# Patent

## Title
Fluorinated coating and phototools made therewith

## Abstract

A coating including an oligomer is disclosed, the oligomer being the reaction product of an epoxy silane, a multifunctional (meth)acrylate; and a polymerizable fluorochemical. The polymerizable fluorochemical can be fluorinated (meth)acrylate or a polymerizable fluorinated urethane. Phototools having a layer of the coating on a substrate can be made. A method of making a printed assembly such as a printed circuit board is also disclosed.

## Background
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a national stage filing under 35 U.S.C. 371 of PCT/US2010/048757, filed Sep. 14, 2010, which claims priority to Provisional Application No. 61/243,043, filed Sep. 16, 2009.


FIELD
Fluorinated coatings, particularly fluorinated coatings made from polymerizable fluorochemicals, epoxy silanes, and (meth)acrylates, are disclosed. Phototools made with the coatings can be made and used to form printed assemblies such as printed circuit boards.
BACKGROUND
In the printed circuit industry, a mask bearing an image in the form of a circuit pattern is known as a phototool. A photosensitive material can be disposed between the phototool and a metal substrate, and radiation applied through the phototool to form the negative of the image in the form of hardened photosensitive material. The phototool is then separated from the hardened and unhardened photosensitive material, and any unhardened photosensitive material removed to leave the hardened negative image on the substrate. It is desirable for a phototool to be durable enough such that it can be used repeatedly with accurate reproduction of a circuit pattern.
SUMMARY
Disclosed herein is a coating comprising the reaction product of an oligomer, the oligomer comprising MFMEMA wherein MF comprises a polymerizable fluorochemical, ME comprises an epoxy silane, and MA comprises a multifunctional (meth)acrylate.
The polymerizable fluorochemical may comprise an epoxy group, a hydrolysable silane group, a (meth)acrylate group or a mixture thereof. For example, the polymerizable fluorochemical may comprise: a first polymerizable fluorochemical comprising a hydrolysable silane group, and a second polymerizable fluorochemical comprising a (meth)acrylate group. For another example, the polymerizable fluorochemical may comprise: a first polymerizable fluorochemical comprising an epoxy group and hydrolysable silane group, and a second polymerizable fluorochemical comprising a (meth)acrylate group. In some embodiments, the coating may further comprise a multifunctional epoxide and/or a curable silane.
Phototools comprising a layer of the coating on a substrate can be made. For example, the phototool may comprise a layer of the coating on an optically clear substrate that provides an image. Phototools having a circuit pattern as the image can be used in conjunction with radiation sensitive materials to make printed circuit boards.
An assembly comprising the phototool disclosed herein is also disclosed. The assembly may comprise: a phototool comprising a coating layer disposed on an optically clear substrate that provides an image, the coating layer comprising any of the coatings disclosed herein; a photoresist disposed on the coating layer; and a metal substrate disposed on the photoresist opposite the coating layer.
A method of making a printed assembly is also disclosed. The method may comprise: providing any of the assemblies disclosed herein, and exposing the photoresist layer to radiation through the phototool, thereby hardening the photoresist layer in selected areas to form a negative image of the image provided by the optically clear substrate. The phototool can then be separated from the hardened photoresist layer. The printed assembly may comprise a printed circuit board.


DETAILED DESCRIPTION
During manufacture of printed circuit assemblies, the surface of a phototool which bears the circuit pattern must be routinely and carefully inspected using a microscope to ensure that there are no scratches on the surface, for example, breaks in the fine lines in the circuit pattern. These inspections can take from 2 to 3 hours depending on the size and intricacy of the circuit pattern. Scratches and other abrasions can occur as the surface of the phototool is often wiped to remove dust, lint, etc. Also, the phototool is typically laminated onto copper sheeting, with photosensitive material in between, and small burrs or rough edges of the copper sheeting can cause scratches and other abrasions on the surface of the phototool.
Due to the fact that phototools are vulnerable to scratching and that abrasion is a serious problem during the normal use of a phototool, protective films and overcoats are often employed to protect the phototool. For example, polyester films coated with various kinds of pressure sensitive adhesives have been laminated to image-bearing surfaces to protect the image. Because of their thickness, however, laminating films can cause optical distortion and hence loss of resolution. Thinner protective coatings can be obtained by coating the surfaces of phototools with liquid compositions. After application, the thin liquid coating is hardened to yield the desired protective coat. Many protective overcoats have limited release properties, however, and can therefore stick to the surface of the photoresist, particularly when relatively sticky materials such as high viscosity solder mask inks are present. Although film with silicone layer applied by lamination on phototool can provide good release properties, it is soft and almost no resistant to scratch with limited protection in addition to thickness issue.
In view of the foregoing, there is a need for coating compositions or coatings that can be used to protect surfaces and objects from scratching and abrasion, and for phototool applications, it would be advantageous if coatings easily release from relatively sticky materials such as solder mask inks.
The coatings disclosed herein can provide abrasion resistance, hardness, clarity, low surface energy with low adhesion, release properties, anti-reflection, resistance to staining and soiling, and repellency to stains, soils, solvents, oil, and water. When coated on a substrate, the coating is relatively durable, more resistant to contamination and easier to clean than the bare substrate surface itself. Any substrate may be employed including hard substrates such as natural stone, man-made stone, ceramic, vinyl, wood, masonry, cork, glass, or the like. Polymeric substrates such as poly(ethylene terephthalate), polycarbonate and polymethylmethacryate may also be employed.
The coatings may be used for protecting phototools from scratching and abrasion. The coatings can have good release properties and not stick to photoresist surfaces even when sticky materials such as solder masks are present. Phototools with the coatings disclosed herein can be used repeatedly to make many contact prints, for example, the phototools can be used at least 5, 10 or 20 times.
The coatings can have low surface energy with receding water contact angles greater than about 70° (preferably, greater than about 80°; more preferably, greater than about 90°) and receding hexadecane contact angles greater than about 50° (preferably, greater than about 55°, more preferably, greater than about 60°). The coatings can have good release properties as evidenced by low peel force.
Generally, the coating comprises the reaction product of an oligomer comprising MFMEMA, m wherein MF comprises a polymerizable fluorochemical, ME comprises an epoxy silane, and MA comprises a multifunctional (meth)acrylate. The coating may comprise the reaction product of an epoxy silane, a multifunctional (meth)acrylate and an oligomer comprising MFMAMEMA wherein MFMA comprises a fluorinated (meth)acrylate, and MEMA comprises an epoxy(meth)acrylate. The coating may comprise the reaction product of an epoxy silane, a multifunctional (meth)acrylate and an oligomer comprising MFMAMSMA wherein MFMA comprises a fluorinated (meth)acrylate, and MSMA comprises a silane (meth)acrylate. The coating may comprise the reaction product of an epoxy silane, a multifunctional (meth)acrylate oligomer comprising MFMAMEMAMSMA wherein MFMA comprises a fluorinated (meth)acrylate, MEMA comprises an epoxy(meth)acrylate and MSMA comprises a silane (meth)acrylate. The coating may comprise the reaction product of an epoxy silane, a multifunctional (meth)acrylate and polymerizable fluorinated urethane.
The epoxy silane is generally curable as described below, for example, using a photo-acid generator. The epoxy silane comprises at least one polymerizable epoxy group and at least one polymerizable silane group. Either one or both of these polymerizable groups may be terminal groups. The epoxy silane may be monomeric, oligomeric, or polymeric. The epoxy silane may be represented by the formula:




wherein: E is an organic group having at least one oxirane ring; L1 and L2 are independently divalent linking groups; Rj is multivalent monomeric, oligomeric, or polymeric residue; Y1, Y2 and Y3 are independently alkyl groups, aryl groups or hydrolysable groups, wherein at least one of Y1, Y2 and Y3 is a hydrolysable group; x is at least 1; and y is at least 1. E may comprise an organic group having a glycidoxy or epoxycyclohexyl group. Hydrolysable groups include alkoxy groups having C1-C4 alkyl groups. In general, for structural formulae appearing within this description, substitution of divalent linking groups is implied unless specifically excluded.

L1 and L2 may comprise independently non-hydrolysable linear or branched, cyclic or acyclic aliphatic, aromatic, or aliphatic and aromatic divalent hydrocarbon linking groups. The divalent linking groups may have less than 20 carbon atoms or less than 10 carbon atoms, for example, the divalent linking groups may comprise independently methylene, ethylene, isopropylene, butylene, decalene, phenylene, cyclohexylene, cyclopentylene, methylcyclohexylene, 2-ethylbutylene, vinyl or allene. L1 and L2 may comprise independently —C6H4—CH2CH2— or —CH2C(CH3)2CH2—. L1 and L2 may comprise independently an acyl group such as formyl, acetyl, and propionyl.
L1 and L2 may comprise independently one or more heteroatoms such as N, O, and S as long as the curability or performance of the coating is not affected detrimentally. Suitable divalent linking groups may comprise ether, ester, amide, NO2, alkyloxy, thioether, sulfone, and halogen functionality. L1 and L2 may comprise independently ethylene oxide functionality as represented by —(CH2CH2O)kZ— wherein k is an integer of from 1 to 10 and Z is an alkylene group of less than 10 carbon atoms. L1 and L2 may comprise independently —CH2CH2—, —CH2CH2OCH2CH2—, —(CH2CH2)2OCH2CH2—, —CH2OCH2CH2— or —CH2OCH2CH2CH2—.
Useful epoxy silanes may be represented by the formula:

G-L1-Si(R1)u(OR2)3-u 

wherein: G is a glycidoxy or epoxycyclohexyl group; L1 is a divalent linkage as described above; R1 and R2 are independently C1-C4 alkyl groups; and u is 0 or 1. Exemplary epoxy silanes include glycidoxymethyl trialkoxysilanes; glycidoxyethyl trialkoxysilanes; glycidoxypropyl trialkoxysilanes; glycidoxybutyl trialkoxysilanes; (3,4-epoxycyclohexyl)methyl trialkoxysilanes; (3,4-epoxycyclohexyl)ethyl trialkoxysilanes; (3,4-epoxycyclohexyl)propyl trialkoxysilanes; and (3,4-epoxycyclohexyl)butyl trialkoxysilanes. Particular epoxy silanes are described in International Application No. PCT/US2009/036733 to Qiu et al.

The epoxy silane may comprise:

G-Si(R1)u(OR2)3-u 

wherein G, R2 and R3 are described in the previous paragraph.

The epoxy silane may comprise:

G-(CH2)—m(O)n(CH2)p—Si(OR3)3 

wherein: G is a glycidoxy or epoxycyclohexyl group; m is 1 to 6; n is 0 or 1; p is 1 to 6; R3 is H or C1-C10 alkyl group.

Partially hydrolysed derivatives of any of the epoxy silanes disclosed herein may be useful; these partially hydrolysed derivatives comprise silanes in which alkoxy groups bonded to silicon are replaced by hydroxyl groups. Partially condensated derivatives of any of the epoxy silanes disclosed herein may be useful; these partially condensated derivatives comprise silanes in which alkoxy groups bonded to silicon are replaced by siloxy groups. For example, partially hydrolysed and partially condensated derivatives may comprise:

G-L1-Si(OCH3)3→G-L1-Si(OCH3)2(OH) (partially hydrolysed)→G-L1-Si(OCH3)(OH)2 (partially hydrolysed)→G-L1-Si(OCH3)(OH)(OSi(OCH3)(OH)-L1-G) (partially condensated)

Partially hydrolysed and/or partially condensated derivatives may be used alone or in combination with each other, and/or with any of the epoxy silanes disclosed herein. Prepolymers are formed by the polymerization of groups other than the silanes as in U.S. Pat. No. 4,100,134 (Robins et al.) and U.S. Pat. No. 7,037,585 (Treadway).

The epoxy silane may be selected from the group consisting of: gamma-glycidoxypropyl trimethoxysilane and beta-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl)ethyl trimethoxysilane.
The epoxy silane may be used in any amount desired depending on the desired properties of the coating. For example, the epoxy silane may comprise from about 50 to about 90 wt. % or from about 70 to about 90 wt. %, relative to the total weight of the coating. The epoxy silane may also comprise from about 70 to about 98 wt. %, or from about 90 to about 98 wt. %, relative to the total weight of the coating. The epoxy silane may also comprise from about 50 to about 95 wt. %, relative to the total weight of the coating.
The multifunctional (meth)acrylate can be selected from any of the following groups (a)-(e):
(a) di(meth)acryl containing compounds such as 1,3-butylene glycol diacrylate, 1,4-butanediol diacrylate, 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate, 1,6-hexanediol monoacrylate monomethacrylate, ethylene glycol diacrylate, alkoxylated aliphatic diacrylate, alkoxylated cyclohexane dimethanol diacrylate, alkoxylated hexanediol diacrylate, alkoxylated neopentyl glycol diacrylate, caprolactone modified neopentylglycol hydroxypivalate diacrylate, caprolactone modified neopentylglycol hydroxypivalate diacrylate, cyclohexanedimethanol diacrylate, diethylene glycol diacrylate, dipropylene glycol diacrylate, ethoxylated bisphenol A diacrylate, hydroxypivalaldehyde modified trimethylolpropane diacrylate, neopentyl glycol diacrylate, polyethylene glycol diacrylate, propoxylated neopentyl glycol diacrylate, tetraethylene glycol diacrylate, tricyclodecanedimethanol diacrylate, triethylene glycol diacrylate, tripropylene glycol diacrylate;
(b) tri(meth)acryl containing compounds such as glycerol triacrylate, trimethylolpropane triacrylate, ethoxylated triacrylates (e.g., ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate), propoxylated triacrylates (e.g., propoxylated glyceryl triacrylate, propoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate), trimethylolpropane triacrylate, tris(2-hydroxyethyl)isocyanurate triacrylate;
(c) higher functionality (meth)acryl containing compounds such as ditrimethylolpropane tetraacrylate, dipentaerythritol pentaacrylate, pentaerythritol triacrylate, ethoxylated pentaerythritol tetraacrylate, and caprolactone modified dipentaerythritol hexaacrylate;
(d) oligomeric (meth)acryl compounds such as urethane acrylates, polyester acrylates and epoxy acrylates; and
(e) nanoparticles that have been surface-modified with (meth)acrylate groups such as silica surface-modified with CH2═CMeC(O)O(CH2)3Si(OMe)3.
The multifunctional (meth)acrylate may be used in any amount desired depending on the desired properties of the coating. For example, the epoxy silane may comprise from about 1 to about 90 wt. % relative to the total weight of the coating.
The polymerizable fluorochemical may comprise an epoxy group, a hydrolysable silane group, or an epoxy group and a hydrolysable silane group. The polymerizable fluorochemical may comprise a (meth)acrylate group, also referred herein to a fluorinated (meth)acrylate. The polymerizable fluorochemical may comprise a mixture of: a first polymerizable fluorochemical comprising a hydrolysable silane group, and a second polymerizable fluorochemical comprising a (meth)acrylate group. The polymerizable fluorochemical may comprise a mixture of: a first polymerizable fluorochemical comprising an epoxy group and hydrolysable silane group, and a second polymerizable fluorochemical comprising a (meth)acrylate group. The polymerizable fluorochemical may comprise any of those disclosed in WO 2008/39683 (Padiyath et al.) and WO 2009/76389 (Hao et al.), both incorporated herein by reference.
The polymerizable fluorochemical may comprise a fluorinated (meth)acrylate represented by the formula:

Rf-Q-XC(O)C(R4)═CH2 

wherein: Rf comprises a monovalent fluorinated group; Q comprises a divalent linking group; X comprises O, S, NH or NR5 wherein R5 is a C1-C4 alkyl group; and R4 comprises H or CH3.

The perfluoropolyether group Rf can be linear, branched, cyclic, or combinations thereof and can be saturated or unsaturated. The perfluoropolyether group Rf has at least two catenated oxygen atoms. Exemplary perfluoropolyethers include those having perfluorinated repeating units selected from the group consisting of —(CqF2q)—, —(CqF2qO)—, —(CF(W))—, —(CF(W)O)—, —(CF(W)CqF2qO)—, —(CqF2qCF(W)O)—, —(CF2CF(W)O)—, or combinations thereof. In these repeating units, q is typically an integer of 1 to 10. In some embodiments, q is an integer of 1 to 8, 1 to 6, 1 to 4, or 1 to 3. The group W is a perfluoroalkyl group, perfluoroether group, perfluoropolyether, or a perfluoroalkoxy group, all of which can be linear, branched, or cyclic. The W group typically has no more than 12 carbon atoms, no more than 10 carbon atoms, no more than 9 carbon atoms, no more than 4 carbon atoms, no more than 3 carbon atoms, no more than 2 carbon atoms, or no more than 1 carbon atom. In some embodiments, the W group can have no more than 4, no more than 3, no more than 2, no more than 1, or no oxygen atoms. In these perfluoropolyether groups, the different repeat units can be distributed randomly along the chain.
For monovalent Rf groups, terminal groups can be (CqF2q+1)—, (CqF2q+1O)—, —(VCqF2qO)—, or —(VCqF2q+1)— wherein q is as described in the previous paragraph and V is hydrogen, chlorine, or bromine. Exemplary monovalent Rf groups include CF3O(C2F4O)rCF2— and C3F7O(CF(CF3)CF2O)rCF(CF3)— wherein r has an average value of 0 to 50, 1 to 50, 3 to 30, 3 to 15, or 3 to 10.
Divalent Rf groups include —CF2O(CF2O)r(C2F4O)sCF2—, —(CF2)3O(C4F8O)s(CF2)3—, —CF2O(C2F4O)sCF2—, and —CF(CF3)(OCF2CF(CF3))tOCvF2vO(CF(CF3)CF2O)sCF(CF3)— wherein r is as described in the previous paragraph; s has an average value of 0 to 50, 3 to 30, 3 to 15, or 3 to 10; t has an average value of 0 to 50, 1 to 50, 3 to 30, 3 to 15, or 3 to 10; the sum (n+t) has an average value of 0 to 50 or 4 to 40; the sum (r+s) is greater than 0; and v is an integer of 2 to 6.
As synthesized, compounds typically include a mixture of Rf groups. The average structure is the structure averaged over the mixture components. The values of r, s, and t in these average structures can vary, as long as the group has a number average molecular weight of at least about 300 or at least about 1000. Useful Rf groups often have a molecular weight (number average) of 300 to 5000, 800 to 4000, or 1000 to 5000.
Q may comprise any of the divalent linking groups described above for L1. Q may comprise a covalent bond, e.g., the fluorinated (meth)acrylate may comprise Rf—XC(O)C(R4)═CH2 such as Rf—OC(O)C(R4)═CH2.
Examples of suitable fluorinated (meth)acrylates include perfluoropolyether (meth)acrylates such as: C3F7O(CF(CF3)CF2O)aCF(CF3)CH2OC(O)CH═CH2, C3F7O(CF(CF3)CF2O)aCF(CF3)CH2OC(O)C(CH0.3)═CH2, C3F7O(CF(CF3)CF2O)aCF(CF3)CH2OCH2CH2C(O)CH═CH2, C3F7O(CF(CF3)CF2O)aCF(CF3)CH2OCH2CH2OC(O)C(CH0.3)═CH2, C3F7O(CF(CF3)CF2O)aCF(CF3)C(O)NHCH2CH2OC(O)CH═CH2, and C3F7O(CF(CF3)CF2O)aCF(CF3)C(O)NHCH2CH2OC(O)C(CH0.3)═CH2,
wherein a may be from 1 to 50.
The fluorinated (meth)acrylate may be represented by the formula:

Rf-Q-OC(O)C(R4)═CH2 

wherein: Rf comprises C3F7O(C3F6O)rCF(CF3)— with r being from 1 to 30, Q comprises a divalent linking group, and R4 comprises H or CH3.

The fluorinated (meth)acrylate may be used in any amount desired depending on the desired properties of the oligomer and/or the coating. For example, the fluorinated (meth)acrylate may comprise from about 5 to about 60 wt. %, from about 5 to about 50 wt. %, or from about 10 to about 40 wt. %, relative to the total weight of the oligomer.
The polymerizable fluorochemical may comprise a polymerizable fluorinated urethane having at least one urethane group, preferably at least two urethane groups, that is derived or derivable from the reaction of at least one polyfunctional isocyanate compound and at least one isocyanate-reactive perfluoropolyether compound. The polymerizable fluorinated urethane compound is terminated, on average, with (i) one or more perfluoroalkyl groups, one or more perfluoroheteroalkyl groups; and (ii) one or more silyl groups. It will be understood that the reaction product will provide a mixture of compounds, some percentage of which will comprise compounds as described, but may further comprise urethane compounds having different substitution patterns and degree of substitution.
Useful silane-functionalized perfluoropolyurethanes are disclosed, for example, in US 2009/0025727 (Klun et al.); US 2005/0054804 (Dams et al.); US 2005/0121644 (Dams et al.); US 2004/0147188 (Johnson et al.); and U.S. Pat. No. 7,097,910 (Moore et al.). Such silane-functionalized perfluoropolyether urethanes are of the formula:

(Rf1)x—[—R8—(Rsi)y]z  (1)

wherein Rf1 is a fluorine-containing group, such as a perfluoropolyether group as described above, and that includes a perfluorooxyalkyl group or a perfluorooxyalkylene group with the formula:

Rf-Q1-X1—H

wherein Rf is a perfluoropolyether group as described above, Q1 is a divalent linking group, X1 is an isocyanate reactive group selected from O, S, and NR9, wherein R9 is H, aryl, or a C1-C4 alkyl group; Rsi is a silane-containing moiety of the formula:

—NH—C(O)—X1-Q2-(Si(Y)p(R10)3-p)q 

wherein Q2 is a linking group of valency q+1 and at least 2; X1 is described above; Y is a hydrolysable group; and R10 is a monovalent alkyl or aryl group; p is 1, 2 or 3; and q is from 1 to 6; x and y are each independently at least 1; and z is at least 1.

Q1 and Q2 can each independently comprise a straight, branched or cyclic group. Q1 and Q2 can include covalent bonds, an alkylene, an arylene, an aralkylene, or an alkarylene. Q1 and Q2 can include heteroatoms such as O, N, and S, and combinations thereof. Q1 and Q2 can include a heteroatom-containing functional group such as carbonyl or sulfonyl group or combinations thereof.
One useful example of perfluoropolyether urethane of Formula 1 has Formula (1A):

(Rf2Q1X1C(O)NH)m—Ri—(NHC(O)X1Q2(Si(Y1)p(R10)3-p)q)n  (1A)

wherein Ri is a residue of a multi-isocyanate; X1, Q1, and Q2 are as defined above; Rf2 is a monovalent perfluoropolyether moiety that includes groups of the formula:

F(RfcO)wCdF2d—

wherein each Rfc independently represents a fluorinated alkylene group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms; each w is independently an integer of at least 2; d is an integer from 1 to 6; Y1 is a hydrolysable group selected from —OR11 and —OC(O)R11, wherein R11 is a lower alkyl of 1 to 4 carbon atoms; R10 is a monovalent alkyl or aryl group; m is at least 1; n is at least 1; p is 1, 2 or 3; q is from 1 to 6; m+n is from 2 to 10; and each unit referred to by the subscripts m and n is attached to an Ri unit.

Synthesis of silane-functionalized perfluoropolyether urethanes of Formula 1 often produces mixtures. In Formula (1A), for example, if the mole fraction of isocyanate groups is arbitrarily given a value of 1.0, then the total mole fraction of m and n units used in making the additive of Formula (1A) is at least 1.0. The mole fractions of m:n are from 0.95:0.05 to 0.05:0.95, from 0.50:0.50 to 0.05:0.95, from 0.25:0.75 to 0.05:0.95 or even from 0.25:0.75 to 0.10:0.95. In the instances the mole fractions of m:n total more than one, such as 0.15:0.90, the m unit is reacted onto the isocyanate first, and a slight excess (for example, 0.05 mole fraction) of the n units are used.
In a formulation, for instance, in which 0.15 mole fractions of m and 0.85 mole fraction of n units are introduced, a distribution of products is formed in which some fraction of products formed contain no m units. There will, however, be present in this product distribution, the additives of Formulas (1) and (1A).
A variety of compounds that include hydrolysable silane groups that are isocyanate reactive, or that may add free-radically or in Michael fashion to unsaturated double bonds, include, for example, H2N(CH2)3Si(OCH3)3, H(CH3)N(CH2)3Si(OCH3)3, HS(CH2)3Si(OCH3)3, and HN((CH2)3Si(OCH3)3)2.
Exemplary silane-functionalized perfluoropolyether urethanes include those represented by Formulas 1A-1 to 1A-4:




In some embodiments, Rsi of Formula (1) may comprise:

—NHC(O)X1Q3CH2CH2SQ4SiQ4-(Si(Y)p(R10)3-p)q  (1B)

wherein X1, Y, R10, p and q are defined above; Q3 is a polyvalent group that includes alkylene, arylene or a combination thereof (for example, an alkarylene group), the alkylene group optionally including at least one catenary oxygen atom; and Q4 is a divalent alkylene group optionally including at least one catenary oxygen atom.

In some embodiments, the silane-functionalized perfluoropolyether urethane may comprise:

(Rf2Q1X1C(O)NH)m—Ri—(NHC(O)X1Q2(OCH2CH2CH2S-Q4-Si(Y1)p(R10)3-p)q)n  (B-1)

wherein Rf2, Q1, Q2, Q4, X1, Y1, R10, m, n, p and q are defined above.

An exemplary silane-functionalized perfluoropolyether urethanes is represented by Formula 1B-1:




In some embodiments, Rsi of Formula (1) may comprise:

—(NHC(O)X2QX1(C(O)CH2CH2NR12R3Si(Y)p(R10)3-p)q)n  (1C)

wherein R12 is R3Si(Y)p(R10)3-p or R10, X2 is —O— or —S—, and all other groups are defined as above.

In some embodiments, the silane-functionalized perfluoropolyether urethane may comprise:

Ri—(NHC(O)X1Q1Rf2)m,—(NHC(O)X2Q2X1(C(O)CH2CH2NR12R3Si(Y1)p(R10)3-p)q)n  (C-1)

wherein all groups are defined above.

An exemplary silane-functionalized perfluoropolyether urethanes is represented by Formula 1C-1:




Polyfunctional isocyanate compounds useful in the present invention comprise isocyanate groups attached to the multivalent organic group, Q, which can comprise a multivalent aliphatic, alicyclic, or aromatic moiety; or a multivalent aliphatic, alicyclic or aromatic moiety attached to a blocked isocyanate, a biuret, an isocyanurate, or a uretdione, or mixtures thereof. Preferred polyfunctional isocyanate compounds contain at least two and preferably three or more —NCO groups. Compounds containing two —NCO groups are comprised of divalent aliphatic, alicyclic, araliphatic, or aromatic moieties to which the —NCO radicals are attached. Preferred compounds containing three —NCO radicals are comprised of isocyanatoaliphatic, isocyanatoalicyclic, or isocyanatoaromatic, monovalent moieties, which are attached to a biuret or an isocyanurate.
Preferred polyisocyanates, in general, include those selected from the group consisting of hexamethylene 1,6-diisocyanate (HDI), 1,12-dodecane diisocyanate isophorone diisocyanate, toluene diisocyanate, dicyclohexylmethane 4,4′-diisocyanate, MDI, derivatives of all the aforementioned, including DesmodurTM N-100, N-3200, N-3300, N-3400, N-3600, and mixtures thereof.
In some embodiments, the silane-functionalized perfluoropolyether urethane may comprise a compount as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,646,088 (Fan et al.) which can be represented by the following formulas:

RfZR2—X′—(CONH-Q(A)m-NHCO—X′R3X′—)mCONH-Q(A)-NHCO—X′R1Si(Y)3 

RfZR2—X′—(CONH-Q(A)m-NHCO—X′R3X′—)nCONHR1Si(Y)3 

wherein:

Rf ZR2— is a residue of at least one of the fluorochemical monofunctional compounds;
Rf is a perfluoropolyether group;
Z is a covalent bond, sulfonamido (—SO2NR—), or carboxamido (—CONR—) where R is hydrogen or alkyl;
R1 is an alkylene, heteroalkylene, aralkylene, or heteroaralkylene group;
R2 is a divalent straight or branched chain alkylene, cycloalkylene, or heteroalkylene group of 1 to 14 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 8 carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and most preferably two carbon atoms, and preferably R2 is alkylene or heteroalkylene of 1 to 14 carbon atoms;
Q is a multi-valent organic group that is a residue of the polyfunctional isocyanate compound;
R3 is a polyvalent, preferably divalent organic group which is a residue of the hydrophilic polyoxyalkylene;
X′ is —O—, —S—, or —N(R)—, wherein R is hydrogen or C1-C4 alkyl;
each Y is independently a hydroxy; a hydrolysable moiety selected from the group consisting of alkoxy, acyloxy, heteroalkoxy, heteroacyloxy, halo, and oxime; or a non-hydrolysable moiety selected from the group consisting of phenyl, alicyclic, straight-chain aliphatic, and branched-chain aliphatic, wherein at least one Y is a hydrolysable moiety;
A is selected from the group consisting of RfZR2—OCONH—, (Y)3SiR1XCONH—, and (Y)3SiR1NHCOOR3OCONH—;
m is an integer from 0 to 2; and
n is an integer from 1 to 10.
It will be understood with respect to the above formulas that the compounds represent theoretical structures for the reaction products. The reaction product will contain a mixture of compounds in which the substitution patterns of the isocyanate groups will vary.
Polyols suitable include those organic polyols that have an average hydroxyl functionality of at least about 2 (preferably, about 2 to 5; more preferably, about 2 to 3; most preferably, about 2, as diols are most preferred). The hydroxyl groups can be primary or secondary, with primary hydroxyl groups being preferred for their greater reactivity. Mixtures of diols with polyols that have an average hydroxyl functionality of about 2.5 to 5 (preferably about 3 to 4; more preferably, about 3) can also be used. It is preferred that such mixtures contain no more than about 20 percent by weight of such polyols, more preferably no more than about 10 percent, and most preferably no more than about 5 percent. Preferred mixtures are mixtures of diols and triols.
Suitable polyols include those that comprise at least one aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, alicyclic, heteroalicyclic, aromatic, heteroaromatic, or polymeric moiety. Preferred polyols are aliphatic or polymeric polyols that contain hydroxyl groups as terminal groups or as groups that are pendant from the backbone chain of the polyol.
Preferred polyols include 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)propionic acid; N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane; bicine; 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid; 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid; N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)perfluorobutyl sulfonamide; 1,2-ethanediol; 1,2- and 1,3-propanediol; 1,3- and 1,4-butanediol; neopentylglycol; 1,5-pentanediol; 3-methyl-1,5-pentanediol; 1,2-, 1,5-, and 1,6-hexanediol; bis(hydroxymethyl)cyclohexane; 1,8-octanediol; 1,10-decanediol; di(ethylene glycol); tri(ethylene glycol); tetra(ethylene glycol); di(propylene glycol); di(isopropylene glycol); tri(propylene glycol); poly(ethylene glycol)diols (number average molecular weight of about 200 to about 1500); poly(di(ethylene glycol) phthalate)diol (having number average molecular weights of, for example, about 350 or about 575); poly(propylene glycols)diols (number average molecular weight of about 200 to about 500); block copolymers of poly(ethylene glycol) and poly(propylene glycol) such as PLURONICTM L31 (available from BASF Corporation, Mount Olive, N.J.); polydimethylsiloxane diol; fluorinated oxetane polyols made by the ring-opening polymerization of fluorinated oxetane such as POLY-3-FOXTM (available from Omnova Solutions, Inc., Akron, Ohio); polyetheralcohols prepared by ring opening addition polymerization of a fluorinated organic group substituted epoxide with a compound containing at least two hydroxyl groups as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,508,916 (Newell et al); perfluoropolyether diols such as FOMBLINTM ZDOL (HOCH2CF2O(CF2O)8-12(CF2CF2O)8-12CF2CH.2OH, available from Ausimont, Inc., Thorofare, N.J.); 1,4-bis(1-hydroxy-1,1-dihydroperfluoroethoxyethoxy)perfluoro-n-butane (HOCH2CF2OC2F4O(CF2)4OC2F4OCF2CH2OH); 1,4-bis(1-hydroxy-1,1-dihydroperfluoropropoxy)perfluoro-n-butane (HOCH.2CF2CF2O(CF2)4OCF2CF2CH2OH); polycaprolactone diols (number average molecular weight of about 200 to about 600); resorcinol; hydroquinone; 1,6-, 2,5-, 2,6-, and 2,7-dihydroxynaphthalene; 4,4′-biphenol; bisphenol A; bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)methane; and the like; and mixtures thereof. More preferred polyols include bis(hydroxymethyl)propionic acid; bicine; N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)perfluorobutylsulfonamide; 1,2-ethanediol; 1,2- and 1,3-propanediol; 1,4-butanediol; neopentylglycol; 1,2- and 1,6-hexanediol; di(ethylene glycol); tri(ethylene glycol); 1,4-bis(1-hydroxy-1,1-dihydroperfluoropropoxy)perfluoro-n-butane (HOCH2CF2CF2O(CF2)4OCF2CF2CH2OH); fluorinated oxetane polyols made by the ring-opening polymerization of fluorinated oxetane such as POLY-3-FOXTM (available from Omnova Solutions, Inc., Akron Ohio); poly(di(ethylene glycol)phthalate)diol (having number average molecular weights of, for example, about 350 or about 575); poly(ethylene glycol)diols (having number average molecular weights of, for example, about 200, 300, 400); polydimethylsiloxane diol; polypropylene glycol (having a number average molecular weight of, for example, about 425); dimer diol; polycaprolactone diol (having a number average molecular weight of, for example, about 530); 3,5-dihydroxybenzene; bisphenol A; resorcinol; hydroquinone; and mixtures thereof.
The oligomer may comprise: the polymerizable fluorochemical comprising from about 5 to about 60 wt. %, the epoxy silane comprises from about 5 to about 90 wt. %, and the multifunctional (meth)acrylate comprises from about 5 to about 90 wt. %, all relative to the total weight of the oligomer.
The epoxy(meth)acrylate may be represented by the formula:

G-L1-OC(O)C(R4)═CH2 

wherein: G, L1 and R4 are as described above. For example, the epoxy(meth)acrylate may comprise glycidyl(meth)acrylate. Other particular epoxy(meth)acrylates are described in International Application No. PCT/US2009/036733 to Qiu et al.

The epoxy(meth)acrylate may be used in any amount desired depending on the desired properties of the oligomer and/or the coating. For example, the epoxy (meth)acrylate may comprise from about 5 to about 90 wt. %, or from about 10 to about 60 wt. %, relative to the total weight of the oligomer.
The silane (meth)acrylate may be represented by the formula:

(R2O)3-u(R1)uSi-L1-OC(O)C(R4)═CH2 

wherein L1, R1, R2 and R4 are as described above. Exemplary silane (meth)acrylates include acryloxypropyl trialkoxysilanes and methacryloxypropyl trialkoxysilanes. For example, the silane (meth)acrylate may comprise gamma-methacryloxypropyl trimethoxysilane. Ethylenically unsaturated silanes such as vinyl trialkoxy silanes may also be used.

The silane (meth)acrylate may be used in any amount desired depending on the desired properties of the oligomer and/or the coating. For example, the silane (meth)acrylate may comprise from about 5 to about 90 wt. %, or from about 10 to about 60 wt. %, relative to the total weight of the oligomer.
The coating may further comprise a multifunctional epoxide. Useful multifunctional epoxides include those having cycloaliphatic functionality. The multifunctional epoxide may be selected from the group consisting of: bis-(3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl)adipate; 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol diglycidyl ether; and glycerol propoxylate triglycidyl ether. The multifunctional epoxide may comprise bis-(3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl)adipate and 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol diglycidyl ether. Other multifunctional epoxides are described in Application No. PCT/US2009/036733 to Qiu et al.
The multifunctional epoxide may be used in any amount desired depending on the desired properties of the coating. For example, the multifunctional epoxide may comprise from about 0.05 to about 30 wt. % or from about 0.05 to about 20 wt. %, relative to the total weight of the coating. The multifunctional epoxide may also comprise from about 0.02 to about 15 wt. %, or from about 0.05 to about 10 wt. %, relative to the total weight of the coating.
The coating may further comprise a curable silane represented by the formula:

Si(R6)d(R)4-c 

wherein: R6 comprises an alkyl, aryl, arylalkylenyl or alkylarylenyl group; R7 comprises a halide, hydroxyl, aryloxy, acyloxy or polyalkyleneoxy group; and d is 0, 1 or 2.

The coating may further comprise the multifunctional epoxide and the curable silane.
The coating may further comprise tetraorthosilicate.
The oligomer is generally prepared by free radical polymerization of these monomers in the presence of one or more chain transfer agents. Suitable chain transfer agents include, for example, hydroxy-, amino-, mercapto, silane and halogen substituted organic compounds such as tetrabromomethane and mercapto substituted derivatives of ethane, propane, butane, octane, dodecane, propanol, butanol, propanediol, ethylamine and the like. The chain transfer agent is typically present in an amount sufficient to control the number of polymerized monomer units and molecular weight of the oligomer, for example, in an amount of from about 0.005 equivalents to about 0.5 equivalents, per equivalent of monomer.
Additional (meth)acrylates without silane and epoxy functional groups may be used to prepare the oligomer. Additional (meth)acrylates may contain functional groups which are not reactive to silane and epoxy group. Representative (meth)acrylates are methyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, ethyl acrylate, 2-bromoethyl acrylate, n-butyl acrylate, t-butyl acrylate, hexyl acrylate, n-octyl acrylate, n-octyl methacrylate, iso-octyl acrylate, octadecyl acrylate, methoxy polyethylene glycol monomethacrylate, tetrahydrofurfuryl acrylate, alkoxylated tetrahydrofurfuryl acrylate, lauryl acrylate, alkoxylated lauryl acrylate, 2-phenoxyethyl acrylate, menthyl acrylate, n-benxylacrylate, tridecyl acrylate, caprolactone acrylate, isobornyl acrylate, alkoxylated phenol acrylate, polypropylene glycol monoacrylate, acrylonitrile, 2-cyanoethyl acrylate, 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorobutyl acrylate, 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorohexyl acrylate, and methyl vinyl ketone.
The oligomer may be prepared using a polymerization initiator such as a VAZO product available from DuPont Co. Other suitable polymerization initiators include azo compounds such as azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN), hydroperoxides, peroxides and the like.
Polymerization to form the oligomer may be carried out in any solvent suitable for organic free-radical reactions. The monomers can be present in the solvent at any suitable concentration including, for example, from about 5% by weight to about 90% by weight based on the total weight of the reaction mixture. Suitable solvents include, for example, aliphatic, alicyclic and aromatic hydrocarbons, ethers, esters, ketones, sulfoxides and the like. Solvents may be selected based on considerations such as the solubility of reagents, the temperature required for the use of a particular initiator, and desired molecular weight. Suitable temperatures for polymerization are from about 30 to about 200° C.
The coating may be prepared using a photoacid generator or cationic photoinitiator in conjunction with UV radiation. Useful cationic photoiniators include many types of aryl-substituted compounds in the form of salts, for example, aromatic onium salts such as salts of Groups Va, VIIa and VIIa elements. Cationic photoinitiators are available as CYRACURE products from Ciba Geigy Co., for example, CYRACURE UVI-6974. Other cationic photoinitiators are described in International Application No. PCT/US2009/036733 to Qiu et al. Cationic initiator is typically present in the compositions of the invention in a range from about 1% to about 5% by weight.
Preferably, the coating is formed from a solvent-free coating composition. In some embodiments, however, the compositions comprise solvent such as, for example, ketones (for example, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) or methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK)), esters (for example, ethyl acetate, methyl isobutyl ether, or propylene carbonate), or ethers (for example, methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) or tetrahydrofuran (THF)), or combinations.
The coating may comprise curable silanes, titanates and zirconates. For example, silicates such as tetraalkyl orthosilicates may be used in an amount of up to about 40 wt. % relative to the total weight of the coating. Other curable additives include tetramethoxysilane, tetraethoxysilane, methyltriethoxysilane, dimethyldiethoxysilane, octadecyltriethoxysilane, methyltrichlorosilane, tetramethyl orthotitanate, tetraethyl orthotitanate, tetraisopropyl orthotitanate, tetraethylzirconate, tetraisopropylzirconate, and tetrapropylzirconate.
The coating may be used on any type of suitable substrate, for example, a substrate comprising natural stone, man-made stone, ceramic, vinyl, wood, masonry, cork, glass, plastic or the like. In some embodiments, the substrate may comprise an optically clear substrate which may have low haze (for example, less than about 5% or even less than about 2%) and high transparency (for example, greater than 95% or greater than 98%) for visible and ultraviolet light. Optically clear substrates may comprise glass, fused silica, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polycarbonate, or poly(methyl)methacrylate.
The coating may be present on a substrate in an amount that does not substantially change the appearance, such as optical characteristics, of the underlying substrate. The thickness of the coating may be from about 0.5 to about 40 microns, from about 2 to about 15 microns or from about 2 to about 10 microns. In some cases, for example when the coating is a single layer sole coating, the thickness may be from about 1 to about 100 microns. If the coating comprises multiple layers disposed on top of one another, the topmost layer can be much thinner than the layer underneath. For example, the topmost layer may be from about 20 Angstroms to about 1 micron or from about 40 to about 100 nm. A useful total thickness for the coating (which includes all layers in a multiple layer coating) can be any suitable thickness including, e.g., from about 0.5 to about 40 micron, or from about 1 to about 5 micron. If multiple layers are used, then they may have the same or different compositions.
The coating compositions can be applied to a substrate using any suitable method or technique including, e.g., spraying, brushing, wiping, knife coating, notch coating, reverse roll coating, gravure coating, soaking, dip coating, bar coating, flood coating, spin coating and combinations thereof, and in any suitable form including a continuous or discontinuous layer. The resulting coating can likewise be in a variety of forms including, e.g., a continuous or discontinuous layer (e.g., in a pattern, dots, stripes and swirls).
After or during coating, the coating composition is cured or at least partially cured using radiation such as UV radiation. If solvent is present, it may be at least partially removed (e.g., using a forced air oven, through evaporation at elevated and ambient temperatures, and combinations thereof), and the composition is then at least partially cured to form the coating.
The coatings disclosed herein may be used in making phototools. Useful phototools include those wherein the coating is disposed on an optically clear substrate. The optically clear substrate comprises an image such as a circuit pattern formed using a digital imaging system. An assembly is formed by disposing a photosensitive material or photoresist on a metal substrate, wherein the coating layer and the photosensitive material are adjacent each other. The photosensitive material may comprise a photographic emulsion layer comprising silver halide or azo emulsion. Chrome metal absorbing film may also be used. The metal substrate may comprise copper sheeting. The assembly is then exposed to radiation such that the photosensitive material is cured (developed and fixed) to form hardened portions that form an image of the phototool. At some point, the phototool and the photosensitive material after curing are separated. The negative image of the hardened photosensitive material is washed, dried, examined and optionally retouched.
Thus, a method of making a printed assembly such as a printed circuit board, is disclosed. The method comprises: providing the assembly described in the previous paragraph, and exposing the photoresist layer to radiation through the phototool, thereby hardening the photoresist layer in selected areas to form a negative image of the image provided by the optically clear substrate. The method may further comprise separating the phototool from the hardened photoresist layer.
EXAMPLES
Objects and advantages of this invention are further illustrated by the following examples, but the particular materials and amounts thereof recited in these examples, as well as other conditions and details, should not be construed to unduly limit this invention.
Materials
Materials utilized in the examples are shown in Table 1.








TABLE 1





Material
Supplier







Water
Millipore Corporation, Billerica, MA


Acetone
EMD Chemicals Inc., Gibbstown, NJ


Toluene
EMD Chemicals Inc., Gibbstown, NJ


IPA, Isopropylalchohol
VWR International, West Chest, PA


EtOAc, Ethyl acetate
J. T. Baker, Phillipsburg, NC


MEK, Methyl ethyl ketone
EMD Chemicals Inc., Gibbstown, NJ


DMF, N,N-dimethylformamide
Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO


THF, Tetrahydrofuran
EM Science, Gibbstown, NJ


A-186, β-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl)-
GE Advanced Materials, Albany, NY


ethyltrimethoxysilane)



A-187, γ-Glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane
GE Advanced Materials, Albany, NY


A-174, CH2═CMeC(O)O(CH2)3Si(OMe)3
GE Advanced Materials, Albany, NY


A-189, HS(CH2)3Si(OMe)3
GE Advanced Materials, Albany, NY


HFPO—MAr, F(CF(CF3)CF2O)xCF(CF3)—
3M Company, St. Paul, MN


C(O)NHCH2CH2OCO—CMe═CH2
See U.S. Pat. No. 7,094,829


HFPO—OH, F(CF(CF3)CF2O)xCF(CF3)—
3M Company, St. Paul, MN


C(O)NHCH2CH2OH



GMA, Glycidyl methacrylate
Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO


N100, Polyisocyanates Desmodur ®
Bayer Polymers LLC, Pittsburgh, PA


APTMS, Aminopropyltrimethoxy silane,
Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO


H2N(CH2)3Si(OCH3)3



SR444, Pentaerythritol triacrylate
Sartomer Company, Exton, PA


SR399, dipentaerythritol pentaacrylate
Sartomer Company, Exton, PA


SR351, Trimethylolpropane triacrylate
Sartomer Company, Exton, PA


PI-1, photo-initiator, Cyracure TM UVI-6976,
Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI


triarylsulphonium hexafluoroantimonate, 50%



in propylene carbonate



PI-2, photo-initiator, Darocur TM 1173 (2-
Ciba Specialty Chemicals, White Plains,


hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenyl-propan-1-one)
NY


Vazo ® 67, 2,2′-Azobis(2-methylbutyronitrile)
DuPont, Wilmington, DE


TEOS, Tetraethyl orthosilicate
Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO


ERL-4299, Bis-(3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl)
Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI


adipate



GPTE, Glycerol propoxylate triglycidyl ether
Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO


CBr4, Tetrabromomethane
Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO


DBTDL, Dibutyltin dilaurate catalyst
Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO


906 Coating, nano-silica modified with A-174
3M Company, St. Paul, MN


FX-1000, Scotchgard Film Protector
3M Company, St. Paul, MN









Test Methods

Contact Angle Measurement

The coated films were rinsed for 1 minute with hand agitation in an IPA bath prior to the water and hexadecane contact angles measurements. Measurements were made using a VCA-2500XE video contact angle analyser available from AST Products (Billerica, Mass.). Reported values are the average of at least 2 drops, while each drop was measured twice. Drop volumes were 5 μL for static measurements and 1-3 μL for advancing and receding.
Marker Repellent Test
A Sharpie® King Size Permanent Marker, Sharpie® Permanent Marker and Vis-à-vis® Permanent Overhead Project Pen (all from Sanford, Oak Brook, Ill.) were used to mark on the cured coating. The ink was visually assessed and scored from 5 (ink complete bead-up) to 1 (no bead-up).
Steel Wool Durability Test
The abrasion resistance of the cured films was tested cross-web to the coating direction by use of a mechanical device capable of oscillating steel wool fastened to a stylus across the film's surface. The stylus oscillated over a 10 cm wide sweep at a rate of 3.5 wipes/second. A wipe is defined as a single travel of 10 cm. The stylus had a flat, cylindrical geometry with a diameter of 3.8 mm having a 400 g load. The steel wool was obtained from Rhodes-American a division of Homax Products, Bellingham, Wash. under the trade designation “#0000-Super-Fine” and was used as received. Each composition was tested once, with each test consisting of 50 wipes with the 400 g load. After each test, the Marker Repellent Test, utilizing the Sharpie® marker, and the water and hexadecane contact angle were measured on the abraded surface.
Solvent Resistant Test
One drop (approximately 1.25 cm diameter) of an organic solvent was placed on the cured coatings. The solvent was allowed to evaporate to dryness at room temperature and the coating was visually rated. A “clear” rating indicates a clear surface without observable damage to the coating, while “hazy” indicates a hazy surface. In addition, the Marker Repellent Test was used with the Sharpie® marker to test the dried solvent spot.
Tissue Wipe Test
Sight Savers pre-moisture lens cleaning tissue made from Bausch&Lomb, which contain IPA, were used to wipe the cured surface 20 times. After wiping and drying the surface, the Marker Repellent Test was used with the Sharpie® marker to test the wiped area, and the wiped surface was visually inspected and rated as clear or hazy.
Coating Quality
Coating quality was visually assessed and rated as Excellent, Good, OK, or Some Dewetting.
Preparation of Polymerizable Fluorochemicals
FA-1, Fluorinated Polyacrylate Silane, HFPO-MAr/A174/A189
To a 4 Oz bottle 4.0 g of HFPO-MAr, 6.0 g A-174, 0.20 g A-189, 30 g EtOAc, and 0.20 g Vazo-67 were added. Nitrogen was bubbled into this mixture for 1 minute, followed by heating to 70° C. The bottle was sealed and reacted at 70° C. for 4 hours with magnetic stirring. A clear, homogeneous solution was obtained. FTIR analysis indicated no CH2═CMe- remained.
FA-2, Fluorinated Polyacrylate Epoxy-Silane, HFPO-MAr/GMA/A174
To a 4 oz. bottle, 4.0 g of HFPO-MAr, 1.0 g GMA, 5.0 g A-174, 0.068 g CBr4, 30 g EtOAc, and 0.19 g Vazo-67 were added. Nitrogen was bubbled into this mixture for 1 minute, followed by heating to 70° C. The bottle was sealed and reacted at 70° C. for 4 hours with magnetic stirring. A clear, homogeneous solution was obtained. FTIR analysis indicated no unreacted CH2═CMe-.
FA-3, Fluorinated Polyacrylate Epoxide, HFPO-MAr/GMA
To a 4 oz. bottle, 3.0 g of HFPO-MAr, 7.0 g GMA, 0.027 g CBr4, 30 g EtOAc, and 0.28 g Vazo-67 were added. Nitrogen was bubbled into this mixture for 1 minute, followed by heating to 70° C. The bottle was sealed and reacted at 70° C. for 4 hours with magnetic stirring. A clear, homogeneous solution was obtained. FTIR analysis indicated no unreacted CH2═CMe-.
FA-4, Fluorinated Polyurethane Acrylate, HFPO—OH/N100/SR444
To a 500 ml round bottom 2-necked flask equipped with a thermometer and condenser, 25 g, N100, 26 g HFPO—OH, and 110 g MEK were added under dry nitrogen. Two drops DBTDL were added with magnetic stirring. This mixture was reacted at 70° C. for approximately 2 hours to give a homogeneous solution, then cooled to room temperature. Once cooled, 58 g SR444 was added and the mixture was reacted at 60° C. for approximately 5 hours. FTIR analysis indicated no unreacted isocyanate. The mixture was diluted with EtOAc to a final concentration of 30%.
FA-5, Fluorinated Polyurethane Silane, HFPO—OH/N100/APTMS
To a 100 ml round bottom flask, 6.3 g N100, 18 g THF, and 0.00079 g DBTDL were added under nitrogen. The mixture was heated to 55° C. under nitrogen with magnetic stirring for 5 minutes to form a homogenous solution. To this solution was added 4.3 g HFPO—OH dropwise over about 10 min. This solution was reacted at 55° C. under nitrogen with magnetic stirring for 2 hours, at which time 5.3 g APTMS was added dropwise over about 15 min. Two hours after the addition was complete, FTIR analysis indicated no unreacted isocyanate groups. The mixture was diluted with THF to a concentration of 50%, then diluted with IPA to a final concentration of 30%.
FA-6, Fluorinated acrylate, C4F9SO2N(CH3)C2H4O—C(O)N(H)C6H4—CH2C6H4N(H)CO—OC2H4OCOCH═CH2 (MeFBSE-MDI-HEA)
FA-6 was prepared according to the procedure described in US Patent Publication No. 2005/0143541, paragraph 0104.
Preparation of (Meth)Acrylate Formulations
Representative (meth)acrylate (A) formulations were prepared by mixing the components in the following weight ratios.
A-1: SR399/PI-2, 99/1; 30% solution in MEK
A-2: SR351/PI-2, 99/1; 30% solution in EtOAc
A3: 906 coating; 30% solution in 1:1 EtOAc/IPA
A-4: SR444/FA-4/PI-2, 99.5/0.5/1; 30% solution in EtOAc
A-5: SR399/FA-4/PI-2, 98.5/0.5/1; 30% solution in 1:1 EtOAc/IPA
A-6: SR444/PI-2, 99/1; 30% solution in MEK
A-7: 906 coating/FA-4, 99/1; 30% solution in 1:1 EtOAc/IPA
Preparation of Epoxy Silane Formulations
Representative epoxy silane (ES) formulations were prepared by mixing the components in the following weight ratios.

    
    
        ES-1: A-187/PI-1, 92/8; 30% solution in EtOAc
        ES-2: A-186/PI-1, 92/8; 30% solution in EtOAc
        ES-3: A-187/FA-2/PI-1, 89/2/9; 30% solution in EtOAc
        ES-4: A-187/FA-1/PI-1, 89/2/9; 30% solution in EtOAc
        ES-5: A-187/FA-4/PI-1, 94.4/0.6/5; 20% solution in EtOAc
        ES-6: FX-1000/FA-2, 96/4; 30% solution in EtOAc

Preparation of Epoxy Acrylate Formulations

    
    


A representative epoxy acrylate (EA) coating formulations was prepared by mixing the components in the following weight ratios.
EA-1: GMA/PI-2, 98/2; 30% solution in EtOAc
Preparation of Coating Formulations
Each coating formulation was prepared by combining and mixing the individual components. All formulations were coated on primed polyester (Melinex 618, DuPont, Wilmington, Del.) with a No#6 wire rod, dried for 2 minutes at 120° C., and cured with one of the UV sources listed below. The formulations were generally clear, indicating good compatibility of the fluorinated additives with the coating formulations.
UV-H: H-Bulb under N2, two pass at 20 feet per minute
UV-G: Two Sylvania Germicidal G15T8 (15 W) bulbs for 2 minutes
Representative examples of blended epoxy-silane and acrylate formulations and performance are summarized in following tables. All formulations are based on weight %.
Different polymerizable fluorochemicals, including perfluoropolyether polyacrylates and perfluoropolyether polyurethanes bearing curable silane groups, epoxide groups, acrylate groups or their combinations, as well as short C4F9-based acrylate groups (FA-6) have been studied as additives in epoxy-silane (ES-1)/acrylate (A-1) systems and cured with different UV sources. The coating properties are shown in Table 2. The addition of the polymerizable fluorochemicals showed not only improved coating quality, but also significantly improved water and oil repellency compared to a coating containing no polymerizable fluorochemical (C-1).












TABLE 2





Form.
UV
Formulation
Water
Hexadecane
Coating


Number
Cure
Composition
Adv/Rec/Static
Adv/Rec/Static
Quality
























C-1
G
ES-1/A-1
 65
40
 63
[a]
[a]
[a]
Some




80/20 (No FA)






dewetting


E-1
H
ES-1/A-1
119
94
112
72
63
71
Good




80/20 + 2% FA-1









E-2
H
ES-1/A-1
117
87
110
69
60
67
Good




80/20 + 1% FA-2









E-3
G
ES-1/A-1 
119
75
111
70
63
72
Good




80/20 + 1% FA-3









E-4
H
ES-1/A-1
117
73
109
73
53
71
Good




80/20 + 1% FA-3









E-5
H
ES-1/A-1
118
81
108
70
63
71
Good




80/20 + 1% FA-4









E-6
G
ES-1/A-1
111
73
100
70
63
71
OK




80/20 + 1% FA-5









E-7
H
ES-1/A-1
118
75
108
70
65
71
Good




80/20 + 1% FA-5









E-8
G
ES-1/A-1
112
93
111
80
74
79
Good




80/20 + 10% FA-6









E-9
H
ES-1/A-1
119
99
114
78
69
75
Good




80/20 + 10% FA-6





[a] angles were too low to measure






Similar results were observed with an epoxy-silane (ES-1)/acrylate (A-2) system. Significantly improved water and oil repellency over the comparative (C-2) were observed as shown in Table 3.












TABLE 3





Form.

Formulation
Water
Hexadecane
Coating


Number
UV Cure
Composition
Adv/Rec/Static
Adv/Rec/Static
Quality
























C-2 
G
ES-1/A-2
 84
 41
 80
[a]
[a]
[a]
Some




80/20 (No FA)






dewetting


E-10
G
ES-1/A-2
 87
 49
 82
65
32
64
OK




80/20 + 1% FA-3









E-11
G
ES-1/A-2
108
 69
 96
79
69
77
OK




80/20 + 1% FA-5









E-12
H
ES-1/A-2
121
 71
110
74
60
73
Good




80/20 + 1% FA-5









E-13
G
ES-1/A-2
117
94
113
77
70
76
OK




80/20 + 10% FA-6









E-14
H
ES-1/A-2
112
103
113
79
72
77
Good




80/20 + 10% FA-6





[a] angles were too low to measure






The addition of polymerizable fluorochemicals in the A-186 epoxy-silane (ES-2)/acrylate (A-1) system also showed significantly improved water and oil repellency. Results are shown in Table 4.











TABLE 4





Formulation
Formulation
Water
Hexadecane
Coating


Number
Composition [a]
Adv/ Rec/Static
Adv/Rec/Static
Quality























C-3 
ES-2/A-1
 82
64
 74
13
 5
 9
Good



80/20 (No FA)









E-15
ES-2/A-1
117
97
109
70
61
69
Good



80/20 + 2% FA-1









E-16
ES-2/A-1
118
96
109
71
61
71
Good



80/20 + 2% FA-2









E-17
ES-2/A-1
115
84
104
72
47
55
Good



80/20 + 2% FA-3









E-18
ES-2/A-1
111
55
100
71
34
63
Good



80/20 + 2% FA-4









E-19
ES-2/A-1
120
73
109
74
61
73
Good



80/20 + 2% FA-5





[a] All formulations cured with UV-H






The nano-silica based acrylate coating (A-3) combined with an epoxy-silane (ES-1) also showed a similar reduction in surface energy with the addition of polymerizable fluorochemicals as shown in Table 5.












TABLE 5





Form
UV
Formulation
Water
Hexadecane
Coating


Number
Cure
Composition
Adv/Rec/Static
Adv/Rec/Static
Quality
























C-4 
G
ES-1/A-3
 82
49
 70
13
 5
11
OK




80/20 (No FA)









C-5 
H
ES-1/A-3
 71
44
 68
[a]
[a]
[a]
OK




80/20 (No FA)









E-20
G
ES-1/A-3
108
52
 99
70
57
69
Good




80/20 + 1% FA-3









E-21
H
ES-1/A-3
111
60
 97
71
39
69
Good




80/20 + 1% FA-3









E-22
G
ES-1/A-3
114
73
101
71
65
72
Good




80/20 + 1% FA-5









E-23
H
ES-1/A-3
121
67
111
77
51
75
Good




80/20 + 1% FA-5









E-24
G
ES-1/A-3
118
86
 11
79
73
78
OK




80/20 + 10% FA-6









E-25
H
ES-1/A-3
120
104
117
77
69
75
Good




80/20 + 10% FA-6





[a] angles were too low to measure






Tables 6 though 10 list the coating properties from additional formulations containing epoxy-silane blended with an acrylate component containing at least one polymerizable fluorochemical.










TABLE 6








Formulation
Marker













Form.
Composition
Repellent
Water
Hexadecane
Coating


Number
[a]
[b]
Adv/Rec/Static
Adv/Rec/Static
Quality



















E-26
ES-3/A-4
5/5/5
119
98
112
71
64
69
Excellent



100/0 










E-27
ES-3/A-4
5/5/5
119
97
113
71
65
70
Excellent



80/20










E-28
ES-3/A-4
5/5/5
119
95
112
71
65
69
Excellent



60/40










E-29
ES-3/A-4
5/5/5
119
95
112
71
66
69
Excellent



40/60










E-30
ES-3/A-4
5/5/5
118
85
110
70
62
68
Excellent



20/80










E-31
ES-3/A-4
4/5/4
102
71
 98
58
47
58
Excellent



 0/100





[a] All formulations cured with UV-H


[b] Order tested: King/Permanent/Vis-à-vis ® 






After the coating and initial testing of the ES-3/A-4 series, the coated films of Table 6 were abraded with steel wool according to the Steel Wool Durability Test. Contact angles and marker repellency were measured on the abraded surface with results shown in Table 7. Contact angles were very similar after abrasion, and marker repellency was maintained.











TABLE 7





Formu-

Marker




lation
Visible
Repellent
Water
Hexadecane


Number
Scratches
[a]
Adv/Rec/Static
Adv/Rec/Static























E-26
No
5/5/5
118
94
111
72
63
69


E-27
No
5/5/5
116
91
111
72
61
68


E-28
No
5/5/5
116
97
111
69
43
68


E-29
No
5/5/5
118
92
111
70
60
68


E-30
No
5/5/5
115
86
111
68
55
65


E-31
No
4/5/4
 99
60
 96
48
22
47





[a] Order tested: King/Permanent/Vis-à-vis ® 






















TABLE 8








Formulation
Marker



















Form.
Composition
Repellent
Water
Hexadecane
Coating


Number
[a]
[b]
Adv/Rec/Static
Adv/Rec/Static
Quality



















E-32
ES-4/A-4
5/5/5
120
102
113
73
65
70
Excellent



100/0 










E-33
ES-4/A-4
5/5/5
119
 99
111
72
64
69
Good



80/20










E-34
ES-4/A-4
5/5/5
120
 96
114
72
65
70
Good



60/40










E-35
ES-4/A-4
5/5/5
119
 94
111
73
64
69
Good



40/60










E-36
ES-4/A-4
4/5/5
114
 67
111
66
47
65
Excellent



 0/100





[a] All formulations cured with UV-H


[b] Order tested: King/Permanent/Vis-à-vis ® 






After coating and initial testing of the ES-4/A-4 series, the coated films of Table 8 were abraded with steel wool according to the Steel Wool Durability Test. Contact angles and marker repellency were measured on the abraded surface with results shown in Table 9. Contact angles were very similar after abrasion, and marker repellency was maintained.











TABLE 9







Marker




Form.
Visible
Repellent
Water
Hexadecane


Number
Scratches
[a] 
Adv/Rec/Static
Adv/Rec/Static























E-32
No
5/5/5
119
92
114
74
57
70


E-33
No
5/5/5
118
94
114
70
60
68


E-34
No
5/5/5
117
92
112
71
61
69


E-35
No
5/5/5
117
89
113
73
61
70


E-36
No
4/5/5
111
70
106
63
44
63





[a] Order tested: King/Permanent/Vis-à-vis ® 






















TABLE 10








Formulation
Marker



















Form.
Composition
Repellent
Water
Hexadecane
Coating


Number
[a]
[b]
Adv/Rec/Static
Adv/Rec/Static 
Quality



















E-37
ES-4/A-5
3/4/5
117
84
111
72
66
70
Good



80/20










E-38
ES-4/A-5
5/5/5
124
81
118
74
57
71
Excellent



60/40










E-39
ES-4/A-5
5/4/2
124
57
118
73
34
71
Excellent



40/60










E-40
ES-4/A-5
5/5/5
115
66
110
68
48
67
Excellent



20/80










E-41
ES-4/A-5
4/5/5
116
86
102
67
59
66
Excellent



 0/100





[a] All formulations cured with UV-H


[b] Order tested: King/Permanent/Vis-à-vis ®






Additional formulations and test results are shown in Tables 11 through 13.












TABLE 11





Form.
Formulation
Marker
Water
Hexadecane
Coating


Number
Composition [a]
Repellent [b]
Adv/Rec/Static
Adv/Rec/Static 
Quality
























E-42
ES-5/EA
4/5/5
120
74
112
73
65
71
Excellent



95/5 










E-43
ES-5/EA
3/5/5
120
74
109
75
69
72
Excellent



90/10










E-44
ES-5/EA
2/3/3
119
56
110
74
65
71
Excellent



80/20










E-45
ES-5/EA
2/4/5
118
66
111
73
69
71
Excellent



60/40










E-46
ES-5/EA
2/4/5
116
61
110
74
69
71
Excellent



40/60










E-47
ES-5/EA/A-6
5/5/5
116
78
110
73
68
71
Excellent



9/1/2










E-48
ES-5/EA/A-6
4/5/5
114
73
108
74
68
71
Excellent



9/1/4










E-49
ES-5/EA/A-6
4/5/5
116
77
110
73
69
71
Excellent



9/1/6





[a] All formulations cured with UV-G


[b] Order tested: King/Permanent/Vis-à-vis ®


















TABLE 12






Formulation
Marker





Form.
Composition
Repellent
Water
Hexadecane
Coating


Number
[a]
[b]
Adv/Rec/Static
Adv/Rec/Static
Quality
























E-50
ES-6/A-7
4/5/5
115
 85
108
71
56
70
Excellent



100/0 










E-51
ES-6/A-7
5/5/5
113
 65
107
68
56
66
Excellent



76/24










E-52
ES-6/A-7
3/4/5
124
 81
113
78
46
75
Excellent



20/80










E-53
ES-6/A-7
5/5/5
121
101
112
74
66
71
Excellent



 8/92










E-54
ES-6/A-7
5/5/5
116
 96
111
72
64
70
Excellent



 0/100










C-6
FX 1000
4/3/3
100
 61
101
33
30
35
Good



(no FA)





[a] All formulations cured with UV-H


[b] Order tested: King/Permanent/Vis-à-vis






After the coating and initial testing of the ES-6/A-7 series, the coated films of Table 12 were abraded with steel wool according to the Steel Wool Durability Test. Contact angles were measured on the abraded surface with results shown in Table 13.










TABLE 13





Formulation
Visible
Water
Hexadecane


Number
Scratches
Adv/Rec/Static
Adv/Rec/Static






















E-50
No
108
80
107
68
54
 66


E-51
Few
104
46
 99
61
42
 59


E-52
Few
112
70
110
71
40
112


E-53
No
120
94
112
73
65
 70


E-54
No
117
88
111
74
62
 70









As a protective coating, it is important for the coating to be resistant to solvents that may be present in cleaning solutions. As a release liner, it is important that the liner be resistant to solvents that may be present in adhesives. Several experimental formulations (E-1, E-2, E-5, E-8, E-9, E-14, E-15, E-16, E-22, E-25, E-27, E-89, E-29, E-33, E-34, E-38, E-47, E-53, E-54) were tested for their compatibility with the following solvents: EtOAc, IPA, Acetone, Toluene, MEK, DMF. For all solvents tested, the film was rated as “clear” after solvent evaporation, and the Sharpie® permanent marker repellency was rated a 5.
Various modifications and alterations to this invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of this invention. It should be understood that this invention is not intended to be unduly limited by the illustrative embodiments and examples set forth herein and that such examples and embodiments are presented by way of example only with the scope of the invention intended to be limited only by the claims set forth herein as follows.

## Claims

1. An oligomer comprising the reaction product of an epoxy silane, a multifunctional (meth)acrylate, and a polymerizable fluorochemical; wherein the multifunctional (meth)acrylate is selected from the groups (a)-(e):
(a) di(meth)acryl containing compounds selected from 1,3-butylene glycol diacrylate, 1,4-butanediol diacrylate, 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate, 1,6-hexanediol monoacrylate monomethacrylate, ethylene glycol diacrylate, alkoxylated aliphatic diacrylate, alkoxylated cyclohexane dimethanol diacrylate, alkoxylated hexanediol diacrylate, alkoxylated neopentyl glycol diacrylate, caprolactone modified neopentylglycol hydroxypivalate diacrylate, caprolactone modified neopentylglycol hydroxypivalate diacrylate, cyclohexanedimethanol diacrylate, diethylene glycol diacrylate, dipropylene glycol diacrylate, ethoxylated bisphenol A diacrylate, hydroxypivalaldehyde modified trimethylolpropane diacrylate, neopentyl glycol diacrylate, polyethylene glycol diacrylate, propoxylated neopentyl glycol diacrylate, tetraethylene glycol diacrylate, tricyclodecanedimethanol diacrylate, triethylene glycol diacrylate, and tripropylene glycol diacrylate;
(b) tri(meth)acryl containing compounds selected from glycerol triacrylate, trimethylolpropane triacrylate, ethoxylated triacrylates, propoxylated triacrylates, trimethylolpropane triacrylate, and tris(2-hydroxyethyl)isocyanurate triacrylate;
(c) higher functionality (meth)acryl containing compounds selected from ditrimethylolpropane tetraacrylate, dipentaerythritol pentaacrylate, pentaerythritol triacrylate, ethoxylated pentaerythritol tetraacrylate, and caprolactone modified dipentaerythritol hexaacrylate;
(d) oligomeric (meth)acryl compounds selected from urethane acrylates, polyester acrylates and epoxy acrylates; and
(e) nanoparticles that have been surface-modified with (meth)acrylate groups.

2. The oligomer of claim 1, wherein the polymerizable fluorochemical comprises an epoxy group.

3. The oligomer of claim 1, wherein the polymerizable fluorochemical comprises a hydrolysable silane group.

4. The oligomer of claim 1, wherein the polymerizable fluorochemical comprises a fluorinated (meth)acrylate.

5. The oligomer of claim 1, wherein the polymerizable fluorochemical comprises the reaction product of a fluorinated (meth)acrylate and an epoxy (meth)acrylate.

6. The oligomer of claim 1, wherein the polymerizable fluorochemical comprises the reaction product of a fluorinated (meth)acrylate and a silane (meth)acrylate.

7. The oligomer of claim 1, wherein the polymerizable fluorochemical comprises the reaction product of a fluorinated (meth)acrylate, an epoxy (meth)acrylate, and a silane (meth)acrylate.

8. The oligomer of claim 1, wherein the polymerizable fluorochemical comprises a polymerizable fluorinated urethane.

9. The oligomer of claim 8, wherein the polymerizable fluorinated urethane comprises hydrolysable silane groups.

10. The oligomer of claim 1, wherein the epoxy silane is gamma-glycidoxypropyl trimethoxysilane or beta-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl)ethyl trimethoxysilane.

11. A composition comprising the reaction product of:
(a) an epoxy (meth)acrylate and/or a silane (meth)acrylate; and
(b) the oligomer of claim 1.

12. The composition of claim 11, further comprising a multifunctional epoxide.

13. The composition of claim 12, wherein the multifunctional epoxide is: bis-(3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl) adipate; 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol diglycidyl ether; or glycerol propoxylate triglycidyl ether.

14. The composition of claim 11, wherein:
the epoxy silane comprises from about 5 to about 90 wt. %;
the multifunctional (meth)acrylate comprises from about 5 to about 90 wt. %; and
the polymerizable fluorochemical comprises from about 5 to about 60 wt. %;
all relative to the total weight of the oligomer.

15. The composition of claim 11, further comprising a curable silane represented by the formula:


Si(R6)d(R7)4-c 

wherein:
R6 comprises an alkyl, aryl, arylalkylenyl or alkylarylenyl group;
R7 comprises a halide, hydroxyl, aryloxy, acyloxy or polyalkyleneoxy group;
and d is 0, 1 or 2.

16. The composition of claim 15, further comprising a multifunctional epoxide.

17. The composition of claim 11, further comprising tetraethyl orthosilicate.

18. The composition of claim 11, further comprising a radical photoinitiator and a photoacid generator.

19. An article comprising a coating disposed on a substrate, the coating having a thickness of from about 0.5 to about 40 um And comprising the composition of claim 11.

20. The article of claim 19, wherein the substrate comprises an optically clear substrate that provides an image and the article is a phototool.

21. An assembly comprising:
the phototool of claim 20;
a photoresist disposed on the coating; and
a metal substrate disposed on the photoresist opposite the coating.

22. The assembly of claim 21, wherein the photoresist comprises a photosensitive emulsion.