1 (Slip Opinion) OCTOBER TERM, 2023

Syllabus

NOTE: Where it is feasible, a syllabus (headnote) will be released, as is being done in connection with this case, at the time the opinion is issued. The syllabus constitutes no part of the opinion of the Court but has been prepared by the Reporter of Decisions for the convenience of the reader. See United States v. Detroit Timber & Lumber Co., 200 U. S. 321, 337. 

## SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES

Syllabus

BISSONNETTE ET AL

. v . L E PAGE BAKERIES PARK ST., LLC, ET AL

.

CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

No. 23–51. Argued February 20, 2024—Decided April 12, 2024
Respondent Flowers Foods, Inc. produces and ma rkets baked goods that

are distributed nationwide. Petitioners Neal Bissonnette and Tyler Wojnarowski owned the ri ghts to distribute Flowers products in cer

tain parts of Connecticut. To purcha se those rights, they entered into contracts with Flowers that require any disputes to be arbitrated un

der the Federal Arbitration Act, 9 U. S. C. §1 et seq . After petitioners sued Flowers and two of its subsidiaries for violating state and federal wage laws, Flowers moved to compel arbitration. Petitioners re

sponded that they are exempt from coverage under the FAA because they fall within an exception in §1 of the Act for “contracts of employ

ment of seamen, railroad employees, or any other class of workers en

gaged in foreign or interstate commerce.” The District Court dismissed the case in favor of arbitration, co ncluding that petitioners were not “transportation workers” exempt fr om the Act under §1. The Second Circuit ultimately affirmed on the ground that the §1 exemption was available only to worker s in the transportation industry, but that pe

titioners were in the bakery industry. 49 F. 4th 655, 661–662. Held : A transportation worker need no t work in the transportation in

dustry to be exempt from coverage under §1 of the FAA. Pp. 4–9.

(a) The Court has long recognized that the exemption in §1 is limited to transportation workers. See Circuit City Stores

, Inc . v. Adams , 532 U. S. 105. Applying the ejusdem generis canon of statutory interpreta

tion to §1, the Court in Circuit City read the general phrase “class of workers engaged in . . . commerce” to be “controlled and defined by reference to” the specific categories “seamen” and “railroad employees” that precede it. Id. , at 115. The Court concluded that the “linkage” between “seamen” and “r ailroad employees” is that they are both2 BISSONNETTE v. L E PAGE BAKERIES PARK ST., LLC

Syllabus

transportation workers, id ., at 118–119, 121, and the Court thus inter

preted the class of workers in the resi dual clause of §1 to be limited in the same way.

The Court again considered the scope of the residual clause in Southwest Airlines Co . v. Saxon and declined to ad opt an industrywide approach to §1, rejecting the empl oyee’s claim that she was a member of a “class of workers engaged in foreign or interstate commerce” simply because she worked for an airline and carried out its customary work. See 596 U. S. 450, 460. Instead, the language of §1—referring to “ ‘workers’ ” who are “engaged” in comme rce—focuses on the perfor

mance of work rather than th e industry of the employer. Id. , at 456 (quoting New Prime Inc. v. Oliveira , 586 U. S. 105, 116). The relevant question was what the employee does at the airline, not what the air

line does generally. Saxon , 596 U. S., at 456.

Here the Second Circuit fashioned its transportation-industry re

quirement without any guid e in the text of §1 or this Court’s prece

dents. The Second Circuit decided that an entity would be considered within the transportation industry if it “pegs it s charges chiefly to the movement of goods or passengers” and its “predominant source of com

mercial revenue is generated by that movement.” 49 F.4th, at 661. But that test would often turn on ar cane riddles about the nature of a company’s services. For example, does a pizza delivery company de

rive its revenue mainly from pizza or delivery? Extensive discovery might be necessary before deciding a motion to compel arbitration, adding expense and delay to every FAA case. That “complexity and uncertainty” would “ ‘breed[ ] litigation from a statute that seeks to avoid it.’ ” Circuit City , 532 U. S., at 123 (quoting Allied-Bruce Ter

minix Cos. v. Dobson , 513 U. S. 265, 275). Pp. 4–7.

(b) Flowers argues that the §1 exemption would sweep too broadly without an implied transportation -industry requirement. Because “virtually all products move in interstate commerce,” Flowers warns that nearly all workers who load or unload goods would be exempt from arbitration. But §1 does not define the class of exempt workers in such limitless terms. Instead, as the Court held in Saxon , a transportation worker is one who is “actively” “ ‘engaged in transporta tion’ of . . . goods across borders via the channels of foreign or interstate commerce.” 596 U. S., at 458 (quoting Circuit City , 532 U. S., at 121). In other words, a transportation worker “must at least play a direct and ‘necessary role in the free flow of goods’ across borders.” 596 U. S., at 458 (quoting Circuit City , 532 U. S., at 121). These requirements “undermine[ ] any attempt to give the provision a sw eeping, open-ended construction,” instead limiting §1 to its a ppropriately “narrow” scope. Id. , at 118. Pp. 7–9. 49 F. 4th 655, vacated and remanded.3 Cite as: 601 U. S. ____ (2024)

Syllabus

R OBERTS , C. J., delivered the opinion for a unanimous Court._________________

_________________ 1 Cite as: 601 U. S. ____ (2024)

Opinion of the Court

NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in the United States Reports. Readers are requested to notify the Reporter of Decisions, Supreme Court of the Unit ed States, Washingt on, D. C. 20543, pio@supremecourt.gov , of any typographical or other formal errors. 

## SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES

No. 23–51

NEAL BISSONNETTE, ET AL ., PETITIONERS v. L E PAGE BAKERIES PARK ST., LLC, ET AL

.
ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
[April 12, 2024]

C HIEF J USTICE R OBERTS delivered the opinion of the Court. Neal Bissonnette and Tyler Wojnarowski worked as dis

tributors for Flowers Foods, Inc., a multibillion-dollar pro

ducer and marketer of baked goods. After they sued Flow

ers for violating state and federal wage laws, Flowers moved to compel arbitration under the Federal Arbitration Act. The question presented is whether the exemption from coverage under that Act for any “class of workers engaged in foreign or interstate co mmerce” is limited to workers whose employers are in the transportation industry. 9 U. S. C. §1.

I Flowers Foods, Inc. is “the second-largest producer and marketer of packaged bakery foods” in the United States. 1 Flowers Foods, www.flowersfoods.com (Mar. 14, 2024). One of its flagship products is Wo nder Bread, which it promotes with a 95-foot-tall hot air balloon and a parade float called

——————

1 In addition to Flowers, two of it s subsidiaries, C. K. Sales Co., LLC, and LePage Bakeries Park St., LLC, are defendants below and respond

ents here. We refer to respondents collectively as “Flowers.”2 BISSONNETTE v. L E PAGE BAKERIES PARK ST., LLC

Opinion of the Court
The Wondership. Flowers also makes and markets other baked goods such as tortillas, bagels, Butterscotch Krimpets, and Jumbo Honey Buns in more than 40 bakeries located in 19 States. Ibid . From there, these products are distributed across the country. But Flowers is not solely re sponsible for getting its baked goods to customers. Some of its subsidiaries use a “direct

store-delivery” system in which franchisees buy the rights to distribute Flowers products in particular geographic ter

ritories. Those distributors purchase the baked goods from Flowers and then market, sell, and deliver them to retail

ers. App. 2; 49 F. 4th 655, 658 (CA2 2022). Bissonnette and Wojnarowski were franchisees who owned the rights to distribute Flowers products in certain parts of Connecticut. Flowers baked the bread and buns and sent them to a warehouse in Waterbury. Bissonnette and Wojnarowski picked them up and distributed them to local shops. They allegedly spent at least forty hours a week delivering Flowers products in their territories. But their jobs extended beyond carrying the products from Point A to Point B. They also found new retail outlets, ad

vertised, set up promotional displays, and maintained their customers’ inventories by orde ring baked goods from Flow

ers, stocking shelves, and replacing expired products. App. 1–3, 5; 49 F. 4th, at 658; 460 F. Supp. 3d 191, 194, 200 (Conn. 2020). To purchase the rights to their territories, Bissonnette and Wojnarowski signed Distributor Agreements with Flowers. Those contracts incorporate separate Arbitration Agreements that require “any claim, dispute, and/or contro

versy” to be arbitrated under the Federal Arbitration Act (FAA), 9 U. S. C. §1 et seq .; App. 64, 133; see also id., at 37, 104–105. In 2019, Bissonnette and Wojnarowski brought a puta

tive class action claiming that Flowers had underpaid them in violation of state and federal law. They alleged that3 Cite as: 601 U. S. ____ (2024)

Opinion of the Court Flowers had taken unlawful deductions from their wages, failed to pay them overtime, and unjustly enriched itself by requiring them to pay for dis tribution rights and operating expenses. Flowers moved to dismiss or to compel arbitra

tion under the FAA, arguing that the contracts required the distributors to arbitrate their claims individually. The FAA provides generally that arbitration agreements are “valid, irrevocable, and enforceable, save upon such grounds as exist at law or in equity for the revocation of any contract.” 9 U. S. C. §2. It contains, however, an exception specifying that “nothing herein contained shall apply to contracts of employment of seamen, railroad employees, or any other class of workers engaged in foreign or interstate commerce.” §1. Bissonnette and Wojnarowski contend that they fall within this exception, and therefore cannot be com

pelled to arbitrate under the FAA. The District Court dismissed the case in favor of arbitra

tion. It explained that for Bissonnette and Wojnarowski to be exempt from the FAA, they must be “transportation workers.” 460 F. Supp. 3d, at 197. And it concluded that their “much broader scope of responsibility” under the Dis

tributor Agreements “belie[d] the claim that they are only or even principally truck drivers.” Id ., at 199. Without addressing the District Court’s analysis, the Sec

ond Circuit affirmed on the alternative ground that Bis

sonnette and Wojnarowski “are in the bakery industry.” 33 F. 4th 650, 652 (2021). And under Circuit law, the panel explained, §1 of the FAA exempts only “ ‘workers involved in the transportation industries.’ ” Id ., at 655 (quoting Ad

ams v. Suozzi , 433 F. 3d 220, 226, n. 5 (CA2 2005)). Judge Pooler dissented because, in her view, §1 asks whether a person is a “transportation worker[ ],” not “ for whom the worker undertakes her transportati on work.” 33 F. 4th, at 662, 666 (emphasis added). A month after the Second Circuit decided the appeal, we decided Southwest Airlines Co. v. Saxon , 596 U. S. 4504 BISSONNETTE v. L E PAGE BAKERIES PARK ST., LLC

Opinion of the Court
(2022). In that case, we determined that a ramp supervisor who “frequently load[ed] and unload[ed] cargo” from air

planes belonged to a “class of workers engaged in foreign or interstate commerce.” Id ., at 463. We held that a “class of workers” is properly defined based on what a worker does for an employer, “not what [the employer] does generally.” Id ., at 456. The Second Circuit granted panel rehearing in light of Saxon but adhered to its prior decision. The court held that an individual works in a transportation industry and may therefore be exempt under §1 on ly “if the industry . . . pegs its charges chiefly to the movement of goods or passengers, and the industry’s predominant source of commercial reve

nue is generated by that movement.” 49 F. 4th, at 661. Ap

plying that test, the court concluded that the distributors’ “commerce is in breads, buns, rolls, and snack cakes—not transportation services.” Id ., at 662. Judge Pooler again dissented, reiterating her position that the majority erred in “focusing on the nature of [Flowers’s] business, and not on the nature of [the distri butors’] work”—“the sort of in

dustrywide approach Saxon proscribes.” Id ., at 671. The Second Circuit denied rehearing en banc. 59 F. 4th 594 (2023). Judge Pooler, having assumed senior status, filed a statement opposing the denial. Judge Nathan dis

sented, joined by two other judges. The Second Circuit’s decisi on conflicted with decisions from the First Circuit. Canales v. CK Sales Co. , 67 F. 4th 38 (2023) (also involving Flowers Foods distributors); Fraga

v. Premium Retail Servs., Inc. , 61 F. 4th 228 (2023). We granted certiorari to resolve that conflict. 600 U. S. ___ (2023)

II The only question before us is whether a transportation5 Cite as: 601 U. S. ____ (2024)

Opinion of the Court worker must work for a company in the transportation in

dustry to be exempt under §1 of the FAA. 2 We conclude that there is no such requirement. More than twenty years ago, in Circuit City Stores, Inc.

v. Adams , 532 U. S. 105 (2001), we recognized that §1 is limited to transportation workers. Adams, a sales counse

lor at an electronics store, claimed that §1 exempts all con

tracts of employment, regardless of what a worker does. Id ., at 109–111, 114. But he failed to account for ejusdem generis , the familiar canon of statutory interpretation that courts “interpret a ‘general or collective term’ at the end of a list of specific items in light of any ‘common attribute[s]’ shared by the specific items.” Saxon , 596 U. S., at 458 (quoting Ali v. Federal Bureau of Prisons , 552 U. S. 214, 225 (2008); alteration in original). Applying that canon to §1, we explained that the general phrase “class of workers en

gaged in . . . commerce” is “co ntrolled and defined by refer

ence to” the specific categories “seamen” and “railroad em

ployees” that precede it. Circuit City , 532 U. S., at 115. And we concluded that the “linkage” between “seamen” and “railroad employees” is that they are both transportation workers. Id ., at 118–119, 121. The class of workers in the residual clause was therefore limited in the same way. That reading of §1 harmonized the FAA with other stat

utes designed to protect the movement of goods in com

merce. Id ., at 121. Congress enacted the FAA in 1925 to override the longstanding refusa l of courts to enforce arbi

tration agreements. See Allied-Bruce Terminix Cos. v. Dobson , 513 U. S. 265, 270–271 (1995). At that time, though, specific statutory dispute re solution regimes already cov

ered seamen and railroad employees—“transportation

——————

2 The Second Circuit did not address whether Bissonnette and Wojnarowski qualify as transportation workers based on the work that they perform, or whethe r they are “engaged in . . . interstate commerce” even though they do not drive across state lines. We do not decide those issues.6 BISSONNETTE v. L E PAGE BAKERIES PARK ST., LLC

Opinion of the Court workers” who played a “necessary role in the free flow of goods.” Circuit City , 532 U. S., at 121 (citing Shipping Com

missioners Act of 1872, ch. 322, 17 Stat. 262; Transporta

tion Act of 1920, §300 et seq ., 41 Stat. 469). An exemption from the FAA for those workers was thus required to avoid “unsettl[ing]” those schemes. Circuit City , 532 U. S., at 121. The residual clause similarly reserves for Congress the de

cision whether to enact additi onal “specific legislation for those engaged in transportation,” while “ensur[ing] that workers in general would be covered by” the FAA. Ibid .; see also New Prime Inc. v. Oliveira , 586 U. S. 105, 110–111 (2019). We again considered the scope of the residual clause in Saxon , where we expressly declined to adopt an “industry

wide” approach of the sort Flowers advances here. The re

spondent in Saxon argued that she was a member of a “class of workers engaged in foreig n or interstate commerce” simply because she worked for an airline and carried out its customary work. See 596 U. S., at 460. But §1 refers to

“ ‘workers’ ” who are “engaged” in commerce. Id. , at 456 (quoting New Prime , 586 U. S., at 116). That language fo

cuses on “ ‘the performance of work’ ” rather than the indus

try of the employer. Saxon , 596 U. S., at 456 (quoting New Prime , 586 U. S., at 116; emphasis as altered by Saxon ). And §1 says nothing to direct courts to consider the indus

try of a worker’s employer. The relevant question was “what [Saxon] does at Southwes t, not what Southwest does generally.” Saxon , 596 U. S., at 456. Because the Second Circuit in this case fashioned its transportation-industry requirement without any guide in the text of §1 or our precedents, it had to figure out for itself what constituted a “transportati on industry.” The court de

cided that an entity would be considered within that indus

try if it “pegs its charges chiefly to the movement of goods or passengers” and its “predominant source of commercial revenue is generated by that movement.” 49 F. 4th, at 661.7 Cite as: 601 U. S. ____ (2024)

Opinion of the Court
The application of such a test, however, would often turn on arcane riddles about the nature of a company’s services. Does a pizza delivery company derive its revenue mainly from pizza or delivery? Do companies like Amazon and Walmart—which both sell products of their own and transport products sold by third parties—derive their reve

nue mainly from retail or shipping? 3 Extensive discovery might be necessary to explore the internal structure and revenue models of a company be fore deciding a simple mo

tion to compel arbitration. Mini-trials on the transporta

tion-industry issue could become a regular, slow, and ex

pensive practice in FAA cases. All this “complexity and uncertainty” would “ ‘breed[ ] litigation from a statute that seeks to avoid it.’ ” Circuit City

, 532 U. S., at 123 (quoting Allied-Bruce , 513 U. S., at 275).

III At the end of its brief, Flowers argues that our analysis in Saxon actually “suggests” that working in the transpor

tation industry is a necessary but not sufficient condition for §1 to apply. Brief for Respondents 43–44. Flowers also emphasizes a single passing description in our opinion of “seamen” as “a subset of workers engaged in the maritime shipping industry.” Saxon , 596 U. S., at 460. But this read

ing of Saxon misses the basis for our holding in that case. Saxon rejected the proposition that there is an industrywide link between “seamen” and “railroad employees”—a “flawed premise” that is essential to Flowers’s position here. Ibid . Those classes of workers, as we read the statute then and now, are connected by what they do, not for whom they do it. Flowers also points to historical statutes regulating cer

tain seamen and railroad employees to show that those

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3 See Fulfillment by Amazon, https ://sell.amazon.com/fulfillment-by

amazon; Walmart Fulfillm ent Services, https ://marketplace.walmart .com/walmart-fulfillment-services/.8 BISSONNETTE v. L E PAGE BAKERIES PARK ST., LLC

Opinion of the Court
terms were limited to transportation-industry workers in 1925. Brief for Respondents 15–27. But those statutes only prove that where Congress want ed to regulate seamen or railroad employees in a particular industry, it said so ex

plicitly—for example, by spec ifying that a law covered sea

men aboard merchant vessels , or that a law covered employ

ees of railroad carriers subject to the Interstate Commerce Act . See, e

. g ., The Seamen’s Act of 1915, §2, 38 Stat. 1164; Transportation Act of 1920, §§300(1), 301–302, 41 Stat. 469. Unlike those industry-specific statutes, §1 refers to “sea

men” and “railroad employees” without specifying any in

dustry to which they must belong. It would be strange to read the conspicuous absence of similar industry-specific language in §1 as a sign that Congress defined the exemp

tion on an industrywide basis. The far more natural infer

ence, which we embraced in Circuit City and Saxon , is that “seamen” and “railroad employees” share the employment characteristic of being transportation workers. Nor does construing §1 to cover transportation workers render “seamen” and “railroad employees” superfluous, as Flowers contends. See Brief for Respondents 35. That ar

gument gets ejusdem generis exactly backwards. It is the specific terms “seamen” and “r ailroad employees” that limit the residual clause, not the residual clause that swallows up these narrower terms. Only by deleting “seamen” and “railroad employees” from the statute could §1 reach as far as Flowers imagines. Having lost on text and precedent, Flowers turns to pol

icy, arguing that the §1 exemption would sweep too broadly without an implied transportati on-industry requirement. Because “virtually all products move in interstate com

merce,” Flowers warns that virtually all workers who load or unload goods—from pet shop employees to grocery store clerks—will be exempt from arbitration. Id., at 46–47. We have never understood §1 to define the class of ex

empt workers in such limitless terms. To the contrary, as9 Cite as: 601 U. S. ____ (2024)

Opinion of the Court

we held in Saxon

, a transportation worker is one who is “ac

tively” “ ‘engaged in transportation’ of . . . goods across bor

ders via the channels of foreig n or interstate commerce.” 596 U. S., at 458 (quoting Circuit City , 532 U. S., at 121). In other words, any exempt worker “must at least play a direct and ‘necessary role in the free flow of goods’ across borders.” 596 U. S., at 458 (quoting Circuit City , 532 U. S., at 121). These requirements “undermine[ ] any attempt to give the provision a sweeping, open-ended construction,” in

stead limiting §1 to its appropriately “narrow” scope. Id., at 118.

* * * A transportation worker need not work in the transpor

tation industry to fall within the exemption from the FAA provided by §1 of the Act. The Second Circuit accordingly erred in compelling arbitration on the basis that petitioners work in the bakery industry. We express no opinion on any alternative grounds in favor of arbitration raised below, in

cluding that petitioners are not transportation workers and that petitioners are not “engaged in foreign or interstate commerce” within the meaning of §1 because they deliver baked goods only in Connecticut. The judgment of the Second Circuit is vacated, and the case is remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. It is so ordered.