FILED

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

APRIL 12, 2006

THOMAS K. KAHN

CLERK

[PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________

No. 05-10816

________________________

D. C. Docket No. 02-02094-CV-RWS-1

DR. ALLEN GIDDENS, 

PlaintiffCounter-DefendantAppellee, 

versus 

THE EQUITABLE LIFE ASSURANCE 

SOCIETY OF THE UNITED STATES, 

Defendant- 

 Counter-ClaimantAppellant, 

STANLEY HOWELL, 

Defendant. 

________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Northern District of Georgia

_________________________

 (April 12, 2006)
2

Before CARNES, HULL and PRYOR, Circuit Judges.

HULL, Circuit Judge:

In this diversity case, plaintiff Dr. Allen Giddens (“Giddens”) sued

defendant The Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States (“Equitable”)

for disability benefits under two policies. The district court granted partial

summary judgment in favor of Equitable and partial summary judgment in favor of

Giddens, concluding that Giddens was entitled to payment under the policies for

one of his claims. Equitable appeals the grant of summary judgment to Giddens

and the denial of its summary judgment motion. 

I. BACKGROUND

In 1986 and 1988, Equitable issued two disability income insurance policies

(the “Policies”) to Giddens. The Policies did not require Giddens to be disabled

from any occupation but only from his “regular occupation.” Specifically, the

Policies defined the term “your regular occupation” as “the occupation (or

occupations, if more than one) in which you are regularly engaged for gain or

profit at the time you become disabled.” 

The Policies provided for certain benefits to be paid to Giddens in the event

of “Total Disability,” defined as follows:

TOTAL DISABILITY means your inability due to injury or sickness

to engage in the substantial and material duties of your regular
3

occupation. It will not be considered to exist for any time you are not

under the regular care and attendance of a doctor.

The Policies each also contained a rider providing additional coverage for

“Residual Disability” defined as follows:

RESIDUAL DISABILITY means your inability due to injury or

sickness to perform:

(1) one or more of the substantial and material duties of your

occupation; or

(2) the substantial and material duties of your occupation for as much

time as is usually required to perform them. . . .

This appeal primarily concerns whether Giddens is totally or only partially

disabled from his regular occupation. We first review the undisputed evidence. 

A. Giddens’s Dental Practice

Giddens practiced general dentistry from 1983 until 1994 in Hawkinsville,

Georgia. In 1994, he sold his practice to another dentist and cancelled his dental

malpractice liability insurance policies. According to Giddens, it was his intention

to open another dental office in Macon, Georgia in a building he had previously

acquired. However, Giddens became ill in 1994, and his health did not permit him

to open the practice in Macon. Nevertheless, he remained a licensed dentist until

December 31, 1999, and continued to subscribe to certain professional journals in

the field of dentistry. At some point following the sale of his practice, Giddens

applied for a position as a dentist with the State Merit System. Furthermore, Dr.
4

Giddens testified that he continues to perceive his primary profession as that of

dentistry, and that it was his intention to open a dental office in Macon until the

time he became disabled in 1998. 

B. Giddens’s Real Estate Development/Investment

While practicing dentistry and following the sale of his dental practice,

Giddens also engaged for profit in real estate development and investment. 

Giddens and his wife owned two companies, Giddens Construction Co., Inc. and

Oak Land & Development Inc., through which Giddens participated in the

development of real estate. Through these companies, Giddens bought real estate

and developed a subdivision. The record shows that forty-three residential lots

were developed and sold by Giddens’s companies, and indicates the address of

each lot and when each lot was sold. Giddens also developed commercial property

and was involved with residential rental properties.

Giddens’s principal duties in his real estate business were entrepreneurial,

financial, planning, coordinating, and other administrative duties. Although

Giddens had a construction company and developed projects, he performed no

physical labor on the job sites, but subcontracted out all the physical labor to

independent subcontractors. Giddens was able to engage in the real estate business
5

with his wife’s assistance until 1998, when his health no longer permitted his doing

so.

In an affidavit, Giddens described the “functional requirements and tasks for

the occupation of construction management and real estate development” as

follows:

entrepreneurial vision and energy; planning real estate projects;

selection of house plans and materials; selection of contractors;

supervision of construction superintendent(s); periodic inspection of

contractors' work quality; financial management of development and

construction projects; supervise compliance with building and other

regulatory codes; project scheduling; pay bills; pay contractors; work

with banks, government agencies, and financial consultants as needed;

calculating the feasibility of projects, reviewing sites, and planning for

contingencies; and coordination [of] dealings with realtors and agents. 

C. Giddens’s Two Claims

Giddens submitted two claims to Equitable under the Policies, one in

February 1995 (the “1995 claim”) and one in February 1999 (the “1999 claim”). 

Giddens’s 1995 claim asserted that he was disabled due to pain in his left hip;

however, he failed to respond to Equitable’s requests for information pursuant to

the Policies. As a result, the district court granted Equitable summary judgment as

to the 1995 claim. Giddens does not challenge the district court’s conclusions on

this issue on appeal. Thus, this appeal concerns only his 1999 claim. 
Rule 26 requires that a party provide to other parties the identity of any expert witness 1

who may be used to present evidence at trial. Rule 26 further requires that the party submit a

report prepared and signed by the expert witness and containing, among other things, “a

complete statement of all opinions to be expressed and the basis and reasons therefor.”

Fed.R.Civ.P. 26(a)(2)(B).

6

In October 1998, Dr. Giddens began suffering from symptoms such as

fatigue and abdominal pain. He sought treatment at the Mayo Clinic in

Jacksonville, Florida, where Dr. Rolland C. Dickson diagnosed him with cryogenic

cirrhosis, a condition of the liver. After being diagnosed, Giddens submitted the

1999 claim, asserting that he was on a waiting list for a liver transplant, was

disabled, and was unable to pursue his professions of dentistry and real estate

development. In May 1999, Dr. Giddens underwent liver-transplant surgery. 

Since the transplant, his liver test and renal functions have returned to normal, but

Giddens still has numerous health problems. 

As to his health problems, Giddens produced testimony and Rule 26 reports

of two treating physicians, who both supported Giddens’s disability claims. Dr. 1

James Richard Spivey, a gastroenterologist, treated Giddens during his posttransplant recovery at the Mayo Clinic. Dr. Spivey testified that notwithstanding

Dr. Giddens’s initially positive liver function following the implantation of the

allograft, Giddens continues to experience numerous adverse symptoms, including

numbness in his fingers, hand tremors, gastrointestinal difficulties, chronic sleep
7

disturbances and fatigue, anxiety, depression, and short-term memory loss. Dr.

Spivey opined that those symptoms were the result of both Giddens’s disorder and

the effects of his medication. Based on his review of the enumerated “functional

requirements and tasks” of dentistry and real estate development discussed above,

Dr. Spivey further opined that Giddens “is unable to perform substantial portions

of the duties of” a dentist or real estate developer, “or any other employment

known to [Dr. Spivey] approximating the same livelihood as [those professions],

given his personal circumstances, including his experience, education, and physical

and mental capabilities.” In his deposition, Dr. Spivey clarified that by

“substantial portions” of the duties, he meant most of the duties. Dr. Spivey also

explained how Giddens’s health conditions and medications could affect cognitive

functioning, including entrepreneurial vision, as well as energy and physical

capabilities. 

Giddens also presented testimony of a second treating physician, Dr. Mary

Patrice Webster, who has served as Giddens’s psychiatrist since 2000, treating his

depression associated with his liver failure, transplant, and complications. Dr.

Webster’s affidavit presents essentially the same conclusions as that of Dr. Spivey

with regard to Giddens’s disability. In her deposition, Dr. Webster further testified

that, in her opinion, Giddens could not perform the duties of either dentistry or real
8

estate development on a consistent basis. Dr. Webster clarified that in her

affidavit, when she said Giddens was unable to perform “substantial portions” of

his duties, she meant the “vast majority” of the duties. She further stated: “It could

potentially mean all the duties, but my — I tend not to speak in absolutes.” Dr.

Webster noted that Giddens’s primary problems, in her view, were his depression

and cognitive problems. 

In addition to his doctors’ reports and testimony, Giddens also submitted his

affidavit stating that he continues to be unable to work as a dentist or real estate

developer, as follows:

Since my liver failure and liver transplant, I have been unable to

perform most of the duties of either of my occupations, as a dentist or

in residential real estate development. While I am not totally helpless,

I am unable to resume either of these occupations, or any work of

which I am aware approximating the same livelihood, in keeping with

my background, circumstances, and physical and mental capabilities.

D. Equitable’s Payments

When it received the 1999 claim, Equitable began paying total disability

benefits while investigating the claim. After an in-house medical review in August

2000, however, Equitable concluded that there was “no current significant

impairment that would preclude [Giddens] from performing most of the duties of

his occupational description[,]” and Equitable continued to make benefit payments
Equitable never requested nor performed any independent medical evaluation of 2

Giddens. Rather, it simply reviewed the medical information.

Equitable also filed a motion to exclude the testimony of Giddens’s treating physicians,

3

Drs. Spivey and Webster, which the district court denied. We reject Equitable’s arguments on

appeal that the district court abused its discretion in admitting his doctors’ testimony. Gen. Elec.

Co. v. Joiner, 522 U.S. 136, 143, 118 S. Ct. 512, 517 (1997) (stating that the district court’s

evidentiary rulings, including Daubert rulings, are reviewed for an abuse of discretion). Both

treating doctors had conducted extensive reviews of Giddens’s medical history and interacted

9

only pursuant to a reservation of rights. Equitable disbursed a total of $60,790.98 2

in benefits to Giddens under the reservation of rights. 

In September 2001, Equitable reportedly learned that Giddens had not

actively practiced dentistry for four years before he became disabled and that his

real estate pursuit was essentially “passive” in nature. Equitable requested

clarification from Giddens. In March 2002, Equitable terminated the payment of

benefits to Giddens. 

E. Litigation

In June 2002, Giddens filed suit in state court seeking benefits under the

Policies, plus interest and enhanced damages for bad faith failure to pay pursuant

to O.C.G.A. § 33-4-6. Equitable filed a counterclaim seeking recovery of the

$60,790.98 paid to Giddens under a reservation of rights. In July 2002, Equitable

removed the case to federal district court. After the discovery period expired,

Giddens filed a motion for partial summary judgment and Equitable filed a crossmotion for summary judgment as to all claims.3
with him and concluded that he was unable to perform various activities as a result of his

medical conditions. While certain other tests were available, the particular evidence in this case

shows that the doctors’ opinions were sufficiently reliable, without further testing, not only as to

Giddens’s medical condition but also as to which job tasks he could not perform. 

10

On November 1, 2004, the district court entered an order (1) granting

summary judgment to Equitable as to all claims except the 1999 claim, and (2)

granting Giddens’s motion for summary judgment as to the 1999 claim based on

his being totally disabled from his real estate occupation. Giddens v. The

Equitable Life Assurance Soc’y of United States, 356 F.Supp.2d 1313 (N.D. Ga.

2004). The district court determined that Giddens was engaged in the “regular

occupation” of real estate developer at the time he became disabled in 1998 and

that Giddens was totally disabled with regard to that occupation. Id. at 1331. 

As to dentistry, the district court agreed with Giddens that dentistry could

also be considered his “regular occupation,” but that fact issues existed as to

whether Giddens had permanently abandoned dentistry or only temporarily ceased

dentistry due to circumstances beyond his control. Id. at 1327-28. The district

court determined that those fact issues, however, did not preclude summary

judgment on Giddens’s dentistry claim because if Giddens was engaged in his

dentistry occupation at the time of his disability, the evidence shows he is unable to

perform the substantial and material duties of a dentist and is disabled from that

occupation as well. Id. at 1331 n.9. 
“We review the district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo, applying the same 4

legal standards that bound the district court, and viewing all facts and reasonable inferences in

the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Summary judgment is appropriate when ‘there

is no genuine issue as to any material fact and . . . the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a

matter of law.’” Cruz v. Publix Super Mkts., Inc., 428 F.3d 1379, 1382 (11th Cir. 2005)

(quoting Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c)) (other quotation marks and citation omitted).

11

Giddens then filed a motion for summary judgment as to damages, which the

district court granted in part and denied in part. The district court entered

judgment for Giddens in the amount of $442,604.82 for unpaid benefits and

interest and $16,165.96 as a refund of premium payments, for a total judgment of

$458,770.78. The district court denied relief on Giddens’s bad faith claim.

Equitable now appeals the district court’s grant of partial summary judgment

to Giddens on the 1999 claim and denial of its summary judgment motion as to that

claim.4

II. DISCUSSION

We address the issues Equitable raises about Giddens’s dentistry occupation

and then his real estate occupation. 

A. Giddens’s Dentistry Practice

In the district court and on appeal, Giddens claims he had dual occupations –

dentistry and real estate development – and is totally disabled from both. Equitable

contends that Giddens had abandoned his dentistry practice years prior to his liver

transplant, that as a matter of law dentistry was not his “regular occupation” at the
Under Georgia law, “[t]he words used in the policy are to be given their usual and 5

common significance and are to be construed in their ordinary meaning.” Larson v. Georgia

Farm Bureau Mut. Ins. Co., 520 S.E.2d 45, 46 (Ga. Ct. App. 1999) (citation omitted). 

12

time of his disability, and that thus the district court erred in denying Equitable

summary judgment on his dentistry claim.

The Policies define “regular occupation” as “the occupation (or occupations,

if more than one) in which you are regularly engaged for gain or profit at the time

you become disabled,” not over the course of the insured’s life. (Emphasis added.) 

The ordinary meaning of “regular,” as used in this context, is “[c]ustomary, usual,

or normal.” American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (Fourth Ed.

2000) at p.1471. At the time Giddens became disabled, he had not practiced

5

dentistry in over four years. We thus readily conclude that Giddens was not

“regularly” engaged in dentistry at the time he became disabled, even if he

intended to return to dentistry at some point if his health permitted. Accordingly,

the district court erred in denying Equitable summary judgment on the dentistry

issue. 

B. Real Estate Occupation

This conclusion, however, does not prevent Giddens from recovering

benefits if he was totally disabled from his real estate occupation. In the district

court, Equitable asserted that Giddens’s real estate endeavor was merely a “passive
13

investment” and not an occupation. The district court rejected that argument, and

concluded that Giddens had a real estate occupation, stating that

the only evidence now in the record as it relates to Dr. Giddens’

involvement in real estate development shows that his activities went

well beyond that of a casual investor who simply places money in a

given commodity with hopes of an appreciation in value. Rather, it

shows that he had significant administrative duties in connection with

that enterprise.

Giddens, 356 F.Supp.2d at 1328. The district court also explained that Equitable

had failed to cite any authority holding that “an enterprise engaged in for profit

cannot constitute one’s ‘regular occupation’ when it is subjectively perceived by

the insured (or his agents) as an ‘investment.’” Id.

On appeal Equitable does not challenge the district court’s determination

that Giddens had a real estate occupation and was involved in that occupation at

the time of his disability. Rather, in the district court and on appeal Equitable

argues (1) that issues of fact exist as to what the substantial and material duties of

Giddens’s real estate occupation actually were, (2) that the Policies require that

Giddens must be unable to perform all of those substantial and material duties in

order to be totally disabled, and (3) that Giddens failed to prove he was disabled

from all such duties. We turn to those issues.

C. Substantial and Material Duties of Real Estate Occupation
Equitable stresses that Giddens testified only to the “functional requirements and tasks,” 6

and not the substantial and material duties, of his real estate occupation. Equitable in essence

argues that Giddens failed to use the correct terminology. 

We reject Equitable’s argument that there is a factual issue simply because Giddens

failed to use the magic words “substantial and material” in his affidavit. The use of the term

“functional requirements and tasks” was perhaps inartful; however, it is clear that the point of

Giddens’s testimony was that the elements listed as “functional requirements and tasks” were in

fact the substantial and material duties of his occupation. His testimony, regardless of the terms

used, is evidence of the substantial and material duties involved, and Equitable did not introduce

any evidence to undermine Giddens’s testimony on this point. 

14

As noted above, the Policies provide that “total disability” means the

insured’s “inability due to injury or sickness to engage in the substantial and

material duties of [the insured’s] regular occupation.” In his affidavit, Giddens

described the “functional requirements and tasks for the occupation of construction

management and real estate development” as follows:

entrepreneurial vision and energy; planning real estate projects;

selection of house plans and materials; selection of contractors;

supervision of construction superintendent(s); periodic inspection of

contractors' work quality; financial management of development and

construction projects; supervise compliance with building and other

regulatory codes; project scheduling; pay bills; pay contractors; work

with banks, government agencies, and financial consultants as needed;

calculating the feasibility of projects, reviewing sites, and planning for

contingencies; and coordination [of] dealings with realtors and agents.

Giddens, 356 F.Supp.2d at 1318-19. The duties listed in Giddens’s affidavit are

basically entrepreneurial, financial, planning, coordinating, and administrative

duties. Thus, the record showed what Giddens’s substantial and material duties

were in his real estate occupation.6
15

Because Equitable does not now dispute that Giddens was engaged in the

occupation of real estate development, the question we must answer for summary

judgment purposes is whether, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to

Equitable, any genuine issue of material fact precludes a finding that Giddens was

unable to perform the substantial and material duties of his real estate development

occupation. Equitable did not present expert evidence about the substantial and

material duties of Giddens’s real estate venture. Rather, Equitable primarily

asserts that two items in the record contradict Giddens’s testimony and create fact

issues as to what his real estate duties were. Equitable’s brief points to (1)

Giddens’s representation to the Social Security Administration in his May 1999

Work History Report that the “development work was all ‘[s]ubcontracted to . . .

independent contractors’ rather than performed by Giddens himself,” and (2) his

attorney’s representation in a letter, dated September 5, 2001, that the real estate

business was “a passive investment . . . managed primarily by his wife.” The

district court properly rejected this argument.

As for Giddens’s representations, in the Social Security report he identified

his job title as “Real Estate Development” and listed his rate of pay as $30,000 per
The record indicates that Giddens’s wife actually filled out at least part of the report, but 7

Giddens signed the form and attested to its truth.

16

year and his hours as two to five per day, five days per week. Giddens described 7

his development job by completing the Social Security report as follows: 

Rate of Pay Per (Circle One) Hours per day Days per week 

$30,000 Hour Week Month (Year) 2-5 hrs a day 5

In this job, did you: Use machines, tools or equipment? Yes (explain below) 9 No T9

Use technical knowledge or skills? Yes (explain below) T9 No 9

Write reports or complete forms? Yes (explain below) T9 No 9

Describe this job. What did you do all day? (If you need more space, write in the “Remarks” section.) Developed

Land for Commercial and Residential use. Subcontracted out all work to independent contractors. 

In this job, how many total hours each day did you:

Walk? 1 hr. Kneel? (Bend legs to rest on knees.) 0

Stand? 0 Crouch? (Bend legs and back down & forward.) 0

Sit? 1 hr. Crawl? (Move on hands & knees.) 0

Climb? 0 Handle, grab or grasp big objects? 0

Stoop? (Bend down and forward at waist.) 0 Write, type or handle small objects? 2 hrs.

Lifting and Carrying (Explain what you lifted, how far you carried it, and how often you did this.)

did not really lift or carry anything.

On the next page under “Remarks,” Giddens stated: “Real Estate

Development was mainly an investment. We had no employees all work was

subcontracted out.” Giddens also responded “no” to the question of whether he

supervised people in the development job.
17

As for the representations of Giddens’s former attorney, Randall P. Harrison,

this is what he stated in a September 5, 2001, letter to Equitable:

The real estate development was a passive investment for [Giddens]

that was managed primarily by his wife. It required little physical

activity as he did none of the physical work. The real estate

development consisted of rental property and development of a

subdivision. These investment activities occurred during a period

from June, 1985 until October, 1998. As a result of the family

relocating, his wife was not able to continue with the management of

these investments which resulted in the sale of many of the assets.

During his deposition, Harrison explained that the phrase “passive investment,” as

used in that letter, means “a real estate investment where you own property but

you’re not managing it actively from day to day . . . . An example of that is when

you have . . . acreage real estate that you’re holding for investment purposes.” 

Harrison relied on Giddens’s 1999 Social Security report as well as other

communications from Giddens in devising the term “passive investment.” 

Harrison referenced that 1999 report and attached a copy of it to the September 5,

2001, letter. As we have already shown, in the report, Giddens indicated that he

did not perform physical work, and he also characterized the occupation as “mainly

an investment.” Giddens stated in the report, however, that he “developed land for

commercial and residential use,” and he indicated that he “use[d] technical

knowledge or skills” to do so. Giddens also said that he had to “write reports or

complete forms” as part of his occupation. 
18

Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to Equitable, there is no

evidentiary basis for concluding that the substantial and material duties of

Giddens’s real estate development occupation included any active management or

physical work. Harrison’s letter and the 1999 report to the Social Security

Administration, however, show that his duties in this “passive investment”

required him to use “technical knowledge or skills.” Thus, the type of passive

investment in real estate development that had been his occupation requires

expertise and knowledge in investing. It requires, at a minimum, the business

savvy, brain power, and research skills to be able to distinguish a good investment

from a bad one. Giddens owned his own real estate company, Oak Land &

Development, Inc., and Equitable does not dispute that he was the brain, although 

not the brawn, behind that operation. 

This definition of passive investment is consistent with Giddens’s

description during his deposition of his duties as including, in part:

“entrepreneurial vision and energy; planning real estate projects; selection of house

plans and materials; selection of contractors; . . . supervis[ing] compliance with

building and other regulatory codes; project scheduling; . . . work[ing] with banks,

government agencies, and financial consultants as needed; calculating the
19

feasibility of projects, reviewing sites, and planning for contingencies; and

coordinat[ing] dealings with realtors and agents.” 

Giddens’s uncontroverted medical evidence shows that he suffers from a

host of physical conditions as well as mental impairments. Dr. Spivey identified

Giddens’s impairments as including “chronic sleep disturbances which lead to

chronic fatigue, poor coping abilities, chronic anxiety and depression, [and] short

term memory loss.” His medications cause “cognitive problems including shortterm memory loss, inability to concentrate or function, inability to sleep, and

ongoing depression.” Dr. Webster testified in her deposition that in addition to

depression, Giddens “has auditory and visual hallucinations” and side effects to his

medicine including “forgetfulness and confusion.” Equitable did not perform an

independent medical evaluation of Giddens. The testimony of Drs. Spivey and

Webster stands unrefuted. 

The heart of Giddens’s claim is that given his cognitive problems and

physical ailments, he cannot perform the entrepreneurial, financial, planning,

coordinating, and administrative duties of his real estate occupation. Giddens’s

medical evidence and his doctors’ testimony established that he cannot perform

most or the majority of those duties and thus cannot engage in his real estate
20

occupation. We also agree with the district court’s following assessment of

Equitable’s position:

. . . while placing inordinate emphasis on testimony that Dr. Giddens’

engagement in real estate development did not involve physical labor,

Equitable fails to appreciate the uncontradicted testimony of Dr.

Giddens’ physicians that his chronic fatigue, depression, anxiety, and

short-term memory loss preclude Dr. Giddens from performing even

the administrative duties attendant to that enterprise. 

Giddens, 356 F.Supp.2d at 1329. The doctors testified that Giddens suffers from

hallucinations, memory loss, forgetfulness, inability to concentrate and confusion,

and Equitable did not present any medical evidence to the contrary. These

symptoms obviously result in a diminished intellectual capacity, greatly hindering

Giddens’s ability to think and reason on a daily basis. As a result, he is no longer

able to exercise the “technical knowledge” and “skills” that he identified as job

duties in his sworn statement to the Social Security Administration. Accordingly,

the district court did not err in this regard.

D. Total Disability From Real Estate Occupation

While there is a lot of discussion in the briefs about Giddens’s duties, it is

but a prelude to Equitable’s main defense, which is based on the policy language. 

Equitable argues the Policies require that Giddens be unable to perform all of the

substantial and material duties of his real estate occupation in order to be totally

disabled. Equitable stresses that Giddens is unable to perform only most or a
The district court concluded that this argument was raised for the first time in a reply 8

brief and thus need not be considered. Giddens, 356 F.Supp.2d at 1325 n.7. In any event, the

district court rejected the argument on the merits, noting that the evidence established Giddens

was unable to perform “substantial portions” of the occupational duties and thus was totally

disabled under the Policies. Id. On appeal, Equitable points out that, in fact, it first raised the

argument in opposition to Giddens’s cross-motion for partial summary judgment, and thus the

issue was properly before the district court. Equitable’s opposition brief does state that Giddens

incorrectly “contends that the policies should be read to mean that he is totally disabled if he is

unable to perform ‘most,’ but not all, of the substantial and material duties of his regular

occupation,” and that Giddens’s “interpretation would render nugatory the terms of the Residual

Disability Income riders”and is inconsistent with Georgia case law. (Opposition Brief, R-4-64

pp. 12-17.) Thus, Equitable timely raised the issue. 

In diversity cases, the Court is bound by the applicable state law governing the contract, 9

in this case Georgia law. See Clanton v. Inter.Net Global, L.L.C., 435 F.3d 1319, 1323 (11th

Cir. 2006). 

21

majority of his substantial, material duties. Equitable contends that if Giddens is

able to perform even one of his substantial, material duties, he is not totally

disabled, but only partially or residually disabled. Equitable thus contends the

district court erred in granting summary judgment in favor of Giddens.8

Because this defense is based on the policy language, we first review the

Georgia law regarding construction of insurance contracts and then the Policies.9

1. Georgia Law

Under Georgia law, the rights of the parties to an insurance policy should

not be expanded beyond the terms of the policy. Baldwin v. State Farm Fire &

Cas. Co., 590 S.E.2d 206, 208 (Ga. Ct. App. 2003). “In applying the rules of

construction to an insurance contract, the test is not what the insurer intended its
22

words to mean, but rather what a reasonable person in the insured’s position would

understand them to mean.” W. Pac. Mut. Ins. Co. v. Davies, 601 S.E.2d 363, 368-

69 (Ga. Ct. App. 2004) (quotation marks and citation omitted). 

Where the language of the contract is unambiguous and only one reasonable

interpretation is possible, the contract must be enforced as written. Sapp v. State

Farm Fire & Cas. Co., 486 S.E.2d 71, 73 (Ga. Ct. App. 1997). However, when a

policy is ambiguous, or is capable of two reasonable interpretations, it is construed

in the light most favorable to the insured and against the insurer. Davies, 601

S.E.2d at 369; Erie Indem. Co. v. Lascala, 424 S.E.2d 820, 821-22 (Ga. Ct. App.

1992). Indeed, “[p]olicies of insurance will be liberally construed in favor of the

object to [be] accomplished, and conditions and provisions therein will be strictly

construed against the insurer, as they are issued upon printed forms, prepared by

experts at the insurer’s instance, in the preparation of which the insured has no

voice.” Davis v. United Am. Life Ins. Co., 111 S.E.2d 488, 492 (Ga. 1959)

(quotation marks and citation omitted). Georgia courts instruct that disability

provisions should be given a “practical and reasonable” construction and not a

“strict and literal” one. John Hancock Mut. Life Ins. Co. v. Poss, 267 S.E.2d 877,

881 (Ga. Ct. App. 1980) (citation omitted). 
23

In addition, the interpretation of an insurance policy, including the

determination and resolution of ambiguities, is a question of law for the court to

decide. O.C.G.A. § 13-2-1; Claussen v. Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co., 888 F.2d 747, 749

(11th Cir. 1989). We now turn to the Policies.

2. The Policy Language

As noted earlier, the Policies define “Total Disability” as the inability to

“engage in the substantial and material duties of your regular occupation.” 

Giddens’s Policies protect him against disability from his own “regular

occupation” and do not require that Giddens be disabled from “any” occupation or

“comparable” occupations. Thus, we look to the duties of his real estate

occupation.

Further, we agree with Equitable that Giddens did not prove that he could

not perform all substantial, material duties but rather proved that he could not

perform most or the majority of such duties. For example, Giddens testified that he

cannot perform “most of the duties” of his real estate occupation and is unable to

resume that occupation. Further, Drs. Spivey and Webster testified that he was

unable to perform “substantial portions of the duties of” his real estate

development. By “substantial portions,” Dr. Spivey meant “most” and Dr.

Webster meant “the vast majority.” Among Giddens’s substantial, material duties
24

that he is unable to perform are his application of entrepreneurial vision and

energy, higher-level planning of real estate development projects, financial

management of development and construction projects, and determining the

feasibility of projects. Although Giddens, according to the evidence, perhaps

remains able to perform a few duties – including selecting house plans, materials,

and contractors – the testimony of Giddens and Drs. Spivey and Webster indicate

that he is unable to perform most or the vast majority of the substantial, material

duties of real estate development, and thus is totally disabled from his real estate

occupation. 

Equitable’s main argument on appeal is that Giddens must be unable to

perform all substantial and material duties of his occupation in order to be totally

disabled. The problem for Equitable is that the Total Disability clause in its

Policies does not identify what percentage of “the” duties the insured must be

unable to perform. The clause does not say “all” substantial and material duties or

“most” or any percentage. 

Further, the parties have not cited, and we cannot locate, any decision by a

Georgia appellate court construing the same language in a disability policy. 

However, the Eighth Circuit has construed the same language in a disability policy

and determined that it is ambiguous. Dowdle v. Nat’l Life Ins. Co., 407 F.3d 967,
In Dowdle, the insured paid an additional premium to obtain an “own occupation” rider 10

to the disability policy, which expanded his protection by defining “occupation” as the

occupation of the insured at the time of disability. 407 F.3d at 968. Thus, Dowdle’s policy was

effectively the same as Giddens’s. Further, the Residual Disability definition in Dowdle’s policy

defined “partial disability” as inability to perform “one or more” of the important daily duties of

his occupation, which is similar to Giddens’s Policies. 

25

970 (8th Cir. 2005) (applying Minnesota law to policy defining total disability as

inability “to perform the material and substantial duties of an occupation”and

concluding that ambiguity existed because “[t]he policies’ definitions of ‘total

disability’ are susceptible to differing interpretations, because the policies do not

speak in terms of ‘any,’ ‘all,’ ‘some,’ or ‘the most important part’ of [the insured’s]

duties”). We agree with the Eighth Circuit that the policy language here is 10

ambiguous. We do not suggest that “all” is an unreasonable interpretation of the

policy language, but we do say that “most” or the “majority” of the substantial and

material duties is also a reasonable interpretation if an insured is unable to engage

in his regular occupation as a result of his inability to perform most or the majority

of those duties. 

Construing the Policies in favor of Giddens and against Equitable, we

conclude Giddens may establish total disability if he cannot engage in his real

estate occupation because he is unable to perform most or the vast majority of the

substantial and material duties of his occupation. As outlined above, Giddens’s
We recognize that Giddens argues that summary judgment should be upheld in his 11

favor because Equitable failed to present evidence that he could perform even one of the

substantial and material duties of his real estate occupation. However, Equitable’s position is

that the Policies require that Giddens show he is unable to perform all substantial and material

duties and that he has not done so because his doctors testified only that he cannot perform the

vast majority of his duties and did not say all duties. Equitable did not need to controvert the

doctors’ testimony because its position is their testimony did not establish total disability under

26

evidence established inability to perform most of his important duties and an

inability to engage in his real estate occupation. 

That Giddens may be able to perform one or more of the substantial and

material duties associated with that occupation simply does not preclude a showing

of total disability under the terms of the Policies, as Equitable claims. Even if

Giddens can perform a few substantial and material duties – including, for

example, selecting house plans, materials, and subcontractors – his ability to

perform those tasks in isolation still would not allow Giddens to continue in his

real estate development occupation because he is unable to perform his

entrepreneurial, financial, planning, coordinating, and administrative duties, which

were the heart of his real estate occupation. See Dowdle, 407 F.3d at 972

(concluding that surgeon who could no longer stand long enough to perform

orthopedic surgery but could conduct office visits, see patients, read x-rays,

perform IMEs, interpret data, and promote referrals was totally – not residually –

disabled because he could not perform “the most important substantial and material

duty”). 

11
the terms of the Policies.

See, e.g., South, 177 S.E. at 500 (“The policy provided that total disability . . . existed 12

whenever the insured was ‘rendered wholly, continuously, and permanently unable to engage in

any occupation or perform any work for any kind of compensation of financial value during the

remainder of his life.’”); Johnson, 20 S.E.2d at 762 (stating that policy provided for benefits

when the insured became “totally and permanently disabled . . . from engaging in any occupation

and performing any work for compensation or profit”); Barron, 30 S.E.2d at 880 (stating that

insurance policy defined total disability as “any impairment of mind or body which continuously

renders it impossible for the insured to follow a gainful occupation”); Cato, 138 S.E. at 790

(stating that disability would be deemed total and permanent if “such disability presumably will

during lifetime prevent such employee from pursuing any occupation for wages or profit”);

Cloer, 152 S.E.2d at 858 (“The clause in the disability rider . . . reads that the insurer would

waive the premiums should the insured ‘become totally disabled as the result of bodily injury or

27

3. Equitable’s Arguments

Equitable argues that Georgia law compels the interpretation that total

disability exists only where the insured is unable to perform all of the substantial,

material duties of his occupation. Equitable cites several Georgia cases that it

claims compel this definition of “total disability.” See, e.g., Cloer v. Life & Cas.

Ins. Co. of Tennessee, 152 S.E.2d 857 (Ga. 1966); Mut. Life Ins. Co. of New York

v. Barron, 30 S.E.2d 879 (Ga. 1944); Metro. Life Ins. Co. v. Johnson, 20 S.E.2d

761, 762 (Ga. 1942); Prudential Ins. Co. of Am. v. South, 177 S.E. 499, 502 (Ga.

1934); Cato v. Aetna Life Ins. Co., 138 S.E. 787 (Ga. 1927).

These cases fail to support Equitable’s position because the policy language

interpreted in those cases was substantially different from the relevant language in

this case. In those cases, the policies defined “total disability” as the inability to

perform “any occupation” or “any work.” Here, by contrast, the Policies define 12
disease so as to be wholly prevented thereby from engaging in any occupation or employment

for wage or profit.’”).

Georgia courts recognize a distinction between “occupational” policies, which provide 13

benefits of the insured is disabled from a particular occupation, versus “non-occupational”

disability insurance policies, which provide benefits only if the insured is disabled from any

occupation or gainful activity. See Parker v. Prudential Ins. Co. of Am., 482 S.E.2d 483, 485-86

(Ga. Ct. App. 1997). The Policies in this case are occupational, but the policies in the cases cited

by Equitable are non-occupational. 

28

total disability as the inability to perform “the substantial and material duties of

your regular occupation,” without regard to whether the insured could do other

kinds of work. More importantly, none of the policies in these Georgia cases 13

contained the language at issue here – “the substantial and material duties.” 

If anything, Equitable’s cases show how Georgia courts liberally construe

disability policies in favor of insureds and strictly against insurers. In the cases

Equitable cites, the Georgia courts rejected the insurers’ claims that the

requirement of inability to perform “any occupation” or “any work” meant any

gainful employment. See Barron, 30 S.E.2d at 883; Johnson, 20 S.E.2d at 762;

South, 177 S.E. at 501. Instead, the Georgia courts construed the language of

inability to perform “any work” or “any occupation,” in favor of the insured, to

mean inability to perform substantial portions of the insured’s ordinary

employment or any other employment approximating the insured’s same livelihood

as he might fairly be expected to follow given his personal circumstances,

including his experience, education, physical and mental capacities. See Barron,
Even Equitable’s any-occupation cases have language suggesting that total disability 14

does not require that all duties are closed to the insured, but only that “substantially all” of the

material duties are closed to the insured. See, e.g., South, 177 S.E. at 502 (“If the insured is so

incapacitated that substantially all of the material activities of any [employment approximating

the same livelihood as the insured’s ordinary employment] are reasonably closed to him, he is

totally disabled within the meaning of the policy.” (emphasis added)); Johnson, 20 S.E.2d at 764

(stating that “total disability under the policy exists only when the insured is incapacitated to

perform substantially all of the duties of his employment”); Barron, 30 S.E.2d at 883 (“Total

disability is inability to do substantially all of the material acts necessary to the transaction of the

insured’s occupation, in substantially his customary and usual manner.”) (quoting Cato, 138 S.E.

787); Cloer, 152 S.E.2d at 859 (concluding that the jury charge was correct because it was in line

with Johnson, where “this court in a full bench decision clarified the meaning of total disability

by stating that ‘total disability under the policy exists only when the insured is incapacitated to

perform substantially all of the duties of his employment’”); Equicor, Inc. v. Stamey, 454 S.E.2d

550, 552 (Ga. Ct. App. 1995) (stating that under Barron and other precedent, “‘total disability’

requires only that the insured be unable to perform substantial portions of his ordinary

employment or any other employment approximating the same livelihood . . . .”); Travelers Ins.

Co. v. Stanley, 160 S.E.2d 876, 878 (Ga. Ct. App. 1968) (“As summarized in the first headnote

of the Johnson case, the insured is totally disabled when ‘he is so incapacitated that substantially

all of the material activities of his employment, or any similar employment, approximating the

same livelihood, are reasonably closed to him. Inability of the insured to perform one or more of

the substantial duties of such employment, if this be less than substantially all such duties, does

not constitute total disability under such a policy.’”).

29

30 S.E.2d at 883; Johnson, 20 S.E.2d at 762; South, 177 S.E. at 501. In doing so,

the Georgia courts stressed that the word “occupation” must “be construed

according to the facts and circumstances of the execution of the contract, including

the objects to be effectuated thereby.” South, 177 S.E. at 501; see also Cato, 138

S.E. at 791 (construing total disability language and stating that “[p]olicies of

insurance will be liberally construed in favor of the object to be accomplished, and

provisions therein will be strictly construed against the insurer”). Thus, in these

cases the Georgia courts construed “any” occupation as occupations approximating

the insured’s livelihood. The object to be accomplished in Giddens’s Policies is 14
Indeed, taking Equitable’s argument to the logical extreme would nullify the Total 15

Disability clause. Residual Disability, by its definition, includes the inability to perform one or

more of the material duties; a literal reading would include a total inability to perform all duties,

since all duties are clearly “one or more” duties.

30

total disability coverage if he is unable to perform so many substantial and material

duties that his regular occupation is reasonably closed to him. That point is clearly

reached in Giddens’s case. 

Equitable finally argues that total disability must mean the inability to

perform all of the material and substantial duties because to interpret the term

otherwise would nullify the “Residual Disability” clause. The Policies define

“residual” disability as the inability “to perform . . . one or more of the substantial

and material duties of [the insured’s] occupation.” This argument is unpersuasive. 

Quite obviously, there is a continuum of disability. If the insured is unable to

perform only “one or more” of many material occupational duties, then the insured

would not be totally disabled. Where the insured, such as Giddens, is unable to

perform most or the majority (but not all) of the material duties and thus cannot

engage in his regular occupation, the insured nevertheless is totally disabled from

his regular occupation, and this interpretation does not nullify the Residual

Disability clause. At some point, a line must be drawn where the disability 15

becomes so severe, and affects such a large percentage of the insured’s material

and substantial duties, that the disability is total rather than residual. The language
Because Equitable relies so heavily on Metro. Life Ins. Co. v. Johnson, 20 S.E.2d 761 16

(Ga. 1942), we discuss that case in more detail. In Johnson, the policy provided for benefits

when the insured became “totally and permanently disabled . . . from engaging in any occupation

and performing any work for compensation or profit.” Id. at 762. Johnson concerned different

policy terms than Giddens’s Policies and does not control. In any event, as noted in footnote 18

supra, Georgia courts read Johnson as we do, and Johnson, if anything, supports Giddens’s

recovery because the Johnson court twice stated that total disability exists when the insured is

unable “to perform substantially all of the duties of his employment.” Id. at 764-65. 

Equitable nonetheless argues that other language in Johnson establishes the rule that total

disability requires inability to perform all duties. We disagree. Johnson does go on to state that

“although [the insured] is unable to perform some or even many of the substantially material

activities of his employment,” he is not totally disabled “so long as [he] has capacity to perform

any substantial part of his duties.” Id. (emphasis added). At other points, the Johnson court

stated that an insured was not totally disabled “if any substantially material activities of the

employment remain open to the insured,” and that a case of total disability is presented if the

insured is unable to perform “any substantial part of his ordinary duties.” Id. (emphasis added).

However, Johnson did not indicate that no single duty (even a material and substantial

one) could remain open to the insured. That an insured must be unable to perform “any

substantial part” of his duties as a whole is significantly different than Equitable’s suggested

requirement that he be unable to perform each and every substantial duty. Here, Giddens’s

evidence shows that he is unable to perform “the vast majority” of his substantial and material

duties, including the most important duties, and thus he has shown that he is unable to perform

“any substantial part of his duties.”

31

of the Residual Disability clause does not suggest where that line should be drawn

and certainly does not require that it be drawn only where Equitable suggests. If

Equitable means “all” in its Total Disability clause, then Equitable may make that

simple change to its policy forms. 

16

III. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the district court’s grant of summary

judgment in favor of Giddens as to his 1999 disability claim regarding his real

estate occupation. We reverse the denial of summary judgment in favor of

Equitable as to his 1999 disability claim as to his dentistry occupation.
32

AFFIRMED in part, REVERSED in part.