Supreme Court of Louisiana

Page 1 of 1 

FOR IMMEDIATE NEWS RELEASE NEWS RELEASE #036

FROM: CLERK OF SUPREME COURT OF LOUISIANA

The Opinions handed down on the 29th day of June, 2016, are as follows:

BY CRICHTON, J.: 

2015-KA-2163 STATE OF LOUISIANA v. DOMINICK SIMS (Parish of E. Baton Rouge)

(Trafficking of Children for Sexual Purposes)

For the reasons set forth herein, we reverse and vacate the 

judgment of the district court and find that R.S. 14:46.3(C)(2) 

is constitutional, specifically finding that the provisions of

R.S. 14:46.3(C)(2) are clear and unambiguous and do not conflict

with R.S. 14:46.3(A)(1). The matter is remanded to the district 

court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

REVERSED AND REMANDED. REVERSED. 

HUGHES, J., dissents with reasons. 
1

06/29/2016

SUPREME COURT OF LOUISIANA

No. 2015-KA-2163 

STATE OF LOUISIANA

VERSUS

DOMINICK SIMS

ON APPEAL 

FROM THE NINETEENTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT,

FOR THE PARISH OF EAST BATON ROUGE

CRICHTON, Justice.

This matter arises from the defendant’s constitutional challenge to R.S. 

14:46.3, a statute which makes illegal the trafficking of children for sexual 

purposes. The defendant challenges R.S. 14:46.3(C)(2), which provides that a 

defendant’s lack of knowledge of a victim’s age shall not be a defense to charges 

under this statute. The case is now on direct review pursuant to La. Const. art. V, § 

5(D), because the trial court ruled unconstitutional R.S. 14:46.3(C)(2). For the 

reasons set forth herein, we reverse and vacate the judgment of the district court 

and conclude that R.S. 14:46.3 is constitutional, specifically finding that the 

provisions of R.S. 14:46.3(C)(2) are clear and unambiguous and do not conflict 

with R.S. 14:46.3(A)(1).

BACKGROUND

In March 2014, the state charged defendant Dominick Sims by bill of 

information with one felony count of trafficking of children for sexual purposes, in 

violation of R.S. 14:46.3. During the course of pretrial proceedings, defendant 

filed a motion to quash, challenging the constitutionality of R.S. 14:46.3. 

Defendant asserted that the statute is contradictory, vague, ambiguous, and 

indefinite so as to deny her due process and violate her right to be informed of the 
2

nature and cause of the charges against her, because, according to defendant, it 

criminalizes the knowing trafficking of juveniles for sexual purposes while 

simultaneously precluding a defendant from asserting lack of knowledge of the 

victim’s age as a defense.1

The trial court granted the motion to quash and declared R.S. 14:46.3 

unconstitutional, stating, in pertinent part:

[T]he court finds [] subpart C(2) to be unconstitutional. It is clear that 

these two sections are contradictory. How can the State prohibit a 

defendant from knowingly committing a criminal act and, at the same 

time, not be required to prove defendant’s knowledge of an essential 

element of the crime – that being the age of the victim? These two 

sections are logically antagonistic and irreconcilable. 

This finding however does not mean that the entire statute should be 

declared invalid. Louisiana law recognizes that, unless specifically 

provided otherwise, each provision of an act or law is severable. . . . 

Consequently, the court only strikes subsection C(2) as 

unconstitutional. No other parts of this statute shall be affected by 

this ruling.

The state, represented by the Attorney General2

, now appeals that ruling to 

this Court, arguing that the district court erred when it found R.S. 14:46.3(C)(2) 

unconstitutional. The inquiry is limited to the grounds on which the district court 

based its declaration of unconstitutionality. See State v. Verret, 87 So. 2d 297, 298

(1956) (“[O]ur inquiry is limited to the specific issue on which the declaration of 

unconstitutionality was predicated.”). Accordingly, the issue herein is whether the 

district court was correct in declaring that R.S. 14:46.3(C)(2)’s prohibition on 

 1 Defendant’s motion to quash referred to the Fifth Amendment right to due process and the 

Sixth Amendment right to be informed of the nature of the accusation. However, defendant 

appears to have confused the origins of her rights to due process in these state proceedings, 

which derive from the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, not the Fifth or 

Sixth Amendments. See McDonald v. City of Chicago, 561 U.S. 742, 759 (2010) (explaining 

origins of due process rights). The distinction is immaterial for our purposes, given that the

Fourteenth Amendment due process clause fully incorporates the rights contained in the first 

eight amendments. Id. at 763. 

2 The Office of the Attorney General has a discretionary right to respond to a constitutional 

challenge and represent the state with respect to that challenge. La. R.S. 49:257(C); La. R.S. 

13:4448; La. C.Cr.P. art. 62(B).
3

using lack of knowledge of the victim’s age as a defense to prosecution 

irreconcilably conflicts with R.S. 14:46.3(A)(1)’s knowledge requirement.

RELEVANT LAW

The constitutional guarantee that an accused shall be informed of the nature 

of the accusation against him requires that penal statutes describe unlawful conduct 

with sufficient particularity and clarity that ordinary persons of reasonable 

intelligence are capable of discerning their meaning and conforming their conduct 

thereto. U.S. Const. amend. XIV, § 1; La. Const. art. I, §§ 2, 13. See, e.g., State v. 

Azar, 539 So. 2d 1222, 1224 (La. 1989), cert denied, 493 U.S. 823 (1989). 

Statutes are presumed constitutional and should be upheld “whenever possible.” 

State v. Griffin, 495 So. 2d 1306, 1308 (La. 1986). Moreover, a facial 

constitutional challenge – such as the challenge made by the defendant herein –

seeks more drastic relief than an as-applied challenge. LaPointe v. Vermilion 

Parish School Bd., 15-0432, p.10 (La. 6/30/15), 173 So. 3d 1152, 1159-60. The 

movant in a facial challenge therefore bears an especially heavy burden and must 

establish that “no set of circumstances exists under which the statute would be 

valid, that is, that the law is unconstitutional in all its applications.” Id. 

With respect to the criminal law, the legislature has sole authority to define 

criminal conduct and provide penalties for such conduct. La. Const. art. III, § 1; 

State v. Dorthey, 623 So. 2d 1276, 1278 (La. 1993); see also R.S. 14:8(2); R.S. 

14:11. In reviewing and interpreting Louisiana criminal statutes, the Court’s aim is 

to “promote justice and to effect the objects of the law” by giving all provisions “a 

genuine construction, according to the fair import of their words, taken in their 

usual sense, in connection with the context, and with reference to the purpose of 

the provision.” R.S. 14:3. When this Court reviews constitutional challenges to 
4

statutes, the standard of review is de novo. State v. Eberhardt, 13-2306 (La. 

7/01/14), 145 So. 3d 377, 380.3

Although strict liability criminal offenses are generally disfavored, this 

Court has recognized a legislature’s authority to exclude the element of knowledge 

or intent in defining a criminal offense. See State v. Granier, 99-3511, pp. 3-4 (La. 

7/6/00), 765 So. 2d 998, 1000-01 (“While offenses that dispose of a scienter 

requirement are not favored, the United States Supreme Court has noted that the 

legislatures’ authority to define a criminal offense includes the power to ‘exclude 

elements of knowledge and diligence from its definition.’”) (quoting Lambert v. 

California, 355 U.S. 225, 228 (1958)). Courts have often dispensed with the 

knowledge requirement in cases where the underlying conduct, irrespective of 

knowledge of any particular characteristic of the victim, is illegal. See, e.g., 

Liparota v. United States, 471 U.S. 419, 425 (1985) (it is appropriate to interpret 

statutes in a way that does not criminalize “a broad range of apparently innocent 

conduct”).4

More specifically, deviation from the general preference for a mens rea 

requirement is not unusual in the realm of offenses involving juveniles. See, e.g., 

Morissette v. United States, 342 U.S. 246, 251 n.8 (1952) (“Exceptions [to mens 

rea] came to include sex offenses, such as rape, in which the victim's actual age 

was determinative despite defendant’s reasonable belief that the girl had reached 

age of consent.”). Indeed, the United States Supreme Court has expressly 

 3 The Court has articulated the means of challenging the constitutionality of a statute as threepronged: First, a party must raise the claim in the district court; second, the unconstitutionality of 

the statute must be specially pleaded; and third, the grounds must be particularized. State v. 

Hatton, 07-2377, p. 14-15 (La. 7/1/08), 985 So. 2d 709, 719. Because defendant specifically 

pleaded the unconstitutionality of R.S. 14:46.3 in the district court and particularized grounds in 

her motion to quash and at the hearing on the motion, the issue is squarely before the Court.

4 See also generally Heather C. Gregorio, More Than “Johns,” Less Than Traffickers: In Search 

of Just and Proportional Sanctions for Buyers of Sex with Trafficking Victims, 90 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 

626, 668 (2015) (noting, inter alia, that strict liability offenses for crimes involving juvenile

victims of trafficking are appropriate because the john “already knows that he is committing an 

illegal act by soliciting prostitution”).
5

recognized that “such crimes as statutory rape and public welfare offenses” often 

dispense with mens rea requirements. Dean v. United States, 556 U.S. 568, 580 

(2009). See also United States v. Copeland, -- F. 3d -- (5th Cir. 5/2/16), 2016 WL 

1741616, at *3 (recognizing that reducing the government’s burden of proof in 

crimes involving juvenile victims “makes sense as Congressional choice not only 

because of the severe victimhood of children in these offenses, as well as the 

impracticality of proving knowledge of a minor’s age, but also because the offense 

separately still requires the Government to prove beyond a reasonable doubt a 

defendant’s knowing involvement in a commercial sex act.”). Consistent with 

these Supreme Court holdings, this Court previously upheld statutes without mens 

rea requirements in cases involving the law prohibiting carnal knowledge of a 

juvenile, Granier, 99-3511, 765 So. 2d at 1001, the crime of contributing to the 

delinquency of a juvenile, State v. Elias, 357 So. 2d 275, 278 (La. 1978), overruled 

on other grounds by State v. Bosworth, 373 So. 2d 152 (La. 1979), and a law 

prohibiting possession with intent to distribute narcotics within 1,000 feet of a 

school, State v. Brown, 94-1290, pp.7-8 (La. 1/17/95), 648 So. 2d 872, 876-78.

DISCUSSION

With these broad principles in mind, we turn to the language of the statute at 

issue here. Revised Statute 1446.3, entitled “Trafficking of children for sexual 

purposes,” specifically provides:

A. It shall be unlawful:

(1)For any person to knowingly recruit, harbor, transport, 

provide, sell, purchase, receive, isolate, entice, obtain, or 

maintain the use of a person under the age of eighteen years 

for the purpose of engaging in commercial sexual activity....

C. . . . 

(2) Lack of knowledge of the victim's age shall not be a defense 

to a prosecution pursuant to the provisions of this Section.
6

R.S. 14:46.3 (emphasis added).5

The defendant argues that R.S. 14:46.3(C)(2) is unconstitutionally 

contradictory, vague, ambiguous, and indefinite so as to deny her due process 

rights and the right to be informed of the nature of the accusation against her. The 

heart of this argument rests with the meaning of the word “knowingly” in R.S. 

14:46.3(A)(1), which, according to the defendant, requires proof of intent for each 

element of the crime, including the victim’s age. As a result, defendant argues, 

the provision in R.S. 14:46.3(C)(2) precluding the use of lack of knowledge as a 

defense renders the entire statute vague. In other words, she asserts that R.S. 

14:46.3(C)(2) makes the “recruitment, harboring, transporting, providing, selling, 

purchasing, receiving, isolating, enticing, obtaining, or maintaining” the use of a 

person for the purpose of engaging in commercial sexual activity a strict liability 

crime, which conflicts with the mens rea requirement of R.S. 14:46.3(A)(1). 

We first find that this statute is not at all unconstitutionally contradictory, 

vague, ambiguous, or indefinite. R.S. 14:46.3(C)(2) could not be more clear: 

“Lack of knowledge of the victim’s age shall not be a defense to a prosecution 

pursuant to the provisions of this Section.” This sentence plainly modifies the term 

“knowingly” in R.S. 14:46.3(A)(1), removing any doubt regarding the requirement 

of knowledge of the victim’s age. To explain this result, we begin with the 

familiar canon of statutory construction that the starting point for interpreting a 

statute is the language of the statute itself. See, e.g., State v. Fussell, 06-2595, 

p.13 (La. 1/16/08), 974 So. 2d 1223, 1231. A central tenet of statutory 

construction is that we read the statute as a whole, to effectuate its purpose. Id.

In discerning precisely how “knowingly” applies to the instant statute, the 

Court should interpret the language “as we normally speak it” and attribute to the 

 5 R.S. 14:46.3(G) states: “If any Subsection, Paragraph, Subparagraph, Item, sentence, clause, 

phrase, or word of this Section is for any reason held to be invalid, unlawful, or unconstitutional, 

such decision shall not affect the validity of the remaining portions of this Section.” 
7

words their “everyday meaning.” Watson v. United States, 552 U.S. 74, 79 (2007). 

See also R.S. 1:3 (“Words and phrases shall be read with their context and shall be 

construed according to the common and approved usage of the language.”); R.S. 

14:3 (criminal statutes must be given “a genuine construction, according to the fair 

import of their words, taken in their usual sense, in connection with the context”). 

The word “knowingly,” as used in R.S. 14:46.3(A)(1), is an adverb, and common 

usage makes clear that an adverb modifies the verbs that come after it – “recruit, 

harbor, transport, provide, sell, purchase, receive, isolate, entice, obtain, or 

maintain the use of a person . . . .” However, “knowingly” does not also modify 

the dependent clause “under the age of eighteen years of age” that comes after, and 

modifies, the noun “person.” See, e.g., United States v. Jones, 471 F.3d 535, 539 

(4th Cir. 2006) (“Adverbs generally modify verbs, and the thought that they would 

typically modify the infinite hereafters of statutory sentences would cause 

grammarians to recoil.”) (Wilkinson, J.).

Our interpretation is in accord with federal appellate court interpretations of 

18 U.S.C. § 2423, a statute that criminalizes the transportation of minors across 

state lines for the purpose of engaging in prostitution or any sexual activity for 

which any person can be charged with a criminal offense.6

 The statute states, in 

pertinent part: “A person who knowingly transports an individual who has not 

attained the age of 18 years in interstate or foreign commerce . . ., with intent that 

the individual engage in prostitution, or in any sexual activity for which any person 

can be charged with a criminal offense. . . .” 18 U.S.C. § 2423(a) (emphasis 

added). Federal appellate courts have found that 18 U.S.C. § 2423 does not require 

proof that the defendant knew the victim was under 18, despite the use of the term 

“knowingly.” See, e.g., United States v. Taylor, 239 F.3d 994, 996-97 (9th Cir.

 6 When interpreting state laws, it is appropriate to consider interpretations of similar federal 

statutes, though such interpretations are, of course, not binding on this Court. See, e.g., King v. 

Phelps Dunbar L.L.P., 98-1805, p.7 (La. 6/4/99), 743 So. 2d 181, 187.
8

2001) (“A more natural reading of the statute . . . is that the requirement of 

knowledge applies to the defendant’s conduct of transporting the person rather than 

to the age of the person transported.”); United States v. Cox, 577 F.3d 833, 837 

(7th Cir. 2009) (“The only reasonable reading . . . is one under which the adverb 

‘knowingly’ acts only on the verb ‘transports’ and not on the noun ‘individual’”); 

Jones, 471 F.3d at 539 (“It is clear from the grammatical structure of § 2423(a) that 

the adverb ‘knowingly’ modifies the verb ‘transports.’”). These federal courts 

have made these holdings even though the federal statute does not contain a 

provision analogous to R.S. 14:46.3(C)(2), which makes the Louisiana statute 

clearer than 18 U.S.C. § 2423.

7

 Moreover, though the United States Supreme 

Court does not appear to have considered this exact issue yet, in a concurring 

opinion in Flores-Figueroa v. United States, 556 U.S. 646 (2009), Justice Alito 

referred to 18 U.S.C. § 2423(a) as an example of a statute in which the context may

rebut a presumption that a specified mens rea applies to all elements of the offense. 

Id. at 661 (Alito, J., concurring) (remarking that the federal courts of appeal “have 

uniformly held that a defendant need not know the victim’s age to be guilty under” 

18 U.S.C. § 2423(a)).

8

The defendant also argues that R.S. 14:46.3(C)(2) is unconstitutional solely

because it is a strict liability statute, i.e., it permits the state to obtain a conviction 

without proving the defendant actually knew the victim was a minor. But, as set 

 7 This interpretation is also in accord with federal court interpretations of 18 U.S.C. § 1591, 

which prohibits the sex trafficking of children by force, fraud, or coercion. Though that statute

does not have a “lack of knowledge” as a defense subsection like the Louisiana corollary, it does 

provide that the government “need not prove” knowledge of the victim’s age where the 

defendant “had a reasonable opportunity to observe the person.” 18 U.S.C. § 1591(c). This has 

been held to “give force to the provision’s obvious goal – to reduce the government’s burden” of 

proof. See United States v. Copeland, -- F. 3d -- (5th Cir. 5/2/16), 2016 WL 1741616, at *3. 

Given that the Louisiana law goes even further – not requiring “reasonable opportunity to 

observe” at all – the Louisiana statute plainly intends to reduce the state’s burden of proof when 

prosecuting child trafficking defendants.

8 Indeed, federal courts have “consistently” upheld laws in which Congress has imposed strict 

liability with regard to a victim’s age. Copeland, -- F. 3d -- (5th Cir. 5/2/16), 2016 WL 1741616, 

at *3-4 (citing 18 U.S.C. § 2241(d), 18 U.S.C. § 2243(d), 18 U.S.C. § 2251(a), and 18 U.S.C. § 

2323(a) and related cases). 
9

forth above, neither the jurisprudence of this Court nor the United States Supreme 

Court requires scienter as an element of a crime, particularly where the underlying 

conduct would be illegal even if the strict liability element was eliminated. See, 

e.g., Granier, 99-3511, pp. 3-4, 765 So. 2d at 1000-01 (noting that legislatures 

have the power to “exclude elements of knowledge and diligence” from a criminal 

offense); Liparota, 471 U.S. at 425. To the extent the defendant makes a separate

constitutional argument solely because this is a strict liability statute, we do not 

agree with this interpretation and expressly find that statutes without scienter 

requirements, though “not favored,” are not by their very nature constitutionally 

offensive. Granier, 99-3511, pp. 3-4, 765 So. 2d at 1000-01.

To be clear, the plain language of the statute indicates that it is not 

unconstitutionally contradictory, vague, ambiguous, or indefinite. And, as noted 

above, this Court’s prior jurisprudence and jurisprudence from the United States 

Supreme Court have instructed that strict liability offenses are not per se

unconstitutional – particularly where those offenses involve juveniles and address 

conduct that is illegal notwithstanding the victim’s age. Furthermore, and to 

alleviate any doubt, we also find that our interpretation is in accord with the 

purpose of the statute. See Fussell, 06-2595, p.13, 974 So. 2d at 1231 (directing 

courts to read statutes to effectuate their purpose). 

An evaluation of the language and purpose of the statute is definitive in 

ascertaining its meaning; a review of the legislative history of an act may be a 

“helpful guide” in ascertaining that purpose. State v. Chinn, 11-2043, p.8 (La. 

2/10/12), 92 So. 3d 324, 329 (citation omitted). Speaking about the distinction

between R.S. 14:46.3 and Louisiana’s broader human trafficking law, R.S. 14:46.2, 

which is applicable to both juvenile and adult victims, Representative Neil 

Abramson (the bill’s sponsor) indicated that R.S. 14:46.3 was intended to remove 

the state’s burden of proving that the child victim had been coerced or defrauded. 
10

See La. 2009 Reg. Session House Committee on Admin. Of Crim. Justice, Act 375, 

HB 564 (5/5/09) (noting that the statute “removes any defenses that the perpetrator 

didn’t know how old the child was, which is consistent with all of our other laws 

with respect to crimes against juveniles.”), available at http://house.louisiana.

gov/H_Video/2009/May2009.htm. The treatise writers are in accord. See Cheney 

C. Joseph. P. Raymond Lamonica, 17 La. Civ. L. Treatise, Crim. Jury Instructions 

§ 10:76 (3d ed. Dec. 2015) (“Lack of knowledge of the age of the victim is 

specifically rejected as a defense. Thus, knowledge of the sexual purpose of the 

trafficking, and not of the age of the victims, would likely be sufficient to 

constitute the offense.”). In contrast to these directives from the legislature, the 

defendant’s interpretation of the term “knowingly” would “strip the statute of its 

clear purpose: the protection of minors. . . . Imposing such a mens rea requirement 

would be tantamount to permitting adults to prey upon minors so long as they 

cultivate ignorance of their victims’ age.” Jones, 471 F.3d at 540 (“It would be 

nonsensical to require proof of knowledge of the victim’s age when the statute 

exists to provide special protection for all minors, including, if not especially, those 

who could too easily be mistaken for adults.”).

Finally, in granting the defendant’s motion, the district court erroneously 

relied upon this Court’s decision in State v. Cinel, 94-0942 (La. 11/30/94), 646 So. 

2d 309. Cinel, however, is distinguishable, because it involves First Amendment 

considerations that are not present here. In Cinel, this Court upheld a district court 

ruling striking the portion of the child pornography statute, R.S. 14:81.1, that, like 

subpart (C)(2) here, precluded the defendant from asserting lack of knowledge of 

the victim’s age as a defense. Cinel, 94-0942, p.1, 646 So. 2d at 311. The Court 

found that, notwithstanding the considerable leeway afforded to the state to 

prohibit child pornography, First Amendment considerations preclude the state 

from dispensing with the scienter element regarding the performer’s age. Id., 94-
11

0942, p.11, 646 So. 2d at 317. See Granier, 99-3511, p.5, 765 So. 2d at 1001 

(distinguishing Cinel). Cinel is also in accord with United States v. X-Citement 

Video, Inc., 513 U.S. 64, 72 (1994), in which the Supreme Court held that 

knowledge of the age of the performer for purposes of a child pornography charge 

was an “elemental fact” to which the scienter requirement must be applied, because 

non-obscene, sexually explicit materials involving adults are protected by the First 

Amendment. Id. at 72. In other words, absent the presence of the underage 

performers, the conduct itself is not illegal. The district court therefore erred when 

it found Cinel controlling absent any First Amendment considerations and given 

that the law does not criminalize conduct which would otherwise be legal but-for 

the victim’s age.

A review of the plain language and purpose of R.S. 14:46.3 demonstrates

that the district court erred when it declared subpart (C)(2) unconstitutional. That 

R.S. 14:46.3, like other laws enacted to protect children, is intended to criminalize 

the knowing sex trafficking of juveniles, regardless of the defendant’s knowledge 

of the victim’s minority status, is apparent from the statute’s language, structure, 

and history. Any ambiguity in R.S. 14:46.3(A)(1) can be eliminated by reading it 

in conjunction with R.S. 14:46.3(C)(2)’s clear directive that lack of knowledge of 

the victim’s age is not a defense. 

CONCLUSION

For the reasons set forth herein, we reverse and vacate the judgment of the 

district court and find that R.S. 14:46.3(C)(2) is constitutional, specifically finding 

that the provisions of R.S. 14:46.3(C)(2) are clear and unambiguous and do not 

conflict with R.S. 14:46.3(A)(1). The matter is remanded to the district court for 

further proceedings consistent with this opinion. 

REVERSED AND REMANDED.
1

06/29/2016

SUPREME COURT OF LOUISIANA

No. 2015-KA-2163

STATE OF LOUISIANA

VERSUS

DOMINICK SIMS

ON APPEAL 

FROM THE NINETEENTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT,

FOR THE PARISH OF EAST BATON ROUGE

Hughes, J., dissenting.

I respectfully dissent. I believe the trial court was correct. Lewis Carroll will 

smile.