/day)/4.5 kg= 4.72 mg/kg-bw/day 

Appropriate scaling factors are not available for reptiles and amphibians so the most sensitive 

acute toxicity value for birds serves as a surrogate toxicity value for the tortoise: 

Tortoise LD50 mg/kg-bw = 218.7 mg/kg-bw 

The RQ for acute exposure= 4.72/218.7 = 0.02. 

An RQ of 0.02 is less than the acute listed species LOC of 0.1; consequently it is reasonable to 

make a "no effect" determination for the gopher tortoise. 

Terrestrial Invertebrates 

The screening level risk assessment did not identify direct toxic effects as a concern for 

terrestrial invertebrates. However, because other effects were identified for taxa upon which 

terrestrial invertebrates may be dependent (e.g. terrestrial plants important for food and cover) an 

analysis of effects to listed species was included in the refined assessment of one species found 

to be within the action area. 

American Burving Beetle 

In DP 411614 a profile ofhabitat requirements for this species is presented and is appropriate for 

this assessment as well. In the previous assessment and in this case there are no direct 

toxicological effects to the burying beetle. The only likely indirect effect could be a reduction in 

cover provided by plants. The Recovery Plan (USFWS 1991) indicates that vegetative structure 

and. soil types are unlikely to be limiting factors for the burying beetle given its broad histm:ical 

geographic range. Furthermore, the apparent persistence of the beetle on Block Island suggests 

broad vegetation (landscape) tolerances. Given that applications of2,4-D choline will leave the 

crop intact, the field is expected to maintain sufficient vegetative cover for the burying beetle. 

Consequently, it is reasonable to make. a "no effect" determination for the American 

burying beetle. 

Plants 

12 
The Spring Creek bladderpod is found in northern Wilson County, Tennessee in the watersheds 

of Spring Creek, Bartons Creek, and Cedar Creek. It is located primarily in the floodplain, in 

agricultural fields, as well as pastures, glades, and disturbed areas. It is found mainly on newly 

disturbed sites and requires some degree of annual disturbance to complete its lifecycle (USFWS 

2006). 

This species is a winter annual that "germinates between September and early October, 

overwinters as a small rosette of leaves, and fully develops and flowers the following spring. 

Full sun is required for optimum growth. Flowering usually occurs in March and April. The 

fruit splits open upon maturity in late April and early May, and the enclosed seeds are dispersed 

and lie dormant until autumn," when the cycle starts over again (U.S. FWS, 2006). "If 

conditions are not suitable for germination the following fall, the seeds can remain dormant (but 

viable) for several years" (USFWS 1996). 

It is likely that the species is in flowering stage when 2,4-D choline is applied to corn and 

soybean fields in the early season. It is reasonable to make a "may effect, likely to adversely 

affect" determination for the Spring Creek bladderpod if the 2,4-D choline registration 

action extends to Wilson County, Tennessee. 

References 

Benson, J.F. 2005. Ecology and Conservation ofLousiana Black bears in the Tensas River 

Basin and Reintroduced Populations (Masters Thesis). Louisiana State University and 

Agricultural and Mechanical College. 

Benson, J.F. and M.J. Chamberlain 2006. Food Habits of Louisiana Black Bears (Ursus 

americanus luteolus) in Two Subpopulations of the Tensas River Basin. The American Midland 

Naturalist 156(1):118-127. 

Dunning, J.B. 1984. Body weights of686 species ofNorth American birds. Western Bird 

Banding Association Monograph 1. 

Giesen, K. M. 1998. Lesser prairie-chicken (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus). In The birds ofNorth 

America, No. 364 (A. Poole and F. Gill, editors). The Birds ofNorth America, Inc., Philadelphia, 

Pennsylvania. 

Hagen, C.A., J. C. Pitman, R.J. Robel, T.M. Loughin, and R.D. Applegate. 2007. Niche 

Partitioning by Lesser Prairie-chicken Tympanuchus pallidicinctus and Ring-necked Pheasant 

Phasianus colchicus in Southwestern Kansas. Wildlife Biology 13:34-41. 

13 
Robb, L.A. and M.A. Schroeder. 2005. Lesser Prairie-chicken. (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus): A 

Technical Conservation Ass~ssment. Prepared for the USDA Forest Service,Rocky Mountain 

Region, Species Conservation Project. 

http://www .fs.fed. us/r2/projects/scp/assessments/lesserprairiechicken. pdf 

Salter, G.C., R.J Robel, and K.E. Kemp. 2005. Lesser Prairie-chicken Use of Harvested Com 

Fields during Fall and Winter in Southwestern Kansas. The Prairie Naturalist 37: 1-9. 

United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1993. Wildlife Exposure Factors 

Handbook EPA/600/R-93/187a, Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC. 

United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) .. 1996. Determination of Endangered Status 

for Lesquerella perforata (Spring Creek bladderpod), Final Rule. Federal Register 61(247): 

67493-67497. URL: http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/federal_register/fr3029.pdf. 

United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 1991. American Burying Beetle 

(Nicrophorus americanus) Recovery Plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Region 5 

14 
List of Species 

Animals 

Acornshell, Southern (Epioblasma othcaloogensis) 

Bat, Gray (Myotis grisescens) 

Bat, Indiana (Myotis soda/is) 

Bat, Ozark Big-Eared (Corynorhinus (=plecotus) townsendii ingens) 

Bean, Cumberland (pearlymussel) (Villosa trabalis) 

Bean, Purple (Villosa perpurpurea) 

Bear, Louisiana Black (Ursus americanus luteolus) 

Beetle, American Burying (Nicrophorus americanus) 

Blossom, Green (pearlymussel) (Epioblasma torulosa gubernaculum) 

Blossom, Tubercled (pearlymussel) (Epioblasma torulosa torulosa) 

Blossom, Turgid (pearlymussel) (Epioblasma turgidula) 

Blossom, Yell ow (pearl}'mussel) (Epioblasma jlorentina florentina) 

Butterfly, Karner Blue (Lycaeides melissa samuelis) 

Cavefish, Ozark (Amblyopsis rosae) 

Cavesnail, Tumbling Creek (Antrobia culverz) 

Chicken, Lesser-Prairie (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus) 

Chub, Slender (Erimystax cahni) 

Chub, Spotfin (Erimonax monachus) 

Clubshell (Pleurobema clava) 

Clubshell, Black (Pleurobema curtum) 

Clubshell, Ovate (Pleurobema perovatum) 

Clubshell, southern (Pleurobema decisum) 

Combshell, Cumberlandian (Epioblasma brevidens) 

15 
Crayfish, Cave (Cambarus zophonastes) 

Crayfish, Nashville (Orconectes shoupi) 

Dace, Blackside (Phoxinus cumberlandensis) 

Dace, Laurel ( Chrosomus saylori) 

Darter, Amber (Percina antesella) 

Darter, Bayou (Etheostoma rubrum) 

Darter, Bluemask (=jewel) (Etheostoma sp.) 

Darter, Boulder (Etheostoma wapiti) 

Darter, Cumberland (Etheostoma susanae) 

Darter, Duskytail (Etheostoma percnurum) 

Darter, Leopard (Percina pantherina) 

Darter, Niangua (Etheostoma nianguae) 

Darter, Slackwater (Etheostoma boschungi) 

Darter, Snail (Percina tanasi) 

Darter, Y ellowcheek (Etheostoma moorei) 

Dragonfly, Hine's Emerald (Somatochlora hineana) 

Elktoe, Appalachian (Alasmidonta raveneliana) 

Elktoe, Cumberland (Alasmidonta atropurpurea) 

Fanshell (Cyprogenia stegaria) 

Fatmucket, Arkansas (Lampsilis powelliz) 

Ferret, Black-Footed (Mustela nigripes) 

Frog, Dusky Gopher (Rana sevosa) 

Heelsplitter, Alabama (=inflated) (Potamilus injlatus) 

Hellbender, Ozark (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis bishopi) 

Higgins Eye (pearlymussel) (Lampsilis higginsii) 

Kidneyshell, Fluted (Ptychobranchus subtentum) 

16 
Madtom, Chucky (Noturus crypticus) Madtom, Neosho (Noturus placidus) 

Madtom, Pygmy (Noturus stanauli) Madtom, Smoky (Noturus baileyi) 

Madtom, Y ellowfin ,(Noturus jlavipinnis) Manatee, West Indian (Trichechus manatus) Mapleleaf, Winged (Quadrulafragosa) Marstonia, Royal (snail) (Pyrgulopsis ogmorhaphe) 

Moccasinshell, Alabama (Medionidus acutissimus) Moccasinshell, Coosa (Medionidus parvulus) 

Monkeyface, Appalachian (pearlymussel) (Quadrula sparsa) 

Monkeyface, Cumberland (pearlymussel) (Quadrula intermedia) 

Mucket, Neosho (Lampsilis rafinesqueana) Mucket, Orangenacre (Lampsilis perovalis) Mucket, Pink (pearlymussel) (Lampsi/is abrupta) 

Mussel, Oyster (Epioblasma capsaeformis) Mussel, Scaleshell (Leptodea leptodon) Mussel, Sheepnose (Plethobasus cyphyus) Mussel, Snuffbox (Epioblasma triquetra) Pearlshell, Louisiana (Margaritifera hembeli) Pearlymussel, Birdwing (Lemiox rimosus) Pearlymussel, Cracking (Hemistena lata) 

Pearlymussel, Curtis (Epioblasmajlorentina curtisii) Pearlymussel, Dromedary (Dromus dramas) 

Pearlymussel, Littlewing (Pegiasfabula) 

Pearlymussel, Slabside (Pleuronaia dolabelloides) 

17 
Pigtoe, Shiny (Fusconaia cor) 

Pigtoe, Southern (Pleurobema georgianum) 

Pimpleback, Orangefoot (pearlymussel) (Plethobasus cooperianus) 

Plover, Piping except Great Lakes watershed (Charadrius melodus) 

Plover, Piping Great Lakes watershed (Charadrius melodus) 

Pocketbook, Fat (Potamilus capax) 

Pocketbook, Ouachita Rock (Arkansia wheeleri) 

Pocketbook, Speckled (Lampsilis streckeri) 

Purple Cat's Paw (=Purple Cat's paw pearlymussel) (Epioblasma obliquata obliquata) 

Rabbitsfoot (Quadrula cylindrica cylindrica) 

Rabbitsfoot, Rough (Quadrula cylindrica strigillaia) 

Riffleshell, Tan (Epioblasmajlorentina walkeri (=E. walkeri)) 

Ring Pink (mussel) ( Obovaria retusa) 

Riversnail, Anthony's (Athearnia anthonyi) 

Sawfish, Smalltooth (Pristis pectinata) 

Sculpin, Grotto ( Cottus sp.) 

Sea Turtle, Green (Chelonia mydas) 

Sea Turtle, Hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata) 

Sea Turtle, Kemp's Ridley (Lepidochelys kempii) 

Sea Turtle, Leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea) 

Sea Turtle, Loggerhead Northwest Atlantic DPS (Caretta caretta) 

Shiner, Arkansas River (Notropis girardi) 

Shiner, Blue (Cyprinella caerulea) 

Shiner, Topeka (Notropis topeka (=tristis)) 

Snail, Painted Snake Coiled Forest (Anguispira picta) 

Spectaclecase (mussel) (Cumberlandia monodonta) 

18 
Tern, Least interior pop. (Sterna antillarum) Tiger Beetle, Salt Creek (Cicindela nevadica lincolniana) 

Tortoise, Gopher (Gopherus polyphemus) Turtle, Ringed Map (Graptemys oculifera) Turtle, Yell ow-Blotched Map ( Graptemys jlavimaculata) 

Vireo, Black-Capped (Vireo atricapilla) 

Wartyback, White (pearlymussel) (Plethobasus cicatricosus) 

Whale, Finback (Balaenoptera physalus) Whale, Humpback (Megaptera novaeangliae) 

Wolf, Gray (Canis lupus) Woodpecker, Red-Cockaded (Picoides borealis) 

Plants 

Aster, Decurrent False (Boltonia decurrens) 

Aster, Ruth's Golden (Pityopsis ruthii) Avens, Spreading (Geum radiatum) 

Bladderpod, Missouri (Physariafiliformis) 

Bladderpod, Spring Creek (Lesquerella perforata) Bluet, Roan Mountain (Hedyotis purpurea var. montana) Bush-Clover, Prairie (Lespedeza leptostachya) Butterfly Plant, Colorado (Gaura neomexicana var. coloradensis) 

Chaffseed, American (Schwalbea americana) Clover, Running Buffalo (Trifolium stoloniferum) 

Fern, American Hart's-Tongue (Asplenium scolopendrium var. americanum) 

Geocarpon minimum (No common name) 

Goldenrod, Blue Ridge (Solidago spithamaea) 

Grass, Tennessee Yellow-Eyed (Xyris tennesseensis) 

19 
Milkweed, Mead

s (Asclepias meadii) 

Orchid, EasternPprairie Fringed (Platanthera leucophaea) Orchid, Western Prairie Fringed (Platanthera praeclara) 

Penstemon, Blowout (Penstemon hayd(mii) Pitcher-Plant, Green (Sarracenia oreophila) 

Pogonia, Small Whorled (Jsotria medeoloides) Pondberry (Lindera melissifolia) Potato-Bean, Price's (Apios priceana) 

Prairie-Clover, Leafy (Daleafoliosa) 

Quillwort, Louisiana (Jsoetes louisianensis) 

Rock-Cress, Braun's (Arabis perstellata) 

Rosemary, Cumberland (Conradina verticillata) Roseroot, Leedy's (Rhodiola integrifolia ssp. leedyi) 

Sandwort, Cumberland (Arenaria cumberlandensis) 

Skullcap, Large-Flowered (Scutellaria montana) Sneezeweed, Virginia (Helenium virginicum) Spiraea, Virginia (Spiraea virginiana) 

20 
Southern is historically restricted choline uses are not Plan for Mobile River Basin 

(EJ2.ioblasma to shoals in small rivers expected to overlap with Aquatic Ecosystem. 

othcaloogensis) to small streams above rivers, streams, creeks, http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco 

the Fall Line. It was or other water bodies. very _plan/00 1117 .pdf 

found on stable 

sand/graveVcobble 

substrate in moderate to 

swift currents (US FWS 

2000, p. 57). 

Bat, Grax Gray bats are year The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1982. Recovery 

(Myotis round cave dwellers, choline uses are not Plan. 

grisescens) although they may also expected to encompass http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco 

use mines. They caves or the forest/open very _plan/82070 1.pdf 

hibernate from as late water areas where bats 

as November 10 to late forage. USFWS. 2009. 5-Year 

March or early April. Review. 

At other times, they http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five _ 

forage from late year _review/doc2625 .pdf 

afternoon through early 

morning within 12-20 

miles of their caves, 

most often within 4 

miles of their caves. 

Foraging habitat is 

strongly correlated with 

open waters (rivers, 

lakes, reservoirs) (US 

FWS, 2009, pp. 6-7). 

Historically, rivers near 

caves provided both 

foraging habitat and 

riparian tree vegetation 

that provided cover. 

Small lakes and 

reservoirs where cover 

is not too distant also 

provide foraging 

habitat. Bats will 

opportunistically forage 

in riparian and upland 

areas, particularly when 

21 
This species is most 

often found associated 

with clean, fast flowing 

water in stable 

substrate, which 

contains relatively firm 

rubble, gravel, and sand 

swept-free from 

siltation. Typically, V. 

trabalis is found buried 

in shallow riffle and 

shoal areas, often 

located under large 

rocks that must be 

removed by hand to 

inspect the habitat 

underneath. Ideal 

habitat conditions are 

difficult to find; much 

of the historical habitat 

for the species has 

likely been degraded 

and may be incapable 

of currently harboring 

the species (US FWS 

2010, p. 7). 

Bean, Purnle Inhabits small The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 2004. Recovery 

(Villosa headwater streams choline uses are not Plan. 

Jl.er(2Ur(2urea) (Neves 1991) to expected to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco 

medium-sized rivers rivers, streams, creeks, very _plan/040524.pdf 

(Gordon 1991). It is or other water bodies. 

found in moderate to 

fast-flowing riffles with 

sand, gravel, and cobble 

substrates (Neves 1991) 

and rarely occurs in 

deep pools or slack 

water (Ahlstedt 1991a). 

It is sometimes found 

out of the main current 

adjacent to waterwillow beds and under 

22 
contain relatively firm USFWS. 2007. 5 Year 

rubble, gravel, and sand Review. 

substrates swept free http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_ 

from siltation. The year _review/ doc 1961. pdf 

mussels are usually 

found buried in the 

substrate in shallow 

riffle and shoal areas 

(US FWS 1984, p. 5) 

The last known record 

for the green-blossom 

pearly mussel was a 

live individual collected 

in 1982 (US FWS 2007, 

p. 7). 

Blossom, Occurs only in The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1985. Recovery 

Tubercled headwater tributaries of choline uses are not Plan. 

(uearl~mussel} 

the Tennessee River expected to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco 

(E12.ioblasma (US FWS 1985, p. 11). rivers, streams, creeks, very _plan/850125.pdf 

torulosa or other water bodies. 

toru/osa} 

Blossom, The last known The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 2007. 5 Year 

Turgid collection of the turgid- choline uses are not Review. 

(uearl~mussel} blossom pearly mussel expected to overlap with http:/ /ecos.fws.gov/docs/five _ 

(Eeioblasma was a fresh-dead rivers, streams, creeks, year _review/doc 1961. pdf 

turgidula} specimen found in the or other water bodies. 

Duck River, Tennessee, 

in 1965 (US FWS 2007, 

p. 7) 

Blossom, The last known The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 2007. 5 Year 

Yellow specimen of the yellow- choline uses are not Review. 

(uearl~mussel} blossom pearly mussel expected to overlap with http:/ /ecos.fws.gov/docs/five _ 

(E12.ioblasma was recorded in the rivers, streams, creeks, year _review/doc 1961.pdf 

florentina Little Tennessee River or other water bodies. 

florentina} and Citico Creek, 

Tennessee in 1967 (US 

FWS 2007, p. 7) 

23 
savannas, having a 

broken or scattered tree . 

or tall shrub canopy 

(US FWS, 2003. pp.28-

30) 

Cavefish, Ozark Cavefish occur in The proposed 2,4-D USFWS 2011. Five Year 

(Amb/y_ofl.Sis groundwater habitats choline us.es are not Review. 

rosae) (the Springfield Plateau expected to overlap with http:/ /ecos.fws.gov/docs/five _ 

Aquifer) within Boone rivers, streams, creeks, year_review/doc3850.pdf 

and Burlington or other water bodies. 

Formation limestones, 

especially in cave 

streams with chert 

rubble substrate, and 

occasionally in wells 

and sinkholes, and even 

in the soil phreatic zone 

(Poulson, 1961, 1963; 

USFWS, 1986). Woods 

and Inger (1957) 

suggest cavefish 

dispersal occurs 

through phreatic cave 

passages. Noltie and 

Wicks (2001) suggests 

that due to shale 

geologic confining 

units, Ozark cavefish 

are distributed in near 

surface and epikarst 

habitats (US FWS 

2011). 

24 
meters per second (- 3 

to 5 cubic feet per 

second). The stream 

contains many chert 

pebbles which have 

been highly polished by 

natural abrasion within 

the cave. The land 

surface above the cave 

includes a variety of 

woodland and glade 

natural communities as 

well as pastures and/or 

open fields. (US FWS 

2003, p. 1 0). 

Chub, Slender The slender chub is The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 2014. 5 Year 

(Erim}!.stax restricted to the upper choline uses are not Review. 

cahni) Tennessee River expected to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five _ 

drainage in Tennessee rivers, streams, creeks, year_..:review/doc4357.pdf 

and Virginia (US FWS or other water bodies. 

2014, p. 6) 

Chub, SQotfin The species is an The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1983. Recovery 

(Erimonax insectivore, feeding choline uses are not Plan. 

monachus) diurnally presumably expected to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco 

by both sight and taste rivers, streams, creeks, very _plan/831121. pdf 

in benthic areas of slow or other water bodies. 

to swift current over 

various substrates with 

little siltation. Streams 

may range from 15-60 

m in width and, where 

occupied, 0.3-10.0 min 

depth. Water 

temperature in their 

summer habitat usually 

reaches greater than 

20°C, and submerged 

macrophytes are usually 

absent, occasionally 

common. The species 

has been observed 

associated with sand, 

25 
often just downstream rivers, streams, creeks, very _p lan/940921. pdf 

of a riffle, and cannot or other water bodies. 

tolerate mud or 

slackwater conditions 

(USFWS, 1994 ). 

Clubshell, This species inhabits The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. ·1989. Recovery 

Black the Tombigbee River, choline uses are not Plan. 

(Pleurobema which is a major expected to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco 

curtum) western tributary ofthe rivers, streams, creeks, very_plan/891114e.pdf 

Mobile Basin. It is or other water bodies. 

characterized by an 

increasing number of 

sand and gravel shoals 

and decreasing channel 

size (US FWS, 1989, p. 

1) 

Clubshell, Sand/gravel shoals and The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 2000. Five Year 

Ovate runs of small rivers and choline uses are not Review. 

(Pleurobema large streams (US FWS expected to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five _ 

eerovatum) 2000, p. 56) rivers, streams, creeks, year_review/doc4153.pdf 

or other water bodies. 

Clubshell, Sand/gravel shoals and The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 2000. Five Year 

Southern runs of small rivers and choline uses are not Review. 

(Pleurobema large streams (US FWS expected to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five _ 

decisum) 2000, p. 58) rivers, streams, creeks, year_review/doc4153.pdf 

or other water bodies. 

Combshell, This species inhabits The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 2004. Recovery 

Cumberland ian medium-sized streams choline uses are not Plan. 

(EI!.ioblasma to large rivers on shoals expected to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco 

brevidens) and riffles in coarse, rivers, streams, creeks, very _plan/040524.pdf 

sand, gravel, cobble, or other water bodies. 

and boulders. It is not 

associated with small 

stream habitats and 

tends not to extend as 

far upstream in 

tributaries (US FWS 

2004, p. 18). 

Combshell, This species inhabits The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1989. Recovery 

Southern the Tombigbee River, choline uses are not Plan. 

(EI!.ioblasma which is a major expected to overlap with http:/ /ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco 

venita) western tributary of the very _ _plan/891114e.pdf 

26 
Upland rivers and large streams choline uses are not Review. 

(Ep_ioblasma above the Fall Line. It expected to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five _ 

metastriata) was found on stable rivers, streams, creeks, year _review/ doc4153. pdf 

sand/gravel/cobble or other water bodies. 

substrate in moderate to 

swift currents (US 

FWS, 2000, p. 61) 

Craxfish, Cave Troglobitic Stream - The proposed 2,4-D US FWS. 2013. Five Year 

(Cambarus Along the walls of choline uses are not Recovery. 

aculabrum) pools or along stream expected to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five _ 

edges. They can be rivers, streams, creeks, year_review/doc4153.pdf 

found on silt, gravel, or other water bodies. 

rubble and bedrock, or 

even hiding underneath 

trash, such as an old 

discarded boot.; Logan 

Cave, Bear Hollow 

Cave, Elm Springs, and 

Old Pendergrass (US 

FWS 2013, p. 7). 

Crayfish, Cave The proposed 2,4-D US FWS. Hell Creek Cave 

(Cambarus Troglobitic stream - choline uses are not Crayfish 5-Year Review. 

zophonastes) muddy stream expected to overlap with http:/ /ecos. fws.gov I docs/five _y 

bottoms, cave stream rivers, streams, creeks, ear_review/doc4153.pdf 

walls, and other in- or other water bodies. 

stream habitats; found 

in Hell Creek, Nesbitt 

Spring: groundwater 

upwelling in Town 

Branch ... approximately 

40 miles northwest of 

the other known sites, 

which are found near 

one another, 

suggesting a much · 

wider subterranean 

distribution of the 

species. (6) 

27 
cobble runs, pools with 

up to 10 centimeters 

(em) of settled 

sediment, and under 

slabrocks and other 

cover (the largest 

crayfish are usually 

under cover) (USFWS 

1989). The species is 

highly photosensitive 

and is usually found 

under cover during the 

day (Bouchard 1976). 

Canopy cover appears 

important, as O'Bara et 

al. (1985) reported that 

all sites they sampled 

had canopy cover of 60 

to 90 percent. The 

species has been found 

in small pools where 

the flow was 

intermittent (Stark 

1986, Miller and 

Hartfield 1985). Gravelcobble substrate 

provides good cover for 

juveniles (Stark 1986, 

Miller and Hartfield 

1985). Females seek out 

large slabrocks when 

they are carrying eggs 

and young. These 

secluded places are also 

needed for molting 

(USFWS 1989). 

Dace, Blackside This species inhabits The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1988. Recovery 

(Phoxinus cool, small, upland choline uses are not Plan. 

cumberlandensi streams with moderate expected to overlap with http:/ /ecos.fws.gov /docs/reco 

ll flows. The fish is rivers, streams, creeks, very_plan/880817.pdf 

generally associated or other water bodies. 

with undercut stream 

banks and large rocks, 

28 
from undercut banks or rivers, streams, creeks, http://www .gpo.gov /fdsys/pk 

beneath slab-rock or other water bodies. g/FR-2012-1 0-16/pdf/2012-

boulders, typically in 24468.pdf 

first or second order, 

clear, cool, streams. 

Substrates typically 

consist of a mixture of 

cobble, rubble, and 

boulders, and the 

streams tend to have a 

dense riparian zone 

consisting largely of 

mountain laural (US 

FWS, 2012,' p. 63606) 

Darter, Amber This species inhabits The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1986. Recovery 

(Percina gentle riffle areas over choline uses are not Plan. 

antesella) sand, gravel, and cobble expected to overlap with http:/ /ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco 

substrates. Aquatic rivers, streams, creeks, very _plan/860620.pdf 

vegetation that develops or other water bodies. 

in riffles provides 

habitat for feeding and 

cover (US FWS, 1986, 

p. 6). 

Darter, Ba:you The portion of Bayou The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1990. Recovery 

(Etheostoma Pierre System serving choline uses are not Plan. 

rub rum) as habitat for this expected to overlap with http:/ /ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco 

species is a meandering rivers, streams, creeks, very _plan/90071 0. pdf 

stream with stable or other water bodies. 

gravel riffles or 

sandstone exposures 

(US FWS, 1990, p. 3). 

Darter. This species inhabits The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1997. Recovery 

Bluemask slow to moderate choline uses are not Plan. 

(=jewel) current over clean sand expected to overlap with http:/ /ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco 

(Etheostoma and fine gravel at rivers, streams, creeks, very _plan/970725.pdf 

ml depths of 4 to 20 or other water bodies. 

inches; it typically 

occurs just downstream 

of riffles or along the 

margins of pools and 

runs (US FWS, 1997, 

Executive Summary). 

29 
1989, p. 2). 

Darter, This species inhabits The proposed 2, 4-D USFWS. 2012. Federal 

Cumberland pools or shallow runs of choline uses are not Register Notice: Designated 

(Etheostoma low to moderate expected to overlap with Critical Habitat. 

susanae) gradient sections of rivers, streams, creeks, http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pk 

streams with stable or other water bodies. g/FR-2012-1 0-16/pdf/2012-

sand, silt, or sand- 24468.pdf 

covered bedrock 

substrates (US FWS, 

2012, p. 63605). 

Darter, This species inhabits The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1994. Recovery 

Dusky!ail rocky areas in gently choline uses are not Plan. 

(Etheostoma flowing shallow pools expected to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco 

eercnurum) and runs in large creeks rivers, streams, creeks, very _planlduskytaildarter _ RP 

and moderately large or other water bodies. .pdf 

rivers in the Tennessee 

and Cumberland River 

Systems (US FWS, 

1994, Executive 

Summary). 

Darter, LeoQard The leopard darter The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 2012. Five Year 

(Percina typically inhabits pools choline uses are not Review. 

12.antherina) having predominantly expected to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five _ 

rubble and boulder rivers, streams, creeks, year _review/doc41 07.2.12%2 

substrates with current or other water bodies. Owith%20signautres. pdf 

velocities less than 48 

centimeters/second 

(Jones 1984, Lechner et 

al. 1987). Preferred 

water depths are 

generally 20-1 02 em 

(Jones et al. 1984; 

James 1989), although 

joint Service/U.S. 

Forest Service surveys 

over the past 1 0 years 

have observed leopard 

darters from depths 

over 4.0 meters; large to 

intermediate streams 

having relatively steep 

grade (US FWS 2012, 

p. 12). 

30 
draining hilly 

topography underlain 

by bedrocks consisting 

principally of chertbearing dolomites (US 

FWS 1989, pp. 9-10). 

Darter, Nonbreeding habitat is The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1984. Recovery 

Slackwater small to moderately choline uses are not Plan. 

(Etheostoma large streams. The expected to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco 

boschungi) current is usually slow, rivers, streams, creeks, very _plan/840308.pdf 

and under normal or other water bodies. 

conditions, the flow 

ranges from still to 0.34 

m/sec. In small streams, 

the darters show no 

position preference; 

however, in large 

streams they seem to 

confine themselves to 

near the banks or to 

undercuts in the banks. 

They also occur on 

gravel infiltrated with 

silt, on silt and mud, or 

in a combination of 

these. The breeding 

habitat is seepage water 

in open fields and 

woods (US FWS, 1984, 

pp. 7-8). 

Darter, Snail This species occupies The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 2013. Five Year 

(Percina tanasi) seven of nine tributaries choline uses are not Review. 

of the upper Tennessee expected to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five _ 

River in Alabama, rivers, streams, creeks, year _review/doc4136. pdf 

Georgia and Tennessee or other water bodies. 

(US FWS, 2013, p. 10). 

31 
subdivision of the 

Ozark Plateau. Inhabits 

high-gradient headwater 

tributaries with clear 

water; permanent flow; 

moderate to strong 

riffles; and gravel, 

cobble, and boulder 

substrates (Robison and 

Buchanan 1988, p. 429) 

(US FWS 2012, p. 

63605). 

Dragonfly, The hine's emerald The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 2001. Recovery 

Hine's Emerald dragonfly occupies choline uses are not Plan. 

(Somatochlora grass marshes and expected to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco 

hineana) sedge meadows fed grass marshes, sedge very _plan/0 1 0927.pdf 

primarily by water from meadows, forested areas, 

a mineral source or or other habitat where 

fens. Two important the Hine's emerald 

characteristics of the dragonfly is expected to 

habitat appear to be be found. 

groundwater-fed, 

shallow water slowly 

flowing through 

vegetation, and 

underlying dolomitic or 

limestone bedrock. 

Parts of the aquatic 

channels are typically 

covered by vegetation 

such as cattails or 

sedges. Soils can range 

from organic muck to 

mineral soils like marl. 

Two other important 

components are areas of 

open vegetation for 

foraging and forests, 

trees or shrubs that 

provide shaded areas 

for perching or 

roosting. Nearby 

adjacent forests may be 

32 
hummocks. Places with 

silt, leaf litter, and 

decaying grasses as a 

substrate are often used 

(US FWS, 2001, p. 15-

16.). 

Critical Habitat of 

26,531 acres have been 

designated in Michigan, 

Illinois, Wisconsin, and 

Missouri. Almost half 

of this is Mackinac 

County, MI. 

Elktoe, This species has been The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1996. Recovery 

Am~alachian reported from relatively choline uses are not Plan. 

(Alasmidonta shallow medium-sized expected to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco 

raveneliana) creeks and rivers with rivers, streams, creeks, very _plan/960826.pdf 

cool, well-oxygenated, or other water bodies. 

and moderate- to fastflowing water. It has 

been observed in 

gravelly substrata, often 

mixed with cobble and 

boulders; in cracks in 

bedrock; and 

occasionally in 

relatively silt-free, 

coarse, sandy substrata 

(US FWS, 1996, 

Executive Summary). 

Elktoe, This species inhabits The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 2004. Recovery 

Cumberland medium-sized rivers choline uses are not Plan. 

(Alasmidonta and may extend into expected to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco 

atrof2.Ur{2.urea) headwater streams rivers, streams, creeks, very _plan/040524.pdf 

where it is often the or other water bodies. 

only mussel present 

(Gordon and Layzer 

1989, Gordon 1991). 

Gordon and Layzer 

(1989) reported that the 

species appears to be 

33 
material, relatively 

shallow depths, and 

slow (almost 

imperceptible) currents. 

They also report the 

species from swifter 

currents and in areas 

with mud, sand, and 

gravel substrates (US 

FWS, 2004, p. 18). 

Fans hell The fanshell inhabits The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1991. Recovery 

( CYJ2.rogenia gravel substrates in choline uses are not Plan. 

stegaria) medium to large rivers expected to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco 

of the Ohio River basin rivers, streams, creeks, very _plan/91 0709 .pdf 

(US FWS, 1991, or other water bodies. 

Executive Summary). 

Fatmucket, Four microhabitat types The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 2013. Five Year 

Arkansas that include: 1) long choline uses are not Review. 

(Lam.J2.silis pools with cobble and expected to overlap with http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pk 

powe/lii) rock as primary rivers, streams, creeks, g/FR-2011-09-27/pdf/2011-

substrate types, 2) or other water bodies. 24046.pdf 

backwater areas 

downstream of 

peninsulas or islands 

covered with water 

willow (Justicia 

americana) and with 

cobble and sand as the 

dominant substrate, 3) 

slow moving pools 

upstream from water 

willow islands with 

sand, gravel, and cobble 

substrate, and 4) 

overflow, secondary 

channel pools, and 

tributary confluence 

areas with sand, cobble, 

and some rock substrate 

(US FWS 2013, p. 5) 

Ferret, Black- The black-footed ferret The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 2008. 5-Year 

Footed (Mustela relies on prairie dog choline uses are not Review. 

nif!7ipes'J 

34 
embedded within the ponds. 24046.pdf 

forest ... Adults and 

subadults spend the 

majority of their lives 

underground (in gopher 

tortoise (Gopherus 

polyphemus) and 

mammal burrows and 

holes under old 

stumps) ... During the 

breeding season, 

Mississippi gopher 

frogs leave their 

subterranean retreats in 

the uplands and migrate 

to their breeding sites 

during rains associated 

with passing cold 

fronts. Breeding sites 

are ephemeral 

(seasonally flooded) 

isolated ponds (not 

connected to other 

water bodies) located in 

the uplands. Both 

forested uplands and 

isolated wetlands (see 

further discussion of 

isolated wetlands in 

"Sites for Breeding, 

Reproduction, and 

Rearing of Offspring'' 

section) are needed to 

provide space for 

individual and 

population growth and 

normal behavior. (US 

FWS 2011, 

p. 59777-

59778) 

35 
y)

Hellbender, Cool, clear streams and The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 2011. Federal 

Ozark rivers with many large choline uses are not Register Notice: Listing 

( CD!J2tobranchu rocks. Small expected to overlap with Document. 

s alleganiensis hellbenders hide rivers, streams, creeks, http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pk 

bishopi) beneath large rocks and or other water bodies. g/FR-2011-10-06/pdf/2011-

also small stones in 25690.pdf 

gravel beds. Adults 

spend most of their life 

under large, flat rocks; 

typically limestone or 

dolomite [rocks] , and 

in moderate to deep 

(less than 3 feet (ft) to 

9.8 ft (less than 1 meter 

(m) to 3 m)), rocky, 

fast-flowing streams in 

the Ozark Plateau 

(Johnson 2000, p. 42; 

Fobes and Wilkinson 

1995, pp. 5-7). In 

spring-fed streams, 

Ozark Hellbenders will 

often concentrate 

downstream of the 

spring, where there is 

little water temperature 

change throughout the 

year (US FWS 2011, p. 

61956). 

Higgins Exe The higgins eye The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 2004. Recovery 

(Qearlxmussel) pearlymussel is choline uses are not Plan. 

(Lamesilis characterized as an expected to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco 

higginsii) inhabitant of large rivers, streams, creeks, very _plan/040714.pdf 

rivers with loose or other water bodies. 

substrates and low 

velocities. Many of the 

largest populations are 

in the Mississippi 

River, and all are in its 

upper drainage (US 

FWS, 2004, p. 7-8). 

36 
within riffle areas of 

sufficient current 

velocities to remove 

finer sediments and 

provide well 

oxygenated waters (US 

FWS,2013,p.59560) 

Kidne~shell, Sand/gravel shoals and The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 2000. Recovery 

Triangular runs ofsmall rivers and choline uses are not Plan. 

(Pry_chobranchu large streams (US FWS expected to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco 

s greenii) 2000, p. 60) rivers, streams, creeks, very _plan/850702.pdf 

or other water bodies. 

Lamnmussel, This species inhabits The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1985. Recovery 

Alabama sand and gravel choline uses are not Plan. 

(Lam12silis substrates in small to expected to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco 

virescens) medium sized streams rivers, streams, creeks, very _plan/850702.pdf 

(US FWS, 1985, p. 9). or other water bodies. 

Lillinut, Pale This species is observed The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1984. Recovery 

(nearl~mussel} 

in clean, fast-flowing choline uses are not Plan. 

(Toxolasma water in substrates that expected to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco 

cy_lindrellus) contain relatively firm rivers, streams, creeks, very _plan/840822.pdf 

rubble, gravel, and sand or other water bodies. 

substrates swept free 

from siltation. These 

mussels are usually 

found buried in the 

substrate in shallow 

riffle and shoal areas 

(US FWS, 1984, p. 5). 

Lognerch, This species has been The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1986. Recovery 

Conasauga collected in deep shuts choline uses are not Plan. 

(Percina and flowing pools with expected to overlap with http:/ /ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco 

jenkinsi) clear, clean gravel and rivers, streams, creeks, very _plan/860620. pdf 

mixed rubble substrates or other water bodies. 

in areas with moderate 

to swift currents (US 

FWS, 1986, p. 8). 

Madtom, This species has been The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 2012. Federal 

Chucky found in stream runs choline uses are not Register Notice: Designation 

(Noturus with slow to moderate expected to overlap with of Critical Habitat. 

CO!P.ticus) current over pea gravel, rivers, streams, creeks, 

cobble, or slab-rock or other water bodies. 

37 
ate during 

the day, and comes out 

at night to forage for 

aquatic invertebrates 

(Moss 1981 ). The 

majority ofNeosho 

madtom collections are 

from areas with gravel 

substrates, primarily 

gravel in the size range 

of0.5 to 2.5 inches (12 

- 64 mm) in diameter. 

Most collections are 

made in the Spring and 

Neosho Rivers in 

shallow water, 

generally less than three 

feet deep (<1 m). 

VVithin these systems, 

no significant 

differences in madtom 

preferences for depth, 

velocity, and substrate 

size were found but 

gravel riffles with 

currents of one to four 

feet per second ( < 1.25 

m/sec.) are preferred by 

adults (Moss 1981; 

Fuselier and Edds 1994; 

VVildhaber et al. 2000a) 

(US FVVS 2013, pp. 6). 

Madtom, This species inhabits The proposed 2,4-D USFVVS. 1994. Recovery 

Pygmy shallow shoals, where choline uses are not Plan. 

(Noturus the current is moderate expected to overlap with http:/ /ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco 

stanauli) to strong and where rivers, streams, creeks, very _plan/940927a.pdf 

there is pea-sized gravel or other water bodies. 

or fine sand substrates, 

in moderately large 

rivers of the Tennessee 

River system (US FVVS, 

1994, Executive 

Summary). 

38 
Yellowfin pool habitats beneath choline uses are not Review. 

(Noturus cobble and small expected to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_ 

fl.aviJ!.innis) boulder substrates rivers, streams, creeks, year_review/doc4146.pdf 

(Miller 2011). The or other water bodies. 

strongest habitat models 

identified preferred 

pools for yellowfin 

madtoms as greater than 

40 meters in length with 

gravel being the main 

substrate beneath cover 

rocks (Miller 2011 ). 

(US FWS, 2012, p. 16). 

Manatee, West This species lives in The proposed 2,4-D US FWS. 2001. Recovery 

Indian freshwater, brackish choline uses are not Plan- Third Revision. 

(Trichechus and marine habitats (US expected to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco 

manatus) FWS, 200 I, Executive rivers, streams, creeks, very_plan/011030.pdf 

Summary). or other water bodies. 

Mauleleaf, The general habitat is The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1997. Recovery 

Winged poorly known, although choline uses are not Plan. 

(Quadrula it has been expected to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco 

fragosa) characterized as a large rivers, streams, creeks, very _plan/970625 .pdf 

stream species. It has or other water bodies. 

been collected on mud, 

mud-covered gravel, 

and gravel substrates. 

In its current location in 

the St. Croix River, it 

occurs in riffles with 

clean gravel, sand, or 

rubbles substrates and 

fast current. It was not 

found in a natural 

impoundment of the 

river (US FWS, 1997, 

p. 5-6). 

Marstonia, This species is found in The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1995. Recovery 

Royal (snail) Blue Spring, which is in choline uses are not Plan. 

(Pyrgy_lo{2.sis the water supply for the expected to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco 

ogmorhaJ!.he) town of Jasper, rivers, streams, creeks, very _plan/950811 .pdf 

Tennessee, and or other water bodies. 

downstream to the State 

39 
rivers. (US FWS 2000, 

p. 51) 

Moccasinshell, Inhabits The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 2000. Recovery 

Coosa sandlgraveVcobble choline uses are not Plan. 

(Medionidus shoals with moderate to expected to overlap with http:llecos.fws.govldocslreco 

12.arvulus} strong currents in rivers, streams, creeks, very _plan/00 111 7. pdf 

streams and small or other water bodies. 

rivers. (US FWS 2000, 

p. 52) 

Monkexface, This species is most The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1984. Recovery 

Am2alachian often observed in clean- choline uses are not Plan. 

(Qearlxmussel} fast-flowing water in expected to overlap with http:llecos.fws.govldocslreco 

(Quadrula substrates that contain rivers, streams, creeks, very _plan/840709 .pdf 

sparsa} relatively firm rubble, or other water bodies. 

gravel, and sand 

substrates swept free 

from siltation. These 

mussels are usually 

found buried in the 

substrate in shallow 

riffle and shoal areas 

(US FWS, 1984, p. 7). 

Monkexface, This species is most The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1984. Recovery 

Cumberland often observed in clean- choline uses are not Plan. 

(Qearlxmussel} fast-flowing water in expected to overlap with http :I I ecos. fws. gov I docslreco 

(Quadrula substrates that contain rivers, streams, creeks, very _plan1840709b.pdf 

intermedia} relatively firm rubble, or other water bodies. 

gravel, and sand 

substrates swept free 

from siltation. These 

mussels are usually 

found buried in the 

substrate in shallow 

riffle and shoal areas 

(US FWS, 1984, p. 9). 

40 
, 

Shoal Creek and the 

Illinois River it prefers 

near-shore areas or 

areas out of the main 

current (Oesch 1984, p. 

221; Obermeyer 2000, 

pp. 15-16) (US FWS 

2012, p. 63443). 

Mucket, Currently restricted to The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 2000. Recovery 

Orangenacre high quality stream and choline uses are not Plan. 

(Lamesilis small river habitat, the expected to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco 

eerovalis) species is found on rivers, streams, creeks, very_plan/001117.pdf 

stable or other water bodies. 

sand/gravel/cobble 

substrate in moderate to 

swift currents (US FWS 

2000, p. 55) 

Mucket, Pink The pink mucket may The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1985. Recovery 

(Qearl:;rmussel) still exist in stretches of choline uses are not Plan. 

(Lam12.silis the lower Ohio River expected to overlap with http:/ /ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco 

abrueta) (US FWS, 1985, p. 10). rivers, streams, creeks, very _plan/pink%20mucket% 

or other water bodies. 20rp.pdf 

The pink mucket habitat 

is large rivers at least 60 

feet wide, where it 

occurs at depths up to 

25 feet deep. Currents 

are typically moderate 

to fast and substrates 

range from silt to 

boulders, rubble, gravel, 

and sand (US FWS, 

1985, p. 11). The 

species seems to have 

adapted to living in 

impounded waters, at 

least in the upper 

reaches where the water 

is flowing (US FWS, 

1985, p. 1 0). 

41 
Scaleshell composed of riffles and choline uses are not Plan. 

(Le12.todea runs in medium to large expected to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco 

leJ2.todon} rivers with low to rivers, streams, creeks, very _plan/1 00407 _ v2.pdf 

medium gradients and or other water bodies. 

slow to moderate 

velocity of current. It 

inhabits a variety of 

substrates from gravel 

to mud, but riffles are 

primarily stable (US 

FWS, 20 10, p.18). 

Mussel, The sheepnose is a The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 2012. Federal 

SheeQnose larger-stream species choline uses are not Register Notice: Final Rule. 

(Plethobasus occurring primarily in expected to overlap with http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pk 

C}phyus} shallow shoal habitats rivers, streams, creeks, g/FR-20 12-03-13/pdf/2012-

with moderate to swift or other water bodies. 5603.pdf 

currents over coarse 

sand and gravel. 

Habitats with sheepnose 

may also have mud, 

cobble, and boulders. 

Sheepnose in larger 

rivers may occur at 

depths exceeding 6 m 

(US FWS, 2012, p 

14916). 

Mussel, The habitat is described The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 2010. Federal 

Snuffbox as swift currents and choline uses are not Register Notice: Listing. 

(EJ2.ioblasma riffles, and shoals and expected to overlap with httQ://www.gQo.gov/fdsy:s/Qk 

triguetra} wave-washed shores of rivers, streams, creeks, glER-20 1 0-11-02/lli!f/20 10-

lakes over gravel and or other water bodies. 27 413 .Qdf#Qage=2 

sand with occasional 

cobble and boulders. USFWS. 2012. Federal 

They generally burrow Register Notice: Final Rule. 

deep into the substrate http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pk 

(US FWS, 2010, p g/FR-20 12-02-14/pdf/2012-

67554). This 2940.pdf 

constitutes a wide 

diversity of habitats. 

However, they do not 

occur in impounded 

areas or reservoirs 

42 
Executive Summary). 

Pearlxmussel, This species is most The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1984. Recovery 

Birdwing often observed in clean choline uses are not Plan. 

(Lemiox fast-flowing water in expected to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco 

rimosus) substrates that contain rivers, streams, creeks, very _plan/060206a.pdf 

relatively firm rubble, or other water bodies. 

gravel and sand 

substrates swept free 

from siltation. It is 

usually found buried in 

the substrate in shallow 

riffle and shoal areas 

(US FWS, 1984, p. 6). 

Pearlxmussel, The cracking The proposed 2,4-D http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/life _ 

Cracking pearlymussel has choline uses are not histories/FO 1 X.html 

(Hemistena undergone a substantial expected to overlap with 

lata) range reduction. It was rivers, streams, creeks, 

historically distributed or other water bodies. 

in the Ohio, 

Cumberland, and 

Tennessee River 

systems. The species 

has been extirpated 

throughout much of its 

range. It was last 

collected from Mussel 

Shoals, an 85 km reach 

of the Tennessee River 

in Alabama, prior to 

1925 and is presumed 

to be extirpated from 

the shoal. It is presently 

known to survive at 

only a few shoals in the 

Clinch and Powell 

Rivers in Tennessee and 

Virginia, and it has 

likely been reduced to 

only three viable 

populations in these 

systems. The species 

possibly survives in the 

43 
(EJ2.ioblasma been seen alive in over expected to overlap with http:/ /ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco 

florentina a decade. Limited to rivers, streams, creeks, very _plan/840709c.pdf 

curtisii) stream segments that or other water bodies. 

are transitional between 

headwater and lowland 

streams reaches -

shallow stable riffles 

(US FWS 2010, p. 3, 

7). 

Pearlymussel, This species is most The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1984. Recovery 

Dromedary often observed in clean, choline uses are not Plan. 

(Dromus fast-flowing water in expected to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco 

dromas) substrates that contain rivers, streams, creeks, very _plan/840709c.pdf 

relatively firm rubble, or other water bodies. 

gravel and sand 

substrates swept free 

from siltation. These 

mussels are usually 

found buried in the 

substrate in shallow 

riffle and shoal areas 

(US FWS, 1984, p. 8). 

Pearlymussel, This species inhabits The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1989. Recovery 

Littlewing small to medium, low choline uses are not Plan. 

(Pegias fjlbula) turbidity, cool-water, expected to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco 

high to moderate rivers, streams, creeks, very _plan/890922.pdf 

gradient streams in the or other water bodies. 

Cumberland and 

Tennessee River basins 

(US FWS, 1989, p. 5). 

Pearlymussel, Associated with the The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 2013. Federal 

Slabs ide Cumberland and choline uses are not Register Notice: Designation 

(Pleuronaia Tennessee River expected to overlap with of Critical Habitat. 

dolabelloides) drainages. Generally rivers, streams, creeks, http://www .gpo .gov/fdsys/pk 

live embedded in the or other water bodies. g/FR-2013-09-26/pdf/2013-

bottom of stable 23357.pdf 

streams and other 

bodies ofwater, and 

within riffle areas of 

sufficient current 

velocities to remove 

finer sediments and 

provide well 

44 
substratum (US FWS, 

1992, Executive 

Summary). 

Pigtoe. This species is typically The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1984. Recovery 

Fineray_ed a riffle species that choline uses are not Plan. 

(Fusconaia inhabits ford and shoal expected to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco 

cuneolus} areas in free-flowing rivers, streams, creeks, very _plan/fine%20rayed%20r 

streams of moderate or other water bodies. ecov%20plan.pdf 

gradient (US FWS, 

1984, p. 7). 

Pigtoe, Flat Habitat is the The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1989. Recovery 

(Pleurobema Tombigbee River, choline uses are not Plan. 

marshalli} characterized by an expected to overlap with httQ :/I ecos. fws. gov I docs/reco 

increasing number of rivers, streams, creeks, very: Qlan/891114e.Qdf 

sand and gravel shoals or other water bodies. 

and decreasing channel 

size in the upper 

portions (US FWS, 

1989). 

Pigtoe, Georgia This species requires The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 2013. Draft 

(Pleurobema flowing water, sable choline uses are not Recovery Plan. 

hanle}!.ianum} stream channels with expected to overlap with http:/ /ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco 

minimal sediment and rivers, streams, creeks, very _plan!Hartfield%20and% 

algae growth, and or other water bodies. 20Powell%2020 13%20Draft 

adequate water quality. %20Three%20Mollusks%20 

It also requires a host RP%20062813.pdf 

fish, which is currently 

unknown (US FWS, 

2013, Executive 

Summary). 

Pigtoe, Rough The rough pigtoe The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1984. Recovery 

(Pleurobema habitat is medium to choline uses are not Plan. 

plenum} large rivers, 60 feet or expected to overlap with http:/ /ecos.fws.gov /docs/reco 

wider, in sand and rivers, streams, creeks, very _plan/840806.pdf 

gravel substrates. Very or other water bodies. 

limited collection 

information suggests it 

occurs below spillways, 

in transition zones, and 

in sand and gravel 

substrates (US FWS, 

1984, p. 8). 

45 
p

species is usually found 

well-buried in the 

substrate during most of 

the year and is more 

readily visible in early 

summer (US FWS, 

1984, p. 8). 

Pig!oe, Sand/gravel shoals and The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 2000. Recovery 

Southern runs of small rivers and choline uses are not Plan. 

(Pleurobema large streams (US FWS expected to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco 

georgianum) 2000, p. 59) rivers, streams, creeks, very_plan/001117.pdf 

or other water bodies. 

PimQleback, The 1984 Recovery The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1984. Recovery 

Orange foot Plan indicated that the choline uses are not Plan. 

(Qearlymussel) orange-foot pimpleback expected to overlap with http:/ /ecos.fws.gov/ docs/reco 

(Plethobasus was known from the rivers, streams, creeks, very _plan/840930b.pdf 

coo{l.erianus) Tennessee, or other water bodies. 

Cumberland, and lower 

Ohio Rivers (US FWS, 

1984. p. 2). The habitat 

is described as medium 

to large rivers in sand 

and gravel substrates. 

In the Ohio River it was 

collected from 15-29 

feet depths, but may 

have lived in shallower 

riffles (US FWS, 1984, 

p. 6). 

46 
and rivers. Most 

breeding occurs along 

alkali lakes and 

wetlands, where nesting 

sites are generally wide, 

gravelly, salt encrusted 

beaches with minimal 

vegetation . At inland 

lakes, they use barren to 

sparsely vegetated 

islands, beaches, and 

peninsulas. Sparsely 

vegetated sandbars and 

reservoir shorelines are 

preferred in riverine 

systems (US FWS, 

2002, p. 57640). 

Plover, PiQing The breeding habitat of The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 2009. 5-Year 

Great Lakes the Great Lakes DPS of choline uses are not Review. 

watershed the piping plover is well expected to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five _ 

( Charadrius defined by the Critical sparsely vegetated sandy year _review/doc3009 .pdf 

melodus) Habitat designation. shorelines or islands of 

Critical Habitat for this the Great Lakes. USFWS. 2000. Federal 

DPS consists of Register Notice 

approximately 200 http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/feder 

miles of Great Lakes al_register/fr3 648. pdf 

shoreline (extending 

1640 ft inland) in 26 

counties in Minnesota, 

Wisconsin, Michigan, 

Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, 

Pennsylvania, and New 

York. Additional 

Critical Habitat for 

wintering populations 

ofthis DPS are in the 

southeastern United 

States and other areas 

that are outside the 

scope of this analysis 

(USFWS, 2000; 

USFWS, 2009, p.2). 

47 
c

es deep very _p lan/8 91114c. pdf 

to at least 8 feet. 

Habitat includes 

drainage ditches. (US 

FWS, 1989, p. 6). 

Populations have been 

found in larger rivers in 

the Ohio River system, 

and it may occur as 

deep as 20 feet (US 

FWS, 2012, p. 7-8). It 

can also tolerate periods 

ofhigh suspended 

sediments (US FWS, 

2012, p. 11). 

Pocketbook, This species inhabits The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 2004. Recovery 

Ouachita Rock pools, backwaters, and choline uses are not Plan. 

(Arkansia side channels of rivers expected to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco 

wheeleri} and large creeks in or rivers, streams, creeks, very _plan/040602.pdf 

near the southern slope or other water bodies. 

ofthe Ouachita Uplift. 

This species occupies 

stable substrates 

containing gravel, sand, 

and other materials (US 

FWS, 2004. Executive 

Summary). 

Pocketbook, Specific habitat The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1992. Recovery 

SQeckled requirements are not choline uses are not Plan. 

(Lampsilis known. The species is expected to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco 

streckeri} found in coarse to rivers, streams, creeks, very _plan/9201 02.pdf 

muddy sand in depths or other water bodies. 

up to 0.4 meters (1.3 

feet) with a constant 

flow of water. The 

occurrence in areas of 

constant water flow 

suggests a requirement 

for well-oxygenated 

conditions (US FWS 

1992, p. 3). 

48 
(Qy_adrula primarily an inhabitant choline uses are not Register Notice. 

cy_lindrica of small to medium expected to overlap with http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pk 

cy_lindrica} sized streams and some rivers, streams, creeks, g!FR -2012-1 0-16/pdf/20 12-

larger rivers. It usually or other water bodies. 2415l.pdf 

occurs in shallow water 

areas along the bank 

and adjacent runs and 

shoals with reduced 

water velocity." They 

have been reported in 

deep water runs up to 

12 feet depth. "Bottom 

substrates generally 

include gravel and 

sand" (US FWS, 2012, 

p. 63446). 

Rabbitsfoot, Inhabits medium-sized The proposed 2,4-D FWS. 2004. Recovery Plan. 

Rough to large rivers in choline uses are not http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco 

(Quadrula moderate to swift expected to overlap with very _plan/040524.pdf 

cy_lindrica current but often exists rivers, streams, creeks, 

strigillata} in areas close to, but not or other water bodies. 

in, the swiftest current 

(Gordon 1991 ). It is 

reported to live in silt, 

sand, gravel, or cobble 

in eddies at the edge of 

midstream currents and 

may be associated with 

macrophyte beds 

(Yeager and Neves 

1986, Gordon 1991). 

The rough 

rabbitsfoot seldom 

burrows; it generally 

lies on its side on the 

stream bottom (Neves, 

pers. comm., 2003) (US 

FWS 2004, p. 19). 

Riffleshell, Tan This species inhabits The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1984. Recovery 

(Eeioblasma streams described as choline uses are not Plan. 

florentina shallow and turbid with expected to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco 

walkeri {_=E. numerous riffles and rivers, streams, creeks, very _plan/tan%20riffleshell% 

walkeri}} substrate consisting of or other water bodies. 20rp.pdf 

49 
(US FWS, 1991). or other water bodies. 

Riversnail, This species is typically The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1997. Recovery 

Anthony's found in large streams choline uses are not Plan. 

(Athearnia on large submerged expected to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco 

anthony_i} objects (e.g., rocks and rivers, streams, creeks, very _plan/970813. pdf 

logs) or gravelly or other water bodies. 

substrata in relatively 

shallow, moderately to 

fast-flowing water (US 

FWS, 1997). 

Sawfish, Smalltooth sawfish are The proposed 2,4-D NMFS, NOAA. 2001. 

Smalltooth tropical marine and choline uses are not Federal Register Notice: 

(Pristis estuarine fish that have expected to overlap with Proposed Endangered Status 

12.ectinata) the northwestern rivers, streams, creeks, for a DPS of Smalltooth 

terminus oftheir or other water bodies. Sawfish. 

Atlantic range in the httQ://ecos.fws.gov/docs/feder 

waters of the eastern al register/fr3741.Qdf 

United States. In the 

United States, 

smalltooth sawfish are 

generally a shallow 

water fish of inshore 

bars, mangrove edges, 

and seagrass beds, but 

are occasionally found 

in deeper coastal 

waters. (US FWS 

NMFS, NOAA 2001, p. 

19416) 

SculQin, Grotto Grotto sculpin occupy The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 2013. Federal 

(Cottus s12..} cave streams, choline uses are not Register Notice: Designation 

resurgences (also expected to overlap with of Critical Habitat (58928) 

known as ''spring rivers, streams, creeks, h!!Q://www.gQo.gov/fdsys/Qk 

branches'') (V and ike or other water bodies. glER-2013-09-25/Qdf/2013-

1985, p. 1 0), springs, 23182.Qdf 

and surface streams 

(Adams 2012, pers. 

comm.; Adams et al. 

2013,pp.491-493; 

Burr et al. 2001, p. 

284). They occupy 

pools and riffles with 

50 
substrates (for example, 

silt, gravel, cobble, rock 

rubble, and bedrock), 

the presence of cobble 

or pebble is necessary 

for spawning (Burr et 

al. 2001, p. 284; Adams 

et al. unpub. data; 

Adams et al. 2013, pp. 

491--492) (US FWS 

2013, p. 58928). 

Sea Turtle, Green turtles are The proposed 2,4-D NMFS, NOAA. 1998. 

Green primarily restricted to choline uses are not Federal Register Notice: 

(Chelonia tropical and subtropical expected to overlap with Designated critical habitat. 

mydas) waters. In U.S. Atlantic coastal waters. http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/feder 

and Gulf of Mexico al_register/fr3295.pdf 

waters, green turtles are 

found from 

Massachusetts to Texas 

and in the U.S. Virgin 

Islands and Puerto 

Rico. Seagrasses are the 

principal dietary 

component of juvenile 

and adult green turtles 

throughout the Wider 

Caribbean region 

(Bjomdal, 1995). 

(NMFS, NOAA 1998, 

p. 46694) 

Sea Turtle, The hawksbill turtle The proposed 2,4-D NMFS, NOAA. 1998. 

Hawksbill occurs in tropical and choline uses are not Federal Register Notice: 

(Eretmochelys subtropical waters of expected to overlap with Designated critical habitat. 

imbricata) the Atlantic, Pacific, coastal waters. http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/feder 

and Indian Oceans. al_register/fr3295.pdf 

Coral reefs, like those 

found in the waters 

surrounding Mona and 

Monito Islands, are 

widely recognized as 

the primary foraging 

habitat of juvenile, 

subadult, and adult 

51 
shelter; therefore, the 

condition of reefs 

directly affects the 

hawksbill's well-being. 

(NMFS, NOAA 1998, 

p. 46695) 

Sea Turtle, This life history pattern The proposed 2,4-D NMFS, NOAA. 20 II. BiKemg's Ridley is characterized by three choline uses are not national recovery plan for the 

(Leaidochely_s Basic ecosystem zones: expected to overlap with kemp's ridley sea turtle. 

kempii) (1) Terrestrial zone coastal waters. http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco 

(supralittoral) -the very_plan/090116.pdf 

nesting beach where 

both oviposition and 

embryonic development 

occur; (2) Neritic zonethe nearshore (including 

bays and sounds) 

marine environment 

(from the surface to the 

sea floor) where water 

depths do not exceed 

200 meters, including 

the continental shelf; 

and (3) Oceanic zone -

the vast open ocean 

environment (from the 

surface to the sea floor) 

where water depths are 

greater than 200 meters. 

(NMFS, NOAA 2011, 

p. 1-8) 

Sea Turtle, Leatherbacks are able to The proposed 2,4-D NMFS, NOAA. 2013. Five 

Leatherback take advantage of a choline uses are not Year Review. 

(Dermochely_s wide variety of marine ef(pected to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco 

coriacea} ecosystems (reviewed coastal waters. very_plan/090116.pdf 

by Saba 20I3; see 

NOAA large marine 

ecosystem website: 

http://www.lme.noaa.go 

v/). Within these 

ecosystems, various 

oceanic features such as 

water temperature, 

52 
2011). The physical 

characteristics observed 

within these marine 

ecosystems also affect 

the distribution and 

abundance of 

leatherback prey 

(reviewed by Saba 

2013). (NFMS, NOAA 

2013, p. 20-22) 

Sea Turtle, The three basic The proposed 2,4-D NMFS, NOAA, 2009, 

Loggerhead ecosystems in which choline uses are not Recovery Plan. 

Northwest loggerheads live are expected to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco 

Atlantic DPS the: coastal waters. very_plan/090116.pdf 

(Caretta 1. Terrestrial zone 

caretta) (supralittoral) -the 

nesting beach where 

both oviposition (egg 

laying) and embryonic 

development and 

hatching occur. 

2. Neritic zone- the 

nearshore marine 

environment (from the 

surface to the sea floor) 

where water depths do 

not exceed 200 meters. 

The neritic zone 

generally includes the 

continental shelf, but in 

areas where the 

continental shelf is very 

narrow or nonexistent, 

the neritic zone 

conventionally extends 

to areas where water 

depths are less than 200 

meters. 

3. Oceanic zone - the 

vast open ocean 

environment (from the 

surface to the sea floor) 

where water depths are 

53 
(NotrOP.iS selection for or expected to overlap with of Critical Habitat. 

girardi) avoidance of any rivers, streams, creeks, http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco 

particular habitat type or other water bodies. very _plan/950830.pdf 

(i.e., main channel, side 

channel, backwaters, 

and pools) by Arkansas 

River shiner. Arkansas 

River shiners did tend 

to 

select side channels and 

backwaters slightly 

more than expected 

based on the availability 

of these habitats (Wilde 

et al. 2000). Likewise, 

they appeared to make 

no obvious selection 

for, or avoidance of, · 

any particular substrate 

type. Substrates (i.e., 

the river bed) in the 

Canadian River in New 

Mexico and Texas were 

predominantly sand, 

however, the Arkansas 

River shiner was 

observed to occur over 

silt slightly more than 

expected based on the 

availability of this 

substrate (Wilde et al. 

2000) ; preferred habitat 

for the Arkansas River 

shiner is the mainstem 

oflarger plains rivers ... 

historically inhabited 

the main channels of 

wide, shallow, sandybottomed rivers and 

larger streams of the 

Arkansas River basin 

(Gilbert 1980). Adults 

are uncommon in quiet 

54 
( C}!J2.rinella primarily occupies choline uses are not Plan. 

caerulea) second to fourth order, expected to overlap with httJrl/ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco 

moderate gradient rivers, streams, creeks, very Qlan/950830.Qdf 

streams within the or other water bodies. 

Ridge and Valley and 

Piedmont physiographic 

provinces of Alabama, 

Georgia, and Tennessee 

(Smith-V aniz 1968, 

Ramsey 1976, Krotzer 

1984, Ramsey and 

Pierson 1986, Pierson 

and Krotzer 1987, 

Mayden 1989, Pierson 

et al. 1989, Boschung 

1992, Etnier and 

Starnes 1993, Dobson 

1994 ). Most watersheds 

where it is found are 

predominately forested, 

and agriculture and 

urban development are 

minimal. For example 

in Alabama, land cover 

in the Choccolocco 

watershed is 66 percent 

forest, 20 percent 

pasture, and 13 percent 

agriculture. It prefers a 

sand or sand and gravel 

substrate sometimes 

with cobble, low to 

moderate velocity 

current, and a depth of 

about 0.15 to 1 meters 

(0.5 to 3 feet) (Gilbert 

et al. 1979; Krotzer 

1984, Pierson and 

Krotzer 1987, Dobson 

1994)(US FWS 1995, 

p. 3-4) 

55 
shiners can tolerate a 

range of water 

temperatures, cooler, 

spring-maintained 

systems are considered 

optimal. These streams 

generally maintain 

perennial flow but may 

become intermittent 

during summer or 

periods of drought, as 

long as there are refuge 

areas in headwaters 

springs or main 

channels of larger 

streams that do not 

provide adequate yearround habitat. While 

headwaters, oxbows 

and side channels 

provide the typical 

habitat, mainstem 

streams provide for 

dispersal as well as for 

drought refuge. The 

shiner is very often 

associated with 

groundwater 

discharges. Substrates 

are typically clean 

gravel, cobble, or sand, 

but may include 

bedrock and clay 

hardpan covered by a 

thin layer of silt, or 

coarse sand overlain by 

silt and detritus. 

Spawning is often over 

native sunfish nests (US 

FWS,2004,pp,44743-

4). 

56 
outcrops and sheer 

cliffs at intervals along 

both sides of the creek 

(US FWS, 1982). 

S Qectaclecase The spectaclecase The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 2012. Federal 

(mussel) generally inhabits large choline uses are not Register Notice: Final Rule. 

( Cumberlandia rivers where it occurs in expected to overlap with http:/ /www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pk 

monodonta) microhabitats sheltered rivers, streams, creeks, g/FR-20 12-03-13/pdf/2012-

from the main force of or other water bodies. 5603.pdf 

current. It occurs in a 

variety of substrates 

from mud and sand to 

gravel, cobble, and 

boulders in relatively 

shallow riffles and 

shoals with a slow to 

swift current. It is 

most often found in 

firm mud between large 

rocks in quiet water 

very near the interface 

with swift currents (US 

FWS, 2012, p 14916). 

SQider, SQruce- typical habitat appears The proposed 2,4-D US FWS, 1998, Recovery 

Fir Moss to be associated with choline uses are not Plan for the Spruce-fir Moss 

(Microhexura moist, well-drained expected to overlap with Spider 

montivaga) moss mats growing on high-elevation conifer httQ://www.gQo.gov/fdsxs/Qk 

rocks and boulders in forests. gLER-2011-09-27/Qdf/2011-

well-shaded situations 24046.Qdf 

in mature highelevation conifer forests 

dominated by Fraser fir, 

Abiesfraseri, often with 

scattered red spruce, 

Pice a rubens. (US 

FWS 1998, p. iii) 

57 
support these animals. 

Food sources for the 

Carolina northern flying 

squirrel include fungi, 

lichens, staminate 

cones, insects, and other 

animal matter (US FWS 

1990,_Q. 6-7) 

Stirrupshell Habitat is the The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1989. Recovery 

(Quadrula Tombigbee River, choline uses are not Plan. 

stapes} characterized by an expected to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco 

increasing number of rivers, streams, creeks, very _plan/891114e.pdf 

sand and gravel shoals or other water bodies. 

and decreasing channel 

size in the upper 

portions (US FWS, 

1989). 

Sturgeon, Gulf The Gulf sturgeon is an The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1995. Recovery 

(Acipenser Anadromous fish which choline uses are not Plan. 

oxy_rinchus migrates from salt water expected to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco 

desotoi} into large coastal rivers rivers, streams, creeks, very _plan/950922.pdf 

to spawn and spend the or other water bodies. 

warm months. The 

majority of its life is 

spent in fresh water (US 

FWS, 1995). 

· Sturgeon, Pallid Habitat is the bottom in The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 2014. Recovery 

(Scaphirhy_nchu swift waters of large, choline uses are not Plan. 

sa/bus} turbid, free-flowing expected to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco 

rivers, often over sand rivers, streams, creeks, ven:: plan/Pallid%20Sturgeon 

substrates, but other or other water bodies. %20Recoven::%20Plan%20Fi 

substrates include at rst>/o20Revision%20signed% 

least gravel and rock. 20version%20012914 3.pdf 

Sloughs, chutes, and 

side channels that USFWS. 2007. Five Year 

transition from Review. 

floodplain to the main http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_ 

channels are apparently year_review/doc1059.pdf 

important as spawning, 

nursery, and feeding 

areas. Within the 

subject states, this 

habitat occurs in the 

58 
with islands or sand 

bars in the upper 

Missouri River (US 

FWS,2007.p. 8). They 

do not typically occur 

in impounded areas due 

to lower flows and 

other hydrologic 

factors, nor where 

channel stabilization 

has reduced channel 

meandering and access 

to floodplain areas (US 

FWS, 2007, p. 38). 

Tern, Least Species is a piscivore, The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1990. Recovery 

interior QOQ. feeding in shallow choline uses are not Plan. 

(Sterna waters of rivers, expected to overlap with http:/ /ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco 

an til/arum} streams (USFWS, 1990, riparian areas, including very __plan/900919a.pdf 

p. 20). Beaches, sand coastal areas. 

pits, sandbars, islands 

and peninsulas are the 

principal breeding 

habitats of coastal areas 

and nesting can be close 

to water but is usually 

between the dune 

environment and the 

high tide line. 

Vegetation at coastal 

nesting areas is sparse, 

scattered and short. 

Riverine nesting areas 

are sparsely vegetated 

sand and gravel bars 

within a wide 

unobstructed river 

channel, or salt flats 

along lake shorelines. 

Nesting occurs along 

river banks (US FWS, 

1990,_p. 20). 

59 
and are sparsely 

vegetated (Carter 1989; 

Spomer and Higley 

1993; LaGrange 1997; 

Spomer et al. 2004a). 

Larvae have been found 

only on moist salt flats 

and salt-encrusted 

banks of Little Salt 

Creek in northern 

Lancaster County 

(Spomer et al. 2004a) 

and saline wetlands 

associated with Rock 

Creek in the southern 

margin of Saunders 

County. Salt Creek tiger 

beetles require open, 

barren salt flat areas 

(US FWS 2009, p. 2). 

Turtle, Ringed Rivers and adjacent The proposed 2,4-D USACE. Ringed Map Turtle 

Map white sand beaches with choline uses are not Species Profile. US Army 

( Grall.temy_s basking sites (brush, expected to overlap with Corps of Engineers, Engineer 

oculifgra) logs debris) (USACE) rivers or beaches. Research and Development 

Center, Environmental 

Laboratory. 

Turtle, Yell ow- Rivers and large creeks, The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1993. Recovery 

Blotched Map prefers moderate choline uses are not Plan for the Yellow-blotched 

( Grall.temy_s currents, abundant expected to overlap with Map Turtle. United States 

flavimaculata) basking sites, and rivers, streams, creeks, Fish and Wildlife Service 

sandbars (US FWS or other water bodies 

1993, p. 2) and their associated 

beaches. 

60 
across its range, but is very _plan/91 0930h.pdf 

generally shrublands 

with a distinctive 

patchy structure. The 

shrub vegetation is 

mostly deciduous and 

generally extends from 

the ground to about six 

feet above ground and 

covers about 30 to 60% 

of the total area. Open 

grassland separates the 

clumps of shrubs. (US 

FWS 2007, p. 7) 

From Oklahoma 

through most of Texas, 

this type of vegetational 

configuration occurs 

most frequently on 

rocky substrates with 

shallow soils, in rocky 

gullies, on edges of 

ravines, and on eroded 

slopes. (US FWS 2007, 

p. 20) 

Wartyback, The. white wartyback The proposed 2,4-D USFWS, 1984, Recovery 

White has undergone a choline uses are not Plan White Warty-backed 

(Qearlymussel) substantial range expected to overlap with Pearlymussel (Plethobasus reduction and is rivers, streams, creeks, httQ://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco 

cicatricosus) considered to be or other water bodies. very Qlan/060313h.Qdf 

possibly extinct. It httQ://ecos.fws.gov/docs/life histories/FOOM.html 

was historically 

distributed in the 

Wabash, Ohio, 

Kanawha, 

Cumberland, Holston, 

and Tennessee Rivers 

ofthe Ohio, 

Cumberland, and 

Tennessee River 

systems; however, no 

61 
below Pickwick Dam. 

No living populations 

have been found in 

numerous surveys 

conducted in the 

Tennessee River 

since the 1960s; 

however, fresh dead 

specimens were 

collected in 1979 and 

1982 below Pickwick 

Dam near Savannah, 

Tennessee. If this 

species still exists, the 

viability of remaining 

populations is 

extremely threatened 

The white wartyback 

is a riffle species that 

is typically found in 

large rivers in gravel 

substrates . 

Whale, Finback Fin whales are found in The proposed 2,4-D http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/ 

(BalaenoJ2.tera deep, offshore waters of choline uses are not species/mammals/cetaceans/fi 

J2.hy_salus) all major oceans, expected to overlap with nwhale.htm 

primarily in temperate deep offshore waters. 

to polar latitudes, and 

less commonly in the 

tropics. They occur 

year-round in a wide 

range of latitudes and 

longitudes, but the 

density of individuals in 

any one area changes 

seasonally. 

Whale, During migration, The proposed 2,4-D httQ://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/Qr/ 

HumQback humpbacks stay near choline uses are not SQecies/mammals/cetaceanslh 

(Megafl.tera the surface of the ocean. expected to overlap with umQbackwhale.htm 

novaeam!liae) coastal waters. 

62 
g

y 

near offshore reef 

systems, islands, or 

continental shores. 

Humpback feeding 

grounds are in cold, 

productive coastal 

waters. 

Woodpecker, Habitat: Forest, Proposed 2,4-D choline USFWS Recovery Plan 

Red-Cockaded Savannah (open pine uses are not expected to http:/ I ecos. fws. gov I docs/reco 

(Picoides woodlands and overlap with forest or very plan/030320 2.pdf 

borealis) savannahs with large savannah. 

old pines) (US FWS 

2003, p. x) 

Habitat size (home 

range):. 116-357 acres 

_(_US FWS 2003, p. 49) 

Plants 

Aster, The natural habitat of The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1990. Recovery 

Decurrent False the aster was the shores choline uses are not Plan. 

(Boltonia of lakes and the banks expected to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco 

decurrens} of streams including the the shores of very _plan/900928c.pdf 

Illinois River. It lakes/streams or other 

appears to require floodplain habitats 

abundant light. It where the aster may USFWS. 2012. 5-Yearpresently grows in such occur. Review. 

habitats but is more http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five _ 

common in disturbed year _review/ doc4044. pdf 

lowland areas where it 

appears to be dependent 

on human activity for 

survival (US FWS, 

1990, p . .3). It occupies 

unimpounded 

floodplain habitats 

along the Illinois River 

system; the plant relies 

on periodic flood pulses 

to maintain populations 

and suitable habitat (US 

FWS, 2012, p. 7). 

63 
Avens, This species grows in The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1993. Recovery 

SQreading full sun on the shallow choline uses are not Plan. 

(Geum acidic soils of high- expected to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco 

radiatum) elevation cliffs, rocky high-elevation cliffs, very _plan/930428.pdf 

outcrops, steep slopes, rocky outcrops, steep 

and on gravelly talus slopes or gravelly talus. 

(US FWS, 1993). 

Bladdernod, This species grows in USFWS. 1998. Recovery 

Missouri shallow soils on Plan. 

(Ph}!.saria limestone glades and http:/ /ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco 

flli{.ormis) outcrops in pastures and very _p lan/880407 .pdf 

rarely in rocky open 

woods. Grows in 

shallowest soils with 

other annuals where 

bare soil occurs and few 

perennials are present. 

Burlington limestone of 

Mississippian age (US 

FWS, 1998). 

Bluet, Roan This species grows in The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1996. Recovery 

Mountain shallow soils and choline uses are not Plan. 

(Hedy_otis crevices of cliffs and expected to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco 

Il.UrJ!.urea var. outcrops and on thin cliffs and outcrops. very _plan/960513. pdf 

montana) rocky soils of grassy 

balds (US FWS, 1996). 

Bush-Clover, The prairie bush clover The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1988. Recovery 

Prairie occurs on both choline uses are not Plan. 

(LesJ!.edeza undisturbed and expected to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco 

leJ!.tostachy_a) disturbed sites over prairies. very _plan/881 006.pdf 

sandy, loam, or gravelly 

soils included at the 

thin margins near rock 

outcrops. Sites may 

have been previously 

mowed, burned or 

grazed (US FWS, 1988, 

p. 7-81 

Butterfl): Plant, This species requires The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 2010. Recovery 

Colorado early- to mid- choline uses are not Plan. 

(Gaura succession riparian expected to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco 

neomexicana habitat. It commonly very _ _plan/Colorado%20Butte 

64 
prairie. Typically, 

Colorado butterfly plant 

habitat is open, without 

dense or overgrown 

vegetation (US FWS, 

2010). 

Chaffseed, Habitats described as The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1995. Recovery 

American pine flatwoods, fire- choline uses are not Plan. 

(Schwalbea maintained savannas, expected to overlap with http:/ /ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco 

americana) ecotonal areas between pine flatwoods, fire- very _p lan/95 0929c.pdf 

peaty wetlands and maintained savannas, 

xeric sandy soils, and wetland or sedge 

other open grass-sedge dominated systems. 

systems (US FWS, 

1995). 

Clover, Running buffalo clover The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 2007. Recovery 

Running occurs in mesic habitats choline uses are not Plan. 

Buffalo of partial to filtered expected to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco 

(Trifglium sunlight, where there is mesic habitats where the very _plan/070627.pdf 

stolonifgrum) a prolonged pattern of clover is expected to be 

moderate periodic found. 

disturbance, such as 

mowing, trampling, or 

grazing. It is most 

often found in regions 

underlain with 

limestone or other 

calcareous bedrock. 

Specific habitats 

include mesic 

woodlands, savannahs, 

floodplains, stream 

banks, sandbars, grazed 

woodlots, mowed paths 

(e.g. cemeteries, parks), 

old logging roads, jeep 

trails, A TV trails, skid 

trails, mowed wildlife 

openings within mature 

forest, and steep 

ravines. It has been 

suggested that the 

original habitat may 

65 
Fern, American Early successional The proposed 2,4-D http:/ I ecos. fws. gov I docs/reco 

Hart's-Ton~rue habitats Northern choline uses are not very _plan/930915 .pdf 

(As(l.lenium populations occur in expected to overlap early 

scolo.12.endrium forests of secondary successional forests, 

var. growth where canopy conifer forests or 

americanum) openings are abundant. bryophyte beds where 

New Y oprk populations the species is found .. 

occur in conifer forests. 

Bryophyte beds are an 

important substrate. 

Geocar.12.on This species grows on The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1993. Recovery 

minimum (No sandstone glades and choline uses are not Plan. 

common name) outcrops as well as expected to overlap with http:/ /ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco 

bare, sparsely vegetated the sandstone glades and very _plan/930726.pdf 

areas where the soil outcrops where this 

contains relatively large species is expected to be 

amounts of magnesium found. 

and sodium salts (US 

FWS, 1993). 

Goldenrod, This species grows on The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1987. Recovery 

Blue Ridge rock o_utcrops and choline uses are not Plan. 

(Solidago vertical to near vertical expected to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco 

s.12.ithamaea) cliffs in southern rock outcrops and very _planlblueridge%20gold 

Appalachians of vertical cliffs. enrod%20rp.pdf 

western North Carolina 

and extreme eastern 

TN. Rocky summits 

and cliffs usually 

appear as smaller-scale 

patchy habitats 

embedded in larger 

forest consisting of 

66 
(Xyris wetland plant that wetlands. year _review/doc4360.pdf 

tennesseensis) prefers relatively high 

pH seeps and 

streambanks. An 

Obligate wetland plant 

that is restricted to 

calcareous seeps, fens, 

and spring runs (US 

FWS, 2014). 

Ground-Plum, This species is endemic The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 2011. Recovery 

Guthrie's to cedar glades (US choline uses are not Plan. 

(=Pxne's) FWS, 2011). expected to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco 

(Astragalus cedar glades. very_plan/20110722b_Pynes 

bibullatus) %20ground%20plum _ RP _fin 

al l.pdf 

Hamerella Harperella is known The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1991. Recovery 

(Ptilimnium from only two locations choline uses are not Plan. 

nodosum) in North Caro !ina. One expected to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco 

population occurs in the river habitats. very _plan/91 0305b.pdf 

Tar River in Granville 

County. Another 

population was 

reintroduced to the 

Deep River recently 

after the original 

population known from 

that area disappeared. 

This population occurs 

in Chatham County, but 

the river serves as the 

divide between 

Chatham and Lee 

counties (US FWS, 

1991). 

Ladies'-Tresses, Occurs in relatively low The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1995. Recovery 

Ute (Sp_iranthes elevation riparian, choline uses are not Plan. 

diluvialis) spring, and lakeside expected to overlap with httu://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco 

wetland meadows. riverine, spring, or ven: ulan/950921.Qdf 

Endemic to moist soils lakeside wet meadows. 

in mesic or wet USFWS. Species Profile 

meadows near springs, Page. 

lakes, or perennial 

67 
Observed to be shade

intolerant (US FWS, 

1995). 

Occurs in relatively low 

elevation riparian, 

spring, and lakeside 

wetland meadows. 

Endemic to moist soils 

in mesic or wet 

meadows near springs, 

lakes, or perennial 

streams. Occur 

primarily in areas where 

the vegetation is 

relatively open and not 

overly dense or 

overgrown, but some 

populations are found in 

riparian woodlands. 

Observed to be shadeintolerant (US FWS, 

Species Profile Page). 

Lichen, Rock Rock gnome lichen is The proposed 2, 4-D httg://www.fws.gov/raleigh/s 

Gnome primarily limited to choline uses are not gecies/es rock gnome lichen 

( G}!..mnoderma vertical rock faces expected _to overlap with .html 

lineare) where seepage water high elevation verticle 

from forest soils above rock faces where the 

flows during (and only species occurs .. 

during) very wet times. 

It appears the species 

needs a moderate 

amount of light, but that 

it cannot tolerate highintensity solar radiation. 

It does well on moist, 

generally open, sites, 

with northern 

exposures, but needs at 

least partial canopy 

coverage where the 

aspect is southern or 

western 

68 
high humidity, either at 

high elevations, where 

it is frequently bathed 

in fog, or in deep 

gorges at lower 

elevations. 

Lil_y:, Minnesota The Minnesota dwarf The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1987. Recovery 

Dwarf Trout trout lily is most choline uses are not Plan. 

(Ery_thronium commonly found in the expected to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco 

!2.70I2.ullans) lower parts of wooded woodlands or very _plan/060309c.pdf 

north-facing slopes, and floodplains. 

on adjacent floodplains. 

Sites are associated 

either with streams or 

abandoned stream 

channels, dominated by 

deciduous trees. It may 

be intolerant of shade 

(US FWS, 1987). 

Milkweed, Mead's milkweed The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 2003. Recovery 

Mead's occurs primarily in choline uses are not Plan. 

(Asclep_ias tallgrass prairie with a expected to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco 

meadii) late successional bunch- tallgrass prairies, hay very _plan/030922b.pdf 

grass structure, but also meadows, or thing soil 

occurs in hay meadows glades or barrens. 

and in thin soil glades 

or barrens. This plant is 

essentially restricted to 

sites that have never 

been plowed and only 

lightly grazed, and hay 

meadows that are 

cropped annually for 

hay (US FWS, 2003, p. 

9). 

Orchid, Eastern The eastern prairie The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1999. Recovery 

Prairie Fringed fringed· orchid occurs in choline uses are not Plan. 

(Platanthera a wide variety of expected to overlap with http:/ /ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco 

leuco12.haea) habitats, from mesic grass or sedge- very _plan/990929. pdf 

prairie to wetland dominated plant 

communities such as communities. 

sedge meadows, marsh 

edges and even fens and 

69 
where it occurs ranges 

from more or less 

neutral to mildly 

calcareous, typically 

glacial soils. It is often 

early successional, but 

can be maintained in 

mid- to late 

successional wetlands 

that remain open and 

sunny (US FWS, 1999, 

pp. 6-7). 

Orchid, Western The western prairie- The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1996. Recovery 

Prairie Fringed fringed orchid occurs choline uses are not Plan. 

(Platanthera primarily in tall grass expected to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco 

Jl.raeclara} prairies dominated by prairie, meadow areas, very _plan/960930a.pdf 

bluestem grass and in roadside ditches, borrow 

sedge meadows that are pits or abandoned fields. 

seasonally wet (US 

FWS, 1996, p. 6). They 

also may occur in 

successional 

communities such as 

borrow pits, old fields, 

and roadside ditches 

(US FWS, 1996, p. 4). 

Penstemon, This species grows in The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1992. Recovery 

Blowout depressions in the choline uses are not Plan. 

(Penstemon topography caused by expected to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco 

hgy_denii} wind erosion. sandy slough slopes or very_plan/920717.pdf 

Vegetation associated dunes. 

with blowouts is 

distinctly different than 

vegetation associated 

with adjacent, 

noneroding areas. 

In Wyoming, blowout 

penstemon is found 

primarily on the rim 

and lee slopes of 

blowouts, or the rim 

70 
prevented from 

becoming fully 

stabilized and 

overgrown because of 

wind and gravity. 

The dunes may be 60 to 

120 feet high (US FWS, 

1992). 

Pitcher-Plant, Habitats for this species The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1994. Recovery 

Green can be generally choline uses are not Plan. 

(Sarracenia grouped into two types: expected to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco 

oreoehila} stream banks stream banks or upland very _plan/941212. pdf 

(considered ephemeral) bogs. 

and upland bogs. 

Upland bogs, fire 

dependent, range from 

open to forested, 

underlain by semiimpervious clay layers 

(US FWS, 1994 ). 

Pogonia, Small The small whorled The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1992. Recovery 

Whorled pogonia occurs on choline uses are not Plan. 

(Isotria upland sites in mixed- expected to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco 

medeoloides} deciduous or mixed mixed very _plan/921113b.pdf 

deciduous/coniferous deciduous/coniferous 

forests that are forests. 

generally in second- or 

third-growth 

successional stages. It 

occurs on both fairly 

young and maturing 

forest stands. Most 

occurrences include 

sparse to moderate 

ground cover in the 

species' microhabitat, a 

relatively open 

understory canopy, and 

proximity to features 

that create long 

persisting breaks in the 

forest canopy. Soils at 

most sites are highly 

71 
in being on a dry, steep, 

thinly forested slope 

atop a vertical 

sandstone bluff. The 

one Ohio site is along 

the Ohio River in a 

typical Appalachiantype forest association 

(US FWS, 1992, pp. 

23-24). 

Pond bern: Associated with The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1993. Recovery 

(Lindera seasonally flooded choline uses are not Plan. 

me /iss ifglia) wetlands. Found on expected to overlap with http:/ /ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco 

wet edges of sandy wetlands. very _plan/93 0923a.pdf 

sinks, ponds, and 

swampy depressions. 

Shade tolerant (US 

FWS, 1993). 

Potato-Bean, Found in open forests The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1993. Recovery 

Price's (Ap_ios along the edges of choline uses are not Plan 

{2riceana) forests, creeks, and expected to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco 

rivers (US FWS, 1993, forests, or water bodies. very _plan/93021 O.pdf 

p. executive summary). . 

Prairie-Clover, Leafy prairie-clover is The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1996. Recovery 

Leafy (Dalea found only in open choline uses are not Plan. 

fgliosa) limestone cedar glades, expected to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco 

limestone barrens, and prairies or areas with very _plan/900919b.pdf 

dolomite prairies which visible bedrock. 

have shallow, silt to 

silty clay loam soils 

over flat and often 

highly fractured, 

horizontally bedded 

limestone or dolomite 

with frequent expanses 

of exposed bedrock at 

surface. Elevations are 

typically between 550 

and 700 feet. These 

habitats experience high 

surface and soil 

temperatures, generally 

have low soil moisture 

72 
mosaic of soils and 

their associated plant 

communities (USFWS, 

1996, p.13). 

Quillwort, This species grows in The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1996. Recovery 

Louisiana sandy soils and gravel choline uses are not Plan. 

(lsoetes bars in or near shallow expected to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco 

louisianensis) blackwater streams and streams, overflow very __plan/960930b.pdf 

overflow channels in channels, or riparian 

riparian woodland. woodlands. 

bayhead forests of fine 

flatwoods and upland 

longleaf pine (US FWS, 

1996). 

Rock-Cress, Braun's rockcress The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1997. Recovery 

Braun's (Arabis occurs on the slopes of choline uses are not Plan. 

Jl.erstellata) calcareous mesophytic expected to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco 

and sub-xeric forest calcareous mesophytic very __plan/970722.pdf 

types. The occurrence and sub-xeric forested 

of this species does not systems. 

appear to be limited to a 

particular slope aspect, 

elevation, or moisture 

regime within the slope 

forests. It is, however, 

sun intolerant.and 

always occurs in at least 

partial shade. The 

largest and most 

vigorous populations 

occur on moist mid- to 

upper slope sites. Plants 

are often found around 

rock outcrops, protected 

sites on the downslope 

side of tree bases, and 

sites of natural 

disturbance, such as 

talus slopes and animal 

trails. It is rarely found 

growing among the 

Leaf litter and 

herbaceous cover of the 

73 
occurring in open, 

washed-out areas near 

the centers of these 

bars. The essential 

habitat requirements of 

this species are: open to 

barely shaded sites; 

moderately deep, sandy, 

well-drained soils with 

no visible organic 

matter; periodic 

forceful flooding to 

maintain openness; 

topographic features to 

enhance sand 

deposition; and, 

perhaps, periods of 

inundation of at least 

two weeks to induce . 

rooting at the lower 

nodes (pg. 8) (US FWS, 

2011). 

Roseroot, New York populations The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1998. Recovery 

Leedy's occur on cliffs along the choline uses are not Plan. 

(Rhodiola western shore of Seneca expected to overlap with http:/ /ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco 

integrJfglia SSf2.. lake. In Minnesota, cliffs. very _plan/980925 .pdf 

leedyi) populations occur on 

maderate cliffs, which 

are cooled by air exiting 

underground passages 

in the karst topography 

(US FWS, 1998). 

Sandwort, This species is The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1996. Recovery 

Cumberland restricted to sandstone choline uses are not Plan. 

(Arenaria rock houses, ledges, and expected to overlap with http:/ /ecos.fws.gov I docs/reco 

cumberlandensi solution pockets on sandstone rock houses, very _plan/960620.pdf 

ll sandstone rock faces; ledges, or rock faces. 

The species is found on 

the sandy floors of rock 

houses, in solution 

pockets on the face of 

sandstone cliffs, and on 

ledges beneath 

74 
southeastern Tennessee. 

Habitat loss and lack of 

information on 

appropriate 

management are the 

factors limiting the 

number of viable 

populations (US FWS, 

1996). 

Sneezeweed, Seasonal wetlands, sink The proposed 2,4-D http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco 

Virginia hole ponds varying choline uses are not very _plan/00 I 002.pdf 

(Helenium from forest settings to expected to overlap sink 

virginicum} farm pond margins. hole ponds and seasonal 

wetlands. 

SQiraea, Spiraea virginiana is The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1992. Recovery 

Virginia found along the banks choline uses are not Plan. 

(Spiraea of high gradient expected to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco 

virginiana} sections of second and rivers, streams, creeks, very _p lan/921113 a. pdf 

third order streams, or or other water bodies. 

on meander scrolls and 

point bars, natural 

levees, and other 

braided features of 

lower reaches (often 

near the stream mouth). 

The habitat is in oftdisturbed early 

successional areas. 

Occasional flood 

scouring reduces 

shading and seems to be 

essential, although the 

spiraea can tolerate 

some overstory growth 

(US FWS, 1992, pp.l7-

18.). 

75 
shinnery oak (Quercus cropland, fallow cropland, shortgrass, and tame pastures; 

havardii) pasture, broods used sites characterized by 25% canopy cover of 

shortgrass pasture, vegetation, canopy height of about 30 em, 24-39% basal 

tame pasture composition of shrubs, 47-60% grasses, and 13-26% basal 

composition offorbs; adults used grain sorghum fields 

during autumn and winter 

I I Cropland, sand Nested in sand sagebrush pasture and foraged in cropland sagebrush (Artemisia during winter filifo/ia) pasture Oklahom• Burned shinnery oak Continued to display at a lek in burned pasture; males pasture, burned tame relocated from an unburned lek to a historical site in a 

pasture, shinnery oak burned weeping lovegrass (Eragrostis curvula) pasture and 

pasture initiated display at a new site in burned shinnery 

oaklbluestem (Andropogon) pasture 

4 Oklahoma Sand sagebrush Densities of birds in shinnery oak pasture were positively 

pasture, shinnery oak correlated with grass cover and grass frequency along 

pasture transects, and with percent of grassland cover types 

identified from satellite imagery; in sand sagebrush pasture, 

numbers of birds were positively correlated with percent 

cover of shrubs and grass frequency along transects, but 

were not associated with percentages of cover types 

identified from satellite imagery 

I Oklahoma Cropland, mixed-grass Nested in residual grasses and shinnery oak; raised broods pasture, sand in shinnery oak thickets; foraged in cropland (food plots) sagebrush pasture, during winter shinnery oak pasture 

6 Texas Honey mesquite Preferred pastures dominated by shinnery oak and sand 

(Prosopis bluestem (Andropogon hal/ii); avoided honey 

glandulosa)/shortgrass mesquite/shortgrass areas; nested more successfully in 

pasture, shinnery oak residual sand bluestem than in other vegetation types; 

pasture selected nest sites with north or northeast aspects, more 

litter and less bare ground than elsewhere in the habitat, and 

taller vegetation than the average vegetation height within 3 

m; broods preferred shinnery oak/sand bluestem pasture 

and avoided mesquite/shortgrass habitat; broods foraged at 

sites with a minimum vegetation height of 24 em and lower 

grass abundance and greater shrub abundance than 

generally was available 

~ Cmpland,nativo Displayed on sparsely vegetated, flat-topped ridges pasture overlooking expansive areas of native pasture and on 

slightly raised knolls that provided unobstructed views of 

broad valleys 

76 
under sand sagebrush and yucca (Yucca glauca); at 29 nest 

sites, tallest vegetation averaged 51 em, sand sagebrush 

plant density was 3471 plants/ha, sand sagebrush cover was 

7.2%, grass cover was 29.4%, forb cover was 1.4%, and 

bare ground was 69.5% 

10 Texas Shinnery oak/sand Selected untreated shinnery oak pastures for nesting over 

sagebrush pasture tebuthiuron-treated pastures of the same type; eight of 10 

females that were captured in tebuthiuron-treated areas later 

nested in untreated shinnery oak; 13 nests were in resid~al 

grasses with 42% overhead cover, average plant height of 

45 em, and average visual obstruction of 61-80% in the first 

33 em above ground; vegetation was dominated by purple 

three-awn (Aristida purpurea) at nine nest sites, little 

bluestem (Schi=achyrium scoparium) at three nests, and 

sand bluestem at one nest 

I I Cropland, mixed-grass Males displayed at lek sites on slightly elevated terrain or pasture, sand on level flats; foraged in cropland during winter sagebrush pasture 

12 Texas Cropland, sand Used pastures vegetated by sand sagebrush, chickasaw 

sagebrush pasture, plum (Prunus angustifolia), fragrant sumac (Rhusaromatica 

shinnery oak pasture var. trilobata), shinnery oak, sand bluestem, little bluestem, 

sand lovegrass (Eragrostis trichodes), sand dropseed 

(Sporobolus cryptandrus), thin paspalum (Paspalum 

setaceum), switchgrass (Panicum virgatum), Indiangrass 

(Sorghastrum nutans), and various forbs; foraged in 

cropland during winter 

13 Kansas Cropland, sand Males preferred habitats vegetated by sand sagebrush, blue 

sagebrush pasture grama (Bouteloua gracilis), sideoats grama (Bouteloua 

curtipendula), paspalum (Paspalum sp.), bluestem, western 

ragweed (Ambrosia psi/ostachya), sunflowers (Helianthus 

spp.), Russian-thistle (Sa/sola iberica), prickly pear 

(Opuntia sp.), and yucca and used cultivated fields, 

tallgrass and CRP, and other grassland habitats less than 

expected; median sizes of areas used by males were 12-140 

ha in April and May, 77-144 ha from June through 

September, and 229-409 ha in October and November 

14 Oklahoma Sand Displayed in areas dominated by buffalograss; raised 

sagebrush/mixed-grass broods in areas with 22.8% sand sagebrush and 15.7% 

pasture western ragweed; foraged in mixed-grass, rested among 

shrubs, and nested in residual grasses; broods also used 

shrubs; on a year-round basis, foraged mostly in grass, 

especially mixed-grass 25-80 em in height; tallgrass, 

shortgrass, and shrub vegetation were used equally; 

sixweeks fescue (Festuca octojlora) and fragrant sumac 

were important food items; during spring, used shrubs <80 

77 
I 

and sideoats grama; foraged in grain sorghum and com fields from fall through spring r NewMox;eo, Cropland, shinnery Annual rates of habitat change were greater around leks Oklahoma, Texas oak pasture, shinnery with declining populations than at leks with stable 

oak/little bluestem populations (1.14% vs. 0.2I% annually) 

pasture 

I I7 INewMexico Shinnery oak pasture, Displayed on oil pads and in native pasture shortgrass pasture 

r NewMox;eo Cropland, oldfield, Nested in shinnery oak habitats with little bluestem, sand shinnery oak pasture, bluestem, and purple three-awn; avoided weeping 

shortgrass pasture, lovegrass, cultivated, oldfield, and shortgrass habitats 

tame pasture 

II9 New Mexico, Shinnery oak/sand Occurred in similar densities in tebuthiuron-treated and Texas sagebrush pasture untreated shinnery oak pastures 

20 New Mexico Shinnery oak pasture, Nested in shinnery oak habitats dominated by sand 

shortgrass pasture bluestem; vegetation was taller at IO successful than 26 

unsuccessful nests (67 vs. 35 em); percent composition of 

shrubs was similar at successful and unsuccessful nests 

(basal composition 3I-66%); 22 autumn foraging sites were 

63% grasses and 37% shrubs, 50 winter sites were 59% 

grasses and 4 I% shrubs (forbs were rare); broods foraged 

in 25-cm tall shinnery oak and three-awn (Aristida sp.), 

bare ground at I2 sites averaged 63%, basal composition of 

vegetation was 43% grass, 42% shrubs, and I5% forbs; 

daily movements of 40 prenesting females were 390 m/day 

within 23I-ha ranges; I2 nesting hens moved 250m/day, 

and ranges averaged 92 ha; three hens with broods moved 

an average of 280 m/day within I I 9-ha ranges; movements 

of I 9 females without broods was 220 m/day within 73-ha 

ranges 

22 New Mexico Shinnery oak/sand Hens generally used habitats with large unstable sand 

sagebrush pasture dunes, abundant shinnery oak, low grass cover, and low 

structural density; nested in sand sagebrush, residual 

grasses, and shinnery oak; five of eight nests were under 

sand sagebrush, two nests were in purple three-awn, and 

one nest was in shinnery oak; visual obstruction and canopy 

cover of sand sagebrush were significantly higher at nest 

sites than in surrounding habitat (specific values for visual 

obstruction, canopy cover, and canopy height were not 

given) 

rr 

Cropland, oldfield, Prenesting and nesting hens preferred shinnery oak habitat 

shinnery oak pasture, characterized by rolling dunes and dominated primarily by 

shortgrass pasture, shinnery oak, habitat dominated by little bluestem and sand 

tame pasture bluestem, or habitat dominated by three-awn and shinnery 

78 
25 

shortgrass pasture, 

tame pasture 

r------------r----------------

New Mexico, 

Oklahoma, Texas 

Cropland, shinnery oak pasture, shinnery 

oak/little bluestem 

pasture 

shinnery oak, habitat dominated by little bluestem and sand 

bluestem, or habitat dominated by three-awn and shinnery 

oak; canopy coverage of grasses within 3 m of nest sites 

was 3.1-13.2%, shrub canopy was 21.4-28.3%, and canopy 

coverage of all vegetation was 31.4-38.4%; nests in grasses 

were more successful ( 4 of 5 successful) than those under 

shrubs (3 of 10 successful) 

Populations stabilized or increased in landscapes (7238-ha 

areas) in which low-density shrubland composed 79.% of 

the total area and declined in landscapes with 43.2% lowdensity shrubland; total shrubland composed 81.9% around 

leks that did not decline and 63.4% of the landscape around 

declining leks; declined in areas where landscapes were 

unstable (e.g., experienced frequent changes from one 

landcover to another); population trends were positively 

correlated with loss of total shrubland 

79