Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-JT-1058 | October 31, 2018 Page 1 of 24

MEMORANDUM DECISION

Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), 

this Memorandum Decision shall not be 

regarded as precedent or cited before any 

court except for the purpose of establishing 

the defense of res judicata, collateral 

estoppel, or the law of the case.

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT

Daniel G. Foote

Indianapolis, Indiana

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE

Curtis T. Hill, Jr.

Attorney General of Indiana

Robert J. Henke

Deputy Attorney General

Indianapolis, Indiana

I N T H E

COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

In the Matter of The 

Termination of Parent-Child 

Relationship of:

D.G. (Minor Child)

and

K.A. (Mother),

Appellant-Respondent,

v.

The Indiana Department of 

Child Services,

Appellee-Petitioner.

October 31, 2018

Court of Appeals Case No.

18A-JT-1058

Appeal from the Marion Superior 

Court

The Honorable Gary Chavers, 

Judge Pro Tem

The Honorable Larry Bradley, 

Magistrate

Trial Court Cause No.

49D09-1709-JT-843

Robb, Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-JT-1058 | October 31, 2018 Page 2 of 24

Case Summary and Issues

[1] K.A. (“Mother”) appeals the termination of her parental rights as to D.G. 

(“Child”) and raises three issues on appeal, which we consolidate and restate as

the following two issues: (1) whether the juvenile court’s judgment terminating 

Mother’s parental rights was clearly erroneous; and (2) whether the termination 

proceeding was fundamentally fair when Mother represented herself at the factfinding hearing. Concluding the juvenile court’s judgment was not clearly 

erroneous and Mother knowingly and voluntarily waived her right to counsel, 

we affirm.

Facts and Procedural History 

[2] Child was born on December 11, 2010, and suffers from ADHD, autism, and a 

metabolic disorder which requires continuing medical care. On August 1, 2014, 

Child was removed from Mother because Mother was arrested for shoplifting, 

tested positive for heroin and marijuana, and failed to take Child to Child’s 

medical appointments. On August 4, 2014, the Indiana Department of Child 

Services (“DCS”) filed a petition alleging that Child was a Child in Need of 

Services (“CHINS”). At the initial hearing, the juvenile court found Mother to 

be indigent and granted her request for appointed counsel.

[3] Child began a temporary trial visit with Mother around August 21, 2014, but by 

September 25, 2014, the juvenile court had again removed Child from Mother 

because Mother began testing positive for drugs soon after the trial visit began. 
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Mother and DCS reached an Agreed Entry in which Child was adjudicated a 

CHINS on October 30, 2014, and Mother was ordered to participate in homebased case management and therapy, complete a substance abuse evaluation 

and follow treatment recommendations, and undergo random drug screens. 

Child began a second temporary trial visit on July 5, 2016, after Mother began 

to have negative drug screens, but Child was again removed from the home on 

September 8 after Mother tested positive for drugs.

[4] Following a permanency hearing on January 19, 2017, the juvenile court 

changed the permanency plan for Child from reunification to adoption finding, 

in part:

1. On [sic] DCS filed a petition alleging that the child was in 

need of services due to [Mother] being arrested for shoplifting 

and because of her substance abuse.

2. On August 1, 2014 [Child] was removed from his mother’s 

care and placed in foster care. He was returned to her care from 

August 21, 2014 until September 25, 2014 when [Child] was 

removed again because of [Mother’s] substance use and placed 

in foster care. [Child] was returned to [Mother’s] care from July 

6, 2016 until September 8, 2016 and was removed again due to 

[Mother’s] drug use and placed in relative care until November 

2016 when [Child] was placed in foster care.

* * * 

5. [Mother] was positive for methamphetamine in October 

2016. She was recently evicted from a cousin’s home, and tested 

positive for methamphetamine and THC today.

6. [Mother] has engaged in parenting time only 3 times since 

November 2016.

* * *
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8. [Child] has medical needs and it has been difficult to find a 

pre-adoptive home for him.

Exhibits, Volume I at 179.

[5] The juvenile court held another permanency hearing on June 29, 2017, and 

found that Mother failed to participate in services and screened positive for 

methamphetamine. DCS subsequently filed its Verified Petition for Involuntary 

Termination of Parent-Child Relationship on September 22. At the initial 

hearing on October 20, Mother engaged in a colloquy with the court in which 

she stated she would proceed pro se and the juvenile court explained the 

consequences of doing so. As a result, the juvenile court found Mother “does 

not plan to engage counsel and . . . determine[d] that [Mother] freely and 

voluntarily waive[s] counsel.” Appellant’s Appendix, Volume II at 30. A factfinding hearing was held on January 17, 2018, and on April 9, 2018, the 

juvenile court issued its order terminating Mother’s parental rights, finding the 

following:

2. A Child in Need of Services Petition “CHINS” was filed on 

[Child] on August 4, 2014, . . . on allegations that [Mother] 

tested positive for heroin and marijuana, that the home was in 

deployable [sic] condition, and that [Child] was being medically 

neglected over [Child’s] special needs. [Mother] had also 

recently been arrested for shoplifting.

3. Although [Child] was removed from the home at the August 

4, 2014, initial hearing, [Child] was placed back in the home on 

August 21, 2014, on temporary in-home trial visitation.

4. Due to [Mother] testing positive for marijuana, [Child] was 

again ordered detained and removed from the home on 

September 25, 2014.
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* * * 

7. [Mother] was up and down with her participation in services 

and tested for heroin, methamphetamine, cocaine, marijuana and 

alcohol at times.

8. In 2016, [Mother] was participating in services, and started 

testing drug negative, to the point that [Child] was placed inhome on July 5, 2016.

9. After the in-home placement, the IDCS received a June 29, 

2016 drug screen positive for amphetamine and 

methamphetamine. After [Mother] test[ed] positive for 

methamphetamine, cocaine, and alcohol in August of 2016, 

[Child] was removed from the home on September 8, 2016. 

[Child] was never placed back with [Mother].

10. [Child] had been removed from [Mother] for at least six (6) 

months under a dispositional decree, and was placed outside the 

home and under the care and supervision of the IDCS for at least 

fifteen (15) of the most recent twenty-two (22) months, prior to 

this termination action being filed on September 22, 2017.

11. [Mother] continued to test positive for drugs and her 

participation in services dropped off.

12. Even though therapy was referred eight times, [Mother] 

failed to successfully complete therapy due to her nonparticipation.

13. Home based case management was referred at least four 

times to address instability and transportation.

14. [Mother] has not had independent stable housing during the 

CHINS case. She has stayed with relatives and currently resides 

with her mother-in-law. At one point she was living out of a car.

15. [Mother] has not been able to maintain employment, having 

gone through various jobs. She testified she was working at 

Family Dollar though the family case manager had no 

knowledge of that employment.

16. [Mother] did obtain a vehicle twice during the CHINS case, 

but both cars were repossessed. 
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17. Case management is still an open referral but is close to 

being unsuccessfully closed.

18. The most concerning safety issue is [M]other’s inability to 

maintain sobriety. She has had periods of sobriety during the 

CHINS case but has relapsed. She has admitted to drug use two 

weeks prior to the trial in this matter.

19. Four referrals were made for a substance abuse assessment 

and three referrals were made for the recommended treatment 

program. If a program was completed, there has been a 

subsequent relapse.

20. [Mother] speaks with [Child] telephonically, but has only 

visited [Child] once in the past year.

21. [Mother] was engaged with [Child] during the last parenting 

time session but [Child] was distrustful of her. A bond does exist 

between [Child] and [Mother].

* * * 

23. [Child’s] disruptive behavior worsens after [Child] speaks 

with [Mother].

24. [Child] craves stability. Instability affects [Child] adversely.

25. [Child’s] placement is not pre-adoptive due to [Child’s] 

caregiver not being able to meet [Child’s] needs full time with 

another special needs child in the home.

26. [Child] is adoptable and a permanent placement is being 

sought.

27. There is a reasonable probability that the conditions that 

resulted in [Child’s] removal and continued placement outside 

the home will not be remedied by [Mother] who has not 

remedied conditions of drug abuse and instability in the almost 

three and one-half years that have elapsed since [Child’s] CHINS 

case was filed.

28. There is a reasonable probability that the continuation of the 

parent-child relationship poses a threat to [Child’s] well-being in 

that it would pose as a barrier to obtaining permanency for 
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[Child] through an adoption after being a ward for so long. 

[Mother] cannot safely parent or meet [Child’s] needs without 

successfully overcoming sobriety and stability issues.

29. Termination of the parent-child relationship is in the best 

interests of [Child]. Termination would allow [Child] to be 

adopted into a stable and permanent home where all of [Child’s] 

needs will be safely met.

Appellant’s App., Vol. II at 13-14. Mother now appeals.1 

Discussion and Decision 

I. Standard of Review

[6] The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution protects parents’

right to raise their children. Bester v. Lake County Office of Family and Children, 

839 N.E.2d 143, 147 (Ind. 2005). “A parent’s interest in the care, custody, and 

control of his or her children is ‘perhaps the oldest of the fundamental liberty 

interests.’” Id. (quoting Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57, 65 (2000)). However, 

these rights are not absolute and may be terminated when parents are unable or 

unwilling to meet their parental responsibilities. In re D.D., 804 N.E.2d 258, 

264-65 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004), trans. denied. When reviewing a termination of 

parental rights, we do not reweigh the evidence or judge the credibility of the 

witnesses and only consider the evidence and reasonable inferences most 

favorable to the judgment. Id.

 

1 We note that Child’s Father’s parental rights were also terminated; however, he does not participate in this 

appeal and we have limited our recitation of the facts to those relevant to Mother.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-JT-1058 | October 31, 2018 Page 8 of 24

[7] Pursuant to Indiana Code section 31-35-2-8(c), the juvenile court entered 

findings of fact to support its conclusion regarding the termination of the 

parent-child relationship. When the juvenile court issues findings of fact and 

conclusions of law, we apply a two-tiered standard of review: we first determine 

whether the evidence supports the findings, and then whether the findings 

support the judgment. K.E. v. Indiana Dep’t of Child Servs., 39 N.E.3d 641, 646 

(Ind. 2015). We will set aside the juvenile court’s judgment if it is clearly 

erroneous, id., namely, when we are firmly convinced a mistake has been made,

B.H. v. Indiana Dep’t of Child Servs., 989 N.E.2d 355, 363 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013). 

II. Termination of Parental Rights

A. Remedied Conditions

[8] Mother argues the record fails to demonstrate the conditions which led to 

Child’s removal will not be remedied or that the continuation of the parentchild relationship poses a threat to Child’s well-being. To terminate parental 

rights, the State must demonstrate by clear and convincing evidence:

(B) that one (1) of the following is true:

(i) There is a reasonable probability that the conditions 

that resulted in the child’s removal or the reasons for 

placement outside the home of the parents will not be 

remedied.

(ii) There is a reasonable probability that the continuation 

of the parent-child relationship poses a threat to the wellbeing of the child.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-JT-1058 | October 31, 2018 Page 9 of 24

* * * 

(C) that termination is in the best interests of the child; and

(D) that there is a satisfactory plan for the care and treatment of 

the child.

Ind. Code § 31-35-2-4(b)(2); see also Ind. Code § 31-37-14-2 (stating burden of 

proof in termination proceedings). Because section 4(b)(2)(B) is written in the 

disjunctive, the juvenile court only had to find sufficient evidence to support 

one of the requirements in subsection (B) to terminate Mother’s parental rights, 

in addition to the other requirements of section 4(b)(2). B.H., 989 N.E.2d at 

364. Here, the juvenile court found evidence supporting (2)(B)(i) and (2)(B)(ii). 

Mother challenges both findings. 

[9] Because it is dispositive, we only examine the issue of whether the evidence 

shows that there is a reasonable probability that the conditions resulting in 

Child’s removal or continued placement outside Mother’s care will not be 

remedied. Id. To determine this, we engage in a two-step analysis. In re V.A., 

51 N.E.3d 1140, 1145 (Ind. 2016). First, we determine what conditions led to 

the child’s placement outside of the home, and then whether there is a 

reasonable probability that those conditions will not be remedied. Id. In 

determining whether a reasonable probability that the conditions that led to 

removal of a child will not be remedied, a juvenile court should evaluate a 

parent’s fitness to care for his or her child at the time of the termination hearing, 

as well as “habitual patterns of conduct to determine the probability of future 
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-JT-1058 | October 31, 2018 Page 10 of 24

neglect or deprivation of the child” and services offered to the parent. In re D.J., 

755 N.E.2d 679, 684 (Ind. Ct. App. 2001), trans. denied. 

[10] Here, the juvenile court found Child was initially removed from Mother “on 

allegations that [Mother] tested positive for heroin and marijuana, that the 

home was in deployable [sic] condition, and that [Child] was being medically 

neglected over [Child’s] special needs. [Mother] had also recently been arrested 

for shoplifting.” Appellant’s App., Vol. II at 13.

2

 The conditions that led to 

Child’s removal indicate instability and Mother’s inability to care for Child.

[11] Mother argues that the evidence at the fact-finding hearing demonstrates that 

she “experienced some interruptions, based in part on the death of her husband,

illness and a hospitalization, the death of her husband in September of 2015, 

and a September 2016 bout with substance abuse.” Brief of Appellant at 24. 

She argues she now has stable housing and employment and her case manager 

testified that she was fully engaged with Child and the two shared a bond. 

Mother concedes that while Mother’s current case manager “did not feel that 

Mother had not yet reached the goals for her services, he testified that Mother 

 

2 As part of her argument that the record does not establish by clear and convincing evidence that the 

conditions that led to removal will not be remedied, Mother contends that although the State offered the 

original CHINS Petition into evidence at the fact-finding hearing, “there is no evidence in the record that 

Mother admitted to any of the specific allegations made in that Petition.” Brief of Appellant at 23. She 

argues because the “Agreed Entry” in which Child was adjudicated a CHINS was not in the record, “it is 

difficult to ascertain what specific facts led to [Child’s] placement outside the home[,]” and therefore, it 

would have been difficult for the juvenile court to conclude the conditions will not be remedied under the 

statute. Id. Mother correctly states the “Agreed Entry” was not admitted into evidence at the termination 

hearing; however, testimony by Shannon Taylor, Guardian ad Litem with Child Advocates, establishes the 

underlying conditions which led to Child’s removal. See Transcript, Volume II at 99.
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should have more time to engage in services, as it would increase the likelihood 

that she would address her issues, and that with additional services,” she would 

be able to meet Child’s needs. Id. However, the evidence presented at the factfinding hearing revealed Mother’s continued pattern of instability, supporting

the juvenile court’s finding that a reasonable probability exists that the 

conditions that led to Child’s removal will not be remedied and its judgment 

terminating Mother’s parental rights.

[12] As to Mother’s substance abuse issues, she admitted to home-based care 

manager, Beth Lopez, that she had used methamphetamines, amphetamines, 

marijuana, alcohol, and snorted prescription pills in 2016. See Transcript, 

Volume II at 24. At the fact-finding hearing, Lopez testified she would not 

recommend reunification in this matter, citing Mother’s inability to maintain 

sobriety as her “biggest concern[.]” Id. at 30. As she explained, with the “cycle 

of instability” that intermittent sobriety causes, it is difficult “to maintain stable 

housing, employment, be able to meet [Child’s] needs medically. It would 

require [Mother] to be sober to transport [Child], attend school things, so 

sobriety would be my biggest concern.” Id. Ultimately, Lopez testified she 

would not recommend Child be placed with Mother and that more time would 

not increase the likelihood Mother will address her issues.

[13] Throughout this matter, Mother has been referred to home-based therapy eight 

times but failed to complete it due to non-participation. At the time of the factfinding hearing, Mother’s case management referral was still open, but in 

jeopardy of being unsuccessfully closed due to non-participation. The juvenile 
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court found that “[f]our referrals were made for a substance abuse assessment 

and three referrals were made for the recommended treatment program[,]” and 

if any were completed, Mother has subsequently relapsed. Appellant’s App., 

Vol. II at 14. 

[14] The testimony at the fact-finding hearing supports the juvenile court’s finding 

that the conditions that led to removal will not be remedied with additional 

time. At the fact-finding hearing, Child’s guardian ad litem, Alane Singleton, 

testified that Child has not been placed back with Mother because she does not 

have stable housing or employment and has not been drug free. Singleton 

testified she would not recommend Child be placed with Mother because she is 

not able to properly care for Child and did not believe Mother should be given 

additional time to complete services. Jen Blevins, a Family Case Manager with 

DCS, testified that re-referring Mother to services was not likely to increase the

likelihood of remedying the reasons for Mother’s referral given that Mother has 

had nearly three years to address the issues and has not done so. Similarly, 

when asked whether Child could be placed with Mother if given more time,

Annegelique Parker, a home-based therapist, testified: 

I struggle with that because as a therapist I obviously think 

people can change . . . . My issue is that it’s been open for so 

long and how much longer would we give her to change or make 

the necessary changes. Would it sustain and what would that do 

to [Child]? 

Tr., Vol. II at 60. Parker also did not think Mother is capable of consistently 

interacting with Child given the history of the case.
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[15] Although the initial plan was reunification, DCS recommended changing the 

plan to adoption based on these conditions, namely, Mother’s non-participation 

in services, unstable housing, and lack of employment. Additionally, 

throughout this case, Mother obtained two different vehicles, but both were 

repossessed, and she has not had independent and stable housing, and at some 

point, was living out of her car. Mother did testify that as of the time of the 

fact-finding hearing, she had stable employment at Family Dollar, which the 

case manager had no knowledge of, and was living with her mother-in-law; 

however, she also admitted to her case manager to using marijuana two weeks 

prior to the fact-finding hearing. See Tr., Vol. II at 43-44. Mother has not had 

independent housing throughout this case and her sobriety continues to be a 

major concern as she has not maintained sobriety for longer than six months at 

a time throughout this matter. 

[16] We acknowledge that the purpose of terminating parental rights is to protect the 

child and is considered a “last resort, available only when all other reasonable 

efforts have failed.” B.H., 989 N.E.2d at 364-65 (internal quotations and 

citation omitted). In almost three and one-half years since this case 

commenced and despite numerous referrals, Mother has failed to successfully 

address her substance abuse issues and has demonstrated a pattern of 

instability. Thus, the evidence supports the juvenile court’s finding that there is 

a reasonable probability that the unstable conditions which led to Child’s 

removal will not be remedied and this finding supports the juvenile court’s 

judgment terminating Mother’s parental rights to Child. 
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B. Best Interests of Child

[17] Mother contends the State did not establish by clear and convincing evidence 

that involuntary termination of her parental rights with Child would be in 

Child’s best interests as required by Indiana Code section 31-35-2-4(b)(2)(C). 

Specifically, Mother contends that Child’s therapist “hesitated to recommend 

termination” and testified that Mother “had been able to take care of [Child’s] 

needs and should be able to do it again.” Br. of Appellant at 27.

[18] In determining the best interests of the child, the juvenile court evaluates the 

totality of the evidence and need not wait until the child is “irreversibly 

harmed” before terminating parental rights. A.D.S. v. Indiana Dep’t of Child 

Servs., 987 N.E.2d 1150, 1158 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013), trans. denied. In addition to 

evidence that the conditions that led to a child’s removal will not be remedied, a 

case manager and child advocate’s recommendation to terminate the parentchild relationship is sufficient to prove by clear and convincing evidence that 

termination of parental rights is in the child’s best interests. Id. at 1158-59.

[19] This court has held that a parent’s non-remedied substance abuse and domestic 

violence issues alone are sufficient to support a juvenile court’s conclusion that 

termination of parental rights is in the child’s best interests although 

permanency is a “central consideration” in determining the child’s best 

interests. Id. at 1159 (internal quotation omitted). 

[20] As to Child’s best interests, the juvenile court found that Mother has not visited 

with Child regularly, Child’s behavior worsens after contact with Mother, and 
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Child craves stability that Mother does not provide. The juvenile court found 

termination of Mother’s parental rights to be in the best interests of Child as it 

“would allow [Child] to be adopted into a stable and permanent home where all

[Child’s] needs will be safely met.” Appellant’s App., Vol. II at 14.

[21] Mother relies on several cases to challenge the juvenile court’s finding that 

termination is in Child’s best interests.3 However, Mother’s reliance on these 

cases is misplaced and can be clearly distinguished from the present matter. 

These cases differ from Mother’s case as those parents demonstrated personal 

improvement and commitment to reunification with their children. As noted 

above, Mother has not achieved the stability Child needs or made 

improvements in Child’s best interests. 

[22] As to testimony regarding Child’s best interests, Lopez, home-based case 

manager, testified she would not recommend Mother’s reunification with Child 

based on Mother’s sobriety issues and instability. Jen Blevins, family case 

manager, and Shannon Taylor, guardian ad litem, both testified that

termination of the parent-child relationship was in Child’s best interests. See

Tr., Vol. II at 83-84, 100. Although either of these recommendations or 

Mother’s ongoing substance abuse issues are sufficient to demonstrate by clear 

and convincing evidence that termination of parental rights is in Child’s best 

interests alone, permanency is the main consideration. See A.D.S., 987 N.E.2d 

 

3 Mother cites In re G.Y., 904 N.E.2d 1257 (Ind. 2009); In re J.M., 908 N.E.2d 191 (Ind. 2009); and H.G. v. 

Indiana Dep’t of Child Servs., 959 N.E.2d 272 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011), trans. denied, to support her argument.
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at 1158-59. Mother has not achieved the requisite stability and Child was 

placed in a pre-adoptive home in the time before the juvenile court issued its 

order. 

[23] The evidence in the record sufficiently supports the juvenile court’s finding that 

termination of Mother’s parental rights is in Child’s best interests and will allow 

Child to ultimately be adopted into a home that can provide stability and meet 

Child’s needs. 

C. Satisfactory Plan

[24] Mother also argues the termination of her parental rights and Child’s adoption 

is not a “satisfactory plan” pursuant to Indiana Code section 31-35-2-4(b)(2)(D)

because the State had not identified a permanent home for Child and the facts 

in this matter “do not warrant the ‘extreme measure’ of termination[.]” Br. of 

Appellant at 29-30. 

[25] As discussed above, the evidence supports the juvenile court’s findings and 

judgment terminating Mother’s parental rights. As to Mother’s contention that 

termination and adoption is not a “satisfactory plan” contemplated by the 

statute, a plan “need not be detailed” to constitute a “satisfactory plan” under 

the statute so long as the plan provides a “general sense” of where the child will 

be going after the parental rights are terminated. In re A.S., 17 N.E.3d 994, 

1007 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014), trans. denied. Moreover, a satisfactory plan does not 

have to guarantee that a suitable adoption will take place, only that the State 
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will attempt to do so. Id. “Accordingly, a plan is not unsatisfactory if DCS has 

not identified a specific family to adopt the children.” Id.

[26] At the time of the fact-finding hearing, Child was in foster care and DCS was

“searching for a pre-adoptive and stable home for [Child]” and was conducting

visitation with a possible new placement. Tr., Vol. II at 85. By the time the 

juvenile court issued its order on April 9, 2018, Child had been placed in a preadoptive home. Therefore, we conclude termination of Mother’s parental rights 

and Child’s adoption is a “satisfactory plan” under the statute.

III. Due Process

[27] Finally, Mother argues that the fact-finding hearing in the termination matter 

was fundamentally unfair. Specifically, she argues that “counsel should have 

been appointed to represent her in this matter” and the juvenile court erred by 

permitting her to decline the appointment of a public defender when Mother 

was not capable of defending her case. Br. of Appellant at 30.

[28] “Due process has never been defined, but the phrase embodies a requirement of 

‘fundamental fairness.’” In re D.P., 27 N.E.3d 1162, 1166 (Ind. Ct. App. 2015) 

(quotation omitted). Termination of a parent-child relationship must meet the

requirements of due process, D.T. v. Indiana Dep’t. of Child Servs., 981 N.E.2d 

1221, 1224 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013), and a parent is entitled to counsel during these 

proceedings, Ind. Code § 31-32-2-5; Ind. Code § 31-32-4-1(2). Because a parent 

has a fundamental liberty interest in the care and custody of his or her child, we

have held it is a due process violation to remove a child from an indigent parent 
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-JT-1058 | October 31, 2018 Page 18 of 24

“without affording that parent the right to assistance of court-appointed 

counsel.” Matter of Adoption of C.J., 71 N.E.3d 436, 442 (Ind. Ct. App. 2017). 

Thus, a juvenile court has an obligation to appoint counsel to an indigent 

parent unless the parent knowingly and voluntarily waives the right to counsel. 

Ind. Code § 31-32-4-3(2); Ind. Code § 31-32-5-5.

[29] Mother was found to be indigent in August 2014 during the CHINS 

proceedings. At the initial termination hearing in October 2017, Mother 

engaged in the following colloquy with the juvenile court regarding 

representation:

The Court: You do have the right to counsel, if you wish to hire 

an attorney you may. If you wish to have an 

attorney and you cannot afford one, I would 

appoint a public defender to represent you. Would 

you like to have a public defender?

[Mother]: No sir.

The Court: How do you want to go forward?

[Mother]: I want to represent myself.

The Court: Ok. I need to admonish you that if you represent 

yourself you’d be held to the same standards as an 

attorney as far as evidence and procedure. And the 

outcome obviously can be the loss of your parental 

rights. Well then, I guess we could just set this for 

trial.
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[Mother]: Can I say something Your Honor?

The Court: Uh hm.

[Mother]: The only reason that DCS is basically keeping...

The Court: Well, I don’t want to get into any of the evidence or 

anything so, that must be for trial.

[Mother]: So who do I need to talk to have visits with [Child] 

then since they won’t set them up?

The Court: It would be the other Court, the CHINS Court.

[Mother]: How do I do that cause I can’t just go talk to the 

Judge?

The Court: Well see this is...you’d have to ask at a hearing. I 

don’t know when your next hearing is. But this is...

[Mother]: I don’t have one.

The Court: [...] just one of those things and you can’t ask me 

how to do procedure like this because you’re 

representing yourself, that’s why...

[Mother]: Ok, well I don’t have another hearing in there. 

They’ve closed that to come to this Courtroom.

The Court: There should be a review hearing. You have a 

permanency hearing set for January the 4th.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-JT-1058 | October 31, 2018 Page 20 of 24

[Mother]: Ok, at what time, 1?

The Court: 9:30. Your last hearing was last month on the 21st. 

[Mother]: Yeah.

The Court: Were you at that hearing?

[Mother]: Uh hm. 

The Court: Ok. But I guess, I mean, my warning to you about 

representing yourself, you know, you just asked 

how to [sic] do I do this and if that happens in the 

trial I can’t, you know, take your side of the case 

and give you legal advice so, ok just want to make 

sure you know. . . . 

Tr., Vol. II at 5-7. 

[30] Mother now argues that the fact-finding hearing in this matter was

fundamentally unfair because she was “permitted to forego the appointment of 

a public defender, in spite of the court’s admonishment[.]” Br. of Appellant at 

30. Mother points to the fact that due to lack of counsel she was unable to 

cross-examine the witnesses, certain findings were unsubstantiated by

admissible evidence, and the State was able to introduce evidence without 

objection, some of which she alleges contained “unproven allegations and 

hearsay.” Id. at 31. In support of her argument, Mother also improperly relies 

on our supreme court’s holding in Baker v. Marion Cty. Office of Family & 

Children, 810 N.E.2d 1035 (Ind. 2004). In Baker, the court confronted the issue 
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-JT-1058 | October 31, 2018 Page 21 of 24

of whether the criminal standard for ineffective assistance of counsel applies in 

termination proceedings and determined it does not; instead the inquiry on 

review of counsel’s performance in a termination case is “whether it appears 

that the parents received a fundamentally fair trial whose facts demonstrate an 

accurate determination.” Id. at 1041. Baker is inapplicable in the instant case 

because Mother represented herself at the fact-finding hearing. 

[31] Indiana Code section 31-32-5-5 states that a parent who is entitled to 

representation by counsel “may waive that right if the parent does so knowingly 

and voluntarily.” An examination of the record reveals Mother waived her 

right to counsel at the initial hearing and did not request counsel thereafter. See

In re G.P., 4 N.E.3d 1158, 1164 (Ind. 2014) (“[W]e have never held that a 

litigant who elects to waive the right to counsel is permanently bound by that 

decision . . . .”). “[A] pro se litigant is held to the same standards as a trained 

attorney and is afforded no inherent leniency simply by virtue of being selfrepresented[,]” which the juvenile court explained to Mother at the initial 

hearing. Id. Mother was aware of these standards and the consequences of 

failing to meet the standards as explained by the juvenile court. See id. 

Nevertheless, Mother chose to proceed pro se despite the juvenile court’s 

admonishment. Based on her dialogue with the juvenile court, Mother 

knowingly and voluntarily waived her right to counsel and we cannot conclude 

the fact-finding hearing was fundamentally unfair due to her lack of 

representation. 
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-JT-1058 | October 31, 2018 Page 22 of 24

[32] At the end of her argument, Mother briefly argues there was no “compelling 

reason” to proceed with the fact-finding hearing in January 2018 when the State 

had not yet found a pre-adoptive home for Child. Br. of Appellant at 30.

Specifically, Mother contends the juvenile court’s denial of the guardian ad 

litem’s request for a continuance until a pre-adoptive home for Child was found 

and the fact that Mother still had an open referral for services calls into question 

the accuracy and fairness of the proceeding. However, Mother fails to support 

these contentions by cogent reasoning or citation to authorities, statutes, or the 

record as required by Indiana Appellate Rule 46(A)(8)(a). Therefore, we 

conclude Mother has waived any argument as it relates to these contentions.

Conclusion

[33] For the foregoing reasons, we conclude the juvenile court’s judgment 

terminating Mother’s parental rights was not clearly erroneous and because 

Mother waived her right to counsel, she was not denied due process by the 

juvenile court’s failure to appoint counsel for her. Accordingly, we affirm.

[34] Affirmed.

May, J., concurs.

Baker, J., concurs with separate opinion.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-JT-1058 | October 31, 2018 Page 23 of 24

I N T H E

COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

In re the Matter of The 

Termination of the Parent-Child 

Relationship of:

D.G. (Minor Child)

and

K.A. (Mother),

Appellant-Respondent,

v.

The Indiana Department of 

Child Services,

Appellee-Petitioner

Court of Appeals Case No.

18A-JT-1058

Baker, Judge, concurring.

[35] I fully concur with the majority opinion, as I believe we are compelled to 

affirm. I write separately to express my hope that trial courts in this State will 

do a more thorough job of questioning parents in termination proceedings who 

indicate a wish to proceed pro se than what occurred here. I acknowledge that 
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-JT-1058 | October 31, 2018 Page 24 of 24

trial courts in termination proceedings are not required to engage in the same 

colloquy as must occur in criminal cases when defendants wish to proceed pro 

se. But I would hope, given the profound seriousness of what is at stake in 

termination proceedings, that our trial courts would err on the side of a 

thorough and careful conversation with parents in these circumstances to 

ensure beyond a doubt that their waiver of counsel is both voluntary and

knowing. In this case, I do not believe that a thorough or careful enough 

conversation occurred. But while it leaves me deeply uncomfortable, I agree 

with the majority that we are compelled to affirm.