UNITEDSTATESENVIRONMENTALPROTECTIONAGENCYWASHINGTON,DC20460OFFICEOFCHEMICALSAFETYANDPOLLUTIONPREVENTIONPCCode:051505DPBarcodes:421678,422714Date:September26,2014MEMORANDUMSubject:To:From:Addendumto2,4-DCholineSaltSection3Riskassessment:RefinedEndangeredSpeCiesAssessmentforProposedNewUsesonHerbicide-TolerantCornandSoybeanforAR,KS,LA,MN,MS,MO,NE,ND,OK,TNEmilySchmid,RiskManagerReviewerKathrynMontague,ProductManagerTeam23DanKenny,BranchChiefHerbicideBranchPesticideRegistrationDivision(7505P)OfficeofPesticideProgramsEdwardOdenkirchen,Ph.D.,SeniorScienceMeghanRadtke,Ph.D.,BiologistAssfssmentProcesseader)SujathaSankula,Ph.D.,BranchChief1w\q\..l--b\EnvironmentalRiskBranch1..............EnvironmentalFateandEffectsDivision(7507P)OfficeofPesticideProgramsTheEnvironmentalFateandEffectsDivision(EFED)issuedascreeninglevelriskassessmentforaFederalactioninvolvingproposednewusesofthe2,4-Dcholinesaltonherbicide-tolerantcornandsoybeaninJanuary,2013(DP400223,400230,400234,400237,405028,405812);anamendmenttotheassessmentwasissuedonJune,2013(DP411614).Thisdocumentconsidersthescreeningriskassessment,mammalianeffectsendpointcharacterizationinDP418022andadditionalinformationsuppliedbytheregistrant(principallyspecieshabitatinformationassembledaspartofalistedspecieseffectsassessmentdocumentsummarizedinDP421678)andaddressesthelistedspeciesfoundin10states:Arkansas,Kansas,Louisiana,Minnesota,Mississippi,Missouri,Nebraska,NorthDakota,Oklahoma,andTennessee(AR,KS,LA,MN,MS, MO, NE, ND, OK, TN) following the same general approach

as the previous 6-state assessment (DP 411614

).

· Overall, the screening level risk assessment determined that direct risk concerns were unlikely for birds (chronic), aquatic plants (vascular and non-vascular), freshwater fish (acute and chronic), estuarine/marine
fish (acute and chronic), freshwater invertebrates (acute and chronic), estuarine/marine invertebrates (acute and chronic), and terrestrial insects. Potential direct risk concerns could not be excluded for mammals (acute and chronic); birds, reptiles, and terrestrialphase amphibians (acute); and terrestrial plants. Indirect effect risk concerns for all taxa were possible for any species that have dependencies (e.g., food, shelter, and habitat) on mammals, birds, reptiles, terrestrial-phase amphibians,

or terrestrial plants. The purpose of this addendum

is to conduct an effects determination

for all federally listed species expected

to exist within the action area proposed for this registration of2,4-D choline salt for use on corn or soy in AR, KS, LA, MN, MS, MO, NE, ND, OK, and TN. Based on EFED's LOCATES database and information from the US Fish and Wildlife Service, 168 species
in the 10 states proposed for registration were identified

as within the action area (at a preliminary county-wide level of resolution) associated with the 2,4-D-tolerant corn and soybean uses. EFED has refined the endangered species risk assessment
on the basis of spray drift mitigation language that has been added to the label. Specifically,
the spray drift language limits applications

to specific product nozzles and
a specific formulation

of the 2,4-D choline product It requires the use of a 30ft on-field buffer when the wind is blowing towards all areas that are not fields in crop cultivation, paved areas, or areas covered by buildings and other structures. Species-specific biology, and 2,4-D application timing information
are also incorporated into this refined endangered species assessment. The following text discusses the lines of evidence and processes that were used to make effects determinations

for listed species identified

as potentially at-risk in the screening level assessment. Making an Effects Determination The bullets below outline EFED's process for making an effects determination

for the Federal action: • For listed individuals inside the action area but NOT part of an affected taxa NOR relying on the affected taxa for services (involving food, shelter, biological mediated resources necessary for survival/reproduction),

use of a pesticide would be determined

to have NO EFFECT. • For listed individuals outside the action area, use of a pesticide would be determined

to have NO EFFECT.

2•Listed individuals inside the

.action areamayeither fall into the NO EFFECT
orMAY AFFECT (LIKELY

orNOT LIKELY TO ADVERSELY AFFECT) categories depending upontheir specific biological needs, circumstances

of exposure,etc. species action •LIKELY
orNOT LIKELY TO ADVERSELY AFFECT determinations

aremade using the following criteria: o Insignificant- The level of the effect cannotbe meaningfully related
toa"take." oHighly Uncertain- The effect
is highly unlikely

tooccur. oWholly beneficial

-The effects areonly good things. Spray Drift Mitigation There are168 species of potential concern
in the 10 proposed 2,4-D choline comand soystates asaresult of the screening-level assessment (Appendix

1). The spraydrift mitigation language of the product

is intended

tolimit off site transport of2,4-D choline drift tothe extentthat nooff site areathat could potentially provide non-target organism habitat will receive loadings that will trigger concernsfor anyterrestrial receptorclass assessed
in the risk assessment (terrestrial vertebrate, invertebrate,

orplants). The assessmentassumesthat spraydrift will remain confined tothe field and that the action areais limited
tothe 2,4-choline treated field when applied according

tothe label. Terrestrial species that arenot expected

tooccurontreated fields under the provisions
of the proposed label arenot expected

tobe directly exposed

to 2,4-D choline, nor aretheir critical biologically mediated resources expected

tobe exposed

tolevels of the herbicide above anyeffects thresholds
of concern.[Note:the screening level risk assessmenthas concluded
noaquatic receptortaxatobe of concern.] Consequently,
157 of the 168 species originally identified

as potentially at-risk canbe given

a"no effect" determination based onthe premise that they arenot expected

tooccuronanaction area encompassing

the treated soybean and comfields (Appendix
2). The spraydrift mitigation label language cannot preclude listed species exposure

ontreated fields, should

alisted species utilize such areasaspartof its range.Of the listed species within the 10 states (AR, KS, LA, MN, MS, MO, NE, ND, OK, TN) considered partof the proposed Federal decision, the Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis), graywolf(Canis lupis), Indiana bat (Myotis soda/is), Ozark bat (Corynorhinus townsendii ingens), Louisiana black bear (Ursus americanus luteo/us), whooping crane(Grus americana), Mississippi sandhill crane(Grus canadensis pulla), lesser prairie-chicken (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus), gopher tortoise 3(Gopherus polyphemus), American burying beetle (Nicrophorus americanus),
and the Spring Creek bladderpod (Lesquerella perforata)
are reasonably expected

to occur on treated soybean and corn fields. Therefore, species specific biological information and 2,4-D choline use patterns were considered

in more depth to further refine the assessment and effects determinations. Mammals The screening-level assessment suggests that mammals could be at reproductive risk from chronic exposures

to 2,4-D choline on treated fields. Of the mammal species identified

as potentially

at risk in the screening-level assessment, five are reasonably expected

to occur on treated soybean and corn fields. Therefore, species specific biological information and 2,4-D choline use patterns were considered

in more depth to further refine the assessment and effects determinations

for those species. Canada Lynx In light of the expected reliance on boreal habitat for foraging and the absence of this habitat on 2,4-D choline treated soybean and corn fields as discussed

in the previous 6-state assessment (DP 411614),

it is not reasonable

to expect that the Canada lynx will be exposed
to 2,4-D choline residues
in small mammals (prey) from treated soybean and corn fields. Therefore the Agency believes

it is reasonable

to conclude

a "no effect" determination

for the Canada lynx under prescribed conditions

of the use of 2,4-D choline under this Federal action. Gray Wolf Gray wolves are habitat generalists that live throughout the northern hemisphere. They are a carnivorous species that typically feeds on ungulate species, such as deer. While not likely to feed on agricultural fields themselves,
the primary prey species of the gray wolf may be expected to feed on plant material within the field during the period of applications

.Based on this information,

it is reasonable

to conclude that the gray wolf may be exposed
to 2,4-D choline residues
in prey. A biologically representative modification

to the screening assessment follows: The first step in the refinement process

is to calculate 2,4-D residues
in the prey species. Using the conservative assumptions that the prey species

is represented

by a 1 000 g mammal that feeds exclusively
on short grass, EFED calculated the residues based on the following allometric equations: 1000
g mammal prey ingestion rate (dry)= 0.621(1000)

0

· 564 = 30.56

g /day 1000
g mammal prey ingestion rate (wet)= 30.56/0.2

= 152.8 g/day 2
,4-D residue
in prey eating short grass from T-REX

= 578.44 mg 2,4-D/kg-food

X 0.1528 kg foodlkg-bw

= 88.40 mglkg-bw/day

4The next step is to calculate the expected daily dose for a typical 17.7 kg (17700g) gray wolf, the adjusted NOAEL value, and the chronic dose-based RQ for the gray wolf based on the following allometric equations: Food intake (wet)= ((0.235(17700

g) 0

· 822 )/(1-0.69))/1000

= 2.35 kg wet/day Dose-based EEC in wolf eating small mammal= 88.40 mg 2,4-D/kg wet X 2.35/(17700/1000)

= 11.74 mg/kg-bw/day Adjusted Acute LD50

= 441 mg/kg/day

X (350/17700)<

0

· 25 )= 165.37 Adjusted NOAEL

= 55 mg/kg-bw

X (350/17700)(

0

· 25 ) = 20.62 mg/kw-bw RQ for acute effects= 11.74/165.37

= 0.07 RQ for chronic effects= 11.74/20.62

= 0.57 An acute RQ of 0.07 does not exceed the level of concern (LOC) of 0.1 for acute effects
to listed species.

A chronic RQ of0.57 does not exceed the LOC of 1.0. Consequently,

it is reasonable to make

a "no effect" determination

for the gray wolf. Indiana Bat A past assessment
for com and soy uses of2,4-D choline for other states (DP 418022) concluded that Indiana bats make use of agricultural land as a source of prey and can reasonably
be expected

to roost in patches of fragmented forest that are adjacent

to com and soybean fields. They are opportunistic foragers and are expected

to forage over many different land covers, including agricultural land, on a broad range of insects/arthropods.

A survey of com insect populations reveals

a variety of flying, foliage and ground-dwelling invertebrates comprising

a • large number of taxonomic groups that could provide on-field prey sources for bats foraging over these areas. However, the extent of foraging over agricultural land is expected

to be less than the degree of foraging around the canopies
of forested areas. Initial screening level risk assessment results for mammals were adjusted

to account for the bat's biology: Field metabolic rate kcal/day

= 0.6167(5.4)

0

· 862 = 2.64 kcal/day (USEPA 1993, body weight 5.4 g reflects screening assumption
for the Indiana bat) Mass of prey consumed per day= (2.64 kcal/day)/(1.7 kcallg ww X 0.87)
= 1.78 g/day (1.7 is energy content of prey item from USEPA (1993); 0.87 is assimilation efficiency from USEPA 1993) Mass of2,4-D choline
in insect diet= 226.56 mg/kg-ww from T-REX run Mass of2,4-D
in daily diet= 1.78 g/day X 226.56 mg 2,4-D/kg-ww mammal prey X 0.001
= 0.40 mg/day Daily dose in bat= 0.40 mg 2,4-D/day/0.0054

= 74 mg/kg-bw/day Indiana bat acute LD50 mg/kg/day

= 441 mg/kg/day

X (350/5.4)

0

· 25 = 1251.29 mg/kg Indiana bat NOAEL mg/kg-bw/day =55 mg/kg-bw

X (350/.5.4)

0

· 25 = 156.06 mg/kg-bw RQ for acute effects= 74/1251.29

= 0.06

5RQ for chronic exposure=RQ=74/156.06

=0.47. An acute RQ of0.06 does notexceed the acutelisted species LOC.
A chronic RQ of0.47 does notexceed the chronic LOC of 1.0. Consequently,

it is reasonable

tomake

a"no effect" determination

for the Indiana bat. Ozark Bat The Ozark big-eared bat inhabits cavesand cliffs that canbe found in large blocks of forest to small forest tracts interspersed with openareas.Land useof surrounding areasdoes not appear toinfluence location of occupied maternity cavesand hibernacula. The RecoveryPlan indicates that the preybase for the Ozark bat consists primarily
of lepidopterans
and that edge habitat between forested and openareasis the preferred foraging area.Open areasallow for easy foraging because bats arenotobstructed
by branches while pursuing preyand areable to discriminate insects
at greaterdistances. Based onthis information,
the Ozark bat cannotbe precluded from foraging on agricultural fields. Initial screening level risk assessmentresults for the Ozark bat were adjusted
toaccountfor the bat's biology. Field metabolic rate kcal/day

=0.6167(7.0)

0 862 =3.30 kcal/day (USEPA 1993, body weight of7.0

greflects screening assumption
for the Ozark bat) Massof preyconsumed perday= (3.30 kcal/day)/(1.7 kcal/g wwX 0.87AE)=

2

.23 g/day (1.7is energycontentof insect preyitem from USEPA (1993); 0.87is assimilation efficiency from USEPA 1993) Mass of2,4-D choline in insect diet= 226.56 mg/kg-ww from T-REXrun Massof2

,4-Din daily diet=

2

.23 g/dayX226

.56 mg2
,4-D/kg-ww mammal preyX0.001

= 0.51 mg/day Daily dosein bat= 0.51 mg 2,4-D/day/0.007

mg=72.86 mg/kg-bw/day Ozark bat acuteLD50 mg/kg/day

=441 mg/kg/day

X (350/7 .0)<
0

· 25 )=

·1172.68 mg/kg Ozark bat NOAEL mg/kg-bw/day =55 mg/kg-bw

X (350/7

.0)<0

· 25 )=146

.25 mg/kg-bw RQ for acuteeffects= 72.86/1172.68= 0.06 RQ for chronic exposure=72.86/146.25

=0.50. An acute RQof 0

.06 does notexceed the acutelisted species LOC

.A chronic RQof 0.50 does notexceed the chronic LOC of 1.0. Consequently,

it is reasonable

tomake

a"no effect" determination

for the Ozark bat. Louisiana Black Bear The Louisiana black bear inhabits bottomland hardwood forest communities, brackish and freshwater marshes, salt domes, wooded spoil levees along canals **~d**bayous, and agricultural fields. Remoteness

is an important spatial feature based onforest tractsize and presence
of roads (US FWS Recovery Plan, 1995). The RecoveryPlan further describes black bears as 6opportunistic omnivores with their diet being determined
by food availability and season. Diet includes: grasses, sedges, invertebrates (primarily beetles, grubs, and insects), carrion, garbage, and agricultural crops (including soy and com). Initial screening level risk assessment results for mammals were adjusted
to account for the bear's biology

is as follows: Field metabolic rate kcal/day

= 0.800(92000)

0

· 813 = 8682.59 kcal/day (USEPA 1993, body weight 92,000

g reflects screening assumption
for the Louisiana black bear) Mass of prey consumed per day= (8682.59 kcal/day)/(1.3 kcal/g ww X 0.76 AE)= 8788 g/day (1.3 is energy content of grass item from USEPA (1993); 0.76 is assimilation efficiency from USEPA 1993) Mass of2,4-D
in short grass diet
= 578.44 mglkg-ww from T-REX run Mass of2,4-D
in daily diet= 8788 g/day X 578.44 mg 2,4-D/kg-ww mammal prey X 0.001

= 5083.3 mg/day Daily dose in bear= 5083.3 mg 2,4-D/day/92 kg= 55.25 mg/kg-bw/day Louisiana black bear LD50 mglkg/day

= 441 mg/kg/day

X (350/92000)<

0

· 25 ) = 109.52 Louisiana black bear NOAEL mglkg-bw/day =55 mglkg-bw

X (350/92000)<

0

· 25 ) = 13.66 mg/kgbw TheRQ for acute exposure= RQ = 55.24/109.52

= 0.50 The RQ for chronic exposure number= RQ = 55.25/13.66

= 4.04 An acute RQ of 0.50 exceeds the acute endangered species level of concern of 0.1. A chronic RQ of 4.04 exceeds the chronic level of concern of 1. Bears are omnivores and are likely to eat a variety of food items. Other food item residues,

as predicted from the risk assessment screen, such as for tall grass (256.12 mg 2,4-D/kg), broadleaf plants (325.7 mg 2,4-D/kg), and arthropods 226.56 mg 2,4-D/kg) would result in RQ values in excess of concern levels, but not fruits pods or seeds (36.15 mg 2,4- D/kg. A major assumption

in the screening risk assessment

is that bears are coincident with the application
of 2,4-D and are consuming treated materials during this period of potential maximum residue potential. Additional consideration

of the biology, specifically dietary requirements ofthe bear in the contiguous United States, was undertaken

to determine

if it is reasonable

to expect that exposures would occur from use in soy and com fields. This analysis centered on two questions: • What do bears consume over the course of the year? • Where are home ranges established relative
to sources of seasonally exploited foods? Louisiana black bears, like most black bears, can be expected

to show seasonal dietary shifts. Louisiana black bear scat analysis
in a subpopulation

in the Tensas River basin revealed that the 7summer (June-August)
and fall (September-November)

diet is dominated
by com, which appears to be an anthropogenic source of seeds similar to the natural fruit and mast shift in normal bear feeding behavior (Benson and Chamberlain 2006). Scat analysis also revealed that winter (February-March) feeding was dominated
by grass consumption and tree nuts, while the spring (April-May) diet is dominated
by blackberry (Rubus sp.), grasses (including wild and wheat and oats), and sedges and beetle grubs and ants (Benson 2005). Benson reported
no com or soy in the diet of surveyed bears during the spring or summer months. In analyzing radiotelemetry-determined

home ranges for bears in the Tensas, and Deltic populations

of Louisiana black bears, Benson (2005) concluded the following: Tensas Bears: selected winter and spring ranges encompassed swamp, and upland/lowland forested areas. Agricultural habitats were evident when choosing summer and fall home range indicating

a shift in their home range closer to agricultural fields during summer and fall, presumably

to exploit abundant food resources (i.e. com). Deltic Bears: selected upland and lowland forests and avoided agriculture and corridor habitats during most seasons. Agriculture was not avoided during summer, which
is likely the result of the bears moving closer to agricultural fields to exploit food resources as they become available. To summarize, elements of the diet assessed
in the screening assessment related
to grasses and broadleaf foliage, and arthropod consumption would trigger risk screening concerns

if exposure occurred near the time of application. The spray drift mitigations incorporated into the proposed federal action preclude exposures off the field that are above levels of concern for any taxonomic group. Therefore, the potential for exposure

to occur for Louisiana black bears
is limited
to periods of time when available data suggest bears will actually use agricultural fields as a food source, namely summer and fall. The attractive attribute of agriculture
for bears is a food source that coincides with the natural tendency
of black bears to progress
to consumption

of fruits and mast in summer and fall. As indicated by the previously discussed scat analysis, the attraction

is soybean and com grain. Therefore, the nexus of timing and land use by bears and 2,4-D application lies with the 2,4-D residues
in these seed materials

at the time when bears will consume them. The Health Effects Division summarized available com and soybean grain residues of 2,4-D in the Human Health Risk Assessment
for a Proposed Use of2,4-D Choline on Herbicide-Tolerant Com and Soybean (DP 389455). Based on HED's assessment, residues of2,4-D on com and soybean grain were non-detectable (<0.01 mg 2,4-D/kg). Likewise, residues of2,4-D
in soybean also were non-detectable (<0.01 mg 2,4-D/kg). Even considering
the detection limit of 0.01 mg 2,4-D/kg, residue estimates would be orders of magnitude below the levels triggering concerns for the bear

.Moreover, even if the assessment were to rely on seed residue predictions from risk screening efforts (36.16 mg 2,4-D/kg), these too would be inadequate

to trigger

a concern for the bear.

8In summation,

an effects determination extending beyond the simple screening approach

to a more biologically relevant assessment representative

of bear timing and food selection considered the following lines of evidence: 1. Bears are attracted
to agricultural areas to exploit corn and soybean seed following

a natural shift to fruits and mast in the diet from the summer

to the fall. 2. Survey data show no association with agricultural fields at other times. 3. Application of2,4-D has already occurred by the time bears are in the field and corn and soy residues are far below toxicity thresholds
for the bear. 4. Estimated residues from screening level risk assessment
for seeds (i.e. corn and soybean) are also below toxicity thresholds
for the bear. Consequently,

it is reasonable

to make

a "no effect" determination

for this species under prescribed conditions

of the use of 2,4-D choline under this Federal action. Birds The screening-level assessment suggests that birds could be at risk of mortality from acute exposures

to 2,4-D choline on treated fields. Of the bird species identified

as potentially

at risk in the screening-level assessment, three are reasonably expected

to occur on treated soybean and corn fields. Therefore, species specific biological information and 2,4-D choline use patterns were considered

in more depth to further refine the assessment and effects determinations

for those species. Whooping Crane In DP 411614,
an effects determination relied on effects endpoints and ingestion rates specifically tailored
to the whooping crane. That analysis

is directly applicable

to the analysis for the species
in this case as well and yields an acute RQ of 0.065. An RQ of 0.065 does not exceed the acute listed species LOC of 0.1, conseq!lently

it is reasonable

to make

a "no effect" determination

for the whooping crane. Mississippi Sandhill Crane Sandhill cranes are well known
to feed on farms. Cranes feed on adult and larval insects, earthworms, crayfish, small reptiles, amphibians, roots, tubers, seeds, nuts, fruits and leaves. EFED considered
the maximum T-REX predicted concentrations of2,4-D choline expected

to be found on arthropods

as a conservative pesticide load in the prey base. Alternative terrestrial vertebrate prey are expected

to have lower residues than those predicted for arthropods.

A biologically representative modification

to the screening assessment follows for an insect consummg crane: Field metabolic rate kcal/day

= 1.146(2500)

0

· 749 = 402.01 kcal/day 9(USEPA 1993, body weight 2500

g from Dunning 1984) Mass of prey consumed per day= 402.01 kcal/day/(1.7 kcal/g
X 0.72 AE) = 328.44 g/day (1.7 is energy content of insect prey item from USEPA (1993); 0.87 is assimilation efficiency from USEP A 1993) Mass of2,4-D choline
in insect diet= 226.56 mg/kg-ww from T-REX run Mass of2,4-D

in daily diet mg = (328.44 g/day X 0.001)
X 226.56 mg 2,4-D/kg bird prey= 74.41 mg/day Daily dose in crane= 74.41 mg 2,4-D/day/2.5 kg= 29.76 mg/kg-bw/day Crane LD50 mg/kg-bw

= 218.7 mg/kg-bw

X (2500/178)(1

15 - 1 > = 325.07 mg/kg-bw The RQ for acute exposure= 29.76/325.07

= 0.09 An RQ of 0.09 is less than the acute listed species LOC of 0.1; consequently

a "no effect" determination

is concluded for the sandhill crane. Lesser Prairie Chicken Like the Louisiana black bear, the lesser prairie chicken makes use of agricultural fields at specific times of the year. However
all available lines of evidence indicate the use of corn and soy is limited temporally and that the agricultural field is not an ideal habitat for the species because conversion

of rangelands

to cropland has reduced lesser prairie-chicken populations greatly since the early 1900's (Giesen 1998). An analysis of exposure potential for 2,4-D choline use and lesser prairie chickens centered on the seasonal use of corn and soy fields by the birds as well as the likely food consumption during those periods. Available information suggests that the birds do not use agricultural fields during the nesting and rearing cycle. Nesting lesser prairie chickens have been observed

to establish nest sites deep. within native prairie habitat and similar grassland that affords adequate cover and an understory that allows the young to move. Within these areas, nesting sites are observed

to be situated far from edge areas (Jamison 2000 and Hagen
et al. 2007).
A review of nesting and brood rearing habitat studies indicate that hens nest in tall, residual grasses or under shrubs in native pasture avoiding short grass habitats and cultivated fields and transition

to habitats for rearing brood that can be described

as areas with abundant bare ground and approximately 25% canopy cover of shrubs, forbs, or grasses <30 em in height (Jamison 2000).
In Jamison's review of almost

a dozen studies of nesting and brood rearing habitat, corn and soy fields are not included
as habitat used by the birds. Similarly, spring and summer foraging habitat has been summarized

as including grasses and forbes less than 80 em in height (Jamison 2000). In all studies of spring and summer habitat, there is no inclusion
of corn or soy as a cover type utilized by the birds during nesting, brood rearing or foraging. In contrast
to the spring and summer months, the lesser prairie chicken
in Finney County of southwestern Kansas has been observed commonly foraging

in harvested fields of irrigated corn during fall and winter (Jamison 2000) and this pattern has been confirmed
by a radiotelemetry study (Salter
et al. 2005). Rob and Schroeder (2005) report similar use of soybean fields by the birds as a fall and winter source of seed and Jamison (2000) cited 17 studies reporting the use of 10sorghum, comand other grain fields asfall and winter foraging habitat in areas adjacent

to prairie chicken grassland habitat. This utilization
of cropland during the fall and winter months for the present grain left after harvest

is further supported
by Jamison

etal. (2002)in their review of25 habitat studies for the lesser prairie chicken (summarized

in Appendix
3). The available information indicates that the lesser prairie chicken

is attracted

tocomand soyfields in the fall and winter months, where the birds exploit wasteseed asan important over-wintering food source. Based onthe reportsof overtwodozen studies spanning multiple sites acrossthe less prairie chicken established range,

it is reasonable

to expectthat utilization
of comand soyby lesser prairie chickens occurs during the fall and winter months and is associated with the consumption of waste grain and seedin the fields. Consequently,

the exposurerefinement
for the labeled 2,4- Dcholine product useoncomand soyshould focus onthe consumption

of cropseeds. Field metabolic rate kcal/day

=1.146(730)

0
· 749 =159.89 kcal/day (USEPA 1993, body weight The Birds ofNorth America, No. 364, 1998) Massof seed consumed perday= 159.89 kcal/day/(4.6 kcal/g
X0.59 AE)=58.91 g/day ( 4.6is energycontentof insect preyitem from USEPA (1993); 0.59 is assimilation efficiency from USEPA 1993) Mass of2,4-D choline
in seed= 36.15 mg/kg-ww from T-REXrun Mass of2,4-D
in daily diet mg=(58.91 g/day X 0.001)
X36.15 mg 2,4-D/kg bird food= 2.13 mg/day Daily dosein chicken= (2.13 mg 2,4-D/day)/0.73 kg= 2.92 mglkg-bw/day Chicken LD50 mglkg-bw

=218.7 mglkg-bw

X (737/178)(l.IS-I)

=270.65 mg/kg-bw The RQ for acute exposure=2.92/270.65

=0.01 An RQ of0.01 does notexceed the acutelisted species LOC of0.1; consequently

it is reasonable

tomake

a"no effect" determination

for the lesser prairie chicken. Reptiles and Amphibians The screening-level assessment suggeststhat reptiles and terrestrial-phase amphibians could be atrisk of mortality from acute exposures

to 2,4-D choline ontreated fields. Of the11 reptile and 4 amphibians species identified

as potentially

atriskin the screening-level assessment,

1 reptile is reasonably expected

tooccurontreated soybean and comfields. Therefore, species specific biological information and 2,4-D choline use patternswereconsidered

in moredepth tofurther refine the assessmentand effects determinations

for that species. Gopher Tortoise The gopher tortoise inhabits droughty, deep sand ridges, xeric communities, originally longleaf pine-scrub oak, and mayalso be found along fence rows,field edges, powerlines, andin pastures.The tortoise feeds onplant material, such asleaves and grass.EFED considers the maximum T-REX predicted concentrations of2,4-D choline expected

tobe found onshort grass 11as a conservative pesticide load in the dietary items.
A biologically representative modification to the screening assessment follows: Field metabolic rate kcal/day

= 0.0 19( 4500)

0 841 =22.44 kcal/day (USEP
A 1993, body weight of 4500

g is screening assumption
for the tortoise) Mass of grass consumed per day= 22.44 kcal/day/(1.3 kcal/g
X 0.47 AE)
=36.73 g/day (1.3 is energy content of insect prey item from USEPA (1993); 0.47 is assimilation efficiency from USEP A 1993) Mass of2,4-D
in short grass diet= 578.44 mg/kg-ww from T-REX run Mass of2,4-D
in daily diet mg = 36.73 g/day X 578.44 mg 2,4-D/kg tortoise prey X 0.001

= 21.25 mg/day Daily dose in tortoise= (21.25 mg 2,4-D/day)/4.5 kg= 4.72 mg/kg-bw/day Appropriate scaling factors are not available for reptiles and amphibians

so the most sensitive acute toxicity value for birds serves as a surrogate toxicity value for the tortoise: Tortoise LD50 mg/kg-bw

= 218.7 mg/kg-bw The RQ for acute exposure= 4.72/218.7

= 0.02. An RQ of 0.02 is less than the acute listed species LOC of 0.1; consequently

it is reasonable

to make

a "no effect" determination

for the gopher tortoise. Terrestrial Invertebrates The screening level risk assessment did not identify direct toxic effects
as a concern for terrestrial invertebrates. However, because other effects were identified for taxa upon which terrestrial invertebrates may be dependent (e.g. terrestrial plants important for food and cover) an analysis of effects to listed species was included
in the refined assessment
of one species found to be within the action area. American Burving Beetle In DP 411614

a profile ofhabitat requirements

for this species

is presented and is appropriate
for this assessment

as well. In the previous assessment and in this case there are no direct toxicological effects to the burying beetle. The only likely indirect effect could be a reduction

in cover provided by plants. The Recovery Plan (USFWS 1991) indicates that vegetative structure and

.soil types are unlikely

to be limiting factors for the burying beetle given its broad histm

: ical geographic range. Furthermore,
the apparent persistence

of the beetle on Block Island suggests broad vegetation (landscape) tolerances. Given that applications of2,4-D choline will leave the crop intact, the field is expected

to maintain sufficient vegetative cover for the burying beetle. Consequently,

it is reasonable

to make

.a "no effect" determination

for the American burying beetle. Plants

12For an herbicide,

it is reasonable

to expect that terrestrial plants exposed
to the chemical will result in adverse effects. The proposed action has mitigation steps incorporated

to eliminate exposure from concern for areas outside of the treated crops. Of the listed plants within the proposed states, only one is expected

to be within the treated fields, the Spring Creek bladderpod. Spring Creek Bladderpod The Spring Creek bladderpod

is found in northern Wilson County, Tennessee

in the watersheds of Spring Creek, Bartons Creek, and Cedar Creek.

It is located primarily

in the floodplain,

in agricultural fields, as well as pastures, glades, and disturbed areas.
It is found mainly on newly disturbed sites and requires some degree of annual disturbance

to complete
its lifecycle (USFWS 2006). This species

is a winter annual that "germinates between September and early October, overwinters

as a small rosette of leaves, and fully develops and flowers the following spring. Full sun is required for optimum growth. Flowering usually occurs in March and April. The fruit splits open upon maturity
in late April and early May, and the enclosed seeds are dispersed and lie dormant until autumn," when the cycle starts over again (U.S. FWS, 2006). "If conditions are not suitable for germination
the following fall, the seeds can remain dormant (but viable) for several years" (USFWS 1996). It is likely that the species

is in flowering stage when 2,4-D choline

is applied
to corn and soybean fields in the early season.
It is reasonable

to make

a "may effect, likely to adversely affect" determination

for the Spring Creek bladderpod

if the 2,4-D choline registration action extends
to Wilson County, Tennessee. References Benson, J.F. 2005. Ecology and Conservation ofLousiana Black bears in the Tensas River Basin and Reintroduced Populations (Masters Thesis). Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College. Benson, J.F. and M.J. Chamberlain 2006. Food Habits of Louisiana Black Bears (Ursus americanus luteolus)
in Two Subpopulations

of the Tensas River Basin. The American Midland Naturalist 156(1):118-127. Dunning, J.B. 1984. Body weights of686 species ofNorth American birds. Western Bird Banding Association Monograph

1. Giesen,
K. M. 1998. Lesser prairie-chicken (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus).

In The birds ofNorth America, No. 364 (A. Poole and F. Gill, editors). The Birds ofNorth America, Inc., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Hagen, C.A.,
J. C. Pitman, R.J. Robel, T.M. Loughin, and R.D. Applegate

.2007. Niche Partitioning

by Lesser Prairie-chicken Tympanuchus pallidicinctus
and Ring-necked Pheasant Phasianus colchicus

in Southwestern Kansas. Wildlife Biology 13:34-41. 1 3Jamison,

B. E., J. A. Dechant,
D. H. Johnson,

L. D. Igl, C. M. Goldade, and B. R. Euliss. 2002. Effects of management practices on grassland birds: Lesser Prairie-Chicken. Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center, Jamestown, ND. 29 pages. Jamison,

B. E. 2000. Lesser prairie-chicken chick survival, adult survival, and habitat selection and movements

of males in fragmented rangelands

of southwestern Kansas. M.S. Thesis, Kansas State University, Manhattan. Robb, L.A. and M.A. Schroeder. 2005. Lesser Prairie-chicken. (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus):

A Technical Conservation **Ass~ssment.**Prepared for the USDA Forest Service,Rocky Mountain Region, Species Conservation Project. http://www .fs.fed. us/r2/projects/scp/assessments/lesserprairiechicken.

pdf Salter, G.C., R.J Robel, and K.E. Kemp. 2005. Lesser Prairie-chicken
Use of Harvested Com Fields during Fall and Winter
in Southwestern Kansas. The Prairie Naturalist 37: 1-9. United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1993. Wildlife Exposure Factors Handbook EPA/600/R-93/187a, Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC. United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS)

..1996. Determination

of Endangered Status for Lesquerella perforata (Spring Creek bladderpod), Final Rule. Federal Register 61(247): 67493-67497. URL: http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/federal_register/fr3029.pdf. United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 1991. American Burying Beetle (Nicrophorus americanus) Recovery Plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Region

5 1 4Appendix

1 List of Species for Which Risk Concerns Were Identified

at the Screening Level List of Species Animals Acornshell, Southern (Epioblasma othcaloogensis) Bat, Gray (Myotis grisescens) Bat, Indiana (Myotis soda/is) Bat, Ozark Big-Eared (Corynorhinus (=plecotus) townsendii ingens) Bean, Cumberland (pearlymussel) (Villosa trabalis) Bean, Purple (Villosa perpurpurea) Bear, Louisiana Black (Ursus americanus luteolus) Beetle, American Burying (Nicrophorus americanus) Blossom, Green (pearlymussel) (Epioblasma torulosa gubernaculum) Blossom, Tubercled (pearlymussel) (Epioblasma torulosa torulosa) Blossom, Turgid (pearlymussel) (Epioblasma turgidula) Blossom, Yell ow (pearl}'mussel) (Epioblasma jlorentina florentina) Butterfly, Karner Blue (Lycaeides melissa samuelis) Cavefish, Ozark (Amblyopsis rosae) Cavesnail, Tumbling Creek (Antrobia culverz) Chicken, Lesser-Prairie (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus) Chub, Slender (Erimystax cahni) Chub, Spotfin (Erimonax monachus) Clubshell (Pleurobema clava) Clubshell, Black (Pleurobema curtum) Clubshell, Ovate (Pleurobema perovatum) Clubshell, southern (Pleurobema decisum) Combshell, Cumberlandian (Epioblasma brevidens)

15Combshell, Southern (Epioblasma penita) Combshell, Upland (Epioblasma metastriata) Crane, Mississippi Sandhill (Grus canadensis pulla) Crane, Whooping (Grus americana) Crayfish, Cave (Cambarus aculabrum) Crayfish, Cave (Cambarus zophonastes) Crayfish, Nashville (Orconectes shoupi) Dace, Blackside (Phoxinus cumberlandensis) Dace, Laurel

( Chrosomus saylori) Darter, Amber (Percina antesella) Darter, Bayou (Etheostoma rubrum) Darter, Bluemask (=jewel) (Etheostoma sp.) Darter, Boulder (Etheostoma wapiti) Darter, Cumberland (Etheostoma susanae) Darter, Duskytail (Etheostoma percnurum) Darter, Leopard (Percina pantherina) Darter, Niangua (Etheostoma nianguae) Darter, Slackwater (Etheostoma boschungi) Darter, Snail (Percina tanasi) Darter,
Y ellowcheek (Etheostoma moorei) Dragonfly, Hine's Emerald (Somatochlora hineana) Elktoe, Appalachian (Alasmidonta raveneliana) Elktoe, Cumberland (Alasmidonta atropurpurea) Fanshell (Cyprogenia stegaria) Fatmucket, Arkansas (Lampsilis powelliz) Ferret, Black-Footed (Mustela nigripes) Frog, Dusky Gopher (Rana sevosa) Heelsplitter, Alabama (=inflated) (Potamilus injlatus) Hellbender, Ozark (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis bishopi) Higgins Eye (pearlymussel) (Lampsilis higginsii) Kidneyshell, Fluted (Ptychobranchus subtentum)

16Kidneyshell,Triangular(Ptychobranchusgreenii)Lampmussel,Alabama(Lampsilisvirescens)Lilliput,Pale(pearlymussel)(Toxolasmacylindrellus)Logperch,Conasauga(Percinajenkinsi)Lynx,Canada(Lynxcanadensis)Madtom,Chucky(Noturuscrypticus)Madtom,Neosho(Noturusplacidus)Madtom,Pygmy(Noturusstanauli)Madtom,Smoky(Noturusbaileyi)Madtom,Yellowfin,(Noturusjlavipinnis)Manatee,WestIndian(Trichechusmanatus)Mapleleaf,Winged(Quadrulafragosa)Marstonia,Royal(snail)(Pyrgulopsisogmorhaphe)Moccasinshell,Alabama(Medionidusacutissimus)Moccasinshell,Coosa(Medionidusparvulus)Monkeyface,Appalachian(pearlymussel)(Quadrulasparsa)Monkeyface,Cumberland(pearlymussel)(Quadrulaintermedia)Mucket,Neosho(Lampsilisrafinesqueana)Mucket,Orangenacre(Lampsilisperovalis)Mucket,Pink(pearlymussel)(Lampsi/isabrupta)Mussel,Oyster(Epioblasmacapsaeformis)Mussel,Scaleshell(Leptodealeptodon)Mussel,Sheepnose(Plethobasuscyphyus)Mussel,Snuffbox(Epioblasmatriquetra)Pearlshell,Louisiana(Margaritiferahembeli)Pearlymussel,Birdwing(Lemioxrimosus)Pearlymussel,Cracking(Hemistenalata)Pearlymussel,Curtis(Epioblasmajlorentinacurtisii)Pearlymussel,Dromedary(Dromusdramas)Pearlymussel,Littlewing(Pegiasfabula)Pearlymussel,Slabside(Pleuronaiadolabelloides)17Pigtoe, Cumberland (Pleurobema gibberum) Pigtoe, Finerayed (Fusconaia cuneolus) Pigtoe, Flat (Pleurobema marshalli) Pigtoe, Georgia (Pleurobema hanleyianum) Pigtoe, Rough (Pleurobema plenum) Pigtoe, Shiny (Fusconaia cor) Pigtoe, Southern (Pleurobema georgianum) Pimpleback, Orangefoot (pearlymussel) (Plethobasus cooperianus) Plover, Piping except Great Lakes watershed (Charadrius melodus) Plover, Piping Great Lakes watershed (Charadrius melodus) Pocketbook,
Fat (Potamilus capax) Pocketbook, Ouachita Rock (Arkansia wheeleri) Pocketbook, Speckled (Lampsilis streckeri) Purple Cat's Paw (=Purple Cat's paw pearlymussel) (Epioblasma obliquata obliquata) Rabbitsfoot (Quadrula cylindrica cylindrica) Rabbitsfoot, Rough (Quadrula cylindrica strigillaia) Riffleshell, Tan (Epioblasmajlorentina walkeri (=E. walkeri)) Ring Pink (mussel)

( Obovaria retusa) Riversnail, Anthony's (Athearnia anthonyi) Sawfish, Smalltooth (Pristis pectinata) Sculpin, Grotto

( Cottus sp.) Sea Turtle, Green (Chelonia mydas) Sea Turtle, Hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata) Sea Turtle, Kemp's Ridley (Lepidochelys kempii) Sea Turtle, Leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea) Sea Turtle, Loggerhead Northwest Atlantic DPS (Caretta caretta) Shiner, Arkansas River (Notropis girardi) Shiner, Blue (Cyprinella caerulea) Shiner, Topeka (Notropis topeka (=tristis)) Snail, Painted Snake Coiled Forest (Anguispira picta) Spectaclecase (mussel) (Cumberlandia monodonta)

18Spider,Spruce-FirMoss(Microhexuramontivaga)Squirrel,CarolinaNorthernFlying(Glaucomyssabrinuscoloratus)Stirrupshell(Quadrulastapes)Sturgeon,Gulf(Acipenseroxyrinchusdesotoi)Sturgeon,Pallid(Scaphirhynchusa/bus)Tern,Leastinteriorpop.(Sternaantillarum)TigerBeetle,SaltCreek(Cicindelanevadicalincolniana)Tortoise,Gopher(Gopheruspolyphemus)Turtle,RingedMap(Graptemysoculifera)Turtle,Yellow-BlotchedMap(Graptemysjlavimaculata)Vireo,Black-Capped(Vireoatricapilla)Wartyback,White(pearlymussel)(Plethobasuscicatricosus)Whale,Finback(Balaenopteraphysalus)Whale,Humpback(Megapteranovaeangliae)Wolf,Gray(Canislupus)Woodpecker,Red-Cockaded(Picoidesborealis)PlantsAster,DecurrentFalse(Boltoniadecurrens)Aster,Ruth'sGolden(Pityopsisruthii)Avens,Spreading(Geumradiatum)Bladderpod,Missouri(Physariafiliformis)Bladderpod,SpringCreek(Lesquerellaperforata)Bluet,RoanMountain(Hedyotispurpureavar.montana)Bush-Clover,Prairie(Lespedezaleptostachya)ButterflyPlant,Colorado(Gauraneomexicanavar.coloradensis)Chaffseed,American(Schwalbeaamericana)Clover,RunningBuffalo(Trifoliumstoloniferum)Fern,AmericanHart's-Tongue(Aspleniumscolopendriumvar.americanum)Geocarponminimum(Nocommonname)Goldenrod,BlueRidge(Solidagospithamaea)Grass,TennesseeYellow-Eyed(Xyristennesseensis)19Ground-Plum,Guthrie's(=Pyne's)(Astragalusbibullatus)Harperella(Ptilimniumnodosum)Ladies'-Tresses,Ute(Spiranthesdiluvialis)Lichen,RockGnome(Gymnodermalineare)Lily,MinnesotaDwarfTrout(Erythroniumpropullans)Milkweed,Mead's(Asclepiasmeadii)Orchid,EasternPprairieFringed(Platantheraleucophaea)Orchid,WesternPrairieFringed(Platantherapraeclara)Penstemon,Blowout(Penstemonhayd(mii)Pitcher-Plant,Green(Sarraceniaoreophila)Pogonia,SmallWhorled(Jsotriamedeoloides)Pondberry(Linderamelissifolia)Potato-Bean,Price's(Apiospriceana)Prairie-Clover,Leafy(Daleafoliosa)Quillwort,Louisiana(Jsoeteslouisianensis)Rock-Cress,Braun's(Arabisperstellata)Rosemary,Cumberland(Conradinaverticillata)Roseroot,Leedy's(Rhodiolaintegrifoliassp.leedyi)Sandwort,Cumberland(Arenariacumberlandensis)Skullcap,Large-Flowered(Scutellariamontana)Sneezeweed,Virginia(Heleniumvirginicum)Spiraea,Virginia(Spiraeavirginiana)20Appendix2 Listed Species Rationale for NO Effects When Action Area
is Limited
toTreated Agricultund Filed by Assumed Mitigation
for Spray Drift Species Habitat Rationale
Source Animals Acornshell,

The southern acornshell The proposed 2,4-D
US FWS, 2000, Recovery Southern

is historically restricted choline usesarenotPlan for Mobile River Basin (EJ2.ioblasma

toshoals
in small rivers expected

to overlap with Aquatic Ecosystem. othcaloogensis)

tosmall streamsabove rivers, streams, creeks, http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco the Fall Line.
Itwas

orother water bodies. very _plan/00 1117 .pdf found onstable sand/graveVcobble substrate

in moderate

to swift currents (US FWS 2000, p.57). Bat,Grax Gray bats areyearThe proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1982. Recovery (Myotis round cavedwellers, choline usesarenotPlan. grisescens) although they mayalso expected

to encompass http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco usemines. They cavesor the forest/open very _plan/82070 1.pdf hibernate from aslate waterareaswhere bats asNovember

10tolate forage. USFWS. 2009. 5-Year March orearly April.

Review. At other times, they http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five

_ forage from late

year_review/doc2625
.pdf afternoon through early morning within 12-20 miles of their caves, mostoften within

4 miles of their caves. Foraging habitat

is strongly correlated with openwaters (rivers, lakes, reservoirs) (US FWS, 2009, pp.6-7). Historically, rivers near caves provided both foraging habitat and riparian tree vegetation that provided cover. Small lakes and reservoirs where cover is nottoodistant also provide foraging habitat. Batswill opportunistically forage in riparian and upland areas, particularly when

21migrating (US FWS, 1982. pp.6-7). Bean, Restricted

The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 2010.

5 Year Cumberland typically

to tributary choline usesarenotReview. (gearlxmussel) streamsofthe upperexpected
to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_ (Vil/osa reaches of the rivers, streams, creeks, year _review/doc3244.pdf trabalis) Tennessee and

orother waterbodies. Cumberland Rivers. This species

is most often found associated with clean, fast flowing waterin stable substrate, which contains relatively firm rubble, gravel, and sand swept-free from siltation. Typically,

V. trabalis

is found buried in shallow riffle and shoal areas,often located under large rocks that mustbe removed
by hand to inspect the habitat underneath. Ideal habitat conditions are difficult
to find; much of the historical habitat for the species has likely been degraded and maybe incapable of currently harboring the species (US FWS 2010,
p.7). Bean,PurnleInhabits small
The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 2004. Recovery (Villosa headwater streamscholine usesarenotPlan. Jl.er(2Ur(2urea) (Neves 1991) to expected

to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco medium-sized rivers rivers, streams, creeks, very _plan/040524.pdf (Gordon 1991).
Itis
orother waterbodies. found in moderate

to fast-flowing riffles with sand, gravel, and cobble substrates (Neves 1991) and rarely occurs
in deep pools orslack water (Ahlstedt 1991a). It is sometimes found outof the main current adjacent
towaterwillow beds and under

22flat rocks (Ahlstedt 1991a, Gordon 1991) (US FWS 2004,
p.19). Blossom, Green Cumberland
ian The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1984. Recovery (uearlwussel}freshwater mussels arecholine usesarenotPlan. (E12.ioblasma
mostoften observed

in expected

to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco torulosa clean, fast-flowing rivers, streams; creeks, very _plan/060228.pdf gubernaculum} waterin substrates that orother waterbodies. contain relatively firm
USFWS. 2007.

5 Year rubble, gravel, and sand
Review. substrates sweptfree http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_ from siltation. The

year_review/ doc 1961. pdf mussels areusually found buried
in the substrate

in shallow riffle and shoal areas (US FWS 1984, p.5) The last known record for the green-blossom pearly mussel was
a live individual collected in 1982 (US FWS 2007, p.7). Blossom, Occurs onlyin The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1985. Recovery Tubercled headwater tributaries
ofcholine usesarenotPlan. **(uearl~mussel}**

the Tennessee River expected

to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco (E12.ioblasma

(US FWS 1985, p.11). rivers, streams, creeks, very _plan/850125.pdf torulosa

orother waterbodies. toru/osa} Blossom,
The last known
The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 2007.

5 Year Turgid collection
of the turgid- choline uses arenotReview. **(uearl~mussel}**blossom pearly mussel expected

to overlap with http:/ /ecos.fws.gov/docs/five

_ (Eeioblasma

was
afresh-dead rivers, streams, creeks, year_review/doc 1961. pdf turgidula} specimen found in theorother waterbodies. Duck River, Tennessee, in 1965 (US FWS 2007, p.7) Blossom,

The last known
The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 2007.

5 Year Yellow specimen
of the yellow- choline usesarenotReview. **(uearl~mussel}**blossom pearly mussel expected

to overlap with http:/ /ecos.fws.gov/docs/five

_ (E12.ioblasma
wasrecorded

in the rivers, streams, creeks, year_review/doc 1961.pdf florentina Little Tennessee River
orother waterbodies. florentina}

and Citico Creek, Tennessee

in 1967 (US FWS 2007, p.7)

23Butterfl)::, Habitat

is successional
The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 2003. Recovery Kamer Blue areas with wild lupines, choline uses are not Plan. (Ly_caeides
such as open areas in expected
to overlap with http:/

I ecos .fws. gov

I docs/reco melissa

and near forest stands, successional areas with very __plan/030919.pdf samuelis) along with old fields, lupines or other highway and powerline wildflowers. rights-of-way,
and remnant barrens and savannas, having

a broken or scattered tree

. or tall shrub canopy (US FWS, 2003. pp.28- 30) Cavefish, Ozark Cavefish occur in The proposed 2,4-D USFWS 2011. Five Year (Amb/y_ofl.Sis groundwater habitats choline
us

.es are not Review. rosae)

(the Springfield Plateau expected
to overlap with http:/ /ecos.fws.gov/docs/five

_ Aquifer) within Boone rivers, streams, creeks, year_review/doc3850.pdf and Burlington

or other water bodies. Formation limestones, especially

in cave streams with chert rubble substrate, and occasionally

in wells and sinkholes, and even in the soil phreatic zone (Poulson, 1961, 1963; USFWS, 1986). Woods and Inger (1957) suggest cavefish dispersal occurs through phreatic cave passages. Noltie and Wicks (2001) suggests that due to shale geologic confining units, Ozark cavefish are distributed

in near surface and epikarst habitats (US FWS 2011).

24Cavesnail, Troglobitic stream

-The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 2003. Recovery Tumbling Creek Tumbling Creek ranges choline uses are not Plan. (Antrobia
from 0.014 to 2.8 cubic expected

to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco culveri) meters per second (- rivers, streams, creeks, very _plan/030922a.pdf 0.5 to 100 cubic ft. per or other water bodies. second

); the mean annual flow is between 0.08 to 0.14 cubic meters per second (- 3 to 5 cubic feet per second). The stream contains many chert pebbles which have been highly polished by natural abrasion within the cave. The land surface above the cave includes

a variety of woodland and glade natural communities

as well as pastures and/or open fields. (US FWS 2003,
p. 1 0). Chub, Slender The slender chub
is The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 2014.

5 Year (Erim}!.stax restricted

to the upper choline uses are not Review. cahni) Tennessee River expected

to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five

_ drainage

in Tennessee rivers, streams, creeks, year_..:review/doc4357.pdf and Virginia (US FWS
or other water bodies. 2014, p. 6) Chub, SQotfin The species

is an The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1983. Recovery (Erimonax insectivore, feeding choline uses are not Plan. monachus) diurnally presumably expected

to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco by both sight and taste rivers, streams, creeks, very _plan/831121.
pdf in benthic areas of slow or other water bodies. to swift current over various substrates with little siltation. Streams may range from 15-60 m in width and, where occupied, 0.3-10.0 min depth. Water temperature

in their summer habitat usually reaches greater than 20°C, and submerged macrophytes
are usually absent, occasionally common. The species has been observed associated with sand,

25gravel, rubble, boulder, and bedrock substrates (Jenkins and Burkhead, 1982) (US FWS 1983, p. 15). Clubshell Clubshell

is generally The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1994. Recovery (Pleurobema found
in clean, coarse choline uses are not Plan. clava)
sand and gravel
in runs, expected

to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco often just downstream rivers, streams, creeks, very _p lan/940921. pdf of a riffle, and cannot

or other water bodies. tolerate mud or slackwater conditions (USFWS, 1994
). Clubshell,
This species inhabits The proposed 2,4-D USFWS.

·1989. Recovery Black

the Tombigbee River, choline uses are not Plan. (Pleurobema which

is a major expected

to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco curtum) western tributary ofthe rivers, streams, creeks, very_plan/891114e.pdf Mobile Basin.

It is
or other water bodies. characterized

by an increasing number of sand and gravel shoals and decreasing channel size (US FWS, 1989, p. 1) Clubshell, Sand/gravel shoals and The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 2000. Five Year Ovate
runs of small rivers and choline uses are not Review. (Pleurobema
large streams (US FWS expected

to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five

_ eerovatum) 2000,
p. 56) rivers, streams, creeks, year_review/doc4153.pdf or other water bodies. Clubshell, Sand/gravel shoals and The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 2000. Five Year Southern
runs of small rivers and choline uses are not Review. (Pleurobema
large streams (US FWS expected

to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five

_ decisum) 2000,
p. 58) rivers, streams, creeks, year_review/doc4153.pdf or other water bodies. Combshell,
This species inhabits The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 2004. Recovery Cumberland
ian medium-sized streams choline uses are not Plan. (EI!.ioblasma

to large rivers on shoals expected

to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco brevidens)

and riffles in coarse, rivers, streams, creeks, very _plan/040524.pdf sand, gravel, cobble,

or other water bodies. and boulders.

It is not associated with small stream habitats and tends not to extend
as far upstream

in tributaries (US FWS 2004,
p. 18). Combshell,
This species inhabits The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1989. Recovery Southern

the Tombigbee River, choline uses are not Plan. (EI!.ioblasma which

is a major expected

to overlap with http:/ /ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco venita) western tributary of the

very __plan/891114e.pdf 26Mobile Basin.

It is rivers, streams, creeks, characterized

by an
or other water bodies. increasing number of sand and gravel shoals and decreasing channel size (US FWS, 1989, p. 1) Combshell, Restricted

to shoals
in The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 2000. Five Year Upland rivers and large streams choline uses are not Review

. (Ep_ioblasma above the Fall Line.
It expected

to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five

_ metastriata)

was found on stable rivers, streams, creeks, year _review/ doc4153. pdf sand/gravel/cobble

or other water bodies. substrate

in moderate

to swift currents (US FWS, 2000, p. 61) Craxfish, Cave Troglobitic Stream

-The proposed 2,4-D
US FWS. 2013. Five Year (Cambarus Along the walls of choline uses are not Recovery. aculabrum) pools or along stream expected

to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five

_ edges

.They can be rivers, streams, creeks, year_review/doc4153.pdf found on silt, gravel,

or other water bodies. rubble and bedrock,
or even hiding underneath trash, such as an old discarded boot.; Logan Cave, Bear Hollow Cave, Elm Springs, and Old Pendergrass (US FWS 2013,
p. 7). Crayfish, Cave

The proposed 2,4-D

US FWS. Hell Creek Cave (Cambarus Troglobitic stream

- choline uses are not Crayfish 5-Year Review. zophonastes) muddy stream expected

to overlap with http:/ /ecos. fws.gov

I docs/five
_y bottoms, cave stream rivers, streams, creeks, ear_review/doc4153.pdf walls, and other in-
or other water bodies. stream habitats; found in Hell Creek, Nesbitt Spring: groundwater upwelling

in Town Branch

...approximately 40 miles northwest

of the other known sites, which are found near one another, suggesting

a much

· wider subterranean distribution

of the species. (6)

27Cra)::fish, Much of the streamThe proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1989. Recovery Nashville
bank
is vegetated with choline usesarenotPlan

. ( Orconectes treesand shrubs expected

to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco shoupi) (Bouchard 1976). The rivers, streams, creeks, very _plan/890208.pdf Nashville crayfish has orother waterbodies. been found in awide rangeof environments including gravel and cobble runs

,pools with upto10 centimeters (em) of settled sediment, and under slabrocks and other cover(the largest crayfish areusually under cover) (USFWS 1989)

.The species

is highly photosensitive and is usually found under cover during the day (Bouchard 1976). Canopy cover appears important

,asO'Bara
et al. (1985) reported that all sites they sampled had canopycoverof 60 to90 percent.The species has been found in small pools where the flow was intermittent (Stark 1986, Miller and Hartfield 1985). Gravelcobble substrate provides good coverfor juveniles (Stark 1986, Miller and Hartfield 1985). Females seek out large slabrocks when they are carrying eggs and young

.These secluded places arealso needed for molting (USFWS 1989). Dace, Blackside This species inhabits The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1988. Recovery (Phoxinus
cool, small, upland choline uses
arenotPlan. cumberlandensi streamswith moderate expected

to overlap with http:/ /ecos.fws.gov /docs/reco ll flows. The fish is rivers, streams, creeks, very_plan/880817.pdf generally associated

orother waterbodies. with undercut stream banks and large rocks,

28and it is usually found within well-vegetated watersheds with good riparian vegetation (US FWS 1988, p. 6). Dace, Laurel This species has most The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 2012. Federal (Chrosomus often been collected choline uses are not Register Notice: Designated saylori)
from pools or slow runs expected

to overlap with Critical Habitat. from undercut banks or rivers, streams, creeks, http://www .gpo.gov /fdsys/pk beneath slab-rock

or other water bodies. g/FR-2012-1 0-16/pdf/2012- boulders, typically

in 24468.pdf first or second order, clear, cool, streams. Substrates typically consist of a mixture of cobble, rubble, and boulders, and the streams tend to have

a dense riparian zone consisting largely of mountain laural (US FWS, 2012,' p. 63606) Darter, Amber This species inhabits The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1986. Recovery (Percina gentle riffle areas over choline uses are not Plan. antesella) sand, gravel, and cobble expected

to overlap with http:/ /ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco substrates. Aquatic rivers, streams, creeks, very _plan/860620.pdf vegetation that develops

or other water bodies. in riffles provides habitat for feeding and cover (US FWS, 1986, p. 6). Darter, Ba:you The portion of Bayou The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1990. Recovery (Etheostoma Pierre System serving choline uses are not Plan. rub rum)

as habitat for this expected

to overlap with http:/ /ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco species

is a meandering rivers, streams, creeks, very _plan/90071

0. pdf stream with stable

or other water bodies. gravel riffles or sandstone exposures (US FWS, 1990, p. 3). Darter.
This species inhabits The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1997. Recovery Bluemask
slow to moderate choline uses are not Plan. (=jewel) current over clean sand expected

to overlap with http:/ /ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco (Etheostoma

and fine gravel
at rivers, streams, creeks, very _plan/970725.pdf ml depths of 4 to 20

or other water bodies. inches;

it typically occurs just downstream of riffles or along the margins of pools and runs (US FWS, 1997, Executive Summary).

29Darter, Boulder This species inhabits The proposed 2,4-D USFWS

.1989. Recovery (Etheostoma warm-water riverine choline uses are not Plan. wapiti) environments
and has expected

to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco been found only in rivers, streams, creeks, very _plan/890727 .pdf moderate

to fast current

or other water bodies. over boulder/slab rock substrate

in water over 2 feet deep (US FWS, 1989, p. 2). Darter,
This species inhabits The proposed

2, 4- D USFWS. 2012. Federal Cumberland pools or shallow runs of choline uses are not Register Notice: Designated (Etheostoma

low to moderate expected

to overlap with Critical Habitat. susanae) gradient sections of rivers

,streams, creeks, http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pk streams with stable

or other water bodies. g/FR-2012-1 0-16/pdf/2012- sand, silt, or sand-
24468.pdf covered bedrock substrates (US FWS, 2012,
p. 63605). Darter,
This species inhabits The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1994

.Recovery Dusky!ail rocky areas in gently choline uses are not Plan. (Etheostoma flowing shallow pools expected

to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco eercnurum)

and runs in large creeks rivers, streams, creeks, very _planlduskytaildarter

_RP and moderately large

or other water bodies. .pdf rivers in the Tennessee and Cumberland River Systems (US FWS, 1994, Executive Summary). Darter, LeoQard The leopard darter The proposed 2,4-D USFWS

.2012

.Five Year (Percina typically inhabits pools choline uses are not Review. 12.antherina) having predominantly expected

to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five

_ rubble and boulder rivers, streams, creeks, year _review/doc41 07.2.12%2 substrates with current

or other water bodies. Owith%20signautres.

pdf velocities less than 48 centimeters/second (Jones 1984, Lechner

et al. 1987). Preferred water depths are generally 20-1 02 em (Jones
et al. 1984; James 1989), although joint Service/U.S. Forest Service surveys over the past

1 0 years have observed leopard darters from depths over 4.0 meters; large to intermediate streams having relatively steep grade (US FWS 2012, p. 12)

.

30Darter, Niang!!a Medium sized streamsThe proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1989. Recovery (Etheostoma ofthe Salem Plateau, ofcholine usesarenotPlan. niangy_ae) order 3, 4, and 5, expected

to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco having gradients
of 3to rivers, streams, creeks, very _plan/890717 .pdf 21 feet/mile, elevation

orother waterbodies. of streambed =550- 1050 ft, moderately clear upland creeks draining hilly topography underlain by bedrocks consisting principally

of chertbearing dolomites (US FWS 1989, pp.9-10). Darter, Nonbreeding habitat

is The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1984. Recovery Slackwater small to moderately choline usesarenotPlan. (Etheostoma
large streams.The expected
to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco boschungi) current

is usually slow, rivers, streams, creeks, very _plan/840308.pdf and under normal

orother waterbodies. conditions, the flow rangesfrom still to0.34 m/sec.
In small streams, the darters show no position preference; however,

in large streams they seemto confine themselves

to nearthe banks orto undercuts

in the banks. They also occuron gravel infiltrated with silt, onsilt and mud, or in acombination

of these. The breeding habitat

is seepagewater in openfields and woods (US FWS, 1984, pp.7-8). Darter, Snail This species occupies The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 2013. Five Year (Percina tanasi) sevenof nine tributaries choline usesarenotReview. of the upperTennessee expected
to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five

_ River in Alabama, rivers, streams, creeks, year_review/doc4136.

pdf Georgia and Tennessee

orother waterbodies. (US FWS, 2013,
p.10).

31Darter, Devil'

s,Middle, South,The proposed 2,4-D USFWS 2012. Federal Yellowcheek

and Archey forks of the choline usesarenot Register Notice: Designation (Etheostoma Little Red River in expected

to overlap with of Critical Habitat. moorei) Cleburne, Searcy, rivers, streams, creeks, http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pk Stone, and VanBuren

orother waterbodies. g/FR-20 12-1 0-16/pdf/2012- Counties

...primarily
24468.pdf within the Boston Mountains subdivision

of the Ozark Plateau. Inhabits high-gradient headwater tributaries with clear water; permanent flow; moderate

to strong riffles; and gravel, cobble, and boulder substrates (Robison and Buchanan 1988, p.429) (US FWS 2012, p. 63605). Dragonfly,

The hine's emerald
The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 2001. Recovery Hine's Emerald dragonfly occupies choline usesarenotPlan. (Somatochlora grassmarshes and expected

to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco hineana) sedge meadows fed grassmarshes, sedge very _plan/0

1 0927.pdf primarily
by waterfrom meadows, forested areas, amineral sourceor
orother habitat where fens. Two important

the Hine's emerald characteristics

of the dragonfly

is expected

to habitat appeartobe
be found. groundwater-fed, shallow water slowly flowing through vegetation, and underlying dolomitic

or limestone bedrock. Partsof the aquatic channels are typically covered by vegetation such ascattails or sedges. Soils canrange from organic muck to mineral soils like marl. Twoother important components
areareasof open vegetation for foraging and forests, treesorshrubs that provide shaded areas for perching
or roosting. Nearby adjacent forests maybe
32deciduous (Illinois)
or conifer (Wisconsin and Michigan). Larvae are usually found in small flowing streamlets within cattail marshes, sedge meadows, and hummocks

.Places with silt, leaf litter, and decaying grasses
as a substrate are often used (US FWS, 2001, p. 15- 16.). Critical Habitat of 26,531 acres have been designated

in Michigan, Illinois, Wisconsin, and Missouri. Almost half of this is Mackinac County, MI. Elktoe,
This species has been The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1996. Recovery **Am~alachian**reported from relatively choline uses are not Plan. (Alasmidonta shallow medium-sized expected

to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco raveneliana) creeks and rivers with rivers, streams, creeks, very _plan/960826.pdf cool, well-oxygenated,

or other water bodies. and moderate-

to fastflowing water.
It has been observed

in gravelly substrata, often mixed with cobble and boulders;

in cracks
in bedrock; and occasionally

in relatively silt-free, coarse, sandy substrata (US FWS, 1996, Executive Summary). Elktoe,
This species inhabits The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 2004. Recovery Cumberland medium-sized rivers choline uses are not Plan

. (Alasmidonta

and may extend into expected

to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco atrof2.Ur{2.urea) headwater streams rivers, streams, creeks, very _plan/040524.pdf where

it is often the
or other water bodies. only mussel present (Gordon and Layzer 1989, Gordon 1991). Gordon and Layzer (1989) reported that the species appears
to be

33most abundant

in flats, which were described as shallow pool areas lacking the bottom contour development

of typical pools, with sand and scattered cobble/boulder material, relatively shallow depths, and slow (almost imperceptible) currents. They also report the species from swifter currents and in areas with mud, sand, and gravel substrates (US FWS, 2004,
p. 18). Fans hell The fanshell inhabits The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1991. Recovery ( CYJ2.rogenia gravel substrates

in choline uses are not Plan. stegaria) medium
to large rivers expected

to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco of the Ohio River basin rivers, streams, creeks, very _plan/91 0709 .pdf (US FWS, 1991,

or other water bodies. Executive Summary). Fatmucket,
Four microhabitat types The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 2013. Five Year Arkansas

that include:

1) long choline uses are not Review. (Lam.J2.silis pools with cobble and expected

to overlap with http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pk powe/lii)
rock as primary rivers, streams, creeks, g/FR-2011-09-27/pdf/2011- substrate types, 2)
or other water bodies. 24046

.pdf backwater areas downstream

of peninsulas

or islands covered with water willow (Justicia americana) and with cobble and sand as the dominant substrate,

3) slow moving pools upstream from water willow islands with sand, gravel, and cobble substrate, and 4) overflow, secondary channel pools, and tributary confluence areas with sand, cobble, and some rock substrate (US FWS 2013, p. 5) Ferret, Black- The black-footed ferret The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 2008. 5-Year Footed (Mustela relies on prairie dog choline uses are not Review. nif!7ipes'J

34colonies for both food expected

to overlap with http:/ /ecos.fws.gov/docs/five

_ and shelter. prairie dog colonies. year_review/doc2364

.pdf Frog,Dush Upland sandy habitatsThe proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 2011. Federal GoQher (Rana (forest dominated
by choline usesarenot Register Notice: Designation sevosa) longleaf pine (Pinus expected

to overlap with of Critical Habitat. palustris)), wetlands forested areas

,wetlands, http://www .gpo

.gov/fdsys/pk (ephemeral ponds)

or**epheme~al**isolated g/FR-2011-09-27/pdf/2011- embedded within the ponds. 24046.pdf forest
...Adults and subadults spend the majority of their lives underground

(in gopher tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus)
and mammal burrows and holes under old stumps)

...During the breeding season, Mississippi gopher frogs leave their subterranean retreats
in the uplands and migrate totheir breeding sites during rains associated with passing cold fronts. Breeding sites are ephemeral (seasonally flooded) isolated ponds (not connected

toother water bodies) located
in the uplands. Both forested uplands and isolated wetlands (see further discussion
of isolated wetlands

in "Sites for Breeding, Reproduction,
and Rearing of Offspring'' section) areneeded to provide spacefor individual and population growth and normal behavior. (US FWS 2011,

p.59777- 59778)

35HeelsQlitter,
This species prefers

aThe proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1993. Recovery Alabama
soft, stable substrate

in choline usesarenotPlan. (=inflated)
slow tomoderate expected

to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco (Potamilus currents.

Ithas been rivers, streams, creeks, very _plan/930413 .pdf inflatus) found in sand, mud, siltorother waterbodies. and sandy-gravel,
but notin large orarmored gravel (US FWS, 1993, Executive Summary). Hellbender, Cool, clear streamsandThe proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 2011. Federal Ozark rivers with many large choline usesarenot Register Notice: Listing ( CD!J2tobranchurocks. Small expected

to overlap with Document. salleganiensis hellbenders hide rivers, streams, creeks, http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pk bishopi) beneath large rocks and orother waterbodies. g/FR-2011-10-06/pdf/2011- also small stonesin 25690.pdf gravel beds. Adults spend mostof their life under large, flat rocks; typically limestone

or dolomite [rocks]

,and in moderate

to deep (less than
3feet (ft) to 9.8ft (less than

1 meter (m) to3 m)), rocky, fast-flowing streams

in the Ozark Plateau (Johnson 2000, p.42; Fobes and Wilkinson 1995, pp.5-7).In spring-fed streams, Ozark Hellbenders will often concentrate downstream

of the spring, where there is little water temperature change throughout the year(US FWS 2011,
p. 61956). Higgins ExeThe higgins eyeThe proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 2004. Recovery (Qearlxmussel) pearlymussel

is choline usesarenotPlan. (Lamesilischaracterized

asan expected
to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco higginsii) inhabitant
of large rivers, streams, creeks, very _plan/040714.pdf rivers with loose

orother waterbodies. substrates and low velocities. Manyof the largest populations
are in the Mississippi River, and all arein its upper drainage (US FWS, 2004,
p.7-8).

36**Kidne~shell,**Associated with theThe proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 2013. Federal Fluted Cumberland and choline usesarenot Register Notice: Designation (Pry_chobranchuTennessee River expected

to overlap with of Critical Habitat. ssubtentum) drainages. Generally rivers, streams, creeks, http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pk live embedded

in the
orother waterbodies. g/FR-20 13-09-26/pdf/20

13- bottom of stable
23357.pdf streamsand other bodies ofwater, and within riffle areasof sufficient current velocities

toremove finer sediments and provide well oxygenated waters (US FWS,2013,p.59560) **Kidne~shell,**Sand/gravel shoals andThe proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 2000. Recovery Triangular
runsofsmall rivers andcholine usesarenotPlan. (Pry_chobranchu
large streams (US FWS expected

to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco sgreenii) 2000,
p.60) rivers, streams, creeks, very _plan/850702.pdf orother waterbodies. Lamnmussel,
This species inhabits The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1985. Recovery Alabama
sand and gravel choline usesarenotPlan. (Lam12silissubstrates

in small to expected

to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco virescens)medium sized streams rivers, streams, creeks, very _plan/850702.pdf (US FWS, 1985, p.9). orother waterbodies. Lillinut, PaleThis species

is observed The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1984

.Recovery **(nearl~mussel}**

in clean, fast-flowing choline usesarenotPlan. (Toxolasmawaterin substrates that expected

to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco cy_lindrellus)contain relatively firm rivers, streams, creeks, very _plan/840822.pdf rubble, gravel, and sand orother waterbodies. substrates sweptfree from siltation. These mussels are usually found buried
in the substrate

in shallow riffle and shoal areas (US FWS, 1984, p.5). Lognerch,
This species has been The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1986. Recovery Conasauga collected

in deep shuts choline usesarenotPlan. (Percina

and flowing pools with expected

to overlap with http:/ /ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco jenkinsi) clear, clean gravel and rivers, streams, creeks, very _plan/860620.
pdf mixed rubble substrates

orother waterbodies. in areaswith moderate toswift currents (US FWS, 1986, p.8). Madtom,
This species has been The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 2012. Federal Chucky found in streamrunscholine usesarenot Register Notice: Designation (Noturus
with slow tomoderate expected

to overlap with of Critical Habitat. CO!P.ticus)currentoverpea gravel, rivers, streams, creeks, cobble, orslab-rock

orother waterbodies. 37boulder substrates (US http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pk FVVS,2012,p.63606)

g!FR -2012-1 0-16/pdf/20
12- 24468.pdf Madtom, Benthic species

...The proposed 2,4-D USFVVS. 2013. Five Year Neosho inhabits shallow gravel choline usesarenotReview. (Noturussubstrates. The species expected

to overlap with http:/ /ecos.fws.gov/docs/five

_ Jl.lacidus)remains primarily rivers, streams, creeks, year_review/doc4140

.pdf inactive and hidden
inorother waterbodies. bottom substrate during the day, and comesout at night to forage for aquatic invertebrates (Moss 1981 ). The majority ofNeosho madtom collections
are from areaswith gravel substrates, primarily gravel
in the size range of0.5 to2.5 inches (12 -64 mm)in diameter. Most collections
are made in the Spring and Neosho Rivers
in shallow water, generally less than three feet deep (<1 m). VVithin these systems, no significant differences

in madtom preferences
for depth, velocity, and substrate size werefound but gravel riffles with currentsof onetofour feet persecond ( < 1.25 m/sec.) are preferred
by adults (Moss 1981; Fuselier and Edds 1994; VVildhaber

etal. 2000a) (US FVVS 2013, pp.6). Madtom,
This species inhabits The proposed

2
,4-D USFVVS. 1994

.Recovery Pygmy shallow shoals, where choline usesarenotPlan. (Noturus

the current

is moderate expected

to overlap with http:/ /ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco stanauli)

to strongand where rivers, streams, creeks, very _plan/940927a.pdf there
is pea-sized gravel
orother waterbodies. orfine sand substrates, in moderately large rivers of the Tennessee River system (US FVVS, 1994, Executive Summary).

38Mad tom, This species

is The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1985. Recovery Smoky restricted

to Citico choline uses are not Plan. (Noturus Creek, primarily within expected

to overlap with http:/ /ecos.fws.gov /docs/reco baileyi)

the Cherokee National rivers, streams, creeks, very_plan/0603 13b.pdf Forest, Monroe County,

or other water bodies. Tennessee (US FWS, 1985,p.

1) Mad tom, This species prefers The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 2012. Five Year Yellowfin
pool habitats beneath choline uses are not Review. (Noturus cobble and small expected

to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_ fl.aviJ!.innis) boulder substrates rivers, streams, creeks, year_review/doc4146.pdf (Miller 2011). The

or other water bodies. strongest habitat models identified preferred pools for yellowfin madtoms

as greater than 40 meters
in length with gravel being the main substrate beneath cover rocks (Miller 2011
). (US FWS, 2012, p. 16). Manatee, West This species lives in The proposed 2,4-D
US FWS. 2001. Recovery Indian freshwater, brackish choline uses are not Plan- Third Revision. (Trichechus

and marine habitats (US expected

to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco manatus) FWS, 200 I, Executive rivers, streams, creeks, very_plan/011030.pdf Summary).

or other water bodies. Mauleleaf,
The general habitat

is The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1997. Recovery Winged poorly known, although choline uses are not Plan

. (Quadrula

it has been expected

to overlap with http

: //ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco fragosa) characterized

as a large rivers, streams, creeks, very _plan/970625 .pdf stream species.

It has or other water bodies. been collected
on mud, mud-covered gravel, and gravel substrates. In its current location

in the St. Croix River,

it occurs
in riffles with clean gravel, sand, or rubbles substrates and fast current.

It was not found in a natural impoundment

of the river (US FWS, 1997, p. 5-6). Marstonia,
This species

is found in The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1995. Recovery Royal (snail) Blue Spring, which

is in choline uses are not Plan. (Pyrgy_lo{2.sis

the water supply for the expected

to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco ogmorhaJ!.he) town of Jasper, rivers, streams, creeks, very _plan/950811

.pdf Tennessee, and

or other water bodies. downstream

to the State

39Highway
64 bridge (US FWS, 1995, Executive Summary). Moccasinshell, Inhabits

The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 2000. Recovery Alabama sandlgraveVcobble choline uses are not Plan. (Medionidus shoals with moderate

to expected
to overlap with http:llecos.fws.govldocslreco acutissimus} strong currents

in rivers, streams, creeks, very_planl001117.pdf streams and small

or other water bodies. rivers

.(US FWS 2000, p. 51) Moccasinshell, Inhabits

The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 2000. Recovery Coosa sandlgraveVcobble choline uses are not Plan. (Medionidus shoals with moderate

to expected
to overlap with http:llecos.fws.govldocslreco 12.arvulus} strong currents

in rivers, streams, creeks, very _plan/00 111 7. pdf streams and small

or other water bodies. rivers. (US FWS 2000, p. 52) Monkexface,
This species

is most The proposed 2,4-D USFWS

.1984. Recovery Am2alachian often observed

in clean- choline uses are not Plan. (Qearlxmussel} fast-flowing water in expected
to overlap with http:llecos.fws.govldocslreco (Quadrula substrates that contain rivers, streams, creeks, very _plan/840709 .pdf sparsa} relatively firm rubble,

or other water bodies. gravel

,and sand substrates swept free from siltation. These mussels are usually found buried
in the substrate

in shallow riffle and shoal areas (US FWS, 1984, p. 7). Monkexface,
This species

is most The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1984. Recovery Cumberland often observed

in clean- choline uses are not Plan. (Qearlxmussel} fast-flowing water in expected
to overlap with http :I I ecos. fws. gov I docslreco (Quadrula substrates that contain rivers, streams, creeks, very _plan1840709b.pdf intermedia} relatively firm rubble,

or other water bodies. gravel, and sand substrates swept free from siltation. These mussels are usually found buried
in the substrate

in shallow riffle and shoal areas (US FWS, 1984, p. 9).
40Mucket, NeoshoThe Neosho mucket

is The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 2012. Federal (Lam12.s ilis associated with shallow choline usesarenot Register Notice: Proposed raflnesg_ueana) riffles and runs expected

to overlap with Listing Document. comprising gravel rivers, streams, creeks, http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pk substrate and moderate

orother waterbodies. g/FR-2012-1 0-16/pdf/2012- toswift currents.The 24151.pdf species

is mostoften found in areaswith swift current,butin Shoal Creek and the Illinois River

it prefers near-shore areasor areasoutof the main current (Oesch 1984, p. 221; Obermeyer 2000, pp.15-16) (US FWS 2012,
p.63443). Mucket, Currently restricted

toThe proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 2000. Recovery Orangenacre
high quality streamand choline usesarenotPlan. (Lamesilis small river habitat, the expected

to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco eerovalis) species

is found onrivers, streams, creeks, very_plan/001117.pdf stable

orother waterbodies. sand/gravel/cobble substrate

in moderate

to swift currents (US FWS 2000, p.55) Mucket, PinkThe pink mucket mayThe proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1985. Recovery (Qearl:;rmussel)

still exist in stretches
of choline usesarenotPlan. (Lam12.silis

the lower Ohio River expected

to overlap with http:/ /ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco abrueta)

(US FWS, 1985, p.10). rivers, streams

,creeks, very _plan/pink%20mucket% orother waterbodies. 20rp.pdf The pink mucket habitat is large rivers atleast 60 feet wide, where

it occurs
at depths upto 25 feet deep. Currents are typically moderate tofast and substrates rangefrom silt to boulders, rubble, gravel, and sand (US FWS, 1985,

p.11). The species seemstohave adapted
to living in impounded waters,
at leastin the upper reaches where the water is flowing (US FWS, 1985, p.1 0).

41Mussel, Oy:ster This species

is The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 2004. Recovery (E12.ioblasma generally adapted
to choline uses are not Plan. caJ2.saefgrmis}

live in the gravel shoals expected

to overlap with http:/ /ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco of free- flowing rivers rivers, streams, creeks, very _plan/040524.pdf and streams (US FWS,
or other water bodies. 2004, Executive Summary). Mussel,

The scaleshell habitat

is The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 2012. Recovery Scaleshell composed
of riffles and choline uses are not Plan. (Le12.todea
runs in medium
to large expected

to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco leJ2.todon} rivers with low to rivers, streams, creeks, very _plan/1 00407

_v2.pdf medium gradients and or other water bodies. slow to moderate velocity of current.

It inhabits

a variety of substrates from gravel to mud, but riffles are primarily stable (US FWS, 20 10, p.18). Mussel,

The sheepnose

is a The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 2012. Federal SheeQnose larger-stream species choline uses are not Register Notice: Final Rule. (Plethobasus occurring primarily

in expected

to overlap with http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pk C}phyus} shallow shoal habitats rivers, streams, creeks, g/FR-20 12-03-13/pdf/2012- with moderate

to swift
or other water bodies. 5603.pdf currents over coarse sand and gravel. Habitats with sheepnose may also have mud, cobble, and boulders. Sheepnose

in larger rivers may occur at depths exceeding 6 m (US FWS, 2012,

p 14916). Mussel,

The habitat

is described The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 2010. Federal Snuffbox

as swift currents and choline uses are not Register Notice: Listing. (EJ2.ioblasma riffles, and shoals and expected

to overlap with httQ://www.gQo.gov/fdsy:s/Qk triguetra} wave-washed shores of rivers, streams, creeks, glER-20

1 0-11-02/lli!f/20

10- lakes over gravel and
or other water bodies.

27 413 .Qdf#Qage=2 sand with occasional cobble and boulders.

USFWS. 2012. Federal They generally burrow
Register Notice: Final Rule. deep into the substrate http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pk (US FWS, 2010,

p
g/FR-20 12-02-14/pdf/2012- 67554). This

2940.pdf constitutes

a wide diversity
of habitats. However, they do not occur in impounded areas or reservoirs

42(except tail waters) (US FWS, 2012,

p8652). Pearlshell, Specific habitat
The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1990. Recovery Louisiana requirements
arenotcholine usesarenotPlan. (Margaritifj!ra known. This species expected
to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco hembe/i) apparently requires

arivers, streams, creeks, very _plan/90 1203 .pdf free-flowing stream

orother waterbodies. (US FWS, 1990, Executive Summary). Pearlxmussel,
This species

is mostThe proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1984. Recovery Birdwing often observed

in clean choline usesarenotPlan. (Lemiox fast-flowing waterin expected

to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco rimosus) substrates that contain rivers, streams, creeks, very _plan/060206a.pdf relatively firm rubble,

orother waterbodies. gravel and sand substrates sweptfree from siltation.

It is usually found buried
in the substrate

in shallow riffle and shoal areas (US FWS, 1984, p.6). Pearlxmussel,
The cracking

The proposed 2,4-D http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/life

_ Cracking pearlymussel
has choline usesarenothistories/FO

1 X.html (Hemistena undergone

asubstantial expected
to overlap with lata) rangereduction.

It wasrivers, streams, creeks, historically distributed

orother waterbodies. in the Ohio, Cumberland,
and Tennessee River systems.The species has been extirpated throughout much of its range.

Itwaslast collected from Mussel Shoals, an85km reach of the Tennessee River in Alabama, prior to 1925 and is presumed tobe extirpated from the shoal.
Itis presently known tosurvive
at only

afew shoals
in the Clinch and Powell Rivers
in Tennessee and Virginia, and it has likely been reduced
to only three viable populations

in these systems.The species possibly survives

in the

43Green River, Kentucky, and below Pickwick Reservoir

in the Tennessee River, Tennessee

aswell Pearlymussel,
The Curtis'

The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 2010. Five Year Curtis pearlymussel
has notcholine usesarenotReview. (EJ2.ioblasma
been seenalive in over expected
to overlap with http:/ /ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco florentina

adecade. Limited
to rivers, streams, creeks, very _plan/840709c.pdf curtisii)stream segmentsthat
orother waterbodies. aretransitional between headwater and lowland streamsreaches

- shallow stable riffles (US FWS 2010, p.3, 7). Pearlymussel,
This species

is mostThe proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1984. Recovery Dromedary often observed

in clean, choline usesarenotPlan. (Dromus fast-flowing waterin expected
to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco dromas) substrates that contain rivers, streams, creeks, very _plan/840709c.pdf relatively firm rubble,

orother waterbodies. gravel and sand substrates sweptfree from siltation. These mussels areusually found buried
in the substrate

in shallow riffle and shoal areas (US FWS, 1984, p.8). Pearlymussel,
This species inhabits The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1989. Recovery Littlewing small to medium, low choline usesarenotPlan. (Pegias fjlbula) turbidity, cool-water, expected
to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco high tomoderate rivers, streams, creeks, very _plan/890922.pdf gradient streams
in the orother waterbodies. Cumberland and Tennessee River basins (US FWS, 1989, p.5). Pearlymussel, Associated with the The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 2013. Federal Slabs ide Cumberland and choline usesarenot Register Notice: Designation (Pleuronaia Tennessee River expected
to overlap with of Critical Habitat. dolabelloides) drainages. Generally rivers, streams, creeks, http://www .gpo .gov/fdsys/pk live embedded

in the
orother waterbodies. g/FR-2013-09-26/pdf/2013- bottom of stable
23357.pdf streamsand other bodies ofwater, and within riffle areasof sufficient current velocities

toremove finer sediments and provide well

44oxygenated waters (US FWS, 2013, p. 59560) Pigtoe,
This species inhabits The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1992. Recovery Cumberland medium-sized rivers choline uses are not Plan. (Pleurobema
with fast-flowing water expected

to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco gibberum}

in areas with rivers, streams, creeks, very _plan/920813 .pdf predominately gravel,

or other water bodies. sand and cobble substratum (US FWS, 1992, Executive Summary). Pigtoe.
This species

is typically The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1984. Recovery Fineray_ed

a riffle species that choline uses are not Plan. (Fusconaia inhabits ford and shoal expected
to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco cuneolus} areas in free- flowing rivers, streams, creeks, very _plan/fine%20rayed%20r streams of moderate

or other water bodies. ecov%20plan.pdf gradient (US FWS, 1984, p. 7). Pigtoe, Flat Habitat

is the
The proposed 2,4-D USFWS

.1989. Recovery (Pleurobema Tombigbee River, choline uses are not Plan. marshalli} characterized

by an expected

to overlap with httQ :/I ecos. fws. gov I docs/reco increasing number of rivers, streams, creeks, very: Qlan/891114e.Qdf sand and gravel shoals
or other water bodies. and decreasing channel size in the upper portions (US FWS, 1989). Pigtoe, Georgia This species requires The proposed 2,4-D USFWS

.2013. Draft (Pleurobema flowing water, sable choline uses are not Recovery Plan

. hanle}!.ianum} stream channels with expected
to overlap with http:/ /ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco minimal sediment and rivers, streams, creeks, very _plan!Hartfield%20and% algae growth, and

or other water bodies. 20Powell%2020 13%20Draft adequate water quality. %20Three%20Mollusks%20 It also requires

a host RP%20062813.pdf fish, which

is currently unknown (US FWS, 2013

,Executive Summary). Pigtoe, Rough The rough pigtoe
The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1984. Recovery (Pleurobema habitat

is medium
to choline uses are not Plan. plenum}
large rivers, 60 feet or expected

to overlap with http:/ /ecos.fws.gov /docs/reco wider,
in sand and rivers, streams, creeks, very _plan/840806.pdf gravel substrates. Very or other water bodies. limited collection information suggests

it occurs below spillways, in transition zones, and in sand and gravel substrates (US FWS, 1984

,p. 8).

45Pig!oe, Shiny This species

is typically The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1984. Recovery (Fusconaia cor)

ariffle species, found choline usesarenotPlan. along fords and shoals expected
to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco of clear, moderate

to rivers, streams, creeks, very _plan/840709d.pdf fast-flowing streams

orother waterbodies. and rivers with stable substrate.

Itdoes not inhabit deep pools or impounded areas.This species

is usually found well-buried

in the substrate during mostof the yearand is more readily visible
in early summer(US FWS, 1984, p.8). Pig!oe, Sand/gravel shoals and The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 2000. Recovery Southern
runsof small rivers and choline uses arenotPlan. (Pleurobema
large streams (US FWS expected
to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco georgianum) 2000,
p.59) rivers, streams, creeks, very_plan/001117.pdf orother waterbodies. PimQleback,
The 1984 Recovery
The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1984. Recovery Orange foot Plan indicated that the choline uses arenotPlan. (Qearlymussel) orange-foot pimpleback expected
to overlap with http:/ /ecos.fws.gov/ docs/reco (Plethobasus

wasknown from the rivers, streams, creeks, very _plan/840930b.pdf coo{l.erianus) Tennessee,

orother waterbodies. Cumberland,
and lower Ohio Rivers (US FWS, 1984. p.2). The habitat is described

asmedium to large rivers in sand and gravel substrates. Inthe Ohio River

it was collected from 15-29 feet depths, but may have livedin shallower riffles (US FWS, 1984, p.6).

46Plover, PiQing The northern Great The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 2002. Federal exceQt Great Plains DPS ofthe choline uses are not Register Notice. Lakes piping plover utilizes expected

to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/feder watershed
four types of habitats shorelines, beaches, and al_register/fr3943.pdf (Charadrius

for breeding: alkali sandbars
of rivers and melodus) lakes and wetlands, alkali wetlands. inland lakes (Lake of the Woods)

,reservoirs, and rivers. Most breeding occurs along alkali lakes and wetlands, where nesting sites are generally wide, gravelly, salt encrusted beaches with minimal vegetation

.At inland lakes, they use barren to sparsely vegetated islands, beaches, and peninsulas. Sparsely vegetated sandbars and reservoir shorelines are preferred

in riverine systems (US FWS, 2002,
p. 57640). Plover, PiQing The breeding habitat of The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 2009. 5-Year Great Lakes
the Great Lakes DPS of choline uses are not Review. watershed

the piping plover

is well expected

to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five

_ ( Charadrius defined by the Critical sparsely vegetated sandy year _review/doc3009
.pdf melodus) Habitat designation. shorelines

or islands of Critical Habitat for this the Great Lakes. USFWS. 2000. Federal DPS consists of

Register Notice approximately
200 http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/feder miles of Great Lakes al_register/fr3 648. pdf shoreline (extending 1640 ft inland)
in 26 counties

in Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania,
and New York. Additional Critical Habitat for wintering populations ofthis DPS are in the southeastern United States and other areas that are outside the scope of this analysis (USFWS, 2000; USFWS, 2009, p.2).

47Pocketbook,
FatThe fat pocketbook

is aThe proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1989. Recovery (Potamilus
large river species choline usesarenotPlan. capax) requiring flowing water expected

to overlap with httQ://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco and
astable substrate, rivers, streams, creeks, veryQlan/891114c.Qdf which canvary widely

orother waterbodies. but is most likely

a
USFWS. 2012. Five Year mixture of sand, silt and
Review. clay.
Itoccurs
in water http://ecos:fws.gov/docs/reco from

afew inches deep

very_plan/8 91114c. pdf toatleast

8 feet. Habitat includes drainage ditches. (US FWS, 1989, p.6). Populations have been found in larger rivers in the Ohio River system, and it mayoccuras deep as20 feet (US FWS, 2012, p.7-8).
It canalso tolerate periods ofhigh suspended sediments (US FWS, 2012, p.11). Pocketbook,
This species inhabits The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 2004. Recovery Ouachita Rock pools, backwaters, and choline usesarenotPlan. (Arkansia

side channels of rivers expected

to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco wheeleri}

and large creeks
in orrivers, streams, creeks, very _plan/040602.pdf nearthe southern slope
orother waterbodies. ofthe Ouachita Uplift. This species occupies stable substrates containing gravel, sand, and other materials (US FWS, 2004. Executive Summary). Pocketbook, Specific habitat
The proposed

2
,4-D USFWS

.1992. Recovery SQeckled requirements
arenotcholine usesarenotPlan. (Lampsilis known. The species

is expected

to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco streckeri} found in coarseto rivers, streams, creeks, very _plan/9201 02.pdf muddy sandin depths

orother waterbodies. upto0.4 meters (1.3 feet) with

aconstant flow of water.The occurrence

in areasof constantwaterflow suggests

a requirement for well-oxygenated conditions (US FWS 1992, p.3).

48Pumle Cat's Inhabits boulder
to The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1992. Recovery Paw(=Pumle sandy substrates

in choline uses are not Plan. Cat's QaW large rivers of the Ohio expected

to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco Qearlxmussel} River basin (US FWS rivers

,streams, creeks, very _plan/92031 O.pdf (E.{l.ioblasma 1992, Executive

or other water bodies. oblig_uata summary). obliauata) Rabbitsfoot "Rabbits foot is The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 2012. Federal (Qy_adrula primarily
an inhabitant choline uses are not Register Notice

. cy_lindrica

of small to medium expected

to overlap with http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pk cy_lindrica} sized streams and some rivers, streams, creeks, g!FR -2012-1 0-16/pdf/20
12- larger rivers.

It usually

or other water bodies. 2415l.pdf occurs
in shallow water areas along the bank and adjacent runs and shoals with reduced water velocity." They have been reported

in deep water runs up to 12 feet depth. "Bottom substrates generally include gravel and sand" (US FWS, 2012, p. 63446). Rabbitsfoot, Inhabits medium-sized
The proposed 2,4-D FWS. 2004. Recovery Plan. Rough

to large rivers in choline uses are not http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco (Quadrula moderate

to swift expected

to overlap with very _plan/040524.pdf cy_lindrica current but often exists rivers, streams, creeks, strigillata}

in areas close to, but not or other water bodies. in, the swiftest current (Gordon 1991
). It is reported
to live in silt, sand, gravel, or cobble in eddies at the edge of midstream currents and may be associated with macrophyte beds (Yeager and Neves 1986, Gordon 1991). The rough rabbitsfoot seldom burrows;

it generally lies on its side on the stream bottom (Neves, pers

.comm., 2003) (US FWS 2004, p. 19). Riffleshell, Tan This species inhabits The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1984. Recovery (Eeioblasma streams described

as choline uses are not Plan

. florentina shallow and turbid with expected

to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco walkeri {_=E. numerous riffles and rivers, streams, creeks, very _plan/tan%20riffleshell% walkeri}} substrate consisting
of or other water bodies. 20rp.pdf 49loose rocks and gravel bars with an abundance of water willow (US FWS, 1984. P, 7). Ring Pink This species inhabits The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1991. Recovery (mussel) gravel and sandy choline uses are not Plan. (Obovaria substrates

in large rivers expected

to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco retusa)

of the Ohio River basin rivers, streams, creeks, very_plan/91 0325.pdf (US FWS, 1991).

or other water bodies. Riversnail,
This species

is typically The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1997. Recovery Anthony's found in large streams choline uses are not Plan. (Athearnia

on large submerged expected
to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco anthony_i} objects (e.g., rocks and rivers, streams, creeks, very _plan/970813.
pdf logs) or gravelly

or other water bodies. substrata

in relatively shallow, moderately

to fast-flowing water (US FWS, 1997). Sawfish, Smalltooth sawfish are The proposed 2,4-D NMFS, NOAA. 2001. Smalltooth tropical marine and choline uses are not Federal Register Notice: (Pristis estuarine fish that have expected

to overlap with Proposed Endangered Status 12.ectinata)

the northwestern rivers, streams, creeks,
for a DPS of Smalltooth terminus oftheir

or other water bodies. Sawfish. Atlantic range in the httQ://ecos.fws.gov/docs/feder waters of the eastern

al register/fr3741.Qdf United States. In the United States, smalltooth sawfish are generally

a shallow water fish of inshore bars, mangrove edges, and seagrass beds, but are occasionally found in deeper coastal waters. (US FWS NMFS, NOAA 2001,
p. 19416) SculQin, Grotto Grotto sculpin occupy The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 2013. Federal (Cottus s12..} cave streams, choline uses are not Register Notice: Designation resurgences (also expected
to overlap with of Critical Habitat (58928) known
as ''spring rivers, streams, creeks, h!!Q://www.gQo.gov/fdsys/Qk branches'')

(V and ike
or other water bodies. glER-2013-09-25/Qdf/2013- 1985, p. 1 0), springs,
23182.Qdf and surface streams (Adams 2012, pers. comm.; Adams
et al. 2013,pp.491-493; Burr et al. 2001, p. 284). They occupy pools and riffles with

50moderate flows and variable depths (4to33 centimeters (em) (1.6 to 13 in)) (Burr etal. 2001, p.284 ). Although grotto sculpin have been documented

to occurover

avariety of substrates (for example, silt, gravel, cobble, rock rubble, and bedrock), the presence
of cobble orpebble

is necessary for spawning (Burr et al. 2001, p.284; Adams etal. unpub

.data; Adams
etal. 2013, pp. 491--492) (US FWS 2013, p.58928). Sea Turtle,Green turtles areThe proposed 2,4-D NMFS, NOAA. 1998. Green primarily restricted

tocholine usesarenotFederal Register Notice: (Chelonia tropical and subtropical expected

to overlap with Designated critical habitat. mydas) waters.
InU

.S. Atlantic coastal waters. http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/feder and Gulf of Mexico al_register/fr3295.pdf waters, greenturtles are found from Massachusetts

toTexas andin the U.S. Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico. Seagrasses
arethe principal dietary component

of juvenile and adult greenturtles throughout the Wider Caribbean region (Bjomdal, 1995). (NMFS, NOAA 1998, p.46694) Sea Turtle, The hawksbill turtle The proposed 2,4-D NMFS, NOAA. 1998. Hawksbill occurs
in tropical and choline usesarenotFederal Register Notice: (Eretmochelys subtropical watersof expected

to overlap with Designated critical habitat. imbricata)

the Atlantic, Pacific, coastal waters. http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/feder and Indian Oceans. al_register/fr3295.pdf Coral reefs, like those found in the waters surrounding Monaand Monito Islands, are widely recognized

as the primary foraging habitat of juvenile, subadult, and adult

51hawksbill turtles. This habitat association

is directly related tothe species' highly specific diet of sponges (Meylan, 1988). Hawksbills depend on coral reefs for food and shelter; therefore, the condition
of reefs directly affects the hawksbill's well-being. (NMFS, NOAA 1998, p.46695) Sea Turtle, This life history patternThe proposed 2,4-D NMFS, NOAA. 20II.BiKemg's Ridley

is characterized

by three choline usesarenotnational recovery plan for the (Leaidochely_s Basic ecosystemzones: expected

to overlap with kemp's ridley seaturtle. kempii)

(1)Terrestrial zonecoastal waters. http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco (supralittoral) -the very_plan/090116.pdf nesting beach where both oviposition and embryonic development occur;(2) Neritic zonethe nearshore (including bays and sounds) marine environment (from the surface
tothe seafloor) where water depths do notexceed 200 meters, including the continental shelf; and (3) Oceanic zone

- the vast openocean environment (from the surface
tothe seafloor) where water depths are greaterthan 200 meters. (NMFS, NOAA 2011, p.1-8) Sea Turtle, Leatherbacks

areable toThe proposed 2,4-D NMFS, NOAA. 2013. Five Leatherback
take advantage
of acholine usesarenotYear Review. (Dermochely_s
wide variety of marine ef(pected

to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco coriacea} ecosystems (reviewed coastal waters. very_plan/090116.pdf by Saba 20I3; see NOAA large marine ecosystemwebsite: http://www.lme.noaa.go v/). Within these ecosystems,various oceanic features such as water temperature,

52downwelling, Ekman upwelling, sea surface height, chlorophyll-a concentration,
and mesoscale eddies affect the presence of leatherbacks (Bailey
et al. 2013; Benson
et al. 2011). The physical characteristics observed within these marine ecosystems also affect the distribution and abundance
of leatherback prey (reviewed
by Saba 2013). (NFMS, NOAA 2013,
p. 20-22) Sea Turtle, The three basic
The proposed

2
,4-D NMFS

,NOAA, 2009, Loggerhead ecosystems

in which choline uses are not Recovery Plan. Northwest loggerheads live are expected

to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco Atlantic DPS the:
coastal waters. very_plan/090116.pdf (Caretta

1. Terrestrial zone caretta) (supralittoral) -the nesting beach where both oviposition (egg laying) and embryonic development and hatching occur. 2. Neritic zone- the nearshore marine environment (from the surface
to the sea floor) where water depths do not exceed 200 meters. The neritic zone generally includes the continental shelf, but in areas where the continental shelf
is very narrow or nonexistent, the neritic zone conventionally extends to areas where water depths are less than 200 meters. 3. Oceanic zone

-the vast open ocean environment (from the surface
to the sea floor) where water depths are

53greater than 200 meters. (NMFS, NOAA 2009, p. 1-20) Shiner, Wilde et al. (2000) The proposed 2,4-D
US FWS. 2005. Federal Arkansas River found no obvious choline uses are not Register Notice: Designation (NotrOP.iS selection for or expected

to overlap with of Critical Habitat. girardi) avoidance
of any rivers, streams, creeks, http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco particular habitat type
or other water bodies. very _plan/950830.pdf (i.e., main channel, side channel, backwaters, and pools) by Arkansas River shiner. Arkansas River shiners did tend to select side channels and backwaters slightly more than expected based on the availability of these habitats (Wilde et al. 2000). Likewise, they appeared

to make no obvious selection for, or avoidance
of,

· any particular substrate type. Substrates (i.e., the river bed) in the Canadian River in New Mexico and Texas were predominantly sand, however, the Arkansas River shiner was observed

to occur over silt slightly more than expected based on the availability

of this substrate (Wilde
et al. 2000)

; preferred habitat for the Arkansas River shiner
is the mainstem oflarger plains rivers
... historically inhabited the main channels
of wide, shallow, sandybottomed rivers and larger streams of the Arkansas River basin (Gilbert 1980). Adults are uncommon

in quiet

54pools orbackwaters lacking streamflow, and almost neveroccurred in habitats having deep waterand bottoms of mud orstone (Cross 1967) (US FWS 2005). Shiner, BlueThe blue shiner
The proposed 2,4-D
US FWS. 1995. Recovery ( C}!J2.rinella primarily occupies choline usesarenotPlan. caerulea) second
tofourth order, expected

to overlap with httJrl/ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco moderate gradient rivers, streams, creeks, veryQlan/950830.Qdf streamswithin the

orother waterbodies. Ridge and Valley and Piedmont physiographic provinces
of Alabama, Georgia, and Tennessee (Smith-
Vaniz 1968, Ramsey 1976, Krotzer 1984, Ramseyand Pierson 1986, Pierson and Krotzer 1987, Mayden 1989, Pierson etal. 1989, Boschung 1992, Etnier and Starnes 1993, Dobson 1994
). Most watersheds where

it is found are predominately forested, and agriculture and urban development
are minimal. For example in Alabama, land cover in the Choccolocco watershed

is 66 percent forest, 20 percent pasture,and 13 percent agriculture.

It prefers

a sand orsand and gravel substrate sometimes with cobble, low to moderate velocity current,and
adepth of about 0.15 to1 meters (0.5 to3 feet) (Gilbert etal. 1979; Krotzer 1984, Pierson and Krotzer 1987, Dobson 1994)(US FWS 1995, p.3-4)

55Shiner, ToQeka Topeka shiners areThe proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 2004. Federal (Notro12is typically found in choline usesarenot Register Notice: Designation topeka small, low order, prairie expected

to overlap with of Critical Habitat. {_=tristis)) streamswith good rivers, streams, creeks, http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_ water quality, relatively

orother waterbodies. year_review/doc2585
.pdf cool temperatures,
and low fish diversity. Although Topeka shiners cantolerate

a rangeof water temperatures, cooler, spring-maintained systemsareconsidered optimal. These streams generally maintain perennial flow but may become intermittent during summer
or periods of drought,

as long asthere arerefuge areasin headwaters springs ormain channels of larger streamsthat do not provide adequate yearround habitat. While headwaters, oxbows and side channels provide the typical habitat, mainstem streams provide for dispersal

aswell asfor drought refuge. The shiner
is veryoften associated with groundwater discharges. Substrates are typically clean gravel, cobble, orsand, but mayinclude bedrock and clay hardpan covered by a thin layer of silt, or coarsesand overlain by silt and detritus. Spawning

is often over native sunfish nests (US FWS,2004,pp,44743- 4).

56Snail, Painted This species

is limited The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1982. Recovery Snake Coiled

to Buck Creek Cove.
It choline uses are not Plan. Forest

is found only in expected

to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco (AngMiS{2ira limestone outcrops

in creeks or stone outcrops very _plan/060206.pdf {2icta)
parts ofthe cove with along creeks. good cover. The slopes of the cove are very steep with crock outcrops and sheer cliffs at intervals along both sides of the creek (US FWS, 1982). S Qectaclecase
The spectaclecase

The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 2012. Federal (mussel) generally inhabits large choline uses are not Register Notice: Final Rule. ( Cumberlandia rivers where

it occurs
in expected

to overlap with http:/ /www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pk monodonta) microhabitats sheltered rivers, streams, creeks, g/FR-20 12-03-13/pdf/2012- from the main force of or other water bodies. 5603.pdf current.

It occurs
in a variety of substrates from mud and sand to gravel, cobble, and boulders

in relatively shallow riffles and shoals with

a slow to swift current.

It is most often found in firm mud between large rocks in quiet water very near the interface with swift currents (US FWS, 2012,

p 14916). SQider, SQruce- typical habitat appears The proposed 2,4-D
US FWS, 1998, Recovery Fir Moss

to be associated with choline uses are not Plan for the Spruce-fir Moss (Microhexura moist, well-drained expected

to overlap with Spider montivaga) moss mats growing on high-elevation conifer httQ://www.gQo.gov/fdsxs/Qk rocks and boulders

in forests. gLER-2011-09-27/Qdf/2011- well-shaded situations
24046.Qdf in mature highelevation conifer forests dominated
by Fraser fir, Abiesfraseri, often with scattered red spruce, Pice
a rubens. (US FWS 1998, p. iii)

5 7Squirrel, Species composition

of The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1990. Recovery Carolina

the occupied forest may choline uses are not Plan for Appalachian Northern Fixing vary in different expected

to overlap with Northern Flying Squirrels. ( Glaucomy_s locations, some hardwood and conifer United States Fish and sabrinus combination

of forests. Wildlife Service. coloratus} hardwoods and conifers (particularly spruce and fir) appears essential
to support these animals. Food sources for the Carolina northern flying squirrel include fungi, lichens, staminate cones, insects, and other animal matter (US FWS 1990,_Q. 6-7) Stirrupshell Habitat

is the
The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1989. Recovery (Quadrula Tombigbee River, choline uses are not Plan. stapes} characterized

by an expected
to overlap with http://ecos.fws

.gov/docs/reco increasing number of rivers, streams, creeks, very _plan/891114e.pdf sand and gravel shoals
or other water bodies. and decreasing channel size in the upper portions (US FWS, 1989). Sturgeon, Gulf The Gulf sturgeon

is an The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1995. Recovery (Acipenser Anadromous fish which choline uses are not Plan. oxy_rinchus migrates from salt water expected

to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco desotoi}

into large coastal rivers rivers, streams, creeks, very _plan/950922.pdf to spawn and spend the or other water bodies. warm months. The majority of its life is spent in fresh water (US FWS, 1995). · Sturgeon, Pallid Habitat

is the bottom
in The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 2014. Recovery (Scaphirhy_nchu
swift waters of large, choline uses are not Plan. sa/bus} turbid, free-flowing expected

to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco rivers, often over sand rivers, streams, creeks, ven:: plan/Pallid%20Sturgeon substrates, but other

or other water bodies. %20Recoven::%20Plan%20Fi substrates include

at rst>/o20Revision%20signed% least gravel and rock. 20version%20012914
3.pdf Sloughs, chutes, and side channels that
USFWS. 2007. Five Year transition from

Review. floodplain

to the main http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_ channels are apparently year_review/doc1059.pdf important

as spawning, nursery, and feeding areas

.Within the subject states, this habitat occurs
in the

58Mississippi and Missouri rivers (US FWS, 1993, pp 6-7). Within this habitat, they tend to select main channel habitats

in the Mississippi River, and main channel habitats with islands or sand bars in the upper Missouri River (US FWS,2007.p.

8). They do not typically occur in impounded areas due to lower flows and other hydrologic factors, nor where channel stabilization has reduced channel meandering and access to floodplain areas (US FWS, 2007, p. 38). Tern, Least Species

is a piscivore, The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1990. Recovery interior QOQ. feeding
in shallow choline uses are not Plan. (Sterna waters of rivers, expected

to overlap with http:/ /ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco an til/arum} streams (USFWS, 1990, riparian areas, including very __plan/900919a.pdf p. 20). Beaches, sand coastal areas. pits, sandbars, islands and peninsulas
are the principal breeding habitats of coastal areas and nesting can be close to water but is usually between the dune environment
and the high tide line. Vegetation

at coastal nesting areas
is sparse, scattered and short. Riverine nesting areas are sparsely vegetated sand and gravel bars within

a wide unobstructed river channel,
or salt flats along lake shorelines. Nesting occurs along river banks (US FWS, 1990,_p. 20).

59Tiger Beetle, Very specific habitat The proposed 2,4-D
US FWS, 2009, Recovery Salt Creek requirements
and choline uses are not Outline for the Salt Creek (Cicindela occurs
in saline expected

to overlap with tiger beetle (2) nevadica wetlands--on exposed wetlands. lincolniana) saline mud flats or along mud banks of streams and seeps that contain salt deposits and are sparsely vegetated (Carter 1989; Spomer and Higley 1993; LaGrange 1997; Spomer
et al. 2004a). Larvae have been found only on moist salt flats and salt-encrusted banks of Little Salt Creek
in northern Lancaster County (Spomer

et al. 2004a) and saline wetlands associated with Rock Creek
in the southern margin of Saunders County. Salt Creek tiger beetles require open, barren salt flat areas (US FWS 2009,
p. 2). Turtle, Ringed Rivers and adjacent
The proposed 2,4-D USACE. Ringed Map Turtle Map white sand beaches with choline uses
are not Species Profile. US Army ( Grall.temy_s basking sites (brush, expected

to overlap with Corps of Engineers, Engineer oculifgra)
logs debris) (USACE) rivers or beaches. Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory. Turtle, Yell ow- Rivers and large creeks, The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1993. Recovery Blotched Map prefers moderate choline uses are not Plan for the Yellow-blotched ( Grall.temy_s currents, abundant expected

to overlap with Map Turtle. United States flavimaculata) basking sites, and rivers, streams, creeks, Fish and Wildlife Service sandbars (US FWS

or other water bodies 1993, p. 2)

and their associated beaches. 60Vireo, Black- Insect-eating, migratory The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 2007. Five Year Caimed (Vireo songbird that arrives
in choline usesarenotReview. atricaJ!.illa)Texasfrom mid-March expected

to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five

_ to mid-April, while shrublands associated year_review/doc 1073. pdf those in Oklahoma
with rocky gullies, edges arrive approximately

10of ravines,
oreroded USFWS. 1991. Recovery days later. Breeding slopes

.
Plan. habitat

is quite variable http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco acrossits range,but is

very _plan/91 0930h.pdf generally shrublands with

adistinctive patchy structure.The shrub vegetation

is mostly deciduous and generally extends from the ground
toabout six feet above ground and coversabout 30to60% of the total area.Open grassland separatesthe clumps of shrubs. (US FWS 2007, p.7) From Oklahoma through mostof Texas, this typeof vegetational configuration occurs most frequently
on rocky substrates with shallow soils, in rocky gullies, onedges of ravines, and oneroded slopes. (US FWS 2007, p.20) Wartyback,
The. white wartyback
The proposed 2,4-D USFWS, 1984, Recovery White

has undergone

acholine usesarenotPlan White Warty-backed (Qearlymussel) substantial rangeexpected

to overlap with Pearlymussel (Plethobasus reduction and isrivers, streams, creeks, httQ://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco cicatricosus) considered

tobe

orother waterbodies. veryQlan/060313h.Qdf possibly extinct.

IthttQ://ecos.fws.gov/docs/life histories/FOOM.html was historically distributed

in the Wabash, Ohio, Kanawha, Cumberland, Holston, and Tennessee Rivers ofthe Ohio, Cumberland, and Tennessee River systems; however,
no

61live specimens have been recovered from these drainages since the early 1900s). The white wartyback may still exist in a short reach of the Tennessee River below Pickwick Dam. No living populations have been found in numerous surveys conducted

in the Tennessee River since the 1960s; however, fresh dead specimens were collected
in 1979 and 1982 below Pickwick Dam near Savannah, Tennessee.

If this species still exists, the viability of remaining populations

is extremely threatened The white wartyback is a riffle species that is typically found in large rivers in gravel substrates

. Whale, Finback Fin whales are found in The proposed 2,4-D http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/ (BalaenoJ2.tera deep, offshore waters of choline uses are not species/mammals/cetaceans/fi J2.hy_salus)

all major oceans, expected

to overlap with nwhale.htm primarily

in temperate deep offshore waters. to polar latitudes, and less commonly

in the tropics. They occur year-round

in a wide range of latitudes and longitudes, but the density of individuals

in any one area changes seasonally. Whale, During migration,

The proposed

2 ,4-D httQ://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/Qr/ HumQback humpbacks stay near choline uses are not SQecies/mammals/cetaceanslh (Megafl.tera

the surface of the ocean. expected
to overlap with umQbackwhale.htm novaeam!liae)

coastal waters. 62While feeding and calving, humpbacks prefer shallow waters. During calving, humpbacks
areusually found in the warmest watersavailable

atthat latitude. Calving grounds are commonly nearoffshore reef systems, islands, or continental shores. Humpback feeding grounds arein cold, productive coastal waters. Woodpecker, Habitat: Forest, Proposed 2,4-D choline USFWS Recovery Plan Red-Cockaded Savannah (open pine usesarenot expected

to http:/

I ecos.fws. gov

I docs/reco (Picoides woodlands and overlap with forest or very plan/030320 2.pdf borealis) savannahs with large savannah. old pines) (US FWS 2003, p.x) Habitat size (home range):

.116-357 acres _(_US FWS 2003, p.49) Plants Aster,

The natural habitat ofThe proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1990. Recovery Decurrent Falsethe asterwasthe shores choline usesarenotPlan. (Boltonia

of lakes and the banks expected
to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco decurrens}

of streams including thethe shores of
very _plan/900928c.pdf Illinois River.

It lakes/streams

orother appears
to require floodplain habitats abundant light.
It where the aster mayUSFWS. 2012. 5-Yearpresently grows
in such occur.Review. habitats but is more http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five

_ common

in disturbed

year_review/ doc4044. pdf lowland areaswhere

it appears
tobe dependent onhuman activity for survival (US FWS, 1990,

p..3).It occupies unimpounded floodplain habitats along the Illinois River system;the plant relies onperiodic flood pulses tomaintain populations and suitable habitat (US FWS, 2012,
p.7).

63Aster, Ruth's This species grows only The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1992. Recovery Golden

in the cracks or crevices choline uses are not Plan. (Pi {Y..O J!.S is found in phyllite or expected
to overlap with http:/ /ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco ruthii) graywacke boulders rivers

.very_plan/920611.pdf along the banks of or within the Ocoee and Hiwassee Rivers (US FWS, 1992). Avens,
This species grows
in The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1993. Recovery SQreading

full sun on the shallow choline uses are not Plan. (Geum acidic soils of high- expected

to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco radiatum) elevation cliffs, rocky high-elevation cliffs, very _plan/930428.pdf outcrops, steep slopes, rocky outcrops, steep and on gravelly talus slopes or gravelly talus. (US FWS, 1993). Bladdernod,
This species grows in
USFWS. 1998. Recovery Missouri shallow soils on

Plan. (Ph}!.saria limestone glades and

http:/ /ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco flli{.ormis) outcrops

in pastures and

very _p lan/880407 .pdf rarely in rocky open woods. Grows
in shallowest soils with other annuals where bare soil occurs and few perennials are present. Burlington limestone
of Mississippian
age (US FWS, 1998). Bluet, Roan This species grows in The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1996. Recovery Mountain shallow soils and choline uses are not Plan. (Hedy_otis crevices of cliffs and expected

to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco Il.UrJ!.urea var. outcrops and on thin cliffs and outcrops.
very _plan/960513.
pdf montana) rocky soils of grassy balds (US FWS, 1996). Bush-Clover,

The prairie bush clover The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1988. Recovery Prairie occurs on both choline uses are not Plan. (LesJ!.edeza undisturbed and expected

to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco leJ!.tostachy_a) disturbed sites over prairies.

very _plan/881 006.pdf sandy, loam, or gravelly soils included

at the thin margins near rock outcrops. Sites may have been previously mowed, burned or grazed (US FWS, 1988, p. 7-81 Butterfl): Plant, This species requires The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 2010. Recovery Colorado early- to mid- choline uses are not Plan. (Gaura succession riparian expected

to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco neomexicana habitat.

It commonly

very __plan/Colorado%20Butte 64var. occurs
in habitat types riparian habitat or rfly%20Plant%20Recovery% coloradensis)

that are usually upland prairies. 200utline _Final_ May%2020 intermediate

in

10.pdf moisture between wet, streamside communities dominated
by sedges, rushes, and cattails, and dry, upland short-grass prairie. Typically, Colorado butterfly plant habitat

is open, without dense or overgrown vegetation (US FWS, 2010). Chaffseed, Habitats described

as The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1995. Recovery American
pine flatwoods, fire- choline uses are not Plan. (Schwalbea maintained savannas, expected

to overlap with http:/ /ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco americana) ecotonal areas between pine flatwoods, fire- very _p lan/95 0929c.pdf peaty wetlands and maintained savannas, xeric sandy soils, and wetland
or sedge other open grass-sedge dominated systems. systems (US FWS, 1995). Clover, Running buffalo clover The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 2007. Recovery Running occurs
in mesic habitats choline uses are not Plan. Buffalo

of partial to filtered expected

to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco (Trifglium sunlight, where there
is mesic habitats where the very _plan/070627.pdf stolonifgrum)

a prolonged pattern of clover

is expected

to be moderate periodic found. disturbance, such as mowing, trampling,

or grazing.

It is most often found in regions underlain with limestone
or other calcareous bedrock. Specific habitats include mesic woodlands, savannahs, floodplains, stream banks, sandbars, grazed woodlots, mowed paths (e.g. cemeteries, parks), old logging roads, jeep trails, A TV trails, skid trails, mowed wildlife openings within mature forest, and steep ravines.

It has been suggested that the original habitat may

65have been openwoods orsavannah, and bison herbivory
onassociated species mayhave kept the habitats open(US FWS, 2007, p.12.). Fern, American Early successional

The proposed 2,4-D http:/

I ecos.fws. gov

I docs/reco **Hart's-Ton~rue**habitats Northern choline usesarenot very _plan/930915 .pdf (As(l.lenium populations occurin expected

to overlap early scolo.12.endrium forests of secondary successional forests, var. growth where canopyconifer forests or americanum) openings areabundant. bryophyte beds where NewY oprk populations
the species

is found

.. occurin conifer forests. Bryophyte beds arean important substrate. Geocar.12.on
This species growsonThe proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1993. Recovery minimum (No sandstone glades and choline usesarenotPlan. commonname) outcrops
aswell as expected

to overlap with http:/ /ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco bare, sparsely vegetated
the sandstone glades and very _plan/930726.pdf areaswhere the soil outcropswhere this contains relatively large species

is expected

tobe amountsof magnesium found. and sodium salts (US FWS, 1993). Goldenrod,
This species growsonThe proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1987. Recovery Blue Ridge rock
o_utcropsand choline usesarenotPlan. (Solidago vertical
tonearvertical expected

to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco s.12.ithamaea) cliffs in southern
rock outcropsand very _planlblueridge%20gold Appalachians

of vertical cliffs. enrod%20rp.pdf westernNorth Carolina and extremeeastern TN. Rocky summits and cliffs usually appear
assmaller-scale patchy habitats embedded

in larger forest consisting
of

66spruce-fir
or northern hardwoods

or occasionally high elevation red oak forest (US FWS, 1987). Grass. Xyris tennessensis

is a The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 2014. Five Year Tennessee

rare

.perennial monocot choline uses are not Review. Y ellow-Exed
that is an obligate expected

to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five

_ (Xyris wetland plant that wetlands.

year _review/doc4360.pdf tennesseensis) prefers relatively high pH seeps and streambanks.
An Obligate wetland plant that is restricted

to calcareous seeps, fens, and spring runs (US FWS, 2014). Ground-Plum,
This species

is endemic The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 2011. Recovery Guthrie's

to cedar glades (US choline uses are not Plan. (=Pxne's) FWS, 2011). expected

to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco (Astragalus

cedar glades. very_plan/20110722b_Pynes bibullatus) %20ground%20plum

_RP _fin al l.pdf Hamerella Harperella

is known The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1991. Recovery (Ptilimnium
from only two locations choline uses are not Plan. nodosum)

in North Caro !ina. One expected

to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco population occurs
in the river habitats.

very _plan/91 0305b.pdf Tar River in Granville County. Another population was reintroduced

to the Deep River recently after the original population known from that area disappeared. This population occurs in Chatham County, but the river serves as the divide between Chatham and Lee counties (US FWS, 1991). Ladies'- Tresses, Occurs
in relatively low The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1995. Recovery Ute (Sp_iranthes elevation riparian, choline uses are not Plan. diluvialis) spring, and lakeside expected

to overlap with httu://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco wetland meadows. riverine, spring, or ven: ulan/950921.Qdf Endemic
to moist soils lakeside wet meadows. in mesic or wet

USFWS. Species Profile meadows near springs,

Page. lakes, or perennial

67streams.Occur

http:/ /ecos.fws.gov/speciesPr primarily

in areaswhere ofile/profile/speciesProfile

.act the vegetation

is ion?spcode=Q2W

A relatively openand not overly dense or overgrown,but some populations
als found in riparian woodlands. Observed

tobe shadeintolerant (US FWS, 1995). Occurs
in relatively low elevation riparian, spring, and lakeside wetland meadows. Endemic

tomoist soils in mesic orwet meadows near springs, lakes, orperennial streams.Occur primarily

in areaswhere the vegetation

is relatively openand not overly dense or overgrown,but some populations
arefound in riparian woodlands. Observed

tobe shadeintolerant (US FWS, Species Profile Page). Lichen, RockRock gnomelichen
is The proposed

2,4-D httg://www.fws.gov/raleigh/s Gnome primarily limited tocholine usesarenot gecies/es rock gnomelichen ( G}!..mnoderma vertical rock faces expected

_ to overlap with.html lineare) where seepagewater high elevation verticle from forest soils above rock faces where the flows during (and only species occurs

.. during) verywettimes. It appearsthe species needs

amoderate amountof light, but that it cannottolerate highintensity solar radiation. Itdoes well onmoist, generally open,sites, with northern exposures,but needs at least partial canopy coveragewhere the aspect

is southern
or western

68Rock gnome lichen
is known from the Southern Appalachian Mountains
of North Carolina and South Carolina, Tennessee, and Georgia,

in areas of high humidity, either at high elevations, where it is frequently bathed in fog, or in deep gorges
at lower elevations. Lil_y:, Minnesota The Minnesota dwarf The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1987. Recovery Dwarf Trout trout lily is most choline uses are not Plan

. (Ery_thronium commonly found in the expected

to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco !2.70I2.ullans) lower parts of wooded woodlands

or very _plan/060309c.pdf north-facing slopes, and floodplains

. on adjacent floodplains. Sites are associated either with streams or abandoned stream channels, dominated
by deciduous trees.
It may be intolerant
of shade (US FWS, 1987). Milkweed, Mead's milkweed
The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 2003. Recovery Mead's occurs primarily

in choline uses are not Plan

. (Asclep_ias tallgrass prairie with

a expected

to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco meadii)

late successional bunch- tallgrass prairies, hay very _plan/030922b.pdf grass structure, but also meadows,

or thing soil occurs
in hay meadows glades or barrens. and in thin soil glades or barrens. This plant is essentially restricted

to sites that have never been plowed and only lightly grazed, and hay meadows that are cropped annually for hay (US FWS, 2003, p. 9). Orchid, Eastern The eastern prairie The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1999. Recovery Prairie Fringed fringed

·orchid occurs
in choline uses are not Plan. (Platanthera

a wide variety of expected
to overlap with http:/ /ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco leuco12.haea) habitats, from mesic grass or sedge-
very _plan/990929.
pdf prairie
to wetland dominated plant communities such as communities. sedge meadows, marsh edges and even fens and
69sphagnum bogs.
It requires full sunlight for optimum growth

and flowering, which restricts

it to grass- and sedge-dominated plant communities. The substrate
of the sites where

it occurs ranges from more or less neutral
to mildly calcareous, typically glacial soils.
It is often early successional,
but can be maintained

in mid- to late successional wetlands that remain open and sunny (US FWS, 1999, pp. 6-7). Orchid, Western The western prairie- The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1996. Recovery Prairie Fringed fringed orchid occurs choline uses are not Plan. (Platanthera primarily

in tall grass expected

to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco Jl.raeclara} prairies dominated
by prairie, meadow areas, very _plan/960930a.pdf bluestem grass
and in roadside ditches, borrow sedge meadows that are pits or abandoned fields. seasonally wet (US FWS, 1996, p. 6). They also may occur in successional communities such as borrow pits, old fields, and roadside ditches (US FWS, 1996, p. 4). Penstemon,
This species grows
in The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1992. Recovery Blowout depressions

in the choline uses are not Plan

. (Penstemon topography caused by expected

to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco hgy_denii} wind erosion. sandy slough slopes or very_plan/920717.pdf Vegetation associated dunes. with blowouts

is distinctly different than vegetation associated with adjacent, noneroding areas. In Wyoming, blowout penstemon

is found primarily on the rim and lee slopes of blowouts,

or the rim

70and steepfaces of sandy slough slopes. These deposits are found atthe base of mountains

orridges, which represent topographic barriers. Shifting sand dunes are prevented from becoming fully stabilized and overgrownbecause of wind and gravity. The dunes maybe 60to 120 feet high (US FWS, 1992). Pitcher-Plant,Habitats for this species The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1994. Recovery Green

canbe generally choline usesarenotPlan. (Sarracenia grouped into two types: expected
to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco oreoehila} streambanks streambanks orupland very _plan/941212.
pdf (considered ephemeral) bogs. and upland bogs. Upland bogs, fire dependent, rangefrom opento forested, underlain
by semiimpervious clay layers (US FWS, 1994
). Pogonia, SmallThe small whorled
The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1992. Recovery Whorled pogonia occursoncholine usesarenotPlan. (Isotria upland sitesin mixed- expected
to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco medeoloides} deciduous

ormixed mixed

very _plan/921113b.pdf deciduous/coniferous deciduous/coniferous forests that areforests. generally

in second-
or third-growth successional stages.

It occursonboth fairly youngand maturing forest stands. Most occurrencesinclude sparsetomoderate ground coverin the species' microhabitat,

a relatively open understory canopy,and proximity

tofeatures that create long persisting breaks
in the forest canopy.Soils at mostsites arehighly

71acidic and nutrient poor, with moderately high soil moisture values. Light availability could be a limiting factor for this species. The one Illinois site is unusual in being on a dry, steep, thinly forested slope atop

a vertical sandstone bluff. The one Ohio site is along the Ohio River in a typical Appalachiantype forest association (US FWS, 1992, pp. 23-24). Pond bern: Associated with The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1993. Recovery (Lindera seasonally flooded choline uses are not Plan. me /iss ifglia) wetlands. Found on expected

to overlap with http:/ /ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco wet edges of sandy wetlands.

very _plan/93 0923a.pdf sinks, ponds, and swampy depressions. Shade tolerant (US FWS, 1993). Potato-Bean, Found
in open forests The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1993. Recovery Price's (Ap_ios along the edges of choline uses are not Plan {2riceana) forests, creeks, and expected

to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco rivers (US FWS, 1993, forests, or water bodies. very _plan/93021 O.pdf p. executive summary).

. Prairie-Clover, Leafy prairie-clover

is The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1996. Recovery Leafy (Dalea found only in open choline uses are not Plan. fgliosa) limestone cedar glades, expected

to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco limestone barrens, and prairies
or areas with very _plan/900919b.pdf dolomite prairies which visible bedrock. have shallow, silt to silty clay loam soils over flat and often highly fractured, horizontally bedded limestone
or dolomite with frequent expanses of exposed bedrock

at surface. Elevations are typically between 550 and 700 feet. These habitats experience high surface and soil temperatures, generally have low soil moisture

72but are wet in the spring and fall and become droughty

in summer. The distribution

of glade, barren, and dry to wet dolomite prairie at any particular site varies and leads to a mosaic of soils and their associated plant communities (USFWS, 1996, p.13). Quillwort,
This species grows
in The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1996. Recovery Louisiana sandy soils and gravel choline uses are not Plan. (lsoetes
bars in or near shallow expected

to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco louisianensis) blackwater streams and streams, overflow
very __plan/960930b.pdf overflow channels

in channels,
or riparian riparian woodland. woodlands. bayhead forests of fine flatwoods and upland longleaf pine (US FWS, 1996). Rock-Cress, Braun's rockcress
The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1997. Recovery Braun's (Arabis occurs on the slopes of choline uses are not Plan. Jl.erstellata) calcareous mesophytic expected

to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco and sub-xeric forest calcareous mesophytic very __plan/970722.pdf types. The occurrence
and sub-xeric forested of this species does not systems. appear
to be limited
to a particular slope aspect, elevation,

or moisture regime within the slope forests.

It is, however, sun intolerant.and always occurs
in at least partial shade. The largest and most vigorous populations occur on moist mid- to upper slope sites. Plants are often found around rock outcrops, protected sites on the downslope side of tree bases, and sites of natural disturbance, such as talus slopes and animal trails

.It is rarely found growing among the Leaf litter and herbaceous cover of the

73forest floor (US FWS, 1997). Rosemruy,
This species

is found on The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 2011. Five Year Cumberland rocky river bars choline uses are not Review. (Conradina composed
of unsorted expected

to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_ vertic illata) boulders, cobbles, rivers.

year _review/doc3 629. pdf gravel and sand, with the largest populations occurring

in open, washed-out areas near the centers of these bars. The essential habitat requirements

of this species are: open to barely shaded sites; moderately deep, sandy, well-drained soils with no visible organic matter; periodic forceful flooding
to maintain openness; topographic features
to enhance sand deposition; and, perhaps, periods of inundation
of at least two weeks to induce

. rooting
at the lower nodes (pg. 8) (US FWS, 2011). Roseroot,
New York populations
The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1998. Recovery Leedy's occur on cliffs along the choline uses are not Plan. (Rhodiola western shore of Seneca expected

to overlap with http:/ /ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco integrJfglia SSf2.. lake. In Minnesota, cliffs.

very _plan/980925 .pdf leedyi) populations occur on maderate cliffs, which are cooled by air exiting underground passages in the karst topography (US FWS, 1998). Sandwort,
This species

is The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1996. Recovery Cumberland restricted

to sandstone choline uses are not Plan. (Arenaria
rock houses, ledges, and expected
to overlap with http:/ /ecos.fws.gov

I docs/reco cumberlandensi solution pockets on sandstone rock houses, very _plan/960620.pdf ll sandstone rock faces; ledges, or rock faces. The species

is found on the sandy floors of rock houses,
in solution pockets on the face of sandstone cliffs, and on ledges beneath

74overhanging sandstone (pg. 4) (US FWS, 1996). SkullcaQ,
This species occurs
in The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1996. Recovery Large-Flowered slope, ravine, and choline uses are not Plan. (Scutellaria stream-bottom forests expected

to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco montana}

in northwestern Georgia ravine and stream- very _plan/960515.
pdf and adjacent bottom forests. southeastern Tennessee. Habitat loss and lack of information

on appropriate management
are the factors limiting the number of viable populations (US FWS, 1996). Sneezeweed, Seasonal wetlands, sink The proposed 2,4-D http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco Virginia
hole ponds varying choline uses are not very _plan/00

I 002

.pdf (Helenium
from forest settings
to expected
to overlap sink virginicum}
farm pond margins. hole ponds and seasonal wetlands. SQiraea, Spiraea virginiana

is The proposed 2,4-D USFWS. 1992. Recovery Virginia found along the banks choline uses are not Plan. (Spiraea

of high gradient expected

to overlap with http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/reco virginiana} sections of second and rivers, streams, creeks, very _p lan/921113

a. pdf third order streams, or or other water bodies. on meander scrolls and point bars, natural levees, and other braided features of lower reaches (often near the stream mouth). The habitat

is in oftdisturbed early successional areas

. Occasional flood scouring reduces shading and seems to be essential, although the spiraea can tolerate some overstory growth (US FWS, 1992, pp.l7- 18.).

75Appendix

3 Lesser Prairie-Chicken Habitat Characteristic Studies Summarized

in Jamison (2000) ! study

[ Location(s)

I Habitat(s) Studied Species-Specific Habitat Characteristics - 1 New Mexico Cropland, idle, Hens with broods preferred shinnery oak pasture over shinnery oak (Quercus cropland, fallow cropland, shortgrass, and tame pastures; havardii) pasture, broods used sites characterized

by 25% canopy cover of shortgrass pasture, vegetation, canopy height of about 30 em, 24-39% basal tame pasture composition

of shrubs, 47-60% grasses, and 13-26% basal composition offorbs; adults used grain sorghum fields during autumn and winter I

I Cropland, sand Nested
in sand sagebrush pasture and foraged
in cropland sagebrush (Artemisia during winter filifo/ia) pasture **Oklahom•** Burned shinnery oak Continued

to display
at a lek in burned pasture; males pasture, burned tame relocated from an unburned lek to a historical site in a pasture, shinnery oak burned weeping lovegrass (Eragrostis curvula) pasture and pasture initiated display
at a new site in burned shinnery oaklbluestem (Andropogon) pasture 4 Oklahoma
Sand sagebrush Densities
of birds in shinnery oak pasture were positively pasture, shinnery oak correlated with grass cover and grass frequency along pasture transects, and with percent of grassland cover types identified from satellite imagery;

in sand sagebrush pasture, numbers
of birds were positively correlated with percent cover of shrubs and grass frequency along transects, but were not associated with percentages

of cover types identified from satellite imagery I Oklahoma Cropland, mixed-grass Nested
in residual grasses and shinnery oak; raised broods pasture, sand

in shinnery oak thickets; foraged

in cropland (food plots) sagebrush pasture, during winter shinnery oak pasture 6 Texas Honey mesquite Preferred pastures dominated

by shinnery oak and sand (Prosopis bluestem (Andropogon hal/ii); avoided honey glandulosa)/shortgrass mesquite/shortgrass areas; nested more successfully

in pasture, shinnery oak residual sand bluestem than in other vegetation types; pasture selected nest sites with north or northeast aspects, more litter and less bare ground than elsewhere

in the habitat, and taller vegetation than the average vegetation height within

3 m; broods preferred shinnery oak/sand bluestem pasture and avoided mesquite/shortgrass habitat; broods foraged

at sites with

a minimum vegetation height of 24 em and lower grass abundance and greater shrub abundance than generally was available **~**Cmpland,nativoDisplayed
on sparsely vegetated, flat-topped ridges pasture overlooking expansive areas of native pasture and on slightly raised knolls that provided unobstructed views of broad valleys 76! study

I Location(s)

[ Habitat(s) Studied Species-Specific Habitat Characteristics r-1
Sand sagebrush More individuals wereencountered

in phenoxy herbicide- pasture, shinnery oak treated shinnery oak and phenoxy herbicide-treated
sand pasture sagebrush pasturesthanin untreated habitats of the same types 9Colorado
Sand sagebrush Nested amongtaller grasses(36 vs.27 em), forbs (21 vs

.16 pasture

em), and shrubs (48 vs.38 em), and denser vegetation (32 vs.20 em) compared

toareaswithin

5 m;nested mostly under sand sagebrush and yucca(Yucca glauca);

at29 nest sites, tallest vegetation averaged
51 em,sand sagebrush plant density was3471 plants/ha, sand sagebrush coverwas 7.2%, grasscoverwas29.4%, forb coverwas1.4%, and bare ground was69.5% 10Texas Shinnery oak/sand Selected untreated shinnery oak pasturesfor nesting over sagebrush pasturetebuthiuron-treated pasturesof the sametype; eight of 10 females that were captured

in tebuthiuron-treated
areaslater nested
in untreated shinnery oak; 13 nestswerein **resid~al** grasseswith 42% overhead cover, average plant height of 45 em,and averagevisual obstruction

of 61-80%

in the first 33emabove ground; vegetation wasdominated
by purple three-awn (Aristida purpurea)

atnine nest sites, little bluestem (Schi=achyrium scoparium)

atthree nests,and sand bluestem

atonenest I

I Cropland, mixed-grass Males displayed

atlek sites onslightly elevated terrain or pasture,sand

onlevel flats; foraged

in cropland during winter sagebrush pasture 12Texas Cropland, sand Used pastures vegetated
by sand sagebrush, chickasaw sagebrush pasture, plum (Prunus angustifolia), fragrant sumac(Rhusaromatica shinnery oak pasturevar.trilobata), shinnery oak, sand bluestem, little bluestem, sand lovegrass (Eragrostis trichodes), sand dropseed (Sporobolus cryptandrus), thin paspalum (Paspalum setaceum), switchgrass (Panicum virgatum), Indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans), and various forbs; foraged

in cropland during winter 13Kansas Cropland, sand Males preferred habitats vegetated
by sand sagebrush, blue sagebrush pasture grama(Bouteloua gracilis), sideoats grama(Bouteloua curtipendula), paspalum (Paspalum

sp

.), bluestem, western ragweed (Ambrosia psi/ostachya), sunflowers (Helianthus spp.), Russian-thistle (Sa/sola iberica), prickly pear (Opuntia sp.), and yuccaand used cultivated fields, tallgrass and CRP, and other grassland habitats less than expected; median sizes of areasused by males were12-140 hain April and May,77-144 ha from June through September, and 229-409 hain October and November 14 Oklahoma
Sand Displayed

in areasdominated
by buffalograss; raised sagebrush/mixed-grass broods
in areaswith 22.8% sand sagebrush and 15.7% pasturewestern ragweed; foraged
in mixed-grass, rested among shrubs, and nested
in residual grasses;broods also used shrubs; ona year-round basis, foraged mostly
in grass, especially mixed-grass 25-80 emin height; tallgrass, shortgrass, and shrub vegetation wereused equally; sixweeks fescue (Festuca octojlora) and fragrant sumac were important food items; during spring, used shrubs <80 77! study

I Location(s)

-
I Habitat(s) Studied Species-Specific Habitat Characteristics I

em tall; used grasses and forbs 25-80 em in height during summer, and grasses 25-80 em tall during autumn;

in winter, used tallgrass (specific heights oftallgrass species were not given) I New Mexico Cropland, shinnery Used pastures vegetated
by shinnery oak, bluestem grasses, oak/sand sagebrush sand sagebrush, sunflower, honey mesquite, plum, yucca, pasture dropseed, black grama (Bouteloua eriopoda), blue grama, and sideoats grama; foraged
in grain sorghum and com fields from fall through spring r NewMox;eo, Cropland, shinnery Annual rates of habitat change were greater around leks Oklahoma, Texas oak pasture, shinnery with declining populations than at leks with stable oak/little bluestem populations (1.14% vs. 0.2I% annually) pasture I I7

I NewMexico Shinnery oak pasture, Displayed
on oil pads and in native pasture shortgrass pasture r NewMox;eo Cropland, oldfield, Nested
in shinnery oak habitats with little bluestem, sand shinnery oak pasture, bluestem, and purple three-awn; avoided weeping shortgrass pasture, lovegrass, cultivated, oldfield, and shortgrass habitats tame pasture I I9New Mexico, Shinnery oak/sand Occurred

in similar densities

in tebuthiuron-treated

and Texas sagebrush pasture untreated shinnery oak pastures 20 New Mexico Shinnery oak pasture, Nested
in shinnery oak habitats dominated

by sand shortgrass pasture bluestem; vegetation was taller at IO successful than 26 unsuccessful nests (67 vs. 35 em); percent composition

of shrubs was similar
at successful and unsuccessful nests (basal composition 3I-66%);
22 autumn foraging sites were 63% grasses and 37% shrubs, 50 winter sites were 59% grasses and 4 I% shrubs (forbs were rare); broods foraged in 25-cm tall shinnery oak and three-awn (Aristida sp.), bare ground
at I2 sites averaged 63%, basal composition

of vegetation was 43% grass, 42% shrubs, and I5% forbs; daily movements

of 40 prenesting females were 390 m/day within 23I-ha ranges; I2 nesting hens moved 250m/day, and ranges averaged
92 ha; three hens with broods moved an average of 280 m/day within

I I 9-ha ranges; movements of I 9 females without broods was 220 m/day within 73-ha ranges 22 New Mexico Shinnery oak/sand Hens generally used habitats with large unstable sand sagebrush pasture dunes, abundant shinnery oak, low grass cover, and low structural density; nested
in sand sagebrush, residual grasses, and shinnery oak; five of eight nests were under sand sagebrush, two nests were in purple three-awn, and one nest was in shinnery oak; visual obstruction and canopy cover of sand sagebrush were significantly higher
at nest sites than in surrounding habitat (specific values for visual obstruction, canopy cover, and canopy height were not given) rr Cropland, oldfield, Prenesting and nesting hens preferred shinnery oak habitat shinnery oak pasture, characterized

by rolling dunes and dominated primarily
by shortgrass pasture, shinnery oak, habitat dominated
by little bluestem and sand tame pasture bluestem,
or habitat dominated
by three-awn and shinnery 78IStudyLocation(s)_I,-·1HabitatCharacteristics---oak;canopycoverageofgrasseswithin3 mofnestsiteswas3.1-13.2%,shrubcanopywas21.4-28.3%,andcanopycoverageofallvegetationwas31.4-38.4%;nestsingrassesweremoresuccessful( 4of5successful)thanthoseundershrubs(3of10successful)2425NewMexicoCropland,oldfield,shinneryoakpasture,shortgrasspasture,tamepasturer------------r----------------NewMexico,Oklahoma,TexasCropland,shinneryoakpasture,shinneryoak/littlebluestempasturePrenestingandnestinghenspreferredshinneryoakhabitatcharacterizedbyrollingdunesanddominatedprimarilybyshinneryoak,habitatdominatedbylittlebluestemandsandbluestem,orhabitatdominatedbythree-awnandshinneryoak;canopycoverageofgrasseswithin3 mofnestsiteswas3.1-13.2%,shrubcanopywas21.4-28.3%,andcanopycoverageofallvegetationwas31.4-38.4%;nestsingrassesweremoresuccessful( 4of5successful)thanthoseundershrubs(3of10successful)Populationsstabilizedorincreasedinlandscapes(7238-haareas)inwhichlow-densityshrublandcomposed79.%ofthetotalareaanddeclinedinlandscapeswith43.2%lowdensityshrubland;totalshrublandcomposed81.9%aroundleksthatdidnotdeclineand63.4%ofthelandscape arounddecliningleks;declinedinareaswherelandscapeswereunstable(e.g.,experiencedfrequentchangesfromonelandcovertoanother);populationtrendswerepositivelycorrelatedwithlossoftotalshrubland79