# Patent

## Title
Methods and systems for command acceleration in a video processor via translation of scalar instructions into vector instructions

## Abstract

A method for implementing command acceleration. The method includes receiving a first set of instructions from a first processor, wherein the first set of instructions are formatted in accordance with a microarchitecture of the first processor. The first set of instructions are translated into a second set of instructions, wherein the second set of instructions are formatted in accordance with a microarchitecture of a second processor. The second set instructions are then transmitted to the second processor for execution by the second processor.

## Background
This application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. Section 119(e) of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/628,414, filed on Nov. 15, 2004, to Gadre et al., entitled “A METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR VIDEO PROCESSING” which is incorporated herein in its entirety.


FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The field of the present invention pertains to digital electronic computer systems. More particularly, the present invention relates to a system for efficiently handling video information on a computer system.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The display of images and full-motion video is an area of the electronics industry improving with great progress in recent years. The display and rendering of high-quality video, particularly high-definition digital video, is a primary goal of modern video technology applications and devices. Video technology is used in a wide variety of products ranging from cellular phones, personal video recorders, digital video projectors, high-definition televisions, and the like. The emergence and growing deployment of devices capable of high-definition video generation and display is an area of the electronics industry experiencing a large degree of innovation and advancement.
The video technology deployed in many consumer electronics-type and professional level devices relies upon one or more video processors to format and/or enhance video signals for display. This is especially true for digital video applications. For example, one or more video processors are incorporated into a typical set top box and are used to convert HDTV broadcast signals into video signals usable by the display. Such conversion involves, for example, scaling, where the video signal is converted from a non-16×9 video image for proper display on a true 16×9 (e.g., widescreen) display. One or more video processors can be used to perform scan conversion, where a video signal is converted from an interlaced format, in which the odd and even scan lines are displayed separately, into a progressive format, where an entire frame is drawn in a single sweep.
Additional examples of video processor applications include, for example, signal decompression, where video signals are received in a compressed format (e.g., MPEG-2) and are decompressed and formatted for a display. Another example is re-interlacing scan conversion, which involves converting an incoming digital video signal from a DVI (Digital Visual Interface) format to a composite video format compatible with the vast number of older television displays installed in the market.
More sophisticated users require more sophisticated video processor functions, such as, for example, In-Loop/Out-of-loop deblocking filters, advanced motion adaptive de-interlacing, input noise filtering for encoding operations, polyphase scaling/re-sampling, sub-picture compositing, and processor-amplifier operations such as, color space conversion, adjustments, pixel point operations (e.g., sharpening, histogram adjustment etc.) and various video surface format conversion support operations.
The problem with providing such sophisticated video processor functionality is the fact that a video processor having a sufficiently powerful architecture to implement such functions can be excessively expensive to incorporate into many types of devices. The more sophisticated the video processing functions, the more expensive, in terms of silicon die area, transistor count, memory speed requirements, etc., the integrated circuit device required to implement such functions will be.
Accordingly, prior art system designers were forced to make trade-offs with respect to video processor performance and cost. Prior art video processors that are widely considered as having an acceptable cost/performance ratio have often been barely sufficient in terms of latency constraints (e.g., to avoid stuttering the video or otherwise stalling video processing applications) and compute density (e.g., the number of processor operations per square millimeter of die). Furthermore, prior art video processors are generally not suited to a linear scaling performance requirement, such as in a case where a video device is expected to handle multiple video streams (e.g., the simultaneous handling of multiple incoming streams and outgoing display streams).
Thus what is needed, is a new video processor system that overcomes the limitations on the prior art. The new video processor system should be scalable and have a high compute density to handle the sophisticated video processor functions expected by increasingly sophisticated users.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION


    
    
        Embodiments of the present invention provide a new video processor system that supports sophisticated video processing functions while making efficient use of integrated circuit silicon die area, transistor count, memory speed requirements, and the like. Embodiments of the present invention maintain high compute density and are readily scalable to handle multiple video streams.
    
    


In one embodiment, the present invention is implemented as a method for implementing command acceleration between a first processor and a second processor. The first processor and the second processor are used to implement video processing operations. The method includes receiving a first set of instructions from the first processor, wherein the first set of instructions are formatted in accordance with a microarchitecture of the first processor. The first set of instructions are translated into a second set of instructions, wherein the second set of instructions are formatted in accordance with a microarchitecture of the second processor. The second set instructions are transmitted to the second processor for execution by the second processor.
In one embodiment, the present invention is implemented as a programmable command accelerator for a video processor. The command accelerator is coupled to a scalar execution unit and a vector execution unit and functions by improving instruction transfer speed from the scalar execution unit to the vector execution unit. The command accelerator includes an input for receiving a first set of instructions from the scalar execution unit, a programmable lookup table data structure for implementing translations for the first set of instructions, and a controller for accessing the lookup table data structure and for translating the first set of instructions into a second set of instructions for the vector execution unit. The translated instructions are configured to efficiently utilize the vector hardware (e.g., SIMD engines) of the vector execution unit. The command accelerator further includes an output for transmitting the second set instructions to the vector execution unit for execution.
In this manner, the command acceleration functionality provided by embodiments of the present invention removes bottlenecks in the execution of video processing instructions as implemented between different processing components of the video processing architecture.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The present invention is illustrated by way of example, and not by way of limitation, in the figures of the accompanying drawings and in which like reference numerals refer to similar elements and in which:
FIG. 1 shows an overview diagram showing the basic components of a computer system in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2 shows a diagram depicting the internal components of the video processor unit in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 3 shows a diagram of an exemplary software program for the video processor in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 4 shows an example for sub-picture blending with video using a video processor and accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 5 shows a diagram depicting the internal components of a vector execution in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 6 shows a diagram depicting the layout of a datastore memory having a symmetrical array of tiles in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 7 shows a diagram depicting a command accelerator in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 8 shows a diagram depicting an example of command acceleration as performed by the command accelerator in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 9 shows a diagram of a macro expansion operation as implemented by a command accelerator in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 10 shows a diagram illustrating a plurality of tiles of an image as operated on by a video processor in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 11 shows a diagram depicting the internal components of the command accelerator in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 12 shows a diagram depicting internal components of a command accelerator in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention in greater detail.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Reference will now be made in detail to the preferred embodiments of the present invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. While the invention will be described in conjunction with the preferred embodiments, it will be understood that they are not intended to limit the invention to these embodiments. On the contrary, the invention is intended to cover alternatives, modifications and equivalents, which may be included within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. Furthermore, in the following detailed description of embodiments of the present invention, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. However, it will be recognized by one of ordinary skill in the art that the present invention may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known methods, procedures, components, and circuits have not been described in detail as not to unnecessarily obscure aspects of the embodiments of the present invention.
Notation and Nomenclature:
Some portions of the detailed descriptions, which follow, are presented in terms of procedures, steps, logic blocks, processing, and other symbolic representations of operations on data bits within a computer memory. These descriptions and representations are the means used by those skilled in the data processing arts to most effectively convey the substance of their work to others skilled in the art. A procedure, computer executed step, logic block, process, etc., is here, and generally, conceived to be a self-consistent sequence of steps or instructions leading to a desired result. The steps are those requiring physical manipulations of physical quantities. Usually, though not necessarily, these quantities take the form of electrical or magnetic signals capable of being stored, transferred, combined, compared, and otherwise manipulated in a computer system. It has proven convenient at times, principally for reasons of common usage, to refer to these signals as bits, values, elements, symbols, characters, terms, numbers, or the like.
It should be borne in mind, however, that all of these and similar terms are to be associated with the appropriate physical quantities and are merely convenient labels applied to these quantities. Unless specifically stated otherwise as apparent from the following discussions, it is appreciated that throughout the present invention, discussions utilizing terms such as “processing” or “accessing” or “executing” or “storing” or “rendering” or the like, refer to the action and processes of a computer system (e.g., computer system 100 of FIG. 1), or similar electronic computing device, that manipulates and transforms data represented as physical (electronic) quantities within the computer system's registers and memories into other data similarly represented as physical quantities within the computer system memories or registers or other such information storage, transmission or display devices.
Computer System Platform:
FIG. 1 shows a computer system 100 in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. Computer system 100 depicts the components of a basic computer system in accordance with embodiments of the present invention providing the execution platform for certain hardware-based and software-based functionality. In general, computer system 100 comprises at least one CPU 101, a system memory 115, and at least one graphics processor unit (GPU) 110 and one video processor unit (VPU) 111. The CPU 101 can be coupled to the system memory 115 via the bridge component 105 or can be directly coupled to the system memory 115 via a memory controller (not shown) internal to the CPU 101. The bridge component 105 (e.g., Northbridge) can support expansion buses that connect various I/O devices (e.g., one or more hard disk drives, Ethernet adapter, CD ROM, DVD, etc.). The GPU 110 and the video processor unit 111 are coupled to a display 112. One or more additional GPUs can optionally be coupled to system 100 to further increase its computational power. The GPU(s) 10 and the video processor unit 111 are coupled to the CPU 1001 and the system memory 115 via the bridge component 105. System 100 can be implemented as, for example, a desktop computer system or server computer system, having a powerful general-purpose CPU 101 coupled to a dedicated graphics rendering GPU 110. In such an embodiment, components can be included that add peripheral buses, specialized graphics memory and system memory, IO devices, and the like. Similarly, system 100 can be implemented as a handheld device (e.g., cellphone, etc.) or a set-top video game console device such as, for example, the Xbox®, available from Microsoft Corporation of Redmond, Wash., or the PlayStation3®, available from Sony Computer Entertainment Corporation of Tokyo, Japan.
It should be appreciated that the GPU 110 can be implemented as a discrete component, a discrete graphics card designed to couple to the computer system 100 via a connector (e.g., AGP slot, PCI-Express slot, etc.), a discrete integrated circuit die (e.g., mounted directly on the motherboard), or as an integrated GPU included within the integrated circuit die of a computer system chipset component (e.g., integrated within the bridge chip 105). Additionally, a local graphics memory can be included for the GPU 110 for high bandwidth graphics data storage. Additionally, it should be appreciated that the GPU 110 and the video processor unit 111 can be integrated onto the same integrated circuit die (e.g., as component 120) or can be separate discrete integrated circuit components otherwise connected to, or mounted on, the motherboard of computer system 100.
EMBODIMENTS OF THE PRESENT INVENTION
FIG. 2 shows a diagram depicting the internal components of the video processor unit 111 in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. As illustrated in FIG. 2, the video processor unit 111 includes a scalar execution unit 201, a vector execution unit 202, a memory interface 203, and a host interface 204.
In the FIG. 2 embodiment, the video processor unit (hereafter simply video processor) 111 includes functional components for executing video processing operations. The video processor 111 uses the host interface 204 to establish communication between the video processor 111 and the host CPU 101 via the bridge 105. The video processor 111 uses the memory interface 203 to establish communication between the video processor 111 and a frame buffer memory 205 (e.g., for the coupled display 112, not shown). The scalar execution unit 201 is coupled to the host interface 204 and the memory interface 203 and is configured to execute scalar video processing operations. A vector execution unit is coupled to the host interface 204 and the memory interface 203 and is configured to execute vector video processing operations.
The FIG. 2 embodiment illustrates the manner in which the video processor 111 partitions its execution functionality into scalar operations and vector operations. The scalar operations are implemented by the scalar execution unit 201. The vector operations are implemented by the vector execution unit 202.
In one embodiment, the vector execution unit 202 is configured to function as a slave co-processor to the scalar execution unit 201. In such an embodiment, the scalar execution unit manages the workload of the vector execution unit 202 by feeding control streams to vector execution unit 202 and managing the data input/output for vector execution unit 202. The control streams typically comprise functional parameters, subroutine arguments, and the like. In a typical video processing application, the control flow of the application's processing algorithm will be executed on the scalar execution unit 201, whereas actual pixel/data processing operations will be implemented on the vector execution unit 202.
Referring still to FIG. 2, the scalar execution unit 201 can be implemented as a RISC style scalar execution unit incorporating RISC-based execution technologies. The vector execution unit 202 can be implemented as a SIMD machine having, for example, one or more SIMD pipelines. In a 2 SIMD pipeline embodiment, for example, each SIMD pipeline can be implemented with a 16 pixel wide datapath (or wider) and thus provide the vector execution unit 202 with raw computing power to create up to 32 pixels of resulting data output per clock. In one embodiment, the scalar execution unit 201 includes hardware configured to operate using VLIW (very long instruction word) software code to optimize the parallel execution of scalar operations on a per clock basis.
In the FIG. 2 embodiment, the scalar execution unit 201 includes an instruction cache 211 and a data cache 212 coupled to a scalar processor 210. The caches 211-212 interface with the memory interface 203 for access to external memory, such as, for example, the frame buffer 205. The scalar execution unit 201 further includes a vector interface unit 213 to establish communication with the vector execution unit 202. In one embodiment, the vector interface unit 213 can include one or more synchronous mailboxes 214 configured to enable asynchronous communication between the scalar execution unit 201 and the vector execution unit 202.
In the FIG. 2 embodiment, the vector execution unit 202 includes a vector control unit 220 configured to control the operation of a vector execution datapath, vector datapath 221. The vector control unit 220 includes a command FIFO 225 to receive instructions and data from the scalar execution unit 201. An instruction cache 222 is coupled to provide instructions to the vector control unit 220. A datastore memory 223 is coupled to provide input data to the vector datapath 221 and receive resulting data from the vector datapath 221. The datastore 223 functions as an instruction cache and a data RAM for the vector datapath 221. The instruction cache 222 and the datastore 223 are coupled to the memory interface 203 for accessing external memory, such as the frame buffer 205. The FIG. 2 embodiment also shows a second vector datapath 231 and a respective second datastore 233 (e.g., dotted outlines). It should be understood the second vector datapath 231 and the second datastore 233 are shown to illustrate the case where the vector execution unit 202 has two vector execution pipelines (e.g., a dual SIMD pipeline configuration). Embodiments of the present invention are suited to vector execution units having a larger number of vector execution pipelines (e.g., four, eight, sixteen, etc.).
The scalar execution unit 201 provides the data and command inputs for the vector execution unit 202. In one embodiment, the scalar execution unit 201 sends function calls to the vector execution unit 202 using a memory mapped command FIFO 225. Vector execution unit 202 commands are queued in this command FIFO 225.
The use of the command FIFO 225 effectively decouples the scalar execution unit 201 from the vector execution unit 202. The scalar execution unit 201 can function on its own respective clock, operating at its own respective clock frequency that can be distinct from, and separately controlled from, the clock frequency of the vector execution unit 202.
The command FIFO 225 enables the vector execution unit 202 to operate as a demand driven unit. For example, work can be handed off from the scalar execution unit 201 to command FIFO 225, and then accessed by the vector execution unit 202 for processing in a decoupled asynchronous manner. The vector execution unit 202 would thus process its workload as needed, or as demanded, by the scalar execution unit 201. Such functionality would allow the vector execution unit 202 to conserve power (e.g., by reducing/stopping one or more internal clocks) when maximum performance is not required.
The partitioning of video processing functions into a scalar portion (e.g., for execution by the scalar execution unit 201) and a vector portion (e.g., for execution by the vector execution unit 202) allow video processing programs built for the video processor 111 to be compiled into separate scalar software code and vector software code. The scalar software code and the vector software code can be compiled separately and subsequently linked together to form a coherent application.
The partitioning allows vector software code functions to be written separately and distinct from the scalar software code functions. For example, the vector functions can be written separately (e.g., at a different time, by different team of engineers, etc.) and can be provided as one or more subroutines or library functions for use by/with the scalar functions (e.g., scalar threads, processes, etc.). This allows a separate independent update of the scalar software code and/or the vector software code. For example, a vector subroutine can be independently updated (e.g., through an update of the previously distributed program, a new feature added to increase the functionality of the distributed program, etc.) from a scalar subroutine, or vice versa. The partitioning is facilitated by the separate respective caches of the scalar processor 210 (e.g., caches 211-212) and the vector control unit 220 and vector datapath 221 (e.g., caches 222-223). As described above, the scalar execution unit 201 and the vector execution unit 202 communicate via the command FIFO 225.
FIG. 3 shows a diagram of an exemplary software program 300 for the video processor 111 in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. As depicted in FIG. 3, the software program 300 illustrates attributes of a programming model for the video processor 111, whereby a scalar control thread 301 is executed by the video processor 111 in conjunction with a vector data thread 302.
The software program 300 example of the FIG. 3 embodiment illustrates a programming model for the video processor 111, whereby a scalar control program (e.g., scalar control thread 301) on the scalar execution unit 201 executes subroutine calls (e.g., vector data thread 302) on the vector execution unit 202. The software program 300 example shows a case where a compiler or software programmer has decomposed a video processing application into a scalar portion (e.g., a first thread) and a vector portion (e.g., a second thread).
As shown in FIG. 3, the scalar control thread 301 running on the scalar execution unit 201 is computing work parameters ahead of time and feeding these parameters to the vector execution unit 202, which performs the majority of the processing work. As described above, the software code for the two threads 301 and 302 can be written and compiled separately.
The scalar thread is responsible for following:
1. Interfacing with host unit 204 and implementing a class interface;
2. Initialization, setup and configuration of the vector execution unit 202; and
3. Execution of the algorithm in work-units, chunks or working sets in a loop, such that with each iteration;
a. the parameters for current working set are computed;
b. the transfer of the input data into vector execution unit is initiated; and
c. the transfer of the output data from vector execution unit is initiated.
The typical execution model of the scalar thread is “fire-and-forget”. The term fire-and-forget refers to the attribute whereby, for a typical model for a video baseband processing application, commands and data are sent to the vector execution unit 202 from the scalar execution unit 201 (e.g., via the command FIFO 225) and there is no return data from the vector execution unit 202 until the algorithm completes.
In the program 300 example of FIG. 3, the scalar execution unit 201 will keep scheduling work for vector execution unit 202 until there is no longer any space in command FIFO 225 (e.g., !end_of alg & !cmd_fifo_full). The work scheduled by the scalar execution unit 201 computes parameters and sends these parameters to the vector subroutine, and subsequently calls the vector subroutine to perform the work. The execution of the subroutine (e.g., vector_funcB) by the vector execution unit 202 is delayed in time, mainly to hide the latency from main memory (e.g., system memory 115). Thus, the architecture of the video processor 111 provides a latency compensation mechanism on the vector execution unit 202 side for both instruction and data traffic. These latency compensation mechanisms are described in greater detail below.
It should be noted that the software program 300 example would be more complex in those cases where there are two or more vector execution pipelines (e.g., vector datapath 221 and second vector datapath 231 of FIG. 2). Similarly, the software program 300 example would be more complex for those situations where the program 300 is written for a computer system having two vector execution pipelines, but yet retains the ability to execute on a system having a single vector execution pipeline.
Thus, as described above in the discussion of FIG. 2 and FIG. 3, the scalar execution unit 201 is responsible for initiating computation on the vector execution unit 202. In one embodiment, the commands passed from the scalar execution unit 201 to the vector execution unit 202 are of the following main types:
1. Read commands (e.g., memRd) initiated by the scalar execution unit 201 to transfer current working set data from memory to data RAMs of the vector execution unit 202;
2. Parameter passing from the scalar execution unit 201 to the vector execution unit 202;
3. Execute commands in the form of the PC (e.g., program counter) of the vector subroutine to be executed; and
4. Write commands (e.g., memWr) initiated by scalar execution unit 201 to copy the results of the vector computation into memory.
In one embodiment, upon receiving these commands the vector execution unit 202 immediately schedules the memRd commands to memory interface 203 (e.g., to read the requested data from the frame buffer 205). The vector execution unit 202 also examines the execute commands and prefetches the vector subroutine to be executed (if not present in the cache 222).
The objective of the vector execution unit 202 in this situation is to schedule ahead the instruction and data steams of the next few executes while the vector execution unit 202 is working on current execute. The schedule ahead features effectively hide the latency involved in fetching instructions/data from their memory locations. In order to make these read requests ahead of time, the vector execution unit 202, the datastore (e.g., datastore 223), and the instruction cache (e.g., cache 222) are implemented by using high speed optimized hardware.
As described above, the datastore (e.g., datastore 223) functions as the working RAM of the vector execution unit 202. The scalar execution unit 201 perceives and interacts with the datastore as if it were a collection of FIFOs. The FIFOs comprise the “streams” with which the video processor 111 operates. In one embodiment, streams are generally input/output FIFOs that the scalar execution unit 201 initiates the transfers (e.g., to the vector execution unit 202) into. As described above, the operation of the scalar execution unit 201 and the vector execution unit 202 are decoupled.
Once the input/output streams are full, a DMA engine within the vector control unit 220 stops processing the command FIFO 225. This soon leads to the command FIFO 225 being full. The scalar execution unit 201 stops issuing additional work to the vector execution unit 202 when the command FIFO 225 is full.
In one embodiment, the vector execution unit 202 may need intermediate streams in addition to the input and output streams. Thus the entire datastore 223 can be seen as a collection of streams with respect to the interaction with the scalar execution unit 201.
FIG. 4 shows an example for sub-picture blending with video using a video processor in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 4 shows an exemplary case where a video surface is blended with a sub-picture and then converted to an ARGB surface. The data comprising the surfaces are resident in frame buffer memory 205 as the Luma parameters 412 and Chroma parameters 413. The sub-picture pixel elements 414 are also resident in the frame buffer memory 205 as shown. The vector subroutine instructions and parameters 411 are instantiated in memory 205 as shown.
In one embodiment, each stream comprises a FIFO of working 2D chunks of data called “tiles”. In such an embodiment, the vector execution unit 202 maintains a read tile pointer and a write tile pointer for each stream. For example, for input streams, when a vector subroutine is executed, the vector subroutine can consume, or read, from a current (read) tile. In the background, data is transferred to the current (write) tile by memRd commands. The vector execution unit can also produce output tiles for output streams. These tiles are then moved to memory by memWr( ) commands that follow the execute commands. This effectively pre-fetches tiles and has them ready to be operated on, effectively hiding the latency.
In the FIG. 4 sub-picture blending example, the vector datapath 221 is configured by the instantiated instance of the vector sub routine instructions and parameters 411 (e.g., &v_subp_blend). This is shown by the line 421. The scalar execution unit 201 reads in chunks (e.g., tiles) of the surfaces and loads them into datastore 223 using the DMA engine 401 (e.g., within the memory interface 203). The load operation is shown by line 422, line 423, and line 424.
Referring still to FIG. 4, since there are multiple input surfaces, multiple input streams need to be maintained. Each stream has a corresponding FIFO. Each stream can have different number of tiles. The FIG. 4 example shows a case where the sub-picture surface is in system memory 115 (e.g., sub-picture pixel elements 414) and hence would have additional buffering (e.g., n, n+1, n+2, n+3, etc.), whereas the video stream (e.g., Luma 412, Chroma 413, etc.) can have a smaller number of tiles. The number of buffers/FIFOs used can be adjusted in accordance with the degree of latency experienced by stream.
As described above, the datastore 223 utilizes a look ahead prefetch method to hide latency. Because of this, a stream can have data in two or more tiles as the data is prefetched for the appropriate vector datapath execution hardware (e.g., depicted as FIFO n, n+1, n+2, etc.).
Once the datastore is loaded, the FIFOs are accessed by the vector datapath hardware 221 and operated upon by the vector subroutine (e.g., subroutine 430). The results of the vector datapath operation comprises an output stream 403. This output stream is copied by the scalar execution unit 201 via the DMA engine 401 back into the frame buffer memory 205 (e.g., ARGB_OUT 415). This shown by the line 425.
Thus, embodiments of the present invention utilize an important aspect of stream processing, which is the fact that data storage and memory is abstracted as a plurality of memory titles. Hence, a stream can be viewed as a sequentially accessed collection of tiles. Streams are used to prefetch data. This data is in the form of tiles. The tiles are prefetched to hide latency from the particular memory source the data originates from (e.g., system memory, frame buffer memory, or the like). Similarly, the streams can be destined for different locations (e.g., caches for vector execution unit, caches for scalar execution unit, frame buffer memory, system memory, etc.). Another characteristic of streams is that they generally access tiles in a lookahead prefetching mode. As described above, the higher the latency, the deeper the prefetching and the more buffering that is used per stream (e.g., as depicted in FIG. 4).
FIG. 5 shows a diagram depicting the internal components of a vector execution unit in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. The diagram of FIG. 5 shows an arrangement of the various functional units and register/SRAM resources of the vector execution unit 202 from a programming point of view.
In the FIG. 5 embodiment, the vector execution unit 202 comprises a VLIW digital signal processor optimized for the performance of video baseband processing and the execution of various codecs (compression-decompression algorithms). Accordingly, the vector execution unit 202 has a number of attributes directed towards increasing the efficiency of the video processing/codec execution.
In the FIG. 5 embodiment, the attributes comprise:
1. Scalable performance by providing the option for the incorporation of multiple vector execution pipelines;
2. The allocation of 2 data address generators (DAGs) per pipe;
3. Memory/Register operands;
4. 2D (x,y) pointers/iterators;
5. Deep pipeline (e.g., 11-12) stages;
6. Scalar (integer)/branch units;
7. Variable instruction widths (Long/Short instructions);
8. Data aligners for operand extraction;
9. 2D datapath (4×4) shape of typical operands and result; and
10. Slave vector execution unit to scalar execution unit, executing remote procedure calls.
Generally, a programmer's view of the vector execution unit 202 is as a SIMD datapath with 2 DAGs 503. Instructions are issued in VLIW manner (e.g., instructions are issued for the vector datapath 504 and address generators 503 simultaneously) and are decoded and dispatched to the appropriate execution unit by the instruction decoder 501. The instructions are of variable length, with the most commonly used instructions encoded in short form. The full instruction set is available in the long form, as VLIW type instructions.
The legend 502 shows three clock cycles having three such VLIW instructions. In accordance with the legend 510, the uppermost of the VLIW instructions 502 comprises two address instructions (e.g., for the 2 DSGs 503) and one instruction for the vector datapath 504. The middle VLIW instruction comprises one integer instruction (e.g., for the integer unit 505), one address instruction, and one vector instruction. The lower most VLIW instruction comprises a branch instruction (e.g., for the branch unit 506), one address instruction, and one vector instruction.
The vector execution unit can be configured to have a single data pipe or multiple data pipes. Each data pipe consists of local RAM (e.g., a datastore 511), a crossbar 516, 2 DAGs 503, and a SIMD execution unit (e.g., the vector datapath 504). FIG. 5 shows a basic configuration for explanatory purposes, where only 1 data pipe is instantiated. When 2 data pipes are instantiated, they can run as independent threads or as cooperative threads.
Six different ports (e.g., 4 read and 2 write) can be accessed via an address register file unit 515. These registers receive parameters from the scalar execution unit or from the results of the integer unit 505 or the address unit 503. The DAGs 503 also function as a collection controller and manages the distribution of the registers to address the contents of the datastore 511 (e.g., RA0, RA1, RA2, RA3, WA0, and WA1). A crossbar 516 is coupled to allocate the output data ports R0, R1, R2, R3 in any order/combination into the vector datapath 504 to implement a given instruction. The output of the vector datapath 504 for can be fed back into the datastore 511 as indicated (e.g., W0). A constant RAM 517 is used to provide frequently used operands from the integer unit 505 to the vector datapath 504, and the datastore 511.
FIG. 6 shows a diagram depicting a plurality of banks 601-604 of a memory 600 and a layout of a datastore having a symmetrical array of tiles 610 in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. As depicted in FIG. 6, for explanatory purposes, only a portion of the datastore 610 is shown. The datastore 610 logically comprises an array (or arrays) of tiles. Each tile is an array of sub-tiles of 4×4 shape. Physically, as shown by the memory 600, the data store 610 is stored in an array of “N” physical banks of memory (e.g., banks 601-604).
Additionally, the data store 610 visually depicts a logical tile in a stream. In the FIG. 6 embodiment, this tile is 16 bytes high and 16 bytes wide. This tile is an array of subtiles (in this example 4×4). Each subtile is stored in a physical bank. This is shown in FIG. 6 by the number within each 4×4 subtile, in a case where there are 8 banks of physical memory (e.g., banks 0 through 7). The organization of subtiles in banks is done such that there is no common bank in 2×2 arrangement of subtitles. This makes any unaligned access (e.g., in both x and y direction) possible without any bank collision.
The banks 601-604 are configured to support accesses to different tiles of each bank. For example, in one case, the crossbar 516 can access a 2×4 set of tiles from bank 601 (e.g., the first two rows of bank 601). In another case, the crossbar 516 can access a 1×8 set of tiles from two adjacent banks. Similarly, in another case, the crossbar 516 can access an 8×1 set of tiles from two adjacent banks. In each case, the DAGs/collector 503 can receive the tiles as the banks are accessed by the crossbar 516, and provide those tiles to the front end of the vector datapath 504 on a per clock basis.
In this manner, embodiments of the present invention provide a new video processor architecture that supports sophisticated video processing functions while making efficient use of integrated circuit silicon die area, transistor count, memory speed requirements, and the like. Embodiments of the present invention maintain high compute density and are readily scalable to handle multiple video streams. Embodiments of the present invention can provide a number of sophisticated video processing operations such as, for example, MPEG-2/WMV9/H.264 encode assist (e.g., In-loop decoder), MPEG-2/WMV9/H.264 decode (e.g., post entropy decoding), and In Loop/Out of loop deblocking filters.
Additional video processing operations provided by embodiments of the present invention include, for example, advanced motion adaptive deinterlacing, input noise filtering for encoding, polyphase scaling/resampling, and sub-picture compositing. The video processor architecture of the present invention can also be used for certain video processor-amplifier (procamp) applications such as, for example, color space conversion, color space adjustments, pixel point operations such as sharpening, histogram adjustment, and various video surface format conversions.
FIG. 7 shows a diagram depicting a command accelerator 701 in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. As shown in FIG. 7, the command accelerator 701 is coupled to the scalar execution unit 201 and the vector execution unit 202.
In the FIG. 7 embodiment, the command accelerator 701 implements command acceleration between a first processor (e.g., the scalar execution unit 201), and a second processor (e.g., the vector execution unit 202). The scalar execution unit 201 and the vector execution unit 202 are used to implement video processing operations, in the manner described above. The command accelerator 701 accelerates, and otherwise improves the efficiency of, the video processing commands, instructions, and work packages, transferred from the scalar execution unit 201 to the vector execution unit 202.
In the present embodiment, the command accelerator 701 receives instructions from scalar execution unit 201, wherein these instructions are formatted in accordance with the scalar microarchitecture of the scalar execution unit 201. This first set of instructions are translated into a second set of instructions that are formatted in accordance with a vector microarchitecture of the vector execution unit 202. This second set instructions are subsequently transmitted to the vector execution unit 202 for execution by its constituent vector hardware (e.g., SIMD engines, etc.).
FIG. 8 shows a diagram 800 depicting an example of command acceleration as performed by the command accelerator 701 in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. As depicted in FIG. 8, the first set of instructions 801 are received by the command accelerator 701. In this example, the first set of instructions are arranged in a compact format. The compact format is a more dense representation of instructions that occupies less space and consumes less bandwidth during transfer. The translation process implemented by the command accelerator 701 translates the first set of instructions 801 into the second set of instructions 802, which are instructions in an expanded format as shown.
The compact format instructions can typically be instructions and work packages that are transferred from the scalar execution unit 201 in a “packed” form. Packed instructions and data referrer to the format whereby redundant information is removed and the remaining relevant information is arranged in a more space-saving and compact format. For example, in an array of 128 byte words where only the least significant bytes are relevant, the array can be packed by removing the redundant unnecessary bytes. When the array is needed, it can be unpacked by reinserting the removed redundant data, thereby re-creating the original array (e.g., the expanded format 802). By transferring data from the first processor in packed form, data transfer bandwidth along the link from the first processor to the command accelerator 701 is conserved. In addition, processor cycles of the first processor (e.g., the scalar execution unit 201) need not be consumed sending lengthy (e.g., unpacked) work packages to the second processor (e.g., the vector execution unit 202).
Another example of the compact format instructions can be those cases whereby nonvariable constants are removed from the instruction stream sent by the scalar execution unit 201. For example, the instructions sent by the scalar execution unit 201 to the vector execution unit 202 can include a large number of constants, or nonvarying instructions. The command accelerator can recognize such instructions and essentially remove them from the command stream. The constant and nonvarying instructions can be cached within a memory of the command accelerator 701 such that the constant and nonvarying instructions need not be sent by the scalar execution unit 201. The command accelerator 701 can recognize the appropriate instruction streams from the scalar execution unit 201 and reinsert the constant and nonvarying instructions as necessary to expand the instruction stream into its original expanded format (e.g., the expanded format 802). As described above, by transferring data from the first processor in compact form, data transfer bandwidth along the link from the first processor to the command accelerator is conserved.
FIG. 9 shows a diagram of a macro expansion operation as implemented by a command accelerator (e.g., command accelerator 701) in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. As illustrated in FIG. 9, the macro expansion operation operates on macro instructions 901 received from the first processor. The macro instructions comprise “meta-instructions” or “placeholder instructions” which function as more efficient representations of larger sets of instructions for the second processor.
For example, in one embodiment, the scalar execution unit 201 transfers the macros 901 to the command accelerator 701. The command accelerator performs a macro execute process 902 on the macros 901. This macro execute process results in an expansion of the macros into their constituent vector execution unit instructions 903. Thus for example, Macro 1 shown in FIG. 9 can expand into 40 or more separate instructions for execution by the vector execution unit 202.
FIG. 10 shows a exemplary diagram 1000 illustrating a plurality of tiles of an image as operated on by a video processor in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. The use of macros provides an efficient mechanism for transferring work packages from the scalar execution unit 201 to the vector execution unit 202. For example, in the diagram 1000 illustration, the tiles along the boundary of the image (e.g., each marked with an “X”) can be processed using a certain set of instructions that implement a certain video processing operation. This video processing operation is specifically configured to handle the boundary conditions of boundary tiles along the edges of the image. The tiles along the interior of the image (e.g., the tiles that do not have an “X”) need to be processed with a different set of instructions that implement a different video processing operation.
In both cases, the respective operations can comprise 40 or more separate individual video processing instructions. And in both cases, the 40 or more separate individual video processing instructions are preferably compiled and arranged to efficiently execute on the SIMD hardware of the vector execution unit 202. The operations for each of the tiles of diagram 1000 can be sent from the scalar execution unit 201 to the vector execution unit 202 by using the efficient space-saving macro transmission from the scalar execution unit 201 to the command accelerator 701. In the manner described above, the command accelerator 701 executes the macros and thereby expands the macro representations into their full-blown vector execution unit representation (e.g., subroutines including 40 or more individual instructions).
FIG. 11 shows a diagram depicting the internal components of the command accelerator 701 in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. As depicted in FIG. 11, the command accelerator includes an input 1101 for receiving a first set of instructions from the first processor (e.g., scalar execution unit 201). In the FIG. 11 embodiment, the first set of instructions are used to index an instruction store 1130 and select the one or more of the macros stored therein. The lookup table 1120 contains various parameters that are used to parameterize and/or otherwise configure the selected one or more macros. The instruction store 1130 references the lookup table 1120 (e.g., by using pointers, etc.) that stores the appropriate parameters for the various macros stored in the instruction store 1130. It should be noted that both the lookup table 1120 and the instruction store 1130 are programmable and can be reloaded as needed depending upon the particular type of video processing operation desired.
The controller accesses the lookup table 1120 and the instruction store 1130 to implement translations between the compact format of instructions received via the input 1101 into the expanded format of instructions for the second processor (e.g., the vector execution unit 202). This second set of instructions in the expanded format are then transmitted to the second processor via the output 1102. As described above, the first set of instructions come from the first processor in a format compatible with the microarchitecture of the first processor (e.g., a scalar microarchitecture). The second set of instructions are transmitted to the second processor in a format compatible with the microarchitecture of the second processor (e.g., a vector microarchitecture).
FIG. 12 shows a diagram depicting internal components of a command accelerator 1200 in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention in greater detail. As depicted in FIG. 12, the command accelerator 1200 has an input 1201 connected to a scalar execution unit (e.g., scalar execution unit 201) and an output 1202 connected to a vector execution unit (e.g., vector execution unit 202). The input 1201 is coupled to a command queue 1205 (cmdq) and functions by queuing input commands on a FIFO basis. The output stage 1206 (os) functions by queuing outgoing commands on a FIFO basis.
The command decoder 1207 functions by receiving incoming commands from the command queue 1205 and determining whether these commands are intended for the command accelerator 1200 or are bypass commands. Under certain circumstances, a direct line of communication can be established between the command queue 1205 and the output stage 1206 via a command decoder 1207 (e.g., bypass command interface) in to send data from the command queue 1205 to the output stage 1206 without using the other functional blocks of the command accelerator 1200.
The command decoder 1207 determines whether a given command is a macro command or an initialization/configuration command. For example, an initialization/configuration command could be a macro instruction load command from the command decoder 1207 to the macro reader/writer 1208 (mrw), or a register write command from the command decoder 1207 to a register file 1209 (rf). In the command accelerator 1200 embodiment, the macro reader/writer block 1208 generally corresponds to the instruction store 1130 depicted in FIG. 11 and the register file 1209 generally corresponds to the lookup table 1120.
Once configuration is complete, the command decoder 1207 receives incoming commands from the command queue 1205 and issues macro execute commands to the macro reader/writer 1208 which translates the macros into their constituent instructions and sends these instructions to an instruction decoder 1210 (id). The resulting decoded instructions are subsequently sent to a datapath controller 1211 (dc). The instruction decoder 1210 also sends register read instructions to the register file 1209 to access one or more entries stored therein (e.g., to parameterize the decoded instructions, etc.).
The datapath controller 1211 communicates with an address datapath 1212 (adp) and a data datapath 1213 (ddp) to assert address datapath control for instructions and to assert data datapath control instructions respectively. The address datapath 1212 sends the address/data to the output stage 1206 and the data datapath 1213 sends data to the output stage 1206. The address datapath 1212 and data datapath 1213 receive register/conditional flag update information and register/lookup table value information respectively from the register file 1209. Intermediate data can be passed between the blocks 1212 and 1213 via the intermediate data interfaces as shown.
The address datapath 1212 can send lookup table read pointer information to the register file 1209 and the data datapath 1213 can send register conditional flag update information to the register file 1209 as shown. The register file 1209 is also coupled to provide conditional flags to the datapath controller 1211 to enable the conditional execution of certain instructions based on the flags. The datapath controller 1211 can also provide register file control information to the register file block 1209 (e.g., indicating storage locations for storing register/conditional flag update information). Interlock information can be passed from the datapath controller 1211 and from the macro reader/writer 1208 to prevent contention for internal resources of the command accelerator 1200 as macros are successively decoded/translated and output.
In this manner, macros are received and ultimately translated by the address datapath 1212 and the data datapath 1213 into low level address and data instructions (e.g., Addr/Data2 and Data1) which are sent to the output stage 1206, and on to the vector execution unit (e.g., vector execution unit 202).
The foregoing descriptions of specific embodiments of the present invention have been presented for purposes of illustration and description. They are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed, and many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching. The embodiments were chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention and its practical application, to thereby enable others skilled in the art to best utilize the invention and various embodiments with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the claims appended hereto and their equivalents.

## Claims

1. A method for implementing command acceleration, said method comprising:
receiving a first set of video processing instructions from a first processor, the first set of video processing instructions formatted in accordance with a microarchitecture of the first processor, and wherein said first set of video processing instructions comprise scalar instructions;
translating the first set of video processing instructions into a second set of instructions, the second set of video processing instructions formatted in accordance with a microarchitecture of a second processor; and
transmitting the second set of video processing instructions to the second processor for execution by the second processor, wherein the first set of instructions for the first processor comprise packed instructions and the second set of instructions for the second processor comprise unpacked instructions.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first processor is a scalar processor, and wherein the first set of instructions are in accordance with a scalar microarchitecture of the scalar processor.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the second processor is a vector processor, and wherein the second set of instructions are in accordance with a vector microarchitecture of the vector processor.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the first set of instructions comprise at least one macro instruction.

5. The method of claim 4, wherein the at least one macro instruction is expanded into a plurality of instructions during the translating to produce the second set of instructions.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein the first set of instructions are in accordance with a scalar processor, and wherein the second set of instructions are configured to feed a plurality of inputs of a SIMD engine of the second processor.

7. A programmable command accelerator for improving instruction transfer from a scalar processor to a vector processor, comprising:
an input for receiving a first set of video processing instructions from a first processor, the first set of video processing instructions formatted in accordance with a microarchitecture of the first processor, and wherein said first set of video processing instructions comprise scalar instructions;
a programmable lookup table data structure for implementing translations for the first set of video processing instructions;
a controller for accessing the lookup table data structure and for translating the first set of video processing instructions into a second set of video processing instructions, the second set of video processing instructions formatted in accordance with a microarchitecture of a second processor; and
an output for transmitting the second set video processing instructions to the second processor for execution by the second processor, wherein the first set of instructions for the first processor comprise packed instructions and the second set of instructions for the second processor comprise unpacked instructions.

8. The command accelerator of claim 7, wherein the first processor is a scalar processor, and wherein the first set of instructions are in accordance with a scalar microarchitecture of the scalar processor.

9. The command accelerator of claim 7, wherein the second processor is a vector processor, and wherein in-the second set of instructions are in accordance with a vector microarchitecture of the vector processor.

10. The command accelerator of claim 7, wherein the first set of instructions comprise at least one macro instruction.

11. The command accelerator of claim 10, wherein the at least one macro instruction is expanded into a plurality of instructions during the translating to produce the second set of instructions.

12. The command accelerator of claim 7, wherein the first set of instructions are in accordance with a scalar processor, and wherein the second set of instructions are configured to feed a plurality of inputs of a SIMD engine of the second processor.

13. A system for executing video processing operations, comprising:
a CPU; and
a video processor coupled to the CPU, comprising:
a scalar execution unit configured to execute scalar video processing operations;
a vector execution unit configured to execute vector video processing operations; and
a programmable command accelerator for transferring instructions from the scalar execution unit to the vector execution unit, comprising:
an input for receiving a first set of video processing instructions from the scalar execution unit, the first set of video processing instructions formatted in accordance with a scalar microarchitecture of the scalar execution unit, and wherein said first set of video processing instructions comprise scalar instructions;
a programmable lookup table data structure for implementing translations for the first set of video processing instructions;
a controller for accessing the lookup table data structure and for translating the first set of video processing instructions into a second set of video processing instructions formatted in accordance with a vector microarchitecture; and
an output for transmitting the second set of video processing instructions to the vector execution unit;


wherein the first set of instructions for the first processor comprise packed instructions and the second set of instructions for the second processor comprise unpacked instructions.

14. The system of claim 13, wherein the first set of instructions comprise at least one macro instruction.

15. The system of claim 14, wherein the at least one macro instruction is expanded into a plurality of instructions during the translating to produce the second set of instructions.

16. The system of claim 13, wherein the first set of instructions are in accordance with the scalar execution unit, and wherein the second set of instructions are configured to feed a plurality of inputs of a SIMD engine of the vector execution unit.

17. The system of claim 13, wherein the scalar execution unit is configured to execute flow control algorithms and allocate a plurality of work packages to the vector execution unit via the programmable command accelerator.

18. The system of claim 13, wherein the vector execution unit is configured to function as a slave co-processor to the scalar execution unit.

19. The system of claim 13, wherein said packed instructions comprise instructions with redundant and nonvariable constants removed.